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 U N I VE.R.S ITY 
 OF ILLINOIS 
 
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 WNIVtRblTY OF ILLINOIS 
 
HISTORICAL 
 
 ENCYCLOPEDIA 
 
 OF 
 
 ILLINOIS 
 
 EDITED hY 
 
 NEWTON BATEMAN. LL. D. PAUL SKLHY, A. M. 
 
 AND HISTORY OF 
 
 EVANSTON 
 
 EDITED BY 
 
 HARVEY B. HUKD, LL.D. ROBERT D. SIIEPPAKD, D.D. 
 
 VOLUME I 
 
 ILLUSTRATED 
 
 CH ICAGO: 
 
 MUNSE1.1. PUBLISHING COMPANY 
 PUBLISHERS. 
 1906. 
 
Entered wrninllui! to A.-t ul Coiiuran. 
 in the year* 1HW. !. 1'JOO ulnl I'JUB hy 
 
 W I L L I A M 
 
 ill thi- .iffire.if the LilH.u 1.1 
 at 
 
 WASHINCiTHN 
 
 M U X s t L L . 
 .f U<ilim 
 
! 
 
 THe 
 
 ILLINOIS RIV6R 
 BASIN. 
 
 TERRITORY DRAINED BY THE ILLINOIS RIVER. 
 
LIBRARY 
 
 OF THE 
 
 UNIVERSITY OF ILLfNOK 
 
- 
 
( 
 
 - 
 
 PREFACE. 
 
 Why publish this book? There should be many and strong reasons to warrant ench an 
 undertaking. Are there such reasons? What considerations are weighty enough to huv 
 indnced the publishers to make this venture? and what special claims has Illinois to such a 
 distinction? These are reasonable and inevitable inquiries, and it is fitting they should 
 receive attention. 
 
 In the first place, good State Histories are of great importance and value, and there ia 
 abundant and cheering evidence of an increasing popular interest in them. This is true of 
 all such works, whatever States may be their subjects; and it is conspicuously true of Illi- 
 nois, for the following, among many other reasons : Because of its great prominence in the 
 early history of the West as the seat of the first settlements of Europeans northwest of the 
 Ohio River the unique character of its early civilization, due to or resulting from its early 
 French population brought in contact with the aborigines its political, military, and educa- 
 tional prominence its steadfast loyalty and patriotism the marvelous development of its 
 vast resources the number of distinguished statesmen, generals, and jurists whom it has 
 furnished to the Government, and its grand record in the exciting and perilous conflicts on 
 the Slavery question. 
 
 This is the magnificent Commonwealth, the setting forth of whose history, in all of its 
 essential departments and features, seemed to warrant the bringing out of another volume 
 devoted to that end. Its material has been gathered from every available source, and most 
 carefully examined and sifted before acceptance. Especial care has been taken in collecting 
 material of a biographical character ; facts and incidents in the personal history of men identi- 
 fied with the life of the State in its Territorial and later periods. This material has been 
 gathered from a great variety of sources widely scattered, and much of it quite inaccessible 
 s to the ordinary inquirer. The encyclopedic form of the work favors conciseness and com- 
 pactness. and was adopted with a view to condensing the largest amount of information 
 within the smallest practicable space. 
 
 And so the Historical Encyclopedia of Illinois was conceived and planned in the belief 
 
 that it was needed; that no other book filled the place it was designed to occupy, or f ur- 
 
 ' - n is bed the amount, variety and scope of information touching the infancy and later life of 
 
 ' Illinois, that would be found in its pages. In that belief, and in furtherance of those end*, 
 
 ; the book has been constructed and its topics selected and written. Simplicity, perspicuity, 
 
 conciseness and accuracy have been the dominant aims and rules of its editors and writers. 
 
 ^~ The supreme mission of the book is to record, fairly and truthfully, historical facts ; facts of 
 
 the earlier and later history of the State, and drawn from the almost innumerable sources 
 
 1 connected with that history ; facts of interest to the great body of our people, as well as to 
 
 | scholars, officials, and other special classes; a book convenient for reference in the school, 
 
 tb flffice, and the home. Hence, no attempt at fine writing, no labored, irrelevant and 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 I 075228 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 Why publish this book? There should ho many and strong reasons to warrant such an 
 undertaking. Are there such reasons? What considerations ;ire weighty enough to have 
 induced the publishers to make this venture? and what special claims has Illinois to such a 
 distinction? These are reasonable and inevitable inquiries, and it. is fitting they should 
 receive attention. 
 
 In the first place, -rood State Histories arc of great imjwrtance and value, and there i* 
 abundant and cheering evidence o[ an increasing popular interest in them. This is true of 
 all such works, whatever States may be their subjects; and it is conspicuously true of Illi- 
 nois, for the following, among many other reasons: Because of its great prominence in the 
 early history of the West as the seat of the first settlements of Europeans northwest of thi 
 Ohio Kivcr the unique character of its early civilization, due to or resulting from its early 
 French jx>pulation brought in contact with the aborigines its political, military, and educa- 
 tional prominence- its steadfast loyalty and patriotism the marvelous development of it* 
 vast resources the number of distinguished statesmen, generals, and jurists whom it ha* 
 furnished to the Government, and its grand record in the exciting and perilous conflicts on 
 the Slavery question. 
 
 This is tin 1 magnificent Commonwealth, the setting forth of whose history, in all of its 
 essential departments and features, seemed to warrant the bringing out of another volume, 
 devoted to that end. Its material lias been gathered from every available source, and most 
 carefully examined and sifted before acceptance. Especial care has been taken in collecting 
 material of a biographical character ; facts and incidents in the personal history of men identi- 
 fied with the life of the State in its Territorial and later periods. This material has been 
 gathered from a great variety of sources widely scattered, and much of it quite, inaccessible 
 to the ordinary inquirer. The encyclopedic form of the work favors conciseness and com- 
 pactness, and was adopted with a view to condensing the largest amount of informatiou 
 within the smallest practicable space. 
 
 And so the Historical Encyclopedia of Illinois was conceived and planned in the belief 
 that it was iiretlvil; that no other book filled the place it was designed to occupy, or fur- 
 nished the amount, variety and scope of information touching the infancy and later life of 
 Illinois, that would be found in its pages. In that belief, and in furtherance of those ends, 
 the book has been constructed and its topics selected and written. Simplicity, perspicuity, 
 conciseness and accuracy have been the dominant aims and rules of its editors and writers. 
 The supreme mission of the book is to record, fairly and truthfully, historical facts; facts of 
 the earlier and later history of the State, and drawn from the almost innumerable sources 
 connected with that history; facts of interest to the great body of our people, as well as to 
 scholars, officials, and other special classes; a book convenient for reference in the school, 
 the 'iffice, and the home. Hence, no attempt at. line writing, no labored, irrelevant and 
 
4 PREFACE. 
 
 long-drawn accounts of matters, persons or things, which really need but a few plain words 
 for their adequate elucidation, will be found in its pages. On the other hand, perspicuity 
 and fitting development are never intentionally sacrificed to mere conciseness and brevity. 
 Whenever a subject, from its nature, demands a more elaborate treatment and there are 
 many of this character it is handled accordingly. 
 
 As a rule, the. method pursued is the separate and topical, rather than the chronological, 
 as being more satisfactory and convenient for reference. That is, each topic is considered 
 separately and exhaustively, instead of being blended, chronologically, with others. To pass 
 from subject to subject, in the mere arbitrary order of time, is to sacrifice simplicity and 
 order to complexity and confusion. 
 
 Absolute freedom from error or defect in all cases, in handling so many thousands of 
 items, is not claimed, and could not reasonably be expected of any finite intelligence; since, 
 in complicated cases, some element may possibly elude its sharpest scrutiny. But every 
 statement of fact, made herein without qualification, is believed to be strictly correct, and 
 the statistics of the volume, as a whole, are submitted to its readers with entire confidence. 
 
 Considerable space is also devoted to biographical sketches of persons deemed worthy of 
 mention, for their close relations to the State in some of its varied interests, political, gov- 
 ernmental, financial, social, religions, educational, industrial, commercial, economical, mili- 
 tary, judicial or otherwise ; or for their supposed personal deservings in other respects. It 
 is believed that the extensive recognition of such individuals, by the publishers, will not be 
 disapproved or regretted by the public ; that personal biography has an honored, useful and 
 legitimate place in such a history of Illinois as this volume aims to be, and that the omission 
 of such a department would seriously detract from the completeness and value of the book. 
 Perhaps no more delicate and difficult task has confronted the editors and publishers than 
 the selection of names for this part of the work. 
 
 While it is believed that no unworthy name has a place in the list, it is freely admitted 
 that there may be many others, equally or possibly even more worthy, whose names do not 
 appear, partly for lack of definite and adequate information, and partly because it was not 
 loomed beat to materially increase the space devoted to this class of topics. 
 
 And so, with cordial thanks to the publishers for the risks they have so cheerfully 
 iissumed in this enterprise, for their business energy, integrity, and determination, and their 
 uniform kindness and courtesy ; to the many who have to generously and helpfully promoted 
 the success of the work, by their contributions of valuable information, interesting reminis- 
 cences, and rare incidents; to Mr. Paul Selby, the very able associate editor, to whom 
 especial honor and credit are due for his most efficient, intelligent and scholarly services ; to 
 Hon. Harvey B. Hurd, Walter B. Wines, and to all others who have, by word or act, 
 encouraged us in this enterprise with grateful recognition of all these friends and helpers, 
 the Historical Encyclopedia of Illinois, with its thousands of topics and many thousands of 
 details, items and incidents, is now respectfully submitted to the good people of the State, 
 for whom it has been prepared, in the earnest hope and confident belief that it will be found 
 instructive, convenient and useful for the purposes for which it was designed. 
 
LIBRARY 
 
 OF THE 
 
 UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS 
 
PREFATORY STATEMENT. 
 
 Since the bulk of the matter contained in this volume was practically completed and 
 ready for the press, Dr. Newton Bateman, who occupied the relation to it of editor-in-chief, 
 has passed beyond the sphere of mortal existence. In placing the work before the public, it 
 therefore devolves upon the undersigned to make this last prefatory statement. 
 
 As explained by Dr. Bateman in his preface, the object had in view in the preparation 
 of a "Historical Encyclopedia of Illinois" has been to present, in compact and concise form, 
 the leading facts of Territorial and State history, from the arrival of the earliest French 
 explorers in Illinois to the present time. This has included an outline history of the State, 
 under the title, "Illinois, "supplemented by special articles relating to various crises and eras 
 in State history; changes in form of government and administration; the history of Consti- 
 tutional Conventions and Legislative Assemblies ; the various wars in which Illinoisans have 
 taken part, with a summary of the principal events in the history of individual military 
 organizations engaged in the Civil War of 1861-65, and the War of 1898 with Spain; lists of 
 State officers, United States Senators and Members of Congress, with the terms of each ; the 
 organization and development of political divisions; the establishment of charitable and 
 educational institutions ; the growth of public improvements and other enterprises which 
 have marked the progress of the State ; natural features and resources ; the history of early 
 newspapers, and the growth of religious denominations, together with general statistical 
 information and unusual or extraordinary occurrences of a local or general State character 
 all arranged under topical heads, and convenient for ready reference by all seeking informa- 
 tion on these subjects, whether in the family, in the office of the professional or business 
 man, in the teacher's study and the school-room, or in the public library. 
 
 While individual or collected biographies of the public men of Illinois have not been 
 wholly lacking or few in number and those already in existence have a present and con- 
 stantly increasing valne they have been limited, for the most part, to special localities and 
 particular periods or classes. Rich as the annals of Illinois are in the records and character 
 of its distinguished citizens who, by their services in the public councils, upon the judicial 
 bench and in the executive chair, in the forum and in the field, have reflected honor upon 
 the State and the Nation, there has been hitherto no comprehensive attempt to gather 
 together, in one volume, sketches of those who have been conspicuous in the creation and 
 upbuilding of the State. The collection of material of this sort has been a task requiring 
 patient and laborious research ; and, while all may not have been achieved in this direction 
 that was desirable, owing to the insufficiency or total absence of data relating to the lives of 
 many men most prominent in public affairs during the period to which they belonged, it is 
 still believed that what has been accomplished will be found of permanent value and be 
 appreciated by those most deeply interested in this phase of State history. 
 
 The large number of topics treated has made brevity and conciseness an indispensable 
 feature of the work ; consequently there has been no attempt to indulge in graces of style or 
 
 5 
 

 
PRE F ATO R Y S T A T K M K N T . 
 
 Since the bulk of the matter contained in this volume was practically completed and 
 ready for the press, Dr. Newton Bateman. who occupied the relation to it of editor-in-chief, 
 has. passed beyond the sphere of mortal existence. In placing the work before the public, it 
 therefore devolves upon the undersigned to make this last prefatory statement. 
 
 As explained by Dr. liateman in his preface, the object had in view in the preparation 
 of a "Historical Encyclopedia of Illinois" has been to present, in compact and concise form, 
 the leading facts of Territorial and State history, from the arrival nf the earliest Frencl. 
 explorers in Illinois to the present time. This lias included an outline history of tlie State, 
 under the title, 'Illinois,'' supplemented by special articles relating to various crises and eras 
 in State history: changes in form of government and administration; the history of Consti 
 tutional Conventions and Legislative Assemblies; the various wars in which Illinoisans liav- 
 taken part, with a summary of the principal events in the history of individual military 
 organizations engaged in the Civil War of 1St51-G5, and the War of is'.iswith Spain: lists of 
 State officers, I'nited States Senators and -Members of Congress, with the terms of each : tin- 
 organization and development of political divisions; the establishment of charitable anil 
 educational institutions; the growth of public improvements and other enterprises whirl; 
 have marked the progress of the State; natural features and resources; the history of early 
 newspapers, and the growth of religious denominations, together with general statistical 
 information and unusual or extraordinary occurrences of a local or ircneral State character 
 all arranged under topical heads, anil convenient for ready reference by all seekin:; informa- 
 tion on these subjects, whether in the family, in the office of the professional or business 
 man, in the teacher's study and the school-room, or in the public library. 
 
 While individual or collected biographies of the public men of Illinois have n:>t been 
 wholly lacking or few in number and those already in existence have a present, and con- 
 stantly increasing value they have been limited, for the most part, to s]wial localities and 
 particular periods or classes. Itich as the annals of Illinois are in the records and character 
 of its distinguished citizens who, by their services in the public councils, upon the judicial 
 bench and in the executive chair, in the forum and in the field, have reflected honor U|K)n 
 the State and the Nation, there has l>een hitherto no comprehensive attempt to gather 
 together, in one volume, sketches of those who have been conspicuous in the creation and 
 upbuilding of the State. The collection of material of this sort has been a task requiring 
 patient and laborious research; and, while all may not have been achieved in this direction 
 that was desirable, owing to the insufficiency or total absence of data relating to the lives of 
 many men most prominent in public affairs during the period to which they In-longed, it it 
 still believed that what has been accomplished will lie found of permanent value and be 
 appreciated by those most deeply interested in this phase of State history. 
 
 The large number of topics treated has made brevity and conciseness an indispensable 
 feature of the work: consequently there ha-s been no attempt to indulge in graces of style or 
 
6 
 
 PREFATORYSTATEMENT. 
 
 e.aboration of narrative. The object has been to present, in simple language and concise 
 form, facts of history of interest or value to those who may choose to consult its pages. 
 Absolute inerrancy is not claimed for every detail of the work, but no pains has been 
 spared, and every available authority consulted, to arrive at complete accuracy of statement. 
 
 In view of the important bearing which railroad enterprises have had upon the extraor- 
 dinary development of tho State within the past fifty years, considerable space has been given 
 to this department, especially with reference to the older lines of railroad whose history has 
 been intimately interwoven with that of the State, and its progress in wealth and population. 
 
 In addition to the acknowledgments made by Dr. Bateman, it is but proper that I 
 should express my personal obligations to the late Prof. Samuel M. Inglis, State Superin- 
 tendent of Public Instruction, and his assistant, Prof. J. H. Freeman; to ex-Senator John 
 M. Palmer, of Springfield ; to the late Hon. Joseph Medill, editor of "The Chicago Tribune" ; 
 to the Hon. James B. Bradwell, of "The Chicago Legal News"; to Gen. Green B. Raum, 
 Dr. Samuel Willard, and Dr. Garrett Newkirk, of Chicago (the latter as author of the prin- 
 cipal portions of the article on the "Underground Railroad") ; to the Librarians of the State 
 Historical Library, the Chicago Historical Library, and the Chicago Public Library, for 
 special and valuable aid rendered, as well as to a large circle of correspondents in different 
 parts of the State who have courteously responded to requests for information on special 
 topics, and have thereby materially aided in securing whatever success may have been 
 attained in the work. 
 
 In conclusion, I cannot omit to pay tliis final tribute to the memory of my friend and 
 associate, Dr. Bateman, whose death, at his home in Galesburg, on October 21, 1897, was 
 deplored, not only by his associates in the Faculty of Enox College, his former pupils and 
 immediate neighbors, but by a large circle of friends in all parts of the State. 
 
 Although his labors as editor of this volume had been substantially finished at the time 
 of his death (and they included the reading and revision of every line of copy at that time 
 prepared, comprising the larger proportion of the volume as it now goes into the hands of 
 the public), the enthusiasm, zeal and kindly appreciation of the labor of others which he 
 brought to the discharge of his duties, have been sadly missed in the last stages of prepara- 
 tion of the work for the press. In the estimation of many who have held his scholarship 
 and his splendid endowments of mind and character in the highest admiration, his con- 
 nection with the work will be its strongest commendation and the surest evidence of its 
 merit. 
 
 With myself, the most substantial satisfaction I have in dismissing the volume from my 
 hands and submitting it to the judgment of the public, exists in the fact that, in its prepara- 
 tion, I have been associated with such a co-laborer one whose abilities commanded uni- 
 versal respect, and whose genial, scholarly character and noble qualities of mind and heart 
 won the love and confidence of all with whom he came in contact, and whom it had been my 
 privilege to count aa a friend from an early period in his long and useful career. 
 
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. 
 
 PACK 
 
 Abraham Lincoln (Frontispiece) 1 
 
 Annex Central Hospital for Insane, Jacksonville 84 
 
 Asylum for Feeble-Minded Children, Lincoln 237 
 
 Asylum for Incurable Insane, Bartonville 85 
 
 Bateman, Newton (Portrait) 3 
 
 Board of Trade Building, Chicago 277 
 
 "Chenn Mansion," Easkaskia (1898), where La Fayette was entertained in 1825 .... 315 
 
 Chicago Academy of Sciences 394 
 
 Chicago Drainage Canal 94 
 
 Chicago Historical Society Building 394 
 
 Chicago Post Office (U. S. Gov. Building) 88 
 
 Chicago Public Buildings 395 
 
 Chicago Thoroughfares 89 
 
 Chicago Thoroughfares 93 
 
 Chief Chicagou (Portrait) 246 
 
 Comparative Size of Great Canals 95 
 
 Day after Chicago Fire 92 
 
 Early Historic Scenes, Chicago 170 
 
 Early Historic Scenes, Chicago (No. 2) 171 
 
 Engineering Hall, University of Illinois 280 
 
 Experiment Farm, University of Illinois 12 
 
 Experiment Farm, University of Illinois The Vineyard 13 
 
 Experiment Farm, University of Illinois Orchard Cultivation 13 
 
 First Illinois State House, Kaskaskia (1818) 314 
 
 Fort Dearborn from the West (1808) 246 
 
 Fort Dearborn from Southeast (1808) 247 
 
 Fort Dearborn (1853) 247 
 
 General John Edgar's House, Easkasia 315 
 
 Henry de Tonty (Portrait) 246 
 
 House of Governor Bond, Old Kaskaskia (1891) 315 
 
 House of Chief Ducoign, the last of the Easkaskias (1893) 314 
 
 Home for Juvenile Female Offenders, Geneva 236 
 
 Illinois Soldiers' and Sailors' Home, Quincy 438 
 
 Illinois State Normal University, Normal 504 
 
 Illinois State Capitol (First), Easkaskia 240 
 
 Illinois State Capitol (Second), Vandalia 240 
 
 Illinois State Capitol (Third) , Spring6eld 240 
 
 Illinois State Capitol (Present), Springfield 241 
 
 Illinois State Building, World's Columbian Exposition, 1893 601 
 
 Illinois State Penitentiary, Joliet 306 
 
 Illinois State Penitentiary Cell House and Women's Prison 307 
 
 Illinois State Reformatory, Pontiac 493 
 
 7 
 
8 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. 
 
 PAOK 
 
 Institution for Deaf and Dumb, Jacksonville 300 
 
 Interior of Room, Kaakaskia Hotel (1893) where La Fayette Banqnet was held in 1825 314 
 
 Institution for the Blind, Jacksonville 301 
 
 Kaskaskia Hotel, where La Fayetto was feted in 1825 (as it appeared, 1893) 314 
 
 La Salle (Portrait) 246 
 
 Library Building, University of Illinois 334 
 
 Library Building Main Floor University of Illinois 335 
 
 Lincoln Park Vistas, Chicago 120 
 
 Map of Burned District, Chicago Fire, 1871 276 
 
 Map of Grounds, World's Columbian Exposition, 1893 '. 600 
 
 Map of Illinois Following Title Page 
 
 Map of Illinois River Valley " " " 
 
 McCormick Seminary, Chicago 362 
 
 Monuments in Lincoln Park, Chicago 90 
 
 Monuments in Lincoln Park, Chicago 206 
 
 Monuments in Lincoln Park, Chicago 207 
 
 Natural History Hall, University of Illinois 151 
 
 Newberry Library, Chicago 394 
 
 Northern Hospital for the Insane, Elgin 402 
 
 Old Kaskaskia, from Garrison Hill (as it appeared in 1893) 314 
 
 Old State House, Kaskaskia (1900) 315 
 
 Pierre Menard Mansion, Kaskaskia (1893) 314 
 
 Remnant of Old Kaskaskia (as it appeared in 1898) 315 
 
 Scenes in South Park, ( 'himijo 604 
 
 Selby, Paul (Protrait) 5 
 
 Sheridan Road and on the Boulevards, Chicago 1'J I 
 
 Soldiers' Widows' Home, Wilmington 43( 
 
 Southern Illinois Normal, Carbondale 50"> 
 
 Southern Illinois Penitentiary and Asylum for Incurable Insane, Chester 4'J'i 
 
 University Hall, University of Illinois 150 
 
 University of Chicago 363 
 
 University of Illinois, Urbana. (Group of Buildings) 540 
 
 University of Illinois, Urbana. (Group of Buildings) 541 
 
 View from Engineering Hall, University of Illinois 281 
 
 View on Principal Street, Old Kaskaskia (1891) 315 
 
 Views in Lincoln Park, Chicago 91 
 
 Views of Drainage Canal 90 
 
 Views of Drainage Canal 97 
 
 War Eagle (Portrait) 24 
 
 Western Hospital for the Insane, Watertown 403 
 
 World's Fair Buildings 605 
 
Historical Encyclopedia of Illinois. 
 
 . 
 
 ABBOTT, ( l.inii..(,ov.) Edward, a British 
 officer, who was commandant at Post Vincennes 
 (called by the British, Fort Sackville) at the 
 time Col. George Rogers Clark captured Kaskas- 
 kia in 1778. Abbott's jurisdiction extended, at 
 least nominally, over a part of the "Illinois 
 Country. " Ten days after the occupation of Kas- 
 kaskia. Colonel Clark, having learned that 
 Abbott had gone to the British headquarters at 
 Detroit, leaving the Post without any guard 
 except that furnished by the inhabitants of the 
 village, took advantage of his absence to send 
 Pierre Gibault. the Catholic Vicar-General of Illi- 
 nois, to win over the people to the American 
 cause, which he did so successfully that they at 
 once took the oath of allegiance, and the Ameri- 
 can flag was run up over the fort. Although 
 Fort Sackville afterwards fell into the hands of 
 the British for a time, the manner of its occupa- 
 tion was as much of a surprise to the British as 
 that of Kaskaskia itself, and contributed to the 
 completeness of Clark's triumph. (See Clark, 
 Col. George Rogers, also, Gibault, Pierre.) Gov- 
 ernor Abbott seems to have been of a more 
 humane character than the mass of British 
 officers of his day, as he wrote a letter to General 
 Carleton about this time, protesting strongly 
 against the employment of Indians in carrying 
 on warfare against the colonists on the frontier, 
 on the ground of humanity, claiming that it was 
 a detriment to the British cause, although he 
 'was overruled by his superior officer, Colonel 
 Hamilton, in the steps soon after taken to recap- 
 ture Vincennes. 
 
 A BI NGDON, second city in size in Knox County , 
 at the junction of the Iowa Central and the 
 Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroads; 10 
 miles south of Galesburg, with which it is con- 
 nected by electric car line ; has city waterworks, 
 electric light plant, wagon works, brick and tile 
 works, sash, blind and swing factories, two banks, 
 
 three weekly papers, public library, fine high 
 school building and two ward schools. Hedding 
 College, a flourishing institution, under auspices 
 of the M. E. Church, is located here. Population 
 (1900), 2,022; (eat. 1904), 3,000. 
 
 ACCAULT, Michael (Ak-ko), French explorer 
 and companion of La Salle, who came to the 
 "Illinois Country" in 1780, and accompanied 
 Hennepin when the latter descended the Illinois 
 River to its mouth and then ascended the Mis 
 sissippi to the vicinity of the present city of St. 
 Paul, where they were captured by Sioux. They 
 were rescued by Greysolon Dulhut (for whom 
 the city of Duluth was named), and having dis- 
 covered the Falls of St. Anthony, returned to 
 Green Bay. (See Hennepin.) 
 
 ACKERMAN, William K., Railway President 
 and financier, was born in New York City, Jan. 
 29, 1832, of Knickerbocker and Revolutionary 
 ancestry, his grandfather, Abraham D. Acker- 
 man, having served as Captain of a company of 
 the famous "Jersey Blues," participating with 
 "Mad" Anthony Wayne in the storming of Stony 
 Point during the Revolutionary War, while his 
 father served as Lieutenant of Artillery in the 
 War of 1812. After receiving a high school edu- 
 cation in New York, Mr. Ackerman engaged in 
 mercantile business, but in 1852 became a clerk 
 in the financial department of the Illinois Central 
 Railroad. Coming to Chicago in the service of 
 the Company in 1860, he successively filled the 
 positions of Secretary, Auditor and Treasurer, 
 until July, 1876, when he was elected Vice-Presi- 
 dent and a year later promoted to the Presidency, 
 voluntarily retiring from this position in August. 
 1883, though serving some time longer in the 
 capacity of Vice-Presiilent. During the progress 
 of the World's Columbian Exposition at Chicago 
 (1892-93) Mr. Ackerman served as Auditor of the 
 Exposition, and was City Comptroller of Chicago 
 under the administration of Mayor Hopkins 
 
10 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 ; 
 
 (1893-95). He is an active member of the Chicago 
 Historical Society, and has rendered valuable 
 service to railroad history by the issue of two bro- 
 chures on the "Early History of Illinois Rail- 
 roads," and a "Historical Sketch of the Illinois 
 Central Railroad." 
 
 ADAMS, John, LL.D., educator and philan- 
 thropist, was born at Canterbury, Conn., Sept. 18, 
 1772; graduated at Yale College in 1795; taught 
 for several years in his native place, in Plain- 
 field, N. J., and at Colchester, Conn. In 1810 he 
 became Principal of Phillips Academy at An- 
 < lover. Mass., remaining there twenty -three 
 years. In addition to his educational duties he 
 participated in the organization of several great 
 charitable associations which attained national 
 importance. On retiring from Phillips Academy 
 in 1833, he removed to Jacksonville, I1L, where, 
 four years afterward, he became the third Prin- 
 cipal of Jacksonville Female Academy, remaining 
 six years. He then became Agent of the Ameri- 
 can Sunday School Union, in the course of the 
 next few years founding several hundred Sunday 
 Schools in different parts of the State. He re- 
 ceived the degree of LL.D. from Yale College in 
 1854. Died in Jacksonville, April 24, 1863. The 
 subject of this sketch was father of Dr. William 
 Adams, for forty years a prominent Presbyterian 
 clergyman of New York and for seven years ( 1873- 
 80) President of Union Theological Seminary. 
 
 ADAMS, John McGregor, manufacturer, was 
 born at Londonderry, N. II. , March 11, is;; I, the 
 son of Rev. John R. Adams, who served as Chap- 
 lain of the Fifth Maine and One Hundred and 
 Twenty-first New York Volunteers during the 
 Civil War. Mr. Adams was educated at Gorham, 
 He., and Andover, Mass., after which, going to 
 New York City, he engaged as clerk in a dry- 
 goods house at $150 a year. He next entered the 
 office of Clark & Jessup, hardware manufacturers, 
 and in 1858 came to Chicago to represent the 
 house of Morris K . Jessup & Co. He thus became 
 associated with the late John Crerar, the firm of 
 Jessup & Co. being finally merged into that of 
 Crerar, Adams & Co., which, with the Adams & 
 Westlake Co., have done a large business in the 
 manufacture of railway supplies. Since the 
 death of Mr. Crerar, Mr. Adams has been princi- 
 pal manager of the concern's vast manufacturing 
 business. 
 
 ADAMS, (Dr.) Samuel, physician and edu- 
 cator, was born at Brunswick, Me., Dec. 19, 1806, 
 and educated at Bowdoin College, where he 
 graduated in both the departments of literature 
 and of medicine. Then, having practiced as a 
 
 physician several years, in 1838 he assumed the 
 chair of Natural Philosophy, Chemistry and 
 Natural History in Illinois College at Jackson- 
 ville, 111. From 1843 to 1845 he was also Pro- 
 fessor of Materia Medica and Therapeutics in the 
 Medical Department of the same institution, and, 
 during his connection with the College, gave 
 instruction at different times in nearly every 
 branch embraced in the college curriculum, 
 including the French and German languages. 
 Of uncompromising firmness and invincible cour- 
 age in his adherence to principle, he was a man 
 of singular modesty, refinement and amiability 
 in private life, winning the confidence and esteem 
 of all with whom he came in contact, especially 
 the students who came under his instruction. A 
 profound and thorough scholar, he possessed a 
 refined and exalted literary taste, which was 
 illustrated in occasional contributions to scien- 
 tific and literary periodicals. Among productions 
 of his pen on philosophic topics may be enumer- 
 ated articles on "The Natural History of Man in 
 his Scriptural Relations;" contributions to the 
 "Biblical Repository" (1844); "Auguste Comte 
 and Positivism" ("New Englander," 1873), and 
 "Herbert Spencer's Proposed Reconciliation be- 
 tween Religion and Science" ("New Englander," 
 1875). His connection with Illinois College con- 
 tinued until his death, April, 1877 a period of 
 more than thirty-eight years. A monument to 
 his memory lias been erected through the grate- 
 ful donations of his former pupils. 
 
 ADAMS, George Everett, lawyer and ex-Con- 
 gressman, born at Keene, N. H , June 18, 1840; 
 was educated at Harvard College, and at Dane 
 Law School, Cambridge, Mass., graduating at the 
 former in 1860. Early in life he settled in Chi- 
 cago, where, after some time spent as a teacher 
 in the Chicago High School, he engaged in the 
 practice of his profession. His first post of pub- 
 lic responsibility was that of State Senator, to 
 which he was elected in 1880. In 1882 he was 
 chosen, as a Republican, to represent the Fourth 
 Illinois District in Congress, and re-elected in 
 1884, '86 and '88. In 1890 he was again a candi- 
 date, but was defeated by Walter C. Newberry. 
 He is one of the Trustees of the Newberry 
 Library. 
 
 ADAMS, James, pioneer lawyer, was born in 
 Hartford, Conn., Jan. 26, 1803; taken to Oswego 
 County, N. Y., in 1809, and, in 1821, removed to 
 Springfield, 111., being the first lawyer to locate 
 in the future State capital. He enjoyed an ex- 
 tensive practice for the time ; in 1823 was elected 
 a Justice of the Peace, took part in the Winne- 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 11 
 
 bago and Black Hawk wars, was elected Probate 
 Judge in 1841, and died in office, August 11, 1843. 
 
 ADAMS COUNTY, an extreme westerly county 
 of the State, situated about midway between its 
 northern and southern extremities, and bounded 
 on the west by the Mississippi River. It was 
 organized in 1825 and named in honor of John 
 yuincy Adams, the name of Quincy being given 
 to the county seat. The United States Census of 
 1890 places its area at 830 sq. m. and its popula- 
 tion at 61,888. The soil of the county is fertile 
 and well watered, the surface diversified and 
 hilly, especially along the Mississippi bluffs, and 
 its climate equable. The wealth of the county is 
 largely derived from agriculture, although a 
 large amount of manufacturing is carried on in 
 Quincy. Population (1900), 67,058. 
 
 ADDAMS, John Huy, legislator, was born at 
 Sinking Springs, Berks County, Pa., July 12. 
 1822; educated at Trappeand Upper Dublin, Pa., 
 and learned the trade of a miller in his youth, 
 which he followed in later life. In 1844, Mr. 
 Addams came to Illinois, settling at Cedarville, 
 Stephenson County, purchased a tract of land 
 and built a saw and grist mill on Cedar Creek. 
 In 1854 he was elected to the State Senate from 
 Stephenson County, serving continuously in that 
 body by successive re-elections until 1870 first as 
 a Whig and afterwards as a Republican. In 1865 
 lie established the Second National Bank of Free- 
 |K>rt, of which he continued to be the president 
 until his death, August 17, 1881. Miss Jane 
 I \<Uams). philanthropist. the founder of the "Hull 
 House," Chicago, is a daughter of Mr. Addams. 
 
 ADDISON, village, Du Page County; seat of 
 Evangelical Lutheran College, Normal School 
 and Orphan Asylum ; has State Bank, stores and 
 public school Pop. (1900), 591; (1904), 614. 
 
 ADJUTANTS-GENERAL. The office of Adju- 
 tant-General for the State of Illinois was first 
 created by Act of the Legislature, Feb. 2, 1865. 
 Previous to the War of the Rebellion the position 
 was rather honorary than otherwise, its duties 
 (except during the Black Hawk War) and its 
 emoluments being alike unimportant. The in- 
 cumbent was simply the Chief of the Governor's 
 Staff. In 1861, the post became one of no small 
 importance. Those who held the office during 
 the Territorial period were: Elias Rector, Robert 
 Morrison, Benjamin Stephenson and Wm. Alex- 
 ander. Aftej the admission of Illinois as a State 
 up to the beginning of the Civil War, the duties 
 (which were almost wholly nominal) were dis- 
 charged by Wm. Alexander, 1819 21 ; Elijah C. 
 Berry, 1821 28; James W. Berry, 1828-39; Moses 
 
 K. Anderson, 1839-57; Thomas S. Mather, 1858-61. 
 In November, 1861, CoL T. S. Mather, who had held 
 the position for three years previous, resigned to 
 enter active service, and Judge Allen C. Fuller 
 was appointed, remaining in office until January 
 1, 1865. The first appointee, under the act of 
 1865, was Isham N. Haynie, who held office 
 until his death in 1869. The Legislature of 1869. 
 taking into consideration that all the Illinois 
 volunteers had been mustered out, and that the 
 duties of the Adjutant-General had been materi- 
 ally lessened, reduced the proportions of the 
 department and curtailed the appropriation for 
 its support. Since the adoption of the military 
 code of 1877, the Adjutant-General's office has 
 occupied a more important and conspicuous posi- 
 tion among the departments of the State govern- 
 ment. The following is a list of those who have 
 held office since General Haynie, with the date 
 and duration of their respective terms of office: 
 Hubert Dilger, 1869-73; Edwin L. Higgins. 
 1873-75; Hiram Billiard, 1875-81; Isaac H. Elliot, 
 1881-84; Joseph W. Vance, 1884-93; Albert Oren- 
 dorff, 1893-96; C. C. Hilton, 1896-97; Jasper N. 
 Reece, 1897 . 
 
 AGRICULTURE. Illinois ranks high as an 
 agricultural State. A large area in the eastern 
 portion of the State, because of the absence of 
 timber, was called by the early settlers "the 
 Grand Prairie." Upon and along a low ridge 
 beginning in Jackson County and running across 
 the State is the prolific fruit-growing district of 
 Southern Illinois. The bottom lands extending 
 from Cairo to the mouth of the Illinois River are 
 of a fertility seemingly inexhaustible. The cen- 
 tral portion of the State is best adapted to corn, 
 and the southern and southwestern to the culti- 
 vation of winter wheat. Nearly three-fourths of 
 the entire State some 42,000 square miles is up- 
 land prairie, well suited to the raising of cereals. 
 In the value of its oat crop Illinois leads all the 
 States, that for 1891 being 831,106, 674, with 3,068,- 
 930 acres under cultivation. In the production 
 of corn it ranks next to Iowa, the last census 
 (1890) showing 7,014,336 acres under cultivation, 
 and the value of the crop being estimated at 
 $86.905,510. In wheat-raising it ranked seventh, 
 although the annual average value of the crop 
 from 1880 to 1890 was a little less than $29.000.- 
 000. As a live-stock State it leads in the value ot 
 horses ($83,000,000), ranks second in the produc- 
 tion of swine ($30,000, 000), third in cattle-growing 
 ($32,000,000), and fourth in dairy products, the 
 value of milch cows being estimated at $24,000,- 
 000. (See also Farmers Institute.) 
 
12 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 IMlId I.Tl III.. DEPARTMENT OF. A 
 
 department of the State administration which 
 grew out of the organization of the Illinois Agri- 
 cultural Society, incorporated by Act of the 
 Legislature in 1853. The first appropriation from 
 the State treasury for its maintenance was $1,000 
 per annum, "to be expended in the promotion of 
 mechanical and agricultural arts." The first 
 President was James N. Brown, of Sangamon 
 County. Simeon Francis, also of Sangamon, was 
 the first Recording Secretary ; John A. Kennicott 
 of Cook, first Corresponding Secretary ; and John 
 Williams of Sangamon, first Treasurer. Some 
 thirty volumes of reports have been issued, cover- 
 ing a variety of topics of vital interest to agri- 
 culturists. The department has well equipped 
 offices in the State House, and is charged with 
 the conduct of State Fairs and the management 
 of annual exhibitions of fat stock, besides the 
 collection and dissemination of statistical and 
 other information relative to the State's agri- 
 cultural interests. It receives annual reports 
 from all County Agricultural Societies. Tin- 
 State Board consists of three general officers 
 (President, Secretary and Treasurer) and one 
 representative from each Congressional district. 
 The State appropriates some $20,000 annually for 
 the prosecution of its work, besides which there 
 is a considerable income from receipts at State 
 Fairs and fat stock shows. Between $20,000 and 
 $25,000 per annum is disbursed in premiums to 
 competing exhibitors at the State Fairs, and some 
 $10,000 divided among County Agricultural 
 Societies holding fairs. 
 
 AKERS, Peter, D. It. , Methodist Episcopal 
 clergyman, born of Presbyterian parentage, in 
 Campbell County, Va., Sept. 1, 1790; was edu- 
 cated in the common schools, and, at the age 
 of 16, began teaching, later pursuing a classical 
 course in institutions of Virginia and North 
 Carolina. Having removed to Kentucky, after a 
 brief season spent in teaching at Mount Sterling 
 in that State, he began the study of law and was 
 admitted to the bar in 1817. Two years later he 
 began the publication of a paper called "The 
 Star," which was continued for a short time. In 
 1821 he was converted and joined the Methodist 
 church, and a few months later began preaching. 
 In 1832 he removed to Illinois, and, after a year 
 spent in work as an evangelist, he assumed the 
 Presidency of McKendree College at Lebanon, 
 remaining during 1833-34; then established a 
 "manual labor school" near Jacksonville, which 
 he maintained for a few years. From 1837 to 
 1852 was spent as stationed minister or Presiding 
 
 Elder at Springfield, Quincy and Jacksonville. In 
 the latter year he was again appointed to the 
 Presidency of McKendree College, where he 
 remained five years. He was then (1857) trans- 
 ferred to the Minnesota Conference, but a year 
 later was compelled by declining health to assume 
 a superannuated relation. Returning to Illinois 
 about 1865, he served as Presiding Elder of the 
 Jacksonville and Pleasant Plains Districts, but 
 was again compelled to accept a superannuate!) 
 relation, making Jacksonville his home, where 
 he died, Feb. 21, 1886. While President of Mc- 
 Kendree College, he published his work on "Bib- 
 lical Chronology," to which he had devoted many 
 previous years of his life, and which gave evi- 
 dence of grat learning and vast research. Dr. 
 Akers was a man of profound convictions, exten- 
 sive learning and great eloquence. As a pulpit 
 orator and logician he probably had no superior 
 in the State during the time of his most active 
 service in the denomination to which he belonged. 
 
 AKIN, Edward ('., lawyer and Attorney-Gen- 
 eral, was born in Will County, 111., in 1852, ami 
 educated in the public schools of Joliet and at Ann 
 Arbor, Mich. For, four years he was paying and 
 receiving teller in the First National Bank of 
 Joliet, but was admitted to the bar in 1878 ami 
 has continued in act! ve practice since. In 1887 ) 
 entered upon his political career as the Republi- 
 can candidate for City Attorney of Joliet, and was 
 elected by a majority of over 700 votes, although 
 the city was usually Democratic. The follow- 
 ing year he was the candidate of his party for 
 State's Attorney of Will County, and was again 
 elected, leading the State and county ticket by 
 800 votes being re-elected to the same office in 
 1892. In 1895 he was the Republican nomine* 
 for Mayor of Joliet, and, although opposed by a 
 citizen's- ticket headed by a Republican, was 
 elected over his Democratic competitor by a deci- 
 sive majority. His greatest popular triumph was 
 in 1896, when he was elected Attorney-General 
 on the Republican State ticket by a plurality 
 over his Democratic opponent of 132,248 and a 
 majority over all com]>etitors of 111,255. His 
 legal abilities are recognized as of a very high 
 order, while his personal popularity is indicated 
 by his uniform success as a candidate, in the 
 face, at times, of strong political majorities. 
 
 ALBANY, a village of Whiteside County, lo- 
 cated on the Mississippi River and the Chicago. 
 Milwaukee & St. Paul Railway (Rock Island 
 branch). Population (1890), 611 ; (1900), 621. 
 
 ALBION, county-seat of Edwards County, 
 on Southern Railway, midway between St. Louis 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OK ILLINOIS. 
 
 U;RKt LTIRK. IIMMKTMKM OF. A 
 
 deiiartrnent of tin- State administration which 
 grew out of the organiy..ition of the Illinois Agri- 
 cultural Society mcr|iorated by Act of the 
 Legislature in IKilJ. The iirst appropriation from 
 the State treasury for its maintenance was SI.IHKI 
 per annum, "to he expended in the promotion of 
 mechanical and agricultural arts." The first 
 President was James X. Brown, of Sangamon 
 County. Simeon Francis, also of Sangamon, was 
 the first Recording Secretary; John A. Kennicott 
 of Cook. Iirst < 'orresjKinding Secretary ; ami John 
 Williams of Sangamon, Iirst Treasurer. Some 
 thirty volumes of reports have In-en issued, cover- 
 ing a variety of topics of vital interest to agri- 
 culturists. The department has well eipiipped 
 offices in the State House, ami is charged with 
 the conduct of State Fairs and the management 
 of annual exhibitions of fat stock, besides the 
 collection and dissemination of statistical and 
 other information relative to the State's agri- 
 cultural interests. It receives annual rejiorts 
 from all County Agricultural Societies. Tin- 
 State Hoard consists of three general ollicers 
 (President, Secretary and Treasurer) and one 
 representative from each Congressional district. 
 The State appropriates some $20,000 annually for 
 the prosecution of its work, besides wliich there 
 is a considerable income from receipts at State 
 Fairs and fat stock shows. Between S-'ll.lHMl and 
 $3-~i,(HK) per annum is disbursed in premiums to 
 coni]>eting exhibitors at the State Fairs, and some 
 $1(1, (100 divided among County Agricultural 
 Societies holding fairs. 
 
 AKF.RS, Peter, 1>. I)., Methodist Episcopal 
 clergyman, born of Presbyterian parentage, in 
 Campbell County, Va., Sept. 1, 1790; was edu- 
 cated in the common schools, and, at the ag 
 of Hi, began teaching, later pursuing a classical 
 course in institutions of Virginia and North 
 Carolina. Having removed to Kentucky, after a 
 brief season spent in teaching at Mount Sterling 
 in that State, he began the study of law and was 
 admitted to the liar in 1817. Two years later hi' 
 liegan the publication of a pajier called "Tin- 
 Star," which was continued for a short time. In 
 1821 he was converted and joined the Methodist 
 church, and a few months later liegan preaching. 
 In 18:i2 he removed to Illinois, and. after a year 
 spent in work as an evangelist, he assumed tlie 
 Presidency of McKendree College at Lebanon, 
 remaining during tKKl!t-l; then established a 
 "manual laljor school" near Jacksonville, which 
 he maintained for a few years. From 1H:)7 to 
 1852 was spent as stationed minister or Presiding 
 
 Kliler at Springlield. Qiiincy and Jacksonville. In 
 the latter year he was again appointed to tin- 
 Presidency of McKendree College, where In 
 remained live years. He was then (1857) trans- 
 ferred to the Minnesota Conference, but a year 
 later was compelled by declining health to assume 
 a superannuated relation. Returning to Illinois 
 alioiit 181'hi, lie served as Presiding Elder of tin 
 Jacksonville and Pleasant Plains Districts, but 
 was again compiled to accept a sii]>eraiinuatcii 
 relation, making Jacksonville his home, where 
 he died, Feb. 21, IHSIi. While President of Mc- 
 Kendree College, he published his work on "Hil- 
 lical Chronology," to which he had devoted nmn\ 
 previous years of his life, and which gave evi- 
 dence of gn-at learning and vast research. I'v 
 Akers was a man of profound convictions, exten- 
 sive learning and gmit eloquence. As a pulpit 
 orator and logician he probably had no superior 
 in the State during the time of his most acti\<- 
 service in the denomination to which he belonged. 
 
 \k!N, Edward f., lawyer and Attorney -Gen- 
 eral, was l>orn in Will County. 111., in If. 13, und 
 educated in the public schools of Joliet and at Aim 
 Arbor, Mich. For four years he was paying ami 
 receiving teller in the First National Bank f 
 Joliet, but was admitted to the bar in 1878 un<l 
 has continued in active practice since. In 18H7 In- 
 entered upon his (Hilitical career as the Itepubli 
 can candidate for City Attorney of Joliet, and was 
 elected by a majority of over 700 votes, although 
 the city was usually Democratic. The follow- 
 ing year he was the candidate of his party f< it- 
 State's Attorney of Will County, and was agaii 
 elected, leading the State and county ticket b\ 
 MOO votes l>eing re-elected to the same ollice ii 
 1H92. In 189.~> he was the Republican noiniiiii- 
 for Mayor of Joliet. and, although opjioscil by a 
 citizen's ticket headed by a l{e|ib!ican, wa- 
 elected over his Democratic competitor by adeci 
 sive majority. His greatest popular triumph was 
 in 18!Hi, when he was elected Attornev-CIeneral 
 on the Republican State ticket by a plurality 
 over his Democratic- opjtonent of lo'J.^IH and a 
 majority over all competitors of 1 1 1 , L'.Vi. His 
 legal abilities are recognized as of a very high 
 order, while his personal jntpularity is indicated 
 by his uniform success as a candidate, in tin- 
 face, at times, of strong political majorities. 
 
 ALBANY, a village of Whiteside County, lo- 
 cated on the .Mississippi River and the ( 'hicago 
 Milwaukee & St Paul Railway (Rock Island 
 branch) Population (189(1), (ill ; (1900), 031. 
 
 ALBION, county-seat of Edwards County, 
 on Southern Hallway, midway between St. Louis 
 

 
 
 KXPEKIMENT KAKM (THE VIKEVARU) UNIVERSITY OK ILLINOIS. 
 
 EXPERIMENT FARM (ORCHARD CULTIVATIONl UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS. 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 and Louisville; seat of Southern Collegiate In- 
 stitute; has plant for manufacture of vitrified 
 shale paving brick, two newspapers, creamery, 
 flouring mills, and is important shipping point 
 for live stock ; is in a rich fruit-growing district ; 
 has five churches and splendid public schools. 
 Population (1900), 1,162; (est. 1904), 1,600. 
 
 ALCORN, James Lusk, was born near Gol- 
 conda, 111., Nov. 4, 1816; early went South and 
 held various offices in Kentucky and Mississippi, 
 including member of the Legislature in each; 
 was a member of the Mississippi State Conven- 
 tions of 1851 and 1861, and by the latter appointed 
 a Brigadier-General in the Confederate service, 
 but refused a commission by Jefferson Davis 
 because his fidelity to the rebel cause was 
 doubted. At the close of the war he was one of 
 the first to accept the reconstruction policy ; was 
 elected United States Senator from Mississippi in 
 1865, but not admitted to his seat. In 1869 he 
 was chosen Governor as a Republican, and two 
 years later elected United States Senator, serving 
 until 1877. Died, Dec. 20, 1894. 
 
 ALDRICH, J. Frank, Congressman, was born 
 at Two Rivers, Wis., April 6, 1853, the son of 
 William Aldrich, who afterwards became Con- 
 gressman from Chicago ; was brought to Chicago 
 in 1861, attended the public schools and the Chi- 
 cago University, and graduated from the Rensse- 
 laer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, N. Y., in 1877, 
 receiving the degree of Civil Engineer. Later he 
 engaged in the linseed oil business in Chicago. 
 Becoming interested in politics, he was elected a 
 member of the Board of County Commissioners 
 of Cook County, serving as President of that body 
 during the reform period of 1887; was also a 
 member of the County Board of Education and 
 Chairman of the Chicago Citizens' Committee, 
 appointed from the various clubs and commer- 
 cial organizations of the city, to promote the for- 
 mation of the Chicago Sanitary District. From 
 May 1, 1891, to Jan. 1, 1893, he was Commissioner 
 of Public Works for Chicago, when he resigned 
 his office, having been elected (Nov., 1892) a 
 member of the Fifty-third Congress, on the 
 Republican ticket, from the First Congressional 
 District; was re-elected in 1894, retiring at the 
 close of the Fifty-fourth Congress. In 1898 he 
 was appointed to a position in connection with 
 the office of Comptroller of the Currency at 
 Washington. 
 
 ALDRICH, William, merchant and Congress- 
 man, was born at Greenfield, N. Y., Jan. 20, 1820. 
 His early common school training was supple- 
 mented by private tuition in higher branches of 
 
 mathematics and in surveying, and by a term in 
 an academy. Until he had reached the age of 2>'> 
 years he was engaged in farming and teaching, 
 but, in 1846, turned his attention to mercantile 
 pursuits. In 1851 he removed to Wisconsin, 
 where, in addition to merchandising, he engage'! 
 in the manufacture of furniture and wooden war. 
 and where he also held several important office- 
 being Superintendent of Schools for three years. 
 Chairman of the County Board of Supervisors 
 one year, besides serving one term in the Legisla- 
 ture. In 1860 he removed to Chicago, where he 
 embarked in the wholesale grocery business. In 
 1875 he was elected to the City Council, and, in 
 1876, chosen to represent his district (the First) in 
 Congress, as a Republican, being re-elected in 1878. 
 and again in 1880. Died in Fond du Lao, Wis. , 
 Dec. 3, 1885. 
 
 ALEDO, county-seat of Mercer County; is in 
 the midst of a rich farming and bituminous coal 
 region ; fruit-growing and stock-raising are also 
 extensively carried on, and large quantities of 
 these commodities are shipped here; has two 
 newspapers and ample school facilities. Popula- 
 tion (1890), 1,601; (1900), 2,081. 
 
 ALEXANDER, John T., agriculturist and 
 stock-grower, was born in Western Virginia. 
 Sept. 15, 1820; removed with his father, at six 
 years of age, to Ohio, and to Illinois in 1848 
 Here he bought a tract of several thousand acres 
 of land on the Wabash Railroad, 10 miles east of 
 Jacksonville, which finally developed into one of 
 the richest stock-farms in the State. After the 
 war he became the owner of the celebrate<l 
 "Sullivant farm," comprising some 20,000 acres 
 on the Toledo, Peoria & Western Railroad in 
 Champaign County, to which he transferred his 
 stock interests, and although overtaken by re- 
 verses, left a large estate. Died, August 22, 187(i. 
 
 ALEXANDER, Hilton K., pioneer, was born in 
 Elbert County, Ga., Jan. 23, 1796; emigrated 
 with his father, in 1804, to Tennessee, and, while 
 still a boy, enlisted as a soldier in the War of 1812. 
 serving under the command of General Jackson 
 until the capture of Pensaoola, when he entered 
 upon the campaign against the Seminoles in 
 Florida. In 1823 he removed to Edgar County 
 111. , and engaged in mercantile and agricultural 
 pursuits at Paris; serving also as Postmaster 
 there some twenty-five years, and as Clerk of the 
 County Commissioners' Court from 1826 to "37 
 In 1826 he was commissioned by Governor Coles. 
 Colonel of the Nineteenth Regiment, Illinois 
 State Militia; in 1830 was Aide-de-Camp to Gov- 
 ernor Reynolds, and, in!832, took part in the Black 
 
I:\I-KKI.MKVI i AI:M nil-: vtxi-:v.\i;iii IM\I-:I:SITV 
 
 i:xri:i:i \ii-vr i AI;.M II>I;CIIAI:H ri'i/nx \TION. i MVI-:I:SITV !' II.I.IMHS. 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA >K ILLINOIS. 
 
 and Ixiuisville; seat of Southern Collegiate In- 
 stitute; h:is plant for manufacture of vitrified 
 shale paving brick, two newspapers, -creamery, 
 flouring mills, and is irn]>ortant shipping point 
 for live stock; is in a rich fruit-growing district; 
 has five churches and splendid public schools. 
 Population (1900), 1,162; (est. 1904), 1,500. 
 
 ALCORN, James Lusk, was born near Gol- 
 conda, 111., Nov. 4. 1816; early went South and 
 held various offices in Kentucky and Mississippi, 
 including niemlx-r of the Legislature in each; 
 was a member of the Mississippi State Conven- 
 tions of 1851 and 1801, and by the latter appointed 
 a Brigadier-General in the Confederate service, 
 hut refused a commission by Jefferson Davis 
 because his fidelity to the rebel cause was 
 doubted. At the close of the war he was one of 
 the first to accept the reconstruction policy; was 
 elected United States Senator from Mississippi in 
 1805. hut not admitted to his seat. In 180!) he 
 was chosen Governor as a Republican, anil two 
 years later elected United States Senator, serving 
 until 1877. Died. Dei-. 20. 1894. 
 
 M.HKICII. .1. Frank, Congressman, was lx>rn 
 at Two Kivers. Wis . April G. 18.1:!. the son of 
 William Aldrieh. who afterwards became Con- 
 gressman from Chicago; was brought to Chicago 
 in 1801. attended the public schools and the Chi- 
 cago University, and graduated from the Rensse- 
 laer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, N. Y., in 1877. 
 receiving the degree of Civil Engineer. Later he 
 engaged in the linseed oil business in Chicago. 
 Becoming interested in politics, he \v;is elected a 
 memlier of the Board of County Commissioners 
 of Cook County, serving as President of that body 
 during the reform |n-riod of 1887; was also a 
 memlier of the County Board of Education and 
 Chairman of the Chicago Citizens' Committee, 
 ap|x>inted from the various clubs and commer- 
 cial organizations of the city, to promote the for- 
 mation of the Chicago Sanitary District. From 
 May 1. 1891. to Jan. 1. 1893, he was Commissioner 
 of Public Works for Chicago, when he resigned 
 his oilice, having l>een elected (Nov., 1892) a 
 member of the Fifty-third Congress, on the 
 Republican ticket, from the First Congressional 
 District; was re-elected in 1894. retiring at the 
 close of the Fifty-fourth Congress. In 1898 he 
 was appointed to a position in connection with 
 the office of Comptroller of the Currency at 
 Washington. 
 
 ALHRICH, William, merchant and Congress- 
 man, was l>orn at Greenfield, N Y.. Jan. 21), 1820. 
 His early common school training was supple- 
 mented by private tuition in higher branches of 
 
 mathematics and in surveying, and by ; term in 
 an academy. Until he had renched the age of 2'i 
 years he was engaged in farming and teaching 
 but. in 1H4(>, turned his attention to mercantile 
 pursuits. In 18.">1 he removed to Wisconsin, 
 where, in addition to merchandising, he engage. I 
 in the manufacture of furniture and wowlenwarc. 
 and where he also held several ini[iortanl oflico 
 being Su|>erintendent of Schools for three yoan- 
 Chairman of the County Board of Supervisor^ 
 one year, liesides serving one tenn in the 1/egisla- 
 ture. In 1H(!0 he removed In Chie.-igo, \\liern lie 
 embarked in the wholesale grocery business In 
 1875 he was elected to the City Council, and. in 
 1870, chosen to represent his district (the First) in 
 Congress, as a Republican, being re elected in 187s 
 and again in 1880. Died in Fond ilu I -v, WL- 
 Dec. 3. 1885. 
 
 ALEIM), county-seat of Mercer County; is in 
 the midst of a rich farming and bituminous <-oal 
 region; fruit-growing and stock raising are alsc 
 extensively carried on. and large quantities ot 
 these commodities are ship|ted here: has tw- 
 newspapers and ample school facilities. Popula- 
 tion (1890), 1.C01; (1900), 2.081. 
 
 ALEXAMIEK, John T., agriculturist and 
 stock grower, was born in Western Virginia 
 Sept. 15. 1820; removed with his father, at si\ 
 years of age. to Ohio, and to Illinois in 1K}- 
 Here he liought a tract of several thousand ac-re- 
 of land on the Wabash Railroad. 10 miles east ol 
 Jacksonville, which finally develo|ied into one ol' 
 the richest stock farms in the State. After tin 
 
 war he became the owner of tht lehratol 
 
 "Sullivant farm." comprising some 2(MHH) acrev 
 on the Toledo. Peoria & Western Railroad in 
 Champaign County, to which hi- transferred hi-- 
 stock interests, and although overtaken by n- 
 verses. left a large estate. Died. August 22. 1871'. 
 
 AI.KX \ MM'.K. Milton K., pioneer, was liorn in 
 Elliert County. Ga., Jan. 2:!. 17(M1; emigrate.) 
 with his father, in 1801. to Tenne-see. and, while 
 still ahoy, enlisted as a soldier in tin- War of IS12 
 serving under the command of General Jackson 
 until the capture of Pensaeola. when he entered 
 upon the campaign against the Scminoli--- it 
 Florida. In |82:t he removed to Edgar Countv 
 111., and engaged in mercantile and agricultural 
 pursuits at Paris; serving also as Post mast' -i 
 there some twenty-five years, and as Clerk of th. 
 County Commissioners' Court from l s 'Jf> to ''" 
 In 1821! he \vascomn\issioned l.y Governor <>>le* 
 Colonel of the Nineteenth Regiment, Illinois 
 State Militia, in 18:iO was Aide-de-Camp to Gov 
 ernor Reynolds, and, in 1832, took part in the Black 
 
 ' 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 Hawk War as Brigadier-General of the Second 
 Brigade, Illinois Volunteers. On the inception of 
 the internal improvement scheme in 1837 he was 
 elected by the Legislature a member of the first 
 Board of Commissioners of Public Works, serving 
 until the Board was abolished. Died, July 7, 1856. 
 
 ALEXANDER, (Dr.) William M., pioneer, 
 (tame to Southern Illinois previous to the organi- 
 zation of Union County (1818), and for some time, 
 while practicing his profession as a physician, 
 acted as agent of the proprietors of the town of 
 America, which was located on the Ohio River, 
 on the first high ground above its junction with 
 the Mississippi. It became the first county-seat 
 of Alexander County, which was organized in 
 1819, and named in his honor. In 1820 we find 
 him a Representative in the Second General 
 Assembly from Pope County, and two years later 
 Representative from Alexander County, when he 
 became Speaker of the House during the session 
 of the .Third General Assembly. Later, he 
 removed to Kaskaskia, but finally went South, 
 where he died, though the date and place of his 
 i leath are unknown. 
 
 ALEXANDER COUNTY, the extreme southern 
 i -i puuty of the State, being bounded on the west 
 by the Mississipppi, and south and east by the 
 Ohio and Cache rivers. Its area is about 230 
 square miles and its population, in 1890, was 16,- 
 563. The first American settlers were Tennessee- 
 ;i MS named Bird, who occupied the delta and gave 
 it the name of Bird's Point, which, at the date of 
 the Civil War < 1861-65), had been transferred to 
 the Missouri shore opposite the mouth of the Ohio. 
 Other early settlers were Clark, Kennedy and 
 Philips (at Mounds), Conyer and Terrel (at Amer- 
 ica), and Humphreys (near Caledonia). In 1818 
 Shadrach Bond (afterwards Governor), John G. 
 ( 'omyges and others entered a claim for 1800 acres 
 in the central and northern part of the county, 
 and incorporated the "City and Bank of Cairo." 
 The history of this enterprise is interesting. In 
 1818 (on Comyges' death) the land reverted to the 
 Government; but in 1835 Sidney Breese, David J. 
 IJaker and Miles A. Gilbert re-entered the for- 
 feited bank tract and the title thereto became 
 vested in the "Cairo City and Canal Company," 
 which was chartered in 1837, and, by purchase, 
 extended its holdings to 10,000 acres. The 
 county was organized in 1819; the first county- 
 seat being America, which was incorporated in 
 1830. Population (1900), 19,384. 
 
 ALEXIAN BROTHERS' HOSPITAL, located 
 at Chicago; established in 1860, and under the 
 management of the Alexian Brothers, a monastic 
 
 order of the Roman Catholic Church. It was 
 originally opened in a small frame building, but a 
 better edifice was erected in 1868, only to be de- 
 stroyed in the great fire of 1871. The following 
 year, through the aid of private benefactions and 
 an appropriation of $18,000 from the Chicago Re- 
 lief and Aid Society, a larger and better hospital 
 was built. In 1888 an addition was made, increas- 
 ing the accommodation to 150 beds. Only poor 
 male patients are admitted, and these are received 
 without reference to nationality or religion, and 
 absolutely without charge. The present medical 
 staff (1896) comprises fourteen physicians and sur- 
 geons. In 1895 the close approach of an intra- 
 mural transit line having rendered the building 
 unfit for hospital purposes, a street railway com- 
 pany purchased the site and buildings f or $250,- 
 000 and a new location has been selected. 
 
 ALEXIS, a village of Warren County, on the 
 Rock Island & St. Louis Division of the Chicago, 
 Burlington & Quincy Railway, 12 miles east of 
 north from Monmouth. It has manufactures of 
 brick, drain-tile, pottery and agricultural imple- 
 ments; is also noted for its Clydesdale horses. 
 Population (1880), 398; (1890), 562; (1900), 915. 
 
 ALGONQUINS, a group of Indian tribes. 
 Originally their territory extended from about 
 latitude 37 to 53 north, and from longitude 25 
 east to 15 west of the meridian of Washington. 
 Branches of the stock were found by Cartier in 
 Canada, by Smith in Virginia, by the Puritans in 
 New England and by Catholic missionaries in the 
 great basin of the Mississippi. One of the prin- 
 cipal of their five confederacies embraced the 
 Illinois Indians, who were found within the 
 State by the French when the latter discovered 
 the country in 1673. They were hereditary foes 
 of the warlike Iroquois, by whom their territory 
 was repeatedly invaded. Besides the Illinois, 
 other tribes of the Algonquin family who origi- 
 nally dwelt within the -present limits of Illinois, 
 were the. Foxes, Kickapoos, Miamis, Menominees, 
 and Sacs. Although nomadic in their mode of 
 life, and subsisting largely on the spoils of the 
 chase, the Algonquins were to some extent tillers 
 of the soil and cultivated large tracts of maize. 
 Various dialects of their language have been 
 reduced to grammatical rules, and Eliot's Indian 
 Bible is published in their tongue. The entire 
 Algonquin stock extant is estimated at about 
 95,000, of whom some 35,000 are within the United 
 States. 
 
 ALLEN, William Joshua, jurist, was born 
 June 9, 1829, in Wilson County, Tenn. ; of Vir- 
 ginia ancestry of Scotch-Irish descent. In early 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 15 
 
 infancy he was brougnt by his parents to South- 
 ern Illinois, where his father, Willis Allen, be- 
 came a Judge and member of Congress. After 
 reading law with his father and at the Louisville 
 Law School, young Allen was admitted to the 
 bar, settling at Metropolis and afterward (1853) 
 at his old home, Marion, in Williamson County. 
 In 1855 he was appointed United States District 
 Attorney for Illinois, but resigned in 1859 and re- 
 sumed private practice as partner of John A. 
 Logan. The same year he was elected Circuit 
 Judge to succeed his father, who had died, but he 
 declined a re-election. He was a member of the 
 Constitutional Conventions of 1862 and 1869, serv- 
 ing in both bodies on the Judicial Committee and 
 as Chairman of the Committee on the Bill of 
 Rights. From 1864 to 1888 he was a delegate to 
 every National Democratic Convention, being 
 chairman of the Illinois delegation in 1876. He 
 has been four times a candidate for Congress, and 
 twice elected, serving from 1862 to 1865. During 
 this period he was an ardent opponent of the wai 
 policy of the Government. In 1874-75, at the 
 solicitation of Governor Beveridge, he undertook 
 the prosecution of the leaders of a bloody "ven- 
 detta" which had broken out among his former 
 neighbors in Williamson County, and, by his fear- 
 less and impartial efforts, brought the offenders to 
 justice and assisted in restoring order. In 1886, 
 Judge Allen removed to Springfield, and in 1887 
 was appointed by President Cleveland to succeed 
 Judge Samuel H. Treat (deceased) as Judge of the 
 United States District Court for the Southern 
 District of Illinois. Died Jan. 26, 1901. 
 
 ALLEN, Willis, a native of Tennessee, who 
 removed to Williamson County, 111., in 1829 and 
 engaged in farming. In 1834 he was chosen 
 Sheriff of Franklin County, in 1838 elected Rep- 
 resentative in the Eleventh General Assembly, 
 and, in 1844, became State Senator. In 1841, 
 although not yet a licensed lawyer, he was chosen 
 Prosecuting Attorney for the old Third District, 
 and was shortly afterward admitted to the bar. 
 He was chosen Presidential Elector in 1844, a 
 member of the Constitutional Convention of 1847, 
 and served two terms in Congress (1851-55). On 
 March 2, 1859, he was commissioned Judge of the 
 Twenty-sixth Judicial Circuit, but died three 
 months later. His son, William Joshua, suc- 
 ceeded him in the latter office. 
 
 A LLERTON", Samuel Waters, stock-dealer and 
 capitalist, was born of Pilgrim ancestry in 
 Dutchess County, N. V , May 26, 1829. His 
 youth was spent with his father on a farm in 
 Yates County. X Y . but about 1*52 he engaged 
 
 in the live-stock business in Central and Western 
 New York. In 1856 he transferred his operations 
 to Illinois, shipping stock from various points to 
 New York City, finally locating in Chicago. He 
 was one of the earliest projectors of the Chicago 
 Stock-Yards, later securing control of the Pitts 
 burg Stock-Yards, also becoming interested in 
 yards at Baltimore, Philadelphia, Jersey City and 
 Omaha. Mr. Allerton is one of the founders and 
 a Director of the First National Bank of Chicago, 
 a Director and stockholder of the Chicago City 
 Railway (the first cable line in that city), the 
 owner of an extensive area of highly improved 
 farming lands in Central, Illinois, as also of large 
 tracts in Nebraska and Wyoming, and of valuable 
 and productive mining properties in the Black 
 Hills. A zealous Republican in politics, he is a 
 liberal supporter of the measures of that party, 
 and, in 1893, was the unsuccessful Republican can- 
 didate for Mayor of Chicago in opposition to 
 Carter H. Harrison. 
 
 ALLOCEZ, Claude Jean, sometimes called 
 "The Apostle of the West," a Jesuit priest, was 
 born in France in 1620. He reached Quebec in 
 1658, and later explored the country around 
 Lakes Superior and Michigan, establishing the 
 mission of La Pointe, near where Ashland, Wis. , 
 now stands, in 1665, and St. Xavier, near Green 
 Bay, in 1669. He learned from the Indians the 
 existence and direction of the upper Mississippi, 
 and was the first to communicate the informa- 
 tion to the authorities at Montreal, which report 
 was the primary cause of Joliet's expedition. He 
 succeeded Marquette in charge of the mission at 
 Kaskaskia. on the Illinois, in 1677, where he 
 preached to eight tribes. From that date to 1690 
 he labored among the aborigines of Illinois and 
 Wisconsin. Died at Fort St. Joseph, in 1690. 
 
 ALLTN, (Rev.) Robert, clergyman and edu- 
 cator, was born at Ledyard, New London County, 
 Conn., Jan. 25, 1817, being a direct descend- 
 ant in the eighth generation of Captain Robert 
 Allyn, who was one of the first settlers of New 
 London. He grew up on a farm, receiving his 
 early education in a country school, supple- 
 mented by access to a small public library, from 
 which he acquired a good degree of familiarity 
 with standard English writers. In 1837 he 
 entered the Wesleyan University at Middletown, 
 Conn., where he distinguished himself as a 
 mathematician and took a high rank as a linguist 
 and rhetorician, graduating in 1841. He im- 
 mediately engaged as a teacher of mathematics 
 in the Wesleyan Academy at Wilbraham, Mass., 
 and, in 1846, was elected principal of the school, 
 
16 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 meanwhile (1843) becoming a licentiate of the 
 Providence Conference of the Methodist Episcopal 
 Church. From 1848 to 1854 he served as Princi- 
 pal of the Providence Conference Seminary at 
 East Greenwich, R. I., when he was appointed 
 Commissioner of Public Schools of Rhode Island 
 also serving the same year as a Visitor to West 
 Point Military Academy. Between 1857 and 1859 
 lie filled the chair of Ancient Languages in the 
 State University at Athens, Ohio, when he ac- 
 <*;ptod the Presidency of the Wesleyan Female 
 College at Cincinnati, four years later (1863) 
 becoming President of McKendree College at 
 Lebanon, 111., where he remained until 1874. 
 That position he resigned to accept the Presi- 
 dency of the Southern Illinois Normal University 
 at Carbondale, whence he retired in 1892. Died 
 at Carbondale, Jan. 7, 1894. 
 
 ALTAHONT, Effingham County, is intersecting 
 point of the Vandalia, Chicago & Eastern Illinois, 
 Baltimore & Ohio S. W., and Wabash Railroads, 
 being midway and highest point between St. 
 Louis and Terre Haute, Ind. ; was laid out in 
 1870. The town is in the center of a grain, fruit- 
 growing and stock-raising district ; has a bank, 
 two grain elevators, flouring mill, tile works, a 
 large creamery, wagon, furniture and other fac- 
 tories, besides churches and good schools. Popu- 
 lation (1890), 1,044, 11900), 1,335. 
 
 ALT6ELD, John Peter, ex-Judge and ex-Oov- 
 ernor, was born in Prussia in 1848, and in boy- 
 hood accompanied his parents to America, the 
 family settling in Ohio. At the age of 10 he 
 enlisted in the One Hundred and Sixty-fourth 
 Ohio Infantry, serving until the close of the war. 
 Hia legal education was acquired at St. Louis and 
 Savannah, Mo., and from 1874 to '78 he was 
 Prosecuting Attorney for Andrew County in that 
 State. In 1878 he removed to Chicago, where he 
 devoted himself to professional work. In 1884 he 
 led the Democratic forlorn hope as candidate for 
 Congress in a strong Republican Congressional 
 district, and in 1886 was elected to tha^ bench of 
 the Superior Court of Cook County, but resigned 
 in August, 1891. The Democratic State conven- 
 tion of 1893 nominated him for Governor, and he 
 was elected the following November, being the 
 first foreign-born citizen to hold that office in the 
 history of the State, and the first Democrat 
 elected since 1852. In 1896 he was a prominent 
 factor in the Democratic National Convention 
 which nominated William J. Bryan for Presi- 
 dent, and was also a candidate for re-election to 
 the office of Governor, but was defeated by John 
 tt. Tanner, the Republican nominee. 
 
 ALTON, principal city in Madison County 
 and important commercial and manufacturing 
 point on Mississippi River, 25 miles north of 
 St. Louis; site was first occupied as a French 
 trading-post about 1807, the town proper being 
 laid out by Col. Ruf us Easton in 1817 ; principal 
 business houses are located in the valley along 
 the river, while the residence portion occupies 
 the bluffs overlooking the river, sometimes rising 
 to the height of nearly 250 feet. The city has 
 extensive glass works employ'ng (1903) 4,000 
 hands, flouring mills, iron foundries, manufac- 
 tories of agricultural implements, coal cars, min- 
 ers' tools, shoes, tobacco, lime, etc., besides 
 several banks, numerous churches, schools, and 
 four newspapers, three of them daily. A monu- 
 ment to the memory of Elijah P. Lovejoy, who 
 fell while defending his press against a pro-slav- 
 ery mob in 1837, was erected in Alton Cemetery, 
 1896-7, at a cost of $30,000, contributed by the 
 State and citizens of Alton. Population (1890), 
 10,294; (1900), 14,310. 
 
 ALTON PENITENTIARY. The earliest pun- 
 ishments imposed upon public offenders in Illi- 
 nois were by public flogging or imprisonment for 
 a short time in jails rudely constructed of logs, 
 from which escape was not difficult for a prisoner 
 of nerve, strength and mental resource. The 
 inadequacy of such places of confinement was 
 soon perceived, but popular antipathy to any 
 increase of taxation prevented the adoption of 
 any other policy until 1827. A grant of 40,000 
 acres of saline lands was made to the State by 
 Congress, and a considerable portion of the money 
 received from their sale was appropriated to the 
 establishment of a State penitentiary at Alton. 
 The sum set apart proved insufficient.and, in 1831, 
 an additional appropriation of $10,000 was made 
 from the State treasury. In 1833 the prison was 
 ready to receive its first inmates. It was built of 
 stone and had but twenty-four cells. Additions 
 were made from time to time, but by 1857 the 
 State determined upon building a new peniten- 
 tiary, which was located at Joliet (see Northern 
 Penitentiary), and, in 1860, the last convicts were 
 transferred thither from Alton. The Alton prison 
 was conducted on what is known as "the Auburn 
 plan" associated labor in silence by day and 
 separate confinement by night. The manage- 
 ment was in the hands of a "lessee," who fur- 
 nished supplies, employed guards and exercised 
 the general powers of a warden under the super- 
 vision of a Commissioner appointed by the State, 
 and who handled all the products of convict 
 labor. 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 17 
 
 ALTON RIOTS. (See Lovejog, Elijah Pttr- 
 rish.) 
 
 ALTON A., town of Knoz County, on C., B & Q. 
 K. R., 16 miles northeast of Galesburg; has an 
 endowed public library, electric light system, 
 cement sidewalks, four churches and good school 
 system. Population (1900), 683. 
 
 ALTON & SANGAMON RAILROAD. (See 
 Chicago A Alton Railroad.) 
 
 AMBOY, city in Lee County on Green River, at 
 junction of Illinois Central and C. , B. & Q. Rail- 
 roads, 95 miles south by west from Chicago ; has 
 artesian water with waterworks and fire protec- 
 tion, city park, two telephone systems, electric 
 lights, railroad repair shops, two banks, two 
 newspapers, seven churches, graded and high 
 schools; is on line of Northern Illinois Electric 
 Ry. from De Kalb to Dixon; extensive bridge 
 and iron works located here. Pop. (1900), 1,826. 
 
 AMES, Edward Raymond, Methodist Episcopal 
 Bishop, born at Amesville, Athens County, Ohio, 
 May 30, 1806; was educated at the Ohio State 
 University, where he joined the M. E. Church. 
 In 1838 he left college and became Principal of 
 the Seminary at Lebanon, 111., which afterwards 
 became McKendree College. While there he 
 received a license to preach, and, after holding 
 various charges and positions in the church, in- 
 cluding membership in the General Conference 
 of 1840, '44 and '53, in the latter year was elected 
 Bishop, serving until his death, which occurred 
 in Baltimore, April 35, 1879. 
 
 ANDERSON, tialnsha, clergyman and edu- 
 cator, was born at Bergen, N. Y. , March 7, 1833 ; 
 graduated at Rochester University in 1854 and at 
 the Theological Seminary there in 1856; spent 
 ten years in Baptist pastoral work at Janesville, 
 Wig., and at St. Louis, and seven as Professor in 
 Newton Theological Institute, Mass. From 1873 
 to '80 he preached in Brooklyn and Chicago; was 
 then chosen President of the old Chicago Univer- 
 sity, remaining eight years, when he again be- 
 came a pastor at Salem, Mass., but soon after 
 assumed the Presidency of Denison University, 
 Ohio. On the organization of the new Chicago 
 University, he accepted the chair of Homiletics 
 and Pastoral Theology, which he now holds. 
 
 ANDERSON, George A., lawyer and Congress- 
 man, was bom in Botetourt County, Va. , March 
 11, 1853. When two years old he was brought by 
 his parents to Hancock County, 111 He re- 
 ceived a collegiate education, and, after studying 
 law at Lincoln, Neb., and at Sedalia, Mo., settled 
 at Quincy, 111., where he began practice in 1880. 
 In 1884 he was elected City Attorney on the 
 
 Democratic ticket, and re-elected in 1885 without 
 opposition. The following year he was the suc- 
 cessful candidate of his party for Congress, which 
 was his last public service. Died at Quincy, 
 Jan. 31, 1896. 
 
 ANDERSON, James C., legislator, was born in 
 Henderson County, 111., August 1, 1845; raised on 
 a farm, and -after receiving a common-school 
 education, entered Monmouth College, but left 
 early in the Civil War to enlist in the Twentieth 
 Illinois Volunteer Infantry, in which he attained 
 the rank of Second Lieutenant. After the war he 
 served ten years as Sheriff of Henderson County, 
 was elected Representative in the General 
 Assembly in 1888, '90, '92 and '96, and served on 
 the Republican "steering committee" during the 
 session of 1893. He also served as Sergeant-at- 
 Arms of the Senate for the session of 1895, and 
 was a delegate to the Republican National Con- 
 vention of 1896. His home is at Decorra. 
 
 ANDERSON, Stinson H., Lieutenant-Gover- 
 nor, was born in Sumner County, Tenn., in 1800; 
 came to Jefferson County, 111., in his youth, and, 
 at an early age, began to devote his attention to 
 breeding fine stock; served in the Black Hawk 
 War as a Lieutenant in 1833, and the same year 
 was elected to the lower branch of the Eighth 
 General Assembly, being re-elected in 1834. In 
 1838 he was chosen Lieutenant-Govemor on the 
 ticket with Gov. Thomas Carlin, and soon after 
 the close of his term entered the United States 
 Army as Captain of Dragoons, in this capacity 
 taking part in the Seminole War in Florida. 
 Still later he served under President Polk as 
 United States Marshal for Illinois, and also held 
 the position of Warden of the State Penitentiary 
 at Alton for several years. Died, September, 1857. 
 William B. (Anderson), son of the preceding, 
 was bom at Mount Vernon, M., April 30, 1830; 
 attended the common schools and later studied 
 surveying, being elected Surveyor of Jefferson 
 County, in 1851. He studied law and was admit- 
 ted to the bar in 1858, but never practiced, pre- 
 ferring the more quiet life of a farmer. In 1856 
 he was elected to the lower house of the General 
 Assembly and re-elected in 1858. In 1861 he 
 entered the volunteer service as a private, was 
 promoted through the grades of Captain and 
 Lieutenant-Colonel to a Colonelcy, and, at the 
 close of the war, was brevetted Brigadier-Gen- 
 eral. In 1868 he was a candidate for Presidential 
 Elector on the Democratic ticket, was a member 
 of the State Constitutional Convention of 1869-70. 
 and, in 1871, was elected to the State Senate, to 
 fill a vacancy. In 1874 he was elected to the Forty 
 
18 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 fourth Congress on the Democratic ticket. In 
 1883 General Anderson was appointed by Presi- 
 dent Cleveland Pension Agent for Illinois, con- 
 tinuing in that position four years, when he 
 retired to private life. 
 
 AMMtt'S, Rev. Reuben, clergyman and edu- 
 cator, was born at Rutland, Jefferson County, 
 N. Y., Jan. 29, 1824; early came to Fulton 
 County, 111., and spent three years (1844-47) as a 
 student at Illinois College, Jacksonville, but 
 graduated at McKendree College, Lebanon, in 
 1849 ; taught for a time at Greenfield, entered the 
 Methodist ministry, and, in 1850, founded the Illi- 
 nois Wesleyan University at Bloomington, of 
 which he became a Professor; later re-entered 
 the ministry and held charges at Beardstown, 
 Decatur, Quincy, Springfield and Bloomington, 
 meanwhile for a time being President of Illinois 
 Conference Female College at Jacksonville, and 
 temporary President of Quincy CollegX In 1867 
 he was transferred to the Indiana Conference and 
 stationed at Evansville and Indianapolis; from 
 1872 to '75 was President of Indiana Asbury Uni- 
 versity at Greencastle. Died at Indianapolis, 
 Jan. 17, 1887. 
 
 ANNA, a city in Union County, on the Illinois 
 Central Railroad, 36 miles from Cairo; is center 
 of extensive fruit and vegetable-growing district, 
 and largest shipping-point for these commodities 
 on the Illinois Central Railroad. It has an ice 
 plant, pottery and lime manufactories, two banks 
 and two newspapers. The Southern (III) Hos- 
 pital for the Insane is located here. Population 
 (1890), 2,295; (1900), 2,618; (est. 1904), 3,000. 
 
 ANTHONY, Elliott, jurist, was born of New 
 England Quaker ancestry at Spafford, Onondaga 
 County, N. Y., June 10, 1827; was related on 
 the maternal side to the Chases and Phelps (dis- 
 tinguished lawyers) of Vermont. His early years 
 were spent in labor on a farm, but after a course 
 of preparatory study at Cortland Academy, in 
 1847 he entered the sophomore class in Hamilton 
 College at Clinton, graduating with honors in 
 1850. The next year he began the study of law, 
 at the same time giving instruction in an Acad- 
 emy at Clinton, where he had President Cleve- 
 land as one of his pupila. After admission to the 
 bar at Oswego, in 1851, he removed West, stop- 
 ping for a time at Sterling, 111., but the following 
 year located in Chicago. Here he compiled "A 
 Digest of Illinois Reports" ; in 1858 was elected 
 City Attorney, and, in 1863, became solicitor of 
 the Galena & Chicago Union Railroad (now the 
 Chicago & Northwestern). Judge Anthony 
 served in two State Constitutional Conventions 
 
 those of 1862 and 1869-70 being chairman of the 
 Committee on Executive Department and mem- 
 ber of the Committee on Judiciary in the latter. 
 He was delegate to the National Republican Con- 
 vention of 1880, and was the same year elected a 
 Judge of the Superior Court of Chicago, and was 
 re-elected in 1886, retiring in 1892, after which he 
 resumed the practice of his profession, being 
 chiefly employed as consulting counsel. Judge 
 Anthony was one of the founders and incorpo- 
 rators of the Chicago Law Institute and a member 
 of the first Board of Directors of the Chicago 
 Public Library; also served as President of the 
 State Bar Association (1894-95), and delivered 
 several important historical addresses before that 
 body. His other most important productions 
 are volumes on "The Constitutional History of 
 Illinois," "The Story of the Empire State" and 
 "Sanitation and Navigation." Near the close of 
 his last term upon the bench, he spent several 
 months in an extended tour through the princi- 
 pal countries of Europe. His death occurred, 
 atyer a protracted illness, at his home at Evans- 
 ton, Feb. 24, 1898. 
 
 ANTI-NEBRASKA EDITORIAL CONVEN- 
 TION, a political body, which convened at 
 Decatur, Feb. 22, 1856, pursuant to the suggestion 
 of "The Morgan Journal," then a weekly paper 
 published at Jacksonville, for the purpose of for- 
 mulating a policy in opposition to the principles 
 of the Kansas-Nebraska bill. Twelve editors 
 were in attendance, as follows : Charles H. Ray 
 of "The Chicago Tribune"; V. Y. Ralston of 
 "The Quincy Whig"; O. P. Wharton of "The 
 Rock Island Advertiser" ; T. J. Pickett of "The 
 Peoria Republican"; George Schneider of "The 
 Chicago Staats Zeitung" ; Charles Faxon of "The 
 Princeton Post"; A. N. Ford of "The Lacon Ga- 
 zette"; B. F. Shaw of "The Dixon Telegraph" ; E. 
 C. Daughertyof "The Rockford Register"; E. W. 
 Blaisdell of "The Rockford Gazette"; W. J. 
 Usrey of "The Decatur Chronicle"; and Paul 
 Selby of "The Jacksonville Journal. " PaulSelby 
 was chosen Chairman and W. J. Usrey, Secre- 
 tary. The convention adopted a platform and 
 recommended the calling of a State convention 
 at Bloomington on May 29, following, appointing 
 the following State Central Committee to take the 
 matter in charge: W. B. Ogden, Chicago; S. M. 
 Church, Rockford; G. D. A. Parks, Joliet; T. J. 
 Pickett, Peoria; E. A. Dudley, Quincy; William 
 H. Herndon, Springfield; K. J. Oglesby, Deca- 
 tur; Joseph Gilleapie, Ed wardsville ; D. L. Phil- 
 lips, Jonesboro; and Ira O. Wilkinson and 
 Gustavus Koerner for the State-at-large. A bra- 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 ham Lincoln was present and participated in the 
 consultations of the committees. All of these 
 served except Messrs. Ogden, Oglesby and Koer- 
 ner, the two former declining on account of ab- 
 sence from the State. Ogden was succeeded by 
 the late Dr. John Evans, afterwards Territorial 
 Governor of Colorado, and Oglesby by Col. Isaac 
 C. Pugh of Decatur. (See Bloomington Conven- 
 tion of 1856.) 
 
 APPLE RIYER, a village of Jo Daviess 
 County, on the Illinois Central Railroad, 21 miles 
 east-northeast from Galena. Population (1880), 
 626; (1890), 572; (1900), 576. 
 
 APPLINttTON, (Maj.) /enas, soldier, was bom 
 in Broome County. N. Y., Dec. 24, 1815; in 1837 
 emigrated to Ogle County, 111., where he fol- 
 lowed successively the occupations of farmer, 
 blacksmith, carpenter and merchant, finally 
 becoming the founder of the town of Polo. Here 
 he became wealthy, but lost much of his property 
 in the financial revulsion of 1857. In 1858 he 
 was elected to the State Senate, and, during the 
 session of 1859, was one of the members of that 
 body appointed to investigate the "canal scrip 
 fraud" (which see), and two years later was one of 
 the earnest supporters of the Government in its 
 preparation for the War of the Rebellion. The 
 latter year he assisted in organizing the Seventh 
 Illinois Cavalry, of which he was commissioned 
 Major, being some time in command at Bird's 
 Point, and later rendering important service to 
 General Pope at New Madrid and Island No. 10. 
 He was killed at Corinth, Miss., May 8, 1862, 
 while obeying an order to charge upon a band of 
 rebels concealed in a wood. 
 
 APPORTIONMENT, a mode of distribution of 
 the counties of the State into Districts for the 
 election of members of the General Assembly 
 and of Congress, which will be treated under 
 separate heads: 
 
 LEGISLATIVE. The first legislative apportion- 
 ment was provided for by the Constitution of 
 1818. That instrument vested the Legislature 
 with power to divide the State as follows: To 
 create districts for the election of Representatives 
 not less than twenty -seven nor more than thirty- 
 six in number, until the population of the State 
 should amount to 100,000; and to create sena- 
 torial districts, in number not less than one-third 
 nor more than one-half of the representative dis- 
 tricts at the time of organization. 
 
 The schedule appended to the first Constitution 
 contained the first legal apportionment of Sena- 
 tors and Representatives. The first fifteen 
 oounties were allowed fourteen Senators and 
 
 twenty-nine Representatives. Each county 
 formed a distinct legislative district for repre- 
 sentation in the lower house, with the number of 
 members for each varying from one to three; 
 while Johnson and Franklin were combined in 
 one Senatorial district, the other counties being 
 entitled to one Senator each. Later apportion- 
 ments were made in 1821, '26, '31, '36, '41 and '47. 
 Before an election was held under the last, how- 
 ever, the Constitution of 1848 went into effect, 
 and considerable changes were effected in this 
 regard. The number of Senators was fixed at 
 twenty-five and of Representatives at seventy - 
 five, until the entire population should equal 
 1,000,000, when five members of the House were 
 added and five additional members for each 500,- 
 000 increase in population until the whole num- 
 ber of Representatives reached 100. Thereafter 
 the number was neither increased nor dimin- 
 ished, but apportioned among the several coun- 
 ties according to the number of white inhabit- 
 ants. Should it be found necessary, a single 
 district might be formed out of two or more 
 counties. 
 
 The Constitution of 1848 established fifty-four 
 Representative and twenty-five Senatorial dis- 
 tricts. By the apportionment law of 1854, the 
 number of the former was increased to fifty-eight, 
 and, in 1861, to sixty-one. The number of Sen- 
 atorial districts remained unchanged, but their 
 geographical limits varied under each act, while 
 the number of members from Representative 
 districts varied according to population. 
 
 The Constitution of 1870 provided for an im- 
 mediate reapportionment (subsequent to its 
 adoption) by the Governor and Secretary of 
 State upon the basis of the United States Census 
 of 1870. Under the apportionment thus made, 
 as prescribed by the schedule, the State was 
 divided into twenty-five Senatorial districts (each 
 electing two Senators) and ninety-seven Repre- 
 sentative districts, with an aggregate of 177 mem- 
 bers varying from one to ten for the several 
 districts, according to population. This arrange- 
 ment continued in force for only one Legislature 
 that chosen in 1870. 
 
 In 1872 this Legislature proceeded to reappor- 
 tion the State in accordance with the principle of 
 "minority representation," which had been sub- 
 mitted as an independent section of the Constitu- 
 tion and adopted on a separate vote. This 
 provided for apportioning the State into fifty-one 
 districts, each being entitled to one Senator and 
 three Representatives. The ratio of representa- 
 tion in the lower house was ascertained by divid- 
 
ao 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 ing the entire population by 153 and each county 
 to be allowed one Representative, provided its 
 population reached three-fifths of the ratio ; coun- 
 ties having a population equivalent to one and 
 three-fifths times the ratio were entitled to two 
 Representatives ; while each county with a larger 
 population was entitled to one additional Repre- 
 sentative for each time the full ratio was repeated 
 in the number of inhabitants. Apportionments 
 were made on this principle in 1872, '82 and '93. 
 Members of the lower house are elected bienni- 
 ally; Senators for four years, those in odd and 
 even districts being chosen at each alternate 
 legislative election. The election of Senators for 
 the even (numbered) districts takes place at the 
 same time with that of Governor and other State 
 officers, and that for the odd districts at the inter- 
 mediate periods. 
 
 CONGRESSIONAL. For the first fourteen years 
 of the State's history, Illinois constituted but one 
 Congressional district. The census of 1830 show- 
 ing sufficient population, the Legislature of 1831 
 (by act, approved Feb. 13) divided the State into 
 three districts, the first election under this law 
 being held on the first Monday in August, 1832. 
 At that time Illinois comprised fifty-five coun- 
 ties, which were apportioned among the districts 
 as follows: First Gallatin, Pope, Johnson, 
 Alexander, Union, Jackson, Franklin, Perry, 
 Randolph, Monroe, Washington, St. Clair, Clin- 
 ton, Bond, Madison, Macoupin; Second White, 
 Hamilton, Jefferson, Wayne, Edwards, Wabash, 
 Clay, Marion, Lawrence, Fayette, Montgomery, 
 Shelby, Vermilion, Edgar, Coles, Clark, Craw- 
 ford; Third Greene, Morgan, Sangamon, 
 Macon, Tazewell, McLean, Cook, Henry, La 
 Salle, Putnam, Peoria, Knox, Jo Daviess, Mercer, 
 McDonough, Warren, Fulton, Hancock, Pike, 
 Schuyler, Adams, Calhoun. 
 
 The ^apportionment following the census of 
 1840 was made by Act of March 1, 1843, and the 
 first election of Representatives thereunder 
 occurred on the first Monday of the following 
 August. Forty-one new counties had been cre- 
 ated (making ninety-six in all) and the number 
 of districts was increased to seven as follows: 
 First Alexander, Union, Jackson, Monroe, 
 Perry, Randolph, St. Clair, Bond, Washington, 
 Madison; Second Johnson, Pope, Hardin, 
 Williamson, Gallatin, Franklin, White, Wayne, 
 Hamilton, Wabash, Massac, Jefferson, Edwards, 
 Marion; Third Lawrence, Richland, Jasper, 
 Fayette, Crawford, Effingham, Christian, Mont- 
 gomery, Shelby, Moultrie. Coles, Clark, Clay, 
 Edgar. Piatt, Macon, De Witt; Fourth Lake, 
 
 McHenry, Boone, Cook, Kane, De Kalb, Du Page, 
 Kendall, Will, Grundy, La Salle, Iroquois, 
 Livingston, Champaign, Vermilion, McLean, 
 Bureau; Fifth Greene, Jersey, Calhoun, Pike, 
 Adams, Marquette (a part of Adams never fully 
 organized), Brown, Schuyler, Fulton Peoria, 
 Macoupin; Sixth Jo Daviess, Stephenson, 
 Winnebago, Carroll, Ogle, Whiteside, Henry, 
 Lee, Rock Island, Stark, Mercer, Henderson, 
 Warren, Knox, McDonough, Hancock; Seventh 
 Putnam, Marshall, Woodford, Cass, Tazewell, 
 Mason, Menard, Scott, Morgan, Logan, Sangamon. 
 The next Congressional apportionment (August 
 22, 1852) divided the State into nine districts, as 
 follows the first election under it being held the 
 following November: First Lake, McHenry, 
 
 
 Boone, Winnebago, Stephenson, Jo Daviess, Car- 
 roll, Ogle; Second Cook, Du Page, Kane, De 
 Kalb, Lee, Whiteside, Rock Island ; Third 
 Will, Kendall, Grundy, Livingston, La Salle, 
 Putnam, Bureau, Vermilion, Iroquois, Cham- 
 paign, McLean, De Witt; Fourth Fulton, 
 Peoria, Knox, Henry, Stark, Warren, Mercer, 
 Marshall, Mason, Woodford, Tazewell; Fifth 
 Adams, Calhoun, Brown, Schuyler, Pike, Mc- 
 Donough, Hancock, Henderson ; Sixth Morgan, 
 Scott, Sangamon, Greene, Macoupin, Montgom- 
 ery, Shelby, Christian, Cass, Menard, Jersey; 
 Seventh Logan, Macon, Piatt, Coles, Edgar, 
 Moultrie, Cumberland, Crawford, Clark, Effing- 
 ham, Jasper, Clay, Lawrence, Richland, Fayette; 
 Eighth Randolph, Monroe, St. Clair, Bond, 
 Madison, Clinton, Washington, Jefferson, Mar- 
 ion; Ninth Alexander, Pulaski, Massac, Union, 
 Johnson, Pope, Hardin, Gallatin, Saline, Jack- 
 son, Perry, Franklin, Williamson, Hamilton, 
 Edwards, White, Wayne, Wabash, 
 
 The census of 1860 showed that Illinois was 
 entitled to fourteen Representatives, but through 
 an error the apportionment law of April 24, 1861, 
 created only thirteen districts. This was com- 
 pensated for by providing for the election of one 
 Congressman for the State-at- large. The districts 
 were as follows: First Cook, Lake; Second 
 McHenry, Boone, Winnebago, De Kalb, and 
 Kane; Third Jo Daviess, Stephenson, White- 
 side, Carroll, Ogle, Lee; Fourth Adams, Han- 
 cock, Warren, Mercer, Henderson, Rock Island; 
 Fifth Peoria, Knox, Stark, Marshall, Putnam, 
 Bureau. Henry; Sixth La Salle, Grundy, Ken- 
 dall, Du Page, Will, Kankakee; Seventh 
 Macon, Piatt, Champaign, Douglas, Moultrie, 
 Cumberland, Vermilion, Coles, Edgar, Iroquois, 
 Ford; Eighth Sangamon, Logan, De Witt, Mc- 
 Lean, Tazewell, Woodford, Livingston; Ninth 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 21 
 
 Fulton, Mason, Menard, Cass, Pike, McDonough, 
 Schuyler, Brown; Tenth Bond, Morgan, Cal- 
 l >un. Macoupin, Scott, Jersey, Greene, Christian, 
 Montgomery, Shelby; Eleventh Marion, Fay- 
 ette, Richland, Jasper, Clay, Clark, Crawford, 
 Franklin, Lawrence, Hamilton, Eftingham, 
 Wayne, Jefferson; Twelfth St. Clair, Madison, 
 Clinton, Monroe, Washington, Randolph; 
 Thirteenth Alexander, Pulaski, Union, Perry, 
 Johnson, Williamson, Jackson, Massac, Pope, 
 Hardin, (iallatin. Saline, White, Edwards, 
 Wabash. 
 
 The next reapportionment was made July 1, 
 1872. The Act created nineteen districts, as fol- 
 lows: First The first seven wards in Chicago 
 and thirteen towns in Cook County, with the 
 county of Du Page; Second Wards Eighth to 
 Fifteenth (inclusive) in Chicago; Third Wards 
 Sixteenth to Twentieth in Chicago, the remainder 
 of Cook County, and Lake County; Fourth 
 Kane, De Kalb, McHenry, Boone, and Winne- 
 hago; Fifth Jo Daviess, Stephenson, Carroll, 
 Ogle, Whiteside; Sixth Henry, Rock Island, 
 Putnam, Bureau, Lee; Seventh La Salle, Ken- 
 dall, Grundy, Will ; Eighth Kankakee, Iroquois, 
 Ford, Marshall, Livingston, Woodford; Ninth 
 Stark, Peoria, Knox, Fulton; Tenth Mercer, 
 Henderson, Warren, McDonough, Hancock, 
 Schuyler; Eleventh Adams, Brown, Calhoun, 
 Greene, Pike, Jersey; Twelfth Scott, Morgan, 
 Menard, Sangamon, Cass, Christian ; Thirteenth 
 Mason, Tazewell, McLean, Logan, De Witt; Four- 
 teenth Macon, Piatt, Champaign, Douglas, Coles, 
 Vermilion; Fifteenth Edgar, Clark, Cumber- 
 land, Shelby, Moultrie, Effingham, Lawrence, 
 Jasper, Crawford; Sixteenth Montgomery, 
 Cuvette, Washington, Bond, Clinton, Marion, 
 Clay; Seventeenth Macoupin, Madison, St. 
 Clair, Monroe; Eighteenth Randolph, Perry, 
 Jackson, Union, Johnson, Williamson, Alex- 
 ander, Pope, Massac, Pulaski; Nineteenth 
 Richland, Wayne, Edwards, White, Wabash, 
 .Saline, Gallatin. Hardin, Jefferson, Franklin, 
 Hamilton. 
 
 In 1882 (by Act of April 29) the number of dis- 
 tricts was increased to twenty, and the bound- 
 aries determined as follows: First Wards First 
 to Fourth (inclusive) in Chicago and thirteen 
 towns in Cook County; Second Wards 5th to 
 "th and part of 8th in Chicago; Third Wards 
 !>th to 14th and part of 8th in Chicago ; Fourth 
 The remainder of the City of Chicago and of 
 the county of Cook; Fifth Lake, McHenry, 
 Boone, Kane, and De Kalb ; Sixth Winnebago, 
 Stephenson, Jo Daviess, Ogle, and Carroll; 
 
 Seventh Lee, Whiteside, Henry, Bureau. Put- 
 nam; Eighth La Salle, Kendall, Grundy, Du 
 Page, and Will ; Ninth Kankakee, Iroquois, 
 Ford, Livingston, Woodford, Marshall; Tenth 
 Peoria, Knox, Stark, Fulton; Eleventh Rock 
 Island, Mercer, Henderson, Warren, Hancock. 
 McDonough, Schuyler; Twelfth Cass, Brown. 
 Adams, Pike, Scott. Greene, Calhoun, Jersey : 
 Thirteenth Tazewell, Mason, Menard, Sanga- 
 mon, Morgan, Christian; Fourteenth McLean. 
 De Witt, Piatt. Macon, Logan; Fifteenth 
 Coles, Edgar, Douglas, Vermilion, Champaign; 
 Sixteenth Cumberland, Clark, Jasper, Clay, 
 Crawford, Richland, Lawrence, Wayne, Edwards, 
 Wabash ; Seventeenth Macoupin, Montgomery, 
 Moultrie, Shelby. Effinghara, Fayette; Eight- 
 eenth Bond, Madison, St. Clair, Monroe, Wash- 
 ington; Nineteenth Marion, Clinton Jefferson, 
 Saline. Franklin, Hamilton, White, Gallatin, Har- 
 din ; Twentieth Perry, Randolph, Jackson, 
 Union, Williamson, Johnson, Alexander, Pope, 
 Pulaski, Massac. 
 
 The census of 1890 showed the State to be entit- 
 led to twenty-two Representatives. No reap- 
 portionment, however, was made until June, 
 1893, two members from the State-at-large being 
 elected in 1892. The existing twenty-two Con- 
 gressional districts are as follows: The first 
 seven districts comprise the counties of Cook and 
 Lake, the latter lying wholly in the Seventh dis- 
 trict; Eighth McHenry, De Kalb, Kane, Du 
 Page, Kendall. Grundy; Ninth Boone, Winne- 
 bago, Stephenson, Jo Daviess, Carroll, Ogle, Lee; 
 Tenth Whiteside, Rock Island, Mercer, Henry, 
 Stark, Knox ; Eleventh Bureau, La Salle. 
 Livingston, Woodford; Twelfth Will, Kanka- 
 kee, Iroquois, Vermilion; Thirteenth Ford. Mc- 
 Lean, DeWitt, Piatt, Champaign, Douglas; Four- 
 teenth Putnam, Marshall, Peoria, Fulton, 
 Tazewell, Mason; Fifteenth Henderson, War- 
 ren, Hancock, McDonough, Adams, Brown, 
 Schuyler; Sixteenth Cass, Morgan, Scott, 
 Pike, Greene, Macoupin, Calhoun, Jersey; 
 Seventeenth Menard, Logan, Sangamon. Macon, 
 Christian; Eighteenth Madison, Montgomery, 
 Bond, Fayette, Shelby, Moultrie; Nineteenth 
 Coles, Edgar, Clark, Cumberland, Effingham 
 Jasper, Crawford, Richland, Lawrence; Twenti- 
 eth Clay, Jefferson, Wayne, Hamilton, Ed- 
 wards, Wabash, Franklin, White, Gallatin. 
 Hardin; Twenty-first Marion, Clinton, Wash- 
 ington, St. Clair. Monroe, Randolph, Perry; 
 Twenty-second Jackson, Union, Alexander. 
 Pulaski, Johnson, Williamson, Saline, Pope, 
 Massac. (See also Representatives in Congress. } 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 ARCHER, William It., pioneer, was born in 
 Warren County, Ohio, in 1792, and taken to Ken- 
 tuck; at an early day, where he remained until 
 1817, when his family removed to Illinois, finally 
 settling in what is now Clark County. Although 
 pursuing the avocation of a farmer, he became 
 one of the most prominent and influential men in 
 that part of the State. On the organization of 
 Clark County in 1819, he was appointed the first 
 County and Circuit Clerk, resigning the former 
 office in 1820 and the latter in 1822. In 1824 he 
 was elected to the lower branch of the General 
 Assembly, and two years later to the State 
 Senate, serving continuously in the latter eight 
 years. He was thus a Senator on the breaking 
 out of the Black Hawk War (1832), in which he 
 served as a Captain of militia. In 1834 he was an 
 unsuccessful candidate for Lieutenant-Governor; 
 was appointed by Governor Duncan, in 1835, a 
 member of the first Board of Commissioners of 
 the Illinois & Michigan Canal; in 1838 was 
 returned a second time to the House of Repre- 
 sentatives and re-elected in 1840 and '46 to the 
 same body. Two years later (1848) he was again 
 elected Circuit Clerk, remaining until 1852, and 
 in 1854 was an Anti-Nebraska Whig candidate 
 for Congress in opposition to James C. Allen. 
 Although Allen received the certificate of elec- 
 tion, Archer contested his right to the seat, with 
 the result that Congress declared the seat vacant 
 and referred the question back to the people. In 
 A new election held in August, 1856, Archer was 
 defeated and Allen elected. He held no public 
 office of importance after this date, but in 1856 
 was a delegate to the first Republican National 
 Convention at Philadelphia, and in that body was 
 on enthusiastic supporter of Abraham Lincoln, 
 whose zealous friend and admirer he was, for the 
 office of Vice-President. He was also one of the 
 tictive promoters of various railroad enterprises 
 in that section of the State, especially the old 
 Chicago & Vincennes Road, the first projected 
 southward from the City of Chicago. His con- 
 nection with the Illinois & Michigan Canal was 
 the means of giving his name to Archer Avenue, 
 si somewhat famous thoroughfare in Chicago 
 He was of tall stature and great energy of char- 
 acter, with a tendency to enthusiasm that com- 
 municated itself to others. A local history has 
 rv-ti.i of him that "he did more for Clark County 
 than any man in his day or since," although "no 
 consideration, pecuniary or otherwise, was ever 
 given him for his services. " Colonel Archer was 
 one of the founders of Marshall, the county -seat 
 of Clark County, Governor Duncan being associ- 
 
 ated with him in the ownership of the land on 
 which the town was laid out. His death oc- 
 curred in Clark County, August 9, 1870, at the 
 age of 78 years. 
 
 AKCOL A , incorporated city in Douglas County, 
 168 miles south of Chicago, at junction of Illinois 
 Central and Terre Haute branch Vandalia Rail- 
 road ; is center of largest broom-corn producing 
 region in the world; has city waterworks, with 
 efficient volunteer fire department, electric light*, 
 telephone system, grain elevators and broom- 
 corn warehouses, two banks, three newspapers, 
 nine churches, library building and excellent free 
 school system. Pop. (1890). 1,733; (1900), 1,995. 
 
 AREN'Z, Francis A., pioneer, was bom ac 
 Blankenberg, in the Province of the Rhein. 
 Prussia, Oct. 31, 1800; obtained a good education 
 and, while a young man, engaged in mercantile 
 business in his native country. In 1827 he cauu> 
 to the United States and, after spending two 
 years in Kentucky, in 1829 went to Galena, where 
 he was engaged for a short time in the lead 
 trade. He took an early opportunity to become 
 naturalized, and coming to Beardstown a few 
 months later, went into merchandising and real 
 estate; also became a contractor for furnishing 
 supplies to the State troops during the Black Hawk 
 War, Beardstown being at the time a rendezvous 
 and shipping point. In 1834 he began the publi- 
 cation of "The Beardstown Chronicle and Illinois 
 Bounty Land Register," and was the projector of 
 the Beardstown & Sangamon Canal, extending 
 from the Illinois River at Beardstown to Miller's 
 Ferry on the Sangamou, for which he secured a 
 special charter from the Legislature in 1836. He 
 had a survey of the line made, but the hard times 
 prevented the beginning of the work and it was 
 finally abandoned. Retiring from the mercantile 
 business in 1835, he located on a farm six miles 
 southeast of Beardstown, but in 1839 removed to 
 a tract of land near the Morgan County line 
 which he had bought in 1833, and on which the 
 present village of Arenzville now stands. This 
 became the center of a thrifty agricultural com- 
 munity composed largely of Germans, among 
 whom he exercised a large influence. Resuming 
 the mercantile business here, he continued it 
 until about 1853, when he sold out a considerable 
 part of his possessions. An ardent Whig, he was 
 elected as such to the lower branch of the Four- 
 teenth General Assembly (1844) from Morgan 
 County, and during the following session suc- 
 ceeded in securing the passage of an act by which 
 a strip of territory three miles wide in the north- 
 ern part of Morgan County, including the village 
 

 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 i' Arenrville, and which had been in dispute, 
 was transferred by vote of the citizens to Cans 
 County. In 1852 Mr. Arenz visited his native 
 land, by appointment of President Fillmore, as 
 bearer of dispatches to the American legations at 
 Berlin and Vienna. " He was one of the founders 
 of the Illinois State Agricultural Society of 1853, 
 and served as the Vice- President for his district 
 until his death, and was also the founder and 
 President of the Cass County Agricultural Soci- 
 ety. Died, April 2, 1856. 
 
 ARLINGTON, a village of Bureau County, on 
 the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad, 92 
 miles west of Chicago. Population (1880), 447; 
 (1890), 486; (1900), 400. 
 
 ARLINGTON HEIGHTS (formerly Dunton), a 
 village of Cook County, on the Chicago & North- 
 western Bail way, 22 miles northwest of Chicago; 
 is in a dairying district and has several cheese 
 factories, besides a sewing machine factory, 
 hotels and churches, a graded school, a bank and 
 one newspaper. Population (1880), 995; (1890), 
 1.434; (1900), 1,380. 
 
 ARMOUR, Philip Danforth, packer, Board of 
 Trade operator and capitalist, was born at Stock- 
 bridge, Madison County, N. Y., May 16, 1832. 
 After receiving the benefits of such education as 
 the village academy afforded, in 1852 he set out 
 across the Plains to California, where he re- 
 mained four years, achieving only moderate suc- 
 cess as a miner. Returning east in 1856, he soon 
 after embarked in the commission business in 
 Milwaukee, continuing until 1863, when he 
 formed a partnership with Mr. John Plankinton 
 in the meat-packing business. Later, in conjunc- 
 tion with his brothers H. O. Armour having 
 already built up an extensive grain commission 
 trade in Chicago he organized the extensive 
 packing and commission firm of Armour & 
 Co., with branches in New York, Kansas City 
 and Chicago, their headquarters being removed 
 to the latter place from Milwaukee in 1875. 
 Mr. Armour is a most industrious and me- 
 thodical business man, giving as many hours 
 to the superintendence of business details as the 
 most industrious day-laborer, the result being 
 seen in the creation of one of the most extensive 
 and prosperous firms in the country. Mr. 
 Armour's practical benevolence has been demon- 
 strated in a munificent manner by his establish 
 merit and endowment of the Armour Institute 
 (a manual training school) in Chicago, at a cost 
 of over $2,250,000, as an offshoot of the Armour 
 Mission founded on the bequest of his deceased 
 brother, Joseph F. Armour. Died Jan. 6, 1901. 
 
 ARMSTRONG, John Strawn, pioneer, bom in 
 Somerset County, Pa., May 29, 1810, the oldest of 
 a family of nine sons ; was taken by his parents 
 in 1811 to Licking County, Ohio, where he spent 
 his childhood and early youth. His father was a 
 native of Ireland and his mother a sister of Jacob 
 Strawn, afterwards a wealthy stock-grower and 
 dealer in Morgan County. In 1829, John S. came 
 to Tazewell County, 111., but two years later 
 joined the rest of his family in Putnam (now 
 Marshall) County, all finally removing to La 
 Salle County, where they were among the earli- 
 est settlers. Here he settled on a farm in 1834, 
 where he continued to reside over fifty years, 
 when he located in the village of Sheridan, but 
 early in 1897 went to reside with a daughter in 
 Ottawa. He was a soldier in the Black Hawk 
 War, has been a prominent and influential fann- 
 er, and, in the later years of his life, has been 
 a leader in "Granger" politics, being Master of his 
 local "Grange," and also serving as Treasurer of 
 the State Grange. 4}eorge Washington (Arm- 
 strong), brother of the preceding, was born upon 
 the farm of his parents, Joseph and Elsie (Strawn) 
 Armstrong, in Licking County, Ohio, Dec. 9, 
 1812; learned the trade of a weaver with his 
 father (who was a woolen manufacturer), and at 
 the age of 18 was in charge of the factory 
 Early in 1831 he came with his mother's family 
 to Illinois, locating a few months later in La 
 Salle County. In 1832 he served with his older 
 brother as a soldier in the Black Hawk War, waa 
 identified with the early steps for the construc- 
 tion of the Illinois & Michigan Canal, finally be- 
 coming a contractor upon the section at Utica, 
 where he resided several years. He then returned 
 to the farm near the present village of Seneca, 
 where he had located in 1833, and where (with 
 the exception of his residence at Utica) he has 
 resided continuously over sixty -five years. In 
 1844 Mr. Armstrong was elected to the lower 
 branch of the Fourteenth General Assembly, 
 also served in the Constitutional Convention of 
 1847 and, in 1858, was the unsuccessful Democratic 
 candidate for Congress in opposition to Owen 
 Lovejoy. Re-entering the Legislature in 1860 as 
 Representative from La Salle County, he served 
 in that body by successive re-elections until 1888, 
 proving one of its ablest and most influential 
 members, as well as an accomplished parliamen- 
 tarian. Mr. Armstrong was one of the original 
 promoters of the Kankakee & Seneca Railroad. 
 William E. (Armstrong), third brother of this 
 family, was born in Licking County, Ohio, Oct. 
 25, 1814; came to Illinois with the rest of the 
 
24 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 family in 1831, and resided in La Salle County 
 until 1841, meanwhile serving two or three terms 
 as Sheriff of the county. The latter year he was 
 appointed one of the Commissioners to locate the 
 county-seat of the newly-organized county of 
 Qrundy, finally becoming one of the founders and 
 the first permanent settler of the town of Grundy 
 later called Morris, in honor of Hon. I. N. Mor- 
 ris, of Quincy. Ill, at that time one of the Com- 
 missioners of the Illinois & Michigan Canal. 
 Here Mr. Armstrong was again elected to the 
 office of Sheriff, serving several terms. So ex- 
 tensive was his influence in Grundy County, that 
 he was popularly known as "The Emperor of 
 Grundy." Died. Nov. 1, 1850. Joel W. (Arm- 
 strong), a fourth brother, was born in Licking 
 County, Ohio, Jan. 6, 1817; emigrated in boyhood 
 to La Salle County, 111. ; served one term as 
 County Recorder, was member of the Board of 
 Supervisors for a number of years and the first 
 Postmaster of his town. Died, Dec. 3, 1871. 
 Perry A. (Armstrong), the seventh brother of 
 this historic family, was born near Newark, Lick- 
 ing County, Ohio, April 15, 1823, and came to La 
 Salle County, 111., in 1831. His opportunities for 
 acquiring an education in a new country were 
 limited, but between work on the farm and serv- 
 ice as a clerk of his brother George, aided by a 
 short term in an academy and as a teacher in 
 Kendall County, he managed to prepare himself 
 for college, entering Illinois College at Jackson- 
 ville in 1843. Owing to failure of health, he was 
 compelled to abandon his plan of obtaining a col- 
 legiate education and returned home at the end 
 of his Freshman year, but continued his studies, 
 meanwhile teaching district schools in the winter 
 and working on his mother's farm during the 
 crop season, until 1845, when he located in Mor- 
 ris, Grundy County, opened a general store and 
 was appointed Postmaster. He has been in pub- 
 lic position of some sort ever since he reached his 
 majority, including the offices of School Trustee, 
 Postmaster, Justice of the Peace, Supervisor. 
 County Clerk (two terms). Delegate to the Con- 
 stitutional Convention of 1863, and two terms as 
 Representative in the General Assembly (1863-64 
 and 1873-74). During his last session in the Gen- 
 eral Assembly he took a conspicuous part in the 
 revision of the statutes under the Constitution of 
 1870, framing some of the most important laws 
 on the statute book, while participating in the 
 preparation of others. At an earlier date it fell 
 to his lot to draw up the original charters of the 
 Chicago & Rock Island, the Illinois Central, and 
 the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroads. He 
 
 has also been prominent in Odd Fellow and 
 Masonic circles, having been Grand Master of the 
 first named order in the State and being the old- 
 est 33d degree Mason in Illinois; was admitted to 
 the State bar in 1864 and to that of the Supreme 
 Court of the United States in 1868, and has been 
 Master in Chancery for over twenty consecutive 
 years. Mr. Armstrong has also found time to do 
 some literary work, as shown by his history of 
 "The Sauks and Black Hawk War," and a num- 
 ber of poems. He takes much pleasure in relat- 
 ing reminiscences of pioneer life in Illinois, one 
 of which is the story of his first trip from 
 Ottawa to Chicago, in December, 1831, when he 
 accompanied his oldest brother (William E. 
 Armstrong) to Chicago with a sled and ox- 
 team for salt to cure their mast-fed pork, the 
 trip requiring ten days. His recollection is, that 
 there were but three white families in Chicago 
 at that time, but a large number of Indians 
 mixed with half-breeds of French and Indian 
 origin. 
 
 ARNOLD, Isaac N., lawyer and Congressman, 
 was born near Cooperstown, N. Y., Nov. 30, 1813, 
 being descended from one of the companions of 
 Roger Williams. Thrown upon his own resources 
 at an early age, he was largely "self-made." 
 He read law at Cooperstown, and was admitted 
 to the bar in 1835. The next year he removed to 
 Chicago, was elected the first City Clerk in 1837, 
 but resigned before the close of the year and was 
 admitted to the bar of Illinois in 1841. He soon 
 established a reputation as a lawyer, and served 
 for three terms (the Thirteenth, Fourteenth and 
 Twentieth) in the lower house of the Legisla- 
 ture. In 1844 he was a Presidential Elector on 
 the Polk ticket, but the repeal of the Missouri 
 Compromise, with the legislation regarding Kan- 
 sas and Nebraska, logically forced him, as a free- 
 soiler, into the ranks of the Republican party, by 
 which he was sent to Congress from 1861 to 1865. 
 While in Congress he prepared and delivered an 
 exhaustive argument in support of the right of 
 confiscation by the General Government. After 
 the expiration of his last Congressional term, Mr. 
 Arnold returned to Chicago, where he resided 
 until his death, April 24, 1884. He was of schol- 
 arly instincts, fond of literature and an author of 
 repute. Among his best known works are his 
 "Life of Abraham Lincoln" and his "Life of 
 Benedict Arnold." 
 
 ARRINGTON, Alfred W., clergyman, lawyer 
 and author, was born in Iredell County, N. C., 
 September, 1810, being the son of a Whig mem- 
 ber of Congress from that State. In 1839 he was 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 received on trial as a Methodist preacher and 
 became a circuit-rider in Indiana ; during 1833-33 
 served as an itinerant in Missouri, gaining much 
 celebrity by his eloquence. In 1834 he began the 
 study of law, and having been admitted to the 
 bar, practiced for several years in Arkansas, 
 where he was sent to the Legislature, and, in 1844, 
 was the Whig candidate for Presidential Elec- 
 tor. Later he removed to Texas, where he served 
 as Judge for six years. In 1856 he removed to 
 Madison, Wis., but a year later came to Chicago, 
 where he attained distinction as a lawyer, dying 
 in that city Dec. 31, 1867. He was an accom- 
 plished scholar and gifted writer, having written 
 much for "The Democratic Review" and "The 
 Southern Literary Messenger," over the signature 
 of "Charles Summerfield," and was author of an 
 "Apostrophe to Water," which he put in the 
 mouth of an itinerant Methodist preacher, and 
 which John B. Gough was accustomed to quote 
 with great effect. A volume of his poems with a 
 memoir was published in Chicago in 1869. 
 
 ARROWSMITH, a village of McLean County, 
 on the Lake Erie & Western Railway, 20 miles 
 east of Bloomington; is in an agricultural and 
 stock region; has one newspaper. Population 
 (1890). 420; (1900), 317. 
 
 ARTHUR, village in Moultrie and Douglas 
 Counties, at junction of Chicago & Eastern Illi- 
 nois and Terre Haute & Peoria Division Vandalia 
 Line; is center of broom-corn belt; has two 
 banks, a weekly newspaper. Population (1900), 
 858; (est. 1904), 1,000. 
 
 ASA Y, Edward 6., lawyer, was born in Phila- 
 delphia, Sept. 17, 1825; was educated in private 
 schools and entered the ministry of the Methodist 
 Episcopal Church; later spent sometime in the 
 South, but in 1853 retired from the ministry and 
 began the study of law, meantime devoting a part 
 of his time to mercantile business in New York 
 City. He was admitted to the bar in 1856, remov- 
 ing the same year to Chicago, where he built up 
 a lucrative practice. He was a brilliant speaker 
 and became eminent, especially as a criminal 
 lawyer. Politically he was a zealous Democrat 
 and was the chief attorney of Buckner S. Morris 
 and others during their trial for conspiracy in 
 connection with the Camp Douglas affair of No- 
 vember, 1864. During 1871-72 he made an ex- 
 tended trip to Europe, occupying some eighteen 
 months, making a second visit in 1882. His later 
 years were spent chiefly on a farm in Ogle 
 County. Died in Chicago, Nov. 24, 1898. 
 
 ASlil'K Y, Henry, lawyer, was born in Harri- 
 son (now Robertson) County, Ky., August 10, 
 
 1810; came to Illinois iu 1834, making the jour- 
 ney on horseback and finally locating in Quincy. 
 where he soon after began the study of law with 
 the Hon. O. H. Browning; was admitted to the 
 bar in 1837, being for a time the partner of Col. 
 Edward D. Baker, afterwards United States 
 Senator from Oregon and finally killed at Ball's 
 Bluff in 1863. In 1849 Mr. Asbury was appointed 
 by President Taylor Register of the Quincy Land 
 Office, and, in 1864-65, served by appointment of 
 President Lincoln (who was his close personal 
 friend) as Provost-Marshal of the Quincy dis- 
 trict, thereby obtaining the title of "Captain," 
 by which he was widely known among his 
 friends. Later he served for several years as 
 Registrar in Bankruptcy at Quincy, which was 
 his last official position. Originally a Kentucky 
 Whig, Captain Asbury was one of the founders 
 of the Republican party in Illinois, acting in co- 
 operation with Abram Jonas, Archibald Williams, 
 Nehemiah Bushnell, O. H. Browning and others 
 of his immediate neighbors, and with Abraham 
 Lincoln, with whom he was a frequent corre- 
 spondent at that period. Messrs. Nicolay and 
 Hay, in their Life of Lincoln, award him the 
 credit of having suggested one of the famous 
 questions propounded by Lincoln to Douglas 
 which gave the latter so much trouble during 
 the memorable debates of 1858. In 1886 Captain 
 Asbury removed to Chicago, where he continued 
 to reside until his death, Nov. 19, 1896. 
 
 ASHLAND, a town in Cass County, at the 
 intersection of the Chicago & Alton and the 
 Baltimore & Ohio South-Western Railroad, 21 
 miles west-northwest of Springfield and 200 
 miles southwest of Chicago. It is in the midst of 
 a rich agricultural region, and is an important 
 shipping point for grain and stock. It has a 
 bank, three churches and a weekly newspaper. 
 Coal is mined in the vicinity. Population (1880), 
 609; (1890), 1.045; (1900), 1,201. 
 
 ASHLEY, a city of Washington County, at 
 intersection of Illinois Central and Louisville & 
 Nashville Railways, 62 miles east by southeast of 
 St. Louis; is in an agricultural and fruit-growing 
 region; has some manufactures, electric light 
 plant and excellent granitoid sidewalks. Popu- 
 lation (1890), 1,035; (1900), 953. 
 
 ASHMORE, a village of Coles County, on the 
 Cleveland, Cincinnati. Chicago & St. Louis Rail- 
 way, 9 miles east of Charleston ; has a newspaper 
 and considerable local trade. Population (1890), 
 446, (1900), 487; (1903), 520. 
 
 ASHTON, a village of Lee County, on the Chi- 
 cago & North-Western Railroad, 84 miles west of 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 Chicago; has one newspaper. Population (1880), 
 648; (1890), 680; (1900), 776. 
 
 ASPINWA1L, Homer F., farmer and legisla- 
 tor, was born in Stephenson County, 111. , NOT. 15, 
 1846, educated in the Freeport high school, and, 
 in early life, spent two years in a wholesale 
 notion store, later resuming the occupation of a 
 farmer. After holding various local offices, in- 
 cluding that of member of the Board of Supervis- 
 ors of Stephenson County, in 1893 Mr. Aspinwall 
 was elected to the State Senate and re-elected in 
 1896. Soon after the beginning of the Spanish- 
 American War in 1898, he was appointed by 
 President McKinley Captain and Assistant 
 Quartermaster in the Volunteer Army, but 
 before being assigned to duty accepted the Lieu- 
 tenant-Colonelcy of the Twelfth Illinois Pro- 
 visional Regiment. When it became evident that 
 the regiment would not be called into the service, 
 he was assigned to the command of the "Mani- 
 toba," a large transport steamer, which carried 
 some 13,000 soldiers to Cuba and Porto Rico with- 
 out a single accident. In view of the approach- 
 ing session of the Forty-first General Assembly, 
 it being apparent that the war was over, Mr. 
 Aspinwall applied for a discharge, which was 
 refused, a 30-days' leave of absence being granted 
 instead. A discharge was finally granted about 
 the middle of February, when he resumed his 
 seat in the Senate. Mr. Aspinwall owns and 
 operates a large farm near Freeport. 
 
 ASS I'M PI' I ON, a town in Christian County, on 
 the Illinois Central Railroad, 33 miles south by 
 west from Decatur and 9 miles north of Pana. 
 It is situated in a rich agricultural and coal min- 
 ing district, and has two banks, five churches, a 
 public school, two weekly papers and coal mines. 
 Population (1880), 706; (1890), 1,076; (1900), 1,702. 
 
 ASTORIA, town in Fulton County, on Rock 
 Island & St. Louis Division C., B. & Q. R. R. ; 
 has city waterworks, electric light plant, tele- 
 phone exchange, three large grain elevators, 
 pressed brick works; six churches, two banks, 
 two weekly papers, city hall and park, and good 
 schools: is in a coal region; business portion is 
 built of brick. Pop. (1890), 1,357; (1900), 1,684. 
 
 ATCHISON, TOPEKA & SANTA FE RAIL- 
 WAT COMPANY. This Company operates three 
 subsidiary lines in Illinois the Chicago, Santa 
 Fe & California, the Atchison, Topeka and Santa 
 Fe in Chicago, and the Mississippi River Rail- 
 road & Toll Bridge, which are operated as a 
 through line between Chicago and Kansas City, 
 with a branch from Ancona to Pekin, 111., hav- 
 ing an aggregate operated mileage of 515 miles, of 
 
 which 295 are in Illinois. The total earnings and 
 income for the year ending June 30, 1895, were 
 $1,298,600, while the operating expenses and fixed 
 charges amounted to $2,360,706. The accumu- 
 lated deficit on the whole line amounted, June 30. 
 1894, to more than $4,500,000. The total capitali 
 zation of the whole line in 1895 was $52,775,251. 
 The parent road was chartered in 1859 under the 
 name of the Atchison & Topeka Railroad ; but in 
 1863 was changed to the Atchison, Topeka & 
 Santa Fe Railroad. The construction of the main 
 line was begun in 1859 and completed in 1873. 
 The largest number of miles operated was in 
 1893, being 7,481.65. January 1, 1896, the road 
 was reorganized under the name of The Atchison, 
 Topeka & Santa Fe Railway Company (its present 
 name), which succeeded by purchase under fore- 
 closure (Dec. 10, 1895) to the property and fran- 
 chises of the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe 
 Railroad Company. Its mileage, in 1895, was 
 6,481.65 miles. The executive and general officers 
 of the system (1898) are: 
 
 Aldace F. Walker, Chairman of the Board, 
 New York; E. P. Ripley, President, Chicago; C. 
 M. Higginson, Ass't to the President, Chicago; 
 E. D. Kenna, 1st Vice-President and General 
 Solicitor, Chicago; Paul Morton, 3d Vice-Presi- 
 dent, Chicago; E. Wilder, Secretary and Treas- 
 urer, Topeka; L. C. Deming, Assistant Secretary, 
 New York ; H. W. Gardner, Assistant Treasurer, 
 New York; Victor Morawetz, General Counsel, 
 New York; Jno. P. Whitehead, Comptroller, 
 New York; H. C. Whitehead, General Auditor, 
 Chicago; W. B. Biddle, Freight Traffic Manager, 
 Chicago; J. J. Frey, General Manager, Topeka; 
 H. W. Mudge, General Superintendent, Topeka; 
 W. A. Bissell, Assistant Freight Traffic Manager, 
 Chicago; W. F. White, Passenger Traffic 
 Manager, Chicago; Geo. T. Nicholson, Assistant 
 Passenger Traffic Manager, Chicago; W. E. 
 Hodges, General Purcliasing Agent, Chicago; 
 James A. Davis, Industrial Commissioner, Chi- 
 cago; James Dun, Chief Engineer, Topeka, Kan. ; 
 John Player, Superintendent of Machinery, 
 Topeka, Kan. ; C. W. Kouns, Superintendent Car 
 Service, Topeka, Kan. ; J. 8. Hobson, Signal 
 Engineer, Topeka; C. G. Sholes, Superintendent 
 of Telegraph, Topeka, Kan. ; C. W. Ryus, General 
 Claim Agent, Topeka ; F. C. Gay, General Freight 
 Agent, Topeka; C. R. Hudson, Assistant General 
 Freight Agent, Topeka; W. J. Black, General 
 Passenger Agent, Chicago; P. Walsh, General 
 Baggage Agent, Chicago. 
 
 ATHENS, an incorporated city and coal-mining 
 town in Menard County, on the Chicago, Peoria 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 37 
 
 & St. Louis R. K. , north by northwest of Spring- 
 field. It is also the center of a prosperous agri- 
 cultural and stock-raising district, and large 
 numbers of cattle are shipped there for the Chi- 
 cago market. The place has an electric lighting 
 plant, brickyards, two machine shops, two grain 
 elevators, five churches, one newspaper, and good 
 schools. Athena is one of the oldest towns in 
 Central Illinois. Pop. (1890), 944; (1900), 1,535. 
 
 ATKINS, Smith I)., soldier and journalist, was 
 born near Elmira, N. Y., June 9, 1886; came with 
 his father to Illinois in 1846, and lived on a farm 
 till 1850; was educated at Rock River Seminary, 
 Mount Morris, meanwhile learning the printer's 
 trade, and afterwards established "The Savanna 
 Register" in Carroll County. In 1854 he begt.n 
 the study of law, and in 1860, while practicing a 1 ; 
 Freeport, was elected Prosecuting Attorney, but 
 resigned in 1861, being the first man to enlist as a 
 private soldier in Stephenson County. He served 
 :ts a Captain of the Eleventh Illinois Volunteers 
 (three-months' men), re-enlisted with the same 
 rank for three years and took part in the capture 
 of Fort Donelson and the battle of Shiloh, serv- 
 ing at the latter on the staff of General Hurlbut. 
 Forced to retire temporarily on account of his 
 health, he next engaged in raising volunteers in 
 Northern Illinois, was finally commissioned Col- 
 onel of the Ninety-second Illinois, and, in June, 
 1863, was assigned to command of a brigade in 
 the Army of Kentucky, later serving in the Army 
 of the Cumberland. On the organization of Sher- 
 man's great "March to the Sea," he efficiently 
 cooperated in it, was brevetted Brigadier-General 
 for gallantry at Savannah, and at the close of the 
 war, by special order of President Lincoln, was 
 brevetted Major-General. Since the war, Gen- 
 eral Atkins' chief occupation has been that of 
 editor of "The Freeport Journal," though, for 
 uearly twenty-four years, he served as Post- 
 master of that city. He took a prominent part 
 in the erection of the Stephenson County Sol- 
 diers' Monument at Freeport, has been President 
 of the Freeport Public Library since its organiza- 
 tion, member of the Board of Education, and since 
 1895, by appointment of the Governor of Illinois, 
 one of the Illinois Commissioners of the Chicka- 
 mauga and Chattanooga Military Park. 
 
 ATKINSON, village of Henry County, on the 
 Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific Railway, 39 miles 
 east of Rock Island; has an electric light plant, a 
 bank and a newspaper. Pop. (1890), 534; (1900), 762. 
 
 ATLANTA, a city of Logan County, on the 
 Chicago & Alton Railroad, 20 miles southwest of 
 Bloomington. It stands on a high, fertile prairie 
 
 and the surrounding region is rich in coal, as- 
 well as a productive agricultural and stock-rais- 
 ing district. It has a water-works system, elec- 
 tric light plant, five churches, a graded school, a 
 weekly paper, two banks, a flouring mill, and is 
 the headquarters of the Union Agricultural So- 
 ciety established in 1860. Population (1900). 1,870. 
 
 ATLAS, a hamlet in the southwestern part of 
 Pike County, 10 miles southwest of Pittsfield and 
 three miles from Rockport, the nearest station on 
 the Quincy & Louisiana Division of the Chicago, 
 Burlington & Quincy Railroad. Atlas has an in- 
 teresting history. It was settled by Col. William 
 Ross and four brothers, who came here from 
 Pittsfield, Mass., in the latter part of 1819, or 
 early in 1820, making there the first settlement 
 within the present limits of Pike County. The 
 town was laid out by the Rosses in 1833, and the 
 next year the county-seat was removed thither 
 from Coles Grove now in Calhoun County but 
 which had been the first county-seat of Pike 
 County, when it comprised all the territory lying 
 north and west of the Illinois River to the Mis- 
 sissippi River and the Wisconsin State line. 
 Atlas remained the county-seat until 1833, when 
 the seat of justice was removed to Pittsfield. 
 During a part of that time it was one of the 
 most important points in the western part of the 
 State, and was, for a time, a rival of Quincy. 
 It now has only a postoffice and general store. 
 The population, according to the census of 1890, 
 was 52. 
 
 ATTORNEYS-GENERAL. The following is a 
 list of the Attorneys-General of Illinois under the 
 Territorial and State Governments, down to the 
 present time (1899), with the date and duration of 
 the term of each incumbent: 
 
 TERRITORIAL Benjamin H. Doyle, July to De- 
 cember, 1809; John J. Crittenden, Dec. 30 to 
 April, 1810; Thomas T. Crittenden, April to 
 October, 1810; Benj. M. Piatt, October, 1810-18; 
 William Mears, 1813-18. 
 
 STATE Daniel Pope Cook, March 5 to Dec. 14, 
 1819; William Mears, 1819-21; Samuel D. Lock- 
 wood, 1821-23; James Turney, 1823-29; George 
 Forquer, 1829-33; James Semple, 1833-84; Ninian 
 W. Edwards, 1834-35; Jesse B. Thomas, Jr., 
 1835-36; Walter B. Scates, 1836-37; Usher F. 
 Linder, 1837-38; George W. Olney, 1838-39; Wick- 
 liffe Kitchell, 1839-40; Josiah Lamborn. 1840-43; 
 James Allen McDougal, 1843-46 ; David B. Camp- 
 bell, 1846-48. 
 
 The Constitution of 1848 made no provision for 
 the continuance of the office, and for nineteen 
 years it remained vacant. It was re-created, 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 however, by legislative enactment in 1867, and 
 on Feb. 28 of that year Governor Oglesby 
 appointed Robert G. Ingersoll, of Peoria, to dis- 
 charge the duties of the position, which he con- 
 tinued to do until 18C9. Subsequent incumbents 
 of the office have been: Washington Bushnell, 
 1869-73; James K. Edsall, 1873-81; James McCart- 
 ney, 1881 85 ; George Hunt, 1885-93 ; M. T. Moloney , 
 1893-97; Edward C. Akin, 1897 . Under the 
 first Constitution (1818) the office of Attorney- 
 General was filled by appointment by the Legisla- 
 ture; under the Constitution of 1848, as already 
 stated, it ceased to exist until created by act of 
 the Legislature of 1867, but, in 1870, it was made 
 a constitutional office to be filled by popular 
 election for a term of four years. 
 
 AT WOOD, a village lying partly in Piatt and 
 partly in Douglas County, on the Cincinnati, 
 Hamilton & Dayton R. It., 27 miles east of Deca- 
 tur. The region is agricultural and fruit-grow- 
 ing; the town has two banks, an excellent school 
 and a newspaper. Pop. (1890), 530; (1900), 698. 
 
 AT WOOD, Charles B., architect, was bora at 
 Millbury, Mass., May 18, 1849; at 17 began a full 
 course in architecture at Harvard Scientific 
 School, and, after graduation, received prizes for 
 public buildings at San Francisco, Hartford and 
 a number of other cities, besides furnishing 
 designs for some of the finest private residences 
 in the country. He was associated with D. H. 
 Burnham in preparing plans for the Columbian 
 Exposition buildings, at Chicago, for the World's 
 Fair of 1893, and distinguished himself by pro- 
 ducing plans for the "Art Building," the "Peri- 
 style," the "Terminal Station" and other 
 prominent structures. Died, in the midst of his 
 highest successes as an architect, at Chicago, 
 Dec. 19, 1895. 
 
 AUBURN, a village of Sangamon County, on 
 the Chicago & Alton Railroad, 15 miles south of 
 Springfield ; has some manufactories of flour and 
 farm implements, besides tile and brick works, 
 two coal mines, electric light plant, two banks, 
 several churches, a graded school and a weekly 
 newspaper. Pop. (1890), 874; (1900), 1,281. 
 
 AUDITORS OF PUBLIC ACCOUNTS. The 
 Auditors of Public Accounts under the Terri- 
 torial Government were H. H. Maxwell, 1812-16; 
 Daniel P. Cook, 1816-17; Robert Blackwell, (April 
 to August), 1817; ElijahC. Berry, 1817-18. Under 
 the Constitution of 1818 the Auditor of Public 
 Accounts was made appointive by the legislature, 
 without limitation of term ; but by the Constitu- 
 tions of 1848 and 1870 the office was made 
 elective by the people for a term of four years. 
 
 The following is a list of the State Auditors 
 from the date of the admission of the State into 
 the Union down to the present time (1899), with 
 the date and duration of the term of each: 
 Elijah C. Berry, 181831; James T. B. Stapp, 
 1831-35; Levi Davis, 1835-41; James Shields, 
 1841-43; William Lee D. Ewing, 1843-46; Thomas 
 H. Campbell, 1846-57; Jesse K. Dubois, 1857-64; 
 Orlin H. Miner, 1864-69; Charles E. Lippincott, 
 1869-77; Thomas B. Needles, 1877-81; Charles P. 
 Swigert, 1881-89; C. W. Pavey, 1889-93; David 
 Gore, 1893-97; James S. McCullough, 1897 . 
 
 AUGUSTA, a village in Augusta township, 
 Hancock County, on the Chicago, Burlington & 
 Quincy Railroad, 36 miles northeast of Quincy. 
 Wagons and brick are the principal manufac- 
 tures. The town has one newspaper, two banks, 
 three churches and a graded school. The sur 
 rounding country is a fertile agricultural region 
 and abounds in a good quality of bituminous 
 coal. Fine qualities of potter's clay and mineral 
 paint are obtained here. Population (1890), 
 1,077; (1900), 1,149. 
 
 AUGUSTANA COLLEGE, an educational insti- 
 tution controlled by the Evangelical Lutheran 
 denomination, located at Rock Island and founded 
 in 1863. Besides preparatory and collegiate de- 
 partments, a theological school is connected with 
 the institution. To the two first named, young 
 women are admitted on an equality with 
 men. More than 500 students were reported in 
 attendance in 1896, about one-fourth being 
 women. A majority of the latter were in the 
 preparatory (or academic) department. The col- 
 lege is not endowed, but owns property (real 
 and personal) to the value of $250,000. It has a 
 library of 12,000 volumes. 
 
 AURORA, a city and important railroad cen- 
 ter, Kane County, on Fox River, 39 miles south- 
 west of Chicago; is location of principal shops of 
 Chicago, Burlington & Quincy R. R., has fine 
 water-power and many successful manufactories, 
 including extensive boiler works, iron foundries, 
 cotton and woolen mills, flour mills, silver-plat- 
 ing works, corset, sash and door and carriage 
 factories, stove and smelting works, establish- 
 ments for turning out road-scrapers, buggy tops, 
 and wood-working machinery. The city owns 
 water-works and electric light plant; has six 
 banks, four daily and several weekly papers, 
 some twenty-five churches, excellent schools and 
 handsome public library building; is connected 
 by interurban electric lines with the principal 
 towns and villages in the Fox River valley. 
 Population (1890), 19,688; (1900), 24,147. 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 AUSTIN, a suburb of Chicago, in Cook County. 
 It is accessible from that city by either the Chi- 
 cago & Northwestern Railway, or by street 
 railway lines. A weekly newspaper is issued, a 
 graded school is supported (including a high 
 school department) and there are numerous 
 churches, representing the various religious 
 denominations. Population (1880), 1,359; (1890), 
 4,031. Annexed to City of Chicago, 1899. 
 
 AUSTIN COLLEGE, a mixed school at Effing- 
 ham, 111., founded in 1890. It has eleven teachers 
 and reports a total of 312 pupils for 1897-98162 
 males and 150 females. It has a library of 2,000 
 volumes and reports property valued at $37,000. 
 
 AUSTBALIAN BALLOT, a form of ballot for 
 popular elections, thus named because it was 
 first brought into use in Australia. It was 
 adopted by act of the Legislature of Illinois in 
 1891, and is applicable to the election of all public 
 officers except Trustees of Schools, School Direct- 
 ors, members of Boards of Education and officers 
 of road districts in counties not under township 
 organization. Under it, all ballots for the elec- 
 tion of cfficers (except those just enumerated) 
 are required to be printed and distributed to the 
 election officers for use on the day of election, at 
 public cost. These ballots contain the names, 
 on the same sheet, of all candidates to be voted 
 for at such election, such names having been 
 formally certified previously to the Secretary of 
 State (in the case of candidates for offices to be 
 voted for by electors of the entire State or any 
 district greater than a single county) or to the 
 County Clerk (as to all others), by the presiding 
 officer and secretary of the convention or caucus 
 making such nominations, when the party repre- 
 sented cast at least two per cent of the aggregate 
 vote of the State or district at the preceding gen- 
 eral election. Other names may be added to the 
 ballot on the petition of a specified number of the 
 legal voters under certain prescribed conditions 
 named in the act. The duly registered voter, on 
 presenting himself at the poll, is given a copy of 
 the official ticket by one of the judges of election, 
 upon which he proceeds to indicate his prefer- 
 ence in a temporary booth or closet set apart for 
 his use, by making a cross at the head of the col- 
 umn of candidates for whom he wishes to vote, if 
 he desires to vote for all of the candidates of the 
 same party, or by a similar mark before the name 
 of each individual for whom he wishes to vote, in 
 case he desires to distribute his support among 
 the candidates of different parties. The object of 
 the law is to secure for the voter secrecy of the 
 ballot, with independence and freedom from dic- 
 
 tation or interference by others in the exercise of 
 his right of suffrage. 
 
 ATA, a town in Jackson County (incorporated 
 as a city, 1901), on the Mobile & Ohio Railroad 
 (Cairo & St. Louis Division), 75 miles south- 
 southeast from St. Louis. It has two banks and 
 two newspapers. Pop. (1890), 807; (1900), 984. 
 
 AVON, village of Fulton County, on C., B & Q. 
 R. R., 20 miles south of Galesburg; lias drain- 
 pipe works, two factories for manufacture of 
 steam- and hot- water heaters, two banks and two 
 newspapers; agricultural fair held here annu- 
 ally. Population (1900), 809; (1904, est.), 1.000. 
 
 ATER, Benjamin F., lawyer, was born in 
 Kingston, N. H., April 22, 1825, graduated at 
 Dartmouth College in 1846, studied law at Dane 
 Law School (Harvard University), was admitted 
 to the bar and began practice at Manchester. 
 N. H. After serving one term in the New Hamp- 
 shire Legislature, and as Prosecuting Attorney 
 for Hillsborough County, in 1857 he came to Chica- 
 go, soon advancing to the front rank of lawyers 
 then in practice there ; became Corporation Counsel 
 in 1861, and, two years later, drafted the revised 
 city charter. After the close of his official career, 
 he was a member for eight years of the law firm of 
 Beckwith, Ayer & Kales, and afterwards of the 
 firm of Ayer & Kales, until, retiring from general 
 practice, Mr. Ayer became Solicitor of the Illinois 
 Central Railroad, then a Director of the Company, 
 and is at present its General Counsel and a potent 
 factor in its management. 
 
 AVERS, Marshall Paul, banker, Jacksonville, 
 was born in Philadelphia, Pa., July 27, 1823. 
 came to Jacksonville, 111., with his parents, in 
 1830, and was educated there, graduating from 
 Illinois College, in 1843, as the classmate of Dr. 
 Newton Bateman, afterwards President of Knox 
 College at Galesburg, and Rev. Thomas K 
 Beecher, now of Elmira, N.Y. After leaving col- 
 lege he became the partner of his father (David 
 B. Ayers) as agent of Mr. John Grigg, of Philadel- 
 phia, who was the owner of a large body of Illi- 
 nois lands. His father dying in 1850, Mr. Ayers 
 succeeded to the management of the business, 
 about 75,000 acres of Mr. Grigg's unsold lands 
 coming under his charge. In December, 1852, 
 with the assistance of Messrs. Page & Bacon, bank- 
 ers, of St. Louis, he opened the first bank in Jack- 
 sonville, for the sale of exchange, but which 
 finally grew into a bank of deposit and has been 
 continued ever since, being recognized as one of 
 the most solid institutions in Central Illinois. In 
 1870-71, aided by Philadelphia and New York 
 capitalists, he built the "Illinois Farmers' Rail- 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 road" between Jacksonville and Waverly, after- 
 wards extended to Virden and finally to Centralia 
 ;ind Mount Vernon. This was the nucleus of the 
 Jacksonville Southeastern. Rail way, though Mr. 
 Ayers has had no connection with it for several 
 years. Other business enterprises with which he 
 has been connected are the Jacksonville Gas Com- 
 pany (now including an electric light and power 
 plant), of which he has been President for forty 
 years; the "Home Woolen Mills" (early wiped 
 out by fire), sugar and paper-barrel manufacture, 
 coal-mining, etc. About 1877 he purchased a 
 body of 23,600 acres of land in Champaign County, 
 known as "Broadlands. " from John T. Alexander, 
 an extensive cattle-dealer, who had become 
 heavily involved during the years of financial 
 revulsion. As a result of this transaction, Mr. 
 Alexander's debts, which aggregated $1,000,000, 
 were discharged within the next two years. Mr. 
 Ayers has been an earnest Republican since the 
 organization of that party and, during the war, 
 rendered valuable service in assisting to raise 
 funds for the support of the operations of the 
 Christian Commission in the field. He has also 
 been active in Sunday School, benevolent and 
 educational work, having been, for twenty years, 
 a Trustee of Illinois College, of which he has 
 )>een an ardent friend. In 1846 he was married 
 to Miss Laura Allen, daughter of Rev. John 
 Alien, D. D., of Huntsville, Ala., and is the father 
 of four sons and four daughters, all living. 
 
 BABCOCK, Amos ( ., was born at Penn Yaii, 
 N. Y., Jan. 20, 1828, the son of a member of Con- 
 gress from that State; at the age of 18, having 
 lost his father by death, came West, and soon 
 ufter engaged in mercantile business in partner- 
 ship with a brother at Canton, 111. In 1854 he 
 was elected by a majority of one vote, as an Anti- 
 N'ebraska Whig, to the lower branch of the Nine- 
 teenth General Assembly, and, in the following 
 session, took part in the election of United States 
 Senator which resulted in the choice of Lyman 
 Trumbull. Although a personal and political 
 friend of Mr. Lincoln, Mr. Babcock, as a matter 
 of policy, cast his vote for his townsman. William 
 Kellogg, afterwards Congressman from that dis- 
 trict, until it was apparent that a concentration 
 of the Anti-Nebraska vote on Trumbull was 
 necessary to defeat the election of a Democrat. 
 In 1862 he was appointed by President Lincoln 
 the first Assessor of Internal Revenue for the 
 Fourth District, and, in 1863, was commissioned 
 by Governor Yates Colonel of the One Hundred 
 and Third Illinois Volunteers, but soon resigned. 
 Colonel Babcock served as Delegate-at-large in 
 
 the Republican National Convention of 1868, 
 which nominated General Grant for the Presi- 
 dency, and the same year was made Chairman of 
 the Republican State Central Committee, also 
 conducting the campaign two years later. He 
 identified himself with the Greeley movement in 
 1872, but, in 1876, was again in line with his 
 party and restored to his old position on the State 
 Central Committee, serving until 1878. Among 
 business enterprises with which he was con- 
 nected was the extension, about 1854, of the Buda 
 branch of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy 
 Railroad from Yates City to Canton, and the 
 erection of the State Capitol at Austin, Tex., 
 which was undertaken, in conjunction with 
 Abner Taylor and J. V. and C. B. Farwell, 4bout 
 1881 and completed in 1888, for which the firm 
 received over 3,000,000 acres of State lands in the 
 "Pan Handle" portion of Texas. In 1889 Colonel 
 Babcock took up his residence in Chicago, which 
 continued to be his home until his death from 
 apoplexy, Feb. 25, 1899. 
 
 BABCOCK, Andrew J., soldier, was born at 
 Dorchester, Norfolk County, Mass., July 19, 1880; 
 began life as a coppersmith at Lowell; in 1851 
 went to Concord, N. H., and, in 1856, removed to 
 Springfield, 111., where, in 1859, he joined a mili- 
 tary company called the Springfield Greys, com- 
 manded by Capt. (afterwards Gen. ) John Cook, of 
 which he was First Lieutenant. This company 
 became the nucleus of Company I, Seventh Illi- 
 nois Volunteers, which enlisted on Mr. Lincoln's 
 first call for troops in April, 1861. Captain Cook 
 having been elected Colonel, Babcock succeeded 
 him as Captain, on the re-enlistment of the regi- 
 ment in July following becoming Lieutenant- 
 Colonel, and, in March, 1862, lieing promoted to 
 the Colonelcy "for gallant and meritorious service 
 rendered at Fort Donelson." A year later he was 
 compelled to resign on account of impaired 
 health. His home is at Springfield. 
 
 BACON, George E., lawyer and legislator, born 
 at Madison, Ind. , Feb. 4, 1851; was brought to 
 Illinois by his parents at three years of age, and. 
 in 1876, located at Paris, Edgar County ; in 1879 
 was admitted to the bar and held various minor 
 offices, including one term as State's Attorney. 
 In 1886 he was elected as a Republican to the 
 State Senate and re-elected four years later, but 
 finally removed to Aurora, where he died. July 
 6, 1896. Mr. Bacon was a man of recognized 
 ability, as shown by the fact that, after the death 
 of Senator John A. Logan, he was selected by his 
 colleagues of the Senate to pronounce the eulogy 
 on the deceased statesman 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 31 
 
 BA6BY, John C., jurist and Congressman, was 
 born at Glasgow, Ky., Jan. 24, 1819. After pas- 
 sing through the common schools of Barren 
 County, Ky., he studied civil engineering at 
 Bacon College, graduating in 1840. Later he 
 read law and was admitted to the bar in 1845. 
 In 1846 he commenced practice at Rushville, 111., 
 confining himself exclusively to professional work 
 until nominated and elected to Congress in 1874, 
 by the Democrats of the (old) Tenth District. In 
 1883 he was elected to the Circuit Bench for the 
 Sixth Circuit. Died, April 4, 1896. 
 
 BAILEY, Joseph Mead, legislator and jurist, 
 was born at Middlebury, Wyoming County, N. Y., 
 June 22, 1833, graduated from Rochester (N. Y.) 
 University in 1854, and was admitted to the 
 bar in that city in 1855. In August, 1856, he 
 removed to Freeport, 111. , where he soon built up 
 a profitable practice. In 1866 he was elected a 
 Representative in the Twenty-fifth General 
 Assembly, being re-elected in 1868. Here he was 
 especially prominent in securing restrictive legis- 
 lation concerning railroads. In 1876 he was 
 chosen a Presidential Elector for his district on 
 the Republican ticket. In 1877 he was elected a 
 Judge of the Thirteenth judicial district, and 
 re-elected in 1879 and in 1885. In January, 
 1878, and again in June, 1879. he was assigned to 
 the bench of the Appellate Court, being presiding 
 Justice from June, 1879. to June, 1880, and from 
 June, 1881, to June. 1882. In 1879 he received 
 the degree of LL.D. from the Universities of 
 Rochester and Chicago. In 1888 he was elected 
 to the bench of the Supreme Court. Died in 
 office, Oct. 16. 1895. 
 
 ItAII.HAf HE, John, pioneer journalist, was 
 born in the Island of Jersey, May 8, 1787; after 
 gaining the rudiments of an education in his 
 mother tongue (the French), he acquired a knowl- 
 edge of English and some proficiency in Greek 
 and Latin in an academy near his paternal home, 
 when he spent five years as a printer's apprentice. 
 In 1810 he came to the United States, first locat- 
 ing at Cambridge, Ohio, but, in 1812, purchased a 
 half interest in "The Fredonian" at Chillicothe 
 (then the State Capital), soon after becoming sole 
 owner. In 1815 he purchased "The Scioto Ga- 
 zette" and consolidated the two papers under the 
 name of "The Scioto Gazette and Fredonian 
 Chronicle." Here he remained until 1828, mean- 
 time engaging temporarily in the banking busi- 
 ness, also serving one term in the Legislature 
 (1820), and being elected Associate Justice of the 
 Court of Common Pleas for Ross County. In 
 1828 he removed to Columbus, assuming charge 
 
 of "The Ohio State Journal." served one term as 
 Mayor of the city, and for three consecutive 
 years was State Printer. Selling out "The Jour- 
 nal" in 1836, he came west, the next year becom- 
 ing part owner, and finally sole proprietor, of "The 
 Telegraph" at Alton, 111., which he conducted 
 alone or in association with various partners until 
 1854, when he retired, giving his attention to the 
 book and job branch of the business. He served as 
 Representative from Madison County in the Thir- 
 teenth General Assembly (1842-44). As a man 
 and a journalist Judge Bailhache commanded the 
 highest respect, and did much to elevate the 
 standard of journalism in Illinois, "The Tele- 
 graph," during the period of his connection with 
 it, being one of the leading papers of the State. 
 His death occurred at Alton, Sept. 3, 1857, as the 
 result of injuries received the day previous, by 
 being thrown from a carriage in which he was 
 riding. Maj. William Henry (Bailhache), son of 
 the preceding, was born at Chillicothe, Ohio, 
 August 14, 1826, removed with his father to Alton, 
 HI., in 1836, was educated at Shurtleff College, 
 and learned the printing trade in the office of 
 "The Telegraph," under the direction of his 
 father, afterwards being associated with the 
 business department. In 1855, in partnership 
 with Edward L. Baker, he became one of the 
 proprietors and business manager of "The State 
 Journal'' at Springfield. During the Civil War 
 he received from President Lincoln the appoint- 
 ment of Captain and Assistant Quartermaster, 
 serving to its close and receiving the brevet rank 
 of Major. After the war he returned to journal- 
 ism and was associated at different times with 
 "The State Journal" and "The Quincy Whig," 
 as business manager of each, but retired in 1873 ; 
 in 1881 was appointed by President Arthur, 
 Receiver of. Public Moneys at Santa Fe., N. M., 
 remaining four years. He is now (1899) a resi- 
 dent of San Diego, Cal., where he has been 
 engaged in newspaper work, and, under the 
 administration of President McKinley, has been 
 a Special Agent of the Treasury Department 
 Preston Heath (Bailhache), another son, was 
 born in Coluiubus. Ohio, Feb. 21, 1835, served as 
 a Surgeon during the Civil War, later became a 
 Surgeon in the regular army and has held posi- 
 tions in marine hospitals at Baltimore, Washing- 
 ton and New York, and has visited Europe in the 
 interest of sanitary and hospital service. At 
 present (1899) he occupies a prominent position 
 at the headquarters of the United States Marine 
 Hospital Service in Washington. Arthur Lw 
 (Bailhache), a third son, born at Alton, 111., April 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 12. 1839; at the beginning of the Civil War was 
 employed in the State commissary service at 
 Camp Yates and Cairo, became Adjutant of the 
 Thirty-eighth Illinois Volunteers, and died at 
 Pilot Knob, Mo., Jan. 9, 1862, as the result of 
 disease and exposure in the service. 
 
 BAKER, David Jeirett, lawyer and United 
 States Senator, was born at East Haddam, Conn. , 
 Sept. 7, 1792. His family removed to New York 
 in 1800, where he worked on a farm during boy- 
 hood, but graduated from Hamilton College in 
 1816, and three years later was admitted to the 
 bar. In 1819 he came to Illinois and began prac- 
 tice at Kaskaskia, where be attained prominence 
 in his profession and was made Probate Judge of 
 Randolph County. His opposition to the intro- 
 duction of slavery into the State was so aggres- 
 sive that his life was frequently threatened. In 
 1830 Governor Edwards appointed him United 
 States Senator, to fill the unexpired term of 
 Senator McLean, but he served only one month 
 when he was succeeded by John M. Robinson, 
 who was elected by the Legislature. He was 
 United States District Attorney from 1833 
 to 1841 (the State then constituting but 
 one district), and thereafter resumed private 
 practice. Died at Alton, August 6, 1869. 
 Henry Southard (Baker), son of the pre- 
 ceding, was born at Kaskaskia, 111., Nov. 10, 
 1824, received his preparatory education at Shurt- 
 leff College. Upper Alton, and, in 1843, entered 
 Brown University, R. I., graduating therefrom 
 in 1847; was admitted to the bar in 1849, begin- 
 ning practice at Alton, the home of his father, 
 Hon. David J. Baker. In 1854 he was elected as an 
 Anti-Nebraska candidate to the lower branch of 
 the Nineteenth General Assembly, and, at the 
 subsequent session of the General Assembly, was 
 one of the five Anti-Nebraska members whose 
 uncompromising fidelity to Hon. Lyman Truin- 
 bull resulted in the election of the latter to the 
 United States Senate for the first time the others 
 being his colleague, Dr. George T. Allen of the 
 House, and Hon. John M. Palmer, afterwards 
 United States Senator, Burton C. Cook and Nor- 
 man B. Judd in the Senate. He served as one of the 
 Secretaries of the Republican State Convention 
 held at Bloomington in May, 1856, was a Repub- 
 lican Presidential Elector in 1864, and, in 1865, 
 became Judge of the Alton City Court, serving 
 until 1881. In 1876 he presided over the Repub- 
 lican State Convention, served as delegate to the 
 Republican National Convention of the same 
 year and was an unsuccessful candidate for 
 Congress in opposition to William R. Morrison. 
 
 Judge Baker was the orator selected to deliver 
 the address on occasion of the unveiling of the 
 statue of Lieut. -Gov. Pierre Menard, on the 
 capitol grounds at Springfield, in January, 1888. 
 About 1888 he retired from practice, dying at 
 Alton, March 5, 1897. Edward L. (Baker), 
 second son of David Jewett Baker, was born at 
 Kaskaskia, 111., June 3, 1829; graduated at Shurt- 
 leff College in 1847 ; read law with his father two 
 years, after which he entered Harvard Law 
 School and was admitted to the bar at Spring- 
 field in 1855. Previous to this date Mr. Baker had 
 become associated with William H. Bailhache, in 
 the management of "The Alton Daily Telegraph," 
 and, in July, 1855, they purchased "The Illinois 
 State Journal," at Springfield, of which Mr. 
 Baker assumed the editorship, remaining until 
 1874. In 1869 he was appointed United States 
 Assessor for the Eighth District, serving until 
 the abolition of the office. In 1873 he received 
 the appointment from President Grant of Consul 
 to Buenos Ayres, South America, and, assuming 
 the duties of the office in 1874, remained there 
 for twenty-three years, proving himself one of 
 the most capable and efficient officers in the con- 
 sular service. On the evening of the 20th of 
 June, 1897, when Mr. Baker was about to enter a 
 railway train already in motion at the station in 
 the city of Buenos Ayres, he fell under the cars, 
 receiving injuries which necessitated the ampu- 
 tation of his right arm, finally resulting in his 
 death in the hospital at Buenos Ayres, July 8, 
 following. His remains were brought home at 
 the Government expense and interred in Oak 
 Ridge Cemetery, at Springfield, where a monu- 
 ment has since been erected in his honor, bearing 
 a tablet contributed by citizens of Buenos Ayres 
 and foreign representatives in that city express- 
 ive of their respect for his memory. David 
 Jewett (Baker), Jr., a third son of David Jowett 
 Baker, Sr., was born at Kaskaskia, Nov. 20,1834; 
 graduated from Shurtleff College in 1854, and was 
 admitted to the bar in 1856. In November of 
 that year he removed to Cairo and began prac- 
 tice. He was Mayor of that city in 1864-65, and, 
 in 1869, was elected to the bench of the Nineteenth 
 Judicial Circuit. The Legislature of 1873 (by Act 
 of March 28) having divided the State into 
 twenty-six circuits, he was elected Judge of the 
 Twenty-sixth, on June 2, 1873. In August, 1878, 
 he resigned to accept an appointment on the 
 Supreme Bench as successor to Judge Breese, 
 deceased, but at the close of his term on the 
 Supreme Bench (1879), was re-elected Circuit 
 Judge, and again in 1885. During this period he 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 served for several years on the Appellate Bench. 
 In 1888 he retired from the Circuit Bench by 
 resignation and was elected a Justice of the 
 Supreme Court for a term of nine years. Again, 
 in 1897, he was a candidate for re-election, but 
 was defeated by Carroll C. Boggs. Soon after 
 retiring from the Supreme Bench he removed to 
 Chicago and engaged in general practice, in 
 partnership with his son, John W. Baker. He 
 fell dead almost instantly in his office, March 13, 
 1899. In all, Judge Baker had spent some thirty 
 years almost continuously on the bench, and had 
 attained eminent distinction both as a lawyer and 
 a jurist. 
 
 BAKER, Edward Dickinson, soldier and 
 United States Senator, was born in London, 
 Eng., Feb. 24, 1811; emigrated to Illinois while 
 yet in his minority, first locating at Belleville, 
 afterwards removing to Carrollton and finally to 
 Sangamon County, the last of which he repre- 
 sented in the lower house of the Tenth General 
 Assembly, and as State Senator in the Twelfth 
 and Thirteenth. He was elected to Congress as 
 a Whig from the Springfield District, but resigned 
 in December, 1846, to accept the colonelcy of the 
 Fourth Regiment, Illinois Volunteers, in .the 
 Mexican War, and succeeded General Shields in 
 command of the brigade, when the latter was 
 wounded at Cerro Gordo. In 1848 he was elected 
 to Congress from the Galena District; was also 
 identified with the construction of the Panama 
 Railroad; went to San Francisco in 1832, but 
 later removed to Oregon, where he was elected 
 to the United States Senate in 1860. In 1861 he 
 resigned the Senatorship to enter the Union 
 army, commanding a brigade at the battle of 
 Ball's Bluff, where he was killed, October 21, 1861. 
 
 BAKER, Jehn, lawyer and Congressman, was 
 born in Fayette County, Ky., Nov. 4, 1822. At 
 an early age he removed to Illinois, making his 
 home in Belleville, St. Clair County. He re- 
 ceived bis early education in the common schools 
 and at McKendree College. Although he did 
 not graduate from the latter institution, he 
 received therefrom the honorary degree of A. M. 
 in 1858, and that of LL. D. in 1882. For a time 
 he studied medicine, but abandoned it for the 
 study of law. From 1861 to 1805 he was Master 
 in Chancery for St. Clair County. From 1865 to 
 1869 he represented the Belleville District as a 
 Republican in Congress. From 1876 to 1881 and 
 from 1882 to 1885 he was Minister Resident in 
 Venezuela, during the latter portion of his term 
 of sen-ice acting also as Consul-General. Return- 
 ing home, he was again elected to Congress (1886) 
 
 from the Eighteenth District, but was defeated 
 for re-election, in 1888, by William S. Forman. 
 Democrat. Again, in 1896, having identified 
 himself with the Free Silver Democracy and 
 People's Party, he was elected to Congress from 
 the Twentieth District over Everett J. Murphy, 
 the Republican nominee, serving until March 3, 
 1899. He is the author of an annotated edition 
 of Montesquieu's "Grandeur and Decadence of 
 tin' Romans." 
 
 BALDWIN, Elmer, agriculturist and legisla- 
 tor, was born in Litchfield County, Conn., March 
 8, 1806 ; at 16 years of age began teaching a coun- 
 try school, continuing this occupation for several 
 years during the winter months, while working 
 on his father's farm in the summer. He then 
 started a store at New Milford, which he man- 
 aged for three years, when he sold out on account 
 of his health and began farming. In 1833 he 
 came west and purchased a considerable tract of 
 Government land in La Salle County, where the 
 village of Farm Ridge is now situated, removing 
 thither with his family the following year. He 
 served as Justice of the Peace for fourteen con- 
 secutive terms, as Postmaster twenty years and 
 as a member of the Board of Supervisors of La 
 Salle County six years. In 1856 he was elected 
 as a Republican to the House of Representatives, 
 was re-elected to the same office in 1866, and to 
 the State Senate in 1872, serving two years. He 
 was also appointed, in 1869, a member of the first 
 Board of Public Charities, serving as President of 
 the Board. Mr. Baldwin is author of a "His- 
 tory of La Salle County," which contains much 
 local and biographical history. Died, Nov. 18, 
 1895. 
 
 BALDWIN', Theron, clergyman and educa- 
 tor, was born in Goshen, Conn., July 21, 1801; 
 graduated at Yale College in 1827; after two 
 years' study in the theological school there, was 
 ordained a home missionary in 1829, becoming 
 one of the celebrated "Yale College Band," or 
 "Western College Society," of which he was Cor- 
 responding Secretary during most of his life. He 
 was settled^ as a Congregationalist minister at 
 Vandalia for two years, and was active in pro- 
 curing the charter of Illinois College at Jackson- 
 ville, of which he was a Trustee from its 
 organization to his death. He served for a 
 number of years, from 1831, as Agent of the 
 Home Missionary Society for Illinois, and, in 
 1838, became the first Principal of Monticello 
 Female Seminary, near Alton, which he con- 
 ducted five years. Died at Orange, N. J., April 
 10, 1870. 
 

 34 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 BALLARD, Addison, merchant, was born of 
 Quaker parentage in Warren County, Ohio, No- 
 vember, 1823. He located at La Porte, 1ml.. 
 about 1841, where he learned and pursued the 
 carpenter's trade; in 1849 went to California, 
 remaining two years, when he returned to La 
 Porte; in 1853 removed to Chicago and embarked 
 in the lumber trade, which he prosecuted until 
 1887, retiring with a competency. Mr. Ballard 
 served several years as one of the Commissioners 
 of Cook County, and, from 1876 to 1882, as Alder- 
 man of the City of Chicago, and again in the 
 latter office, 1894-90. 
 
 BALTES, Peter Joseph, Roman Catholic Bishop 
 of Alton, was born at Ensheim, Rhenish Ba- 
 varia, April 7, 1827 ; was educated at the colleges 
 of the Holy Cross, at Worcester, Mass., and of St. 
 Ignatius, at Chicago, and at Lavalle University, 
 Montreal, and was ordained a priest in 1853, and 
 consecrated Bishop in 1870. His diocesan admin- 
 istration was successful, but regarded by his 
 priests as somewhat arbitrary. He wrote numer- 
 ous pastoral letters and brochures for the guidance 
 of clergy and laity. His most important literary 
 work was entitled "Pastoral Instruction," first 
 edition, N. Y., 1875; second edition (revised and 
 enlarged), 1880. Died at Alton, Feb. 15, 1886. 
 
 BALTIMORE & OHIO SOUTHWESTERN 
 RAILWAY. This road (constituting a part of the 
 Baltimore & Ohio system) is made up of two 
 principal divisions, the first extending across the 
 State from East St. Louis to Belpre, Ohio, and the 
 second (known as the Springfield Division) extend- 
 ing from Beardstown to Shawneetown. The total 
 mileage of the former (or main line) is V;7 
 miles, of which 147)4 are in Illinois, and of the 
 latter (wholly within Illinois) 228 miles. The 
 main line (originally known as the Ohio & Mis- 
 sissippi Railway) was chartered in Indiana in 
 1848, in Ohio in 1849, and in Illinois in 1851. It 
 was constructed by two companies, the section 
 from Cincinnati to the Indiana and Illinois State 
 line being known as the Eastern Division, and 
 that in Illinois as the Western Division, the 
 gauge, as originally built, being six feet, but 
 reduced in 1871 to standard. The banking firm 
 of Page & Bacon, of St. Louis and San Francisco, 
 were the principal financial backers of the enter- 
 prise. The line was completed and opened for 
 traffic, May 1, 1857. The following year the roail 
 became financially embarrassed; the Eastern Di- 
 vision was placed in the hands of a receiver in 
 1860. while the Western Division was sold under 
 foreclosure, in 1862, and reorganized as the Ohio 
 & Mississippi Railway under act of the Illinois 
 
 Legislature passed in February, 1861. The East- 
 ern Division was sold in January, 1867; and, in 
 November of the same year, the two divisions 
 were consolidated under the title of the Ohio & 
 Mississippi Railway. The Springfield Division 
 was the result of the consolidation, in December. 
 1869, of the Pana, Springfield & Northwestern 
 and the Illinois & Southeastern Railroad each 
 having been chartered in 1867 the new corpo- 
 ration taking the name of the Springfield & Illi- 
 nois Southeastern Railroad, under which name 
 the road was built and opened in March, 1871. In 
 1873, it was placed in the hands of receivers; iu 
 1874 was sold under foreclosure, and, on March 
 1, 1875, passed into the hands of the Ohio & Mis- 
 sissippi Railway Company. In November, 1876, 
 the road was again placed in the hands of a 
 receiver, but was 'restored to the Company in 1884. 
 In November, 1893, the Ohio & Mississippi was 
 consolidated with the Baltimore & Ohio South- 
 western Railroad, which was the successor of the 
 Cincinnati, Washington & Baltimore Railroad, 
 the reorganized Company taking the name of tin- 
 Baltimore & /Ohio Southwestern Railway Com- 
 pany. The total capitalization of the road, as 
 organized in 1898, was $84,770,531. Several 
 branches of the main line in Indiana and Ohio go 
 to increase the aggregate mileage, but bein 
 wholly outside of Illinois are not taken into ar- 
 count in this statement. 
 
 BALTIMORE & OHIO it CHICAGO RAIL- 
 ROAD, part of the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad 
 System, of which only 8.21 out of 265 miles are in 
 Illinois. The principal object of the company's 
 incorporation was to secure entrance for the 
 Baltimore & Ohio into Chicago. The capital 
 stock outstanding exceeds $1,000,000. The total 
 capital (including stock, funded and floating debt) 
 is $20, 329, 166 "or $76,728 per mile. The gross 
 earnings for the year ending June 30, 1898, were 
 $3,383,016 and the operating expenses $2,493,452. 
 The income and earnings for the portion of the. 
 line in Illinois for the same period were $209,208 
 and the expenses $208,096. 
 
 BANGS, Mark, lawyer, was born in Franklin 
 County, Mass., Jan. 9, 1822; spent his boy- 
 hood on a farm in Western New York, and, after 
 a year in an institution at Rochester, came l 
 Chicago in 1844, later spending two years in farm 
 work and teaching in Central Illinois. Return- 
 ing east in 1847, he engaged in teaching for 
 two years at Springfield, Mass., then spent 
 a year in a dry goods store at Lacon, 111., 
 meanwhile prosecuting his legal studies. Ik 
 1851 he began practice, was elected a Judgt 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 35 
 
 of the Circuit Court in 1859 ; served one session 
 as State Senator (1870-72); in 1873 was ap- 
 pointed Circuit Judge to fill the unexpired 
 term of Judge Richmond, deceased, and, in 1875, 
 was appointed by President Grant United States 
 District Attorney for the Northern District, 
 remaining in office four years. Judge Bangs was 
 also a member of the first Anti-Nebraska State 
 Convention of Illinois, held at Springfield in 1854; 
 in 1862 presided over the Congressional Conven- 
 tion which nominated Owen Lovejoy for Congress 
 for the first time ; was one of the charter members 
 of the "Union League of America," serving as its 
 President, and, in 1868, was a delegate to the 
 National Convention which nominated General 
 Grant foi President for the first time. After 
 retiring from the office of District Attorney in 
 1879, he removed to Chicago, where he is still 
 (1898) engaged in the practice of his profession. 
 
 BAMiSOX, Andrew, pioneer and early legis- 
 lator, a native of Tennessee, settled on Silver % 
 Creek, in St. Clair County, 111., four miles south 
 of Lebanon, about 1808 or 1810, and subsequently 
 removed to Washington County. He was a Col- 
 onel of "Rangers" during the War of 1812, and a 
 Captain in the Black Hawk War of 1832. In 
 1822 he was elected to the State Senate from 
 Washington Ceunty, serving four years, and at 
 the session of 1822-23 was one of those who voted 
 against the Convention resolution which had for 
 its object to make Illinois a slave State. He sub- 
 sequently removed to Iowa Territory, but died, in 
 1853, while visiting a son-in-law in Wisconsin. 
 
 BAPTISTS. The first Baptist minister to set- 
 tle in Illinois was Elder James Smith, who 
 located at New Design, in 1787. He was fol- 
 lowed, about 1796-97, by Revs. David Badgley and 
 Joseph Chance, who organized the first Baptist 
 church within the limits of the State. Five 
 churches, having four ministers and 111 mem- 
 bers, formed an association in 1807. Several 
 causes, among them a difference of views on the 
 slavery question, resulted in the division of the 
 denomination into factions. Of these perhaps 
 the most numerous was the Regular (or Mission- 
 ary) Baptists, at the head of which was Rev. John 
 M. Peck, a resident of the State from 1822 until 
 his death (1858). By 1835 the sect had grown, 
 until it had some 350 churches, with about 7,500 
 members. These were under the ecclesiastical 
 care of twenty-two Associations. Rev. Isaac 
 McCoy, a Baptist Indian missionary, preached at 
 Fort Dearborn on Oct. 9, 1825, and, eight years 
 later. Rev. Allen B. Freeman organized the first 
 Baptist society in what was then an infant set- 
 
 tlement. By 1890 the number of Associations 
 had grown to forty, with 1010 churches, 891 
 ministers and 88,884 members. A Baptist Theo- 
 logical Seminary was for some time supported at 
 Morgan Park, but, in 1895, was absorbed by the 
 University of Chicago, becoming the divinity 
 school of that institution. The chief organ of the 
 denomination in Illinois is "The Standard." pub- 
 lished at Chicago. 
 
 BABBER, Hiram, was born in Warren County, 
 N. Y., March 24, 1835. At 11 years of age he 
 accompanied his family to Wisconsin, of which 
 State he was a resident until 1866. After gradu- 
 ating at the State University of Wisconsin, at 
 Madison, he studied law at the Albany Law 
 School, and was admitted to practice. After 
 serving one term as District Attorney of his 
 county in Wisconsin (1861-62), and Assistant 
 Attorney-General of the State for 1865-66, in 
 the latter year he came to Chicago and, in 1878, 
 was elected to Congress by the Republicans of 
 the old Second Illinois District. His home is in 
 Chicago, where he holds the position of Master in 
 Chancery of the Superior Court of Cook County. 
 
 BARDOLPH, a village of McDonough County, 
 on the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad, 7 
 miles northeast of Macomb; has a local paper. 
 Population (1880), 409; (1890), 447; (1900), 387. 
 
 ItAKNSB.Vt k, George Frederick Jnlins, pio- 
 neer, was born in Germany, July 25, 1781 ; came 
 to Philadelphia in 1797, and soon after to Ken- 
 tucky, where he became an overseer; two or 
 three years later visited his native country, suf- 
 fering shipwreck en route in the English Channel ; 
 returned to Kentucky in 1802, remaining until 
 1809, when he removed to what is now Madison 
 (then a part of St. Clair) County, 111. ; served in 
 the War of 1812, farmed and raised stock until 
 1824, when, after a second visit to Germany, he 
 bought a plantation in St. Francois County, Mo. 
 Subsequently becoming disgusted with slavery, 
 he manumitted his slaves and returned to Illinois, 
 locating on a farm near Edwardsville, where he 
 resided until his death in 1869. Mr. Barnsback 
 served as Representative in the Fourteenth Gen- 
 eral Assembly (1844-46) and, after returning from 
 Springfield, distributed his salary among the poor 
 of Madison County. Julius A. (Bamsback), his 
 son, was born in St. Francois County, Mo., May 
 14, 1826; in 1846 became a merchant at Troy, 
 Madison County ; was elected Sheriff in 1860 ; in 
 1864 entered the service as Captain of a Company 
 in the One Hundred and Fortieth Illinois Volun- 
 teers (100-days' men); also served as a member of 
 the Twenty -fourth General Assembly (1865). 
 
36 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 BABNUH, William II ., lawyer and ex-Judge, 
 was born in Onondaga County, N. Y., Feb. 18, 
 1840. When he was but two years old his family 
 removed to St. Clair County, 111., where he passed 
 his boyhood and youth. His preliminary educa- 
 tion was obtained at Belleville, 111-. Ypsilanti, 
 Mich., and at the Michigan State University at 
 Ann Arbor. After leaving the institution last 
 named at the end of the sophomore year, he 
 taught school at Belleville, still pursuing his clas- 
 sical studies. In 1862 he was admitted to the bar 
 at Belleville, and soon afterward opened an office 
 at Chester, where, for a time, he held the oilier 
 of Master in Chancery. He removed to Chicago 
 in 1867, and, in 1879, was elevated to the bench 
 of the Cook County Circuit Court. At the expi- 
 ration of his term he resumed private practice. 
 
 BARRERE, (iranville, was born in Highland 
 County, Ohio. After attending the common 
 schools, he acquired a higher education at Au- 
 gusta, Ky. , and Marietta. Ohio. He was admitted 
 to the bar in his native State, but began the prac- 
 tice of law in Fulton County. 111., in 1856. In 
 1872 he received the Republican nomination for 
 Congress and was elected, representing his dis- 
 trict from 1873 to 1875, at the conclusion of his 
 term retiring to private life. Died at Canton, 
 111., Jan. 13. 1889. 
 
 HARRINGTON, a village located on the north- 
 ern border of Cook County, and partly in Lake, 
 at the intersection of the Chicago & Northwestern 
 and the Elgin, Joliet & Eastern Railway, 32 miles 
 northwest of Chicago. It has banks, a local paper, 
 and several cheese factories, being in a dairying 
 district. Population (1890), 848; (1900), 1,162. 
 
 BARROWS, John Henry, D. !>., clergyman 
 and educator, was born at Medina, Mich., July 
 11, 1847; graduated at Mount Olivet College in 
 1867, and studied theology at Yale, Union and 
 Andover Seminaries. In 1869 he went to Kansas, 
 where he spent two and a half years in mission- 
 ary and educational work. He then (in 1872) 
 accepted a call to the First Congregational 
 Church at Springfield, 111., where he remained a 
 year, after which he gave a year to foreign travel, 
 visiting Europe, Egypt and Palestine, during a 
 part of the time supplying the American chapel 
 in Paris. On his return to the United States he 
 spent six years in pastoral work at Lawrence and 
 East Boston, Mass., when (in November, 1881) he 
 assumed the pastorate of the First Presbyterian 
 Church of Chicago. Dr. Barrows achieved a 
 world-wide celebrity by his services as Chairman 
 of the "Parliament of Religions," a branch of the 
 "World's Congress Auxiliary," held during the 
 
 World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago in 
 1893. Later, he was appointed Professorial Lec- 
 turer on Comparative Religions, under lectureships 
 in connection with the University of Chicago en- 
 dowed by Mrs. Caroline E. Haskell. One of these, 
 established in Dr. Barrows' name, contemplated 
 a series of lectures in India, to be delivered on 
 alternate years with a similar course at the Uni- 
 versity. Courses were delivered at the University 
 in 1895-96, and, in order to carry out the purposes 
 of the foreign lectureship, Dr. Barrows found it 
 necessary to resign his pastorate, which he did in 
 the spring of 1896. After spending the summer 
 in Germany, the regular itinerary of the round- 
 the-world tour began at London in the latter part 
 of November, 1896, ending with his return to the 
 United States by way of San Francisco in May, 
 1897. Dr. Barrows was accompanied by a party 
 of personal friends from Chicago and elsewhere, 
 the tour embracing Visits to the principal cities 
 of Southern Europe, Egypt, Palestine, China and 
 Japan, with a somewhat protracted stay in India 
 during the winter of 1898-97. After his return to 
 the United States he lectured at the University 
 of Chicago and in many of the principal cities of 
 the country, on the moral and religious condition 
 of Oriental nations, but, in 1898, was offered 
 the Presidency of Oberlin College, Ohio, which 
 he accepted, entering upon his duties early in 
 1899. 
 
 HARRY, city in Pike County, founded in 
 1:!6, on Hi.' Wabash Railroad, 18 miles east of 
 1 1. inn II i-il. Mo., and 30 miles southeast of Quincy. 
 The surrounding country is agricultural. The 
 city contains flouring mills, porkpacking and 
 poultry establishments, etc. It has two local 
 papers, two banks, three churches and a high 
 school, besides schools of lower grade. Popula- 
 tion (1880), 1,392; (1890), 1,854; (1900), 1.648. 
 
 BARTLETT, Adolphns Clay, merchant, was 
 Ixjrn of Revolutionary ancestry at Stratford, 
 Fulton County, N. Y. , June 22, 1844 ; was educated 
 in the common schools and at Danville Academy 
 and Clinton Liberal Institute, N. Y. , and, coming 
 to Chicago in 1863, entered into the employment 
 of the hardware firm of Tuttle, Hibbard & Co., 
 now Hibbard, Spencer, Bartlett & Co., of which, 
 a few years later, he became a partner, and later 
 Vice-President of the Company. Mr. Bartlett 
 has also been a Trustee of Beloit College, Presi- 
 dent of the Chicago Home for the Friendless and 
 a Director of the Chicago & Alton Railroad and 
 the Metropolitan National Bank, besides being 
 identified with various other business and benevo- 
 lent associations. 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 37 
 
 BASCOM, (Bev.) Flavel, 1). D., clergyman, 
 was born at Lebanon, Conn., June 8, 1804; spent 
 his boyhood on a farm until 17 years of age, mean- 
 while attending the common schools; prepared 
 for college under a private tutor, and, in 1824, 
 entered Yale College, graduating in 1828. After a 
 year as Principal of the Academy at New Canaan, 
 Conn., he entered upon the study of theology 
 at Yale, was licensed to preach in 1831 and, for 
 the next two years, served as a tutor in the liter- 
 ary department of the college. Then coming to 
 Illinois (1883), he cast his lot with the "Yale 
 Band," organized at Yale College a few years 
 previous; spent five years in missionary work in 
 Tazewell County and two years in Northern Illi- 
 nois as Agent of the Home Missionary Society, 
 exploring new settlements, founding churches 
 and introducing missionaries to new fields of 
 labor. In 1839 he became pastor of the First 
 Presbyterian Church of Chicago, remaining until 
 1849, when he assumed the pastorship of the First 
 Presbyterian Church at Galesburg, this relation 
 continuing until 1856. Then, after a year's serv- 
 ice as the Agent of the American Missionary 
 Association of the Congregational Church, he 
 accepted a call to the Congregational Church at 
 Princeton, where he remained until 1869, when 
 he took charge of the Congregational Church at 
 Hinsdale. From 1878 he served for a consider- 
 able period as a member of the Executive Com- 
 mittee of the Illinois Home Missionary Society; 
 was also prominent in educational work, being 
 one of the founders and, for over twenty-five 
 years, an officer of the Chicago Theological 
 Seminary, a Trustee of Knox College and one of 
 the founders and a Trustee of Beloit College, 
 Wis., from which he received the degree of D. T>. 
 in 1889. Dr. Bascom died at Princeton, 111., 
 August 8, 1890. 
 
 BATAYIA, a city in Kane County, on Fox 
 River and branch lines of the Chicago & North- 
 western and the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy 
 Railroads, 35 miles west of Chicago: has water 
 power and several prosperous manufacturing 
 establishments employing over 1,000 operatives. 
 The city lias fine water-works supplied from an 
 artesian well, electric lighting plant, electric 
 street car lines with interurban connections, two 
 weekly papers, eight churches, two public 
 schools, and private hospital for insane women. 
 Population (1900), 3,871; (1903, est), 4,400. 
 
 BATKMAX, Newton, A. M., LI,. I)., educator 
 and Editor-in-Chief of the "Historical Encyclo- 
 |mdia of Illinois," was born at Fairfield, N. J., 
 July 27, 1822, of mixed English and Scotch an- 
 
 cestry ; was brought by his parents to Illinois in 
 1833; in his youth enjoyed only limited educa- 
 tional advantages, but graduated from Illinois 
 College at Jacksonville in 1843. supporting him- 
 self during his college course wholly by his own 
 labor. Having contemplated entering the Chris- 
 tian ministry, he spent the following year at Lane 
 Theological Seminary, but was compelled to 
 withdraw on account of failing health, when he 
 gave a year to travel. He then entered upon his 
 life-work as a teacher by engaging as Principal 
 of an English and Classical School in St. Louis, 
 remaining there two years, when he accepted the 
 Professorship of Mathematics in St. Charles Col- 
 lege, at St. Charles, Mo., continuing in that 
 position four years (1847-51). Returning to Jack- 
 sonville, 111., in the latter year, he assumed the 
 principalship of the main public school of that 
 city. Here he remained seven years, during four 
 i if them discharging the duties of County Super- 
 intendent of Schools for Morgan County. In the 
 fall of 1857 he became Principal of Jacksonville 
 Female Academy, but the following year was 
 elected State Superintendent of Public Instruc- 
 tion, having been nominated for the office by the 
 Republican State Convention of 1858, which put 
 Abraham Lincoln in nomination for the United 
 .States Senate. By successive re-elections he con- 
 tinued in this office fourteen years, sen-ing con- 
 tinuously from 1859 to 1875, except two years 
 (1863-65), as the result of his defeat for re-election 
 in 1862. He was also endorsed for the same office 
 by the State Teachers' Association in 1856, but 
 was not formally nominated by a State Conven- 
 tion. During his incumbency the Illinois com- 
 mon school system was developed and brought to 
 the state of efficiency which it> lias so well main- 
 tained. He also prepared some seven volumes of 
 biennial reports, portions of which have been 
 republished in five different languages of Europe, 
 besides a volume of "Common School Decisions," 
 originally published by authority of the General 
 Assembly, and of which several editions have 
 since been issued. This volume lias been recog- 
 nized by the courts, and is still regarded as 
 authoritative on the subjects to which it relates. 
 In addition to his official duties during a part of 
 this period, for three years he served as editor of 
 "The Illinois Teacher," and was one of a com- 
 mittee of three which prepared tlie bill adopted 
 by Congress creating the National Bureau of 
 Education. Occupying a room in the old State 
 Capitol at Springfield adjoining that used as an 
 office by Abraham Lincoln during the first candi- 
 dacy of the latter for the Presidency, in 1860. a 
 
 I 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 close intimacy sprang up between the two men, 
 which enabled the "School-master," as Mr. Lin- 
 coln playfully called the Doctor, to acquire an 
 insight into the character of the future emanci- 
 pator of a race, enjoyed by few men of that time, 
 and of which he gave evidence by his lectures 
 full of interesting reminiscence and eloquent 
 appreciation of the high character of the "Martyr 
 President." A few months after his retirement 
 from the State Superintendency (1875), Dr. Bate- 
 man was offered and accepted the Presidency of 
 Knox College at Galesburg, remaining until 1893, 
 when he voluntarily tendered his resignation. 
 This, after having been repeatedly urged upon 
 the Board, was finally accepted ; but that body 
 immediately, and by unanimous vote, appointed 
 him President Emeritus and Professor of Mental 
 and Moral Science, under which he continued to 
 discharge his duties as a special lecturer as his 
 health enabled him to do so. During his incum- 
 bency as President of Knox College, he twice 
 received a tender of the Presidency of Iowa State 
 University and the Chancellorship of two other 
 important State institutions. He also served, by 
 appointment of successive Governors between 1877 
 and 1891, as a member of the State Board of 
 Health, for four years of this period being Presi- 
 dent of the Board. In February, 1878, Dr. Bate- 
 man, unexpectedly and without solicitation on his 
 part, received from President Hayes an appoint- 
 ment as "Assay Commissioner" to examine and 
 test the fineness and weight of United States 
 coins, in accordance with the provisions of the 
 act of Congress of June 22, 1874, and discharged 
 the duties assigned at the mint in Philadelphia. 
 Never of a very strong physique, which was 
 rather weakened by his privations while a stu- 
 dent and his many years of close confinement to 
 mental labor, towards the close of his life Dr. 
 Bateman suffered much from a chest trouble 
 which finally developed into "angina pectoris," 
 or heart disease, from which, as the result of a 
 most painful attack, he died at his home in Gales- 
 burg, Oct. 21, 1897. The event produced the 
 most profound sorrow, not only among his associ- 
 ates in the Faculty and among the students of 
 Knox College, but a large number of friends 
 throughout the State, who had known him offi- 
 cially or personally, and had learned to admire 
 his many noble and beautiful traits of character. 
 His funeral, which occurred at Galesburg on 
 Oct. 25, called out an immense concourse of 
 sorrowing friends. Almost the last labors per- 
 formed by Dr. Bateman were in the revision of 
 matter for this volume, in which he manifested 
 
 the deepest interest from the time of his assump- 
 tion of the duties of its Editor-in-Chief. At the 
 time of his death he had the satisfaction of know- 
 ing that his work in this field was practically 
 complete. Dr. Bateman had been twice married, 
 first in 1850 to Miss Sarah Dayton of Jacksonville, 
 who died in 1857, and a second time in October, 
 1859, to Miss Annie N. Tyler, of Massachusetts 
 (but for some time a teacher in Jacksonville 
 Female Academy), who died, May 28, 1878. 
 Clifford Rush (Bateman), a son of Dr. Bateman 
 by his first marriage, was born at Jacksonville, 
 March 7, 1854, graduated at Amherst College and 
 later from the law department of Columbia Col- 
 lege, New York, afterwards prosecuting his 
 studies at Berlin, Heidelberg and Paris, finally 
 becoming Professor of Administrative Law and 
 Government in Columbia College a position 
 especially created for him. He had filled this 
 position a little over one year when his career 
 which was one of great promise was cut short by 
 death, Feb. 6, 1883. Three daughters of Dr. Bate- 
 man survive all the wives of clergymen. P. S. 
 
 BATES, Clara Doty, author, was born at Ann 
 Arbor, Mich., Dec. 22, 1838; published her first 
 book in 1868; the next year married Morgan 
 Bates, a Chicago publisher; wrote much for 
 juvenile periodicals, besides stories and poems, 
 some of the most popular among the latter being 
 "Blind Jakey" (1868) and "JEsop's Fables" in 
 verse (1873). She was the collector of a model 
 library for children, for the World's Columbian 
 Exposition, 1893. Died in Chicago, Oct. 14, 1895. 
 BATES, Uraslns Newton, soldier and State 
 Treasurer, was born at Plainfield, Mass., Feb. 29, 
 1828, being descended from Pilgrims of the May- 
 flower. When 8 years of age he was brought by 
 his father to Ohio, where the latter soon after- 
 ward died. For several years he lived with an 
 uncle, preparing himself for college and earning 
 money by teaching and manual labor. He gradu- 
 ated from Williams College, Mass., in 1853, and 
 commenced the study of law in New York City, 
 but later removed to Minnesota, where he served 
 as a member of the Constitutional Convention of 
 1856 and was elected to the State Senate in 1857. 
 In 1859 he removed to Centralia, 111., and com- 
 menced practice there in August, 1862; was com- 
 missioned Major of the Eightieth Illinois 
 Volunteers, being successively promoted to the 
 rank of Lieutenant-Colonel and Colonel, and 
 finally brevetted Brigadier-General. For fifteen 
 months he was a prisoner of war, escaping from 
 Libby Prison only to be recaptured and later 
 exposed to the fire of the Union batteries at Mor- 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 39 
 
 ris Island, Charleston harbor. In 1866 he was 
 elected to the Legislature, and, in 1868, State 
 Treasurer, being re-elected to the latter office 
 under the new Constitution of 1870, and serving 
 until January, 1873. Died at Minneapolis, 
 Minn., May 29, 1898, and was buried at Spring- 
 field. 
 
 BATES, George (.'., lawyer and politician, was 
 born in Canandaigua, N. Y . and removed to 
 Michigan in 1834 ; in 1849 was appointed United 
 States District Attorney for that State, but re- 
 moved to California in 1830, where he became a 
 member of the celebrated "Vigilance Committee" 
 at San Francisco, and, in 1856, delivered the first 
 Republican speech there. From 1861 to 1871, he 
 practiced law in Chicago; the latter year was 
 appointed District Attorney for Utah, serving 
 two years, in 1878 ^ removing to Denver, Colo., 
 where he died, Feb. 11, 1886. Mr. Bates was an 
 orator of much reputation, and was selected to 
 express the thanks of the citizens of Chicago to 
 Gen. B. J. Sweet, commandant of Camp Douglas, 
 after the detection and defeat of the Camp Doug- 
 las conspiracy in November, 1864 a duty which 
 he performed in an address of great eloquence. 
 At an early day he married the widow of Dr. 
 Alexander Wolcott, for a number of years previ- 
 ous to 1830 Indian Agent at Chicago, his wife 
 being a daughter of John Kinzie, the first white 
 settler of Chicago. 
 
 BATH, a village of Mason County, on the 
 Jacksonville branch of the Chicago, Peoria & St. 
 Louis Railway, 8 miles south of Havana. Popu- 
 lation (1880), 439; (1890), 384; (1900), 330. 
 
 BATI.IS, a corporate village of Pike County, 
 on the main line of the Wabash Railway, 40 miles 
 southeast of Quinsy ; lias one newspaper. Popu- 
 lation (1890), 368; (1900), 340. 
 
 BAYLISS, Alfred, Superintendent of Public 
 Instruction, was born about 1846, served as a 
 private in the First Michigan Cavalry the last 
 two years of the Civil War, and graduated from 
 Hillsdale College (Mich.), in 1870, supporting 
 himself during his college course by work upon a 
 farm and teaching. After serving three years as 
 County Superintendent of Schools in La Grange 
 County, linl . in 1874 he came to Illinois and 
 entered upon the vocation of a teacher in the 
 northern part of the State. He served for some 
 time as Superintendent of Schools for the city of 
 Sterling, afterwards becoming Principal of the 
 Township High School at Streator, where he was, 
 in 1898, when he received the nomination for the 
 office of Ptate Superintendent of Public Instruc- 
 tion, to which he was elected in November follow- 
 
 ing by a plurality over his Democratic opponent 
 of nearly 70,000 votes. 
 
 BEARD, Thomas, pioneer and founder of the 
 city of Bean 1st own, 111.,. was born in Granville, 
 Washington County, N. Y., in 1795, taken to 
 Northeastern Ohio in 1800, and, in 1818, removed 
 to Illinois, living for a time about Edwardsville 
 and Alton. In 1820 he went to the locality of 
 the present city of Beardstown. and later estab- 
 lished there the first ferry across the Illinois 
 River. In 1827, in conjunction with Enoch 
 March of Morgan County, he entered the land on 
 which Beardstown was platted in 1829. Died, at 
 Beardstown, in November, 1849. 
 
 BEARDSTOWN, a city in Cass County, on the 
 Illinois River, being the intersecting point for 
 the Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern and the Chi- 
 cago, Burlington & Quincy Railways, and the 
 northwestern terminus of the former. It is 111 
 miles north of St. Louis and 90 miles south of 
 Peoria. Thomas Beard, for whom the town wag 
 named, settled here about 1820 and soon after- 
 wards established the first ferry across the Illi- 
 nois River. In 1827 the land was patented by 
 Beard and Enoch March, and the town platted, 
 and, during the Black Hawk War of 1832, it 
 became a principal base of supplies for the Illi- 
 nois volunteers. The city has six churches and 
 three schools (including a high school), two banks 
 and two daily newspapers. Several branches of 
 manufacturing are carried on here flouring and 
 saw mills, cooperage works, an axe-handle fac- 
 tory, two button factories, two stave factories, 
 one shoe factory, large machine shops, and others 
 of less importance. The river is spanned here by 
 a fine railroad bridge, costing some $300,000. 
 Population (1B90), 4,226; (1900), 4,827. 
 
 ItV.U HIKN, Jean Baptiste, the second per* 
 manent settler on the site of Chicago, was born 
 at Detroit in 1780, became clerk of a fur-trader on 
 Grand River, married an Ottawa woman for his 
 first wife, and, in 1800, had a trading-post at Mil* 
 waukee, which he maintained until 1818. Ha 
 visited Chicago as early as 1804, bought a cabin 
 there soon after the Fort Dearborn massacre ot 
 1812, married the daughter of Francis La Fram- 
 boise, a French trader, and, in 1818, became 
 agent of the American Fur Company, having 
 charge of trading posts at Mackinaw and else* 
 where. After 1823 he occupied the building 
 known as "the factory," just outside of Fort Dear* 
 born, which had belonged to the Government, 
 but removed to a farm on the Des Plaines in 1840. 
 Out of the ownership of this building grew his 
 claim to the right, in 1835, to enter seventy-five 
 
40 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 acres of land belonging to the Fort Dearborn 
 reservation. The claim was allowed by the Land 
 Office officials and sustained by the State courts, 
 but disallowed by the Supreme Court of the 
 United States after long litigation. An attempt 
 was made to revive this claim in Congress in 
 1878, but it was reported upon adversely by a 
 Senate Committee of which the late Senator 
 Thomas F. Bayard was chairman. Mr. Beaubien 
 was evidently a man of no little prominence in 
 his day. He led a company of Chicago citizens 
 to the Black Hawk War in 1832, was appointed 
 by the Governor the first Colonel of Militia for 
 Cook County, and, in 1850, was commissioned 
 Brigadier-General. In 1858 he removed to Nash- 
 ville, Tenn.. and died there, Jan. 5, 1863. Mark 
 (Beaubien), a younger brother of Gen. Beaubien, 
 was born in Detroit in 1800, came to Chicago in 
 1826, and bought a log house of James Kinzie, in 
 which he kept a hotel for some time. Later, he 
 erected the first frame building in Chicago, which 
 was known as the "Sauganash," and in which he 
 kept a hotel until 1834. He also engaged in mer- 
 chandising, but was not successful, ran the first 
 ferry across the South Branch of the Chicago 
 River, and served for many years as lighthouse 
 keeper at Chicago. About 1834 the Indians trans- 
 ferred to him a reservation of 640 acres of land on 
 the Calumet, for which, some forty years after- 
 wards, he received a patent which had been 
 signed by Martin Van Buren he having previ- 
 ously been ignorant of its existence. He was 
 married twice and had a family of twenty-two 
 children. Died, at Kankakee, 111., April 16, 1881. 
 Madore II. (Beaubien), the second son of 
 General Beaubien by his Indian wife, was born 
 on Grand River in Michigan, July 15, 1809, joined 
 his father in Chicago, was educated in a Baptist 
 Mission School where Niles, Mich., now stands; 
 was licensed as a merchant in Chicago in 1831, 
 but failed as a business man; served as Second 
 Lieutenant of the Naperville Company in the 
 Black Hawk War, and later was First Lieutenant 
 of a Chicago Company. His first wife was ;\. 
 white woman, from whom he separated, after- 
 wards marrying an Indian woman. He left Illi- 
 nois with the Pottawatomies in 1840, resided at 
 Council Bluffs and. later, in Kansas, being for 
 many years the official interpreter of the tribe 
 and, for some time, one of six Commissioners 
 employed by the Indians to look after their 
 affairs with the United States Government. 
 Alexander (Beaubien). son of General Beau- 
 bien by his white wife, was born in one of the 
 buildings belonging to Fort Dearborn, Jan. 28, 
 
 1822. In 1840 he accompanied his father to his 
 farm on the Des Plaines, but returned to Chicago 
 in 1862, and for years past has been employed on 
 the Chicago police force. 
 
 BEBB, William, Governor of Ohio, was born 
 in Hamilton County in that State in 1802; taught 
 school at North Bend, the home of William Henry 
 Harrison, studied law and practiced at Hamilton ; 
 served as Governor of Ohio, 1846-48; later led a 
 Welsh colony to Tennessee, but left at the out- 
 break of the Civil War, removing to Winnebago 
 County, 111., where he had purchased a large 
 body of land. He was a man of uncompromising 
 loyalty and high principle ; served as Examiner 
 of Pensions by appointment of President Lincoln 
 and, in 1868, took a prominent part in the cam- 
 paign which resulted in Grant's first election to 
 the Presidency. Died at Rockford, Oct. 23, 1873. 
 A daughter of Governor Bebb married Hon. 
 John P. Reynolds, for many years the Secretary 
 of the Illinois State Agricultural Society, and, 
 during the World's Columbian Exposition, 
 Director-in-Chief of the Illinois Board of World's 
 Fair Commissioners. 
 
 BECKER, Charles St. >., ex-State Treasurer, 
 was born in Germany. June 14, 1840, and brought 
 to this country by his i>arents at the age of 11 
 years, the family settling in St. Clair County. 111. 
 Early in the Civil War he enlisted in the Twelfth 
 Missouri regiment, and, at the battle of Pea 
 Ridge, was so severely wounded that it was 
 found necessary to amputate one of his legs. In 
 1866 he was elected Sheriff of St. Clair County, 
 and, from 1872 to 1880, he served as clerk of the 
 St. Clair Circuit Court. He also served several 
 terms as a City Councilman of Belleville. In 1888 
 he was elected State Treasurer on the Republican 
 ticket, serving from Jan. 14, 1889, to Jan. 12, 1891. 
 
 BECKWITH, Corydon, lawyer and jurist, was 
 l>orn in Vermont in 1823, and educated at Provi- 
 dence, R. I. , and Wrentham, Mass. He read law 
 and was admitted to the bar in St. Albans, Vt., 
 where he practiced for two years. In 1853 he 
 removed to Chicago, and, in January, 1864, was 
 appointed by Governor Yates a Justice of the 
 Supreme Court, to fill the five remaining months 
 of the unexpired term of Judge Caton. who had 
 resigned. On retiring from the bench he re- 
 sumed private practice. Died, August 1H, 189(1. 
 
 BECKWITH, Hiram Williams, lawyer and 
 author, was born at Danville, 111., March 5. 1H33. 
 Mr. Beckwith's father. Dan W. Beckwith, a pio- 
 neer settler of Eastern Illinois and one of the 
 founders of the city of Danville, was a native of 
 Wyalusing, Pa., where he was born about 1789, 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 41 
 
 his mother being, in her girlhood, Hannah York, 
 one of the survivors of the famous Wyoming 
 massacre of 1778. In 1817, the senior Beckwith, 
 iu company with his brother George, descended 
 the Ohio River, afterwards ascending the Wabash 
 to where Terre Haute now stands, but finally 
 locating in what is now a part of Edgar County, 
 III. A year later he removed to the vicinity of 
 the present site of the city of Danville. Having 
 been employed for a time in a surveyor's 
 corps, he finally became a surveyor himself, and, 
 on the organization of Vermilion County, served 
 for a time as County Surveyor by appointment of 
 the Governor, and was also employed by the 
 General Government in surveying lands in the 
 eastern part of the State, some of the Indian 
 reservations in that section of the State being 
 set off by him. In connection with Guy W. 
 Smith, then "Receiver of Public Moneys in the 
 Land Office at Palestine, 111., he donated the 
 ground on which the county-seat of Vermilion 
 County was located, and it took the name of Dan- 
 ville from his first name "Dan." In 1830 he 
 was elected Representative in the State Legisla- 
 ture for the District composed of Clark, Edgar, 
 and Vermilion Counties, then including all that 
 section of the State between Crawford County 
 and the Kankakee River. He died in 1835. 
 Hiram, the subject of this sketch, thus left 
 fatherless at less than three years of age, received 
 only such education as was afforded in the com- 
 mon schools of that period. Nevertheless, he 
 began the study of law in the Danville office of 
 Lincoln & Lamon, and was admitted to practice 
 in 1854, 'about the time of reaching his majority. 
 He continued in their office and, on the removal 
 of Lamon to Bloomington in 1859, he succeeded 
 to the business of the firm at Danville. Mr. 
 Lamon who, on Mr. Lincoln's accession to the 
 Presidency in 1861, became Marshal of the Dis- 
 trict of Columbia was distantly related to Mr. 
 Beckwith by a second marriage of the mother of 
 the latter. While engaged in the practice of his 
 profession, Mr. Beckwith has been over thirty 
 years a zealous collector of records and other 
 material liearing upon the early history of Illinois 
 and the Northwest, and is probably now the 
 owner of one of the most complete and valuable 
 collections of Americana in Illinois. He is also 
 the author of several monographs on historic 
 themes, including "The Winnebago War," "The 
 Illinois and Indiana Indians," and "Historic 
 Notes of the Northwest," published in the "Fer- 
 gus Series." besides having edited an edition of 
 "Reynolds' History of Illinois" (published by the 
 
 same firm) , which he has enriched by the addition 
 of valuable notes. During 1895-96 he contributed 
 a series of valuable articles to "The Chicago 
 Tribune" on various features of early Illinois and 
 Northwest history. In 1890 he was appointed by 
 Governor Fifer a member of the first Board of 
 Trustees of the Illinois State Historical Library, 
 serving until the expiration of his term in 1894, 
 and was re-appointed to the same position by 
 Governor Tanner in 1897, in each case being 
 chosen President of the Board. 
 
 BEECHEB, Charles A., attorney and railway 
 solicitor, was born in Herkimer County, N. Y., 
 August 37, 1829, but, in 1836, removed with his 
 family to Licking County, Ohio, where he lived 
 upon a farm until he reached the age of 18 years. 
 Having taken a course in the Ohio Wesleyan 
 University at Delaware, in 1854 he removed to 
 Illinois, locating at Fairfield, Wayne County, 
 and began the study of law in the office of his 
 brother, Edwin Beecher, being admitted to prac- 
 tice in 1855. In 1867 he united with others in the 
 organization of the Illinois Southeastern Rail- 
 road projected from Shawneetown to Edgewood 
 on the Illinois Central in Effingham County. 
 This enterprise was consolidated, a year or two 
 later, with the Pana, Springfield & Northwest- 
 ern, taking the name of the Springfield & Illinois 
 Southeastern, under which name it was con- 
 structed and opened for traffic in 1871. (This 
 line which Mr. Beecher served for some time 
 as Vice- President now constitutes the Beards- 
 town & Shawneetown Division of the Baltimore 
 & Ohio Southwestern.) The Springfield & Illi- 
 nois Southeastern Company having fallen into 
 financial difficulty in 1873, Mr. Beecher was 
 appointed receiver of the road, and, for a time, 
 had control of its operation as agent for the bond- 
 holders. In 1875 the line was conveyed to the 
 Ohio & Mississippi Railroad (now a part of the 
 Baltimore & Ohio), when Mr. Beecher became 
 General Counsel of the controlling corporation, 
 so remaining until 1888. Since that date he lias 
 been one of the assistant counsel of the Baltimore 
 & Ohio system. His present home is in Cincin- 
 nati, although for over a quarter of a century he 
 has been prominently identified with one of the 
 most important railway enterprises in Southern 
 Illinois. In politics Mr. Beecher has always been 
 a Republican, and was one of the few in Wayne 
 County who voted for Fremont in 1856, and for 
 Lincoln in 1860. He was also a member of 
 the Republican State Central Committee of 
 Illinois from 1860 for a period of ten or twelve 
 vears. 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 BEECHER, Edward, D. I)., clergyman and 
 educator, was born at East Hampton, L. I., 
 August 27, 1803 the son of Rev. Lyman Beecher 
 and the elder brother of Henry Ward ; graduated 
 at Yale College in 1832, taught for over a year at 
 Hartford, Conn., studied theology, and after a 
 year's service as tutor in Yale College, in 
 1826 was ordalhed pastor of the Park Street 
 Congregational Church in Boston. In 1830 
 he became President of Illinois College at 
 Jacksonville, remaining until 1844, when he 
 resigned and returned to Boston, serving as 
 pastor of the Salem Street Church in that 
 city until 1856, also acting as senior editor of 
 "The Congregationalist' ' for four years. In 1856 
 he returned to Illinois as pastor of the First Con- 
 gregational Church at Galesburg, continuing 
 until 1871, when he removed to Brooklyn, where 
 he resided without pastoral charge, except 1885- 
 89, when he was pastor of the Parkville Congre- 
 gational Church. While President of Illinois 
 College, that institution was exposed to much 
 hostile criticism on account of his outspoken 
 opposition to slavery, as shown by his participa- 
 tion in founding the first Illinois State Anti- 
 Slavery Society and his eloquent denunciation of 
 the murder of Elijah P. Lovejoy. Next to his 
 brother Henry Ward, he was probably the most 
 powerful orator belonging to that gifted family, 
 and. in connection with his able associates in the 
 faculty of the Illinois College, assisted to give 
 that institution a wide reputation as a nursery 
 of independent thought. Up to a short time 
 before his death, he was a prolific writer, his 
 productions (besides editorials, reviews and con- 
 tributions on a variety of subjects) including 
 nine or ten volumes, of which the most impor- 
 tant are: "Statement of Anti-Slavery Principles 
 and Address to the People of Illinois" (1837); 
 "A Plea for Illinois College"; "History of the 
 Alton Riots" (1838); "The Concord of Ages" 
 (1853); "The Conflict of Ages" (1854); "Papal 
 Conspiracy Exposed" (1854), besides a number 
 of others invariably on religious or anti-slavery 
 topics. Died in Brooklyn, July 28, 1895. 
 
 BEECHER, William H., clergyman oldest 
 son of Rev. Lyman Beecher and brother of 
 Edward and Henry Ward was born at East 
 Hampton, N. Y., educated at home and at An- 
 dover, became a Congregationalist clergyman, 
 occupying pulpits at Newport. R. I., Batavia, 
 N. Y.. and Cleveland, Ohio; came to Chicago in 
 his later years, dying at the home of his daugh- 
 ters in that city, June 23. 1889. 
 
 BEGGS, (Rev.) Stephen R., pioneer Methodist 
 
 Episcopal preacher, was born in Buckingham 
 County, Va., March 30, 1801. His father, who 
 was opposed to slavery, moved to Kentucky in 
 1805, but remained there only two years, when he 
 removed to Clark County, Ind. The son enjoyed 
 but poor educational advantages here, obtaining 
 his education chiefly by his own efforts in what 
 he called "Brush College." At the age of 21 he 
 entered the ministry of the Methodist Episcopal 
 Church, during the next ten years traveling 
 different circuits in Indiana. In 1831 he was 
 appointed to Chicago, but the Black Hawk War 
 coming on immediately thereafter, he retired to 
 Plainfleld. Later he traveled various circuits in 
 Illinois, until 1868, when he was superannuated, 
 occupying his time thereafter in writing remi- 
 niscences of his early history. A volume of this 
 character published by him, was entitled "Pages 
 from the Early History of the West and North- 
 west." He died at Plainfield, 111., Sept. 9, 1895, 
 in the 95th year of his age. 
 
 BEIDLER, Henry, early settler, was born of 
 German extraction in Bucks County, Pa., Nov. 
 27, 1812; came to Illinois in 1843, settling first at 
 Springfield, where he carried on the grocery 
 business for five years, then removed to Chicago 
 and engaged in the lumber trade in connection 
 with a brother, afterwards carrying on a large 
 lumber manufacturing business at Muskegon, 
 Mich., which proved very profitable. In 1871 
 Mr. Beidler retired from the lumber trade, in- 
 vesting largely in west side real estate in the city 
 of Chicago, which appreciated rapidly in value, 
 making him one of the most wealthy real estate 
 owners in Chicago. Died, March 16, 1893. Jacob 
 (Beidler), brother of the preceding, was born in 
 Bucks County, Penn., in 1815; came west in 
 1842, first began working as a carpenter, but 
 later engaged in the grocery business with his 
 brother at Springfield, 111. ; in 1844 removed to 
 Chicago, where he was joined by his brother four 
 years later, when they engaged largely in the 
 lumber trade. Mr. Beidler retired from business 
 in 1891, devoting his attention to large real estate 
 investments. He was a liberal contributor to 
 religious, educational and benevolent institutions. 
 Died in Chicago, March 15, 1898. 
 
 BELFIELD, Henry Holmes, educator, was 
 born in Philadelphia, Nov. 17, 1837; was educated 
 at an Iowa College, and for a time was tutor in 
 the same ; during the War of the Rebellion served 
 in the army of the Cumberland, first as Lieuten- 
 ant and afterwards as Adjutant of the Eighth 
 Iowa Cavalry, still later lieing upon the staff of 
 Gen. E. M. McCook, and taking part in the 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 Atlanta and Nashville campaigns. While a 
 prisoner in the hands of the rebels he was placed 
 under fire of the Union batteries at Charleston. 
 Coming to Chicago in 1866, he served as Principal 
 in various public schools, including the North 
 Division High School. He was one of the earli- 
 est advocates of manual training, and, on the 
 establishment of the Chicago Manual Training 
 School in 1884, was appointed its Director a 
 position which he has continued to occupy. 
 During 1891-92 he made a trip to Europe by 
 appointment of the Government, to investigate 
 the school systems in European countries. 
 
 BELKNAP, Hugh Reid, ex-Member of Congress, 
 was born in Keokuk, Iowa, Sept. 1, 1860, being 
 the son of W. W. Belknap, for some time Secre- 
 tary of War under President Grant. After 
 attending the public schools of his native city, 
 he took a course at Adams Academy, Quincy, 
 Mass., and at Phillips Academy, Andover, when 
 he entered the service of the Baltimore & Ohio 
 Railroad, where he remained twelve years in 
 various departments, finally becoming Chief 
 Clerk of the General Manager. In 1892 he retired 
 from this position to become Superintendent of 
 the South Side Elevated Railroad of Chicago. 
 He never held any political position until nomi- 
 nated (1894) as a Republican for the Fifty-fourth 
 Congress, in the strongly Democratic Third Dis- 
 trict of Chicago. Although the returns showed 
 a plurality of thirty -one votes for his Democratic 
 opponent (Lawrence McGann), a recount proved 
 him elected, when, Mr. McGann having volun- 
 tarily withdrawn, Mr. Belknap was unanimously 
 awarded the seat. In 1896 he was re-elected 
 from a District usually strongly Democratic, 
 receiving a plurality of 590 votes, but was 
 defeated by his Democratic opponent in 1898, retir- 
 ing from Congress, March 3, 1899, when he re- 
 ceived an appointment as Paymaster in the Army 
 from President McKinley, with the rank of Major. 
 BELL, Robert, lawyer, was born in Lawrence 
 County, 111., in 1829, educated at Mount Carmel 
 and Indiana State University at Bloomington, 
 graduating from the law department of the 
 latter in 1855; while yet in his minority edited 
 "The Mount Carmel Register," during 1851-52 
 becoming joint owner and editor of the same 
 with his brother, Victor D. Bell. After gradu- 
 ation he opened an office at Fairfield, Wayne 
 County, but. in 1857, returned to Mount Carmel 
 and from 1864 was the partner of Judge E. B. 
 Green, until the appointment of the latter Chief 
 Justice of Oklahoma by President Harrison in 
 1890. In 1869 Mr. Bell was appointed County 
 
 Judge of Lawrence County, being elected to the 
 same office in 1894. He was also President 
 of the Illinois Southern Railroad Company 
 until it was merged into the Cairo & Vincennes 
 Road in 1867 ; later became President of the St. 
 Louis & Mt. Carmel Railroad, now a part of the 
 Louisville, Evansville & St. Louis line, and 
 secured the construction of the division from 
 Princeton, Ind., to Albion, 111. In 1876 he visited 
 California as Special Agent of the Treasury 
 Department to investigate alleged frauds in the 
 Revenue Districts on the Pacific Coast; in 1878 
 was an unsuccessful candidate for Congress on 
 the Republican ticket in the strong Democratic 
 Nineteenth District; was appointed, the same 
 year, a member of the Republican State Central 
 Committee for the. State-at-large, and, in 1881, 
 officiated by appointment of President Garfield, 
 as Commissioner to examine a section of the 
 Atlantic & Pacific Railroad in New Mexico. 
 Judge Bell is a gifted stump-speaker and is known 
 in the southeastern part of the State as the 
 "Silver-tongued Orator of the Wabash." 
 
 BELLEVILLE, the county-seat of St. Clair 
 County, a city and railroad center, 14 miles south 
 of east from St. Louis. It is one of the oldest 
 towns in the State, having been selected as the 
 county-seat in 1814 and platted in 1815. It lies 
 in the center of a rich agricultural and coal-bear- 
 ing district and contains numerous factories of 
 various descriptions, including flouring mills, a 
 nail mill, glass works and shoe factories. It has 
 five newspaper establishments, two being Ger- 
 man, whicb issue daily editions. Its commercial 
 and educational facilities are exceptionally good. 
 Its population is largely of German descent. 
 Population (1890). 15,361 ; (1900). 17,484. 
 
 BELLEVILLE, CEMTRALIA & EASTERN 
 RAILROAD. (See Louisritle, Eransrille * St. 
 Louis (CimsoliJuti'd) Kailroad.) 
 
 BELLEVILLE A- CARONDELET RAILROAD, 
 a short line of road extending from Belleville to 
 East Carondelet. 111. , 17. 3 miles. It was chartered 
 Feb. 20, 1881, and leased to the St. Louis, Alton 
 & Terre Haute Railroad Company, June 1, 1883. 
 The annual rental is $30,000, a sum equivalent to 
 the interest on the bonded debt. The capital 
 stock (1895) is 500,0(10 and the bonded debt $485,- 
 000. In addition to these sums the floating debt 
 swells the entire capitalization to $995,054 or $57,- 
 317 per mile. 
 
 BELLEVILLE i ELDORADO RAILROAD, 
 a road 50.4 miles in length running from Belle- 
 ville to Duquoin, 111. It was chartered Feb. 22. 
 1861, and completed Oct. 31, 1871. On July 1, 
 
L. 
 
 44 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 1880, it was leased to the St Louis, Alton & 
 Terre Haute Railroad Company for 486 years, and 
 has since been operated by that corporation in 
 connection with its Belleville branch, from East 
 St. Louis to Belleville. At Eldorado the road 
 intersects the Cairo & Vincennes Railroad and 
 the Shawneetown branch of the St. Louis & 
 Southeastern Railroad, operated by the Louisville 
 & Npshville Railroad Company. Its capital 
 stock (1895) is $1,000,000 and its bonded debt 
 $550,000. The corporate office is at Belleville. 
 
 BELLEVILLE * ILL1NOISTOWN RAILROAD. 
 (See St. Louis, Alton & Terre Haute Ruilroail.) 
 
 BELLEVILLE & SOUTHERN ILLINOIS 
 RAILROAD, a road (laid with steel rails) run- 
 ning from Belleville to Duquoin, 111., 56.4 miles 
 in length. It was chartered Feb. 15, 1857, and 
 completed Dec. 15, 1873. At Duquoin it connects 
 with the Illinois Central and forms a short line 
 between St. Louis and Cairo. Oct. 1, 1866, it was 
 leased to the St. Louis, Alton & Terre Haute 
 Railroad Company for 999 years. The capital 
 stock is $1,692,000 and the bonded debt $1,000,- 
 000. The corporate office is at Belleville. 
 
 BELLMONT, a village of Wabash County, on 
 the Louisville, Evansville & St. Louis Railway, 9 
 miles west of Mount Carmel. Population (1880), 
 350; (1890), 487; (1900), 624. 
 
 BELT RAILWAY COMPANY OF CHICAGO, 
 THE, a corporation chartered, Nov. 22, 1882, and 
 the lessee of the Belt Division of the Chicago & 
 Western Indiana Railroad (which see). Its total 
 trackage (all of standard gauge and laid with 66- 
 pound steel rails) is 93.26 miles, distributed as fol- 
 lows: Auburn Junction to Chicago, Milwaukee & 
 St. PaulJunction, 15.9 miles; branches from Pull- 
 man Junction to Irondale, 111., etc., 5.41 miles; 
 second track, 14.1 miles; sidings, 57.85 miles. 
 The cost of construction has been 524,549; capi- 
 tal stock, $1,200,000. It has no funded debt. 
 The earnings for the year ending June 30, 1895, 
 were $556,847, the operating expenses $378,012, 
 and the taxes $51,009. 
 
 BELVIDERE,an incorporated city, the county- 
 seat of Boone County, situated on the Kishwau- 
 kee River, and on two divisions of the Chicago & 
 Northwestern Railroad, 78 miles west-northwest 
 of Chicago and 14 miles east of Rockford ; is con- 
 nected with the latter city by electric railroad. 
 The city has twelve churches, five graded schools, 
 and three banks (two national). Two daily and 
 two semi-weekly papers are published here. Bel- 
 videre also has very considerable manufacturing 
 interests, including manufactories of sewing ma- 
 chines, bicycles, automobiles, besides a large 
 
 milk-condensing factory and two creameries. 
 Population (1890), 3,807; (1900), 6,937. 
 
 BEMENT, a village in Piatt County, at inter- 
 section of main line and Chicago Division of 
 Wabash Railroad, 20 miles east of Decatur and 
 166 miles south -south west of Chicago; in agri- 
 cultural and stock-raising district; has three 
 grain elevators, broom factory, water- works, elec- 
 tric-light plant, four churches, two bunks and 
 weekly paper. Pop. (1890), 1,129; (1BOO), 1,484. 
 
 lit! VI V M I V Renhen Moore, lawyer, born at 
 Chatham Centre, Columbia County, N. Y., June 
 29, 1833; was educated at Amherst College, Am- 
 lierst, Mass. ; spent one year in the law depart- 
 ment of Harvard, another as tutor at Amherst 
 and, in 1856, came to Bloomington, 111., where, on 
 an examination certificate furnished by Abraham 
 Lincoln, he was licensed to practice. The first 
 public office held by Mr. Benjamin was that of 
 Delegate to the State Constitutional Convention 
 of 1869-70, in which he took a prominent part in 
 shaping the provisions of the new Constitution 
 relating to corporations. In 1873 he was chosen 
 County Judge of McLean County, by repeated 
 re-elections holding the position until 1886, when 
 he resumed private practice. For more than 
 twenty years he lias been connected with the law 
 department of Wesleyan University at Blooming- 
 ton, a part of the time being Dean of the Faculty ; 
 is also the author of several volumes of legal 
 text-books. 
 
 BENNETT MEDICAL COLLEGE, an Eclectic 
 Medical School of Chicago, incorporated by 
 special charter and opened in the autumn of 
 1868. Its first sessions were held in two large 
 rooms ; its faculty consisted of seven professors, 
 and there were thirty matriculates. More com- 
 modious quarters were secured the following 
 year, and a still better home after the fire of 1871, 
 in which all the college property was destroyed. 
 Another change of location was made in 1874. 
 In 1890 the property then owned was sold and a 
 new college building, in connection with a hos- 
 pital, erected in a more quiet quarter of the city. 
 A free dispensary is conducted by the college. 
 The teaching faculty (1896) consists of nineteen 
 professors, with four assistants and demonstra- 
 tors. Women are admitted as pupils on equal 
 terms with men. 
 
 BENT, Charles, journalist, was born in Chi- 
 cago, Dec. 8, 1844, but removed with his family, 
 in 1856, to Morrison, Whiteside County, where, 
 two years later, he became an apprentice to the 
 printing business in the office of "The Whiteside 
 Sentinel." In June, 1864, he enlisted as a soldier 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 45 
 
 in the One Hundred and Fortieth Illinois (100- 
 ilsvys' regiment) and, on the expiration of his term 
 of service, re-enlisted in the One Hundred and 
 Forty -seventh Illinois, being mustered out at 
 Savannah, Ga., in January, 1866, with the rank 
 of Second Lieutenant. Then resuming his voca- 
 tion as a printer, in July, 1867, he purchased the 
 office of "The Whiteside Sentinel," in which he 
 learned his trade, and has since been the editor of 
 that paper, except during 1877-79 while engaged 
 in writing a "History of Whiteside County." 
 He is a charter member of the local Grand Army 
 Post and served on the staff of the Department 
 Commander ; was Assistant Assessor of Internal 
 Revenue during 1870-73, and, in 1878, was elected 
 as a Republican to the State Senate for White- 
 side and Carroll Counties, serving four years. 
 Other positions held by him include the office of 
 City Alderman, member of the State Board of 
 Canal Commissioners (1883-85) and Commissioner 
 of the Joliet Penitentiary (1889-93). He has also 
 been a member of the Republican State Central 
 Committee and served as its Chairman 1886-88. 
 
 HKXTO>, county-seat of Franklin County, on 
 111. Cent, and Chi. & E. 111. Railroads; has electric- 
 light plant, water-works, saddle and harness fac- 
 tory, two banks, two flouring mills, shale brick 
 and tile works (projected), four churches and 
 three weekly papers. Pop. (1890), 939;(190U), 1,341. 
 
 HKKIIAN, James, lawyer and County Judge, 
 was born in New York City, July 4, 1805, and 
 educated at Columbia and Yale Colleges, gradu- 
 ating from the latter in the class of 1824. His 
 father, James Berdan, Sr , came west in the fall 
 of 1819 as one of the agents of a New York 
 Emigration Society, and, in January, 1820, visited 
 the vicinity of the present site of Jacksonville, 
 111., but died soon after his return, in part from 
 exposure incurred during his long and arduous 
 winter journey. Thirteen years later (1832) his 
 son, the subject of this sketch, came to the same 
 region, and Jacksonville became his home for the 
 remainder of his life. Mr. Berdan was a well- 
 read lawyer, as well as a man of high principle 
 and sound culture, with pure literary and social 
 tastes. Although possessing unusual capabilities, 
 his refinement of character and dislike of osten- 
 tation made him seek rather the association and 
 esteem of friends than public office. In 1849 he 
 was elected County Judge of Morgan County, 
 serving by a second election until 1857. Later 
 he was Secretary for several years of the Tonica 
 & Petersburg Railroad (at that time in course of 
 construction), serving until it was merged into 
 the St. Louis, Jacksonville & Chicago Railroad, 
 
 now constituting a part of the Jacksonville di- 
 vision of the Chicago & Alton Railroad: also 
 served for many years as a Trustee of Illinois 
 College. In the latter years of his life he was, for 
 a considerable period, the law partner of ex-Gov- 
 ernor and ex-Senator Richard Yates. Judge 
 Berdan was the ardent political friend and 
 admirer of Abraham Lincoln, as well as an inti- 
 mate friend and frequent correspondent of the 
 poet Longfellow, besides being the correspondent, 
 during a long period of his life, of a number of 
 other prominent literary men. Pierre Irving, 
 the nephew and biographer of Washington Irving, 
 was his brother-in-law through the marriage of a 
 favorite sister. Judge Berdan died at Jackson- 
 ville, August 24, 1884. 
 
 BERGEN, (Rev.) John <;., pioneer clergyman, 
 was born at Hightstown, N. J., Nov. 27, 179(1; 
 studied theology, and. after two years' service as 
 tutor at Princeton and sixteen years as pastor of 
 a Presbyterian church at Madison, N. J., in 1828 
 came to Springfield, 111., and assisted in the 
 erection of the first Protestant church in the 
 central part of the State, of which he remained 
 pastor until 1848. Died, at Springfield. Jan. 
 17, 1872. 
 
 BERGGREN, Augustus W., legislator, born in 
 Sweden, August 17, 1840; came to the United 
 States at Hi years of age and located at Oneida. 
 Knox County, 111. , afterwards removing to Gales- 
 burg; held various offices, including that of 
 Sheriff 01 Knox County (1873-81), State Senator 
 (1881-89) serving as President pro tern, of the 
 Senate 1887-89, and was Warden of the State 
 penitentiary at Joliet. 1HHK-91. He was for many 
 years the very able and efficient President of the 
 Covenant Mutual Life Association of Illinois, and 
 is now its Treasurer. 
 
 BERGIER, (Rev.) J, a secular priest, born in 
 France, and an early missionary in Illinois. He 
 labored among the Tamaroas. bei ng in charge of the 
 mission at Cahokia from 1700 to his death in 1710. 
 
 BERRY, Orville F., lawyer and legislator, was 
 born in McDonough County, 111., Feb. 16, 1852: 
 early left an orphan and, after working for some 
 time on a fann, removed to Carthage, Hancock 
 County, where he read law and was admitted to 
 the bar in 1877; in 1883 was elected Mayor of 
 Carthage and twice re-elected ; was elected to the 
 State Senate in 1888 and '92, and, in 1891, took a 
 prominent part in securing the enactment of the 
 compulsory education clause in the common 
 school law. Mr. Berry presided over the Repub- 
 lican State Convention of 1H96, the same year was 
 a candidate for re-election to the State Senat*. 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 but the certificate was awarded to his Democratic 
 competitor, who was declared elected by 164 
 plurality. On a contest before the Senate at the 
 first session of the Fortieth General Assembly, 
 the seat was awarded to Mr. Berry on the ground 
 of illegality in the rulings of the Secretary of 
 State affecting the vote of his opponent. 
 
 IlKHKY. (Col.) William W., lawyer and sol- 
 dier, was born in Kentucky, Feb. 22, 1834, and 
 educated at Oxford, Ohio. His home being then 
 in Covington, he studied law in Cincinnati, and, 
 at the age of 23, began practice at Louisville, Ky. , 
 being married two years later to Miss Georgie 
 Hewitt of Frankfort. Early in 1861 he entered 
 the Civil War on the Union side as Major of the 
 Louisville Legion, and subsequently served in 
 the Army of the Cumberland, marching to the 
 sea with Sherman and, during the period of his 
 service, receiving four wounds. After the close 
 of the war he was offered the position of Gov- 
 ernor of one of the Territories, but, determining 
 not to go further west than Illinois, declined. 
 For three years he was located and in practice at 
 Winchester, 111. , but removed to Quincy in 1874, 
 where he afterwards resided. He always took a 
 warm interest in politics and, in local affairs, 
 was a leader of his party. He was an organizer of 
 the G. A. R. Post at Quincy and its first Com-' 
 inander, and, in 1884-85, served as Commander of 
 the State Department of the G. A. R. He organ- 
 ized a Young Men's Republican Club, as he 
 believed that the young minds should take an 
 active part in politics. He was one of the com- 
 mittee of seven appointed by the Governor to 
 locate the Soldiers' and Sailors' Home for Illinois, 
 and, after spending six months inspecting vari- 
 ous sites offered, the institution was finally 
 located at Quincy; was also Trustee of Knox 
 College, at Galesburg, for several years. He was 
 frequently urged by his party friends to run for 
 public office, but it was so much against his 
 nature to ask for even one vote, that he would 
 not consent. He died at his home in Quincy, 
 much regretted, May 6, 1895. 
 
 BESTOK, George C., legislator, born in Wash- 
 ington City, April 11, 1811; was assistant docu- 
 ment clerk in the House of Representatives eight 
 years; came to Illinois in 1835 and engaged in 
 real estate business at Peoria; was twice ap- 
 pointed Postmaster of that city (1842 and 1861) 
 and three times elerted Mayor; served as finan- 
 cial agent of the Peoria & Oqua wka ( now Chicago, 
 Burlington & Quinoy Railroad), anda Director of 
 the Toledo, Peoria & Warsaw ; a delegate to the 
 Whig National Convention of 1852; a State 
 
 Senator (1858-62), and an ardent friend of Abra- 
 ham Lincoln. Died, in Washington, May 14, 
 
 1872, while prosecuting a claim against the 
 Government for the construction of gunboats 
 during the war. 
 
 BETHALTO, a village of Madison County, on 
 the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis 
 Railway, 25 miles north of St. Louis. Popula- 
 tion (1880), 628; (1890), 879; (1900), 477. 
 
 BETHANY, a village of Moultrie County, on 
 Peoria Division 111. Cent. Railroad, 18 miles south- 
 east of Decatur ; in farming district ; has one news- 
 paper and four churches. Pop. , mostly American 
 born. (1890), 688; (1900), 873; (1903, est.), 900. 
 
 BETT1E STUART INSTITUTE, an institu- 
 tion for young ladies at Springfield, 111. , founded 
 in 1868 by Mrs. Mary McKee Homes, who con- 
 ducted it for some twenty years, until her death. 
 Its report for 1898 shows a faculty often instruct- 
 ors and 125 pupils. Its property is valued at 
 $23,500. Its course of instruction embraces the 
 preparatory and classical branches, together with 
 music, oratory and fine arts. 
 
 BEVERIDOE, James H., State Treasurer, 
 was born in Washington County, N. Y., in 1828; 
 served as State Treasurer, 1865-67, later acted as 
 Secretary of the Commission which built the 
 State Capitol. His later years were spent in 
 superintending a large dairy farm near Sandwich, 
 De Kalb County, where he died in January, 1896. 
 
 BETERIDOE, John L., ex-Governor, was born 
 in Greenwich. N. Y., July 6, 1824; came to Illi- 
 nois, 1842, and, after spending some two years in 
 Granville Academy and Rock River Seminary, 
 went to Tennessee, where he engaged in teaching 
 while studying law. Having been admitted to 
 the bar, he returned to Illinois in 1851, first locat- 
 ing at Sycamore, but three years later established 
 himself in Chicago. During the first year of the 
 war he assisted to raise the Eighth Regiment Illi- 
 nois Cavalry, and was commissioned first as Cap- 
 tain and still later Major; two years later 
 became Colonel of the Seventeenth Cavalry, 
 which he commanded to the close of the war, 
 being mustered out, February, 1866, with the 
 rank of brevet Brigadier-General. After the war 
 he held the office of Sheriff of Cook County four 
 years; in 1870 was elected to the State Senate, 
 and, in the following year. Congressman-at-large 
 to succeed General Logau, elected to the United 
 States Senate; resigned this office in January. 
 
 1873, having been elected Lieutenant-Governor. 
 and a few weeks later succeeded to the govern- 
 orship by the election of Governor Oglesby to the 
 United States Senate. In 18H1 he was appointed. 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 47 
 
 by President Arthur, Assistant United States 
 Treasurer for Chicago, serving until after Cleve- 
 land's first election. His present home (1898), is 
 near Los Angeles, Cal. 
 
 BIENVILLE, Jean Baptiste le Mojne, Sieur 
 de, was born at Montreal, Canada, Feb. 23, 1680, 
 and was the French Governor of Louisiana at the 
 time the Illinois country was included in that 
 province. He had several brothers, a number of 
 whom played important parts in the early history 
 of the province. Bienville first visited Louisi- 
 ana, in company with his brother Iberville, in 
 1698, their object being to establish a French 
 colony near the mouth of the Mississippi. The 
 first settlement was made at Biloxi, Dec. 6, 1699, 
 and Sanvolle, another brother, was placed in 
 charge. The latter was afterward made Governor 
 of Louisiana, and, at his death (1701), he was 
 succeeded by Bienville, who transferred the seat 
 of government to Mobile. In 1704 he was joined 
 by his brother Chateaugay, who brought seven- 
 teen settlers from Canada. Soon afterwards 
 Iberville died, and Bienville was recalled to 
 France in 1707, but was reinstated the following 
 year. Finding the Indians worthless as tillers of 
 the soil, he seriously suggested to the home gov- 
 ernment the expediency of trading off the copper- 
 colored aborigines for negroes from the West 
 Indies, three Indians to be reckoned as equiva- 
 lent to two blacks. In 1713 Cadillac was sent out 
 as Governor, Bienville being made Lieutenant- 
 Governor. The two quarreled. Cadillac was 
 superseded by Epinay in 1717, and, in 1718, Law's 
 first expedition arrived (see Company of the 
 West), and brought a Governor's commission for 
 Bienville. The latter soon after founded New 
 Orleans, which became the seat of government 
 for the province (which then included Illinois), in 
 1723. In January, 1724, he was again summoned 
 to France to answer charges; was removed in 
 disgrace in 1726, but reinstated in 1733 and given 
 the rank of Lieutenant-General. Failing in vari- 
 ous expeditions against the Chickasaw Indians, 
 he was again superseded in 1743, returning to 
 France, where he died in 1768. 
 
 BltKJS, William, pioneer, -Judge and legislator, 
 was born in Maryland in 1753, enlisted in the 
 Revolutionary army, and served as an officer 
 under Colonel George Rogers Clark in the expe- 
 dition for the capture of Illinois from the British 
 in 1778. He settled in Bellefontaine (now Monroe 
 County) soon after the close of the war. He was 
 Sheriff of St. Clair County for many years, and 
 later Justice of the Peace and Judge of the Court 
 of Common Pleas. He also represented his 
 
 county in the Territorial Legislatures of In- 
 diana and Illinois. Died, in St. Clair County, 
 in 1827. 
 
 HI<;i;S YILLE. a village of Henderson County, 
 on the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad. 
 15 miles northeast of Burlington ; has a bank and 
 two newspapers; considerable grain and live- 
 stock are shipped here. Population (1880), 358; 
 (1890), 487; (1900), 417. 
 
 Bid MUDDY RIVER, a stream formed by the 
 union of two branches which rise in Jefferson 
 County. It runs south and southwest through 
 Franklin and Jackson Counties, and enters the 
 Mississippi about five miles below Grand Tower. 
 Its length is estimated at 140 miles. 
 
 BILLIN6S, Albert Merrltt, capitalist, was 
 born in New Hampshire, April 19, 1814, educated 
 in the common schools of his native State and 
 Vermont, and, at the age of 22, became Sheriff of 
 Windsor County, Vt., Later he was proprietor 
 for a time of the mail stage-coach line between 
 Concord, N. H. , and Boston, but, having sold out, 
 invested his means in the securities of the Chi- 
 cago, Milwaukee & St jp-.iul Railway and became 
 identified with the bjfsfness interests of Chicago. 
 In the '50's he became associated with Cornelius 
 K. Garrison in the People's Gas Company of Chi- 
 cago, of which he served as President from 1859 
 to 1888. In 1890 Mr. Billings became extensively 
 interested in the street railway enterprises of Mr. 
 C. B. Holmes, resulting in his becoming the pro- 
 prietor of the street railway system at Memphis, 
 Tenn., valued, in 1897, at $3,000,000. In early 
 life he had been associated with Commodore 
 Vanderbilt in the operation of the Hudson River 
 steamboat lines of the latter. In addition to his 
 other business enterprises; he was principal 
 owner and, during the last twenty-five years of 
 his life, President of the Home National and 
 Home Savings Banks of Chicago. Died, Feb. 7, 
 1897, leaving an estate valued at several millions 
 of dollars. 
 
 BILLINGS, Henry W., was born at Conway, 
 Mass., July 11, 1814, graduated at Amherst Col- 
 lege at twenty years of age, and began the study 
 of law with Judge Foote, of Cleveland, Ohio, wa* 
 admitted to the bar two yean later and practiced 
 there some two years longer. He then removed 
 to St. Louis, Mo., later resided for a time at 
 Waterloo and Cairo, 111., but, in 1845, settled at 
 Alton; was elected Mayor of that city in 1851, 
 and the first Judge of the newly organized City 
 Court, in 1859, serving in this position six years. 
 In 1869 he was elected a Delegate from Madison 
 County to the State Constitutional Convention of 
 
48 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 . 
 
 1869-70, but died before the expiration of the ses- 
 sion, on April 19, 1870. 
 
 BIRKBECK, Morris, early colonist, was born 
 in England about 1763 or 1763, emigrated t<> 
 America in 1817, and settled in Edwards County, 
 111. He purchased a large tract of land and in- 
 duced a large colony of English artisans, laborers 
 and fanners to settle upon the same, founding 
 the town of New Albion. He was an active, un- 
 compromising opponent of slavery, and was an 
 important factor in defeating the scheme to make 
 Illinois a slave State. He was appointed Secre- 
 tary of State by Governor Coles in October, 1824. 
 but resigned at the end of three months, a hostile 
 Legislature having refused to confirm him. A 
 strong writer and a frequent contributor to the 
 press, his letters and published works attracted 
 attention both in this country and in Europe. 
 Principal among the latter were: "Notes on a 
 Journey Through France" (1815); "Notes on a 
 Journey Through America" (1818), and "Letters 
 from Illinois" (1818). Died from drowning in 
 1825. aged about 63 years. (See Slavery ami 
 t<li i iv Law*.) 
 
 BISSELL, William H., first Republican Gov- 
 ernor of Illinois, was born near Cooperstown, 
 N. Y. , on April 25, 1811, graduated in medicine at 
 Philadelphia in 1835, and, after practicing a short 
 time in Steuben County, N. Y., removed to Mon- 
 roe County, 111. In 1840 he was elected a Repre- 
 sentative in the General Assembly, where he soon 
 attained high rank as a debater. He studied law 
 and practiced in Belleville. St. Clair County, be- 
 coming Prosecuting Attorney for that county in 
 1844. He served as Colonel of the Second Illinois 
 Volunteers during the Mexican War, and achieved 
 distinction at Buenu Vista. He represented Illi- 
 nois in Congress from 1849 to 1855, being first 
 elected as an Independent Democrat. On the pax- 
 sage of the Kansas-Nebraska Bill, he left the Demo- 
 cratic party and, in 1856, was elected Governor on 
 the Republican ticket. While in Congress he was 
 challenged by Jefferson Davis after an inter- 
 change of heated words respecting the relative 
 courage of Northern and Southern soldiers, 
 spoken in debate. Bissell accepted the challenge, 
 naming muskets at thirty paces. Mr. Davis's 
 friends objected, and the duel never occurred. 
 Died in office, at Springfield, 111., March 18, 1860. 
 
 BLACK, John Charles, lawyer and soldier, 
 born at Lexington, Miss., Jan. 29, 1839, at eight 
 years of age came with his widowed mother to 
 Illinois; while a student at Wabash College, Ind., 
 in April, 1861. enlisted in the Union army, serv- 
 ing gallantly and with distinction until Aug. 15, 
 
 186o, when, as Colonel of the 37th 111. Vol. Inf., he 
 retired with the rank of BrevetBrigadier-General ; 
 was admitted to the bar in 1857, and after practic- 
 ing at Danville, Champaign and Urbana, in 1885 
 was appointed Commissioner of Pensions, serving 
 until 1889, when he removed to Chicago ; served as 
 Congressman-at-large ( 1893-95), and U. S. District 
 Attorney (1895-99); Commander of the Loyal 
 Legion and of the (}. A. U. (Department of 
 Illinois), was elected Commander-in-Chief of the 
 Grand Army at the Grand Encampment, 1903. 
 Gen. Black received the honorary degree of A.M. 
 from his Alma Mater and that of LL. D. from Knox 
 College: in January, 1904. wax appointed by 
 President Roosevelt member of the U. 8. Civil 
 Service Commission, and chosen its President. 
 
 BLACKBURN I MVKKSI1 Y, located at Car- 
 linville, Macoupin County. It owes its origin to 
 the efforts of Dr. Gideon Blackburn, who, having 
 induced friends in the East to unite with him in 
 the purchase of Illinois lands at N Government 
 price, in 1837 conveyed 16,656 acres of these 
 lands, situated in ten different counties, in trust 
 for the founding of an institution of learning, 
 intended particularly "to qualify young men for 
 the gospel ministry." The citizens of Carlinville 
 donated funds wherewith to purchase eighty 
 acres of land, near that city, as a site, which was 
 included in the deed of trust. The enterprise 
 lay dormant for many years, and it was not until 
 1857 that the institution was formally incorpo- 
 rated, and ten years later it was little more than 
 a high school, giving one course of instruction 
 considered particularly adapted to prospective 
 students of theology. At present (1898) there 
 are about 110 students in attendance, a faculty 
 of twelve instructors, and a theological, as well as 
 preparatory and collegiate departments. The 
 institution owns property valued at $110,000, of 
 which $50,000 is represented by real estate and 
 $40,000 by endowment funds: 
 
 BLACK HAWK, a Chief of the Sac tribe of 
 Indians, reputed to have been born at Kaskaskia 
 in 1767. (It is also claimed that he was born on 
 Rock River, as well as within the present limits 
 of Hancock County.) Conceiving that his people 
 had been wrongfully despoiled of lands belonging 
 to them, in 1832 he inaugurated what is com 
 monly known as the Black Hawk War. His 
 Indian name was Makabaimishekiakiak, signify- 
 ing Black Sparrow Hawk. He was ambitious, but 
 susceptible to flattery, and while having many of 
 the qualities of leadership, was lacking in moral 
 force. He was always attached to British inter- 
 ests, and unquestionably received British aid of a 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 substantial sort. After his defeat he was made 
 the ward of Keokuk, another Chief, which 
 humiliation of his pride broke his heart He died 
 on a rest- rv.itinn set apart for him in Iowa, in 
 1838, aged 71. His body is said to have been 
 exhumed nine months after death, and his articu- 
 lated skeleton is alleged to have been preserved 
 in the rooms of the Burlington (la.) Historical 
 Society until 1855, when it was destroyed by fire. 
 (See also Black Hawk War: Appendix.) 
 
 BLACKSTONE, Timothy ][.. Railway Presi- 
 dent, was born at Branford, Conn., March 28, 
 1829. After receiving a common school educa- 
 tion, supplemented by a course in a neighboring 
 academy, at 18 he began the practical study of 
 engineering in a corps employed by the New 
 York & New Hampshire Railway Company, and 
 the same year became assistant engineer on the 
 Stockbridge & Pittsfield Railway. While thus 
 employed he applied himself diligently to the 
 study of the theoretical science of engineering, 
 and, on coming to Illinois in 1851, was qualified 
 to accept and fill the position of division engineer 
 (from Bloomington to Dixon) on the Illinois Cen- 
 tral Railway. On the completion of the main 
 line of that road in 1855, he was appointed Chief 
 Engineer of the Joliet & Chicago Railroad, later 
 becoming financially interested therein, and 
 being chosen President of the corporation on the 
 completion of the line. In January, 1864, the 
 Chicago & Joliet was leased in perpetuity to the 
 Chicago & Alton Railroad Company. Mr. Black- 
 stone then became a Director in the latter organi- 
 zation and, in April following, was chosen its 
 President. This office he filled uninterruptedly 
 until April 1,1899, when the road passed into the 
 hands of a syndicate of other lines. He was also 
 one of the original incorporators of the Union 
 Stock Yards Company, and was its President from 
 1864 to 1868. His career as a railroad man was con- 
 spicuous for its long service, the uninterrupted 
 success of his management of the enterprises 
 entrusted to his hands and his studious regard for 
 the interests of stockholders. This was illustrated 
 by the fact that, for some thirty years, the Chicago 
 & Alton Railroad paid dividends on its preferred 
 and common stock, ranging from 6 to 8% per cent , 
 per annum, and, on disposing of his stock conse- ' 
 quent on the transfer of the line to a new corpora- 
 tion in 1899, Mr. Blackstone rejected offers for his 
 stock aggregating nearly one-third of the whole 
 which would hare netted him $1,000,000 in 
 excess of the amount received, because he was 
 unwilling to use his position to reap an advantage 
 over smaller stockholders. Died, May 26, 1900. 
 
 BLACKWELL, Robert S., lawyer, was born 
 at Belleville, 111., in 1828. He belonged to a 
 prominent family in the early history of the 
 State, his father, David Black-well, who was also 
 a lawyer and settled in Belleville about 1819, 
 having been a member of the Second General 
 Assembly (1830) from St. Clair County, and also 
 of the Fourth and Fifth. In April, 1823, he was 
 appointed by Governor Coles Secretary of State, 
 succeeding Judge Samuel D. Lockwood. after- 
 wards a Justice of the Supreme Court, who had 
 just received from President Monroe the appoint- 
 ment of Receiver of Public Moneys at the 
 Edwardsville Land Office. Mr. Blackwell served 
 in the Secretary's office to October, 1824, during 
 a part of the time acting as editor of "The Illinois 
 Intelligencer." which liad been removed from 
 Kaskaskia to Vandalia, and in which he strongly 
 opposed the policy of making Illinois a slave 
 State. He finally died in Belleville. Robert 
 Blackwell, a brother of David and the uncle of 
 the subject of this sketch, was joint owner with 
 Daniel P. Cook, of "The Illinois Herald" after- 
 wards "The Intelligencer" at Kaskaskia, in 
 1816, and in April, 1817, succeeded Cook in the 
 office of Territorial Auditor of Public Accounte, 
 being himself succeeded by Elijah C. Berry, who 
 had become his partner on "The Intelligencer," 
 and served as Auditor until the organization of 
 the State Government in 1818. Blackwell & Berry 
 were chosen State Printers after the removal of 
 the State capital to Vandalia in 1820, serving in 
 this capacity for some years. Robert Blackwell 
 located at Vandalia and served as a member of 
 the House from Fayette County in the Eighth 
 and Ninth General Assemblies (1832-36) and in 
 the Senate, 1840-42. Robert S. the son of David, 
 and the younger member of this somewhat 
 famous and historic family whose name stands at 
 the head of this paragraph, attended the common 
 schools at Belleville in his boyhood, but in early 
 manhood removed to Galena, where he engaged 
 in mercantile pursuits. He later studied law 
 with Hon. O. H. Browning at Quincy, beginning 
 practice at Rushville. where he was associated 
 for a time with Judge Minshall. In 1852 he 
 removed to Chicago, having for his first partner 
 Corydon Beckwith, afterwards of the Supreme 
 Court, still later being associated with a number 
 of prominent lawyers of that day. He is de- 
 scribed by his biographers as "an able lawyer, an 
 eloquent advocate and a brilliant scholar." 
 "Blackwell on Tax Titles," from his pen. has been 
 accepted by the profession as a high authority on 
 that branch of law. He also published a revision 
 
50 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 
 of the Statutes in 1858, and began an "Abstract 
 of Decisions of the Supreme Court," which had 
 reached the third or fourth volume at his death, 
 May 16, 1863. 
 
 BLAIR, William, merchant, was born at 
 Homer, Cortland County, N. Y., May 20, 1818, 
 being descended through five generations of New 
 England ancestors. After attending school in 
 the town of Cortland, which became his father's 
 residence, at the age of 14 he obtained employ- 
 ment in a stove and hardware store, four years 
 later (1836) coming to Joliet, 111., to take charge 
 of a branch store which the firm had established 
 there. The next year he purchased the stock and 
 continued the business on his own account. In 
 August, 1842, he removed to Chicago, where he 
 established the earliest and one of the most 
 extensive wholesale hardware concerns in that 
 city, with which he remained connected nearly 
 fifty years. During this period he was associated 
 with various partners, including C. B. Nelson, 
 E. O. Hall, O. \V. Belden, James H. Horton and 
 others, besides, at times, conducting the business 
 alone. He suffered by the fire of 1871 in common 
 with other business men of Chicago, but promptly 
 resumed business and, within the next two or 
 three years, had erected business blocks, succes- 
 sively, on Lake and Randolph Streets, but retired 
 from business in 1888. He was a Director of the 
 Merchants' National Bank of Chicago from its 
 organization in 1865, as also for a time of the 
 Atlantic & Pacific Telegraph Company and the 
 Chicago Gaslight & Coke Company, a Trustee of 
 Lake Forest University, one of the Managers of 
 the Presbyterian Hospital and a member of the 
 Chicago Historical Society. Died in Chicago, 
 Hay 10, 1899. 
 
 BLAKELY, Oarid, journalist, was born in 
 Franklin County, Vt., in 1884; learned the print- 
 er's trade and graduated from the University of 
 Vermont in 1857. He was a member of a musical 
 family which, under the name of "The Blakely 
 Family," made several successful tours of the 
 West. He engaged in journalism at Rochester, 
 Minn., and, in 1862, was elected Secretary of 
 State and ex-officio Superintendent of Schools, 
 serving until 1865, when he resigned and, in 
 partnership with a brother, bought "The Chicago 
 Evening Post," with which he was connected at 
 the time of the great fire and for some time after- 
 ward. Later, he returned to Minnesota and 
 became one of the proprietors and a member of 
 the editorial staff of "The St. Paul Pioneer-Press." 
 In his later years Mr. Blakely was President of 
 the Blakely Printing Company, of Chicago, also 
 
 conducting a large printing business in New 
 York, which was his residence. He was manager 
 for several years of the celebrated Gilinore Band 
 of musicians, and also instrumental in organizing 
 the celebrated Sousa's Band, of which he was 
 manager up to the time of his decease in New 
 York, Nov. 7, 1896. 
 
 BLAKEMAN, Curtis*, sea-captain, and pioneer 
 settler, came from New England to Madison 
 County, III, in 1819, and settled in what was. 
 afterwards known as the "Marine Settlement," of 
 which he was one of the founders. This settle- 
 ment, of which the present town of Marine (first 
 called Madison) was the outcome, took its name 
 from the fact that several of the early settlers, like 
 Captain Blakeman, were sea-faring men. Captain 
 Blakeman became a prominent citizen and repre- 
 sented Madison County in the lower branch of 
 the Third and Fourth General Assemblies (1822 
 and 1824), in the former being one of the opponents 
 of the pro-slavery amendment of the Constitution. 
 A son of his, of the same name, was a Represent- 
 ative in the Thirteenth, Fifteenth and Sixteenth 
 General Assemblies from Madison County. 
 
 Ill, A \C H A RI>, Jonathan, clergyman and edu 
 cator, was born in Rockingham, Vt., Jan. 19, 
 1811; graduated at Middlebury College in 1832; 
 then, after teaching some time, spent two years 
 in Amlover Theological Seminary, finally gradu- 
 ating in theology at Lane Seminary, Cincinnati, 
 in 1838, where he remained nine years as pastor 
 of the Sixth Presbyterian Church of that city. 
 Before this time he had become interested in 
 various reforms, and, in 1843, was sent as a 
 delegate to the second World's Anti-Slavery 
 Convention in London, serving as the American 
 Vice- President of that body. In 1846 he assumed 
 the Presidency of Knox College at Galesburg, 
 remaining until 1858, during his connection 
 with that institution doing much to increase its 
 capacity and resources. After two years spent in 
 pastoral work, he accepted (1860) the Presidency 
 of Wheaton College, which he continued to fill 
 until 1882, when he was chosen President Emer- 
 itus, remaining in this position until his death, 
 May 14, 1892. 
 
 BLAYDINSVILLE, a town in McDonongh 
 County, on the Toledo, Peoria & Warsaw Rail- 
 road, 26 miles southeast of Burlington, Iowa, and 
 64 miles west by south from Peoria. It is a ship- 
 ping point for the grain grown in the surround- 
 ing country, and has a grain elevator and steam 
 flour and saw mills. It also has banks, two 
 weekly newspapers and several churches. Popu- 
 lation (JWV 877; (1900), 996. 
 
 % 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 51 
 
 BLANEY, Jerome Van Zandt, early physician, 
 born at Newcastle, Del., May 1, 1820; was edu- 
 cated at Princeton and graduated in medicine at 
 Philadelphia when too young to receive his 
 diploma ; in 1843 came west and joined Dr. Daniel 
 Brainard in founding Rush Medical College at 
 Chicago, f6r a time filling three chairs in that 
 institution ; also, for a time, occupied the chair of 
 Chemistry and Natural Philosophy in Northwest- 
 ern University. In 1861 he was appointed Sur- 
 geon, and afterwards Medical Director, in the 
 army, and was Surgeon -in-Chief on the staff of 
 General Sheridan at the time of the battle of 
 Winchester ; after the war was delegated by the 
 Government to pay off medical officers in the 
 Northwest, in this capacity disbursing over $600,- 
 000; finally retiring with the rank of Lieutenant- 
 Colonel. Died. Dec. 11, 1874. 
 
 BLATCHFORD, Eliphalet Wick.-. 1.I..I).. 
 son of Dr. John Blatchford, was born at Stillwater, 
 N. Y., May 31, 1826; being a grandson of Samuel 
 Blatchford, D.D.,who came to New York from 
 England, in 1795. He prepared for college at Lan- 
 singburg Academy. New York, and at Marion 
 College, Ma, finally graduating at Illinois College, 
 Jacksonville, in the class of 1845. After graduat- 
 ing, he was employed for several years in the law 
 offices of his uncles, R. M. and E. H. Blatchford, 
 New York. For considerations of health he re- 
 turned to the West, and, in 1850, engaged in busi- 
 ness for himself as a lead manufacturer in St. 
 Louis, Mo., afterwards associating with him the 
 late Morris Collins, under the firm name of Blatch- 
 ford & Collins. In 1854 a branch was established 
 in Chicago, known as Collins & Blatchford. After 
 a few years the firm was dissolved, Mr. Blatch- 
 ford taking the Chicago business, which has 
 continued as E. W. Blatchford & Co to the pres- 
 ent time. While Mr. Blatchford has invariably 
 declined political offices, he has been recognized 
 as a staunch Republican, and the services of few 
 men have been in more frequent request for 
 positions of trust in connection with educational 
 and benevolent enterprises. Among the numer- 
 ous positions of this character which he has been 
 called to fill are those of Treasurer of the North- 
 western Branch of the United States Sanitary 
 Commission, during the Civil War, to which he 
 devoted a large part of his time; Trustee of Illi- 
 nois College (1866-75); President of the Chicago 
 Academy of Sciences ; a member, and for seven- 
 teen years President, of the Board of Trustees of 
 the Chicago Eye and Ear Infirmary ; Trustee of 
 the Chicago Art Institute ; Executor and Trustee 
 of the late Walter L. Newberry, and, since its 
 
 incorporation, President of the Board of Trustees 
 of The Newberry Library; Trustee of the John 
 Crerar Library; one of the founders and Presi 
 dent of the Board of Trustees of the Chicago 
 Manual Training School; life member of the 
 Chicago Historical Society; for nearly forty 
 years President of the Board of Directors of the 
 Chicago Theological Seminary; during his resi- 
 dence in Chicago an officer of the New England 
 Congregational Church; a corporate member of 
 the American Board of Commissioners for For- 
 eign Missions, and for fourteen years its Vice- 
 President; a charter member of the City 
 Missionary Society, and of the Congregational 
 Club of Chicago; a member of the Chicago 
 Union League, the University, the Literary and 
 the Commercial Clubs, of which latter he lias 
 been President. Oct. 7, 1858, Mr. Blatchford was 
 married to Miss Mary Emily Williams, daughter 
 of John C.Williams, of Chicago. Seven children 
 four sons and three daughters have blessed this 
 union, the eldest son, Paul, being to-day one of 
 Chicago's valued business men. Mr. Blatchford's 
 life lias been one of ceaseless and successful 
 activity in business, and to him Chicago owes 
 much of its prosperity. In the giving of time 
 and money for Christian, educational and benevo- 
 lent enterprises, he has been conspicuous for his 
 generosity, and noted for his valuable counsel and 
 executive ability in carrying these enterprises to 
 success. 
 
 BLATCHFORD, John, D.D., was born at New- 
 field (now Bridgeport), Conn., May 24, 1799; 
 removed in childhood to Lansingburg, N. Y., 
 and was educated at Cambridge Academy and 
 Union College in that State, graduating in 1820. 
 He finished his theological course at Princeton, 
 N. J., in 1823, after which he ministered succes- 
 sively to Presbyterian churches at Pittstown and 
 Stillwater, N. Y., in 1830 accepting the pastorate 
 of the First Congregational Church of Bridge- 
 port, Conn. In 1836 he came to the West, spend- 
 ing the following winter at Jacksonville, 111. , and, 
 in 1837, was installed the first pastor of the First 
 Presbyterian Church of Chicago, where he 
 remained until compelled by failing health to 
 resign and return to the East. In 1841 he ac 
 cepted the chair of Intellectual and Moral Phi- 
 losophy at Marion College, Mo., subsequently 
 assuming the Presidency. The institution having 
 been purchased by the Free Masons, in 1844, he 
 removed to West Ely, Mo., and thence, in 1847, 
 to Quincy, 111., where he resided during the 
 remainder of his life. His death occurred in St. 
 Louis, April 8, 1855. The churches he served 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 testified strongly to Dr. Blatchford's faithful, 
 acceptable and successful performance of his 
 ministerial duties. He was married in 1825 to 
 Frances Wickes, daughter of Eliphalet Wickes, 
 Esq. , of Jamaica, Long Island, N. Y. 
 
 BLEDSOE, Albert Taylor, teacher and law- 
 yer, was born in Frankfort, Ky. , Nov. 9, 1809; 
 graduated at West Point Military Academy in 
 1830, and, after two years' service at Fort Gib- 
 son, Indian Territory, -retired from the army in 
 1832. During 1833-34 he was Adjunct Professor 
 of Mathematics and teacher of French at Kenyon 
 College, Ohio, and, in 1835-36, Professor of 
 Mathematics at Miami University. Then, hav- 
 ing studied theology, he served for several years 
 as rector of Episcopal churches in Ohio. In 1838 
 he settled at Springfield, 111., and began the prac- 
 tice of law, remaining several years, when he 
 removed to Washington, D. C. Later he became 
 Professor of Mathematics, first (1848-54) in the 
 University of Mississippi, and (1854-61) in the 
 University of Virginia. He then entered the 
 Confederate service with the rank of Colonel, 
 but soon became Acting Assistant Secretary of 
 War ; in 1863 visited England to collect material 
 for a work on the Constitution, which was pub- 
 lished in 1866, when he settled at Baltimore, 
 where he began the publication of "The Southern 
 Review, " which became the recognized organ of 
 the Methodist Episcopal Church South. Later 
 he became a minister of the Methodist Church. 
 He gained considerable reputation for eloquence 
 during his residence in Illinois, and was the 
 author of a number of works on religious and 
 political subjects, the latter maintaining the 
 right of secession; was a man of recognized 
 ability, but lacked stability of character. Died 
 at Alexandria, Va., Dec. 8, 1877. 
 
 BLOD6ETT, Henry William*, jurist, was born 
 at Amherst, Mass., in 1821. At the age of 10 
 years he removed with his parents to Illinois, 
 where he attended the district schools, later 
 returning to Amherst to spend a year at the 
 Academy. Returning home, he spent the years 
 1839-42 in teaching and surveying. In 1842 he 
 began the study of law at Chicago, being 
 admitted to the bar in 1845, and beginning prac- 
 tice at Waukegan, 111., where he has continued 
 to reside. In 1852 he was elected to the lower 
 house of the Legislature from Lake County, as 
 an anti-slavery candidate, and, in 1858, to the 
 State Senate, in the latter serving four years. 
 He gained distinction as a railroad solicitor, being 
 employed at different times by the Chicago & 
 Northwestern, the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. 
 
 Paul, the Michigan Southern and the Pittsburg 
 & Fort Wayne Companies. Of the second named 
 road he was one of the projectors, procuring its 
 charter, and being identified with it in the sev- 
 eral capacities of Attorney, Director and Presi- 
 dent. In 1870 President Grant appointed him 
 Judge of the United States District Court for the 
 Northern District of Illinois. This position he 
 continued to occupy for twenty-two years, resign- 
 ing it in 1892 to accept an appointment by Presi- 
 dent Cleveland as one of the counsel for the 
 United States before the Behring Sea Arbitrators 
 at Paris, which was his last official service. 
 
 BL001HINGDALE,a village of Du Page County, 
 30 miles west by north from Chicago. Population 
 (1880), 226; (1890), 463; (1900), 235. 
 
 BLOOKINQTON, the county-seat of McLean 
 County, a flourishing city and railroad center, 59 
 miles northeast of Springfield ; is in a rich agri- 
 cultural and coal-mining district. Besides car 
 shops and repair works employing some 2,000 
 hands, there are manufactories of stoves, fur- 
 naces, plows, flour, etc. Nurseries are numerous 
 in the vicinity and horse breeding receives much 
 attention. The city is the seat of Illinois Wee- 
 leyan University, has fine public schools, several 
 newspapers (two published daily), besides educa- 
 tional and other publications. The business sec- 
 tion suffered a disastrous fire in 1900, but has been 
 rebuilt more substantially than before. The prin- 
 cipal streets are paved and electric street cars con- 
 nect with Normal (two miles distant), the site of 
 the "State Normal University" and "Soldiers' Or- 
 phans' Home." Pop. (1890), 20,284; (1900). 23.880. 
 
 BLOOMINGTON CONTENTION OF 1856. 
 Although not -formally called as such, this was 
 the first Republican State Convention held in 
 Illinois, out of which grew a permanent Repub- 
 lican organization in the State. A mass conven- 
 tion of those opposed to the repeal of the Missouri 
 Compromise (known as an "Anti-Nebraska 
 Convention") was held at Springfield during the 
 week of the State Fair of*1854 (on Oct. 4 and 5), 
 and, although it adopted a platform in harmony 
 with the principles which afterwards became the 
 foundation of the Republican party, and appointed 
 a State Central Committee, besides putting in 
 nomination a candidate for State Treasurer the 
 only State officer elected that year the organi- 
 zation was not perpetuated, the State Central 
 Committee failing to organize. The Bloomington 
 Convention of 1856 met in accordance with a call 
 issued by a State Central Committee appointed 
 by the Convention of Anti-Nebraska editors held 
 at.Decatur on February 22, 1856. (See Anti-Neb- 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 Editorial Convention.) The call did not 
 even contain the word "Republican," but was 
 addressed to those opposed to the principles of 
 the Nebraska Bill and the policy of the existing 
 Democratic administration. The Convention 
 met on May 29, 1856, the date designated by the 
 Editorial Convention at Decatur, but was rather 
 in the nature of a mass than a delegate conven- 
 tion, as party organizations existed in few coun- 
 ties of the State at that time. Consequently 
 representation was very unequal and followed no 
 systematic rule. Out of one hundred counties 
 into which the State was then divided, only 
 seventy were represented by delegates, ranging 
 from one to twenty-five each, leaving thirty 
 counties (embracing nearly the whole of the 
 southern part of the State) entirely unrepre- 
 sented. Lee County had the largest representa- 
 tion (twenty-five), Morgan County (the home of 
 Richard Yates) coming next with twenty dele- 
 gates, while Cook County had seventeen and 
 Sangamon had five. The whole number of 
 delegates, as shown by the contemporaneous 
 record, was 269. Among the leading spirits in 
 the Convention were Abraham Lincoln, Archi- 
 bald Williams, O. H. Browning, Richard Yates, 
 John M. Palmer, Owen Lovejoy, Norman B. 
 Judd, Burton C. Cook and others who afterwards 
 became prominent in State politics. The delega- 
 tion from Cook County included the names of 
 John Wentworth, Grant Goodrich. George 
 Schneider, Mark Skinner, Charles H. Ray and 
 Charles L. Wilson. The temporary organization 
 was effected with Archibald Williams of Adams 
 County in the chair, followed by the election of 
 John M. Palmer of Macoupin, as Permanent 
 President. The other officers were: Vice-Presi- 
 dents John A. Davis of Stephenson; William 
 Ross of Pike; James McKee of Cook; John H. 
 Bryant of Bureau; A. C. Harding of Warren; 
 Richard Yates of Morgan; Dr. H. C. Johns of 
 Macon; D. L. Phillips of Union; George Smith 
 of Madison; Thomas A. Marshall of Coles; J. M. 
 Rugglesof MasonjG.D.A. Parks of Will, and John 
 Clark of Schuyler. Secretaries Henry S. Baker 
 of Madison; Charles L. Wilson of Cook; John 
 Tillson of Adams; Washington Bushnell of La 
 Salle. and B. J. F. Hanna of Randolph. A State 
 ticket was put in nomination consisting of 
 William H. Bissell for Governor (by acclama- 
 tion); Francis A. Hoffman of Du Page County, 
 for Lieutenant-Governor ; Ozias M. Hatch of 
 Pike, for Secretary of State ; Jesse K. Dubois of 
 Lawrence, for Auditor; James Miller of McLean, 
 for Treasurer, and William H. Powell of Peoria. 
 
 for Superintendent of Public Instruction. Hoff- 
 man, having been found ineligible by lack of resi- 
 dence after the date of naturalization, withdrew, 
 and his place was subsequently filled by the 
 nomination of John Wood of Quincy. The plat- 
 form adopted was outspoken in its pledges Of 
 unswerving loyalty to the Union and opposition 
 to the extension of slavery into new territory. A 
 delegation was appointed to the National Con- 
 vention to be held in Philadelphia on June 17, 
 following, and a State Central Committee was 
 named to conduct the State campaign, consisting 
 of James C. Conkling of Sangamon County; 
 Asahel Gridley of McLean; Burton C. Cook of 
 La Salle, and Charles H. Ray and Norman B. 
 Judd of Cook. The principal speakers of the 
 occasion, before the convention or in popular 
 meetings held while the members were present in 
 Bloomington, included the names of O. H. Brown- 
 ing, Owen Lovejoy, Abraham Lincoln, Burton 
 C. Cook, Richard Yates, the venerable John 
 Dixon, founder of the city bearing his name, and 
 Governor Reeder of Pennsylvania, who had been 
 Territorial Governor of Kansas by appointment 
 of President Pierce, but had refused to carry out 
 the policy of the administration for making 
 Kansas a slave State. None of the speeches 
 were fully reported, but that of Mr. Lincoln has 
 been universally regarded by those who heard it 
 as the gem of the occasion and the most brilliant 
 of his life, foreshadowing his celebrated "house- 
 divided-against-itself" speech of June 17, 1858. 
 John L. Scripps, editor of "The Chicago Demo- 
 cratic Press," writing of it, at the time, to his 
 paper, said: "Never has it been our fortune to 
 listen to a more eloquent and masterly presenta- 
 tion of a subject. . . . For an hour and a half he 
 (Mr. Lincoln) held the assemblage spellbound by 
 the power of his argument, the intense irony of 
 his invective, and the deep earnestness and fervid 
 brilliancy of his eloquence. When he concluded, 
 the audience sprang to their feet and cheer after 
 cheer told how deeply their hearts had been 
 touched and their souls warmed up to a generous 
 enthusiasm." At the election, in November 
 following, although the Democratic candidate 
 for President carried the State by a plurality of 
 over 9,000 votes, the entire State ticket put in 
 nomination at Bloomington was successful by 
 majorities ranging from 3,000 to 20,000 for the 
 several candidates. 
 
 BLUE ISLAND, a village of Cook County, on 
 the Calumet River and the Chicago, Rock Island 
 & Pacific, the Chicago & Grand Trunk and 
 the Illinois Central Railways. 15 miles south of 
 
54 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 Chicago. It has a high school, churches and two 
 newspapers, besides brick, smelting and oil works. 
 Population (1890), 2,521; (1900), 6,114. 
 
 BLUE ISLAND RAILROAD, a short line 3.96 
 miles in length, lying wholly within Illinois; 
 capital stock $25,000; operated by the Illinois 
 Central Railroad Company. Its funded debt 
 (1895) was 100.000 and its floating debt. 83,779. 
 
 BLUE MOUND, a town of Macon County, on 
 the Wabash Railway, 14 miles southeast of De- 
 catur;! in rich grain and live-stock region; has 
 three grain elevators, two banks, tile factory and 
 one newspaper. Pop. (1890), 696; (1900), 714. 
 
 BLUFFS, a village of Scott County, at the 
 junction of the Quincy and Hannibal branches of 
 the Wabash Railway, S3 miles west of Spring- 
 field; has a bank and a newspaper. Population 
 (1880), 162; (1890), 421: (1900), O39. 
 
 BOAL, Robert, M.D., physician and legis- 
 lator, born near Harrisburg, Pa., in 1806; was 
 brought by his parents to Ohio when five years 
 old and educated at Cincinnati, graduating from 
 the Ohio Medical College in 1828; settled at 
 Lacon, 111., in 1836, practicing there until 1862, 
 when, having been appointed Surgeon of the 
 Board of Enrollment for that District, he re- 
 moved to Peoria. Other public positions held by 
 Dr. Boal have been those of Senator in the 
 Fourteenth and Fifteenth General Assemblies 
 (1844-48), Representative in the Nineteenth and 
 Twentieth (1854-58), and Trustee of the Institu- 
 tion for the Deaf and Dumb at Jacksonville, 
 remaining in the latter position seventeen years 
 under the successive administrations of Gov- 
 ernors Bissell, Yates, Oglesby, Palmer and Bever- 
 idge the last five years of his service being 
 President of the Board. He was also President 
 of the State Medical Board in 1882. Dr. Boal 
 continued to practice at Peoria until about 1890, 
 when he retired, and, in 1893, returned to Lacon 
 to reside with his daughter, the widow of the 
 late Colonel Greenbury L. Fort, for eight years 
 Representative in Congress from the Eighth 
 District. 
 
 BOARD OF ARBITRATION, a Bureau of the 
 State Government, created by an act of the Legis- 
 lature, approved August 2, 1895. It is appointed 
 by the Executive and is composed of three mem- 
 bers (not more than two of whom can belong to 
 the same political party), one of whom must be 
 an employer of labor and one a member of some 
 labor organization. The term of office for the 
 members first named was fixed at two years; 
 after March 1. 1897, it is to be three years, one 
 member retiring annually. A compensation of 
 
 91,500 per annum is allowed to each member of 
 the Board, while the Secretary, who must also be 
 a stenographer, receives a salary of $1,200 per 
 annum. When a controversy arises between an 
 individual, firm or corporation employing not less 
 than twenty -five persons, and his or its employes, 
 application may be made by the aggrieved 
 party to the Board for an inquiry into the 
 nature of the disagreement, or both parties may 
 unite in the submission of a case. The Board is 
 required to visit the locality, carefully investi- 
 gate the cause of the dispute and render a deci- 
 sion as soon as practicable, the same to be at once 
 made public. If the application be filed by the 
 employer, it must be accompanied by a stipula- 
 tion to continue in business, and order no lock-out 
 for the space of three weeks after its date. In 
 like manner, complaining employes must promise 
 to continue peacefully at work, under existing 
 conditions, for a like period. The Board is 
 granted power to send for persons and papers and 
 to administer oaths to witnesses. Its decisions 
 are binding upon applicants for six months after 
 rendition, or until either party shall have given 
 the other sixty days' notice in writing of his or 
 their intention not to be bound thereby. In case 
 the Board shall learn that a disagreement exists 
 between employes and an employer having less 
 than twenty -five persons in his employ, and that 
 a strike or lock-out is seriously threatened, it is 
 made the duty of the body to put itself into 
 communication with both employer and employes 
 and endeavor to effect an amicable settlement 
 between them by mediation. The absence of any 
 provision in the law prescribing penalties for its 
 violation leaves the observance of the law, in its 
 present form, dependent upon the voluntary 
 action of the parties interested. 
 
 BOARD OF EQUALIZATION, a body organ- 
 ized under act of the General Assembly, approved 
 March 8, 1867. It first consisted of twenty-five 
 members, one from each Senatorial District. 
 The first Board was appointed by the Governor, 
 holding office two years, afterwards becoming 
 elective for a term of four years. In 1872 the 
 law was amended, reducing the number of mem- 
 bers to one for each Congressional District, the 
 whole number at that time becoming nineteen, 
 with the Auditor as a member ex-officio, who 
 usually presides. From 1884 to 1897 it consisted 
 of twenty elective members, but, in 1897, it was 
 increased to twenty-two. The Board meets 
 annually on the second Tuesday of August. The 
 abstracts of the property assessed for taxation in 
 the several counties of the State are laid before 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 55 
 
 it for examination and equalization, but it may 
 not reduce the aggregate valuation nor increase 
 it more than one per cent. Its powers over the 
 returns of the assessors do not extend beyond 
 equalization of assessments between counties. 
 The Board is required to consider the various 
 classes of property separately, and determine 
 such rates of addition to or deduction from the 
 listed, or assessed, valuation of eacli class as it 
 may deem equitable and just. The statutes pre- 
 scribe rules for determining the value of all the 
 classes of property enumerated personal, real, 
 railroad, telegraph, etc. The valuation of the 
 capital stock of railroads, telegraph and other 
 corporations (except newspapers) is fixed by the 
 Board. Its consideration having been completed, 
 the Board is required to summarize the results of 
 its labors in a comparative table, which must be 
 again examined, compared and perfected. 
 Reports of each annual meeting, with the results 
 reached, are printed at the expense of the State 
 and distributed as are other public documents. 
 The present Board (1897-1901) consists by dis- 
 tricts of (1) George F. McKnight, (2) John J. 
 McKenna, (3) Solomon Simon. (4) Andrew Mc- 
 Ansh, (5) Albert Oberndorf, (6) Henry Severin. 
 (7) Edward S. Taylor, (8) Theodore S. Rogers. 
 (9) Charles A. Works. (10) Thomas P. Pierce, (11) 
 Samuel M. Barnes, (12) Frank P. Martin, (13) 
 Frank K. Robeson, (14) W. O. Cadwallader, (15) 
 J. S. Cruttenden, (16) H. D. Hirshheimer, (17) 
 Thomas N. Leavitt, (18) Joseph F. Long, (19) 
 Richard Cadle. (20) Charles Emerson. (21) John 
 W. Larimer, (22) William A. Wall, besides the 
 Auditor of Public Accounts as ex officio member 
 the District members being divided politically 
 in the proportion of eighteen Republicans to four 
 Democrats. 
 
 BOARD OF PUBLIC CHARITIES, u State 
 Bureau, created by act of the Legislature in 
 1869, upon the recommendation of Governor 
 Oglesby. The act creating the Board gives the 
 Commissioners supervisory oversight of the 
 financial and administrative conduct of all the 
 charitable and correctional institutions of the 
 State, with the exception of the penitentiaries, 
 and they are especially charged with looking 
 after and caring for the condition of the paupers 
 and the insane. As originally constituted the 
 Board consisted of five male members who em- 
 ployed a Secretary. Later provision was made 
 for the appointment of a female Commissioner. 
 The office is not elective. The Board has always 
 carefully scrutinized the accounts of the various 
 State charitable institutions, and. under its man- 
 
 agement, no charge of peculation against any 
 official connected with the same has ever been 
 substantiated ; there have been no scandals, and 
 only one or two isolated charges of cruelty to 
 inmates. Its supervision of the county jails and 
 almshouses has been careful and conscientious, 
 and lias resulted in benefit alike to the tax-payers 
 and the inmates. The Board, at the close of the 
 year 1898, consisted of the following five mem- 
 bers, their terms ending as indicated in paren- 
 thesis: J. C. Corbus (1898), R. D. Lawrence 
 (1899). Julia C. Lathrop (1900), William J. Cal 
 houn (1901), Ephraim Banning (1902). J. C. Cor- 
 bus was President and Frederick H. Wines. 
 Secretary. 
 
 BOGARDUS, Charles, legislator, was born 
 in Cayuga County, N. Y., March 28, 1841. and 
 left an orphan at six years of age ; was educated 
 in the common schools, began working in a store 
 at 12, and, in 1862, enlisted in the One Hundred 
 and Fifty-first New York Infantry, being elected 
 First Lieutenant, and retiring from the service 
 as Lieutenant-Colonel "for gallant and meritori- 
 ous service" before Petersburg. While in the 
 service he participated in some of the most 
 important battles in Virginia, and was once 
 wounded and once captured. In 1872 he located 
 in Ford County, 111., where, he lias been a success- 
 ful operator in real estate. He has been twice 
 elected to the House of Representatives (1884 and 
 '86) and three times to the State Senate (1888, 
 '92 and '96), and has served on the most important 
 committees in eacli house, and has proved him- 
 self one of the most useful members. At the 
 session of 1895 he was chosen President pro tern. 
 of the Senate. 
 
 BOG6S, Carroll C., Justice of the Supreme 
 Court, was born in Fairfield, Wayne County, 
 111., Oct. 19, 1844, and still resides in his native 
 town: has held the offices of State's Attorney, 
 County Judge of Wayne County, and Judge of 
 the Circuit Court for the Second Judicial Circuit, 
 being assigned also to Appellate Court duty. In 
 .1 une. 1897, Judge Boggs was elected a Justice of 
 the Supreme Court to succeed Judge David J. 
 Baker, his term to continue until 1906. 
 
 BOLTWOOD, Henry L., the son of William 
 and Electa (Stetson) Boltwood, was born at Am- 
 herst, Mass.. Jan. 17, 1831; fitted for college at 
 Amherst Academy and graduated from Amherst 
 College in 1853. While in college he taught 
 school every winter, commencing on a salary of 
 $4 i>er week and "boarding round" among the 
 scholars. After graduating he taught in acad- 
 emies at Limerick. Me., and at Pembroke and 
 
56 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 Deny, N. H., and in the high school at Law- 
 rence, Mass. ; also served as School Commissioner 
 for Rockingham County, N. H. In 1864 he went 
 into the service of the Sanitary Commission in 
 the Department of the Gulf, remaining until the 
 close of the war; was also ordained Chaplain of a 
 colored regiment, but was not regularly mustered 
 in. After the close of the war he was employed 
 as Superintendent of Schools at Griggsville, 111., 
 for two years, and, while there, in 1867, organ- 
 ized the first township high school ever organized 
 in the State, where he remained eleven years. He 
 afterwards organized the township high school at 
 Ottawa, remaining there five years, after which, 
 in 1883, he organized and took charge of the 
 township high school at Evanston, where he has 
 since been employed in his profession as a teacher. 
 Professor Boltwood has been a member of the State 
 Board of Education and has served as President 
 of the State Teachers' Association. As a teacher 
 he has given special attention to English language 
 and literature, and to history, being the author 
 of an English Grammar, a High School Speller 
 and "Topical Outlines of General History," 
 besides many contributions to educational jour- 
 nals. He has done a great deal of institute work, 
 both in Illinois and Iowa, and has been known 
 somewhat as a tariff reformer. 
 
 BOND, Lester L.. lawyer, was born at Raven- 
 na, Ohio, Oct. 27, 1829 ; educated in the common 
 schools and at an academy, meanwhile laboring 
 in local factories ; studied law and was admitted 
 to the bar in 1853, the following year coming to 
 Chicago, where he has given his attention chiefly 
 to practice in connection with patent laws. Mr. 
 Bond served several terms in the Chicago City 
 Council, was Republican Presidential Elector in 
 1868, and served two terms in the General Assem- 
 bly 1866-70. 
 
 BOND, Shadrach, first Territorial Delegate in 
 Congress from Illinois and first Governor of the 
 State, was born in Maryland, and, after being 
 liberally educated, removed to Kaskaskia while 
 Illinois was a part of the Northwest Territory. 
 He served as a member of the first Territorial 
 Legislature (of Indiana Territory) and was the 
 first Delegate from the Territory of Illinois in 
 Congress, serving from 1812 to 1814. In the 
 latter year he was appointed Receiver of Public 
 Moneys; he also held a commission as Captain in 
 the War of 1812. On the admission of the State, 
 in 1818, he was elected Governor, and occupied 
 the executive chair until 1822. Died at Kaskas- 
 kia, April 13, 1832. Shadrach Bond, Sr., an uncle 
 of the preceding, came to Illinois in 1781 and was 
 
 elected Delegate from St. Clair County (then 
 comprehending all Illinois) to the Territorial 
 Legislature of Northwest Territory, in 1799, and, 
 in 1804, to the Legislative Council of the newly 
 organized Territory of Indiana. 
 
 BOND COUNTY, a small county lying north- 
 east from St. Louis, having an area of 380 square 
 miles and a population 1900) of 16,078. The 
 first American settlers located here in 1807, com- 
 ing from the South, and building Hill's and 
 Jones's forts for protection from the Indians. 
 Settlement was slow, in 1816 there being scarcely 
 twenty-five log cabins in the county. The 
 county-seat is Greenville, where the first cabin 
 was erected in 1815 by George Davidson. The 
 county was organized in 1818, and named in 
 honor of GOT. Shadrach Bond. Its original 
 limits included the present' counties of Clinton, 
 Fayette and Montgomery. The first court was 
 held at Perryville, and, in May, 1817, Judge. 
 Jesse B. Thomas presided over the first Circuit 
 Court at Hill's Station. The first court house 
 was erected at Greenville in 1822. The county 
 contains good timber and farming lands, and at 
 some points, coal is found near the surface. 
 
 BONNEY, Charles Carroll, lawyer and re- 
 former, was born in Hamilton, N. Y., Sept. 4, 
 1831 ; educated at Hamilton Academy and settled 
 in Peoria, 111., in 1850, where he pursued the 
 avocation of a teacher while studying law ; was 
 admitted to the bar in 1852, but removed to Chi- 
 cago in 1860, where he has since been engaged in 
 practice; served, as President of the National 
 Law and Order League in New York in 1885, 
 being repeatedly re-elected, and has also been 
 President of the Illinois State Bar Association, as 
 well as a member of the American Bar Associa- 
 tion. Among the reforms which he has advo- 
 cated are constitutional prohibition of special 
 legislation; an extension of equity practice to 
 bankruptcy and other law proceedings; civil serv- 
 ice pensions ; State Boards of labor and capital, 
 etc. He has also published some treatises in book 
 form, chiefly on legal questions, besides editing 
 a volume of "Poems by Alfred W. Arlington, 
 with a sketch of his Character" (1869. ) As Presi- 
 dent of the World's Congresses Auxiliary, in 1893, 
 Mr. Bonney contributed largely to the success of 
 that very interesting and important feature of 
 the great Columbian Exposition in Chicago. 
 
 BOONE, Lev! I)., M. D., early physician, was 
 bom near Lexington, Ky., December, 1808 a 
 descendant of the celebrated Daniel Boone; re- 
 ceived the degree of M. D. from Transylvania 
 University and came to Edwardsville, 111. , at an 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 57 
 
 early day, afterwards locating at Hillsboro and 
 taking part in the Black Hawk War as Captain of 
 a cavalry company ; came to Chicago in 1836 and 
 engaged in the insurance business, later resuming 
 the practice of his profession; served several 
 terms as Alderman and was elected Mayor in 
 1855 by a combination of temperance men and 
 Know-Nothings ; acquired a large property by 
 operations in real estate. Died, February, 
 1882 
 
 BOONE COUNTY, the smallest of the "north- 
 ern tier" of counties, having an area of only 290 
 square miles, and a population (1900) of 15,791. 
 Its surface is chiefly rolling prairie, and the 
 principal products are oats and corn. The earli- 
 est settlers came from New York and New Eng- 
 land, and among them were included Medkiff, 
 Dunham, Caswell, Cline, Towner, Doty and 
 Whitney. Later (after the Pottawattomies had 
 evacuated the country), came the Shattuck 
 brothers, Maria Hollenbeck and Mrs. Bullard, 
 Oliver Hale, Nathaniel Crosby, Dr. Whiting, H. 
 C. Walker, and the Neeley and Mahoney families. 
 Boone County was cut off from Winnebago, and 
 organized in 1837, being named in honor of Ken- 
 tucky's pioneer. The first frame house in the 
 county was erected by S. F. Doty and stood for 
 fifty years in the village of Belvidere on the north 
 side of the Kishwaukee River. The county-seat 
 (Belvidere) was platted in 1837, and an academy 
 built soon after. The first Protestant church 
 was a Baptist society under the pastorate of Rev. 
 Dr. King. 
 
 BOURBONN AIS, a village of Kankakee County, 
 on the Illinois Central Railroad, 5 miles north of 
 Kankakee. Population (1890), 510; (1900). 595. 
 
 BOUTELL, Henry Sherman, lawyer and Con- 
 gressman, was born in Boston, Mass., March 14, 
 1856, graduated from the Northwestern Univer- 
 sity at Evanston, 111., in 1874, and from Harvard 
 in 1876; was admitted to the bar in Illinois in 
 1879, and to that of the Supreme Court of the 
 United States in 1885. In 1884 Mr. Boutell was 
 elected to the lower branch of the Thirty-fourth 
 General Assembly and was one of the "103" who, 
 in the long struggle during the following session, 
 participated in the election of Gen. John A. 
 Logan to the United States Senate for the last 
 time. At a special election held in the Sixth 
 Illinois District in November, 1897, he was 
 elected Representative in Congress to fill the 
 vacancy caused by the sudden death of his pred- 
 ecessor, Congressman Edward D. Cooke, and at 
 the regular election of 1898 was re-elected to the 
 same position, receiving a plurality of 1,116 over 
 
 his Democratic competitor and a majority of 719 
 over all. 
 
 BOUTON, Nathaniel S., manufacturer, was 
 born in Concord, N. H., May 14, 1828; in his 
 youth farmed and taught school in Connecticut, 
 but in 1852 came to Chicago and was employed 
 in a foundry firm, of which he soon afterwards 
 became a partner, in the manufacture of car- 
 wheels and railway castings. Later he became 
 associated with the American Bridge Company's 
 works, which was sold to the Illinois Central 
 Railroad Company in 1857, when he bought the 
 Union Car Works, which ho operated until 1863. 
 He then became the head of the Union Foundry 
 Works, which having been consolidated with 
 the Pullman Car Works in 1886, he retired, 
 organizing the Bouton Foundry Company. Mr. 
 Bouton is a Republican, was Commissioner of 
 Public Works for the city of Chicago two terms 
 before the Civil War, and served as Assistant 
 Quartermaster in the Eighty-eighth Illinois 
 Infantry (Second Board of Trade Regiment) 
 from 1862 until after the battle of Chickamauga. 
 
 BOYD, Thomas A., was born in Adams County, 
 Pa., June 25, 1830, and graduated at Marshall 
 College, Mercersburg, Pa., at the age of 18; 
 studied law at Chambersburg and was admitted 
 to the bar at Bedford in his native State, where 
 he practiced until 1856. when he removed to Illi- 
 nois. In 1861 he abandoned his practice to enlist 
 in the Seventeenth Illinois Infantry, in which he 
 held the position of Captain. At the close of the 
 war he returned to his home at Lewistown, and, 
 in 1866, was elected State Senator and re-elected 
 at the expiration of his term in 1870, serving in 
 the Twenty-fifth, Twenty-sixth and Twenty- 
 seventh General Assemblies. He was also a 
 Republican Representative from his District in 
 the Forty-fifth and Forty-sixth Congresses 
 (1877-81). Died,.at Lewistown, May 28, 1897. 
 
 BRACEVILLE, a town In Grundy County, 61 
 miles by rail southwest of Chicago. Coal mining 
 is the principal industry. The town has two 
 banks, two churches and good public schools. 
 Population (1890), 2,150; (1900). 1,669. 
 
 BBADFORD, village of Stark County, on Buda 
 and Rushville branch Chicago, Burlington & 
 Quincy Railway ; is in excellent farming region 
 and has large grain and live-stock trade, excel- 
 lent high school building, fine churches, good 
 hotels and one newspaper. Pop. (1900), 773. 
 
 HRAItSBY. William H., pioneer and Judge, 
 was born in Bedford County, Va., July 12, 1787. 
 He removed to Illinois early in life, and was the 
 first postmaster in Washington County (at Cov- 
 
 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 ington), the first school-teacher and the first 
 Circuit and County Clerk and Recorder. At the 
 time of his death he was Probate and County 
 Judge. Besides being Clerk qf all the courts, he 
 was virtually County Treasurer, as he had cus- 
 tody of all the county's money. For several 
 years he was also Deputy United States Surveyor, 
 and in that capacity surveyed much of the south 
 part of the State, as far east as Wayne and Clay 
 Counties. Died at Nashville, 111 , August 21, 
 1839. 
 
 BRADWELL, James Bolesworth, lawyer and 
 editor, was born at Lougliborough. England, April 
 16. 1888, and brought to America in infancy, his 
 parents locating in 1829 or '30 at Utica, N. Y. In 
 1833 they emigrated to Jacksonville, 111., but the 
 following year removed to Wheeling, Cook 
 County, settling on a farm, where the younger 
 Bradwell received his first lessons in breaking 
 prairie, splitting rails and tilling the soil. His 
 first schooling was obtained in a country log- 
 school-house, but. later, he attendeil the Wilson 
 Academy in Chicago, where he had Judge Lo- 
 renzo Sawyer for an instructor. He also took a 
 course in Knox College at Galesburg, then a 
 manual-labor school, supporting himself by work- 
 ing in a wagon and plow shop, sawing wood, 
 etc. In May, 1852, he was married to Miss Myra 
 Colby, a teacher, with whom he went to Mem- 
 phis, Tenn.. the same year, where they engaged 
 in teaching a select school, the subject of this 
 sketch meanwhile devoting some attention to 
 reading law. He was admitted to the bar there, 
 inn after a stay of less than two years in Mem- 
 phis, returned to Chicago and began practice. 
 In 1861 he was elected County Judge of Cook 
 County, and re-elected four years later, but 
 declined a re-election in 1869. The first half of 
 his term occurring during the progress of the 
 Civil War, he had the opportunity of rendering 
 some vigorous decisions which won for him the 
 reputation of a man of courage and inflexible 
 independence, as well as an incorruptible cham- 
 pion of justice. In 1872 he was elected to the 
 lower branch of the Twenty-eighth General 
 Assembly from Cook County, and re-elected in 
 1874. He was again a candidate in 1882, and by 
 many believed to have been honestly elected, 
 though his opponent received the certificate. He 
 made a contest for the seat, and the majority of 
 the Committee on Elections reported in his 
 favor ; but he was defeated through the treach- 
 ery and suspected corruption of a professed polit- 
 ical friend. He is the author of the law making 
 women eligible to school offices in Illinois and 
 
 allowing them to become Notaries Public, and 
 has always been a champion for equal rights for 
 women in the professions and as citizens. 'He 
 was a Second Lieutenant of the One Hundred and 
 Fifth Regiment, Illinois Militia, in 1848; presided 
 over the American Woman's Suffrage Associa- 
 tion at its organization in Cleveland; has been 
 President of the Chicago Press Club, of the Chi- 
 cago Bar Association, and, for a number of years, 
 the Historian of the latter; one of the founders 
 and President of the Union League Club, besides 
 l*ing associated with many other social and 
 business organizations. At present (1899) he is 
 editor of "The Chicago Legal News," founded by 
 his wife thirty years ago, and with which he has 
 been identified in a business capacity from its 
 establishment. Myra Colby (Bradwell), the wife 
 of Judge Bradwell. was born at Manchester, Vt., 
 Feb. 12, 1831 being descended on her mother's 
 side from the Chase family to which Bishop 
 Philander Chase and Salmon P. Chase, the latter 
 Secretary of the Treasury and Chief Justice of 
 the Supreme Court by appointment of Abraham 
 Lincoln, belonged. In infancy she was brought 
 to Portage, N. Y. , where she remained until she 
 was twelve years of age, when her family re- 
 moved west. She attended school in Kenosha. 
 Wis., and a seminary at Elgin, afterwards being 
 engaged in teaching. On May 18, 1852, she was 
 married to Judge Bradwell, almost immediately 
 going to Memphis, Tenn., where, with the assist- 
 ance of her husband, she conducted a select school 
 for some time, also teaching in the public schools, 
 when they returned to Chicago. In the early 
 part of the Civil War she took a deep interest in 
 the welfare of the soldiers in the field and their 
 families at home, becoming President of the 
 Soldiers' Aid Society, and was a leading spirit in 
 the Sanitary Fairs held in Chicago in 1863 and in 
 1865. After the war she commenced the study 
 of law and, in 1868, began the publication of 
 "The Chicago Legal News," with which she re- 
 mained identified until her death also publishing 
 biennially an edition of the session laws after 
 each session of the General Assembly. After 
 passing a most creditable examination, applica- 
 tion was made for her admission to the bar in 
 1871, but denied in an elaborate decision rendered 
 by Judge C. B. Lawrence of the Supreme Court 
 of the State, on the sole ground of sex, as 
 was also done by the Supreme Court of the 
 United States in 1873, on the latter occasion 
 Chief Justice Chase dissenting. She was finally 
 admitted to the bar on March 28, 1892, and was 
 the first lady member of the State Bar Associ- 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 ation. Other organizations with which she was 
 identified embraced the Illinois State Press 
 Association, the Board of Managers of the Sol- 
 diers' Home (in war time), the "Illinois Industrial 
 School for Girls" at Evanston, the Washingtonian 
 Home, the Board of Lady Managers of the 
 World's Columbian Exposition, and Chairman of 
 the Woman's Committee on Jurisprudence of the 
 World's Congress Auxiliary of 1893. Although 
 much before the public during the latter years of 
 her life, she never lost the refinement and graces 
 which belong to a true woman. Died, at her 
 home in Chicago, Feb. 14, 1894. 
 
 BRAIDWOOD, a city in Will County, incorpo- 
 rated in 1860; is 58 miles from Chicago, on the 
 Chicago & Alton Railroad; an important coal- 
 mining point, and in the heart of a ricli 
 agricultural region. It has a bank and a weekly 
 newspaper. Population (1890). 4,641 ; ( 1900), 3,279. 
 
 BRANSON, Nathaniel W.. lawyer, was born in 
 Jacksonville, 111., May 29, 1837; was educated in 
 the private and public schools of that city and at 
 Illinois College, graduating from the latter in 
 1857; studied law with David A. Smith, a promi- 
 nent and able lawyer of Jacksonville, and was 
 admitted to the bar in January, 1860, soon after 
 establishing himself in practice at Petersburg, 
 Menard County, where he has ever since resided. 
 In 1867 Mr. Branson was appointed Register in 
 Bankruptcy for the Springfield District a po- 
 sition which he held thirteen years. He was also 
 elected Representative in the General Assembly 
 in 1872, by re-election in 1874 serving four years 
 in the stormy Twenty-eighth and Twenty-ninth 
 General Assemblies ; was a Delegate from Illinois 
 to the National Republican Convention of 1876. 
 and served for several years most efficiently as a 
 Trustee of the State Institution for the Blind at 
 Jacksonville, part of the time as President of the 
 Board. Politically a conservative Republican, 
 and in no sense an office-seeker, the official po- 
 sitions which he has occupied have come to him 
 unsought and in recognition of his fitness and 
 capacity for the proper discharge of their duties. 
 
 BRAYMAN, Mason, lawyer and soldier, was 
 born in Buffalo, N. Y., May 23, 1813; brought up 
 as a farmer, became a printer and edited "The 
 Buffalo Bulletin," 1834-35; studied law and was 
 admitted to the bar in 1836; removed west in 
 1837, was City Attorney of Monroe, Mich., in 1838 
 and became editor of "The Louisville Adver- 
 tiser" in 1841. In 1842 he opened a law office in 
 Springfield, 111., and the following year was 
 appointed by Governor Ford a commissioner to 
 adjust the Mormon troubles, in which capacity 
 
 he rendered valuable service. In 1844-45 he was 
 appointed to revise the statutes of the State. 
 Later he devoted much attention to railroad 
 enterprises, being attorney of the Illinois Central 
 Railroad. 1851-53; then projected the construe 
 tion of a railroad from Bird's Point, opposite 
 Cairo, into Arkansas, which was partially com- 
 pleted before the war, and almost wholly de- 
 stroyed during that period. In 1861 he entered 
 the service as Major of the Twenty -ninth Illinois 
 Volunteers, taking part in a number of the early 
 battles, including Fort Donelson and Shiloh; 
 was promoted to a colonelcy for meritorious con- 
 duct at the latter, and for a time served as 
 Adjutant-General on the staff of General McCler- 
 nand; was promoted Brigadier-General in Sep- 
 teml>er, 1862, at the close of the war receiving 
 the brevet rank of Major-General. After the 
 close of the war he devoted considerable atten- 
 tion to reviving his railroad enterprises in the 
 South; edited "The Illinois State Journal," 
 187273; removed to Wisconsin and was ap- 
 pointed Governor of Idaho in 1876, serving four 
 years, after which he returned to Ripon, WLs. 
 Died, in Kansas City, Feb. 27, 1895. 
 
 BRKESK, a village in Clinton County, on 
 Baltimore & Ohio S. W. Railway, 39 miles east of 
 St. Louis; lias coal mines, water system, bank and 
 weekly newspaper. Pop. (1890). 80S. (1900), 1,571. 
 
 BREESE. Sidney, statesman and jurist, was 
 born at Whitesboro, N Y.. (according to the 
 generally accepted authority) July 15, 1800. 
 Owing to a certain sensitiveness about his age in 
 his later years, it has been exceedingly difficult 
 to secure authentic data on the subject; but his 
 arrival at Kaskaskia in 1818, after graduating at 
 Union College, and his admission to the bar in 
 1820, have induced many to believe that the date 
 of his birth should be placed somewhat earlier. 
 He was related to some of the most prominent 
 families in New York, including the Livingstons 
 and the Morses, and, after his arrival at Kaskas- 
 kia, began the study of law with his friend Elias 
 Kent Kane, afterwards United States Senator. 
 Meanwhile, having served as Postmaster at Kas- 
 kaskia, he became Assistant Secretary of State, 
 and, in December, 1820, superintended the re- 
 moval of the archives of that office to Vandalia. 
 the new State capital. Later he was appointed 
 Prosecuting Attorney, serving in that position 
 from 1822 till 1827, when he became United 
 States District Attorney for Illinois. He was 
 the first official reporter of the Supreme Court, 
 issuing its first volume of decisions; served as 
 Lieutenant-Colonel of volunteers during the 
 
60 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 Black Hawk War (1832); in 1835 was elected to 
 the circuit bench, and, in 1841, was advanced to 
 the Supreme bench, serving less than two years, 
 when he resigned to accept a seat in the United 
 States Senate, to which he was elected in 1843 as 
 the successor of Richard M. Young, defeating 
 Stephen A. Douglas in the first race of the latter 
 for the office. While in the Senate (1843-49) he 
 served as Chairman of the Committee on Public 
 Lands, and was one of the first to suggest the 
 construction of a transcontinental railway to the 
 Pacific. He was also one of the originators and 
 active promoters in Congress of the Illinois Cen- 
 tral Railroad enterprise. He was Speaker of the 
 Illinois House of Representatives in 1851 , again 
 became Circuit Judge in 1855 and returned to 
 the Supreme bench in 1857 and served more than 
 one term as Chief Justice, the last being in 
 1873-74. His home during most of his public life 
 in Illinois was at Carlyle. His death occurred 
 at Pinckneyville, June 28, 1878. 
 
 II R K\T \ >"( , Lorenzo, was born at Mannheim, 
 in the Grand Duchy of Baden, Germany, Nov. 
 14, 1813; was educated at the Universities ol 
 Heidelberg and Freiburg, receiving the degree of 
 I.L.I)., and attaining high honors, both profes- 
 sional and political. He was successively a 
 member of the Baden Chamber of Deputies and 
 of the Frankfort Parliament, and always a leader 
 of the revolutionist party. In 1849 he became 
 President of the Provisional Republican Gov- 
 ernment of Baden, but was, before long, forced 
 to find an asylum in the United States. He first 
 settled in Kalamazoo County, Mich., as a farmer, 
 but, in 1859, removed to Chicago, where he was 
 admitted to the Illinois bar, but soon entered the 
 field of journalism, becoming editor and part 
 proprietor of "The Illinois Staats Zeitung." He 
 held various public offices, being elected to the 
 Legislature in 1862, serving five years as Presi- 
 dent of the Chicago Board of Education, was a 
 Republican Presidential Elector in 1868, and 
 United States Consul at Dresden in 1872 (a gen- 
 eral amnesty having been granted to the 
 participants in the revolution of 1848), and 
 Representative in Congress from 1877 to 1879. 
 Died, in Chicago, Sept. 17, 1891. 
 
 BRIDGEPORT, a town of Lawrence County, 
 on the Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern Railroad, 
 14 miles west of Vincennes, Ind. It has a bank 
 and one weekly paper. Population (1900), 487. 
 
 BRIDGEPORT, a former suburb (now a part of 
 the city) of Chicago, located at the junction of 
 the Illinois & Michigan Canal with the South 
 Branch of the Chicago River. It is now the 
 
 center of the large slaughtering and packing 
 industry. 
 
 BRIDGEPORT & SOUTH CHICAGO RAIL- 
 WAY. (See Chicago & Northern Pacific Railroad.) 
 
 BRIGHTON, a village of Macoupin County, at 
 the intersection of the Chicago & Alton and the 
 Rock Island and St. Louis branch of the Chicago, 
 Burlington & Quincy Railways; coal is mined 
 here; has a newspaper. Population (1880), 691; 
 (1890), 697; (1900), 660. 
 
 BKIM FIELD, a town of Peoria County, on the 
 Buda and Rushville branch of the Chicago, Bur- 
 lington & Quincy Railway, 38 miles south of 
 Buda; coal-mining and farming are the chief 
 industries. It has one weekly paper and a bank. 
 Population (1880), 832; (1890), 719; (1900), 677. 
 
 BRISTOL, Frank Milton, clergyman, was born 
 in Orleans County, N. Y. , Jan. 4, 1851; came 
 to Kankakee, 111., in boyhood, and having lost 
 his father at 12 years of age, spent the following 
 years in various manual occupations until about 
 nineteen years of age, when, having been con- 
 verted, he determined to devote his life to the 
 ministry. Through the aid of a benevolent lady, 
 he was enabled to get two years' (1870-72) instruc- 
 tion at the Northwestern University, at Evans- 
 ton, afterwards supporting himself by preaching 
 at various points, meanwhile continuing his 
 studies at the University until 1877. After com- 
 pleting his course he served as pastor of some of 
 the most prominent Methodist churches in Chi- 
 cago, his last charge in the State being at Evans- 
 ton. In 1897 he was transferred to Washington 
 ' City, becoming pastor of the Metropolitan M. E. 
 Church, attended by President McKinley. Dr. 
 Bristol is an author of some repute and an orator 
 of recognized ability. 
 
 BROA DWELL, Norman M., lawyer, was born 
 in Morgan County, 111., August 1, 1825; was edu- 
 cated in the common schools and at McKendree 
 and Illinois Colleges, but compelled by failing 
 health to leave college without graduating ; spent 
 some time in the book business, then began the 
 study of medicine with a view to benefiting his 
 own health, but finally abandoned this and, about 
 1850, commenced the study of law in the office of 
 Lincoln & Heradon at Springfield. Having been 
 admitted to the bar, he practiced for a time at 
 Pekin, but, in 1854, returned to Springfield, 
 where he spent the remainder of his life. In 1860 
 he was elected as a Democrat to the House of 
 Representatives from Sangamon County, serving 
 in the Twenty -second General Assembly. Other 
 offices held by him included those of County 
 Judge (1863-65) and Mayor of the city of Spring- 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 61 
 
 field, to which last position he was twice elected 
 (1867 and again in 1869). Judge Broadwell was 
 one of the most genial of men, popular, high- 
 minded and honorable in all his dealings. Died, 
 in Springfield, Feb. 28, 1893. 
 
 BROOKS, John Flavcl, educator, was born 
 in Oneida County, New York, Dec. 3, 1801; 
 graduated at Hamilton College, 1838; studied 
 three years in the theological department of Yale 
 College; was ordained to the Presbyterian min- 
 istry in 1831, and came to Illinois in the service 
 of the American Home Missionary Society. 
 After preaching at Collinsville, Belleville and 
 other points, Mr. Brooks, who was a member of 
 the. celebrated "Yale Band," in 1837 assumed the 
 principalship of a Teachers' Seminary at Waverly, 
 Morgan County, but three years later removed to 
 Springfield, where he established an academy for 
 both sexes. Although finally compelled to 
 abandon this, he continued teaching with some 
 interruptions to within a few years of his death, 
 which occurred in 1886. He was one of the Trus- 
 tees of Illinois College from its foundation up to 
 his death. 
 
 BBOSS, William, journalist, was born in Sus- 
 sex County, N. J., Nov. 14, 1813, and graduated 
 with honors from Williams College in 1838, hav- 
 ing previously developed his physical strength 
 by much hard work upon the Delaware and 
 Hudson Canal, and in the lumbering trade. For 
 five years after graduating he was a teacher, and 
 settled in Chicago in 1848. Th sre he first engaged 
 in bookselling, but later embarked in journalism. 
 His first publication was "The Prairie Herald," a 
 religious paper, which was discontinued after 
 two years. In 1852, in connection with John L. 
 Scripps, he founded "The Democratic Press," 
 which was consolidated with "The Tribune" in 
 1858, Mr. Bross retaining his connection with the 
 new concern. He was always an ardent free- 
 soiler, and a firm believer in the great future of 
 Chicago and the Northwest. He was an enthusi- 
 astic Republican, and, in 1856 and 1860, served as 
 an effective campaign orator. In 1864 he was 
 the successful nominee of his party for Lieuten- 
 ant-' Jovernor. This was his only official position 
 outside of a membership in the Chicago Common 
 Council in 1855. As a presiding officer, he was 
 dignified yet affable, and his impartiality was 
 shown by the fact that no appeals were taken 
 from his decisions. After quitting public life he 
 devoted much time to literary pursuits, deliver- 
 ing lectures in various parts of the country. 
 Among his best known works are a brief "His- 
 tory of Chicago," "History of Camp Douglas," 
 
 and "Tom Quick." Died, in Chicago, Jan. 27. 
 1890. 
 
 BROWN, Henry, lawyer and historian, was 
 born at Hebron, Tolland County, Conn., May 13. 
 1789 the son of a commissary in the army of 
 General Greene of Revolutionary fame; gradu 
 ated at Yale College, and, when of age, removed 
 to New York, later studying law at Albany, 
 Canandaigua and Batavia, and being admitted to 
 the bar about 1813, when he settled down in 
 practice at Cooperstown ; in 1816 was appointed 
 Judge of Herkimer County, -remaining on the 
 bench until about 1834. He then resumed prac- 
 tice at Cooperstown. continuing until 1836, when 
 he removed to Chicago. The following year he 
 was elected a Justice of the Peace, serving two 
 years, and, in 1842, became Prosecuting Attorney 
 of Cook County. During this period he was 
 engaged in writing a "History of Illinois," which 
 was published in New York in 1844 This was 
 regarded at the time as the most voluminous and 
 best digested work on Illinois history that had as 
 yet been published. In 1846, on assuming the 
 Presidency of the Chicago Lyceum, he delivered 
 an inaugural entitled "Chicago, Present and 
 Future," which is still preserved as a striking 
 prediction of Chicago's future greatness. Origi- 
 nally a Democrat, he became a Freesoiler in 1848. 
 Died of cholera, in Chicago, May 16, 1849. 
 
 BROWN, James B., journalist, was born in 
 Gilmanton, Belknap County, N. H., Sept. 1, 
 1833 his father being a member of the Legisla- 
 ture and Selectman for his town. The son was 
 educated at Gilmanton Academy, after which he 
 studied medicine for a time, but did not gradu- 
 ate. In 1857 he removed West, first settling at 
 Dunleith, Jo Daviess County, 111., where he 
 became Principal of the public schools; in 1861 
 was elected County Superintendent of Schools 
 for Jo Daviess County, removing to Galena two 
 years later and assuming the editorship of "The 
 Gazette" of that city. Mr. Brown also served as 
 Postmaster of Galena for several years. Died, 
 Feb. 13, 1896. 
 
 BROWN, James N., agriculturist and stock- 
 man, was born in Fayette County, Ky., Oct. 1, 
 1806; came to Sangamon County, 111., in 1833, 
 locating at Island Grove, where he engaged 
 extensively in farming and stock-raising. He 
 served as Representative in the General Assem- 
 blies of 1840, '42, '46, and '52, and in the last was 
 instrumental in securing the incorporation of the 
 Illinois State Agricultural Society, of which he 
 was chosen the first President, being re-elected in 
 1854. He was one of the most enterprising grow- 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 era of blooded cattle in the State and did much to 
 introduce them in Central Illinois ; was also an 
 earnest and influential advocate of scientific 
 education for the agricultural classes and an 
 efficient colaborer with Prof. J. B. Turner, of 
 Jacksonville, in securing the enactment by Con- 
 gress, in 1862. of the law granting lands for the 
 endowment of Industrial Colleges, out of which 
 grew the Illinois State University and institu- 
 tions of like character in other States. Died, 
 Nov. 16, 1868. 
 
 BROWN, William, lawyer and jurist, was born 
 June 1, 1819, in Cumberland, England, his par- 
 ents emigrating to this country when he was 
 eight years old, and settling in Western New 
 York. He was admitted to the bar at Rochester, 
 in October, 1845, and at once removed to Rock- 
 ford, 111., where he commenced practice. In 1852 
 he was elected State's Attorney for the Four- 
 teenth Judicial Circuit, and, in 1837, was chosen 
 Mayor of Rockford. In 1870 he was elected to 
 the bench of the Circuit Court as successor to 
 Judge Sheldon, later was promoted to the Su- 
 preme Court, and was re-elected successively in 
 1873, in '79 and .'85. Died, at Rockford, Jan. 15, 
 1891. 
 
 BROWN, William H., lawyer and financier, 
 was born in Connecticut, Dec. 20, 1796; spent 
 his boyhood at Auburn, N. Y., studied law, and, 
 in 1818, came to Illinois with Samuel D. Lock- 
 wood (afterwards a Justice of the State Supreme 
 Court), descending the Ohio River to Shawnee- 
 town in a flat-boat. Mr. Brown visited Kaskas- 
 kia and was soon after appointed Clerk of the 
 United States District Court by Judge Nathaniel 
 Pope, removing, in 1820, to Vandalia, the new 
 State capital, where he remained until 1835. He 
 then removed to Chicago to accept the position of 
 Cashier of the Chicago branch of the State Bank 
 of Illinois, which he continued to fill for many 
 years. He served the city as School Agent for 
 thirteen years (1840-53), managing the city's 
 school fund through a critical period with great 
 discretion and success. He was one of the group 
 of early patriots who successfully resisted the 
 attempt to plant slavery in Illinois in 1823-24; 
 was also one of the projectors of the Chicago & 
 Oalena Union Railroad, was President of the 
 Chicago Historical Society for seven years and 
 connected with many other local enterprises. 
 He was an ardent personal friend of President 
 Lincoln and served as Representative in the 
 Twenty-second General Assembly (1860-62). 
 While making a tour of Europe lie died of paraly- 
 sis at Amsterdam, June 17, 1867. 
 
 BROWN COUNTY, situated in the western 
 part of the State, with an area of 300 square 
 miles, and a population (1890) of 11,951 ; was cut 
 off from Schuyler and made a separate county in 
 May, 1839, being named in honor of Gen. Jacob 
 Brown. Among the pioneer settlers were the 
 Vandeventers and Hambaughs, John and David 
 Six, William McDaniel, Jeremiah Walker, 
 Willis O'Neil, Harry Lester, John Ausmus apd 
 Robert H. Curry. The county-seat is Mount 
 Sterling, a town of no little attractiveness. 
 Other prosperous villages are Mound Station and 
 Ripley. The chief occupation of the people is 
 farming, although there is some manufacturing 
 of lumber and a few potteries along the Illinois 
 River. Population (1900), 11,557. 
 
 BROWNE, Francis Fisher, editor and author, 
 was born in South Halifax, Vt., Dec. 1, 1843, the 
 son of William Goldsmith Browne, who was a 
 teacher, editor and author of the song "A Hun- 
 dred Years to Come." In childhood he was 
 brought by his parents to Western Massachusetts, 
 where he attended the public schools and learned 
 the printing trade in his father's newspaper 
 office at Chicopee, Mass. Leaving school in 1862. 
 he enlisted in the Forty-sixth Regiment Massa- 
 chusetts Volunteers, in which he served one 
 year, chiefly in North Carolina and in the Army 
 of the Potomac. On the discharge of his regi- 
 ment he engaged in the study of law at Roches- 
 ter, N. Y., entering the law department of the 
 University of Michigan in 1866, but abandoning 
 his intenton of entering the legal profession, 
 removed to Chicago in 1867, where he engaged in 
 journalistic and literary pursuits. Between 1869 
 and '74 he was editor of "The Lakeside Monthly, " 
 when he became literary editor of "The Alliance. " 
 but, in 1880, he established and assumed the 
 editorship of "The Dial," a purely literary pub 
 liration which has gained a high reputation, and 
 of which he has remained in control continuously 
 ever since, meanwhile serving as the literary 
 adviser, for many years, of the well-known pub 
 lishing house of McClurg & Co. Besides his 
 journalistic work, Mr. Browne has contributed 
 to the magazines and literary anthologies a num- 
 ber of short lyrics, and is the author of "The 
 Everyday Life of Abraham Lincoln" (1886), and 
 a volume of poems entitled, "Volunteer Grain" 
 (1893). He also compiled and edited "Golden 
 Poems by British and American Authors" (1881) ; 
 "The Golden Treasury of Poetry and Prose" 
 (1886), and the "Laurel Crowned"series of stand- 
 ard poetry (1891-92). Mr. Browne was Chairman 
 of the Committee of the Congress of Authors in 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 63 
 
 the "World's Congress Auxiliary held in con- 
 nection with The Columbian Exposition in 
 1893. 
 
 BROWNE, Thomas C., early jurist, was born in 
 Kentucky, studied law there and, coming to 
 Shawneetown in 1812, served in the lower branch 
 of the Second Territorial Legislature (1814-16) 
 and in the Council (1816-18), being the first law- 
 yer to enter that body. In 1815 he was appointed 
 Prosecuting Attorney and, on the admission of 
 Illinois as a State, was promoted to the Supreme 
 bench, being re-elected by joint ballot of the 
 Legislature in 1825, and serving continuously 
 until the reorganization of the Supreme Court 
 under the Constitution of 1848, a period of over 
 thirty years. Judge Browne's judicial character 
 and abilities have been differently estimated. 
 Though lacking in industry as a student, he is 
 represented by the late Judge John D. Caton, 
 who knew him personally, as a close thinker and 
 a good judge of men. While seldom, if ever, 
 accustomed to argue questions in the conference 
 room or write out his opinions, he had a capacity 
 for expressing himself in short, pungent sen- 
 tences, which indicated that he was a man of con- 
 siderable ability and had clear and distinct views 
 of his own. An attempt was made to impeach 
 him before the Legislature of 1843 "for want of 
 capacity to discharge the duties of his office," 
 but it failed by an almost unanimous vote. He 
 was a Whig in politics, but had some strong sup- 
 porters among Democrats. In 1822 Judge Browne 
 was one of the four candidates for Governor in 
 the final returns standing third on the list and, by 
 dividing the vote of the advocates of a pro-slavery 
 clause in the State Constitution, contributing to 
 the election of Governor Coles and the defeat of 
 the pro-slavery party. (See Coles, Edward, and 
 Slavery and Slave Laws. ) In the latter part of 
 his official term Judge Browne resided at Ga- 
 lena, but, in 1853, removed with his son-in-law, 
 ex-Congressman Joseph P. Hoge, to San Fran- 
 cisco, Cal., where he died a few years later 
 probably about 1856 or 1858. 
 
 BROWNING, Orvillc Hlckman, lawyer, United 
 States Senator and Attorney-General, was born 
 in Harrison County, Ky., in 1810. After receiv- 
 ing a classical education at Augusta in his native 
 State, he removed to Quincy, 111., and was 
 admitted to the bar in 1831. In 1832 he served 
 in the Black Hawk War, and from 1836 to 1843, 
 was a member of the Legislature, serving in both 
 houses. A personal friend and political adherent 
 of Abraham Lincoln, he aided in the organization 
 of the Republican party at the memorable 
 
 Bloomington Convention of 1856. As a delegate 
 to the Chicago Convention in 1860, he aided in 
 securing Mr. Lincoln's nomination, and was a 
 conspicuous supporter of the Government in the 
 Civil War. In 1861 he was appointed by Gov- 
 ernor Yates United States Senator to till Senator 
 Douglas' unexpired term, serving until 1863. In 
 1866 he became Secretary of the Interior by ap- 
 pointment of President Johnson, also for a time 
 discharging the duties of Attorney-General. 
 Returning to Illinois, he was elected a member of 
 the Constitutional Convention of 1869-70, which 
 was his last participation in public affairs, his 
 time thereafter being devoted to his profession. 
 He died at his home in Quincy, 111., August 10, 
 1881. 
 
 BRYAX, Silas Lillanl. legislator and jurist, 
 born in Culpepper County, Va., Nov. 4, 1822; was 
 left an orphan at an early age, and came west in 
 1840, living for a time with a brother near Troy, 
 Mo. The following year he came to Marion 
 County, 111., where he attended school and 
 worked on a farm; in 1845 entered McKendree 
 College, graduating in 1849, and two years later 
 was admitted to the bar. supporting himself 
 meanwhile by teaching. He settled at Salem 
 111., and, in 1852, was elected as a Democrat to 
 the State Senate, in which lx>dy he served for 
 eight years, being re-elected in 1856. In 1861 he 
 was elected to the bench of the Second Judicial 
 Circuit, and again chosen in 1867, his second 
 term expiring in 1873. While serving as Judge, 
 he was also elected a Delegate to the Constitu- 
 tional Convention of 1869-70. He was an unsuc- 
 cessful candidate for Congress on the Greeley 
 ticket)in 1872. Died at Salem, March 30, 1880. 
 William Jennings (Bryan), son of the preceding, 
 was born at Salem, 111., March 19, 1860. The early- 
 life of young Bryan was spent on his father's 
 farm, but at the age of ten years he began to 
 attend the public school in town : later spent two 
 years in Whipple Academy, .the preparatory 
 department of Illinois College at Jacksonville, 
 and, in 1881, graduated from the college proper as 
 the valedictorian of his class. Then he devoted 
 two years to the study of law in the Union Law 
 School at Chicago, meanwhile acting as clerk and 
 studying in the law office of ex-Senator Lyman 
 Trumbull. Having graduated in law in 1883, he 
 soon entered upon the practice of his profession 
 at Jacksonville as the partner of Judge E. P. 
 Kirby, a well-known lawyer and prominent 
 Republican of that city. Four years later (1887) 
 found him a citizen of Lincoln, Neb., which has 
 since been his home. He took a prominent part 
 
HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 in the politics of Nebraska, stumping the State 
 for the Democratic nominees in 1888 and '89, and 
 in 1890 received the Democratic nomination for 
 Congress in a district which had been regarded 
 as strongly Republican, and was elected by a 
 large majority. Again, in 1892, he was elected 
 by a reduced majority, but two years later 
 declined a renomination, though proclaiming 
 himself a free-silver candidate for the United 
 States Senate, meanwhile officiating as editor of 
 "The Omaha World-Herald." In July, 1896, he 
 received the nomination for President from the 
 Democratic National Convention at Chicago, on 
 a platform declaring for the "free and unlimited 
 coinage of silver" at the ratio of sixteen of silver 
 (in weight) to one of gold, and a few weeks later 
 was nominated by the "Populists'" at St. Louis 
 for the same office ling the youngest man ever 
 put in nomination for the Presidency in the his- 
 tory of the Government. He conducted an 
 active personal campaign, speaking in nearly 
 every Northern and Middle Western State, but 
 was defeated by his Republican opponent, Maj. 
 William McKinley. Mr. Bryan is an easy and 
 fluent speaker, possessing a voice of unusual 
 compass and power, and is recognized, even by 
 his political opponents', as a man of pure personal 
 character. 
 
 BRYAN, Thomas Harbour, lawyer and real 
 estate operator, was born at Alexandria, Va., 
 Dec. 22, 1828, being descended on the maternal 
 side from the noted Barbour family of that 
 State ; graduated in law at Harvard, and, at the 
 age of twenty-one, settled in Cincinnati. In 
 1852 he came to Chicago, where he acquired ex- 
 tensive . real estate interests and built Bryan 
 Hall, which became a popular place for en- 
 tertainments. Being a gifted speaker, as well 
 as a zealous Unionist, Mr. Bryan was chosen 
 to deliver the address of welcome to Senator 
 Douglas, when that statesman returned to 
 Chicago a few weeks before his death in 1861. 
 During the progress of the war he devoted his 
 time and his means most generously to fitting out 
 soldiers for the field and caring for the sick and 
 wounded. His services as President of the great 
 Sanitary Fair in Chicago (1865), where some 
 $300,000 were cleared for disabled soldiers, were 
 especially conspicuous. At this time he became 
 the purchaser (at $3.000) of the original copy of 
 President Lincoln's Emanci]>ation Proclamation, 
 which had been donated to the cause. He also 
 rendered valuable service after the fire of 1871, 
 though a heavy sufferer from that event, and was 
 a leading factor in securing the location of the 
 
 World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago ip 1890, 
 later becoming Vice -President of the Board of 
 Directors and making a visit to Europe in the 
 interest of the Fair. After the war Mr. Bryan 
 resided in Washington for some time, and, by 
 appointment of President Hayes, served as Com- 
 missioner of the District of Columbia. Possessing 
 refined literary and artistic tastes, he has done 
 much for the encouragement of literature and 
 art in Chicago. His home is in the suburban 
 village of Elmhurst. Charles Page (Bryan), son 
 of the preceding, lawyer and foreign minister, 
 was born in Chicago, Oct. 2, 1855, and educated 
 at the University of Virginia and Columbia Law 
 School; was admitted to practice in 1878, and 
 the following year removed to Colorado, where 
 he remained four years, while there serving in 
 both Houses of the State Legislature. In 1883 he 
 returned to Chicago and became a member of the 
 First Regiment of the Illinois National Guard, 
 serving upon the staff of both Governor Oglesby 
 and Governor Fifer; in 1890, was elected to the 
 State Legislature from Cook County, being re- 
 elected in 1892, and in 1894; was also the first 
 Commissioner to visit Europe in the interest of 
 the World's Columbian Exposition, on his return 
 serving as Secretary of the Exposition Commis- 
 sioners in 1891-92. In the latter part of 1897 he 
 was appointed by President McKinley Minister 
 to China, but before being confirmed, early in 
 1898, was assigned to the United States mission to 
 the Republic of Brazil, where he now is, Hon. 
 E. H. Conger of Iowa, who had previously been 
 appointed to the Brazilian mission, being trans- 
 ferred to Pekin. 
 
 BRYANT, John Howard, pioneer, brother of 
 William Cullen Bryant, the poet, was born in 
 Cummington, Mass., July 22, 1807, educated at 
 the Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute in Troy, 
 N. Y. ; removed to Illinois in 1831, and held vari- 
 ous offices in Bureau Comity, including that of 
 Representative in the General Assembly, to which 
 he was elected in 1842, and again in 1858. A 
 practical and enterprising farmer, he was identi- 
 fied with the Illinois State Agricultural Society 
 in its early history, as also with the movement 
 which resulted in the establishment of industrial 
 colleges in the various States. He was one of the 
 founders of the Republican party and a warm 
 personal friend of President Lincoln, being a 
 member of the first Republican State Convention 
 at Bloomington in 1856, and serving as Collector 
 of Internal Revenue by appointment of Mr. Lin- 
 coln in 1862-64. In 1872 Mr. Bryant joined in the 
 Liberal Republican movement at Cincinnati, two 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 65 
 
 years later was identified with the "Independent 
 Reform" party, but has since cooperated with 
 the Democratic party. He has produced two 
 volumes of poems, published, respectively, in 1855 
 and 1885, besides a number of public addresses. 
 His home is at Princeton, Bureau County. 
 
 BUCK, Hiram, clergyman, was born in Steu- 
 ben County, N. Y., in 1818; joined the Illinois 
 Methodist Episcopal Conference in 1843, and con- 
 tinued in its service for nearly fifty years, being 
 much of the time a Presiding Elder. At his 
 death he bequeathed a considerable sum to the 
 endowment funds of the Wesleyan University at 
 Bloomington and the Illinois Conference College 
 at Jacksonville Died at Decatur, 111., August 
 23, 1892. 
 
 lit' lA,a village in Bureau County, at the junc- 
 tion of the main line with the Buda and Rush- 
 ville branch of the Chicago. Burlington & Quincy 
 Railroad, and the Sterling and Peoria branch of 
 the Chicago & Northwestern, 12 miles southwest 
 of Princeton and 117 miles west-southwest of 
 Chicago: has excellent water-works, electric- 
 light plant, brick and tile factory, fine churches, 
 graded school, a bank and one newspaper 
 Dairying is carried on quite extensively and a 
 good-sized creamery is located here. Population 
 (1890). 990; (1900), 873. 
 
 BUFORD, Napoleon Bonaparte, banker and 
 soldier, was born in Woodford County, Ky., Jan. 
 13, 1807 ; graduated at West Point Military Acad- 
 emy, 1827, and served for some time as Lieutenant 
 of Artillery; entered Harvard Law School in 
 1831, served as Assistant Professor of Natural and 
 Experimental Philosophy there (1834-35), then 
 resigned his commission, and, after some service 
 as an engineer upon public works in Kentucky, 
 established himself as an iron-founder and banker 
 at Rock Island, 111., in 1857 becoming President 
 of the Rock Island & Peoria Railroad. In 1861 
 he entered the volunteer service, as Colonel of 
 the Twenty-seventh Illinois, serving at various 
 points in Western Kentucky and Tennessee, as 
 also in the siege of Vicksburg, and at Helena, 
 Ark., where he was in command from Septem- 
 ber, 1863, to March, 1865. In the meantime, by 
 promotion, he attained to the rank of Major- 
 General by brevet, being mustered out in August. 
 1865. He subsequently held the post of Special 
 United States Commissioner of Indian Affairs 
 (1868), and that of Inspector of the Union Pacific 
 Railroad (1807 -09). Died. March 28, 1883. 
 
 BULKLEY, (Rev.) Justus, educator, was born 
 at Leicester, Livingston County, N. Y., July 2:?, 
 1819, taken to Allegany County, N. Y., at 3 
 
 years of age, where he remained until 17, attend 
 ing school in a log school-house in the winter and 
 working on a farm in the summer. His family 
 then removed to Illinois, finally locating at 
 Barry, Pike County. In 1842 he entered the 
 preparatory department of Shurtleff College at 
 Upper Alton, graduating there in 1847. He was 
 immediately made Principal of the preparatory 
 department, remaining two years, when he was 
 ordained to the Baptist ministry and became 
 pastor of a church at Jerseyville. Four years 
 later he was appointed Professor of Mathematics 
 in Shurtleff College, but remained only two 
 years, when he accepted the pastorship of a 
 church at Carrollton, which he continued to fill 
 nine years, when, in 1864, he was called to a 
 church at Upper Alton. At the expiration of 
 one year he was again called to a professorship 
 in Shurtleff College, this time taking the chair of 
 Church History and Church Polity, which he 
 continued to fill for a period of thirty-four years; 
 also serving for a time as Acting President dur 
 ing a vacancy in that office. During this period 
 he was frequently called upon to preside as Mod- 
 erator at General Associations of the Baptist 
 Church, and he became widely known, not only 
 in that denomination, but elsewhere. Died at 
 Upper Alton, Jan. 16, 1899. 
 
 BULL, Lorenzo, banker, Quincy, III, was born 
 in Hartford, Conn,, March 21, 1819, being the 
 eldest son of Lorenzo and Elizabeth Goodwin 
 Bull. His ancestors on both sides were of the 
 party who, under Thomas Hooker, moved from 
 the vicinity of Boston and settled Hartford in 
 1634. Leaving Hartford in the spring of 1833, he 
 arrived at Quincy, 111., entirely without means, 
 but soon after secured a position with Judge 
 Henry H. Snow, who then held most of the 
 county offices, being Clerk of the County Com- 
 missioners' Court. Clerk of the Circuit Court, 
 Recorder, Judge of Probate. Notary Public and 
 Justice of the Peace. Here the young clerk 
 made himself acquainted with the people of the 
 county (at {liat time few in number), with the 
 land-system of the country and with the legal 
 forms and methods of procedure in the courts. 
 He remained with Judge Snow over two years, 
 receiving for his services, the first year, six dol- 
 lars per month, and. for the second, ten dollars 
 per month, besides his board in Judge Snow's 
 family. He next accepted a situation with 
 Messrs. Holmes, Brown & Co., then one of the 
 most prominent mercantile houses of the city, 
 remaining through various changes of the firm 
 until 1844, when he formed a partnership with 
 
66 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 his brother under the firm name of L. & C. II. 
 Bull, and opened a store for the sale of hardware 
 and crockery, which was the first attempt made 
 in Quincy to separate the mercantile business 
 into different departments. Disposing of their 
 business in 1861, the firm of L. & C. H. Bull 
 embarked in the private banking business, which 
 they continued in one location for about thirty 
 years, when they organized the State Savings 
 Loan & Trust Company, in which he held the 
 position of President until 1898, when he retired. 
 Mr. Bull has always been active in promoting the 
 improvement and growth of the city , was one of 
 the five persons who built most of the horse rail- 
 roads in Quincy, and was, for about twenty years, 
 President of the Company. The Quincy water- 
 works are now (1898) owned entirely by himself 
 and his son. He has never sought or held political 
 office, but at one time was the active President of 
 five distinct business corporations. He was also 
 for some five years one of the Trustees of Illinois 
 College at Jacksonville. He' was married in 1844 
 to Miss Margaret H. Benedict, daughter of Dr. 
 Wm. M. Benedict, of Milbury, Mass., and they 
 have five children now living. In politics he is a 
 Republican, and his religious associations are with 
 the Congregational Church. Charles Henry 
 (Bull), brother of the preceding, was born in 
 Hartford, Conn., Dec. 16. 1822. and removed 
 to Quincy, 111., in June, 1837. He commenced 
 business as a clerk in a general store, where 
 he remained for seven years, when he entered 
 into partnership with his brother, Lorenzo Bull, 
 in the hardware and crockery business, to 
 which was subsequently added dealing in 
 agricultural implements. This business was 
 continued until the year 1861. when it was 
 sold out, and the brothers established them- 
 selves as private bankers under the same firm 
 name. A few years later they organized the 
 Merchants' and Farmers' National Bank, which 
 was mainly owned and altogether managed by 
 them. Five or six years later this bank was 
 wound up, when they returned to private bank- 
 ing, continuing in this business until 1891, when 
 it was merged in the State Savings Loan & 
 Trust Company, organized under the laws of 
 Illinois with a capital of $300,000, held equally 
 by Lorenzo Bull, Charles H. Bull and Edward J. 
 Parker, respectively, as President, Vice-Presi- 
 dent and Cashier. Near the close of 1898 the 
 First National Bank of Quincy was merged into 
 the State Savings Loan & Trust Company with 
 J. H. Warfield, the President of the former, as 
 President of the consolidated concern. Mr. Bull 
 
 was one of the parties who originally organized 
 the Quincy. Missouri & Pacific Railroad Com- 
 pany in 1869 a road intended to be built from 
 Quincy, 111., across the State of Missouri to 
 Brownsville, Neb., and of which he is now 
 (1898) the President, the name having been 
 changed to the Quincy, Omaha & Kansas City 
 Railway. He was also identified with the con- 
 struction of the system of street railways in 
 Quincy, and continued active in their manage- 
 ment for about twenty years. He has been 
 active in various other public and private enter- 
 prises, and has done much to advance the growth 
 and prosperity of the city. 
 
 BUNKER HILL, H city of Macoupin County, on 
 the Cleveland. Cincinnati, Chicago Jt St. Louis 
 Railroad, 37 miles northeast of St. Louis: has 
 electric-lighting plant, telephone service, cxwl 
 mine, flouring mill, wagon and various other 
 manufactories, two lianks, two newspapers, oj>era 
 house, numerous churches, public library, a mili- 
 tary academy and fine public schools, ami many 
 handsome residences; is situated on high ground 
 in a rich agricultural anil dairying region and an 
 important shipping-point. Pop. (1900), 1J279. 
 
 Itl N \. Jacob, banker and manufacturer, was 
 born in Hunterdon County, N. J., in 1814; came 
 to Springfield in 1836, and, four years later, began 
 business as a grocer, to which he afterwards 
 added that of private banking, continuing until 
 1878. During a part of this time his bank was 
 one of the best known and widely regarded as 
 one of the most solid institutions of its kind in 
 the State. Though crippled by the financial 
 revulsion of 1873-74 and forced investments in 
 depreciated real estate, he paid dollar for dollar. 
 After retiring from banking in 1878, he assumed 
 charge of the Springfield Watch Factory, in 
 which he was a large stockholder, and of which 
 he became the President. Mr. Bunn was, be- 
 tween 1866 and 1870, a principal stockholder in 
 "The Chicago Republican" (the predecessor of 
 'The Inter-Ocean''), and was one of the bankers 
 who came to the aid of the State Government with 
 financial assistance at the beginning of the Civil 
 War. Died at Springfield. Oct. 16, 1S97. John W. 
 (Bunn), brother of the preceding and successor 
 to the grocery business of J. & J. W. Bunn, lias 
 been a prominent business man of Springfield, 
 and served as Treasurer of the State Agricultural 
 Board from 1858 to 1898. and of the Illinois Uni- 
 versity from its establishment to 1893. 
 
 BUNSEN, George, German patriot and educa- 
 tor, was born at Frankfort-on-the-Maine, Ger- 
 many, Fell 18, 1794, and educated in his native 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 city and at Berlin University; while still a 
 student took part in the Peninsular War which 
 resulted in the downfall of Napoleon, but resum- 
 ing his studies in 1816. graduated three years 
 later. He then founded a boys' school at Frank- 
 fort, which he maintained fourteen years, when, 
 having been implicated in the republican revolu 
 tion of 1833, he was forced to leave the country, 
 locating the following year on a farm in St. Clair 
 County, 111. Here he finally became a teacher in 
 the public schools, served in the State Constitu- 
 tional Convention of 1847, was elected School 
 Commissioner of St. Clair County, and, having 
 removed to Belleville in 1855, there conducted a 
 private school for the instruction of teachers 
 while discharging the duties of his office-, later 
 was appointed a member of the first State School 
 Board, serving until 1860, and taking part in the 
 establishment of the Illinois State Normal Urn 
 versity, of which he was a zealous advocate. He 
 was also a contributor to "The Illinois Teacher," 
 and, for several years prior to his death, served 
 as Superintendent of Schools at Belleville without 
 compensation. Died, November, 1872. 
 
 BUBCHARD, Horatio C., ex -Congressman, was 
 born at Marshall, Oneida County. N. Y., Sept. 22, 
 1825; graduated at Hamilton College, N. Y., in 
 1850, and later removed to Stephenson County, 
 111., making his home at Freeport. By profes- 
 sion he is a lawyer, but he has been also largely 
 interested in mercantile pursuits. From 1857 to 
 1860 he was School Commissioner of Stephenson 
 County ; from 1863 to 1866 a member of the State 
 Legislature, and from 1869 to 1879 a Representa- 
 tive in Congress, being each time elected as a 
 Republican, for the first time as the successor of 
 E. B. Washburne. After retiring from Congress, 
 he served for six years (1879-85) as Director of the 
 United States Mint at Philadelphia, with marked 
 ability. During the World's Columbian Exposi- 
 tion at Chicago (1893), Mr. Burchard was in 
 charge of the Bureau of Awards in connection 
 with the Mining Department, afterwards resum- 
 ' ing the practice of his profession at Freeport. 
 
 BURDETTE, Robert Jones, journalist and 
 humorist, was born in Greensborough, Pa. , July 
 80, 1844, and taken to Peoria, 111., in early life, 
 where he was educated in the public schools. In 
 1862 he enlisted as a private in the Forty -seventh 
 Illinois Volunteers and served to the end of the 
 war ; adopted journalism in 1869, being employed 
 upon "The Peoria Transcript" and other papers 
 of that city. Later he became associated with 
 "The Burlington (Iowa) Hawkeye," upon which 
 he gained a wide reputation as a genial humor- 
 
 ist. Several volumes of his sketches have been 
 published, but in recent years he has devoted hi; 
 attention chiefly to lecturing, with occasional 
 contributions to the literary press. 
 
 BUREAU COUNTY, set off from Putnam 
 County in 1837, near the center of the northern 
 half of the State, Princeton being made the 
 county-seat. Coal had been discovered in 1834, 
 there being considerable quantities mined at 
 Mineral and Selby. Sheffield also has an impor- 
 tant coal trade. Public lands were offered for sale 
 as early as 1835. and by 1844 had been nearly all 
 sold. Princeton was platted in 1832, and. in 1890. 
 contained a population of 3,396. The county has 
 an area of 870 square miles, and, according to the 
 census of 1900, a population of 41.112. The pio- 
 neer settler was Henry Thomas, who erected the 
 first cabin, in Bureau township, in 1828. He was 
 soon followed by the Ament brothers (Edward. 
 Justus and John L. ) , and for a time settlers came 
 in rapid succession, among the earliest being 
 Amos Leonard. Daniel Dimmick, John Hall. 
 William Hoskins, Timothy Perkins, Leonard 
 
 Roth, Bull x ma and John Dixon. Serious 
 
 Indian disturbances in 1831 caused a hegira of 
 the settlers, some of whom never returned. In 
 1833 a fort was erected for the protection of the 
 whites, and, in 1836, there began a new and large 
 influx of immigrants. Among other early set- 
 tlers were John H. and Arthur Bryant, brothers 
 of the poet, William Cullen Bryant. 
 
 BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS, estab- 
 lished in 1879, being an outgrowth of the agitation 
 and discontent among the laboring classes, which 
 culminated in 1877-78. The Board consists of 
 five Commissioners, who serve for a nominal 
 compensation, their term of office being two 
 years. They are nominated by the Executive 
 and confirmed by the Senate. The law requires 
 that three of them shall be manual laborers and 
 two employers of manual labor. The Bureau is 
 charged with the collection, compilation and 
 tabulation of statistics relative to labor in Illi- 
 nois, particularly in its relation to the commer- 
 cial, industrial, social, educational and sanitary 
 conditions of the working classes. The Com- 
 mission is required to submit biennial reports. 
 Those already published contain much informa- 
 tion of value concerning coal and lead mines, 
 convict labor, manufactures, strikes and lock- 
 outs, wages, rent, cost of living, mortgage 
 indebtedness, and kindred topics. 
 
 BURGESS, Alexander, Protestant Episcopal 
 Bishop of the diocese of Quincy, was born at 
 Providence, R. I., Oct. 31, 1819. He graduated 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 from Brown University in 1838 and from the 
 General Theological Seminary (New York) in 
 1841. He was made a Deacon, Nov. 3, 1842. and 
 ordained a priest, Nov. 1, 1843. Prior to his ele- 
 vation to the episcopate he was rector of various 
 parishes in Maine, at Brooklyn, N. V , and at 
 Springfield, Mass. He represented the dioceses 
 of Maine, Long Island and Massachusetts in the 
 General Conventions of the Protestant Episcopal 
 Church from 1844 to 1877, and, in the latter year, 
 was President of the House of Deputies. Upon 
 the death of his brother George, Bishop of Maine, 
 he was chosen by the clergy of the diocese to suc- 
 ceed him but declined When the diocese of 
 Quincy 111. was created, he was elected its first 
 Bishop, and consecrated ut Christ Church, Spring 
 field, Mass . on May 15, 1N78. Besides publishing 
 a memoir of his brother. Bishop Burgess is the 
 author of several Sunday-school question books, 
 carols and hymns, anil lias been a contributor to 
 periodical church literature. His residence is at 
 Peoria. 
 
 IM'lt I. KV. Arthur (iiliiiHii, merchant, was born 
 at Exeter, N. H.. Oct. 4. 1K12, received his edu- 
 cation in the local schools, and, in 1835, came 
 West, locating in Chicago. For some two years 
 he served as clerk in the boot, shoe and clothing 
 store of John Holbrook. after which he accepted 
 a position with his half-brother, Stephen F. Gale, 
 the proprietor of the first book and stationery 
 store in Chicago. In 1838 he invested his savings 
 in a bankrupt stock of crockery, purchased from 
 the old State Bank, and entered upon a business 
 career which was continued uninterruptedly for 
 nearly sixty years. In that time Mr. Burley 
 huilt up a business which, for its extent and 
 success, was unsurpassed in its time in the West. 
 His brother in-law, Mr. John Tyrrell, became a 
 member of the firm in 1832. the business there- 
 after being conducted under the name of Burley 
 & Tyrrell, with Mr. Burley as President of the 
 Company until his death, which occurred, August 
 
 37, 1897. Augustus Harris (Hurley), brother of 
 the preceding, was born at Exeter, N. H., March 
 
 38, 1819 ; was educated in the schools of his native 
 State, and, in his youth, was employed for a 
 time as a clerk in Boston. In 1837 he came to 
 Chicago and took a position as clerk or salesman 
 in the book and stationery store of his half- 
 brother, Stephen F. Gale, subsequently became a 
 partner, and, on the retirement of Mr Gale a 
 few years later, succeeded to the control of the 
 business. In 1857 he disposed of his book and 
 stationery business, and about the same time 
 became one of the founders of the Merchants' 
 
 Loan and Trust Company, with which he has 
 been connected as a Director ever since. Mr. 
 Burley was a member of the volunteer fire depart- 
 ment organized in Chicago in 1841 Among the 
 numerous public positions held by him may be 
 mentioned, member of the Board of Public Works 
 (1867-70), the first Superintendent of Lincoln Park 
 (1869), Representative from Cook County in the 
 Twenty-seventh General Assembly (1870-72), City 
 Comptroller during the administration of Mayor 
 Medill (1872-73), and again undar Mayor Roche 
 (1887), and member of the City Council (1881-82). 
 Politically, Mr. Burley has been a zealous Repub- 
 lican and served on the Chicago Union Defense 
 Committee in the first year of the Civil War, and 
 was a delegate from the State aMarge to the 
 National Republican Convention at Baltimore in 
 1864, which nominated Abraham Lincoln for the 
 Presidency a second time. 
 
 BURNHAM, Daniel Hudson, architect, was 
 l>orn at Henderson, N. Y., Sept. 4, 1846; came to 
 Chicago at 9 years of age; attended private 
 schools and the Chicago High School, after which 
 he spent two years at Waltham. Mass.. receiving 
 special instruction; returning to Chicago in 1867. 
 he was afterwards associated with various firms. 
 About 1873 he formed a business connection with 
 J. W. Root, architect, which extended to the 
 death of the latter in 1891. The firm of Burnham 
 & Root furnished the plans of a large number of 
 the most conspicuous business buildings in Chi- 
 cago, but won their greatest distinction in con- 
 nection with the construction of buildings for the 
 World's Columbian Exposition, of which Mr. 
 Root was Supervising Architect previous to his 
 death, while Mr. Burnham was made Chief of 
 Construction and, later Director of Works. In 
 this capacity his authority was almost absolute, 
 but was used with a discretion that contributed 
 greatly to the success of the enterprise. 
 
 BURR, Albert 6., former Congressman, was 
 born in Genesee County, N. Y., Nov. 8, 1829: 
 came to Illinois about 1832 with his widowed 
 mother, who settled in Springfield. In early life 
 he became a citizen of Winchester, where he read 
 law and was admitted to the bar, also, for a time, 
 following the occupation of a printer. Here he 
 was twice elected to the lower house of the Gen- 
 eral Assembly (1860 and 1862), meanwhile serving 
 as a member of the State Constitutional Conven- 
 tion of 1862. Having removed to Carrollton. 
 Greene County, he was elected as a Democrat to 
 the Fortieth and Forty-first Congresses (1866 and 
 1868). serving until March 4. 1871. In August, 
 1877, he was elected Circuit Judge to fill a 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 69 
 
 vacancy and was re-elected for the regular term 
 in June, 1879, but died in office, June 10, 1882. 
 
 BUBBELL, Orlando, member of Congress, was 
 born in Bradford County, Pa. ; removed with his 
 parents to White County, 111., in 1834, growing 
 up on a farm near Carmi; received a common 
 school education; in 1850 went to California, 
 driving an ox-team across the plains. Soon after 
 the beginning of the Civil War (1861) he raised a 
 company of cavalry, of which he was elected 
 Captain, and which became a part of the First 
 Regiment Illinois Cavalry; served as County 
 Judge from 1873 to 1881, and was elected Sheriff 
 in 1886. In 1894 he was elected Representative 
 in Congress as a Republican from the Twentieth 
 District, composed of counties which formerly 
 constituted a large part of the old Nineteenth 
 District, and which had uniformly been repre- 
 sented by a Democrat. He suffered defeat as a 
 candidate for re-election in 1896. 
 
 BUBROU6HS, John Curtis, clergyman and 
 educator, was born in Stamford, N. Y., Dec. 7, 
 1818; graduated at Yale College in 1842, and 
 Madison Theological Seminary in 1846. After 
 five years spent as pastor of Baptist churches at 
 Waterford and West Troy, N. Y., in 1852 he 
 assumed the pastorate of the First Baptist Church 
 of Chicago; about 1856 was elected to the presi- 
 dency of the Chicago University, then just 
 established, having previously declined the 
 presidency of Shurtleff College at Upper Alton. 
 Resigning his position in 1874, he soon after 
 became a member of the Chicago Board of Edu- 
 cation, and, in 1884, was elected Assistant Super- 
 intendent of Public Schools of that city, serving 
 until his death, April 21, 1892. 
 
 IM'SF.V, Samuel T., banker and ex-Congress- 
 man, was born at Greencastle, Ind., Nov. 16, 
 1835; in infancy was brought by his parents to 
 Urbana, III., where he was educated and has 
 since resided. From 1857 to 1859 he was engaged 
 in mercantile pursuits, but during 1860-61 
 attended a commercial college and read law. In 
 1862 he was chosen Town Collector, but resigned 
 to enter the Union Army, being commissioned^ 
 Second Lieutenant by Governor Yates, and 
 assigned to recruiting service. Having aided in 
 the organization of the Seventy-sixth Illinois 
 Volunteers, he was commissioned its Lieutenant- 
 Colonel, August 12, 1862 ; was afterward promoted 
 to the colonelcy, and mustered out of service at 
 Chicago, August 6, 1865, with the rank of Brevet 
 Brigadier-General. In 1866 he was an unsuccess- 
 ful candidate for the General Assembly on the 
 Democratic ticket, and for Trustee of tho State 
 
 University in 1888. From 1880 to 1889 he was 
 Mayor and President of the Board of Education 
 of Urbana. In 1867 lie opened a private bank, 
 which he conducted for twenty-one years. In 
 1890 he was elected to Congress from the Fif- 
 teenth Illinois District, defeating Joseph G. Can 
 non. Republican, by whom he was in turn 
 defeated for the same office in 1892. 
 
 BCSHNELL, a nourishing city and manufac- 
 turing center in McDonough County, 11 miles 
 northeast nf Macomb. at the junction of two 
 branches of the Chicago. Burlington & Quincy 
 with the Toledo, Peoria & Western Railroads; has 
 numerous manufactories, including wooden 
 puni|>s. flour, agricultural implements, wagons 
 and cariiages, tank and fence-work, rural mail- 
 boxes, mattresses, brick, besides egg and poultry 
 packing houses: also has water-works and elec- 
 tric lights, grain elevators, three banks, several 
 churches, graded public and high schools, two 
 newnpai>ers and a public library. Pop. (1900), 2,490. 
 
 HI SIINKI.I.. Nrhemiah, lawyer, was horn in 
 the town of Westbrook, C'onn., Oct. 9, 1813; 
 graduated at Yale College in 1835, studied law 
 and was admitted to the bar in 1837, coming in 
 December of the same year to Quincy, 111. , where, 
 for a time, he assisted in editing "The Whig" 
 of that city, later forming a partnership with 
 O. H. Browning, which was never fully broken 
 until his death. In his practice he gave much 
 attention to land titles in the "Military Tract" ; 
 in 1851 was President of the portion of the North- 
 ern Cross Railroad between Quincy and Gales- 
 burg (now a part of the Chicago, Burlington ft 
 Quincy), and later of the Quincy Bridge Company 
 and the Quincy & Palmyra (Mo.) Railroad. In 
 1872 he was elected by the Republicans the 
 "minority" Representative from Adams County 
 in the Twenty-eighth General Assembly, but 
 died during the succeeding session, Jan. 31, 1873. 
 He was able, high-minded and honorable in public 
 and private life. 
 
 BCSHNELL, Washington, lawyer and Attor- 
 ney-General, was born in Madison County, N. Y., 
 Sept. 30, 1825; in 1837 came with his father to 
 Lisbon, Kendall County, 111., where he worked on 
 a farm and taught at times ; studied law at Pough- 
 keepsie. N. Y.. was admitted to the bar and 
 established himself in practice at Ottawa, 111. 
 The public positions held by him were those of 
 State Senator for La Salle County (1861-69) and 
 Attorney -General (1869-73) ; was also a member 
 of the Republican National Convention of 1864, 
 liesides being identified with various business 
 enterprises at Ottawa. Died. June 30, 1885. 
 
 
70 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 
 BUTLER, William, State Treasurer, was born 
 in A. lair County, Ky., Dec. 15, 1797; during the 
 war of 1812, at the age of 16 years, served as the 
 messenger of the Governor of Kentucky, carrying 
 dispatches to Gen. William Henry Harrison in 
 the field; removed to Sangamon County, 111., in 
 1828, and, in 1836, was appointed Clerk of the 
 Circuit Court by Judge Stephen T. Logan. In 
 1859 he served as foreman of the Grand Jury 
 which investigated the "canal scrip frauds" 
 charged against ex-Governor Matteson, and it 
 was largely through his influence that the pro- 
 ceedings of that body were subsequently pub- 
 lished in an official form. During the same year 
 Governor Bissell appointed him State Treasurer 
 to fill a vacancy caused by the resignation of 
 James Miller, and he was elected to the same 
 office in 1860. Mr. Butler was an ardent sup- 
 porter of Abraham Lincoln, whom he efficiently 
 befriended in the early struggles of the latter 
 in Springfield. He died in Springfield, Jan. 11, 
 1876. 
 
 BUTTERFIELD, Justin, early lawyer, was 
 born at Keene, N. II . in 1790. He studied at 
 Williams College, and was admitted to the bar 
 at Watertown, N. Y., in 1812. After some years 
 devoted to practice at Adams and at Sackett's 
 Harbor, N. Y. , he removed to New Orleans, where 
 he attained a high rank at the bar. In 1835 he 
 settled in Chicago and soon became a leader in 
 his profession there also. In 1841 he was appointed 
 by President Harrison United States District At- 
 torney for the District of Illinois, and, in 1849, by 
 President Taylor Commissioner of the General 
 Land Office, one of his chief competitors for the 
 latter place being Abraham Lincoln. This dis- 
 tinction he probably owed to the personal influ- 
 ence of Daniel Webster, then Secretary of State, 
 of whom Mr. Butterfield was a personal friend 
 and warm admirer. While Commissioner, he 
 rendered valuable service to the State in securing 
 the canal land grant. As a lawyer he was logical 
 and resourceful, as well as witty and quick at 
 repartee, yet his chief strength lay before the 
 Court rather than the jury. Numerous stories 
 are told of his brilliant sallies at the bar and 
 elsewhere. One of the former relates to his 
 address before Judge Nathaniel Pope, of the 
 United States Court at Springfield, in a habeas- 
 corpus case to secure the release of Joseph Smith, 
 the Mormon prophet, who was under arrest under 
 the charge of complicity in an attempt to assassin- 
 ate Governor Boggs of Missouri. Rising to begin 
 his argument, Mr. Butterfield said: "I am to 
 address the Pope" (bowing to the Court), "sur- 
 
 rounded by angels" (bowing still lower to a party 
 of ladies in the audience), "in the presence of 
 the holy apostles, in behalf of the prophet of 
 the Lord." On another occasion, being asked if 
 he was opposed to the war with Mexico, he 
 replied. "I opposed one war" meaning his 
 opposition as a Federalist to the War of 1812 
 "but learned the folly of it. Henceforth I am for 
 war, pestilence and famine." He died, Oct. 25, 
 1855. 
 
 BYFORD, William II., physician and author, 
 was born at Eaton. Ohio, March 20, 1817 ; in 1830 
 came with his widowed mother to Crawford 
 County, 111., and began learning the tailor's 
 trade at Palestine; later studied medicine at 
 Vincennes and practiced at different points in 
 Indiana. Meanwhile, having graduated at the 
 Ohio Medical College, Cincinnati, in 1850, he 
 assumed a professorship in a Medical College at 
 Evansville, Ind., also editing a medical journal. 
 In 1857 he removed to Chicago, where he ac- 
 cepted a chair in Rush Medical College, but two 
 years later became one of the founders of the 
 Chicago Medical College, where he remained 
 twerty years. He then (1879) returned to Rush, 
 assuming the chair of Gynecology. In 1870 he 
 assisted in founding the Woman's Medical Col- 
 lege of Chicago, remaining President of the 
 Faculty and Board of Trustees until his death, 
 May 21, 1890. He published a number of medical 
 works which are regarded as standard by the 
 profession, besides acting as associate of Dr. N. S. 
 Davis in the editorship of "The Chicago Medical 
 Journal" and as editor-in-chief of "The Medical 
 Journal and Examiner," the successor of the 
 former. Dr. Byford was held in the highest 
 esteem as a physician and a man, both by the 
 general public and his professional associates. 
 
 BYRON, a village of Ogle County, in a pictur- 
 esque region on Rock River, at junction of the 
 Chicago Great Western and the Chicago, Mil- 
 waukee & St. Paul Railways. 83 miles west-north- 
 west from Chicago; is in rich farming and dairy- 
 ing district: has two banks and two weekly 
 papers. Population (1890), 698; (1900). 1,015. 
 
 CABLE, a town in Mercer County, on the Rock 
 Island & Peoria Railroad, 26 miles south by east 
 from Rock Island. Coal-mining is the principal 
 industry, but there are also tile works, a good 
 quality of clay for manufacturing purposes being 
 found in abundance. Population (1880), 572; 
 (1890), 1,276; (1900). 697. 
 
 CABLE, Benjamin T., capitalist and politician, 
 was born in Georgetown. Scott County, Ky.. 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 71 
 
 August 11, 1853. When he was three years old 
 his father's family removed to Rock Island, 111., 
 where he has since resided. After passing 
 through the Rock Island public schools, he matric- 
 ulated at the University of Michigan, graduating 
 in June, 1876. He owns extensive ranch and 
 manufacturing property, and is reputed wealthy ; 
 is also an active Democratic politician, and influ- 
 ential in his party, having been a member of both 
 the National and State Central Committees. In 
 1890 he was elected to Congress from the Eleventh 
 Illinois District, but since 1893 has held no public 
 office. 
 
 CABLE, Ransom R.. railway manager, was 
 born in Athens County, Ohio, Sept. 23, 1834. 
 His early training was mainly of the practical 
 sort, and by the time he was 17 years old he was 
 actively employed as a lumberman. In 1857 he 
 removed to Illinois, first devoting his attention 
 to coal mining in the neighborhood of Rock 
 Island. Later he became interested in the pro- 
 jection and management of railroads, being in 
 turn Superintendent, Vice-President and Presi- 
 dent of the Rock Island & Peoria Railroad. His 
 next position was that of General Manager of the 
 Rockford, Rock Island & St. Louis Railroad. His 
 experience in these positions rendered him famil- 
 iar with both the scope and the details of railroad 
 management, while his success brought him to 
 the favorable notice of those who controlled rail- 
 way interests all over the country. In 1876 he 
 was elected a Director of the Chicago, Rock 
 Island & Pacific Railway. In connection with 
 this company he has held, successively, the 
 offices of Vice-President, Assistant to the Presi- 
 dent, General Manager and President, being chief 
 executive officer since 1880. (See Chicago, Rock 
 Island (fc Pacific Railiray.) 
 
 CAHOKIA, the first permanent white settle- 
 ment in Illinois, and, in French colonial times, 
 one of its principal towns. French Jesuit mis- 
 .sionaries established the mission of the Tamaroas 
 here in 1700, to which they gave the name of 
 "Sainte Famille de Caoquias," antedating the 
 settlement at Kaskaskia of the same year by a 
 fejv months. Cahokia and Kaskaskia were 
 jointly made the county -seats of St. Clair County, 
 when that county was organized by Governor St. 
 Clair in 1790. Five years later, when Randolph 
 County was set off from St. Clair, Cahokia was 
 continued as the county-seat of the parent 
 county, so remaining until the removal of the 
 seat of justice to Belleville in 1814. Like its 
 early rival, Kaskaskia, it has dwindled in impor- 
 tance until, in 1890. its population was estimated 
 
 at 100. Descendants of the early French settlers 
 make up a considerable portion of the present 
 population. The site of the old town is on the 
 line of the Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern Rail- 
 road, about four miles from East St. Louis. 
 Some of the most remarkable Indian mounds in 
 the Mississippi Valley, known as "the Cahokia 
 Mounds, " are located in the vicinity. (See Mound- 
 Builders, Works of the.) 
 
 CAIRXES, Abraham, a native of Kentucky, in 
 1816 settled in that part of Crawford County, III, 
 which was embraced in Lawrence County on the 
 organization of the latter in 1821. Mr. Cairnes 
 was a member of the House for Crawford County 
 in the Second General Assembly (1820-22), and 
 for Lawrence County in the Third (1822-24), in 
 the latter voting against the pro-slavery Conven- 
 tion scheme. He removed from Lawrence 
 County to some point on the Mississippi River in 
 1826, but further details of his history are un- 
 known. 
 
 CAIRO, the county-seat of Alexander County, 
 and the most important river point between St. 
 Louis and Memphis. Its first charter was ob- 
 tained from the Territorial Legislature by Shad 
 rach Bond (afterwards Governor of Illinois), John 
 G. Corny ges and others, who incorporated the 
 "City and Bank of Cairo. " The company entered 
 about 1,800 acres, but upon the death of Mr. Corny- 
 ges, the land reverted to the Government. The 
 forfeited tract was re-entered in 1835 by Sidney 
 Breese and others, who later transferred it to the 
 "Cairo City and Canal Company,?' a corporation 
 chartered in 1837, which, by purcliase, increased 
 its holdings to 10,000 acres. Peter Stapleton is 
 said to have erected the first house, and John 
 Hawley the second, within the town limits. In 
 consideration of certain privileges, the Illinois 
 Central Railroad has erected around the water 
 front a substantial levee, eighty feet wide. Dur- 
 ing the Civil War Cairo was an important base 
 for military operations. Its population, according 
 to the census of 1900, was 12,568. (See also Alex- 
 ander County.) 
 
 CAIRO BRIDGE, THE, one of the triumphs of 
 modern engineering, erected by the Illinois Cen- 
 tral Railroad Company across the Ohio River, 
 opposite the city of Cairo. It is the longest 
 metallic bridge across a river in the world, being 
 thirty-three feet longer than the Tay Bridge, in 
 Scotland. The work of construction was begun. 
 July 1. 1S87, and uninterruptedly prosecuted for 
 twenty -seven months, being completed, Oct. 29. 
 iss'.i The first train to cross it was made up of 
 ten locomotives coupled together. The ap- 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 
 proaches from both the Illinois and Kentucky 
 shores consist of iron viaducts and well-braced 
 timber trestles. The Illinois viaduct approach 
 consists of seventeen spans of 150 feet each, and 
 one span of 106 !^ feet. AH these rest on cylin- 
 der piers filled with concrete, and are additionally 
 1 supported by piles driven within the cylinders. 
 The viaduct on the Kentucky shore is of similar 
 general construction. The total number of spans 
 is twenty -two twenty -one being of 150 feet each, 
 and one of KM>' + feet. The total length of the 
 metal work, from end to end, is 10,650 feet, 
 including that of the bridge proper, which is 
 4.644 feet. The latter consists of nine through 
 .spans and three deck spans. The through spans 
 rest on ten first-class masonry piers on pneumatic 
 foundations. The total length of the bridge, 
 including the timber trestles, is 20,461 feet about 
 3# miles. [Four-fifths of the Illinois trestle 
 work has been filled in with earth, while that on 
 the southern shore has been virtually replaced by 
 an embankment since the completion of the 
 bridge. The bridge proper stands 104.42 feet in 
 the clear above low water, and from the deepest 
 foundation to the top of the highest iron work is 
 248.94 feet. The total cost of the work, including 
 the filling and embankment of the trestles, has 
 been (1895) between $3,250,000 and $3,500,000. 
 
 CAIRO, VINCEOES & CHICAGO RAIL- 
 ROAD, a division of the Cleveland, Cincinnati, 
 Chicago & St. Louis Railway, extending from 
 Danville to Cairo (261 miles), with "a branch nine 
 miles in length from St. Francisville, 111., to Vin- 
 rennes, Ind. It 'a.s chartered as the Cairo & 
 Vincennes Railroad in 1867, completed in 1872, 
 placed in the hands <>f a receiver in 1874, sold 
 under foreclosure in January, 1880, and for some 
 time operated as the Cairo Division of the 
 Wabash, St. Louis & Pacific Railway. In 1889, 
 having been surrendered by the Wabash, St. 
 Louis & Pacific Railway, it was united with the 
 Danville & Southwestern Railroad, reorganized as 
 the Cairo, Vincennes & Chicago Railroad, and, 
 in 1890, leased to the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chi- 
 cago & St. Louis Railway, of which it is known 
 as the "Cairo Division." (See Cleveland, Cincin- 
 nati, Chicago <t St. Louix Railway.) 
 
 CAIRO & ST. LOUIS RAILROAD. (See St. 
 Louis & Cairo Railroad and Mobile & Ohio Rail- 
 teay. ) 
 
 CAIRO \ VINCENNES RAILROAD. (See 
 Cairo, Vincennes <t Chicago Railroad.) 
 
 CALDWELL, (Dr.) George, early physician 
 and legislator (the name is spelled both Cadwell 
 and Caldwell in the early records), was born at 
 
 Wethersfield, Conn.. Feb. 21, 1773, and received 
 his literary education at Hartford, and his pro- 
 fessional at Rutland, Vt. He married a daughter 
 of Hon. Matthew Lyon, who was a native of 
 Ireland, and who served two terms in Congress 
 from Vermont, four from Kentucky (1803-11), 
 and was elected the first Delegate in Congress 
 from Arkansas Territory, but died before taking 
 his seat in August, 1822. Lyon was also a resi- 
 dent for a time of St. Louis, and was a candidate 
 for Delegate to Congress from Missouri Territory, 
 but defeated by Edward Hempstead (see Hemp- 
 stead, Edward). Dr. Caldwell descended the 
 Ohio River in 1799 in company with Lyon's 
 family and his brother-in-law, John Messinger 
 (see Messinger, John), who afterwards became a 
 prominent citizen of St. Clair County, the party 
 locating at Eddyville, Ky. In 1802, Caldweil 
 and Messinger removed to Illinois, landing near 
 old Fort Chartres, and remained some time in 
 the American Bottom. The former finally 
 located on the banks of the Mississippi a few 
 miles above St. Louis, where he practiced his 
 profession and held various public offices, includ- 
 ing those of Justice of the Peace and County 
 Judge for St. Clair County, as also for Madison 
 County after the organization of the latter. He 
 served as State Senator from Madison County 
 in the First and Second General' Assemblies 
 (1818-22), and, having removed in 1820 within the 
 limits of what is now Morgan County (but still 
 earlier embraced in Greene), in 1822 was elected 
 to the Senate for Greene and Pike Counties 
 the latter at that time embracing all the northern 
 and northwestern part of the State, including 
 the county of Cook. During the following ses- 
 sion of the Legislature he was a sturdy opponent 
 of the scheme to make Illinois a slave State. Hi.s 
 home in Morgan County was in a locality known 
 as "Swinerton's Point," a few miles west of 
 Jacksonville, where he died, August 1, 1826. 
 (See Slavery and Slave Lam.) Dr. Caldwell (or 
 Cadwell, as he was widely known) commanded 
 a high degree of respect among early residents of 
 Illinois. Governor Reynolds, in his "Pioneer 
 History of Illinois," says of him: "He was 
 moral and correct in his public and private life. 
 . . . was a respectable physician, and always 
 maintained an unblemished character." 
 
 CALHOUN, John, pioneer printer and editor, 
 was born at Watertown, X. Y., April 14, 1HOX; 
 learned the printing trade and practiced it in his 
 native town, also working in a type-foundry in 
 Albany and as a compositor in Troy. In the fall 
 of 1833 he came to Chicago, bringing with him 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 an outfit for the publication of a weekly paper, 
 and, on Nov. 26, began the issue of "The Chicago 
 Democrat" the first paper ever published in that 
 city. Mr. Calhoun retained the management of 
 the paper three years, transferring it in Novem- 
 ber, 1836, to John Wentworth, who conducted it 
 until its absorption by "The Tribune" in July, 
 4861. Mr. Calhoun afterwards served as County 
 Treasurer, still later as Collector, and, finally, as 
 agent of the Illinois Central Railroad in procur- 
 ing right of way for the construction of its lines. 
 Died in Chicago, Feb. 20, 1859. 
 
 ( A I.IIOl" N , John, surveyor and politician, was 
 born in Boston, Mass., Oct. 14, 1806; removed to 
 Springfield, 111., in 1830, served in the Black 
 Hawk War and was soon after appointed County 
 Surveyor. It was under Mr. Calhoun, and by his 
 appointment, that Abraham Lincoln served for 
 some time as Deputy Surveyor of Sangamon 
 County. In 1838 Calhoun was chosen Represent- 
 ative in the General Assembly, but was defeated 
 in 1840, though elected Clerk of the House at the 
 following session. He was a Democratic Presi- 
 dential Elector in 1844, was an unsuccessful 
 candidate for the nomination for Governor in 
 1846, and, for three terms (1849, '50 and '51). 
 served as Mayor of the city of Springfield. In 
 1852 he was defeated by Richard Yates (after- 
 wards Governor and United States Senator) , as a 
 candidate for Congress, but two years later was 
 appointed by President Pierce Surveyor-General 
 of Kansas, where be became discreditably con- 
 spicuous by his zeal in attempting to carry out 
 the policy of the Buchanan administration for 
 making Kansas a slave State especially in con- 
 nection with the Lecompton Constitutional Con- 
 vention, with the election of which he had much 
 to do, and over which he presided. Died at St. 
 Joseph. Mo., Oct. 25, 1859. 
 
 CALHOUX, William J., lawyer, was born in 
 Pittsburg, Pa., Oct. .5, 1847. After residing at 
 various points in that State, his family removed 
 to Ohio, where he worked on a farm until 1864, 
 when he enlisted as a private in the Nineteenth 
 Ohio Volunteer Infantry, serving to the end of 
 the war. He participated in a number of severe 
 battles while with Sherman on the march against 
 Atlanta, returning with General Thomas to Nash- 
 ville, Tenn. During the last few months of the 
 war he served in Texas, being mustered, out at 
 San Antonio in that State, though receiving his 
 final discharge at Columbus, Ohio. After the 
 war he entered the Poland Union Seminary, 
 where he became the intimate personal friend of 
 Maj William McKinley, who was elected to the 
 
 Presidency in 1896. Having graduated at the 
 seminar^-, he came to Arcola, Douglas County, 
 111 . and began the study of law, later taking a 
 course in a law school in Chicago, after which he 
 was admitted to the bar (1875) and established 
 himself in practice at Danville as the partner of 
 the Hon. Joseph B. Maun. In 1882 Mr. Calhoun 
 was elected as a Republican to the lower branch 
 of the Thirty-third General Assembly and, during 
 the following session, proved himself one of the 
 ablest members of that body. In Hay, 1897, Mr. 
 Calhoun was appointed by President McKinley a 
 special envoy to investigate the circumstances 
 attending the death of Dr. Ricardo Ruiz, a nat- 
 uralized citizen of the United States who had 
 died while a prisoner in the liandsof the Spaniards 
 during the rebellion then in progress in Cuba. 
 In 1898 he was appointed a member of the Inter- 
 State Commerce Commission to succeed William 
 R. Morrison, whose term had expired. 
 
 CALHOUN COUNTY, situated between the 
 Mississippi and Illinois Rivers, just above their 
 junction. It has an area of 260 square miles, 
 with a population (1900) of 8,917; was organized 
 in 1825 and named for John C. Calhoun. Origi- 
 nally, the county was well timbered and the 
 early settlers were largely engaged in lumbering, 
 which tended to give the population more or less 
 of a migratory character. Much of the timber 
 has been cleared off, and the principal business 
 in later years has been agriculture, although coal 
 is found and mined in paying quantities along 
 Silver Creek. Tradition lias it that the aborig- 
 ines found the precious metals in the bed of this 
 stream. It was originally included within the 
 limits of the Military Tract set apart for the 
 veterans of the War of 1812. The physical con- 
 formation of the county's surface exhibits some 
 peculiarities. Limestone bluffs, rising some- 
 times to the height of 200 feet, skirt the banks of 
 both rivers, while through the center of the 
 county runs a ridge dividing the two watersheds. 
 The side valleys and the top of the central ridge 
 are alike fertile. The bottom lands are very 
 rich, but are liable to inundation. The county- 
 seat and principal town is Hardin, with a popula- 
 tion (1890) of 311. 
 
 CALLAHAN, Ethelbert, lawyer and legislator, 
 was born near Newark, Ohio, Dec. 17, 1829; 
 came to Crawford County, III., in 1849, where he 
 farmed, taught school and edited, at different 
 times, "The Wabash Sentinel" and "The Marshall 
 Telegraph." He early identified himself with 
 the Republican party, and, in 1864, was the 
 Republican candidate for Congress in his dis- 
 
T4 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 trict ; became a member of the first State Board 
 of Equalization by appointment of Governor 
 Oglesby in 1867 ; served in the lower house of the 
 General Assembly during the sessions of 1875, '91, 
 '93 and '95, and, in 1893-95, on a Joint Committee 
 to revise the State Revenue Lawd. He was also 
 Presidential Elector in 1880, and again in 1888. 
 Mr. Callahan was admitted to the bar when past 
 30 years of age, and was President of the State 
 Bar Association in 1889. His home is at Robinson. 
 
 CALUMET RIVER, a short stream the main 
 body of which is formed by the union of two 
 branches which come together at the southern 
 boundary of the city of Chicago, and which flows 
 into Lake Michigan a short distance north of the 
 Indiana State line. The eastern branch, known 
 as the Grand Calumet, flows in a westerly direc- 
 tion from Northwestern Indiana and unites with 
 the Little Calumet from the west, :i .',2 miles from 
 the mouth of the main stream. From the south- 
 ern limit of Chicago the general course of the 
 stream is north between Lake Calumet and Wolf 
 Lake, which it serves to drain. At its mouth, 
 Calumet Harbor has been constructed, which 
 admits of the entrance of vessels of heavy 
 draught, and is a shipping and receiving 
 point of importance for heavy freight for 
 the Illinois Steel Works, the Pullman Palace 
 Car Works and other manufacturing establish- 
 ments in that vicinity. The river is regarded as 
 a navigable stream, and lias been dredged by the 
 General Government to a depth of twenty feet 
 and 300 feet wide for a distance of two miles, 
 with a depth of sixteen feet for the remainder of 
 the distance to the forks. The Calumet feeder 
 for the Illinois and Michigan Canal extends from 
 the west branch (or Little Calumet) to the canal 
 in the vicinity of Willow Springs. The stream 
 was known to the early French explorers as "the 
 Calimic," and was sometimes confounded by 
 them with the Chicago River. 
 
 CALUMET RIVER RAILROAD, a short line, 
 4.43 miles in length, lying wholly within Cook 
 , County. The Pennsylvania Railroad Company 
 is the lessee, but the line is not operated at present 
 (1898). Its outstanding capital stock is $68,700. 
 It has no funded debt, but has a floating debt of 
 $116,357, making a total capitalization of 165,087. 
 This road extends from One Hundredth Street in 
 Chicago to Hegewisch. and was chartered in 1883. 
 (See Pennsylvania Railroad.) 
 
 CAMBRIDGE, the county-seat of Henry 
 County, about 160 miles southwest of Chicago, 
 on the Rock Island & Peoria Railroad. It is situ- 
 ated in a fertile region chiefly devoted to 
 
 agriculture and stock-raising. The city is a con- 
 siderable grain market and has some manufac- 
 tories. Some coal is also mined. It has a public 
 library, two newspapers, three banks, good 
 schools, and handsome public (county) buildings. 
 Population (1880), 1,203; (1890), United States 
 census report, 940; (1900), 1,345. 
 
 CAMERON, James, Cumberland Presbyterian 
 minister and pioneer, was born in Kentucky in 
 1791, came to Illinois in 1815, and, in 1818, settled 
 in Sangamon County. In 1829 he is said to have 
 located where the town of New Salem (after- 
 wards associated with the early history of Abra- 
 ham Lincoln) was built, and of which he and 
 James Rutledge were the founders. He is also 
 said to have officiated at the funeral of Ann 
 Rutledge, with whose memory Mr. Lincoln's 
 name- has been tenderly associated by his biog- 
 raphers. Mr. Cameron subsequently removed 
 successively to Fulton County, 111., to Iowa and 
 to California, dying at a ripe old age, in the latter 
 State, about 1878. 
 
 CAMP DOUGLAS, a Federal military camp 
 established at Chicago early in the War of the 
 Rebellion, located between Thirty-first Street and 
 College Place, and Cottage Grove and Forest 
 Avenues. It was [originally designed and solely 
 used as a camp of instruction for new recruits. 
 Afterwards it was utilized as a place of confine- 
 ment for Confederate prisoners of war. (For 
 plot to liberate the latter, together with other 
 similar prisoners in Illinois, see Camp Douglas 
 Conspiracy.) 
 
 CAMP DOUGLAS CONSPIRACY, a plot formed 
 in 1864 for the liberation of the Confederate 
 prisoners of war at Chicago (in Camp Douglas), 
 Rock Island, Alton and Springfield. It was to be 
 but a preliminary step in the execution of a 
 design long cherished by the Confederate Gov- 
 ernment, viz., the seizing of the organized gov- 
 ernments of Ohio, Indiana and Illinois, and the 
 formation of a Northwestern Confederacy, 
 through the cooperation of the "Sons of Lib- 
 erty." (See Secret Treasonable Societies. ) Three 
 peace commissioners (Jacob Thompson, C. C. 
 Clay and J. P. Holcomb), who had been sent 
 from Richmond to Canada, held frequent 
 conferences with leaders of the treasonable 
 organizations in the North, including Clement L. 
 Vallandigham, Bowles, of Indiana, and one 
 Charles Walsh, who was head of the movement 
 in Chicago, with a large number of allies in that 
 city and scattered throughout the States. The 
 general management of the affair was entrusted 
 to Capt. Thomas H. Hines, who had been second 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 in command to the rebel Gen. John Morgan dur- 
 ing his raid north of the Ohio River, while Col. 
 Vincent Marmaduke, of Missouri, and G. St. Leger 
 Grenfell (an Englishman) were selected to 
 carry out the military program. Hines followed 
 out his instructions with great zeal and labored 
 indefatigably. Thompson's duty was to dis- 
 seminate incendiary treasonable literature, and 
 strengthen the timorous "Sons of Liberty" by 
 the use of argument and money, both he and his 
 agents being lavishly supplied with the latter. 
 There was to be a draft in July, 1864, and it was 
 determined to arm the "Sons of Liberty" for 
 resistance, the date of uprising being fixed for 
 July 20. This part of the scheme, however, was 
 finally abandoned. Captain Hines located him- 
 self at Chicago, and personally attended to the 
 distribution of funds and the purchase of arms. 
 The date finally fixed for the attempt to liberate 
 the Southern prisoners was August 29, 1864, when 
 the National Democratic Convention was to 
 assemble at Chicago. On that date it was 
 expected the city would be so crowded that the 
 presence of the promised force of "Sons" would 
 not excite comment. The program also included 
 an attack on the city by water, for which pur- 
 pose reliance was placed upon a horde of Cana- 
 dian refugees, under Capt. John B. Castleman. 
 There were some 26,500 Southern prisoners in the 
 State at this time, of whom about 8,000 were at 
 Chicago, 6,000 at Rock Island, 7,500 at Spring- 
 field, and 5,000 at Alton. It was estimated that 
 there were 4,000 "Sons of Liberty" in Chicago, 
 who would be largely reenforced. With these 
 and the Canadian refugees the prisoners at Camp 
 Douglas were to be liberated, and the army thus 
 formed was to march upon Rock Island, Spring- 
 field and Alton. But suspicions were aroused, 
 and the Camp was reenforced by a regiment of 
 infantry and a battery. The organization of the 
 proposed assailing force was very imperfect, and 
 the great majority of those who were to compose 
 it were lacking in courage. Not enough of the 
 latter reported for service to justify "an attack, 
 and tlie project was postponed. In the meantime 
 a preliminary part of the plot, at least indirectly 
 connected with the Camp Douglas conspiracy, 
 and which contemplated the release of the rebel 
 officers confined on Johnson's Island in Lake 
 Erie, had been "nipped in the bud" by the arrest 
 of Capt. C. H. Cole, a Confederate officer in dis- 
 guise, on the 19th of September, just as he was 
 on the point of putting in execution a scheme for 
 seizing the United States steamer Michigan at 
 Snndusky. and putting on board of it a Confeder- 
 
 ate crew. November 8 was the date next selected 
 to carry out the Chicago scheme the day of Presi- 
 dent Lincoln's second election. The same pre- 
 liminaries were arranged, except that no water 
 attack was to be made. But Chicago was to be 
 burned and flooded, and its banks pillaged. 
 Detachments were designated to apply the torch, 
 to open fire plugs, to levy arms, and to attack 
 banks. But representatives of the United States 
 Secret Service had been initiated into the "Sons 
 of Liberty," and the plans of Captain Hines and 
 his associates were well known to the authori- 
 ties. An efficient body of detectives was put 
 upon their track by Gen. B. J. Sweet, the com- 
 mandant at Camp Douglas, although some of the 
 most valuable service in running down the con- 
 spiracy and capturing its agents, was rendered 
 by Dr. T. Winslow Ayer of Chicago, a Colonel 
 Langhorne (an ex-Confederate who had taken 
 the oath of allegiance without the knowledge of 
 some of the parties to the plot), and Col. J. T. 
 Shanks, a Confederate prisoner who was known 
 as "The Texan." Both Langhorne and Shanks 
 were appalled at the horrible nature of the plot 
 as it was unfolded to them, and entered with 
 zeal into the effort to defeat it. Shanks was 
 permitted to escape from Camp Douglas, thereby 
 getting in communication with the leaders of the 
 plot who assisted to conceal him, while he faith- 
 fully apprised General Sweet of their plans. On 
 the night of Nov. 6 or rather after midnight on 
 the morning pf the 7th General Sweet caused 
 simultaneous arrests of the leaders to be made at 
 their hiding-places. Captain Hines was not 
 captured, but the following conspirators were 
 taken into custody: Captains Cant rill and Trav- 
 erse; Charles Walsh, the Brigadier-General of 
 the "Sons of Liberty," who was sheltering them, 
 and in whose barn and house was found a large 
 quantity of arms and military stores: Cols. St. 
 Leger Grenfell, W. R. Anderson and J. T. 
 Shanks; R. T. Semmes, Vincent Marmaduke, 
 Charles T. Daniel and Buckner S. Morris, the 
 Treasurer of the order. They were tried by 
 Military Commission at Cincinnati for conspir- 
 acy. Marmaduke and Morris were acquitted: 
 Anderson committed suicide during the trial; 
 Walsh, Semmes and Daniels were sentenced to 
 the penitentiary, and Grenfell was sentenced to 
 be hung, although his sentence was afterward 
 commuted to life imprisonment at the Dry Tortu- 
 gas, where he mysteriously disappeared some 
 years afterward, but whether he escaped or was 
 drowned in the attempt to do so has never been 
 known. The British Government had made 
 
- 
 
 re 
 
 
 
 i 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 repeated attempts to secure his release, a brother 
 of his being a General in the British Army. 
 Daniels managed to escape, and was never recap- 
 tured, while Walsh and Semmes, after under- 
 going brief terms of imprisonment, were 
 pardoned by President Johnson. The subsequent 
 history of Shanks, who played so prominent a 
 part in defeating the scheme of wholesale arson, 
 pillage and assassination, is interesting. While 
 in prison he had been detailed for service as a 
 clerk in one of the offices under the direction of 
 General Sweet, and, while thus employed, made 
 the acquaintance of a young lady member of a 
 loyal family, whom he afterwards married. 
 After the exposure of the contemplated uprising, 
 the rebel agents in Canada offered a reward of 
 $1,000 in gold for the taking of his life, and he 
 was bitterly persecuted. The attention of Presi- 
 dent Lincoln was called to the service rendered 
 by him, and sometime during 1865 he received a 
 commission as Captain and engaged in fighting 
 the Indians upon the Plains. The efficiency 
 shown by Colonel Sweet in ferreting out the con- 
 spiracy and defeating its consummation won for 
 him the gratitude of the people of Chicago and 
 the whole nation, and was recognized by the 
 Government in awarding him a commission as 
 Brigadier-General. (See Benjamin J. Sweet, 
 Camp Douglas and Secret Treasonable Societies. ) 
 
 CAMPBELL, Alexander, legislator and Con- 
 gressman, was born at Concord, Pa., Oct. 4, 1814. 
 After obtaining a limited education in the com- 
 mon schools, at an early age he secured employ- 
 ment as a clerk in an iron manufactory. He soon 
 rose to the position of superintendent, managing 
 iron-works in Pennsylvania, Kentucky and Mis- 
 souri, until 1850, when he removed to Illinois, 
 settling at La Salle. He was twice (1852 and 
 1 853) elected Mayor of that city, and represented 
 his county in the Twenty-first General Assembly 
 (1859). He was also a member of the State 
 Constitutional Convention of 1862, and served 
 one term (1875-77) as Representative in Congress, 
 being elected as an Independent, but, in 1*78, was 
 defeated for re-election by Philip C. Hayes, 
 Republican. Mr. Campbell was a zealous friend 
 of Abraham Lincoln, and, in 1858, contributed 
 liberally to the expenses of the latter in making 
 the tour of the State during the debate with 
 Douglas. He broke with the Republican party 
 in 1874 on the greenback issue, which won for 
 him the title of "Father of the Greenback." His 
 death occurred at La Salle, August 9, 1898. 
 
 CAMPBELL, Antrim, early lawyer, was born 
 in New Jersey in 1814; came to Springfield, 111., 
 
 in 1838; was appointed Master in Cliancery for 
 Sangamon County in IM'.i. and, in 1861, to a 
 similar position by the United States District 
 Court for that district. Died, August 11, 1868. 
 
 CAMPBELL, James R., Congressman and sol- 
 dier, was born in Hamilton County, 111., May 4. 
 1853, his ancestors being among the first settlers 
 in that section of the State; was educated at 
 Notre Dame University, Ind., read law and was 
 admitted to the bar of the Supreme Court in 1877 ; 
 in 1878 purcliased "The McLeansboro Times." 
 which he has since conducted ; was elected to the 
 lower house of the General Assembly in 1884, and 
 again in '86, advanced to the Senate in 1888, and 
 re-elected in '92. During his twelve years' 
 experience in the Legislature he participated, as 
 a Democrat, in the celebrated Logan-Morrison 
 contest for the United States Senate, in 1885, and 
 assisted in the election of Gen. John M. Palmer 
 to the Senate in 1H91. At the close of his last 
 term in the Senate (1.H96) he wad elected to Con- 
 gress from the Twentieth District, receiving a 
 plurality of 2,851 over Orlando Burrell, Repub- 
 lican, who had been elected in 1894. On the 
 second call for troops issued by the President 
 during the Spanish- American War, Mr. Camp- 
 bell organized a regiment which was mustered in 
 as the Ninth Regiment Illinois Volunteers, of 
 which he was commissioned Colonel and assigned 
 to the corps of Gen. Fitzhugh Lee at Jackson- 
 ville, Flu. Although his regiment saw no active 
 service during the war, it was held in readiness 
 for that purpose, and, on the occupation of Cuba 
 in December, 189H, it became a part of the army 
 of occupation. As Colonel Campbell remained 
 with his regiment, he took no part in the pro- 
 ceedings of the last term of the Fifty-fifth Con- 
 gress, and was not a candidate for re-election in 
 1898. 
 
 CAMPBELL, Thompson, Secretary of State 
 and Congressman, was born in Chester County, 
 Pa., in 1811 ; removed in childhood to the western 
 part of the State and was educated at Jefferson 
 College, afterwards reading law at Pittsburg. 
 Soon after being admitted to the bar he removed 
 to Galena. 111., where he had acquired some min- 
 ing interests, and, in 1843, was appointed Secre 
 tary of State by Governor Ford, but resigned in 
 1846, and became a Delegate to the Constitutional 
 Convention of 1S47; in 1850 was elected as a 
 Democrat to Congress from the Galena District, 
 but defeated for re-election in 1852 by E. B. 
 Washburne. He was then appointed by President 
 Pierce Commissioner to look after certain land 
 grants by the Mexican Government in California, 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 77 
 
 removing to that State in 1853, but resigned this 
 ixjsition about 1855 to engage in general practice. 
 In 1859 he made an extended visit to Europe 
 with his family, and, on his return, located in 
 Chicago, the following year becoming a candidate 
 for Presidential Elector-at-large on the Breckin- 
 ridge ticket ; in 1861 returned to California, and, 
 on the breaking out of the Civil War, became a 
 zealous champion of the Union cause, by his 
 speeches exerting a powerful influence upon the 
 destiny of the State. He also served in the Cali- 
 fornia Legislature during the war, and, in 1864, 
 was a member of the Baltimore Convention 
 which nominated Mr. Lincoln for the Presidency 
 a second time, assisting most ably in the subse- 
 quent campaign to carry the State for the Repub- 
 lican ticket. Died in San Francisco, Dec. 6, 1868. 
 
 CAMPBELL, William J., lawyer and politi- 
 cian, was born in Philadelphia in 1850. When 
 he was two years old his father removed to 
 Illinois, settling in Cook County. After passing 
 through the Chicago public schools, Mr. Camp- 
 bell attended the University of Pennsylvania, for 
 two years, after which he studied law, and was 
 admitted to the bar in 1875. From that date he 
 was in active practice and attained prominence 
 at the Chicago bar. In 1878 he was elected State 
 Senator, and was re-elected in 1882, serving in all 
 eight years. At the sessions of 1881, '83 and '85 
 he was chosen President pro tempore of the 
 Senate, and, on Feb. 6, 1883, he became Lieuten- 
 ant-Governor upon the accession of Lieutenant- 
 Go vernor Hamilton to the executive office to 
 succeed Shelby M. Cullom, who had been elected 
 United States Senator. In 1888 he represented 
 the First Illinois District in the National Repub- 
 lican Convention, and was the same year chosen 
 a member of the Republican National Committee 
 for Illinois and was re-elected in 1882. Died in 
 Chicago, March 4, 1896. For several years 
 immediately preceding his death, Mr. Campbell 
 was the chief attorney of the Armour Packing 
 Company of Chicago. 
 
 CAMP POINT, a village in Adams County, at 
 the intersection of the Chicago, Burlington & 
 Quincy and the Wabash Railroads, 22 miles east- 
 northeast of Quincy. It is a grain center, has 
 one flour mill, two feed mills, one elevator, a 
 pressed brick plant, two banks, four churches, a 
 high school, and one newspaper. Population 
 (1890), 1,150; (1900), 1,260. 
 
 CANAL SCRIP FRAUD. During the session 
 of the Illinois General Assembly of 1859, Gen. 
 Jacob Fry, who, as Commissioner or Trustee, had 
 been associated with the construction of the 
 
 Illinois & Michigan Canal from 1837 to 1845. 
 had his attention called to a check purporting to 
 have been issued by the Commissioners in 1839, 
 which, upon investigation, he became convinced 
 was counterfeit, or haj been fraudulently issued. 
 Having communicated his conclusions to Hon. 
 Jesse K. Dubois, the State Auditor, in charge of 
 the work of refunding the State indebtedness, an 
 inquiry was instituted in the office of the Fund 
 Commissioner a position attached to the Gov- 
 ernor's office, but in the charge of a secretary 
 which developed the fact that a large amount of 
 these evidences of indebtedness had been taken 
 up through that office and bonds issued therefor 
 by the State Auditor under the laws for funding 
 the State debt. A subsequent investigation by the 
 Finance Committee of the State Senate, ordered 
 by vote of that body, resulted in the discovery 
 that, in May and August, 1839, two series of 
 canal "scrip" (or checks) had been issued by the 
 Canal Board, to meet temporary demands in the 
 work of construction the sum aggregating 
 $269,059 of which all but $316 had been redeemed 
 within a few years at the Chicago branch of the 
 Illinois State Bank. The bank officers testified 
 that this scrip (or a large part of it) had, after 
 redemption, been held by them in the bank vaults 
 without cancellation until settlement was had 
 with the Canal Board, when it was packed in 
 boxes and turned over to the Board. After liav- 
 ing lain in the canal office for several years in 
 this condition, and a new "Trustee" (as the 
 officer in charge was now called) having come 
 into the canal office in 1853, this scrip, with other 
 papers, was repacked in a shoe-box and a trunk 
 and placed in charge of Joel A. Matteson, then 
 Governor, to be taken by him *o Springfield and 
 deposited there. Nothing further was known of 
 these papers until October, 1854, when $300 of the 
 scrip was presented to the Secretary of the Fund 
 Commissioner by a Springfield banker, and bond 
 issued thereon. This was followed in 1856 and 
 1857 by larger sums, until, at the time the legis- 
 lative investigation was instituted, it was found 
 that bonds to the amount of $223,182.66 had been 
 issued on account of principal and interest. 
 With the exception of the $300 first presented, it- 
 was shown that all the scrip so funded had been 
 presented by Governor Matteson, either while in 
 office or subsequent to his retirement, and the 
 bonds issued therefor delivered to him although 
 none of the persons in whose names the issue was 
 made were known or ever afterward discovered. 
 The developments made by the Senate Finance 
 Committee led to an offer from Matteson to 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 indemnify the State, in which he stated that he 
 had "unconsciously and innocently been made 
 the instrument through whom a gross fraud upon 
 the State had been attempted." He therefore 
 gave to the State mortgages and an indemnifying 
 bond for the sum shown to have been funded by 
 him of this class of indebtedness, upon which the 
 State, on foreclosure a few years later, secured 
 judgment for $255,000, although the property on 
 being sold realized only $238,000. A further 
 investigation by the Legislature, in 1861, revealed 
 the fact that additional issues of bonds for similar 
 scrip had been made amounting to $165,340, for 
 which the State never received any compensa- 
 tion. A search through the State House for the 
 trunk and box placed in the hands of Governor 
 Matteson in 1853, while the official investigation 
 was in progress, resulted in the discovery of the 
 trunk in a condition showing it had been opened, 
 but the box was never found. The fraud was 
 made the subject of a protracted investigation 
 by the Grand Jury of Sangamon County in May, 
 1859, and, although the jury twice voted to indict 
 Governor Matteson for larceny, it as often voted 
 to reconsider, and, on a third ballot, voted to 
 "ignore the bill." 
 
 CANBY, Richard Sprigg, jurist, was born in 
 (ireen County, Ohio. Sept. :!(), 1808; was educated 
 at Miami University and admitted to the bar, 
 afterwards serving as Prosecuting Attorney, 
 member of the Legislature and one term (1847-49) 
 in Congress. In 1863 he removed to Illinois, 
 locating at Olney, was elected Judge of the 
 Twenty-fifth Judicial Circuit in 1867, resuming 
 practice at the expiration of his term in 1873. 
 Died in Richland County, July 27, 1895. Judge 
 C'anby was a relative of Gen. Edward Richard 
 Spriggs Canby, who was treacherously killed by 
 the Modocs in California in 1873. 
 
 CANNON, Joseph G., Congressman, was born 
 at Guilford, N. C., May 7, 1836, and removed to 
 Illinois in early youth, locating at Danville, Ver- 
 milion County. By profession he is a lawyer, 
 and served as State's Attorney of Vermilion 
 County for two terms (1861-68). Incidentally, 
 he is conducting a large banking business at 
 . Danville. In 1872 he was elected as a Republican 
 to the Forty-third Congress for the Fifteenth Dis- 
 trict, and has been re-elected biennially ever 
 ( since, except in 1890, when he was defeated for 
 the Fifty-second Congress by Samuel T. Busey. 
 his Democratic opponent. He is now (1898) 
 serving his twelfth term as the Representative 
 for the Twelfth Congressional District, and has 
 been re-elected for a thirtepnth term in the Fifty- 
 
 sixth Congress ( 1899-1901 ) . Mr. Cannon has been 
 an influential factor in State and National poli- 
 tics, as shown by the fact that he has been Chair- 
 man of the House Committee on Appropriations 
 during the important sessions of the Fifty-fourth 
 and Fifty-fifth Congresses. 
 
 CANTON, a flourishing city in Fulton County, 
 12 miles from the Illinois River, and 28 miles 
 southwest of Peoria. It is the commercial me- 
 tropolis of one of the largest and richest counties 
 in the "corn belt"; also lias abundant supplies 
 of timber and clay for manufacturing purposes. 
 There are coal mines within the municipal limits, 
 and various manufacturing establishments. 
 Among the principal outputs are agricultural 
 implements, flour, brick and tile, cigars, cigar 
 boxes, foundry and machine-shop products, fire- 
 arms, brooms, and marble. The city is lighted 
 by gas and electricity, has water-works, fire de- 
 partment, a public library, six ward schools and 
 one high schoo'., and three newspapers. Popula- 
 tion (1890), 5,604; (1900), 6,564. 
 
 C.VPI'S, Jabez, pioneer, was born in London, 
 England, Sept. 9, 1796 ; came to the United States 
 in 1817, and to Sangamon County, 111., in 1819. 
 For a time he taught school in what is now 
 called Round Prairie, in the present County of 
 Sangamon, and later in Calhoun (the original 
 name of a part of the city of Springfield), having 
 among his pupils a number of^ those who after- 
 wards became prominent citizens of Central 
 Illinois. In 1836, in conjunction with two part- 
 ners, he laid out the town of Mount Pulaski, the 
 original county-seat of Logan County, where he 
 continued to live for the remainder of hia life, 
 and where, during its later period, he served as 
 Postmaster some fifteen years. He also served as 
 Recorder of Logan County four years. Died, 
 April 1, 1896, in the 100th year of his age. 
 
 CARBONDALE, a city in Jackson County, 
 founded in 1852, 57 miles north of Cairo, and 91 
 miles from St. Louis. Three lines of railway 
 center here. The chief industries are coal-min- 
 ing, farming, stock-raising, fruit-growing and 
 lumbering. It has two preserving plants, 'eight 
 churches, two weekly papers, and four public 
 schools, and is the seat of the Southern Illinois 
 Normal University. Pop. (1890), 2,382; (1900), 3,318. 
 
 CARBONDALE & SHAWNEETOWN RAIL- 
 ROAD, a short line 17 V miles in length, ex- 
 tending from Marion to Carbondale. and operated 
 by the St. Louis, Alton & Terre Haute Railroad 
 Company, as lessee. It was incorporated as the 
 Murphysboro & Shawneetown Railroad in 1867 : 
 its name changed in 1869 to The Carbondale & 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 Shawneetown, was opened for business, Dec. 31, 
 1871, and leased in 1886 for 980 years to the St. 
 Louis Southern, through which it passed into the 
 hands of the St. Louis, Alton & Terre Haute Rail- 
 road, and by lease from the latter, in 1896, became 
 apart of the Illinois Central System (which see). 
 
 CAREY, William, lawyer, was born in the town 
 of Turner, Maine, Dec. 29, 1826 ; studied law with 
 General Fessenden and at Yale Law School, was 
 admitted to the bar of the Supreme Court of 
 Maine in 1856, the Supreme Court of Illinois in 
 1857, and the Supreme Court of the United 
 States, on motion of Hon. Lyinan Trumbull, in 
 1873. Judge Carey was a member of the State 
 Constitutional Convention of 1869-70 from Jo 
 Daviess County, and the choice of the Republicans 
 in that body for temporary presiding officer; 
 was elected to the next General Assembly (the 
 Twenty -seventh), serving as Chairman of the 
 House Judiciary Committee through its four ses- 
 sions; from 1873 to 1876 was United States Dis- 
 trict Attorney for Utah, still later occupying 
 various offices at Deadwood, Dakota, and in Reno 
 County, Kan. The first office fteld by Judge 
 Carey in Illinois (that of Superintendent of 
 Schools for the city of Galena) was conferred 
 upon him through the influence of John A. Raw- 
 lins, afterwards General Grant's chief-of-staff 
 during the war, and later Secretary of War 
 although at the time Mr. Rawlins and he were 
 politically opposed. Mr. Carey's present resi- 
 dence is in Chicago. 
 
 CARUN, Thomas, former Governor, was born 
 of Irish ancestry in Fayette County, Ky., July 
 18, 1789; emigrated to Illinois in 1811, and served 
 as a private in the War of 1812, and as a Captain 
 in the Black Hawk War. While not highly edu- 
 cated, he was a man of strong common sense, 
 high moral standard, great firmness of character 
 and unfailing courage. In 1818 he settled in 
 Greene County, of which he was the first Sheriff ; 
 was twice elected State Senator, and was Regis- 
 ter of the Land Office at Quincy, when he was 
 elected Governor on the Democratic ticket in 
 1838. An uncompromising partisan, he never- 
 theless commanded the respect and good-will of 
 his political opponents. Died at his home in 
 Carrollton, Feb. 14, 1852. 
 
 CARLIN, William Passmoro, soldier, nephew of 
 Gov. Thomas Carlin, was born at Rich Woods, 
 Greene County, 111., Nov. 24, 1829. At the age 
 of 21 he graduated from the United States Mili- 
 tary Academy at West Point, and, in 1855, was 
 attached to the Sixth United States Infantry as 
 Lieutenant. After several years spent in Indian 
 
 fighting, he was ordered to California, where he 
 was promoted to a captaincy and assigned to 
 recruiting duty. On August 15, 1861, he was 
 commissioned Colonel of the Thirty -eighth Illi- 
 nois Volunteers. His record during the war was 
 an exceptionally brilliant one. He defeated Gen. 
 Jeff. Thompson at Fredericktown, Mo., Oct. 21, 
 1861 ; commanded the District of Southeast Mis- 
 souri for eighteen months ; led a brigade under 
 Slocum in the Arkansas campaign ; served with 
 marked distinction ia Kentucky and Mississippi ; 
 took a prominent part in the battle of Stone 
 River, was engaged in the Tullahoma campaign, 
 at Chattanooga, Lookout Mountain and Mission- 
 ary Ridge, and, on Feb. 8, 1864, was commis- 
 sioned Major in the Sixteenth Infantry. He also 
 took part in the Georgia campaign, aiding in the 
 capture of Atlanta, and marching with Sherman 
 to the sea. For gallant service in the assault at 
 Jonesboro, Tenn., Sept. 1, 1864, he was made 
 Colonel in the regular army, and, on March 13, 
 1865, was brevetted Brigadier-General for meritori- 
 ous service at Bentonville, N. C., and Major- 
 General for services during the war. Colonel 
 Carlin was retired with the rank of Brigadier- 
 General in 1893. His home is at Carrollton. 
 
 CARLINYILLE, the county-seat of Macoupin 
 County; a city and railroad junction, 57 miles 
 northeast of St. Louis, and 38 miles southwest of 
 Springfield. Blackburn University (which see) 
 ia located here. Three coal mines are operated . 
 and there are brick works, tile works, and one 
 newspaper. The city has gas and electric light 
 plants and water-works. Population (1880), 
 8,117, (.1890), 3.293; (IflOO), 3,502. 
 
 CARLYLE, the county-seat of Clinton County. 
 48 miles east of St. Louis, located on the Kaskas- 
 kia River and the Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern 
 Railroad. The town has churches, parochial and 
 public schools, water-works, lighting plant, and 
 manufactures. It has a flourishing seminary for 
 young ladies, three weekly papers, and a public 
 library connected with the high school. Popula- 
 tion (1890), 1,784; (1900), 1,874. 
 
 CARMI, the county -seat of White County, on 
 the Little Wabash River, 124 miles east of St. 
 Louis and 38 west of Evansville, Ind. The sur- 
 rounding country is fertile, yielding both cereals 
 and fruit. Flouring mills and lumber manufac- 
 turing, including the making of staves, are the 
 chief industries, though the city has brick and 
 tile works, a plow factory and foundry. Popula- 
 tion (1880), 2,512; (1890), 2,785; (1900), 2,939. 
 
 CARPENTER, Hilton, legislator and State 
 Treasurer ; entered upon public life in Illinois as 
 
80 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 Representative in the Nintli General Assembly 
 (1834) from Hamilton County, serving by succes- 
 sive re-elections in the Tenth, Eleventh and 
 Twelfth. While a member of the latter (1841) 
 he was elected by the Legislature to the office of 
 State Treasurer, retaining this position until the 
 adoption of the Constitution of 1848, when he was 
 chosen his own successor by popular vote, but 
 died a few days after the election in August, 
 1848. He was buried in what is now known as 
 the "Old Hutchinson Cemetery" a burying 
 ground in the west part of the city of Springfield, 
 long since abandoned where his remains still lie 
 (1897) in a grave unmarked by a tombstone. 
 
 CARPENTER, Philo, pioneer and early drug- 
 gist, was born of Puritan and Revolutionary 
 ancestry in the town of Savoy, Mass., Feb. 27, 
 1805 ; engaged as a druggist's clerk at Troy, N. Y. , 
 in 1828, and came to Chicago in 1832, where he 
 established himself in the drug business, which 
 was later extended into other lines. Soon after 
 his arrival, he began investing in lands, which 
 have since become immensely valuable. Mr. 
 Carpenter was associated with the late Rev. 
 Jeremiah Porter in the organization of the First 
 Presbyterian Church of Chicago, but, in 1851, 
 withdrew on account of dissatisfaction with the 
 attitude of some of the representatives of that 
 denomination on the subject of slavery, identify- 
 ing himself with the Congregationalist Church, 
 in which he had been reared. He was one of the 
 original founders and most liberal benefactors of 
 the Chicago Theological Seminary, to which he 
 gave in contributions, during his life-time, or in 
 !'<|iiests after his death, sums aggregating not 
 fur from $100,000. One of the Seminary build 
 ings was named in his honor. "Carpenter Hall." 
 He was identified with various other organiza- 
 tions, one of the most important being the Relief 
 and Aid Society, which did such useful work 
 after the fire of 1871. By a. life of probity, liber- 
 ality and benevolence, he won the respect of all 
 classes, dying, August 7. 1S^fi. 
 
 CARPENTER, (Mrs.) Sarah L. Warren, pio- 
 neer teacher, born in Fredonia. X Y., Sept. 1, 
 1813: at the age of 13 she began teaching at State 
 Line. N. Y. ; in 1833 removed with her parents 
 (Mr. and Mrs. Daniel Warren) to Chicago, and 
 soon after began teaching in what was called the 
 "Yankee" settlement." now the town of Lockport, 
 Will County. She came to Chicago the following 
 year (1834) to take the place of assistant of Gran- 
 ville T. Sproat in a school for boys, and is said to 
 have been the first teacher paid out of the public- 
 funds in Chicago, though Miss Eliza Chappell 
 
 (afterwards Mrs. Jeremiah Porter) began teach- 
 ing the children about Fort Dearborn in 1833. 
 Miss Warren married Abel E. Carpenter, whom 
 she survived, dying at Aurora, Kane County, 
 Jan. 10, 1897. 
 
 CARPE>"TER8VIU,E, a village of Kane 
 County iiml manufacturing center, on Luke Ge- 
 neva branch of the('liioHgo& Northwestern Rail- 
 road. 6 miles north of East Elgin and about 48 
 miles from Chicago. Pop. (1890), 754 ; (1900), 1,002. 
 
 CARR, Clark ., lawyer, politician and diplo- 
 mat, was horn at Boston, Erie County. N. Y.. 
 May 20, 1836; at 13 years of age accompanied his 
 father's family to Galesburg, 111. , where he spent 
 several years at Knox College. In 1857 he gradu- 
 ated from the Albany Law School, but on return- ' 
 ing to Illinois, soon embarked in politics, his 
 affiliations being uniformly with the Republican 
 party. His first office was that of Postmaster at 
 Galesburg, to which he was appointed by Presi 
 dent Lincoln in 1861 and which he held for 
 twenty-four years. He was a tried and valued 
 assistant of Governor Yates during the War of 
 the Rebellion, serving on the staff of the latter 
 with the rank of Colonel. He was a delegate to 
 the National Convention of his party at Baltimore 
 in 1864. which renominated Lincoln, and took an 
 active part in the campaigns of that year, as well 
 as those of 1868 and 1873. In 1869 he purchased 
 "The Galesburg Republican," which he edited 
 and published for two years. In 1880 he was an 
 unsuccessful candidate for the Republican nomi- 
 nation for Governor ; in 1884 was a delegate to the 
 Republican National Convention, from the State- 
 at-large, and, in 1887, a candidate for the caucus 
 nomination for United States Senator, which was 
 given to Charles B. Farwell. In 1888 he was 
 defeated in the Republican State Convention as 
 candidate for Governor by Joseph W. Fifer. In 
 1889 President Harrison appointed him Minister 
 to Denmark, which post he filled with marked 
 ability and credit to the country until his resig 
 nation was accepted by President Cleveland, 
 when he returned to his former home at Gales- 
 burg. While in Denmark he did much to 
 promote American trade with that country, 
 especially in the introduction of American corn 
 as an article of food, which has led to a large 
 increase in the annual exportation of this com- 
 modity to Scandinavian markets. 
 
 CARR, Eugene A., soldier, was born in Erie 
 County, N. Y., May 20, 1830, and graduated at 
 West Point in 1850, entering the Mounted Rifles. 
 Until 1861 he was stationed in the Far West, and 
 engaged in Indian fighting, earning a First Lieu- 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 81 
 
 tenancy through his gallantry. In 1861 he 
 entered upon active service under General Lyon, 
 in Southwest Missouri, taking part in the engage- 
 ments of Dug Springs and Wilson's Creek, 
 winning the brevet of Lieutenant-Colonel. In 
 September, 1861, he was commissioned Colonel of 
 the Third Illinois Cavalry. He served as acting 
 Brigadier-General in Fremont's hundred-day 
 expedition, for a time commanding the Fourth 
 Division of the Army of the Southwest. On the 
 second day at Pea Ridge, although three times 
 wounded, he remained on the field seven hours, 
 and materially aided in securing a victory, for 
 his bravery being made Brigadier-General of 
 Volunteers. In the summer of 1862 he was 
 promoted to the rank of Major in the Regular 
 Army. During the Vicksburg campaign he com- 
 manded a division, leading the attack at Magnolia 
 Church, at Port Gibson, and at Big Black River, 
 and winning a brevet Lieutenant-Colonelcy in 
 the United States Army. He also distinguished 
 himself for a first and second assault upon taking 
 Vicksburg, and, in the autumn of 1862. com- 
 manded the left wing of the Sixteenth Corps at 
 Corinth. In December of that year he was 
 transferred to the Department of Arkansas, 
 where he gained new laurels, being brevetted 
 Brigadier-General for gallantry at Little Rock, 
 and Major-General for services during the war. 
 After the close of the Civil War, he was stationed 
 chiefly in the West, where he rendered good serv- 
 ice in the Indian campaigns. In 1894 he was 
 retired with the rank of Brigadier-General, and 
 has since resided in New York. 
 
 CARRIEL, Henry F., M.D., alienist, was born 
 ,\t Cliarlestown, N. II. . and educated at Marlow 
 Academy, N. H., and Wesleyan Seminary. Vt. : 
 graduated from the College of Physicians and 
 Surgeons, New York City, in 1857, and immedi- 
 ately accepted the position of Assistant Physician 
 in the New Jersey State Lunatic Asylum, 
 remaining until 1870. Meanwhile, however, he 
 visited a large number of the leading hospitals 
 and asylums of Europe. In 1870, Dr. Carriel 
 received the appointment of Su]>erintendent of 
 the Illinois Central Hospital for the Insane at 
 Jacksonville, a position which he continued to 
 till until 1893, when he voluntarily tendered to 
 Governor Altgeld his resignation, to take effect 
 July 1 of that year. Mrs. Mary Turner (Carriel). 
 wife of Dr. Carriel, and a daughter of Prof. 
 Jonathan B. Turner of Jacksonville, was elected 
 a Trustee of the University of Illinois on the Repub 
 lican ticket in 1896. receiving a plurality of 148,03!) 
 over Julia Holmes Smith, her highest competitor. 
 
 CARROLL COUNTY, originally a part of Jo 
 Daviess County, but set apart and organized in 
 1839, named for Charles Carroll of Carrollton. The 
 first settlements were in and around Savanna, 
 Cherry Grove and Arnold's Grove. The first 
 County Commissioners were Messrs. L. H. Bor 
 den, Garner Moffett and S. M. Jersey, who held 
 their first court at Savanna, April 13, 1839. In 
 1843 the county -seat was changed from Savanna 
 to Mount Carroll, where it yet remains. Town 
 ships were first organized in 1850, and the 
 development of the county has steadily pro- 
 gressed since that date. The surface of the land 
 is rolling, and at certain points decidedly pictur- 
 esque. The land is generally good for farming. 
 It is well timbered, particularly along the Mis- 
 sissippi. Area of the county, 440 square miles; 
 population, 18,963. Mount Carroll is a pleasant, 
 prosperous, wide-awake town, of about 2,000 
 inhabitants, and noted for its excellent public 
 and private schools. 
 
 CARROLLTON, the county-seat of Greene 
 County, situated on the west branch' of the Chi- 
 cago & Alton and the Quincy. Carrollton & St. 
 Louis Kailroails. 33 miles north-northwest of 
 Alton, and H4 miles south by west from Jackson- 
 ville. The town has a foundry, carriage and 
 wagon factory, two machine shops, two flour 
 mills, two banks, six churches, a high school, and 
 two weekly newspa|>ei-s. Population (1890), 
 2,258; (1900). 2,335. 
 
 CARTER, Joseph N., Justice of the Supreme 
 Court, was born in Hardin County, Ky.. March 
 12, 1843; came to Illinois in boyhood, and, after 
 attending school at Tuscola four years, engaged 
 in teaching until 1863, when he entered Illinois 
 College, graduating in 1866; in 1868 graduated 
 from the Law Department of the University of 
 Michigan, the next year establishing himself in 
 practice at Quincy, where he lias since resided 
 He was a member of the Thirty-first and Thirty- 
 second General Assemblies (1878-82), and, in 
 June, 1N94. was elected to the seat on the Supreme 
 Bench, which he now occupies 
 
 CARTER, Thomas Henry, United States Sena 
 tor, born in Scioto County, Ohio, Oct. 30, 1854; 
 in his fifth year was brought to Illinois, his 
 father locating at Pana, where he was educated 
 in the public schools; was employed in farming, 
 railroading and teaching several years, then 
 studied law and was admitted to the bar. and. in 
 1882, removed to Helena. Mont., where he en- 
 gaged in practice; was elected, as a Republican 
 the last Territorial Delegate to Congress from 
 Idaho and the first Representative from the new 
 
82 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 State: was Commissioner of the General Land 
 Office (1891-92), and, in 1895, was elected to the 
 United States Senate for the term ending in 1901. 
 In 1892 he was chosen Chairman of the Repub- 
 lican National Committee, serving until the St. 
 Louis Convention of 1896. 
 
 CARTERVILLE, a city in Williamson County, 
 10 miles by rail northwest of Marion. Coal min- 
 ing is t in' principal industry. It has a bank, five 
 churches, a public school, ami a weekly news- 
 paper. Population (ISSO), 092; (1890), 969; (1900), 
 1,749; (1904, est.), 2,000. 
 
 CARTHAGE, a city nml the county-seat of 
 Hancock County, lii miles east of Keokuk, Iowa, 
 on the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy and the Wa- 
 basli Railroads; lias water-works, electric lights, 
 three banks, four trust companies, four weekly 
 and two semi-weekly papers, and is the seat of a 
 Lutheran College. Pop. (1890). 1.654; (1900), 2,104. 
 
 CARTHAGE COLLEGE, at Carthage. Hancock 
 County, incorporated in 1871; has a teaching 
 faculty of twelve members, and reports 158 pupils 
 sixty-eight men and ninety women for 1897-98. 
 It has a library of 5,000 volumes and endowment 
 of $32,000. Instruction is given in the classical, 
 scientific, musical, fine arts and business depart- 
 ments, as well as in preparatory studies. In 1898 
 this institution reported a property valuation of 
 $41,000, of which $35,000 was in real estate. 
 
 CARTHAGE & BURLINGTON RAILROAD. 
 (See Chicago, Burlington <t Quincy Railroad.) 
 
 CARTWRIGHT, James Henry, Justice of the 
 Supreme Court, was born at Maquoketa, Iowa, 
 Deo. 1, 1842 {he son of a frontier Methodist 
 clergyman; was educated at Rock River Semi- 
 nary and the University of Michigan, graduating 
 from the latter in 1867; began practice in 1870 at 
 Oregon, Ogle County, which is still his home ; in 
 1888 was elected Circuit Judge to succeed Judge 
 Eustace, deceased, and in 1891 assigned to Appel- 
 late Court duty ; in December, 1895, was elected 
 Justice of the Supreme Court to succeed Justice 
 John M. Bailey, deceased, and re-elected in 
 1897. 
 
 CARTWRIGHT, Peter, pioneer Methodist 
 preacher, was born in Amherst County, Va., 
 Sept. 1, 1785, and at the age of five years accom- 
 panied his father (a Revolutionary veteran) to 
 Logan County, Ky. The country was wild and 
 unsettled, there were no schools, the nearest mill 
 was 40 miles distant, the few residents wore 
 homespun garments of flax or cotton ; and coffee, 
 tea and sugar in domestic use were almost un- 
 known. Methodist circuit riders soon invaded 
 the district, and, at a camp meeting held at Cane 
 
 Ridge in 1801, Peter received his first religious 
 impressions. A few months later he abandoned 
 his reckless life, sold his race-horse and abjured 
 gambling. He began preaching immediately 
 after his conversion, and, in 1803, was regularly 
 received into the ministry of the Methodist Epis- 
 copal Church, although only 18 years old. In 
 1823 he removed to Illinois, locating in Sangamon 
 County, then but sparsely settled. In 1828, and 
 again in 1832, he was elected to the Legislature, 
 where his homespun wit and undaunted courage 
 stood him in good stead. For a long series of 
 years he attended annual conferences (usually as 
 a delegate), and was a conspicuous figure at 
 camp-meetings. Although a Democrat all his 
 life, he was an uncompromising antagonist of 
 slavery, and rejoiced at the division of his 
 denomination in 1844. He was also a zealous 
 supporter of the Government during the Civil 
 War. In 1846 he was a candidate for Congress 
 on the Democratic ticket, but was defeated by 
 Abraham Lincoln. He was a powerful preacher, 
 a tireless worker, and for fifty years served as a 
 Presiding Elder of his denomination. On the 
 lecture platform, his quaintness and eccentricity, 
 together with his inexhaustible fund of personal 
 anecdotes, insured an interested audience 
 Numerous stories are told of his physical prowess 
 in overcoming unruly characters whom he had 
 failed to convince by moral suasion. Inside the 
 church he was equally fearless and outspoken, 
 and his strong common sense did much to pro- 
 mote the success of the denomination in the 
 West. He died at his home near Pleasant Plains, 
 Sangamon County, Sept. 25, 1872. His principal 
 published works are "A Controversy with the 
 Devil" (1853), "Autobiography of Peter Cart- 
 wright" (1856), "The Backwoods Preacher" 
 (London, 1869), and several works on Methodism. 
 CARY, Engene, lawyer and insurance manager, 
 was born at Boston, Erie County, N. Y., Feb. 20, 
 1835; began teaching at sixteen, meanwhile 
 attending a select school or academy at intervals ; 
 studied law at Sheboygan, Wis. , and Buffalo, 
 N. Y., 1855-56; served as City Attorney and 
 later as County Judge, and, in 1861, enlisted in 
 the First Regiment Wisconsin Volunteers, serv- 
 ing as a Captain in the Army of the Cumberland, 
 and the last two years as Judge- Advocate on the 
 staff of General Rousseau. After the war he 
 settled at Nashville, Tenn., where he held the 
 office of Judge of the First District, but in 1871 
 he was elected to the City Council, and, in 1883, 
 was the High-License candidate for Mayor in 
 opposition to Mayor Harrison, and believed by 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 K3 
 
 many to liave been honestly elected, but counteil 
 out by the machine methods then in vogue. 
 
 CASAD, Anthony Wayne, clergyman and phy- 
 sician , was born in Wantage Township, Sussex 
 County, N. J., May 2, 1791; died at Summerfield, 
 111., Dec. 16, 1857. His father, Rev. Thomas 
 Casad, was a Baptist minister, who, with his 
 wife, Abigail Tingley, was among the early 
 settlers of Sussex County. He was descended 
 from Dutch-Huguenot ancestry, the family name 
 being originally Cossart, the American branch 
 having been founded by Jacques Cossart, who 
 emigrated from Leyden to New York in 1663. 
 At the age of 19 Anthony removed to Greene 
 County, Ohio, settling at Fairfield, near the site 
 of the present city of Dayton, where some of his 
 relatives were then residing. On Feb. 6, 1811, he 
 married Anna, eldest daughter of Captain Samuel 
 Stites and Martha Martin Stites, her mother's 
 father and grandfather having been patriot sol- 
 diers in the War of the Revolution. Anthony 
 Wayne Casad served as a volunteer from Ohio in 
 the War of 1*12, being a member of Captain 
 Wm. Stephenson's Company. In 1818 he re- 
 moved with his wife's father to Union Grove, St. 
 Clair County, 111. A few years later he entered 
 the ministry of the Methodist Episcopal Church, 
 and during 1821-23 was stationed at Kaskaskia 
 and Buffalo, removing, in 1823, to Lebanon, 
 where he taught school. Later he studied medi- 
 cine and attained considerable prominence as a 
 practitioner, being commissioned Surgeon of the 
 Forty-ninth Illinois Infantry in 1835. He was 
 one of the founders of McKendree College and a 
 liberal contributor to its support; was also for 
 many years Deputy Superintendent of Schools at 
 Lebanon, served as County Surveyor of St. 
 Clair County, and acted as agent for Harper 
 Brothers in the sale of Southern Illinois lands. 
 He was a prominent Free Mason and an influ- 
 ential citizen. His youngest daughter, Amanda 
 Keziah, married Rev. Colin D. James (which see). 
 
 CASEY, a village of Clark County, at the inter- 
 section of the Vandalia Line and the Chicago & 
 Ohio River Railroad. *j miles southwest of Terre 
 Haute. Population (1890). 844; (1900), 1,500. 
 
 CASEY, Zadoc, pioneer and early Congressman, 
 was born in Georgia, March 17, 1796, the young- 
 est son of a soldier of the Revolutionary War who 
 removed to Tennessee about 1800. The subject 
 of this sketch came to Illinois in 1817, bringing 
 with him his widowed mother, and settling in 
 the vicinity of the present city of Mount Vernon, 
 in Jefferson County, where he acquired great 
 prominence as a politician and became the head 
 
 of an influential family. He began preaching at 
 an early age, and continued to do so occasionally 
 through his political career. In 1819, he took a 
 prominent part in the organization of Jefferson 
 County, serving on the first Board of County 
 Commissioners; was an unsuccessful candidate 
 for the Legislature in 1820, but was elected 
 Representative in 1822 and re-elected two years 
 later; in 1826 was advanced to the Senate, serv- 
 ing until 1830, when lie was elected Lieutenant 
 Governor, and during his incumbency took part 
 in the Black Hawk War. On March 1, 1833, he 
 resigned the Lieutenant-Governorship to accept 
 a seat as one of the three Congressmen from 
 Illinois, to which he had been elected a few 
 months previous, being subsequently re-elected 
 for four consecutive terms. In 1842 he was 
 again a candidate, but was defeated by John A. 
 McClernand. Other public positions held by him 
 included those of Delegate to the Constitutional 
 Conventions of 1847 and 1862, Representative in 
 the Sixteenth and Seventeenth General Assem- 
 blies (1848-52), serving as Speaker in the former. 
 He was again elected to the Senate in 1860, but 
 died before the expiration of his term, Sept. 4. 
 1862. During the latter years of his life he was 
 active in securing the right of way for the Ohio 
 & Mississippi Railroad, the original of the Mis- 
 sissippi division of the Baltimore, Ohio & South- 
 western. He commenced life in poverty, but 
 acquired a considerable estate, and was the donor 
 of the ground upon which the Supreme Court 
 building for the Southern Division at Mount 
 Vernon was erected. Dr. Newton R. (Casey), 
 son of the preceding, was born in Jefferson 
 County, III, Jan. 27, 1826, received his pri- 
 mary education in the local schools and at Hills 
 boro and Mount Vernon Academies; in 1842 
 entered the Ohio University at Athens in that 
 State, remaining until 1845, when he com- 
 menced the study of medicine, taking a course 
 of lectures' the following year at the Louisville 
 Medical Institute; soon after began practice, 
 and, in Ib47, removed to Benton,-IU., returning 
 the following year to Mount Vernon. In 
 185C-57 he attended a second course of lectures at 
 the Missouri Medical College. St. Louis, the latter 
 year removing to Mound City, where he filled a 
 number of positions, including that of Mayor 
 from 1859 to 1864, when he declined a re-election. 
 In 1860, Dr. Casey served as delegate from Illi- 
 nois to the Democratic National Convention at 
 Charleston, S. C., and, on the establishment of 
 the United States Government Hospital at Mound 
 Citv. in 1^61. actol for some time as a volunteer 
 
84 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 surgeon, later serving as Assistant Surgeon. In 
 1866, he was elected Representative in the 
 Twenty-fifth General Assembly and re-elected in 
 1868, when he was an unsuccessful Democratic 
 candidate for Speaker in opposition to Hon. S. M. 
 Cullom; also again served as Representative in 
 the Twenty-eighth General Assembly (1872-74). 
 Since retiring from public life Dr. Casey has 
 given his attention to the practice of his profes- 
 sion! Col. Thomas S. (Casey), another son, was 
 born in Jefferson County, 111., April 6, 1832, 
 educated in the common schools and at McKend- 
 ree College, in due course receiving the degree of 
 A.M. from the latter; studied law for three 
 years, being admitted to the bar in 1854; in 1860, 
 was elected State's Attorney for the Twelfth 
 Judicial District; in September, 1862, was com- 
 missioned Colonel of the One Hundred and Tenth 
 Illinois Volunteer Infantry, but was mustered out 
 May 16, 1863, having in the meantime taken part 
 in the battle of Stone River and other important 
 engagements in Western Tennessee. By this 
 time his regiment, having been much reduced 
 in numbers, was consolidated with the Sixtieth 
 Illinois Volunteer Infantry. In 1864, he was 
 again elected State's Attorney, serving until 
 1868; in 1870, was chosen Representative, and, in 
 1872, Senator for the Mount Vernon District for 
 a term of four years. In 1879, he was elected Cir- 
 cuit Judge and was immediately assigned to 
 Appellate Court duty, soon after the expiration of 
 liis term, in 1885, removing to Springfield, where 
 he died, March 1. 1891. 
 
 CASS COUNTY, situated a little west of the 
 center of the State, with an area of 360 square 
 miles and a population (1900) of 17,222 named 
 for Gen. Lewis Cass. French traders are believed 
 to have made the locality of Beardstown their 
 headquarters about the time of the discovery of 
 the Illinois country. The earliest permanent 
 white settlers came about 1820, and among them 
 were Thomas Beard, Martin L. Lindsley, John 
 
 as at present laid out, was at one time sold by 
 Mr. Downing for twenty-five dollars. The 
 county was set off from Morgan in 1837. The 
 principal towns are Beardstown, Virginia, Chand- 
 lerville, Ashland and Arenzville. The county- 
 seat, formerly at Beardstown, was later removed 
 to Virginia, where it now is. Beardstown was 
 incorporated in 1837, with about 700 inhabitants. 
 Virginia was platted in 1836, but not incorporated 
 .until 1842. 
 
 CASTLE, Orlando Lane, educator, was born at 
 Jericho, Vt, July 26, 1822; graduated at Denison 
 University, Ohio, 1846; spent one year as tutor 
 there, and, for several years, had charge of the 
 public schools of Zanesville. Ohio. In 1858, he 
 accepted the chair of Rhetoric, Oratory and 
 Belles-Lettres in Shurtleff College, at Upper 
 Alton, 111., remaining until his death, Jan. 31, 
 1892. Professor Castle received the degree of 
 LL.D. from Denison University in 1877. 
 
 < ATHKU WOOD, Mary Hartwcll, author, was 
 born (Hartwcll) in Luray, Ohio, Dec. 16, 1844, 
 educated at the Female College, Granville, Ohio, 
 where she graduated, in 1868, and, in 1887, was 
 married to James S. Catherwood, with whom she 
 resides at Hoopeston, 111. Mrs. Catherwood is the 
 author of a number of works of fiction, which 
 have been accorded a high rank. Among her 
 earlier productions are "Craque-o'-Doom" (1881), 
 "Rocky Fork" (1882), "Old Caravan Days" 
 (1884), "The Secrets at Roseladies" (1888), "The 
 Romance of Dolld" and "The Bells of St. 
 Anne" (1889). During the past few years she 
 has shown a predilection for subjects connected 
 with early Illinois history, and has published 
 popular romances under the title of "The Story 
 of Tonty," "The White Islander," "The Lady of 
 Fort St. John," "Old Kaskaskia" and "The Chase 
 of Sant Castin and other Stories of the French 
 in the New World." 
 
 CATO>, John Dean, early lawyer and jurist, 
 was born in Monroe County, N. Y. , March 19, 
 
 Cetrough and Archibald Job. As early as 182^_J**2. Left to the care of a widowed mother at 
 
 there was a horse-mill on Indian Creek, and, in 
 1827, M. L Lindsley conducted a school on the 
 bluffs. Peter Cartwright, the noted Methodist 
 missionary and evangelist, was one of the earliest 
 preachers, and among the pioneers may be named 
 Messrs. Robertson, Toplo, McDonald, Downing, 
 Davis, Shepherd, Penny, Bergen and Hopkins. 
 Beardstown was the original county-seat, and 
 during both the Black Hawk and Mormon 
 troubles was a depot of supplies and rendezvous 
 for troops. Here also Stephen A. Douglas made 
 his first political speech. The site of the town. 
 
 an early age, his childhood was spent in poverty 
 and manual labor. At 15 he was set to learn a 
 trade, but an infirmity of sight compelled him to 
 abandon it. After a brief attendance at an 
 academy at Utica, where he studied law between 
 the ages of 19 and 21. in 1833 he removed to 
 Chicago, and shortly afterward, on a visit to 
 Pekin, was examined and licensed to practice by 
 Judee Stephen T. Logan. In 1834, he was elected 
 Justice of the Peace, served as Alderman in 
 1837-38, and sat upon the bench of the Supreme 
 Court from 1842 to 1864, when he resigned, hav- 
 
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HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 Burgeon, later serving as Assistant Surgeon. In 
 18(j<>, he was elected Representative in tlte 
 Twenty-lifth General Assembly and re-elected in 
 1888, when he was an unsuccessful Democratic 
 candidate for Sneaker in o|i|H>sition to Hon. S. M. 
 Cullom; also agaiu served as Representative in 
 the Twenty-eighth Cent-rat Assembly (1*72-7-1). 
 Sincn retiring from public life Dr. Casey has 
 given his attention to the practice of his profes- 
 sion. Col. Thomas S. (Casey), another son. was 
 horn in Jefferson County. 111.. April C, 18:!2, 
 educated in the common schools and at McKend- 
 ree College, in due course receiving the degree of 
 A.M. from the latter; studied law for three 
 years, being admitted to the liar in 1S.TJ; in I860, 
 was elected State's Attorney for the Twelfth 
 Judicial District, in Septemlier. 1802, was com- 
 missioned Colonel of the One Hundred and Tenth 
 Illinois Volunteer Infantry, but was mustered out 
 May Ifi, 180!!. having in the meantime taken part 
 in the battle of Stone River and other important 
 engagements in Western Tennessee. By this 
 lime his regiment, having Ix-en much reduced 
 in numbers, was consolidated with the Sixtieth 
 Illinois Volunteer Infantry. In 18G4, he was 
 again elected State's Attorney, serving until 
 I8IW; in 1870. was chosen Representative, and. in 
 1872. Senator for the Mount Vernon District for 
 a term of four years In 1N70. he waselected Cir- 
 cuit Judge and was immediately assigned to 
 \p|M-llate Court duty, soon after the expiration of 
 his term, in 1885. removing to Springfield, where 
 he died, March 1. I8!H. 
 
 C.VSS rOl'NTV, situated a little west of the 
 center of the State, with an area of UGll square 
 miles anil a |>pulation (t'JOO) of 17,222 named 
 for (Jen. Lewis Cass. French traders are believed 
 to have made the locality of Bcardstown their 
 headquarters alioul the time of the discovery of 
 ihe Illinois country. The earliest |iermanent 
 white settlers came about 1821), and among them 
 were Thomas Hear, I. Martin I.. Lindslev. John 
 Cetrough and Archibald Job. As early as 1821 
 there was a horse mill on Indian Creek, and. in 
 1*27. M : Limlsley conducted a school on the 
 hlulN. I'eter Cartwright. the noted Methodist 
 missionary and evangelist. w;ts one of the earliest 
 l>rc tellers, anil among the pioneers may be named 
 Messrs Robertson, Toplo. McDonald, Downing, 
 Davis. Shepherd, Penny. Bergen and Hopkins 
 
 Hear.lstown was tl riginal county seat, ami 
 
 during both the I 'In I. Hawk and Monuon 
 troubles was a depot of supplies and rendezvous 
 for troops. Here also Stephen A Douglas made 
 his lirst i>litical S|M h The site of the town 
 
 as at present laid out. was at one time sold by 
 Mr. Downing for twenty live dollars. The. 
 county was set off from Morgan in lb:!7. The 
 principal towns are Beardstown. Virginia. Chaiul- 
 lerville, Ashland and Arenzville. The county- 
 seat, formerly at ISeardstovnC was later removed 
 to Virginia, where it now is. Beardstown was 
 incorporated in 18:i7, with about "(Ml inhabitants. 
 Virginia was platted in 18:jG, but not incorporated 
 until 1842. 
 
 CASTLE, Orlando Lane, educator, was born at 
 Jericho, Vt., July 26, 1822; graduated at Denison 
 University, Ohio, 1846; spent one year as tutor 
 there, and, for several years, had charge of the 
 public schools of Zanesville. Ohio. In 18.'i8. he 
 accepted the chair of Rhetoric, Oratory and 
 Belles-Lettres in Shurtletf College, at Upjier 
 Alton, 111., remaining until his death. Jan. 31, 
 1892. Professor Castle received the degree of 
 I.L. D. from Denison University in 1H77. 
 
 C.VTHERWOOD, -Mary Hartnrll, author, was 
 born (Hartwell) in Luray, Ohio. Dec. 1<>, 1844. 
 educated at the Female College, Grunville. Ohio, 
 where she graduated, in 1808. and. in 1887, was 
 married to James S. Catherwood. with whom she 
 resides at Hoopeston. III. Mrs. Catherwood is the 
 author of u number of works of fiction, which 
 have l>een accorded u high rank. Among her 
 earlier productions are "Craime o'-Doom" (1881). 
 "Rocky Fork" (1882). "Old Caravan Days" 
 <IMM.|I "The Secrets at Roseladics" (!***!. "Tim 
 Romance of Dollard" and "The Bells of St. 
 Anne" (IHM'J). During the |ist few years she 
 has shown a predilection for subjects connected 
 with early Illinois history, anil has published 
 popular romances under the title of "The Story 
 of Tonty," "The White Islander," "The Lady nf 
 Fort St. John." "Old Kaskaskia" and "The Chase 
 of Sant Cast in and other Stories of the French 
 in the New World." 
 
 ('ATOM, John Dean, early lawyer and jurist, 
 was Uirn in Monroe County. X. V.. March 1!). 
 1*12. I. ell to the care of a widowed mother at 
 an early age. his childhood was sjent in jMivertv 
 and manual lalior. At l-"i he was set to learn a 
 trade, but an inlirmity of sight coni|iclled him to 
 abandon it After a brief attendance at an 
 academy at I'tica, where lie studied law U-tween 
 the ages of III and 21. in IS:!:) he removed to 
 ''liicago. and shortly afterward, on a visit to 
 I'ekin. was examined and licensed to practice by 
 . In. lire Stephen T. Logan In |s:tt. he was elected 
 .Instiee of the I'eaee. served as Alderman in 
 |s:',7 :!M, and sat up.;, the bench of the Supreme 
 Court from |X|2 to l^il when he resigned, hav 
 
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HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 85 
 
 ing served nearly twenty-two years. During 
 this period lie more than once occupied the posi- 
 tion of Chief -Justice. Being embarrassed by the 
 financial stringency of 1837-38, in the latter year 
 he entered a tract of land near Plainfield, and, 
 taking his family with him, began farming. 
 Later in life, while a resident of Ottawa, he 
 l>ecame interested in the construction of telegraph 
 lines in the West, which for a time bore his name 
 and were ultimately incorporated in the "West- 
 ern Union," laying the foundation of a large 
 fortune. On retiring from the bench, he devoted 
 himself for the remainder of his life to his private 
 affairs, to travel, and to literary labors. Among 
 his published works are "The Antelope and Deer 
 of America," "A Summer in Norway," "Miscel- 
 lanies," and "Early Bench and 'Bar of Illinois." 
 Died in Chicago, July 30, 1895. 
 
 CAT ABLY, Alfred W., early lawyer and legis- 
 lator; was born in Connecticut, Sept. 15, 1793; 
 served as a soldier in the War of 1813, and, in 
 1822, came to Illinois, first settling at Edwards- 
 ville, and soon afterwards at Carrollton, Greene 
 County. Here he was elected Representative in 
 the Fifth General Assembly (1826), and again to 
 the Twelfth (1840) ; also served as Senator in the 
 Thirteenth, Fourteenth and Fifteenth Assemblies 
 (1842-48), acting, in 1845, as one of the Commis- 
 sioners to revise the statutes. In 1844, he was 
 chosen a Presidential Elector, and, in 1846, was a 
 prominent candidate for the Democratic nomi- 
 nation for Governor, but was defeated in conven- 
 tion by Augustus C. French. Mr. Cavarly was 
 prominent both in his profession and in the 
 Legislature while a member of that body. In 
 1853, he removed to Ottawa, where he resided 
 until his death, Oct. 25, 1876. 
 
 CENTERYILLE (or Central City), a village in 
 the coal-mining district of Grundy County, near 
 Coal City. Population (1880), 673; (1900). 290. 
 
 CENTRAL HOSPITAL FOB THE INSANE, 
 established under act of the Legislature passeil 
 March 1, 1847, and located at Jacksonville, Mor- 
 gan County. Its founding was largely due to the 
 philanthropic efforts of Miss Dorothea L. Dix. 
 who addressed the people from the platform and 
 appeared before the General Assembly in behalf 
 of this class of unfortunates. Construction of 
 the building was begun in 1848. By 1851 two 
 wards were ready for occupancy, and the first 
 patient was received in November of that year. 
 The first Superintendent was Dr. J. M. Higgins, 
 who served less than two years, when he was suc- 
 ceeded by Dr. H. K. Jones, who had been Assist- 
 ant Superintendent. Dr. Jones remained as 
 
 Acting Superintendent for several months, when 
 the place was filled by the appointment of Dr. 
 Andrew McFarland of New Hampshire, his 
 administration continuing until 1870, when he 
 resigned on account of ill-health, being succeeded 
 by Dr. Henry F. Carriel of New Jersey. Dr. 
 Carriel tendered his resignation in 1893, and, 
 after one or two further changes, in 1897 Dr. 
 F. C. Winslow, who had been Assistant Superin- 
 tendent under Dr. Carriel, was placed in charge 
 of the institution. The original plan of construc- 
 tion provided for a center building, five and a 
 half stories high, and two wings with a rear 
 extension in which were to be the chapel, kitchen 
 and employes' quarters. Subsequently these 
 wings were greatly enlarged, permitting an 
 increase in the number of wards, and as the 
 exigencies of the institution demanded, appropri- 
 ations have been made for the erection of addi- 
 tional buildings. Numerous detached buildings 
 have been erected within the past few years, and 
 the capacity of the institution greatly increased 
 "The Annex" admitting of the introduction of 
 many new and valuable features in the classifica- 
 tion and treatment of patients. The number of 
 inmates of late years has ranged from 1,200 to 
 1,400. The counties from which patients are 
 received in this institution embrace: Rock 
 Island, Mercer, Henry, Bureau, Putnam, Mar- 
 shall, Stark, Kno.x, Warren, Henderson, Hancock, 
 McDonough, Fulton, Peoria, Tazewell, Logan, 
 Mason, Menard, Cass, Schuyler, Adams, Pike, 
 Calhoun, Brown, Scott, Morgan, Sangamon, 
 Christian, Montgomery, Macoupin, Greene and 
 Jersey. 
 
 CENTRALIA, a city and railway center of 
 Marion County, 250 miles south of Chicago. It 
 forms a trade center for the famous "fruit belt" 
 of Southern Illinois; has a number of coal mines, 
 a glass plant, an envelope factory, iron foundries, 
 railroad repair shops, flour and rolling mills, and 
 an ice plant; also has water- works and sewerage 
 system, a fire department, two daily papers, and 
 excellent graded schools. Several parks afford 
 splendid pleasure resorts. Population (1890), 
 4,763; (1900), 6.721; (1903, est.). S.OOO. 
 
 CENTRALIA & ALTAMONT RAILROAD. 
 (See Central ia & Cliextrr Rnilnmil) 
 
 CENTRALIA & CHESTER RAILROAD, a rail- 
 way line wholly within the State, extending 
 from Salem, in Marion County, to Chester, on the 
 Mississippi River (91.6 miles), with a lateral 
 branch from Sparta to Roxborough (5 miles), and 
 trackage facilities over the Illinois Central from 
 the branch junction to Centralia (2.9 miles) 
 
. 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 ing served nearly twenty-two years. During 
 this period lie more than once occupied the posi- 
 tion of Chief Justice. Being embarrassed by the 
 linancial stringency of 1837-38, in the latter year 
 he entered a tract of land near Plainlield, and. 
 taking his family with him, began farming. 
 Later in life, while a resident of Ottawa, he 
 became interested in the const met ion of telegraph 
 lines in the West, which for a time l>ore his name 
 ami were ultimately incoqiorated in the "West- 
 ern Union." laying the foundation of a large 
 fortune. On retiring from the l>encli. he devoted 
 himself for the remainder of his life to his private 
 affairs, to travel, and to literary labors. Among 
 his published works are "The Antelope and Deer 
 of America," "A Summer in Norway." "Miscel- 
 lanies," ami "Early Bench and Bar of Illinois." 
 Died in Chicago. Jufy 30, 1H95. 
 
 OAVARLY, Alfred W., early lawyer and legis- 
 lator was lxni in Connecticut, Sept. 1~>, 17!*:!; 
 served as a soldier in the War of 1S12. and. in 
 IX'.'i. came to Illinois, tirst settling at Edwards- 
 ville. and soi>ii afterwards at C'arrollton. Greene 
 County. Here he was elected Representative in 
 the Fifth General Assembly (l*2li). and again to 
 the Twelfth (1S4D) , also served ;is Senator in the 
 Thirteenth, Fourteenth and Fifteenth Assemblies 
 ( IS|-J-4S), acting, in 1X4.1, as one of the Commis- 
 sioners to revise the statutes. In 1X14. hi* was 
 chosen a Presidential Klector, and, in IX-l'i, was a 
 prominent candidate for the Democratic nomi- 
 nation for Governor, but was defeated in conven- 
 tion by Augustus C. French. Mr. Cavarly was 
 prominent lx>th in his profession and in the 
 Legislature while .> inemher of that Univ. In 
 IM.V!. he removed to Ottawa, where he resided 
 until his death. Oct. 'J.".. IHTti. 
 
 CF.XTERVILLE (or Central City), u village in 
 .the coal-mining district of (irundy County, near 
 Coal City Population (ISSO). li?:t; (190ft). iSH). 
 
 CENTRAL HOSPITAL FOR THE I\SAXE, 
 c-taMished under act of the Legislature passed 
 March 1. 1*17, and located at .lacksonville. Mor- 
 gan < 'oiinty. Its founding was largely due to the 
 philanthropic efforts of Miss Dorothea L. Di.\ 
 ho addressed (lie jieoplc from the platform anil ' 
 appeared Imfore the General Assembly in U-hall 
 of this class of unfortunates Construction of 
 the building was begun in l*|x. Ity I"-""! two 
 wards were ready for occupancy, and the tirst 
 patient was received in Novemlier of that year. 
 The ti?-st Superintendent was Dr. .1 M. Higgins. 
 whoserved less than two years, when he was suc- 
 ceeded by Dr. H. K. Jones, who had lieen Assist- 
 ant Superintendent Dr. Jones remained as 
 
 Acting Sii]>erintPndent for several months, when 
 the place was tilled by the appointment of Dr. 
 Andrew McFurland of New Hampshire, his 
 administration' continuing until 1*7U, when he 
 resigned on account of ill health, lieing succeeded 
 by Dr. Henry F. Carriel of -New Jersey Dr. 
 Carriel tendered his resignation in IN&!. and. 
 after one or two further changes, in 1SH7 Dr. 
 F. C. Winslow, who liai lieen Assistant .Superin- 
 tendent under Dr. Carriel. was plaivd in cliarge 
 of the institution. The original plan of construc- 
 tion provided for :t center building, live and a 
 half stories high, and,two wings with a rear 
 extension in which were to be the chajiel. kitchen 
 and employes' quarters. Subsequently these 
 wings were greatly enlarged. |-rmiiting an 
 increase in the mmilier uf wards, and its the 
 exigencies of the institution demanded, appropri- 
 ations have been made for tjhe. erection of addi- 
 tional buildings. Numerous detached buildings 
 have been erected within the past few years, and 
 the cajiaeity of the institution greatly increased 
 "The Annex" admitting of the introduction of 
 many new and valuable features in the classifica- 
 tion and treatment of |>atieiits. The number of 
 inmates of late years has ranged froin 1,20(1 to 
 1.40O. The counties fron. which (taXients are 
 received in this institution embrace: Rock 
 Island. Mercer. Henry. Bureau. Putnam, Mar 
 shall. Stark. Knox. Warren. Henderson. Hancock. 
 McDonough. Fulton. Peoria. Tazewell. Logan. 
 Mason. Menard, Cass, Schuyler. Adams, Pike. 
 Calhoun. Brown. Scott. 1 Morgan. Sangamon. 
 Christian. Montgomery, Macotipin. Greene and 
 Jersey 
 
 CENTHAI.IA, a city and railway center of 
 Marion County. ''~> mile- south of Chicago. It 
 forms a trade center for t lie famous "fruit belt" 
 of Souther:. Illinois; has a nnmlier of coal mine- 
 a glass plant, an envelope fai t"iy. iron foundries, 
 railroad repair shep^. tlntirand i< MiKg mills, and 
 an ice plant : also has \\ater-\\ irks and M'weragc 
 systi-in. a tire department. : v. o daily |iapers. and 
 excellent gnuled s;-lni-U Several (rarks atTord' 
 splendid pleasure ivii>. !'. pulation (1- S 1K)). . 
 4,7lj::. (I'.MHO. ".:.'!: i ;!-!. est. ) N.IIINI 
 
 4'KM'RAIJA X Al.TAJIOM' KUIHoMi. 
 iSee ( ', jilrolix <*' '/,..</. , /.'.ii//..ii./ 
 
 TEMKAI.IA .V CHKSTHK It A ll.KO A II. a mil- 
 wax line wholly wilhin the State, extending 
 from Salem, in Marion County, to Chester, on the 
 Mississippi liiver ((II li inilesi. with a livteral 
 branch from Sparta to Roxlwnnigh <" miles.', ami 
 trackage facilities over the Illinois Central from 
 the branch junction to Centralia (J !t miles) 
 
86 
 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 total, 99.5 miles. The original line was chartered 
 as the Centralia & Chester Railroad, in December, 
 1887, completed from Sparta to Coulterville in 
 1889, and consolidated the same year with the 
 .Sparta & Evansville and the Centralia & Alta- 
 uiont Railroads (projected); line completed 
 from Centralia to Evansville early in 1894. The 
 branch from Sparta to Rosborough was built in 
 1895, the section of the main line from Centralia 
 to Salem (14.9 miles) in 1896, and that from 
 Evansville to Chester (17.6 miles) in 1897-98. 
 The road was placed in the hands of a receiver, 
 June 7, 1897, and the expenditures for extension 
 and equipment made under authority granted by 
 the United States Court for the issue of Receiver's 
 certificates. The total capitalization is $2,374,- 
 841, of which $978,000 is in stocks and $948,000 in 
 bonds. 
 
 CENTRAL MILITARY TRACT RAILROAD. 
 (See Chicago, Burlington & Quiney Railroad.) 
 
 CERRO GORDO, a town in Piatt County, 12 
 miles by rail east-northeast of Uecatur. The crop 
 of cereals in the surrounding country Is sufficient 
 to support two elevators at Cerro Gordo, which 
 lias also a tl Hiring mill, brick and tile factories, 
 etc. There are three churches, graded schools, a 
 bank and two newspaper offices. Population 
 (1890), 939; (1900), 1,008. 
 
 CHADDOCK COLLEGE, an institution under 
 the patronage of the Methodist Episcopal Church 
 at Quincy, 111., incorporated in 1878; is co-educa- 
 tional, has a faculty of ten instructors, and 
 reports 127 students 70 male and 57 female in 
 the classes of 1895-96. Besides the usual depart- 
 ments in literature, science and the classics, 
 instruction is given to classes in theology, music, 
 the fine arts, oratory and preparatory studies. It 
 has property valued at $110,000, and reports an 
 endowment fund of $8,000. 
 
 CHAMBERLIN, Thomas Crowder, geologist 
 and educator, was born near Mattoon, 111., Sept. 
 25. 1845; graduated at Beloit College, Wisconsin, 
 in 1866: took a course in Michigan University 
 (1868-69); taught in various Wisconsin institu- 
 tions, also discharged the duties of State 
 Geologist, later filling the chair of Geology at 
 Columbian University, Washington, D. C. In 
 1878, he was sent to Paris, in charge of the edu- 
 cational exhibits of Wisconsin, at the Interna- 
 tional Exposition of that year during his visit 
 making a special study of the Alpine glaciers. 
 In 1887, he was elected President of the Univer- 
 sity of Wisconsin, serving until 1892, when he 
 became Head Professor of Geology at the Univer- 
 sity of Chicago, where he still remains. He is 
 
 also editor of the University "Journal of Geol- ' 
 ogy" and President of the Chicago Academy of 
 Sciences. Professor Chamberlin is author of a 
 number of volumes on educational and scientific 
 subjects, chiefly in the line of geology. He 
 received the degree of LL.D. from the Univer- 
 sity of Michigan, Beloit College and Columbian 
 University, all on the same date (1887). 
 
 CHAMPAIGN, a flourishing city in Champaign 
 County, 128 miles southwest of Chicago and 83 
 miles northeast of Springfield ; is the intersecting 
 point of three lines of railway and connected 
 with the adjacent city of Urbana. the county- 
 seat, by an electric railway. The University of 
 Illinois, located in Urbana. is contiguous to the 
 city. Champaign 1ms an excellent system of 
 water-works, well-paved streets, and is lighted by 
 both gas and electricity. The surrounding coun- 
 try is agricultural, but the city has manufac- 
 tories of carriages and machines. Three papers 
 are published here, besides a college weekly con- 
 ducted by the students of the University. The 
 Murnham Hospital ami the Garwood OKI Ladies' 
 Home are located in Champaign. In the resi- 
 dence portion of the city there is a handsome 
 I/ark, covering ten acres and containing a notable 
 piece of bronze statua ry . and several smaller parks 
 in other sections. There are several handsome 
 'hurches, and excellent schools, both public and 
 private. Population (1890), 5,839; (1900). 9,098. 
 
 CHAMPAIGN COUNTY, situated in the eastern 
 half of the central belt of the State; area. I, IK is 
 square miles; population (1900), 47,622. The 
 county was organized in 1833, and named for a 
 county in Ohio. The physical conformation is 
 flat, and the soil rich. The county lies in the 
 heart of what was once called the "Gram! 
 Prairie." Workable seams of bituminous coal 
 underlie the surface, but overlying quicksands 
 interfere with their operation. The Sangamon 
 and Kaskaskia Rivers have their sources in this 
 region, and several railroads cross the county. 
 The soil is a black muck underlaid by a yellow 
 clay. Urbana (with a population of 5,708 in 
 1900) is the county -seat. Other important points 
 in the county are Champaign (9,000), Tolono 
 (1,000), and Rantoul (1,200). Champaign and 
 Urbana adjoin each other, and the grounds of the 
 Illinois State University extend into each corpo- 
 ration, being largely situated in Champaign. 
 Large drifted masses of Niagara limestone are 
 found, interspersed with coal measure limestone 
 and sandstone. Alternating beds of clay, gravel 
 and quicksand of the drift formation are found 
 beneath the subsoil to the depth of 150 to 300 feet. 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 CHAMPAIGN, HAT ANA WESTERN RAIL- 
 ROAD. (Soo Illinois Central Railroad.) 
 
 CHANDLER, Charles, physician, was born at 
 West Woodstock, Conn., July 2, 1806; graduated 
 with the degree of M.D. at Castleton, Vt.. and, 
 in 1839, located in Scituate, R. I. ; in 1832, started 
 with the intention of settling at Fort Clark (now 
 Peoria), III, but was stopped at Beardstown by 
 the "Black Hawk War." finally locating on the 
 Sangaraon River, in Cass County, where, in 1848. 
 he laid out the town of Cliamllerville Abraham 
 Lincoln being one of the surveyors who platted 
 the town. Here he gained a large practice. 
 which he was compelled, in his later years, par- 
 tially to abandon in consequence of injuries 
 received while prosecuting his profession, after- 
 wards turning his attention to merchandising 
 and encouraging the development of the locality 
 in which he lived by promoting the construction 
 of railroads and the building of schoolhouses anil 
 churches. Liberal and public-spirited, his influ- 
 ence for good extended over a large region. 
 Died, April 7, 1879. 
 
 CHANDLER, Hcnrj B., newspaper manager, 
 was born at Frelighsburg, Quebec, July 12, 1886 ; 
 at 18 he began teaching, and later took charge of 
 the business department of "The Detroit Free 
 Press" ; in 1861, came to Chicago with Wilbur F. 
 Storey and became business manager of "The 
 Chicago Times"; in 1870, disagreed with Storey 
 and retired from newspaper business. Died, at 
 Yonkers, N. Y., Jan. 18, 1806. 
 
 CHANDLERTILLE, a village in Cass County, 
 on the Chicago. Peoria * St. Louis Railroad, 7 
 miles north by east from Virginia, laid out in 
 1848 by Dr. Charles Chandler, and platted by 
 Abraham Lincoln. It has a bank, a creamery, 
 four churches, a weekly newspaper, u flour and a 
 saw-mill. Population (1H90), 910; (1900), 940. 
 
 CHAPIN, a village of Morgan County, at the 
 intersection of the Wabasli and the Chicago. 
 Burlington & Quincy Railroads. 10 miles west of 
 Jacksonville. Population (1890), 450; (1900), 314'. 
 
 CHAPPELL, Charley H., railway manager, 
 was born in Du Page County, III, March 3, 1841. 
 With an ardent passion for the railroad business. 
 \t the age of 16 he obtained a position as freight 
 brakeman on the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy 
 Railroad, being steadily promoted through the 
 ranks of conductor, train-master and dispatcher, 
 until, in 1865, at the age of 24, he was appointed 
 General Agent of the Eastern Division of the 
 Chicago, Burlington & Quincy. Other railroad 
 positions which Mr. Chappell has since held are: 
 Superintendent of a division of the Union Pacific 
 
 (186U-70); Assistant or Division Superintendent 
 of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy, or some of 
 its branches (1870-74) ; General Superintendent 
 of the Missouri. Kansas. & Texas (1874-76); 
 Superintendent of the Western Division of the 
 Wabash (1877-79). In 1880, he accepted tl- 
 position of Assistant General Superintendent of 
 the Chicago & Alton Railroad, being advanced in 
 the next three years through the grades of 
 General Superintendent and Assistant General 
 Manager, to that of General Manager of the 
 entire system, which he has continued to fill for 
 over twelve years. Quietly and without show or 
 display, Mr. Chappell continues in the discharge 
 of his duties, assisting to make the system with 
 which he is identified one of the most successful 
 and perfect in its operation in the whole country. 
 
 CHARLESTON, the county-seat of Coles 
 County, an incorporated city and a railway junc- 
 tion, 46 miles west of Terre Haute, Ind. It lies 
 in the center of a farming region, yet lias several 
 factories, including woolen and flouring mills, 
 broom, plow and carriage factories, a foundry 
 and a canning factory. Three newspapers are 
 published here, issuing daily editions. Population 
 (1890), 4,135; (1900), 5,488. The Eastern State 
 Normal School was located here in 1895. 
 
 CHARLESTON, SfEOGA A ST. LOUIS RAIL- 
 ROAD. (See Toledo. St. Louis <t A'anwut City 
 RailrtHitl. ) 
 
 CHARLEVOIX, Pierre Francois Xavicr dr. 
 a celebrated French traveler and an early 
 explorer of Illinois, born at St. Quentin, France. 
 Oct. 29. 16H2. He entered the Jesuit Society, 
 and while a student was sent to Quebec' 
 ( IBU5). where for four years he was instructor in 
 the college, and completed his divinity studies 
 In 1709 lit- returned to France, but came again to 
 Queliec a few years later. He ascended the St 
 I i iviirr. sailed through Lakes Ontario and Erie, 
 and dually reached the Mississippi by way of the 
 Illinois Uiver. After visiting Cahokia and the 
 surrounding county (1720-81), he continued down 
 the Mississippi to New Orleans, and returned to 
 France by way of Santo Domingo. Besides some 
 works on religious subjects, he was the author of 
 histories of Japan, Paraguay and San Domingo 
 His great work, however, was the "History of 
 New France," which was not published until 
 twenty years after his death. His journal of his 
 American explorations appeared about the same 
 time. His history has long been cited by 
 scholars as authority, but no English translation 
 was made until 1865, when it was undertaken by 
 Shea. Died in France. Fol> 1 17fil 
 
. 
 
 --. 
 
 88 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 CHASE, Philander, Protestant Episcopal 
 Bishop, was born in Cornish, Vt., Dec 14, 1775, 
 and graduated at Dartmouth in 1795. Although 
 reared as a Congregationalist, he adopted the 
 Episcopal faith, and was ordained a priest in 
 1799, for several years laboring as a missionary 
 in Northern and Western New York. In 1805, 
 he went to New Orleans, but returning North in 
 1811, spent six years as a rector at New Haven, 
 Conn., then engaged in missionary work in Ohio, 
 organizing a number of parishes and founding an 
 academy at Worthington; was consecrated a 
 Bishop in 1819, and after a visit to England to 
 raise funds, laid the foundation of Kenyon 
 College and Gambler Theological Seminary, 
 named in honor of two English noblemen who 
 hftd contributed a large portion of the funds. 
 Differences arising with some of his clergy in 
 reference to the proper use of the funds, he 
 resigned both the Bishopric and the Presidency 
 of the college in 1831. and after three years of 
 missionary labor in Michigan, in 1835 was chosen 
 Bishop of Illinois. Making a second visit to 
 England, he succeeded in raising additional 
 funds, and, in 1838, founded Jubilee College at 
 Robin's Nest, Peoria County, 111., for which a 
 charter was obtained in 1847. He was a man of 
 great religious zeal, of indomitable perseverance 
 and the most successful pioneer of the Episcopal 
 Church in the West. He was Presiding Bishop 
 from 1843 until his death, which occurred Sept. 
 ' 20, 1852. Several volumes appeared from his pen, 
 the most important being "A Plea for the West" 
 (1826), and "Reminiscences: an Autobiography, 
 Comprising a History of the Principal Events in 
 the Author's Life" (1848). 
 
 CHATHAM, a village of Sangamon County, on 
 the Chicago & Alton Railroad, 9 miles south of 
 Springfield. Population (1890), 482; (1900), 62fl, 
 
 CHATSWORTH, town in Livingston County, 
 on 111. Cent, and Toledo, Peoria & Western Rail- 
 ways, 79 miles east of Peoria; in farming and 
 stock-raising district ; has two banks, three grain 
 elevators, five churches, a graded school, two 
 weekly papers, water works, electric lights, paved 
 streets, cement sidewalks, btick works, and other 
 manufactories. Pop. (1890), 827; (1900), 1,038. 
 
 CHEBANSE, a town in Iroquois and Kankakee 
 Counties, on the Illinois Central Railroad, 64 
 miles south-southwest from Chicago; the place 
 has two banks and one newspaper. Population 
 (1880). 728; (1890), 616; (1900), 555. 
 
 CHENEY, Charles Edward, Bishop of the Re- 
 formed Protestant Episcopal Church, was born in 
 Canandaigua, N. Y., Feb. 12, 1836; graduated at 
 
 Hobart in 1857, and began study for the ministry 
 of the Protestant Episcopal Church. Soon after 
 ordination he became rector of Christ Church. 
 Chicago, and was prominent among those who, 
 under the leadership of Assistant Bishop Cum- 
 mins of Kentucky, organized the Reformed Epis 
 copal Church in 1873. He was elected Missionary 
 Bishop of the Northwest for the new organiza- 
 tion, and was consecrated in Christ Church, 
 Chicago, Dec. 14, 1873. 
 
 CHENEY, John Vance, author and librarian, 
 was bom at Groveland, N. Y., Dec. 29, 1848, 
 though the family home was at Dorset, Vt.. 
 where he grew up and received his primary edu- 
 cation. He acquired his academic training at 
 Manchester, Vt., and Temple Hill Academy, 
 Genesee, N. Y., graduating from the latter in 
 1865, later becoming Assistant Principal of the 
 same institution. Having studied law, he was 
 admitted to the bar successively in Massachusetts 
 and New York; but meanwhile having written 
 considerably for the old "Scribner's Monthly" 
 (now "Century Magazine"), while under the 
 editorship of Dr. J. G. Holland, he gradually 
 adopted literature as a profession. Removing to 
 the Pacific Coast, he took charge, in 1887, of the 
 Free Public Library at San Francisco, remaining 
 until 1894, when he accepted the position of 
 Librarian of the Newberry Library in Chicago, 
 as successor to Dr. William F. Poole, deceased. 
 Besides two or three volumes of verse, Mr. Cheney 
 is the author of numerous essays on literary 
 subjects. His published works include "Thistle- 
 Drift," poems (1887); "Wood-Blooms," poems 
 (1888), "Golden Guess," essays (1892); "That 
 Dome in" Air," essays (1895); "Queen Helen," 
 poem (1895) and "Out of the Silence," poem 
 (1897). He is also editor of "Wood Notes Wild," 
 by Simeon Pease Cheney (1892), and Canton Club's 
 edition of Derby's Phoenixiana. 
 
 CHENOA, an incorporated city of McLean 
 County, at the intersecting point of the Toledo, 
 Peoria & Western and the Chicago & Alton Rail- 
 roads, 48 miles east of Peoria, 23 miles northeast 
 of Bioomington, and 102 miles south of Chicago. 
 Agriculture, dairy farming, fruit-growing and 
 coal-mining are the chief industries of the sur- 
 rounding region. The city also has an electric 
 light plant, water-works, canning works and tile 
 works, besides two banks, seven churches, a 
 graded school, two weekly papers, and telephone 
 systems connecting with the surrounding coun- 
 try. Population (1890), 1,226; (1900), 1,512. 
 
 CHESBROUGH, Ellis Sylvester, civil engineer, 
 was born in Baltimore, Md. , July 6, 1813 ; at the 
 
o 
 
 I 
 
 o 
 
 > 
 a 
 
 c 
 
 CA 
 
 
 
 
 
88 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA <>K ILLINOIS. 
 
 CHASE, Philander, Protestant Episcopal 
 Bishop, was Ixirn in Cornish, Vt., Dec II. ITT'i, 
 and graduated at J'artmouth in 17'J">. Although 
 reared as a Congregationalist, lie adopted the 
 Episcopal faith, and was ordained a priest in 
 1799, for several years laboring as a missionary 
 in Northern and Western New York. In 1N<>.">, 
 he went to New Orleans, but returning North in 
 isll, spent six years as a rector at New Haven. 
 Conn. , then engaged in missionary work in Ohio, 
 organizing a number of parishes and founding an 
 academy at Worthington; was consecrated a 
 Bishop in 1819, and after a visit to England to 
 raise funds, laid the foundation of Kenyon 
 College and (iambier Theological Seminary, 
 named in honor of two English noblemen who 
 had contributed a large jxirtion of the funds. 
 Differences arising with some of his clergy in 
 reference to the proper use of the funds, he 
 resigned both the Pishopric and the Presidency 
 of the college in 1H31. ami after three years of 
 missionary labor in Michigan, in 183.1 was chosen 
 Bishop of Illinois. Making a second visit to 
 England, he succeeded in raising additional 
 funds, and. in 1S3S. founded Jubilee College at 
 Robin's Nest, Peoria County, 111., for which a 
 charter was obtained in 1^17. He was a man of 
 great religious zeal, of indomitable [icrseverance 
 and the most successful pioneer of the Episcopal 
 Church in the West. He was Presiding Bishop 
 from 1843 until his death, which occurred Sept. 
 20, 18ri2. Several volumes appeared from his pen, 
 the most important lieing "A Plea for the West" 
 (182G), and "Reminiscences: an Autobiography. 
 Comprising a History of the Principal Events in 
 the Author's Life" (ISIS). 
 
 CHATHAM, a village of Sanganum County, on 
 tin? Chicago & Alton Railroad, 11 miles south of 
 Springliulil. Population ( IN'.MIJ, lvj : ( l'.ino>, c.j'.i.. 
 
 CHATSWOKTH. town in Livingston County, 
 on III. Cent, and Toledo. Peoria & Western Rail- 
 ways. 7'J miles east of Peoria; in farming and 
 stock raising district: has two banks, three grain 
 elevators, live churches, a graded school, two 
 weekly pa|>ers. water works, electric lights paved 
 streets, cement sidewalks, biick works, and other 
 manufactories. Pop. (IN'.HI), N,'7; (1!MJ), 1.03H. 
 
 t'HKISAXSK. a town in Iro<|iiois and Kankakpe 
 Counties. OTI the Illinois Central Railroad. l>4 
 miles south southwest from Chicago; the place 
 has two lianks and one newspaper. Population 
 (18SO), 72*: (1*U(>). lilli; (111011,), .VVi 
 
 CIIKXEV, Charles Edward, Bishop of the Re- 
 formed Protestant Kpiscopal Church, was liorn in 
 Cauandaigua. N. Y. . Feb. 12. 1830; graduated at 
 
 lloliart in 1*">7. and licgaii study for the ministry 
 of the Protestant Kpiscopal Church. .Soon after 
 ordination he became rector of Christ Church. 
 Chicago, and was prominent among those who. 
 under the leadership of Assistant Bishop Cum- 
 mins of Kentucky, organized the Reformed Epis 
 copal Church in 1*7:). He was elected Missionary 
 Bishop of the Northwest for the new organiza- 
 tion, and was consecrated in Christ Church. 
 Chicago. Pec. 14. 1873. 
 
 CHKXEY, John Vance, author and librarian, 
 was born at (iroveland. N. Y., Dec. 29, 1848, 
 though the family home was at Dorset, Vt.. 
 where he grew up and received his primary edu- 
 cation. He acquired his academic training at 
 Manchester. Vt.. and Temple Hill Academy, 
 Genesee. N. Y., graduating from the latter in 
 ISO,"), later liecoming Assistant Principal of the 
 same institution. Having studied law, he was 
 admitted to the bar successively in Massachusetts 
 ami New York; but meanwhile having written 
 considerably for the old "Scribner's Monthly" 
 (now "Century Magazine"), while under the 
 editorship of Dr. J. CJ. Holland, he gradually 
 adopted literature as a profession. Removing to 
 the Pacific Coast, he took charge, in 1887, of the 
 Free Public Library at San Francisco, remaining 
 until 1*94, when he accepted the jiosition of 
 Librarian of the Newlxsrry Library in Chicago, 
 as successor to Dr. William F. Poole, deceased. 
 Besides tw< Mir three volumes of verse. Mr. Cheney 
 is the author of numerous essays on literar\ 
 subjects. His published works include "Thistle- 
 Drift." poems (1KS7); "Wood-Blooms, " poems 
 (JSSS), "Golden Guess," essays (1S92); "That 
 Dome in Air," essays (1 S 'J">); "Queen Helen," 
 jmem (ls!(.")) and "Out of the Silence," |MKMII 
 (1*!>7). He is also editor of "Wood Notes Wild." 
 by Simeon Pease Cheney (1S!I2), and Caxton Club's 
 editiiin of Derby's Pin eni. \iana. 
 
 CHEXOA, an incorporated city of McLean 
 County, at the intersecting point of the Toledo. 
 Peoria A: Western and the Chicago A- Alton Kail- 
 roads, 4M miles east of I'eoria, 23 miles northeast 
 of liloomington. and I o2 miles south of Chicago. 
 Agriculture, dairy fanning, fruit-growing and 
 coal-mining an* the chief industries of the sur- 
 rounding region. The city also has an electric 
 light plant, water works, canning works and tile 
 works, liesides t\vo banks, seven churches,- a 
 gradeil school, two weekly pajiers. and telephone 
 systems connecting with the surrounding coun- 
 try. Population (IS'JO). 1.22ii; (KM'). l.-">12 
 
 CHESBROrciI, Ellis S)lvostor,civil engineer, 
 was Ixirn in Baltimore. Md., Julvfi, 1813; at the 
 
& 
 
 n 
 
 ^i3-> - "I 1 
 
 ~d 3Sfc\- 4 - . j,I . 
 
 SSSsfc-S^f: 1 ^ 
 
 
CHICAGO THOROUGHFARES. 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 age of thirteen was cbainman to an engineering 
 party on the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad, being 
 later employed on other roads. In 1837, he was 
 appointed senior assistant engineer in the con- 
 struction of the Louisville, Cincinnati & Charles- 
 ton Railroad, and, in 1848, Chief Engineer of the 
 Boston Waterworks, in 1850 becoming sole Com- 
 missioner of the Water Department of that city. 
 In 1855, he became engineer of the Chicago Board 
 of Sewerage Commissioners, and in that capacity 
 designed the sewerage system of the city also 
 planning the river tunnels. He resigned the 
 office of Commissioner of Public Works of 
 Chicago in 18T9. He was regarded as an author- 
 ity on water-supply and sewerage, and was con- 
 sulted by the officials of New York, Boston, 
 Toronto, Milwaukee and other cities. Died, 
 August 19, 1886. 
 
 CHESNUT, John A., lawyer, was born in Ken- 
 tucky, Jan. 19, 1816, his father being a native of 
 South Carolina, but of Irish descent. John A. 
 was educated principally in his native State, but 
 came to Illinois in 1836, read law with P. H. 
 Winchester at Carlinville, was admitted to the 
 bar in 1837, and practiced at Carlinville until 
 1855, when he removed to Springfield and engaged 
 in real estate and banking business. Mr. Clies- 
 nut was associated with many local business 
 enterprises, was for several years one of the 
 Trustees of the Institution for the Deaf and 
 Dumb at Jacksonville, also a Trustee of the 
 Illinois Female College (Methodist) at the same 
 place, and was Supervisor of the United States 
 Census for the Sixth District of Illinois in 1880. 
 Died, Jan. 14, 1898. 
 
 CHESTER, the county-seat of Randolph 
 County, situated on the Mississippi River, 76 
 miles south of St. Louis. It is the seat of the 
 Southern Illinois Penitentiary and of the State 
 Asylum for Insane Convicts It stands in the 
 heart of a region abounding in bituminous coal, 
 and is a prominent shipping point for this com- 
 modity; also has quarries of building stone. It 
 has a grain elevator, flouring mills, rolling mills 
 and foundries. Population (1880), 2,580; (1890), 
 2,708; (1900), 2,832. 
 
 CHETLA1N, Augustus Louis, soldier, was born 
 in St. Louis, Mo., Dec. 26, 1824, of French Hugue- 
 not stock his parents having emigrated from 
 Switzerland in 1823, at first becoming members 
 of the Selkirk colony on Red River, in Manitoba. 
 Having received a common school education, he 
 became a merchant at Galena, and was the first 
 to volunteer there in response to the call for 
 troops after the bombardment of Fort Sumter, in 
 
 1861, being chosen to the captaincy of a company 
 in the Twelfth Regiment of Illinois Volunteers, 
 which General Grant had declined; participated 
 in the campaign on the Tennessee River which 
 resulted in the capturs of Fort Donelson anil the 
 battle of Shiloh, meanwhile being commissioned 
 Lieutenant-Colonel; also distinguished himself at 
 Corinth, where he remained in command until 
 May, 1863, and organized the first colored regi- 
 ment raised in the West. In December, 1863, he 
 was promoted Brigadier-General and placed in 
 charge of the organization of colored troops in 
 Tennessee, serving later in Kentucky and being 
 bre vetted Major-General in January, 1864. From 
 January to October, 1865, he commanded the 
 post at Memphis, and later the District of Talla- 
 dega, Ala., until January, 186C, when he was 
 mustered out of the service. General Chetlain 
 was, Assessor of Internal Revenue for the District 
 of Utah (1867-69), then appointed United State* 
 Consul at Brussels, serving until 1872, on his 
 return to the United States establishing himself 
 as a banker and broker in Chicago. 
 
 CHICAGO, the county-seat of Cook County, 
 chief city of Illinois and (1890) second city in 
 population in the United States. 
 
 SITUATION. The city is situated at the south- 
 west bend of Lake Michigan, 18 miles north of 
 the extreme southern point of the lake, at the 
 mouth of the Chicago River; 715 miles west of 
 New York, 590 miles north of west from Wash- 
 ington, and 260 miles northeast of St. Louis. 
 From the Pacific Coast it is distant 2,417 miles. 
 Latitude 41 52' north; longitude 87 35' west of 
 Greenwich. Area (1898), 186 square miles. 
 
 TOPOGRAPHY. Chicago stands on the dividing 
 ridge between the Mississippi and St. Lawrence 
 basins. It is 502 feet above sea-level, and its 
 highest point is some 18 feet above Lake Michi- 
 gan. The Chicago River is virtually a bayou,* 
 dividing into north and south branches about a 
 half-mile west of the lake. The surrounding 
 country is a low, flat prairie, but engineering 
 science and skill have done much for it in the 
 way of drainage. The Illinois & Michigan Canal 
 terminates at a point on the south branch of 
 the Chicago River, within the city limits, and 
 unites the waters of Lake Michigan with those 
 of the Illinois River. 
 
 COMMERCE. The Chicago River, with its 
 branches, affords a water frontage of nearly 60 
 miles, the greater part of which is utilized for 
 the shipment and unloading of grain, lumber, 
 stone, coal, merchandise, etc. Another navigable 
 stream (the Calumet River) also lies within the 
 
i IIIC.XCi i TIM >K< >l (iHKAKtS 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OK ILLINOIS. 
 
 age of thirteen was chainman to an engineering 
 jiarty on the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad, lieing 
 later employed on other raids. In 18:57, he was 
 appointed senior assistant engineer in the con- 
 struction of the Louisville, Cincinnati & Charles- 
 ton Railroad, and, in 1840, Chief Engineer of the 
 Boston Waterworks, in 18.>0 Incoming sole Com- 
 missioner of the Water Department of that city. 
 In 18."i."i. lie became engineer of the Chicago Board 
 of Sewerage Commissioners, and in that capacity 
 designed the sewerage system of the city also 
 planning the river tunnels. He resigned the 
 office of Commissioner of Public Works of 
 Chicago in 187!). lie was regarded as an author- 
 ity on water-supply and sewerage, and was con- 
 sulted by the officials of New York, Boston, 
 Toronto, Milwaukee and other cities. Died, 
 August 19, 18S6. 
 
 CHESM'T, John A., lawyer, was born in Ken- 
 tucky, Jan. 19, 1810, his father being a native of 
 South Carolina, but of Irish descent. John A. 
 was educated principally in bis native State, but 
 came to Illinois in 18110, read law with P. II. 
 Winchester at Carlinville, was admitted to the 
 bar in 1S:J7, ami practiced at Carlinville until 
 18~>5, when he removed to Springfield and engaged 
 in real estate and banking business. Mr. I 'lies- 
 nut was associated with many local business 
 enterprises, was for several years one of the 
 Trustees of the Institution for the Deaf and 
 Dumb at Jacksonville, also a Trustee of the 
 Illinois Female College (Methodist) at the same 
 place, anil was Supervisor of the United States 
 Census for the Si.xth District of Illinois in 18SII. 
 Pied, Jan 11, 18HS. 
 
 CIIKSTF.K, the county-seat of Randolph 
 County, situated on the Mississippi Hiver, 70 
 miles south of St. Louis. It is the. scat of the 
 Southern Illinois Penitentiary and of the Slate 
 Asylum for Insane Convicts It stands in the 
 heart of a region abounding in bituminous coal, 
 ami is a prominent shipping ]x>int for this com- 
 modity: also lias quarries of building stone. It 
 has a grain elevator, flouring mills, rolling mills 
 and foundries. Population (1880), 2,580; (189(1), 
 -',708. (1900), 2,8:w. 
 
 CIIETLAIN, Augustus Louis, soldier, was liorn 
 in St. Louis, Mo., Dec. 20, 18-21, of French Hugue- 
 not stock his parents having emigrated from 
 Switzerland in 182:!, at lirst becoming members 
 of the Selkirk colony on Red River, in Manitoba. 
 Having received ,i common school education, he 
 became a merchant at Galena, and was the lirst 
 to volunteer there in response to the call for 
 troops after the Ixwnbardmeut of Fort Suinter, in 
 
 1*01, being chosen to the captaincy of a company 
 in the Twelfth Regiment of Illinois Volunteers 
 which (ieneral Circuit had declined; participated 
 in the cam|Kiign on the Tennessee River which 
 resulted in the capture of Fort Donelson anu the 
 1 t tie of Sliiloh. meanwhile being commissioned 
 Lieutenant-Colonel; also distinguished himself at 
 Corinth, where he remained in command until 
 May, i80:i, and organized the first colored regi- 
 ment raised in the West. In December, 18C-'i, he 
 was promoted Brigadier-General and placed in 
 charge of the organization of colored troops in 
 Tennessee, serving later in Kentucky and being 
 brevetted Major-General in January, 1804. From 
 January to Octolier, 18G."i, lie commanded the 
 jxjst at Memphis, and later the District of Talla- 
 dega, Ala., until January, 1800, when he was 
 mustered out of the service. General Chetlain 
 was Assessor of Internal Revenue for the District 
 of Utah (1807-09). then appointed United States 
 Consul at Brussels, serving until 1872, on his 
 return to the United States establishing himself 
 as a banker and broker in Chicago. 
 
 CHICAGO, the county-seat of Cook County, 
 chief city of Illinois anil (1890) second city in 
 IKipulation in the United States. 
 
 SITUATION. The city is situated at the south- 
 west liend of Lake Michigan, 18 miles north of 
 the extreme southern jKiint of the lake, at the 
 mouth of the Chicago River; T15 miles west of 
 New York, T>!KI miles north of west from Wash- 
 ington, and 2fi() miles northeast of St. I -oil is. 
 From the Pacific Coast it is distant 2,417 miles. 
 Latitude 41 52' north: longitude s7 :!.">' west of 
 Greenwich. Area (1 *!>-<) , 1M> square miles. 
 
 TOPOGRAPHY. Chicago stands on the dividing 
 ridge lietween the Mississippi and St. Lawrence 
 basins. It is M'2 feet alnive sea-level. a:jl its 
 highest jMiint is some 18 feet ill Hive l^tke Michi- 
 gan. The Chicago River is virtually a bayou, 
 dividing into north and south branches about a 
 half-mile west, of the lake. The surrounding 
 country is a low, flat prairie, but engineering 
 science and skill have done much for it in the 
 way of drainage. The Illinois & Michigan '.'anal 
 terminates at a point on the south branch of 
 the Chicago River, within the city limits, and 
 unites the waters of Lake Michigan with those 
 of the Illinois River. 
 
 CIIM.MKKI !:. The Chicago River, with its 
 branches affords a water frontage of nearly Gil 
 miles, the greater part of which is utilized for 
 the shipment and unloading of grain. ImnU-i 
 stone, coal, merchandise, etc. Anfther navigable 
 stream (the Calumet River) also lies within the 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 corporate limits. Dredging has made the Chi- 
 cago River, with its branches, navigable for 
 vessels of deep draft. The harbor has also been 
 widened and deepened. Well constructed break- 
 waters protect the vessels lying inside, and the 
 port is ae safe as any on the great lakes. The 
 city is a port of entry, and the tonnage of vessels 
 arriving there exceeds that of any other port in 
 the United States. During 1897, 9,156 vessels 
 arrived, with an aggregate tonnage of 7,309,443, 
 while 9,301 cleared, representing a tonnage of 
 7.185,324. It is the largest grain market in the 
 world, its elevators (in 1897) having a capacity 
 of 33,550.000 bushels. 
 
 According to the reports of the Board of Trade, 
 the total receipts and shipments of grain for 
 the year 1898 counting flour as its grain equiva- 
 lent in bushels amounted to 333.097,453 bushels 
 of the former, to 289,930.028 bushels of the latter. 
 The receipts and shipments of various products 
 for the year (1898) were as follows: 
 
 
 Receipts. 
 
 Shipments. 
 
 Flour (bbls.) . 
 
 r).316,195 
 
 5,032,23H 
 
 Wheat (bu.) . . 
 
 35.741,555 
 
 38,094,900 
 
 Corn " . . . . 
 
 127.428,374 
 
 130,397,681 
 
 Oats ".... 
 
 110,293,647 
 
 85,057,636 
 
 Rye " . . . . 
 
 4.935.30H 
 
 4.453.384 
 
 Barley " . . . . 
 Cured Meats ill.- ) . 
 
 18,116.51)4 
 
 UMMJM 
 
 6,75T>.247 
 923.627.722 
 
 Dressed Beef " . . 
 
 110.286,652 
 
 1,060,859.808 
 
 r.ive-stock Hogs 
 
 9.360.968 
 
 1.334.76H 
 
 Cattle 
 
 J. 480. 632 
 
 864.408 
 
 Sheep . 
 
 3,502,378 
 
 545,001 
 
 Chicago is also an important lumber market, 
 the receipts in 1895, including shingles, being 
 1.562,527 M. feet. As a center for beef and pork- 
 packing, the city is without a rival in the amount 
 of its products, there having been 93,459 cattle 
 and 760,514 hogs packed in 1894-95. In bank 
 clearings and general mercantile business it 
 ranks second only to New York, while it is also 
 one of the chief manufacturing centers of the 
 country. The census of 1890 shows 9,959 manu- 
 facturing establishments, with a capital of $292,- 
 477,038; employing 303,108 hands, and turning 
 out products valued at $632,184,140. Of the out- 
 put by far the largest was that of the slaughter- 
 ing and meat-packing establishments, amounting 
 to $203,825,093; men's clothing came next ($32,- 
 517,226) ; iron and steel, $31,419,854; foundry and 
 machine shop products, $29,928.616; planed 
 lumber. $17,604.494. Chicago is also the most 
 important live-stock market in the United States. 
 The Union Stock Yards (in the southwest part of 
 the city) are connected with all railroad lines 
 entering the city, and cover many hundreds of 
 
 acres. In 1894, there were received 8,788,049 
 animals (of all descriptions) , valued at $148,057,- 
 626. Chicago is also a primary market for hides 
 and leather, the production and sales being both 
 of large proportions, and the trade in manufac- 
 tured leather (notably in boots and shoes) 
 exceeds that of any other market in the country. 
 Ship-building is a leading industry, as are also 
 brick-making, distilling and brewing. 
 
 TRANSPORTATION, ETC. Besides being the chief 
 port on the great lakes, Chicago ranks second to 
 no other American city as a railway center. The 
 old "Galena & Chicago Union," its first railroad, 
 was operated in 1849, and within three years a 
 substantial advance had been scored in the way 
 of steam transportation. Since then the multi- 
 plication of railroad lines focusing in or passing 
 through Chicago has been rapid and steady. In 
 1895 not less than thirty -eight distinct lines enter 
 the city, although these are operated by only 
 twenty-two companies. Some 2,600 miles of 
 railroad track are laid within the city limits. 
 The number of trains daily arriving and depart- 
 ing (suburban and freight included) is about 
 2.00U. Intramural transportation is afforded by 
 electric, steam, cable and horse-car lines. Four 
 tunnels under the Chicago River and its branches, 
 and numerous bridges connect the various divi- 
 sions of the city. 
 
 HISTORY. Point du Sable (a native of San 
 Domingo) was admittedly the first resident of 
 Chicago other than the aborigines. The French 
 missionaries and explorers Marquette, Joliet, 
 La Salle, Hennepin and others came a century 
 earlier, their explorations beginning in 1673. 
 After the expulsion of the French at the close of 
 the French and Indian War, the territory passed 
 under British control, though French traders 
 remained in this vicinity after the War of the 
 Revolution. One of these named Le Mai followed 
 Point du Sable about 1796, and was himself suc- 
 ceeded by John Kinzie, the Indian trader, who 
 came in 1803. Fort Dearborn was built near the 
 mouth of the Chicago River in 1804 on land 
 acquired from the Indians by the treaty of 
 Greenville, concluded by Gen. Anthony Wayne 
 in 1795, but was evacuated in 1812, when most of 
 the garrison and the few inhabitants were massa- 
 cred by the savages. (See Fort Dearborn.) The 
 fort was rebuilt in 1816, and another settlement 
 established around it. The first Government 
 survey was made, 1829-30. Early residents were 
 the Kinzies, the Wolcotts, the Beaubiens and the 
 Millers. The Black Hawk War (1832) rather 
 aided in developing the resources and increasing 
 
r 
 
 
<*> 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA ol-' ILLINOIS. 
 
 corporate limits. Dredging has made the Chi- 
 cago River, with its branches, navigable for 
 vessels of deep draft. The harlMir lias also been 
 widened and deei>ene<I. Well constructed break- 
 waters protect the vessels lying inside, and the 
 port is of safe as any on the great lakes. The 
 'ity is a port of entry, and the tonnage of vessels 
 arriving there exceeds that of any other |>ort in 
 the United States. During 1*97. 9. I'M vessels 
 arrived, with an aggregate tonnage of 7.209, H2. 
 while 9,201 cleared, representing a tonnage of 
 7.1S.">.:i24. It is the largest grain market in the 
 world, its elevators (in I s 97t having a capacity 
 ..I':!2..'>r>0,oo0 bushels. 
 
 According to the reportsof the Hoard of Trade 
 the total receipt* and shipments of grain for 
 the vear 1HOH counting llonr as its grain equiva- 
 lent in bushels anioiuited ti> 383.007,4331 bushels 
 .if the former, to 2*9.920 ir,>s bushels of the latter. 
 The receipts and shipments of various products 
 fni the year (|M!ls> were as follows. 
 
 
 Receipts. 
 
 Shipments 
 
 Hour I bbls. ) 
 
 5.311!, 195 
 
 5,0:12.230 
 
 U'heat (bu 1 
 
 35,74I..Vi5 
 
 :> 11:11 '.mil 
 
 i orn "... 
 
 127. t2H,:t7l 
 
 i:lo,:l'.i7.(isi 
 
 Oats ".... 
 
 IIJ.2!Kt.B47 
 
 S5.057.IKM> 
 
 Hye 
 
 1 935.30N 
 
 1.453.3*1 
 
 ISarley " 
 
 -'is, 1111. .V.I 1 
 
 li. 755. 24 7 
 
 i 'tired Meats i Mi- i 
 
 229.iMl5.2Hi 
 
 923. 027.722 
 
 1 >ressed lieef 
 
 lin.2Nt!.li.V.' 
 
 I.ii(in.s5!i,sns 
 
 l.ive-stock Hogs 
 
 !).3lill.<HiN 
 
 1.331 ,7(i* 
 
 Cattle 
 
 '.'. t*o.i:tv.' 
 
 H<i4. IOS 
 
 Sheep 
 
 :j.502.37H 
 
 515.00! 
 
 < 'hicago is also an important lumber market, 
 the receipts in 1*95, including shiiiRles, lieinj; 
 I VW.527 M. feet. As a center for beef and pork- 
 packing, the city is without a rival in the amount 
 of its products-, there having been 92.459 cattle 
 aud 7(50,. 114 hogs packed in 1 HIM -95. In bank 
 . hearings and general mercantile business it 
 ranks second only to New York, while it is also 
 one of the chief manufacturing centers of the 
 country. The census of IS<NI shows il.959 manu- 
 facturing establishments, with a capital of $29'-' - 
 177,03*; employing' 203.1118 hands, and turning 
 out products valued at $(KI2. IM4. 140. Of the out 
 put by far the largest was that of the slaughter 
 ing and mcat-|>acking establishments, amounting 
 to :ji203.s'.>5.<l92; men's clothing came next ($32.- 
 "i|7.22(i) ; iron and steel. *:>!. H9.R54: foundry and 
 machine shop products. s.".i !i"s r,ir, planed 
 lumber si; i;n| |<u Chicago is also the most 
 important live-stock market in the I'nited States. 
 The Union Stock Yards (in the southwest part of 
 the city) are connected with all railroad lines 
 entering the city :iti.| .-iixfi- many Imndre.ls <>]' 
 
 acres. In 1N!I4. there were received S.7S8.049 
 animals (of all descriptions), valued at 148,057,- 
 02(5. Clm-ago is also a primary- market for hides 
 and leather, the production and sales lieing l)oth 
 of large pro]>ortious. and the trade in manufac- 
 tured leather (notably in lioots and shoes) 
 exceeds that of any other market in the country. 
 Ship-building is a leading industry, as are also 
 brick-making, distilling and brewing. 
 
 TRANSIIIKTATIOX. ETC. Besides U-ing the chief 
 |irton the great hikes. Chicago ranks second to 
 no other American city as a railway center The 
 old "(ialena <k Chicago Union," its tirst railroad, 
 was ojierated in 1H49. and within three years a 
 substantial advance had lieen scored in the way 
 of steam transportation. Since then the multi- 
 plication of railroad lines focusing in or passing 
 through Chicago has lieen rapid and steady. In 
 1S9.1 not less than thirty-eight distinct lines enter 
 the city, although these are ojierated bv nnlv 
 twenty-two com|>anics. Some 2.WMI miles of 
 railroad track are laid within the city limits 
 The number of trains daily arri\ ing ami depart 
 ing i suburban ami freight included i is alxmt 
 '.'nun liitnnmiial trans|x>rtation is allorded by 
 electric, steam, cable and horse-car lines Four 
 tunnels under the ( 'hicago River and its branches, 
 and miiiieniiis bridges connect the various divi- 
 sions l( f the city. 
 
 HlsToiiV I'oint du Sable la native of San 
 Doming*)) was admittedly the tirst resident of 
 Chicago other than the aliorigines. The Kreiich 
 missionaries and explorers Martjuette. Joliet. 
 I -i Salic. Mennepin and others came a century 
 earlier, their explorations l>eginning in 1673 
 After the expulsion of the French at the close of 
 the French and Indian War. the territory passed 
 under Itritish control, though French traders 
 remained in this vicinity after the War of the 
 Revolution One of these named I,e Mai followed 
 I'oint du Sable al>ut 17!6. and was himself suc- 
 ceeded by .John Kin/.ie, the Indian trader, who 
 came in IMS. Fort Deurlwrn was built near the 
 mouth of the Chicago Itiver in IH01 on land 
 aconircd from the Indians by the treaty of 
 (ireemille. concluded by (ien. Anthony Wavne 
 in ITil'i but was evacuated in 1*12. when most of 
 the garrison and the few inhabitants were massa- 
 cred by the savages (See Fort Dmrliorn . ) The 
 fort was rebuilt in IMfi, and another settlement 
 established around it The lirst (iovernment 
 survey was made. |H^1.:JO. Karly residents were 
 the Kin/ies. the Wolcotts. the Mcuuhiens and the 
 Millers The Black Hawk War (!H#>) rather 
 aided in developing the resource* and increasing 
 
o 
 u 
 
 V 
 u 
 
 5 
 
 I 2 
 
 U* *-* 
 Q 
 
 z 
 

 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 91 
 
 the population of the infant settlement by draw- 
 ing to it settlers from the interior for purposes of 
 mutual protection. Town organization was 
 effected on August 10, 1832, the total number of 
 votes polled being 28. The town grew rapidly 
 for a time, but received a set-back in the financial 
 crisis of 1837. ' During May of that year, how- 
 
 ever, a charter was obtained and Chicago became 
 a city. The total number of votes cast at that 
 time was 703. The census of the city for the 1st 
 of July of that year showed a population of 4,180. 
 The following table shows the names and term 
 of office of the chief city officers from 1837 to 
 1899: 
 
 Yu. 
 
 MA yon 
 
 CITY ri IKK 
 
 CTV ATTOBMBY. 
 
 CITY TRKAnmica. 
 
 1837 
 1S38 
 1839 
 1840 
 1M1 
 1842 
 1843 
 1844 
 1845 
 I84< 
 1847 
 1841 
 1849 
 1860 
 1851 
 1852 
 1833 
 1854 
 18U 
 IS58 
 1857 
 18S8 
 1859 
 I860 
 18S1 
 1862 
 1863 
 1864 
 18M 
 ItMM 
 1867 
 1868 
 1869 
 1870 
 1871 
 1872 
 1873 
 1874 
 187S 
 1876 
 
 1877-78 
 1879-80 
 1881-82 
 1863-84 
 1881-86 
 1887-98 
 1 1)89-90 
 1S91 92 
 JB9 W 
 
 18H-98 
 
 1ST7-1W 
 18 
 
 
 I. N. Arnold, eo. l>avt> , i 
 Oeo. Dav!a 
 Wm. H. Brackett 
 Thomas Hoyna 
 Thomas Hoyno 
 J. Curtis 
 
 N B Judd 
 
 Hiram Pearsons. 
 Hiram Pearsons. 
 Ueo. W. Dole. 
 W.8 Ournee, N.H. Boll*s(2) 
 N. H. Bolles. 
 F. C. Sheriuan. 
 Walters, yurnee. 
 Walters. Uurnee. 
 Wm. L. Church. 
 Wm. L. Church. 
 Andrew Uetzler. 
 Wm. L. Church. 
 Wm. I. Church. 
 Edward Manierre. 
 Edward Manierre. 
 Kdward Manierre 
 Edward Manierr*. 
 Uriah P. Harris. 
 Wm. F De Wolf. 
 0. J. Rose 
 C. N. Holden. 
 Alonzo Harvey. 
 Alonzo Harvey. 
 Alonzo Harvey ,C.W.Hunt(6; 
 W. H. Rice. 
 F. H. Cutttnc. W. B. Rlce(7) 
 David A. Gage 
 David A. Gage. 
 A. O. Throop. 
 A. O. Throop. 
 Wm. F. Wentworth. 
 Wm. F. Wentworth. 
 Wm. F. Wentworth. 
 David A. Gage. 
 David A. Gage. 
 David A. Oag*. 
 David A. Gage. 
 Daniel O'Hara. 
 Daniel O'Hara. 
 
 Clinton Brlggs. 
 Chas. B. Larrabee. 
 W. C. Selpp. 
 Rudolph Brand. 
 John M. Dunphy. 
 Wm. M. iwvme 
 C. Herman Plautz. 
 Bernard Roeelng. 
 Peter Klolbaaaa. 
 
 Michael J. Bransneld. 
 Adam Wolf. 
 Ernst Hummel. 
 Adam Ortaeifen. 
 
 
 N.B. Judd 
 Samuel I,. Smith 
 Mark Skinner 
 G*o. Manterre. 
 Henry Brown 
 u Manierre. Henry BrowniS) 
 Henry W. Clarke 
 Henry W. Clarke 
 
 
 Alexander Lloyd 
 F. C. Sherman 
 Ben). W. Raymond 
 
 Aug.Qarrett,Alson S.8hermaut 4> 
 Aug.Qarrelt.AlsonS.8herman<4l 
 John P. Cbapln 
 JamesCurtlai 
 Junta H. Woodworth 
 
 E. A. Rucker 
 
 K. A. Hncker, W in S. Hnm II. . r . 1 
 Henry B. Clark* 
 Henry B. Clarice 
 
 Patrick Ballinffall 
 (Jilea Hprinc 
 
 
 O R W Lull 
 
 
 
 
 Henry W. Zlmmermaa 
 1 Henry W. Zimmerman 
 Henry W. Zimmerman 
 Henry W. Zimmerman 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 John Wentworth 
 
 H. Krelaman 
 
 
 
 
 H. Krelsman 
 Abraham Kohn 
 A. J. Marble 
 A. J. Marble 
 
 Oeo. F. Crocker 
 
 John Wentworth 
 JuIlanS. Rumeey 
 F. O. Sherman 
 
 Ira W. Buel 
 Oeo. A.Meecb 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Daniel It. Driscoll 
 Daniel 1>. Driscoll 
 
 Jolin B. Hi.-e 
 
 Albert H. Bodman 
 Albert H. Bodman 
 
 
 
 
 Albert H. Hodman 
 Charles T. Hoichklsa 
 Charles T. Hotchkiss 
 Charles T. Hotchkiss 
 
 Haihrouck Davla 
 Israel N Stiles 
 
 R.B. Mason 
 R.B. Mason 
 JoiephMedlU 
 Joseph fitadllL 
 
 Israel stiles 
 
 
 Israel N Stiles 
 
 Harvey D. ColTln 
 Harvey D. Oolvln 
 Monroe Heath. (9> H. D. ColTln. 
 
 Jos. K.C. Forrest 
 Jo. K.C. Forrest 
 
 Egbert Jatuteeon 
 
 R.S. Tuthlll 
 
 
 
 Carter H. Harriaon 
 Carter H. Harrison 
 
 P. j. Howard 
 P. J. Howard 
 John a. NeameUter 
 C. Herman Plauiz 
 D. W. Nlckerson 
 
 Julius H. UriiiiH'll 
 Julius R. Orinnell 
 Julius 8. Orinnell 
 Hempstead Wasbburne 
 Hempstead Washburne 
 
 Carter H. Harriaou 
 John A. Roche 
 
 Hempstead Washburne 
 Carter H. Harrison. Oeo. B. 
 Swlft.dll John P. Hopkins ill I 
 Oeo B Swift 
 
 James B. B. Van Cleave 
 
 Chaa. D. Gastfield 
 Jamen K. B. Van Cleave 
 William Lofffler 
 William Lot-flier .. 
 
 Jacob J. Kern.a.A.TrudeUO) 
 i J'-i A. Trude 
 
 Carter H. Harriaon. Jr 
 Carter H. Harriaon, Jr. ... 
 
 MllesJ. Devine 
 Andrew J. Ryan . . 
 
 (10) 
 
 lit) 
 
 It I. N. Arnold resigned, and Oeo. Davis appointed, October, 1837. 
 2i Uurnee resigned, Bolles appointed his successor April 1840 
 3i Manierre resigned. Brown appointed his successor. July, 18. 
 
 K) Election of Uarrett declared Illegal, and Sherman elected at new elerii..n. lield April, 1844. 
 
 1 5 1 Brown appointed to flu vacancy caused by resignation of Rucker. 
 
 (6) Harvey resigned and Hunt appointed to till vacancy. 
 
 7i Cutting having failed to qualify. Rice, who was already In office, held over 
 
 IB) Legislature changed date of election from April to November, the persons in offlca at beginning of lv remaining in t 
 to December o: that year. 
 
 |9| City organized under general Incorporation Act In 1873, and no city election held until April, 1876. The order (or a new 
 election omitted tbe office of Mayor, yet a popular vote was taken which gave a majority to Thomas Hoyne. The Council 
 then in office refused to canvass this vote, but Its successor, at its first meeting, did so, declaring Hoyne duly elected 
 Oolvln, the incumbent, refused to surrender the office, claiming the right to hold over;" Hoyne then made a contest 
 for tbe office, which reaulted In a decision by the supreme Court denying the claims of both contestants, when a new 
 election was ordered by the City Council. July 12, 1876, at which Monroe Heath was elected, serving out the term. 
 City Attorney Kern, having resigned November 21, 1892, Oeo. A. Trude was appointed to serve out the remainder of the 
 
 term. 
 
 Mayor Harrison, baring been assassinated. October 28. 1893, tbe City Council at it neit meeting (November 6, 18931 
 elected <ie<>. R Swift (an Alderman from the Eleventh Ward I Mayor ad tnUrim At a special election held December 19, 
 13*3, John F. Hopkins was elected to flu out tbe unezplred term of Mayor Harrlann. 
 
. 
 
UISTUKU AL ENCYCLOPEDIA n|-' ILLIMU.v 
 
 the population of the infant settlement by draw- 
 ing to it settlers from the interior for purposes of 
 mutual protection. Town organization was 
 effected on August 10. 1S32. the total number of 
 votes polled being 28. The town grew rapidly 
 for a time, but received a set-back in the financial 
 crisis of 137. During May of that year, how- 
 
 ever. :i charter was obtained and Chicago became 
 a city The total number of votes cast at that 
 time was UK'. The census of the city for the 1st 
 of July of that year showed a population of 4.180 
 The following table shows the names and term 
 of office of the chief city officers from 1837 to 
 
 CITV Cl.KKft. 
 
 C'TY ATTHKMK\ 
 
 OT\ TKK4MCHKK 
 
 IH37 
 1838 
 1939 
 
 It40 
 1841 
 1*42 
 IK43 
 
 1-44 
 -;'. 
 IMf> 
 1*47 
 tx48 
 i-rt 
 IH.W 
 
 IM.M 
 
 1852 
 
 IMM 
 
 lH. r ,4 
 
 IH55 
 
 IS.W 
 1K47 
 1H.V* 
 
 l*alt 
 1x60 
 ivtl 
 1-wiJ 
 
 1N3 
 IVrl 
 
 isrtS 
 
 1-'.'. 
 
 It7 
 IHtM 
 
 iHtia 
 
 1S70 
 
 IH72 
 1*73 
 1*74 
 1175 
 1876 
 
 1H77-78 
 1871* HO 
 
 iHCtf-M 
 
 ISK5 Hti 
 
 1VC-HH 
 
 iyi ; 
 iy in 
 
 iMtt -fi 
 
 i-:*7 if* 
 
 
 
 X. It. Judd 
 
 Hiram Pearsons. 
 Hiram Pearsons. 
 
 W.S <iurnee. N. H. BUm 2} 
 N. H I:-M. s 
 
 K. C. Sherman. 
 Walters. ,.?-,. 
 Walters ..'-. 
 Wm. L. Clnirch 
 Win. I. Church. 
 
 Wm. 1.. Church 
 Wm 1.. Church. 
 Kdwartt Manierre. 
 Kilwrtril Manierre. 
 ! >! :ml Manierre 
 Kdward Manierre. 
 t'riah P. Harris. 
 Will. K lie Wolf 
 0.1 Rose 
 C N HoMen. 
 Alonzo Harvey. 
 Alonzo llarve>- 
 Alunzo Harvey . C. W Hunt (* 
 W II R-e. 
 F. II. CiHtiUK. W .11 Bice,? 
 l>avitl A.Uave 
 David A. UaKe 
 A.ti.Thr-Kip 
 A. O. Throop. 
 Wm F. Wentworth. 
 Win F. Wentworth. 
 Wm F Wentworth. 
 David A.tiatfe. 
 David A.dajce. 
 David A Oa^e. 
 David A Oatre. 
 Itaniel (I'Hara 
 Daniel o'Hjtn*. 
 
 Clinton Briifh*s 
 Chas. It Ijtrrahee. 
 W. C Seipp 
 
 Rn.lolph Bran.l 
 John M. lUinphv. 
 Win M. Irvine 
 (' Herman I'lautr.. 
 ftenmril Uoesing 
 IVter Kmltiustia. 
 
 Michael J HransheM 
 Adam Wi.lf 
 Krnst Hummel 
 
 
 
 
 Win. H. Bracken 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Bt-nj. W. Raymond 
 Augustus Garret t 
 AIIR < larretl.AIson S.ShermMn 4 
 Auy.Garrett. Alarm S.Hhermain4 
 John 1* Clmpin 
 James Ctirliss 
 James H. Woudworlh 
 James II. Wundwurth 
 .1 :uu.- Curtis* 
 Walters. Uurnee 
 
 J. Curtis 
 James M. Lowe 
 K. A. Rucker 
 
 Henrv Brown. .. ... . 
 tj Miimerre. Henrv llmwn ;d 
 ll.-nrv W.( larke' ... 
 Henry W. chirk*- 
 t 'harlrs H Lurrattee 
 Pairir-k BnllmKall. 
 Giles Spring 
 It W. Lull 
 Henry 11. Clark 
 Henry II. Clark 
 Arnu VOSH 
 Amu \ oss - 
 Patrick Bal!liif[*ll 
 
 K. A. Rucker.Wm s. Brown,:. 
 Henrv K. Clurke 
 
 Henrv It. Clarke.. 
 Sidney AbeJ 
 Sidney A bell 
 Sidney A bell 
 Henry W. Zimmerman . 
 Henry W. Zimmerman . 
 Henry W. Zimmerman .. 
 Henry W. Zimmerman 
 
 Charles M. Gray 
 
 
 
 Henrv W. Zimmerman .. . 
 
 J K Marsh 
 
 
 
 
 Klhott Ai'tlio> 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Albert H. Rodman 
 .Uhert II. Bodman 
 Albert 11 Bodmun 
 Alhert H. Rodman 
 \|!>ert H. Bodman 
 Charles T Holchkiss 
 Charles T. Hotchkiss 
 Charles T. Hotchkiss. 
 Charle* T Hotchkis 
 Jos K. C. Forrest 
 Jos. K. C Forrest 
 
 Daniel I>. Driscull.. 
 Daniel It Driscoll 
 llashroiK-k liavia . 
 Hashrourk I>avis... 
 llasdroiu-k Imvis 
 Israel X- Stiles 
 Israel N. Stiles 
 Israel N snlf- 
 Israel N. Htiles 
 j L'>. - p Janiiesuti 
 Kffheri Jumieaoit 
 
 R S Tuthill 
 U.S. "I iin. Ill 
 i MI mi s. tirinnell 
 JuliiiM S. Orinnell . 
 Julius K Orinriell . 
 Hempatead Waiihhiirne 
 Hempstenil WanhhuriK- 
 
 JncohJ Kern, (i A Trudr.lOi 
 (lr. A. Trinle. 
 
 R..VO. West.. 
 
 Mti-s.l. Ihxn.e . 
 A mlrew J. H> MII 
 
 
 
 
 JollU It Kir.- - 
 
 R B. Mason 
 R It Mason 
 
 Juteuh Medill 
 Joseph Medill 
 Harvey It. Ctvin 
 Harvey It. Colviu 
 Monroe Heath.. *> 11 1>. C..1vn 
 Ttnm.ua Hoyne, . 
 Monroe n .-.> :- 
 Carter H. Harmon 
 
 faspar Bill/. . . 
 P J Howard 
 
 Carter H. Harris* MI . 
 
 P. J Howard 
 
 Carter 11 Harrison. . 
 Curler H Harrison 
 John A Roche 
 
 Dewitt C Creuier 
 
 Hi-mpstcmt Wa*hhurne 
 Carter H Harrison <leo. It 
 Swift. 11. John P Hopkins 11 
 <leo. B. swift 
 Carter 11 Harrison Jr 
 Car|,-r II. Hurri*on,.1r 
 
 Joint . Neumetster 
 C. Herman Plautz ..... 
 II. W. Xickerson 
 
 James It H. Van Cleave 
 
 Chan I' <!a*t!ield 
 James It. 11 \ HII Ch-ave 
 
 William l...-m.-r 
 Willmm I ...-ill.T 
 
 : Uiirnee resiKiieil. liullctt appointi>i| Ins successor April 1*40 
 
 Manierre resigned. Brown appointed his nuccevwir J"l.v. IM.: 
 
 41 Election of Oarrett decl r .-<| nie^til and Sheriimn eledeil al ne .- 
 
 . .-11 Brown appmnfd t. till vacancy causal by resiicnnlion ..f Rucker. 
 
 fii Harvey rt-siifned an<l Hunt ap|ointi-d to fill vacancy. 
 
 7> CuttiiiBhavituffaileil t..,,ualiry. Rice, who wa* already in nHbi- hi 
 
 N. LeK'slatur rhauged date >f election from April lo Novemlwr. the i 
 to L>ecember u.' that year 
 
 offlre HI lK-1,'11 
 
 City i-rK'ni.' t -(1 under 
 
 election omiltetl UK 
 
 then in ofUce refused to ca 
 
 Incornoriitioti Act in i-" 1 -. ai 
 Hi. -i- of Mayor, yet a popular vute wan tak< 
 
 ass tins vote, but its successor, at its first meeting- 
 
 A* hi 
 
 I April. H 
 mytoThu 
 ;lid s.t. decta 
 
 > Tl r> 
 
 NH il . 
 
 HoytM 
 
 r fr a 
 
 TheC.. 
 
 duly f*li-> 
 
 i. i 
 .-.I 
 
 Colvin. the mcuinl>erit, refused lo surrender the ollice. ciaiimnc the rn;hi to " h..ld over." Hoyne then tuade'i 
 
 for the office which resulted In a decision by the Supreme Court denying ! he claims of bi.th runte- 
 
 election was ordered by the City Council. July 12. lH7(i. at which Monroe" Healh was electetl serving out the term. 
 
 City Attorney Kara, having resigned November ji ii ' ' Geo A Trudc wan ai>|Hint>><l serve , ( 'j- me remainder of the 
 term. 
 
 Mayor Harrison, having been assassinatfHl October '>. 1*!<3. the Cn> Council at it" nezi meeting i Vvetnler 1892) 
 l*cl*>.KIeo. B Swift <an Alderman from the Kleventh War-1 . Ma>urM-I ...'.-,-.* \t rs(M-.-ial eie.-n,in l.el-i ii* -ember W, 
 IWS. Joha P Uupkiui was let<l to nil uut the utn-tpireil I.T f Ma>r Ilftrrin-Mi 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 THE FIRE OF 1871. The city steadily grew m 
 beauty, population and commercial importance 
 until 1871. On Oct. 9 of that year occurred the 
 "great fire" the story of which has passed into 
 history. Recuperation was speedy, and the 2,100 
 acres burned over were rapidly being rebuilt, 
 when, in 1874, occurred a second conflagration, 
 although by no means so disastrous as that of 
 1871. The city's recuperative power was again 
 demonstrated, and its subsequent development 
 has been phenomenal. The subjoined statement 
 shows its growth in population : 
 
 1837 
 1840 
 1850 
 1860 
 1870 
 1880 
 1890 
 1900 
 
 
 
 
 4,179 
 4,470 
 28,269 
 112,162 
 298.977 
 503,185 
 1,099,850 
 1,698,575 
 
 Notwithstanding a large foreign population and 
 a constant army of unemployed men, Chicago 
 has witnessed only three disturbances of the 
 peace by mobs the railroad riots of 1877, the 
 Anarchist disturbance of 1886, and a strike of 
 railroad employes in 1894. 
 
 MUNICIPAL ADMINISTRATION. Chicago long 
 since outgrew its special charter, and is now 
 incorporated under the broader provisions of the 
 law applicable to "cities of the first class," under 
 which the city is virtually autonomous. The 
 personnel, drill and equipment of the police and 
 fire departments are second to none, if nov supe- 
 rior to any, to be found in other American cities. 
 The Chicago River, with its branches, divides the 
 city into three principal divisions, known respec- 
 tively as North, South and West. Each division 
 has its statutory geographical boundaries, and 
 each retains its own distinct township organiza- 
 tion. This system is anomalous; it has, how- 
 ever, both assailants and defenders. 
 
 PUBLIC IMPROVEMENTS. Chicago has a fine 
 system of parks and boulevards, well developed, 
 well improved and well managed. One of the 
 parks (Jackson in the South Division) was the 
 site of the World's Columbian Exposition. The 
 water supply is obtained from Lake Michigan by 
 means of cribs and tunnels. In this direction 
 new and better facilities are being constantly 
 introduced, and the existing water system will 
 compare favorably with that of any other Ameri- 
 can city. 
 
 ARCHITECTURE. The public and office build- 
 ings, as well as the business blocks, are in some 
 instances classical, but generally severely plain. 
 
 Granite and other varieties of stone are used in 
 the City Hall, County Court House, the Board of 
 Trade structure, and in a few commercial build- 
 ings, as well as in many private residences. In 
 the business part of the city, however, steel, 
 iron, brick and fire clay are the materials most 
 largely employed in construction, the exterior 
 walls being of brick. The most approved 
 methods of fire-proof building are followed, and 
 the "Chicago construction" has been recognized 
 and adopted (with modifications) all over the 
 United States. Office buildings range from ten 
 to sixteen, and even, as in the case of the Masonic 
 Temple, twenty stories in height. Most of them 
 are sumptuous as to the interior, and many of the 
 largest will each accommodate 3,000 to 5,000 
 occupants, including tenants and their employes. 
 In the residence sections wide diversity may be 
 seen ; the chaste and the ornate styles being about 
 equally popular. Among the handsome public, 
 or semi-public buildings may be mentioned the 
 Public Library, the Newberry Library, the Art 
 Institute, the Armour Institute, the Academy of 
 Sciences, the Auditorium, the Board of Trade 
 Building, the Masonic Temple, and several of the 
 railroad depots. 
 
 EDUCATION AND LIBRARIES. Chicago has a 
 public school system unsurpassed for excellence 
 in any other city in the country. According to 
 the report of the Board of Education for 1898, the 
 city had a total of 221 primary and grammar 
 schools, besides fourteen high schools, employing 
 5,268 teachers and giving instruction to over 
 236,000 pupils in the course of the year. The 
 total expenditures during the year amounted to 
 $6,785,601, of which nearly $4,500,000 was on 
 account of teachers' salaries. The city has 
 nearly $7,500,000 invested in school buildings. 
 Besides pupils attending public schools there are 
 about 100,000 in attendance on private and 
 parochial schools, not reckoning students at 
 higher institutions of learning, such as medical, 
 law, theological, dental and pharmaceutical 
 schools, and the great University of Chicago. 
 Near the city are also the Northwestern and the 
 Lake Forest Universities, the former at Evanston 
 and the latter at Lake Forest. Besides an exten- 
 sive Free Public Library for circulating and refer- 
 ence purposes, maintained by public taxation, 
 and embracing (in 1898) a total of over 235,000 
 volumes and nearly 50,000 pamphlets, there 
 are the Library of the Chicago Historical Society 
 and the Newberry and Crerar Libraries the last 
 two the outgrowth of posthumous donations by 
 public-spirited and liberal citizens all open to 
 
1MY AFTER CHICAGO FIRE. 
 
:.2 IIISToIMy.U, KNCYCI. 
 
 TIIK FIIH: OF 1*71. The city steadily grew HI 
 beauty, population and commercial im]iortance 
 until 1*71. On Oct. !l of that year occurred the 
 "great h're" the story of which has passed into 
 history. l!ecu|>eration was s|>eedy, and the 2. UK) 
 acres burned over were rapidly being rebuilt, 
 when, in 1*74. occurred a second conflagration, 
 although by no means so disastrous as that of 
 1*71. The city's recuperative power was again 
 demonstrated, and its subsequent development 
 has been phenomenal. The subjoined statement 
 shows its growth in imputation : 
 
 1837 
 IH40 
 |sr,o 
 
 4. 17!) 
 
 4.470 
 
 2N.S09 
 
 112,102 
 
 !)S 1)77 
 
 1ST! I 
 IHSO 
 IX'.NI 
 
 19UU 
 
 Notwithstanding a large foreign population and 
 :t constant army of unemployed men. Chicago 
 has witnessed only three disturbances of the 
 peace by mobs the railroad riots of 1N77, the 
 Anarchist disturliance of 1**G. and a strike of 
 railroad c'lnployes in 1*94. 
 
 Mrxicii'AL ADMIXISTUATIOX. Chicago long 
 since outgrew its s|cial charter, and is now 
 incor|>orated under the broader provisions of the 
 law. applicable to "cities of the lirst class," under 
 which the city is virtually autonomous. The 
 personnel, drill and equipment of the |M>lice and 
 lire depart ments are second to none, if noi supe- 
 rior to any, to IH- found in other American cities. 
 The Chicago River, with its branches, divides the 
 city into three principal divisions, known resjiec- 
 tively as North, South and West. Kach division 
 has its statutory ideographical boundaries, and 
 each retains its own distinct 'township organiza- 
 tion. This system is anomalous; it has, how- 
 ever, Ixitli assailants and defenders. 
 
 I't'iil.ic iMlMtnVKMKXTS. Chicago has a line 
 system of parks and boulevards, well developed 
 well improved and well managed. One of the 
 parks (Jackson in the South Division) was the 
 site ipf the World's Columbian K.\ posit ion. The 
 water supply is obtained from Lake Michigan by 
 means of cribs and tunnels. In this direction 
 new and better facilities are lieing constantly 
 introduced, and the existing water system will 
 compare favorably with that ol any other Ameri- 
 can city. 
 
 AUCIIITKCTUHK. The public ami ollice build- 
 ings, as well as the business blocks, are in some 
 instances classical, but generally severely plain 
 
 iPKIHA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 (iranite and other varieties of stone are used in 
 the City Hall, County Court House, the Board of 
 Trade structure, and in a lew commercial build- 
 ings, as well as in many private residences. In 
 the business part of the city, however, steel, 
 iron, brick and lire clay are the materials most 
 largely employed in construction, the exterior 
 walls l>eing of brick. The most approved 
 methods of tire-proof building are followed, and 
 the "Chicago construction" has lieen recognized 
 and adopted (with mod ilicat ions) all over the 
 Cnited States. Ollice buildings range from ten 
 to sixteen, and even, as in the case of the Masonic 
 Temple, twenty stories in height. Most of them 
 are sumptuous as to the interior, and many of the 
 largest will each accommodate 3.000 to .~>.000 
 occupants, including tenants and their employes. 
 In the residence sections wide diversity may In- 
 seen; thechaste and the ornatestyles lieing alxmt 
 equally popular. Among the handsome public, 
 or semi-public buildings may lie mentioned the 
 Public Library, the Newlierry Library, the Art 
 Institute, the Armour Institute, the Academy of 
 Sciences, the Auditorium, the Board of Trade 
 Building, the Masonic Temple, and several of the 
 railroad dejiots. 
 
 Eni'i'ATinx AMI LIIIHAHIKS Chicago has a 
 public school system unsurpassed for excellence 
 in any other city in the country. According to 
 the report of the Board of Education for ISJIH. the 
 city had a total of 221 primary and grammar 
 schools, liesides fourteen high schools, employing 
 .1.20* teachers and giving instruction to over 
 2311.000 pupils in the course of the year. The 
 total expenditures during the year amounted to 
 $(i.7H.'U;oi. of which nearly $4,."iOO.OOO was on 
 account of teachers' salaries. The city has 
 nearly 87,300,000 invested in school buildings, 
 liesides pupils attending public schools there are 
 aliout 1011,000 in attendance on private and 
 parochial schools, not reckoning students at 
 higher institutions of learning, such as medical. 
 law. theological, dental and pharmaceutical 
 .schools, and the great University of Chicago. 
 Near the city are also the Northwestern and the 
 Lake Forest Universities, the former at Kvanston 
 and the latter at Lake Forest. Besides an exten- 
 sive Free Public Library for circulating and refer- 
 ence purposes, maintained by public taxation, 
 and embracing (in isfls) a. total of over 23.". 000 
 volumes and nearly ,~>0.000 pamphlets, there 
 are the Library of the Chicago Historical Society 
 and the Newlierry anil Crerar Libraries the last 
 two the outgrowth of |Kisthumous donations by 
 public-spirited and liberal citizens all ojien to 
 
"AY Al II.K CHICAGO KIRK. 
 
CHICAGO THOROUGHFARES. 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 the public for purposes of reference under certain 
 conditions. This list does not include the exten- 
 sive library of the University of Chicago and those 
 connected with the Armour Institute and the 
 public schools, intended for the use of the pupils 
 of these various institutions. 
 
 CHICAGO BOARD OF TRADE, one of the 
 leading commercial exchanges of the world. It 
 was originally organized in the spring of 1843 as 
 a voluntary association, with a membership of 
 eighty-two. Its primary object was the promo- 
 tion of the city's commercial interests by unity 
 of action. On Feb. 8, 1849, the Legislature 
 enacted a general law authorizing the establish- 
 ment of Boards of Trade, and under its provisions 
 an incorporation was effected a second organi- 
 zation being effected in April, 1850. For several 
 years the association languished, and at times its 
 existence seemed precarious. It was, however, 
 largely instrumental in securing the introduction 
 of the system of measuring grain by weight, 
 which initial step opened the way for subsequent 
 great improvements in the methods of handling, 
 storing, inspecting and grading cereals and seeds. 
 By the close of 1856, the association had overcome 
 the difficulties incident to its earlier years, and 
 the feasibility of erecting a permanent Exchange 
 building began to be agitated, but the project lay 
 dormant for several years. In 1856 was adopted 
 the first system of classification and grading of 
 wheat, which, though crude, formed the founda- 
 tion of the elaborate modern system, which has 
 proved of such benefit to the grain-growing 
 States of the West, and has done so much to give 
 Chicago its commanding influence in the grain 
 markets of the world. In 1858, the privilege of 
 trading on the floor of the Exchange was limited 
 to members. The same year the Board began 
 to receive and send out daily telegraphic market 
 reports at a cost, for the first year, of $500,000, 
 which was defrayed by private subscriptions. 
 New York was the only city with which such 
 communication was then maintained. In Febru- 
 ary, 1859, a special charter was obtained, confer- 
 ring more extensive powers upon the organization, 
 and correspondingly increasing its efficiency. An 
 important era in the Board's history was the 
 Civil War of 1861-65. During this struggle its 
 attitude was one of unde viating loyalty and gener- 
 ous patriotism. Hundreds of thousands of dollars 
 were contributed, by individual members and 
 from the treasury of the organization, for the work 
 of recruiting and equipping regiments, in caring 
 for the wounded on Southern battlefields, and 
 roviding for the families of enlisted men. In 
 
 1864, the Board waged to a successful issue a war 
 upon the irredeemable currency with which the 
 entire West was then flooded, and secured such 
 action by the banks and by the railroad and 
 express companies as compelled its replacement 
 by United States legal-tender notes and national 
 bank notes. In 1865, handsome, large (and, as 
 then supposed, permanent) quarters were occu- 
 pied in a new building erected by the Chicago 
 Chamber of Commerce under an agreement with 
 the Board of Trade. This structure was destroyed 
 in the fire of October, 1871, but at once rebuilt, 
 and made ready for re-occupancy in precisely 
 one year after the destruction of its predecessor. 
 Spacious and ample as these quarters were then 
 considered, the growing membership and increas- 
 ing business demonstrated their inadequacy 
 before the close of 1877. Steps looking to the 
 erection of a new building were taken in 1881. 
 and, on May 1, 1885, the new edifice then the 
 largest and most ornate of its class in the world 
 was opened for occupancy. The membership 
 of the Board for the year 1898 aggregated con- 
 siderably in excess of 1,800. The influence of the 
 association is felt in every quarter of the com- 
 mercial world. 
 
 CHICAGO, BURLINGTON NORTHERN 
 RAILROAD. (See Chicago, Burlington <f- 
 Quincy Railroad.) 
 
 CHICAGO, BURLINGTON & QUINCY RAIL- 
 ROAD (known as the "Burlington Route") is 
 the parent organization of an extensive system 
 which operates railroads in eleven Western and 
 Northwestern States, furnishing connections 
 from Chicago with Omaha, Denver, St. Paul and 
 Minneapolis, St. Louis and Kansas City, Chey- 
 enne (Wyo.), Billings (Mont ), Deadwood (So. 
 Dak,), and intermediate points, and having con- 
 nections by affiliated roads with the Pacific Coast. 
 The main line extends from Chicago to Denver 
 (Colo.), 1,025.41 miles. The mileage of the 
 various branches and leased proprietary lines 
 (1898) aggregates 4,637.06 miles. The Company 
 uses 207.23 miles in conjunction with other 
 roads, besides subsidiary standard-gauge lines 
 controlled through the ownership of securities 
 amounting to 1,440 miles more. In addition to 
 these the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy controls 
 179 miles of narrow-gauge road. The whole 
 number of miles of standard-gauge road operated 
 by the Burlington system, and known as the 
 Burlington Route, on June 30, 1899, is estimated 
 at 7,419, of which 1,509 is in Illinois, all but 47 
 miles being owned by the Company. The system 
 in Illinois connects many important commercial 
 
HISTORICAL rACYCLOl'KDlA OK ILLINOIS. 
 
 the public for purposes of reference under certain 
 conditions. This list does not include the exten- 
 sive library of the University of Chicago and those 
 connected with the Armour Institute and the 
 public schools, intended for the use of the pupils 
 of these various institutions 
 
 CHICAGO BOARD OF TRADE, one of the 
 leading commercial exchanges of the world It 
 was originally organized in the spring of lK43as 
 a voluntary association, with a membership of 
 eighty-two. Its primary object was the promo- 
 tion of the city's commercial interests by unity 
 of action. On Feb. 8, 1849, the Legislature 
 enacted a general law authorizing the establish- 
 ment of Boards of Trade, and under its provisions 
 an incorporation was effected a second organi- 
 zation l>eing effected in April, 1850. For several 
 years the association languished, and at times its 
 existence seemed precarious. It was. however, 
 largely instrumental in securing the introduction 
 of the system of measuring grain by weight, 
 which initial step opened the way for subsequent 
 great improvements in the methods of handling, 
 storing, ins|>ecting and grading cereals and seeds. 
 By the close of 1S5(>, the association had overcome 
 the difficulties incident to its earlier years, and 
 the feasibility of erecting a permanent Exchange 
 building Iiegan to l>e .agitated, but the project lay 
 dormant for several years. In 1856 was adopted 
 the first system of classification and grading of 
 wheat, which, though crude, formed the founda- 
 tion of the elalxjrate modern system, which has 
 proved of such benefit to the grain-growing 
 States of the West, and has done so much to give 
 Chicago its commanding influence in the grain 
 markets of the world. In 1S.~>K, the privilege of 
 trading on the floor of the Exchange was limited 
 to meml>ers. The same year the Boa.rU began 
 to receive and send out daily telegraphic market 
 rejKirts at a cost, for the first year, of $500,IHH), 
 which was defrayed by private subscriptions. 
 New York was the only city with which such 
 communication was then maintained. In Febru- 
 ary, 18.">9, a special charter was obtained, confer- 
 ring more extensive powers upon the organization, 
 and correspondingly increasing its efficiency. An 
 important era in the Board's history was the 
 Civil War of 1861-05. During this struggle its 
 attitude wasone of undeviating loyalty and gener- 
 ous patriotism. Hundreds of thousands of dollars 
 were contributed, by individual members and 
 from the treasury of the organization, for the work 
 of recruiting and equipping regiments, in caring 
 for the wounded on Southern battlefields, and 
 "roviding for the families of enlisted men In 
 
 18fi4. the Board waged to a successful issue a war 
 UJMIII the irredeemable currency with wliirh tin- 
 entire West was then flooded, and secured such 
 action by the Uinks and by the railroad and 
 express companies a* com|>elled its replacement 
 by United States legal-tender notes and national 
 bank notes In lS(r>. handsome, large (and. as 
 then supposed. ]>ermanent ) quarters were occu- 
 pied in a new building erected by the Chicago 
 Chamlier of Commerce under an agreement with 
 the Board of Trade. This structure was destroyed 
 in the fire of OctoU-r. 1S71, but at once rebuilt, 
 and made ready for re-occupancy in pre.-isely 
 one year after the destruction of its predecessor 
 Spacious and ample as these quarters were then 
 considered, the growing meml>ershipand increas- 
 ing business demonstrated their inadequacy 
 before the close of 1877. Steps looking to tin- 
 erection of a new building were taken in 1X81. 
 and, on May 1, 18S.~>. the new edifice then tin- 
 largest and most ornate of its class in the world 
 was opened for occupancy The membership 
 of the Board for the year 1898 aggregated con 
 siderably in excess of 1.800. The influence of tin- 
 association is felt in every quarter of the com 
 mercial world. 
 
 CHICAGO, III III IV.HiN & NOI.'TIII i:\ 
 RAILROAD. (See ('liiratjo. Burlington iV 
 (Jitinfy liiiilruiid. I 
 
 CHICAGO, Bl"RLIXGTO>' A. QITIXCY RAIL- 
 ROAD (known as the "Burlington Route") is 
 the parent organization of an extensive system 
 which o|)erates railroads in eleven Western and 
 Northwestern States, furnishing connection* 
 from Chicago with Omaha. Denver. St Paul and 
 Minnea|K>lis, St Louis and Kansas City. Chey- 
 enne (Wyo ). Billings (Mont ). Oeadwuod (So 
 Dak,), and intermediate points, and having con 
 nections by affiliated roads with the Pacific Coast 
 The main line extends from Chicago to Denver 
 (Colo.), 1.02:i. 41 miles The mileage of the 
 various branches ami leased proprietary lines 
 (1898) aggregates 4.li27.(Ni miles. The C'oin|>aiiy 
 uses 207.23 miles in conjunction with other 
 roads, besides subsidiary standard-gauge lim-* 
 controlled through the ownership of securities 
 amounting to 1.110 miles more. In addition to 
 these the Chicago. Burlington & Quiney control 
 179 miles of narrow-gauge road. The whole 
 numl>er of miles of standard-gauge, road operatc.1 
 by the Burlington system, and known as tlm 
 Burlington Route, on June SO, 1899, is estimated 
 at 7,419. of which 1.509 is in Illinois, all but 47 
 miles l>eing owned by the Company. The system 
 in Illinois connects many important commercial 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 points, including Chicago. Aurora, Oalesburg, 
 Quincy, Peoria, Streator. Sterling, Mendota, Ful- 
 ton, Lewistown, Rushville, Geneva, Keithsburg, 
 Rock Island, Beardstown. Alton, etc. The entire 
 capitalization of the line (including stock, bonds 
 and floating debt) amounted, in 1898, to $234,884,- 
 600, which was equivalent to about $33,000 per 
 mile. The total earnings of the road in Illinois, 
 during the fiscal year ending June 30, 1898, 
 amounted to $8,724,997, and the total disburse- 
 ments of the Company within the State, during 
 the same period, to $7,469.456. Taxes paid in 
 1898, $377,968. (HISTORY). The first section of 
 the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad was 
 constructed under a charter granted, in 1849, to 
 the Aurora Branch Railroad Company, the name 
 being changed in 1852 to the Chicago & Aurora 
 Railroad Company. The line was completed in 
 1853, from the junction with the old Galena & 
 Chicago Union Railroad. 30 miles west of Chi- 
 cago, to Aurora, later being extended to Mendota. 
 In 1855 the name of the Company was changed 
 by act of the Legislature to the Chicago, Burling- 
 ton & Quincy. The section between Mendota and 
 Galesburg (80 miles) was built under a charter 
 granted in 1851 to the Central Military Tract 
 Railroad Company, and completed in 1854. July 
 9, 1856, the two companies were consolidated 
 under the name of the former. Previous to this 
 consolidation the Company had extended aid to 
 the Peoria & Oquawka Railroad (from Peoria to 
 the Mississippi River, nearly opposite Burlington, 
 Iowa), and to the Northern Cross Railroad from 
 Quincy to Galesburg, both of which were com- 
 pleted in 1855 and operated by the Chicago, Bur- 
 lington & Quincy. In 1H57 the name of the 
 Northern Cross was changed to the Quincy & 
 Chicago Railroad. In I860 the latter was sold 
 under foreclosure to the Chicago, Burlington & 
 Quincy, and, in 1863. the Peoria & Oquawka was 
 acquired in the same way the former constitut- 
 ing the Quinc)r branch of the main line and the 
 latter giving it its Burlington connection. Up 
 to 1863, the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy used 
 the track of the Galena & Chicago Union Rail- 
 road to enter the city of Chicago, but that year 
 I it-nan the construction of its line from Aurora to 
 Chicago, which was completed in 1864. In 1872 
 it acquired control, by perpetual lease, of tlie 
 Burlington & Missouri River Road in Iowa, 
 and, in 1880, extended this line into Nebraska, 
 now reaching Billings, Mont., with a lateral 
 branch to Deadwood, So. Dak. Other branches 
 in Illinois, built or acquired by this corporation, 
 include the Peoria & Hannibal : Carthage & Bur- 
 
 lington . Quincy & Warsaw ; Ottawa, Chicago A 
 Fox River Valley; Quincy, Alton & St. Louis, 
 and the St. Louis, Rock Island & Chicago. The 
 Chicago, Burlington & Northern known as the 
 Northern Division of the Chicago, Burlington & 
 Quincy is an important part of the system, 
 furnishing a connection between St. Louis on 
 the south and St. Paul and Minneapolis on the 
 north, of which more than half of the distance of 
 583 miles between terminal points, is in Illinois. 
 The latter division was originally chartered, Oct. 
 21, IMS:, an< ] constructed from Oregon. 111., to St. 
 Paul. Minn. (319 miles), and from Fulton to 
 Savanna, 111. (16.72 miles), and opened, Nov. 1, 
 1886. It was formally incorporated into the 
 Chicago, Burlington & Quincy line in 1899. In 
 June of the same year the Chicago, Burlington & 
 Quincy also acquired by purchase the Keokuk & 
 Western Railroad from Keokuk to Van Wert. 
 Iowa (143 miles), and the Des Moines & Kansas 
 City Railway, from Des Moines, Iowa, to Gaines- 
 ville, Mo. (112 miles). 
 
 CHICAGO, DANVILLE & VINCENNES RAIL- 
 ROAD. (See Chicago * Eastern Illinois Rail- 
 road.) 
 
 CHICAUO DRAINAGE CANAL, a channel or 
 waterway, in course of construction (1892-99) 
 from the Chicago River, within the limits of the 
 city of Chicago, to Joliet Lake, in the Des Plaines 
 River, about 12 miles above the junction of the 
 Des Plaines with the Illinois. The primary object 
 of the channel is the removal of the sewage of 
 the city of Chicago and the proper drainage of 
 the region comprised within what is called the 
 "Sanitary District of Chicago." The feasibility 
 of connecting the waters of Lake Michigan by 
 way of the Des Plaines River with those of the 
 Illinois, attracted the attention of the earliest 
 French explorers of this region, and was com- 
 mented upon, from time to time, by them and 
 their successors. As early as 1808 the subject of 
 a canal uniting Lake Michigan with the Illinois 
 was discussed in a report on roads and canals by 
 Albert Gallatin, then Secretary of the Treasury. 
 and the project was touched upon in a bill relat- 
 ing to the Erie Canal and other enterprises, intro- 
 duced in Congress in 1811. The measure continued 
 to receive attention in the press, in Western 
 Territorial Legislatures and in official reports, 
 one of the latter being a report by John C. Cal- 
 houn, as Secretary of War, in 1819, in which it is 
 spoken of as "valuable for military purposes." 
 In 1822 Congress passed an act granting the 
 right of way to the State through the public 
 lands for such an enterprise, which was followed, 
 
B 
 X 
 
 n 
 
 73 
 
 o 
 n 
 
 a 
 
 n 
 n 
 
 z 
 
 D 
 
 S- 
 
 > 
 -i 
 
 z 
 
 H 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 point- including Chicago. Aurora. Galesburg, 
 yuincy, Peoria. Streatr. Sterling. Mendota, Ful- 
 ton. Lewistown, Rushville. (ieneva. Keithsburg. 
 Rock Island. Beardstow n, Alton, etc. The entire 
 capitalization of the line (including stock. |HIIIC|S 
 and Moating debt ) amounted, in !*!. to S2:J4.MX4.- 
 IHIO, which was equivalent to nlmiit :W:!.0(K) |ier 
 mile. The total earnings ol the road in Illinois, 
 during the fiscal year ending June IV). 1*9*. 
 amounted to *H, 724, (197. anil the total disburse- 
 ments of the Company within the State, during 
 the same period, to -ST. ll>!l.4.">t> Taxes |iaiil in 
 ll. J3S77.9W. (HisToKY). The tirst section of 
 the Chicago. Kurlington A: Vtu'ncy Rjiilroad was 
 const rurted under a charter granted, in 1N4!. to 
 the Aurora Branch Kailroad ( 'oin|>any. the name 
 being changed in l>Ci2 to the Chicago <& Aurora 
 Kailroad Coni|tny The line was completed in 
 |M.~)3. from the junction with the. old ( ialena <X 
 Chicago Union Kailroad 3o miles west of Chi- 
 cago, to Aurora, later lieing extended to Mendota. 
 In IK.Vi the name of the ('om)iany was changed 
 by act of the Legislature to the Chicago. Hurling 
 ton & (Juincy. The section lietwecn Mendota and 
 lialeshurg (W miles) was Imilt under a charter 
 grained in inril to the Central Military Tract 
 Kailroad Company, and completed in l-~, ( July 
 II. |M.~)(i. the two companies were consolidated 
 under the name of the former. Previous to this 
 consolidation the Company had extended aid to 
 the IVoria & Oijuawka liailroad (from Peoria t 
 the Mississippi River, nearly op|>ositc Iturlington. 
 Iowa), ami to the Northern Cross Railroad from 
 Vuincy to (ialcshurg lioth of which were rom- 
 pleted in 1<V> and operated hy the Chicago. Bur 
 lington & ynincy In I<i7 the name of the 
 Northern Cross was changed to the Quinry V 
 Chicago Railroad In l"l>" the latter was sold 
 under foreclosure to the Clue-ago Burlington <V 
 ijuincy. and. in IHI^i. the IVoria <S Oijuawka was 
 aci|iiired in the sfime way the former constitut- 
 ing the (^uinry branch oi the main line and the 
 latter giving it its Iliirliiigton connection I'p 
 to IXIKI. the Chicago, liiirlington & yuinry used 
 the truck of the fialena iV Chicago t'nion Hail 
 road to enter the city of Chicago, hut that year 
 U-gan the construction of its line from Aurora to 
 Chicago, which was completed in 1*01 In 1><7',' 
 it acquired control. h\ |>ci-[ictual lease, of the 
 Burlington it Missouri River Road in Iowa, 
 and. in INXII. extended this line into Nebraska 
 now reaching Billings. Mont with a lateral 
 branch to Dcadwood So Dak Other hranchcs 
 in Illinois, litiilt or acquired hy this corporation, 
 ilii'ludethe I'eoria \ I laiuiilial Carthage ( V Unr 
 
 lington; yuincy & Warsaw; Ottawa. Chicago & 
 Fox River Valley; Quincy. Alton & St. Louis. 
 and the St Louis, Rock Island & Chicago. The 
 Chicago. Burlington & Northern known as the 
 Northern Division of the Chicago. Burlington & 
 Quinry is an important |iart of the system, 
 furnishing a connection lietween St Louis on 
 the south and St. Caul ami Minneafiolis on the 
 north, of which more than half of the distance of 
 ">*-.; miles lietween terminal points, is in Illinois 
 The latter division was originally chartered. Oct. 
 21. IHM.">. and constructed from Oregon. Ill . to St 
 I'm! Minn, i-ll'.i miles), and from Fulton to 
 Savanna. Ill (l(i.72 miles), and o]Hmed. Nov. 1. 
 IKS; It w;is formally incorjiorated into the 
 Chicago, Burlington & (^uincy line in IH'.MI. In 
 June of the same year the Chicago, Burlington & 
 yuincy also acquired by purchase the Keokuk & 
 Western Kailroad from Keokuk to Van Wert 
 Iowa ill:! miles), and the Des Moines it Kansas 
 City Railway from Des Moines. Iowa to Caines 
 ville. Mo. (112 miles) 
 
 I UK \<.n. li\\v || i.l i VIM'KXXES RAIL- 
 I!O\II. See Cliii-iniii it- Kiixti-rn Illimiix Hail 
 
 I'm III. 
 
 ( UK \l.( III! \I\ACK ( \> VI.. , channel or 
 
 waterway in course of construction (1*02-991 
 from the Chicago River, within the limits of the 
 city of Chicago, to Joliet Lake, in the Des Plainer 
 River, aliout 12 miles aliove the junction of the 
 Des I'laines with the Illinois. The primary object 
 of the channel is the removal of the sewage of 
 the city of Chicago and the projier drainage of 
 the region comprised within what is called the 
 "Sanitary District of Chicago." The feasibility 
 of connecting the waters of l^tke Michigan by 
 way of the Des I'laines River with those of the 
 Illinois, attracted the attention of the earliest 
 French explorers of this region, and was com- 
 mented upon from time to time, hy them ami 
 their successors. As early as 1SIIS the subject of 
 a canal uniting I.ake Michigan with the Illinois 
 \vas discussed in a re|Mirt on roads and canals b\ 
 \lliert < iiill.it in then Secretary of the Treasury 
 irid the project was touched u|K>n in a bill relat 
 ing to the Krie Canal anil other enterprises, intro 
 duced in * *ongress in 1*11. The measure continued 
 to receive attention in the press, in Western 
 Territorial Legislatures and in oflicial reports, 
 one of the latter lieing a re|~irt by John C Cal 
 houn. as Secretary of War. in 1*H*. in which it is 
 poken of as "valuable for military purposes 
 In |s->-J Congress passed an art granting the 
 right ol way to tin- State through the public 
 lands for such an enterprise which was followed. 
 
p 
 
 . 
 
 "*' v '*'! i 
 
 . ^r. ' 
 
 I ; ' 1' 
 
 >t .. H 
 
 '. , . M 
 
 , 
 
 & ' v v/ " 
 
 ^ * |; 
 
 - -' ' - 
 
 
 
 
SANITARY CANAL - CHICAGO 
 
 MANCHESTER 
 no 
 
 NORTH SEA 
 
 - 9ALTIC- 
 
 NORTH SEA 
 
 - AMSTERDAM - 
 
 2OOOI 
 
 SUE1 
 
 3Z/0 
 ryoo 
 
 PANAMA 
 
 WELLAND 
 
 I6OO 
 
 ILLINOIS* MISSISSIPPI 
 
 HENNEPIN - 
 
 ^ ^ ',' ; S 
 
 '-'.'- a a > 
 
 ERIE 
 
 700 
 
 ILLINOIS'MICHIGAN 
 
 COMPARATIVE SIZK OF NOTED CANALS. 
 
 r 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 five years later, by a grant of lands for the pur- 
 pose of its construction. The work was begun in 
 1836. and so far completed in 1848 as to admit of 
 the passage of boats from the Chicago basin to La 
 Salle. (See Illinois & Michigan Canal.) Under 
 an act passed by the Legislature in 1865, the work 
 of deepening the canal was undertaken by the 
 city of Chicago with a view to furnishing means 
 to relieve the city of its sewage, the work being 
 completed some time before the fire of 1871. This 
 scheme having failed to accomplish the object 
 designed, other measures began to be considered. 
 Various remedies were proposed, but in all the 
 authorities were confronted with the difficulty 
 of providing a fund, under the provisions of the 
 Constitution of 1870, to meet the necessary cost 
 of construction. In the closing months of the 
 year 1885, Hon. H. B. Kurd, who had been a 
 member of a Board of "Drainage Commission- 
 ers," organized in 1855, was induced to give 
 attention to the subject. Having satisfied him- 
 self and others that the difficulties were not 
 insurmountable with proper action by the Legis- 
 lature, the City Council, on Jan. 27, 1886, passed 
 a resolution authorizing the Mayor to appoint a 
 Commission, to consist of "one expert engineer of 
 reputation and experience in engineering and 
 sanitary matters, " and two consulting engineers, 
 to constitute a "drainage and water-supply com- 
 mission" for the purpose of investigating and 
 reporting upon the matter of water-supply and 
 disposition of the sewage of the city. As a 
 result of this action, Rudolph Bering, of Philadel- 
 phia, was appointed expert engineer by Mayor 
 Harrison, with Benezette Williams and S. G. 
 Artingstall, of Chicago, as consulting engineers. 
 At the succeeding session of the General Assem- 
 bly (1887), two bills one known as the "Hurd 
 bill" and the other as the "Winston bill," but 
 both drawn by Mr. Hurd, the first contemplating 
 doing the work by general taxation and the issue 
 of bonds, and the other by special assessment 
 were introduced in that body. As it was found 
 that neither of these bills could be passed at that 
 session, a new and shorter one, which became 
 known as the "Roche- Winston bill," was intro- 
 duced and passed near the close of the session. 
 A resolution was also adopted creating a com- 
 mission, consisting of two Senators, two Repre- 
 sentatives and Mayor Roche of Chicago, to further 
 investigate the subject. The later act, just 
 referred to, provided for the construction of a cut- 
 off from the Des Plaines River, which would 
 divert the flood-waters of that stream and the 
 North Branch into Lake Michigan north of the 
 
 city. Nothing was done under this act, however. 
 At the next session (1889) the commission made a 
 favorable report, and a new law was enacted 
 embracing the main features of the Hurd bill, 
 though changing the title of the organization to 
 be formed from the "Metropolitan Town," as 
 proposed by Mr. Hurd, to the "Sanitary Dis- 
 trict." The act, as passed, provided for the 
 election of a Board of nine Trustees, their powers 
 being confined to "providing for the drainage of 
 the district," both us to surplus water and sew- 
 age. Much opposition to the measure had been 
 developed during the pendency of the legislation 
 on the subject, especially in the Illinois valley, 
 on sanitary grounds, as well as fear of midsum- 
 mer flooding of the bottom lands which are 
 cultivated to some extent : but this was overcome 
 by the argument that the channel would, when 
 the Des Plaines and Illinois Rivers were improved 
 between Juliet and La Salle, furnish a new and 
 enlarged waterway for the passage of vessels 
 between the lake and the Mississippi River, and 
 the enterprise was indorsed by conventions held 
 at Peoria, Memphis and elsewhere, during the 
 eighteen months preceding the passage of the 
 act. The promise ultimately to furnish a flow of 
 not less than 600,000 cubic feet per minute also 
 excited alarm in cities situated upon the lakes, 
 lest the taking of so large a volume of water from 
 Lake Michigan should affect the lake-level 
 injuriously to navigation; but these apprehen- 
 sions were quieted by the assurance of expert 
 engineers that the greatest reduction of the lake- 
 level below the present minimum would not 
 exceed three inches, and more likely would not 
 produce a perceptible effect. 
 
 At the general election, held Nov. 5, 1889, 
 the "Sanitary District of Chicago" was organ- 
 ized by an almost unanimous popular vote 
 the returns showing 70,9:>8 votes for the 
 measure to 242 against. The District, as thus 
 formed, embraces all of the city of Chicago 
 north of Eighty-seventh Street, with forty- 
 three square miles outside of the city limits 
 but within the area to lie benefited by the 
 improvement. Though the channel is located 
 partly in Will County, the district is wholly in 
 Cook and bears the entire exjiense of construc- 
 tion. The first election of Trustees was held at a 
 special election, Dec. 12. 1889, the Trustees then 
 elected to hold their offices for five years and 
 until the following November. The second 
 election occurred, Nov. 5, 1895, when the Board, 
 as now constituted (1899). was chosen, viz.: 
 William Boldenweck, Joseph C. Braden. Zina R. 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 Carter, Bernard A. Ecktiart, Alexander J. Jones, 
 Thomas Kelly, James P. Mallette, Thomas A. 
 Smyth and Frank Wenter. The Trustees have 
 power to sell bonds in order to procure funds to 
 prosecute the work and to levy taxes upon prop- 
 erty within the district, under certain limitations 
 as to length of time the taxes run and the rate 
 per cent imposed. Under an amendment of the 
 Drainage Act adopted by the Legislature in 1897, 
 the rate of assessment upon property within the 
 Drainage District is limited to one and one-half 
 per cent, up to and including the year 1899, but 
 after that date becomes one-half of one per cent. 
 The bed of the channel, as now in process of 
 construction, commences at Robey Street and the 
 South Branch of the Chicago River, 5.8 miles 
 from Lake Michigan, and extends in a sooth- 
 westerly direction to the vicinity of Summit, 
 where it intersects the Des Plaines River. From 
 this point it follows the bed of that stream to 
 Lockport, in Will County, where, in consequence 
 of the sudden depression in the ground, the bed of 
 the channel comes to the surface, and where the 
 great controlling works are situated. This has made 
 necessary the excavation of about thirteen miles 
 of new channel for the river which runs parallel 
 with, and on the west side of, the drainage canal 
 liesides the construction of about nineteen 
 miles of levee to separate the waters of the 
 canal from the river. The following statement 
 <>f the quality of the material excavated and the 
 I'.imensions of the work, is taken fromapaper by 
 Hon. H. B. Hurd, under the title, "The Chicago 
 Drainage Channel and Waterway," published in 
 the sixth volume of "Industrial Chicago" (1896): 
 'Through that portion of the channel between 
 Chicago and Summit, which is being constructed 
 to produce a flow of 300,000 cubic feet per minute, 
 which is supposed to be sufficient to dilute sew- 
 age for about the present population (of Chicago) , 
 the width of the channel is 110 feet on the bot- 
 tom, with side slopes of two to one. This portion 
 i if the channel is ultimately to be enlarged to the 
 capacity of 600,000 cubic feet per minute. The 
 i >t tin 1 1 of the channel, at Robey Street, is 34.448 
 feet below Chicago datum. The width of the 
 .channel from Summit down to the neighborhood 
 of Willow Springs is 202 feet on the bottom, with 
 the same side slope. The cut through the rock, 
 which extends from the neighborhood of Willow 
 Springs to the point where the channel runs out 
 of ground near Lockport, is 160 feet wide at the 
 bottom. The entire depth of the channel is 
 substantially the same as at Robey Street, with 
 the addition of one foot in 40,000 feet The rook 
 
 portion of the channel is constructed to the full 
 capacity of 600,000 cubic feet per minute. From 
 the point where the channel runs out of ground 
 to Joliet Lake, there is a rapid fall; over this 
 slope works are to be constructed to let the water 
 down in such a manner as not to damage Joliet. " 
 
 Ground was broken on the rock-cut near 
 Lemont, on Sept. 3, 1892, and work has been in 
 progress almost constantly ever since. The prog- 
 ress of the work was greatly obstructed during 
 the year 1898, by difficulties encountered in secur- 
 ing the right of way for the discharge of the 
 waters of the canal through the city of Joliet. 
 but these were compromised near the close of the 
 year, and it was anticipated that the work would 
 be prosecuted to completion during the year 
 1899. From Feb. 1, 1890, to Dec. 31, 1898, the 
 net receipts of the Board for the prosecution of 
 the work aggregated $28,257,707. while the net 
 expenditures had amounted to $28,221 864.57. Of 
 the latter, $20,099,284.67 was charged to construc- 
 tion account, $3,156,903.12 to "land account" 
 (including right of way), and $1,222,092.82 to the 
 cost of maintaining the engineering department. 
 When finished, the cost will reach not less than 
 $35,000,000. These figures indicate the stupen- 
 dous character of the work, which bids fair to 
 stand without a rival of its kind in modern 
 engineering and in the results it is expected to 
 achieve. 
 
 CHICAGO GREAT WESTERN RAILWAT. 
 The total mileage of this line, June 30, 1898, was 
 1,008 miles, of which 152.52 miles are operated 
 and owned in Illinois. The line in this State 
 extends west from Chicago to East Dubuque, the 
 extreme terminal points being Chicago and 
 Minneapolis in the Northwest, and Kansas City 
 in the Southwest. It has several branches in Illi 
 nois, Iowa and Minnesota, and trackage arrange- 
 ments with several lines, the most important 
 being with the St. Paul & Northern Pacific (10.56 
 miles), completing the connection between St. 
 Paul and Minneapolis : with the Illinois Central 
 from East Dubuque to Portage (12.23 miles), and 
 with the Chicago & Northern Pacific from Forest 
 Home to the Grand Central Station in Chicago. 
 The company's own track is single, of standard 
 gauge, laid with sixty and seventy-five-pound 
 steel rails. Grades and curvature are light, and 
 the equipment well maintained. The outstand- 
 ing capital stock (1898) was $52,019,054; total 
 capitalization, including stock, bonds and miscel- 
 laneous indebtedness, $57,144,245. (HISTORY). The 
 road was chartered, Jan. 5, 1892, under the laws 
 of Illinois, for the purpose of reorganization of 
 
VIFAVS Of DRAINAGE CANAL. 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 Carter, Bernard A Eckhart, Alexander J. Jones. 
 Thomas Kelly. .lames I'. Mallette. Thomas A. 
 Smyth anil Frank Wenter. The Trustees have 
 ixiwer to sell bonds in order to procure funds to 
 prosecute the work and to levy taxes n|Min prop- 
 erty within the district, under certain limitations 
 as to length of time the taxes run and the rate 
 percent imposed. Under an amendment of the 
 Drainage Act adopted l>y the Legislature in 18!)7. 
 the rate of assessment upon property within the 
 Drainage District is limited to one and one-half 
 |ier cent, tip to and including the year IS!)!), hut 
 after that date becomes mic-half of one [>er cent. 
 
 The IHM! of the channel, as now in process of 
 construction, commences at Kobey Street and the 
 South Branch of the Chicago River, li.N miles 
 from Lake Michigan, and extends in a south- 
 westerly direction to the vicinity of Summit, 
 where it intersects the Des Plaines River. From 
 this pi ii nt it follows the lied of that stream to 
 Lockport. in AVill County, where, in consequence 
 of the sudden depression in the ground, the lied of 
 the channel comes t the surface, and where the 
 great controlling works a re situated. This has made 
 necessary the excavation of aliout thirteen miles 
 ol new channel for the river which runs parallel 
 ith. and on the west sid" of. the drainage canal 
 
 besides the. construction of aliout nineteen 
 miles of levee to separate the waters of the 
 'anal from the river The following statement 
 <>f the quality of the material excavated and the 
 dimensions of the work, is taken fromapaper by 
 II. in. II. 1!. Ilurd. under the title. "The Chicago 
 drainage Channel and Waterway." published in 
 the sixth volume, of 'Industrial Chicago" (1*911) 
 'Through that (xirtion of the channel lietween 
 < 'hicago and .Summit, which is being constructed 
 In produce a How of mil), INK) i-ubic feet |>er minute 
 which is supposed to be snllicient to dilute sew- 
 age for aliout the present giopulalion (of Chicago). 
 the width of the channel is 111) feet on tlieUit- 
 lom. with side slo|>cs of two to one. This jiortioii 
 i the channel is ultimately t<> lie enlarged to the 
 i apacity of 600.IKIH i-iibic feet per minute The 
 bottom of the. channel at l.'obcy Street, is '.MUM 
 IVet lielow Chicago datum The width of the 
 
 haiinel from Summit down In the neighlMirho.nl 
 ..I Willow Springs is MIK.' feet mi the bottom, with 
 ilic>ame side slope The .-lit through the rock 
 which extends from the neighborhood of Willow 
 Springs to the |ioint where t he channrl runs out 
 
 if ground near l.ock|>ort is Hill feet wide at the 
 Uittom. The entire d^pth of the channel is 
 sutistantially the same as at Uoliey Street, with 
 the addition of one foot in IIMHMI I'eet The rek 
 
 jKirtion of the cnannel is "onstrueted to the full 
 capacity of fJiM).(NK) cubic feet jier minute. From 
 the point where the channel runs out of ground 
 to Joliet Lake, there is a rapid fall; ove this 
 slope works are to t-e constructed to let the water 
 down in such a manner as not to damage Joliet." 
 (rround was broken on the rock-cut near 
 Lemont, on Sept. 3, 1S'J2. and work has been in 
 progress almost constantly ever since. The prog- 
 ress of the work was greatly obstructed during 
 the year istfs, by difficulties encountered in secur- 
 ing the right of way for the discharge of the 
 waters of the canal through the city of Joliet. 
 but these were compromised near the close of the 
 year, and it was anticipated that the work would 
 be prosecuted to completion during the year 
 is<)9. From Feb. 1, ls!W, to Dec. 31, 1S9S, the 
 net receipts of the Board for the prosecution of 
 the work aggregated $2H,S.'i7 > T07, while the net 
 expenditures had amounted to$2s.221 N(>4 ."i7. Of 
 the latter. S2U,<)99,2H4.S7 was charged to construc- 
 tion account, $3.ir>K,903.13 to "bind account" 
 (including right of way), and S1.222.092.S2 to the 
 cost of maintaining the engineering de|iartinent. 
 When finished, the cost will reach not less than 
 s:!.1.(Ml.lNN). These figures indicate the stujieu 
 dons character of the work, which bids fair to 
 stand without a rival of its kind in modern 
 engineering and in the results it is expected to 
 achieve. 
 
 urn u.o <;KKAT WESTERN RAILWAY. 
 
 The total jnileage of this line. June :), 1*!)S. was 
 I.INIS miles, of which 1V>..~>2 miles are ojieratcd 
 and owned ill Illinois The line in this State 
 extends west from Chicago t.i East Dubuque. the 
 extreme terminal (Kiints being Chicago and 
 Minnca|Kilis in the Northwest, and Kansas City 
 in the South west It has several branches in Illi 
 iwiis. Iowa and Minnesota, and trackage arrange 
 ments with several lines, the most ini]Kirtant 
 being with tljfcSt F'aul & Northern Pacific (111.5(1 
 miles), .-omflleting the connection between St 
 I '.-in I .ind Minneapolis: with the Illinois Central 
 from Kast Dubu.|ue to Portage (12.2:! miles), and 
 with the Chi. 'agiiit Northern Pacilic from Forest 
 Home to i In- < fraud Central Station in Chicago 
 The roiupaii v's own track is single, of standard 
 uange. laid with sixty and seventy tive-jiound 
 steel rails. < !radc.s and curvature are light, and 
 the e.|uipnicnt well maintained. The outstand- 
 ing capital stock (1S9H) was S.Vi,(ll9.0.'i4; total 
 i-apitalization, including stock, bonds and miscel- 
 laneous indebtedness. 57. 1 -M.'J-l'i. (IIlSTOUY). The 
 road was chartered, Jan -I, lsf)2. under the laws 
 .'I Illinois, for the purpose of re. irganization of 
 
-'-' ."'-" -- ; - ifiSiSf 
 
 ._.--, -_^ '^- ^r*T, 
 
 VH'.US UK DK \IN.\Ci: CANAI 
 
VIEWS OF DRAINAGE CANAL. 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 the Chicago, St. Paul & Kansas City Railway 
 Company on a stock basis. During 1895, the 
 De Kalb & Great "Western Railroad (5.81 miles) 
 was built from De Kalb to Sycamore as a feeder 
 of this line. 
 
 CHICAGO, HARLEM & BATAVIA BAIL- 
 ROAD. (See Chicago & Northern Pacific Rail- 
 road.) 
 
 CHICAGO, HAVANA & WESTEBN BAIL- 
 ROAD. (See Illinois Central Railroad.) 
 
 CHICAGO HISTORICAL SOCIETY, organized, 
 April 24, 1856, for the purposes of (1) establishing 
 a library and a cabinet of antiquities, relics, etc. ; 
 (2) the collection and preservation of historical 
 manuscripts, documents, papers and tracts; (3) 
 the encouragement of the discovery and investi- 
 gation of aboriginal remains, particularly in Illi- 
 nois; (4) the collection of material illustrating 
 the growth and settlement of Chicago. By 1871 
 the Society had accumulated much valuable 
 material, but the entire collection was destroyed 
 in the great Chicago fire of that year, among the 
 manuscripts consumed being the original draft 
 of the emancipation proclamation by Abraham 
 Lincoln. The nucleus of a second collection was 
 consumed by fire in 1874. Its loss in this second 
 conflagration included many valuable manu- 
 .scripts. In 1877 a temporary building was 
 erected, which was torn down in 1892 to make 
 room for the erection, on the same lot, of a 
 thoroughly fire-proof structure of granite, 
 planned after the most approved modern systems. 
 The new building was erected and dedicated 
 under the direction of its late President, Ed- 
 ward G. Mason, Esq., Dec. 12, 1896. The Society's 
 third collection now embraces about twenty-five 
 thousand volumes and nearly fifty thousand 
 pamphlets; seventy-five portraits in oils, with 
 other works of art; a valuable collection of 
 manuscript documents, and a large museum of 
 local and miscellaneous antiquities. Mr. Charles 
 Evans is Secretary and Librarian. 
 
 CHICAGO HOMEOPATHIC MEDICAL COL- 
 LEGE, organized in 1876, with a teaching faculty 
 of nineteen and forty-five matriculates. Its first 
 term opened October 4, of that year, in a leased 
 building. By 1881 the college had outgrown its 
 first quarters, and a commodious, well appointed 
 structure was erected by the trustees, in a more 
 desirable location. The institution was among 
 the first to introduce a graded course of instruc- 
 tion, extending over a period of eighteen years. 
 In 1897, the matriculating class numbered over 200. 
 
 CHICAGO HOSPITAL FOR WOMEN AND 
 CHILDREN, located at Chicago, and founded in 
 
 1865 by Dr. Mary Harris Thompson. Its declared 
 objects are: "To afford a home for women and 
 children among the respectable poor in need of 
 medical and surgical aid; to treat the same 
 classes at home by an assistant physician; to 
 afford a free dispensary for the same, and to 
 train competent nurses." At the outset the 
 hospital was fairly well sustained through pri- 
 vate benefactions, and, in 1870, largely through 
 Dr. Thompson's efforts, a college was organized 
 for the medical education of women exclusively. 
 (See Northwestern University Woman's Medical 
 School.) The hospital building was totally 
 destroyed in the great fire of 1871, but temporary 
 accommodations were provided in another section 
 of the city. The following year, with the aid of 
 $25,000 appropriated by the Chicago Relief and 
 Aid Society, a permanent building was pur- 
 chased, and, in 1885, a new, commodious and well 
 planned building was erected on the same site, at 
 a cost of about $75,000. 
 
 CHICAGO, MADISON & NORTHERN RAIL- 
 ROAD, a line of railway 331.3 miles in length, 140 
 miles of which lie within Illinois. It is operated 
 by the Illinois Central Railroad Company, and is 
 known as its "Freeport Division." The par value 
 of the capital stock outstanding is $50,000 and of 
 bonds $2,500,000, while the floating debt is 
 $3,620,698, making a total capitalization of 
 $6,170,698, or $26,698 per mile. (See also Illinois 
 Central Railroad. ) This road was opened from 
 Chicago to Freeport in 1888. 
 
 CHICAGO MEDICAL COLLEGE. (See .\<,rth- 
 western University Medical College.) 
 
 CHICAGO, MILWAUKEE ft ST. PAUL BALL* 
 WAT, one of the great trunk lines of the North- 
 west, having a total mileage (1898) of 6,153.88 
 miles, of which 317.94 are in Illinois. The main 
 line extends from Chicago to Minneapolis, 420 
 miles, although it has connections with Kansas 
 City, Omaha, Sioux City and various points in 
 Wisconsin, Iowa and the Dakotas. The Chicago, 
 Milwaukee & St. Paul Railroad Company enjoys 
 the distinction of being the owner of all the lines 
 operated by it, though it operates 245 miles of 
 second tracks owned jointly with other lines. 
 The greater part of its track is laid with 
 60, 75 and 85-lb. steel rails. The total capital 
 invested (1898) is $220,005,901, distributed as 
 follows: capital stock, $77,845,000; bonded debt, 
 $135,285,500; other forms of indebtedness, 
 $5,572,401. Its total earnings in Illinois for 
 1898 were $5,205,244, and the total expendi- 
 tures, $3,320,248. The total number of em- 
 ployes in Illinois for 1898 was 2,293, receiving 
 
VIEWS (M J>KAINA<;i: CANAL. 
 
HISTORICAL KM Y( Lol'KIHA <>!' ILLINOIS. 
 
 the Chicago, St. Paul & Kansas City Railway 
 Company on a st<x-k liasis During 1S9.~>. the 
 T)e Kail) & Great Western Railroad (~>>1 miles) 
 was built from Pe Kall> to Sycamore as a feeder 
 of this line. 
 
 CHICAGO, HARLEM A; BATAVIA RAIL- 
 ROAD. (Set> Cliii'injH it .\\irllifm Pacific Hitil- 
 
 ( HICAGO, HAVANA A: WESTERN RAIL- 
 ROAD. (See IlliiKiix I'l'iitrnl Knilriuiil. ) 
 
 CHICAGO HISTORICAL SOCIETY, organized. 
 April 24. IM.Vl, for the pur|Misfs nf (1) establishing 
 a library and a cabinet of antiquities, relics, etc. : 
 (2) the collection anil preserxation of historical 
 manuscripts, documents. pa|>ers ami tracts: (3) 
 I lie encouragement of the discovery and investi- 
 gation of aboriginal remains particularly in Illi- 
 nois: (4) the collection of material illustrating 
 the growth and settlement of Chicago. By 1KT1 
 the Society had accumulated much valuable 
 material, but the entire collection was destroyed 
 in the gieat Chicago fire of that year, among the 
 manuscripts consumed lieing the original draft 
 .if the emancipation proclamation by Abraham 
 Lincoln. The nucleus of a second collection was 
 consumed by fire in 1x71. Its loss in this second 
 
 illagration included many \aluable iiianu- 
 
 -cript-. In 1 s " a tcm|N>rarr building was 
 erected, which was torn down in 1X92 to make 
 room for the erection, on the same lot. of a 
 thoroughly tire-proof structure of granite, 
 planned after the most approved modern systems. 
 The new building was erected and dedicated 
 under the direction of its late President, Ed- 
 ward C,. Mason, Esq., Dec. 12, 1X9.' The Society's 
 third collection now embraces about twenty-five 
 thousand volumes and nearly fifty thonsaml 
 pamphlets; seventy-live jiortraits in oils, with 
 other works of art ; a valuable collection of 
 inauuscript documents, and a large museum of 
 local and miscellaneous antiquities. Mr. Charles 
 Evans is Secretary and Librarian. 
 
 CHICAGO HOMOEOPATHIC MEDICAL COL- 
 I I 1. 1 . organized in 1x70. with a teaching faculty 
 of nineteen and forty-live matriculates Its first 
 term o|>enud October I. of that year, in a leased 
 building. Liy 1SS1 the college hail outgrown its 
 first quarters, and a commodious, well apjMiinted 
 structure was erected by the trustees, in a more 
 desirable location The institution was among 
 I he first to introduce a graded course of instruc- 
 tion, extending over a [period of eighteen years. 
 In 1M97, the matrieulatingclassnumbcred over 2011. 
 
 CHICAGO HOSPITAL FOR WOMEN AMI 
 CHILDREN. located at Chicago, and founded in 
 
 lsii.% by Dr. Mary Harris Thompson. Its declared 
 objects are : "Tit afford a home for women and 
 children among the respectable poor in need of 
 medical and surgical aid; to treat the same 
 classes at home by an assistant 'physician; to 
 afford a free dispensary for the same, and to 
 train conijieteiit nurses." At the outset the 
 hospital was fairly well sustained through pri- 
 vate Item-factions, and. in 1S70, largely through 
 Dr. Thompson's efforts, a college was organized 
 for the medical education of women exclusively. 
 (See \tniti tn-stern I'liirt-rxiti/ II "('/mm'* .l/n//Va7 
 Nrlinol. ) The hospital building was totally 
 destroyed in the great fire of 1*71. but temjHirarv 
 accommodations were provided in another section 
 of the city. The following year, with the ai 1 of 
 *->r>.(IO(l appropriated by the Chicago Relief and 
 Aid Society, a permanent building was pur- 
 chased, and, in IXX.l, a new. commodious and well 
 planned building was erected on the same site, at 
 a cost of about 75,000. 
 
 CHICAGO, MADISON ,v NORTHERN RAIL- 
 ROAD, a line of railway 231.3 miles in length. 140 
 miles of which lie within Illinois. It is operated 
 by the Illinois Central Kailroad Company, and is 
 known as its "Freeport Division.' The |>ar value 
 of the capital stock outstanding is >CiO,lKX> and of 
 Umds 2,.~>00.000, while the floating debt is 
 $3.fi2o,fi'jx. making a total capitalization of 
 $l!. 170.li9S. or $2(i.li'JS |>er mile. (See also Illinois 
 Ci'ntml Hiiilruiul) This road was o[tened from 
 Chicago to Free-port in 1XX8. 
 
 CHICAGO MEDICAL COLLEGE. (See A'.wrfc- 
 iresli'rii I'liircrsitif Mftlical Cnllcfjp.) 
 
 CHICAGO. MILWAUKEE ,v ST. PAl L RAIL- 
 WAV, one of the great trunk lines of the North- 
 west, having a total mileage (1S9S) of fi, 153.83 
 miles, of which 317.94 are in Illinois. The main 
 line extends from Chicago to Minnea|Kilis. 420 
 miles, although it has connections with Kans:is 
 City, Omaha Sioux City and various jHiiDts in 
 Wisconsin. Io\va and the Dakotas The Clmiigo, 
 Milwaukee >V St Paul Railroad < 'oinpany enjoys 
 the distinction of lieing the owner of all the lines 
 o|MT.ited bv il though it operates 21.1 miles of 
 second trai-k- owned jointly with other lines. 
 The greater part of its track i> laid with 
 do. 7."> and s.Vlb. steel rails The total capital 
 invested (l s !ISi is $22i.iKI.Vol. distributed as 
 follows: capital slock. $77. M4.-|.IK*I ; l-oiided debt. 
 S13.'i.2S.'i..VMI; other form- of indebtedness, 
 85.575,401. Its total earnings in Illinois for 
 isys were '?r..20. r i.2-M, and the total expendi- 
 tures. S3.320.2IM. The total number of em- 
 ployes in Illinois for isfls was 2.293 receiving 
 
98 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 $1,746,827.70 in aggregate compensation. Taxes 
 paid for the same year amounted to 8 151,385. 
 (HISTORY). The Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul 
 Railway was organized iu 1803 under the name 
 of the Milwaukee & St. Paul Railway. The Illi- 
 nois portion of the main line was built under a 
 charter granted to the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. 
 Paul Railway Company, and the Wisconsin por- 
 tion under charter to the Wisconsin Union Rail- 
 road Company; the whole built and opened in 
 1872 and purchased by the Milwaukee & St. Paul 
 Railway Company. . It subsequently acquired by 
 purchase several lines in Wisconsin, the whole 
 receiving the present name of the line by act of 
 the Wisconsin Legislature, passed, Feb. 14, 1874. 
 The Chicago & Evanston Railroad was cliartered, 
 Feb. 16, 1861, built from Chicago to Calvary (10.8 
 miles), and opened, May 1, 1885; was consolidated 
 with the Chicago & Lake Superior Railroad, 
 under the title of the Chicago, Evanston & Lake 
 Superior Railroad Company, Dec. 22, 1885, opened 
 to Evanston, August 1, 1886, and purchased, in 
 June, 1887, by the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. 
 Paul Railway Company. The Road, as now 
 organized, is made up of twenty-two divisions 
 located in Illinois, Wisconsin, Iowa, Minnesota, 
 North and South Dakota, Missouri and Michigan. 
 
 CHICAGO, PADUCAH & MEMPHIS RAIL- 
 BOAD (Projected), a road chartered, Dec. 19, 
 1893, to run between Altamont anil Metropolis, 
 111., 152 miles, with a branch from Johnston City 
 to Carbondale, 20 miles total length, 172 miles. 
 The gauge is standard, and the track laid with 
 sixty-pound steel rails. By Feb. 1, 1895, the road 
 from Altamont to Marion (100 miles) was com- 
 pleted, and work on the remainder of the line lias 
 been in progress. It is intended to connect with 
 the Wabash and the St. Louis Southern systems. 
 Capital stock authorized and subscribed. $2,500,- 
 000; bonds issued, $1,575,000. Funded debt, 
 authorized, $15,000 per mile in five per cent first 
 mortgage gold bonds. Cost of road up to Feb. 1, 
 1895, $20,000 per mile ; estimated cost of the entire 
 line, $2,000,000. In December, 1896, this road 
 passed into the hands of the Chicago & Eastern 
 Illinois Railroad Company, and is now operated to 
 Marion, in Williamson County. (See Chicago <t 
 Eastern Illinois Railroad.) 
 
 CHICAGO, PEKIN & SOUTHWESTERN RAIL- 
 ROAD, a division of the Chicago & Alton Rail- 
 road, chartered as the Chicago & Plainfield 
 Railroad, in 1859; opened from Pekin to Streator 
 in 1873, and to Mazon Bridge in 1876 , sold under 
 foreclosure in 1879, and now constitutes a part of 
 the Chicago & Alton system. 
 
 CHICAGO, PEORIA & ST. LOUIS RAILROAD 
 COMPANY (of Illinois), a corporation operating 
 two lines of railroad, one extending from Peoria 
 to Jacksonville, and the other from Peoria to 
 Springfield, with a connection from the latter 
 place (in 1895), over a leased line, with St. Louis. 
 The total mileage, as officially reported in 1895, 
 was 208.66 miles, of which 166 were owned by 
 the corporation. (1) The original of the Jackson- 
 ville Division of this line was the Illinois River 
 Railroad, opened from Pekin to Virginia in 1859. 
 In October, 1863, it was sold under foreclosure, 
 and, early in 1864, was transferred by the pur- 
 chasers to a new corporation called the Peoria, 
 Pekin & Jacksonville Railroad Company, by 
 whom it was extended the same year to Peoria, 
 and, in 1869, to Jacksonville. Another fore- 
 closure, in 1879, resulted in its sale to the 
 creditors, followed by consolidation, in 1881, 
 with the Wabash, St. Louis & Pacific Railway. 
 (2) The Springfield Division was incorporated in 
 1869 as the Springfield & Northwestern Railway ; 
 construction was begun in 1872, and road opened 
 from Springfield to Havana (45.20 miles) in 
 December, 1874, and from Havana to Pekin anil 
 Peoria over the track of the Peoria, Pekin & 
 Jacksonville line. The same year the road was 
 leased to the Indianapolis, Bloomington & West- 
 ern Railroad ComjKiny, but the lease was for- 
 feited, in 1875, and the road placed in the hands 
 of a receiver. In 1881, together with the 
 Jacksonville Division, it was transferred to the 
 Wabash, St. Louis & Pacific Railway, and by 
 that company operated as the Peoria & Spring- 
 field Railroad. The Wabash, St. Louis & Pacific 
 having defaulted and gone into the hands of a 
 receiver, both the Jacksonville and the Spring- 
 field Divisions were reorganized in February, 
 1887, under the name of the Chicago, Peoria & 
 St. Louis Railroad, and placed under control of 
 the Jacksonville .Southeastern Railroad. A 
 reorganization of the latter took place, in 1890, 
 under the name of the Jacksonville, Louisville & 
 St. Louis Railway, and, in 1893, it passed into the 
 hands of receivers, and was severed from its 
 allied lines. The Chicago, Peoria & St. Louis 
 Railroad remained under the management of a 
 separate receiver until January, 1896, when a 
 reorganization was effected under its present 
 name "The Chicago, Peoria & St. Louis Kail 
 road of Illinois." The lease of the Springfield 
 & St. Louis Division having expired in Decem- 
 ber, 1895, it has also been reorganized as an 
 independent corjx>rati<m under the name of the 
 St. Louis, Peoria & Northern Railway (which see) 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 CHICAGO RIVER, a sluggish stream, draining 
 a narrow strip of land between Lake Michigan 
 and the Des Plaines River, the entire watershed 
 drained amounting to some 470 square miles. It 
 is formed by the union of the "North" and 
 the "South Branch," which unite less than a mile 
 and a half from the mouth of the main stream. 
 At an early day the former was known as the 
 Guarie" and the latter as "Portage River." The 
 total length of the North Branch is about 20 miles, 
 only a small fraction of which is navigable. The 
 South Branch is shorter but offers greater facilities 
 for navigation, being lined along its lower por- 
 tions with grain-elevators, lumber-yards and 
 manufactories. The Illinois Indians in early days 
 found an easy portage between it and the Des 
 Plaines River. The Chicago River, with its 
 branches, separates Chicago into three divisions, 
 known, respectively, as the "North" the "South" 
 and the "West Divisions." Drawbridges have 
 been erected at the principal street crossings 
 over the river and both branches, and four 
 tunnels, connecting the various divisions of the 
 city, have been constructed under the river bed. 
 
 CHICAGO, ROCK ISLAND & PACIFIC RAIL- 
 WAY, formed by the consolidation of various 
 lines in 1880. The parent corporation (The 
 Chicago & Rock Island Railroad) was chartered 
 in Illinois in 1851, and the road opened from Chi- 
 cago to the Mississippi River at Rock Island (181 
 miles), July 10, 1854. In 1852 a company was 
 chartered under the name of the Mississippi & 
 Missouri Railroad for the extension of the road 
 from the Mississippi to the Missouri River. The 
 two roads were consolidated in 1866 as the Chi- 
 cago, Rock Island & Pacific Railroad, and the 
 extension to the Missouri River and a junction 
 with the Union Pacific completed in 1869. The 
 Peoria & Bureau Valley Railroad (an important 
 feeder from Peoria to Bureau Junction 46.7 
 miles) was incorporated in 1853, and completed 
 and leased in perpetuity to the Chicago & Rock 
 Island Railroad, in 1854. The St. Joseph & Iowa 
 Railroad was purchased in 1889, and the Kansas 
 City & Topeka Railway in 1891. The Company 
 has financial and traffic agreements with the 
 Chicago, Rock Island & Texas Railway, extending 
 from Terral Station, Indian Territory, to Fort 
 Worth, Texas. The road also has connections 
 from Chicago with Peoria; St. Paul and Minne- 
 apolis; Omaha and Lincoln (Neb.); Denver. Colo- 
 rado Springs and Pueblo (Colo. ), besides various 
 points in South Dakota, Iowa and Southwestern 
 Kansas. The extent of the lines owned and 
 operated by the Company ( ' 'Poor's Manual, ' ' 1898) , 
 
 is 3,568.15 miles, of which 236.51 miles are in 
 Illinois, 189.52 miles being owned by the corpo- 
 ration. All of the Company's owned and 
 leased lines are laid with steel rails. The total 
 capitalization reported for the same year was 
 $116,748,211, of which 50,000,000 was in stock 
 and $58,830,000 in bonds. The total earnings and 
 income of the line in Illinois, for the year ending 
 June 30, 1898, was $5,851,875, and the total 
 expenses $3,401,165, of which $233,129 was in the 
 form of taxes. The Company has received under 
 Congressional grants 550, 194 acres of land, exclu- 
 sive of State grants, of which there had been sold, 
 up to March 31, 1894, 548,609 acres. 
 
 CHICAGO, ST. PAUL & FOND DU LAC RAIL- 
 ROAD. (See Chicago <t- Northwestern Railway. ) 
 
 CHICAGO, ST. PAUL & KANSAS CITY RAIL- 
 WAY. (See Chicago Great Western Railway.) 
 
 CHICAGO, ST. LOUIS & PADUCAH RAIL- 
 WAY, a short road, of standard gauge, laid with 
 steel rails, extending from Marion to Brooklyn, 
 HI., 53.64 miles. It was chartered, Feb. 7, 1887, 
 and opened for traffic, Jan. 1, 1889. The St. 
 Louis, Alton & Terre Haute Railroad Company is 
 the lessee, having guaranteed principal and inter- 
 est on its first mortgage bonds. Its capital stock 
 is $1,000,000, and its bonded debt $2,000,000, 
 making the total capitalization about $56,000 per 
 mile. The cost of the road was $2,950,000; total 
 incumbrance (1895), $3,016,715. 
 
 CHICAGO TERMINAL TRANSFER RAIL- 
 ROAD, the successor to the Chicago & Northern 
 Pacific Railroad. The latter was organized in 
 November, 1889, to acquire and lease facilities to 
 other roads and transact a local business. The 
 Road under its new name was chartered, June 4, 
 1897, to purchase at foreclosure sale the property 
 of the Chicago & Northern Pacific, soon after 
 acquiring the property of the Chicago & Calumet 
 Terminal Railway also. The combination gives 
 it the control of 84.53 miles of road, of which 
 70.76 miles are in Illinois. The line is used for 
 both passenger and freight terminal purposes, 
 and also a belt line just outside the city limits. 
 Its principal tenants are the Chicago Great West- 
 ern, the Baltimore & Ohio, the Wisconsin Central 
 Lines, and the Chicago, Hammond & Western 
 Railroad The Company also has control of the 
 ground on which the Grand Central Depot is 
 located. Its total capitalization (1898) was $44,- 
 553,044, of which $30,000,000 was capital stock 
 and $13,394.000 in the form of bonds. 
 
 CHICAGO THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY, organ- 
 ized, Sept. 26, 1854, by a convention of Congre- 
 gational ministers and laymen representing seven 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 Western States, among which was Illinois. A 
 special and liberal charter was granted, Feb. 15, 
 1855. The Seminary has always been under 
 Congregational control and supervision, its 
 twenty-four trustees being elected at Triennial 
 Conventions, at which are represented all the 
 churches of that denomination west of the Ohio 
 and east of the Rocky Mountains. The institu 
 tion was formally opened to students, Oct. 6. 
 1858. with two professors and twenty-nine 
 matriculates. Since then it has steadily grown 
 in both numbers and influence. Preparatory and 
 linguistic schools have been added and the 
 faculty (1896) includes eight professors and nine 
 minor instructors. The Seminary is liberally 
 endowed, its productive assets being nearly 
 $1,000,000, and the value of its grounds, build- 
 ings, library, etc., amounting to nearly $500,00(1 
 more. No charge is made for tuition or room 
 rent, and there are forty -two endowed scholar- 
 ships, the income of which is devoted to the aid 
 of needy students. The buildings, including the 
 library and dormitories, are four in number, and 
 are well constructed and arranged. 
 
 CHICAGO & ALTON RAILROAD, an impor 
 tant railway running in a southwesterly direc- 
 tion from Chicago to St. Louis, with numerous 
 branches, extending into Missouri. Kansas and 
 Colorado. The Chicago & Alton Railroad proper 
 was constructed under two charters the first 
 granted to the Alton & Sangamon Railroad Com- 
 pany, in 1847, and the second to the Chicago & 
 Mississippi Railroad Company, in 1852. Con- 
 struction of the former was begun in 1852, and 
 the line opened from Alton to Springfield in 
 1853. Under the second corporation, the line was 
 opened from Springfield to Bloomington in 1854. 
 and to Joliet in 1856. In 1855 a line was con- 
 structed from Chicago to Joliet under the name 
 <>f the Joliet & Chicago Railroad, and leased in 
 jierpetuity to the present Company, which was 
 reorganized in 1857 under the name of the St. 
 Louis, Alton & Chicago Railroad Company. For 
 some time connection was had between Alton 
 and St. Louis by steam-packet boats running in 
 connection with the railroad; but later over the 
 line of the Indianapolis & St. Louis Railroad 
 the first railway line connecting the two cities 
 and, finally, by the Company's own line, which 
 was constructed in 1K64. and formally opened 
 Jan. 1, 1865. In 1861, a company with the 
 present name (Chicago & Alton Railroad Com- 
 pany) was organized, which, in 1862, purchased 
 the St. Louis. Alton & Chicago Road at fore- 
 closure sale. Several brancli lines have since 
 
 been acquired by purchase or lease, the most 
 important in the State being the line from 
 Bloomington to St. Louis by way of Jacksonville. 
 This was chartered in 1851 under the name of the 
 St. Louis, Jacksonville & Chicago Railroad, was 
 opened for business in January, 1868, and having 
 been diverted from the route upon which it was 
 originally projected, was completed to Blooming 
 ton and leased to the Chicago & Alton in 1868. 
 In 1884 this branch was absorbed by the main 
 line. Other important branches are the Kansas 
 City Branch from Roodhouse, crossing the Mis- 
 sissippi at Louisiana, Mo. ; the Washington 
 Branch from Dwight to Washington and Lacon, 
 and the Chicago & Peoria, by which entrance is 
 obtained into the city of Peoria over the tracks 
 of the Toledo, Peoria & Western. The whole 
 number of miles operated (1898; is 843.54, of 
 which 580.73 lie in Illinois. Including double 
 tracks and sidings, the Company has a total 
 trackage of 1,186 miles. The total capitalization, 
 in 1898, was $32,793,972, of which $22, 230, 600 was 
 in stock, and $6,694,850 in bonds. The total 
 earnings and income for the year, in Illinois, were 
 $5,022,315. and the operating and other expenses, 
 $4,272,207. This road, under its management as 
 it existed up to 1898, has been one of the most uni- 
 formly successful in the country. Dividends 
 have been paid semiannually from 1863 to 1884, 
 and quarterly from 1884 to 1896. For a number 
 of years previous to 1897. the dividends had 
 amounted to eight per cent per annum on both 
 preferred and common stock, but later liad been 
 reduced to seven per cent on account of short 
 crops along the line. The taxes paid in 1898 
 were $341.040. The surplus. June 30, 1895, 
 exceeded two and three-quarter million dollars. 
 The Chicago & Alton was the first line in the 
 world to put into service sleeping and dining cars 
 of the Pullman model, which have since been so 
 widely adopted, as well as the first to run free 
 reclining chair-cars for the convenience and 
 comfort of its passengers. At the time the 
 matter embraced in this volume is undergoing 
 final revision (1899), negotiations are in progress 
 for the purcliase of this historic line by a syndi- 
 cate representing the Baltimore & Ohio, the 
 Missouri Pacific, the Union Pacific, and the 
 Missouri, Kansas & Texas systems, in whose 
 interest it will hereafter be operated. 
 
 CHICAGO & AURORA RAILROAD. (See 
 Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad.) 
 
 CHICAGO & EASTERN ILLINOIS RAIL- 
 ROAD. This company operates a line 516.3 miles 
 in length, of which 278 miles are within Illinois. 
 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 101 
 
 The main line in this State extends southerly 
 from Dolton Junction (17 miles south of Chicago) 
 to Danville. Entrance to the Polk Street Depot 
 in Chicago is secured over the tracks of the 
 Western Indiana Railroad. The company owns 
 several important branch lines, as follows: From 
 Momence Junction to the Indiana State Line; 
 from Cissna Junction to Cissna Park; from Dan- 
 ville Junction to Shelbyville, and from Sidell to 
 Rossville. The system in Illinois is of standard 
 gauge, about 108 miles being double track. The 
 right of way is 100 feet wide and well fenced. 
 The grades are light, and the construction 
 (including rails, ties, ballast and bridges), is 
 generally excellent. The capital stock outstand- 
 ing (1895) is $13,594, 400; funded debt, $18,018,000; 
 floating debt, $916,381; total capital invested, 
 $32,570,781; total earnings in Illinois, $2,592,072; 
 expenditures in the State, $2,595,631. The com- 
 pany paid the same year a dividend of six per 
 cent on its common stock ($286,914), and reported 
 a surplus of 1,484,762. The Chicago & Eastern 
 Illinois was originally chartered in 1865 as the 
 Chicago, Danville & Vincennes Railroad, its main 
 line being completed in 1872. In 1873, it defaulted 
 on interest, was sold under foreclosure in 1877, 
 and reorganized as the Chicago & Nashville, but 
 later in same year took its present name. In 
 1894 it was consolidated with the Chicago & 
 Indiana Coal Railway. Two spurs (5.27 miles in 
 length) were added to the line in 1895. Early in 
 1897 this line obtained control of the Chicago, 
 Paducah & Memphis Railroad, which is now 
 operated to Marion, in Williamson County. (See 
 Chicago, Paducah & Memphis Railroad.) 
 
 CHICAGO & GRAND TRUNK RAILWAY. Of 
 the 335.27 miles of the Chicago & Grand Trunk 
 Railroad, only 30.65 are in Illinois, and of the 
 latter 9.7 miles are operated under lease. That 
 portion of the line within the State extends from 
 Chicago easterly to the Indiana State line. The 
 Company is also lessee of the Grand Junction 
 Railroad, four miles in length. The Road is 
 capitalized at $6,600,000, has a bonded debt of 
 $12.000, 000 and a floating debt (1895) of $2,271,425, 
 making the total capital invested, $20,871,425. 
 The total earnings in Illinois for 1895 amounted 
 to $660,393; disbursements within the State for 
 the same period, $345,233. The Chicago & Graml 
 Trunk Railway, as now constituted, is a consoli- 
 dation of various lines between Port Huron, 
 Mich., and Chicago, operated in the interest of 
 the Grand Trunk Railway of Canada. The Illi- 
 nois section was built under a charter granted in 
 1878 to the Chicago & State Line Railway Com- 
 
 pany, to form a connection with Valparaiso, Ind. 
 This corporation acquired the Chicago & South- 
 ern Railroad (from Chicago to Dolton), and the 
 Chicago & State Line Extension in Indiana, all 
 being consolidated under the name of the North- 
 western Grand Trunk Railroad. In 1880, a anal 
 consolidation of these lines with the eastward 
 connections took place under the present name 
 the Chicago & Grand Trunk Railway. 
 
 CHICAGO & GREAT EASTERN RAILWAY. 
 (See Pittsbitrg, Cincinnati. Chicago d- St. Lau.it 
 Railway. ) 
 
 CHICAGO & GREAT SOUTHERN RAILROAD. 
 (See Pi'oria, Decatur & Evansi-ille Railway.) 
 
 CHICAGO & ILLINOIS SOUTHERN RAIL- 
 WAY. (See Peoria, Decatur & Evansville Rail- 
 way. ) 
 
 CHICAGO & MISSISSIPPI RAILROAD. (See 
 Chicago <t Alton Railroad. ) 
 
 CHICAGO & NASHYILLE RAILROAD. (See 
 Chicago <t Eastern Illinois Railroad.) 
 
 CHICAGO & NORTHERN PACIFIC RAIL- 
 ROAD. (See Chicago Terminal Transfer Rail- 
 road.) 
 
 CHICAGO & NORTHWESTERN RAILWAY, 
 one of the great trunk lines of the country, pene- 
 trating the States of Illinois, Wisconsin, Michi- 
 gan, Iowa, Minnesota and North and South 
 Dakota. The total length of its main line, 
 branches, proprietary and operated lines, on May 
 1, 1899, was 5,076.89 miles, of which 594 miles are 
 operated in Illinois, all owned by the company. 
 Second and side tracks increase the mileage 
 to a total of 7,217.91 miles. The Chicago & 
 Northwestern Railway (proper) is operated in 
 nine separate divisions, as follows: The Wis- 
 consin, Galena, Iowa, Northern Iowa, Madison, 
 Peninsula, Winona and St. Peter, Dakota and 
 Ashland Divisions The principal or main lines 
 of the "Northwestern System," in its entirety, 
 are those which have Chicago, Omaha, St. Paul 
 and Minneapolis for their termini, though their 
 branches reach numerous important points 
 within the States already named, from the shore 
 of Lake Michigan on the east to Wyoming on the 
 west, and from Kansas on the south to Lake 
 Superior on the north. (HISTORY.) The Chi- 
 cago & Northwestern Railway Company was 
 organized in 1859 under charters granted by the 
 Legislatures of Illinois and Wisconsin during 
 that year, under which the new company came 
 into possession of the rights and franchises of the 
 Chicago, St. Paul & Fond du Lac Railroad Com- 
 pany. The latter road was the outgrowth of 
 various railway enterprises which had been pro- 
 
102 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 jected. chartered and partly constructed in Wis- 
 consin and Illinois, between 1848 and 1855, 
 including the Madison & Beloit Railroad, the 
 Rock River Valley Union Railroad, and the Illi- 
 nois & Wisconsin Railroad the last named com- 
 pany being chartered by the Illinois Legislature 
 in 1851, and authorized to build a railroad from 
 Chicago to the Wisconsin line. The Wisconsin 
 Legislature of 1855 authorized the consolidation 
 of the Rock River Valley Union Railroad with the 
 Illinois enterprise, and, in March, 1855, the con- 
 solidation of these lines was perfected under the 
 name of the Chicago, St. Paul & Fond du Lac 
 Railroad. During the first four years of its exist- 
 ence this company built 176 miles of the road, of 
 which seventy miles were between Chicago and 
 the Wisconsin State line, with the sections con- 
 structed in Wisconsin completing the connection 
 between Chicago and Fond du Lac. As the result 
 of the financial revulsion of 1857, the corporation 
 became financially embarrassed, and the sale of its 
 property and franchises under the foreclosure of 
 1859, already alluded to, followed. This marked 
 the beginning of the present corporation, and, in 
 the next few years, by the construction of new 
 lines and the purchase of others in Wisconsin and 
 Northern Illinois, it added largely to the extent 
 of its lines, both constructed and projected. The 
 most important of these was the union effected 
 with the Galena & Chicago Union Railroad, 
 which was formally consolidated with the Chi- 
 cago & Northwestern in 1864. The history of 
 the Oalena & Chicago Union is interesting in 
 view of the fact that it was one of the earliest 
 railroads incorporated in Illinois, having been 
 chartered by special act of the Legislature during 
 the "internal improvement" excitement of 1836. 
 Besides, its charter was the only one of that 
 period under which an organization was effected, 
 and although construction was not begun under 
 it until 1847 (eleven years afterward), it was the 
 second railroad constructed in the State and the 
 first leading from the city of Chicago. In the 
 forty years of its history the growth of the Chi- 
 cago & Northwestern has been steady, and its 
 success almost phenomenal. In that time it has 
 not only added largely to its mileage by the con- 
 struction of new lines, but has absorbed more 
 lines than almost any other road in the country, 
 until it now reaches almost every important city 
 in the Northwest. Among the lines in Northern 
 Illinois now constituting a part of it, were several 
 which had bejpme a part of the Oalena & Chicago 
 Union before 'the consolidation. These included 
 a line from Belvidere to Beloit, Wis. ; the Fox 
 
 River Valley Railroad, and the St. Charles & 
 Mississippi Air Line Railroad all Illinois enter- 
 prises, and more or less closely connected with 
 the development of the State. The total capi- 
 talization of the line, on June 30, 1898, was 
 $200,968,108, of which $66,408,821 was capi- 
 tal stock and $101,603,000 in the form of 
 bonds. The earnings in the State of Illinois. 
 for the same period, aggregated $4,374,923, 
 and the expenditures $3,712,593. At the present 
 time (1899) the Chicago & Northwestern is build- 
 ing eight or ten branch lines in Wisconsin, Iowa, 
 Minnesota and South Dakota. The Northwestern 
 System, as such, comprises nearly 3,000 miles of 
 road not included in the preceding statements of 
 mileage and financial condition. Although owned 
 by the Chicago & Northwestern Company, they 
 are managed by different officers and under other 
 names. The mileage of the whole system covers 
 nearly 8,000 miles of main line. 
 
 CHICAGO & SPRINGFIELD RAILROAD. 
 (See Illinois Central Railroad. ) 
 
 CHICAGO & TEXAS RAILROAD, a line 
 seventy-three miles in length, extending from 
 Johnston City by way of Carbondale westerly to 
 the Mississippi, thence southerly to Cape Girar- 
 deau. The line was originally operated by two 
 companies, under the names of the Grand Tower 
 & Carbondale and the Grand Tower & Cape Girar- 
 deau Railroad Companies. The former was 
 chartered in 1882, and the road built in 1885; the 
 latter, chartered in 1889 and the line opened the 
 same year. They were consolidated in 1893, and 
 operated under the name of the Chicago & Texas 
 Railroad Company. In October, 1897, the last 
 named line was transferred, under a twenty-five 
 year lease, to the Illinois Central Railroad Com- 
 pany, by whom it is operated as its St. Louis & 
 Cape Girardeau division. 
 
 CHICAGO & WESTERN INDIANA RAIL- 
 ROAD. The main line of this road extends from 
 Chicago to Dolton, 111. (17 miles), and affords ter- 
 minal facilities for all lines entering the Polk St. 
 Depot at Chicago. It has branches to Hammond, 
 Ind. (10.28 miles); to Cragin (15.9 miles;, and to 
 South Chicago (5.41 miles) ; making the direct 
 mileage of its branches 48.59 miles. In addition, 
 its second, third and fourth tracks and sidings 
 increase the mileage to 204. 79 miles. The com- 
 pany was organized June 9, 1879 ; the road opened 
 in 1880, and, on Jan. 26, 1882, consolidated with 
 the South Chicago & Western Indiana Railroad 
 Company, and the Chicago & Western Indiana 
 Belt Railway. It also owns some 850 acres in fee 
 in Chicago, including wharf property on the 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 103 
 
 Chicago River, right of way, switch and transfer 
 yards, depots, the Indiana grain elevator, etc. 
 The elevator and the Belt Division are leased to 
 the Belt Railway Company of Chicago, and the 
 rest of the property is leased conjointly by the 
 Chicago & Eastern Illinois, the Chicago & Grand 
 Trunk, the Chicago & Erie, the Louisville, New 
 Albany & Chicago, and the Wabash Railways 
 (each of which owns $1,000,000 of the capital 
 stock), and by the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe. 
 These companies pay the expense of operation 
 and maintenance on a mileage basis. 
 
 CHICAGO & WISCONSIN RAILROAD. (See 
 Wisconsin Central Lines. ) 
 
 CHILDS, Robert A., was born at Malone, 
 Franklin County, N. Y., March 22, 1845, the son 
 of an itinerant Methodist preacher, who settled 
 near Belvidere, Boone County, 111., in 1852. Hid 
 home having been broken up by the death of his 
 mother, in 1854, he went to live upon a farm. In 
 April, 1861, at the age of 16 years, he enlisted in 
 the company of Captain (afterwards General) 
 Stephen A. Hurlbut, which was later attached to 
 the Fifteenth Illinois Volunteers. After being 
 mustered out at the close of the war, he entered 
 school, and graduated from the Illinois State 
 Normal University in 1870. For the following three 
 years he was Principal and Superintendent of 
 public schools at Amboy, Lee County, meanwhile 
 studying law, and being admitted to the bar. In 
 1873, he began the practice of his profession at 
 Chicago, making his home at Hinsdale. After 
 filling various local offices, in 1884 he was 
 chosen Presidential Elector on the Republican 
 ticket, and, in 1892. was elected by the narrow 
 majority of thirty-seven votes to represent the 
 Eighth Illinois District in the Fifty-third Con- 
 gress, as a Republican. 
 
 CHILLICOTHE, a city ip Peoria County, situ- 
 ated on the Illinois River, at the head of Peoria 
 I-ake; is 19 miles northwest of Peoria, on the 
 Peoria branch of the Chicago, Rock Island & 
 Pacific Railroad, anil the freight division of the 
 Atkinson, Topeka & Santa Fe Railroad. It is an 
 important shipping-point for grain; has a can- 
 ning factory, a button factor}-, two banks, five 
 churches, a high school, and two weekly news- 
 papers. Population (1890), 1,632; (1900), 1,699. 
 
 CHINIQUY, (Rev.) Charles, clergyman and 
 reformer, was born in Canada, July 30, 1809, of 
 mixed French and Spanish blood, and educated 
 for the Romish priesthood at the Seminary of St. 
 Nicholet, where he remained ten years, gaining a 
 reputation among his fellow students for extraor- 
 dinary zeal and piety. Having been ordained 
 
 to the priesthood in 1833, he labored in various 
 churches in Canada until 1851, when he accepted 
 an invitation to Illinois with a view to building 
 up the church in the Mississippi Valley. Locat- 
 ing at the junction of the Kankakee and Iroquois 
 Rivers, in Kankakee County, he was the means 
 of bringing to that vicinity a colony of some 
 5,000 French Canadians, followed by colonists 
 from France, Belgium and other European 
 countries. It has been estimated that over 
 50,000 of this class of emigrants were settled in 
 Illinois within a few years. The colony em- 
 braced a territory of some 40 square miles, with 
 the village of St. Ann's as the center. Here 
 Father Chiniquy began his labors by erecting 
 churches and schools for the colonists. He soon 
 became dissatisfied with what he believed to be 
 the exercise of arbitrary authority by the ruling 
 Bishop, then began to have doubts on the question 
 of papal infallibility, the final result being a 
 determination to separate himself from the 
 Mother Church. In this step he appears to have 
 been followed by a large proportion of the colo- 
 nists who had accompanied him from Canada, but 
 the result was a feeling of intense bitterness 
 between the opposing factions, leading to much 
 litigation and many criminal prosecutions, of 
 which Father Chiniquy was the subject, though 
 never convicted. In one of these suits, in which 
 the Father was accused of an infamous crime, 
 Abraham Lincoln was counsel for the defense, 
 the charge being proveQ to be the outgrowth of 
 a conspiracy. Having finally determined to 
 espouse the cause of Protestantism, Father 
 Chiniquy allied himself with the Canadian Pres- 
 bytery, and for many years of his active clerical 
 life, divided his time between Canada and the 
 United States, having supervision of churches in 
 Montreal and Ottawa, as well as in this country. 
 He also more than once visited Europe by special 
 invitation to address important religious bodies 
 in that country. He died at Montreal, Canada, 
 Jan. 16, 1899, in the 90th year of his age. 
 
 CHOCART, Medard, (known also as Sieur des 
 Groseilliers), an early French explorer, supposed 
 to have been born at Touraine, France, about 
 1621. Coming to New France in early youth, he 
 made a voyage of discovery with his brother-in- 
 law, Radisson, westward from Quebec, about 
 1654-56, these two being believed to have been 
 the first white men to reach Lake Superior. 
 After spending the winter of 1658-59 at La 
 Pointe, near where Ashland, Wis., now stands, 
 they are believed by some to have discovered the 
 Upper Mississippi and to have descended that 
 
104 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 stream a Long distance towards its mouth, as 
 they claimed to have readied a much milder 
 climate and heard of Spanish ships on the salt 
 water (Gulf of Mexico). Some antiquarians 
 credit them, about this time (1659), with having 
 visited the present site of the city of Chicago. 
 They were the first explorers of Northwestern 
 Wisconsin and Minnesota, and are also credited 
 with having been the first to discover an inland 
 route to Hudson's Bay. and with being the 
 founders of the original Hudson's Bay Company. 
 Groseillier's later history is unknown, but lie 
 ranks among the most intrepid explorers of the 
 "New World" about the middle of the seventh 
 century. 
 
 CHRISMAN, a city of Edgar County, at the 
 intersection of the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chi- 
 cago & St. Louis and the Cincinnati, Hamilton & 
 Dayton Railroads. 24 miles south of Danville ; has 
 a pipe-wrench factory, grain elevators, and 
 storage cribs. Population (1890), 820; (1900), 905. 
 
 CHRISTIAN COUNTY, a rich agricultural 
 county, lying in the "central belt," and organized 
 in 1839 from parts of Macon, Montgomery, 
 Sangamon and Shelby Counties. The name first 
 given to it was Dane, in honor of Nathan Dane, 
 one of the framers of the Ordinance of 1787, but 
 a political prejudice led to a change. A pre- 
 ponderance of early settlers having come from 
 Christian County, Ky., this name was finally 
 adopted. The surface is level and the soil fertile, 
 the northern half of the county being best 
 adapted to corn and the southern to wheat. Its 
 area is about 710 square miles, and its population 
 (1900), was 32, 790. The life of the early settlers 
 was exceedingly primitive. Game was abun- 
 dant; wild honey was used as a substitute for 
 sugar; wolves were troublesome; prairie fires 
 were frequent; the first mill (on Bear Creek) 
 could not grind more than ten bushels of grain 
 per day, by horse-power. The people hauled their 
 corn to St. Louis to exchange for groceries. The 
 first store was opened at Robertson's Point, but 
 the county-seat was established at Taylorville. A 
 great change was wrought in local conditions by 
 the advent of the Illinois Central Railway, which 
 passes through the eastern part of the county. 
 Two other railroads now pass centrally through 
 the county the "Wabash" and the Baltimore & 
 Ohio Southwestern. The principal towns are 
 Taylorville (a railroad center and thriving town 
 of 2,829 inhabitants), Pana, Morrisonville, Edin- 
 burg, and Assumption. 
 
 CHURCH, Lawrence S., lawyer and legislator, 
 was born at Nunda, N. Y., in 1820; passed his 
 
 youth on a farm, but having a fondness for study, 
 at an early age began teaching in winter with a 
 view to earning means to prosecute his studies in 
 law. In 1843 he arrived at McHenry, then the 
 county -seat of McHenry County, 111., having 
 walked a part of the way from New York, paying 
 a portion of his expenses by the delivery of lec- 
 tures. He soon after visited Springfield, ami 
 having been examined before Judge S. H. Treat, 
 was admitted to the bar. On the removal of the 
 county-seat from McHenry to Woodstock, he 
 removed to the latter place, where he continued 
 to reside to the end of his life. A member of the 
 Whig party up to 1856, he was that year elected 
 as a Republican Representative in the Twentieth 
 General Assembly, serving by re-election in the 
 Twenty -first and Twenty -second ; in 1860. was 
 supported for the nomination for Congress in the 
 Northwestern District, but was defeated by Hon. 
 E. B. Washburne; in 1862. aided in the organiza- 
 tion of the Ninety-fifth Illinois Volunteers, and 
 was commissioned its Colonel, but was compelled 
 to resign before reaching the field on account of 
 failing health. In 1866 he was elected County 
 Judge of McHenry County, to fill a vacancy, and, 
 in 1869 to the Constitutional Convention of 1869-70. 
 Died, July 23, 1870. Judge Church was a man of 
 high principle and a speaker of decided ability. 
 
 CHURCH, Selden Marvin, capitalist, was born 
 at East Haddam, Conn., March 4, 1804; taken by 
 his father to Monroe County, X. Y., in boyhood, 
 and grew up on a farm there, but at the age of 
 21, went to Cincinnati, Ohio, where he engaged 
 in teaching, being one of the earliest teachers in 
 the public schools of that city. Then, having 
 spent some time in mercantile pursuits in Roches- 
 ter, N. Y., in 1835 he removed to Illinois, first 
 locating at Geneva, but the following year 
 removed to Rockford, where he continued to 
 reside for the remainder of his life. In 1841, he 
 was appointed Postmaster of the city of Rock- 
 ford by the first President Harrison, remaining 
 in office three years. Other offices held by him 
 were those of County Clerk (1843-47), Delegate to 
 the Second Constitutional Convention (1847). 
 Judge of Probate (1849-57), Representative in 
 the Twenty-third General Assembly (1863-6.1). 
 and member of the first Board of Public Charities 
 by appointment of Governor Palmer, in 1869, 
 being re-appointed by Governor Beveridge, in 
 1873, and, for a part of the time, serving as Presi- 
 dent of the Board. He also served, by appoint- 
 ment of the Secretary of War, as one of the 
 Commissioners to assess damages for the Govern- 
 ment improvements at Rock Island and to locate 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 It 15 
 
 the Government bridge Iwtween Rock Island anil 
 Davenport. During the latter years of his life he 
 was President for some time of the Rockford 
 Insurance Company ; was also one of the origina- 
 tors, and, for many years, Managing Director of 
 the Rockford Water Power Company, which lias 
 done so much to promote the prosperity of that 
 city, and, at the time of his death, was one of the 
 Directors of the Winnebago National Bank. Died 
 at Rockford, June 23, 1892. 
 
 CHURCHILL, George, early printer and legis- 
 lator, was born at Hubbardtown, Rutland 
 County, Vt., Oct. 11. 1789; received a good edu- 
 cation in his youth, thus imbibing a taste for 
 literature which led to his learning the printer's 
 trade. In 1800 he became an apprentice in the 
 office of the Albany (N. Y.) "Sentinel," and, 
 after serving his time, worked as a journeyman 
 printer, thereby accumulating means to purchase 
 a half-interest in a small printing office. Selling 
 this out at a loss, a year or two later, he went to 
 New York, and, after working at the case some 
 five months, started for the West, stopping en 
 route at Philadelphia, Pittsburg and Louisville. 
 In the latter place he worked for a time in the 
 office of "The Courier," and still later in that of 
 "The Correspondent," then owned by Col. Elijah 
 C. Berry, who subsequently came to Illinois and 
 served .is Auditor of Public Accounts. In 1817 
 he arrived in St. Louis, but, attracted by the fer- 
 tile soil of Illinois, determined to engage in agri- 
 cultural pursuits, finally purchasing land some 
 six miles southeast of Edwardsville. in Madison 
 County, where he continued to reside the re- 
 mainder of his life. In order to raise means to 
 improve his farm, in the spring of 1819 he 
 worked as a compositor in the office of "The 
 Missouri Gazette" the predecessor of "The St. 
 Louis Republic." While there he wrote a series 
 of articles over the signature of "A Farmer of St. 
 Charles County," advocating the admission of 
 the State of Missouri into the Union without 
 slavery, which caused considerable excitement 
 among the friends of that institution. During 
 the same year he aided Hooper Warren in 
 establishing his paper, "The Spectator," at 
 Edwardsville, and, still later, became a frequent 
 contributor to its columns, especially during the 
 campaign of 1822-24, which resulted, in the latter 
 year, in the defeat of the attempt to plant slavery 
 in Illinois. In 1822 he was elected Represent- 
 ative in the Third General Assembly, serving in 
 that body by successive re-elections until 1832. 
 His re-election for a second term, in 1824, demon- 
 strated that his vote at the preceding session, in 
 
 opposition to the scheme for a State Convention 
 to revise the State Constitution in the interest of 
 slavery, was approved by his constituents'. In 
 1838, he was elected to the State Senate, serving 
 four years, and, in 1844, was again elected to the 
 House in all serving a period in both Houses of 
 sixteen years. Mr. Churchill was never married 
 He was an industrious and systematic collector of 
 historical records, and. at the time of his death in 
 the summer of 1872, left a mass of documents anil 
 other historical material of great value. (See 
 Slavery and Slave IMWS; Warren, Hooper, ami 
 Coles, Edward.) 
 
 CLARE i.i'ii. George Rogers, soldier, was 
 born near Monticello, Albemarle County. Va. . 
 Nov. 19, 1752. In his younger life he was a 
 farmer and surveyor on the upper Ohio. His 
 first' experience in Indian fighting was under 
 Governor Dunmore, against the Shawnees (1774). 
 In 1775 he went as a surveyor to Kentucky, and 
 the British having incited the Indians against 
 the Americans in the following year, he was 
 commissioned a Major of militia. He soon rose 
 to a Colonelcy, and attaint"! marked distinction. 
 Later he was commissioned Brigadier-General, 
 and planned an expedition against the British 
 fort at Detroit, which was not successful. In 
 the latter part of 1777, in consultation with Gov. 
 Patrick Henry, of Virginia, he planned an expe- 
 dition against Illinois, which was carried out 
 the following year. On July 4, 1778, he captured 
 Kaskaskia without firing a gun, and other 
 French villages surrendered at discretion. The 
 following February he set out from Kaskaskia to 
 cross the "Illinois Country" for the purpose of 
 recapturing Vincennes, which had been taken ami 
 was garrisoned by the British under Hamilton. 
 After a forced march cliaracterized by incredible 
 suffering, his ragged followers effected the cap 
 ture of the post. His last important military 
 service was against the savages on the Big 
 Miami, whose villages and fields he laid waste. 
 His last years were passed in sorrow and in com- 
 parative penury. He died at Louisville, Ky.. 
 Feb. 18, 1818, and his remains, after reposing in a 
 private cemetery near that city for half a cen- 
 tury, were exhumed and removed to Cave Hill 
 Cemetery in 1869. The fullest history of General 
 Clark's expedition and his life will be found in 
 the "Conquest of the Country Northwest of tin- 
 Ohio River, 1774-1783, and Life of Gen. George 
 Rogers Clark" (2 volumes, 1896), by the late 
 William H. English, of Indianapolis. 
 
 CLARK, Horace S., lawyer and politician, was 
 born at Huntsburg. Ohio. August 12, 1840. At 
 
106 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OP ILLINOIS. 
 
 the age of 15, coming to Chicago, he found 
 employment in a livery stable ; later, worked oc 
 a farm in Kane County, attending school in the 
 winter. After a year spent in Iowa City attend- 
 ing the Iowa State University, he returned to 
 Kane County and engaged in the dairy business, 
 later occupying himself with various occupations 
 in Illinois and Missouri, but finally returning to 
 his Ohio home, where he began the study of law 
 at Circleville. In 1861 he enlisted in an Ohio 
 regiment, rising from the ranks to a captaincy, 
 but was finally compelled to leave the service in 
 consequence of a wound received at Gettysburg. 
 In 1865 he settled at Mattoon, III., where he was 
 admitted to the bar in 1868. In 1870 he was an 
 unsuccessful candidate for the Legislature on the 
 Republican ticket, but was elected State Senator 
 in 1880, serving four years and proving himself 
 one of the ablest speakers on the floor. In 1888 
 he was chosen a delegate-at-large to the National 
 Republican Convention, and has long been a con- 
 spicuous figure in State politics. In 1896 he was 
 a prominent candidate for the Republican nomi- 
 nation for Governor. 
 
 CLARK, John SI., civil engineer and merchant, 
 was born at White Pigeon, Mich., August 1, 1836; 
 came to Chicago with his widowed mother in 
 1847, and, after five years in the Chicago schools, 
 served for a time (1852) as a rodman on the Illi- 
 nois Central Railroad. After a course in the 
 Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute at Troy, N. Y., 
 where he graduated in 1856, he returned to the 
 service of the Illinois Central. In 1859 he went to 
 Colorado, where he was one of the original 
 founders of the city of Denver, and chief engi- 
 neer of its first water supply company. In 1862 
 he started on a surveying expedition to Arizona, 
 but was in Santa IV when that place was captured 
 by a rebel expedition from Texas; was also 
 present soon after at the battle of Apache Canon, 
 when the Confederates, being defeated, were 
 driven out of the Territory. Returning to Chi- 
 cago in 1864. he became a member of the whole- 
 sale leather firm of Gray, Clark & Co. The 
 official positions held by Mr. Clark include those 
 of Alderman (1879-81), Member of the Board of 
 Education, Collector of Customs, to which he 
 was appointed by President Harrison, in 1889, 
 and President of the Chicago Civil Service Board 
 l>y appointment of Mayor Swift, under an act 
 lissed by the Legislature of 1895, retiring in 1897. 
 In 1881 he was the Republican candidate for Mayor 
 of Chicago, but was defeated by Carter H. Harri- 
 non. Mr. Clark is one of the Directors of the Crerar 
 Library, named in the will of Mr. Crerar. 
 
 CLARK COUNTY, one of the eastern counties 
 of the State, south of the middle line and front- 
 ing upon the Wabash River; area, 510 square 
 miles, and population (1900), 34,033; named for 
 Col. George Rogers Clark. Its organization was 
 effected in 1819. Among the earliest pioneers 
 were John Bartlett, Abraham Washburn, James 
 Whitlock, James B. Anderson, Stephen Archer 
 and Uri Manly. The county -seat is Marshall, the 
 site of which was purchased from the Govern- 
 ment in 1833 by Gov. Joseph Duncan and CoL 
 William B. Archer, the latter becoming sole pro- 
 prietor in 1835, in which year the first log cabin 
 was built. The original county -seat was Darwin, 
 and the change to Marshall (in 1849) was made 
 only after a hard struggle. The soil of the 
 county is rich, and its agricultural products 
 varied, embracing corn (the chief staple), oats, 
 potatoes, winter wheat, butter, sorghum, honey, 
 maple sugar, wool and pork. Woolen, flouring 
 and lumber mills exist, but the manufacturing 
 interests are not extensive. Among the promi- 
 nent towns, besides Marshall and Darwin, are 
 Casey (population 844), Martinsville (779), West- 
 field (510), and York (294). 
 
 CLAY, Porter, clergyman and brother of the 
 celebrated Henry Clay, was born in Virginia, 
 March, 1779; in early life removed to Kentucky, 
 studied law, and was, for a time, Auditor of 
 Public Accounts in that State; in 1815, was con- 
 verted and gave himself to the Baptist ministry, 
 locating at Jacksonville, 111., where he spent 
 most of his life. Died, in 1S.V). 
 
 CLAY CITY, a village of Clay County, on the 
 Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern Railroad, 13 
 miles west of Olney ; has one newspaper, a bank, 
 and is in a grain and fruit-growing region. 
 Population (1898), 612; (1900), 907; (1903), 1,020. 
 
 CLAY COUNTY, situated in the southeastern 
 quarter of the State; has an area of 470 square 
 miles and a population (1900) of 19,553. It was 
 named for Henry Clay. The first claim in the 
 county was entered by a Mr. Elliot, in 1818, and 
 soon after settlers began to locate homes in the 
 county, although it was not organized until 1824. 
 During the same year the pioneer settlement of 
 Maysville was made the county-seat, but immi- 
 gration continued inactive until 1837, when 
 many settlers arrived, headed by Judges Apper- 
 son and Hopkins and Messrs. Stanford and Lee, 
 who were soon followed by the families of Coch- 
 ran, McCullom and Tender. The Little Wabash 
 River and a number of small tributaries drain 
 the county. A light-colored sandy loam consti- 
 tutes the greater part of the soil, although "black 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 107 
 
 prairie loam" appears here and there. Railroad 
 facilities are limited, but sufficient to accommo- 
 date the county's requirements. Fruits, 
 especially apples, are successfully cultivated. 
 Educational advantages are fair, although largely 
 confined to district schools and academies in 
 larger towns. Louisville was made the county- 
 seat in 1842, and, in 1890, had a population of 
 637. Xenia and Flora are the most important 
 towns. 
 
 CLAYTON, a town in Adams County, on the 
 Wabash Railway, 28 miles east-northeast of 
 Quincy. A branch of the Wabash Railway ex- 
 tends from this point northwest to Carthage, 111., 
 and Keokuk, Iowa, and another branch to 
 Quincy, I1L The industries include flour and feed 
 mills, machine and railroad repair shops, grain 
 elevator, cigar and harness factories. It has a 
 bank, four churches, a higli school, and a weekly 
 newspaper. Population (1890), 1,088; (1900), 996. 
 
 CLEAVER, William, pioneer, was born in Lon- " 
 don, England, in 1815: came to Canada with his 
 parents in 1831, and to Chicago in 1834; engaged 
 in business as a. chandler, later going into the 
 grocery trade; in 1849, joined the gold-seekers in 
 California, and, six years afterwards, established 
 himself in the southern part of the present city 
 of Chicago, then called Cleaverville, where he 
 served as Postmaster and managed a general 
 store. He was the owner of considerable real 
 estate at one time in what is now a densely 
 populated part of the city of Chicago. Died in 
 Chicago, Nov. 13, 1896. 
 
 CLEMENTS, Isaac, ex-Congressman and Gov- 
 ernor of Soldiers' and Sailors' Home at Danville, 
 111., was born in Franklin County, Ind., in 1837; 
 graduated from Asbury University, at Green- 
 castle, in 1859, having supported himself during 
 his college course by teaching. After reading 
 law and being admitted to the bar at Greencastle, 
 he removed to Carbondale, 111., where he again 
 found it necessary to resort to teaching in order 
 to purchase law-books. In July, 1861, he enlisted 
 in the Ninth Illinois Infantry, and was commis- 
 sioned Second Lieutenant of Company G. He 
 was in the service for three years, was three 
 times wounded and twice promoted "for meri- 
 torious service." lu June, 1867, he was ap- 
 ]*>inted Register in Bankruptcy, and from 1873 
 to 1875 was a Republican Representative in the 
 Forty-third Congress from the (then) Eighteenth 
 District. He was also a member of the Repub- 
 lican State Convention of 1880. In 1889, lie 
 became Pension Agent for the District of Illinois, 
 by appointment of President Harrison, serving 
 
 until 1893. In the latter part of 1898, he was 
 appointed Superintendent of the Soldiers' 
 Orphans' Home, at Normal, but served only a 
 few months, when he accepted the position of 
 Governor of the new Soldiers' and Sailors' Home, 
 at Danville. 
 
 CLEVELAND, CINCINNATI, CHICAGO & ST. 
 LOUIS RAILWAY. The total length of this sys- 
 tem (1898) is 1,807.34 miles, of which 478.39 miles 
 are operated in Illinois. That portion of the main 
 line lying within the State extends from East St. 
 Louis, northeast to the Indiana State line, 181 
 miles. The Company is also the lessee of the 
 Peoria & Eastern Railroad (132 miles), and oper- 
 ates, in addition, other lines, as follows: The 
 Cairo Division, extending from Tilton, on the 
 line of the Wabash, 3 miles southwest of Dan- 
 ville, to Cairo (259 miles) the Chicago Division, 
 extending from Kankakee southeast to the 
 Indiana State line (34 miles) ; the Alton Branch, 
 from Wann Junction, on the main line, to Alton 
 (4 miles). Besides these, it enjoys with the Chi- 
 cago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad, joint owner- 
 ship of the Kankakee & Seneca Railroad, which 
 it operates. The system is uniformly of standard 
 gauge, and about 380 miles are of double track. 
 It is laid with heavy steel rails (sixty-five, sixty- 
 seven and eighty pounds), laid on white oak ties, 
 and is amply ballasted with broken stone and 
 gravel. Extensive repair shops are located at 
 Mattoon. The total capital of the entire system 
 on June 30, 1898 including capital stock and 
 bonded and floating debt was 97,149,361. The 
 total earnings in Illinois for the year were 
 $3,773, 193, and the total expenditures in the State 
 $3,611,437. The taxes paid the same year were 
 124,196. The history of this system, so far as 
 Illinois is concerned, begins with the consolida- 
 tion, in 1889, of the Cincinnati, Indianapolis, St. 
 Louis & Chicago, the Cleveland, Coltunttei Cin- 
 cinnati & Indianapolis, and the IndianaVCs & 
 St. Louis Railway Companies. In 1890, Certain 
 leased lines in Illinois (elsewhere mentioned) 
 were merged into the system. (For history of 
 the several divisions of this system, see St. Louis, 
 Alton & Terre Haute, Peoria & Eastern, Cairo 
 d: Vincennes, and Kankakee & Seneca Railroads. ) 
 
 CLIMATOLOGY. Extending, as it does, through 
 six degrees of latitude, Illinois affords a great 
 diversity of climate, as regards not only the 
 range of temperature, but also the amount of 
 rainfall. In both particulars it exhibits several 
 points of contrast to States lying between the 
 same parallels of latitude, but nearer the Atlan- 
 tic. The same statement applies, as well, to all 
 
108 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 the North Central and the Western States. 
 Warm winds from the Gulf of Mexico come up 
 the Mississippi Valley, and impart to vegetation 
 in the southern portion of the State, a stimulat- 
 ing influence which is not felt upon the seaboard. 
 On the other hand, there is no great barrier to 
 the descent of the Arctic winds, which, in 
 winter, sweep down toward the Gulf, depressing 
 the temperature to a point lower than is custom- 
 ary nearer the seaboard on the same latitude. 
 Lake Michigan exerts no little influence upon the 
 climate of Chicago and other adjacent districts, 
 mitigating both summer heat and winter cold. 
 If a comparison be instituted between Ottawa 
 and Boston the latter being one degree farther 
 north, but 570 feet nearer the sea-level the 
 springs and summers are found to be about five 
 degrees warmer, and the winters three degrees 
 colder, at the former point. In comparing the 
 East and West in respect of rainfall, it is seen 
 that, in the former section, the same is pretty 
 equally distributed over the four seasons, while 
 in the latter, spring and summer may be called 
 the wet season, and autumn and winter the dry. 
 In the extreme West nearly three-fourths of the 
 yearly precipitation occurs during the growing 
 season. This is a climatic condition highly 
 favorable to the growth of grasses, etc., but 
 detrimental to the growth of trees. Hence we 
 find luxuriant forests near the seaboard, and, in 
 the interior, grassy plains. Illinois occupies a 
 geographical position where these great climatic 
 changes begin to manifest themselves, and where 
 the distinctive features of the prairie first become 
 fully apparent. The annual precipitation of 
 rain is greatest in the southern part of the State, 
 but, owing to the higher temperature of that 
 section, the evaporation is also more rapid. The 
 distribution of the rainfall in respect of seasons 
 is also more unequal toward the south, a fact 
 which may account, in part at least, for the 
 increased area of woodlands in that region. 
 While Illinois lies within the zone of southwest 
 winds, their flow is affected by conditions some- 
 what abnormal. The northeast trades, after 
 entering the Gulf, are deflected by the mountains 
 of Mexico, becoming inward breezes in Texas, 
 southerly winds in the Lower Mississippi Valley, 
 and southwesterly as they enter the Upper 
 Valley. It is to this aerial current that the hot, 
 moist summers are attributable. The north and 
 northwest winds, which set in with the change 
 of the season, depress the temperature to a point 
 below that of the Atlantic slope, and are 
 attended with a diminished precipitation. 
 
 CLINTON, the county-seat of De Witt County, 
 situated 23 miles south of Bloomington, at inter- 
 section of the Springfield and the Champaign- 
 Havana Divisions with the main line of the Illinois 
 Central Railroad ; lies in a productive agricultural 
 region; has machine shops, flour and planing 
 mills, brick and tile works, water works, electric 
 lighting plant, piano-case factory, banks, three 
 newspapers, six churches, and two public schools. 
 Population (1890), 2,598; (1900), 4,452. 
 
 CLINTON COUNTY, organized in 1824. from 
 portions of Washington, Bond and Fayette Coun- 
 ties, and named in honor of De Witt Clinton. It 
 is situated directly east of St. Louis, has an area 
 of 494 square miles, and a population (1900) of 
 19,824. It is drained by the Kaskaskis River and 
 by Shoal, Crooked, Sugar and Beaver Creeks. Its 
 geological formation is similar to that of other 
 counties in the same section. Thick layers of 
 limestone lie near the surface, with coal seams 
 underlying the same at varying depths. The 
 soil is varied, being at some points black and 
 loamy and at others (under timber) decidedly 
 clayey. The timber has been mainly cut for fuel 
 because of the inherent difficulties attending 
 coal-mining. Two railroads cross the county 
 from east to west, but its trade is not important. 
 Agriculture is the chief occupation, corn, wheat 
 and oats being the staple products. 
 
 CLOUD, Newton, clergyman and legislator, 
 was born in North Carolina, in 1805, and, in 1827. 
 settled in the vicinity of Waverly, Morgan 
 County, 111., where he pursued the vocation of a 
 farmer, as well as a preacher of the Methodist 
 Church. He also became prominent as a Demo- 
 cratic politician, and served in no less than nine 
 sessions of the General Assembly, besides the 
 Constitutional Convention of 1847, of which he 
 was chosen President. He was first elected 
 Representative in the Seventh Assembly (1830), 
 and afterwards served in the House during the 
 sessions of the Ninth, Tenth, Eleventh, Thir- 
 teenth, Fifteenth and Twenty-seventh, and as 
 Senator in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth. He 
 was also Clerk of the House in 1844-45, and. 
 having been elected Representative two years 
 later, was chosen Speaker at the succeeding ses- 
 sion. Although not noted for any specially 
 aggressive qualities, his consistency of character 
 won for him general respect, while his frequent 
 elections to the Legislature prove him to have 
 been a man of large influence. 
 
 CLOWRY, Robert C., Telegraph Managar, was 
 born in 1838; entered the service of the Illinois & 
 Mississippi Telegraph Company as a messenger 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 109 
 
 boy at Joliet in 1852. became manager of the 
 office at Lockport six months later, at Springfield 
 in 1853, and chief operator at St. Louis in 1854. 
 Between 1859 and '63, he held highly responsible 
 positions on various Western lines, but the latter 
 year was commissioned by President Lincoln 
 Captain and Assistant Quartermaster, and placed 
 in charge of United States military lines with 
 headquarters at Little Rock, Ark. ; was mustered 
 out in May, 1866, and immediately appointed 
 District Superintendent of Western Union lines 
 in the Southwest. From that time his promotion 
 was steady and rapid. In 1875 he became 
 Assistant General Superintendent ; in 1878, Assist- 
 ant General Superintendent of the Central Divi- 
 sion at Chicago; in 1880, succeeded General 
 Stager as General Superintendent, and, in 1885, 
 was elected Director, member of the Execu- 
 tive Committee and Vice-President, his terri- 
 tory extending from the Atlantic to the 
 Pacific. 
 
 COAL AND COAL-MINING. Illinois contains 
 much the larger portion of what is known as the 
 central coal field, covering an area of about 
 37,000 square miles, and underlying sixty coun- 
 ties, in but forty-five of which, however, opera- 
 tions are conducted on a commercial scale. The 
 Illinois field contains fifteen distinct seams. 
 Those available for commercial mining generally 
 lie at considerable depth and are reached by 
 shafts. The coals are all bituminous, and furnish 
 an excellent steam-making fuel. Coke is manu- 
 factured to a limited extent in La Salle and some 
 of the southern counties, but elsewhere in the 
 State the coal does not yield a good marketable 
 coke. Neither is it in any degree a good gas 
 coal, although used in some localities for that 
 purpose, rather because of its abundance than on 
 account of its adaptability. It is thought that, 
 with the increase of cheap transportation facili- 
 ties, Pittsburg coal will be brought into the State 
 in such quantities as eventually to exclude local 
 coal from the manufacture of gas. In the report 
 of the Eleventh United States Census, the total 
 product of the Illinois coal mines was given as 
 12,104,272 tons, as against 6,115,377 tons reported 
 by the Tenth Census. The value of the output 
 was estimated at $11,735,203, or $0.97 per ton at 
 the mines. The total number of mines was 
 stated to be 1,072, and the number of tons mined 
 wjjs nearly equal to the combined yield of the 
 mines of Ohio and Indiana. The mines are 
 divided into two classes, technically known as 
 "regular" and "local." Of the former, there' 
 were 358, and of the latter, 714: These 358 regular 
 
 mines employed 33,934 men and boys, of whom 
 21,350 worked below ground, besides an office 
 force of 389, and paid, in wages, $8,694,397. The 
 total capital invested in these 358 mines was 
 $17,630,351. According to the report of the State 
 Bureau of Labor Statistics for 1898, 881 mines 
 were operated during the year, employing 35,026 
 men and producing 18,599,299 tons of coal, which 
 was 1,473,459 tons less than the preceding year 
 the reduction being due to the strike of 1897. 
 Five counties of the State produced more tliaii 
 1,000,000 tons each, standing in the following 
 order: Sangamon, 1,763.863; St. Clair, 1,600.752: 
 Vermilion, 1,520,G99; Maooupin, 1.264,926; La 
 Salle, 1.165,490. 
 
 COAL CITY, a town in Grundy County, on the 
 Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific Railway, 29 miles 
 by rail south-southwest of Joliet. Large coal 
 mines are operated here, and the town is an im- 
 portant shipping point for their product. It lias a 
 bank, a weekly newspaper ami live churches. 
 Pop. (1890), 1,672 ; (1900), 2.607 ; (1903), about 3,000. 
 
 COBB, Emery, capitalist, was born at Dryden. 
 Tompkins County, N. Y.. August 20, 1831; at 16, 
 began the study of telegraphy at Ithaca, later 
 acted as operator on Western New York lines, 
 but, in 1852, became manager of the office at 
 Chicago, continuing until 1865, the various com- 
 panies having meanwhile been consolidated into 
 the Western Union. He then made an extensive 
 tour of the world, and, although he had intro- 
 duced the system of transmitting money by 
 telegraph, he declined all invitations to return to 
 the key-board. Having made large investments 
 in lands about Kankakee, where he now resides, 
 he has devoted much of his time to agriculture 
 and stock-raising; was also, for many years, a 
 member of the State Board of Agriculture, Presi- 
 dent of the Short-Horn Breeders' Association, 
 and, for twenty years (1873-93), a member of the 
 Board of Trustees of the University of Illinois. 
 He lias done much to improve the city of his 
 adoption by the erection of buildings, the con- 
 struction of electric street-car lines and the 
 promotion of manufactures. 
 
 COBB, Silas B., pioneer and real-estate opera- 
 tor, was born at Montpelier. Vt., Jan. 23, 1812; 
 came to Chicago in 1833 on a schooner from Buf- 
 falo, the voyage occupying over a month. Being 
 without means, he engaged as a carpenter upon a 
 building which James Kinzie, the Indian trader, 
 was erecting; later he erected a building of his 
 own in which he started a harness-shop, which 
 he conducted successfully for a number of years. 
 He has since been connected with a number 
 
110 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 of business enterprises of a public character, 
 including banks, street and steam railways, but 
 his largest successes have been achieved in the line 
 of improved real estate, of which he is an exten- 
 sive owner. He is also one of the liberal bene- 
 factors of the University of Chicago, "Cobb 
 Lecture Hall,'! on the campus of that institution, 
 being the result of a contribution of his amount- 
 ing to $150,000. Died iu Chicago, April 5, 1900. 
 
 COBDEN, a village in Union County, on the 
 Illinois Central Railroad, 42 miles north of Cairo 
 and 15 miles south of Carbondale. Fruits and 
 vegetables are extensively cultivated and shipped 
 to northern markets. This region is well tim- 
 bered, and Cobden has two box factories employ- 
 ing a considerable number of men; also has 
 several churches, schools and two weekly papers. 
 Population (1890), 994; (1900.) 1,034. 
 
 COCHRAN, William Granville, legislator and 
 jurist, was born in Ross County, Ohio, Nov. 13. 
 1844; brought to Moultrie County, 111., in 1849, 
 and, at the age of 17, enlisted in the One Hundred 
 and Twenty-sixth Regiment Illinois Volunteers, 
 serving in the War of the Rebellion three years 
 as a private. Returning home from the war, he 
 resumed life as a farmer, but early in 1873 began 
 merchandising at Lovington, continuing this 
 business three years, when he began the study of 
 law; in 1879, was admitted to the bar, and has 
 since been in active practice. In 1888 he was 
 elected to the lower house of the General 
 Assembly, was an unsuccessful candidate for the 
 Senate in 1890, but was re-elected to the House 
 in 1894, and again in 1896. At the special session 
 of 1890, he was chosen Speaker, and was similarly 
 honored in 1895. He is an excellent parliamen- 
 tarian, clear-headed and just in his rulings, and 
 an able debater. In June, 1897, he was elected 
 for a six years' term to the Circuit bench. He is 
 also one of the Trustees of the Soldiers' Orphans' 
 Home at Normal. 
 
 IOIIDIM., Ichabod, clergyman and anti- 
 slavery lecturer, was born at Bristol, N. Y., in 
 1811; at the age of 17 he was a popular temper- 
 ance lecturer; while a student at Middlebury, 
 Vt., began to lecture in opposition to slavery; 
 after leaving college served five years as agent 
 and lecturer of the Anti-Slavery Society; was 
 often exposed to mob violence, but always retain- 
 ing his self-control, succeeded in escaping 
 serious injury. In 1842 he entered the Congrega- 
 tional ministry and held pastorates at Princeton, 
 Lockport, Joliet and elsewhere; between 1854 
 and '58, lectured extensively through Illinois on 
 the Kansas Nebraska issue, and was a power in 
 
 the organization of the Republican party. Died 
 at Baraboo. Wis., June 17, 1866. 
 
 CODY, Hiram Hitchcock, lawyer and Judge; 
 born in Oneida County, N. Y., June 11, 1824; was 
 partially educated at Hamilton College, and, in 
 1843, came with his father to Kendall County, 
 111. In 1847, he removed to Naperville, where 
 for six years he served as Clerk of the County 
 Commissioners' Court. In 1851 he was admitted 
 to the bar: in 1861, was elected County Judge 
 with practical unanimity , served as a member of 
 the Constitutional Convention of 1869-70, and, 
 in 1874, was elected Judge of the Twelfth Judi- 
 cial Circuit. His residence (1896) was at Pasa- 
 dena, Cal. 
 
 COLCHESTER, a city of McDonough County, 
 on the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad, 
 midway between Galesburg and Quincy ; is the 
 center of a rich farming and an extensive coal- 
 mining region, producing more than 100.000 tons 
 of coal annually. A superior quality of potter's 
 clay is also mined and shipped extensively to 
 other points. The city has brick and drain-tile 
 works, a bank, four churches, two public schools 
 and two weekly papers. Population (1890), 
 1,643; (1900), 1,635. 
 
 COLES, Edward, the second Governor of the 
 State of Illinois, born in Albemarle County, Va. , 
 Dec. 15, 1786, the son of a wealthy planter, who 
 had been a Colonel in the Revolutionary War; 
 was educated at Hampden-Sidney and William 
 and Mary Colleges, but compelled to leave before 
 graduation by an accident which interrupted his 
 studies; in 1809, became the private secretary of 
 President Madison, remaining six years, after 
 which he made a trip to Russia as a special mes- 
 senger by appointment of the President. He 
 early manifested an interest in the emancipation 
 of the slaves of Virginia. In 1815 he made his 
 first tour tlirough the Northwest Territory, going 
 as far west as St. Louis, returning three years 
 later and visiting Kaskaskia while the Constitu- 
 tional Convention of 1818 was in session. In 
 April of the following year he set out from his 
 Virginia home, accompanied by his slaves, for 
 Illinois, traveling by wagons to Brownsville, Pa., 
 where, taking flat-boats, he descended the river 
 with his goods and servants to a point below 
 Louisville, where they disembarked, journeying 
 overland to Edwardsville. While descending 
 the Ohio, he informed his slaves that they were 
 free, and, after arriving at their' destination, 
 gave to each head of a family 160 acres of land. 
 This generous act was, in after years, made the 
 ground for bitter persecution by his enemies. At 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 Ill 
 
 Edwardsville he entered upon the duties of 
 Register of the Land Office, to which he had 
 been appointed by President Monroe. In 1822 
 he became the candidate for Governor of those 
 opposed to removing the restriction in the State 
 Constitution against the introduction of slavery, 
 and, although a majority of the voters then 
 favored the measure, he was elected by a small 
 plurality over his highest competitor in conse- 
 quence of a division of the opposition vote 
 between three candidates. The Legislature 
 chosen at the same time submitted to the people 
 a proposition for a State Convention to revise the 
 Constitution, which was rejected at the election 
 of 1824 by a majority of 1,668 in a total vote of 
 11,612. While Governor Coles had the efficient 
 aid in opposition to the measure of such men as 
 Judge Samuel D. Lockwood, Congressman Daniel 
 P. Cook, Morris Birkbeck, George Forquer, 
 Hooper Warren, George Churchill and others, he 
 was himself a most influential factor in protecting 
 Illinois from the blight of slavery, contributing 
 his salary for his entire term ($4,000) to that end. 
 In 1825 it became his duty to welcome La Fay- 
 ette to Illinois. Retiring from office in 1826, he 
 continued to reside some years on his farm near 
 Edwardsville, and, in 1830, was a candidate for 
 Congress, but being a known opponent of Gen- 
 eral Jackson, was defeated by Joseph Duncan. 
 Previous to 1833, he removed to Philadelphia, 
 where he married during the following year, and 
 continued to reside there until his death, July 7, 
 1868, having lived to see the total extinction of 
 slavery in the United States. (See Slavery and 
 Slave Laws.) 
 
 COLES COUNTY, originally a part of Crawford 
 County, but organized in 1831, and named in 
 honor of Gov. Edward Coles. lies central to the 
 eastern portion of the State, and embraces 520 
 square miles, with a population (1900) of 34,146. 
 The Kaskaskia River (sometimes called the 
 Okaw) runs through the northwestern part of the 
 county, but the principal stream is the Embarras 
 (Embraw). The chief resource of the people is 
 agriculture, although the county lies within the 
 limits of the Illinois coal-belt. To the north and 
 west are prairies, while timber abounds in the 
 southeast. The largest crop is of corn, although 
 wheat, dairy products, potatoes, hay, tobacco, 
 sorghum, wool, etc., are also important products. 
 Broom-corn is extensively cultivated. Manufac- 
 turing is carried on to a fair extent, the output 
 embracing sawed lumber, carriages and wagons, 
 agricultural implements, tobacco and snuff, boots 
 and shoes, etc. Charleston, the county-seat, is 
 
 centrally located, and has a number of handsome 
 public buildings, private residences and business 
 blocks. It was laid out in 1831, and incorporated 
 in 1865; in 1900, its population was 5,488. 
 Mattoon is a railroad center, situated some 130 
 miles east of St. Louis. It has a population of 
 9,622, and is an important shipping point for 
 grain and live-stock. Other principal towns are 
 Ashmore. Oakland and Lerna. 
 
 COLFAX, a village of McLean County, on the 
 Kankakee and Bloomington branch of the Illinois 
 Central Railroad, 23 miles northeast of Blooming- 
 ton. Farming and stock-growing are the leading 
 industries; has two banks, one newspaper, three 
 elevators, and a coal mine. Pop. (1900), 1,153. 
 
 COLLEGE OF PHYSICIANS AND SURGEONS, 
 located at Chicago, and organized in 1881. Its 
 first term opened in September, 1882, in a build- 
 ing erected by the trustees at a cost of $60,000, 
 with a faculty embracing twenty-five professors, 
 with a sufficient corps of demonstrators, assist- 
 ants, etc. The number of matriculates was 152. 
 The institution ranks among the leading medical 
 colleges of the West. Its standard of qualifica- 
 tions, for both matriculates and graduates, is 
 equal to those of other first-class medical schools 
 throughout the country. The teaching faculty, 
 of late years, has consisted of some twenty-five 
 professors, who are aided by an adequate corps of 
 assistants, demonstrators, etc, 
 
 COLLEGES, EARLY. The early Legislatures of 
 Illinois manifested no little unfriendliness toward 
 colleges. The first charters for institutions of 
 this character were granted in 1833, and were for 
 the incorporation of the "Union College of Illi- 
 nois," in Randolph County, and the "Alton Col- 
 lege of Illinois," at Upper Alton. The first 
 named was to be under the care of the Scotch 
 Covenanters, but was never founded. The 
 second was in the interest of the Baptists, but 
 the charter was not accepted. Both these acts 
 contained jealous and unfriendly restrictions, 
 notably one to the effect that no theological 
 department should be established and no pro- 
 fessor of theology employed as an instructor, nor 
 should any religious test be applied in the selec- 
 tion of trustees or the admission of pupils. The 
 friends of higher education, however, made com- 
 mon cause, and. in 1835, secured the passage of 
 an "omnibus bill" incorporating four private 
 colleges the Alton; the Illinois, at Jacksonville; 
 the McKendree, at Lebanon, and the Jonesboro. 
 Similar restrictive provisions as to theological 
 teaching were incorporated in these charters, and 
 a limitation was placed upon the amount of 
 
112 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 property to be owned by any institution, but in 
 many respects the law was more liberal than its 
 predecessors of two years previous. Owing to 
 the absence of suitable preparatory schools, these 
 institutions were compelled to maintain prepara- 
 tory departments under the tuition of the college 
 professors. The college last named above (Jones- 
 boro) was to have been founded by the Christian 
 denomination, but was never organized. The 
 three remaining ones stand, in the order of their 
 formation, McKendree, Illinois, Alton (afterward 
 Shurtleff) ; in the order of graduating initial 
 classes Illinois, McKendree, Shurtleff. Pre- 
 paratory instruction began to be given in Illinois 
 College in 1829, and a class was organized in the 
 collegiate department in 1S31. The Legislature 
 of 1835 also incorporated the Jacksonville Female 
 Academy, the first school for girls chartered in 
 the State. From this time forward colleges and 
 academies were incorporated in rapid succession, 
 many of them at places whose names have long 
 since disappeared from the map of the State. It 
 was at this time that there developed a strong 
 party in favor of founding what were termed, 
 rather euphemistically, "Manual Labor Col- 
 leges." It was believed that the time which a 
 student might be able to "redeem" from study, 
 could be so profitably employed at farm or shop- 
 work as to enable him to earn his own livelihood. 
 Acting upon this theory, the Legislature of 1835 
 granted charters to the "Franklin Manual Labor 
 College," to be located in either Cook or La Salle 
 County; to the "Burnt Prairie Manual Labor 
 Seminary," in White County, and the "Chatham 
 Manual Labor School," at Lick Prairie. Sanga- 
 mon County. University powers were conferred 
 upon the institution last named, and its charter 
 also contained the somewhat extraordinary pro- 
 vision that any sect might establish a professor- 
 ship of theology therein. In 1837 six more 
 colleges were incorporated, only one of which 
 (Knox) was successfully organized. By 1840, 
 better and broader views of education had 
 developed, and the Legislature of 1841 repealed 
 all prohibition of the establishing of theological 
 departments, as well as the restrictions previously 
 imposed upon the amount and value of property 
 to be owned by private educational institutions. 
 The whole number of colleges and seminaries 
 incorporated under the State law (18%) is forty- 
 three. (See also Illiitoix College, Knox College, 
 Lake Forest University, McKendree College, Mon- 
 mouth College, Juvkxonrille Female Seminary, 
 Monticello Female Seminary, Northwestern fni- 
 rerrity, Slmrtlrff Cntlege. ) 
 
 COLLIER, Robert Laird, clergyman, was born 
 in Salisbury, Md., August 7, 1837; graduated at 
 Boston University, 1858; soon after became an 
 itinerant Methodist minister, but, in 1866, united 
 with the Unitarian Church and officiated as 
 pastor of churches in Chicago, Boston and Kan- 
 sas City, besides supplying pulpits in various 
 cities in England (1880-85). In 1885, he was 
 appointed United States Consul at Leipsic, but 
 later served as a special commissioner of the 
 Johns Hopkins University in the collection of 
 labor statistics in Europe, meanwhile gaining a 
 wide reputation as a lecturer and magazine 
 writer. His published works include: "Every- 
 Day Subjects in Sunday Sermons" (1869) and 
 "Meditations on the Essence of Christianity" 
 (1876). Died near his birthplace, July 27, 1890. 
 
 COLLINS, Frederick, manufacturer, was born 
 in Connecticut, Feb. 24-, 1804. He was the young- 
 est of five brothers who came with their parents 
 from Litchtield, Conn , to Illinois, in 1822, and 
 settled in the town of Unionville now Collins- 
 ville in the southwestern part of Madison 
 County. They were enterprising and public- 
 spirited business men, who engaged, quite 
 extensively for the time, in various branches of 
 manufacture, including flour and whisky. This 
 was an era of progress and development, and 
 becoming convinced of the injurious character 
 of the latter branch of their business, it was 
 promptly abandoned. The subject of this sketch 
 was later associated with his brother Michael in 
 the pork-packing and grain business at Naples, 
 tin- early Illinois River terminus of the Sangamon 
 & Morgan (now Wabash) Railroad, but finally 
 located at Quincy in 1851, where he was engaged 
 in manufacturing business for many years. He 
 was a man of high business probity and religious 
 principle, as well as a determined opponent of the 
 institution of slavery, as shown by the fact that 
 he was once subjected by his neighbors to the 
 intended indignity of being hung in effigy for the 
 crime of assisting a fugitive female slave on the 
 road to freedom. In a speech made in 1834, in 
 commemoration of the act of emancipation in the 
 West Indies, he gave utterance to the following 
 prediction . "Methinks the time is not far distant 
 when our own country will celebrate a day of 
 emancipation within her own borders, and con 
 sistent songs of freedom shall indeed ring 
 throughout the length and breadth of the land." 
 He lived to see this prophecy fulfilled, dying at 
 Quincy, in 1878. Mr. Collins was the candidate of 
 the Liberty Men of Illinois for Lieutcnant-Oov- 
 crnor in 1842. 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 113 
 
 COLLINS, James H., lawyer and jurist, was 
 liorn in Cambridge, Washington County, N. Y., 
 Imt taken in early life to Vernon, Oneida County, 
 where he grew to manhood. After spending a 
 couple of years in an academy, at the age of 18 
 lie began the study of law, was admitted to the 
 bar in 1834, and as a counsellor and solicitor in 
 1827, coming to Chicago in the fall of 1833, mak- 
 ing a part of the journey by the first stage-coach 
 from Detroit to the present Western metropolis. 
 After arriving in Illinois, he spent some time in 
 exploration of the surrounding country, but 
 returning to Chicago in 1834. he entered into 
 partnership with Judge John D. Caton, who had 
 been his preceptor in New York, still later being 
 a partner of Justin Butterfield under the firm 
 name of Butterfield & Collins. He was con- 
 sidered an eminent authority in law and gained 
 an extensive practice, being regarded as espe- 
 cially strong in chancery cases as well as an able 
 pleader. Politically, he was an uncompromising 
 anti-slavery man, and often aided runaway 
 slaves in securing their liberty or defended others 
 who did so. He was also one <>f the original 
 promoters of the old Galena & Chicago Union 
 Railroad and one of its first Board of Directors. 
 Died, suddenly of cholera, while attending court 
 at Ottawa, in 1854. 
 
 COLLINS, Loren ( .. jurist, was born at Wind- 
 sor. Conn., August 1, 1848; at the age of 1* 
 accompanied his family to Illinois, and was 
 educated at the Northwestern University. He 
 read law, was admitted to the bar, and soon 
 built up a remunerative practice. He was 
 elected to the Legislature in 1878, and through 
 his ability as a debater and a parliamentarian, 
 .soon became one of the leaders of his party on 
 the floor of the lower house. He was re-elected 
 in 1880 and 1882. and, in 1883, was chosen Speaker 
 of the Thirty-third General Assembly. In 
 December, 1884, he was appointed a Judge of the 
 Circuit Court of Cook County, to fill the vacancy 
 created by the resignation of Judge Barnum, was 
 elgcted to succeed himself in 1885, and re-elected 
 in 1891, but resigned in 1894, since that time 
 devoting his attention to regular practice in the 
 city of Chicago. 
 
 COLLINS, William H., retired manufacturer, 
 born at Collinsville. 111.. March 20, 1831; was 
 educated in the common schools am I at Illinois 
 College, later taking a course in literature, 
 philosophy and theology at Yale College; served 
 as pastor of a Congregational church at La Salle 
 several years; in 1858, became editor and propri- 
 etor of "The Jacksonville Journal," which he 
 
 conducted some four years. The Civil War hav- 
 ing begun, he then accepted the chaplaincy of 
 the Tenth Regiment Illinois Volunteers, but 
 resigning in 1863. organized a company of the 
 One Hundred and Fourth Volunteers, of which 
 he was chosen Captain, participating in the 
 battles of Chickamauga, Lookout Mountain and 
 Missionary Ridge. Later he served on the staff 
 of Gen. John M. Palmer and at Fourteenth Army 
 Corps headquarters, until after the fall of 
 Atlanta. Then resigning, in November, 1864, he 
 was appointed by Secretary Stanton Provost- 
 Marshal for the Twelfth District of Illinois, con- 
 tinuing in this service until the close of 1865. 
 when he engaged in the manufacturing business 
 as head of the Collins Plow Company at Quincy. 
 This business he conducted successfully some 
 twenty-five years, when he retired. Mr. Collins 
 has served as Alderman and Mayor, ad interim. 
 of the city of Quincy; Representative in the 
 Thirty-fourth and Thirty-fifth General Assem- 
 blies during the latter being chosen to deliver 
 the eulogy on Gen. John A. Logan ; was a promi- 
 nent candidate for the nomination for Lieutenant 
 Governor in 1888, and the same year Republican 
 candidate for Congress in the Quincy District; 
 in 1894. was the Republican nominee for State 
 Senator in Adams Count}', and. though a Repub- 
 lican, has been twice elected Supervisor in a 
 strongly Democratic city. 
 
 COLLINSVILLE, a city on the southern border 
 of Madison County, 13 miles (by rail) east-north- 
 east of St. Louis, on the "Vandalia Line" (T. H. 
 & I. Kv.i. about 11 miles south of Edwardsville. 
 The place was originally settled in 1817 by four 
 brothers named Collins from Li tch field. Conn., 
 who established a tan-yard and erected an ox-mill 
 for grinding corn and wheat and sawing lumber 
 The town was platted by surviving members of 
 this family in 1836. Coal-mining is the principal 
 industry, and one or two mines are operated 
 within the corporate limits. The city lias zinc 
 works, as well as flour mills and brick and tile 
 factories, two building and loan associations, a 
 lead smelter, stock bell factory, electric street 
 railways, seven churches, two banks, a high 
 school, and a newspaper office. Population 
 (1890), 3,498; (1900), 4.081; (1903, est.), 7,500. 
 
 COLLTER, Robert, clergyman, was born at 
 Keighly. Yorkshire, England, Dec. 8, 1823: left 
 school at eight years of age to earn his living in 
 a factory ; at fourteen was apprenticed to a black- 
 smith and learned the trade of a hammer-maker. 
 His only opportunity of acquiring an education 
 during this period, apart from private study, was 
 
114 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 in a night-school, which he attended two winters. 
 In 1849 he became a local Methodist preacher, 
 came to the United States the next year, settling 
 in Pennsylvania, where he pursued his trade, 
 preaching on Sundays. His views on the atone- 
 ment having gradually been changed towards 
 Unitarianism, his license to preach was revoked 
 by the conference, and, in 1859, he united with 
 the Unitarian Church, having already won a 
 wide reputation as an eloquent public speaker. 
 Coming to Chicago, he began work as a mission- 
 ary, and, in 1860, organized the Unity Church, 
 beginning with seven members, though it has 
 since become one of the strongest and most influ- 
 ential churches in the city. In 1879 he accepted 
 a call to a church in New York City, where he 
 still remains. Of strong anti-slavery views and 
 a zealous Unionist, he served during a part of the 
 Civil War as a camp inspector for the Sanitary 
 Commission. Since the war he has repeatedly 
 visited England, and has exerted a wide influence 
 as a lecturer and pulpit orator on both sides of 
 the Atlantic. He is the author of a number of 
 volumes, including "Nature and Life" (1866) ; 
 "A Man in Earnest: Lifeof A. H. Conant" (1868); 
 "A History of the Town and Parish of likely" 
 (1886), and "Lectures to Young Men and Women" 
 (1886). 
 
 COLTON, Channcey Sill, pioneer, was born at 
 Springfield, Pa., Sept. 21, 1800; taken to Massachu- 
 setts in childhood and educated at Monson in that 
 State, afterwards residing for many years, dur- 
 ing his manhood, at Monson, Maine. He came to 
 Illinois in 1836, locating on the site of the present 
 city of Galesburg, where he built the first store 
 and dwelling house; continued in general mer- 
 chandise some seventeen or eighteen years, mean- 
 while associating his sons with him in business 
 under the firm name of C. S. Colton & Sons. Mr. 
 Colton was associated with the construction of 
 the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad from 
 the beginning, becoming one of the Directors of 
 the Company; was also a Director of the First 
 National Bank of Galesburg, the first organizer 
 and first President of the Farmers' and Mechan- 
 ics' Bank of that city, and one of the Trustees of 
 Knox College. Died in Galesburg, July 27, 1885. 
 Francis (Colton), son of the preceding; born 
 at Monson, Maine, May 24, 1834, came to Gales- 
 burg with his father's family in 1836, and was 
 educated at Knox College, graduating in 1855, 
 and receiving the degree of A.M. in 1858. After 
 graduation, he was in partnership with his father 
 some seven years, also served as Vice-President 
 of the First National Bank of Galesburg, and, in 
 
 1866, was appointed by President Johnson United 
 States Consul at Venice, remaining there until 
 1869. The latter year he became the General 
 Passenger Agent of the Union Pacific Railroad, 
 continuing in that position until 1871, meantime 
 visiting China, Japan and India, and establishing 
 agencies for the Union and Central Pacific Rail- 
 ways in various countries of Europe. In 1872 he 
 succeeded his father as President of the Farmers' 
 and Mechanics' Bank of Galesburg, but retired in 
 1884, and the same year removed to Washington, 
 D. C., where he has since resided. Mr. Colton is 
 a large land owner in some of the Western States, 
 especially Kansas and Nebraska. 
 
 COLUMBIA, a town of Monroe County, on 
 Mobile & Ohio Railroad, 15 miles south of St. 
 Louis; has a machine shop, large flour mill, 
 brewery, five cigar factories, electric light plant, 
 telephone system, stone quarry, five churches, 
 and public school. Pop. (1900), 1,197; (1903), 1,205. 
 
 COMPANY OF THE WEST, THE, a company 
 formed in France, in August, 1717, to develop 
 the resources of "New France," in which the 
 "Illinois Country" was at that time included. 
 At the head of the company was the celebrated 
 John Law, and to him and his associates the 
 French monarch granted extraordinary powers, 
 both governmental and commercial. They were 
 given the exclusive right to refine the precious 
 metals, as well as a monopoly in the trade in 
 tobacco and slaves. Later, the company became 
 known as the Indies, or East Indies, Company, 
 owing to the king having granted them conces- 
 sions to trade with the East Indies and China. 
 On Sept. 27, 1717, the Royal Council of France 
 declared that the Illinois Country should form a 
 part of the Province of Louisiana ; and, under the 
 shrewd management of Law and his associates, 
 immigration soon increased, as many as 800 
 settlers arriving in a single year. The directors 
 of the company, in the exercise of their govern- 
 mental powers, appointed Pierre Duque de Bois- 
 briant Governor of the Illinois District. He 
 proceeded to Kaskaskia, and, within a few miles 
 of that settlement, erected Fort Chartres. (See 
 Fort Chartres. ) The policy of the Indies Company 
 was energetic, and, in the main, wise. Grants of 
 commons were made to various French villages, 
 and Cahokia and Kaskaskia steadily grew in size 
 and population. Permanent settlers were given 
 grants of land and agriculture was encouraged. 
 These grants (which were allodial in their char- 
 acter) covered nearly all the lands in that part of 
 the American Bottom, lying between the Missis- 
 sippi and the Kaskaskia Rivers. Many grantees 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 115 
 
 held their lands in one great common field, each 
 proprietor contributing, pro rata, to the mainte- 
 nance of a surrounding fence. In 1721 the Indies 
 Company divided the Province of Louisiana into 
 nine civil and military districts. That of Illinois 
 was numerically the Seventh, and included not 
 only the southern half of the existing State, but 
 also an immense tract west of the Mississippi, 
 extending to the Rocky Mountains, and embrac- 
 ing the present States of Missouri, Kansas, Iowa 
 and Nebraska, besides portions of Arkansas and 
 Colorado. The Commandant, with his secretary 
 and the Company's Commissary, formed the 
 District Council, the civil law being in force. In 
 1 732, the Indies Company surrendered its charter, 
 and thereafter, the Governors of Illinois were 
 appointed directly by the French crown. 
 
 COJiCORWIA SEMINARY, an institution lo- 
 cated at Springfield, founded in 1879; the succes- 
 M>r of an earlier institution under the name of 
 Illinois University. Theological, scientific and 
 preparatory departments are maintained, al- 
 though there is no classical course. The insti- 
 tution is under control of the German Lutherans. 
 The institution reports $123,000 worth of real 
 property. The members of the Faculty (1898) 
 are five in number, and there were about 171 
 students in attendance. 
 
 CONDEE, Leander D., lawyer, was born in 
 Athens County, Ohio, Sept. 26, 1847; brought 
 by his parents to Coles County, 111., at the age of 
 seven years, and received his education in the 
 common schools and at St. Paul's Academy, Kan- 
 kakee, taking a special course in Michigan State 
 University and graduating from the law depart- 
 ment of the latter in 1868. He then began prac- 
 tice at Butler, Bates County, Mo., where he 
 served three years as City Attorney, but, in 1873, 
 returned to Illinois, locating in Hyde Park (now 
 a part of Chicago), where he served as City 
 Attorney for four consecutive terms before its 
 annexation to Chicago. In 1880, he was elected 
 as a Republican to the State Senate for the 
 Second Senatorial District, serving in the Thirty- 
 second and the Thirty-third General Assemblies. 
 In 1892, he was the Republican nominee for Judge 
 of the Superior Court of Cook County, but was 
 defeated with the National and the State tickets 
 of that year, since when he has given his atten- 
 tion to regular practice, maintaining a high rank 
 in his profession. 
 
 CONGER, Edwin Hard, lawyer and diploma- 
 tist, was born in Knox County, III., March 7, 1843; 
 graduated at Lombard University, Galesburg, in 
 1862, and immediately thereafter enlisted as a 
 
 private in the One Hundred and Second Illinois 
 Volunteers, serving through the war and attain- 
 ing the rank of Captain, besides being brevetted 
 Major for gallant service. Later, he graduated 
 from the Albany Law School and practiced for a 
 time in Galesburg, but, in 1868, removed to Iowa, 
 where he engaged in farming, stock-raising and 
 banking; was twice elected County Treasurer of 
 Dallas County, and, in 1880, State Treasurer, 
 being re-elected in 1882 . in 1886, was elected to 
 Congress from the Des Moines District, and twice 
 re-elected (1888 and '90), but before the close of 
 his last term was appointed by President Harri- 
 son Minister to Brazil, serving until 1893. In 
 1896, he served as Presidential Elector for the 
 State-at-large, and, in 1897, was re-appointed 
 Minister to Brazil, but, in 1898, was transferred 
 to China, where (1899) he now is. He was suc- 
 ceeded at Rio Janeiro by Charles Page Bryan of 
 Illinois. 
 
 COXGREtJATIONALISTS, THE. Two Congre- 
 gational ministers Rev. S. J. Mills and Rev. 
 Daniel Smith visited Illinois in 1814, and spent 
 some time at Kaskaskia and Shawneetown, but 
 left for New Orleans without organizing any 
 churches. The first church was organized at 
 Mendon, Adams County, in 1833. followed by 
 others during the same year, at Naperville, Jack- 
 sonville and Quincy. By 1836, the number had 
 increased to ten. Among the pioneer ministers 
 were Jabez Porter, who was also a teacher at 
 Quincy, in 1828, and Rev. Asa Turner, in 1830. 
 who became pastor of the first Quincy church, 
 followed later by Revs. Julian M. Sturtevant 
 (afterwards President of Illinois College), Tru- 
 man M. Post, Edward Beecher and Horatio Foot. 
 Other Congregational ministers who came to t'>e 
 State at an early day were Rev. Salmon Gridley. 
 who finally located at St. Louis; Rev. John M 
 Ellis, who served as a missionary and was instru- 
 mental in founding Illinois College and the Jack- 
 sonville Female Seminary at Jacksonville ; Revs. 
 Thomas Lippincott, Cyrus L. Watson, Tkeron 
 Baldwin, Elisha Jenney, William Kirby, the two 
 Love joys (Owen and Elijah P.), and many more 
 of whom, either temporarily or permanently, 
 became associated with Presbyterian churches. 
 Although Illinois College was under the united 
 patronage of Presbyterians and Congregational 
 ists, the leading spirits in its original establish - 
 ment were Congregationalists, and the same was 
 true of Knox College at Galesburg. In 1835, at 
 Big Grove, in an unoccupied log-cabin, was 
 convened the first Congregational Council, known 
 in the denominational history of th/ State as 
 
 
in; 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 that of Fox River. Since then some twelve to 
 fifteen separate Associations have been organized. 
 By 1890, the development of the denomination 
 had been such that it had 280 churches, support- 
 ing 312 ministers, with 33, 126 members. During 
 that year the disbursements on account of chari- 
 ties and home extension, by the Illinois churches, 
 v were nearly $1,000, 000. The Chicago Theological 
 Seminary, at Chicago, is a Congregational school 
 of divinity, its property holdings being worth 
 nearly 700,000. "The Advance" (published at 
 Chicago) is the chief denominational organ. 
 (See also Religious Denominations. ) 
 
 CONGRESSIONAL APPORTIONMENT. (See 
 Apportionment, Congressional; also Represent- 
 atives in Congress.) 
 
 CONKLING, James Cook, lawyer, wae born in 
 New York City, Oct. 13, 1816 ; graduated at Prince- 
 ton College in 1835, and, after studying law and 
 being admitted to the bar at Morristown, N. J., in 
 1838, removed to Springfield, 111. Here his first 
 business partner was Cyrus Walker, an eminent 
 and widely known lawyer of his time, while at a 
 later period he was associated with Gen. James 
 Shields, afterwards a soldier of the Mexican War 
 and a United States Senator, at different times, 
 from three different States. As an original 
 Whig, Mr. Conkling early became associated 
 with Abraham Lincoln, whose intimate and 
 trusted friend he was through life. It was to 
 him that Mr. Lincoln addressed his celebrated 
 letter, which, by his special request, Mr. Conk- 
 ling read before the great Union mass-meeting at 
 Springfield, held, Sept. 3, 1863, now known as the 
 "Lincoln-Conkling Letter." Mr. Conkling was 
 chosen Mayor of the city of Springfield in 1844, 
 and served in the lower branch of the Seven- 
 teenth and the Twenty-fifth General Assemblies 
 ( 1851 and 1867). It was largely due to his tactful 
 management in the latter, that the first appropri- 
 ation was made for the new State House, which 
 established the capital |>ermanently in that city. 
 At the Bloomington Convention of 1856, where 
 the Republican party in Illinois may be said to 
 have been formally organized, with Mr. Lincoln 
 and three others, he represented Sangamon 
 C'ounty, served on the Committee on Resolutions. 
 ;ui(l was appointed a member of the State Central 
 Committee which conducted the campaign of 
 that year. In I860, and again in 1864, his name 
 was on the Republican State ticket for Presiden- 
 tial Elector, and. on both occasions, it became his 
 duty to cast the electoral vote of Mr. Lincoln's 
 own District for him for President. The intimacy 
 of personal friendship existing between him and 
 
 Mr. Lincoln was fittingly illustrated by his posi- 
 tion for over thirty 1 years as an original member 
 of the Lincoln Monument Association. Other 
 public positions held by him included those of 
 State Agent during the Civil War by appointment 
 of Governor Yates, Trustee of the State University 
 at Champaign, and of Blackburn University at 
 Carlinville, as also that of Postmaster of the city 
 of Springfield, to which he was appointed in 1890, 
 continuing in office four years. High-minded 
 and honorable, of pure personal character and 
 strong religious convictions, public-spirited and 
 liberal, probably no man did more to promote 
 the growth and prosperity of the city of Spring- 
 field, during the sixty years of his residence there, 
 than he. His death, as a result of old age, 
 occurred in that city, March 1, 1899. Clinton L. 
 (Conkling), son of the preceding, was born in 
 Springfield, Oct. 16, 1843; graduated at Yale 
 College in 1864, studied law with his father, and 
 was licensed to practice in the Illinois courts in 
 1866, and in the United States courts in 1867. 
 After practicing a few years, he turned his atten- 
 tion to manufacturing, but, in 1877, resumed 
 practice and has proved successful. He has 
 devoted much attention of late years to real 
 estate business, and has represented large land 
 interests in this and other States. For many 
 years he was Secretary of the Lincoln Monument 
 Association, and has served on the Board of 
 County Supervisors, which is the only political 
 office he has held. In 1897 he was the Repub- 
 lican nominee for Judge of the Springfield Cir- 
 cuit, but, although confessedly a man of the 
 highest probity and ability, was defeated in a 
 district overwhelmingly Democratic. 
 
 CONNOLLY, James Austin, lawyer and Con- 
 gressman, was born in Newark, N. J. , March 8, 
 1843; went with his parents to Ohio in 1850, 
 where, in 1858-59, he served as Assistant Clerk of 
 the State Senate; studied law and was admitted 
 to the bar in that State in 1861, and soon after 
 removed to Illinois; the following year (1863) he 
 enlisted as a private soldier in the One Hundred 
 and Twenty-third Illinoix Volunteers, but was 
 successively commissioned as Captain and Major, 
 retiring with the rank of brevet Lieutenant- 
 Colonel. In 1872 he was elected Representative 
 in the State Legislature from Coles County and 
 re-elected in 1874; was United States District 
 Attorney for the Southern District of Illinois 
 from 1876 to 188.'5, and again from 1889 to 1893 ; 
 in 1886 was appointed and confirmed Solicitor of 
 the Treasury, but declined the olfice; the same 
 year ran as the Republican r:indidate for Con- 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 117 
 
 gress in the Springfield (then the Thirteenth) 
 District in opposition to Win. M. Springer, and 
 was defeated by less than 1,000 votes in a district 
 usually Democratic by 3,000 majority. He 
 declined asecond nomination in 1888, but, in 1894, 
 was nominated for a third time (this time for the 
 Seventeenth District), and was elected, as he was 
 for a second term in 1896. He declined a renomina- 
 tion in 1898, returning to the practice of his pro- 
 fession at Springfield at the close of the Fifty-fifth 
 Congress. 
 
 CONSTABLE, Charles H., lawyer, was born at 
 Chestertown, lid., July 6, 1817; educated at Belle 
 Air Academy and the University of Virginia, 
 graduating from the latter in 1838. Then, having 
 studied law, he was admitted to the bar, came to 
 Illinois early in 1840, locating at Mount Carmel, 
 Wabash County, and, in 1844, was elected to the 
 State Senate for the district composed of Wabash, 
 Edwards and Wayne Counties, serving until 1848. 
 He also served as a Delegate in the Constitutional 
 Convention of 1847. Originally a Whig, on the 
 dissolution of that party in 1854, he became a 
 Democrat; in 1856, served as Presidential 
 Elector-at-large on the Buchanan ticket and, 
 during the Civil War, was a pronounced oppo- 
 nent of the policy of the Government in dealing 
 with secession. Having removed to Marshall, 
 Clark County, in 1852, he continued the practice 
 of his profession there, but was elected Judge of 
 the Circuit Court in 1861, serving until his death, 
 which occurred, Oct. 9, 1865. While holding 
 court at Charleston, in March, 1863, Judge Con- 
 stable was arrested because of his release of four 
 deserters from the army, and the holding to bail, 
 (in the charge of kidnaping, of two Union officers 
 who had arrested them. He was subsequently 
 released by Judge Treat of the United States 
 District Court at Springfield, but the affair cul- 
 minated in a riot at Charleston, on March 22, in 
 which four soldiers and three citizens were killed 
 outright, and eight persons were wounded. 
 
 CONSTITUTIONAL CONVENTIONS. Illinois 
 lias had four State Conventions called for the 
 purpose of formulating State Constitutions. Of 
 these, three those of 1818, 1847 and 1869-70 
 adopted Constitutions which went into effect, 
 while the instrument framed by the Convention 
 of 1862 was rejected by the people. A synoptical 
 history of eacli will be found talow: 
 
 CONVENTION OF 1818. In January. 1818, the 
 Territorial Legislature adopted a resolution 
 instructing the Delegate in Congress (Hon. 
 Xathaniel Pope) to present a petition to Congress 
 requesting the passage of an act authorizing the 
 
 people of Illinois Territory to organize a State 
 Government. A bjll to this effect was intro- 
 duced, April 7, and became a law, April 18, follow- 
 ing. It authorized the people to frame a 
 Constitution and organize a State Government 
 apportioning the Delegates to be elected from 
 each of the fifteen counties into which the Ter- 
 ritory was then divided, naming the first Monday 
 of July, following, as the day of election, and the 
 first Monday of August as the time for the meet- 
 ing of the Convention. The act was conditioned 
 upon a census of the people of the Territory (to 
 be ordered by the Legislature), showing a popu- 
 lation of not less than 40,000. The census, as 
 taken, showed the required population, but, as 
 finally corrected, this was reduced to 34,620 
 being the smallest with which any State was ever 
 admitted into the Union. The election took 
 place on July 6, 1818, and the Convention assem- 
 bled at Kaskaskia on August 3. It consisted of 
 thirty-three members. Of these, a majority were 
 farmers of limited education, but with a fair 
 portion of hard common-sense. Five of the 
 Delegates were lawyers, and these undoubtedly 
 wielded a controlling influence. Jesse B. 
 Thomas (afterwards one of the first United 
 States Senators) presided, and Elias Kent Kane, 
 also a later Senator, was among the dominating 
 spirits. It lias been asserted that to the latter 
 should be ascribed whatever new matter was 
 incorporated in the instrument, it being copied 
 in most of its essential provisions from the Con- 
 stitutions of Ohio, Kentucky and Indiana. The 
 Convention completed its labors and adjourned, 
 August 26, the Constitution was submitted to 
 Congress by Delegate John McLean, without the 
 formality of ratification by the people, and Illi- 
 nois was admitted into the Union as a State by 
 resolution of Congress, adopted Dec. 3, 1818. 
 
 CONVENTION OF 1847. An attempt was made in 
 1822 to obtain a revision of the Constitution of 
 1818, the object of the chief promoters of the 
 movement being to secure the incorporation of a 
 provision authorizing the admission of slavery 
 into Illinois. The passage of a resolution, by the 
 necessary two-thirds vote of both Houses of the 
 General Assembly, submitting the proposition to 
 it vote of the people, was secured by the most 
 questionable methods, at the session of 1822, but 
 after a heated campaign of nearly two years, it 
 was rejected at the election of 1824. (See 
 Slavery and Slave Laws; also Coles. Edward.) 
 At the session of 1840-41. another resolution on 
 the subject was submitted to the people, but it 
 was rejected by the narrow margin of 1.039 
 
118 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 votes. Again, in 1845, the question was submit- 
 ted, and, at the election of 1840, was approved. 
 The election of delegates occurred, April 19, 1847, 
 and the Convention met at .Springfield, June 19. 
 following. It was composed of 162 members, 
 ninety-two of whom were Democrats. The list 
 of Delegates embraced the names of many who 
 afterwards attained high distinction in public 
 affairs, and the body, as a whole, was represent- 
 ative in character. The Bill of Rights attached 
 to the Constitution of 1818 was but little changed 
 in its successor, except by a few additions, 
 among which was a section disqualifying any 
 person who had been concerned in a duel from 
 holding office. The earlier Constitution, how- 
 ever, was carefully revised and several important 
 changes made. Among these may be mentioned 
 the following: Limiting the elective franchise 
 for foreign-born citizens to those who had 
 become naturalized ; making the judiciary elect- 
 ive; requiring that all State officers be elected 
 by the people . changing the time of the election 
 of the Executive, and making him ineligible for 
 immediate re-election; various curtailments of 
 the power of the Legislature; imposing a two- 
 mill tax for payment of the State debt, and pro- 
 viding for the establishment of a sinking fund. 
 The Constitution framed was adopted in conven- 
 tion, August 31. 1847; ratified by popular vote, 
 March 8, 1848, and went into effect, April 1. 1848. 
 CONVENTION OF 1862. The proposition for 
 holding a third Constitutional Convention was 
 submitted to rote of the people by the Legislature 
 of 1859. endorsed at the election of 1860, and the 
 election of Delegates held in November, 1861. In 
 the excitement attendant upon the early events 
 of the war, people paid comparatively little 
 attention to the choice of its members. It was 
 composed of forty-five Democrats, twenty-one 
 Republicans, seven "fusionists" and two classed 
 as doubtful. The Convention assembled at 
 Springfield on Jan. 7, 1862, and remained in ses- 
 sion until March 24, following. It was in many 
 respects a remarkable body. The law providing 
 for its existence prescribed that the members, 
 before proceeding to business, should take an 
 oath to support the State Constitution. This the 
 majority refused to do. Their conception of 
 their powers was such that they seriously deliber- 
 ated upon electing a United States Senator, 
 assumed to make appropriations from the State 
 treasury, claimed the right to interfere with 
 military affairs, and called upon the Governor 
 for information concerning claims of the Illinois 
 Central Railroad, which the Executive refused to 
 
 lay before them. The instrument drafted pro- 
 posed numerous important changes in the organic 
 law, and was generally regarded as objectionable. 
 It was rejected at an election held, June 17. lK6i, 
 by a majority of over 10,000 votes. , 
 
 CONVENTION OF 1869-70. The second attempt 
 to revise the Constitution of 1848 resulted in 
 submission to the people, by the Legislature of 
 1867, of a proposition for a Convention, which was 
 approved at the election of 1868 by a bare major- 
 ity of 704 votes. The election of Delegates was 
 provided for at the next session (1869), the elec- 
 tion held in November and the Convention 
 assembled at Springfield, Dec. 13. Charles 
 Hitchcock was chosen President, John Q. Har- 
 mon, Secretary, and Daniel Shepard and A. H. 
 Swain, First and Second Assistants. There were 
 eighty-five members, of whom forty-four were 
 Republicans and forty -one Democrats, although 
 fifteen had been elected nominally as "Independ 
 ents." It was an assemblage of some of the 
 ablest men of the State, including representatives 
 of all the learned professions except the clerical. 
 l sides merchants, farmers, bankers and journal- 
 ists. Its work was completed May 13, 1870, anil 
 in the main good. Some of the principal changes 
 made in the fundamental law, as proposed by the 
 Convention, were the following: The prohibi- 
 tion of special legislation where a general law 
 may be made to cover the necessities of the case, 
 and the absolute prohibition of such legislation 
 in reference to divorces, lotteries and a score of 
 "I her matters; prohibition of the passage of any 
 law releasing any civil division (district, county, 
 city, township or town) from the payment of its 
 just proportion of any State tax; recommenda 
 tions to the Legislature to enact laws ujioii 
 certain specified subjects, such as liberal home 
 stead and exemption rights, the construction of 
 drains, the regulation of charges on railways 
 (which were declared to be public highways), 
 etc. , etc. ; declaring all elevators and storehouses 
 public warehouses, and providing for their lex>* 
 lative inspection and supervision. The mainte 
 nance of an "efficient system of public schools" 
 was made obligatory upon the Legislature, am) 
 the appropriation of any funds State, munioi|l 
 town or district to the support of sectarian 
 schools was prohibited. The principle of cuinii 
 lative voting, or "minority representation." in 
 the choice of membersof the House of Represent- 
 atives was provided for, and additional wife 
 guards thrown around the passage of bills. The 
 ineligibility of the Governor to re-election for 
 second consecutive term was set aside, ami a 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 119 
 
 two-thirds vote of the Legislature made necessary 
 to override, an executive veto. The list of State 
 officers was increased by the creation of the 
 offices of Attorney-General and Superintendent 
 of Public Instruction, these having been previ- 
 ously provided for only by statute. The Supreme 
 Court bench was increased by the addition of 
 four members, making the whole number of 
 Supreme Court judges seven; Appellate Courts 
 authorized after 1874, and County Courts were 
 made courts of record. The compensation of all 
 State officers executive, judicial and legislative 
 was left discretionary with the Legislature, 
 and no limit was placed upon the length of the 
 sessions of the General Assembly. The instru- 
 ment drafted by the Convention was ratified at 
 an election held, July 6, 1870, and went into force. 
 August 8, following. Occasional amendments 
 have been submitted and ratified from time to 
 time. (See Constitutions, Elections and Repre- 
 sentation; also Minority Representation. ) 
 
 CONSTITUTIONS. Illinois has had three con- 
 stitutionsthat of 1870 being now (1898) in force. 
 The earliest instrument was that approved by 
 Congress in 1818, and the first revision was made 
 in 1847 the Constitution having been ratified at 
 an election held. March 5, 1848, and going into 
 force, April 1, following. The term of State 
 officers has been uniformly fixed at four years, 
 except that of Treasurer, which is two years. 
 Biennial elections and sessions of the General 
 Assembly are provided for. Senators holding their 
 seats for four years, and Representatives two 
 years. The State is required to be apportioned 
 after each decennial census into fifty-one dis- 
 tricts, each of which elects one Senator and three 
 Representatives. The principle of minority rep- 
 resentation has been incorporated into the 
 organic law, each elector being allowed to cast as 
 many votes for one legislative candidate as there 
 are Representatives to be chosen in his district 
 or he may divide his vote equally among all the 
 three candidates or between two of them, as he 
 may see fit. One of the provisions of the Consti 
 tution of 1870 is the inhibition of the General 
 Assembly from passing private laws. Munici- 
 palities are classified, and legislation is for all 
 cities of a class, not for an individual cor|>ora- 
 tion. Individual citizens with a financial griev- 
 ance must secure payment of their claims under 
 the terms of some general appropriation. The 
 sessions of the Legislature are not limited as to 
 time, nor is there any restriction upon the power 
 of the Executive to summon extra sessions. 
 (See also Conxtitiitinnal Conrrntionx: Elertionis; 
 
 Governors and other State Officers; Judicial 
 System; Suffrage, Etc. ) 
 
 COOK, Burton (.'., lawyer and Congressman, 
 was bom in Monroe County, N. Y., May 11, 1819; 
 completed his academic education at the Collegi- 
 ate Institute in Rochester, and after studying 
 law, removed to Illinois (1835), locating first at 
 Hennepin and later at Ottawa. Here he began 
 the practice of his profession, and, in 1846. was 
 elected by the Legislature State's Attorney for 
 the Ninth Judicial District, serving two years, 
 when, in 1848, he was re-elected by the people 
 under the Constitution of that year, for four 
 years. From 1833 to 1860, he was State Senator, 
 taking part in the election which resulted in 
 making Ly man Trumbull United States Senator 
 in 1855. In 1861 he served as one of the Peace 
 Commissioners from Illinois in the Conference 
 which met at Washington. He may be called 
 one of the founders of the Republican party in 
 this State, having been a member of the State 
 Central Committee appointed at Bloomington in 
 1856, and Chairman of the State Central Com- 
 mittee in 1862. In 1864, he was elected to Con- 
 gress, and re-elected in 1866, '68 and '70, but 
 resigned in 1871 to accept the solicitorship of the 
 Northwestern Railroad, which he resigned in 
 1886. He was an intimate friend of Abraham 
 Lincoln, serving as a delegate to both the National 
 Conventions which nominated him for the Presi- 
 dency, and presenting his name at Baltimore in 
 1864. His death occurred at Evanston, August 
 18, 1894. 
 
 COOK, Daniel Pope, early Congressman, was 
 born in Scott County, Ky., in 1795, removed to 
 Illinois and began the practice of law at Kaskas 
 kia in 1815. Early in 1816, he became joint owner 
 and editor of "The Illinois Intelligencer,' and at 
 the same time served as Auditor of Public 
 Accounts by appointment of Governor Edwards : 
 the next year (1817) was sent by President Mon- 
 roe as bearer of dispatches to John Quincy Adams, 
 then minister to London, and, on liis return, was 
 appointed a Circuit Judge. On the admission of 
 the State he was elected the first Attorney - 
 General, but almost immediately resigned and, 
 in September, 1819, was elected to Congress, serv- 
 ing as Representative until 1827. Having married 
 a daughter of Governor Edwards, he became a 
 resident of Edwardsville. He was a conspicuous 
 opponent of the proposition to make Illinois a 
 slave State in 1823-24. and did much to prevent 
 the success of that scheme. He also bore a 
 prominent part while in Congress in securing the 
 donation of lands for the construction of the 
 
120 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 Illinois & Michigan Canal. He was distinguished 
 for his eloquence, and it was during his first 
 Congressional campaign that stump-speaking was 
 introduced into the State. Suffering from 
 consumption, he visited Cuba, and, after return- 
 ing to his home at Edwardsville and failing to 
 improve, he went to Kentucky, where he died, 
 Oct. 16, 1827. John (Cook), soldier, born at 
 Edwardsville, 111., June 12, 1825, the son of 
 Daniel P. Cook, the second Congressman from 
 Illinois, and grandson of Gov. Ninian Edwards, 
 was educated by private tutors and at Illinois 
 College ; in 1855 was elected Mayor of Springfield 
 and the following year Sheriff of Sangamon 
 County, later serving as Quartermaster of the 
 State. Raising a company promptly after the 
 firing on Fort Sumter in 1861, he was commis- 
 sioned Colonel of the Seventh Illinois Volunteers 
 the first regiment organized in Illinois under 
 the first call for troops by President Lincoln ; was 
 promoted Brigadier-General for gallantry at Fort 
 Donelson in March, 18C2; in 1864 commanded the 
 District of Illinois, with headquarters at Spring- 
 field, being mustered out, August, 1865, with the 
 brevet rank of Major-Geueral. General Cook was 
 elected to the lower house of the General Assem- 
 bly from Sangamon County, in 1868. During 
 recent years his home has been in Michigan. 
 
 COOK COUNTY, situated in the northeastern 
 section of the State, bordering on Lake Michigan, 
 and being the most easterly of the second tier of 
 counties south of the Wisconsin State line. It 
 has an area of 890 square miles ; population (1890), 
 1,191,922; (1900), 1,838,735; county-seat, Chicago. 
 The county was organized in 1831, having origi- 
 nally embraced the counties of Du Page, Will, 
 Lake, McHenry and Iroquois, in addition to its 
 present territorial limits. It was named in 
 honor of Daniel P. Cook, a distinguished Repre- 
 sentative of Illinois in Congress. (See Cook, 
 Daniel P. ) The first County Commissioners were 
 Samuel Miller, Gholson Kercheval and James 
 Walker, who took the oath of office before Justice 
 John S. C. Hogan, on March 8, 1831. William 
 Lee was appointed Clerk and Archibald Cly bourne 
 Treasurer. Jedediah Wormley was first County 
 Surveyor, and three election districts (Chicago, 
 Du Page and Hickory Creek) were created. A 
 scow ferry was established across the South 
 Branch, with Mark Beaubien as ferryman. Only 
 non-residents were required to pay toll. Geolo- 
 gists are of the opinion that, previous to the 
 glacial epoch, a large portion of the county lay 
 under the waters of Lake Michigan, which was 
 connected with the Mississippi by the Des Plaines 
 
 River. This theory is borne out by the finding 
 of stratified beds of coal and gravel in the eastern 
 and southern portions of the county, either under- 
 lying the prairies or assuming the form of ridges. 
 The latter, geologists maintain, indicate the exist- 
 ence of an ancient key, and they conclude that, 
 at one time, the level of the lake was nearly forty 
 feet higher than at present. Glacial action is 
 believed to have been very effective in establish- 
 ing surface conditions in this vicinity. Lime- 
 stone and building stone are quarried in tolerable 
 abundance. Athens marble (white when taken 
 out, but growing a rich yellow through exposure) 
 is found in the southwest. Isolated beds of peat 
 have also been found. The general surface is 
 level, although undulating in some portions. The 
 soil near the lake is sandy, but in the interior 
 becomes a black mold from one to four feet in 
 depth. Drainage is afforded by the Des Plaines, 
 Chicago and Calumet Rivers, which is now being 
 improved by the construction of the Drainage 
 Canal. Manufactures and agriculture are the 
 principal industries outside of the city of Chi- 
 cago. (See also Chicago.) 
 
 COOK COUNTY HOSPITAL, located in Chi 
 cago and under control of the Commissioners of 
 Cook County. It was originally erected by the 
 City of Chicago, at a cost of $80,000, and was 
 intended to be used as a hospital for patients 
 suffering from infectious diseases. For several 
 years the building was unoccupied, but, in 1858, 
 it was leased by an association of physicians, who 
 opened a hospital, with the further purpose of 
 affording facilities for clinical instruction to the 
 students of Rush Medical College. In 1863 the 
 building was taken by the General Government 
 for military purposes, being used as an eye and 
 ear hospital for returning soldiers. In 1865 it 
 reverted to the City of Chicago, and, in 1866, was 
 purchased by Cook County. In 1874 the County 
 Commissioners purchased a new and more spa- 
 cious site at acost of 145,000, and began the erec- 
 tion of buildings thereon. The two principal 
 pavilions were completed and occupied before the 
 close of 1875; the clinical amphitheater and 
 connecting corridors were built in 1876-77, and an 
 administrative building and two additional 
 pavilions were added in 1882-84. Up to that date 
 the total cost of the buildings had been $719,574, 
 and later additions and improvements have 
 swelled the outlay to more than $1,000.000. It 
 accommodates about 800 patients and constitutes 
 a part of the county machinery for the care of 
 the poor. A certain number of beds are placed 
 under the care of homeopathic physicians. The 
 
^ 
 
 \ 
 
 r 
 x 
 o 
 z 
 
K'O 
 
 IIISTOlMt AI. KNrYrLOl'KDIA <>K ILLINOIS. 
 
 -iV Michigan Canal, lie was di-lingnished 
 for hi.- eloquence, and it was during his lirst 
 ( 'ongrcssional campaign that Stump-speaking was 
 mi lodii.'.-d into UK- Stall-. Snll'ering from 
 consumption, hi- visited Cuba, ami alter return- 
 ing to his IIOMIC at F.dward-ville ami failing to 
 improve, lie went to Kentucky, where he died, 
 Oct. lli. 1*^7. John (C.Nik i. soldier, born at 
 F.dwardsville. III. June I'.'. I"--, 1 :., tin- son of 
 
 Daniel I' Cook, the second Congressman fr 
 
 Illinois. and grandson of (im Ninian F.dward-. 
 was educalcd by private tutors ami at Illinois 
 College; in I K.Vi was elected Mayor of Springfield 
 ami the following year Shcrilf of Sangamon 
 County. Inter serving as i^uartermustcr of the 
 State liaising a <'oin|iany promptly after the 
 tiiinu' OH Fort Stiniter in l s tll. he \vas commis- 
 .sinneil Colonel of the Seventh Illinois Volunteers 
 the lirst regiment organi/cd ill Illinois under 
 thelirst call for troops hy President Lincoln, was 
 promoted Urigudier-licncral for gallantry at Fort 
 Donelson in March, IxiW; in 1*111 commanded the 
 Distri<'t of Illinois, with head.|iiarters at Spring- 
 field, tetag BMMtOTeO out. .August. Isfl'i. with the 
 brevet rank of Major-! ieneral. (ieneral Cook was 
 elected to the lower house of the (ieneral Asseni- 
 lilv from Sangamon (.'oiinty, in Isiis. During 
 recent years his home has liecn in Michigan. 
 
 i iiuh COUNTY, situateil in astern 
 
 seel ion of the Stall', bordering on l*uke Michigan, 
 ami being the most easterly of the second tier of 
 counties south of the Wisconsin State line It 
 has an area of siin-ipiarc miles, population (IMMH 
 l.l'Jl.'.rJ'J: d'.MHi). l.s:js.7a."); county-seat. Chicago. 
 The county was or^ani/ed in |s:j|. having origi- 
 nally emhraccd the counties of Du I'a^e. Will, 
 Lake, Jlcllenry ami lroi|iioi-,. in addition to its 
 present territorial limit.-. It was named in 
 honor of Daniel P. Took, a distinguished liepn- 
 sentativu of Illinois in Congress. (See <',,<,!;. 
 Jlaniil 1'.) The lirst County 'oniiiiir-sioners were 
 Samuel Miller. Clml-on Kerrlicval and James 
 Walker, who took the oath of ollicc hefon^ .Justice 
 John S. C. llo^an. on Mari'h s, |s:;i \Villiam 
 Lei' wasap|Hiinted ( 'lerk and . \rchiliald t'lyl>nrne 
 Treasurer. .ledf'diah AVormley was tirst County 
 SurM'Vor. and lliree election districts (Chicago. 
 I)n I'aj^e ami Iliekory Creek) were created. A 
 scow lurry was established across the South 
 Brunch, with Mark Ucauhieii as ferryman. Only 
 non-residents were rei|iiired to pay toll, (ieolo- 
 (;ists are of the opinion thai, previous to the 
 glacial e|Xich. a law |n -lion of the county lay 
 under the waters of Lake Michigan, which was 
 counected with the Mississippi hy the L)es 1'laines 
 
 Iliver. Tliis theory is iKirne out by the finding 
 of -iratilied U-dsot coal and gravel in the eastern 
 ami soi it hern port ions of the county, cither under- 
 lyin-; the prairies or assuming the form of ridges. 
 The latter, ^eolo^i-ts maintain, indicale Ihe exist- 
 ence- of an ancient key. and they conclude that, 
 at one time, the level of the lake was nearly forty 
 fi-et higher than at present (ilaciul action is 
 liclicxcd to have been very elfective in estahlish 
 iiix' surface conditions in this vicinity. Lime- 
 stone and Imildinx stone are quarried in tolerable 
 abundance. Athens marble (while when taken 
 out. but growing a rich yellow through exposure) 
 is found in the southwest. Isolated U-ils of peat 
 have also been found. The general surface is 
 level, although undulating in some |mrtions. The 
 soil near the lake is samly. but in the interior 
 becomes a black mold from one to four feet in 
 depth. Drainage isalforded by the Ues I'laines 
 Chicago ADii Calumet Kivers. which is now bein^ 
 improved by thu construction of the Draina^i 
 Canal. Manufactures ami agriculture ar the 
 principal industries outside of the cily of Chi- 
 cago. (See also f 'liii'ttt/tt. ) 
 
 COOK COf.NTY HOSPITAL, locate.) in Chi 
 ca^o and under control of the Commissioners of 
 Cook Comity. It was originally erected by tin- 
 City of Chicago, at a cost of :-Mil,(loo, and was 
 intended to l>e used as a hospital for patients 
 sulferini; from infectious diseases. For several 
 years the building was unoccupied, but. in l s "s 
 it was leased by an association of physicians, who 
 opened a hospital, with the further purpose of 
 alVordini; facilities for clinical instrti. lion to the 
 students of l.'u-h Medical College. In IM;:; ||,,. 
 building was taken liy the (ieneral (Government 
 for military |. urpo.es. bein^ use. I as a:i eye and 
 ear hospital for returning soldiers. In Isii.'i it 
 reverted to the City of I 'liirago. and. in iMiii. wa- 
 purchased by Cook Ciuinly. In I S 71 Ihe County 
 Coiiuni ioiiers purchased a new and more spa- 
 cion- site at a cost of >>1 I.'J.IKMI. and lie^an the erec- 
 tion of buildings thereon. The two principal 
 |K;\ ilions were completed and occupied In-fore the 
 elo->e of Is^.'t; the clinical amphitheater and 
 connecting corridors were built in 1*7(1-77, and an 
 administrative building and two addilional 
 pavilions were added in l*s->.s|. t'p to that date 
 the total cost of the buildings had licen *71!l..'i74 
 and later additions and improvements have 
 swelled the outlay lo more ili.m >i .i.ni o..o It 
 accommodales aUnil MM I palienls and constitutes 
 a part of the county machinery for the care of 
 the |ior A certain number of IH-.IS are placed 
 under the care ..I homeupathic physicians. The 
 
T. 
 
 *" 
 
 7 
 
 > 
 v. 
 
ALONG SHERIDAN KOAI) AND ON THE BOULEVARDS. 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 121 
 
 present (1896) allopathic medical staff consists of 
 fifteen physicians, fifteen surgeons, one oculist 
 and aurist and one pathologist; the homeopathic 
 staff comprises five physicians and five surgeons. 
 In addition, there is a large corps of internes, or 
 house physicians and surgeons, composed of 
 recent grad.iates from the several medical col- 
 leges, who gain their positions through competi- 
 tive examination and hold them for eighteen 
 months. 
 
 COOK I:, Edward Dean, lawyer and Congress- 
 man, born in Dubuque County, Iowa, Oct. 17, 
 1849; was educated in the common schools and 
 the high school of Dubuque; studied law in that 
 city and at Columbian University, Washington, 
 D. C., graduating from that institution with the 
 degree of Bachelor of Laws, and was admitted to 
 the bar in Washington in 1873. Coming to Chi- 
 cago the same year, he entered upon the practice 
 of his profession, which he pursued for the 
 remainder of his life. In 1882 he was elected a 
 Representative in the State Legislature from 
 Cook County, serving one term ; was elected as a 
 Republican to the Fifty-fourth Congress for the 
 Sixth District (Chicago), in 1894, and re-elected in 
 1896. His death occurred suddenly while in 
 attendance on the extra session of Congress in 
 Washington, June 24, 1897. 
 
 COOLBAUGH, William Findlay, financier, was 
 born in Pike County, Pa., July 1, 1821; at the 
 age of 15 became clerk in a dry-goods store in 
 Philadelphia, but, in 1842, opened a branch 
 establishment of a New York firm at Burlington, 
 Iowa, where he afterwards engaged in the bank-' 
 ing business, also serving in the Iowa State 
 Constitutional Convention, and, as the candidate 
 of his party for United States Senator, being 
 defeated by Hon. James Harlan by one vote. In 
 18G2 he came to Chicago and opened the banking 
 house of W. F. Coolbaugh & Co., which, in 1865, 
 became the Union National Bank of Chicago. 
 Later he became the first President of the Chi- 
 cago Clearing House, as also of the Bankers' 
 Association of the West and South, a Director of 
 the Board of Trade, and an original incorporator 
 of the .Chamber of Commerce, besides being a 
 member of the State Constitutional Convention 
 of 1869-70. His death by suicide, at the foot of 
 Douglas Monument, Nov. 14, 1877, was a shock to 
 the whole city of Chicago. 
 
 COOLEY, Horace S., Secretary of State, was 
 born in Hartford, Conn., in 1806, studied medi- 
 cine for two years in early life, then went to Ban- 
 gor, Maine, where he began the study of law ; in 
 1840 he came to Illinois, locating first at Rushville 
 
 and finally in the city of Quincy ; in 1842 took a 
 prominent part in the campaign which resulted 
 in the election of Thomas Ford as Governor also 
 received from Governor Carlin an appointment as 
 Quartermaster-General of the State. On the 
 accession of Governor French in December, 1846, 
 he was appointed Secretary of State and elected 
 to the same office under the Constitution of 1848. 
 dying before the expiration of his term, April 2. 
 1850. 
 
 GORBUS, (Dr.) J. C., physician, was born in 
 Holmes County, Ohio, in 1833, received his pri 
 mary education in the public schools, followed 
 by an academic course, and began the study of 
 medicine at Millersburg, finally graduating from 
 the Western Reserve Medical College at Cleve- 
 land. In 1855 he began practice at Orville, Ohio, 
 but the same year located at Mendota, 111., soon 
 thereafter removing to Lee County, where he 
 remained until 1862. The latter year he was 
 appointed Assistant Surgeon of the Seventy -fifth 
 Illinois Volunteer Infantry, but was soon pro- 
 moted to the position of Surgeon, though com- 
 pelled to resign the following year on account of 
 ill health. Returning from the army, he located 
 at Mendota. Dr. Corbus served continuously as a 
 member of the State Board of Public Charities 
 from 1873 until the accession of Governor Altgeld 
 to the Governorship in 1893, when he resigned. 
 He was also, for fifteen years, one of the Medical 
 Examiners for his District under the Pension 
 Bureau, and has served as a member of the 
 Republican State Central Committee for the 
 Mendota District. In 1897 he was complimented 
 by Governor Tanner by reappointment to the 
 State Board of Charities, and was made President 
 of the Board. Early in 1899 he was appointed 
 Superintendent of the Eastern Hospital for the 
 Insane at Kankakee, as successor to Dr. William 
 G. Stearns. 
 
 CORNELL, Paul, real-estate operator and capi- 
 talist, was born of English Quaker ancestry in 
 Washington County, N. Y., August 5, 1822: at 9 
 years of age removed with his step-father, Dr. 
 Barry, to Ohio, and five years later to Adams. 
 County, 111. Here young Cornell lived the life of 
 a farmer, working part of the year to earn money 
 to send himself to school the remainder; also 
 taught for a time, then entered the office of W. A. 
 Richardson, at Rushville, Schuyler County, as a 
 law student. In 1845 he came to Chicago, but 
 soon after became a student in the law office of 
 Wilson & Henderson at Joliet, and was admitted 
 to practice in that city. Removing to Chicago in 
 1847, he was associated, successively, with the lat 
 
M> "\ TIIK II" >l I.I .\'AU 1 1 
 
 Al.oNi, MIK KlU \N 
 
ItlSTOItlCAL K\( Y( LOPK1HA ol' H,LI\(U>. 
 
 present ( IK'.iii) .ill, i|i,-ii In.- m. "lie, il slalf consists of 
 lifteen physicians, lifteen surgeons, one- oculist 
 and Biirist and one pathologist; the homeopathic 
 stalf comprises live physicians ami live surgeons. 
 In addition, tlieiv is a large corps of internes, or 
 house physicians ami surgeons, composed of 
 recent grad iates from the several meilicul col- 
 leges, who gain their positions through competi- 
 tive examination ami hold them for eighteen 
 months 
 
 COOKK, Edward Ican, lawyer ami Congress- 
 man, horn in Dubui|ue County. Iowa, Oct. 17, 
 |x|!l; was educated ill the common schools and 
 the high school of Duhuijm 1 : studied law in that 
 city and at Columbian University, Washington, 
 D.C.. graduating from that institution with the. 
 decree of Bachelor of Laws, and was admitted to 
 the liar in Washington in 1ST:! Coming to Chi- 
 cago the same year, he entered upon the practice 
 of his profession, which he pursued for the, 
 remainder of his life. In I* 1 *',' he was elected a 
 Representative in the State Legislature from 
 Cook County, serving one term ; was elected as a 
 Republican to the Fifty-fourth Congress for the 
 Sixth District (Chicago), in 1^114. and re-elected in 
 l*!i. His death occurred suddenly while, in 
 
 atlendan ni I he extra session of Congress in 
 
 Washington, June -Jl. IS',17. 
 
 ( OOl.l'.An.ll. William Kindlay, finan<-ier. was 
 Imrn in Pike County. Pa.. July 1, IS'.M; at lin- 
 age of |.~i became clerk in a dry-goods store in 
 1'iiiladclphia. hut. in 1-1- opc.ned a branch 
 establishment of a New York linn at Rurlington, 
 Iowa, where he afterwards engaged in the liank-' 
 ing business, also serving in the Iowa State 
 Const it nl i, - 1: 'I < ''invention, and. as the candidate 
 of his p.nly lor I'nitcd Sl-ites Senator, being 
 defeated hv II, ui. James Ilarlail by one vote. In 
 IS.ii he came to Chicago and opened the banking 
 house of W. K. Coolliaiigh iV Co., which, in lS(i.">. 
 liccame tins Union National liank of Chicago 
 loiter he iH'came t!ie first President of the Chi- 
 cago Clearing House, as also of the Hankers' 
 Association of the West and South, a Director of 
 the Hoard of Trade, and an original incur] (orator 
 of the Chamber of Commerce, besides Itcing a 
 member of the State Constitutional Convention 
 of isr,'.t-7ll. llis death by suicide, at the toot of 
 Douglas Monument, Nov. 11, 1*77, was a shock to 
 the whole city of Chicago. 
 
 COOI.KY, Horace S., Secretary of Stale, was 
 born in Hartford, Conn., in INK!, studied medi- 
 cine for two years in early life, then went to Han- 
 gor. Maine, where he liegan the st udv of law; in 
 1*40 h<' came to Illinois locating tirsl at Itushville 
 
 ami linally in the city of Quincy ; in 1S40 tool; a 
 
 prominent part in tl ainpai^n which resulted 
 
 in the election ot' Thomas I-'ord as t Jovernor als*- 
 receive.! from < iovernor Carlin an ap|x)intmem a- 
 tJiiartermaster-( ieiieral ol the Stale On tin 
 ai'cession of Governor I-'rench in December, l^li. 
 he was ap|Miinted Secretary of State and elected 
 to the same ollice under the ( '.institution of IS|v 
 <lyin^ before tin- expiration of his term, April '.' 
 1850. 
 
 C'ORIU'S, (llr.l J. ('., physi.-iaii, was horn n 
 Holmes Comity. Ohio, in I*:::;, received his pri 
 mary education in the public schools, followed 
 by an academic course, and licjsin the study ol 
 medicine at Millersbun;. linally ^ra<luatin^ from 
 the Western Heserve Medical College at Cleve 
 land. In 1M.";.~> he liegan pra'tici' at Orville. Ohio 
 but the sunn* year located at Mendota. 111., soot. 
 thereafter removing to l>'e County, where lie 
 remained until I*!!'-' The latter year he wa- 
 apjHiinted Assistant Surgeon of the Seventy -fifth 
 Illinois Volunteer Infantry but was soon pro- 
 moted, to the |Hisition of Surgeon, though com 
 pelleil to resign the following year on account of 
 ill health, llcturning from the army, he locale. I 
 at Mendota. Dr. Corbus served continuously as a 
 member of the State Hoard of .Public Charities 
 from is;:; until the accession ol (Governor Altgeld 
 to the Governorship in IS'.i:!. when he resigned 
 He was also, for lil'teen years, one of the Medical 
 Examiners for his District under the PensTon 
 Bureau, anil has served as a menilier of tut* 
 Republican State Central Committee for the 
 Mendota District. In ISD; |,,. was complimented 
 by (iovcrnor Tanner l.\ reap|*iMtMient to the 
 Sta'e HoarJ of Cli.tritie.s. aad was n.adi- President 
 of the Hoard l!ai-|y in I S '.HI he was ap|Kiinteil 
 Sii|)erintendcnt of tin 1 Kasl.-rn llospiial for the 
 Insane at Kankaki'e. as sncci-.s,,i to Dr. William 
 <i. Stearns. 
 
 ('(MiXKI.L, I'.nil. i-.-.il I'stalc operator and cap! 
 talist. was liorn of Knglish Ouaker ancestry in 
 Washington County. N. Y., August .1. 1IS'.'-J; at !( 
 years of age removed with his sU.p-faihcr. Dr. 
 Harry, to Ohio, and live years later to Adams 
 County. Ill Here yoiingCorncll li\ed the life of 
 a farmer, working part of the year to earn money 
 to send himscll t.i school tin' remainder; also 
 taught tor a time, t hen entered theolliceol W A 
 Richardson, at Knshville, Schuyler County, as a 
 law sliidonl. In 1N4."> he came I, Chii-ago. but 
 soon alter licc.ime a student ill the law ollice of 
 Wilson A' Henderson at Joliet. and wasadmilteil 
 to practice in that city. Removing to Chicago in 
 ! 17 he was associated, successively, with tin' lat" 
 
m 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 I- C. P. Freer, Judge James H. Collins and 
 Messrs. Skinner & Hoyne ; finally entered into a 
 contract with Judge Skinner to perfect the title to 
 320 acres of land held under tax-title within the 
 present limits of Hyde Park, which he succeeded 
 in doing by visiting the original owners, thereby 
 securing one-half of the property in his own 
 name. He thus became the founder of the village 
 of Hyde Park, meanwhile adding to his posses- 
 sions other lands, which increased vastly in value. 
 He also established a watch factory at Cornell 
 (now a part of Chicago), which did a large busi- 
 ness until removed to California. Mr. Cornell 
 was a member of the first Park Board, and there- 
 fore has the credit of assisting to organize Chi- 
 cago's extensive park system. 
 
 CORWIN, Franklin, Congressman, was born at 
 Lebanon, Ohio, Jan. 12, 1818, and admitted to the 
 bar at the age of 21. While a resident of Ohio he 
 served in both Houses of the Legislature, and 
 settled in Illinois in 1857, making his home at 
 Peru. He was a member of the lower house of 
 the Twenty-fourth, Twenty-fifth and Twenty- 
 sixth General Assemblies, being Speaker in 186T. 
 and again in 1869. In 1872 he was elected to 
 Congress as a Republican, but, in 1874, was 
 defeated by Alexander Campbell, who made the 
 race as an Independent. Died, at Peru, 111.. June 
 15. 1879. 
 
 COUCH, James, pioneer hotel-keeper, was born 
 at Fort Edward, N. Y., August 31, 1800; removed 
 to Chautauqua County, in the same State, where 
 he remained until his twentieth year, receiving a 
 fair English education. After engaging succes- 
 sively, but with indifferent success, as hotel-clerk, 
 stage-house keeper, lumber-dealer, and in the dis- 
 tilling business, in 1836, in company with his 
 younger brother, Ira, he visited Chicago. They 
 both decided to go into business there, first open- 
 ing a small store, and later entering upon their 
 hotel ventures which proved so eminently suc- 
 cessful, and gave the Tremont House of Chicago 
 .so wide and enviable a reputation. Mr. Couch 
 superintended for his brother Ira the erection, at 
 various times, of many large business blocks in 
 the city. Upon the death of his brother, in 1857, 
 he was made one of the trustees of his estate, and, 
 with other trustees, rebuilt the Tremont House 
 after the Chicago fire of 1871. In April, 1892. 
 while boarding a street car in the central part of 
 the city of Chicago, he was run over by a truck, 
 receiving injuries which resulted in his death 
 the same day at the Tremont House, in the 92d 
 year of his age. Ira (Couch), younger brother of 
 the preceding, was Ixirn in Saratoga County, 
 
 N. Y., Nov. 22, 1808. At the age of sixteen he 
 was apprenticed to a tailor, and, in 1826, set up 
 in business on his own account. In 1836, while 
 visiting Chicago with his brother James, he 
 determined to go into business there. With a 
 stock of furnishing goods and tailors' supplies, 
 newly bought in New York, a small store was 
 opened. This business soon disposed of, Mr. 
 Couch, with his brother, obtained a lease of the 
 old Tremont House, then a low frame building 
 kept as a saloon boarding house. Changed and 
 refurnished, this was opened as a hotel. It was 
 destroyed by fire in 1839, as was also the larger 
 rebuilt structure in 1849. A second time rebuilt, 
 and on a much larger and grander scale at a cost 
 of S75,000| surpassing anything the West had ever 
 known before, the Tremont House this time stood 
 until the Chicago fire in 1871, when it was again 
 destroyed. Mr. Couch at all times enjoyed an 
 immense patronage, and was able to accumulate 
 (for that time) a large fortune. He purchased 
 and improved a large number of business blocks, 
 then within the business center of the city. In 
 1853 he retired from active business, and, in con- 
 sequence of impaired health, chose for the rest of 
 his life to seek recreation in travel. In the 
 winter of 1857, while with his family in 
 Havana, Cuba, he was taken with a fever which 
 soon ended his life. His remains now rest in a 
 mausoleum of masonry in Lincoln Park, Chi- 
 cago. 
 
 COT I.TKR V II,I,K, a town of Randolph County, 
 at the crossing of the Centralia & Chester and 
 the St. Louis & Paducah branch Illinois Central 
 Railways, 49 miles southeast of St. Louis. Farm- 
 ing and coal-mining are the leading industries. 
 The t6wn has two banks, two creameries, and a 
 newspaper. Population (1891)), 598; (1900), 660. 
 COUNTIES, UNORGANIZED. (See Unorgan- 
 ized Countien.) 
 
 COWHEN. ;i village of Shelby County, at the 
 intersection of the Baltimore & Ohio Southwest- 
 ern and the Toledo, St. Louis & Western Rail- 
 ways, 60 miles southeast of Springfield. Con- 
 siderable coal is mined in the vicinity; has a 
 bank and a weekly paper. Population (1880), 
 350; (1890), 702; (1900), 751. 
 
 COWLES, Alfred, newspaper manager, was 
 born in Portage County, Ohio, May 13, 1832, grew 
 up on a farm and, after spending some time at 
 Michigan University, entered the office of "The 
 Cleveland Leader" as a clerk; in 1855 accepted a 
 similar position on "The Chicago Tribune," which 
 had just been bought by Joseph Medill and 
 others, finally becoming a stockholder and busi- 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 123 
 
 ness manager of the paper, so remaining until his 
 death in Chicago, Dec. 20, 1889. 
 
 COX, Thomas, pioneer, Senator in the First 
 General Assembly of Illinois (1818-22) from Union 
 County, and a conspicuous figure in early State 
 history ; was a zealous advocate of the policy of 
 making Illinois a slave State; became one of the 
 original proprietors and founders of the city of 
 Springfield, and was appointed the first Register 
 of the Land Office there, but was removed under 
 charges of misconduct ; after his retirement from 
 the Land Office, kept a hotel at Springfield. In 
 1836 he removed to Iowa (then a part of Wiscon- 
 sin Territory), became a member of the first 
 Territorial Legislature there, was twice re-elected 
 and once Speaker of the House, being prominent 
 in 1840 as commander of the "Regulators" who 
 drove out a gang of murderers and desperadoes 
 who had got possession at Bellevue. Iowa. Died, 
 at Maquoketa, Iowa. 1843. 
 
 COT, Irug, lawyer, was born in Chenango 
 County, N. Y., July 25, 1832; educated in the 
 common schools and at Central College, Cortland 
 County, N. Y. , graduating in law at Albany in 
 1857. Then, having removed to Illinois, he 
 located in Kendall County and began practice; in 
 1868 was elected to the lower house of the General 
 Assembly and, in 1872, served as Presidential 
 Elector on the Republican ticket; removed to 
 Chicago in 1871, later serving as attorney of the 
 Union Stock Yards and Transit Company. Died, 
 in Chicago, Sept. 20, 1897. 
 
 CRAFTS, Clayton E., legislator and politician, 
 born at Auburn, Geauga County, Ohio, July 8, 
 1848; was educated at Hiram College and gradu- 
 ated from the Cleveland Law School in 1868, 
 coming to Chicago in 1869. Mr. Crafts served in 
 seven consecutive sessions of the General Assem- 
 bly (1883-95, inclusive) as Representative from 
 Cook County, and was elected by the Democratic 
 majority as Speaker, in 1891, and again in '93. 
 
 < 'R All;, Alfred H., jurist, was born in Edgar 
 County, 111., Jan. 15, 1831, graduated from Knox 
 College in 1853, and was admitted to the bar in 
 the following year, commencing practice at 
 Knoxville. He held the offices of State's 
 Attorney and County Judge, and represented 
 Knox County in the Constitutional Convention 
 of 1869-70. In 1873 he was elected to the bench 
 of the Supreme Court, as successor to Justice 
 C. B. Lawrence, and was re-elected in '82 and 
 '91 ; his present term expiring with the century. 
 He is a Democrat in politics, but has been 
 three times elected in a Republican judicial 
 district. 
 
 CRAWFORD, Charles H., lawyer and legisla- 
 tor, was born in Bennington, Vt., but reared in 
 Bureau and La Salle Counties, 111. ; has practiced 
 law for twenty years in Chicago, and been three 
 times elected to the State Senate 1884, '88 and 
 '94 and is author of the Crawford Primary Elec- 
 tion Law. enacted in 1885. 
 
 CRAWFORD COUNTY, a southeastern county, 
 bordering on the Wabash, 190 miles nearly due 
 south of Chicago named for William H. Craw- 
 ford, a Secretary of War. It has an area of 452 
 square miles; population (1900), 19,240. The 
 first settlers were the French, but later came 
 emigrants from New England. The soil is rich 
 and well adapted to the production of corn and 
 wheat, which are the principal crops. The 
 county was organized in 1817, Darwin being 
 the first county-seat. The present county-seat 
 is Robinson, with a population (1890) of 1,387: 
 centrally located and the point of intersection of 
 two railroads. Other towns of importance are 
 Palestine (population, 734) and Hutsonville (popu- 
 lation, 582). The latter, as well as Robinson, is 
 a grain-shipping point. The Embarras River 
 crosses the southwest portion cf the county, and 
 receives the waters of Big and Honey Creeks and 
 Bushy Fork. The county lias no mineral 
 resources, but contains some valuable woodland 
 and many well cultivated farms. Tobacco, 
 potatoes, sorghum and wool are among the lead, 
 ing products. 
 
 CREAL SPRINGS, a village of Williamson 
 County, on the St. Louis, Alton & Terre Haute 
 Railroad ; has a bank and a weekly paper. Popu- 
 lation (1890), 539; (1900), 940. 
 
 CREBS, John M., ex-Congressman, was born in 
 Middleburg, Loudoun County, Va. . April 7, 1830. 
 When he was but 7 years old his parents removed 
 to Illinois, where he ever after resided. At the 
 age of 21 he began the study of law, and, in 1852. 
 was admitted to the bar, beginning practice in 
 White County. In 1862 he enlisted in the 
 Eighty-seventh Illinois Volunteers, receiving a 
 commission as Lieutenant-Colonel, participating 
 in all the important movements in the Mississippi 
 Valley, including the capture of Vicksburg, and 
 in the Arkansas campaign, a part of the time 
 commanding a brigade. Returning home, lie 
 resumed the practice of his profession. In 186 
 he was an unsuccessful candidate for State 
 Superintendent of Public Instruction on the 
 Democratic ticket. He was elected to Congress 
 in 1868 and re-elected in 1870, and, in 1880, was a 
 delegate to the Democratic State Convention. 
 Died, June 26, 1890. 
 
124 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 CRE1GHTOX, James A., jurist, was born in 
 White County, 111., March 7, 1846; in childhood 
 removed with his parents to Wayne County, and 
 was educated in the schools at Fairfield and at 
 the Southern Illinois College, Salem, graduating 
 from the latter in 1868. After teaching for a 
 time while studying law, he was admitted to the 
 bar in 18TO, and opened an office at Fairfield, but, 
 in 1877, removed to Springfield. In 1885 he was 
 elected a Circuit Judge for the Springfield Cir- 
 cuit, was re-elected in 1891 and again in 1897. 
 
 < 'K K K A K, John, manufacturer and philanthro- 
 pist, was born of Scotch ancestry in New York 
 City, in 1827 ; at 18 years of age was an employe 
 of an iron-importing firm in that city, subse- 
 quently accepting a position with Morris K. 
 Jessup & Co., in the same line. Coming to 
 Chicago in 1862, in partnership with J. McGregor 
 Adams, he succeeded to the business of Jessup & 
 Co., in that city, also becoming a partner in the 
 Adams & Westlake Company, iron manufactur- 
 ers. He also became interested and an official in 
 various other business organizations, including 
 the Pullman Palace Car Company, the Chicago 
 & Alton Railroad, the Illinois Trust and Savings 
 Bank, and, for a time, was President of the Chi- 
 cago & Joliet Railroad, besides being identified 
 with various benevolent institutions and associ- 
 ations. After the fire of 1871. he was intrusted 
 by the New York Chamber of Commerce with 
 the custody of funds sent for the relief of suffer- 
 ers by that calamity. His integrity and business 
 sagacity were universally recognized. After his 
 death, which occurred in Chicago, Oct. 19, 
 1889, it was found that, after making munificent 
 bequests to some twenty religious and benevolent 
 associations and enterprises, aggregating nearly 
 a million dollars, besides liberal legacies to 
 relatives, he had left the residue of his estate, 
 amounting to some 52,000,000, for the purpose of 
 founding a public library in the city of Chicago, 
 naming thirteen of his most intimate friends as 
 the first Board of Trustees. No more fitting and 
 lasting monument of so noble and public-spirited 
 a man could have been devised. 
 
 CRETE, a village of Will County, on the Chi- 
 cago & Eastern Illinois Railroad, 30 miles south 
 of Chicago. Population (1890), 642; (1900), 760. 
 
 CROOK, tieorge, soldier, was born near Day- 
 ton, Ohio, Sept. 8, 1828; graduated at the United 
 States Military Academy, West Point, in 1852, and 
 was assigned as brevet Second Lieutenant to the 
 Fourth Infantry, becoming full Second Lieuten- 
 ant in 1853. In 1861 he entered the volunteer 
 service as Colonel of the Thirty-sixth Ohio Infan- 
 
 try ; was promoted Brigadier-General in 1862 and 
 Major-General in 1864, being mustered out of the 
 service, January, 1866. During the war he 
 participated in some of the most important 
 battles in West Virginia and Tennessee, fought at 
 Chickamauga and Antietam, and commanded 
 the cavalry in the advance on Richmond in the 
 spring of 1865. On being mustered out of the 
 volunteer service he returned to the regular 
 army, was appointed Lieutenant-Colonel of the 
 Twenty-third Infantry, and, for several years, was 
 engaged in campaigns against the hostile Indians 
 in the Northwest and in Arizona. In 1888 he 
 was appointed Major-General and, from that time 
 to his death, was in command of the Military 
 Division of the Missouri, with headquarters at 
 Chicago, where he died, March 19, 1890. 
 
 CROSIAR, Simon, pioneer, was born near 
 Pittsburg, Pa., in the latter part of the last 
 century; removed to Ohio in 1815 and to Illinois 
 in 1819, settling first at Cap au Gris, a French 
 village on the Mississippi just above the mouth 
 of the Illinois in what is now Calhoun County ; 
 later lived at Peoria (1824), at Ottawa (1826), at 
 Shippingport near the present city of La Salle 
 (1829), and at Old Utica (1834) ; in the mean- 
 while built one or two mills on Cedar Creek in 
 La Salle County, kept a storage and commission 
 house, and, for a time, acted as Captain of a 
 steamboat plying on the Illinois. Died, in 1846. 
 
 CRYSTAL LAKE, a village in McHenry 
 County, at the intersection of two divisions of 
 the Chicago & Northwestern Railway, 43 miles 
 northwest of Chicago. Population (1880), 546; 
 (1890), 781; (1900), 930. 
 
 CUBA, a town in Fulton County, distant 38 
 miles west-southwest of Peoria, and about 8 miles 
 north of Lewistown. The entire region (includ- 
 ing the town) is underlaid with a good quality of 
 bituminous coal, of which the late State Geologist 
 Worthen asserted that, in seven townships of 
 Fulton County, there are 9,000,000 tons to the 
 square mile, within 150 feet of the surface. Brick 
 and cigars are made here, and the town has two 
 banks, a newspaper, three churches and good 
 schools. Population (1890), 1,114; (1900), 1,198; 
 (1903, school census), 1,400. 
 
 CULLEN, William, editor and Congressman, 
 born in the north of Ireland, March 4, 1826; while 
 yet a child was brought by his parents to Pitts- 
 burg, Pa. , where he was educated in the public 
 schools. At the age of 20 he removed to 
 La Salle County, 111, and began life as a farmer. 
 Later he took up his residence at Ottawa. He 
 has served as Sheriff of La Salle County, and held 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 125 
 
 other local offices, and was for many years a part 
 owner and senior editor of "The Ottawa Repub- 
 lican." From 1881 to 1885, as a Republican, he 
 represented the Eighth Illinois District in Con- 
 gress. 
 
 CULLOM, Richard Northcraft, farmer and 
 legislator, was born in the State of Maryland, 
 October 1, 1795, but early removed to Wayne 
 County, Ky., where he was Carried to Miss 
 Elizabeth Coffey, a native of North Carolina. In 
 1830 he removed to Illinois, settling near Wash- 
 ington, Tazewell County, where he continued to 
 reside during the remainder of his life. Although 
 a farmer by vocation, Mr. Cullom was a man of 
 prominence and a recognized leader in public 
 affairs. In 1836 he was elected as a Whig Repre- 
 sentative in the Tenth General Assembly, serving 
 in the same body with Abraham Lincoln, of 
 whom he was an intimate personal and political 
 friend. In 1840 he was chosen a member of the 
 State Senate, serving in the Twelfth and Thir- 
 teenth General Assemblies, and, in 1853, was 
 again elected to the House. Mr. Cullom's death 
 occurred in Tazewell County, Dec. 4, 1872, his 
 wife having died Dec. 5, 1868. Mr. and Mrs. 
 Cullom were the parents of Hon. Shelby. M. 
 Cullom. 
 
 CDLLOM, Shelby Moore, United States Sena- 
 tor, was born in Wayne County, Ky., Nov. 22, 
 1829. His parents removed to Tazewell County, 
 111., in 1830, where his father became a member 
 of the Legislature and attained prominence as a 
 public man. After two years spent in Rock 
 River Seminary at Mount Morris, varied by some 
 experience as a teacher, in 1853 the subject of 
 this sketch went to Springfield to enter upon the 
 study of law in the office of Stuart & Edwards. 
 Being admitted to the bar two years afterward, 
 he was almost immediately elected City Attor- 
 ney, and, in 1856, was a candidate on the Fill- 
 more ticket for Presidential Elector, at the same 
 time being elected to the Twentieth General 
 Assembly for Sangamon County, as he was again, 
 as a Republican, in 1860, being supported alike by 
 the Fillmore men and the Free-Soilers. At the 
 session following the latter election, he was 
 chosen Speaker of the House, which was his first 
 important political recognition. In 1862 he was 
 appointed by President Lincoln a member of the 
 War Claims Commission at Cairo, serving in this 
 capacity with Governor Boutwell of Massachu- 
 setts and Charles A. Dana of New York. He was 
 also a candidate for the State Senate the same 
 year, but then sustained his only defeat. Two 
 years later (1864) he was a candidate for Con- 
 
 gress, defeating his former preceptor, Hon. John 
 T. Stuart, being re-elected in 1866, and again in 
 1868, the latter year over B. S. Edwards. He 
 was a delegate to the National Republican Con- 
 vention of 1872, and, as Chairman of the Illinois 
 delegation, placed General Grant in nomination 
 for the Presidency, holding the same position 
 again in 1884 and in 1892; was elected to the Illi- 
 nois House of Representatives in 1872 and in 1874, 
 being chosen Speaker a second time in 1873, as he 
 was the unanimous choice of his party for 
 Speaker again in 1875; in 1876 was elected Gov- 
 ernor, was re-elected in 1880, and, in 1883, elected 
 to the United States Senate as successor to Hon. 
 David Davis. Having had two re-elections since 
 (1889 and '95), he is now serving his third term, 
 which will expire in 1901. In 1898. by special 
 appointment of President McKinley, Senator 
 Cullom served upon a Commission to investigate 
 the condition of the Hawaiian Islands and 
 report a plan of government for this new division 
 of the American Republic. Other important 
 measures with which his name has been promi- 
 nently identified have been the laws for the sup- 
 pression of polygamy in Utah and for the creation 
 of the Inter-State Commerce Commission. At 
 present he is Chairman of the Senate Committee 
 on Inter-State Commerce and a member of those 
 on Appropriations and Foreign Affairs. His 
 career has been conspicuous for his long public 
 service, the large number of important offices 
 which he has held, the almost unbroken uniform- 
 ity of his success when a candidate, and his com- 
 plete exemption from scandals of every sort. No 
 man in the history of the State has been more 
 frequently elected to the United States Senate, 
 and only three Senators Douglas, Trumbull and 
 Logan for an equal number of terms; though 
 only one of these (Senator Trumbull) lived to 
 serve out the full period for which he was 
 elected. 
 
 CUMBERLAND COUNTY, situated in the 
 southeast quarter of the State, directly south of 
 Coles County, from which it was cut off in 1842. 
 Its area is 350 square miles, and population (1900), 
 16,124. The county-seat was at Greenup until 
 1855, when it was transferred to Prairie City, 
 which was laid off in 1854 and incorporated as a 
 town in 1866. The present county-seat is at 
 Toledo (population, 1890, 676). The Embarras 
 River crosses the county, as do also three lines of 
 railroad. Neoga, a mining town, has a popula- 
 tion of 829. The county received its name from 
 the Cumberland Road, which, as originally pro- 
 jected, passed through it. 
 
126 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 CUMMINS; (Rev.) DiTid, Bishop of the Re- 
 formed Protestant Episcopal Church, was 
 born near Smyrna, Del., Dec. 11, 1822; gradu- 
 ated at Dickinson College, Pa., in 1841, and 
 became a licentiate in the Methodist ministry, 
 but, in 1846, took orders in the Episcopal 
 Church; afterwards held rectorships in Balti- 
 more, Norfolk, Richmond and the Trinity 
 Episcopal Church of Chicago, in 1866 being con- 
 secrated Assistant -Bishop of the Diocese of 
 Kentucky. As a recognized leader of the Low- 
 Church or Evangelical party, he early took issue 
 with the ritualistic tendencies of the High-Church 
 party, and, having withdrawn from the Episcopal 
 Church in 1873, became the first Bishop of the 
 Reformed Episcopal organization. He was zeal- 
 ous, eloquent and conscientious, but overtaxed his 
 strength in his new field of labor, dying at Luth- 
 erville, Mi I., June 36. 1876. A memoir of Bishop 
 Cummins, by his wife, was publishedin 1878. 
 
 CUMULATIVE VOTE. (See Minority Repre- 
 sentation. ) 
 
 CURTIS, Harvey, clergyman and educator, was 
 born In Adams, Jefferson County, N. Y. , May 30, 
 1806; graduated at Middlebury College, Vt., in 
 1831, with the highest honors of his class; after 
 three years at Princeton Theological Seminary, 
 was ordained pastor of the Congregational 
 church at Brandon. Vt., in 1836. In 1841 he 
 accepted an appointment as agent of the Home 
 Missionary Society for Ohio and Indiana, between 
 1843 and 1858 holding pastorates at Madison, 
 1 1 nl.. and Chicago. In the latter year he was 
 chosen President of Knox College, at Galesburg, 
 dying there, Sept. 18, 1862. 
 
 CURTIS, William Elroy, journalist, was born 
 at Akron, Ohio. Nov. 5, 1850 ; graduated at 
 Western Reserve College in 1851, meanwhile 
 learning the art of typesetting; later served as it 
 reporter on "The Cleveland Leader" and, in 1872, 
 took a subordinate position on "The Chicago 
 Inter Ocean," finally rising to tliat of managing- 
 editor. While on "The Inter Ocean" he accom- 
 panied General Ouster in his campaign against 
 the Sioux, spent several months investigating 
 the "Ku-Klux" and "White League" organiza- 
 tions in the South, and, for some years, was "The 
 Inter Ocean" correspondent in Washington. 
 Having retired from "The Inter Ocean." he 
 became Secretary of the "Pan- American Con- 
 gress" in Washington, and afterwards made the 
 tour of the United States with the South and 
 Central American representatives in that Con- 
 gress. During the World's Columbian Exposition 
 in Chicago he had general supervision of the 
 
 Latin-American historical and archaeological 
 exhibits. Mr. Curtis has visited nearly every 
 Central and South American country and has 
 written elaborately on these subjects for the 
 magazines and for publication in book form ; has 
 also published a "Life of Zachariah Chandler'' 
 and a "Diplomatic History of the United States 
 and Foreign Powers." For some time he was 
 managing editor of "The Chicago News" and is 
 now (1898) the Washington Correspondent of 
 "The Chicago Record." 
 
 CUSHMAN, (Col.) William H. W., financier 
 and manufacturer, was born at Freetown, Mass., 
 May 13, 1813; educated at the American Literary, 
 Scientific and Military Academy, Norwich, Vt. ; 
 at 18 began a mercantile career at Middlebury, 
 and, in 1824, removed to La Salle County, 111., 
 where he opened a country store, also built a mill 
 at Vermilionville; later was identified with many 
 large financial enterprises which generally 
 proved successful, thereby accumulating a for- 
 tune at one time estimated at $3,000,000. He was 
 elected as a Democrat to the Thirteenth and 
 Fourteenth General Assemblies (1842 and '44) 
 and, for several years, held a commission as 
 Captain of the Ottawa Cavalry (militia). The 
 Civil War coming on, he assisted in organizing 
 the Fifty-third Illinois Volunteers, and was com- 
 missioned its Colonel, but resigned Sept. 3, 1862. 
 He organized and was principal owner of the 
 Bank of Ottawa, which, in 1865, became the First 
 National Bank of that city; was the leading 
 spirit in the Hydraulic Company and the Gas 
 Company at Ottawa, built and operated the 
 Ottawa Machine Shops and Foundry, speculated 
 largely in lands in La Salle and Cook Counties 
 his operations in the latter being especially large 
 about Riverside, as well as in Chicago; was a 
 principal stockholder in the bank of Cush- 
 man & Hardin in Chicago, had large interests in 
 the lumber trade in Michigan, and was one of 
 the builders of the Chicago, Paducah & South- 
 western Railroad. The Chicago fire of 1871, 
 however, brought financial disaster upon him. 
 which finally dissipated his fortune and de- 
 stroyed his mental and physical health. His 
 death occurred at Ottawa, Oct. 28, 1878. 
 
 HALE, Michael <;., lawyer, was born in Lan- 
 caster, Pa., spent his childhood and youth in the 
 public schools of his native city, except one year 
 in West Chester Academy, when he entered 
 Pennsylvania College at Gettysburg, graduating 
 there in 1835. He then began the study of law 
 and was admitted to the bar in 1837: coming to 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 127 
 
 Illinois the following year, he was retained in a 
 suit at Greenville, Bond County, which led to his 
 employment in others, and finally to opening an 
 office there. In 1839 he was elected Probate 
 Judge of Bond County, remaining in office four- 
 teen years, meanwhile being commissioned Major 
 of the State Militia in 1844, and serving as mem- 
 ber of a Military Court at Alton in 1847; was also 
 the Delegate from Bond County to the State Con- 
 stitutional Convention of 1847. In 1853 he re- 
 signed the office of County Judge in Bond County 
 to accept that of Register of the Land office at 
 Edwardsville, where he continued to reside, fill- 
 ing the office of County Judge in Madison County 
 five or six terms, besides occupying some subordi- 
 nate positions. Judge Dale married a daughter 
 of Hon. William L. D. Ewing. Died at Edwards- 
 ville, April 1, 1895. 
 
 DALLAS CITY, a town of Hancock County, at 
 the intersection of the Atchison, Topeka & Santa 
 Fe and the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Rail- 
 roads, 16 miles south of Burlington. It has man- 
 ufactories of lumber, buttons, carriages and 
 wagons, and two weekly newspapers. Popula- 
 tion (1880), 829; (1890), 747; 1900), 970. 
 
 DANENHOWER, John Wilson, Arctic explorer, 
 was born in Chicago, Sept. 30, 1849 the son of 
 W. W. Danenhower, a journalist. After passing 
 through the schools of Chicago and Washington, 
 he graduated from the United States Naval Acad- 
 emy at Annapolis in 1870, was successively com- 
 missioned as Ensign, Master and Lieutenant, and 
 served on expeditions in the North Pacific and in 
 t In' Mediterranean. In 1878 he joined the Arctic 
 steamer Jeannette at Havre, France, as second in 
 command under Lieut. George W.-De Long; pro- 
 ceeding to San Francisco in July, 1879, the 
 steamer entered the Arctic Ocean by way of 
 Behring Straits. Here, having been caught in an 
 ice-pack, the vessel was held twenty-two months, 
 Lieutenant Danenhower meanwhile being dis- 
 abled most of the time by ophthalmia. The crew, 
 as last compelled to abandon the steamer, dragged 
 their boats over the ice for ninety-five days until 
 they were able to launch them in open water, 
 but were soon separated by a gale. The boat 
 commanded by Lieutenant Danenhower reached 
 the Lena Delta, on the north coast of Siberia, 
 where the crew were rescued by natives, landing 
 Sept. 17 ; 1881. After an ineffectual search on 
 the delta for the crews of the other two boats, 
 Lieutenant Danenhower, with his crew, made 
 the journey of 6,000 miles to Orenburg, finally 
 arriving in the United States in June, 1882. He 
 has told the story of the expedition in "The 
 
 Narrative of the Jeannette," published in 1882. 
 Died, at Annapolis, Md., April 20, 1887. 
 
 DANYERS, a village of McLean County, on the 
 Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis 
 Railway. The section is agricultural. The town 
 lias a bank and a newspaper. Population (1880), 
 460; (1890), 506; (1900), 607. 
 
 DANVILLE, the county-seat of Vermilion 
 County, on Vermilion River and on five impor- 
 tant lines of railroad; in rich coal-mining 
 district and near large deposits of shale and 
 soapstone, which are utilized in manufacture of 
 sewer-pipe, paving and fire-clay brick. The city 
 has car-shops and numerous factories, water- 
 works, electric lights, paved streets, several 
 banks, twenty-seven churches, five graded schools 
 and one high school, and six newspapers, three 
 daily. A Soldiers' Home is located three miles 
 east of the city. Pop. (1890), 11,491; (1900), 16,354. 
 
 DANVILLE, OLNEY, & OHIO RIVER RAIL- 
 ROAD. (See Chicago <t Ohio River Railroad.} 
 
 DANVILLE, URBANA, BLOOMINtJTON t 
 PEKIN RAILROAD. (See Pearia & Eastern 
 Railroad.) 
 
 D'ARTAIWUIETTE, Pierre, a French com 
 mandant of Illinois from 1734 to 1736, having 
 been appointed by Bienville, then Governor of 
 Louisiana. He was distinguished for gallantry 
 and courage. He defeated the Natchez Indians, 
 but, in an unsuccessful expedition against the 
 Chickasaws, was wounded, captured and burned 
 at the stake. 
 
 DAVENPORT, George, soldier, pioneer and 
 trader, born in Lincolnshire, England, in 1783. 
 came to this country in 1804. and soon aftei 
 enlisted in the United States army, with the rank 
 of sergeant. He served gallantly on various 
 expeditions in the West, where he obtained a 
 knowledge of the Indians which was afterward 
 of great value to him. During the War of 181i 
 his regiment was sent East, where he partici- 
 pated in the defense of Fort Erie and in other 
 enterprises. In 1815, his term of enlistment hav- 
 ing expired and the war ended, he entered the 
 service of the contract commissar}'. He selected 
 the site for Fort Armstrong and aided in planning 
 and supervising its construction. He cultivated 
 friendly relations with the surrounding tribes, 
 and, in 1818, built a double log house, married, 
 and engaged in business as a fur -trader, near the 
 site of the present city of Rock Island. He had 
 the confidence and respect of the savages, was 
 successful and his trading posts were soon scat- 
 tered through Illinois. Iowa and Wisconsin. In 
 1823 he piloted the first steamboat through the 
 
128 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 upper Mississippi, and, in 1825, was appointed the 
 first postmaster at Rock Island, being the only 
 white civilian resident there. In 1836 he united 
 his business with that of the American Fur Com- 
 pany, in whose service he remained. Although 
 he employed every effort to induce President 
 Jackson to make a payment to Black Hawk and 
 his followers to induce them to emigrate across 
 the Mississippi voluntarily, when that Chief 
 commenced hostilities, Mr. Davenport tendered 
 his services to Governor Reynolds, by whom he 
 was commissioned Quartermaster-General with 
 the rank of Colonel. Immigration increased 
 rapidly after the close of the Black Hawk War 
 In 1835 a company, of which he was a member, 
 founded the town of Davenport, opposite Rock 
 Island, which was named in his honor. In 1837 
 and '42 he was largely instrumental in negoti- 
 ating treaties by which the Indians ceded their 
 lands in Iowa to the United States. In the 
 latter year he gave up the business of fur-trading, 
 having accumulated a fortune through hard 
 labor and scrupulous integrity, in the face often 
 i >f grave perils. He had large business interests in 
 nearly every town in his vicinity, to all of which 
 he gave more or less personal attention. On the 
 night of July 4, 1843, he was assassinated at his 
 home by robbers. Fora long time the crime was 
 shrouded in mystery, but its perpetrators were 
 ultimately detected and brought to punishment. 
 
 DAVIS, David, jurist and United States 
 Senator, was born in Cecil County, Md., March 
 fl, 1815; pursued his academic studies at Kenyon 
 College, Ohio, and studied law at Yale. He settled 
 at Bloomington, 111., in 1836, and, after practicing 
 law there until 1844, was elected to the lower house 
 of the Fourteenth General Assembly. After 
 serving in the Constitutional Convention of 1847, 
 he was elected Judge of the Eighth Judicial 
 Circuit under the new Constitution in 1848, being 
 re-elected in 1855 and '61. He was a warm, per- 
 sonal friend of Abraham Lincoln, who, in 1862, 
 placed him upon the tench of the United States 
 Supreme Court. He resigned his high judicial 
 honors to become United States Senator in 1877 
 :is successor to Logan's first term. On Oct. 13, 
 1881, he was elected President pro tern, of the 
 Senate, serving in this capacity to the end of his 
 term in 1885. He died at his home in Blooming- 
 ton, June 26, 1880. 
 
 DAVIS, George R., lawyer and Congressman, 
 was born at Three Rivers, Mass., January 3, 1840; 
 received a common school education, and a 
 classical course at Williston Seminary, Eusthamp- 
 ton, Mass. From 1H(W in 1NP>;> he served in the 
 
 Union army, first as Captain in the Eighth 
 Massachusetts Infantry, and later as Major in the 
 Third Rhode Island Cavalry. After the war he 
 removed to Chicago, where he still resides. By 
 profession he is a lawyer. He took a prominent 
 part in the organization of the Chicago militia, 
 was elected Colonel of the First Regiment, 
 I. N. G., and was for a time the senior Colonel in 
 the State service. In 1876 he was an unsuccessful 
 Republican candidate for Congress, but was 
 elected in 1878, and re-elected in 1880 and 1882. 
 From 1886 to 1890 he was Treasurer of Cook 
 County. He took an active and influential part 
 in securing the location of the World's Columbian 
 Exposition at Chicago, and was Director-General 
 of the Exposition from its inception to its close, 
 by his executive ability demonstrating the wis- 
 dom of his selection. Died Nov. 25, 1899. 
 
 DAVIS, Hasbrouck, soldier and journalist, was 
 born at Worcester, Mass., April 23, 1827, being 
 the son of John Davis, United States Senator and 
 Governor of Massachusetts, known in his lifetime 
 as "Honest John Davis." The son came to Chi- 
 cago in 1855 and commenced the practice of 
 law ; in 1861 joined Colonel Voss in the organiza- 
 tion of the Twelfth Illinois Cavalry, being elected 
 Lieutenant-Colonel and, on the retirement of 
 Colonel Voss in 1863, succeeding to the colonelcy. 
 In March, 1865, he was brevetted Brigadier-Gen- 
 eral, remaining in active service until August, 
 1865, when he resigned. After the war lie was, 
 for a time, editor of "The Chicago Evening Post," 
 was City Attorney of the City of Chicago from 
 1867 to '69, but later removed to Massachusetts 
 Colonel Davis was drowned at sea, Oct. 19, 1870. 
 by the loss of the steamship Cambria, while on a 
 voyage to Europe. 
 
 DAVIS, James M., early lawyer, was born in 
 Barren County, Ky., Oct. 9, 1793, came to Illinois 
 in 1817, located in Bond County and is said to 
 have taught the first school in that county. He 
 became a lawyer and a prominent leader of the 
 Whig party, was elected to the Thirteenth Gen- 
 eral Assembly (1842) from Bond County, and to 
 the Twenty-first from Montgomery in 1858, hav- 
 ing, in the meantime, become a citizen of 
 Hillsboro ; was also a member of the State Consti- 
 tutional Convention of 1847. Mr. Davis was a 
 man of striking personal api>earance, being over 
 six feet in height, and of strong individuality. 
 After the dissolution of the Whig party he identi- 
 fied himself with the Democracy and was an 
 intensely bitter opponent of the war policy of 
 the Government. Died, at Hillsboro, Sept. 17. 
 I860. 
 
HISTOEICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 129 
 
 DAVIS, John A., soldier, was born in Craw- 
 ford County, Pa., Oct. 25, 1823; came to Stephen- 
 son County, 111., in boyhood and served as 
 Representative in the General Assembly of 1857 
 and '59; in September, 1861, enlisted as a private, 
 was elected Captain and, on the organization of 
 the Forty-sixth Regiment Illinois Volunteers, at 
 Camp Butler, was commissioned its Colonel. He 
 participated in the capture of Fort Donelson, 
 and in the battle of Shiloh was desperately 
 wounded by a shot through the lungs, but 
 recovered in time to join his regiment before the 
 lattle of Corinth, where, on Oct. 4, 1862, he fell 
 mortally wounded, dying a few days after. On 
 receiving a request from some of his fellow-citi- 
 zens, a few days before his death, to accept a 
 nomination for Congress in the Freeport District, 
 Colonel Davis patriotically replied : "I can serve 
 my country better in following the torn banner 
 of my regiment in the battlefield." 
 
 DAVIS, LevI, lawyer and State Auditor, was 
 born in Cecil County, Md., July 20, 1806; gradu- 
 ated at Jefferson College, Pa., in 1828, and was 
 admitted to the bar at Baltimore in 1830. The 
 following year he removed to Illinois, settling at 
 Vandalia, then the capital. In 1835 Governor 
 Duncan appointed him Auditor of Public 
 Accounts, to which office he was elected by the 
 Legislature in 1837, and again in 1838. In 
 1846 he took up his residence at Alton. He 
 attained prominence at the bar and was, for 
 several years, attorney for the Chicago & Alton 
 and St. Louis, Alton & Terre Haute Railroad 
 Companies, in which he was also a Director. 
 Died, at Alton, March 4, 1897. 
 
 DAVIS, Nathan Smith, M.I).. I.1..K.. physi- 
 cian, educator and editor, was born in Chenango 
 Countys N. Y., Jan. 9, 1817; took a classical and 
 scientific course in Cazenovia Seminary ; in 1837 
 graduated from the College of Physicians and 
 Surgeons, winning several prizes during his 
 course; the same year began practice at Bing- 
 hainton; spent two years (1847-49) in New York 
 City, when he removed to Chicago to accept the 
 chair of Physiology and General Pathology in 
 Rush Medical College. In 1859 he accepted a 
 similar position in the Chicago Medical College 
 (now the medical department of Northwestern 
 University), where he still remains. Dr. Davis 
 has not only been a busy practitioner, but a volu- 
 minous writer on general and special topics con- 
 nected with his profession, having been editor at 
 different times of several medical periodicals, 
 including "The Chicago Medical Journal," "The 
 Medical Journal and Examiner," and "The 
 
 Journal of the American Medical Association.' 1 
 He lias also been prominent in State, National 
 and International Medical Congresses, and is one 
 of the founders of the Northwestern University, 
 the Chicago Academy of Sciences, the Chicago 
 Historical Society, the Illinois State Microscopi- 
 cal Society and the Union College of Law, besides 
 other scientific and benevolent associations. 
 
 DAVIS, Oliver L., lawyer, was born in New 
 York City, Dec. 20, 1819; after being in the 
 employ of the American Fur Company some 
 seven years, came to Danville, 111., in 1841 and 
 commenced studying law the next year; was 
 elected to the lower branch of the Seventeenth 
 and Twentieth General Assemblies, first as a 
 Democrat and next (1856) as a Republican; 
 served on the Circuit Bench in 1861-66, and again 
 in 1873-79, being assigned in 1877 to the Appellate 
 bench. Died, Jan. 12, 1892. 
 
 DAWSON, John, early legislator, was born in 
 Virginia, in 1791; came to Illinois in 1827, set- 
 tling in Sangamon County ; served five terms in 
 the lower house of the General Assembly ( 1830, 
 '34, '36, '38 and '46), during a part of the time 
 being the colleague of Abraham Lincoln. He 
 was one of the celebrated "Long Nine" who repre- 
 sented Sangamon County at the time of the 
 removal of the State capital to Springfield ; was 
 also a member of the Constitutional Convention 
 of 1847. Died, Nov. 13, 1850. 
 
 DEAF AND DUMB, ILLINOIS INSTITU- 
 TION FOR EDUCATION OF, located at Jack- 
 sonville, established by act of the Legislature, 
 Feb. 23, 1839, and the oldest of the State 
 charitable institutions. Work was not begun 
 until 1842, but one building was ready for 
 partial occupancy in 1846 and was completed 
 in 1849. (In 1871 this building, then known 
 as the south wing, was declared unsafe, and 
 was razed and rebuilt.) The center building 
 was completed in 1852 and the north wing in 
 1857. Other additions and new buildings have 
 been added from time to time, such as new dining 
 halls, workshops, barns, bakery, refrigerator 
 house, kitchens, a gymnasium, separate cot- 
 tages for the sexes, etc. At present (1895) the 
 institution is probably the largest, as it is un- 
 questionably one of the best conducted, of its class 
 in the world. The number of pupils in 1894 was 
 716. Among its employes are men and women of 
 ripe culture and experience, who have been con- 
 nected with it for more than a quarter of a 
 century. 
 
 DEARBORN, Lather, lawyer and legislator, 
 was born at Plymouth, N. H., March 24, 1820, 
 
130 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 and educated in Plymouth schools and at New- 
 Hampton Academy ; in youth removed to Dear- 
 born County, Ind., where lie taught school and 
 served as deputy Circuit Clerk; then came to 
 Mason County, 111., and, in 1844, to Elgin. Here 
 he was elected Sheriff and, at the expiration of 
 his term, Circuit Clerk, later engaging in the 
 banking business, which proving disastrous in 
 1857, he returned to Mason County and began the 
 practice of law. He then spent some years in 
 Minnesota, finally returning to Illinois a second 
 time, resumed practice at Havana, served one 
 term in the State Senate (1876-80); in 1884 
 became member of a law firm in Chicago, but 
 retired in 1887 to accept the attorneyship of the 
 Chicago & Alton Railway, retaining this position 
 until his death, which occurred suddenly at 
 Springfield, April 5, 1889. For the last two years 
 of his life Mr. Dearborn's residence was at 
 Aurora. 
 
 DECATUR, the county-seat of Macon County; 
 39 miles east of Springfield and one mile north 
 of the Sangamon River also an important rail- 
 way center. Three coal shafts are operated out- 
 side the city. It is a center for the grain trade, 
 having five elevators. Extensive car and repair 
 shops are located there, and several important 
 manufacturing industries flourish, among them 
 three flouring mills. Decatur has i>aved streets, 
 water-works, electric street railways, and excel- 
 lent public schools, including one of the best and 
 most noted high schools in the State. Four 
 newspapers are published there, each issuing a 
 daily edition. Pop., (1890), 16,841; (1900), 20.754. 
 
 DECATUR EDITORIAL CONVENTION. (See 
 Anti-Nebraska Editorial Convention.) 
 
 DECATUR & EASTERN RAILWAY. (See 
 Indiana, Decatur & Western Railway.) 
 
 DECATUR, MATTOON & SOUTHERN RAIL- 
 ROAD. (See Peoria, Drcatur <fr Evanxritte 
 Railway. ) 
 
 DECATUR, SULLIVAN & MATTOON RAIL- 
 ROAD. (See Peoria, Derutur & Erangville 
 Railway. ) 
 
 DEEP SNOW, THE, an event occurring in the 
 winter of 1830-31 and referred to by old settlers 
 of Illinois as constituting an epoch in State his- 
 tory. The late Dr. Julian M. Sturtevant, Presi- 
 dent of Illinois College, in an address to the "Old 
 Settlers" of Morgan County, a few years before 
 his death, gave the following account of it: "In 
 the interval between Christmas, 1830, and Janu- 
 ary, 1831, snow fell all over Central Illinois to a 
 depth of fully three feet on a level. Then came 
 a rain with weather so cold that it froze as it 
 
 fell, forming a crust of ice over this three feet of 
 snow, nearly, if not quite, strong enough to bear 
 a man, and finally over this crust there were :i 
 few inches of snow. The clouds passed away 
 and the wind came down upon us from the north- 
 west with extraordinary ferocity. For weeks 
 certainly not less than two weeks the mercury 
 in the thermometer tube was not, on any one 
 morning, higher than twelve degrees below zero. 
 This snow-fall produced constant sleighing for 
 nine weeks." Other contemporaneous accounts 
 say that this storm caused great suffering among 
 both men and beasts. The scattered settlers, un- 
 able to reach the mills or produce stores, were 
 driven, in some cases, to great extremity for 
 supplies ; mills were stopped by the freezing up 
 of streams, while deer and other game, sinking 
 through the crust of snow, were easily captured 
 or perished for lack of food. Birds and domestic 
 fowls often suffered a like fate for want of sus- 
 tenance or from the severity of the cold. 
 
 DEERE, John, manufacturer, was born at 
 Middlebury, Vt, Feb. 7, 1804; learned the black- 
 smith trade, which he followed until 1838, when 
 he came west, settling at Grand Detour, in Ogle 
 County ; ten years later removed to MoUne, and 
 there founded the plow-works which bear his 
 name and of which he was President from 1868 
 until his death in 188H. Charles H. (Deere), son 
 of the preceding, was born in Hancock, Addison 
 County Vt., March 28, 1837; educated in the 
 common schools and at Iowa and Knox Acad- 
 emies, and Bell's Commercial College, Chicago; 
 became assistant and head book-keeper, travel- 
 ing and purchasing agent of the Deere Plow 
 Company, and, on its incorporation, Vice-Presi- 
 dent and General Manager, until his father's 
 death, when he succeeded to the Presidency. He 
 is also the founder of the Deere & Mansur Corn 
 Planter Works, President of the Moline Water 
 Power Company, besides being a Director in 
 various other concerns and in the branch houses 
 of Deere & Co., in Kansas City, Des Moines. 
 Council Bluffs and San Francisco. Notwith- 
 standing his immense business interests. Mr. 
 Deere has found time for the discliarge of public 
 and patriotic duties, as shown by the fact that he 
 was for years a member and Chairman of the 
 State Bureau of Labor Statistics; a Commissioner 
 from Illinois to the Vienna International Exposi- 
 tion of 1873 ; one of the State Commissioners of 
 the World's Columbian Exposition of 1893; a 
 Presidential Elector for the State-at-large in 1888, 
 and a delegate from his District to the National 
 Republican Convention at St. Louis, in 189C. 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 131 
 
 DF.ERIM;, William, manufacturer, was born 
 at Paris, Oxford County, Maine, April 26, 1826, 
 completed his education at the Readfield high 
 school, in 1843, engaged actively in manufactur- 
 ing, and during his time has assisted in establish- 
 ing several large, successful business enterprises, 
 including wholesale and commission dry-goods 
 houses in Portland, Maine, Boston and New York. 
 His greatest work has been the building up of the 
 Deering Manufacturing Company, a main feature 
 of which, for thirty years, has been the manu- 
 facture of Marsh harvesters and other agricultural 
 implements and appliances. This concern began 
 operation in Chicago about 1870, at the present 
 time (1899) occupying eighty acres in the north 
 part of the city and employing some 4,000 hands. 
 It is said to turn out a larger amount and greater 
 variety of articles for the use of the agriculturist 
 than any other establishment in the country, 
 receiving its raw material from many foreign 
 countries, including the Philippines, and distrib- 
 uting its products all over the globe. Mr. Deer- 
 ing continues to be President of the Company 
 and a principal factor in the management of its 
 immense business. He is liberal, public-spirited 
 and benevolent, and his business career has been 
 notable for the absence of controversies with his 
 employes. He has been, for a number of years, 
 one of the Trustees of the Northwestern Univer- 
 sity at Evanston, and, at the present time, is 
 President of the Board. 
 
 DE K A Lit. a city in De Kalb County, 58 miles 
 west of Chicago. Of late years it has grown 
 rapidly, largely because of the introduction of 
 new industrial enterprises. It contains a large 
 wire drawing plant, barbed wire factories, foun- 
 dry, agricultural implement works, machine 
 shop, shoe factory and several minor manufac- 
 turing establishments. It has banks, four news- 
 papers, electric street railway, eight miles of 
 paved streets, nine churches and three graded 
 Bchools. It is the site of the Northern State Nor- 
 mal School, located in 1895. Population (1880), 
 1,598; (L890), 2,579; (1900), 5,904; (1903, est.), 8,000. 
 
 DE KALB COUNTY, originally a portion of 
 La Salle County, and later of Kane ; was organized 
 in 1837, and named for Baron De Kalb, the 
 Revolutionary patriot. Its area is 650 square 
 miles and population (in 1900), 31,756. The land 
 is elevated and well drained, lying between Fox 
 and Rock Rivers. Prior to 1835 the land belonged 
 to the Pottawatomie Indians, who maintained 
 several villages and their own tribal government. 
 No sooner had the aborigines been removed than 
 white settlers appeared in large numbers, and, 
 
 in September, 1835, a convocation was held on 
 the banks of the Kishwaukee, to adopt a tempo- 
 rary form of government. The public lands in the 
 county were sold at auction in Chicago in 1843. 
 Sycamore (originally called Orange) is the 
 county-seat, and, in 1890, had a population of 
 2,987. Brick buildings were first erected at 
 Sycamore by J. S. Waterman and the brothers 
 Mayo. In 1854, H. A. Hough established the 
 first newspaper, "The Republican Sentinel." 
 Other prosperous towns are De Kalb (population. 
 2,579), Cortland, Malta and Somonauk. The sur- 
 face is generally rolling, upland prairie, with 
 numerous groves and wooded tracts along the 
 principal streams. Various lines of railroad trav- 
 erse the county, which embraces one of the 
 wealthiest rural districts in the State. 
 
 DE KALB & GREAT WESTERN RAILROAD. 
 (See Chicago Great Western Railway.) 
 
 DELAVAN,a thriving city in Tazewell County, 
 on the line of the Chicago & Alton Railroad, at 
 the point of its intersection with the Peoria and 
 Pekin Division of the Illinois Central Railway, 34 
 miles west-southwest of Bloomington and 24 
 miles south of Peoria. Grain is extensively 
 grown in the adjacent territory, and much 
 shipped from Delavan. The place supports two 
 banks, tile and brick factory, creamery, and two 
 weekly papers. It also has five churches and a 
 graded school. Pop. (1890), 1,176, (1900), 1,304. 
 
 DEMENT, Henry Dodge, ex -Secretary of State, 
 was born at Galena, 111., in 1840 the son of 
 Colonel John Dement, an early and prominent 
 citizen of the State, who held the office of State 
 Treasurer and was a member of the Constitu- 
 tional Conventions of 1847 and 1870. Colonel 
 Dement having removed to Dixon about 1845, the 
 subject of this sketch was educated there and at 
 Mount Morris. Having enlisted in the Thirteenth 
 Illinois Volunteer Infantry in 1861, he was elected 
 a Second Lieutenant and scon promoted to First 
 Lieutenant also received from Governor Yates a 
 complimentary commission as Captain for gal- 
 lantry at Arkansas Post and at Chickasaw 
 Bayou, where the commander of his regiment, 
 Col. J. B. Wyman, was killed. Later he served 
 with General Curtis in Mississippi and in the 
 Fifteenth Army Corps in the siege of Vicksburg. 
 After leaving the army he engaged in the manu- 
 facturing business for some years at Dixon. Cap- 
 tain Dement entered the State Legislature by 
 election as Representative from Lee County in 
 1872, was re-elected in 1874 and, in 1876. was pro- 
 moted to the Senate, serving in the Thirtieth and 
 Thirty-first General Assemblies. In 1880 he was 
 
132 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 chosen Secretary of State, and re-elected in 1884, 
 serving eight years. The last public position held 
 by Captain Dement was that of Warden of the 
 State Penitentiary at Joliet. to which he was 
 appointed in 1891. serving two years. His 
 present home is at Oak Park, Cook County. 
 
 DEMENT, John, was born in Sumner County, 
 Tenn., in April, 1804. When 13 years old he 
 accompanied his parents to Illinois, settling in 
 Franklin County, of which he was elected Sheriff 
 in 1826, and which he represented in the General 
 Assemblies of 1828 and '30. He served with 
 distinction during the Black Hawk War, having 
 previously had experience in two Indian cam- 
 paigns. In 1831 he was elected State Treasurer 
 by the Legislature, but, in 1836, resigned this 
 office to represent Fayette County in the General 
 Assembly and aid in the fight against the removal 
 of the capital to Springfield. His efforts failing 
 of success, he removed to the northern part of the 
 State, finally locating at Dixon, where he became 
 extensively engaged in manufacturing In 1837 
 President Van Buren appointed him Receiver of 
 Public Moneys, but he was removed by President 
 Harrison in 1841 ; was reappointed by Polk in 
 1845, only to be again removed by Taylor in 184! 
 and reappointed by Pierce in 1853. He held the 
 office from that date until it was abolished. He 
 was a Democratic Presidential Elector in 1844; 
 served in three Constitutional Conventions (1847, 
 '62, and '70), being Temporary President of the 
 two bodies last named. He was the father of 
 Hon. Denry D. Dement. Secretary of State of Illi- 
 nois from 1884 to 1888. He died at his home at 
 Dixon, Jan. 16, 1883. 
 
 DENT, Thomas, lawyer, was born in Putnam 
 County, 111., Nov. 14, 1831; in his youth was 
 employed in the Clerk's office of Putnam County, 
 meanwhile studying law; was admitted to the 
 liar in 1854, and, in 1856. opened an office in Chi- 
 cago; is still in practice and has served as 
 President, both of the Chicago Law Institute and 
 the State Bar Association. 
 
 DBS PLAINES, a village of Cook County, at the 
 intersection of the Chicago & Northwestern and 
 the Wisconsin Central Railroads, 17 miles north- 
 west from Chicago; is a dairying region. Popu- 
 lation (1880), 818; (1890), 986; (1900), 1,666. 
 
 DES PLAINES RIVER, a branch of the Illinois 
 River, which rises in Racine County, Wis., and, 
 after passing through Kenosha County, in that 
 State, and Lake County, 111., running nearly 
 parallel to the west shore of Lake Michigan 
 through Cook County, finally unites with the 
 Kankakee. almut 13 miles southwest of Joliet, by 
 
 its confluence with the latter forming the Illinois 
 River. Its length is about 150 miles. The 
 Chicago Drainage Canal is constructed in the 
 valley of the Des Plaines for a considerable por- 
 tion of the distance between Chicago and Joliet. 
 
 DEWEY, (Dr.) Richard S.. physician, alienist, 
 was born at Forestville, N. Y., Dec. 6, 1845; after 
 receiving his primary education took a two years' 
 course in the literary and a three years' course in 
 the medical department of the Michigan Univer- 
 sity at Ann Arbor, graduating from the latter in 
 1869. He then began practice as House Physician 
 and Surgeon in the City Hospital at Brooklyn, 
 N. Y., remaining for a year, after which he 
 visited Europe inspecting hospitals and sanitary 
 methods, meanwhile spending six months in the 
 Prussian military service as Surgeon during the 
 Franco- Prussian War. After the close of the 
 war he took a brief course in the University of 
 Berlin, when, returning to the United States, he 
 was employed for seven years as Assistant Physi- 
 cian in the Northern Hospital for the Insane at 
 Elgin. In 1879 he was appointed Medical Super- 
 intendent of the Eastern Hospital for the Insane 
 at Kankakee, remaining until the accession of 
 John P. Altgeld to the Governorship in 1893. 
 Dr. Dewey's reputation as a specialist in the 
 treatment of the insane has stood among the 
 highest of his class. 
 
 DE WITT COUNTY, situated in the central 
 portion of the State; has an area of 405 square 
 milesand a population (1900) of 18,972. The land 
 was originally owned by the Kickapoos and Potta- 
 watomies, and not until 1820 did the first perma- 
 nent white settlers occupy this region. The first 
 to come were Felix Jones, Prettyman Marvel, 
 William Cottrell, Samuel Glenn, and the families 
 of Scott, Lundy and Coaps. Previously, how- 
 ever, the first cabin had been built on the site of 
 the present Farmer City by Nathan Clearwater. 
 Zion Shugest erected the earliest grist-mill and 
 Burrell Post the first saw-mill in the county. 
 Kentuckians and Tennesseeans were the first im- 
 migrants, but not until the advent of settlers from 
 Ohio did permanent improvements begin to be 
 made! In 1835 a school house and Presbyterian 
 church were built at Waynesville. The county 
 was organized in 1839, and with its capital 
 (Clinton) was named after one of New York's 
 most distinguished Governors. It lies within the 
 great "corn belt," and is well watered by Salt 
 Creek and its branches. Most of the surface is 
 rolling prairie, interspersed with woodland. 
 Several lines of railway (among them the Illinois 
 Central) cross the county. Clinton had a popu- 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 Ution of 2,598 in 1890, and Farmer City, 1,367. 
 Both are railroad centers and have considerable 
 trade. 
 
 DE WOLF, Calvin, pioneer and philanthropist, 
 was born in Luzerne County, Pa., Feb. IK, 1815; 
 taken early in life to Vermont, and, at 19 years of 
 age, commenced teaching at Orwell, in that 
 State; spent one year at a manual labor school 
 in Ashtabula County, Ohio, and, in 1837, came to 
 Chicago, and soon after began teaching in Will 
 County, still later engaging in the same vocation 
 in Chicago. In 1839 he commenced the study of 
 law with Messrs. Spring & Goodrich and, in 1843, 
 was admitted to practice. In 1834 lie was 
 elected a Justice of the Peace, retaining the 
 position for a quarter of a century, winning for 
 himself the reputation of a sagacious and incor- 
 ruptible public officer. Mr. De Wolf was an 
 original abolitionist and his home is said to have 
 been one of the stations on the "underground 
 railroad" in the days of slavery. Died Nov. 28, '99. 
 
 DEXTER, Wlrt, lawyer, born at Dexter. Mich., 
 Oct. 25, 1831; was educated in the schools (if his 
 native State and at Cazenovia Seminary, X. Y. 
 He was descended from a family of lawyers, his 
 grandfather, Samuel Dexter, having been Secre- 
 tary of War, and afterwards Secretary of the 
 Treasury, in the cabinet of the elder Adams. 
 Coming to Chicago at the beginning of his profes- 
 sional career, Mr. Dexter gave considerable 
 attention at first to his father's extensive lumber 
 trade. He was a zealous and eloquent supporter 
 of the Government during the Civil War, and 
 was an active member of the Relief and Aid 
 Society after the tire of 1871. His entire profes- 
 sional life was spent in Chicago, for several years 
 before his death being in the service of the Chi- 
 cago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad Company as 
 its general solicitor and member of the executive 
 committee of the Board of Directors. Died in 
 Chicago, May 20. 1890. 
 
 DICKEY, Hugh Thompson, jurist, was born in 
 New York City. May 30, 1811; graduated from 
 Columbia College, read law and was admitted to 
 the bar. He visited Chicago in 1836, and four 
 years later settled there, becoming one of its 
 most, influential citizens. Upon the organization 
 of the County Court of Cook .County in 1845, 
 Mr. Dickey was appointed its Judge. In Septem- 
 ber, 1848, he was elected Judge of the Seventh 
 Judicial Circuit, practically without partisan 
 opposition, serving until the expiration of his 
 term in 1853. He was prominently identified 
 with several important commercial enterprises, 
 was one of the founders of the Chicago Library 
 
 Association, and one of the first Trustees of the 
 Illinois General Hospital of the Lakes, now Mercy 
 Hospital. In 1885 he left Chicago to take up his 
 residence in his native city. New York, where he 
 died, June 2, 1892. 
 
 DICKEY, Theophilus Lyle, lawyer and jurist, 
 was born in Bourbon County, Ky., Nov. 12, 1812, 
 the grandson of a Revolutionary soldier, gradu- 
 ated at the Miami (Ohio) University, and re- 
 moved to Illinois in 1834. settling at Macomb, 
 McDonough County, where he was admitted to 
 the bar in 1835. In 1836 he moved to Rushville, 
 where he resided three years, a part of the time 
 editing a Whig newspaper. Later he became a 
 resident of Ottawa, and. at the opening of the 
 Mexican War, organized a company of volun- 
 teers, of which he was chosen Captain. In 1861 
 he raised a regiment of cavalry which was 
 mustered into service as the Fourth Illinois 
 Cavalry, and of which he was commissioned 
 Colonel, taking an active part in Grant's cam- 
 paigns in the West. In 1865 he resigned his 
 commission and resumed the practice of his 
 profession at Ottawa. In 1866 he was an 
 unsuccessful candidate for Congressman for the 
 State-at-Iarge in opposition to John A, Logan, 
 and. in 1868, was tendered and accepted the posi- 
 tion of Assistant Attorney-General of the United 
 States, resigning after eighteen months' service. 
 In 1873 he removed to Chicago, and. in 1874, was 
 made Corporation Counsel. In December, 1875, 
 he was elected to the Supreme Court, vice W. K. 
 McAllister, deceased; was re-elected in 1879, and 
 died at Atlantic City, July 22, 1885. 
 
 DISCIPLES OF CHRIST, THE, known also as 
 the Christian Church and as "Campbellites." 
 having been founded by Alexander Campbell. 
 Many members settled in Illinois in the early 
 30's, and, in the central portion of the State, the 
 denomination soon began to flourish greatly 
 Any one was admitted to membership who made 
 what is termed a scriptural confession of faith 
 and was baptized by immersion. Alexander 
 Campbell was an eloquent preacher and a man of 
 much native ability, as well as a born conver- 
 sationalist. The sect has steadily grown in 
 numbers and influence in the State. The United 
 States Census of 1890 showed 641 churches in the 
 State, with 368 ministers and an aggregate mem- 
 bership of 61,587, having 550 Sunday schools, with 
 50,000 pupils in attendance. The value of the 
 real property, which included 552 church edifices 
 (with a seating capacity of 155,000) and 30 parson 
 ages, was SI. 167,675. The denomination supports 
 Eureka College, with an attendance of between 
 
134 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 400 and 500 students, while its assets are valued 
 at 8150,000. Total membership in the United 
 States, estimated at 750,000. 
 
 DIXON, an incorporated city, the county-seat 
 of Lee County. It lies on both sides of Rock 
 River and is the point of intersection of the Illi- 
 nois Central and the Chicago & Northwestern 
 Railroads; is 98 miles west of Chicago. Rock 
 River furnishes abundant water power and the 
 manufacturing interests of the city are very ex- 
 tensive, including large plow works, wire-cloth 
 factory, wagon factory; also has electric light 
 and power plant, three shoe factories, planing 
 mills, and a condensed milk factory. There are 
 two National and one State bank, eleven 
 churches, a hospital, and three newspapers. In 
 schools the city particularly excels, having sev- 
 eral graded (grammar) schools and two colleges. 
 The Chautauqua Assembly holds its meeting here 
 annually. Population (1890), 5,161; (1900). 7,917. 
 
 DIXON, John, pioneer the first white settler 
 in Lee County, 111., was born at Rye, West- 
 chester County, N. Y., Oct. 9, 1784; at 21 removed 
 to New York City, where he was in business some 
 fifteen years. In 1820 he set out with his family 
 for the West, traveling by land to Pittsburg, 
 and thence by flat-boat to Shawneetown. Having 
 disembarked his horses and goods here, he pushed 
 out towards the northwest, passing the vicinity 
 of Springfield, and finally locating on Fancy 
 Creek, some nine miles north of the present site 
 of that city. Here he remained some five years, 
 in 1 1 Kit time serving as foreman of the first Sanga- 
 intiii County Grand Jury. The new county of 
 Peoria having been established in 1825, he was 
 offered and accepted the appointment of Circuit 
 Clerk, removing to Fort Clark, as Peoria was 
 then called. Later he became contractor for 
 carrying the mail on the newly established route 
 between Peoria and Galena. Compelled to pro- 
 vide means of crossing Rock River, he induced a 
 French and Indian half-breed, named Ogee, to 
 take charge of a ferry at a point afterwards 
 known as Ogee's Ferry. The tide of travel to the 
 lead-mine region caused both the mail-route and 
 the ferry to prove profitable, and, as the half- 
 breed ferryman could not endure prosperity, Mr. 
 Dixon was forced to buy him out, removing his 
 family to this point in April, 1830. Here he 
 established friendly relations with the Indians, 
 and, during the Black Hawk War ,two years later, 
 was enabled to render valuable service to the 
 State. His station was for many years one of 
 the most important points in Northern Illinois, 
 and among the men of national reputation who 
 
 were entertained at different times at his honif 
 may be named Gen. Zachary Taylor, Albert Sid 
 ney Johnston, Gen. Winfield Scott, Jefferson 
 Davis, Col. Robert Anderson, Abraham Lincoln. 
 Col. E. D. Baker and many more. He bought the 
 land where Dixon now stands in 1835 and laid off 
 the town; in 1838 was elected by the Legislature 
 a member of the Board of Public Works, and, in 
 1840, secured the removal of the land office from 
 Galena to Dixon. Colonel Dixon was a delegate 
 from Lee County to the Republican State Con- 
 vention at Bloomington, in May, 1856, and. 
 although then considerably over 70 years of age, 
 spoke from the same stand with Abraham Lin- 
 coln, his presence producing' much enthusiasm. 
 His death occurred, July 6, 1876. 
 
 DOANE, John Wesley, merchant and banker, 
 \vas born at Thompson, Windham County, Conn., 
 March 23, 1833; was educated in the common 
 schools, and, at 22 years of age, came to Chicago 
 and opened a small grocery store which, by 1870. 
 had become one of the most extensive concerns 
 of its kind in the Northwest. It was swept out 
 of existence by the fire of 1871, but was re-estab- 
 lished and, in 1872, transferred to other parties, 
 although Mr. Doane continued to conduct an 
 importing business in many lines of goods used in 
 the grocery trade. Having become interested in 
 the Merchants' Loan & Trust Company, he was 
 elected its President and has continued to act in 
 that capacity. He is also a stockholder and a 
 Director of the Pullman Palace Car Company, 
 the Allen Paper Car Wheel Company and the 
 Illinois Central Railroad, and was a leading 
 promoter of the World's Columbian Exposition of 
 1893 being one of those who guaranteed the 
 $5,000,000 to be raised by the citizens of Chicago 
 to assure the success of the enterprise. 
 
 DOLTON STATION, a village of Cook County, 
 on the Chicago & Eastern Illinois, the Chicago & 
 Western Indiana, and the Pittsburg, Cincinnati. 
 Chicago & St. Louis Railroads, 16 miles south of 
 Chicago ; has a carriage factory, a weekly paper, 
 churches and a graded school. Population ( 1880) 
 448; (1890), 1,110; (1900), 1,229. 
 
 DOXGOLA, a village in Union County, on the 
 Illinois Central Railroad, 27 miles north of Cairo. 
 Population (1880), 599; (1890), 733; (1900), 681. 
 
 DOOLITTLE, James Rood, United States 
 Senator, was born in Hampton, Washington 
 County, N. Y., Jan 3, 1815; educated at Middle- 
 bury and Geneva (now Hobart) Colleges, admitted 
 to the bar in 1837 and practiced at Rochester and 
 Warsaw, N. Y. ; was elected District Attorney of 
 Wyoming County, N. Y.. in 1845. and. in 1851. 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 135 
 
 removed to Wisconsin; two years later was 
 elected Circuit Judge, but resigned in 1856, and 
 the following year was elected as a Democratic- 
 Repoblican to the United States Senate, being 
 re-elected as a Republican in 18G3. Retiring 
 from public life in 1869, he afterwards resided 
 chiefly at Racine, Wis. , though practicing in the 
 courts of Chicago. He was President of the 
 National Union Convention at Philadelphia in 
 1866, and of the National Democratic Convention 
 of 1873 in Baltimore, which endorsed Horace 
 Greeley for President. Died, at Edgewood, R. I. , 
 July 27, 1897. 
 
 DORE, John Clark, first Superintendent of 
 Chicago City Schools, was born at Ossipee, N. H. , 
 March 22, 1822; began teaching at 17 years of age 
 and graduated at Dartmouth College in 1847; 
 then taught several years and, in 1854, was 
 offered and accepted the position of Superintend- 
 ent of City Schools of Chicago, but resigned two 
 years later. Afterwards engaging in business, 
 he served as Vice-President and President of 
 the Board of Trade, President of the Com- 
 mercial Insurance Company and of the State 
 Savings Institution ; was a member of the State 
 Senate, 1808-72, and has been identified with 
 various benevolent organizations of the city of 
 Chicago. Died in Boston, Mass., Dec., 14. 1900. 
 
 DOUGHERTY, John, lawyer and Lieutenant- 
 Governor, was born at Marietta, Ohio, May 6, 
 1806; brought by his parents, in 1808, to Cape 
 Girardeau, Mo., where they remained until after 
 the disastrous earthquakes in that region in 
 1811-12, when, his father having died, his mother 
 removed to Jonesboro, 111. Here he finally read 
 law with Col. A. P. Field, afterwards Secretary 
 of State, being admitted to the bar in 1831 and 
 early attaining prominence as a successful 
 criminal lawyer. He soon became a recognized 
 political leader, was elected as a member of the 
 House to the Eighth General Assembly (1832) 
 and re-elected in 1834, '36 and '40, and again in 
 1856, and to the Senate in 1842, serving in the 
 latter body until the adoption of the Constitution 
 of 1848. Originally a Democrat, he was, in l& r >8, 
 the Administration (Buchanan) candidate for 
 State Treasurer, as op]>osed to the Douglas wing 
 of the party, but, in 1861, became a strong sup- 
 jxirter of Abraham Lincoln. He served as Presi- 
 dential Elector on the Republican ticket in 1864 
 and in 1872 (the former year for the State- at- 
 large), in 1868 was elected Lieutenant-Governor 
 anil, in 1877, to a seat on the criminal bench, 
 serving until June. 1879. Died, at Jonesboro, 
 Sept. 7, 1879. 
 
 DOUGLAS, John M., lawyer and Railway 
 President, was born at Plattsburg, Clinton 
 County, N. Y., August 22, 1819; read law three 
 years in his native city, then came west and 
 settled at Galena, 111. , where he was admitted to 
 the bar in 1841 and began practice. In 1856 he 
 removed to Chicago, and, the following year, 
 became one of the solicitors of the Illinois Central 
 Railroad, with which he had been associated as 
 an attorney at Galena. Between 1861 and 1876 
 he was a Director of the Company over twelve 
 years ; from 1865 to 1871 its President, and again 
 for eighteen montlis in 1875-76, when he retired 
 permanently. Mr. Douglas' contemporaries speak 
 of him as a lawyer of great ability, as well 
 as a capable executive officer. Died, in Chicago, 
 March 25, 1891. 
 
 DOUGLAS, Stephen Arnold, statesman, was 
 bora at Brandon, Vt., April 23, 1813. In conse- 
 quence of the deatli of his father in infancy, 
 his early educational advantages were limited. 
 When fifteen he applied himself to the cabinet- 
 maker's trade, and, in 1830, accompanied his 
 mother and step-father to Ontario County, N. Y. 
 In 1832 he began the study of law, but started for 
 the West in 1833. He taught school at Win- 
 chester, 111., reading law at night and practicing 
 before a Justice of the Peace on Saturdays. He 
 was soon admitted to the bar and took a deep 
 interest in politics. In 1835 he was elected Prose- 
 cuting Attorney for Morgan County, but a few 
 months later resigned this office to enter the 
 lower house of the Legislature, to which he was 
 elected in 1836. In 1838 he was a candidate for 
 Congress, but was defeated by John T. Stuart, his 
 Whig opponent; was appointed Secretary of 
 State in December, 1840, and, in February, 1841, 
 elected Judge of the Supreme Court. He was 
 elected to Congress in 1842, '44 and '46, and, in 
 the latter year, was chosen United States Sena- 
 tor, taking his seat March 4, 1847, and being 
 re-elected in 1853 and '59. His last canvass was 
 rendered memorable through his joint debate, in 
 1858, before the people of the State with Abraham 
 Lincoln, whom he defeated before the Legisla- 
 ture. He was a candidate for the presidential 
 nomination before the Democratic National 
 Conventions of 1S52 and '56. In 1860, after having 
 failed of a nomination for the Presidency at 
 Charleston, S. C., through the operation of the 
 "two thirds rule," he received the nomination 
 from the adjourned convention held at Baltimore 
 six weeks later though not until the delegates 
 from nearly all the Southern States had with- 
 drawn, the seceding delegates afterwards nomi- 
 
136 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 nating John C. Breckenridge. Although defeated 
 for the Presidency by Lincoln, his old-time 
 antagonist, Douglas yielded a cordial support to 
 the incoming administration in its attitude 
 toward the seceded States, occupying a place of 
 honor beside Mr. Lincoln on the portico of the 
 capitol during the inauguration ceremonies. As 
 politician, orator and statesman, Douglas had 
 few superiors. Quick in perception, facile in 
 expedients, ready in resources, earnest iind 
 fearless in utterance, he was a born "leader of 
 men." His shortness of stature, considered in 
 relation to his extraordinary mental acumen, 
 gained for him the sobriquet of the "Little 
 Giant." He died in Chicago, June 3, 1861. 
 
 DOUGLAS COUNTY, lying a little east of the 
 center of the State, embracing an area of 410 
 square miles and having a population (1900) of 
 19,097. The earliest land entry was made by 
 Harrison Gill, of Kentucky, whose patent was 
 signed by Andrew Jackson. Another early 
 settler was John A. Richman, a West Virginian, 
 who erected one of the first frame houses in 
 the county in 1829. The Embarras and Kas- 
 kaskia Rivers flow through the county, which is 
 also crossed by the Wabash and Illinois Central 
 Railways. Douglas County was organized in 
 1857 (being set off from Coles) and named in 
 honor of Stephen A. Douglas, then United States 
 Senator from Illinois. After a sharp struggle Tus- 
 cola was made the county-seat. It has been 
 visited by several disastrous conflagrations, but 
 is a thriving town, credited, in 1890, with a 
 population of 1,897. Other important towns are 
 Arcola (population, 1,733), and Camargo, which 
 was originally known as New Salem. 
 
 DOWNERS GROVE, village, Du Page County, 
 on < ' II .V ',' K. K.. 21 miles south-southwest from 
 Chicago, incorporated 1873 . has water- works, elec- 
 tric lights, telephone system, good schools, bank 
 and a newspaper. Pop. (1890;, 960; (1900), 2,103. 
 
 DOWNING, Finis Eninp, ex-Congressman and 
 lawyer, was born at Virginia, 111., August 24, 
 1X46; reared on a farm and educated in the public 
 and private schools of his native town ; from 1865 
 was engaged in mercantile pursuits until 1880, 
 when he was elected Clerk of the Circuit Court 
 of Cass County, serving three successive terms; 
 read law and was admitted to the bar in Decem- 
 ber, IKHT. In August, 1891, he became interested 
 in "The Virginia Enquirer" (a Democratic 
 paper), which he has since conducted; was 
 elected Secretary of the State Senate in 1893, 
 and. in 1894, was returned as elected to the Fifty- 
 fourth Congress from the Sixteenth District by u 
 
 plurality of forty votes over Gen. John I. Rinaker. 
 the Republican nominee. A contest and recount 
 of the ballots resulted, however, in awarding the 
 seat to General Rinaker. In 1896 Mr. Downing 
 was the nominee of his party for Secretary of 
 State, but was defeated with the rest of his ticket. 
 
 DRAKE, Francis Marlon, soldier and Governor, 
 was born at Rushville, Schuyler County, 111., 
 Dec. :!0, 1830; early taken to Drakesville, Iowa, 
 which his father founded; entered mercantile 
 life at 1C years of age; crossed the plains to Cali- 
 fornia in 1852, liad experience in Indian warfare 
 and, in 1859, established himself in business at 
 Unionville, Iowa; served through the Civil War, 
 becoming Lieutenant-Colonel and retiring in 
 1865 with the rank of Brigadier-Gener.il by 
 brevet. He re-entered mercantile life after the 
 war, was admitted to the bar in 18C6, subsequently 
 engaged in railroad building and, in 1881, contrib- 
 buted the bulk of the funds for founding Drake 
 University; was elected Governor of Iowa in 
 1895, serving until January, 1898. 
 
 DRAPER, Andrew Sloan. I.L.I)., lawyer and 
 educator, was born in Otsego County, N. Y., 
 June 21, 1848 being a descendant, in the eighth 
 generation, from the "Puritan," James Draper, 
 who settled in Boston in 1647. In 1855 Mr. 
 Draper's parents settled in Albany, N. Y., where 
 he attended school, winning a scholarship in the 
 Albany Academy in 1863, and graduating from 
 that institution in 1866. During the next four 
 years he was employed in teaching, part of the 
 time as an instructor at his alma mater; but, in 
 1871, graduated from the Union College Law 
 Department, when he began practice. The rank 
 he attained in the profession was indicated by 
 his appointment by President Arthur, in 1884, 
 one of the Judges of the Alabama Claims Com- 
 mission, upon which he served until the conclu- 
 sion of its labors in 1886. He liad previously 
 served in the New York State Senate (1880) and. 
 in 1884, was a delegate to the Republican National 
 Convention, also serving as Chairman of the 
 Republican State Central Committee the same 
 year. After liis return from Europe in 1886, he 
 served as State Superintendent of Public Instmc 
 tion of New York until 1892, and, in 1889, and 
 again in 1890. was President of the National 
 Association of School Superintendents. Soon 
 after retiring from the State Superintendency in 
 New York, lie was chosen Superintendent of 
 Public Schools for the city of Cleveland. Ohio, 
 remaining in that position until 1894, when In- 
 was elected President of the University of Illinois 
 at Champaign, where he now is. His adminis- 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 137 
 
 tration has been characterized by enterprise and 
 sagacity, and has tended to promote the popular- 
 ity and prosperity of the institution. 
 
 DRESSER, Charles, clergyman, was born at 
 Pomfret, Conn., Feb. 24, 1800; graduated from 
 Brown University in 1823, went to Virginia, 
 where he studied theology and was ordained a 
 minister of the Protestant Episcopal Church. In 
 1838 he removed to Springfield, and became rector 
 of St. Paul's Episcopal Church there, retiring in 
 1858. On Nov. 4, 1842, Mr. Dresser performed the 
 ceremony uniting Abraham Lincoln and Mary 
 Todd in marriage. He died, March 25, 1865. 
 
 DRUMMOND, Thomas, jurist, was born at 
 Bristol Mills, Lincoln County, Maine, Oct. 16, 
 1809. After graduating from Bowdoin College, in 
 1830, he studied law at Philadelphia, where he was 
 admitted to the bar in 1*53. He settled at 
 Galena. 111., in 1835, and was a member of the 
 General Assembly in 1840-41. In 1850 he was 
 appointed United States District Judge for the 
 District of Illinois as successor to Judge Nathaniel 
 Pope, and four years later removed to Chicago. 
 Upon the division of the State into two judicial 
 districts, in 1853, he was assigned to the North- 
 ern. In 1869 he was elevated to the bench of the 
 United States Circuit Court, and presided over 
 the Seventh Circuit, which at that time included 
 the States of Indiana, Illinois and Wisconsin. In 
 1884 at the age of 75 he resigned, living in 
 retirement until his death, wliich occurred at 
 VVheaton, 111., May 15, 1890. 
 
 DUBOIS, Jesse Kllgore, State Auditor, was 
 born, Jan. 14, 1811, in Lawrence County, 111., 
 near Vincennes, Ind., where his father, Capt. 
 Toussaint Dubois, had settled about 1780. The 
 latter was a native of Canada, of French descent, 
 and, after settling in the Northwest Territory, 
 liad been a personal friend of General Harrison, 
 under whom he served in the Indian wars, 
 including the battle of Tippecanoe. The son 
 received a partial collegiate education at Bloom- 
 ington, Ind., but, at 24 years of age (1834), was 
 elected to the General Assembly, serving in the 
 same House with Abraham Lincoln, and being 
 re-elected in 1836, '38, and '42. In 1841 he was 
 appointed by President Harrison Register of the 
 Land Office at Palestine, 111., but soon resigned, 
 giving his attention to mercantile pursuits until 
 1849, when he was appointed Receiver of Public 
 Moneys at Palestine, but was removed by Pierce 
 in 1853. He was a Delegate to the first Repub- 
 lican State Convention, at Bloomington, in 1856, 
 and, on the recommendation of Mr. Lincoln, was 
 nominated for Auditor of Public Accounts, 
 
 renominated in 1860, and elected both times. In 
 1864 he was a candidate for the nomination of 
 his party for Governor, but was defeated by 
 General Oglesby, serving, however, on the 
 National Executive Committee of that year, and 
 as a delegate to the National Convention of 1868. 
 Died, at his home near Springfield, Nov. 22. 1876. 
 Fred T. (Dubois), son of the preceding, was 
 born in Crawford County, 111., May 29, 1851; 
 received a common-school and classical educa- 
 tion, graduating from Yale College in 1872 ; was 
 Secretary of the Illinois Railway and Warehouse 
 Commission in 1875-76 ; went to Idaho Territory 
 and engaged in business in 1880, was appointed 
 United States Marshal there in 1882, serving until 
 1886; elected as a Republican Delegate to the 
 Fiftieth and Fifty-first Congresses, and, on the 
 admission of Idaho as a State (1890), became 
 one of the first United States Senators, his term 
 extending to 1897. He was Chairman of the 
 Idaho delegation in the National Republican 
 Convention at Minneapolis in 1892, and was a 
 member of the National Republican Convention 
 at St. Louis in 1896, but seceded from that body 
 with Senator Teller of Colorado, and has since 
 cooperated with the Populists and Free Silver 
 Democrats. 
 
 DUCAT, Arthur Charles, soldier and civil 
 engineer, was born in Dublin, Ireland, Feb. 24. 
 1830, received a liberal education and became a 
 civil engineer. He settled in Chicago in 1851, 
 and six years later was made Secretary and Chief 
 Surveyor of the Board of Underwriters of that 
 city. While acting in this capacity, he virtually 
 revised the schedule system of rating fire-risks. 
 In 1861 he raised a company of 300 engineers, 
 sappers and miners, but neither the State nor 
 Federal authorities would accept it. Thereupon 
 he enlisted as a private in the Twelfth Illinois 
 Volunteers, but his ability earned him rapid 
 promotion. He rose through the grades of Cap- 
 tain, Major and Lieutenant-Colonel, to that of 
 Colonel, and was brevetted Brigadier-General in 
 February, 1864. Compelled by sickness to leave the 
 army. General Ducat returned to Chicago, 
 re-entering the insurance field and finally, after 
 holding various responsible positions, engaging 
 in general business in that line. In 1875 he was 
 entrusted with the task of reorganizing the State 
 militia, which he performed with signal success. 
 Died, at Downer's Grove, 111., Jan. 29. 1896. 
 
 DUELS AND ANTI-DUELING LAWS. Al- 
 though a majority of the population of Illinois, 
 in Territorial days, came from Southern States 
 where the duel was widely regarded as the proper 
 
138 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 mode for settling "difficulties" of a personal 
 character, it is a curious fact that so few "affairs 
 of honor" (so-called) should have occurred on 
 Illinois soil. The first "affair" of this sort of 
 which either history or tradition has handed 
 down any account, is said to have occurred 
 between an English and a French officer at the 
 time of the surrender of Fort Cl^artres to the 
 British in 1765, and in connection with that 
 event. The officers are said to have fought with 
 small swords one Sunday morning near the Fort, 
 when one of them was killed, but the name of 
 neither the victor nor the vanquished has come 
 down to the present time. Gov. John Reynolds, 
 who is the authority for the story in his "Pioneer 
 History of Illinois," claimed to have received it 
 in his boyhood from an aged Frenchman who 
 represented that he liad seen the combat. 
 
 An affair of less doubtful authenticity lias come 
 down to us in the history of the Territorial 
 period, and, although it was at first bloodless, it 
 finally ended in a tragedy. This was the Jones- 
 Bond affair, which originated at Kaskaskia in 
 1808. Rice Jones was the son of John Rice Jones, 
 the first English-speaking lawyer in the "Illinois 
 Country." The younger Jones is described as an 
 exceptionally brilliant young nian who, having 
 studied law, located at Kaskaskia in 180(3. Two 
 years later he became a candidate for Represent- 
 ative from Randolph County in the Legislature 
 of Indiana Territory, of which Illinois was a part. 
 In the course of the canvass which resulted in 
 Jones' election, he became involved in a quarrel 
 with Shadrach Bond, who was then a member of 
 the Territorial Council from the same county, 
 and afterwards became Delegate in Congress 
 from Illinois and the first Governor of the State. 
 Bond challenged Jones and the meeting took 
 place on an Island in the Mississippi between 
 Kaskaskia and St. Genevieve. Bond's second 
 was a Dr. James Dunlap of Kaskaskia. who 
 apiiears also to have l>een a bitter enemy of Jones. 
 The discliarge of a pistol in the hand of Jones 
 after the combatants had taken their places 
 preliminary to the order to "fire," raised the 
 question whether it was accidental or to be 
 regarded as Jones' fire. Dunlap maintained the 
 latter, but Bond accepted the explanation of his 
 adversary that the discharge was accidental, and 
 the generosity which he displayed led to expla- 
 nations that averted a final exchange of shots. 
 The feud thus started between Jones and Dunlap 
 grew until it involved a large part of the com- 
 munity. On Dec. 7, 1808, Dunlap shot down 
 Jones in cold blood and without warning in 
 
 the streets of Kaskaskia, killing him instantly. 
 The murderer fled to Texas and was never heard 
 of about Kaskaskia afterwards. This incident 
 furnishes the basis of the most graphic chapter 
 in Mrs. Catherwood's story of "Old Kaskaskia." 
 Prompted by this tragical affair, no doubt, the 
 Governor and Territorial Judges, in 1810, framed a 
 stringent law for the suppression of dueling, in 
 which, in case of a fatal result, all parties con- 
 nected with the affair, as principals or seconds, 
 were held to be guilty of murder. 
 
 Governor Reynolds furnishes the record of a 
 duel between Thomas Rector, the member of a 
 noted family of that name at Kaskaskia, and one 
 Joshua Barton, supposed to have occurred some- 
 time during the War of 1812, though no exact 
 dates are given. This affair took place on the 
 favorite dueling ground known as "Bloody 
 Island," opposite St. Louis, so often resorted to 
 at a later day, by devotees of "the code" in Mis- 
 souri. Reynolds says that "Barton fell in the 
 conflict." 
 
 The next affair of which history makes men- 
 tion grew out of a drunken carousel at Belleville, 
 in February, 1819, which ended in a duel between 
 two men named Alonzo Stuart and William 
 Bennett, and the killing of Stuart by Bennett. 
 The managers of the affair for the principals are 
 said to liave agreed that the guns should be loaded 
 with blank cartridges, and Stuart was let into the 
 secret but Bennett was not. When the order to 
 fire came, Bennett's gun proved to liave been 
 loaded with ball. Stuart fell mortally wounded, 
 expiring almost immediately. One report says 
 that the duel was intended as a sham, and was so 
 understood by Bennett, who was horrified by the 
 result. He and his two seconds were arrested for 
 murder, but Bennett broke jail and fled to 
 Arkansas. The seconds were tried, Daniel P. 
 Cook conducting the prosecution and Thomas H. 
 Benton defending, the trial resulting in their 
 acquittal. Two years later, Bennett was appre- 
 hended by some sort of artifice, put on his trial, 
 convicted and executed Judge John Reynolds 
 (afterwards Governor) presiding and pronouncing 
 sentence. 
 
 In a footnote to "The Edwards Papers," 
 edited by the late E. B. Washburne, and printed 
 under the auspices of the Chicago Historical 
 Society, a few years ago, Mr. Washburne relates 
 an incident occurring in Galena about 1838, while 
 "The Northwestern Gazette and Galena Adver- 
 tiser" was under the charge of Sylvester M. 
 Bartlett, who was afterwards one of the founders 
 of "The Quincy Whig." The story, as told by 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 139 
 
 Mr. Washburne, is as follows: "David G. Bates 
 (a Galena business man and captain of a packet 
 plying between St. Louis and Galena) wrote a 
 short communication for the paper reflecting on 
 the character of John Turney, a prominent law- 
 yer who had been a member of the House of 
 Representatives in 1828-30, from the District 
 composed of Pike, Adams, Fulton, Schuyler, 
 Peoria and Jo Daviess Counties. Turney de- 
 manded the name of the author and Bartlett gave 
 up the name of Bates. Turney refused to take 
 any notice of Bates and then challenged Bartlett 
 to a duel, which was promptly accepted by Bart- 
 lett. The second of Turney was the Hon. Joseph 
 P. Hoge, afterward a member of Congress from 
 the Galena District. Bartlett's second was 
 William A. Warren, now of Bellevue, Iowa." 
 (Warren was a prominent Union officer during 
 the Civil War.) "The parties went out to the 
 ground selected for the duel, in what was then 
 Wisconsin Territory, seven miles north of Galena, 
 and, after one ineffectual fire, the matter was 
 compromised. Subsequently, Bartlett removed 
 to Quincy, and was for a long time connected 
 with the publication of 'The Quincy Whig.'" 
 
 During the session of the Twelfth General 
 Assembly (1841), A. R. Dodge, a Democratic 
 Representative from Peoria County, feeling him- 
 self aggrieved by some reflections indulged by Gen. 
 John J. Hardin (then a Whig Representative 
 from Morgan County) upon the Democratic party 
 in connection with the partisan reorganization 
 of the Supreme Court, threatened to "call out" 
 Hurdin. The affair was referred to W. L. D. 
 Ewing and W. A. Richardson for Dodge, and 
 J. J. Brown and E. B. Webb for Hardin, with 
 the result that it was amicably adjusted "honor- 
 ably to both parties." 
 
 It was during the same session tliat John A. 
 McClernand, then a young and fiery member 
 from Gallatin County who had, two years 
 l>efore, been appointed Secretary of State by 
 Governor Carlin, but had been debarred from 
 taking the office by an adverse decision of the 
 Supreme Court indulged in a violent attack 
 upon the Whig members of the Court based upon 
 allegations afterwards shown to liave been fur- 
 nished by Theophilus W. Smith, a Democratic 
 member of the same court. Smith having joined 
 his associates in a card denying the truth of the 
 charges, McClernand responded with the publi- 
 cation of the cards of persons tracing the allega- 
 tions directly to Smith himself. This brought a 
 note from Smith which McClernand construed into 
 a challenge and answered with a prompt accept- 
 
 ance. Attorney-General Lamborn, having got 
 wind of the affair, lodged a complaint with a 
 Springfield Justice of the Peace, wliich resulted 
 in placing the pugnacious jurist under bonds to 
 keep the peace, when he took his departure for 
 Chicago, and the "affair" ended. 
 
 An incident of greater historical interest than 
 all the others yet mentioned, was the affair in 
 which James Shields and Abraham Lincoln the 
 former the State Auditor and the hitter at that 
 time a young attorney at Springfield were con- 
 cerned. A communication in doggerel verse liad 
 appeared in "The Springfield Journal" ridiculing 
 the Auditor. Shields made demand upon the 
 editor (Mr. Simeon Francis) for the name of the 
 author, and. in accordance with previous under- 
 standing, the name of Lincoln was given. (Evi- 
 dence, later coming to light, showed that the real 
 authors were Miss Mary Todd who, a few months 
 later, became Mrs. Lincoln and Miss Julia Jayne, 
 afterwards the wife of Senator Trumbull.) 
 Shields, tlirough John D. Whiteside. a former 
 State Treasurer, demanded a retraction of the 
 offensive matter the demand being presented to 
 Lincoln at Tremont, in Tazewell County, where 
 Lincoln was attending court. Without attempt- 
 ing to follow the affair through all its complicated 
 details Shields having assumed that Lincoln was 
 the author without further investigation, and 
 Lincoln refusing to make any explanation unless 
 the first demand was withdrawn Lincoln named 
 Dr. E. H. Merriman as his second and accepted 
 Shield's challenge, naming cavalry broadswords 
 as the weapons and the Missouri shore, within 
 three miles of the city of Alton, as the place. 
 The principals, with their "friends," met at the 
 appointed time and place (Sept. 22, 1842. opposite 
 the city of Alton); but, in the meantime, mutual 
 friends, liaving been apprised of what was going 
 on, also appeared on the ground and brought 
 about explanations which averted an actual con- 
 flict. Those especially instrumental in bringing 
 about this result were Gen. John J. Hardin of 
 Jacksonville, and Dr. R. W. English of Greene 
 County, while John D. Whiteside, W. L. D. 
 Ewing anil Dr. T. M. Hope acted as represent- 
 atives of Shields, and Dr. E. H. Merriman, 
 Dr. A. T. Bledsoe and William Butler for Lincoln. 
 
 Out of this affair, within the next few days, 
 followed challenges from Shields to Butler and 
 Whiteside to Merriman ; but, although these were 
 accepted, yet owing to some objection on the part 
 of the challenging party to the conditions named 
 by the party challenged, thereby resulting in de- 
 lay, no meeting actually took place. 
 
 * 
 
140 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 Another affair which bore important results 
 without ending in a tragedy, occurred during the 
 session of the Constitutional Convention in 1847. 
 The parties to it were O. C. Pratt and Thompson 
 Campbell both Delegates from Jo Daviess 
 County, and both Democrats. Some sparring 
 between them over the question of suffrage for 
 naturalized foreigners resulted in an invitation 
 from Pratt to Campbell to meet him at the 
 Planters' House in St. Louis, with an intimation 
 that this was for the purpose of arranging the 
 preliminaries of a duel. Both parties were on 
 hand before the appointed time, but their arrest 
 by the St. Louis authorities and putting them 
 under heavy bonds to keep the peace, gave them 
 an excuse for returning to their convention 
 duties without coming to actual hostilities if 
 they had such intention. This was promptly 
 followed by the adoption in Convention of the 
 provision of the Constitution of 1848, disqualify- 
 ing any person engaged in a dueling affair, either 
 as principal or second, from holding any office of 
 honor or profit in the State. 
 
 The last and principal affair of this kind of 
 historic significance, in which a citizen of Illinois 
 was engaged, though not on Illinois soil, was that 
 in which Congressman William H. Bissell, after- 
 wards Governor of Illinois, and Jefferson Davis 
 were concerned in February, 1850. During the 
 debate on the "Compromise Measures" of that 
 year, Congressman Seddon of Virginia went out 
 of his way to indulge in implied reflections upon 
 the courage of Northern soldiers as displayed on 
 the battle-field of Buena Vista, and to claim for 
 the Mississippi regiment commanded by Davis 
 the credit of saving the day. Replying to these 
 claims Colonel Bissell took occasion to correct the 
 Virginia Congressman's statements, and especi- 
 ally to vindicate the good name of the Illinois and 
 Kentucky troops. In doing so he declared that, 
 at the critical moment alluded to by Seddon, 
 when the Indiana regiment gave -way, Davis's 
 regiment was not within a mile and a half of the 
 scene of action. This was construed by Davis as 
 a reflection upon his troops, and led to a challenge 
 which was promptly accepted by Bissell, who 
 named the soldier's weapon (the common army 
 musket), loaded with ball ivnd buckshot, with 
 forty paces as the distance, with liberty to 
 advance up to ten otherwise leaving the pre- 
 liminaries to be settled by his friends. The evi- 
 dence manifested by Bissell that he was not to be 
 intimidated, but was prepared to face death 
 itself to vindicate his own honor and that of his 
 comrades in the field, was a surprise to the South- 
 
 ern leaders, and they soon found a way for Davis 
 to withdraw his challenge on condition that 
 Bissell should add to his letter of acceptance a 
 clause awarding credit to the Mississippi regi- 
 ment for what they actually did, but without dis- 
 avowing or retracting a single word he had 
 uttered in his speech. In the meantime, it is said 
 that President Taylor, who was the father-in-law 
 of Davis, having been apprised of what was on 
 foot, had taken precautions to prevent a meeting 
 by instituting legal proceedings the night before 
 it was to take place, though this was rendered 
 unnecessary by the act of Davis himself. Thus, 
 Colonel Bissell's position was virtually (though 
 indirectly) justified by his enemies. It is true, 
 he was violently assailed by his political opponents 
 for alleged violation of the inhibition in the State 
 Constitution against dueling, especially when he 
 came to take the oatli of office as Governor of 
 Illinois, seven years later; but his course in "turn- 
 ing the tables" against his fire-eating opponents 
 aroused the enthusiasm of the North, while his 
 friends maintained that the act having been 
 performed beyond the jurisdiction of the State, 
 he was technically not guilty of any violation of 
 the laws. 
 
 While the provision in the Constitution of 184H. 
 against dueling, was not re-incorporated in that 
 of 1870, the laws on the subject are very strin- 
 gent. Besides imposing a penalty of not less than 
 one nor more than five years' imprisonment, or a 
 fine not exceeding $3,000, upon any one who, as 
 principal or second, participates in a duel with a 
 deadly weapon, whether such duel proves fatal 
 or not, or who seniLs, carries or accepts a chal- 
 lenge: the law also provides that any one con- 
 victed of such offense shall he disqualified for 
 holding "any office of profit, trust or emolument, 
 either civil or military, under the Constitution or 
 laws of this State." Any person leaving the 
 State to send or receive a challenge is subject to 
 the same penalties as if the offense had lieen 
 committed within the State; and any person who 
 may inflict upon his antagonist a fatal wound, as ' 
 the result of an engagement made in this State to 
 fight a duel beyond its jurisdiction when the 
 person so wounded dies within this State is held 
 to be guilty of murder and subject to punishment 
 for the same. The publishing of any person as a 
 coward, or the applying to him of opprobrious or 
 abusive language, for refusing to accept a clial- 
 lenge, is declared to be a crime punishable by 
 fine or imprisonment. 
 
 DUFF, Andrew D., lawyer and Judge, was 
 Iwrn of a family of pioneer settlers in Bond 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 141 
 
 County, 111., Jan. 24, 1820; was educated in the 
 country schools, and, from 1842 to 1847, spent his 
 time in teaching and as a fanner. The latter 
 year he removed to Benton, Franklin County, 
 where he began reading law, but suspended his 
 studies to enlist in the Mexican War, serving as a 
 private; in 1849 was elected County Judge of 
 Franklin County, and, in the following year, was 
 admitted to the bar. In 1861 he was elected 
 Judge for the Twenty-sixth Circuit and re- 
 elected in 1867, serving until 1873. He also 
 served as a Delegate in the State Constitutional 
 Convention of 1862 from the district composed of 
 Franklin and Jackson Counties, and, being a 
 zealous Democrat, was one of the leaders in 
 calling the mass meeting held at Peoria, in 
 August, 1864, to protest against the jwlicy of the 
 Government in the prosecution of the war. 
 About the close of his last term upon the bench 
 (1873), he removed to Carbondale, where he con- 
 tinued to reside. In his later years he be- 
 came an Independent in politics, acting for 
 :. time in cooperation with the friends of 
 temperance. In 1885 he was appointed by joint 
 resolution of the Legislature on a commission to 
 revise the revenue code of the State. Died, at 
 Tucson, Ariz., June 25, 1889. 
 
 DUNCAX, Joseph, Congressman and Gov- 
 ernor, was born at Paris, Ky., Feb. 22, 1794; 
 emigrated to Illinois in 1818, having previously 
 served with distinction in the War of 1812, and 
 been presented with a sword, by vote of Congress, 
 for gallant conduct in the defense of Fort Stephen- 
 son. He was commissioned Major-General of 
 Illinois militia in 1823 and elected State Senator 
 from Jackson County in 1824. He served in the 
 lower house of Congress from 1827 to 1834, when 
 he resigned his seat to occupy 'the gubernatorial 
 chair, to which he was elected the latter year. He 
 was the author of the first free-school law, 
 adopted in 1825. His executive policy was con- 
 servative and consistent, and his administration 
 successful. He erected the first frame building 
 at Jacksonville, in 1834, and was a liberal friend 
 of Illinois College at that place. In his personal 
 character he was kindly, genial and unassuming, 
 although fearless in the expression of his convic- 
 tions. He was the Whig candidate for Governor 
 in 1842, when he met with his first political 
 defeat. Died, at Jacksonville, Jan. 15, 1844, 
 mourned by men of all parties. 
 
 DUNCAN, Thomas, soldier, was born in Kas- 
 kaskia. III., April 14, 1809; served as a private in 
 the Illinois mounted volunteers during the Black 
 Hawk War of 1832 ; also as First Lieutenant of 
 
 cavalry in the regular army in the Mexican War 
 (1846), and as Major and Lieutenant-Colonel 
 during the War of the Rebellion, still later doing 
 duty upon the frontier keeping the Indians in 
 check. He was retired from active service in 
 1873, and died in Washington, Jan. 7, 1887. 
 
 DUNDEE, a town on Fox River, in Kane 
 County. 5 miles (by rail) north of Elgin and 47 
 miles west-northwest of Chicago. It has two 
 distinct corporations East and West Dundee 
 but is progressive and united in action. Dairy 
 farming is the principal industry of the adjacent 
 region, and the town has two large milk-con- 
 densing plants, a cheese factory, etc. It lias good 
 water power and there are flour and saw-mills, 
 besides brick and tile-works, an.extensive nursery, 
 two banks, six churches, a handsome high school 
 building, a public library and one weekly paper. 
 Population (1890), 2,023; (1900), 2,765. 
 
 DUNHAM, John High, banker and Board of 
 Trade operator, was born in Seneca County, 
 N. Y., 1817; came to Chicago in 1844, engaged in 
 the wholesale grocery trade, and, a few years 
 later, took a prominent part in solving the ques- 
 tion of a water supply for the city ; was elected to 
 the Twentieth General Assembly (1856) and the 
 next year assisted in organizing the Merchants' 
 Loan & Trust Company, of which he became the 
 first President, retiring five years later and re- 
 engaging in the mercantile business. While 
 Hon. Hugh McCullough was Secretary of the 
 Treasury, he was appointed National Bank 
 Examiner for Illinois, serving until 1866. He 
 was a member of the Chicago Historical Society, 
 the Academy of Sciences, and an early member 
 of the Board of Trade. Died, April 28, 18113, 
 leaving a large estate. 
 
 DUNHAM, Ransom W.. merchant and Con- 
 gressman, was born at Savoy, Mass., March 21. 
 1838; after graduating from the High School at 
 Springfield. Mass., in 1855. was connected with 
 the Massachusetts Mutual Life Insurance Com- 
 pany until August, 1860. In 1857 he removed 
 from Springfield to Chicago, and at the termina- 
 tion of his connection with the Insurance Com- 
 pany, embarked in the grain and provision 
 commission business in that city, and, in*"1882, 
 was President of the Chicago Board of Trade. 
 From 1883 to 1889 he represented the First Illinois 
 District in Congress, after the expiration of his 
 last term devoting his attention to his large 
 private business. His death took place suddenly 
 at Springfield, Mass.. August 19, 1896. 
 
 DUNLAP, (icoruc Lincoln, civil engineer and 
 Railway Superintendent, was born at Brunswick, 
 
142 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 Maine, in 1828; studied mathematics and engineer- 
 ing at Gorham Academy, and, after several 
 years' experience on the Boston & Maine and the 
 New York & Erie Railways, came west in 1855 
 and accepted a position as assistant engineer on 
 what is now the Chicago & Northwestern Rail- 
 road, finally becoming its General Superintend- 
 ent, and, in fourteen years of his connection with 
 that road, vastly extending its lines. Between 
 1872 and '79 he was connected with the Montreal 
 & Quebec Railway, but the latter year returned 
 to Illinois and was actively connected with the 
 extension of the Wabash system until his retire- 
 ment a few years ago. 
 
 DUNLAP, Henry M., horticulturist and legis- 
 lator, was born in Cook County, 111., Nov. 14, 
 1853 the son of M. L. Dunlap (the well-known 
 "Rural"), who became a prominent horticulturist 
 In Champaign County and was one of the found- 
 ers of the State Agricultural Society. The family 
 having located at Savoy, Champaign County, 
 about 1857, the younger Dunlap was educated in 
 the University of Illinois, graduating in the 
 scientific department in 1875. Following in the 
 footsteps of his father, he engaged extensively 
 in fruit-growing, and has served in the office of 
 both President and Secretary of the State Horti 
 cultural Society, besides local offices. In 1892 he 
 was elected as a Republican to the State Senate 
 for the Thirtieth District, was re-elected in 1896, 
 anil has been prominent in State legislation. 
 
 DUNLAP, Mathias Lane, horticulturist, was 
 Iwrn at Cherry Valley, N. Y., Sept. 14. 1814; 
 I'oming to La Salle County, 111., in 1835, he 
 taught school the following winter; then secured 
 a clerkship in Chicago, and later became hook- 
 keeper for a firm of contractors on the Illinois & 
 Michigan Canal, remaining two years. Having 
 entered a body of Government land in the western 
 part of Cook County, he turned his attention to 
 farming, giving a portion of his time to survey- 
 ing. In 1845 he became interested in horticulture 
 iind, in a few years, built up one of the most 
 extensive nurseries in the West. In 1854 he was 
 chosen a Representative in the Nineteenth Gen- 
 eral Assembly from Cook County, and, at the 
 following session, presided over the caucus which 
 resulted in the nomination and final election of 
 Lyman Trumbull to the United States Senate for 
 the first time Politically an anti-slavery Demo- 
 crat, he espoused the cause of freedom in the 
 Territories, while his house was one of the depots 
 of the "underground railroad." In 1855 he pur- 
 chased a half-section of land near Champaign, 
 whither he removed, two years later, for the 
 
 prosecution of his nursery business. He was an 
 active member, for many years, of the State Agri- 
 cultural Society and an earnest supporter of the 
 scheme for the establishment of an "Industrial 
 University," which finally took form in the Uni- 
 versity of Illinois at Champaign. From 1853 to 
 his death he was the agricultural correspondent, 
 first of "The Chicago Democratic Press," and 
 later of "The Tribune," writing over the nom de 
 plume of "Rural." Died, Feb. 14, 1875. 
 
 DU PAGE COUNTY, organized in 1839, named 
 for a river which flows through it. It adjoins 
 Cook County on the west and contains 340 square 
 miles. In 1900 its population was 28,196. The 
 county-seat was originally at Naperville, which 
 was platted in 1842 and named in honor of Capt. 
 Joseph Naper, who settled upon the site in 1831. 
 In 18G9 the county government was removed to 
 Wheaton, the location of Wheaton College, 
 where it yet remains. Besides Captain Naper, 
 early settlers of prominence were Bailey Hobson 
 (the pioneer in the township of Lisle), and Pierce 
 Downer (in Downer's Grove). The chief towns 
 are Wheaton (population, 1,622), Naperville 
 (2,216), Hinsdale (1,584), Downer's Grove (960), 
 and Roselle (450). Hinsdale and Roselle are 
 largely populated by persons doing business in 
 Chicago. 
 
 DO <{UOIX, a city and railway junction in 
 Perry County, 76 miles north of Cairo; has a 
 foundry, machine shops, planing-mill, flour mills, 
 salt works, ice factory, soda-water factory, 
 creamery, coal mines, graded school, public 
 library and four newspapers. Population (1890), 
 4.052; (1900), 4,353; (1903, school census), 5,207. 
 
 DURBOROW, Allan Cathcart, ex-Congress- 
 man, was born in Philadelphia, Nov. 20, 1857. 
 When five years old he accompanied his parents 
 to Williamsport, Ind., where he received his 
 early education. He entered the preparatory 
 department of Wabash College in 1872, and 
 graduated from the University of Indiana, at 
 Bloomington, in 1877. After two years' residence 
 in Indianapolis, he removed to Chicago, where he 
 engaged in business. Always active in local 
 politics, he was elected by the Democrats in 1890, 
 and again in 1892, Representative in Congress 
 from the Second District, retiring with the close 
 of the Fifty-third Congress. Mr. Durborow is 
 Treasurer of the Chicago Air-Line Express Com- 
 pany. 
 
 DUSTIN, (Gen.) Daniel, soldier, was born in 
 Topsham, Orange County, Vt., Oct. 5, 1820; 
 received a common-school and academic educa- 
 tion, graduating in medicine at Dartmouth Col- 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 143 
 
 lege in 1846. After practicing three years at 
 Corinth, Vt., he went to California in 1850 and 
 engaged in mining, but three years later resumed 
 the practice of his profession while conducting a 
 mercantile business. He was subsequently chosen 
 to the California Legislature from Nevada 
 County, but coming to Illinois in 1858, he 
 engaged in the drug business at Sycamore, De 
 Kalb County, in connection with J. E. Elwood. 
 On the breaking out of the war in 1861, he sold 
 out his drug business and assisted in raising the 
 Eighth Regiment Illinois Cavalry, and was com- 
 missioned Captain of Company L. The regiment 
 was assigned to the Army of the Potomac, and, 
 in January, 1862, he was promoted to the position 
 of Major, afterwards taking part in the battle of 
 Manassas, and the great "seven days' fight" 
 before Richmond. In September, 1862, the One 
 Hundred and Fifth Regiment Illinois Volunteer 
 Infantry was mustered in at Dixon, and Major 
 Dustin was commissioned its Colonel, soon after 
 joining the Army of the Cumberland. After the 
 Atlanta campaign he was assigned to the com- 
 mand of a brigade in the Third Division of the 
 Twelfth Army Corps, remaining in this position 
 to the close of the war, meanwhile having been 
 brevetted Brigadier-General for bravery displayed 
 on the battle-field at Averysboro, N. C. He was 
 mustered out at Washington, June 7, 1865, and 
 took part in the grand review of the armies in 
 that city which marked the close of the war. 
 Returning to his home in De Kalb County, he 
 was elected County Clerk in the following 
 November, remaining in office four years. Sub- 
 sequently he was chosen Circuit Clerk and ex- 
 officio Recorder, and was twice thereafter 
 re-elected in 1884 and 1888. On the organization 
 of the Soldiers' and Sailors' Home at Quincy, in 
 1885, he was appointed by Governor Oglesby one 
 of the Trustees, retaining the position until his 
 death. In May, 1890, he was appointed by 
 President Harrison Assistant United States 
 Treasurer at Chicago, but died in office while on 
 a visit with his daughter at Carthage, Mo., March 
 30, 1892. General Dustin was a Mason of high 
 degree, and, in 18T2, was chosen Right Eminent 
 Commander of the Grand Commandery of the 
 State. 
 
 IMVKillT, a prosperous city in Livingston 
 County, 74 miles, by rail, south-southwest of Chi- 
 cago, 52 miles northeast of Bloomington, and 22 
 miles east of Streator; has two banks, two weekly 
 papers, six s churches, five large warehouses, two 
 electric light plants, complete water-works sys- 
 tem, and four hotels. The city is the center of a 
 
 rich farming and stock-raising district. Dwight 
 has attained celebrity as the location of the first 
 of "Keeley Institutes," founded for the cure of 
 the drink and morphine habit. Population 
 (1890), 1,354; (1900), 2,015. These figures do not 
 include the floating population, which 13 
 augmented by patients who receive treatment 
 at the "Keeley Institute." 
 
 DYER, Charles Yolney, M.It., pioneer physi- 
 cian, was born at Clarendon, Vt., June 12, 1808; 
 graduated in medicine at Middlebury College, in 
 1830: began practice at Newark, N. J., in 1831, 
 and in Chicago in 1835. He was an uncomprom- 
 ising opponent of slavery and an avowed sup- 
 porter' of the "underground railroad," and, in 
 1848, received the support of the Free-Soil party 
 of Illinois for Governor. Dr. Dyer was also one 
 of the original incorporators of the North Chicago 
 Street Railway Company, and his name was 
 prominently identified with many local benevo- 
 lent enterprises. Died, in Lake View (then a 
 suburb of Chicago), April 24, 1878. 
 
 EARLVILLE, a city and railway junction in 
 La Salle County, 52 miles northeast of Princeton, 
 at the intersecting point of the Chicago, Burling- 
 ton & Quincy i^nd the Chicago & Northwestern 
 Railroads. It is in the center of an agricultural 
 and stock-raising district, and is an important 
 shipping-point. It has seven churches, a graded 
 school, one bank, two weekly newspapers and 
 manufactorTes of plows, wagons and carriages. 
 Population (1980), 963; (1890), 1,058; (1900), 1,122. 
 
 EARLY, John, legislator and Lieutenant-Gov- 
 ernor, was born of American parentage and Irish 
 ancestry in Essex County, Canada West, March 
 17, 1828, and accompanied liis parents to Cale- 
 donia, Boone County, 111., in 1846. His boyhood 
 was passed upon his father's farm, and in youth 
 he learned the trade (his father's) of carpenter 
 and joiner. In 1852 he removed to Rockford, 
 Winnebago County, and, in 1865, became State 
 Agent of the New England Mutual Life Insur- 
 ance Company. Between 1863 and 1866 he held 
 sundry local offices, and, in 18G9, was appointed 
 by Governor Palmer a Trustee of the State 
 Reform School. In 1870 he was elected State 
 Senator and re-elected in 1874, serving in the 
 Twenty-seventh, Twenty eighth. Twenty-ninth 
 and Thirtieth General Assemblies. In 1873 he 
 was elected President pro tern, of the Senate, and, 
 Lieut-Gov. Beveridge succeeding to the executive 
 chair, he became ex-officio Lieutenant-Governor. 
 In 1875 he was again the Republican nominee for 
 the Presidency of the Senate, but *as defeated 
 
144 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 by a coalition of Democrats and Independents. 
 He died while a member of the Senate. Sept. 2, 
 1877. 
 
 EARTHQUAKE OF 1811. A series of the 
 most remarkable earthquakes in the history of 
 the Mississippi Valley began on the night of 
 November 16, 1811. continuing for several months 
 and finally ending with the destruction of Carac- 
 cas, Venezuela, in March following. While the 
 center of the earlier disturbance appears to have 
 been in the vicinity of New Madrid, in Southeast- 
 ern Missouri, its minor effects were felt through 
 a wide extent of country, especially in the 
 settled portions of Illinois. Contemporaneous 
 history states that, in the American Bottom, then 
 the most densely settled portion of Illinois, the 
 results were very perceptible. The walls of a 
 brick house belonging to Mr. Samuel Judy, a 
 pioneer settler in the eastern edge of the bottom, 
 near Edwardsville. Madison County, were cracked 
 by the convulsion, the effects being seen for more 
 than two generations. Gov. John Reynolds, then 
 a young man of 23. living witli his father's 
 family in what was called the "Goshen Settle- 
 ment," near Edwardsville, in his history of "My 
 Own Times," says of it: "Our family were all 
 sleeping in a log-cabin, and my father leaped out 
 of bed, crying out, 'The Indians are on the house. 
 The battle of Tippecanoe had been recently 
 fought, and it was supposed the Indians would 
 attack the settlements. Not one in the family 
 knew at that time it was an earthquake. The 
 next morning another shock made us acquainted 
 with it. ... The cattle came running home 
 bellowing with fear, and all animals were terribly 
 alarmed. Our house cracked and quivered so we 
 were fearful it would fall to the ground. In the 
 American Bottom many chimneys were thrown 
 down, and the church bell at Cahokia was 
 sounded by the agitation of the building. It is 
 said a shock of an earthquake was felt in Kaskas- 
 kia in 1804, but I did not perceive it." Owing to 
 the sparseness of the population in Illinois at that 
 time, but little is known of the effect of the con- 
 vulsion of 1811 elsewhere, but there are numerous 
 "sink-holes" in Union and adjacent counties, 
 between the forks of the Ohio and Mississippi 
 Rivers, which probably owe their origin to this or 
 some similar disturbance. "On the Kaskaskia 
 River below Athens," says Governor Reynolds in 
 his "Pioneer History." "the water and white sand 
 were thrown up through a fissure of the earth." 
 EAST DUBUQUE, an incorporated city of Jo 
 Daviess County, on the east bank of the Missis- 
 sippi, 17 miles (by rail) northeast of Galena. It 
 
 is connected with Dubuque, Iowa, by a railroad 
 and a wagon bridge two miles in length. It has 
 a grain elevator, a box factory, a planing mill 
 and manufactories of cultivators and sand drills. 
 It has also a bank, two churches, good public 
 schools and a weekly newspaper. Population 
 (1880). 1,037; (1890). 1,069; (1900), 1,146. 
 
 EA8TON, (Col.) Knfiis. pioneer, founder of the 
 city of Alton; was born at Litchfield. Conn., 
 May 4, 1774; studied law and practiced two 
 years in Oneida County. N. V. ; emigrated to St. 
 Louis in 1804. and was commissioned by President 
 Jefferson Judge of the Territory of Louisiana, 
 and also became the first Postmaster of St. Louis, 
 in 1808. From 1814 to 1818 he served as Delegate 
 in Congress from Missouri Territory, and, on the 
 organization of the State of Missouri (1821). was 
 appointed Attorney -General for the State, serving 
 until 1826. His death occurred at St. Charles, 
 Mo.. July 5, 1834. Colonel Easton's connection 
 with Illinois history is based chiefly upon the 
 fact that he was the founder of the present city 
 of Alton, which he laid out, in 1817, on a tract of 
 land of which he had obtained possession at the 
 mouth of the Little Piasa Creek, naming the 
 town for his son. Rev. Thomas Lippincott, 
 prominently identified with the early history of 
 that portion of the State, kept a store for Easton 
 at Milton, on Wood River, about two miles from 
 Alton, in the early " '20's." 
 
 EAST ST. LOUIS, a flourishing city in St. Clair 
 County, on the east bank of the Mississippi di- 
 rectly opposite St. Louis; is the terminus of 
 twenty-two railroads and several electric lines, 
 and the leading commercial and manufacturing 
 point in Southern Illinois. Its industries include 
 rolling mills, steel, brass, malleable iron and 
 glass works, grain elevators and flour mills, 
 breweries, stockyards and packing houses. The 
 city has eleven public and five parochial schools, 
 one high school, and two colleges; is well sup- 
 plied with banks and has one daily and four 
 weekly papers. Population (1890), 15,169; (1900), 
 29,655; (1903, est). 40,000. 
 
 EASTERN HOSPITAL FOR THE INSANE. 
 The act for the establishment of this institution 
 passed the General Assembly in 1877. Many 
 cities offered inducements, by way of donations, 
 for the location of the new hospital, but the site 
 finally selected was a farm of 250 acres near Kun- 
 kakee, and this was subsequently enlarged by the 
 purchase of 327 additional acres in 1881. Work 
 was begun in 1878 and the first patients received 
 in December, 1879. The plan of the institution 
 is. in many respects, unique. It comprises a 
 
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144 
 
 HISTORICAL KNCYCLOI'KDIA <>K ILLINOIS. 
 
 I iv a coalition of Demorrats .UK! Independents 
 lie died wliili' a uiemlicr of the Senate. Sept. '. 
 
 1*77. 
 
 KAKTHOJAKK OK Isll. A .cries of t| l( . 
 unt remarkable earthquakes, in I lie history of 
 the Mississippi Valley he^an mi the nijjht of 
 Novembpf Hi. IMl ci ml inning for several months 
 Mini finally endim.:' ^ith the'destruct inn of Carac 
 .as Venezuela, in M:in-h f..ll,.w i.,_- While the 
 center of tht- earlier .list iir bailee appears to have 
 lieen in the \ icinity nl 1 New Madrid in Southeast 
 ern Missouri, its minor etfeets were felt through 
 a wide c\ici,t ..I ...until es|iecially in the 
 -<ul.il portions of Illinois Contemporaneous 
 history states that, in thf American Bottom then 
 the most densely set tlfil portion of Illinois the 
 results were i ery |ieri-eptil>le The walls of a 
 brick limise boloimin^ t> Mr Samuel .Imh a 
 pioneer settler in I he eastern eil^'e of the Ixittom 
 near Kdwardsville. Madison Count v . were cracked 
 In' t he eon\ nlsion. the etfects beinji seen for more 
 than I wo general tons ( lov John Ke\ nolds. then 
 a youne; man of .':! living with his father's 
 family in what was called the "(ioshen Settle 
 inent." near r'dwar<U\ ille in his history of "M\ 
 Own Times' says of it "Our family were all 
 sleeping in a loi; cabin ami my father leapeil out 
 of lieil. rryinjr out. 'The Imliatis are on t he house 
 
 The hattle of Tipperano.. hail I n rei-entli 
 
 fought, ami it was supposeil I he Imlians woiiM 
 attai-k the s|.|t|eiiients Not one in the family 
 knew at that lime it was an eart hipiake. The 
 next mornnm another shock m.-nle n- a<-i|iiainleil 
 with it . The i-attle i-anie runnini,' home 
 
 liellowin^; with fear ami all animals ere li-rrilih 
 alarmeil Our house craekeil ami ijuivereil so we 
 were fearful it woiilil fall to the ^'rouml In the 
 American Hottom many chimneys were ihmwn 
 I. .\i n am) the church hell at ('ahokia was 
 
 solUlileil In the .iL'il.il ion of the lnlll.l inu 1 It is 
 
 saiil a shock of an eart In |i lake was felt in Kaskas 
 kia in isdl. l.ut I ilid not percchc it " < >\viiif; t" 
 the |i.n i-i,.- ..t the population in Illinoisat that 
 time, l.u! little is known of the effect : thcentl- 
 i ulsioii of 1>-1 1 elsew -here, hut t here are numerous 
 "sinkholes" in Cnion ami ail.jacent counties. 
 Itetwei-u the forks of the Ohio ami Mississippi 
 lli\ crs. which prohahly owe t heir origin to t his i> r 
 some similar ilisturhance "On the Kaskaskia 
 1,'iver lielow Athens " says Governor Ifeynolils in 
 his "Pioneer History." "t he water ami w hite saml 
 were thrown up t hrounh a fissure of the earth" 
 KAST IU'IM'()l"E,an incorporate,| ,-ity ..!' .1,, 
 llaviess County on the east liank of the Missis 
 sippi 1? miles l,\ raid northeast of lialena It 
 
 is iMiuneoti'il with Duhuque. Iowa, by a railmttil 
 ami a wa^on hriil^e two miles in length It has 
 a ^'rain elevator, a lio.\ faetory. a planini; mill 
 ami manufactories of cultivators ami saml ilrills 
 It has also a liank. two churches u,,.l pulilie 
 SI'|KKI|S ami a weekly news|iaper. Population 
 , issil). t,u:!7: dsiidi. I.IMHI; (I'.tildi, 1.140. 
 
 I VN| u\. i ('ill. i liiilns, pioneer foiimlerof the 
 city of Alton: was l.oii. at l.itchlielil. Conn.. 
 May l.i 1771. xtmlii'il law ami practiceil two 
 years in Oneiila County. X. V ; emigrated to St. 
 Louis in |SI4. ami was ciimiuissioneil hy Presi-lent 
 .letfei'son .Inil^e ot the Territory of Louisiana, 
 ami also hecame the tirst 1'ost master of St. Louis, 
 in ixns. From 1*1 I to 1*1* he served as Delegate 
 in Congress from Mis.soiivi Territory and. on the 
 organization of the State of Missouri (!*.'! i was 
 appointed \ttorney ( ieneral for t he State, serving 
 until Is-.'li Mis .leath o,-curred at St. Cliarles 
 Mo .Inly ">. |s:tl Colonel Kaston's connei't ion 
 with Illinois history is l.ased chielly upon the 
 fact that he was I he founder of the present city 
 i.f \lton w In. -h he laid out. in 1*1 7. on a t ract of 
 land of which he had ohtained |iossession at the 
 mouth of id.. Little I'iasa Creek, naming the 
 lown foi- his son. Rev. Thomas Lippincotl. 
 prominently iilentilied with the early history of 
 that [Kirtion of the State kept a store for Kastoii 
 al Milton, on Wood River, alioiit two miles from 
 Alton, in the early " ''Jo's 
 
 KAST ST. I.OI IS. a nourishing city in St. Clair 
 County, on the east hank of the Mississippi di- 
 rectly opposite St. Louis; is the terminus of 
 twenty-twi> railroads and several eleetrie lines, 
 and the leading commercial atid niannfai turin 
 point in Southern Illinois Its industries include 
 rolling mills, steel, hrass. malleahle iron and 
 ^lass works, xrain elevators and Hour mills, 
 hreweries. stockyards and packing houses. The 
 city has eleven puhlic and live parochial schools, 
 one liiyli school, and two colleges: is well sup- 
 plieil with kinks ami has ore daily and four 
 weekly pajiers Population (I *!K>) l."i.|ll!l; (l'- MMI ). 
 ',".t,li.Vi: l!lli:i es|. i III. 110(1 
 
 EASTKKX IIOSIMTA1. KOI! THE INSANE. 
 
 The act foi the estahlishment of tins institutioti 
 passed the (ieneral Assembly in 1*77. Many 
 cities offered inducements hy way of donations, 
 for the location of the new hospital, hut the site 
 tinally sj'leeted was a farm of 'J."iO acres near Kan 
 kakce and this was subsequently enlarged liv the 
 purehase of :7 additional a<-res in 1**1 Work 
 was iK'^'un in l^x , tM ,| (). f, rs t jiatients reeeiveil 
 in UecemlK-r |s7!i The plan of the institution 
 is in many respects. unii|iie It comprises a 
 
LIBRARY 
 
 OF THE 
 
 UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 145 
 
 general building, three stories high, capable of 
 accommodating 300 to 400 patients, and a number 
 of detached buildings, technically termed cot- 
 tages, where various classes of insane patients may 
 be grouped and receive the particular treatment 
 best adapted to ensure their recovery. The plans 
 were mainly worked out from suggestions by 
 Frederick Howard Wines, LL.D., then Secretary 
 of the Board of Public Charities, and have 
 attracted generally favorable comment both in 
 this country and abroad. The seventy-five build- 
 ings occupied for the various purposes of the 
 institution, cover a quarter-section of land laid off 
 in regular streets, beautified with trees, plants 
 and flowers, and presenting all the appearance of 
 a flourishing village with numerous small parks 
 adorned with walks and drives. The counties 
 from which patients are received include Cook. 
 Champaign, Coles, Cumberland. De Witt, Doug- 
 las, Edgar, Ford, Grundy, Iroquois, Kankakee. 
 La Salle, Livingston, Macon, McLean, Moultrie j 
 Piatt, Shelby, Vermilion and Will. The whole 
 number of patients in 1M9H was 2,200, while the 
 employes of all classes numbered .TOO. 
 
 EASTERN ILLINOIS NORMAL SCHOOL, an 
 institution designed to qualify teachers for giving 
 instruction in the public schools, located at 
 Charleston, Coles County, under an act of the 
 Legislature passed at the session of 1895. The 
 act appropriated $50,000 for the erection of build- 
 ings, to which additional appropriations were 
 added in 1897 and 1898, of 25,000 and $50,000, 
 respectively, with $56,216.72 contributed by the 
 city of Charleston, making a total of $181,216.72. 
 The building was begun in 1896, the corner-stone 
 being laid on May 27 of that year. There was 
 delay in the progress of the work in consequence 
 of the failure of the contractors in December, 
 1896, but the work was resumed in 1897 and 
 practically completed early in 1899, with the 
 expectation that the institution would be opened 
 for the reception of students in September fol- 
 lowing. 
 
 EASTMAN, Zebina, anti-slavery journalist, 
 was born at North Amherst, Mass.. Sept. 8, 1815; 
 became a printer's apprentice at 14. but later 
 spent a short time in an academy at Hadley. 
 Then, after a brief experience as an employe in 
 the office of "The Hartford Pearl," at the age of 
 18 he invested his patrimony of some 82,000 in 
 the establishment of "The Free Press" at Fayette- 
 ville, Vt. This venture proving unsuccessful, in 
 1837 he came west, stopping a year or two at 
 Ann Arbor, Mich. In 1839 he visited Peoria by 
 way of Chicago, working for a time on "The 
 
 Peoria Register," but soon after joined Benjamin 
 Lundy, who was preparing to revive his paper. 
 "The Genius of Universal Emancipation," at 
 Lowell. La Salle County. This scheme was 
 partially defeated by Lundy 's early death, but, 
 after a few months' delay, Eastman, in conjunc- 
 tion with Hooper Warren, began the publication 
 of "The Genius of Liberty" as the successor of 
 Lundy 's paper, using the printing press which 
 Warren had used in the office of "The Commer- 
 cial Advertiser, " in Chicago, a year or so before. In 
 1842, at the invitation of prominent Abolitionists, 
 the paper was removed to Chicago, where it was 
 issued under the name of "The Western Citizen," 
 in 1853 becoming "The Free West," and finally, 
 in 1856, being merged in "The Chicago Tribune." 
 After the suspension of "The Free West," Mr. 
 Eastman began the publication of "The Chicago 
 Magazine," a literary and historical monthly, 
 but it reached only its fifth number, when it was 
 discontinued for want of financial support. In 
 1861 he was appointed by President Lincoln 
 United States Consul at Bristol. England, where 
 he remained eight years. On his return from 
 Europe, he took up his residence at Elgin, later 
 removing to Maywood, a suburb of Chicago, 
 where he died, June 14, 1883. During the latter 
 years of his life Mr. Eastman contributed many 
 articles of great historical interest to the Chi- 
 cago press. (See Ln-ndy. Benjamin, and Warrett, 
 Hooper.) 
 
 EBERHART, John .Frederick, educator and 
 real-estate operator, was born in Mercer County. 
 Pa., Jan. 21, 1829: commenced teaching at 16 
 years of age, and, in 1853, graduated from Alle- 
 gheny College, at Meadville. soon after becoming 
 Principal of Albright Seminary at Berlin, in the 
 same State ; in 1855 came west by way of .Chicago, 
 locating at Dixon and engaging in editorial work ; 
 a year later established "The Northwestern 
 Home and School Journal." which he published 
 three years, in the meantime establishing and 
 conducting teachers' institutes in Illinois, Iowa 
 and Wisconsin. In 1859 he was elected School 
 Commissioner of Cook County a position which 
 was afterwards changed to County Superintend- 
 ent of Schools, and which he held ten years. Mr. 
 Eberhurt was largely instrumental in the estab- 
 lishment of the Cook County Normal School. 
 Since retiring from office he lias been engaged in 
 the real-estate business in Chicago. 
 
 ECKHART, Bernard A., manufacturer and 
 President of the Chicago Drainage Board, was 
 born in Alsace. France (now Germany), brought 
 to America in infancy and reared on a farm in 
 
146 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 Vernon County, Wis. ; was educated at Milwau- 
 kee, and, in 1868, became clerk in the office of the 
 Eagle Milling Company of that city, afterwards 
 serving as its Eastern agent in various seaboard 
 cities. He finally established an extensive mill- 
 ing business in Chicago, in which lie is now 
 engaged. In 1884 he served as a delegate to the 
 National Waterway Convention at St. Paul and, 
 in 1886, was elected to the State Senate, serving 
 four years and taking a prominent part in draft- 
 ing the Sanitary Drainage Bill passed by the 
 Thirty-sixth General Assembly. He has also been 
 prominent in connection with various financial 
 institutions, and, in 1891, was elected one of the 
 Trustees of the Sanitary District of Chicago, was 
 re-elected in 1895 and chosen President of the 
 Board for the following year, and re-elected Pres- 
 ident in December, 1898. 
 
 EDBROOKE, Willonghby J., Supervising 
 Architect, was born at Deerfield, Lake County, 
 111. , Sept. 3, 1843 ; brought up to the architectural 
 profession by his father and under the instruc- 
 tion of Chicago architects. During Mayor 
 Roche's administration he held the position of 
 Commissioner of Public Works, and, in April, 
 1891, was appointed Supervising Architect of the 
 Treasury Department at Washington, in that 
 capacity supervising the construction of Govern- 
 ment buildings at the World's Columbian Exposi- 
 tion. Died, in Chicago, March 26, 1896. 
 
 EDDY, Henry, pioneer lawyer and editor, 
 was born in Vermont, in 1798, reared in New 
 York, learned the printer's trade at Pittsburg, 
 served in the War of 1812, and was wounded in 
 the battle of Black Rock, near Buffalo ; came to 
 Shawneetown, 111., in 1818, where he edited "The 
 Illinois Emigrant," the earliest paper in that 
 part of the State ; was a Presidential Elector in 
 1824, a Representative in the Second and Fif- 
 teenth General Assemblies, and elected a Circuit 
 Judge in 1835, but resigned a few weeks later. 
 He was a Whig in politics. Usher F. Linder, in 
 his "Reminiscences of .. the Early Bench and Bar 
 of Illinois," says of Mr. Eddy: "When he 
 addressed the court, he elicited the most profound 
 attention. He was a sort of walking law library. 
 He never forgot anything that he ever knew, 
 whether law, poetry or belles lettres. " Died, 
 June 29, 1849. 
 
 EDDY, Thomas Mears, clergyman and author, 
 was born in Hamilton County, Ohio, Sept. 7, 
 1823; educated at Greensborough, Ind., and, from 
 1842 to 1853, was a Methodist circuit preacher 
 in that State, becoming Agent of the American 
 Bible Society the latter year, and Presiding 
 
 Elder of the Indianapolis district until 1856, when 
 he was appointed editor of "The Northwestern 
 Christian Advocate," in Chicago, retiring from 
 that position in 1868. Later, he held pastorates 
 in Baltimore and Washington, and was chosen 
 one of the Corresponding Secretaries of the Mis- 
 sionary Society by the General Conference of 
 1872. Dr. Eddy was a copious writer for the 
 press, and, besides occasional sermons, published 
 two volumes of reminiscences and personal 
 sketches of prominent Illinoisans in the War of 
 the Rebellion under the title of "Patriotism of 
 Illinois" (1865). Died, in New York City, Oct. 
 7. 1874. 
 
 EDGAR, John, early settler at Kaskaskia, was 
 born in Ireland and, during the American Revo- 
 lution, served as an officer in the British navy, 
 but married an American woman of great force 
 of character who sympathized strongly with the 
 patriot cause. Having become involved in the 
 desertion of three British soldiers whom his wife 
 had promised to assist in reaching the American 
 camp, he was compelled to flee. After remaining 
 for a while in the American army, during which 
 he became the friend of General La Fayette, he 
 sought safety by coming west, arriving at Kas- 
 kaskia in 1784. His property was confiscated, but 
 his wife succeeded in saving some $12,000 from 
 the wreck, with which she joined him two years 
 later. He engaged in business and became an 
 extensive land-owner, being credited, during 
 Territorial days, with the ownership of nearly 
 50,000 acres situated in Randolph, Monroe, St. 
 Clair, Madison, Clinton, Washington, Perry and 
 Jackson Counties, and long known as the "Edgar 
 lands." He also purchased and rebuilt a mill 
 near Kaskaskia which had belonged to a French- 
 man named Paget, and became a large shipper of 
 flour at an early day to the Southern markets. 
 When St. Clair County was organized, in 1790, he 
 was appointed one of the Judges of the Common 
 Pleas Court, and so appears to have continued 
 for more than a quarter of a century. On the 
 establishment of a Territorial Legislature for the 
 Northwest Territory, he was chosen, in 1799, one 
 of the members for St. Clair County the Legis- 
 lature holding its session at Chillicothe, in the 
 present State of Ohio, under the administration 
 of Governor St. Clair. He was also appointed a 
 Major General of militia, retaining the office for 
 many years. General and Mrs. Edgar were 
 leaders of society at the old Territorial capital, 
 and, on the visit of La Fayette to Kaskaskia in 
 1825, a reception was given at their hquse to the 
 distinguished Frenchman, whose acquaintance 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OK ILLINOIS. 
 
 U7 
 
 they had made more than forty years before. He 
 died at Kaskaskia. in 1832. Edgar County, in the 
 eastern part of the State, was named in honor of 
 General Edgar. He was' Worshipful Master of 
 the first Lodge of Ancient Free and Accepted 
 Masons in Illinois, constituted at Kaskaskia in 
 1S06. 
 
 KIM. Ut COUNTY, one of the middle tier of 
 counties from north to south, lying on the east- 
 ern bonier of the State; was organized in 1823, 
 and named for General Edgar, an early citizen of 
 Kaskaskia. It contains 630 square miles, with 
 a population (1900) of 28,273. The county is 
 nearly square, well watered and wooded. Most 
 of the acreage is under cultivation, grain-growing 
 and stock-raising being the principal industries. 
 Generally, the soil is black to a considerable 
 depth, though at some points especially adjoin- 
 ing the timber lands in the east the soft, brown 
 clay of the subsoil comes to the surface. Beds of 
 the drift period, one hundred feet deep, are found 
 in the northern portion, and some twenty-five 
 years ago a nearly perfect skeleton of a mastodon 
 was exhumed. A bed of limestone, twenty-five 
 feet thick, crops out near Baldwinsville and runs 
 along Brouillet's creek to the State line. Paris, the 
 county -seat, is a railroad center, and has a popu- 
 lation of over 6,000. Vermilion and Dudley are 
 prominent shipping points, while Chrisman, 
 which was an unbroken prairie in 1872, was 
 credited with a population of 900 in 1900. 
 
 KDIMtl U(i, a village of Christian County, on 
 the Baltimore it Ohio Southwestern Railway, 18 
 miles southeast of Springfield; has two banks 
 and one newspaper. The region is agricultural, 
 though some coal is mined here. Population 
 (1880), 551; (1890), 806; (1900), 1,071. 
 
 EDSALL, James Kirtlami, former Attorney 
 General, was l>orn at Windham, Greene County. 
 X. Y., May 10. 1*31. After passing through the 
 common-schools, he attended an academy at 
 Prattsville, N.Y. , supporting himself, meanwhile, 
 by working upon a farm. He read law at Pratts- 
 ville and C'at skill, and was admitted to the bar at 
 Albany in 1852. The next two years he spent in 
 Wisconsin and Minnesota, and, in 1854, removed 
 to Leavenworth, Kan. He was elected to the 
 Legislature of tliat State in 1855, being a member 
 of the Topeka (free-soil) body when it was broken 
 up by United States troops in 1856. In August, 
 1856, he settled at Dixon, 111., and at once 
 engaged in practice. In 1863 he was elected 
 Mayor of that city, and, in 1870, was chosen State 
 Senator, serving on the Committees on Munic- 
 ipalities and Judiciary in the Twenty-seventh 
 
 General Assembly. In 1872 he was elected 
 Attorney -General on the Republican ticket and 
 re-elected in 1876. At the expiration of his 
 second term he took up his residence in Chicago, 
 where he afterwards devoted himself to the prac- 
 tice of his profession, until his death, which 
 occurred, June 20, 1892. 
 
 EDUCATION. 
 
 The first step in the direction of the establish- 
 ment of a system of free schools for the region 
 now comprised within the State of Illinois was 
 taken in the enactment by Congress, on May 20, 
 1785, of "An Ordinance for Ascertaining the 
 mode of disposing of lands in the Western Terri- 
 tory." This applied specifically to the region 
 northwest of the Ohio River, which had been 
 acquired through the conquest of the "Illinois 
 Country" by CoL George Rogers Clark, acting 
 under the auspices of the State of Virginia and 
 by authority received from its Governor, the 
 patriotic Patrick Henry. This act for the first 
 time established the present system of township 
 (or as it was then called, ''rectangular") surveys, 
 devised by Capt. Thomas Hutching, who became 
 the first Surveyor-General (or "Geographer," as 
 the office was styled) of the United States under 
 the same act. Its important feature, in this con- 
 nection, was the provision "that there shall 1* 
 reserved the lot No. 16 of every township, for the 
 maintenance of public schools within the town- 
 ship. " The same reservation (the term "section" 
 being substituted for "lot" in the act of May 18, 
 1796) was made in all sulisequent acts for the sale 
 of public lands the acts of July 23, 1787, and 
 June 20, 1788, declaring that "the lot No. 16 in 
 each township, or fractional part of a township," 
 shall be "given perpetually for the purpose con- 
 tained in said ordinance" (i. e., the act of 1785). 
 The next step was taken in the Ordinance of 1787 
 (Art. III.), in the declaration that, "religion, 
 morality and knowledge being necessary for the 
 happiness of mankind, schools and the means of 
 education shall forever be encouraged." The 
 reservation referred to in the act of 1785 (and 
 subsequent acts) was reiterated in the "enabling 
 act" passed by Congress. April 18, 1818, authoriz- 
 ing the people of Illinois Territory to organize a 
 State Government, and was formally accepted by 
 the Convention which formed the first Stat*- 
 Constitution. The enabling act also set apart one 
 entire township (in addition to one previously 
 donated for the same purpose by act of Congress 
 in 1804) for the use of a seminary of learning, 
 
148 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 together with three per cent of the net proceeds 
 of the sales of public lands within the State, "to 
 be appropriated by the Legislature of the State 
 for the encouragement of learning, of which one- 
 sixth part" (or one-half of one per cent) "shall 
 be exclusively bestowed on a college or univer- 
 sity." Thus, the plan for the establishment of a 
 system of free public education in Illinois had its 
 inception in the first steps for the organization of 
 the Northwest Territory, was recognized in the 
 Ordinance of 1787 which reserved that Territory 
 forever to freedom, and was again reiterated in 
 the preliminary steps for the organization of the 
 State Government. These several acts became 
 the basis of that permanent provision for the 
 encouragement of education known as the "town- 
 ship," "seminary" and "college or university" 
 funds. 
 
 EARLY SCHOOLS. Previous to this, however, a 
 beginning had been made in the attempt to estab- 
 lish schools for the benefit of the children of the 
 pioneers. One John Seeley is said to have taught 
 the first American school within the territory of 
 Illinois, in a log-cabin in Monroe County, in 1783, 
 followed by others in the next twenty years in 
 Monroe, Randolph, St. Clair and Madison Coun- 
 ties. Seeley 's earliest successor was Francis 
 Clark, who, in turn, was followed by a man 
 named Halfpenny, who afterwards built a mill 
 near the present town of Waterloo in Monroe 
 County. Among the teachers of a still later period 
 were John Boyle, a soldier in Col. George Rogers 
 Clark's army, who taught in Randolph County 
 between 1790 and 1800; John Atwater, near 
 Edwardsville, in 1H07, and John Messinger, a sur- 
 veyor, who was a member of the Constitutional 
 Convention of 1818 and Speaker of the first House 
 of Representatives. The latter taught in the 
 vicinity of Shiloh in St. Clair County, afterwards 
 the site of Rev. John M. Peck's Rock Spring 
 Seminary. The schools which existed during 
 this period, and for many years after the organi- 
 zation of the State Government, were necessarily 
 few, widely scattered and of a very primitive 
 character, receiving their sup]x>rt entirely by 
 subscription from their patrons. 
 
 FIRST FREE SCHOOL LAW AND SALES OP 
 SCHOOL LANDS. It has been stated that the first 
 free school in the State was established at Upper 
 Alton, in 1821, but there is good reason for believ- 
 ing this claim was based upon the power granted 
 by the Legislature, in an act passed that year, to 
 establish such schools there, which power was 
 never carried into effect. The first attempt to 
 establish a free-school system for the whole State 
 
 was made in January, 1835, in the passage of a 
 bill introduced by Joseph Duncan, afterwards a 
 Congressman and Governor of the State. It 
 nominally appropriated two dollars out of each one 
 hundred dollars received in the State Treasury, 
 to be distributed to those who had paid taxes or 
 subscriptions for the support of schools. So 
 small was the aggregate revenue of the State at 
 that time (only a little over $60,000), that the 
 sum realized from this law would have been but 
 little more than $1,000 per year. It remained 
 practically a dead letter and was repealed in 1829, 
 when the State inaugurated the policy of selling 
 the seminary lands and borrowing the proceeds 
 for the payment of current expenses. In this 
 way 43,200 acres (or all but four and a half sec- 
 tions) of the seminary lands were disposed of, 
 realizing less than 860,000. The first sale of 
 township school lands took place in Greene 
 County in 1831, and, two years later, the greater 
 part of the school section in the heart of the 
 present city of Chicago was sold, producing 
 about $39,000. The average rate at which these 
 sales were made, up to 1882, was $3.78 per acre, 
 and the minimum, 70 cents per acre. That 
 these lands have, in very few instances, produced 
 the results expected of them, was not so much 
 the fault of the system as of those selected to 
 administer it whose bad judgment in premature 
 sales, or whose complicity with the schemes of 
 speculators, were the means, in many cases, of 
 squandering what might otherwise have furnished 
 a liberal provision for the support of public 
 schools in many sections of the State. Mr. W. L. 
 Pillsbury, at present Secretary of the University 
 of Illinois, in a paper printed in the report of the 
 State Superintendent of Public Instruction for 
 1885-86 to which the writer is indebted for many 
 of the facts presented in this article gives to 
 Chicago the credit of establishing the first free 
 schools in the State in 1834, while Alton followed 
 in 1837, and Springfield and Jacksonville in 1840. 
 EARLY HIOHER INSTITUTIONS. A movement 
 looking to the establishment of a higher institu- 
 tion of learning in Indiana Territory (of which 
 Illinois then formed a part), was inaugurated by 
 the passage, through the Territorial Legislature at 
 Vincennes, in November, 1806, of an act incorpo- 
 rating the University of Indiana Territory to be 
 located at Vincennes. One provision of the act 
 authorized the raising of $20,000 for the institu- 
 tion by means of a lottery. A Board of Trustees 
 was promptly organized, with Gen. William 
 Henry Harrison, then the Territorial Governor, 
 at its head ; but, lieyond the erection of a building, 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 149 
 
 little progress was made. Twenty-one years 
 later (1837) the first successful attempt to found 
 an advanced school was made by the indomitable 
 Rev. John M. Peck, resulting in the establish- 
 ment of his Theological Seminary and High 
 School at Rock Springs, St. Clair County, which, 
 in 1831, became the nucleus of Shurtleff College at 
 Upper Alton. In like manner, Lebanon Semi- 
 nary, established in 1828, two years later 
 expanded into McKendree College, while instruc- 
 tion began to be given at Illinois College, Jack- 
 sonville, in December, 1829, as the outcome of a 
 movement started by a band of young men at 
 Yale College in 1827 these several institutions 
 being formally incorporated by the same act of 
 the Legislature, passed in 1835. (See sketches of 
 these Institutions. ) 
 
 EDUCATIONAL CONVENTIONS. In 1833 there 
 was held at Vandalia (then the State capital) the 
 first of a series of educational conventions, which 
 were continued somewhat irregularly for twenty- 
 years, and whose history is remarkable for the 
 number of those participating in them who after- 
 wards gained distinction in State and National 
 history. At first these conventions were held at 
 the State capital during the sessions of the Gen- 
 eral Assembly, when the chief actors in them 
 were members of that body and State officers, 
 with a few other friends of education from the 
 ranks of professional or business men. At the 
 convention of 1833, we find, among those partici- 
 pating, the names of Sidney Breese, afterwards a 
 United States Senator and Justice of the Supreme 
 Court ; Judge S. D. Lock wood, then of the Supreme 
 Court; W. L. D. Ewing, afterwards acting Gov- 
 ernor and United States Senator ; O. H. Browning, 
 afterwards United States Senator and Secretary 
 of the Interior; James Hall and John Russell, 
 the most notable writers in the State in their day, 
 besides Dr. J. M. Peck, Archibald Williams, 
 Benjamin Mills, Jesse B. Thomas, Henry Eddy 
 and others, all prominent in their several depart- 
 ments. In a second convention at the same 
 place, nearly two years later, Abraham Lincoln, 
 Stephen A. Douglas and Col. John J. Hardin 
 were participants. At Springfield, in 1840, pro- 
 fessional and literary men began to take a more 
 prominent part, although the members of the 
 Legislature were present ia considerable force. 
 A convention held at Peoria, in 1844, was made 
 up largely of professional teachers and school 
 officers, with a few citizens of local prominence; 
 and the same may be said of those held at Jack- 
 sonville in 1845, and later at Chicago and other 
 points. Various attempts were made to form 
 
 permanent educational societies, finally result- 
 ing, in December, 1854, in the organization of the 
 "State Teachers' Institute," which, three years 
 later, took the name of the "State Teachers' 
 Association" though an association of the same 
 name was organized in 1836 and continued in 
 existence several years. 
 
 STATE SUPERINTENDENT AND SCHOOL JOUR- 
 NALS. The appointment of a State Superintend- 
 ent of Public Instruction began to be agitated as 
 early as 1837, and was urged from time to time in 
 memorials and resolutions by educational conven- 
 tions, by the educational press, and in the State 
 Legislature ; but it was not until February, 1854, 
 that an act was passed creating the office, when 
 the Hon. Ninian W. Edwards was appointed by 
 Gov. Joel A. Matteson, continuing in office until 
 his successor was elected in 1856. "The Common 
 School Advocate" was published for a year at 
 Jacksonville, beginning with January, 1837; in 
 1841 "The Illinois Common School Advocate" 
 began publication at Springfield, but was discon- 
 tinued after the issue of a few numbers. In 1855 
 was established "The Illinois Teacher." This 
 was merged, in 1873, in "The Illinois School- 
 master," which l>ecame the organ of the State 
 Teachers' Association, so remaining several years. 
 The State 'Teachers' Association has no official 
 organ now, but the "Public School Journal" is 
 the chief educational publication of the State. 
 
 INDUSTRIAL EDUCATION. In 1851 was insti- 
 tuted a movement which, although obstructed for 
 some time by partisan opposition, lias been 
 followed by more far-reaching results, for the 
 country at large, than any single measure in the 
 history of education since the act of 1785 setting 
 apart one section in each township for the support 
 of public schools. This was the scheme formu- 
 lated by the late Prof. Jonatlian B. Turner, of 
 Jacksonville, for a system of practical scientific 
 education for the agricultural, mechanical and 
 other industrial classes, at a Farmers' Convention 
 held under the auspices of the Buel Institute (an 
 Agricultural Society), at Granville, Putnam 
 County, Nov. 18, 1851. While proposing a plan 
 for a "State University" for Illinois, it also advo- 
 cated, from the outset, a "University for the 
 industrial classes in each of the States," by way 
 of supplementing the work which a "National 
 Institute of Science," such as the Smithsonian 
 Institute at Washington, was expected to accom- 
 plish. The proposition attracted the attention 
 of persons interested in the cause of industrial 
 education in other States, especially in New 
 York and some of the New England States, and 
 
150 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 received their hearty endorsement and cooper- 
 ation. The Granville meeting was followed by a 
 series of similar conventions held at Springfield, 
 June 8, 1852; Chicago, Nov. 24, 1852; Springfield, 
 Jan. 4, 1853, and Springfield, Jan. 1, 1855, at 
 which the scheme was still further elaborated. 
 At the Springfield meeting of January, 1852, an 
 organization was formed under the title of the 
 "Industrial League of the State of Illinois," with 
 a view to disseminating information, securing 
 more thorough organization on the part of friends 
 of the measure, and the employment of lecturers 
 to address the people of the State on the subject. 
 At the same time, it was resolved that "this Con- 
 vention memorialize Congress for the purpose of 
 obtaining a grant of public lands to establish and 
 endow industrial institutions in each and every 
 State in the Union." It is worthy of note that 
 this resolution contains the central idea of the 
 act passed by Congress nearly ten years after- 
 ward, making appropriations of public lands for 
 the establishment and support of industrial 
 colleges in the several States, which act received 
 the approval of President Lincoln, July 2, 1862 
 a similar measure having been vetoed by Presi- 
 dent Buchanan in February, 1859. The State 
 was extensively canvassed by Professor Turner, 
 Mr. Bronson Murray (now of New York), the late 
 Dr. R. C. Rutherford and others, Sn behalf of the 
 objects of the League, and the Legislature, at its 
 session of 1853, by unanimous vote in both houses, 
 adopted the resolutions commending the measure 
 and instructing the United States Senators from 
 Illinois, and requesting its Representatives, to 
 give it their support. Though not specifically 
 contemplated at the outset of the movement, the 
 Convention at Springfield, in January, 1855, pro- 
 posed, as a part of the scheme, the establishment 
 of a "Teachers' Seminary or Normal School 
 Department," which took form in the act passed 
 at the session of 1857, for the establishment of 
 the State Normal School at Normal. Although 
 delayed, as already stated, the advocates of indus- 
 trial education in Illinois, aided by those of other 
 States, finally triumphed in 1862. The lands 
 received by the State as the result of this act 
 amounted to 480,000 acres, besides subsequent do- 
 nations. (See University of Illinois; also Turner, 
 Jonathan Baldirin.) On the foundation thus 
 furnished was established, by act of the Legisla- 
 ture in 1867, the "Illinois Industrial University' 1 
 now the University of Illinois at Champaign, 
 to say nothing of more than forty similar insti- 
 tutions in as many States and Territories, based 
 upon the same general act of Congress. 
 
 FREE-SCHOOL SYSTEM. While there may lie 
 said to have been a sort of free-school system in 
 existence in Illinois previous to 1855, it was 
 limited to a few fortunate districts possessing 
 funds derived from the sale of school-lands situ- 
 ated within their respective limits. The system 
 of free schools, as it now exists, based upon 
 general taxation for the creation of a permanent 
 school fund, had its origin in the act of that 
 year. As already shown, the office of State 
 Superintendent of Public Instruction had been 
 iTeated by act of the Legislature in February, 
 1H54, and the act of 1855 was but a natural corol- 
 lary of the previous measure, giving to the ]>eople 
 a uniform system, as the earlier one had provided 
 an official for its administration. Since then 
 there have been many amendments of the school 
 law, but these have been generally in the direc- 
 tion of securing greater efficiency, but with- 
 out departure from the principle of securing 
 to all the children of the State the equal 
 privileges of a common-school education. The 
 development of the system began practically 
 about 1857, and, in the next quarter of a 
 century, the laws on the subject had grown 
 into a considerable volume, while the number- 
 less decisions, emanating from the office of the 
 State Superintendent in construction of these 
 laws, made up a volume of still larger proportions. 
 
 The following comparative table of school 
 statistics, for 1860 and 1896, compiled from the 
 Reports of the State Superintendent of Public 
 Instruction, will illustrate the growth of the 
 system in some of its more important features: 
 
 18TO. 1896. 
 
 Population 
 
 No. of Persons of School Aire < be- 
 tween 6 and 21) 
 
 So. of Pupils enrolled 
 
 School Districts. 
 
 Public Schools 
 
 Graded 
 
 Public Hlsh Schools 
 
 Hcliool Houses built duriiiK 
 
 the year 
 
 W hole No. or School Homes 
 
 No. or Male Teachers 
 
 " Female Teachers 
 
 Whole No. or Teachers In Public 
 
 Schools 
 
 Highest Monthly Wages paid Male 
 
 Teachers 
 
 Highest Monthly Wages paid 
 
 Female Teachers 
 
 Lowest Monthly Wages paid Male 
 
 Teachers 
 
 Lowest Monthly Wages paid 
 
 Female Teachers 
 
 A verage Monthly Wagon paid Male 
 
 Teachers 
 
 Average Monthly Wages paid 
 
 Female Teachers 
 
 No. or Private Schools 
 
 No. of Pupils In Private Schools 
 
 Interest on State and County Funds 
 
 received 
 
 Amount or Income from Township 
 
 Funds 
 
 1 .7 II. 'J51 St.) 4,250,00!J 
 1.384.367 
 
 M9.B04 
 472.247 
 
 ''.Vi 
 
 V.IK: 
 
 2M 
 
 14,708 
 1180.00 
 75.00 
 100 
 4.00 
 28.S2 
 
 18 JO 
 
 (00 
 
 29,21/4 
 
 ri.4S0.38 
 322,152.00 
 
 12.B23 
 
 1,887 
 272 
 
 15 .4 IS 
 
 I3UO.OO 
 
 2.6IH 
 
 1W.96S 
 
 I6J.SU.63 
 
 889.614.2li 
 
 Only white children were Included In these statistics tor 
 I860. 
 
G 
 Z 
 
 < 
 
 w 
 
 jc 
 
 
 H 
 
 r 
 r 1 
 
 C 
 z; 
 
 'n 
 
 
 
 H 
 
 < 
 
 O 
 
 t- 
 
 r 
 
 2 
 o 
 
i.-.n HIVI'i'liK AL KNCYCIiOPKDIA <F ILLINOIS. 
 
 received their hearty endorsement and coojier- r'uri: Scum .1. SVSTIM --While there may U- 
 
 ation. The liranville meeting was followeil by a said to have lieen a sort of free-school system in 
 
 scries of similar conventions hel. I at Spring-Held, existence in Illinois previous to IRW. it was 
 
 June S. is:,?; Chirapi. Nov. -I. l*">-: Springfield, limited to a few fortunate districts )K.ssessiii^ 
 
 Jan. 4. is.*,:!, and Spring-Held. Jan. 1. 1 H .">. at funds derived from the sale of school-lands sit u- 
 
 \vhii-h the scheme was still further elaborated ated within tin-irrespective limits. The system 
 
 \t I he Springfield meeting of January. |s.Yi, an of free schools, as it now exists, based upon 
 
 . ,rj_-ani/.ation was formed under the title ,.f the general taxation fort I reation of a (icrmaiicnt 
 
 ' Industrial League of the Stale of Illinois " with school fund, had its origin in the act of that 
 
 a view to disscminat inej information, securing \ear. As already shown, the otlice of Slate 
 
 more thorough orjpmi/at ion on the part of friends Superintendent of Public Instruction had been 
 
 of the measure, and the employment of lecturers created by act of the Legislature in February, 
 
 to address the people of the Stale on the subject. is.M, and the act of is.v; was but a natural enrol- 
 
 \t Ihe same time it wasresohed that "this Con- lary of the previous measure. ^-i\ inn to the |-ople 
 
 M-ntioii memorialize Congress for tin- pur|msc of a uniform system, as the earlier one had provided 
 
 ohtalninj; a Kraut of public lands to establish ami an otlicial for its administration. Since then 
 
 endow industrial institutions in each and every there have U-cn many amendments of the school 
 
 State in the I'nion." It is worthy of note that law. but these have lieen generally in the din-c- 
 
 tliis resolution contains the central idea of tin- tion of securing greater eHicieiicy. hut with 
 
 act (Kissed by Congress nearly ten years after- out dc|iartiire from the principle of securing 
 
 ward, ni.il.ii.-- appropriations of public lands for to all the children of the State the equal 
 
 the establishment and support of industrial privileges of a common set 1 education The 
 
 colleges in the several States which act rccei veil development of the system hepin practically 
 
 the approval of President Lincoln. July -V 1*1!'.' aliotit ls.-,7, and, in the next quarter of a 
 
 a similar measure having been vetoed by Presi- century, the laws on the subject had irnnvn 
 
 dent Buchanan in February. Is.V.I. The State into a considerable volume, while the number 
 
 was extensively canvassed by Professor Turner less decisions, emanating from the otlice of t he 
 
 Mr. Bronson Murray (now of New York i the late State Superintendent in construction of these 
 
 llr. ]!. C. Hutherford and others, in In-half of the laws, made up a volume of still larger proportions 
 
 objects of the League and the Legislature, at its The following comparative table of school 
 
 session of Is.-,:), hy unanimous vole in Inith house., statistics, for infill and Is'.lli. compiled from the 
 
 adopted the resolul ions commendine; t In- measure Iteports of the State Superintendent of Public 
 
 and instructing the I niled Stales Senators f mm Instruction, will illustrate the growth of the 
 
 Illinois, and reiiucstinn its Ilepresentatives. t,, -vstem in some of its more important features 
 
 Hive it their sii|>|N>rt. Though not speciiically l-ai i- 
 
 conleniplated at tin- outset of t he movement the x.T'iIf'fSiiuiiil'ii'iwil.j \k" i.- l " li -' JSI ""' *--"'' 
 
 Conventional Sprin^lield. in January, IH.VI. pro- '"'" '"."""[' { , , I,'-''""? ' ",' ; 
 
 |M,sed. as a part of tbe scheme, the establishment s--ini.il iii^Trn-ts -,',.v. n.u . 
 
 of a "Teachers' Seminary or Normal School iirn-i.il .-y* T!--7 
 
 Department." which took form in Ihe act [Kissed . \,':>.',\ 11^,1,.--. V.iVia .iuoi, 
 
 at the session of 1N.",7. for the establishment of w'l,',',',;^", ,,r's,T M ,,; L H,;,',,,.,' ,'-i i-. : ' ; ^ 
 
 the State Normal School at Normal. Although N "." f ^i;|',]^::;";,.^. r , 
 
 delayed, as already staled, the advocates of indus- U'ipii.- N.I. nr Ti-.n-m-ni m i-nh.p- 
 
 I rial education in Illinois, aideil by those of other llhthnu Miiniiily Wmicim iiiuii Mai* 
 
 Slates, finally triumphed in IHC,-,' The lands iii1''s'!' n M,.i.thiy "\VK.-I "imi.i 
 
 received by the Stale as the result of this act tinrSTMoiolSy WiiiiiM">lifi 
 
 amounted to -4SII.IIIHI acres besides subsequent do f 'wmi'""Miiii'ihiv ', .i,i "'" 
 
 nations (See I 'nii'i rsitti t>f llliitnis ; also Tiirm'r. fvmm\9Tw t nien 4. mi i"uu 
 
 Av-rw.- Miiiillily WHL-<-> IUIM! Mill" 
 
 JiiHllthlut ISnlilii-iii I On the foundation thus TU-IMT . . . ;-. 57 71, 
 
 furnished was established, by act of the l^-^isla- ' Ft-nula TC|HT " ii .VIM 
 
 turein IwiT. the "Illinois Industrial University" x!| ,','f i'"^"^'.'.^^'/"^.- s. i , Hfui iwliii-i 
 
 -now the University ..f Illinois at Champaii;n ii^r.-si msii.-:ii,,ic.,i, 1 ,ij Fnn.1. |TJUO> ,,;-, ^JM 
 
 to siiy nothing; of more I han forty similar insti- Aramnioi Income ftmT-nrtip .,.., ,,, , ,,-ii4i- 
 tut ions in as many States and Territories bused 
 
 . Only whilP cliil-lr.-n w^r-- Mi.-iii.l.-.l In 11.^-.. i-mtisn,^ f..r 
 
 iijmn the Siiiue general act of i undress ,;., 
 

 
 3 
 
 LL. 
 
 c 
 
 en 
 
 & 
 Id 
 
 O 
 
 
 
 s 
 
 < 
 z 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 151 
 
 I860. 1896. 
 
 Amount received from suitpTm (690,0(10.00 | 1AOO.000.UU 
 " " " Special Dis- 
 
 trict Tales 1,265. 137.00 13,U3,ao961 
 
 Amount received from Bonds dur- 
 
 Ingtheyear 517,960.93 
 
 Total Amount received during the 
 
 vear by School District* 2,193.45i.ui 15.607,172.60 
 
 Amount paid Male Teacher! 2.772,829.32 
 
 " " Female 7.186. 106.67 
 
 Whole amount paid Teachers .... 1.M2.2U.OU ,95S,934.9ii 
 Amount paid for new School 
 
 House* 348.728.00 1,873,757.25 
 
 Amount paid for repairs and Im- 
 provement* 1,070,755.09 
 
 Amount paid for School Furniture. 24337.00 154.836.64 
 ApparatUK ,563.UI 164,29692 
 " " " Books for Dis- 
 trict Libraries ... 80.124 OU 13,664.97 
 
 Total Expenditures 2.'.'68,868.0ll 14,614.627.31 
 
 Climated value of School Property 13.304.8S2.00 42,70.2ti7.uil 
 
 " " Libraries.. 877319.00 
 
 " " Apparatus 607,389.00 
 
 The sums annually disbursed for incidental 
 expenses on account of superintendence and the 
 cost of maintaining the higher institutions estab- 
 lished, and partially or wholly supported by the 
 State, increase the total expenditures by some 
 $600,000 per annum. These higher institutions 
 include the Illinois State Normal University at 
 Normal, the Southern Illinois Normal at Carbou- 
 ilale and the University of Illinois at Urbana; to 
 which were added by the Legislature, at its ses- 
 sion of 1895, the Eastern Illinois Normal School, 
 afterwards established at Charleston, and the 
 Northern Illinois Normal at De Kalb. These 
 institutions, although under supervision of the 
 State, are partly supported by tuition fees. (See 
 description of these institutions under their 
 several titles.) The normal schools as their 
 names indicate are primarily designed for the 
 training of teachers, although other classes of 
 pupils are admitted under certain conditions, 
 including the payment of tuition. At the Uni- 
 versity of Illinois instruction is given in the clas- 
 sics, the sciences, agriculture and the meclianio 
 arts. In addition to these the State supports four 
 other institutions of an educational rather than ;t 
 custodial character viz. : the Institution for the 
 Education of the Deaf and Dumb and the Insti- 
 tution for the Blind, at Jacksonville; the Asylum 
 for the Feeble-Minded at Lincoln, and the Sol- 
 diers' Orphans' Home at Normal. The estimated 
 value of the property connected with these 
 several institutions, in addition to the value of 
 school property given in the preceding table, will 
 increase the total (exclusive of permanent funds) 
 to $47,155,374.95, of which $4,375,107.95 repre- 
 sents property belonging to the institutions above 
 mentioned. 
 
 POWERS AND DUTIES OF SUPERINTENDENTS 
 AND OTHER SCHOOL OFFICERS. Each county 
 elects a County Superintendent of Schools, whose 
 duty it is to visit schools, conduct teachers' insti- 
 tutes, advise with teachers and school officers and 
 
 instruct them in their respective duties, conduct 
 examinations of persons desiring to become 
 teachers, and exercise general supervision over 
 school affairs within his county. The subordi- 
 nate officers are Township Trustees, a Township 
 Treasurer, and a Board of District Directors or 
 in place of the latter in cities and villages Boards 
 of Education. The two last named Boards have 
 power to employ teachers and, generally, to super- 
 vise the management of schools in districts. The 
 State Superintendent is entrusted with general 
 supervision of the common-school system of the 
 State, and it is his duty to advise and assist 
 County Superintendents, to visit State Cliaritable 
 institutions, to issue official circulars to teachers, 
 school officers and others in regard to their rights 
 and duties under the general school code; to 
 decide controverted questions of school law, com- 
 ing to him by appeal from County Superintend- 
 ents and others, and to make full and detailed 
 reports of the operations of his office to the 
 ( iovernor, biennially. He is also made ex-officio 
 a member of the Board of Trustees of the Univer- 
 sity of Illinois and of the several Normal Schools, 
 and is empowered to grant certificates of two 
 different grades to teachers the higher grade to 
 lie valid during the lifetime of the holder, and 
 the lower for two years. Certificates granted by 
 County Superintendents are also of two grades 
 and have a tenure of one and two years, respec 
 lively, in the county where given. The conditions 
 for securing a certificate of the first (or two- 
 years' ) grade, require that the candidate shall be 
 of good moral character and qualified to teach 
 orthography, reading in English, penmanship, 
 arithmetic, modem geography, English grammar, 
 the elements of the natural sciences, the history 
 of the United States, physiology and the laws of 
 health. The second grade (or one-year) certifi- 
 cate calls for examination in the branches just 
 enumerated, except the natural sciences, physi- 
 ology and laws of health; but teachers employed 
 exclusively in giving instruction in music, draw- 
 ing, penmanship or other special branches, may 
 take examinations in these branches alone, but 
 are restricted, in teaching, to those in which they 
 have been examined. County Boards are 
 empowered to establish County Normal Schools 
 for the education of teachers for the common 
 schools and the management of such normal 
 schools is placed in the hands of a County Board 
 of Education, to consist of not less than five nor 
 more than eight persons, of whom the Chairman 
 of the County Board and the County Superin- 
 tendent of Schools shall !* ex officio members. 
 
HISTORICAL KN< Yt LOI'KIMA Ol' ILUNoIs 1.11 
 
 Isrti. !.. 
 Amount received from M;it- 'l'a\ - $ i;yt.uiiu.u<' f 1 .IIOM.HHI."" 
 
 " " S|M*4-ial I*!*- 
 
 trirtTaXfs l.'.iv,.l::7.j IX,1KJNV-*1 
 
 ins'lruct them in their res|>ective duties, conduct 
 examinations of fiersons desiring to liwome 
 
 Amount nreivtii rr.iru (tomls ilm - 
 ing tln-yar . 517, %".!'.: 
 r..t.il Yin it reifivetl ilurinti Hit- 
 tnirlivsrhuol ]>ilni'ts. . ZMWUH."" IJ."7.IT:.Sii 
 Aliioiim paul Mai? T.'iK-liTa .. . . ZJiSJ&tX 
 Feiilnlr " . 7.lB.lcnr.7 
 Win ilc uniiHint imitl Ti'jn-lien . l.:>4-.-_'ll n.u-U.yn 
 Amount ntiifl r..r n. \ MHiuul 
 H..MS.-S :H.7->IN. 1 .^7:1.757 -..'. 
 Aniiiinii paiil r.ir r-|.:irs ami tin* 
 |>ri>v>.|in-nt!1 1 ,1170.75.".."' ' 
 Aiiniuiit paid f..r S.-h..i.l Fiirniniri' :4X17 .. 
 
 si-liiMil alfairs within his county The suUirdi 
 nate ollicers are Tow nship Trustees, a Township 
 Treasurer, and a Hoard of District Directors or 
 in place of the latter in cities and villages Hoards 
 of Education The two last named ISojirds have 
 
 vis* the management of schiwils in distrii'ts. Tin- 
 State Sii|'rintendent is entrusted with general 
 
 B"..k* t"r !>!! 
 tri.-l I.ihrarln . *' '- ' i:i.ia;4."7 
 I'olHl l:v|..-i..li[im-s . - V.W.-..- "" M.iiM.i>-J7-M 
 
 Lilirnrl.-.' :t77.l!'.iHi 
 Anpuruni- I7.:M."U 
 
 Tin- MINIS aniuially ili>lmrsci| lor incidental 
 
 State, and it is bis duty t" advise and assist 
 * 'oiint \ Sujierint en dents, to visit State Charitable 
 
 i'0-.t (it inaintaiiiiiiK I lie higher iiistitutimis i~ital' 
 lisht-il. mid partially cir wlmlly sup|x>rti-d by tin- 
 
 school otlicersand others in regard to their rights 
 
 
 slim I.IK id |,,.|- aiitiiiin TlicM- hi^lier iiistitiitinn^ 
 iiicliuli- the Illinois Siat<' Normal l~nivcn.it> at 
 Normal, t In- Southern Illinois Normal at ( ':irlni 
 'laic and the l~nivcriily of Illinois at I'rUma ! 
 wliich were added by tin- Lc^islattirc. at its ses- 
 sion of IS'.Ci. the Kastern Illinois Normal School 
 afterwards established .-it Charleston, ami I In- 
 Northern Illinois Normal at 1 > Kail. These 
 institutions, although ui. i. i SH|HT% ision of tin- 
 State, are |irtly sn|i|iorti-.| by tuition fees (See 
 
 description of 1 hese ills! it lit ions under their 
 
 several lith's i The ii"imal selnHtls as their 
 
 iiiu't" him !>\ :i|>|-:i! from < 'ounly Su|HTinteinl- 
 ents and others, and to make full and detailed 
 re|M>rts of the ojierations of his oHicc to the 
 iio\ernor. biennially He is also made c.\-otl]cio 
 a nifinUT of tin' Hoard of Trusti-esof the I'niver 
 sin of Illinois and of the si-veral Normal SchiKils 
 and i- eni|>owercil to ^ranl certilicati-s of two 
 
 be \alid during tin- lifetime of tin- holder, and 
 the lower l".i two \ears Certiticales granted by 
 I'-Mintx Sii|.|interidents are also of two grades 
 ami Iiavi- a tenure of one and two years. res|(ti- 
 
 training of leaebei-s. although oilier classes of 
 
 for securing a certilicate of the tirst tor t wo- 
 
 including the pa\mcnl of tuition At the I'ni 
 \ ei sit \ of Illinois inst ( 1 1, -t ii .n i:. ^i\ en in 1 he cla* 
 -i-^ the sciences, a^i ii-ii It nrc and 1 he mechann- 
 arts In addil ion to ; In-se t he Slate supports four 
 other institutions of an e. im-atioiial rather t ban a 
 listodial character \ i/ 1 he Inst ii lit ion lorlln 
 Killli-atioll of tin- 1 leaf ami Dunibalnl tln-lnsti 
 Int l.. n for the Hlind at .lacLsonx ille tile .\sylum 
 
 ol' iroo.l moral charai'ler and ipi.-ditied t" teai-b 
 ..rlho^raphv readin-. in Kn-_'ljsli pi-nmanship 
 aritbmelic nioilern -_'e, i^niphy . Knirlish irrammar 
 the eleiiifiits of the natural si-ii'llces the history 
 of Hie 1 nited Stall's physiolo^v and iln-lawsof 
 dealt b The secon.l irrade 101- ..in- yean ccrtili 
 iite '-;Uls fi.r e\aminat i< .11 inltn- branches jnst 
 enumi-nf ed .-xccpt the naliiral sciences pbysi 
 
 liers' Orphans' Home at Normal The est iiii:ii>'<i 
 value of the propert\ connected with these 
 several institutions in addition to the \ali f 
 sclnMiI proper! \ ^i\ eii in tin- preceiliii-^r talile. will 
 increase the total ie.\eliisi\ c of |H-rnianeiit funds 
 t.. .<!?. l~>~i.:!TI.!i.'i. of uhich s).:;?.'VliiT.!i.'i i-epn- 
 -enls |.i..|., ! i \ iH'lonv'iiii; to tin* institutions nlntve 
 tin-lit ioned 
 !' i i:s vsi) |)i -in. s n|.' Sfi-r.iMNTi M.I;N i- 
 >\h UTiiri: S.ii. ...i IM MI i:i:s -Kai-h ci.unn 
 lects a County Sii|H-riiitendent of Schools wliosi- 
 duty it is to \ isit sehooK conduct teachers' insti 
 lines advise with teachers and s,.|,,,,,| otlio-rs ai..| 
 
 e\i-bisi\ .-h in ^i\ in^ instniellol'i in miisie. .|niw - 
 :i.'^ |ii-niiiaiish^ji or other s| M 'cial branches mav 
 lake examinations in tln-se branches alone but 
 are rest rid ed. ill teaching Ii . 1 hose in w hied t de\ 
 have been examined Count \ Hoards are 
 cm|Hiweretl to establish County Normal Schools 
 for tin- education of teachers l..i th minion 
 schools anQ the maiia^enn'iii of siidi normal 
 scl Is i- pi. 1 in Iho hands ,,l a County liourd 
 of r.ilucation. t" eoiisisi i.l m.l less t ban live nor 
 nil ! 1 ban ei^ht |..'i-..n^ of whom the Chairman 
 ..; tin- I'onnlx I'^iard and l In- Coiinlv Siijtcrin 
 
 lelldenl of Scl 1- s!i;,H U .'X i'llici.1 luemb'-r- 
 
152 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OE ILLINOIS. 
 
 Boards of Education and Directors may establish 
 kindergartens (when authorized to do so by vote 
 of a majority of the voters of their districts), for 
 children between the ages of four and six years, 
 but the cost of supporting the same must be 
 defrayed by a special tax. A compulsory pro- 
 vision' of the School Law requires that each child, 
 between the ages of seven and fourteen years, 
 shall be sent to school at least sixteen weeks of 
 each year, unless otherwise instructed in the 
 elementary branches, or disqualified by physical 
 or mental disability. Under the provisions of an 
 act, passed in 1891, women are made eligible to 
 any office created by the general or special school 
 laws of the State, when twenty-one years of age 
 or upwards, and otherwise possessing the same 
 qualifications for the office as are prescribed for 
 men. (For list of incumbents in the office of 
 State Superintendent, see Superintendents of 
 Public Instruction. ) 
 
 EDWARDS, Arthur, D.D., clergyman, soldier 
 and editor, was born at Norwalk, Ohio, Nov. 23, 
 1834; educated at Albion, Mich., and the Wes- 
 leyan University of Ohio, graduating from the 
 latter in 1858 ; entered the Detroit Conference of 
 the Methodist Episcopal Church the same year, 
 was ordained in 1860 and, from 1861 until after 
 the battle of Gettysburg, served as Chaplain of 
 the First Michigan Cavalry, when he resigned to 
 accept the colonelcy of a cavalry regiment. In 
 1864, he was elected assistant editor of "The 
 Northwestern Christian Advocate" at Chicago, 
 and, on the retirement of Dr. Eddy in 1872, 
 became Editor-in-chief, being re-elected every 
 four years thereafter to the present time. He 
 has also been a member of each General Confer- 
 ence since 1872, was a member of the Ecumenical 
 Conference at London in 1881, and has held other 
 positions of prominence within the church. 
 
 EDWARDS, Cyrus, pioneer lawyer, was born 
 in Montgomery County, Md., Jan. 17, 1793; at the 
 age of seven accompanied his parents to Ken- 
 tucky, where he received his primary education, 
 and studied law; was admitted to the bar at Kas- 
 kaskia, 111., in 1815, Ninian Edwards (of whom he 
 was the youngest brother) being then Territorial 
 Governor. During the next fourteen years he 
 resided alternately in Missouri and Kentucky, 
 and, in 1829, took up his residence at Edwards- 
 ville. Owing to impaired health he decided to 
 abandon his profession and engage in general 
 business, later becoming a resident of Upper 
 Alton. In 1832 he was elected to the lower house 
 of the Legislature as a Whig, and again, in 1840 
 and '60, the last time as a Republican ; was State 
 
 Senator from 1835 to '39, and was also the Whig 
 candidate for Governor, in 1838, in opposition to 
 Thomas Carlin (Democrat), who was elected. He 
 served in the Black Hawk War, was a member of 
 the Constitutional Convention of 1847, and espe- 
 cially interested in education and in public chari- 
 ties, being, for thirty-five years, a Trustee of 
 Shurtleff College, to which he was a most 
 munificent benefactor, and which conferred on 
 him the degree of LL.D. in 1852. Died at Upper 
 Alton, September, 1877. 
 
 EDWARDS, Ninian, Territorial Governor and 
 United States Senator, was born in Montgomery 
 County, Md., March 17, 1775; fora time had the 
 celebrated William Wirt as a tutor, completing 
 his course at Dickinson College. At the age of 19 
 he emigrated to Kentucky, where, after squander- 
 ing considerable money, he studied law and, step 
 by step, rose to be Chief Justice of the Court of 
 Appeals. In 1809 President Madison appointed 
 him the first Territorial Governor of Illinois. 
 This office he held until the admission of Illinois 
 as a State in 1818, when he was elected United 
 Sates Senator and re-elected on the completion of 
 his first (the short) term. In 1828 he was elected 
 Governor of the State, his successful administra- 
 tion terminating in 1830. In 1832 he became a 
 candidate for Congress, but was defeated by 
 Charles Slade. He was able, magnanimous and 
 incorruptible, although charged with aristocratic 
 tendencies which were largely hereditary. Died, 
 at his home at Belleville, on July 20, 1833, of 
 cholera, the disease having been contracted 
 through self-sacrificing efforts to assist sufferers 
 from the epidemic. His demise cast a gloom 
 over the entire State. Two valuable volumes 
 bearing upon State history, comprising his cor- 
 respondence with many public men of his time, 
 have been published; the first under the title of 
 "History of Illinois and Life of Ninian Edwards," 
 by his son, the late Ninian Wirt Edwards, and 
 the other "The Edwards Papers," edited by the 
 late Elihu B. Washburne, and printed under the 
 auspices of the Chicago Historical Society. 
 Ninian Wirt (Edwards), son of Gov. Ninian 
 Edwards, was born at Frankfort, Ky., April 15, 
 1809, the year his father became Territoriat 
 Governor of Illinois; spent his boyhood at Kas- 
 kaskia, Edwardsville and Belleville, and was 
 educated- at Transylvania University, graduating 
 in 1833. He married Elizabeth P. Todd, a sister 
 of Mrs. Abraham Lincoln, was appointed Attor- 
 ney-General in 1834, but resigned in 1835, when 
 he removed to Springfield. In 1830 he was 
 elected to the Legislature from Sangamon 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 153 
 
 County, as the colleague of Abraham Lincoln, 
 being one of the celebrated "Long Nine," and 
 was influential in securing the removal of the 
 State capital to Springfield. He was re-elected 
 to the House in 1838, to the State Senate in 1844, 
 and again to the House in 1843 ; was also a mem- 
 ber of the Constitutional Convention of 1847. 
 Again, in 1850, he was elected to the House, but 
 resigned on account of his change of politics 
 from Whig to Democratic, and, in the election to 
 fill the vacancy, was defeated by James C. Conk- 
 ling. He served as Superintendent of Public 
 Instruction by appointment of Governor Matte- 
 son, 1854-57, and, in 1861, was appointed by 
 President Lincoln, Captain Commissary of Sub- 
 sistence, which position he filled until June, 1865, 
 since which time he remained in private life. He 
 is the author of the "Life and Times of Ninian 
 Edwards" (1870), which was prepared at the 
 request of the State Historical Society. Died, at 
 Springfield, Sept. 2, 1889. Benjamin Stevenson 
 (Edwards), lawyer and jurist, another son of Gov. 
 Ninian Edwards, was born at Edwardsville, 111., 
 June 3, 1818, graduated from Yale College in 
 1838, and was admitted to the bar the following 
 year. Originally a Whig, he subsequently 
 became a Democrat, was a Delegate to the Con- 
 stitutional Convention of 1862, and, in 1868, was 
 an unsuccessful candidate for Congress in opposi- 
 tion to Shelby M. Cullom. In 1869 he was elected 
 Circuit Judge of the Springfield Circuit, but 
 within eighteen months resigned the position, 
 preferring the excitement and emoluments of 
 private practice to the dignity and scanty salary 
 attaching to the bench. As a lawyer and as a 
 citizen he was universally respected. Died, at 
 his home in Springfield, Feb. 4, 1886, at the time 
 of his decease being President of the Illinois 
 State Bar Association. 
 
 EDWARDS, Richard, educator, ex Superin- 
 tendent of Public Instruction, was born in Cardi- 
 ganshire, Wales, Dec. 23, 1822; emigrated with 
 his parents to Portage County, Ohio, and began 
 life on a farm; later graduated at the State 
 Normal School, Bridgewater, Mass., and from 
 the Polytechnic Institute at Troy, N. Y., receiv- 
 ing the degrees of Bachelor of Science and Civil 
 Engineer; served for a time as a civil engineer 
 on the Boston water works, then beginning a 
 career as a teacher which continued almost unin- 
 terruptedly for thirty-five years. During this 
 period he was connected with the Normal School 
 at Bridgewater; a Boys' High School at Salem, 
 and the State Normal at the same place, coming 
 west in 1857 to establish the Normal School at St. 
 
 Louis, Mo., still later becoming Principal of the 
 St. Louis High School, and, in 1862, accepting the 
 Presidency of the State Normal University, at 
 Normal, 111. It was here where Dr. Edwards, 
 remaining fourteen years, accomplished his 
 greatest work and left his deepest impress upon 
 the educational system of the State by personal 
 contact with its teachers. The next nine 3~ears 
 were spent as pastor of the First Congregational 
 church at Princeton, when, after eighteen 
 months in the service of Knox College as Finan- 
 cial Agent, he was again called, in 1886, to a 
 closer connection with the educational field by 
 his election to the office of State Superintendent 
 of Public Instruction, serving until 1891, when, 
 having failed of a re-election, he soon after 
 assumed the Presidency of Blackburn University 
 at Carlinville. Failing health, however, com- 
 pelled his retirement a year later, when he 
 removed to Bloomington, which is now (1898) 
 his place of residence. 
 
 EDWARDS COUNTY, situated in the south- 
 eastern part of the State, between Richland and 
 White on the north and south, and Wabash and 
 Wayne on -the east and west, and touching the 
 Ohio River on its southeastern border. It was 
 separated from Gallatin County in 1814, during 
 the Territorial period. Its territory was dimin- 
 ished in 1824 by the carving out of Wabash 
 County. The surface is diversified by prairie 
 and timber, the soil fertile and well adapted to 
 the raising of both wheat and corn. The princi- 
 pal streams, besides the Ohio, are Bonpas Creek, 
 on the east, and the Little Wabash River on the 
 west. Palmyra (a place no longer on the map) 
 was the seat for holding the first county court, 
 in 1815, John Mclntosh, Seth Gard and William 
 Barney being the Judges. Albion, the present 
 county-seat (population, 937), was laid out by 
 Morris Birkbeck and George Flower (emigrants 
 from England), in 1819, and settled largely by 
 their countrymen, but not incorporated until 
 1860. The area of the county is 220 square 
 miles, and population, in 1900, 10,345. Grayville, 
 with a population of 2,000 in 1890, is partly in 
 this county, though mostly in White. Edwards 
 County was named in honor of Ninian Edwards, 
 the Territorial Governor of Illinois. 
 
 EDWARDSVILLE, the county-seat of Madison 
 County, settled in 1812 and named in honor of 
 Territorial Governor Ninian Edwards ; is on four 
 lines of railway and contiguous to two others, 18 
 miles northeast of St. Louis. Edwardsville was 
 the home of some of the most prominent men in 
 the history of the State, including Governors Ed- 
 
1M 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OK ILLINOIS. 
 
 wards. Coles, and others. It has pressed and 
 shale brickyards, coal mines, flour mills, machine 
 shops, banks, electric street railway, water- works, 
 schools, and churches. In a suburb of the.city 
 (LeClaire) is a coo|?rntive manufactory of sani- 
 tary supplies, using large shops and doing a large 
 Business. Edwardsville has three newspapers, 
 one issued semi-weekly. Population (1890). 3,561 ; 
 (IfMH)), 4.157; with suburb (estimated), 5,000. 
 
 EFFINGHAM,an incorporated city, the county- 
 scat of Effingham County, ti miles northeast from 
 St. Louis and HIM south west of Chicago; has four 
 papers, creamery, milk condensory, and ice fac- 
 tory. Population (1890), :!.2BO; (11)00). 3.774. 
 
 EFFIJTGHAM COUNTY, cut off from Fayette 
 (and separately organized) in 1831 named for 
 Gen. Edward Effingham. It is situated in the 
 central portion of the State, 62 miles northeast of 
 St. Louis ; has an area of 4HO square miles and a 
 population (1900) of 20.465. T. M. Short, I. Fanchon 
 and William I. Hawkins were the first County 
 Commissioners. Effingham. the county-seat, was 
 platted by Messrs. Alexander and Little in 1854. 
 Messrs. Gillemvater, Hawkins and Brown were 
 among the earliest settlers. Several lines of rail- 
 way cross the county. Agriculture and sheep- 
 raising are leading industries, wool being one of 
 the principal products. 
 
 E6AN, William Bradshan, M.D., pioneer phy- 
 sican, was born in Ireland, Sept. 28, 1808; spent 
 .some time during his youth in the study of sur- 
 gery in England, later attending lectures at Dub- 
 lin. About 1828 he went to Canada, taught for 
 a time in the schools of Quebec and Montreal 
 and, in 1830, was licensed by the Medical Board 
 of New Jersey and began practice at Newark in 
 that State, later practicing in New York. In 
 1833 he removed to Chicago and was early recog- 
 nized as a prominent physician ; on July 4, 1836, 
 delivered the address at the breaking of ground 
 for the Illinois & Michigan Canal. During the 
 early years of his residence in Chicago, Dr. Egan 
 was owner of the block on which the Tremont 
 House stands, and erected a number of houses 
 t here. He was a zealous Democrat and a delegate 
 to the first Convention of that party, held at. 
 Joliet in 1843: was elected County Recorder in 
 1844 and Representative in the Eighteenth Oen- 
 eral Assembly (1853-54). Died. Oct. 27. 1860. 
 
 ELBURN, a village of Kane County, on the 
 Chicago & Northwestern Railway, 8 miles west 
 r.f Geneva. It has banks and a weekly news- 
 paper Population (1890), 584; (1900), 606 
 
 ELDORADO, a town in Saline County, on the 
 Cleveland, Cincinnati. Chicago & St. Louis, the 
 
 Louisville & Nashville, and the St. Louis, Alton 
 & IV IT.- Haute Railroads; has a bank and one 
 newspaper; district argicultural. Population, 
 (1900), 1,445. 
 
 KI.I1K I (, K. Hamilton >., lawyer and soldier, 
 was born at South Williamstown. Mass., August. 
 1837; graduated at Williams College in the class 
 with President Garfield, in 1856, and at Albany 
 Law School, in 1857; soon afterward came to 
 Chicago and began practice; in 1862 assisted in 
 organizing the One Hundred and Twenty -seventh 
 Illinois Volunteers, of which lie was elected 
 Lieutenant-Colonel, before the end of the year 
 being promoted to the position of Colonel; dis- 
 tinguished himself at Arkansas Post. Chicka- 
 mauga and in the battles before Vicksburg. 
 winning the rank of Brevet Brigadier-General, 
 but, after two years' service, was compelled to 
 retire on account of disability, being carried east 
 on a stretcher. Subsequently he recovered suffi- 
 ciently to resume his profession, but died in 
 Chicago, Dec. 1, 1882, much regretted by a large 
 circle of friends, with whom he was exceedingly 
 popular. 
 
 ELECTIONS. The elections of public officers 
 in Illinois are of two general classes: (I) those 
 conducted in accordance with United States 
 laws, and (II) those conducted exclusively under 
 State laws. 
 
 I. To the first class belong: (1) the election of 
 United States Senators; (2) Presidential Elect- 
 ors, and (3 ) Representatives in Congress. 1. 
 (UNITED STATES SENATORS). The election of 
 United States Senators, while an art of the State 
 Legislature, is conducted solely under forms pre 
 scribed by the laws of the United States. These 
 make it the duty of the Legislature, on the seconil 
 Tuesday after convening at the session next pre- 
 ceding the expiration of the term for which any 
 Senator may have been chosen, to proceed to 
 elect his successor in the following manner: 
 Each House is required, on the day designated, in 
 open session and by the viva voce vote of each 
 member present, to name some person for United 
 States Senator, the result of the balloting to be 
 entered on the journals of the respective Houses. 
 At twelve o'clock (M. ) dn the day following the 
 day of election, the members of the two Houses 
 meet in joint assembly, when the journals of both 
 Houses are read. If it appears that the same 
 person has received a majority of all the votes in 
 each House, he is declared elected Senator. If, 
 however, no one has received such majority, or 
 if either House has failed to take proceedings .is 
 required on the preceding day. then the members 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 155 
 
 of the two Houses, in joint assembly, proceed to 
 ballot for Senator by viva vooe vote of members 
 present. The person receiving a majority of all 
 the votes cast a majority of the members of 
 l>oth Houses being present and voting is declared 
 elected; otherwise the joint assembly is renewed 
 at noon each legislative day of the session, and at 
 least one ballot taken until a Senator is chosen. 
 When a vacancy exists in the Senate at the time 
 of the assembling of the legislature, the same 
 rule prevails as to the time of holding an election 
 to fill it; and, if a vacancy occurs during the 
 session, the Legislature is required to proceed to 
 an election on the second Tuesday after having 
 received official notice of such vacancy. The 
 tenure of a United States Senator for a full term 
 is six years the regular term beginning with a 
 new Congress the two Senators from each State 
 lielonging to different "classes," so that their 
 terms expire alternately at periods of two anil 
 four years from each other. 2. (PRESIDENTIAL 
 ELECTORS). The choice of Electors of President 
 and Vice-President is made by popular vote 
 taken quadrennially on the Tuesday after the 
 first Monday in November. The date of such 
 election is fixed by act of Congress, being the 
 same as that for Congressman, although the State 
 legislature prescribes the manner of conducting 
 it and making returns of the same. The number 
 of Electors chosen equals the number of Senators 
 and Representatives taken together (in 1899 it 
 was twenty-four), and they are elected on a gen- 
 eral ticket, a plurality of votes being sufficient to 
 elect. Electors meet at the State capital on the 
 second Monday of January after their election 
 (Act of Congress, 1H87), to cast the vote of the 
 State. 3. (MEMBERS OF CONGRESS). The elec- 
 tion of Representatives in Congress is also held 
 under United States law, occurring biennially 
 >n the even years) simultaneously with the gen- 
 eral State election in November. Should Congress 
 select a different date for such election, it would 
 lie the duty of the legislature to recognize it by 
 a corresponding change in the State law relating 
 to the election of Congressmen. The tenure of a 
 Congressman is two years, the election being by 
 Districts instead of a general ticket, as in the 
 case of Presidential Electors the term of each 
 Representative for a full term l>eginning with a 
 new Congress, on the Uh of March of the odd 
 years following a general election. (See Co" 
 ijri'ssional Apportion meiit. ) 
 
 II. All officers under the State Government 
 except Boards of Trustees of charitable and penal 
 institutions or the heads of certain departments, 
 
 which are made appointive by the Governor are 
 elected by popular vote. Apart from county 
 officers they consist of three classes: (1) Legisla 
 tive; (2) Executive; (3) Judicial which are 
 chosen at different times and for different periods. 
 1. (LEGISLATURE). Legislative officers consist of 
 Senators and Representatives, chosen at elections 
 held on the Tuesday after the first Monday of 
 November, biennially. The regular term of a 
 Senator (of whom there are fifty -one under the 
 present Constitution) is four years; twenty-five 
 (those in Districts bearing even numbers) being 
 chosen on the years in which a President ami 
 Governor are elected, and the other twenty -six at 
 the intermediate period two years later. Thus, 
 one-half of each State Senate is composed of what 
 are called "hold-over" Senators. Representatives 
 are elected biennially at the November election, 
 and hold office two years. The qualifications as 
 to eligibility for a seat in the State Senate require 
 that the incumbent shall be 25 years of age, 
 while 21 years renders one eligible to a seat in 
 the House the Constitution requiring that each 
 shall have been a resident of the State for five 
 years, and of the District for which he is chosen, 
 two years next preceding his election. (See 
 Legislative Apportionment and Minority Repre- 
 sentation.) 2. (EXECUTIVE OFFICERS). The 
 officers constituting the Executive Department 
 include the Governor. Lieutenant-Governor. 
 Secretary of State, Auditor of Public Accounts, 
 Treasurer, Superintendent of Public Instruction, 
 and Attorney-General. Each of these, except the 
 State Treasurer, holds office four years and with 
 the exception of the Treasurer and Superintend- 
 ent of Public Instruction are elected at the 
 general election at which Presidential Electors 
 are chosen. The election of State Superintendent 
 occurs on the intermediate (even) years, and that 
 of State Treasurer every two years coincidently 
 with the election of Governor and Superintendent 
 of Public Instruction, respectively. (See Execu- 
 tive Officers.) In addition to the State officer- 
 already named, three Trustees of the Universitv 
 of Illinois are elected biennially at the general 
 election in . November, each holding office fo>- 
 six years. These trustees (nine in number), 
 with the Governor, President of the State Board 
 "f Agriculture and the Superintendent of Public 
 Instruction, constitute the Board of Trustees of 
 the University'of Illinois. 3. (JcmciARY). The 
 Judicial Department embraces Judges of the 
 Supreme. Circuit and County Courts, and such 
 other subordinate officials as may be connected 
 with the ailministr.it ion of justice. For the 
 
156 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 election of members of the Supreme Court the 
 State is divided into seven Districts, each of 
 which elects a Justice of the Supreme Court for 
 a term of nine years. The elections in five of 
 these the First, Second, Third, Sixth and 
 Seventh occur on the first Monday in June every 
 ninth year from 1879, the last election having 
 occurred in June, 1897. The elections in the 
 other t vo Districts occur at similar periods of nine 
 years from 1876 and 1873, respectively the last 
 election in the Fourth District having occurred 
 in June, 1893, and that in the Fifth in 1891. 
 Circuit Judges are chosen on the first Monday in 
 June every six years, counting from 1873. Judges 
 of the Superior Court of Cook County are elected 
 every six years at the November election. Clerks 
 of the Supreme and Appellate Courts are elected 
 at the November election for six years, the last 
 election having occurred in 1896. Under the act 
 of April 2, 1897, consolidating the Supreme 
 Court into one Grand Division, the number of 
 Supreme Court Clerks is reduced to one, although 
 the Clerks elected in 1896 remain in office and have 
 charge of the records of their several Divisions 
 until the expiration of their terms in 1902. The 
 Supreme Court holds five terms annually at Spring- 
 field, beginning, respectively, on the first Tuesday 
 of October, December, February, April and June. 
 
 (OTHER OFFICERS), (a) Members of the State 
 Board of Equalization (one for every Congres- 
 sional District) are elective every four years at 
 the same time as Congressmen, (b) County 
 officers (except County Commissioners not under 
 township organization ) hold office for four years 
 and are chosen at the November election as 
 follows: (1) At the general election at which 
 the Governor is chosen Clerk of the Circuit 
 Court, State's Attorney, Recorder of Deeds (in 
 counties having a population of 00,000 or over), 
 Coroner and County Surveyor. (2) On inter- 
 mediate years Sheriff, County Judge, Probate 
 Judge (in counties having a. population of 70,000 
 and over), County Clerk, Treasurer, Superintend- 
 ent of Schools, and Clerk of Criminal Court of 
 Cook County, (c) In counties not under town- 
 ship organization a Board of County Commission- 
 ers is elected, one being chosen in November of 
 each year, and each holding office three years, 
 (d) Under the general law the polls open at 8 
 a. m., and close at 7 p. m. In cities acrepting an 
 Act of the Legislature passed in 1885, the hour of 
 opening the polls is 6 a. m., and of closing 4 p. m. 
 (See also Australian Ballot. ) 
 
 ELECTORS, QUALIFICATIONS OF. (See 
 Suffrage. ) 
 
 ELGIN, an important city of Northern Illinois, 
 in Kane County, on Fox River and the Chicago, 
 Milwaukee & St. Paul and Chicago & Northwest- 
 ern Railroads, besides two rural electric lines, 36 
 miles northwest of Chicago; has valuable water- 
 power and over fifty manufacturing establish- 
 ments, including the National Watch Factory and 
 the Cook Publishing Company, both among the 
 most extensive of their kind-in the world; is also 
 a great dairy center with extensive creameries 
 and milk-condensing works. The quotations of 
 its Butter and Cheese Exchange are telegraphed 
 to all the great commercial centers and regulate 
 the prices of these commodities throughout the 
 country. Elgin is the seat of the Northern (Illi- 
 nois) Hospital for the Insane, and has a handsome 
 Government (postoffice) building, fine public 
 library and many liandsome residences. It has 
 had a rapid growth in the past twenty years. 
 Population (1890), 17,823; (1900), 22,433. 
 
 ELGIN, JOLIET& EASTERN RAILWAY. The 
 main line of this road extends west from Dyer on 
 the Indiana State line to Joliet, thence northeast 
 to Waukegan. The total length of the line (1898) 
 is 192.72 miles, of which 159.93 miles are in Illi- 
 nois. The entire capital of the company, includ- 
 ing stock and indebtedness, amounted (1898), to 
 $13,799,630 more than $71,000 per mile. Its total 
 earnings in Illinois for the same year were $1,212,- 
 026, and its entire expenditure in the State, 
 $1,156,146. The company paid in taxes, the same 
 year, 48,876. Branch lines extend southerly 
 from Walker Junction to Coster, where connec- 
 tion is made with the Cleveland, Cincinnati, 
 Chicago & St. Louis Railroad, and northwesterly 
 from Normantown, on the main line, to Aurora. 
 (HISTORY). The Elgin, Joliet & Eastern Rail- 
 way was chartered in 1887 and absorbed the 
 Joliet, Aurora & Northern Railway, from Joliet to 
 Aurora (21 miles), which had been commenced in 
 1886 and was completed in 1888, with extensions 
 from Joliet to Spuulding, 111. , and from Joliet to 
 McCool, Ind. In January, 1891, the Company 
 purchased all the properties and franchises of the 
 Gardner, Coal City & Normantown and the 
 Waukegan & Southwestern Railway Companies 
 (formerly operated under lease). The former of 
 these two roads was chartered in 1889 and opened 
 in 1890. The system forms a belt line around 
 Chicago, intersecting all railroads entering that 
 city from every direction. Its traffic is chiefly 
 in the transportation of freight. 
 
 ELIZABETHTOWN, the county-seat of Hardin 
 County. It stands on the north bank of the Ohio 
 River, 44 miles above Paducah, Ky., and about 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 157 
 
 135 miles southeast of Belleville; has a brick and 
 tile factory, large tie trade, two churches, two 
 flouring mills, a bank, and one newspaper. Pop- 
 ulation (1890), 652; (1900), 668. . 
 
 ELK HART, a town of Logan County, on the 
 Chicago & Alton Railroad, 18 miles northeast of 
 Springfield ; is a rich farming section ; has a coal 
 shaft. Population (1890), 414; (1900), 553. 
 
 ELKIN, William F., pioneer and early legisla- 
 tor, was born in Clark County, Ky., April 13, 
 1793; after spending several years in Ohio and 
 Indiana, came to Sangamon County, 111. , in 1825 . 
 was elected to the Sixth, Tenth and Eleventh 
 General Assemblies, being one of the "Long 
 Nine" from Sangamon County and, in 1861, was 
 appointed by his former colleague (Abraham 
 Lincoln) Register of the Land Office at Spring- 
 field, resigning in 1872. Died, in 1878. 
 
 ELLIS, Edward F. W., soldier, was born at 
 Wilton, Maine, April 15, 1819; studied law and 
 was admitted to the bar in Ohio ; spent three years 
 (1849-52) in California, serving in the Legislature 
 of that State in 1851, -and proving himself an 
 earnest opponent of slavery ; returned to Ohio the 
 next year, and, in 1854, removed to Rockford, 111., 
 where he embarked in the banking business. 
 Soon after the firing on Fort Sumter, he organ- 
 ized the Ellis Rifles, which having been attached 
 to the Fifteenth Illinois, he was elected Lieuten- 
 ant-Colonel of the regiment ; was in command at 
 the battle of Shiloh, April 6, 1862, and was killed 
 while bravely leading on his men. 
 
 ELLIS, (Rev.) John Millot, early home mis- 
 sionary, was born in Keene, N. H., July 14, 1793; 
 came to Illinois as a home missionary of the 
 Presbyterian Church at an early day, and served 
 for a time as pastor of churches at Kaskaskia and 
 Jacksonville, and was one of the influential 
 factors in securing the location of Illinois Col- 
 lege at the latter place. His wife also conducted, 
 for some years, a private school for young ladies 
 at Jacksonville, which developed into the Jack- 
 sonville Female Academy in 1833, and is still 
 maintained after a history of over sixty years. 
 Mr. Ellis was later associated with the establish- 
 ment of Wabash College, at Crawfordsville, Ind., 
 finally returning to New Hampshire, where, in 
 1840, he was pastor of a church at East Hanover. 
 In 1844 he again entered the service of the Soci- 
 ety for Promoting Collegiate and Theological 
 Education in the West. Died, August 6, 1855. 
 
 ELLSWORTH, Ephraim Elmer, soldier, first 
 victim of the Civil War, was born at Mechanics- 
 ville, Saratoga County, N. Y., April 23, 1837. He 
 oame to Chicago at an early age, studied law, 
 
 and became a patent solicitor. In 1860 he raised 
 a regiment of Zouaves in Chicago, which became 
 famous for the perfection of its discipline and 
 drill, and of which he was commissioned Colonel. 
 In 1861 he accompanied President Lincoln to 
 Washington, going from there to New York, 
 where he recruited and organized a Zouave 
 regiment composed of firemen. He became its 
 Colonel and the regiment was ordered to Alexan- 
 dria, Va. While stationed there Colonel Ells- 
 worth observed that a Confederate flag was 
 flying above a hotel owned by one Jackson. 
 Rushing to the roof, he tore it down, but before 
 he reached the street was shot and killed by 
 Jackson, who was in turn shot by Frank H. 
 Brownell, one of Ellsworth's men. He was the 
 first Union soldier killed in the war. Died, May 
 24, 1861. 
 
 ELMHITRST (formerly Cottage Hill), a village 
 of Du Page County, on the Chicago Great Western 
 and III. Cent. Railroads, 15 miles west of Chicago; 
 is the seat of the Evangelical Seminary ; has elec- 
 tric interurban line, two papers, stone quarry, 
 electric light, water and sewerage systems, high 
 school, and churches. Pop. (1900). 1,728. 
 
 ELM WOOD, a town of Peoria County, on the 
 Galesburg and Peoria and Buda and Rushville 
 branches of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy 
 Railroad, 26 miles west-northwest of Peoria; the 
 principal industries are coal-mining and corn and 
 tomato canning ; has a bank and one newspaper. 
 Population (1890), 1,548; (1900), 1,582. 
 
 EL PASO, a city in Woodford County, 17 miles 
 north of Bloomington, 33 miles east of Peoria, at 
 the crossing Illinois Central and Toledo, Peoria & 
 Western Railroads ; in agricultural district ; has 
 two national banks, three grain elevators, two 
 high schools, two newspapers, nine churches. 
 Pop. (1890), 1,353; (1900), 1,441: (1903, est.), 1,600. 
 EMBARRAS RIVER, rises in Champaign 
 County and runs south ward through the counties 
 of Douglas, Coles and Cumberland, to Newton, in 
 Jasper County, where it turns to the southeast, 
 passing through Lawrence County, and entering 
 the Wabash River about seven miles below Vin- 
 cennes. It is nearly 150 miles long. 
 
 EMMERSON, Charles, jurist, was bom at North 
 Haverhill, Grafton County, N. H., April 15, 1811; 
 came to Illinois in 183:J, first settling at Jackson- 
 ville, where he spent one term in Illinois College, 
 then studied law c,t Springfield, and, having been 
 admitted to the bar, began practice at Decatur, 
 where he spent the remainder of his life except 
 three years (1847-50) during which he resided at 
 Paris, Edgar County. In 1850 he was elected to 
 
15* 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 the Legislature, and, iii 1853, to the Circuit bench, 
 serving on the latter by re-election till 1867. The- 
 Utter year he was a candidate for Justice of the 
 Supreme Court, but was defeated by the late 
 Judge Pinkney H. Walker. In 1869 he was 
 elected to the State Constitutional Convention. 
 l>ut died in April. INTO, while the Convention was 
 still in session. 
 
 KNFIEUt, a town of White County, at the 
 intersection of the Louisville & Nashville with 
 the Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern Railway, 10 
 miles west of Carmi ; is the seat of Southern Illi- 
 nois College. Tin- town also has a bank and one 
 newspaper. Population (1880), 717; (1*90), H70; 
 (1900), 971; (1903, est.), 1,000. 
 
 ENGLISH, Joseph (>., hunker, was born at 
 Rising Sun, Ind.. Dec. 17, 1H20; lived fora time 
 at Perrysvilleand l>a Fayette in that State, finally 
 engaging in merchandising in the former; in 
 1853 removed to Danville, 111., where he formed 
 a partnership with John L. Tincher in mercantile 
 business; later conducted a private banking busi- 
 ness and, in 1863, established the First National 
 Bank, of which he has l>een President over twenty 
 years. He served two terms as Mayor of Dan- 
 ville, in 1872 was elected a member of the State 
 Board of Equalization, and. for more tlian twenty 
 years, has been one of the Directors of the Chicago 
 & Eastern Railroad. At the present time Mr. 
 English, having practically retired from busi- 
 ness, is spending most of his time in the West. 
 
 ENOS, Pascal Paoli, pioneer, was born at 
 Windsor, Conn., in 1770; graduated at Dartmouth 
 College in 1794, studied law, and. after spending 
 some years in Vermont, where he served as High 
 Sheriff of Windsor County, in September, 1815, 
 removed West, stopping first at Cincinnati. A 
 year later he descended the Ohio by flat-boat to 
 Shawneetown, 111., crossed the State by land, 
 finally locating at St. Charles, Mo., and later nt 
 St. Louis. Then, having purchased a tract of land 
 in Madison County. III., he remained there alx>ut 
 two years, when, in 1823, having receiver! from 
 President Monroe the appointment of Receiver of 
 the newly established Land Office at Springfield, 
 he removed thither, making it his permanent 
 home. He was one of the original purchasers of 
 the land on which the city of Springfield now 
 stands, and joined with Maj. Elijah lies. John 
 Taylor and Thomas Cox, the other patentees, in 
 laying out the town, to which they first gave tin- 
 name of Calhoun. Mr Enos remained in office 
 through the administration of President John 
 yuincy Adams, but was removed hv President 
 Jackson for political reasons, in 1H'>1. Died, at 
 
 Springfield, April, 1832. Pascal P. (Enos), Jr., 
 eldest son of Mr. Enos. was born in St. Charles, 
 Mo., Nov. 28, 1816; was elected Representative in 
 the General Assembly from Sangamon County in 
 1852, and served by appointment of Justice 
 McLean of the Supreme Court as Clerk of the 
 United States Circuit Court, being reappointed 
 by Judge David Davis, dying in office, Feb. 17, 
 1867. Zlmrl A. (Enos), another son, was born 
 Sept. 29, 1821, is a citizen of Springfield has 
 served as County Surveyor and Alderman of the 
 city. Julia 15., a daughter, was born in Spring 
 field, Dec. 20, 1882, is the widow of the late O. M. 
 Hatch, Secretary of State( 1857-65). 
 
 EPLER, Cyrus, lawyer and jurist, was born 
 at Charleston, Clark County, Ind., Nov. 12, 
 1825; graduated at Illinois College, Jackson- 
 ville, studied law, and was admitted to the 
 bar in 1852, being elected State's Attorney 
 the same year; also served as a member 
 of the General Assembly two terms (1857-61) 
 and as Master in Chancery for Morgan County. 
 1867-73. In 1873 he was elected Circuit Judge 
 for the Seventh Circuit and was re-elected 
 successively in 1879, '85 and '91, serving four 
 terms, and retiring in 1897. During his entire 
 professional and official career his home has been 
 in Jacksonville. 
 
 EQUALITY, a village of Gallatin County, on 
 the Shawneetown Division of the Louisville & 
 Nashville Railroad, 11 miles west-northwest of 
 Shawneetown. It was for a time, in early days, the 
 county seat of Gallatin County and market for 
 the salt manufactured in that vicinity. Some 
 coal is mined in the neighborhood. One weekl} 
 |vper is published here. Population (1880), 500; 
 (1890), 622; (1900). 898. 
 
 ERIE, a village of Whiteside County, on the 
 Rock Island and Sterling Division of the Chicago. 
 Burlington & Quincy Railroad, 30 miles north- 
 east of Rock Island. Population (1880), 537; 
 (1890), r,:\:,, (1900), 768. 
 
 EUREKA , the county-seat of Woodford County, 
 incorporated in 1856, situated 19 miles east of 
 Peoria; is in the heart of a rich stock-raising and 
 agricultural district. The principal mechanical 
 industry is a large canning factory. Besides 
 having good grammar and high schools, it is also 
 the seat of Eureka College, under the control of 
 the Christian denomination, in connection with 
 which are a Normal School and a Biblical Insti- 
 tute. The town has a handsome courthouse and 
 a jail, two weekly and one monthly paper. 
 Eureka became the county-seat of Woodford 
 County in 1H96. the change from Metamora being 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 1.VO 
 
 due to the central location and more convenient 
 accessibility of the former from all parts of the 
 county. Population (1880), 1,185; (1890), 1,481; 
 (1900), 1,661. 
 
 EUREKA COLLEGE, located at Eureka, Wood- 
 ford County, and chartered in 1855, distinctively 
 under the care and supervision of the "Christian" 
 or "Campbellite" denomination. The primary 
 aim of its founders was to prejrare young men for 
 the ministry, while at the same time affording 
 facilities for liberal culture. It was chartered in 
 1855, and its growth, while gradual, has been 
 steady. Besides a preparatory department and a 
 business school, the college maintains a collegiate 
 department (with classical and scientific courses) 
 and a theological school, the latter being designed 
 to lit young men for the ministry of the denomi- 
 nation. Both male and female matriculates are 
 received. In 1896 there was a faculty of eighteen 
 professors and assistants, and an attendance of 
 some 325 students, nearly one-third of whom 
 were females. The total value of the institution's 
 property is 144,000, which includes an endow- 
 ment of $45,000 and real estate valued at 85,000. 
 EUSTACE, John V., lawyer and judge, was 
 born in Philadelphia. Sept. 9, 1821; graduated 
 from the University of Pennsylvania in 1839, and. 
 in 1842, at the age of 21, was admitted to the bar, 
 removing the same year to Dixon, 111., where lie 
 resided until his death. In 185C he was elected 
 to the General Assembly and, in 185T, became 
 Circuit Judge, serving one term; was chosen 
 Presidential Elector in 1864. and. hi March, 1878, 
 was again elevated to the Circuit Bench, vice 
 Judge Heaton, deceased. He was elected to the 
 same position in 1879, and re-elected in 1885. but 
 died in 1888, three years before the expiration of 
 his term. 
 
 EVANGELICAL SEMINARY, an institution 
 under the direction of the Lutheran denomina- 
 tion, incorporated in 1865 and located at Elm- 
 hurst, Du Page County. Instruction is given in 
 the classics, theology, oratory and preparatory 
 studies, by a faculty of eight teachers. The 
 number of pupils during the school year (1895-90) 
 was 133 all young men. It has property valued 
 at $59,305. 
 
 EVANS, Henry H., legislator, was born in 
 Toronto, Can., March 9, 1836; bronght by his 
 father (who was a native of Pennsylvania) to 
 Aurora, 111., where the latter finaUy_Decame fore- 
 man of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy ma- 
 chine shops at that place. In 1862 young Evans 
 enlisted in the One Hundred and Twenty-fourth 
 Illinois Volunteers, serving until the close of the 
 
 war. Since the war he lias Iwcome most widely 
 known as a member of the General Assembly, hav- 
 ing been elected first to the House, in 1876, and 
 subsequently to the Senate every four years from 
 1880 to the year 1898, giving him over twenty 
 years of almost continuous service. He is a large 
 owner of real estate and lias been prominently 
 connected with financial and other business 
 enterprises at Aurora, including the Aurora Gas 
 and Street Railway Companies; also served with 
 the rank of Colonel on the staffs of Governors 
 Cullom. Hamilton, Fifer and Oglesby. 
 
 EVANS, (Rev.) Jervice ., educator and re- 
 former, was born in Marshall County, 111., Dec. 
 19, 1833; entered the ministry of the Methodist 
 Episcopal Church in 1854, and, in 1872, accepted 
 the presidency of Hedding College at Abingdon, 
 which he filled for six years. He then became 
 President of Chaddock College at Quincy, but the 
 fallowing year returned to pastoral work. In 
 1889 he again became President of Hedding Col- 
 lege, where (1898) he still remains. Dr. Evans is 
 a member of the Central Illinois (M. E.) Confer- 
 ence and a leader in the prohibition movement ; 
 has also produced a number of volumes on reli- 
 gious and moral questions. 
 
 EVANS, John, M.D., physician and Governor, 
 was born at Waynesville, Ohio, of Quaker ances- 
 try, March 9, 1814; graduated in medicine at 
 Cincinnati and began practice at Ottawa, 111., 
 but soon returned to Ohio, finally locating at 
 Attica, Ind. Here he became prominent in the 
 establishment of the first insane hospital in In- 
 diana, at Indianapolis, about 1841-42, becoming a 
 resident of that city in 1845. Three years later, 
 having accepted a chair in Rush Medical College, 
 in Chicago, he removed thither, also serving for 
 a time as editor of "The Northwestern Medical 
 and Surgical Journal." He served as a member 
 of the Chicago City Council, l>ecame a successful 
 operator in real estate and in the promotion of 
 various railroad enterprises, and was one of the 
 founders of the Northwestern University, at 
 'Evanston, serving as President of the Board of 
 Trustees over forty years. Dr. Evans was one of 
 the founders of the Republican party in Illinois, 
 and a strong personal friend of President Lincoln, 
 from whom, in 1862, he received the appointment 
 of Governor of the Territory of Colorado, con 
 tinning in office until displaced by Andrew John- 
 son in 1865. In Colorado he became a leading 
 factor in the construction of some of the most 
 important railroad lines in that section, including 
 the Denver, Texas & Gulf Road, of which he was 
 for many years the President. He was also 
 
160 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 prominent in connection with educational and 
 church enterprises at Denver, which was his home 
 after leaving Illinois. Died, in Denver, July 3, 1897. 
 EVANSTOJf, a city of Cook County, situated 12 
 miles north of Chicago, on the Chicago, Milwau- 
 kee & St. Paul and the Chicago & Northwestern 
 Railroads. The original town was incorporated 
 Dec. 29, 1863, and, in March, 1869, a special act 
 was passed by the Legislature incorporating it as 
 a city, but rejected by vote of the people. On 
 Oct. 19, 1872, the voters of the corporate town 
 adopted village organizations under the General 
 Village and City Incorporation Act of the same 
 year. Since then annexations of adjacent terri- 
 tory to the village of Evanston have taken place 
 as follows: In January, 1873, two small districts 
 by petition ; in April, 1874, the village of North 
 Evanston was annexed by a majority vote of the 
 electors of both corporations; in April. 1886, 
 there was another annexation of a small out-lying- 
 district by petition ; in February, 1892, the ques- 
 tion of the annexation of South Evanston was 
 submitted to the voters of both corporations and 
 adopted. On March 29, 1892, the question of 
 organization under a city government was sub- 
 mitted to popular vote of the consolidated corpo- 
 ration and decided in the affirmative, the first 
 city election taking place April 19, following. 
 The population of the original corporation of 
 Evanston, according to the census of 189(1, was 
 12,072, and of South Evanston, 3,205, making the 
 total population of the new city 15,967. Judged 
 by the census returns' of 1900, the consolidated 
 city has had a healthy growth in the past 
 ten years, giving it, at the end of the 
 century, a population of 19,259. Evanston is 
 one of the most attractive residence cities in 
 Northern Illinois and famed for its educational 
 advantages. Besides having an admirable system 
 of graded and high schools, it is the seat of the 
 academic and theological departments of the 
 Northwestern University, the latter being known 
 as the Garrett Biblical Institute. The city has 
 well paved streets, is lighted by both gas and 
 electricity, and maintains its own system of 
 water works. Prohibition is strictly enforced 
 within the corporate limits under stringent 
 municipal ordinances, and the charter of the 
 Northwestern University forbidding the sale of 
 intoxicants within four miles of that institution. 
 As a consequence, it is certain to attract the 
 most desirable class of people, whether consisting 
 of those seeking permanent homes or simply 
 contemplating temporary residence for the sake 
 f.f educational advantages. 
 
 EWING, William Lee Davidson, early lawyer 
 and politician, was born in Kentucky in 1795, and 
 came to Illinois at an early day, first settling at 
 Shawneetown. As early as 1820 he appears from 
 a letter of Governor Edwards to President Mon- 
 roe, to have been holding some Federal appoint- 
 ment, presumably that of Receiver of Public 
 Moneys in the Land Office at Vandalia, as con- 
 temporary history shows that, in 1822, he lost a 
 deposit of 1,000 by the robbery of the bank there. 
 He was also Brigadier-General of the State militia 
 at an early day, Colonel of the "Spy Battalion" 
 during the Black Hawk War, and, as Indian 
 Agent, superintended the removal of the Sacs 
 and Foxes west of the Mississippi. Other posi- 
 tions held by him included Clerk of the House of 
 Representatives two sessions (1826-27 and 1828-29) ; 
 Representative from the counties composing the 
 Vandalia District in the Seventh General Assem- 
 bly (1830-31), when healso became Speakerof the 
 House; Senator from the same District in the 
 Eighth and Ninth General Assemblies, of which 
 he was chosen President pro tempore. While 
 sen-ing in this capacity he became ex-officio 
 Lieutenant-Governor in consequence of the resig- 
 nation of Lieut. -Gov. Zadoc Casey to accept a 
 seat in Congress, in March, 1833, and, in Novem- 
 ber, 1834, assumed the Governorship as successor 
 to Governor Reynolds, who had been elected to 
 Congress to fill a vacancy. He served only fifteen 
 days as Governor, when he gave place to Gov. 
 Joseph Duncan, who liad been elected in due 
 course at the previous election. A year later 
 (December, 1835) he was chosen United States 
 Senator to succeed Elias Kent Kane, who had 
 died in office. Failing of a re-election to the 
 Senatorship in 1837, he was returned to the House 
 of Representatives from his old district in 1838, 
 as he was again in 1840, at each session being 
 chosen Speaker over Abraham Lincoln, who was 
 the Whig candidate. Dropping out of the Legis- 
 lature at the close of his term, we find him at the 
 beginning of the next session (December, 1842) in 
 his old place as Clerk of the House, but, before 
 the close of the session (in March, 1843), appointed 
 Auditor of Public Accounts as successor to James 
 Shields, who had resigned. While occupying the 
 office of Auditor, Mr. Ewing died, March 25, 1846. 
 His public career was as unique as it was remark- 
 able, in the number and character of the official 
 positions held by him within a period of twenty- 
 five years. 
 
 EXECUTIVE OFFICERS. (See State officers 
 under heads of "Governor," "Lieutenant -Gov- 
 ernor." etc.) 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 161 
 
 EYE AND EAR INFIRMARY, ILLINOIS 
 CHARITABLE. This institution is an outgrowth 
 of a private charity founded at Chicago, in 1858, 
 by Dr. Edward L. Holmes, a distinguished Chi- 
 cago oculist. In 1871 the property of the institu- 
 tion was transferred to and accepted by the State, 
 the title was changed, by the substitution of the 
 word "Illinois" for "Chicago," and the Infirmary 
 became a State institution. The fire of 1871 
 destroyed the building, and, in 1873-74, the State 
 erected another of brick, four stories in height, 
 at the corner of West Adams and Peoria Streets, 
 Chicago. The institution receives patients from 
 all the counties of the State, the same receiving 
 board, lodging, and medical aid, and (when neces- 
 sary) surgical treatment, free of charge. The 
 number of patients on Dec. 1. 1897, was 160. In 
 1877 a free eye and ear dispensary was opened 
 under legislative authority, which is under charge 
 of some eminent Chicago specialists. 
 
 FAIRBCRY, an incorporated city of Livings- 
 ton County, situated ten miles southeast of Pon- 
 tiac, in a fertile and thickly -settled region. Coal, 
 sandstone, limestone, tire-clay and a micaceous 
 quartz are found in the neighborhood. The 
 town has banks, grain elevators, flouring mills 
 and two weekly newspa|>ers. Population (1880), 
 4.140; (1*90). 2,32-t; (1900). 2,187. 
 
 FAIRFIELD, an incorporated city, the county- 
 seat of Wayne County and a railway junction, 
 108 miles southeast of St. Louis. The town has 
 an extensive woolen factory and large flouring 
 and saw mills. It also has four weekly papers 
 and is an important fruit and grain-shipping 
 point. Population (1880). 1,391: (1890). 1.881; 
 (1900). 2.338. 
 
 FAIRMOUNT, a village of Vermilion County, 
 on the Wabash Railway, 13 miles west-southwest 
 frorti Danville; industrial interests chiefly agri- 
 cultural ; has brick and tile factory, a coal mine, 
 stone quarry, three rural mail routes and one 
 weekly paper. Population (1890). 649 ; (1900), 928. 
 
 FALLOWS, (Rt. Rev.) Samuel, Bishop of Re- 
 formed Protestant Episcopal Church, was born at 
 Pendleton, near Manchester, England, Dec. 13, 
 1835 ; removed with his parents to Wisconsin in 
 1848, and graduated from the State, University 
 there in 1859, during a part of his university 
 course serving as pastor of a Methodist Episcopal 
 church at Madison; was next Vice-President of 
 Gainesville University till 1861, when he was 
 ordained to the Methodist ministry and became 
 pastor of a church at Oshkosh. The following 
 year he was appointed Chaplain of the Thirty- 
 
 second Wisconsin Volunteers, but later assisted 
 in organizing the Fortieth Wisconsin, of which 
 he became Colonel, in 1865 being brevetted Briga- 
 dier-General. On his return to civil life he 
 became a pastor in Milwaukee; was appointed 
 State Superintendent of Public Instruction for 
 Wisconsin to fill a vacancy, in 1871, and was twice 
 re-elected. In 1874 he was elected President of 
 the Illinois Wesleyan University at Bloomington, 
 111., remaining two years; in 1875 united with the 
 Reformed Episcopal Church, soon after became 
 Rector of St. Paul's Church in Chicago, and was 
 elected a Bishop in 1876, also assuming the 
 editorship of "The Appeal," the organ of the 
 church. He served as Regent of the University 
 of Wisconsin (1864-74), and for several years has 
 been one of the Trustees of the Illinois State 
 Reform School at Pontiac. He is the author of 
 two or three volumes, one of them being a "Sup- 
 plementary Dictionary," published in 1884. 
 Bishop Fallows lias had supervision of Reformed 
 Episcopal Church work in the West and North- 
 west for several years ; has also served as Chaplain 
 of the Grand Army of the Republic for the 
 Department of Illinois and of the Loyal Legion, 
 and was Chairman of the General Committee of 
 the Educational Congress during the World's 
 Columbian Exposition of 1893. 
 
 FARIXA, a town of Fayette County, on the 
 Chicago Division of the Illinois Central Railroad, 
 2!) miles northeast of Centralia. Agriculture and 
 fruit-growing constitute the chief business of the 
 section ; the town has one newspaper. Popula- 
 tion (1890), 018; (1900). 693; (1903, est.). 800. 
 
 FARMER CITY, a city of De Witt County, 25 
 miles southeast of Bloomington, at the junction 
 of the Springfield division of the Illinois Central 
 and the Peoria division of the Cleveland, Cincin- 
 nati, Chicago & St. Louis Railways. It is a 
 trading center for a rich agricultural and stock- 
 raising district, especially noted for rearing finely 
 bred horses. The cits' lias banks, two news- 
 papers, churches of four denominations and good 
 schools, including a high school. Population 
 (1880). 1,289; (1890), 1.367: (1900). 1,664- 
 
 FARMERS' INSTITUTE, an organization 
 created by an act, approved June 24, 1895, de- 
 signed to encourage practical education among 
 farmers, and to assist in developing the agricul- 
 tural resources of the State. Its membership 
 consists of three delegates from each county in 
 the State, elected annually by the Farmers' 
 Institute in such county. Its affairs are managed 
 by a Board of Directors constituted as follows: 
 The Superintendent of Public Instruction, the 
 
162 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 Professor of Agriculture in the University of Illi- 
 nois, and the Presidents of the State Board of 
 Agriculture, Dairymen's Association and Horti- 
 cultural Society, ex-officio, with one member from 
 each Congressional District, chosen by the dele- 
 gates from the district at the annual meeting of 
 the organization. Annual meetings (between 
 Oct. 1 and March 1) are required to be held, 
 which shall continue in session for not less than 
 three days. The topics for discussion are the 
 cultivation of crops, the care and breeding of 
 domestic animals, dairy husbandry, horticulture, 
 farm drainage, improvement of highways and 
 general farm management. The reports of the 
 annual meetings are printed by the State to the 
 number of 10,000, one-half of the edition being 
 placed at the disposal of the Institute. Suitable 
 quarters for the officers of the organization are 
 provided in the State capitol. 
 
 FARMINGTON, a city and railroad center in 
 Fulton County. 13 miles nortli of Canton and 22 
 miles WH^t of Peoria. Coal is extensively mined 
 here; there are also brick nml tile factories, a 
 foundry, one steam flour mill, and two cigar 
 manufactories. It is a large shipping-point for 
 grain and live-stock. The town has two banks 
 and two newspajivrs. five churches and a graded 
 school. Population (18!0). 1,375; (1903. est), 2.103. 
 
 FARNSWORTH, F,lon John, soldier, was Iwrn 
 at Green Oak, Livingston County, Mich., in 1837. 
 After completing a course in the public schools, 
 he entered the University of Michigan, but left 
 college at the end of his freshman year (1858) to 
 serve in the Quartermaster's department of the 
 army in the Utah expedition. At the expiration 
 of his term of service he became a buffalo hunter 
 and a carrier of mails between the haunts of 
 civilization and the then newly-discovered mines 
 at Pike's Peak. Returning to Illinois, he was 
 commissioned (1861) Assistant Quartermaster of 
 the Eighth Illinois Cavalry, of which his uncle 
 was Colonel. (See Farnnwortli, John Franklin.) 
 He soon rose to a captaincy, distinguishing him- 
 self in the battles of the Peninsula. In May, 
 1863, he was appointed aid-de-camp to General 
 Pleasanton, and, on June 29, 1863, was made a 
 Brigadier-General. Four days later he was killed, 
 while gallantly leading a charge at Gettysburg. 
 
 FARNSWORTH, John Franklin, soldier and 
 former Congressman, was born at Eaton. Canada 
 East, March 27, 1820; removed to Michigan in 
 1834, and later to Illinois, settling in Kane 
 County, where he practiced law for many years, 
 making his home at St. Charles. He was elected 
 to Congress in 1856, and re-elected in 1858. In 
 
 September of 1861. he was commissioned Colonel 
 of the Eighth Illinois Cavalry Volunteers, and 
 was brevetted Brigadier-General in November. 
 1862, but resigned, Marcli 4. 1863, to take his seat 
 in Congress to which he had been elected the 
 November previous, by successive re-elections 
 serving from 1863 to 1873. The latter years of 
 his life were spent in Washington, where he died, 
 July 14, 1897. 
 
 FARWFLL, Charles Benjamin, merchant and 
 United States Senator, was born at Painted Post. 
 X. Y.. July 1, 1823; removed to Illinois in 183*. 
 and, for six years, was employed in surveying 
 and farming. In 1844 he engaged in the real 
 estate business and in banking, at Chicago. He 
 was elected County Clerk in 1853, and re-elected 
 in 1857. Later he entered into commerce, becom- 
 ing a partner with his brother, John Villiers. in 
 the firm of J. V. Farwell & Co. He was a mem- 
 ber of the State Board of Equalization in 1867 ; 
 Chairman of the Board of Supervisors of Cook 
 County in 1868; and National Bank Examiner in 
 1869. In 1870 he wsts elected to Congress as a 
 Republican, was re elected in 1872, but was 
 defeated in 1874. after u contest for the seat which 
 was carried into the House .it Washington. 
 Again, in 1880, he was returned to Congress, 
 making three full terms in that body. He also 
 served for several years as Chairman of th- 
 Republican State Central Committee. After the 
 deatli of Gen. John A. Logan he was (1887 > 
 elected United States Senator, his term expiring 
 March 3, 1891. Mr. Farwell has since devoted 
 his attention to the immense mercantile busi- 
 ness of J. V. Farwell & Co. 
 
 FARWELL, John Villiers. merchant, was born 
 at Campbelltown. Steulten County, N. Y., July 
 29, 1825, the son of a farmer; received a common 
 school education and. in 1838, removed with his 
 father's family to Ogle County, 111. Here he 
 attended Mount Morris Seminary for a time, but, 
 in 1845, came to Chicago without capital anil 
 secured employment in the City Clerk's office, 
 then became a book-kee|>er in the dry-goods 
 establishment of Hamilton & White, and, still 
 later, with Hamilton & Day. Having thus 
 received his bent towards a mercantile career, he 
 soon after entered the concern of Wadsworth & 
 Phelps as a clerk, at a salary of 600 a year, but 
 was admitted to a partnership in 1850, the title of 
 the firm becoming Cooley, Farwell & Co., in 1860. 
 About this time Marshall Field and Levi Z. Leiter 
 became associated with the concern and received 
 their mercantile training under the supervision 
 of Mr. Farwell. In 1865 the title of the tirm 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 163 
 
 became J. V. Farwell & Co., but, in 1891, the firm 
 was incorporated under the name of The J. V. 
 Farwell Company, his brother, Charles B. Far- 
 well, being a member. The subject of this sketch 
 has long been a prominent factor in religious 
 circles, a leading spirit of the Young Men's 
 Christian Association, and served as President of 
 the Chicago Branch of the United States 
 Christian Commission during the Civil War. 
 Politically he is a Republican and served as Presi- 
 dential Elector at the time of President Lincoln's 
 second election in 1864 ; also served by appoint- 
 ment of President Grant, in 1869, on the Board of 
 Indian Commissioners. He was a member of the 
 syndicate which erected the Texas State Capitol, 
 at Austin, in that State ; has been, for a number 
 of years, Vice-President and Treasurer of the 
 J. V. Farwell Company, and President of the 
 Colorado Consolidated Land and Water Company. 
 He was also prominent in the organization of the 
 Chicago Public Library, and a member of the 
 Union League, the Chicago Historical Society 
 and the Art Institute. 
 
 FARWELL, William Washington, jurist, was 
 born at Morrisville, Madison County, N. Y. , Jan. 
 5, 1817, of old Puritan ancestry ; graduated from 
 Hamilton College in 1837, and was admitted to 
 the bar at Rochester, N. Y., in 1841. In 1848 he 
 removed to Chicago, but the following year went 
 to California, returning to his birthplace in 1850. 
 In 1854 he again settled at Chicago and soon 
 secured a prominent position at the bar. In 1871 
 he was elected Circuit Court Judge for Cook 
 County, and, in 1873, re-elected for a term of six 
 years. During this period he sat chiefly upon 
 the chancery side of the court, and, for a time, 
 presided as Chief Justice. At the close of his 
 second term he was a candidate for re-election as 
 a Republican, but was defeated with the re- 
 mainder of the ticket. In 1880 he was chosen 
 Professor of Equity Jurisprudence in the Union 
 College of Law (now the Northwestern Univer- 
 sity Law School) , serving until June, 1893, when 
 he resigned. Died, in Chicago, April 30, 1894. 
 
 KAVKTTE COUNTY, situated about 60 miles 
 south of the geographical center of the State; 
 was organized in 1821, and named for the French 
 General La Fayette. It has an area of 720 square 
 miles; population (1900), 28,065. The soil is fer- 
 tile and a rich vein of bituminous coal underlies 
 the county. Agriculture, fruit-growing and 
 mining are the chief industries. The old, historic 
 "Cumberland Road," the trail for all west-bound 
 emigrants, crossed the county at an early date. 
 Perryville was the first county-seat, but this town 
 
 is now extinct. Vandalia, the present seat of 
 county government (population, 2,144), stands 
 upon a succession of hills upon the west bank of 
 the Kaskaskia. From 1830 to 1839 it was the 
 State Capital. Besides Vandalia the chief towns 
 are Ramsey, noted for its railroad ties and tim- 
 ber, and St. Ellin i. 
 
 FEEBLE-MINDED CHILDREN, ASYLUM 
 FOR. This institution, originally established as 
 a sort of appendage to the Illinois Institution for 
 the Deaf and Dumb, was started at Jacksonville, 
 in 1865, as an "experimental school, for the 
 instruction of idiots and feeble-minded children. ' ' 
 Its success having been assured, the school was 
 placed upon an independent basis in 1871, and. 
 in 1875, a site at Lincoln, Logan County, covering 
 forty acres, was donated, and the erection of 
 buildings begun. The original plan provided for 
 a center building, with wings and a rear exten- 
 sion, to cost $124,775. Besides a main or adminis- 
 tration building, the institution embraces a 
 school building and custodial hall, a hospital and 
 industrial workshop, and, during the past year, a 
 chapel has been added. It has control of 890 
 acres, of which 400 are leased for farming pur- 
 poses, the rental going to the benefit of the insti- 
 tution. The remainder is used for the purposes 
 of the institution as farm land, gardens or pas- 
 ture, about ninety acres being occupied by the 
 institution buildings. The capacity of the insti- 
 tution is about 700 inmates, with many applica- 
 tions constantly on file for the admission of 
 others for whom there is no room. 
 
 FEEHAN, Patrick A., D.D., Archbishop of 
 the Roman Catholic archdiocese of Chicago, and 
 Metropolitan of Illinois, was born at Tipperary, 
 Ireland, in 1829, and educated at Mavnooth 
 College. He emigrated to the United States in 
 1852, settling at St. Louis, and was at once 
 appointed President of the Seminary of Caronde- 
 let. Later he was made pastor of the Church of 
 the Immaculate Conception at St. Louis, where 
 he achieved marked distinction. In 1865 he was 
 consecrated Bishop of Nashville, managing the 
 affairs of the diocese with great ability. In 1880 
 Chicago was raised to an archiepiscopal see, with 
 Suffragan Bishops at Alton and Peoria, and 
 Bishop Feehan was consecrated its first Arch- 
 bishop. His administration has been conserva- 
 tive, yet efficient, and the archdiocese has greatly 
 prospered under his rule. 
 
 FELL, Jesse W., lawyer and real-estate opera- 
 tor, was born in Chester County, Pa., about 1808; 
 started west on foot in 1828, and, after spending 
 some years at Steubenville, Ohio, came to Dela- 
 
164 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 van, 111., in 1832, and the next year located at 
 Bloomington, being the first lawyer in that new- 
 town. Later he became agent for school lands 
 and the State Bank, but failed financially in 
 1837, and returned to practice: resided several 
 years at Payson. Adams County, but returning 
 to Bloomington in 1855. was instrumental in 
 securing the location of the Chicago & Alton 
 Railroad through that town, and was one of the 
 founders of the towns of Clinton, Pontiac, Lex- 
 ington and El Paso. He was an intimate personal 
 and political friend of Abraham Lincoln, and it 
 was to him Mr. Lincoln addressed his celebrated 
 personal biography ; in the campaign of I860 he 
 served as Secretary- of the Republican State Cen- 
 tral Committee, and, in 1862, was appointed by 
 Mr. Lincoln a Paymaster in the regular army, 
 serving some two years. Mr. Fell was also a zeal- 
 ous friend of the cause of industrial education, 
 and bore an ini|K>rtant part in securing the 
 location of the State Normal University at Nor- 
 mal, of which city he was the founder. Died, at 
 Bloomington, Jan. 25, 18H7. 
 
 FERGUS, Robert, early printer, was born in 
 Glasgow, Scotland. August 4, 1815: learned the 
 printer's trade in his native city, assisting in his 
 youth in putting in type some of Walter Scott's 
 productions and other works which now rank 
 among English classics. In 1834 he came to 
 America, finally Iwating in Chicago, where, 
 with various partners, he pursued the business of 
 a job printer continuously some fifty years 
 being the veteran printer of Chicago. He was 
 killed by being run over by a railroad train at. 
 Evanston, July 23. 1897. The establishment of 
 which he was so long the head is continued liy 
 his sons. 
 
 FERNWOOD, a suburban station on the Chi- 
 cago & Eastern Illinois Railroad, 12 south of ter- 
 minal station; annexed to City of Chicago, 1891. 
 
 FERRY, KINIm Peyre, politician, born in 
 Monroe, Mich., August 9. 1825: was educated in 
 his native town and admitted to the bar at Fort 
 Wayne, Ind., in 1845, removed to Waukegan, 
 III. . the following year, served as Postmaster and, 
 in 1856, was candidate on the Republican ticket 
 for Presidential Elector; was elected Mayor of 
 Waukegan in 1859, a member of the State Con- 
 stitutional Convention of 1862, State Bank Com- 
 missioner in 1861 -63. Assistant Adjutant-General 
 on the staff of Governor Yates during the war, 
 and a delegate to the Republican National Con- 
 vention of 1864. After the war he served as 
 direct-tax Commissioner for Tennessee; in 1869 
 was appointed Surveyor-General of Washington 
 
 Territory-and, in 1872 and "76, Territorial GOT- 
 ernor. On the admission of Washington as a 
 State, in 1889, he was elected the first Governor. 
 Died, at Seattle, Wash., Oct. 14. 1895. 
 
 FEVRE RIVER, a small stream which rises in 
 Southern Wisconsin and enters the Mississippi in 
 Jo Daviess County, six miles below Galena, whicli 
 stands upon its banks. It is navigable for steam- 
 boats between Galena and its mouth. The name 
 originally given to it by early French explorers 
 was "Feve" (the French name for "Bean"), 
 which has since been corrupted into its present 
 form. 
 
 I'M 1 K I.I \ . Orlando B., lawyer and politician, 
 was born in Kentucky. Dec. 16, 1808, and 
 admitted to the bar at Mount Carmel, Wabash 
 County. III., in March, 1830. In 1834 he was 
 elected to the lower house of the Ninth General 
 Assembly. After serving a term as State's 
 Attorney for Wabash County, in 1837 he removed 
 to Charleston, Coles County, where, in 1838, and 
 again in '42, he was elected to the Legislature, as 
 he was for the last time in 1878. He was four 
 times elected to Congress, serving from 1843 to 
 "49. and from 1851 to '53; was Presidential Elector 
 in 1856. and candidate for the same position on 
 the Democratic ticket for the State-at-large in 
 1884; was also a delegate to the Democratic 
 National Conventions of 1856 and '60. He was 
 a member of the Constitutional Convention of 
 1H62. Died, at Cliarleston, May 5. 1886.' 
 
 FIELD, Alexander Pope, early legislator and 
 Secretary of State, came to Illinois about the 
 time of its admission into the Union, locating in 
 Union County, which he represented in the Third, 
 Fifth and Sixth General Assemblies. In the 
 first of these he was a prominent factor In the 
 ejection of Representative Hansen of Pike County 
 and the seating of Shaw in his place, which 
 enabled the advocates of slavery to secure the 
 passage of a resolution submitting to the people 
 the question of calling a State Constitutional 
 Convention. In 1828 he was appointed Secretary 
 of State by Governor Edwards, remaining in 
 office under Governors Reynolds and Dun- 
 can and through half the term of Governor 
 Carlin, though the latter attempted to secure 
 his removal in 1838 by the appointment of 
 John A. McClernand the courts, however, 
 declaring against the latter. In November, 1840, 
 the Governor's act was made effective by the 
 confirmation, by the Senate, of Stephen A. Doug- 
 las as Secretary in place of Field. Douglas 
 held the office only to the following February, 
 when he resigned to take a place on the Supreme 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OK ILLINOIS. 
 
 165 
 
 liencli and Lyman Trumbull was appointed to 
 succeed him. Field (who had become a Whig) 
 was appointed by President Harrison, in 1841, 
 Secretary of Wisconsin Territory, later removed, 
 to St. Louis and finally to New Orleans, where he 
 was at the beginning of the late war. In Decem- 
 ber, 1863, he presented himself as a member of 
 the Thirty-eighth Congress for Louisiana, but 
 was refused his seat, though claiming in an elo- 
 quent speech to have been a loyal man. Died, in 
 New Orleans, in 1877. Mr. Field was a nephew 
 of Judge Nathaniel Pope, for over thirty years on 
 the bench of the United States District Court. 
 
 FIELD, Engrene, journalist, humorist and poet, 
 was born in St. Louis, Mo., Sept. 2. 1850. Left an 
 orphan at an early age, he was reared by a rela- 
 tive at Amherst, Mass., and received a portion of 
 his literary training at Monson and Williamstown 
 in that State, completing his course at the State 
 University of Missouri. After an extended tour 
 through Europe in 1872-73, he began his journal- 
 istic career at St. Louis, Mo., as a reporter on 
 "The Evening Journal," later becoming its city 
 editor. During the next ten years lie was succes- 
 sively connected with newspapers at St. Joseph, 
 Mo., St. Louis, Kansas City, and at Denver, Colo., 
 at the last named city being managing editor of 
 "The Tribune." In 1883 he removed to Chicago, 
 becoming a special writer for "The Chicago 
 News," his particular department for several 
 years being a pungent, witty column with the 
 caption, "Sharps and Flats.'' He wrote con- 
 siderable prose fiction and much jioetry, among 
 the latter being successful translations of several 
 of Horace's Odes. As a poet, -however, he was 
 best known through his short poems relating to 
 childhood and home, which strongly appealed to 
 the popular- heart. Died, in Chicago, deeply 
 mourned by a large circle of admirers, Nov. 4, 
 1895. 
 
 FIELD, Marshall, merchant and capitalist, was 
 born in Conway. Mass., in 1835. and grew upon 
 a farm, receiving a common school and academic 
 education. At the age of 17 he entered upon a 
 mercantile career as clerk in a dry-goods store at 
 Pittsfield, Mass., but, in 1856, came to Chicago 
 and secured employment with Messrs. Cooley, 
 Wadsworth & Co. ; in 1860 was admitted into 
 partnership, the firm becoming Cooley, Farwell 
 & Co., and still later, Farwell, Field & Co. The 
 last named firm was dissolved and that of Field, 
 Palmer & Leiter organized in 1865. Mr. Palmer 
 having retired in 1867, the firm was continued 
 under the name of Field, Leiter & Co.. until 1881, 
 when Mr. Leiter retired, the concern being since 
 
 known as Marshall Field & Co. The growth of 
 the business of this great establishment is shown 
 by the fact that, whereas its sales amounted 
 before the fire to some 812,000,000 annually, in 
 1895 they aggregated S40.000.000. Mr. Field's 
 business career has been remarkable for its suc- 
 cess in a city famous for its successful business 
 men and the vast ness of their commercial oper- 
 ations. He has been a generous and discrimi- 
 nating patron of important public enterprises, 
 some of his more conspicuous donations being the 
 gift of a tract of land valued at $300,000 and 
 $100.000 in cash, to the Chicago University, and 
 $1,000.000 to the endowment of the Field Colum- 
 bian Museum, as a sequel to the World's Colum- 
 bian Exposition. The latter, chiefly through the 
 munificence of Mr. Field, promises to become one 
 of the leading institutions of its kind in the 
 United States. Besides his mercantile interests. 
 Mr. Field lias extensive interests in various finan- 
 cial and manufacturing enterprises, including 
 the Pullman Palace Car Company and the Rock 
 Island & Pacific Railroad, in each of which he is 
 a Director. 
 
 FIFER, Joseph W., born at Stanton, Va., Oct. 
 28, 1840; in 1857 he accompanied his father (who 
 was a stone-mason) to McLean County, 111., and 
 worked at the manufacture and laying of brick. 
 At the outbreak of the Civil War he enlisted as a 
 private in the Thirty-third Illinois Infantry, and 
 was dangerously wounded at the assault on Jack- 
 son, Miss., in 1863. On the healing of his wound, 
 disregarding the advice of family and friends, he 
 rejoined his regiment. At the close of the war, 
 when about 25 years of age. he entered the Wes- 
 leyan University at Bloomington, where, by dint 
 of liard work and frugality, while supporting 
 himself in part by manual labor, he secured a 
 diploma in 1868. He at once began the study of 
 law, and, soon after his admission, entered upon a 
 practice which subsequently proved both success- 
 ful and lucrative. He was elected Corporation 
 Counsel of Bloomington in 1871 and State's Attor- 
 ney for McLean County in 1N72. holding the latter 
 office, through re-election, until 1880, when he 
 was chosen State Senator, serving in the Thirty- 
 second and Thirty : third General Assemblies. In 
 1888 he was nominated and elected Governor on 
 the Republican ticket, but, in 1892, was defeated 
 by John P. Altgeld, the Democratic nominee, 
 though running in advance of the national and 
 the rest of the State ticket. 
 
 FIXERTY, John F.. ex-Congressman and 
 journalist, was born in Galway, Ireland, Sept. 
 10. 1846. His studies were mainly prosecuted 
 
166 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 under private tutors. At the age of 16 he entered 
 the profession of journalism, and, in 1864, coming 
 to America, soon after enlisted, serving for 100 
 days during the Civil War, in the Ninety-ninth 
 New York Volunteers. Subsequently, having 
 removed to Chicago, he was connected with "The 
 Chicago Times" as a special correspondent from 
 1876 to 1881, and, in 1882, established "The Citi- 
 zen," a weekly newspaper devoted to the Irish- 
 American interest, which he continues to pub- 
 lish. In 1883 he was elected, as an Independ- 
 ent Democrat, to represent the Second Illinois 
 District in the Forty-eighth Congress, but, run- 
 ning as an Independent Republican for re-election 
 in 1884, was defeated by Frank Lawler, Democrat. 
 In 1887 he was appointed Oil Inspector of Chi- 
 cago, and, since 1889, has held no public office, 
 giving his attention to editorial work on his 
 paper. 
 
 FISHER, (Dr.) George, pioneer physician and 
 legislator, was probably a native of Virginia, 
 from which State he appears to have come to 
 Kaskaskia previous to 1800. He became very 
 prominent during the Territorial period; was 
 appointed by William Henry Harrison, then 
 Governor of Indiana Territory, the first Sheriff of 
 Randolph County after its organization in 1801 ; 
 was elected from that county to the Indiana 
 Territorial House of Representatives in 1805, and 
 afterwards promoted to the Territorial Council ; 
 was also Representative in the First and Third 
 Legislatures of Illinois Territory (1812 and '16), 
 serving as Speaker of each. He was a Dele- 
 gate to the Constitutional Convention of 1818, but 
 died [on his farm near Kaskaskia in 1820. Dr. 
 Fisher participated in the organization of the 
 first Lodge of Free and Accepted Masons in Illi- 
 nois at Kaskaskia, in 1806, and was elected one 
 of its officers. 
 
 FISHERIES. The fisheries of Illinois center 
 chiefly at Chicago, the catch being taken from 
 Lake Michigan, and including salmon trout, 
 white fish (the latter species including a lake 
 herring), wall-eyed pike, three kinds of bass, 
 three varieties of sucker, carp and sturgeon. The 
 "fishing fleet" of Lake Michigan, properly so 
 called, (according to the census of 1890) con- 
 sisted of forty-seven steamers and one schooner, 
 of which only one a steamer of twenty-six tons 
 burthen was credited to Illinois. The same 
 report showed a capital of $36,105 invested in 
 land, buildings, wharves, vessels, boats and 
 apparatus. In addition to the "fishing fleet" 
 mentioned, nearly 1,100 sail-boats and other vari- 
 eties of craft are employed in the industry, 
 
 sailing from ports between Chicago and Macki 
 nac, of which, in 1890, Illinois furnished 94, or 
 about nine .per cent. All sorts of apparatus are 
 used, but the principal are gill, fyke and pound 
 nets, and seines. The total value of these minor 
 Illinois craft, with their equipment, for 1890, was 
 nearly $18,000, the catch aggregating 723.830 
 pounds, valued at between $34,000 and $25,000. 
 Of this draught, the entire quantity was either 
 sold fresh in Chicago and adjacent markets. or 
 shipped, either in ice or frozen. The Mississippi 
 and its tributaries yield wall-eyed pike, pike 
 perch, buffalo fish, sturgeon, paddle fish, and 
 other species available for food. 
 
 FITHIAN, George '., ex-Congressman, was 
 born on a farm near Willow Hill, 111., July 4, 1854. 
 His early education was obtained in the common 
 schools, and he learned the trade of a printer at 
 Mount CarmeL While employed at the case he 
 found time to study law, and was admitted to the 
 bar in 1875. In 1876 he was elected State's 
 Attorney for Jasper County, and re-elected in 
 1880. He was prominent in Democratic politics, 
 and, in 1888, was elected on the ticket of that 
 party to represent the Sixteenth Illinois District 
 in Congress. He was re-elected in 1890 and 
 again in 1892, but, in 1894, was defeated by his 
 Republican opponent. 
 
 UTIII AN, (Dr.) William, pioneer physician, 
 was born in Cincinnati, Ohio, in 1800; built the 
 first houses in Springfield and Urbana in that 
 State; in 1822 began the study of medicine at 
 Urbana ; later practiced two years at Mechanics- 
 burgh, and four years at Urbana, as partner of 
 his preceptor; in 1830 came west, locating at 
 Danville, Vermilion County, where he became a 
 large land -owner; in 1832 served with the Ver- 
 milion County militia in the Black Hawk War, 
 and, in 1834, was elected Representative in the 
 Ninth General Assembly, the first of which 
 Abraham Lincoln was a member; afterwards 
 served two terms in the State Senate from the 
 Danville District (1838-46). Dr. Fithian was 
 active in promoting the railroad interests of 
 Danville, giving the right of way for railroad 
 purposes through a large body of land belonging 
 to him, in Vermilion County. He was also a 
 member of various medical associations, and, 
 during his later years, was the oldest practicing 
 physician in the State. Died, in Danville, 111., 
 April 5, 1890. 
 
 FLA<;<>, Gershom, pioneer, was born in Rich- 
 mond, Vt., in 1792, came west in 1816, settling in 
 Madison County, 111., in 1818, where he was 
 known as an enterprising farmer and a prominent 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 167 
 
 and influential citizen. Originally a Whig, he 
 became a zealous Republican on the organization 
 of that party, dying in 1857. Wlllartl Catting 
 (Flagg), son of the preceding, was born in Madi- 
 son County, 111., Sept 16, 1829, spent his early life 
 on his father's farm and in the common schools; 
 from 1844 to '50 was a pupil in the celebrated 
 high school of Edward Wyman in St. Louis, 
 finally graduating with honors at Yale College, 
 in 1854. During his college course he took a 
 number of literary prizes, and, in his senior year, 
 served as one of the editors of "The Yale Literary 
 Magazine." Returning to Illinois after gradu- 
 ation, he took charge of his father's farm, engaged 
 extensively in fruit-culture and stock-raising, 
 being the first to introduce the Devon breed of 
 cattle in Madison County in 1859. He was a 
 member of the Republican State Central Com- 
 mittee in 1860; in 1862, by appointment of Gov. 
 Yates, became Enrolling Officer for Madison 
 County ; served as Collector of Internal Revenue 
 for the Twelfth District, 1864-69, and. in 1868, 
 was elected to the State Senate for a term of four 
 years, and, during the last session of his term 
 (1872), took a prominent part in the revision of 
 the school law ; was appointed a member of the 
 first Board of Trustees of the Industrial Univer- 
 sity (now the University of Illinois) at Cham- 
 paign, and reappointed in 1875. Mr. Flagg was 
 also prominent in agricultural and horticultural 
 organizations, serving as Secretary of the State 
 Horticultural Society from 1861 to '69, when he 
 became its President. He was one of the origi- 
 nators of the "farmers' movement," served for 
 some time as President of "The State Farmers' 
 Association," wrote voluminously, and delivered 
 addresses in various States on agricultural and 
 horticultural topics, and, in 1875, was elected 
 President of the National Agricultural Congress. 
 In his later years he was a recognized leader in 
 the Granger movement. Died, at Mora, Madison 
 County, 111., April.'), 1878. 
 
 FLEMIM, Robert K., pioneer printer, was 
 lx>rn in Erie County, Pa., learned the printers' 
 trade in Pittsburg, and, coining west while quite 
 young, worked at his trade in St. Louis, finally 
 removing to Kaskaskia, where he was placed in 
 control of the office of "The Republican Advo- 
 cate," which had been established in 1823, by 
 Elias Kent Kane. The publication of "The 
 Advocate" having lieen suspended, he revived it 
 in May, 1825, under the name of "The Kaskaskia 
 Recorder," but soon removed it to Vandalia (then 
 the State capital), and, in 1827, began the publi- 
 cation of "The Illinois Corrector, " at Edwards- 
 
 ville. Two years later lie returned to Kaskaskia 
 and resumed the publication of "The Recorder," 
 but, in 1833, was induced to remove his office to 
 Belleville, where he commenced the publication 
 of "The St. Clair Gazette," followed by "The St. 
 Clair Mercury," both of which had a brief exist- 
 ence. About 1843 he returned to the newspaper 
 business as publisher of "The Belleville Advo- 
 cate," which he continued for a number of years. 
 He died, at Belleville, in 1874, leaving two sons 
 who have been prominently identified with the 
 history of journalism in Southern Illinois, at 
 Belleville and elsewhere. 
 
 FLETCHER, Job, pioneer and early legislator, 
 was born in Virginia, in 1793, removed to Sanga- 
 mon County, 111., in 1819; was elected Represent- 
 ative in 1826, and, in 1834, to the State Senate, 
 serving in the latter body six years. He was one 
 of the famous "Long Nine" which represented 
 Sangamon County in the Tenth General Assem- 
 bly. Mr. Fletcher was again a member of the 
 House in 1844-45. Died, in Sangamon County, 
 in 1872. 
 
 FLORA, a city in Harter Township, Clay 
 County, on the Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern 
 Railroad, 95 miles east of St. Louis, and 108 miles 
 south-southeast of Springfield; has barrel factory, 
 flouring mills, cold storage and ice plant, three 
 fruit-working factories, two banks, six churches 
 and a weekly newspaper. Population (1890), 
 1,695; (19(10), 2.311 ; (1903. est.). 3,000. 
 
 FLOWER, George, early English colonist, was 
 born in Hertfordshire, England, about 1780; 
 came to the United States in 1817, and was associ- 
 ated with Morris Birkbeck in founding the 
 "English Settlement" ' at Albion, Edwards 
 County, 111. Being in affluent circumstances, he 
 built an elegant mansion and stocked an exten- 
 sive farm with blooded animals from England 
 and other parts of Europe, but met with reverses 
 which dissipated his wealth. In common with 
 Mr. Birkbeck, he was one of the determined 
 opponents of the attempt to establish slavery in 
 Illinois in 1824, and did much to defeat tliat 
 measure. He and his wife died on the same day 
 (Jan. 15, 1862), while on a visit to a daughter at 
 Grayville, III. A book written by him "History 
 of the English Settlement in Edwards County, 
 111." and published in 1882, is a valuable contri- 
 bution to the early history of that portion of the 
 State Edward Fordhams (Flower), son of the 
 preceding, was born in England, Jan. 31, 1805, 
 but came with his father to Illinois in early life : 
 later he returned to England and spent nearly 
 half a century at Stratford-on-Avon. where he 
 
108 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 was four times chosen Mayor of that borough 
 and entertained many visitors from the United 
 States to Shakespeare's birthplace. Died, March 
 26. 1883. 
 
 FOBES, Philena, educator, born in Onondaga 
 County, N. Y., Sept. 10, 1811; was educated at 
 Albany and at Cortland Seminary, Rochester, 
 N. Y. ; in 1838 became a teacher in Monticello 
 Female Seminary, then newly established at 
 Godfrey, 111., under Rev. Theron Baldwin, Prin- 
 cipal. On the retirement of Mr. Baldwin in 1843, 
 Miss Fobes succeeded to the principalship, 
 remaining until 1866, when she retired. For 
 some years she resided at Rochester, N. Y., and 
 New Haven, Conn., but. in 1886, she removed to 
 Philadelphia, where she afterwards made her 
 home, notwithstanding her advanced age, main- 
 taining a lively interest in educational and 
 benevolent enterprises. Miss Fobes died at Phila- 
 delphia, Nov. 8, 1898, and was buried at New 
 Haven, Conn. 
 
 TOLEY, Thomas, Roman Catholic Bishop, born 
 in Baltimore. Md., in 1823; was ordained a priest 
 in 1846, and, two years later, was appointed Chan- 
 cellor of the Diocese, being made Vicar-General 
 in 1867. He was nominated Coadjutor Bishop of 
 the Chicago Diocese in 1869 (Bishop Duggan hav- 
 ing become insane), and, in 1870, was consecrated 
 Bishop. His administration of diocesan work was 
 prudent and eminently successful. As a man 
 and citizen he won the respect of all creeds and 
 classes alike, the State Legislature adopting 
 resolutions of respect and regret upon learning 
 of his death, which occurred at Baltimore, in 
 1879. 
 
 FORBES, Stephen Van Rensselaer, pioneer 
 teacher, was born at Windliam, Vt. , July 2<i. 1797 ; 
 in his youth acquired a knowledge of surveying, 
 and, having removed to Newburg (now South 
 Cleveland), Ohio, began teaching. In 1829 he 
 rame west to Chicago, and having joined a sur- 
 veying party, went to Louisiana, returning in 
 the following year to Chicago, which then con- 
 tained only three white families outside of Fort 
 Dearborn. Having been joined by his wife, he 
 took up his abode in what was called the "sut- 
 ler's house" connected with Fort Dearborn; was 
 appointed one of the first Justices of the Peace, 
 and opened the first school ever taught in Chi- 
 cago, all but three of his pupils being either 
 half-breeds or Indians. In 1832 he was elected, as 
 a Whig, the first Sheriff of Cook County ; later 
 preempted 160 acres of land where Riverside 
 now stands, subsequently becoming owner of 
 some 1,800 acres, much of which he sold, about 
 
 1853, to Dr. W. B. Egan at $20 per acre. In 
 1849, having been seized with the "gold fever," 
 Mr. Forbes joined in the overland migration to 
 California, but, not being successful, returned 
 two years later by way of the Isthmus, and, liav- 
 ing sold his possessions in Cook County, took up 
 his abode at Newburg, Ohio, and resumed his 
 occupation as a surveyor. About 1878 he again 
 returned to Chicago, but survived only a short 
 time, dying Feb. 17, 1879. 
 
 FORD, Thomas, early lawyer, jurist and Gov- 
 ernor, was born in Uniontown, Pa., and, in boy- 
 hood, accompanied his mother (then a widow) to 
 Missouri, in 1804. The family soon after located 
 in Monroe County, 111. Largely through the 
 efforts and aid of his half-brother, George 
 Forquer, lie obtained a professional education, 
 became a successful lawyer, and, early in life, 
 entered the field of politics. He served as a 
 Judge of the Circuit Court for the northern part 
 of the State from 1835 to 1837, and was again 
 commissioned a Circuit Judge for the Galena 
 circuit in 1839; in 1841 was elevated to the bench 
 of the State Supreme Court, but resigned the 
 following year to accept the nomination of his 
 party (the Democratic) for Governor. He was 
 regarded as upright in his general policy, but he 
 had a number of embarrassing questions to deal 
 with during his administration, one of these 
 being the Mormon troubles, in which he failed to 
 receive the support of his own party. He was 
 author of a valuable "History of Illinois," (pub- 
 lished posthumously). He died, at Peoria. in 
 greatly reduced circumstances, Nov. 3, 1850. The 
 State Legislature of 1895 took steps to erect a 
 monument over his grave. 
 
 FORD COUNTY, lies northeast of Springfield, 
 was organized in 1859, being cut off from Vermil- 
 ion. It is shaped like an inverted "T," and has 
 an area of 490 square miles; population (1900), 
 18,359. The first County Judge was David Pat- 
 ton, and David Davis (afterwards of the United 
 States Supreme Court) presided over the first 
 Circuit Court. The surface of the county is level 
 and the soil fertile, consisting of a loam from one 
 to five feet in depth. There is little timber, nor 
 is there any out-cropping of stone. The county 
 is named in honor of Governor Ford. The county- 
 seat is Paxton, which had a population, in 1890. of 
 2,187. Gibson City is a railroad center, and has a 
 population of 1,800. 
 
 FORMAN, (Col.) Ferris, lawyer and soldier, 
 was born in Tioga County. N. Y.. August 25. 
 1811 ; graduated at Union College in 1832, studied 
 law and was admitted to the bar in New York in 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 1835, and in the United States Supreme Court in 
 1836; the latter year came west and settled at 
 Vandalia, 111., where he began practice; in 1844 
 was elected to the State Senate for the district 
 composed of Fayette, Effiugham, Clay and Rich- 
 land Counties, serving two years; before the 
 expiration of his term (1846) enlisted for the 
 Mexican War, and was commissioned Colonel of 
 the Third Regiment Illinois Volunteers, and, 
 after participating in a number of the most 
 important engagements of the campaign, was 
 mustered out at New Orleans, in May, 1847. Re- 
 turning from the Mexican War, he brought with 
 him and presented to the State of Illinois a 
 six-pound cannon, which had been captured by 
 Illinois troops on the battlefield of Cerro Gordo, 
 and is now in the State Arsenal at Springfield. 
 In 1848 Colonel Forman was chosen Presidential 
 Elector for the State-at-large on the Democratic 
 ticket; in 1849 went to California, where he prac- 
 ticed liis profession until 1853, meanwhile serving 
 tut Postmaster of Sacramento City by appointment 
 of President Pierce, and later as Secretary of 
 State during the administration of Gov. John B. 
 Weller (1858-60); in 18C1 officiated, by appoint- 
 ment of the California Legislature, as Commis- 
 sioner on the part of the State in fixing the 
 boundary between California and the Territory 
 of Utah. After the discharge of this duty, he 
 was offered the colonelcy of the Fourth California 
 Volunteer Infantry, which he accepted, serving 
 about twenty months, when he resigned. In 
 1866 he resumed his residence at Vandalia, and 
 served as a Delegate for Fayette and Effingham 
 Counties in the Constitutional Convention of 
 1869-70, also for several years thereafter held the 
 office of State's Attorney for Fayette County. 
 Later he returned to California, and, at the 
 latest date, was a resident of Stockton, in that 
 State. 
 
 PORM AX, William S., ex-Congressman, was 
 born at Natchez, Miss., Jan. 20, 1847. When he 
 was four years old, his father's family removed to 
 Illinois, settling in Washington County, where 
 he has lived ever since. By profession he is a 
 lawyer, and he takes a deep interest in politics, 
 local. State and National. He represented his 
 Senatorial District in the State Senate in the 
 Thirty-fourth and Thirty-fifth General Assem- 
 blies, and, in 1888, was elected, as a Democrat, to 
 represent the Eighteenth Illinois District in the 
 Fifty-first Congress, being re-elected in 1890, and 
 again in '92, but was defeated in 1894 for renomi- 
 nation by John J. Higgins, who was defeated at 
 the election of the same year by Everett J. Mur- 
 
 phy. In 1896 Mr. Forman was candidate of the 
 "Gold Democracy" for Governor of Illinois, 
 receiving 8,100 votes. 
 
 FORQ.UER, tieorge, early State officer, was 
 born near Brownsville, Pa. , in 1794 was the sou 
 of a Revolutionary soldier, and older half-brother 
 of Gov. Thomas Ford. He settled, with his 
 mother (then a widow), at New Design, 111., in 
 1804. After learning, and, for several years, 
 following the carpenter's trade at St. Louis, he 
 returned to Illinois and purchased the tract 
 whereon Waterloo now stands. Subsequently he 
 projected the town of Bridgewater, on the Mis- 
 sissippi. For a time he was a partner in trade of 
 Daniel P. Cook. Being unsuccessful in business, 
 he took up the study of law. in which he attained 
 marked success. In 1824 he was elected to repre 
 sent Monroe County in the House of Represent- 
 atives, but resigned in January of the following 
 year to accept the position of Secretary of State, 
 to which he was appointed by Governor Coles, 
 as successor to Morris Birkbeck, whom the 
 Senate had refused to confirm. One ground for 
 the friendship between him and Coles, no doubt, 
 was the fact that they had been united in their 
 opposition to the scheme to make Illinois a slave 
 State. In 1828 he was a candidate for Congress, 
 but was defeated by Joseph Duncan, afterwards 
 Governor. At the close of the year he resigned 
 the office of Secretary of State, but, a few weeks 
 later (January, 1829), he was elected by the 
 Legislature Attorney-General. This position he 
 held until January, 1833, when he resigned, hav- 
 ing, as it appears, at the previous election, been 
 chosen State Senator from Sangamon County, 
 serving in the Eighth and Ninth General Assem- 
 blies. Before the close of his term as Senator 
 (1835), he received the appointment of Register 
 of the Land Office at Springfield, which appears 
 to have been the last office held by him, as he 
 died, at Cincinnati, in 1837. Mr. Forquer was a 
 man of recognized ability and influence, an elo- 
 quent orator and capable writer, but, in common 
 with some of the ablest lawyers of that time, 
 seems to have been much embarrassed by the 
 smallness of his income, in spite of his ability 
 and the fact tliat he was almost continually in 
 office. 
 
 FORREST, a village in Livingston County, at 
 the intersection of the Toledo, Peoria & Western 
 and the Wabash Railways, 75 miles east of Peoria 
 and 16 miles southeast of Pontiac. Considerable 
 grain is shipped from this point to the Chicago 
 market. The village lias several churches and a 
 graded school. Population (1880), 375; (1900), 952. 
 
170 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 FORREST, Joseph K. <'., journalist, was born 
 in Cork, Ireland, Nov. 26, 1820; came to Chicago 
 in 1840, soon after securing employment as a 
 writer on "The Evening Journal," and, later on, 
 "The Gem of the Prairies," the predecessor of 
 "The Tribune," being associated with the latter 
 at the date of its establishment, in June, 1847. 
 During the early years of his residence in Chi- 
 cago, Mr. Forrest spent some time as a teacher. 
 On retiring from "The Tribune," he became the 
 associate of John Wentworth in the management 
 of "The Chicago Democrat," a relation which 
 was broken up by the consolidation of the latter 
 with "The Tribune," in 1861. He then became 
 the Springfield correspondent of "The Tribune, " 
 also holding a- position on the staff of Governor 
 Yates, and still later represented "The St. Louis 
 Democrat" and "Chicago Times," as Washington 
 correspondent; assisted in founding "The Chicago 
 Republican" (now "Inter Ocean"), in 1865, and, 
 some years later, became a leading writer upon 
 the same. He served one term as Clerk of the 
 city of Chicago, but, in his later years, and up to 
 the period of his death, was a leading contributor 
 to the columns of "The Chicago Evening News" 
 over the signatures of "An Old Timer" and "Now 
 or Never." Died, in Chicago. June 23, 1890. 
 
 FORRESTOX, a village in Ogle County, the 
 terminus of the Chicago and Iowa branch of the 
 Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad, and 
 point of intersection of the Illinois Central and 
 the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railways; 107 
 m<les west by north from Chicago, and 12 miles 
 south of Freeport; founded in 1854. incorporated 
 I >y special cliarter in 1808, and, under the general 
 law, in 1888. Farming and stock-raising are the 
 principal industries. The village has a bank, 
 water-works, electric light plant, creamery, vil- 
 lage hall, seven churches, a graded school, and a 
 newspaper. Population (1890), 1,118; (1900), 1,047. 
 
 FORSYTHE, Albert P., ex-Congressman, was 
 born at New Richmond, Ohio. May 24, 1830; 
 received his early education in the common 
 schools, and at Asbury University. He was 
 reared upon a farm and followed farming as his 
 life-work. During the War of the Rebellion he 
 served in the Union army as Lieutenant. In 
 politics he early became an ardent Nationalist, 
 and was chosen President of the Illinois State 
 Grange of the Patrons of Industry, in December, 
 1875, and again in January, 1878. In 1878 he was 
 elected to Congress as a Nationalist, but, in 1880, 
 though receiving the nominations of the com- 
 bined Republican and Greenback parties, was 
 defeated by Samuel W. Moulton, Democrat. 
 
 FORT, Greenbnry I,., soldier and Congress- 
 man, was born in Ohio, Oct. 17, 1825, and, in 1834, 
 removed with his parents to Illinois. In 1850 he 
 was elected Sheriff of Putnam County ; in 1852, 
 Clerk of the Circuit Court, and, having mean- 
 while been admitted to the bar at Lacon, became 
 County Judge in 1857, serving until 1861. In 
 April of the latter year he enlisted under the first 
 call for troops, by re-enlistments serving till 
 March 24, 1866. Beginning as Quartermaster of 
 his regiment, he served as Chief Quartermaster of 
 the Fifteenth Army Corps on the "March to the 
 Sea," and was mustered out with the rank of 
 Colonel and Brevet Brigadier-General. On his 
 return from the field, he was elected to the State 
 Senate, serving in the Twenty-fifth and Twenty- 
 sixth General Assemblies, and, from 1873 to 1881, 
 as Representative in Congress. He died, at 
 Lacon. June 13, 1M83. 
 
 FORT < HAKTKKS, a strong fortification 
 erected by the French in 1718, on the American 
 Bottom, 16 miles northwest from Kaskaskia. 
 The soil on which it stood was alluvial, and the 
 limestone of which its walls were built was 
 quarried from an adjacent bluff. In form it was 
 an irregular quadrangle, surrounded on three 
 sides by a wall two feet two inches thick, and on 
 the fourth by a ravine, which, during the spring- 
 time, was full of water. During the period of 
 French ascendency in Illinois, Fort Chartres was 
 the seat of government. About four miles east 
 soon sprang up the village of Prairie du Rocher 
 (or Rock Prairie). (See Prairie du Rocher. ) At 
 the outbreak of the French and Indian War 
 (1756), the original fortification was repaired and 
 virtually rebuilt. Its cost at that time is esti- 
 mated to have amounted to 1,000,000 French 
 crowns. After the occupation of Illinois by the 
 British, Fort Chartres still remained the seat of 
 government until 1772, when one side of the 
 fortification was washed away by a freshet, and 
 headquarters were transferred to Kaskaskia. 
 The first common law court ever held in the Mis- 
 sissippi Valley was established here, in 1768, by 
 the order of Colonel Wilkins of the English 
 army. The ruins of the old fort, situated in the 
 northwest corner of Randolph County, once con- 
 stituted an object of no little interest to anti- 
 quarians, but the site has disappeared during the 
 past generation by the encroachments of the 
 Mississippi. 
 
 FORT DEARBORN, the name of a United 
 States military post, established at the mouth of 
 the Chicago River in 1803 or 1804, on a tract of 
 land six miles square conveyed by the Indians in 
 

 
 
 EARLY HISTORIC SCENES, CHICAGO. 
 
17" 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF IUJNOIS. 
 
 FOKItFST. Joseph K. ('.. journalist, xvas Ixirn 
 in Cork. Ireland, Xov -Mi, is:. 1 !); came tn Chicago 
 in t*.lo, soon after Recurinjg employment as a 
 writer on "Tl j Kvening -lonrnal." and. later on, 
 'The (Jem of tin- I'rairii-s. " the predecessor "f 
 "The Tribune." being associated witli tin- latter 
 .it the ilate of its establishment, in .lime. 1*17. 
 Muring the earl \ years of liis resilience in ('hi 
 cago. Mr. Forrest spent some time as a teacher 
 On retiring from "The Tribune," he became the 
 associate of John Wentxvorth in the management 
 if "The Chicago Demoi'rat." a relation which 
 
 was broken up by tin nsolidation of the latter 
 
 with "The Tribune." in INfil He then liecame 
 the Springfield corresjiondent of "The Tribune." 
 also holdin,; a position on the staff of ( iovcrnor 
 Sates, anil still later represented "The St. Louis 
 Democrat" ami "(liirajjo Times," as Washington 
 corrcs|>oiident : assisted in founding "The Chicago 
 
 Republican" xv "Inter < >ccan"i. in |sT>.~i. and. 
 
 some years later, liecame a leading writer II|K.II 
 the same He served one term as ( 'lerk of the 
 city of < 'hicago but. in his later years, and up to 
 t h<- period ol lii- death, was a leading contributor 
 
 to Ih Ilium- .! "Tin 1 I 'hicago Kvcning News" 
 
 oxer the signal nres of "An I Hi I Tinier" and "Now 
 or Never," Di.-d in I 'hioago. .June 1'3, Is'.lii 
 
 FOIMtKSTOV. a village in < >_1e County, the 
 termini!" of the Chicago and Iowa branch of the 
 ' hicagn. liiirlington ,v 'iHiincy Railroad, and 
 point of intersect ion of the Illinois Central and 
 the Chicago. Milwaukee ,v St. I'aul Railways: I'lT 
 nrles west bv north from Chicago, and I- miles 
 south of l-'n-eport . founded in I*". I. incorporated 
 by special c-harter in l^ils and. under the general 
 law. ill l"<ss I'nrmiiu and stock-raisin:; are the 
 principal industi'ie-. The village has a bank. 
 \\ater- works, *'lectric li^ht plant, creamery. \ il- 
 la-^e hall. se\en churches, a graded school, and a 
 ncu. paper ''opuliitiun ' IS'.MI) 1. 1 !<: (I'.MMi). 1.IH7. 
 
 KOIiSVTIIK. Albert I'., ex Con-rpssman. was 
 
 iN.rn at New Kiel nd. Ohio. May -M. |s:;n. 
 
 received his early education in the common 
 schools, ami at Asbury I'niversily He was 
 rcarcd II|KIII a farm and followed farmintc as his 
 hie work During the War of the Rebellion lie 
 ser\ei| in the I'nion army as Lieutenant In 
 (Hihtics h- early U-came an ardent Nationalist. 
 and was chosen ('resident of the Illinois State 
 < iraic.'c of the I'al roiis of Industry, in Hccembcr. 
 !*;". and a-.'ain in .laninry. I^TS. In |s7s he was 
 elected to < 'oni_'re>s a- a Nationalist, but. in l s sn. 
 though receiving the nominations of the com- 
 bined Republican and (ircpnhack parties, was 
 . I. -I. ale I by Samuel \V Moultn. Democrat 
 
 KOKT. (ireenbury I... soldier and Contiress- 
 maii. was born in Ohio. Oct. IT. ls-.>5, and, in |s:j4. 
 removed with his parents to Illinois. In 1S-VI he 
 was elected Sheriff of Pntn.im t'ollllty; ill l^.V.', 
 Clerk of the Circuit Court, and. having mean- 
 while U-en admitted to the bar at Lacon. liecame 
 County .lud^e in IViT. s-rving until l s 'il. In 
 \pril ..f the latter year he enlisted under the lirst 
 
 all fo 
 
 op 
 
 b 
 
 nlistments serving till 
 March ,'!. lsi;ii Ifa-giiiiiing as (Quartermaster of 
 his regiment . he served as < 'hief '.Quartermaster of 
 the Fifteenth Army Corps on the "March to tin 
 Sea." and was mustered out with the rank of 
 < 'olonel and Hrevet Hrii;adier-( ieneral. On his 
 return from the Held, he was elected to the State 
 Senate, serving in t he Twenty-lifth and Twenty- 
 sixth I ieneral Assemblies, and. from 1*7:! to l**l. 
 as Itepresentat ive in t 'oligress. He died, at 
 Lacon .1 ...... i:i. |ss:; 
 
 I'OKT CIIAKTItKS. a strong f,,rtilication 
 erected by the Freni-h in 17|s. on the Americai 
 Itottom, I'i miles northwest from Kaskaskia. 
 The soil on which it stood was alluvial, and the 
 limestone of which its walls were built was 
 piarried from an adjacent blulF. In form it was 
 an irregular ipiadrangle. surrounded on three 
 sides by a wall t \\ o feet two inches thick, and on 
 the fourth by a rax ine, which, during the spring- 
 time. was full of water. During the |icriod of 
 I-' rencli ascendency in Illinois. Fort Chart res xvas 
 the seat of government. Almut four miles east 
 soon sprang up the village of I'rairie dii Koclier 
 (or Rock 1'rairiei (See I'rtiirit- tin Ittirltrr.) At 
 tl ..... uthrcak of the French and Indian War 
 (IT'il'ii. the original fortilication was repaired and 
 virtually rebuilt Its cost at that time is esti 
 mated to have amounted to l.niHI.nlHI French 
 eroxvns After tl ..... ccupation of Illinois by the 
 British, Fort Chartres still remained the seat of 
 government until 177'.?, when one side of the 
 fortilication xvas washed away by a freshet, and 
 headquarters were transferred to Kaskaskia. 
 The'lirst common law court ever held in the Mis- 
 sissippi Valley was established here, in I7U*. by 
 the order of Colonel Wilkins of the English 
 army The ruins of the old fort, situated ill the 
 northwest corner of Randolph County, once con 
 stitntcd an object of i-.o little interest to anti- 
 ipiarians, but the site has disappeared during the, 
 past generation by Hie encroachments of the 
 Mississippi. 
 
 HUM' III \l:i:oi;\. -. name of a I'nited 
 States military post, established at the mouth of 
 the Chicago Kiver in !>:( or l^ii-t. on a tract of 
 land six miles sipiar ...... nveyed by the Indians in 
 
i . \ki.v ins-mule si KM:S. cni(.,\<;<t. 
 
EARLY HISTORIC SCENES. CHICAGO. 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 171 
 
 the treaty of Greenville, concluded by General 
 Wayne in '1795. It originally consisted of two 
 block houses located at opposite angles (north 
 west and southeast) of a strong wooden stockade. 
 with the Commandant's quarters on the east side 
 of the quadrangle, soldiers' barracks on the south, 
 officers' barracks on the west, and magazine, 
 contractor's (sutler's) store and general store- 
 house on the north all the buildings being con- 
 structed of logs, and all, except the block-houses, 
 being entirely within the enclosure. Its arma- 
 ment consisted of three light pieces of artillery. 
 Its builder and first commander was Capt. John 
 Whistler, a native of Ireland who had surrendered 
 with Burgoyne, at Saratoga,, N. Y., and who 
 subsequently became an American citizen, and 
 served with distinction throughout the War of 
 1812. He was succeeded, in 1810, by Capt. 
 Nathan Heald. As early as 1806 the Indians 
 around the fort manifested signs of disquietude, 
 Tecumseh, a few years later, heading an open 
 armed revolt. In 1810 a council of Pottawato- 
 mies, Ottawas and Chippewas was held at St. 
 Joseph, Mich., at which it was decided not to 
 join the confederacy proposed by Chief Tecumseh. 
 In 1811 hostilities were precipitated by an attack 
 upon the United States troops under Gen. 
 William Henry Harrison at Tippecanoe. In 
 April, 1812, hostile bands of Winnebagos appeared 
 in the vicinity of Fort Dearborn, terrifying the 
 settlers by their atrocities. Many of the whites 
 sought refuge within the stockade. Within two 
 months after the declaration of war against 
 England, in 1812, orders were issued for the 
 evacuation of Fort Dearborn and the transfer of 
 the garrison to Detroit. The garrison at that 
 time numbered about 70, including officers, a 
 large number of the troops being ill. Almost 
 simultaneously with the order for evacuation 
 appeared bands of Indians clamoring for a dis- 
 tribution of the goods, to which they claimed 
 they were entitled under treaty stipulations. 
 Knowing that he had but about forty men able 
 to fight and that his march would be sadly 
 hindered by the care of about a dozen women and 
 twenty children, the commandant hesitated. 
 The Pottawatomies, through whose country he 
 would have to pass, had always been friendly, and 
 he waited. Within six days a force of 500 or 600 
 savage warriors had assembled around the fort. 
 Among the leaders were the Pottawatomie chiefs, 
 Black Partridge, Winnemeg and Topenebe. Of 
 these, Winnemeg was friendly. It was he who 
 had brought General Hull's orders to evacuate, 
 and, as the crisis grew more and more dangerous, 
 
 he offered sound advice. He urged instantaneous 
 departure before the Indians had time to agree 
 upon a line of action. But Captain Heald 
 decided to distribute the .stores among the sav- 
 ages, and thereby secure from them a friendly 
 escort to Fort Wayne. To this the aborigines 
 readily assented, believing that thereby all the 
 whisky and ammunition which they knew to be 
 within the enclosure, would fall into their hands. 
 Meanwhile Capt. William Wells, Indian Agent at 
 Fort Wayne, had arrived at Fort Dearborn with 
 a friendly force of Miamis to act as an escort. 
 He convinced Captain Heald that it would be the 
 height of folly to give the Indians liquor and gun- 
 powder. Accordingly the commandant emptied 
 the former into the lake and destroyed the latter. 
 This was the signal for war. Black Partridge 
 claimed he could no longer restrain his young 
 braves, and at a council of the aborigines it was 
 resolved to massacre the garrison and settlers. 
 On the fifteenth of August the gates of the fort 
 were opened and the evacuation began. A band 
 of Pottawatomies accompanied the whites under 
 the guise of a friendly escort. They soon deserted 
 and, within a mile and a half from the fort, 
 began the sickening scene of carnage known as 
 the "Fort Dearborn Massacre." Nearly 500 
 Indians participated, their loss being less than 
 twenty. The Miami escort fled at the first 
 exchange of shots. With but four exceptions 
 the wounded white prisoners were dispatched 
 with savage ferocity and promptitude. Those 
 not wounded were scattered among various tribes. 
 The next day the fort with its stockade was 
 burned. In 1816 (after the treaty of St. Louis) 
 the fort was rebuilt upon a more elaborate scale. 
 The second Fort Dearborn contained, besides bar- 
 racks and officers' quarters, a magazine and 
 provision-store, was enclosed by a square stock- 
 ade, and protected by bastions at two of its 
 angles. It was again evacuated in 1823 and 
 re-garrisoned in 1828. The troops were once 
 more withdrawn in 1831. to return the following 
 year during the Black Hawk War. The final 
 evacuation occurred in 1836. 
 
 FORT UAtiE, situated on the eastern bluffs of 
 the Kaskaskia River, opposite the village of Kas- 
 kaskia. It was erected and occupied by the 
 British in 1772. It was built of heavy, square 
 timbers and oblong in shape, its dimensions being 
 290x251 feet. On the night of July 4, 1778, it was 
 captured by a detachment of American troops 
 commanded by Col. George Rogers Clark, who 
 held a commission from Virginia. The soldiers, 
 with Simon Kenton at their head, were secretly 
 
I 
 
 11 t 
 
 ~r ==,.,.*- 
 :- ;i M ih' i . 
 
 'xjjti&UHIisJt 
 t "^f*^ 
 
 I.Akl.V IIISTokIC' SCKST.S, ( IIICAC.d. 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA (>K ILLINOIS. 
 
 171 
 
 tin- treaty of Greenville, oonrluded liy (iem-nil 
 Wayne in 17'jr. It originally consisted of two 
 Mock houses located :vt opjmsite angles (nortli 
 we.st ami southeast) of a strong wooden stockade 
 with the Commandant's quarters on the east side 
 of the quadrangle, soldiers' kin-arks on the south. 
 oflicers' harrac'ks on the west, and maga/ine. 
 contractor's (sutler's) store and general store 
 house on the north all the huildings lieing con- 
 structed of logs, and all. except the lilock houses. 
 U'ing entirely within the enclosure Its annu- 
 m-Mil consisted of three light pieces of artillery 
 It- (milder and lirst commander was ( 'apt John 
 Whistler, 'i native of Ireland who had surrendered 
 with Hurgoyne, at Saratoga.. N. V.. and who 
 suhM'tjueut ly liecame an American citizen, and 
 served with distinction throughout the War of 
 
 IM'J. Hi- was SHIM led, in 1*111. I iy < 'apt 
 
 N.-itlian Heal- 1. As early as |soii the Indians 
 ar.Hin.l the fort manifested stuns of disquietude. 
 Teeiuuseh. a few yeai's later, heading an OJKMI 
 
 an I rev-ill In |s|n a council of I'nttawato 
 
 inies ottawas and Chipjw-was was held at S| 
 Joseph. Mi.-h.. at which it was decided not to 
 ! -hi I heootlt'cdcracy proposed hy ( 'hicf Tecuniseli 
 In I'M! hostilities were precipitated liy an attack 
 
 Upon the I'llited States tri-ops under Gen 
 
 William Henry Harrison at Tippecanoe In 
 April. 1 S !'J. hostile hands of Winnehagos appeared 
 in the vicinity of Fort Dearliorn. terrifying the 
 settlers liy their atrocities Many of the whites 
 -. -light refuge within the stockade Within two 
 months after the declaral ion of war against 
 F.ngland. in 1*1'.'. orders were issued for the 
 evacuation of Fort liearliorn and the transfer of 
 tin- garrison I.. Detroit The garrison at that 
 time, numliered ahout 7o. including oilicers. a 
 large numlier of the troops hcing ill. \hn-ist 
 
 simultaneously with II rder for evacuation 
 
 ij.pc.ircd hands of Indians clamoring' for a dis 
 frihution of the goods, to which they claimed 
 t'i--\ were entitled under treaty stipulations 
 Knowing that he had hut almut forty men ahle 
 t'- light and that his march would lie sadly 
 hindered liy the care of ahoui a do/en women and 
 twenty children, the commandant hesitated. 
 The I'oltawatomies. through whose countrv he 
 would havetopass had always liecn friendly, and 
 In- wailed Within six days a force of .~>INI or <!il 
 savage warriors had assemliled around the fort 
 A tilling 1 1"' leaders were the rollawatomie cliiefs 
 Hlack Partridge. Winneme^- and To|M-nelie of 
 th.-se. \Vilini-llH-K was friendly It was he who 
 had hroiiirht (ieneral Hull's orders to evacuale 
 and as the crisis irrew more and more daic_'ei-ous. 
 
 he otTered sound advice lleurc<vl instantaneous 
 departure licfore the Indians hail time to a^ree 
 n|K)ii a line of action But Captain lieald 
 decided to distribute the stores aiiKin^ the sav- 
 ages, and therehy secure from them a friendly 
 escort to Fort Wayne To this the ahori>;ines 
 readily assented. iH-Iicvin*; tliat therehy all the 
 whisky and ammunition which they knew to In- 
 within the enclosure, would fall into their hands 
 Meanwhile Capt William Wells. Indian Aent at 
 Fort Wayne, had arrived at Fort Dearliorn with 
 a friendly force of Miamis fi act as an escort 
 Heconvinced Captain lieald that it would lie the 
 height of folly to ^ive the Indians liquor and nun 
 powder. Accordingly the commandant emptied 
 the former into the lake and destroyed the latter 
 This was the signal for war Hlack Partridge 
 claimed he could no longer restrain his yonii); 
 hraves. and at a council of the alniri^ines it was 
 resolved to massacre tin- garrison and settlers. 
 On the fifteenth of August the ^ates of the fort 
 were opened anil the evacuation lie^'an A IKUH! 
 of rottawatoniies accomidinied the whites under 
 thej;uiscof a friendly escort They soon deserted 
 and. within a mile and a half from the fort, 
 itetfin the sickening scene of carnage known a- 
 the "Fort Dearhorn Massacre" Nearly a' MI 
 Indians |i.-irticipated. their loss IHMIIK less than 
 twenty The Miami escort lied at the first 
 exchaiifri" of shots With hut four- exceptions 
 the wounded white prisoners were dis|iatched 
 with savage ferocity and promptitude Those 
 not wounded were scattered amon^ various trilies 
 The next day the fort with its stockade was 
 hurned. In 1*1(1 (alter the treaty of St. l^iuis) 
 the fort was rchuilt U|mn a more elaliorate HCale- 
 The second Fort Dcarhi-rn contained. U-sides har 
 racks and otlicers' .{Uartcrs. a maj^a/.ine and 
 pro\ isiou-store. was enclose,! hv a stftiare stock 
 ade. and protecled hv liasliuns at two of its 
 angles It was aji.iin evacuated in !*.': anil 
 r-- ^'arrisoiie-l in I s '** The troops were once 
 more withdrawn in !*:!! I., rcinru the following 
 year ilurin- the Hlack Hawk War. The final 
 evacuation occurred in l*:!''i 
 
 r'OUT (iACi:, situated on tl astern li'mlls of 
 
 the Kaskaskia Iliver. op|isite the \ illa^i- of Kas 
 kaskia. Il was creeled anil in-eii|ii<-il hv tin- 
 Itritish in I??'.' It wa- hiiilt of heavy, square 
 tiniU-rs and olilon^ in shape, its dimensions Ix-inn 
 '.".Hlxi.ll feet On the ni^ht ot .Inly I. 177*. it was 
 captured hy a detachment of American troops 
 
 imandeii hv Col (Jeor-e Ifo-el's Clark, win- 
 
 held a commission from Virginia The sold icrs 
 \\ithSimon Kenton ai their h.-ad \\ere s-ereilv 
 
172 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 admitted to the fort by a Pennsylvania!! who 
 happened to be within, and the commandant, 
 Rocheblave, was surprised in bed, while sleeping 
 with his wife by his side. 
 
 FORT JEFFERSON. I. A fort erected by Col. 
 George Rogers Clark, under instructions from 
 the Governor of Virginia, at the Iron Banks on 
 the east bank of the Mississippi, below the mouth 
 of the Ohio River. He promised lands to all 
 adult, able-bodied white males who would emi- 
 grate thither and settle, either with or without 
 their families. Many accepted the offer, and 
 a considerable colony was established there. 
 Toward the close of the Revolutionary War, Vir- 
 ginia being unable longer to sustain the garrison, 
 the colony was scattered, many families going to 
 Kaskaskia. II. A fort in the Miami valley, 
 erected by Governor St. Clair and General Butler, 
 in October, 1791. Within thirty miles of the 
 post St. Glair's army, which had been badly 
 weakened through desertions, was cut to piece* 
 by the enemy, and the fortification was aban- 
 doned. 
 
 FORT MASSAC, an early French fortification, 
 erected about 1711 on the Ohio River, 40 miles 
 from its mouth, in what is now Massac County. 
 It was the first fortification (except Fort St. 
 Louis) in the "Illinois Country," antedating 
 Fort Chartres by several years. The origin of 
 the name is uncertain. The best authorities are 
 of the opinion that it was so called in honor of 
 the engineer who superintended its construction ; 
 by others it has been traced to the name of the 
 French Minister of Marine ; others assert that it 
 is a corruption of the word "Massacre." a name 
 given to the locality because of the massacre 
 there of a large number of French soldiers by the 
 Indians. The Virginians sometimes spoke of it 
 as the "Cherokee fort." It was garrisoned by 
 the French until after the evacuation of the 
 country under the terms of the Treaty of Paris. 
 It later became a sort of depot for American 
 settlers, a few families constantly residing within 
 and around the fortification. At a very early 
 day a military road was laid out from the fort to 
 Kaskaskia, the trees alongside being utilized as 
 milestones, the number of miles being cut with 
 irons and painted red. After the close of the 
 Revolutionary War, the United States Govern- 
 ment strengthened and garrisoned the fort by 
 way of defense against inroads by the S]>aiiiards. 
 With the cession of Louisiana to the United 
 States, in 1803, the fort was evacuated and never 
 re-garrisoned. According to the "American 
 State Papers," during the period of the French 
 
 occupation, it was both a Jesuit missionary 
 station and a trading post. 
 
 FORT KACKVILLE, a British fortification, 
 erected in 1769, on the Wabasli River a short 
 distance below Vincennes. It was a stockade, 
 with bastions and a few pieces of cannon. In 
 1778 it fell into the hands of the Americans, and 
 was for a time commanded by Captain Helm, 
 with a garrison of a few Americans and Illinois 
 French. In December, 1778, Helm and oifc 
 private alone occupied the fort and surrendered 
 to Hamilton, British Governor of Detroit, who 
 led a force into the country around Vincennes. 
 
 FOKT SHERIDAN, United States Military 
 Post, in Lake County, on the Milwaukee Division 
 of the Chicago <fc Northwestern Railway, 24 miles 
 north of Chicago. (Highwood village adjacent 
 onthesouth.) Population (1*90). 451: (1900), 1,575. 
 
 FORT ST. 1.0! IS. a French fortification on a 
 rock (widely known as "Starved Rock"), which 
 consists of an isolated cliff on the south side of 
 the Illinois River nearly opposite Utica, in La 
 Salle County. Its height is between 130 and 140 
 feet, and its nearly round summit contains an 
 area of alxmt three-fourths of an acre. The side 
 facing the river is nearly perjiendicular and, in 
 natural advantages, it is well-nigh impregnable. 
 Here, in the fall of 1682. I* Salle and Tonty 
 began the erection of a fort, consisting of earth- 
 works, palisades, store- houses and a block house, 
 which also served as a dwelling and trading post. 
 A windlass drew water from the river, and two 
 small brass cannon, mounted on a parapet, com- 
 prised the armament. It was solemnly dedicated 
 by Father Membre, and soon became a gathering 
 place for the surrounding tribes, especially the 
 Illinois. But Frontenac having been succeeded 
 as Governor of New France by De la Barre, who 
 was unfriendly to La Salle, the latter was dis- 
 placed as Commandant at Fort St. Louis, while 
 plots were laid to secure his downfall by cutting 
 off his supplies and inciting the Iroquois to attack 
 him. La Salle left the fort in 1083, to return to 
 France, and, in 1702, it was abandoned as a 
 military post, though it continued to be a trad- 
 ing post until 1718, when it was raided by the 
 Indians and burned. (See Lit fialle. ) 
 
 FORT WAYNE & CHICAGO RAILROAD. 
 (See Pittsburg, Fort Wayne & Oticago Railway. ) 
 
 FORT WAYNE & ILLINOIS RAILROAD. (See 
 \'ew York, Chicago <fc St. Louis Railway.') 
 
 FORTIFICATIONS, PREHISTORIC. Closely 
 related in interest to the works of the mound- 
 builders in Illinois though, probably, owingtheir 
 origin to another era and an entirely different 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 173 
 
 race are those works which bear evidence of 
 having been constructed for purposes of defense 
 at some period anterior to the arrival of white 
 men in the country. While there are no works 
 in Illinois so elaborate in construction as those to 
 which have been given the names of "Fort 
 Ancient" on the Maumee in Ohio, "Fort Azatlan" 
 on the Wabash in Indiana, and "Fort Aztalan" 
 on Rock River in Southern Wisconsin, there are 
 a number whose form of construction shows that 
 they must have been intended for warlike pur- 
 poses, and that they were formidable of their 
 kind and for the period in which they were con- 
 structed. It is a somewhat curious fact that, 
 while La Salle County is the seat of the first 
 fortification constructed by the French in Illinois 
 that can be said to have liad a sort of permanent 
 character ( see Fort St. Louis and Starred Rock), 
 it is also the site of a larger number of prehistoric 
 fortifications, whose remains are in such a state 
 of preservation as to be clearly discernible, than 
 any other section of the State of equal area. One 
 of the most formidable of these fortifications is 
 on the east side of Fox River, opposite the mouth 
 of Indian Creek and some six miles northeast of 
 Ottawa. This occupies a position of decided 
 natural strength, and is surrounded by three lines 
 of circumvallation, showing evidence of consider- 
 able engineering skill. From the size of the trees 
 within this work and other evidences, its age has 
 been estimated at not less than 1,200 years. On 
 the present site of the town of Marseilles, at the 
 rapids of the Illinois, seven miles east of Ottawa, 
 another work of considerable strength existed. 
 It is also said that the American Fur Company 
 had an earthwork here for the protection of its 
 trading station, erected about 1816 or '18. and 
 consequently belonging to the present century. 
 Besides Fort St. Louis on Starved Rock, the out- 
 line of another fort, or outwork, whose era has 
 not been positively determined, about half a mile 
 south of the former, has been traced in recent 
 times. De Baugis, sent by Governor La Barre, of 
 Canada, to succeed Tonty at Fort St. Louis, is said 
 to have erected a fort on Buffalo Rock, on the 
 opposite side of the river from Fort St. Louis, 
 which belonged practically to the same era as the 
 latter. There are two points in Southern Illinois 
 where the aborigines had constructed fortifica- 
 tions to which the name "Stone Fort" has been 
 given. One of these is a hill overlooking the 
 Saline River in the southern part of Saline 
 County, where there is a wall or breastwork five 
 feet in height enclosing an area of less than an 
 acre in extent. The other is on the west side of 
 
 Lusk's Creek, in Pope County, where a breast 
 work lias been constructed by loosely piling up 
 the stones across a ridge, or tongue of land, with 
 vertical sides and surrounded by a bend of the 
 creek. Water is easily obtainable from the creek 
 below the fortified ridge. The remains of an old 
 Indian fortification were found by early settlers 
 of McLean County, at a point called "Old Town 
 Timber," about 1822 to 1835. It was believed 
 then that it had been occupied by the Indians 
 during the War of 1812. The story of the Indians 
 was, that it was burned by General Harrison in 
 1812; though this is improbable in view of the 
 absence of any historical mention of the fact. 
 Judge H. W. Beckwith, who examined its site in 
 1880, is of the opinion that its history goes back 
 as far as 1752, and that it was erected by the 
 Indians as a defense against the French at Kas- 
 kaskia. There was also a tradition that there 
 had been a French mission at this point. One of 
 the most interesting stories of early fortifications 
 in the State, is that of Dr. V. A. Boyer, an old 
 citizen of Chicago, in a pag>er contributed to the 
 Chicago Historical Society. Although the work 
 alluded to by him was evidently constructed after 
 the arrival of the French in the country, the 
 exact period to which it l>elougs is in doubt. 
 According to Dr. Boyer, it was on an elevated 
 ridge of timber land in Palos Township, in the 
 western part of Cook County. He says: "I first 
 saw it in 1833, and since then have visited it in 
 company with other persons, some of whom are 
 still living. I feel sure that it was not built dur- 
 ing the Sac War from its appearance. ... It 
 seems probable that it was the work of French 
 traders or explorers, as there were trees a century 
 old growing in its environs. It was evidently 
 the work of an enlightened people, skilled in the 
 science of warfare. ... As a strategic point it 
 most completely commanded the surrounding 
 country and the crossing of the swamp or 'Sag'. " 
 Is it improbable that this was the fort occupied 
 by Colonel Durantye in 1695? The remains of a 
 small fort, supposed to have been a French trad- 
 ing post, were found by the pioneer settlers of 
 Lake County, where the present city of Waukegan 
 stands, giving to that place its first name of 
 "Little Fort." This structure was seen in 1825 
 by Col. William S. Hamilton (a son of Alexander 
 Hamilton, first Secretary of the Treasury), who 
 liad served in the session of the General Assembly 
 of that year as a Representative from Sangamon 
 County, and was then on his way to Green Bay, 
 and the remains of the pickets or palisades were 
 visible as late as 1835. While the date of its 
 
174 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 erection is unknown, it probably belonged to the 
 latter part of the eighteenth century. There is 
 also a tradition that a fort or trading post, erected 
 by a Frenchman named Oaray (or Guarie) stood 
 on the North Branch of the Chicago River prior 
 to the erection of the first Fort Dearborn in 1803. 
 
 F08S, (irnrirr Edmund, lawyer and Congress- 
 man, was born in Franklin County, Vt., July 2, 
 1863; graduated from Harvard University, in 
 1885; attended the Columbia Law School and 
 School of Political Science in New York City, 
 finally graduating from the Union College of Law 
 in Chicago, in 1889, when he was admitted to the 
 bar and began practice. He never held any 
 political office until elected as a Republican to 
 the Fifty fourth Congress (1894). from the 
 Seventh Illinois District, receiving a majority of 
 more than 8,000 votes over his Democratic and 
 Populist competitors. In 1896 he was again the 
 candidate of his party, and was re-elected by a 
 majority of over 20,000, as he was a third time, 
 in 1898, by more than 12,000 majority. In the 
 Fifty-fifth Congress Mr. Foss was a member of the 
 Committees on Naval Affairs and Expenditures in 
 the Department of Agriculture. 
 
 FOSTER, (Dr.) John Herbert, physician and 
 educator, was born of Quaker ancestry at Hills- 
 borough, N. H., March 8, 1796. His early years 
 were spent on his father's farm, but at the age 
 of 16 he entered an academy at Meriden, N. H., 
 and, three years later, began teaching with an 
 older brother at Schoharie, N. Y. Having spent 
 some sixteen years teaching and practicing 
 medicine at various places in his native State, in 
 1832 he came west, first locating in Morgan 
 County. 111. While there he took part in the 
 Black Hawk War, serving as a Surgeon. Before 
 the close of the year he was compelled to come to 
 Chicago to look after the estate of a brother who 
 was an officer in the army and had been killed by 
 an insubordinate soldier at Green Bay. Having 
 thus fallen heir to a considerable amount of real 
 estate, which, in subsequent years, largely 
 appreciated in value, he became identified with 
 early Chicago and ultimately one of the largest 
 real-estate owners of his time in the city. He 
 'A.I- an active promoter of education during this 
 period, serving on both City and State Boards. 
 His death occurred, May 18, 1874, in consequence 
 of injuries sustained by being thrown from a 
 vehicle in which he was riding nine days previous. 
 
 FOSTER, John Wells, author and scientist. 
 was born at Brimfield, Mass., in 1815, and edu- 
 cated at Wesleyan University, Conn ; later studied 
 law and was admitted to the bar in Ohio, but 
 
 soon turned his attention to scientific pursuits, 
 being employed for several years in the geological 
 survey of Ohio, during which he investigated the 
 coal-beds of the State. Having incidentally 
 devoted considerable attention to the study of 
 metallurgy, he was employed about 1844 by 
 mining capitalists to make the first systematic 
 survey of the Lake Superior copper region, upon 
 which, in conjunction with J. D. Whitney, he 
 made a report which was published in two vol- 
 umes in 1850-51. Returning to Massachusetts, he 
 participated in the organization of the "American 
 Party" there, though we find him soon after 
 breaking with it on the slavery question. In 
 1855 he was a candidate for Congress in the 
 Springfield (Mass.) District, but was beaten by a 
 small majority. In 1858 he removed to Chicago 
 and, for some time, was Land Commissioner of 
 the Illinois Central Railroad. The latter years of 
 his life were devoted chiefly to archaeological 
 researches and writings, also serving for some 
 years as Professor of Natural History in the (old) 
 University of Chicago. His works include "The 
 Mississippi Valley ; its Physical Geography, Min- 
 eral Resources,'-' etc. (Chicago, 1869) ; "Mineral 
 Wealth and Railroad Development," (New York, 
 1872) ; "Prehistoric Races of the United States," 
 (Chicago, 1873), besides contributions to numer- 
 ous scientific periodicals. He was a member of 
 several scientific associations and, in 1809, Presi- 
 dent of the American Association for the Ad- 
 vancement of Science. He died in Hyde Park, 
 now a part of Chicago, June 29, 1873. 
 
 FOl'KE, Philip B., lawyer and Congressman, 
 was born at Kaskaskia. 111., Jan. 23, 1818; was 
 chiefly self-educated and began his career as a 
 clerk, afterwards acting as a civil engineer ; about 
 1841-42 was associated with the publication of 
 "The Belleville Advocate," later studied law, 
 and, after being admitted to the bar. served as 
 Prosecuting Attorney, being re-elected to that 
 office in 18~>6. Previous to this, however, he had 
 been elected to the lower branch of the Seven- 
 teenth General Assembly (1850), and, in 1858, 
 was elected as a Democrat to the Thirty-sixth 
 Congress and re-elected two years later. While 
 still in Congress he assisted in organizing the 
 Thirtieth Regiment Illinois Volunteers, of which 
 he was commissioned Colonel, but resigned on 
 account of ill-health soon after the battle of Shiloh. 
 After leaving the army he removed to New 
 Orleans, where he was appointed Public Adminis- 
 trator and practiced law for some time. He then 
 took up the prosecution of the cotton-claims 
 against the Mexican Government, in which he 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 175 
 
 was engaged some seven years, finally removing 
 to Washington City and making several trips to 
 Europe in the interest of these suits. He won 
 his cases, but died soon after a decision in his 
 favor, largely in consequence of overtaxing his 
 brain in their prosecution. His death occurred 
 in Washington, Oct. 3, 1876, when he was buried 
 in the Congressional Cemetery, President Grant 
 and a number of Senators and Congressmen acting 
 as pall-bearers at his funeral. 
 
 FOWLER, Charles Henry, Methodist Episcopal 
 Bishop, born in Burford, Conn., August 11, 1837; > 
 was partially educated at Rock River Seminary, 
 Mount Morris, finally graduating at Genesee 
 College, N. Y., in 1859. He then began the study 
 of law in Chicago, but, changing his purpose, 
 entered Garrett Biblical Institute, at Evanston, 
 graduating in 1861. Having been admitted to 
 the Rock River Methodist Episcopal Conference 
 he was appointed successively to Chicago churches 
 till 1872; then became President of the North- 
 western University, holding this office four years, 
 when he was elected to the editorship of "The 
 Christian Advocate" of New York. In 1884 he 
 was elected and ordained Bishop. His residence 
 is in San Francisco, his labors as Bishop being 
 devoted largely to the Pacific States. 
 
 FOX RIVER (of Illinois) called Pishtaka by 
 the Indians rises in Waukesha County, Wis., 
 and, after running southward through Kenosha 
 and Racine Counties in that State, passes into 
 Illinois. It intersects McHeury and Kane Coun- 
 ties and runs southward to the city of Aurora, 
 below which point it flows south west ward, until 
 it empties into the Illinois River at Ottawa. Its 
 length is estimated at 220 miles. The chief 
 towns on its banks are Elgin, Aurora and Ottawa. 
 It affords abundant water power. 
 
 FOXES, an Indian tribe. (See Sacs and 
 Foxes.) 
 
 FRANCIS, Simeon, pioneer journalist, was 
 born at Wethersfield, Conn., May 14, 1796, 
 learned the printer's trade at New Haven, and, in 
 connection with a partner, published a paper at 
 Buffalo, N. Y. In consequence ot the excitement 
 growing out of the abduction of Morgan in 1828, 
 (being a Mason) he was compelled to suspend, 
 and, coming to Illinois in the fall of 1831, com- 
 menced the publication of "The Sangamo" (now 
 "The Illinois State") "Journal" at Springfield, 
 continuing his connection therewith until 1855, 
 when he sold out to Messrs. Bailhache & Baker. 
 Abraham Lincoln was his close friend and often 
 wrote editorials for his paper. Mr. Francis was 
 active in the organization of the State Agricul- 
 
 tural Society (1853), serving as its Recording 
 Secretary for several years. In 1859 he moved to 
 Portland, Ore., where he published "The Oregon 
 Farmer," and served as President of the Oregon 
 State Agricultural Society; in 1861 was ap- 
 pointed by President Lincoln, Paymaster in the 
 regular army, serving until 1870, when he retired 
 on half-pay. Died, at Portland, Ore., Oct. 25, 
 1872. Allen (Francis), brother of the preceding, 
 was born at Wethersfield. Conn., April 14, 1815; 
 in 1834, joined his brother at Springfield, 111., and 
 became a partner in the publication of "The 
 Journal" until its sale, in 1855. In 1861 he was 
 appointed United States Consul at Victoria, B. C., 
 serving until 1871, when he engaged in the fur 
 trade. Later he was United States Consul at 
 Port Stanley, Can., dying there, about 1887. 
 Josiah (Francis), cousin of the preceding, born 
 at Wethersfield, Conn., Jan. 17, 1804; was early 
 connected with "The Springfield Journal"; in 
 1836 engaged in merchandising at Athens, Menard 
 County; returning to Springfield, was elected to 
 the Legislature in 1840, and served one term as 
 Mayor of Springfield. Died in 1867. 
 
 FRANKLIN, a village of Morgan County, on 
 the Jacksonville & St. Louis Railroad, 12 miles 
 southeast of Jacksonville. The place has a news- 
 paper and two banks; the surrounding country 
 is agricultural. Population (1880), 316; (1890), 
 578; (1900), 687. 
 
 FRANKLIN COUNTY, located in the south- 
 central part of the State; was organized in 1818. 
 and has an area of 430 square miles. Population 
 (1900), 19,675. The county is well timbered and 
 is drained by the Big Muddy River. The soil is 
 fertile and the products include cereals, potatoes, 
 sorghum, wool, pork and fruit. The county -seat 
 is Benton, with a population (1890) of 939. The 
 county contains no large towns, although large, 
 well-cultivated farms are numerous. The earli- 
 est white settlers came from Kentucky and Ten- 
 nessee, and the hereditary traditions of generous, 
 southwestern hospitality are preserved among 
 the residents of to-day. 
 
 FRANKLIN GROTE, a town of Lee County, on 
 Council Bluffs Division of the Chicago & North- 
 western Railway, 88 miles west of Chicago. 
 Grain, poultry, and live-stock are shipped from 
 here. It has banks, water-works, high school, 
 and a weekly paper. Population (1890), 736; 
 (1900), 681. 
 
 FRAZIER, Robert, a native of Kentucky, who 
 came to Southern Illinois at an early day and 
 served as State Senator from Edwards County, in 
 the Second and Third General Assemblies, in the 
 
176 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 latter being an opponent of the scheme to make 
 Illinois a slave State. He was a farmer by occu- 
 p.it ion and, at the time he was a member of the 
 Legislature, resided in what afterwards became 
 Wabash County. Subsequently he removed to 
 Edwards County, near Albion, where he died. 
 "Frazier's Prairie." in Edwards County, was 
 named for him. 
 
 FREEBURG, a village of St. Clair County, on 
 the St. Louis, Alton & Terre Haute Railroad, 8 
 miles southeast of Belleville. Population (1880). 
 1,038; (1890). 848; (1900), 1,214. 
 
 FREEMAN, Norman L., lawyer and Supreme 
 Court Reporter, was born in Caledonia, Living- 
 ston County, N. Y.. May 9, 1823; in 1831 accom- 
 panied his widowed mother to Ann Arbor. Mich., 
 removing six years afterward to Detroit ; was edu- 
 cated at Cleveland and Ohio University, taught 
 school at Lexington, Ky., while studying law, 
 and was admitted to the bar in 1846; removed to 
 Sliawneetown, 111., in 1851. was admitted to the 
 Illinois bar and practiced some eight years. He 
 then began farming in Marion Cnunty. Mo., but. 
 in 1862, returned to Shawneetown and, in 1863, 
 was appointed Re|>orter of Decisions by the 
 Supreme Court of Illinois, serving until his 
 death, which occurred at Springfield near the 
 beginning of his sixth term in office, August 23, 
 1894. 
 
 FREE MASONS, the oldest secret fraternity in 
 the State known as the "Ancient Order of Free 
 and Accepted Masons" the first Ixxlge being 
 instituted at Kaskaskia, June, 3, 1806, with Gen. 
 John Edgar, Worshipful Master; Michael Jones. 
 Senior Warden; James Ualbraith. Junior War- 
 den ; William Arundel, Secretary ; Robert Robin- 
 son, Senior Deacon. These are names of persons 
 who were, without exception, prominent in the 
 early history of Illinois. A Grand Lodge was 
 organized at Vamlalia in 1822, with Gov. Shad- 
 rach Bond as first Grand Master, but the organi- 
 zation of the Grand Ix>dge, as it now exists, took 
 place at Jacksonville in 1840. The number of 
 Lodges constituting the Grand Lodge of Illinois 
 in 1840 was six. with 157 memliers; the number 
 of Lodges within the same jurisdiction in 1895 
 was 713, with a membership of 50,727, of which 
 47,335 resided in Illinois. The dues for 1895 
 were $37,834.50; the contributions to members, 
 their widows and orphans, $25,038.41 ; to non- 
 Hiembers, $6,306.3H. and to the Illinois Masonic 
 Orphans' Home. SI, 315.80. Apollo Commandery 
 No. 1 of Knights Templar the pioneer organi- 
 zation of its kind in this or any neighboring 
 State was organized in Chicago, May 20, 1845, 
 
 and the Grand Commandery of the order in Illi- 
 nois in 1857, with James V. Z. Blaney, Grand 
 Commander. In 1895 it was made up of sixty - 
 five subordinate commanderies, with a total 
 membership of 9,355, and dues amounting to 
 $7,754.75. The principal officers in 1895-96 were 
 Henry Hunter Montgomery. Grand Commander; 
 John Henry Witbeck, Grand Treasurer, and Gil- 
 bert W. Barnard, Grand Recorder. The Spring- 
 field Chapter of Royal Arch-Masons was organized 
 in Springfield, Sept. 17, 1841. and the Royal Arch 
 Chapter of the State at Jacksonville. April 9, 
 1850, the nine existing Chapters being formally 
 chartered Oct. 14. of the same year. The number 
 of subordinate Chapters, in 1895, was 186, with a 
 total membership of 16,414. The Grand Council 
 of Royal and Select Masters, in 1894. embraced 32 
 subordinate Councils, with a membership of 
 2,318. 
 
 FREEPORT, a city and railway center, the 
 county-seat of Stephenson County, 121 miles west 
 of Chicago ; lias good water-power from the Peca- 
 tonica River, with several manufacturing estab- 
 lishments, the output including carriages, 
 wagon -wheels,- wind-mills, coffee-mills, organs, 
 piano-stools, leather, mineral paint, foundry pro- 
 ducts, chicken incubators and vinegar. The Illi- 
 nois Central Railroad has shops here and the city 
 has a Government postofh'ce building. Popula- 
 tion (1890), 10,189; (1900), 13,258. 
 
 FREEPORT COLLEGE, an institution at Free 
 port. 111., incorporated in 1895; is co-educational ; 
 had a faculty of six instructors in 1896, with 116 
 pupils. 
 
 FREER, Lemuel Cm ell Paine, early lawyer, 
 was born in Dutcliess County, N. Y., Sept. 18, 
 1815; came to Chicago in 1836, studied law and 
 was admitted to the bar in 1840; was a zealous 
 anti-slavery man and an active supporter of the 
 Government during the War of the Rebellion ; 
 for many years was President of the Board of 
 Trustees of Rush Medical College. Died, in 
 Chicago, April 14, 1892. 
 
 FRENCH, Augustus ( ., ninth Governor of 
 Illinois (1846-52), was born in New Hampshire. 
 August 2, 1808. After coming to Illinois, he 
 became a resident of Crawford County, and a 
 lawyer by profession. He was a member of the 
 Tenth and Eleventh General Assemblies, and 
 Receiver, for a time, of the Land Office at Pales- 
 tine. He served as Presidential Elector in 1844, 
 was elected to the office of ( iovernor as a Demo- 
 crat in 1846 by a majority of nearly 17,000 over 
 two competitors, and was the unanimous choice of 
 his |mrty for a second term in 1848. His adminis- 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 177 
 
 t ration was free from scandals. He was appointed 
 Bank Commissioner by Governor Matteson, and 
 later accepted the chair of Law in McKendree 
 College at Lebanon. In 1858 he was the nominee 
 of the Douglas wing of the Democratic party for 
 State Superintendent of Public Instruction. 
 ex-Gov. John Reynolds being the candidate of 
 the Buchanan branch of the party. Both were 
 defeated. His last public service was as a mem- 
 ber from St. Clair County of the Constitutional 
 Convention of 1862. Died, at Lebanon, Sept. 4. 
 1864. 
 
 FRENCH AND INDIAN WAR. The first 
 premonition of this struggle in the West was 
 given in 1698, when two English vessels entered 
 the mouth of the Mississippi, to take possession 
 of the French Territory of Louisiana, which then 
 included what afterward became the State of 
 Illinois. This expedition, however, returned 
 without result. Great Britain was anxious to 
 have a colorable pretext for attempting to evict 
 the French, and began negotiation of treaties 
 with the Indian tribes as early as 1724, expecting 
 thereby to fortify her original claim, which was 
 based on the right of prior discovery. The 
 numerous shiftings of the political kaleidoscope in 
 Europe prevented any further steps in this direc- 
 tion on the part of England until 1748-49. when 
 the Ohio Land Company received a royal grant 
 of 500,000 acres along the Ohio River, with exclu- 
 sive trading privileges. The Company proceeded 
 to explore and survey ami, alxmt 1752, established 
 a trading post on Loramie Creek. 47 miles north 
 of Dayton. The French foresaw that hostilities 
 were probable, ami advanced their posts as far 
 east as the Allegheny River. Complaints by the 
 Ohio Company induced an ineffectual remon- 
 strance on the part of Virginia. Among the 
 ambassadors sent to the French by the Governor 
 of Virginia was George Washington, who thus, 
 in early manhood. !>ecante identified with Illinois 
 history. His report was of such a nature as to 
 induce the erection of counter fortifications by 
 the British, one of which (at the junction of the 
 Allegheny and Monongahela Rivers) was seized 
 and occupied by the French before its completion. 
 Then ensued a series of engagements which, 
 while not involving large forces of men, were 
 fraught with grave consequences, and in which 
 the French were generally successful. In 1755 
 occurred "Braddock's defeat" in an expedition to 
 recover Fort Duquesne (where Pittsburg now 
 stands), which had been captured by the French 
 the previous year, and the Government of Great 
 Britain determined to redouble its efforts. The 
 
 final result was the termination of French domi- 
 nation in the Ohio Valley. Later came the down- 
 fall of French ascendency in Canada as the result 
 of the battle of Quebec : but the vanquished yet 
 hoped to be able to retain Louisiana and Illinois 
 But France was forced to indemnify Spain for the 
 loss of Florida, which it did by the cession of all 
 of Louisiana lying west of the Mississippi (includ- 
 ing the city of New Orleans), and this virtually 
 ended French hopes in Illinois. The last military 
 post in North America to be garrisoned by French 
 troops was Fort Chartres. in Illinois Territory, 
 where St. Ange remained in command until its 
 evacuation was demanded by the English. 
 
 FRENCH GOVERNORS OF ILLINOIS. French 
 Governors began to be appointed by the Company 
 of the Indies (which see) in 1733, the "Illinois 
 Country" having previously been treated as a 
 dependency of Canada. The first Governor ( or 
 "commandant'') was Pierre Duque de Boisbriant. 
 who was commandant for only three years, when 
 he was summoned to New Orleans (1725) to suc- 
 ceed de Bienville as Governor of Louisiana. Capt. 
 du Tisne was in command for a short time after 
 his departure, but was succeeded by another 
 Captain in the royal army, whose name is vari- 
 ously spelled de Liette. de Lielte. De Siette and 
 Delietto. He was followed in turn by St. Ange 
 (the father of St. Ange de Bellerive), who died in 
 1742. In 1732 the Company of the Indies surren- 
 dered its charter to the crown, and the Governors 
 of the Illinois Country were thereafter appointed 
 directly by royal authority. Under the earlier 
 Governors justice had been administered under 
 the civil law : with the change in the method of 
 appointment the code known as the "Common 
 Law of Paris" came into effect, although not 
 rigidly enforced because found in many particu- 
 lars to be ill-suited to the needs of a new country. 
 The first of the Royal Governors was Pierre 
 d' Artaguiette. who was appointed in 1734, but was 
 captured while engaged in an expedition against 
 the Chirkasaws. in 1730. and burned at the stake. 
 (See D' Artaguiette.) He was followed by 
 Alphouse de la Buissoniere. who was succeeded, 
 in 1740. by Capt. Benoist de St. Claire. In 1742 
 he gave way to the Chevalier Bertel or Berthet. 
 but was reinstated about 1748. The last of the 
 French Governors of the "Illinois Country" was 
 Louis St. Ange de Bellerive. who retired to St. 
 Louis, after turning over the command to Cap- 
 tain Stirling, the English officer sent to supersede 
 him. in 1765. (St. Ange de Bellerive died, Deo. 
 27. 1774.) The administration of the French 
 commandants, while firm, was usuallv conserva- 
 
178 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 tive and benevolent. Local self-government was 
 encouraged as far as practicable, and, while the 
 Governors' power over commerce was virtually 
 unrestricted, they interfered but little with the 
 ordinary life of the people. 
 
 FREW, Calvin Hamill, lawyer and State Sena- 
 tor, was born in Cleveland, Ohio, educated at 
 Finley (Ohio) High School, Beaver (Pa.) Academy 
 and Vermilion Institute at Hayesville, Ohio. ; in 
 1863 was Principal of the High School at Kalida, 
 Ohio, where he began the study of law, which he 
 continued the next two years with Messrs. Strain 
 & Kidder, at Monmouth, 111., meanwhile acting 
 as Principal of a high school at Young America ; 
 in 1865 removed to Paxton, Ford County, which 
 has since been his home, and the same year was 
 admitted to the bar by the Supreme Court of Illi- 
 nois. Mr. Frew served as Assistant Superintend- 
 ent of Schools for Ford County (1865-68) ; in 1868 
 was elected Representative in the Twenty-sixth 
 General Assembly, re-elected in 1870, and again 
 in '78. While practicing law he has been con- 
 nected with some of the most important cases 
 before the courts in that section of the State, and 
 his fidelity and skill in their management are 
 testified by members of the bar, as well as 
 Judges upon the bench. Of late years he has 
 devoted his attention to breeding trotting horses, 
 with a view to the improvement of his health 
 but not with the intention of permanently 
 abandoning his profession. 
 
 FRY, Jacob, pioneer and soldier, was born in 
 Fayette County, Ky., Sept. 20, 1799; learned the 
 trade of a carpenter and came to Illinois in 1819, 
 working first at Alton, but, in 1820, took up his 
 residence near the present town of Carrollton, in 
 which he built the first house. Greene County 
 was not organized until two years later, and this 
 border settlement was, at that time, the extreme 
 northern white settlement in Illinois. He served 
 as Constable and Deputy Sheriff (simultaneously) 
 for six years, and was then elected Sheriff, being 
 five times re-elected. He served through the 
 Black Hawk War (first as Lieutenant-Colonel and 
 afterwards as Colonel), having in his regiment 
 Abraham Lincoln, O. H. Browning, John Wood 
 (afterwards Governor) and Robert Anderson, of 
 Fort Sumter fame. In 1837 he was appointed 
 Commissioner of the Illinois & Michigan Canal, 
 and re-appointed in 1839 and '41, later becoming 
 Acting Commissioner, with authority to settle up 
 the business of the former commission, which 
 was that year legislated out of office. He was 
 afterwards appointed Canal Trustee by Governor 
 Ford, and, in 1847, retired from connection with 
 
 canal management. In 1850 he went to Cali- 
 fornia, where he engaged in mining and trade 
 for three years, meanwhile serving one term in 
 the State Senate. In 1857 he was appointed Col- 
 lector of the Port at Chicago by President Buch- 
 anan, but was removed in 1859 because of his 
 friendship for Senator Douglas. In 1860 he 
 returned to Greene County ; in 1861, in spite of his 
 advanced age, was commissioned Colonel of the 
 Sixty-first Illinois Volunteers, and later partici- 
 pated in numerous engagements (among them the 
 battle of Shiloh), was captured by Forrest, and 
 ultimately compelled to resign because of im- 
 paired health and failing eyesight, finally becom- 
 ing totally blind. He died, June 27, 1881, and 
 was buried in Oak Ridge Cemetery, near Spring- 
 field. Two of Colonel Fry's sons achieved dis- 
 tinction during the Civil War. James Barnet 
 (Fry), son of the preceding, was born at Car- 
 rollton, 111., Feb. 22, 1827; graduated at West 
 Point Military Academy, in 1847, and was 
 assigned to artillery service ; after a short experi- 
 ence as Assistant Instructor, joined his regiment, 
 the Third United States Artillery, in Mexico, 
 remaining there through 1847-48. Later, he was 
 employed on frontier and garrison duty, and 
 again as Instructor in 1853-54, and as Adjutant of 
 the Academy during 1854-59; became Assistant 
 Adjutant-General, March 16, 1861, then served as 
 Chief of Staff to General McDowell and General 
 Buell (1861-62), taking part in the battles of Bull 
 Run, Shiloh and Corinth, and in the campaign in 
 Kentucky; was made Provost-Marshal-General 
 of the United States, in March, 1863, and con- 
 ducted the drafts of that year, receiving the rank 
 of Brigadier-General, April 21, 1864. He con- 
 tinued in this office until August 30, 1866, during 
 which time he put in the army 1,120,621 men, 
 arrested 76,562 deserters, collected $26,366,316.78 
 and made an exact enrollment of the National 
 forces. After the war he served as Adjutant- 
 General with the rank of Colonel, till June 1, 
 1881, when he was retired at his own request. 
 Besides his various official reports, he published a 
 "Sketch of the Adjutant-General's Department, 
 United States Army, from 1775 to 1875, " and "His- 
 tory and Legal Effects of Brevets in the Armies of 
 Great Britain and the United States, from their 
 origin in 1692 to the Present Time, " (1877). Died, 
 in Newport, R. I., July 11, 1894. William M. 
 (Fry), another son, was Provost Marshal of the 
 North Illinois District during the Civil War, and 
 rendered valuable service to the Government. 
 
 FULLER, Allen Curtis, lawyer, jurist and 
 Adjutant-General, was born in Farmington, 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 179 
 
 Conn., Sept. 24, 1822; studied law at Warsaw, 
 N. Y. , was admitted to practice, in 1846 came to 
 Belvidere, Boone County, 111., and, after practic- 
 ing there some years, was elected Circuit Judge 
 in 1861. A few months afterward he was induced 
 to accept the office of Adjutant-General l>y 
 appointment of Governor Yates, entering upon 
 the duties of the office in November, 1861. At 
 first it was understood that his acceptance was 
 only temporary, so that he did not formally 
 resign his place upon the bench until July. 1862. 
 He continued to discharge the duties of Adjutant- 
 General until January, 1865, when, having been 
 elected Representative in the General Assembly, 
 he was succeeded in the Adjutant-General's office 
 by General Isham N. Haynie. He served as 
 Speaker of the House during the following ses- 
 sion, and as State Senator from 1867 to 1873 
 in the Twenty-fifth, Twenty-sixth and Twenty- 
 seventh General Assemblies. He was also elected 
 a Republican Presidential Elector in 1860, and 
 again in 1876. Since retiring from office, General 
 Fuller has devoted his attention to the practice of 
 his profession and looking after a large private 
 business at Belvidere. 
 
 FULLER, Charles E., lawyer and legislator, 
 was born at Flora, Boone County, 111., March 31, 
 1849; attended the district school until 12 years 
 of age, and, between 1861 and '67, served as clerk 
 in stores at Belvidere and Cherry Valley. He 
 then spent a couple of years in the book business 
 in Iowa, when (1869) he began the study of law 
 with Hon. Jesse S. Hildrup, at Belvidere, and 
 was admitted to the bar in 1870. Since then 
 Mr. Fuller lias practiced his profession at Belvi- 
 dere, was Corporation Attorney for that city in 
 1875-76, the latter year being elected State's 
 Attorney for Boone County. From 1879 to 1891 
 he served continuously in the Legislature, first 
 as State Senator in the Thirty-first and Thirty - 
 second General Assemblies, then as a member of 
 the House for three sessions, in 1888 being 
 returned to the Senate, where he served the 
 next two sessions. Mr. Fuller established a liigh 
 reputation in the Legislature as a debater, and 
 was the candidate of his party (the Republican) 
 for Speaker of the House in 1885. He was also a 
 delegate to the Republican National Convention 
 of 1884. Mr. Fuller was elected Judge of the 
 Circuit Court for the Seventeenth Circuit at the 
 judicial election of June, 1897. 
 
 FULLER, Melville Weston, eighth Chief Jus- 
 tice of the United States Supreme Court, was 
 born at Augusta, Maine, Feb. 11, 1833, graduated 
 from Bowdoin College in 1853, was admitted to 
 
 the bar in 1855, and became City Attorney of his 
 native city, but resigned and removed to Chicago 
 the following year. Through his mother's 
 family he traces his descent back to the Pilgrims 
 of the Mayflower. His literary and legal attain- 
 ments are of a high order. In politics he has 
 always been a strong Democrat. He served as a 
 Delegate to the Constitutional Convention of 
 1862 and as a member of the Legislature in 1863, 
 after tliat time devoting his attention to the 
 practice of his profession in Chicago. In 1888 
 President Cleveland appointed him Chief Justice 
 of the Supreme Court, since which time he has 
 resided at Washington, although still claiming a 
 residence in Chicago, where he lias considerable 
 property interests. 
 
 FULLERTOX, Alexander >'., pioneer settler 
 and lawyer, born in Chester. Vt., in 1804. was 
 educated at Middlebury College and Litchfield 
 Law School, and. coming to Chicago in 1833. 
 finally engaged in real-estate and mercantile 
 business, in which he was very successful. His 
 name lias been given to one of the avenues of 
 Chicago, as well as associated with one of the 
 prominent business blocks. He was one of the 
 original members of the Second Presbyterian 
 Church of tliat city. Died, Sept. 29, 1880. 
 
 Ft'LTOX, a city and railway center in White- 
 side County, 135 miles west of Chicago, located 
 on the Mississippi River and the Chicago & 
 Northwestern, the Chicago, Burlington <fe 
 Quincy, and the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul 
 Railways. It was formerly the terminus of a 
 line of steamers which annually brought millions 
 of bushels of grain down the Mississippi from 
 Minnesota, Wisconsin and Illinois, returning 
 with merchandise, agricultural implements, etc., 
 but this river trade gradually died out, having 
 been usurped by the various railroads. Fulton 
 has extensive factories for the making of stoves, 
 besides some important lumber industries. The 
 Northern Illinois College is located here. Popu- 
 lation (1890). 2,099; (1900). 2.685. 
 
 FULTOX COUNTY, situated west of and bor- 
 dering on the Illinois River ; was originally a part 
 of Pike County, but separately organized in 1823 
 named for Robert Fulton. It lias an area of 870 
 square miles with a population (1900) of 46.201. 
 The soil is rich, well watered and wooded. Drain- 
 age is effected by the Illinois and Spoon Rivers 
 (the former constituting its eastern boundary) 
 and by Copperas Creek. Lewistown became the 
 county-seat immediately after county organ i 
 zation, and so remains to the present time (1899). 
 The surface of the county at a distance from the 
 
180 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 river is generally flat, although along the Illinois 
 there are bluffs rising to the height of 125 feet. 
 The soil is rich, and underlying it are rich, work- 
 ,i i .It- seams of coal. A thin seam of cannel coal 
 lias been mined near Avon, with a contiguous 
 vein of fire-clay. Some of the earliest settlers were 
 Messrs. Craig and Savage, who, in 1818, built a 
 saw mill on Otter Creek; Ossian M. Ross and 
 Stephen Dewey. who laid off Lewistown on his 
 own land in 1822. The first hotel in the entire 
 military tract was opened at Lewistown by Tru- 
 man Phelps, in 1827. A flat-boat ferry across the 
 Illinois was established at Havana, in 1823. The 
 principal towns are Canton(pop. 6,564), Lewistown 
 (2,166), Farming-toil (1,375), and Vermont (1,158). 
 
 PULTON COUNTY NARROW-GAUGE RAIL- 
 WAT, a line extending from the west bank of the 
 Illinois River, opposite Havana, to Galesburg. 
 01 miles. It is a single-track, narrow-gauge 
 (3- foot) road, although the excavations and 
 embankments are being widened to accommodate 
 a track of standard gauge. The grades are few, 
 and, as a rule, are light, although, in one instance, 
 the gradient is eighty-four feet to the ' mile. 
 There are more than 19 miles of curves, the maxi- 
 mum being sixteen degrees. The rails are of 
 iron, thirty-five pounds to the yard, road not 
 ballasted. Capital stock outstanding (1895), 
 $636.794; bonded debt, $484,000: miscellaneous 
 obligations, $462,362; total capitalization. $1,583,- 
 156. The line from Havana to Fairview (31 miles) 
 was chartered in 1 878 and opened in 1880 and the 
 extension from Fairview to Galesburg chartered 
 in 1881 and opened in 1882. 
 
 FUNK, Isaac, pioneer, was born in Clark 
 County, Ky., Nov. 17, 1797; grew up with meager 
 educational advantages and, in 1823, came to Illi- 
 nois, finally settling at what afterwards became 
 known as Funk's Grove in McLean County. 
 Here, with no other capital than industry, per- 
 severance, and integrity, Mr. Funk began laying 
 the foundation of one of the most ample fortunes 
 ever acquired in Illinois outside the domain of 
 trade or speculation. By agriculture and dealing 
 in live-stock, he became the possessor of a large 
 area of the finest farming lands in the State, 
 which he brought to a high state of cultivation, 
 leaving an estate valued at his death at not less 
 than 82,000,000. Mr. Funk served three sessions 
 in the General Assembly, first as Representative 
 in the Twelfth (1840-42), and as Senator in the 
 Twenty-third and Twenty fourth (1862-66), dying 
 before the close of his last term. Jan. 29. 1865. 
 Originally a Whig in politics, he became a Repub- 
 lican on the organization of that party, and gave 
 
 a liberal and patriotic support to the Government 
 during the war for the preservation of the Union. 
 During the session of the Twenty-third General 
 Assembly, in February, 1863, he delivered a 
 speech in the Senate in indignant condemnation 
 of the policy of the anti-war factionists, which, 
 although couched in homely language, aroused 
 the enthusiasm of the friends of the Government 
 throughout the State and won for its author a 
 prominent place in State history. Benjamin F. 
 (Funk), son of the preceding, was born in Funk's 
 Grove Township, McLean County, 111., Oct. 17, 
 1838. After leaving the district schools, he 
 entered the Wesleyan University at Blooming- 
 ton, but suspended his studies to enter the army 
 in 1862, enlisting as a private in the Sixty-eighth 
 Illinois Volunteers. After five months' service 
 he was honorably discharged, and re entered the 
 University, completing a three-years' course. 
 For three years after graduation he followed 
 farming as an avocation, and, in 1869, took up 
 his residence at Bloomington. In 1871 he was 
 chosen Mayor, and served seven consecutive 
 terms. He 'was a delegate to the National 
 Republican Convention of 1888, and was the suc- 
 cessful candidate of that party, in 1892, for Repre- 
 sentative in Congress from the Fourteenth Illinois 
 District. Lafayette (Funk), another son of Isaac 
 Funk, was a Representative from McLean County 
 in the Thirty-third General Assembly and Sena- 
 tor in the Thirty-fourth and Thirty-fifth. Other 
 sons who have occupied seats in the same body 
 include George W. , Representative in the Twenty- 
 seventh, and Duncan M., Representative in the 
 Fortieth and Forty-first Assemblies The Funk 
 family have been conspicuous in the affairs of 
 McLean County for a generation, and its mem- 
 bers have occupied many other positions of im- 
 portance ,i M. I influence, besides those named, under 
 the State, County and municipal governments. 
 
 GAGE, Lyman .1., Secretary of the Treasury, 
 was born in De Ruyter. Madison County, N. Y.. 
 June 28, 1836; received a common school educa- 
 tion in his native county, and, on the removal of 
 his parents, in 1848, to Rome, N. Y., enjoyed the 
 advantages of instruction in an academy. At 
 the age of 17 he entered the employment of the 
 Oneida Central Bank as office-boy and general 
 utility clerk, but, two years afterwards, came to 
 Chicago, first securing employment in a planing 
 mill, and, in 1858, obtaining a position as book- 
 keeper of the Merchants' Loan and Trust Com- 
 pany, at a salary of $500 a year. By 1861 he had 
 been advanced to the position of cashier of the 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 181 
 
 concern, but, in 1868, be accepted the cashiership 
 of the First National Bank of Chicago, of which 
 he became the Vice-President in 1881 and, in 
 1891, the President. Mr. Gage was also one of the 
 prominent factors in securing the location of the 
 World's Fair at Chicago, becoming one of the 
 guarantors of the $10,000,000 promised to be raised 
 by the city of Chicago, and being finally chosen 
 the first President of the Exposition Company. 
 He also presided over the bankers' section of the 
 World's Congress Auxiliary in 1893, and, for a 
 number of years, was President of the Civic Feder- 
 ation of Chicago. On the assumption of the 
 Presidency by President McKinley, in March, 
 1897, Mr. Gage was selected for the position of 
 Secretary of the Treasury, which he has con- 
 tinued to occupy up to the present time (1899). 
 
 GALATIA, a village of Saline County, on the 
 Illinois Central Railroad, 40 miles southeast of 
 Duquoin; lias a bank; leading industry is coal- 
 mining. Population (1890), 519; (1900), 642. 
 
 (.All!, George Washington, D.D., I I .!.. 
 clergyman and educator, was born in Dutchess 
 County, N. Y., Dec. 3, 1789. Left an orphan at 
 eight years of age, he fell to the care of older 
 sisters who inherited the vigorous character of 
 their father, which they instilled into the son. 
 He graduated at Union College in 1814, and, hav- 
 ing taken a course in the Theological Seminary 
 at Princeton, in 1816 was licensed by the Hudson 
 Presbytery and assumed the charge of building 
 up new churches in Jefferson County, N. Y., 
 serving also for six years as pastor of the Presby- 
 terian church at Adams. Here his labors were 
 attended by a revival in which Charles G. Fin- 
 ney, the eloquent evangelist, and other eminent 
 men were converts. Having resigned his charge 
 at Adams on account of illness, he spent the 
 winter of 1823-24 in Virginia, where his views 
 were enlarged by contact with a new class of 
 people. Later, removing to Oneida County, 
 N. Y. , by his marriage with Harriet Selden he 
 acquired a considerable property, insuring an 
 income which enabled him to extend the field of 
 his labors. The result was the establishment of 
 the Oneida Institute, a manual labor school, at 
 Whitesboro, with which he remained from 1827 
 to 1834, and out of which grew Lane Seminary 
 and Oberlin and Knox Colleges. In 1835 he con- 
 ceived the idea of establishing a colony and an 
 institution of learning in the West, and a com- 
 mittee representing a party of proposed colonists 
 was appointed to make a selection of a site, which 
 resulted, in the following year, in the choice of 
 a location in Knnx County. Ill . including the 
 
 site of the present city of Galesburg, which was 
 named in honor of Mr. Gale, as the head of the 
 enterprise. Here, in 1837, were taken the first 
 practical steps in carrying out plans which had 
 been previously matured in New York, for the 
 establishment of an institution which first 
 received the name of Knox Manual Labor Col- 
 lege. The manual labor feature having been 
 finally discarded, the institution took the name 
 of Knox College in 1857. Mr. Gale was the lead- 
 ing promoter of the enterprise, by a liberal dona- 
 tion of lands contributing to its first endowment, 
 and, for nearly a quarter of a century, being 
 intimately identified with its history. From 
 1840 to '42 he served in the capacity of acting 
 Professor of Ancient Languages, and, for fifteen 
 years thereafter, as Professor of Moral Philosophy 
 and Rhetoric. Died, at Galesburg, Sept. 31, 1861. 
 William Selden (Gale), oldest son of the preced- 
 ing, was born in Jefferson County, N. Y., Feb. 
 15, 1822, came with his father to Galesburg, 111., 
 in 1836, and was educated there. Having read 
 law with the Hon. James Knox, he was admitted 
 to the bar in 1845, but practiced only a few years, 
 as he began to turn his attention to measures for 
 the development of the country. One of these 
 was the Central Military Tract Railroad (now the 
 Chicago, Burlington & Quincy), of which he was 
 the most active promoter and a Director. He 
 was also a member of the Board of Supervisors of 
 Knox County, from the adoption of township 
 organization in 1853 to 1895, with the exception 
 of four years, and, during the long controversy 
 which resulted in the location of the county-seat 
 at Galesburg, was the leader of the Galesburg 
 party, and subsequently took a prominent part 
 in the erection of public buildings there. Other 
 positions held by him include the office of Post- 
 master of the city of Galesburg. 1849-53; member 
 of the State Constitutional Convention of 1862, 
 and Representative in the Twenty-sixth General 
 Assembly (1870-72); Presidential Elector in 1873; 
 Delegate to the National Republican Convention 
 of 1880; City Alderman, 1872-82 and 1891-95; 
 member of the Commission ap]x>inted by Gov- 
 ernor Oglesby in 1885 to revise the State Revenue 
 Laws; by appointment of President Harrison, 
 Superintendent of the Galesburg Government 
 Building, and a long term Trustee of the Illinois 
 Hospital for the Insane at Rock Island, by 
 appointment of Governor Altgeld. He has also 
 been a frequent representative of his party 
 (the Republican) in State and District Conven- 
 tions, and, since 1861, has been an active and 
 leading member of the Board of Trustees of 
 
182 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 Knox College. Mr. Gale was married, Oct. 6, 
 1 H45, to Miss Caroline Ferris, granddaughter of 
 the financial representative of the Galesburg 
 Colony of 1836, and has had eight children, of 
 whom four are living. Died Sep. I, 1900. 
 
 (i ALEJi A,'the county-seat of Jo Daviess County, 
 a city and port of entry, 150 miles in a direct line 
 west by northwest of Chicago; is located on 
 Galena Uiver, about 4'^ miles above its junction 
 witli the Mississippi, and is an intersecting point 
 for the Chicago, Burlington it Quincy, the North- 
 western, and the Illinois Central Kailroads, with 
 connections by stub with the Chicago Great 
 Western. It is built partially in a valley and 
 partially on the bluffs which overlook the river, 
 the Galena River being made navigable for ves- 
 M'|S of deep draught by a system of lockage. The 
 vicinity abounds in rich mines of sulphide of lead 
 (galena), from which the city takes its name. 
 Galena is adorned by handsome public and priv- 
 ate buildings and a beautiful park, in which 
 stands a fine bronze statue of General Grant, and 
 a symmetrical monument dedicated to the sol- 
 diers and sailors of Jo Daviess County who lost 
 their lives during the Civil War. Its industries 
 include a furniture factory, a table factory, two 
 foundries, a tub factory and a carriage factory. 
 Zinc ore is now being produced in and near the 
 city in large quantities, and its mining interests 
 will become vast at no distant day. It owns an 
 electric light plant, and water is furnished from 
 an artesian well 1,700 feet deep. Galena was one 
 of the earliest towns in Northern Illinois to be 
 settled, its mines having been worked in the bit- 
 ter part of the seventeenth century. Many men 
 of distinction in State and National affairs came 
 from Galena, among whom were Gen. U. S. 
 Grant, Gen. John A. Rawlins, Gen. John E. 
 Smith. Gen. John C. Smith. Gen. A. L. Cbetlain, 
 Gen. John O. Duer, (Jen. W. R. Rowley. Gen. E. 
 D. Baker, Hon. E. R. Washburne, Secretary of 
 State under Grant, Hon. Thompson Campbell, 
 Secretary of State of Illinois, and Judge Drum- 
 inond. Population (1890). 5,635; (1900). 5,005. 
 
 (JALENA & CHICAGO I'NIOM RAILROAD. 
 (See Chicago tfr Xurthtrcxtern Rtiilu'tti/.) 
 
 (. U.KSItl l;,thr county-seat of Knox County 
 and an important educational center. The lirst 
 settlers were emigrants from the East, a large pro- 
 portion of them l>eing members of a colony organ- 
 ized by Rev. George W. Gale, of Whitesboro, 
 N. Y., in whose honor the original village was 
 named. It is situated in the heart of a rich 
 agricultural district ">3 miles northwest of Peoria, 
 99 miles northeast of Quincy and 103 miles south- 
 
 west of Chicago; is an important railway center, 
 being at the junction of the main line with two 
 branch lines of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy, 
 and the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Railroads. 
 It was incorporated as a village in 1841, and as a 
 city by special charter in 1857. There are beauti- 
 ful parks and the residence streets are well 
 shaded, while 25 miles of street are paved with 
 vitrified brick. The city owns a system of water- 
 works receiving its supply from artesian wells 
 and artificial lakes, has an efficient and well- 
 equipped paid fire-department, an electric street 
 car system with three suburban lines, gas and 
 electric lighting systems, steam-heating plant, 
 etc. It also has a number of flourishing mechan- 
 ical industries, including two iron foundries, agri- 
 cultural implement works, flouring mills, carriage 
 and wagon works and a broom factory, besides 
 other industrial enterprises of minor importance. 
 The manufacture of vitrified paving brick is quite 
 extensively carried on at plants near the city 
 limits, the city itself being the shipping-point 
 as well as the point of administrative control. 
 The Chicago, Burlington .v Quincy Railroad 
 Company has shops and stockyards here, while 
 considerable coal is mined in the vicinity. The 
 public buildings include a courthouse, Govern- 
 ment postoffice building, an opera house, nine- 
 teen churches, ten public schools with a high 
 school and free kindergarten, and a handsome 
 public library building erected at a cost of SlOO,- 
 000, of which one-half was contributed by Mr. 
 Carnegie. Galesburg enjoys its (thief distinction 
 as the seat of a large number of high class liter- 
 ary institutions, including Knox College (non- 
 sectarian), Lombard University (Universalist), 
 and Corpus Christ! Lyceum and University, and 
 St. Joseph's Academy (both Roman Catholic)- 
 Three interurban electric railroad lines connect 
 Galesburg with neighboring towns. Pop. (1*00), 
 15,264; (1900), 18.607. 
 
 UALLATIN COUNTY, one of three counties 
 organized in Illinois Territory in 1812 the others 
 being Madison and Johnson. Previous to that 
 date the Territory had consisted of only two coun- 
 ties, St. Clair and Randolph. The new county 
 was named in honor of Albert Gallatin, then 
 Secretary of the Treasury. It is situated on the 
 Ohio and Wabash Rivers, in the extreme south- 
 eastern part of the State, and has an area of 349 
 square miles; population (l'.K)ll). 15.X36. The first 
 cabin erected by an American settler was the 
 home of Michael Sprinkle, who settled at Shaw- 
 neetown in 1800. The place early became an 
 important trading post anil distributing iioiiit. 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 183 
 
 A ferry across the Wabash was established in 
 .1803, by Alexander Wilson, whose descendants 
 conducted it for more than seventy-five years. 
 Although Stephen Rector made a Government 
 survey as early as 1807, the public lands were not 
 placed on the market until 1818. Shawneetown, 
 the county-seat, is the most important town, 
 having a population of some 2,200. Bituminous 
 coal is found in large quantities, and mining is 
 an important industry. The prosperity of the 
 county has been much retarded by floods, particu- 
 larly at Shawneetown and Equality. At the 
 former point the difference between high and 
 low water mark in the Ohio River has been as 
 much as fifty-two feet. 
 
 GALLOWAY, Andrew Jackson, civil engineer, 
 was born of Scotch ancestry in Butler County. 
 Pa., Dec. 21, 1814; came with his father to Cory- 
 ilon, Ind. . in 1820. took a course in Hanover Col- 
 lege, graduating as a civil engineer in 1837 ; then 
 came to Mount Carmel. White County, 111., with 
 a view to employment on projected Illinois rail- 
 roads, but engaged in teaching for a year, liaving 
 among his pupils a number who have since been 
 prominent in State affairs. Later, lie obtained 
 f mployment as an assistant engineer, serving for 
 a time under William Gooding, Chief Engineer of 
 the Illinois & Michigan Canal ; was also Assistant 
 Enrolling and Engrossing Clerk of the State 
 Senate in 1840-41, and held the same position in 
 the House in 1846-47, and again in 184H-49, in the 
 meantime having located a farm in La Salic 
 County, where the present city of Streator stands. 
 In 1849 he was appointed Secretary of the Canal 
 Trustees, and. in 1851, became assistant engineer 
 on the Illinois Central Railroad, Utter superin- 
 tending its construction, and finally being trans- 
 ferred to the land department, but retiring in 
 1855 to engage in real-estate business in Chicago, 
 dealing largely in railroad lands. Mr. Galloway 
 was elected a County Commissioner for Cook 
 County, and has since been connected with many 
 measures of local inii>ortance. 
 
 GALYA, a town in Henry County. 45 miles 
 southeast of Rock Island and 48 miles north- 
 northwest of Peoria ; the point of intersection of 
 the Rock Island & Peoria and the Chicago, Bur- 
 lington & Quincy Railways. It stands at the 
 summit of the dividing ridge between the Missis- 
 sippi and the Illinois Rivers, and is a manufac- 
 turing and coal-mining town. It has eight 
 churches, three banks, good schools, and two 
 weekly newspapers. The surrounding country 
 is agricultural and wealthy, and is rich in coal. 
 Population (1890), 2.40D; (1!KX>). 2,682. 
 
 GARDNER, a village in Garfield Township. 
 Grundy County, on the Chicago <fc Alton Rail- 
 road, 65 miles south-southwest of Chicago and 26 
 miles north-northeast of Pontiac; on the Kanka- 
 kee and Seneca branch of the "Big Four," ami 
 the Elgin, Joliet & Eastern R. R. Coal-mining 
 is the principal industry. Gardner has two 
 banks, four churches, a high school, and a weekly 
 paper. Population (1890), 1.094; (1900), 1.036. 
 
 GARDNER, COAL CITY & NORMANTOWN 
 RAILWAY. (See Elgin, Joliet & Eastern Kail 
 way. ) 
 
 GARY, Joseph Easton, lawyer and jurist, was 
 born of Puritan ancestry, at Potsdam, St. Law- 
 rence County, N. Y.. July 9. 1821. His early 
 educational advantages were sucli as were fur- 
 nished by district schools and a village academy, 
 and, until he was 22 years old, he worked at the 
 carpenter's bench. In 1843 he removed to St. 
 Louis, Mo., where he studied law. After admis- 
 sion to the bar, he practiced for five years in 
 Southwest Missouri, thence going to Las Vegas, 
 N. M., in 1849, and to San Francisco, Cal . in 
 1853. In 1856 he settled in Chicago, where he 
 has since resided. After seven years of active 
 practice he was elected to the bench of the 
 Superior Court of Cook County, where he lias sat 
 for thirty years, being four times nominated by 
 both political parties, and his last re-election for 
 a term of six years, occurring in 1893. He pre- 
 sided at the trial of the Chicago anarchists in 
 1886 one of the causes eelebres of Illinois. Some 
 of his rulings therein were sharply criticised, but' 
 he was upheld by the courts of appellate jurisdic- 
 tion, and his connection with the case has given 
 him world-wide fame. In November. 1888, the 
 Supreme Court of Illinois transferred him to the 
 bench of the Appellate Court, of which tribunal 
 he has been three times Chief Justice. 
 
 GASSETTE, Norman Theodore, real-estate 
 operator, wasbornatTownsend.Vt., April21, 1839. 
 came to Chicago at ten years- of age, and. after 
 spending a year at Shurtleff College, took a prejtar- 
 atory collegiate course at the Atwater Institute, 
 Rochester, N. Y. In June, 1861, he enlisted as 
 a private in the Nineteenth Regiment Illinois 
 Volunteers, rising in the second year to the rank 
 of First Lieutenant, and. at the battle of Chicka- 
 mauga, by gallantry displayed while serving as 
 an Aid-de-Camp, winning a recommendation 
 for a brevet Lieutenant-Colonelcy. The war 
 over, he served one term as Clerk of the Circuit 
 Court and Recorder, but later engaged in the real- 
 estate and loan business as the head of the exten- 
 sive firm of Norman T. Cassette & Co. He was j. 
 
184 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 Republican in politics, active in Grand Army 
 circles and prominent as a Mason, holding the 
 position of Eminent Grand Commander of 
 Knights Templar of Illinois on occasion of the 
 Triennial Conclave in Washington in 1889. He 
 also had charge, as President of the Masonic 
 Fraternity Temple Association of Chicago, for 
 some time prior to his decease, of the erection of 
 the Masonic Temple of Chicago. Died, in Chi- 
 cago, March 26, 1891. 
 
 I. A mv 00 It, William Jefferson, early lawyer, 
 was born in Warren County, Ky., came to 
 Franklin County, 111., in boyhood, removed to 
 Shawneetown in 1823, where he taught school 
 two or three years while studying law; was 
 admitted to the bar in 1828, and served in five 
 General Assemblies as Representative in 1830-32. 
 and as Senator, 1834-42. He is described as a man 
 of fine education and brilliant talents. Died, 
 Jan. 8, 1843. 
 
 6AULT, John ('., railway manager, was born 
 at Hooksett, N. H., May 1, 1829; in 1850 entered 
 the local freight office of the Manchester & Law- 
 rence Railroad, later becoming General Freight 
 Agent of the Vermont Central. Coming to Chi- 
 cago in 1859, he successively filled the positions 
 of Superintendent of Transportation on the 
 Galena & Chicago Union, and (after the consoli- 
 dation of the latter with the Chicago & North- 
 western), that of Division Superintendent, 
 General Freight Agent and Assistant General 
 Manager; Assistant General Manager of the 
 Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul; General Mana- 
 ger of the Wabash (1879-83) ; Arbitrator for the 
 trunk lines (1883-85), and General Manager of 
 the Cincinnati, New Orleans & Texas Pacific 
 (1885-90), when he retired. Died, in Chicago. 
 August 29, 1891. 
 
 GENERAL ASSEMBLIES. The following is a 
 list of the General Assemblies which have met 
 since the admission of Illinois as a State up to 
 1898 from the First to the Fortieth inclusive 
 with the more important acts passed by each and 
 the duration of their respective sessions: 
 
 FIRST GENERAL ASSEMBLY held two sessions, 
 the first convening at Kaskaskia, the State Capi- 
 tal, Oct. 5, and adjourning Oct. 13, 1818. The 
 second met, Jan. 4, 1819, continuing to March 31. 
 Lieut-Gov. Pierre Menard presided over the Sen- 
 ate, consisting of thirteen members, while John 
 Messinger was chosen Speaker of the House, 
 containing twenty-seven members. The most 
 important business transacted at the first session 
 wag the election of two United States Senators 
 Ninian Edwards and Jesse B. Thomas, Sr. and 
 
 the filling of minor State and judicial offices. At 
 the second session a code of laws was enacted, 
 copied chiefly from the Virginia and Kentucky 
 statutes, including the law concerning "negroes 
 and i n 11 hit toes." which long remained on the 
 statute book. An act was also passed appointing 
 Commissioners to select a site for a new State 
 Capital, which resulted in its location at Van- 
 dalia. The sessions were held in a stone building 
 with gambrel-roof pierced by dormer-windows, 
 tho Senate occupying the lower floor and the 
 House the upper. The length of the first session 
 was nine days, and of the second eighty-seven 
 total, ninety-six days. 
 
 SECOND GENERAL ASSEMBLY convened at Van- 
 dalia, Dec. 4, 1820. It consisted of fourteen 
 Senators and twenty-nine Representatives. John 
 McLean, of Gallatin County, was chosen Speaker 
 of the House. A leading topic of discussion was 
 the incorporation of a State Bank. Money was 
 scarce and there was a strong popular demand 
 for an increase of circulating medium. To 
 appease this clamor, no less than to relieve traders 
 and agriculturists, this General Assembly estab- 
 lished a State Bank (see State Bank), despite 
 the earnest protest of McLean and the executive 
 veto. A stay -law was also enacted at this session 
 for the benefit of the debtor class. The number 
 of members of the next Legislature was fixed at 
 eighteen Senators and thirty-six Representatives 
 this provision remaining in force until 1831. 
 The session ended Feb. 15, having lasted seventy- 
 four days. 
 
 THIRD GENERAL ASSEMBLY convened, Dec. 2, 
 
 1822. Lieutenant-Governor Hubbard presided in 
 the Senate, while in the organization of the 
 lower house, William M. Alexander was chosen 
 Speaker. Governor Coles, in his inaugural, 
 called attention to the existence of slavery in 
 Illinois despite the Ordinance of 1787, and urged 
 the adoption of repressive measures. Both 
 branches of the Legislature being pro-slavery in 
 sympathy, the Governor's address provoked 
 bitter and determined opposition. On Jan. 9, 
 
 1823, Jesse B. Thomas was re-elected United 
 States Senator, defeating John Reynolds, Leonard 
 White and Samuel D. Lockwood. After electing 
 Mr. Thomas and choosing State officers, the 
 General Assembly proceeded to discuss the major- 
 ity and minority reports of the committee to 
 which had been referred the Governor's address. 
 The minority report recommended the abolition 
 of slavery, while that of the majority favored 
 the adoption of a resolution calling a convention 
 to amend the Constitution, the avowed object 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OP ILLINOIS. 
 
 185 
 
 being to make Illinois a slave State. The latter 
 report was adopted, but the pro-slavery party in 
 the House lacked one vote of the number neces- 
 sary to carry the resolution by the constitutional 
 two-thirds majority. What followed has always 
 been regarded as a blot upon the record of the 
 Third General Assembly. Nicholas Hansen, who 
 had been awarded the seat from Pike County 
 at the beginning of the session after a contest 
 brought by his opponent, John Shaw, was un- 
 seated after the adoption of a resolution to 
 reconsider the vote by which he had been several 
 weeks before declared elected. Shaw having 
 thus been seated, the resolution was carried by 
 the necessary twenty-four votes. Mr. Hansen, 
 although previously regarded as a pro-slavery 
 man, had voted with the minority when the 
 resolution was first put upon its passage. Hence 
 followed his deprivation of his seat The triumph 
 of the friends of the convention was celebrated 
 by what Gov. John Reynolds (himself a conven- 
 tionist) characterized as "a wild and indecorous 
 procession by torchlight and liquor." (See 
 Slavery and Slave Laws.) The session adjourned 
 Feb. 18, having continued seventy-nine days. 
 
 FOURTH GENERAL ASSEMBLY. This body held 
 two sessions, the first being convened, Nov. 15, 
 1824, by proclamation of the Executive, some 
 three weeks before the date for the regular 
 session, in order to correct a defect in the law 
 relative to counting the returns for Presidential 
 Electors. Thomas Mather was elected Speaker 
 of the House, while Lieutenant-Governor Hub- 
 bard presided in the Senate. Having amended 
 the law concerning the election returns for Presi- 
 dential Electors, the Assembly proceeded to the 
 election of two United States Senators one to 
 fill the unexpired term of ex-Senator Edwards 
 (resigned) and the other for the full term begin- 
 ning March 4, 1825. John McLean was chosen 
 for the first and Elias Kent Kane for the second. 
 Five circuit judgeships were created, and it was 
 provided that the bench of the Supreme Court 
 should consist of four Judges, and that semi- 
 annual sessions of that tribunal should be held at 
 the State capital. (See Judicial Department.) 
 The regular session came to an end, Jan. 18, 1825, 
 but at its own request, the Lieutenant-Governor 
 and acting Governor Hubbard re-convened the 
 body in special session on Jan. 2, 1826, to enact a 
 new apportionment law under the census of 1825. 
 A sine die adjournment was taken, Jan. 28, 1826. 
 One of the important acts of the regular session 
 of 1825 was the adoption of the first free-school 
 law in Illinois, the measure having been intro- 
 
 duced by Joseph Duncan, afterwards Governor of 
 the State. This Legislature was in session a total 
 of ninety-two days, of which sixty-five were 
 during the first session and twenty-seven during 
 the second. 
 
 FIFTH GENERAL, ASSEMBLY convened, Dec. 4, 
 1826, Lieutenant-Governor Kinney presiding in 
 the Senate and John McLean in the House. At 
 the request of the Governor an investigation into 
 the management of the bank at Edwardsville was 
 had, resulting, however, in the exoneration of its 
 officers. The circuit judgeships created by the 
 preceding Legislature were abrogated and their 
 incumbents legislated out of office. The State 
 was divided into four circuits, one Justice of the 
 Supreme Court being assigned to each. (See 
 Judicial Department.) This General Assembly 
 also elected a State Treasurer to succeed Abner 
 Field, James Hall being chosen on the ninth 
 ballot. The Supreme Court Judges, as directed 
 by the preceding Legislature, presented a well 
 digested report on the revision of the laws, which 
 was adopted without material alteration. One of 
 the important measures enacted at this session 
 was an act establishing a State penitentiary, the 
 funds for its erection being obtained by the 
 sale of saline lands in Gallatin County. (See 
 Alton Penitentiary; also Salt Manufacture.) 
 The session ended Feb. 19 having continued 
 seventy-eight days. 
 
 SIXTH GENERAL ASSEMBLY convened, Dec. 1, 
 1828. The Jackson Democrats had a large major- 
 ity in both houses. John McLean was, for the 
 third time, elected Speaker of the House, and, 
 later in the session, was elected United States 
 Senator by a unanimous vote. A Secretary of 
 State, Treasurer and Attorney-General were also 
 appointed or elected. The most important legis- 
 lation of the session was as follows : Authorizing 
 the sale of school lands and the borrowing of the 
 proceeds from the school fund for the ordinary 
 governmental expenses; providing for a return 
 to the viva voce method of voting; creating a 
 fifth judicial circuit and appointing a Judge 
 therefor ; providing for the appointment of Com- 
 missioners to determine upon the route of the 
 Illinois & Michigan Canal, to sell lands and com- 
 mence its construction. The Assembly adjourned, 
 Jan. 23, 1829, having been in session fifty-four days. 
 SEVENTH GENERAL ASSEMBLY met, Dec. 6, 1830. 
 The newly-elected Lieutenant-Governor, Zadoc 
 Casey, and William L. D. Ewing presided 
 over the two houses, respectively. John Rey- 
 nolds was Governor, and, the majority of the 
 Senate being made up of his political adversaries, 
 
186 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 experienced no little difficulty in securing the 
 confirmation of his nominees. Two United 
 States Senators were elected: Elias K. Kane 
 being chosen to succeed himself and John M. 
 Robinson to serve the unexpired term of John 
 McLean, deceased. The United States census of 
 1830 gave Illinois three Representatives in Con- 
 gress instead of one. and this General Assembly 
 passed a re-apportionment law accordingly. The 
 number of State Senators was increased to 
 twenty-six, and of members of the lower house 
 to fifty-five. The criminal code was amended by 
 the substitution of imprisonment in the peni- 
 tentiary as a penalty in lieu of the stocks and 
 public flogging. This Legislature also authorized 
 the borrowing of $100,000 to redeem the notes of 
 the State Bank which were to mature the follow- 
 ing year. The Assembly adjourned, Feb. 16, 1831, 
 the session having lasted seventy-three days. 
 
 EIGHTH GENERAL ASSEMBLY. The session 
 began Dec. 3, 1832, and ended March 2, 1833. 
 William L. D. Ewing was chosen President pro 
 tempore of 'the Senate, and succeeded Zadoc 
 Casey as Lieutenant-Governor, the latter having 
 been elected a Representative in Congress. 
 Alexander M. Jenkins presided over the House as 
 Speaker. This Legislature enacted the first gen- 
 eral incorporation laws of Illinois, their provisions 
 being applicable to towns and public libraries. 
 It also incorporated several railroad companies, 
 one line from Lake Michigan to the Illinois 
 River (projected as a substitute for the canal), 
 one from Peru to Cairo, and another to cross the 
 State, running through Springfield. Other char- 
 ters were granted for shorter lines, but the incor- 
 porators generally failed to organize under them. 
 A notable inci dent in connection with this session 
 was the attempt to impeach Theophilus W. Smith, 
 a Justice of the Supreme Court. This was the first 
 and last trial of this character in the State's his- 
 tory, between 1818 and 1899. Failing to secure a 
 conviction in the Senate (where the vote stood 
 twelve for conviction and ten for acquittal, with 
 four Senators excused from voting), the House 
 attempted to remove him by address, but in this 
 the Senate refused to concur. The first mechan- 
 ics' lien law was enacted by this Legislature, 
 as also a law relating to the "right of way" for 
 "public roads, canals, or other public works.' 
 The length of the session was ninety days. 
 
 NINTH GENERAL ASSEMBLY. This Legislature 
 held two sessions. The first began Dec. 1, 1834. 
 and lasted to Feb. 13, 1835. Lieutenant-Governor 
 Jenkins presided in the Senate and James Semple 
 was elected Speaker of the House without oppo- 
 
 sition. On Dec. 20, John M. Robinson was re- 
 elected United States Senator Abraham Lincoln 
 was among the new members, but took no con- 
 spicuous part in the discussions of the body. The 
 principal public laws passed at this session were: 
 Providing for the borrowing of $500,000 to be 
 used in the construction of the Illinois & Michi- 
 gan Canal and the appointment of a Board of 
 Commissioners to supervise its expenditure; 
 incorporating the Bank of the State of Illinois; 
 and authorizing a loan of $12,000 by Cook County, 
 at 10 per cent interest per annum from the 
 county school fund, for the erection of a court 
 house in that county. The second session of this 
 Assembly convened, Dec. 7. 1835, adjourning, Jan. 
 18, 1836. A new canal act was passed, enlarging 
 the Commissioners' powers and pledging the faith 
 of the State for the repayment of money bor- 
 rowed to aid in its construction. A new appor- 
 tionment law was also passed providing for the 
 election of forty-one Senators and ninety-one 
 Representatives, and W. L. D. Ewing was elected 
 United States Senator, to succeed Elias K. Kane, 
 deceased. The length of the first session was 
 seventy-five days, and of the second forty -three 
 days total, 118. 
 
 TENTH GENEEAL ASSEMBLY, like its predeces- 
 sor, held two sessions. The first convened Dec. 5, 
 1836, and adjourned March 6, 1837. The Whigs 
 controlled the Senate by a large majority, and 
 elected William H. Davidson, of White County, 
 President, to succeed Alexander M. Jenkins, who 
 had resigned the Lieutenant-Governorship. (See 
 Jenkins. Alexander M.) James Semple was 
 re-elected Speaker of the House, which was 
 fully two-thirds Democratic. This Legislature 
 was remarkable for the number of its members 
 who afterwards attained National prominence. 
 Lincoln and Douglas sat in the lower house, both 
 voting for the same candidate for Speaker New- 
 ton Cloud, an independent Democrat. Besides 
 these, the rolls of this Assembly included the 
 names of a future Governor, six future United 
 States Senators, eight Congressmen, three Illinois 
 Supreme Court Judges, seven State officers, and 
 a Cabinet officer. The two absorbing topics for 
 legislative discussion and action were the system 
 of internal improvements and the removal of the 
 State capital. (See Internal Improvement Policy 
 and State Capitals. ) The friends of Springfield 
 finally effected such a combination that that city 
 was selected as the seat of the State government, 
 while the Internal Improvement Act was passed 
 over the veto of Governor Duncan. A second 
 session of this Legislature met on the call of the 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 187 
 
 Governor, July 10, 1837, and adjourned July 22. 
 An act legalizing the suspension of State banks 
 was adopted, but the recommendation of the Gov- 
 ernor for the repeal of the internal improvement 
 legislation was ignored. The length of the first 
 session was ninety-two days and of the second 
 thirteen total 105. 
 
 ELEVENTH GENERAL ASSEMBLY. This body 
 held both a regular and a special session. The 
 former met Dec. 3, 1838, and adjourned March 4. 
 1839. The Whigs were in a majority in both 
 houses, and controlled the organization of the 
 Senate. In the House, however, their candidate 
 for Speaker Abraham Lincoln failing to secure 
 his full party vote, was defeated by W. L. D. 
 Ewing. At this session $800,000 more was appro- 
 priated for the "improvement of water-ways and 
 the construction of railroads, " all efforts to put an 
 end to, or even curtail, further expenditures on 
 account of internal improvements meeting with 
 defeat. An appropriation (the first) was made 
 for a library for the Supreme Court : the Illinois 
 Institution for the Education of the Deaf and 
 Dumb was established, and the further issuance 
 of bank notes of a smaller denomination than $5 
 was prohibited. By this time the State debt had 
 increased to over 813,000. 000. and both the people 
 and the Governor were becoming apprehensive as 
 to ultimate results of this prodigal outlay. A 
 crisis appeared imminent, and the Governor, on 
 Dec. 9, 1839, convened the Legislature in special 
 session to consider the situation. (This was the 
 first session ever held at Springfield ; and. the new 
 State House not being completed, the Senate, the 
 House and the Supreme Court found accommo- 
 dation in three of the principal church edifices.) 
 The struggle for a change of State policy at this 
 session was long and hard fought, no heed being 
 given to party lines. The outcome was the vir- 
 tual abrogation of the entire internal improve- 
 ment system. Provision- was made for the calling 
 in and destruction of all unsold bonds and the 
 speedy adjustment of all unsettled accounts of 
 the old Board of Public Works, which was legis- 
 lated out of office. The special session adjourned 
 Feb. 3, 1840. Length of regular session ninety- 
 two days, of the special, fifty-seven total, 149. 
 
 TWELFTH GENERAL ASSEMBLY. This Legisla- 
 ture was strongly. Democratic in both branches. 
 It first convened, by executive proclamation. 
 Nov. 23, 1840, the object being to provide for pay- 
 ment of interest on the public debt. In reference 
 to this matter the following enactments were 
 innde: Authorizing the hypothecation of $300.000 
 internal improvement bonds, to meet the interest 
 
 due Jan. 1, 1841 ; directing the issue of bonds to 
 be sold in the open market and the proceeds 
 applied toward discharging all amounts due on 
 interest account for which no other provision was 
 made ; levying a special tax of ten cents on the 
 $100 to meet the interest on the last mentioned 
 class of bonds, as it matured. For the comple- 
 tion of the Northern Cross Railroad (from Spring- 
 field to Jacksonville) another appropriation of 
 $100,000 was made. The called session adjourned, 
 sine die. on Dec. 5, and the regular session began 
 two days later. The Senate was presided over by 
 the Lieutenant-Governor (Stinson H. Anderson), 
 and William L. D. Ewing was chosen Speaker of 
 the House. The most vital issue was the propri- 
 ety of demanding the surrender of the charter of 
 the State Bank, with its branches, and here 
 party lines were drawn. The Whigs finally 
 succeeded in averting the closing of the institu- 
 tions which had suspended specie payments, and 
 in securing for those institutions the privilege of 
 issuing small bills. A law reorganizing the judi- 
 ciary was passed by the majority over the execu- 
 tive veto, and in face of the defection of some of 
 its members. On a partisan issue all the Circuit 
 Judges were legislated out of office and five Jus- 
 tices added to the bench of the Supreme Court. 
 The session was stormy, and the Assembly ad- 
 journed March 1, 1841. This Legislature was in 
 session ninety-eight days thirteen during the 
 special session and eighty-five during the regular. 
 THIRTEENTH GENERAL ASSEMBLY consisted of 
 forty-one Senators and 121 Representatives; con- 
 vened, Dec. 5, 1842. The Senate and House were 
 Democratic by two-thirds majority in each. 
 Lieut.-Gov. John Moore was presiding officer of 
 the Senate and Samuel Hackelton Speaker of the 
 House, with W. L. D. Ewing, who had been 
 acting Governor and United States Senator, as 
 Clerk of the latter. Richard Yates, Isaac N. 
 Arnold, Stephen T. Logan and Gustavus Koerner. 
 were among the new members. The existing 
 situation seemed fraught with peril. The State 
 debt was nearly $14.000.000: immigration had 
 been checked: the State and Shawneetown banks 
 had gone down and their currency was not worth 
 fifty cents on the dollar; Auditor's warrants were 
 worth no more, and Illinois State bonds were 
 quoted at fourteen cents. On Dec. 18, Judge 
 Sidney Breese was elected United States Senator, 
 having defeated Stephen A. Douglas for the 
 Democratic caucus nomination, on the nineteenth 
 ballot, by a majority of one vote. The State 
 Bank (in which the State had l>een a large share- 
 holder) was permitted to go into liquidation upon 
 
188 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 the surrender of State bonds in exchange for a 
 like amount of bank stock owned by the State. 
 The same conditional release was granted to the 
 bank at Shawneetown. The net result was a 
 reduction of the State debt by about $3,000,000. 
 The Governor was authorized to negotiate a 
 loan of $1,600,000 on the credit of the State, for 
 the purpose of prosecuting the work on the canal 
 and meeting the indebtedness already incurred. 
 The Executive was also made sole "Fund Com- 
 missioner" and, in that capacity, was empowered 
 (in connection with the Auditor) to sell the 
 railroads, etc., belonging to the State at public 
 auction. Provision was also made for the redemp- 
 tion of the bonds hypothecated with Macalister 
 and Stebbins. (See Macalister and Stebbins 
 Bonds.) The Congressional distribution of the 
 moneys arising from the sale of public lands was 
 acquiesced in, and the revenues and resources of 
 the State were pledged to the redemption "of 
 every debt contracted by an authorized agent for a 
 good and valuable consideration." To establish 
 a sinking fund to meet such obligation, a tax of 
 twenty cents on every $100, payable in coin, was 
 levied. This Legislature also made a re-appor- 
 tionment of the State into Seven Congressional 
 Districts. The Legislature adjourned, March 6, 
 1843, after a session of ninety-two days. 
 ' FOURTEENTH GENERAL ASSEMBLY convened 
 Dec. 2, 1844, and ad journed March 3, 1845, the ses- 
 sion lasting ninety-two days. The Senate was 
 composed of twenty-six Democrats and fifteen 
 Whigs; the House of eighty Democrats and 
 thirty-nine Whigs. David Davis was among the 
 new members. William A. Richardson defeated 
 Stephen T. Logan for the Speakership, and James 
 Semple was elected United States Senator to suc- 
 ceed Samuel McRoberts. deceased. The canal 
 law was amended by the passage of a supple- 
 mental act, transferring the property to Trustees 
 and empowering the Governor to complete the 
 negotiations for the borrowing of $1,600,000 for 
 its construction. The State revenue being in- 
 sufficient to meet the ordinary expenses of the 
 government, to say nothing of the arrears of 
 interest on the State debt, a tax of three mills on 
 each dollar's worth of property was imposed for 
 1845 and of three and one-half mills thereafter. 
 Of the revenue thus raised in 1845, one mill was 
 set apart to pay the interest on the State debt 
 and one and one-half mills for the same purpose 
 from the taxes collected in 1846 "and forever 
 thereafter." 
 
 FIFTEENTH GENERAL ASSEMBLY convened Dec. 
 7, 1846. The farewell message of Governor Ford 
 
 and the inaugural of Governor French were lead- 
 ing incidents. The Democrats had a two-thirds 
 majority in each house. Lieut. -Gov. Joseph B. 
 Wells presided in the Senate, and Newton Cloud 
 was elected Speaker of the House, the compli- 
 mentary vote of the Whigs being given to Stephen 
 T. Logan. Stephen A. Douglas was elected 
 United States Senator, the whigs voting for Cyrus 
 Edwards. State officers were elected as follows: 
 Auditor, Thomas H. Campbell; State Treasurer, 
 Milton Carpenter both by acclamation; and 
 Horace S Cooley was nominated and confirmed 
 Secretary of State. A new school law was 
 enacted ; the sale of the Gallat in County salines 
 was authorized ; the University of Chicago was 
 incorporated, and the Hospital for the Insane at 
 Jacksonville established; the sale of the North- 
 ern Cross Railroad was authorized; District 
 Courts were established ; and provision was made 
 for refunding the State debt. The Assembly 
 adjourned, March 1, 1847, after a session of 
 eighty -five days. 
 
 SIXTEENTH GENERAL ASSEMBLY. This was the 
 first Legislature to convene under the Constitu- 
 tion of 1847. There were twenty-five members 
 in the Senate and seventy-five in the House. 
 The body assembled on Jan. 1, 1849, continu- 
 ing in session until Feb. 12 the session being 
 limited by the Constitution to six weeks. Zadoc 
 Casey was chosen Speaker, defeating Richard 
 Yates by a vote of forty-six to nineteen. After 
 endorsing the policy of the administration in 
 reference to the Mexican War and thanking the 
 soldiers, the Assembly proceeded to the election 
 of United States Senator to succeed Sidney 
 Breese. The choice fell upon Gen. James Shields, 
 the other caucus candidates being Breese and 
 McClemand, while Gen. William F. Thornton led 
 the forlorn hope for the Whigs. The principle of 
 the Wilmot proviso was endorsed. The Governor 
 convened the Legislature in special session on 
 Oct. 22. A question as to the eligibility of Gen. 
 Shields having arisen (growing out of his nativity 
 and naturalization), and the legal obstacles hav- 
 ing been removed by the lapse of time, he was 
 re-elected Senator at the special session. Outside 
 of the passage of a general law authorizing the 
 incorporation of railroads, little general legisla- 
 tion was enacted. The special session adjourned 
 Nov. 7. Length of regular session forty-three 
 days; special, seventeen total sixty. 
 
 SEVENTEENTH GENERAL ASSEMBLY convened 
 Jan. 6, 1851, adjourned Feb. 17 length of 
 session forty-three days. Sidney Breese (ex- 
 Senator) was chosen Speaker. The session was 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 189 
 
 characterized by a vast amount of legislation, not 
 all of which was well considered. By joint reso- 
 lution of both houses the endorsement of the 
 Wilmot proviso at the previous session was 
 rescinded. The first homestead exemption act 
 was passed, and a stringent liquor law adopted, 
 the sale of liquor in quantities less than one quart 
 being prohibited. Township organization was 
 authorized and what was virtually free-banking 
 was sanctioned. The latter law was ratified by 
 popular vote in November, 1851. An act incorpo- 
 rating the Illinois Central Railroad was also 
 passed at this session, the measure being drafted 
 by James L. D. Morrison. A special session of 
 this Assembly was held in 1852 under a call by 
 the Governor, lasting from June 7 to the 23d 
 seventeen days. The most important general 
 legislation of the special session was the reappor- 
 tionment of the State into nine Congressional 
 Districts. This Legislature was in session a total 
 of sixty days. 
 
 EIGHTEENTH GENERAL ASSEMBLY. The first 
 (or regular) session convened Jan. 3, 1853, and 
 adjourned Feb. 14. The Senate was composed of 
 twenty Democrats and five Whigs ; the House, of 
 fifty-nine Democrats, sixteen Whigs and one 
 "Free-Soiler. " Lieutenant-Governor Koerner 
 presided in the upper, and ex-Gov. John Reynolds 
 in the lower house. Governor Matteson was 
 inaugurated on the 16th ; Stephen A. Douglas was 
 re-elected United States Senator, Jan. 5, the 
 Whigs casting a complimentary vote for Joseph 
 Gillespie. More than 450 laws were enacted, the 
 majority being "private acts." The prohibitory 
 temperance legislation of the preceding General 
 Assembly was repealed and the license system 
 re-enacted. This body also passed the famous 
 "black laws' ' designed to prevent the immigration 
 of free negroes into the State. The sum of 
 $18,000 was appropriated for the erection and 
 furnishing of an executive mansion; the State 
 Agricultural Society was incorporated; the re- 
 mainder of the State lands was ordered sold, and 
 any surplus funds in the treasury appropriated 
 toward reducing the State debt. A special session 
 was convened on Feb. 9, 1854, and adjourned 
 March 4. The most important measures adopted 
 were : a legislative re-apportionment, an act pro- 
 viding for the election of a Superintendent of 
 Public Instruction, and a charter for the Missis- 
 sippi & Atlantic Railroad. The regular session 
 lasted forty-three days, the special twenty-four 
 total, sixty-seven. 
 
 NINETEENTH GENERAL ASSEMBLY met Jan. 1, 
 1855, and adjourned Feb. 15 the session lasting 
 
 forty-six days. Thomas J. Turner was elected 
 Speaker of the House. The political complexion 
 of the Legislature was much mixed, among the 
 members being old-line Whigs, Abolitionists. 
 Free-Soilers, Know-Nothings, Pro-slavery Demo- 
 crats and Anti-Nebraska Democrats. The 
 Nebraska question was the leading issue, and in 
 reference thereto the Senate stood fourteen 
 Nebraska members and eleven anti-Nebraska ; the 
 House, thirty-four straight-out Democrats, while 
 the entire strength of the opposition was forty- 
 one. A United States Senator was to be chosen 
 to succeed Gen. James Shields, and the friends of 
 free-soil had a clear majority of four on joint 
 ballot. Abraham Lincoln was the caucus nomi- 
 nee of the Whigs, and General Shields of the Demo- 
 crats. The two houses met in joint session Feb. 8. 
 The result of the first ballot was, Lincoln, forty- 
 five; Shields, forty-one; scattering, thirteen; 
 present, but not voting, one. Mr. Lincoln's 
 strength steadily waned, then rallied slightly on 
 the sixth and seventh ballots, but again declined. 
 Shields' forty-one votes rising on the fifth ballot 
 to forty-two, but having dropped on the next 
 ballot to forty-one, his name was withdrawn and 
 that of Gov. Joel A. Matteson substituted. Mat- 
 teson gained until he received forty -seven votes, 
 which was the limit of his strength. On the 
 ninth ballot, Loncom's vote having dropped to 
 fifteen, his name was withdrawn at his own 
 request, his support going, on the next ballot, to 
 Lyman Trumbull. an anti-Nebraska Democrat, 
 who received fifty-one votes to forty-seven for 
 Matteson and one for Archibald Williams one 
 member not voting. Trumbull, having received 
 a majority, was elected. Five members had 
 voted for him from the start. These were Sena- 
 tors John M. Palmer. Norman B. Judd and Burton 
 C. Cook, and Representatives Henry S. Baker and 
 George T. Allen. It had been hoped that they 
 would, in time, come to the support of Mr. Lin- 
 coln, but they explained that they had been 
 instructed by their constituents to vote only for 
 an anti-Nebraska Democrat. They were all sub 
 sequently prominent leaders in the Republican 
 party. Having inaugurated its work by accom- 
 plishing a political revolution, this Legislature 
 proceeded to adopt several measures more or less 
 radical in their tendency. One of these was the 
 Maine liquor law, with the condition that it be 
 submitted to popular vote. It failed of ratifica- 
 tion by vote of the people at an election held in 
 the following June. A new common school law 
 was enacted, and railroads were required to fence 
 their tracks. The Assembly also adopted a reso- 
 
190 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 lution calling for a Convention to amend the Con- 
 stitution, but this was defeated at the polls. 
 
 TWENTIETH GENERAL ASSEMBLY convened Jan. 
 5, 1857, and adjourned, sine die. Feb. 19. A 
 Republican State administration, with Governor 
 Bissell at its head, had just been elected, but the 
 Legislature was Democratic in Ixith branches. 
 Lieut.-Gov. John Wood presided over the Senate, 
 and Samuel Holmes, of Adams County, defeated 
 Isaac N. Arnold, of Cook, for the Speakership of 
 the House. Among the prominent members were 
 Norman B. Judd. of Cook; A. J. Kuykendall, of 
 Johnson; Shelby M. Cullom, of Sangamon; John 
 A. Logan, of Jackson; William R. Morrison, of 
 Monroe; Isaac N. Arnold, of Cook : Joseph Oilles- 
 pie, of Madison, and S. W. Moulton, of Shelby. 
 Among the important measures enacted by this 
 General Assembly were the following: Acts 
 establishing and maintaining free schools; estab- 
 lishing a Normal University at Normal ; amending 
 the banking law , providing for the general incor- 
 poration of railroads; providing for the building 
 of a new penitentiary ; and funding the accrued 
 arrears of interest on the public debt. Length of 
 session, forty-six days. 
 
 TWENTY-FIRST GENERAL ASSEMBLY convened 
 
 Jan. 3, 1859. and was in session for fifty-three 
 days, adjourning Feb. 24. The Senate consisted 
 of twenty-five, and the House of seventy-five 
 members. The presiding officers were: of the 
 Senate, Lieut.-Gov. Wood; of the House, W. R. 
 Morrison, of Monroe County, who defeated his 
 Republican opponent, Vital Jarrot, of St. Clair, 
 on a viva voce vote. The Governor's message 
 showed a reduction of Sl.HMi.s77 in the State debt 
 during two years preceding, leaving a balance of 
 principal and arrears of interest amounting to 
 *iri38,454. On Jan. 0, !.-,!), the Assembly, in 
 joint session, elected Stephen A. Douglas to suc- 
 ceed himself as United States Senator, by a vote 
 of fifty-four to forty six for Abraham Lincoln. 
 The Legislature was thrown into great disorder 
 in consequence of an attempt to prevent the 
 receipt from the Governor of a veto of a legisla- 
 tive apportionment bill which had been passed by 
 the Democratic majority in the face of bitter 
 opposition on the part of the Republicans, who 
 denounced it as partisan and unjust. 
 
 TWENTY-SECDND GENERAL ASSEMBLY convened 
 in regular session on Jan. 7, 1861, consisting of 
 twenty-five Senators and seventy-five Represent- 
 atives. For the first time in the State's history, 
 the Democrats failed to control the organization 
 of either house. Lieut.-Gov. Francis A. Hoffman 
 presided over the Senate, and S. M. Cullom, of 
 
 Sangamon. was chosen Speaker of the House, the 
 Democratic candidate being James W. Singleton. 
 Thomas A. Marshall, of Coles County, was elected 
 President pro tern, of the Senate over A. J. Kuy- 
 kendall, of Johnson. The message of the retiring 
 Governor (John Wood) reported a reduction of 
 the State debt, during four years of Republican 
 administration, of S2.860.402, and showed the 
 number of lanks to be 110, whose aggregate cir- 
 culation was S12.320.964. Lyman Trumbull was 
 re-elected United States Senator on January 10. 
 receiving fifty-four votes, to forty-six cast for 
 Samuel S. Marsliall. Governor Yates was inau- 
 gurated, Jan. 14. The most important legislation 
 of this session related to the following subjects: 
 the separate property rights of married women ; 
 the encouragement of mining and the support of 
 public schools; the payment of certain evidences 
 of State indebtedness ; protection of the purity of 
 the ballot-box, and a resolution submitting to the 
 people the question of the calling of a Convention 
 to amend the Constitution. Joint resolutions were 
 passed relative to the death of Governor Bissell : 
 to the appointment of Commissioners to attend a 
 Peace Conference in Washington, and referring 
 to federal relations. The latter deprecated 
 amendments to the United States Constitution, but 
 expressed a willingness to unite with any States 
 which might consider themselves aggrieved, 
 in petitioning Congress to call a convention 
 for the consideration of such amendments, at the 
 same time pledging the entire resources of Illi- 
 nois to the National Government for the preser- 
 vation of the Union and the enforcement of the 
 laws. The regular session ended Feb. 22, having 
 lasted forty -seven days. Immediately following 
 President Lincoln's first call for volunteers to 
 suppress the rebellion, Governor Yates recon- 
 vened the General Assembly in special session to 
 consider and adopt methods to aid and support 
 the Federal authority in preserving the Union and 
 protecting the rights and property of the people. 
 The two houses assembled on April 23. On April 
 25 Senator Douglas addressed the members on the 
 issues of the day, in response to an invitation con- 
 veyed in a joint resolution. The special session 
 closed May 3, 1861, and not a few of the legislator* 
 promptly volunteered in the Union army. 
 Length of the regular session, forty-seven days; 
 of the special, eleven total fifty-eight. 
 
 TWENTY-THIRD GENERAL ASSEMBLY was com- 
 posed of twenty-five Senators and eighty-eight 
 Representatives. It convened Jan. 5, 1863, and 
 was Democratic in both branches. The presiding 
 officer of the Senate was Lieutenant-Governor 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 191 
 
 Hoffman; Samuel A. Buckmaster was elected 
 Speaker of the House by a vote of fifty-three to 
 twenty-five. On Jan. 12, William A. Richardson 
 was elected United States Senator to succeed 
 8. A. Douglas, deceased, the Republican nominee 
 being Governor Yates, who received thirty-eight 
 votes out of a total of 103 cast. Much of the time 
 of the session was devoted to angry discussion of 
 the policy of the National Government in the 
 prosecution of the war. The views of the oppos- 
 ing parties were expressed in majority and minor- 
 ity reports from the Committee on Federal 
 Relations the former condemning and the latter 
 upholding the Federal administration. The 
 majority report was adopted in the House on 
 Feb. 12, by a vote of fifty-two to twenty-eight, 
 and the resolutions which it embodied were at 
 once sent to the Senate for concurrence. Before 
 they could be acted upon in that body a Demo- 
 cratic Senator J. M. Rodgers, of Clinton Count}- 
 died. This left the Senate politically tied, a 
 Republican presiding officer having the deciding 
 vote. Consequently no action was taken at the 
 time, and, on Feb. 14, the Legislature adjourned 
 till June 2. Immediately upon re-assembling, 
 joint resolutions relating to a sine die adjourn- 
 ment were introduced in both houses. A disagree- 
 ment regarding the date of such adjournment 
 ensued, when Governor Yates, exercising the 
 power conferred upon him by the Constitution in 
 such cases, sent in a message (June 10, 1863) 
 proroguing the General Assembly until "the 
 Saturday next preceding the first Monday in 
 January, 1865.' The members of the Republican 
 minority at once left the hall. The members of 
 the majority convened and adjourned from day 
 to day until June 24, when, having adopted an 
 address to the people setting forth their grievance 
 and denouncing the State executive, they took a 
 recess until the Tuesday after the first Monday of 
 January, 1864. The action of the Governor, hav- 
 ing been submitted to the Supreme Court, was 
 sustained, and no further session of this General 
 Assembly was held. Owing to the prominence 
 of political issues, no important legislation was 
 effected at this session, even the ordinary appro- 
 priations for the State institutions failing. This 
 caused much embarrassment to the State Govern- 
 ment in meeting current expenses, but banks and 
 capitalists came to its aid, and no important 
 interest was permitted to suffer. The total 
 length of the session was fifty days forty -one 
 days before the recess and nine days after. 
 
 TWENTY-FOURTH GENERAL ASSEMBLY convened 
 Jan. 2, 1865, and remained in session forty-six 
 
 days. It consisted of twenty-live Senators and 
 eighty-five Representatives. The Republicans 
 had a majority in both houses. Lieutenant-Gov- 
 ernor Bross presided over the Senate, and Allen 
 C. Fuller, of Boone County, was chosen Sneaker 
 of the House, over Ambrose M. Miller. Democrat, 
 the vote standing 48 to 23. Governor Yates. in 
 his valedictory message, reported tliat, notwith- 
 standing the heavy expenditure attendant upon 
 the enlistment and maintenance of troops, etc., 
 the State debt had been reduced 8987,786 in four 
 years. On Jan. 4, 1865, Governor Yates was 
 elected to the United States Senate, receiving 
 sixty-four votes to forty three cast for James C. 
 Robinson. Governor Oglesby was inaugurated Jan. 
 16. The Thirteenth Amendment to the United 
 States Constitution was ratified by this Legisla- 
 ture, and sundry special appropriations made. 
 Among the latter was one of $3,000 toward the 
 State's proportion for the establishment of a 
 National Cemetery at Gettysburg; $25,000 for 
 the purchase of the land on which is the tomb 
 of the deceased Senator Douglas; besides sums 
 for establishing a home for Soldiers' Orphans and 
 an experimental school for the training of idiots 
 and feeble-minded children. The first act for 
 the registry of legal voters was passed at this 
 session. 
 
 TWENTY-FIFTH GENERAL ASSEMBLY. This 
 body held one regular and two special sessions. 
 It first convened and organized on Jan. 7, 1867. 
 Lieutenant-Governor Bross presided over the 
 upper, and Franklin Corwin, of La Salle County, 
 over the lower house. The Governor (Oglesby ), 
 in his message, reported a reduction of $2,607,95B 
 in the State debt during the two years preceding, 
 and recommended various appropriations for pub- 
 lic purposes. He also urged the calling of a Con- 
 vention to amend the Constitution. On Jan. 15, 
 Lyman Trumbull was chosen United States Sena- 
 tor, the complimentary Democratic vote being 
 given to T. Lyle Dickey, who received thirty- 
 three votes out of 109. The regular session lasted 
 fifty -three days, adjourning Feb. 28. The Four- 
 teenth Amendment to the United States Constitu- 
 tion was ratified and important legislation enacted 
 relative to State taxation and the regulation of 
 public warehouses; a State Board of Equalization 
 of Assessments was established, and the office of 
 Attorney-General created. (Under this law 
 Robert G. Ingersoll was the first appointee. ) 
 Provision was made for the erection of a new 
 State House, to establish a Reform School for 
 Juvenile Offenders, and for the support of other 
 State institutions. The first special session con* 
 
192 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 vened on June 11, 1867, having been summoned 
 to consider questions relating to internal revenue. 
 The lessee of the penitentiary having surrendered 
 his lease without notice, the Governor found it 
 necessary to make immediate provision for the 
 management of that institution. Not having 
 included this matter in his original call, no ne- 
 cessity then existing, he at once summoned a 
 .second special session, before the adjournment 
 of the first. This convened on June 14, remained 
 in session until June 28, and adopted what is 
 substantially the present penitentiary law of the 
 State. This General Assembly was in session 
 seventy-one days fifty-three at the regular, 
 three at the first special session and fifteen at the 
 second. 
 
 TWENTY-SIXTH GENERAL ASSEMBLY convened 
 Jan. 4, 1869. The Republicans had a majority in 
 each house. The newly elected Lieutenant-Gov- 
 ernor, John Dougherty, presided in the Senate, 
 and Franklin Corwin. of Peru, was again chosen 
 Speaker of the House. Governor Oglesby sub- 
 mitted his final message at the opening of the 
 session, showing a total reduction in the State 
 debt during his term of $4,743,821. Governor 
 John M. Palmer was inaugurated Jan. 11. The 
 most important acts passed by this Legislature 
 were the following: Calling the Constitutional 
 Convention of 1869; ratifying the Fifteenth 
 Amendment to the United States Constitution ; 
 granting well behaved convicts a reduction in 
 their terms of imprisonment; for the prevention 
 of cruelty to animals ; providing for the regula- 
 tion of freights and fares on railroads; estab- 
 lishing the Southern Normal University; pro- 
 viding for the erection of the Northern Insane 
 Hospital; and establishing a Board of Com- 
 missioners of Public Charities. The celebrated 
 "Lake Front Bill," especially affecting the 
 interests of the city of Chicago, occupied a 
 great deal of time during this session, and 
 though finally passed over the Governor's veto, 
 was repealed in 1873. This session was inter- 
 rupted by a recess which extended from March 
 12 to April 13.- The Legislature re-assem- 
 liled April 14, and adjourned, sine die, April 20, 
 liiiving been in actual session seventy-four days. 
 
 TWENTY-SEVENTH GENERAL ASSEMBLY had 
 four sessions, one regular, two special and one 
 adjourned. The first convened Jan. 4, 1871, and 
 adjourned on April 17. having lusted 104 days, 
 when a recess was taken to Nov. 15 following. 
 The body was made up of fifty Senators and 177 
 Representatives. The Republicans again con- 
 trolled both houses, electing William M. Smith, 
 
 Speaker (over William R. Morrison, Democrat), 
 while Lieutenant-Governor Dougherty presided in 
 the Senate. The latter occupied the Hall of Rep- 
 resentatives in the old State Capitol, while the 
 House held its sessions in a new church edifice 
 erected by the Second Presbyterian Church. 
 John A. Logan was elected United States Sena- 
 tor, defeating Thomas J. Turner (Democrat) by a 
 vote, on joint ballot, of 131 to 89. This was the 
 first Illinois Legislature to meet after the adoption 
 of the Constitution of 1870, and its time was 
 mainly devoted to framing, discussing and pass- 
 ing laws required by the changes in the organic 
 law of the State. The first special session opened 
 on May 24 and closed on June 22, 1871, continu- 
 ing thirty days. It was convened by Governor 
 Palmer to make additional appropriations for the 
 necessary expenses of the State Government and 
 for the continuance of work on the new State 
 House. The purpose of the Governor in sum- 
 moning the second special session was to provide 
 financial relief for the city of Chicago after the 
 great fire of Oct. 9-11, 1871. Members were sum 
 moned by special telegrams and were in their 
 seats Oct. 13, continuing in session to Oct. 24 
 twelve days. Governor Palmer had already 
 suggested a plan by which the State might 
 aid the stricken city without doing violence 
 to either the spirit or letter of the new Con- 
 stitution, which expressly prohibited special 
 legislation. Chicago had advanced $2,500,000 
 toward the completion of the Illinois & Michigan 
 Canal, under the pledge of the State that this 
 outlay should be made good. The Legislature 
 voted an appropriation sufficient to pay both 
 principal and interest of this loan, amounting, in 
 round numbers, to about $3,000,000. The ad- 
 journed session opened on Nov. 15, 1871, and came 
 to an end on April 9, 1872 having continued 147 
 days. It was entirely devoted to considering and 
 adopting legislation germane to the new Consti- 
 tution. The total length of all sessions of this 
 General Assembly was 293 days. 
 
 TWENTY-EIGHTH GENERAL ASSEMBLY convened 
 Jan. 8, 1873. It was composed of fifty -one Sena- 
 tors and 153 Representatives; the upper house 
 standing thirty-three Republicans to eighteen 
 Democrats, and the lower, eighty-six Republicans 
 to sixty-seven Democrats. The Senate chose 
 John Early, of Winnebago, President pro tempore, 
 and Shelby M. Cullom was elected Speaker of the 
 House. Governor Oglesby was inaugurated Jan. 
 13, but, eight days later, was elected to the United 
 States Senate, being succeeded in the Governor- 
 ship by Lieut. -Gov. John L. Beveridge. An 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 193 
 
 appropriation of $1,000,000 was made for carrying 
 on the work on the new capitol and various other 
 acts of a public character passed, the most impor- 
 tant being an amendment of the railroad law of 
 the previous session. On May 6, the Legislature 
 adjourned until Jan. 8, 1874. The purpose of the 
 recess was to enable a Commission on the Revision 
 of the Laws to complete a report. The work was 
 duly completed and nearly all the titles reported 
 by the Commissioners were adopted at the 
 adjourned session. An adjournment, sine die, 
 was taken March 31, 1874 the two sessions 
 having lasted, respectively, 119 and 83 days 
 total 202. 
 
 TWENTY-NINTH GENERAL ASSEMBLY convened 
 Jan 6, 1875. While the Republicans had a plu- 
 rality in both houses, they were defeated in an 
 effort to secure their organization through a 
 fusion of Democrats and Independents. A. A. 
 Glenn (Democrat) was elected President pro tern- 
 pore of the Senate (becoming acting Lieutenant- 
 Governor), and Elijah M. Haines was chosen 
 presiding officer of the lower house. The leaders 
 on both sides of the Chamber were aggressive, 
 and the session, as a whole, was one of the most 
 turbulent and disorderly in the history of the 
 State. Little legislation of vital importance 
 (outside of regular appropriation bills) was 
 enacted. This Legislature adjourned. April 15, 
 liaving been in session 100 days. 
 
 THIRTIETH GENERAL ASSEMBLY convened Jan. 
 3 ; 1877. and adjourned, sine die. on May 24. The 
 Democrats and Independents in the Senate united 
 in securing control of that body, although the 
 House was Republican. Fawcett Plumb, of La 
 Salle County, was chosen President pro tempore 
 <>f the upper, and James Shaw Speaker of the 
 lower, house. The inauguration of State officers 
 took place Jan. 8. Shelby M. Cullom becoming 
 Governor and Andrew Sliuman, Lieutenant-Gov- 
 ernor. This was one of the most exciting years 
 in American political history Both of the domi- 
 nant parties claimed to have elected the President, 
 and the respective votes in the Electoral College 
 were so close as to excite grave apprehension in 
 many minds. It was also the year for the choice 
 of a Senator by the Illinois Legislature, and the 
 attention of the entire country was directed 
 toward this State. Gen. John M. Palmer was 
 the nominee of the Democratic caucus and John 
 A. Logan of the Republicans. On the twenty- 
 fourth ballot the name of General Logan was 
 withdrawn, most of the Republican vote going 
 to Charles B. Lawrence, and the Democrats going 
 over to David Davis, who, although an original 
 
 Republican and friend of Lincoln, and Justice of 
 the Supreme Court by appointment of Mr. Lin- 
 coln, had become an Independent Democrat. On 
 the fortieth ballot (taken Jan. 25). Judge Davis 
 received 101 votes, to 94 for Judge Lawrenx 
 (Republican) and five scattering, thus securing 
 Davis' election. Not many acts of vital impor- 
 tance were passed by this Legislature. Appellate 
 Courts were established and new judicial districts 
 created; the original jurisdiction of county 
 courts was enlarged: better safeguards were 
 thrown about miners; measures looking at once 
 to the supervision and protection of railroads were 
 passed, as well as various laws relating chiefly to 
 the police administration of the State and of 
 municipalities. The length of the session was 
 142 days. 
 
 THIRTY-FIRST GENERAL ASSEMBLY convened 
 Jan. 8, 1879, with a Republican majority in each 
 house. Andrew Shuman, the newly elected Lieu- 
 tenant-Governor, presided in the Senate, and 
 William A. James of Lake County was chosen 
 Speaker of the House. John M. Hamilton of 
 McLean County (afterwards Governor), was 
 chosen President pro tempore of the Senate. 
 John A. Logan was elected United States Senator 
 on Jan. 21, the complimentary Democratic vote 
 being given to Gen. John C. Black. Various 
 laws of public importance were enacted by this 
 Legislature, among them being one creating the 
 Bureau of Labor Statistics ; the first oleomargar- 
 ine law; a drainage and levee act; a law for the 
 reorganization of the militia; an act for the 
 regulation of pawnbrokers; a law limiting the 
 pardoning power, and various laws looking 
 toward the supervision and control of railways. 
 The session lasted 144 days, anil the Assembly 
 adjourned, sine die, May 31, 1879. 
 
 THIRTY SECOND GENERAL ASSEMBLY convened 
 Jan. 5, 1881, the Republicans having a majority 
 in both branches. Lieutenant-Governor Hamil- 
 ton presided in the Senate, William J. Campbell 
 of Cook County being elected President pro tem- 
 pore. Horace H. Thomas, also of Cook, was 
 chosen Speaker of the House. Besides the rou- 
 tine legislation, the most important measures 
 enacted by this Assembly were laws to prevent 
 the spread of pleuro-pneumonia among cattle: 
 regulating the sale of firearms; providing more 
 stringent penalties for the adulteration of food, 
 drink or medicine; regulating the practice of 
 pharmacy and dentistry ; amending the revenue 
 and school laws; and requiring annual statements 
 from official custodians of public moneys. The 
 Legislature adjourned May 80, after having been 
 
194 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 in .-.'-MI .11 146 days, but was called together again 
 in special session by the Governor on March 23, 
 1882, to pass new Legislative and Congressional 
 Apportionment Laws, and for the consideration 
 of other subjects. The special session lasted 
 forty-four days, adjourning May 5 both sessions 
 occupying a total of 190 days. 
 
 THIRTY-THIRD GENERAL ASSEMBLY convened 
 Jan. 2, 1883, with the Republicans again in the 
 majority in both houses. William J. Campbell 
 was re-elected President pro tempore of the 
 Senate, but not until the sixty-first ballot, six 
 Republicans refusing to be bound by the nomina- 
 tion of a caucus held prior to their arrival at 
 Springfield. Loren C. Collins, also of Cook, was 
 elected Speaker of the House.' The compliment- 
 ary Democratic vote was given to Thomas M. Shaw 
 in the Senate, and to Austin O. Sexton in the 
 House. Governor Cullom, the Republican caucus 
 nominee, was elected United States Senator, Jan. 
 16, receiving a majority in each branch of the 
 General Assembly. The celebrated "Harper 
 High-License Bill," and the first "Compulsory 
 School Law" were passed at this session, the 
 other acts being of ordinary character. The 
 Legislature adjourned June 18, having been in 
 session 168 days. 
 
 THIRTY-FOURTH GENERAL ASSEMBLY convened 
 Jan. 7, 1885. The Senate was Republican by a 
 majority of one, there being twenty-six members 
 of that party, twenty-four Democrats and one 
 greenback Democrat. William J. Campbell, of 
 Cook County, was for the third time chosen 
 President pro tempore. The House stood seventy- 
 six Republicans and seventy-six Democrats, with 
 one member Elijah M. Haines of Lake County 
 calling himself an "Independent. " The contest 
 for the Speakership continued until Jan. 29, 
 when, neither party being able to elect its nomi- 
 nee, the Democrats took up Haines as a candidate 
 and placed him in the chair, with Haines' assist- 
 ance, filling the minor offices with their own 
 men. After the inauguration of Governor 
 Oglesby, Jan. 30, the first business was the elec- 
 tion of a United States Senator. The balloting 
 proceeded until May 18, when John A. Logan re- 
 ceived 103 votes to ninety -six for Lambert Tree and 
 five scattering. Three members one Republican 
 and two Democrats had died since the opening 
 of the session ; and it was through the election of 
 a Republican in place of one of the deceased 
 Democrats, that the Republicans succeeded in 
 electing their candidate. The session was a 
 stormy one throughout, the Speaker being, much 
 of the time, at odds with the House, and an 
 
 unsuccessful effort was made to depose him. 
 Charges of bribery against certain members were 
 preferred and investigated, but no definite result 
 was reached. Among the important measures 
 l>assed by this Legislature were the following: A 
 joint resolution providing for submission of an 
 amendment to the Constitution prohibiting con- 
 tract labor in penal institutions; providing by 
 resolution for the appointment of a non-partisan 
 Commission of twelve to draft a new revenue 
 code; the Crawford primary election law; an act 
 amending the code of criminal procedure ; estab- 
 lishing a Soldiers' and Sailors' Home, subse- 
 quently located at Quincy ; creating a Live-Stock 
 Commission and appropriating 531,712 for the 
 completion of the State House. The Assembly 
 adjourned, sine die, June 26, 1885, after a session 
 of 171 days. 
 
 THIRTY-FIFTH GENERAL, ASSEMBLY convened 
 Jan. 5, 1887. The Republicans had a majority of 
 twelve in the Senate and three in the House. 
 For President pro. tempore of the Senate, August 
 W. Berggren was chosen; for Speaker of the 
 House, Dr. William F. Calhoun, of De Witt 
 County. The death of General Logan, which 
 had occurred Dec. 26. 1886, was officially an- 
 nounced by Governor Oglesby i and. on Jan. 18, 
 Charles B. Farwell was elected to succeed him as 
 United States Senator. William R. Morrison and 
 Benjamin W. Goodhue were the candidates of 
 the Democratic and Labor parties, respectively. 
 Some of the most important laws passed by this 
 General Assembly were the following: Amend- 
 ing the law relating to the spread of contagious 
 diseases among cattle, etc. ; the Chase bill to 
 prohibit book-making and pool -selling ; regulat- 
 ing trust companies; making the Trustees of 
 the University of Illinois elective; inhibiting 
 aliens from holding real estate, and forbidding 
 the marriage of first cousins. An act virtually 
 creating a new State banking system was also 
 passed, subject to ratification by popular vote. 
 Other acts, having more particular reference to 
 Chicago and Cook County, were: a law making 
 cities and counties responsible for three -fourtlis 
 of the damage resulting from mobs and riots ; the 
 Merritt conspiracy law ; the Gibbs Jury Commis- 
 sion law. and an act for the suppression of 
 bucket-shop gambling. The session ended June 
 15, 1887. having continued 162 days. 
 
 THIRTY-SIXTH GENERAL ASSEMBLY convened 
 Jan. 7. 1889, in its first (or regular) session, the 
 Republicans being largely in the majority. The 
 Senate elected Theodore S. Chapman of Jersey 
 County, President pro tempore, and the House 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 195 
 
 Asa C. Matthews of Pike County, Speaker. Mr. 
 Matthews was appointed First Comptroller of the 
 Treasury by President Harrison, on May 9 (see 
 Matthews, Asa C. ), and resigned the Speakership 
 on the following day. He was succeeded by 
 James H. Miller of Stark County. Shelby M. 
 Cullom was re-elected to the United States Senate 
 on January 22, the Democrats again voting for 
 ex-Gov. John M. Palmer. The "Sanitary Drain- 
 age District Law," designed for the benefit of the 
 city of Chicago, was enacted at this session ; an 
 asylum for insane criminals was established at 
 Chester ; the annexation of cities, towns, villages, 
 etc., under certain conditions, was authorized; 
 more stringent legislation was enacted relative to 
 the circulation of obscene literature; a new com- 
 pulsory education law was passed, and the em- 
 ployment on public works of aliens who had not 
 declared their intention of becoming citizens was 
 prohibited. This session ended, May 28. A 
 special session was convened by Governor Fifer 
 on July 24, 1890, to frame and adopt legislation 
 rendered necessary by the Act of Congress locat- 
 ing the World's Columbian Exposition at Chicago. 
 Mr. Miller having died in the interim, William G. 
 Cochran, of Moultrie County, was chosen Speaker 
 of the House. The special session concluded 
 Aug. 1, 1890, having enacted the following meas- 
 ures ; An Act granting the use of all State lands, 
 (submerged or other) in or adjacent to Chicago, to 
 the World's Columbian Exposition for a period to 
 extend one year after the closing of the Exposi- 
 tion; authorizing the Chicago Boards of Park 
 Commissioners to grant the use of the public 
 parks, or any part thereof, to promote the objects 
 of such Exposition ; a joint resolution providing 
 for the submission to the people of a Constitu- 
 tional Amendment granting to the city of Chicago 
 the power (provided a majority of the qualified 
 voters desired it) to issue bonds to an amount not 
 exceeding $3,000,000, the same to bear interest 
 and the proceeds of their sale to be turned over 
 to the Exposition Managers to be devoted to the 
 use and for the benefit of the Exposition. (See 
 also World's Columbian Exposition. ) The total 
 length of the two sessions was 150 days. 
 
 THIRTY-SEVENTH GENERAL ASSEMBLY convened 
 Jan. 7, 1891, and adjourned June 12 following. 
 Lieut. -Gov. Ray presided in the Senate, Milton 
 W.- Matthews (Republican), of Urbana, being 
 elected President pro tern. The Democrats had 
 c:ontrol in the House and elected Clayton E. 
 Crafts, of Cook County, Speaker. The most 
 exciting feature of the session was the election of 
 a United States Senator to succeed Charles B. 
 
 Farwell. Neither of the two leading parties had 
 a majority on joint ballot, the balance of power 
 being held by three "Independent" members of 
 the House, who had been elected as represent- 
 atives of the Farmers' Mutual Benevolent Alli- 
 ance. Richard J. Oglesby was the caucus 
 nominee of the Republicans and John M. Palmer 
 of the Democrats. For a time the Independents 
 stood as a unit for A. J. Streeter, but later two of 
 the three voted for ex-Governor Palmer, finally, 
 on March 11, securing his election on the 154th 
 ballot in joint session. Meanwhile, the Repub- 
 licans had cast tentative ballots for Alson J. 
 Streeter and Cicero J. Lindley, in hope of draw- 
 ing the Independents to their support, but without 
 effective result. The final ballot stood Palmer. 
 103 ; Lindley, 101, Streeter 1. Of 1,296 bills intro- 
 duced in both Houses at this session, only 151 
 became laws, the most important being: The 
 Australian ballot law, and acts regulating build 
 ing and loan associations : prohibiting the employ- 
 ment of children under thirteen at manual labor 
 fixing the legal rate of interest at seven per cent ; 
 prohibiting the "truck system" of paying em- 
 ployes, and granting the right of suffrage to 
 women in the election of school officers. An 
 amendment of the State Constitution permitting 
 the submission of two Constitutional Amend- 
 ments to the people at the same time, was sub- 
 mitted by this Legislature and ratified at the 
 election of 1892. The session covered a period of 
 157 days. 
 
 THIRTY-EIGHTH GENERAL ASSEMBLY. This 
 body convened Jan. 4, 1893. The Democrats were 
 in the ascendency in both houses, having a 
 majority of seven in the Senate and of three in 
 the lower house. Joseph R. Gill, the Lieutenant- 
 Governor, was ex-officio President of the Senate, 
 and John W. Coppinger, of Alton, was chosen 
 President pro tern. Clayton E. Crafts of Cook 
 County was again chosen Speaker of the House. 
 The inauguration of the new State officers took 
 place on the afternoon of Tuesday, Jan. 10. This 
 Legislature was in session 164 days, adjourning 
 June 16, 1893. Not very much legislation of a 
 general character was enacted. New Congres- 
 sional and Legislative apportionments were 
 passed, the former dividing the State into twenty- 
 two districts; an Insurance Department was 
 created; a naval militia was established; the 
 scope of the juvenile reformatory was enlarged 
 and the compulsory education law was amended. 
 
 THIRTY-NFNTH GENERAL ASSEMBLY. This 
 Legislature held two sessions a regular and a 
 special. The former opened Jan. 9. 1895. and 
 
190 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 closed June 14, following. The political com- 
 plexion of the Senate was Republicans, thirty- 
 three; Democrats, eighteen; of the House, 
 ninety-two Republicans and sixty -one Democrats. 
 John Meyer, of Cook County, was elected Speaker 
 of the House, and Charles Bogardus of Piatt 
 County, President pro tern, of the Senate. Acts 
 were passed making appropriations for improve- 
 ment of the State Fair Grounds at Springfield ; 
 authorizing the establishment of a Western Hos- 
 pital for the Insane ($100,000); appropriating 
 $100,000 for a Western Hospital for the Insane; 
 165,000 for an Asylum for Incurable Insane ; $50,- 
 000, each, for two additional Normal Schools one 
 in Northern and the other in Eastern Illinois; 
 $35,000 for a Soldiers' Widows' Home all being 
 new institutions besides $15,000 for a State 
 exhibition at the Atlanta Exposition ; $65,000 to 
 mark, by monuments, the position of Illinois 
 troops on the battlefields of Chickamauga, Look- 
 out Mountain and Missionary Ridge. Other acts 
 passed fixed the salaries of members of the Gen- 
 eral Assembly at $1,000 each for each regular 
 session; accepted the custody of the Lincoln 
 monument at Springfield, authorized provision 
 for the retirement and pensioning of teachers in 
 public schools, and authorized the adoption of 
 civil service rules for cities. The special session 
 convened, pursuant to a call by the Governor, on 
 June 25, 1895, took a recess. June 28 to July 9. 
 re-assembled on the latter date, and adjourned, 
 sine die, August 2. Outside of routine legisla- 
 tion, no laws were passed except one providing 
 additional necessary revenue for State purposes 
 and one creating a State Board of Arbitration. 
 The regular session continued 157 days and the 
 .special twenty-nine total 186. 
 
 FORTIETH GENERAL ASSEMBLY met in regular 
 session at Springfield, Jan. 6. 1897, and ad journed, 
 sine die, June 4. The Republicans had a major- 
 ity in both branches, the House standing eighty- 
 eight Republicans to sixty-three Democrats and 
 two Populists, and the Senate, thirty-nine Repub- 
 licans to eleven Democrats and one Populist, 
 giving the Republicans a majority on joint ballot 
 of fifty votes. Both houses were promptly organ- 
 ized by the election of Republican officers, Edward 
 C. Curtis of Kankakee County being chosen 
 Speaker of the House, and Hendrick V. Fisher, 
 of Henry County, President pro tern, of the Sen- 
 ate. Governor Tanner and the other Republican 
 State officers were formally inaugurated on 
 Jan. 11, and, on Jan. 20, William E. Mason 
 (Republican) was chosen United States Senator 
 to succeed John M. Palmer, receiving in joint 
 
 session 125 votes to seventy-seven for John P. 
 Altgeld (Democrat). Among the principal laws 
 enacted at this session were the following: An 
 act concerning aliens and to regulate the right to 
 hold real estate, and prescribing the terms and 
 conditions for the conveyance of the same; 
 empowering the Commissioners who were ap- 
 pointed at the previous session to ascertain and 
 mark the positions occupied by Illinois Volunteers 
 in the battles of Chickamauga, Lookout Moun- 
 tain and Missionary Ridge, to expend the remain- 
 ing appropriations in their hands for the erection 
 of monuments on the battle-grounds; authorizing 
 the appointment of a similar Commission to 
 ascertain and mark the positions held by Illinois 
 troops in the battle of Shiloh ; to reimburse the 
 University of Illinois for the loss of funds result- 
 ing from the Spaulding defalcation and affirming 
 the liability of the State for "the endowment 
 fund of the University, amounting to $456,712.91, 
 and for so much in addition as may be received 
 in future from the sale of lands"; authorizing 
 the adoption of the "Torrens land-title system" in 
 the conveyance and registration of land titles by 
 vote of the people in any county : the consolida- 
 tion of the three Supreme Court Districts of the 
 State into one and locating the Court at Spring- 
 field; creating a State Board of Pardons, and 
 prescribing the manner of applying for pardons 
 and commutations. An act of this session, which 
 produced much agitation and led to a great deal 
 of discussion in the press and elsewhere, was the 
 street railroad law empowering the City Council, 
 or other corporate authority of any city, to grant 
 franchises to street railway companies extending 
 to fifty years. This act was repealed by the 
 General Assembly of 1899 before any street rail- 
 way corporation had secured a franchise under it. 
 A special session was called by Governor Tanner 
 to meet Dec. 7, 1897, the proclamation naming 
 five topics for legislative action. The session 
 continued to Feb. 24, 1898, only two of the meas- 
 ures named by the Governor in his call being 
 affirmatively acted upon. These included: (1) an 
 elaborate act prescribing the manner of conduct- 
 ing primary elections of delegates to nominating 
 conventions, and (2) a new revenue law regulat- 
 ing the manner of assessing and collecting taxes. 
 One provision of the latter law limits the valuation 
 of property for assessment purposes to one-fifth 
 its cash value. The length of the regular session 
 was 150 days, and that of the special session 
 eighty days total, 230 days. 
 
 6ENESEO, a city in Henry County, about two 
 miles south of the Green River. It is on the Chi- 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 197 
 
 cago, Rock Island & Pacific Railway, 23 miles 
 east of Rock Island and 75 miles west of Ottawa. 
 It is in the heart of a grain-growing region, and 
 has two large grain elevators. Manufacturing is 
 also carried on to a considerable extent here, 
 furniture, wagons and farming implements con- 
 stituting the chief output. Geneseo has eleven 
 churches, a graded and a high school, a col- 
 legiate institute, two banks, and two newspapers, 
 one issuing a daily edition. Population (1890), ' 
 3,182; (1900), 3,356. 
 
 GENEVA, a city and railway junction on Fox 
 River, and the county -seat of Kane County ; 35 
 miles west of Chicago. It has a fine courthouse, 
 completed in 1892 at a cost of $350,000. and 
 numerous handsome churches and school build- 
 ings. A State Reformatory for juvenile female 
 offenders has been located here. There is an ex- 
 cellent water-power, operating six manufac- 
 tories, including extensive glucose works. The 
 town has a bank, creamery, water-works, gas 
 and electric light plant, and two weekly news- 
 papers. The surrounding country is devoted to 
 agriculture and dairy farming. Population 
 (1880), 1,239; (1890), 1,692; (1900), 2,446. 
 
 GENOA, a village of De Kalb County, on 
 Omaha Division of the Chi., Mil. & St. Paul, the 
 111. Cent, and Chi. & N. W. Railroads, 59 miles west 
 of Chicago. Dairying is a leading industry ; has 
 two banks, shoe and telephone factories, and two 
 newspapers. Population (1890). 634; (1900), 1,140. 
 
 GEOLOGICAL FORMATIONS. The geological 
 structure of Illinois embraces a representation, 
 more or less complete, of the whole paleonic 
 series of formations, from the calciferous group 
 of the Lower Silurian to the top of the coal meas- 
 ures. In addition to these older rocks there is a 
 limited area in the extreme southern end of the 
 State covered with Tertiary deposits. Over- 
 spreading these formations are beds of more 
 recent age, comprising sands, clays and gravel, 
 varying in thickness from ten to more than two 
 hundred feet. These superficial deposits may be 
 divided into Alluvium, Loess and Drift, and con- 
 stitute the Quaternary system of modern geolo- 
 gists. 
 
 LOWER SILURIAN SYSTEM. Under this heading 
 may be noted three distinct groups : the Calcifer- 
 ous, the Trenton and the Cincinnati. The first 
 mentioned group comprises the St. Peter's Sand- 
 stone and the Lower Magnesian Limestone. The 
 former outcrops only at a single locality, in La 
 Salle County, extending about two miles along 
 the valley of the Illinois River in the vicinity of 
 Utica. The thickness of the strata appearing 
 
 above the surface is about 80 feet, thin bands of 
 Magnesian limestone alternating with layers of 
 Calciferous sandstone. Many of the layers con- 
 tain good hydraulic rock, which is utilized in the 
 manufacture of cement. The entire thickness of 
 the rock below the surface has not been ascer- 
 tained, but is estimated at about 400 feet. The 
 St. Peter's Sandstone outcrops in the valley of 
 the Illinois, constituting the main portion of the 
 bluffs from Utica to a point beyond Ottawa, and 
 forms the "bed rock" in most of the northern 
 townships of La Salle County. It also outcrops 
 on the Rock River in the vicinity of Oregon City, 
 and forms a conspicuous bluff on the Mississippi 
 in Calhoun County. Its maximum thickness in 
 the State may be estimated at about 200 feet. It 
 is too incoherent in its texture to be valuable as 
 a building stone, though some of the upper strata 
 in Lee County have been utilized for caps and 
 sills. It affords, however, a fine quality of sand 
 for the manufacture of glass. The Trenton 
 group, which immediately overlies the St. Peter's 
 Sandstone, consists of three divisions. The low- 
 est is a brown Magnesian Limestone, or Dolomite, 
 usually found in regular beds, or strata, varying 
 from four inches to two feet in thickness. The 
 aggregate thickness varies from twenty feet, in 
 the northern portion of the State, to sixty or 
 seventy feet at the bluff in Calhoun County. At 
 the quarries in La Salle County, it abounds in 
 fossils, including a large Lituites and several 
 specimens of Orthoceras, Maclurea, etc. The 
 middle division of the Trenton group consists of 
 light gray, compact limestones in the southern 
 and western parts of the State, and of light blue, 
 thin-bedded, shaly limestone in the northern por- 
 tions. The upper division is the well-known 
 Galena limestone, the lead-bearing rock of the 
 Northwest. It is a buff colored, porous Dolomite, 
 sometimes arenaceous and unevenly textured, 
 giving origin to a ferruginous, sandy clay when 
 decomposed. The lead ores occur in crevioee. 
 caverns and horizontal seams. These crevices were 
 probably formed by shrinkage of the strata from 
 crystallization or by some disturbing force from 
 beneath, and have been enlarged by decomposi- 
 tion of the exposed surface. Fossils belonging to 
 a lower order of marine animal than the coral are 
 found in this rock, a* are also marine sheila, 
 corals and crustaceans. Although this limestone 
 crops out over a considerable portion of the terri- 
 tory between the Mississippi and the Rock River, 
 the productive lead mines are chiefly confined to 
 Jo Daviess and Stephenson Counties. All the 
 divisions of the Trenton group afford good build- 
 
198 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 ing material, some of the rock being susceptible 
 of a high polish and making a handsome, durable 
 marble. About seventy feet are exposed near 
 Thebes, in Alexander County. All through the 
 Southwest this stone is known as Cape Girardeau 
 marble, from its being extensively quarried at 
 Cape Girardeau. Mo. The Cincinnati group 
 immediately succeeds the Trenton in the ascend- 
 ing scale, and forms the uppermost member of 
 the Lower Silurian system. It usually consists of 
 argillaceous and sandy shales, although, in the 
 northwest portion of the State, Magnesian lime- 
 stone is found with the shales. The prevailing 
 colors of the beds are light blue and drab, 
 weathering to a light ashen gray. This group is 
 found well exposed in the vicinity of Thebes, 
 Alexander County, furnishing a durable building 
 stone extensively used for foundation walls. 
 Fossils are found in profusion in all the beds, 
 many fine specimens, in a perfect state of preser- 
 vation, having been exhumed. 
 
 UPPER SILURIAN SYSTEM. The Niagara group 
 in Northern Illinois consists of brown, gray and 
 buff magnesian limestones, sometimes evenly 
 bedded, as at Juliet and Athens, and sometimes 
 concretionary and brecciated, as at Bridgeport and 
 Port Byron. Near Chicago the cells and pockets 
 of this rock are filled with petroleum, but it has 
 been ascertained that only the thirty upper feet 
 of the rock contain bituminous matter. The 
 quarries in Will and Jersey Counties furnish fine 
 building and flagging stone. The rock is of a 
 light gray color, changing to buff on exposure. 
 In Pike and Calhoun Counties, also, there are out - 
 croppings of this rock and quarries are numerous. 
 It is usually evenly bedded, the strata varying in 
 thickness from two inches to two feet, and break- 
 ing evenly. Its aggregate thickness in Western 
 and Northern Illinois ranges from fifty to 150 
 feet. In Union and Alexander Counties, in the 
 southern part of the State, the Upper Silurian 
 series consists chiefly of thin bedded gray or 
 buff-colored limestone, silicious and cherty, flinty 
 material largely preponderating over the lime- 
 stone. Fossils are not abundant in this formation, 
 although the quarries at Bridgeport, in Cook 
 County, have afforded casts of nearly 100 species 
 of marine organisms, the calcareous portion hav- 
 ing been washed away. 
 
 DEVONIAN SYSTEM. This system is represented 
 in Illinois by three well marked divisions, cor- 
 responding to the Oriskany sandstone, the Onon- 
 daga limestone and the Hamilton and Corniferoua 
 beds of New York. To these the late Professor 
 Worthen for many years State Geologist, added, 
 
 although with some hesitancy, the black shale 
 formation of Illinois. Although these comprise 
 an aggregate thickness of over 500 feet, their 
 exposure is limited to a few isolated outcroppings 
 along the bluffs of the Illinois, Mississippi and 
 Rock Rivers. The lower division, called "Clear 
 Creek Limestone," is about 250 feet thick, and is 
 only found in the extreme southern end of the 
 State. It consists of chert, or impure flint, and 
 thin-bedded silico-magnesian limestones, rather 
 compact in texture, and of buff or light gray 
 to nearly white colors. When decomposed by 
 atmospheric influences, it forms a fine white clay, 
 resembling common chalk in appearance. Some 
 of the cherty beds resemble burr stones in poros- 
 ity, and good mill-stones are made therefrom in 
 Union County. Some of the stone is bluish-gray, 
 or mottled and crystalline, capable of receiving 
 a high polish, and making an elegant and durable 
 building stone. The Onondaga group comprises 
 some sixty feet of quartzose sandstone and 
 striped silicious shales. The structure of the 
 rock is almost identical with that of St. Peter's 
 Sandstone. In the vicinity of its outcrop in 
 Union County are found fine beds of potter's clay, 
 also variegated in color. The rock strata are 
 about twenty feet thick, evenly bedded and of a 
 coarse, granular structure, which renders the 
 stone valuable for heavy masonry. The group 
 has not been found north of Jackson County. 
 Large quantities of characteristic fossils abound. 
 The rocks composing the Hamilton group are the 
 most valuable of all the divisions of the Devonian 
 system, and the outcrops can be identified only by 
 their fossils. In Union and Jackson Counties it is 
 found from eighty to 100 feet in thickness, two 
 beds of bluish gray, fetid limestone being sepa- 
 rated by about twenty feet of calcareous shales. 
 The limestones are highly bituminous. In Jersey 
 and Calhoun Counties the group is only six to 
 ten feet thick, and consists of a hard, silicious 
 limestone, passing at some points into a quartzose 
 sandstone, and at others becoming argillaceous, 
 as at Graf ton. The most northern outcrop is in 
 Rock Island County, where the rock is concretion- 
 ary in structure and is utilized for building pur- 
 poses and in the manufacture of quicklime. 
 Fossils are numerous, among them being a few 
 fragments of fishes, which are the oldest remains 
 of vertebrate animals yet found in the State. 
 The black shale probably attains its maximum 
 development in Union County, where it ranges 
 from fifty to seventy-five feet in thickness. Its 
 lower portion is a fine, black, laminated slate, 
 sometimes closely resembling the bituminous 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 199 
 
 shales associated with the coal seams, which cir- 
 cumstance has led to the fruitless expenditure of 
 much time and money. The bituminous portion 
 of the mass, on distillation, yields an oil closely 
 resembling petroleum. Crystals of iron pyrites 
 are abundant in the argillaceous portion of the 
 group, which does noi extend north of the coun- 
 ties of Calhoun, Jersey and Pike. 
 
 LOWER CARBONIFEROUS SYSTEM. This is di- 
 visible into five groups, as follows : The Kinder- 
 hook group, the Burlington limestone, and the 
 Keokuk, St. Louis and Chester groups. Its 
 greatest development is in the southern portion 
 of the State, where it has a thickness of 1,400 or 
 1,500 feet. It thins out to the northward so rapidly 
 that, in the vicinity of the Lower Rapids on the 
 Mississippi, it is only 300 feet thick, while it 
 wholly disappears below Rock Island. The Kinder- 
 hook group is variable in its lithological charac- 
 ter, consisting of argillaceous and sandy shales, 
 with thin beds of compact and oolitic limestone, 
 passing locally into calcareous shales or impure 
 limestone. The entire formation is mainly a 
 mechanical sediment, with but a very small por- 
 tion of organic matter. The Burlington lime- 
 stone, on the other hand, is composed almost 
 entirely of the fossilized remains of organic 
 beings, with barely enough sedimentary material 
 to act as a cement. Its maximum thickness 
 scarcely exceeds 200 feet, and its principal out- 
 crops are in the counties of Jersey, Greene, Scott, 
 Calhoun, Pike, Adams, Warren and Henderson. 
 The rock is usually a light gray, buff or brown 
 limestone, either coarsely granular or crystalline 
 in structure. The Keokuk group immediately 
 succeeds the Burlington in the ascending order, 
 with no well defined line of demarcation, the 
 chief points of difference between the two being 
 in color and in the character of fossils found. At 
 the upper part of this group is found a bed of 
 nalcareo-argillaceous shale, containing a great 
 variety of geodes, which furnish beautiful cabinet 
 specimens of crystallized quartz, chalcedony, 
 dolomite and iron pyrites. In Jersey and Monroe 
 Counties a bed of hydraulic limestone, adapted to 
 the manufacture of cement, is found at the top of 
 this formation. The St. Louis group is partly 
 a fine-grained or semi-crystallized bluish-gray 
 limestone, and partly concretionary, as around 
 Alton. In the extreme southern part of the State 
 the rock is highly bituminous and susceptible of 
 receiving a high polish, being used as a black 
 marble. Beds of magnesian limestone are found 
 here and there, which furnish a good stone for 
 foundation walls. In Hardin County, the rock 
 
 is traversed by veins of fluor spar, carrying 
 galena and zinc blonde. The Chester group is 
 only found in the southern part of the State, 
 thinning out from a thickness of eight hundred 
 feet in Jackson and Randolph Counties, to about 
 twenty feet at Alton. It consists of hard, gray, 
 crystalline, argillaceous limestones, alternating 
 with sandy and argillaceous shales and sandstones, 
 which locally replace each other. A few species 
 of true carboniferous flora are found in the are- 
 naceous shales and sandstones of this group, the 
 earliest traces of pre-historic land plants found in 
 the State. Outcrops extend in a narrow belt 
 from the southern part of Hardin County to the 
 southern line of St. Clair County, passing around 
 the southwest border of the coal field. 
 
 UPPER CARBONIFEROUS SYSTEM. This includes 
 the Conglomerate, or "Mill Stone Grit" of Euro- 
 pean authors, and the true coal measures. In the 
 southern portion of the State its greatest thick- 
 ness is about 1,200 feet. It becomes thinner 
 toward the north, scarcely exceeding 400 or 500 
 feet in the vicinity of La Salle. The word "con- 
 glomerate" designates a thick bed of sandstone 
 that lies at the base of the coal measures, and 
 appears to have resulted from the culmination of 
 the arenaceous sedimentary accumulations. It 
 consists of massive quartzose sandstone, some- 
 times nearly white, but more frequently stained 
 red or brown by the ferruginous matter which 
 it contains, and is frequently composed in 
 part of rounded quartz pebbles, from the size 
 of a pea to several inches in diameter. When 
 highly ferruginous, the oxide of iron cements 
 the sand into a hard crust on the surface 
 of the rock, which successfully resists the de- 
 nuding influence of the atmosphere, so that the 
 rock forms towering cliffs on the banks of the 
 stream along which are its outcrops. Its thickness 
 varies from 200 feet in the southern part of the 
 State to twenty-five feet in the northern. It lias 
 afforded a few species of fossil plants, but no 
 animal remains. The coal measures of Illinois 
 are at least 1,000 feet thick and cover nearly 
 three-fourths of its entire area. The strata are 
 horizontal, the dip rarely exceeding six to ten 
 feet to the mile. The formation is made up of 
 sandstone, shales, thin beds of limestone, coal, 
 and its associated fire clays. The thickness of 
 the workable beds is from six to twenty-four 
 inches in the upper measures, and from two to 
 five feet in the lower measures. The fire clays, 
 on which the coal seams usually rest, probably 
 represent the ancient soil on which grew the 
 trees and plants from which the coal is formed. 
 
200 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 When pure, these clays are valuable for the 
 manufacture of fire brick, tile and common 
 pottery. Illinois coal is wholly of the bitumi- 
 nous variety, the metamorphic conditions which 
 resulted in the production of anthracite coal in 
 Pennsylvania not having extended to this State. 
 Fossils, both vegetable and animal, abound in 
 the coal measures. 
 
 TERTIARY SYSTEM. This system is represented 
 only in the southern end of the State, where cer- 
 tain deposits of stratified sands, shales and con- 
 glomerate are found, which appear to mark the 
 northern boundary of the great Tertiary forma- 
 tion of the Gulf States. Potter's clay, lignite and 
 silicious woods are found in the formation. 
 
 QUATERNARY SYSTEM. This system embraces 
 all the superficial material, including sands, clay, 
 gravel and. soil which overspreads the older for- 
 mations in all portions of the State. It gives 
 origin to the soil from which the agricultural 
 wealth of Illinois is derived. It may be properly 
 separated into four divisions: Post-tertiary 
 sands, Drift, Loess and Alluvium. The first- 
 named occupies the lowest position in the series, 
 and consists of stratified beds of yellow sand and 
 blue clay, of variable thickness, overlaid by a 
 black or deep brown, loamy soil, in which are 
 found leaves, branches and trunks of trees in a 
 good state of preservation. Next above lie the 
 drift deposits, consisting of blue, yellow and 
 brown clays, containing gravel and boulders of 
 various sizes, the latter the water-worn frag- 
 ments of rocks, many of which have been washed 
 down from the northern shores of the great 
 lakes. This drift formation varies in thickness 
 from twenty to 120 feet, and its accumulations 
 are probably due to the combined influence of 
 water currents and moving ice. The subsoil 
 over a large part of the northern and central 
 portions of the State is composed of fine brown 
 olay. Prof. Desquereux (Illinois Geological Sur- 
 vey, Vol. I.) accounts for the origin of thus clay 
 and of the black prairie soil above it, by attribut- 
 ing it to the growth and decomposition of a 
 peculiar vegetation. The Loess is a fine mechan- 
 ical sediment that appears to have accumulated in 
 some body of fresh water. It consists of marly 
 sands and clays, of a thickness varying from five to 
 sixty feet. Its greatest development is along the 
 bluffs of the principal rivers. The fossils found 
 in this formation consist chiefly of the bones and 
 teeth of extinct mammalia, such as the mam- 
 moth, mastodon, etc. Stone implements of 
 primeval man are also discovered. The term 
 alluvium is usually restricted to the deposits 
 
 forming the bottom lands of the rivers and 
 smaller streams. They consist of irregularly 
 stratified sand, clay and loam, which are fre- 
 quently found in alternate layers, and contain 
 more or less organic matter from decomposed 
 animal and vegetable substances. When suffi- 
 ciently elevated, they constitute the richest and 
 most productive farming lands in the State. 
 
 GEORGETOWN, a village of Vermilion County, 
 on the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis 
 Railway, 10 miles south of Danville. It has a 
 bank, telegraph and express office and a news- 
 paper. Population (1890), 662; (1900), 98S. 
 
 GERMAN EVANGELICAL SCHOOL, located at 
 Addison, Du Page County; incorporated in 1852; 
 has a faculty of three instructors and reports 1X7 
 pupils for 1897-98, with a property valuation of 
 $9,600. 
 
 GERMA Jf TOWN, a village of Vermilion County, 
 and suburb of Danville; is the center of a coal- 
 mining district.' Population (1880), 540; (1890), 
 1,178; (1900), 1,782. 
 
 GEST, William H., lawyer and ex-Congress- 
 man, was born at Jacksonville, 111., Jan. 7, 1838. 
 When but four years old his parents removed to 
 Rock Island, where he has since resided. He 
 graduated from Williams College in 1860, was 
 admitted to the bar in 1862, and has always been 
 actively engaged in practice. In 1886 he was 
 elected to Congress by the Republicans of the 
 Eleventh Illinois District, and was re-elected in 
 1888, but in 1890 was defeated by Benjamin T. 
 Cable, Democrat. 
 
 GIBAL'LT, Pierre, a French priest, supposed to 
 have been born at New Madrid in what is now 
 Southeastern Missouri, early in the eighteenth 
 century; was Vicar-General at Kaskaskia, with 
 ecclesiastical jurisdiction over the churches at 
 Cahokia, St. Genevieve and adjacent points, at 
 the time of the capture of Kaskaskia by Col. 
 George Rogers Clark in 1778, and rendered Clark 
 important aid in conciliating the French citizens 
 of Illinois. He also made a visit to Vincennes and 
 induced the people there to take the oath of allegi- 
 ance to the new government. He even advanced 
 means to aid Clark's destitute troops, but beyond 
 a formal vote of thanks by the Virginia Legisla- 
 ture, he does not appear to have received any 
 recompense. Governor St. Clair, in a report to 
 Thomas Jefferson, then Secretary of State, dwelt 
 impressively upon the value of Father Gibault's 
 services and sacrifices, and Judge Law said of 
 him, "Next to Clark and (Francis) Vigo, the 
 United States are indebted more to Father 
 Gibault for the accession of the States comprised 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 201 
 
 in what was the original Northwest Territory 
 than to any other man. " The date and place of 
 his death are unknown. 
 
 GIBSON CITY, a town in Ford County, situ- 
 ated on the Lake Erie & Western Railroad. 34 
 miles east of Bloomington. and at the intersec- 
 tion of the Wabash Railroad and the Springfield 
 Division of the Illinois Central. The principal 
 mechanical [industries are iron works, canning 
 works, a shoe factory, and a tile factory. It has 
 two banks, two newspapers, nine churches and 
 an academy. A college is projected. Popula- 
 tion (1890), 1,803; (1900), 2,054; (1903, est.), 3,165. 
 
 (ill,!,, Joseph It., Lieutenant-Governor (1893- 
 97), was born on a farm near Marion, Williamson 
 County, 111., Feb. 17, 1862. In 1868 his father 
 settled at Murphysboro, where Mr. Gill still 
 makes his home. His academic education was 
 received at the school of the Christian Brothers, 
 in St. Louis, and at the Southern Illinois Normal 
 University, Carbondale. In 1886 he graduated 
 from the Law Department of the Michigan State 
 University, at Ann Arbor. Returning home he 
 purchased an interest in "The Murphysboro Inde- 
 pendent," which paper he conducted and edited 
 up to January, 1893. In 1888 he was elected to 
 the lower house of the Legislature and re-elected 
 in 1890. As a legislator he was prominent as a 
 champion of the labor interest. In 1892 he was 
 nominated and elected Lieutenant-Governor on 
 the Democratic ticket, serving from January, 
 1893, to '97. 
 
 GILLESPIE, a village of Macoupin County, on 
 the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis 
 Railway, 10 miles southwest of Litchfield. This 
 is an agricultural, coal-mining and stock-raising 
 region ; the town has a bank and a newspaper. 
 Population (1890), 948; (1900), 873. 
 
 GILLESPIE, Joseph, lawyer and Judge, was 
 born in New York City, August 22, 1809, of Irish 
 parents, who removed to Illinois in 1819, settling 
 on a farm near Edwardsville. After coming to 
 Illinois, at 10 years, he did not attend school over 
 two months. In 1827 he went to the lead mines 
 at Galena, remaining until 1829. In 1831, at the 
 invitation of Cyrus Edwards, he began the study 
 of law, and was admitted to the bar in 1837, 
 having been elected Probate Judge in 1836. He 
 also served during two campaigns (1831 and '32) 
 in the Black Hawk War. He was a Whig in 
 politics and a warm personal friend of Abraham 
 Lincoln. In 1840 he was elected to the lower 
 house of the Legislature, serving one term, and 
 was a member of the State Senate from 1847 to 
 1859. In 1853 he received the few votes of the 
 
 Whig members of the Legislature for United States 
 Senator, in opposition to Stephen A. Douglas, 
 and, in 1860, presided over the second Republican 
 State Convention at Decatur, at which elements 
 were set in motion which resulted in the nomi- 
 nation of Abraham Lincoln for the Presidency 
 for the first time, a week later. In 1861 he was 
 elected Judge of the Twenty-fourth Judicial 
 Circuit, and re-elected in 1867 for a second term, 
 serving until 1873. Died, at his home at Edwards- 
 ville, Jan. 7, 1885. 
 
 GILLETT, John Dean, agriculturist and stock- 
 man, was born in Connecticut, April 28, 1819; 
 spent several years of his youth in Georgia, but, 
 in 1838, came to Illinois by way of St. Louis, 
 finally reaching "Bald Knob," in Logan County, 
 where an uncle of the same name resided. Here 
 he went to work, and, by frugality and judicious 
 investments, finally acquired a large body of 
 choice lands, adding to his agricultural operations 
 the rearing and feeding of stock for the Chicago 
 and foreign markets. In this he was remarkably 
 successful. In his later years he was President 
 of a National Bank at Lincoln. At the time of 
 his death, August 27, 1888, he was the owner . 
 16,500 acres of improved lands in the vicinity of 
 Elkhart, Logan County, besides large herds of 
 fine stock, both cattle and horses. He left a large 
 family, one of his daughters being the wife of 
 the late Senator Richard J. Oglesby. 
 
 GILLETT, Philip Goode, specialist and edu- 
 cator, born in Madison, Ind., March 24, 1833; was 
 educated at Asbury University, Greencastle, Ind. . 
 graduating in 1852, and the same year became an 
 instructor in the Institution for the Education of 
 the Deaf and Dumb in that State. In 1856 lit 
 became Principal of the Illinois Institution for 
 the Education of the Deaf and Dumb at Jackson- 
 ville, remaining there until 1893, when lie 
 resigned. Thereafter, for some years, he was 
 President of the Association for the Promotion uf 
 Speech by the Deaf, with headquarters in Wash- 
 ington, D. C., but later returned to Jacksonville, 
 where he lias since been living in retirement. 
 
 GILLHAM, Daniel It., agriculturist and legis- 
 lator, was born at a place now called Wanda, in 
 Madison County, 111., April 29, 1826 his father 
 being a farmer and itinerant Methodist preacher, 
 who belonged to one of the pioneer families in 
 the American Bottom at an early day. The sub- 
 ject of this sketch was educated in the common 
 schools and at McKendreu College, but did not 
 graduate from the latter. In his early life he 
 followed the vocation of a farmer and stock - 
 grower in one of the most prosperous and highly 
 
202 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 cultivated portions. of the American Bottom, a 
 few miles below Alton, but, in 1872, removed to 
 Alton, where he spent the remainder of his life. 
 He became a member of the State Board of Agri- 
 ' culture in 1866, serving eight years as Superin- 
 tendent and later as its President; was also a 
 Trustee of Shurtleff College some twenty-five 
 years, and for a time President of the Board. In 
 1870 he was elected to the lower branch of the 
 Twenty-seventh General Assembly, and to the 
 State Senate in 1882, serving a term of four years 
 in the latter. On the night of March 17, 1890, he 
 was assaulted by a burglar in his house, receiving 
 a wound from a pistol-shot in consequence of 
 which he died, April 6, following. The identity 
 of his assailant was never discovered, and the 
 crime consequently went unpunished. 
 
 GILMAN, a city in" Iroquois County, at the 
 intersection of the Illinois Central and the To- 
 ledo, Peoria & Western Railways, 81 miles south 
 by west from Chicago and 208 miles northeast 
 of St. Louis. It is in the heart of one of the 
 richest corn districts of the State and has large 
 stock-raising and fruit-growing interests. It has 
 an opera house, a public library, an extensive 
 nursery, brick and tile works, a linseed oil mill, 
 two banks and two weekly newspapers. Arte- 
 sian well water is obtained by boring from 90 to 
 ,'00 feet Population (1890), 1,112; (1900), 1,441. 
 
 GILMAN, Arthur, was born at Alton, 111., June 
 22, 1837, the son of Winthrop S. Gilman, of the 
 firm of Gilman & Godfrey, in whose warehouse 
 the printing press of Rev. Elijah P. Lovejoy was 
 stored at the time of its destruction by a mob in 
 1837 ; was educated in St. Louis and New York, 
 began business as a banker in 1857, but, in 1870, 
 removed to Cambridge, Mass., and connected 
 himself with "The Riverside Press." Mr. Gilman 
 was one of the prime movers in what is known as 
 "The Harvard Annex" in the interest of equal 
 collegiate advantages for women, and has written 
 much for the periodical press, besides publishing 
 a number of volumes in the line of history and 
 English literature. 
 
 GILMAN, CLINTON & SPRINGFIELD RAIL- 
 ROAD. (See Illinois Central Railroad.) 
 
 GIRARD, a city in Macoupin County, on the 
 Chicago & Alton Railroad, 25 miles south by west 
 from Springfield and 13 miles north-northeast of 
 Carlinville. Coal-mining is carried on extensively 
 here. The city also has a bank, five churches 
 and a weekly newspaper. Population (1880), 
 1,024; (1890), 1,524; (1900), 1,601. 
 
 GLEXCOE, a village of Cook County, on the 
 Milwaukee Division of the Chicago & Northwest- 
 
 ern Railway, 19 miles north of Chicago. Popu- 
 lation (1880), 387; (1890), 569; (1900), 1,020. 
 
 GLENN, Archibald A., ex-Lieutenant-Governor, 
 was born in Nicholas County, Ky . , Jan. 30, 1819. 
 In 1828 his father's family removed to Illinois, 
 settling first in Vermilion, and later in Schuyler 
 County. At the age of 13, being forced to 
 abandon school, for six years he worked upon the 
 farm of his widowed mother, and, at 19, entered 
 a printing office at Rushville, where he learned 
 the trade of compositor. In 1844 he published a 
 Whig campaign paper, which was discontinued 
 after the defeat of Henry Clay. For eleven 
 years he was Circuit Clerk of Brown County, 
 during which period he was admitted to the bar ; 
 was a member of the Constitutional Convention 
 o"' 1862, and of the State Board of Equalization 
 from 1868 to 1872. The latter year he was elected 
 to the State Senate for four years, and, in 1875, 
 chosen its President, thus becoming ex-officio 
 Lieutenant-Governor. He early abandoned legal 
 practice to engage in banking and in mercan- 
 tile investment. After the expiration of his term 
 in the Senate, he removed to Kansas, where, at 
 latest advices, he still resided. 
 
 GLENN, John .1., lawyer and jurist, was born 
 in Ashland County, Ohio, March 2, 1831 ; gradu- 
 ated from Miami University in 1858 and, in 1858, 
 was admitted to the bar at Terre Haute, Ind. 
 Removing to Illinois in 1860, he settled in Mercer 
 County, a year later removing to Monmouth in 
 Warren County, where he still resides. In 1877 
 he was elected Judge of the Tenth Judicial Cir- 
 cuit and re-elected in 1879, '85, '91, and '97. 
 After his last election he served for some time, 
 by appointment of the Supreme Court, as a mem- 
 ber of the Appellate Court for the Springfield 
 District, but ultimately resigned and returned to 
 Circuit Court duty. His reputation as a cool- 
 headed, impartial Judge stands very high, and his 
 name has been favorably regarded for a place on 
 the Supreme Bench. 
 
 GLOVER, Joseph Otis, lawyer, was born in 
 Cayuga County, N. Y.. April 13, 1810, and edu- 
 cated in the high-school at Aurora in that State. 
 In 1835 he came west to attend to a land case at 
 Galena for his father, and, although not then a 
 lawyer, he managed the case so successfully that 
 he was asked to take charge of two others. This 
 determined the bent of his mind towards the law, 
 to the study of which he turned his attention 
 under the preceptorship of the late Judge The- 
 ophilus L. Dickey, then of Ottawa. Soon after 
 l>eing admitted to the bar in 1840, he formed a 
 partnership with the late Burton C. Cook, whioh 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 203 
 
 lasted over thirty years. In 1846 he was elected 
 as a Democrat to the lower branch of the Fif- 
 teenth General Assembly, but, on the repeal of 
 the Missouri Compromise, he became one of the 
 founders of the Republican party and a close 
 friend of Abraham Lincoln, whom he entertained, 
 at the time of his (Lincoln's) debate with Senator 
 Douglas, at Ottawa, in 1858. In 1868 he served 
 as Presidential Elector at the time of General 
 Grant's first election to the Presidency, and the 
 following year was appointed United States Dis- 
 trict Attorney for the Northern District, serving 
 until 1875. In 1877 he was appointed by Gov- 
 ernor Cullom a member of the Board of Railway 
 and Canal Commissioners, of which he afterwards 
 became President, serving six years. Died, in 
 Chicago, Dec. 10, 1892. 
 
 UODFRET, a village of Madison County, on the 
 Chicago & Alton Railway, 5 miles north of Alton. 
 It is the seat of Monticello Female Seminary, and 
 named for Capt. Benjamin Godfrey, an early 
 settler who was chiefly instrumental in founding 
 that institution. Population (1890), 228. 
 
 GODFREY, (Capt.) Benjamin, sea captain and 
 philanthropist, was born at Chatham, Mass. , Dec. 
 4, 1794: at nine years of age he ran away from 
 home and went to sea, his first voyage being to 
 Ireland, where he spent nine years. The War of 
 1812 coming on, he returned home, spending a 
 part of the next three years in the naval service, 
 also gaining a knowledge of the science of navi- 
 gation. Later, he became master of a merchant- 
 vessel making voyages to Italy, Spain, the West 
 Indies and other countries, finally, by shipwreck 
 in Cuban waters, losing the bulk of his fortune. 
 In 1824 he engaged in mercantile business at 
 Matamoras, Mex., where he accumulated a hand- 
 some fortune ; but, in transferring it (amounting 
 to some $200,000 in silver) across the country on 
 pack-animals, he was attacked and robbed by 
 brigands, with which that country was then 
 infested. Resuming business at New Orleans, he 
 was again successful, and, in 1833, came north, 
 locating near Alton, 111., the next year engaging 
 in the warehouse and commission business as the 
 partner of Winthrop S. Gilman, under the name 
 of Godfrey & Gilman. It was in the warehouse 
 of this firm at Alton that the printing-press of 
 Elijah P. Love joy was stored when it was seized 
 and destroyed by a mob. and Lovejoy was killed, 
 in October, 1837. (See iMi-ejoy, Elijah P.) Soon 
 after establishing himself at Alton, Captain God- 
 frey made a donation of land and money for the 
 erection of a young ladies' seminary at the village 
 of Godfrey, four miles from Alton. (See Monti- 
 
 cello Female Seminary.) The first cost of the 
 erection of buildings, borne by him, was $53,000. 
 The institution was opened, April 11, 1838, and 
 Captain Godfrey continued to be one of its Trustees 
 as long as he lived. He was also one of the lead- 
 ing spirits in the construction of the Alton & 
 Springfield Railroad (now a part of the Chicago 
 & Alton), in which he invested heavily and un- 
 profitably. Died, at Godfrey, April 13, 1862. 
 
 60LCONDA, a village and county-seat of Pope 
 County, on the Ohio River, 80 miles northeast 
 of Cairo; located in agricultural and mining dis- 
 trict ; zinc, lead and kaolin mined in the vicinity ; 
 has a courthouse, eight churches, schools, one 
 bank, a newspaper, a box factory, flour and saw 
 mills, and a fluor-spar factory. It is the termi- 
 nus of a branch of the Illinois Central Railroad. 
 Population (1890), 1.174: (1900), 1,140. 
 
 GOLDZIER, Julius, ex-Congressman, was 
 born at Vienna, Austria, Jan. 20, 1854, and 
 emigrated to New York in 1866. In 1872 he 
 settled in Chicago, where he was admitted 
 to the bar in 1877, and where he has practiced 
 law ever since. From 1890 to 1892 he was a 
 member of the Chicago City Council, and, in 
 1892, was the successful Democratic candidate 
 in the Fourth District, for Congress, but was 
 defeated in 1894 by Edward D. Cooke. At the 
 Chicago city election of 1899 he was again re- 
 turned to the Council as Alderman for the Thirty- 
 second Ward. 
 
 GOODIXfi, James, pioneer, was born about 
 1767, and, in 1832, was residing at Bristol, Ontario 
 County, N. Y., when he removed to Cook County, 
 111., settling in what was later called "Gooding's 
 Grove," now a part of Will County. The Grove 
 was also called the "Yankee Settlement," from 
 the Eastern origin of the principal settlers. Mr. 
 Gooding was accompanied, or soon after joined, by 
 three sons James, Jr., William and Jasper and 
 a nephew, Charles Gooding, all of whom became 
 prominent citizens. The senior Gooding died in 
 1849, at the age of 82 years. William (Gooding), 
 civil engineer, son of the preceding, was born at 
 Bristol. Ontario County, N. Y., April 1, 1803; 
 educated in the common schools and by private 
 tuition, after which he divided his time chiefly 
 between teaching and working on the farm of 
 his father, James Gooding. Having devoted 
 considerable attention to surveying and civil 
 engineering, he obtained employment in 1826 on 
 the Welland Canal, where he remained three years. 
 He then engaged in mercantile pursuits at Lock- 
 port, N. Y. , but sold out at the end of the first 
 year and went to Ohio to engage in his profession. 
 
204 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 Being unsuccessful in this, he accepted employ- 
 ment for a time as a rodman, but later secured a 
 position as Assistant Engineer on the Ohio Canal. 
 After a brief visit to his father's in 1832, he 
 returned to Ohio and engaged in business there 
 for a short time, but the following year joined 
 his father, who had previously settled in a portion 
 of what is now Will County, but then Cook, mak- 
 ing the trip by the first mail steamer around the 
 lakes. He at first settled at "Gooding's Grove" 
 and engaged in farming. In 1836 he was ap- 
 pointed Assistant Engineer on the Illinois & 
 Michigan Canal, but, in 1842, became Chief Engi- 
 neer, continuing in that position until the com- 
 pletion of the canal in 1848, when he became 
 Secretary of the Canal Board. Died, at Ix>ckport, 
 Will County, in May, 1878. 
 
 GOODRICH, Grant, lawyer and jurist, was 
 born in Milton, Saratoga, County, N. Y., August 
 7, 1811 ; grew up in Western New York, studied 
 law and came to Chicago in 1834, becoming one 
 of the most prominent and reputable members of 
 his profession, as well as a leader in many of the 
 movements for the educational, moral and reli- 
 gious advancement of the commttnity. He was 
 one of the founders of the First Methodist Epis- 
 copal Church of Chicago, an active member of 
 the Union Defense Committee during the war, an 
 incorporator and life-long Trustee of the North- 
 western University, and President of the Board 
 of Trustees of Garrett Biblical Institute, besides 
 being identified with many organizations of a 
 strictly benevolent character. In 1839 Judge 
 Goodrich was elected a Judge of the newly organ- 
 ized Superior Court, but, at the end of his term, 
 resumed the practice of his profession. Died, 
 March 15, 1889. 
 
 6ORE, David, ex-State Auditor, was born in 
 Trigg County, Ky., Aprils, 1827; came with his 
 parents to Madison County, III. , in 1834, and served 
 in the Mexican War as a Quartermaster, afterwards 
 locating in Macoupin County, where he lias been 
 extensively engaged in farming. In 1874 he was 
 an unsuccessful Greenback-Labor candidate for 
 State Treasurer, in 1884 was elected to the State 
 Senate from the MacoUpin-Morgan District, and, 
 in 1892, nominated and elected, as a Democrat, 
 Auditor of Public Accounts, serving until 1897. 
 For some sixteen years he was a member of the 
 State Board of Agriculture, the last two years of 
 that period being its President. His home is at 
 Carlinville. 
 
 GOUDY, Calvin, early printer and physician, 
 was born in Ohio, June 2, 1814; removed with 
 his parents, in childhood, to Indianapolis, and 
 
 in 1832 to Vandalia, 111., where he worked in the 
 State printing office and bindery. In the fall of 
 1833 the family removed to Jacksonville, and the 
 following year he entered Illinois College, being 
 for a time a college-mate of Richard Yates, after- 
 wards Governor. Here he continued his vocation 
 as a printer, working for a time on "Peck's 
 Gazetteer of Illinois" and "Goudy's Almanac." 
 of which his father was publisher. In association 
 with a brother while in Jacksonville, he began 
 the publication of "The Common School Advo- 
 cate," the pioneer publication of its kind in the 
 Northwest, which was continued for about a 
 year. Later he studied medicine with Drs. Henry 
 and Merriman in Springfield, finally graduating 
 at the St. Louis Medical College and, in 1844 
 began practice at Taylorville ; in 1847 was elected 
 Probate Judge of Christian County for a term of 
 four years; in 1851 engaged in mercantile busi- 
 ness, which he continued nineteen years. In 1856 
 he was elected to the lower house of the General 
 Assembly and, in the session of the following; 
 year, was a leading supporter of the act estab- 
 lishing the State Normal School at Normal, still 
 later serving for some sixteen years on the State 
 Board of Education. Died, at Taylorville, in 
 1877. Dr. Goudy was an older brother of the late 
 William C. Goudy of Chicago. 
 
 GOCDY, William C., lawyer, was born in 
 Indiana, May 15, 1824 ; came to Illinois, with his 
 father, first to Vandalia and afterwards to Jack- 
 sonville, previous to 1833, where the latter began 
 the publication of "The Farmer's Almanac" a 
 well-known publication of that time. At Jack- 
 sonville young Goudy entered Illinois College, 
 graduating in 1845, when he began the study of 
 law with Judge Stephen T. Logan, of Springfield ; 
 was admitted to the bar in 1847, and the next year 
 began practice at Lewistown, Fulton County; 
 served as State's Attorney (1852-55) and as State 
 Senator (1856-60); at the close of his term re- 
 moved to Chicago, where he became prominent 
 as a corporation and railroad lawyer, in 1886 be- 
 coming General Solicitor of the Chicago & North- 
 western Railroad. During President Cleveland's 
 first term, Mr. Goudy was believed to exert a 
 large influence with the administration, and was 
 credited with having been largely instrumental 
 in securing the appointment of his partner, Mel- 
 ville W. Fuller, Chief Justice of the Supreme 
 Court. Died, April 27, 1893. 
 
 GBAFF, Joseph V., lawyer and Congressman, 
 was born at Terre Haute, Ind., July 1, 1854; after 
 graduating from the Terre Haute high-school, 
 spent one year in Wabash College at Crawfords- 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 205 
 
 ville. but did not graduate ; studied law and was 
 admitted to the bar at Delavan, 111., in 1879; in 
 1892 was a delegate to the Republican National 
 Convention at Minneapolis, but, with the excep- 
 tion of President of the Board of Education, 
 never held any public office until elected to Con- 
 gress from the Fourteenth Illinois District, as a 
 Republican, in November, 1894. Mr. Graff was a 
 successful candidate for re-election in 1896, and 
 again in '98. 
 
 GRAFTON, a town in Jersey County, situated 
 on the Mississippi one and a half miles below the 
 mouth of the Illinois River. The bluffs are high 
 and fine river views are obtainable. A fine 
 quality of fossiliferous limestone is quarried here 
 and exported by the river. The town has a 
 bank, three churches and a graded school. Pop- 
 ulation (1880), 807, (1890), 927; (1900), 988. 
 
 GRAIN INSPECTION, a mode of regulating 
 the grain-trade in accordance with State law, and 
 under the general supervision of the Railroad and 
 Warehouse Commission. The principal exec- 
 utive officer of the department is the Chief 
 Inspector of Grain, the expenses of whose adminis- 
 tration are borne by fees. The chief business of 
 the inspection department is transacted in Chi- 
 cago, where the principal offices are located. (See 
 Railroad and Warehouse Commission. ) 
 
 GRAMMAR, John, pioneer and early legislator, 
 came to Southern Illinois at a very early date and 
 served as a member of the Third Territorial 
 Council for Johnson County (1816-18); was a 
 citizen of Union County when it was organized 
 in 1818, and served as State Senator from that 
 county in the Third and Fourth General Assem- 
 blies (1822-26), and again in the Seventh and 
 Eighth General Assemblies (1830-34), for the Dis- 
 trict composed of Union, Johnson and Alexander 
 Counties. He is described as having been very 
 illiterate, but a man of much shrewdness and 
 considerable influence. 
 
 GRAND ARMY OF THE REPUBLIC, a fra- 
 ternal, charitable and patriotic association, 
 limited to men who served in the Union army or 
 navy during the Civil War, and received hon- 
 orable discharge. Its founder was Dr. B. F. 
 Stephenson, who served as Surgeon of the Four- 
 teenth Illinois Infantry. In this task he had 
 the cooperation of Rev. William J. Rutledge, 
 Chaplain of the same regiment. Col. Jolm M. 
 Snyder, Dr. James Hamilton, Maj. Robert M. 
 Woods, Maj. Robert Allen, Col. Martin Flood, 
 Col. Daniel Grass, Col. Edward Prince, Capt. 
 John S. Phelps, Capt. John A. Lightfoot, Col. 
 B. F. Smith, Maj. A. A. North, Capt. Henry E. 
 
 Howe, and Col. B. F. Hawkes. all Illinois veter- 
 ans. Numerous conferences were held at Spring- 
 field, in this State, a ritual was prepared, and the 
 first post was chartered at Decatur, 111., April (>. 
 1866. The charter members were Col. I. C. Pugli. 
 George R. Steele, J. W. Routh, Joseph Prior. 
 J. H. Nale, J. T. Bishop, G H. Dunning, B F. 
 Sibley, M. F. Kanau, C. Reibsame, I. N. Coltrin. 
 and Aquila Toland. All but one of these had 
 served in Illinois regiments. At first, the work 
 of organization proceeded slowly, the ex-soldiers 
 generally being somewhat doubtful of the result 
 of the project; but, before July 12, 1866, the date 
 fixed for the assembling of a State Convention to 
 form the Department of Illinois, thirty-nine posts 
 had been chartered, and, by 1869, there were 330 
 reported in Illinois. By October, 1866, Depart- 
 ments had been formed in Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, 
 Wisconsin and Minnesota, and posts established 
 in Ohio, Missouri, Kentucky, Arkansas, Massa- 
 chussetts, New York, Pennsylvania, and the 
 District of Columbia, and the first National 
 Encampment was held at Indianapolis, November 
 20 of that year. In 1894 there were 7,500 posts, 
 located in every State and Territory of the Union, 
 with a membership of 450,000. The scheme of 
 organization provides for precinct, State and 
 National bodies. The first are known as posts, 
 each having a number, to which the name of 
 some battle or locality, or of some deceased soldier 
 may be prefixed; the second (State organizations) 
 are known as Departments; and the supreme 
 power of the Order is vested in the National En- 
 campment, which meets annually. As has l>een 
 said, the G. A. R. had its inception in Illinois. 
 The aim and dream of Dr. Stephenson and his 
 associates was to create a grand organization of 
 veterans which, through its cohesion, no less than 
 its incisiveness, should constitute a potential fac- 
 tor in the inculcation and development of patriot- 
 ism as well as mutual support. While he died 
 sorrowing that he had not seen the fruition of 
 his hopes, the present lias witnessed the fullest 
 realization of his dream. (See Steplienson, B. F. ) 
 The constitution of the order expressly prohibits 
 any attempt to use the organization for partisan 
 purposes, or even the discussion, at any meeting, 
 of partisan questions. Its aims are to foster and 
 strengthen fraternal feelings among members ; to 
 assist comrades needing help or protection and 
 aid comrades' widows and orphans, and to incul- 
 cate unswerving loyalty. The "Woman's Relief 
 Corps" is an auxiliary organization, originating 
 at Portland, Maine, in 1869. The following is a list 
 of Illinois Department Commanders, chronolog- 
 
206 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 ioally arranged: B. F. Stephenson (Provisional, 
 1866), John M. Palmer (1866-68), Thomas O. 
 Osborne (1869-70), Charles E. Lippincott (1871), 
 Hubert Dilger (1872), Guy T. Gould (1873), Hiram 
 Hilliard (1874-76), Joseph S. Reynolds (1877), 
 T. B. Coulter (1878), Edgar D. Swain (1879-80), 
 J. W. Burst (1881), Thomas G. Lawler (1882), 
 S. A. Harper (1883). L. T. Dickason (1884), 
 William W. Berry (1885), Philip Sidney Post 
 (1886), A. C. Sweetser (1887), James A. Sexton 
 (1888), James S. Martin (1889), William I. Distin 
 (1890), Horace S. Clark (1891), Edwin Harlan 
 (1892), Edward A. Blodgett (1893), H. H. 
 McDowell (1894), W. H. Powell (1895), William 
 G. Cochran (1896), A. L. Schimpff (1897), John 
 C. Black (1898), John B. Inman (1899). The fol- 
 lowing Illinoisans have held the position of Com- 
 mander-in-Chief : S. A. Hurlbut, (two terms) 
 1866-67; John A. Logan, (three terms) 1868-70; 
 Thomas G. Lawler, 1894; James A. Sexton, 1898. 
 
 GRAND PRAIRIE SEMINARY, a co-educa- 
 tional institution at Onarga, Iroquois County, in- 
 corporated in 1863;. had a faculty of eleven teach- 
 ers in 1897-98, with 285 pupils 145 male and 140 
 female. It reports an endowment of $10,000 and 
 property valued at $55,000. Besides the usual 
 classical and scientific departments, instruction 
 is given in music, oratory, fine arts and prepara- 
 tory studies. 
 
 GRAND TOWER, a town in Jackson County, 
 situated on the Mississippi River, 27 miles south- 
 west of Carbondale ; the western terminus of the 
 Grand Tower & Carbondale Railroad. It received 
 its name from a high, rocky island, lying in the 
 river opposite the village. It has four churches, 
 a weekly newspaper, and two blast furnaces for 
 iron. Population (1890), 624; (1900), 881. 
 
 GRAND TOTTER & CAPE GIRARDEAD 
 RAILROAD. (See Chicago dt Texas Railroad.) 
 
 GRAND TOWER & CARBONDALE RAIL- 
 ROAD. (See Chicago <t- Texas Railroad. ) 
 
 GRANGER, Flavel K., lawyer, farmer and 
 legislator, was born in Wayne County, N. Y., 
 May 16, 1833, educated in public schools at Sod us 
 in the same State, and settled at Waukegan, 111., 
 in 1853. Here, having studied law, he was 
 admitted to the bar in 1855, removing to McIIenry 
 County the same year, and soon after engaging in 
 the live-stock and wool business. In 1872 he was 
 elected as a Republican Representative in the 
 Twenty-eighth General Assembly, being succes- 
 sively re-elected to the Twenty-ninth, Thirtieth 
 and Thirty-first, and being chosen Temporary 
 Speaker of the Twenty-nintli and Thirtieth. He 
 is now a ineiiilier of the State Senate for the 
 
 Eighth District, having been elected in 1896. His 
 home is at West McHenry. 
 
 GRANT, Alexander Fraeser, early lawyer and 
 jurist, was born at Inverness, Scotland, in 1804 ; 
 came to Illinois at an early day and located at 
 Shawneetown, where he studied law with Henry 
 Eddy, the pioneer lawyer and editor of that place. 
 Mr. Grant is described as a man of marked ability, 
 as were many of the early settlers of that region. 
 In February, 1835, he was elected by the General 
 Assembly Judge for the Third Circuit, as succes- 
 sor to his preceptor, Mr. Eddy, but served only a 
 few months, dying at Vandalia the same year. 
 
 GRANT, Ulysses Simpson, (originally Hiram 
 Ulysses) , Lieutenant - General and President, 
 was born at Point Pleasant, Clermont County, 
 Ohio, April 27, 1822 ; graduated from West 
 Point Military Academy, in 1843, and served 
 through the Mexican War. After a short resi- 
 dence at St. Louis, he became a resident of Galena 
 in 1860. His war-record is a glorious part of the 
 Nation's history. Entering the service of the 
 State as a clerk in the office of the Quartermaster- 
 General at Springfield, soon after the breaking out 
 of the war in 1861, and still later serving as a 
 drill-master at Camp Yates, in June following he 
 was commissioned by Governor Yates Colonel of 
 the Twenty-first Illinois Volunteers, which he 
 immediately led into the field in the State of 
 Missouri ; was soon after promoted to a Brigadier- 
 Generalship and became a full Major-General of 
 Volunteers on the fall of Forts Donelson and 
 Henry, in February following. His successes at 
 Fort Gibson, Raymond, Champion Hill, and Big 
 Black River, ending with the capture of Vicks- 
 burg, were the leading victories of the Union 
 armies in 1863. His successful defense of Chat- 
 tanooga was also one of his victories in the West 
 in the same year. Commissioned a Major-General 
 of the Regular Army after the fall of Vicksburg, 
 he became Lieutenant-General in 1864, and, in 
 March of that year, assumed command of all the 
 Northern armies. Taking personal command of 
 the Army of the Potomac, he directed the cam- 
 paign against Richmond, which resulted in the 
 final evacuation and downfall of the Confederate 
 capital and the surrender of General Lee at 
 Appomattox on April 8, 1865. In July, 1866, he 
 was made General the office being created for 
 him. He also served as Secretary of War, ad 
 interim, under President Johnson, from Au- 
 gust, 1867, to January, 1868. In 1868 he was 
 elected President of the United States and re- 
 elected in 1872. His administration may not 
 have been free from mistakes, but it was charac- 
 
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 n 
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 n 
 
IIISTolUC.U. KNCYCLOPKD1A <)K ILLINOIS. 
 
 (ally arranged H I'. Stephenson ( Provisional 
 1806;. .|..i,ii M Palmer <!*! r,*>. Thomas I) 
 OslK>rm> a*V.)-70i. Charles K. Lippinoott ( 1H71 ). 
 HulH-rt Dilger <l*72v CuyT (iould (1*7:1). Hiram 
 Hilliard (1*71 7<i) Joseph S. Reynolds (1H77). 
 T !!. Coulter <1*T*). F.d'.'ar I), Swain (l*7!l-*ih 
 .1 W Burst (1**1>. Thomas (i Lawlcr (I**-. 1 ). 
 S. A. Har|*r (!**:!>. I.. T Dic-kason (l**4i. 
 \Villiuni W Merry i !**:.>. Philip Sidney post 
 il**ti), A ('. Sweet-er (1**7). James A Sexton 
 HHNS.), .lain.-s S. Martin (is*<n. William L. ]>istin 
 (IS!X), HoraccS Clark (1*!U), Kdwin Harlan 
 (1 *!:>), F.dward A Hlodgett (!*'.:!). II II 
 McDowell {1*!I4). W H. Powell (l*!r>). William 
 <! C'oclinn il*yf>), A. L. Schimpff (l*H7i. John 
 ('. Black (!*!*), .John B. Imnan (Isfl'.li. The fol- 
 lowing Illinoisans have held the position of ( 'om- 
 rii:iinli>r-iii-( 'hief S. A Hiirlhnt. (two terms) 
 l*ti(!-i;7; John A. Logan, (three terms) ll>*-7n ; 
 Thomas (!. Lawlrr, 1*!>4: James A. Sexton. 1W. 
 
 (;RAM PRAIRIK SKMINART, u i-.,...,iui-a- 
 
 tional institution at Onar^'a, Iroquois County, in 
 cor|>rate'l in !*';'; had a faculty of eleven teach- 
 ers in l w f>7 '.i* with 'Jxr, pupils It") male and HO 
 female. It reports an endowment of $10.01)0 ami 
 property valued at S.Vi.ooO. Besides the usual 
 i'la,ssical ;ind seientitie departments, instruction 
 is j^iven in musie. oratory, line arts and prepara- 
 tory studies. 
 
 (RAM) TOWFR, a town in Jackson County, 
 situated on the Mississippi Hiver. 27 miles south- 
 west of CarlMmdale ; the western terminus of the 
 I i rind Tower A Carhondalp Kailroad. It received 
 its name from a hi^li. rocky island, lyin^ in the 
 river opposite the village. It has four churches, 
 a weekly newspaper, and two blastfurnaces for 
 iron. Population (IWOi. li'.'l. d'.iooi. ssi. 
 
 <;UAM> TIMVKR A: CAI'E i.lKUMH M 
 RAILROAD. (S,.,- rVii'.vir/f. ,{ 7'...v ( .s Hnilr,i<l > 
 
 l.liVMi TOWER \ < M;l!iM\l I RAIL- 
 ROAU. (S,. H fhifiitja <{ Tf.r<in Kiiilrutid.) 
 
 l.i: XM.I'i:, Kla\cl h'., lawyer farmer and 
 legislator, was horn in Wayne County, X. Y.. 
 May I". 1W-, eilucated in pulilic schools at Sodus 
 in the same State, and settle. 1 at Wankeu'an. III., 
 in lS."il( Here, having stud led law lie was 
 admitted totheharin 1 >*".">. removing to McHenry 
 t Viimty tli" -aim- year and soon after enj.'auiiiK in 
 th" live -toi-k ami wool Imsiness. In |H7',' lie was 
 Ifct'-d -is i I. 1 . |.iilihc:i!i Itepn-eniativf in the 
 Twt-':i v-i i^hth (i'-ncral Ass.-rnlilv. hcin-' xicccs 
 -i\, !v re-e!e.-ti-.| |,, |!ie Tweiitv-iiinlli. Tliirlii-tli 
 and Tiiiriy lirl. an I l'i'i_: chosen Tcnipor:iry 
 SjM'ak.T c.f th.'Twenit ninih ;nid Thirli.'th He 
 
 i-- ive.v : .-Mill.-!- ol' ||:e Sl-ili- Senate for t lie 
 
 Ki_rhth District, having heel: e|,-.-t.'d in Ix'JIi. Hi 1 
 homo is at West Mcllenry. 
 
 (iRA>T, Ale\aniler Krurser, early lawyer and 
 jurist, was horn at Imernc-s. Scotland, in l^u.| 
 came to Illinois at an early day and located at 
 Sliawneetiiwn. where he studied law with Henry 
 I'.ddy tlie pioneer lawyer ami editor of that place. 
 Mr. < Irani i- dc-ci ihed a- a man of marked ability , 
 as were many of the early settlers of that region. 
 l:i February. !*!(">. he was -lei-ted by tin.* I ieneral 
 Assembly Jud;,'e f<ir the Third Circuit, as surces- 
 -or to his preceptor, Mr. Kddy, but served only a 
 few months, dyin^at Vandalia the same year. 
 
 (RAM, riysscs Sini|isiin, (originally Hiram 
 I'lysses). Lieutenant -(ieneral and President, 
 was Inirn at Point Pleasant. Clermont County. 
 Ohio. April -'7. IH^-' ; graduated from West 
 Point Military Academy, in 1*4:!. and served 
 through the Mexican War After a short resi- 
 dence at St. Louis. In* becamea resident of (lalena 
 in 1*1111. His war record is a glorious part of the 
 Nation's history. Kntering the service of the 
 State as a clerk in the office of the i^uartermaster- 
 ( ieneral at Springlield. soon after the break ing out 
 of the war in 1*(>1. and still later serving as a 
 drill master at Camp Yates. in June following he 
 was commissioned by Governor Yates Colonel of 
 the Twenty first Illinois Volunteers, which he 
 immediately led into the field in the State of 
 Missouri was soon after promoted to a Brigadier 
 (ieneralship and became a full Major ( ieneral of 
 Volunteers on the fall of Forts Uouelson and 
 Henry, in February following His successes at 
 Fort (iibson. Raymond. Champion Hill. and. Big 
 Black River, ending with the capture of Vicks- 
 burg were the leading victories of the I'nion 
 armies in IMiKI. His successful defense of Chat- 
 tanooga was also 01 f his victories in tin* West 
 
 n t he same year. Commissioned a Ma jor-l ieneral 
 of the Regular Army after the fall of Vickslmrg 
 he became Lieutenant-! ieneral in 1*114. and. in 
 March of that year, assumed command of all the 
 Northern armies. Taking personal command of 
 the Army of the Potomac', lie directed the cam- 
 paign against Richmond, which resulted in the 
 final evacuation and downfall of the ( 'onfedcrate 
 capital and tli" surrender of (leneral Lee at 
 \piiomatto\ on April * l*i;r> In July 1*tlti, he 
 was made (ieneral the ollice being created for 
 him. He al-o served as Secretary of War. ad 
 interim, under President Johnson, from \u 
 gust. |sr,7. to January. t*'l*. In l*iM he was 
 
 elected President of the I'nited States and re 
 
 elected in I*;-; Hi^ administrati'iii may not 
 have U'eii fiec fn*m mi-takes, but it was ciiarae- 
 
T: 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 207 
 
 terized by patriotism and integrity of purpose. 
 During 1877-79 he made a tour of the world, being 
 received everywhere with the highest honors. In 
 1880 his friends made an unsuccessful effort to 
 secure his renomination as a Presidential candi- 
 date on the Republican ticket. Died, at Mount 
 McGregor. N. Y., July 23, 1885. His chief literary 
 work was his "Memoirs" (two volumes, 1885-86), 
 which was very extensively sold. 
 
 GRAPE CREEK, a surburban mining village in 
 Vermilion County, on the Big Vermilion River 
 and the Chicago & Eastern Illinois Railroad, six 
 miles south of Danville. The chief industry is 
 coal mining, which is extensively carried on. 
 Population (1890), 778; (1900), 610 
 
 6RATIOT, Charles, of Huguenot parentage, 
 born at Lausanne, Switzerland, in 1752. After 
 receiving a mercantile training in the counting 
 house of an uncle in London, he emigrated to 
 Canada, entering the employ of another uncle at 
 Montreal He first came to the "Illinois Coun- 
 try"- in 1775, as an Indian trader, remaining one 
 year. In 1777 he returned and formed a partner- 
 ship with David McRae and John Kay, two young 
 Scotchmen from Montreal. He established depots 
 at Cahokia and Kaskaskia. Upon the arrival of 
 Col. George Rogers Clark, in 1778, he rendered 
 that commander material financial assistance, 
 becoming personally responsible for the supplies 
 needed by the penniless American army. When 
 the transfer of sovereignty took place at St. 
 Louis, on March 10, 1804, and Louisiana Territory 
 became a part of the United States, it was from 
 the balcony of his house that the first American 
 flag was unfurled in Upper Louisiana. In recom- 
 pense for his liberal expenditure, he was promised 
 30,000 acres of land near the present site of 
 Louisville, but this he never received. Died, at 
 St. Louis, April 21, 1817. 
 
 GRAYIER, Father Jacques, a Jesuit mission- 
 ary, born in France, but at what date cannot be 
 stated with certainty. After some years spent in 
 Canada he was sent by his ecclesiastical superiors 
 to the Illinois Mission (1688), succeeding Allouez 
 as Superior two years later, and being made 
 Vicar-General in 1691. He labored among the 
 Miamis, Peorias and Kaskaskias his most numer- 
 ous conversions being among the latter tribe as 
 also among the Cahokias, Osages, Tamaroas and 
 Missouris. It is said to have been largely through 
 his influence that the Illinois were induced to 
 settle at Kaskaskia instead of going south. In 
 1705 he received a severe wound during an attack 
 by the Illinois Indians, incited, if not actually 
 led, by one of their medicine men. It is said 
 
 that he visited Paris for treatment, but failed 
 to find a cure. Accounts of his death vary as 
 to time and place, but all agree that it resulted 
 from the wound above mentioned. Some of his 
 biographers assert that he died at sea; others 
 that he returned from France, yet suffering from 
 the Indian poison, to Louisiana in February, 
 1708, and died near Mobile, Ala., the same year. 
 
 GRAY, Elisha, electrician and inventor, was 
 born at Barnes vi lie, Ohio, August 2, 1835; after 
 serving as an apprentice at various trades, took a 
 course at Oberlin College, devoting especial 
 attention to the physical sciences, meanwhile 
 supporting himself by manual labor. In 1865 he 
 began his career as an electrician and, in 1867, 
 received his first patent; devised a method of 
 transmitting telephone signals, and, in 1875, suc- 
 ceeded in transmitting four messages simultane- 
 ously on one wire to New York and Boston, a 
 year later accomplishing the same with eight 
 messages to New York and Philadelphia. Pro- 
 fessor Gray has invented a telegraph switch, a 
 repeater, enunciator and type-writing telegraph. 
 From 1869 to '73 he was employed in the manu- 
 facture of telegraph apparatus at Cleveland and 
 Chicago, but has since been electrician of the 
 Western Electric Company of Chicago. His latest 
 invention, the "telautograph" for reproducing 
 by telegraph the handwriting of the sender 
 of a telegram attracted great interest at the 
 World's Columbian Exposition of 1893. He is 
 author of "Telegraphy and Telephony" and 
 "Experimental Researches in Electro-Harmonic 
 Telegraphy and Telephony." 
 
 GRAY, William ('., Ph.D., editor, was born in 
 Butler County, Ohio, in 1830; graduated from 
 the Farmers' (now Belmont) College in 1850. 
 read law and began secular editorial work in 
 1852, being connected, in the next fourteen years, 
 with "The Tiffin Tribune," "Cleveland Herald" 
 and "Newark American." Then, after several 
 years spent in general publishing business in 
 Cincinnati, after the great fire of 1871 he came to 
 Chicago, to take charge of "The Interior," the 
 organ of the Presbyterian Church, which he has 
 since conducted. The success of the paper under 
 his management affords the best evidence of his 
 practical good sense. He holds the degree of 
 Ph.D., received from Wooster University in 1881. 
 
 GRAYYILLE, a city situated on the border of 
 White and Edwards Counties, lying chiefly in 
 the former, on the Wabash River, 35 miles north- 
 west of Evansville, Ind., 16 miles northeast of 
 Carmi, and forty miles southwest of Vinoennes. 
 It is located in the heart of a heavily timbered 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA <>l-' 
 
 807 
 
 terized by patriotism ami integrity of purpose. 
 During 1*77-79 lie made a tour of the world, being 
 received everywhere with the highest honors In 
 18(50 his friends made an unsuccessful elTort to 
 secure his renomination as a Presidential candi- 
 date on the Republican ticket. Died, at Mount 
 McCregor, X. Y., July i3, 1885. His chief literary 
 work was his "Memoirs" (two volumes, ISs.VNi), 
 which was very extensively sold. 
 
 (iRAl'K rKEEK,asurlmrban mining village iu 
 Vermilion County, on the Big Vermilion Kiver 
 and tlie Chicago & Eastern Illinois Railroad, six 
 miles south of Danville The chief industry is 
 coal mining, which is extensively carried on. 
 Population (1*90). 778; (ItXXIi. lilO 
 
 I.UA I I" I , Charles, of Huguenot parentage, 
 born at Lausanne. Switzerland, in 17.~>2. After 
 receiving a mercantile training in the counting 
 house of an uncle in Ix>mlnn, he emigrated to 
 Canada, entering the employ of another uncle at 
 Montreal. He lirst came to the "Illinois Coun- 
 try" in 177.1, as an Indian trader, remaining one 
 year. In 1777 he returned and formed a partner- 
 ship with David McRae and John Kay. two young 
 Scotchmen from Montreal. He established depots 
 at Cahokia and Kaskaskia. Upon the arrival of 
 Col. (Jeorge Rogers Clark, in 1778, lie rendered 
 that commander material financial assistance. 
 upcoming |iersunally responsible for tin- supplies 
 needed by the penniless American army. When 
 the transfer of sovereignty took place at St 
 Louis, on March Id. 1x114 and Louisiana Territory 
 became a part of the Tinted States, it was from 
 tin; balcony of his house that the first American 
 llag was unfurled in L ? pj>er Louisiana. In recom- 
 pense for his liberal expenditure, he was promised 
 8(I,(KHI acres of land near the present site of 
 Louisville but this he never received. Died, at 
 St. Louis. April 21, 1817. 
 
 <;U \VIi:i!. Father Jacques, a Jesuit mission- 
 ary, born in France but at what date cannot lie 
 stated with certainty. After some years s|>cnt iu 
 Canada he was sent by his ecclesiastical sii|>criors 
 to the Illinois Mission (108*). succeeding Allou.-/. 
 its Superior two years later, and lieing made 
 Vicar-(iencral in llilM. He laltored among the 
 Miamis. IVoriasand K.iskaskias his most numer- 
 ous conversions lieing among the latter triU- as 
 also among the Cahokias. Osages. Tamaroas and 
 Missmiris. It is said to have licen largely through 
 his inlluence that the Illinois were induced to 
 settle at Kaskaskia instead of going south. In 
 17115 he received a severe wound during an attack 
 by the Illinois Indians, incited, if not actually 
 led, by one of their medicine men. It is said 
 
 that he visited Paris for treatment, but failed 
 to find a cure. Accounts of his dealii vary a- 
 to time and place, but all agree that il resulted 
 from the wound aUive mentioned. Some of hi~ 
 biographers assert that he died at sea: other- 
 that he returned from France, yet suffering from 
 the Indian poison, to Louisiana in February, 
 17(18, and died near Mobile. Ala., the same year 
 
 GRAY, Kli-lui, electrician and inventor, was 
 born at Baruesville, Ohio. August 2, 1835; after 
 serving as an apprentice at various trades, took a 
 course at Ol>erlin College, devoting especial 
 attention to the physical sciences, mcanwhili 
 supporting himself by manual labor. In 18415 he 
 began his career as an electrician and, in 1867 
 received his tirst patent ; devised a method of 
 transmitting telephone signals, ami. in 1S75. suc- 
 ceeded in transmitting four messages simultane- 
 ously on one wire to New York and Ihiston, a 
 year later accomplishing the same with eight 
 messages to New York and Philadelphia. Pro 
 fessor Gray lias invented a telegraph switch. A 
 repeater, enunciator ami type-writing telegraph 
 From 1WI9 to '78 he was employed in the man u- 
 facture of telegraph apparatus at Cleveland and 
 Chicago, but has since U-en electrician of the 
 Western Klectric Company of Chicago. His latest 
 invention, the telautograph" for reproducing 
 by telegraph the handwriting of the, sender 
 of a telegram attracted great interest at tin- 
 World's Columbian Kxjiositioii of isi:! He i^ 
 author of "Telegraphy and Telephony" and 
 "Kxperimental Researches in Klcctro-Ilarnionir 
 Telegraphy and Telephony 
 
 GRAY. William ('.. rii.li.. editor, was born in 
 Butler County. Ohio, in is:!0; graduated from 
 the Farmers' (now Itclmont) College in ls."ii> 
 read law and began secular editorial work ii 
 1S.V,' lieing connected, in the next fourteen years, 
 with "The Tillin Tribune." ' Cleveland HcraM" 
 and "Newark American." Then, after several 
 years sjient in general publishing biisim-ss in 
 Cincinnati, after the great lire of 1N71 In- came t.. 
 Chicago, to take charge of "The Interior." thu 
 organ of the Preshytt-rian Church, which he ha^ 
 since conducted. The success of the paper under 
 his management alfords theltest evidence of his 
 practical good sense. Hi- holds the degree <>f 
 Ph. I)., received from Wooster L'niversity in 1SS1 
 
 (iRAYYII.I.K, a city situated on the border of 
 NVhile and F.d wards dimities, lying chiefly in 
 the former, on the Wahash River. :r> miles north 
 west of Kvansville, Ind., It! miles northeast of 
 Carmi. and forty miles southwest of Vincennes 
 It is located in the heart of a heavily timbered 
 
208 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 region and is an important hard-wood market. 
 Valuable coal deposits exist. The industries in- 
 clude flour, saw and planing mills, stave factories 
 and creamery. The city has an electric light 
 and water plant, two banks, eight churches, and 
 two weekly papers. Population < i:mo ;, 1,948. 
 
 6RAYYLLLE & MATTOON RAILROAD. (See 
 Peoria, Decatur & Evansville Railway. ) 
 
 GBEATHOl'SE, Lnclen, soldier, was born at 
 Carlinville, 111., in 1343; graduated at Illinois 
 Wesleyan University, Bloomington, and studied 
 law ; enlisted as a private at the beginning of the 
 War of the Rebellion and rose to the rank of 
 Colonel of the Forty-eighth Illinois Volunteers; 
 bore a conspicuous part in the movements of the 
 Army of the Tennessee; was killed in battle near 
 Atlanta, Ga., June 31, 1864. 
 
 GREAT WESTERN RAILROAD (of 1843 and 
 '49). (See Illinois Central Railroad.) 
 
 GREAT WESTERN RAILROAD (2). (See 
 Wabash Railway.) 
 
 GREEN RIYER, rises in Lee County, and, 
 after draining part of Bureau County, flows west- 
 ward through Henry County, and enters Rock 
 River about 10 miles east by south from Rock 
 Island. It is nearly 120 miles long. 
 
 GREEN, William II ., State Senator and Judge, 
 was bom at Danville, Ky., Dec. 8, 1830. In 1847 
 he accompanied his father's family to Illinois, 
 and, for three years following, taught school, at 
 the same time reading law. He was admitted to 
 the bar in 1852 and be^an practice at Mount 
 Vernon, removing to Metropolis the next year, 
 and to Cairo in 1863. In 1858 he was elected to 
 the lower house of the General Assembly, was 
 re-elected in 1860 and, two years later, was 
 elected to the State Senate for four 'years. In 
 December, 1865, he was elected Judge of the 
 Third Judicial Circuit, to fill the unexpired term 
 of Judge Mulkey, retiring with the expiration of 
 bis term in 1867. He was a delegate to the 
 National Democratic Conventions of 1860, '64, 
 68, '80, '84 and '88, besides being for many years 
 a member of the State Central Committee of that 
 party, and also, for four terms, a member of the 
 State Board of Education, of which he has been 
 for several years the President. He is at present 
 ( 1899) engaged in the practice of his profession at 
 Cairo. 
 
 GREENE, Hriiri SacheTeral, attorney, was 
 born in the North of Ireland, July, 1833, brought 
 to Canada at five years of age, and from nine com- 
 pelled to support himself, sometimes as a clerk 
 and at others setting type in a printing office. 
 After spending some time in Western New York, 
 
 in 1853 he commenced the study of law at Dan- 
 ville, Ind. . with Hugh Crea, now of Decatur, III. ; 
 four years later settled at Clinton, DeWitt 
 County, where he taught and studied law with 
 Lawrence Weldon, now of the Court of Claims, 
 Washington. In 1859 he was admitted to the bar 
 ut Springfield, on the motion of Abraham Lin- 
 coln, and was associated in practice, for a time, 
 with Hon. Clifton H. Moore of Clinton; later 
 served as Prosecuting Attorney and one term 
 (1867-69) as Representative in the General Assem- 
 bly. At the close of his term in the Legislature 
 he removed to Springfield, forming a law partner- 
 ship with Milton Hay and David T. Littler, under 
 the firm name of Hay, Greene & Littler, still later 
 becoming the head of the firm of Greene & 
 Humphrey. From the date of his removal to 
 Springfield, for some thirty years his chief employ- 
 ment was as a corporation lawyer, for the most 
 part in the service of the Chicago & Alton and 
 the Wabash Railways. H is death occurred at his 
 home in Springfield, after a protracted illness, 
 Feb. 25, 1899. Of recognized ability, thoroughly 
 devoted to his profession, high minded and honor- 
 able in all his dealings, he commanded respect 
 wherever he was known. 
 
 GREENE, William G., pioneer, was born in 
 Tennessee in 1812 ; came to Illinois in 1822 with 
 his father (Bowling Greene), who settled in the 
 vicinity of New Salem, now in Menard County. 
 The younger Greene was an intimate friend and 
 fellow-student, at Illinois College, of Richard 
 Yates (afterwards Governor), and also an early 
 friend and admirer of Abraham Lincoln, under 
 whom he held an appointment in Utah for some 
 years. He died at Tallula, Menard County, in 
 1894. 
 
 GREENFIELD, a city in the eastern part of 
 Greene County, on the Chicago, Burlington & 
 Quincy and the Quincy, Carrollton & St. Louis 
 Railways, 12 miles east of Carrollton and 55 miles 
 north of St. Louis ; is an agricultural, coal-mining 
 and stock-raising region. The city has several 
 churches, public schools, a seminary, electric 
 light plant, steam flouring mill, and one weekly 
 paper. It is an important shipping point for 
 cattle, horses, swine, corn, grain and produce. 
 Population (1890). 1,131 ; (1900), 1,0*5. 
 
 GREENE COUNTY, cut off from Madison and 
 separately organized in 1821 . has an area of 544 
 square miles; population (1900), 23,402; named 
 for Gen. Nathaniel Greene, a Revolutionary sol- 
 dier. The soil and climate are varied and adapted 
 to a diversity of products, wheat and fruit being 
 among the principal. Building stone and clay 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 209 
 
 are abundant. Probably the first English-speak- 
 ing settlers were David Stockton and James 
 Whiteside, who located south of Macoupin Creek 
 in June, 1817. Samuel Thomas and others 
 (among them Gen. Jacob Fry) followed soon 
 afterward. The Indians were numerous and 
 aggressive, and had destroyed not a few of the 
 monuments of the Government surveys, erected 
 some years before. Immigration of the whites, 
 however, was rapid, and it was not long before 
 the nucleus of a village was established at Car- 
 rollton, where General Fry erected the first house 
 and made the first coffin needed in the settle- 
 ment. This town, the county-seat and most 
 important place in the county, was laid off by 
 Thomas Carlin in 1821. Other flourishing towns 
 are Whitehall (population. 1,961). and Roodhouse 
 (an important railroad center) with a population 
 of 2,360. 
 
 GREENF. P, village of Cumberland County, at 
 intersection of the Vandalia Line and Evansville 
 branch 111. Cent. By. ; in farming and fruit- 
 growing region; has powder mill, bank, broom 
 factory, five churches, public library and good 
 schools. Population (1890), 858; (1900), 1,085. 
 
 6REENVIEW, a village in Menard County, on 
 the Jacksonville branch of the Chicago & Alton 
 Railroad, 22 miles north-northwest of Springfield 
 and 36 miles northeast of Jacksonville. It has a 
 coal mine, bank, two weekly papers, seven 
 churches, and a graded and high school. Popu- 
 lation (1890), 1,108; (1900), 1,019; (1903), 1.245. 
 
 GREENVILLE, an incorporated city, the 
 county-seat of Bond County, on the East Fork of 
 Big Shoal Creek and the St. Louis, Vandalia & 
 Terre Haute Railroad, 50 miles east-northeast of 
 St. Louis; is in a rich agricultural and coal-min- 
 ing region. Corn and wheat are raised exten- 
 sively in the surrounding country, and there are 
 extensive coal mines adjacent to the city. The 
 leading manufacturing product is in the line of 
 wagons. It is the seat of Greenville College (a 
 coeducational institution) ; has several banks and 
 three weekly newspapers. Population (1890), 
 1,868; (1900). 2,504. 
 
 GREENY1LLE, TREATY OF, a treaty negoti- 
 ated by Gen. Anthony Wayne with a number of 
 Indian tribes (see Indian Treaties), at Green- 
 ville, after his victory over the savages at the 
 battle of Maumee Rapids, in August, 1795. This 
 was the first treaty relating to Illinois lands in 
 which a number of tribes united. The lands con- 
 veyed within the present limits of the State 
 of Illinois were as follows: A tract six miles 
 square at the mouth of the Chicago River; 
 
 another, twelve miles square, near the mouth of 
 the Illinois River; another, six miles square, 
 around the old fort at Peoria ; the post of Fort 
 Massac; the 150,000 acres set apart as bounty 
 lands for the army of Gen. George Rogers Clark, 
 and "the lands at all other places in the posses- 
 sion of the Freud i people and other white set 
 tiers among them, the Indian title to which has 
 been thus extinguished. ' ' On the other hand, the 
 United States relinquished all claim to all other 
 Indian lands north of the Ohio, east of the Mis 
 sissippi and south of the great lakes. The cash 
 consideration paid by the Government was 
 $210,000. 
 
 GREGG, David L., lawyer and Secretary of 
 State, emigrated from Albany, N. Y and began 
 the practice of law at Joliet, 111., where, in 1839, 
 he also edited "The Juliet Courier," the first 
 paper established in Will County. From 1842 to 
 1846, he represented Will, Du Page and Iroquois 
 Counties in the Thirteenth and Fourteenth Gen- 
 eral Assemblies; later removed to Chicago, after 
 which he served for a time as United States Dis- 
 trict Attorney; in 1847 was chosen one of the 
 Delegates from Cook County to the State Consti- 
 tutional Convention of that year, and served as 
 Secretary of State from 1850 to 1853. as successor 
 to Horace S. Cooley, who died in office the former 
 year. In the Democratic State Convention of 
 1852, Mr. Gregg was a leading candidate for the 
 nomination for Governor, though finally defeated 
 by Joel A. Matteson; served as Presidential 
 Elector for that year, and, in 1853, was appointed 
 by President Pierce Commissioner to the Sandwich 
 Islands, still later for a time acting as the minis- 
 ter or adviser of King Kamehamaha IV, who died 
 in 1863. Returning to California he was ap- 
 pointed by President Lincoln Receiver of Public 
 Moneys at Carson City, Nev. , where he died, Dec 
 23, 1868. 
 
 GREGORY, John Milton, clergyman and edu- 
 cator, was born at Sand Lake, Rensselaer Co., 
 N. Y.. July 6, 1822; graduated from Union Col- 
 lege in 1846 and, after devoting two years to the 
 study of law, studied theology and entered the 
 Baptist ministry. After a brief pastorate in the 
 East he came West, becoming Principal of a 
 classical school at Detroit. His ability as an 
 educator was soon recognized, and, in 1858, he 
 was elected State Superintendent of Public 
 Instruction in Michigan, but declined a re-elec- 
 tion in 1863. In 1854. he assisted in founding 
 "The Michigan Journal of Education," of which 
 he was editor-in-chief. In 1863 he accepted the 
 Presidency of Kalamazoo College, and four years 
 
210 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 later was called to that of the newly founded 
 University of Illinois, at Champaign, where he 
 remained until 1880. He was United States 
 Commissioner to the Vienna Exposition in 1873, 
 Illinois State Commissioner to the Paris Exposi- 
 tion of 1878, also serving as one of the judges in 
 the educational department of the Philadelphia 
 Centennial of 1876. From 1882 to '85 he was a 
 member of the United States Civil Service Com- 
 mission. The degree of LL.D. was conferred 
 upon him by Madison University (Hamilton. 
 N Y.) in 1866. While State Superintendent he 
 published a "Compend of School Laws" of Michi- 
 gan, besides numerous addresses on educational 
 subjects. Other works of his are "Handbook of 
 History" and "Map of Time" (Chicago, 1866) ; "A. 
 New Political Economy" (Cincinnati, 1882); and 
 "Seven Laws of Teaching" (Chicago, 1883). 
 While holding a chair as Professor Emeritus of 
 Political Economy in the University of Illinois 
 during the latter years of his life, he resided in 
 Washington, D. C., where he died, Oct. 20, 1898. 
 By his special request he was buried on the 
 grounds of the University at Champaign. 
 
 <i RES HAM, Walter (Juinton, soldier, jurist 
 and statesman, was born near Lanesville, Harri- 
 son County, Ind., March 17, 1832. Two years at 
 a seminary at Corydon, followed by one year at 
 Bloommgton University, completed his early 
 education, which was commenced at the common 
 schools. He read law at Corydon, and was 
 admitted to the bar in 1853. In 1860 he was 
 elected to the Indiana Legislature, but resigned 
 to become Lieutenant-Colonel of the Thirty- 
 eighth Indiana Volunteers, and was almost 
 immediately commissioned Colonel of the Fifty- . 
 third Regiment. After the fall of Vicksburg he 
 was promoted to a Brigadier-Generalship, and was 
 I. revetted Major-General on March 13, 1865. At 
 Atlanta he was severely wounded, and disabled 
 from service for a year. After the war he re- 
 sumed practice at New Albany, Ind. His polit- 
 ical career began in 1856, when he stumped his 
 county for Fremont. From that time until 1892 
 he was always prominently identified with the 
 Republican party. In 1866 he was an unsuccess- 
 ful Republican candidate for Congress, and, in 
 1867-68, was the financial agent of his State 
 (Indiana) in New York. In 1869 President Grant 
 appointed him Judge of the United States Dis- 
 trict Court for Indiana. In 1883 he resigned this 
 position to accept the portfolio of Postmaster-Gen- 
 eral in the Cabinet of President Arthur. In July, 
 1884, upon the death of Secretary Folger, he was 
 made Secretary of the Treasury. In Oct. 1884, 
 
 he was appointed United States Judge of the 
 Seventh Judicial Circuit, and thereafter made 
 his home in Chicago. He was an earnest advo- 
 cate of the renomination of Grant in that year, 
 but subsequently took no active personal part in 
 politics. In 1888 he was the substantially unani- 
 mous choice of Illinois Republicans for the Presi- 
 dency, but was defeated in convention. In 1892 
 he was tendered the Populist nomination for 
 President, but declined. In 1893 President Cleve- 
 land offered him the portfolio of Secretary of 
 State, which he accepted, dying in office at 
 Washington, D. C., May 28, 1895. 
 
 <; KKl'SEL, Nicholas, soldier, was born in Ger- 
 many, July 4, 1817, the son of a soldier of Murat ; 
 came to New York in 1833 and to Detroit, Mich., 
 in 1835; served as a Captain of the First Michigan 
 Volunteers in the Mexican War; in 1857, came to 
 Chicago and was employed on the Chicago, Bur- 
 lington & Quincy Railroad, until the firing oil 
 Fort Sumler, when he promptly enrolled himself 
 as a private in a company organized at Aurora, 
 of which he was elected Captain and attached to 
 the Seventh Illinois (three-months' men), later 
 being advanced to the rank of Major. Re-enlisting 
 for three years, he was commissioned Lieutenant- 
 Colonel, but, in August following, was commis- 
 sioned Colonel of the Thirty -sixth Illinois; took 
 part in the battles of Pea Ridge and Perryville 
 and the campaign against Corinth ; compelled to 
 resign on account of failing health, in February. 
 1863, he removed to Mount Pleasant, Iowa, 
 whence be returned to Aurora in 1893. Died at 
 Aurora, April 25, 1896. 
 
 GRIDLEY, Asahel, lawyer and banker, was 
 born at Cazenovia, N. Y., April 21, 1810; was 
 educated at Pompey Academy and, at the age of 
 21, came to Illinois, locating at Bloomington and 
 engaging in the mercantile business, which be 
 carried on quite extensively some eight years. 
 He served as First Lieutenant of a cavalry com- 
 pany during the Black Hawk War of 1832, and 
 soon after was elected a Brigadier-General of 
 militia, thereby acquiring the title of "General." 
 In 1840 he was elected to the lower branch of the 
 Twelfth General Assembly, and soon after began 
 to turn his attention to the study of law, subse- 
 quently forming a partnership with Col. J. H. 
 Wickizer, which continued for a number of years. 
 Having been elected to the State Senate in 1850, 
 he took a conspicuous part in the two succeeding 
 sessions of the General Assembly in securing the 
 location of the Chicago & Alton and the Illinois 
 Central Railroads by way of Bloomington; was 
 also, at a later period, a leading promoter of the 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 211 
 
 Indiana, Bloomington & Western and other lines. 
 In 1868 he joined J. Y. Scammon and J. 11. Burch 
 of Chicago, in the establishment of the McLean 
 County Bank at Bloomington, of which he became 
 President and ultimately sole proprietor ; also be- 
 came proprietor, in 1857, of the Bloomington Gas- 
 Light & Coke Company, which he managed some 
 twenty -five years. Originally a "Whig, he identi- 
 fied himself with the Republican cause in 1856, 
 erring upon the State Central Committee during 
 the campaign of that year, but, in 1872, took 
 part in the Liberal Republican movement, serv- 
 ing as a delegate to the Cincinnati Convention, 
 where he was a zealous supporter of David Davis 
 for the Presidency. Died, at Bloomington, Jan. 
 20, 1881. 
 
 GRIER, (Col.) David Perkins, soldier and mer- 
 chant, was born near Wilkesbarre, Pa., in 1837; 
 received a common school education and, in 
 1852, came to Peoria, 111., where he engaged in 
 the grain business, subsequently, in partnership 
 with his brother, erecting the first grain-elevator 
 in Peoria. with three or four at other points. 
 Early in the war he recruited a company of which 
 he was elected Captain, but, as the State quota 
 was already full, it was not accepted in Illinois, 
 but was mustered in, in June, as a part of the 
 Eighth Missouri Volunteers. With this organi- 
 zation he took part in the capture of Forts Henry 
 and Douelson, the battle of Shiloh and the siege 
 and capture of Corinth. In August, 1862, he was 
 ordered to report to Governor Yates at Spring- 
 field, and, on his arrival, was presented with a 
 commission as Colonel of the Seventy-seventh 
 Illinois Volunteer Infantry, of which he retained 
 command up to the siege of Vicksburg. During 
 that siege he commanded a brigade and, in sub- 
 sequent operations in Louisiana, was in command 
 of the Second Brigade, Fourth Division of the 
 Thirteenth Army Corps. Later he had command 
 of all the troops on Dauphin Island, and took a 
 conspicuous part in the capture of Fort Morgan 
 and Mobile, as well as other operations in Ala- 
 bama. He subsequently had command of a 
 division until his muster-out, July 10, 1865, with 
 the rank of brevet Brigadier-General. After the 
 war, General Grier resumed his business as a 
 grain merchant at Peoria, but, in 1879, removed to 
 East St. Louis, where he had charge of the erection 
 and management of the Union Elevator there 
 was also Vice-President and Director of the St. 
 Louis Merchants' Exchange. Died, April 22, 
 1891. 
 
 GRIERSON, Benjamin H., soldier, was bom in 
 'Pittsburg, Pa., July 8, 1826; removed in boyhood 
 
 to Trumbull County, Ohio, and, about 1850, to 
 Jacksonville, 111., where he was engaged for a 
 time in teaching music, later embarking in the 
 grain and produce business at Meredosia. He 
 enlisted promptly at the beginning of the Civil 
 War, becoming Aid-de-camp to General Prentiss 
 at Cairo during the three-months' service, later 
 being commissioned Major of the Sixth Illinois 
 Cavalry. From this time his promotion was 
 rapid. He was commissioned Colonel of the same 
 regiment in March, 1862, and was commander of a 
 brigade in December following. He was promi- 
 nent in nearly all the cavalry skirmishes between 
 Memphis and the Tennessee river, and, in April 
 and May, 1863, led the famous raid from La 
 Grange, Tenn., through the States of Mississippi 
 and Louisiana to Baton Rouge in the latter for 
 the first time penetrating the heart of the Con- 
 federacy and causing consternation among the 
 rebel leaders, while materially aiding General 
 Grant's movement against Vicksburg. This dem- 
 onstration was generally regarded as one of the 
 most brilliant events of the war, and attracted 
 the attention of the whole country. In recog- 
 nition of this service he was, on June 3, 1863. 
 made a Brigadier-General, and May 27, 1865, a 
 full Major-General of Volunteers. Soon after the 
 close of the war he entered the regular army it- 
 Colonel of the Tenth United States Cavalry and 
 was successively brevetted Brigadier- and Major 
 General for bravery shown in a raid in Arkansas 
 during December, 1864. His subsequent service 
 was in the West and Southwest conducting cam- 
 paigns against the Indians, in the meanwhile 
 being in command at Santa Fe, San Antonio and 
 elsewhere. On the promotion of General Miles 
 to a Major-Generalship following the death of 
 Maj.-Gen. George Crook in Chicago, March 19, 
 1890, General Grierson, who had been the senior 
 Colonel for some years, was promoted Brigadier- 
 General and retired with that rank in July fol- 
 lowing. His home is at Jacksonville. 
 
 GRIGGS, Samnel Chapman, publisher, was 
 born in Tolland, Conn., July 20, 1819; began 
 business as a bookseller at Hamilton, N. Y., but 
 removed to Chicago, where he established the 
 largest bookselling trade in the Northwest. Mr. 
 Origgs was a heavy loser by the fire of 1871, and 
 the following year, having sold out to his part- 
 ners, established himself in the publishing busi- 
 ness, which he conducted until 1896, when he 
 retired. The class of books published by him 
 include many educational and classical, with 
 others of a high order of merit. Died in Chi- 
 cago, April 5, 1897. 
 
212 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 6BI6OSTILLE, a city in Pike County, on the 
 Wabash Railroad, 4 miles west of the Illinois 
 River, and 60 miles east of Quincy. Flour, camp 
 stoves, and brooms are manufactured here. The 
 city baa churches, graded schools, a public 
 library, fair grounds, opera house, and a weekly 
 newspaper. Population (1890), 1,400; (1900), 
 1,404. 
 
 GEIMSHAW, Jackson, lawyer and politician, 
 was bom in Philadelphia, Nov. 22, 1830, of Anglo- 
 Irish and Revolutionary ancestry. He was par- 
 tially educated at Bristol College, Pa., and began 
 the study of law with his father, who waa a lawyer 
 and an author of repute. His professional studies 
 were interrupted for a few years, during which he 
 was employed at surveying and civil engineering, 
 but he was admitted to the bar at Harrisburg, in 
 1843. The same year he settled at PittsBeld, III , 
 where he formed a partnership with his brother, 
 William A. Grimshaw. In 1857 he removed to 
 Quinor, where he resided for the remainder of his 
 life. He was a member of the first Republican 
 Convention, at Bloomington, in 1856, and was 
 twice an unsuccessful candidate for Congress 
 (1856 and '68) in a strongly Democratic District. 
 He was a warm personal friend and trusted coun- 
 sellor of Governor Yates, on whose staff he served 
 as Colonel. During 1861 the latter sent Mr. 
 Grimshaw to Washington with dispatches an- 
 nouncing the capture of Jefferson Barracks, Mo. 
 On arriving at Annapolis, learning that the rail- 
 roads had been torn up by rebel sympathizers, he 
 walked from that city to the capital, and was 
 summoned into the presence of the President and 
 General Scott with his feet protruding from his 
 boots. In 1865 Mr. Lincoln appointed him Col- 
 lector of Internal Revenue for the Quincy Dis- 
 trict, which office he held until 1869. Died, at 
 Quincy, Dec. 13, 1875. 
 
 GBIMSHAW, William A., early lawyer, was 
 born in Philadelphia and admitted to the bar 
 in his native city at the age of 19 ; in 1833 came 
 to Pike County, 111. , where he continued to prac- 
 tice until his death. He served in the State Con- 
 stitutional Convention of 1847, and had the credit 
 of preparing the article in the second Constitution 
 prohibiting dueling. In 1864 he was a delegate 
 to the Republican National Convention which 
 nominated Mr. Lincoln for President a second 
 time; also served as Presidential Elector in 1880. 
 He was, for a time, one of the Trustees of the 
 Institution for the Deaf and Dumb at Jackson- 
 ville, and, from 1877 to 1882, a member of the State 
 Board of Public Charities, being for a time Presi- 
 dent of the Board. Died, at Pittsfield, Jan. 7, 1895. 
 
 GRINNELL, Julias S., lawyer and ex-Judge, 
 was born in St. Lawrence County, N. Y. , in 1842, 
 of New England parents, who were of French 
 descent. He graduated from Middlebury College 
 in 1866, and, two years later, was admitted to the 
 bar at Ogdensburg, N. Y. In 1870 he removed to 
 Chicago, where he soon attained a prominent 
 position at the bar; was elected City Attorney in 
 1879, and re-elected in 1881 and 1883. In 1884 he 
 was elected State's Attorney for Cook County, in 
 which capacity he successfully conducted some 
 of the most celebrated criminal prosecutions in 
 the history of Illinois. Among these may be 
 mentioned the cases against Joseph T. Mackin 
 and William J. Gallagher, growing out of an 
 election conspiracy in Chicago in 1884; the 
 conviction of a number of Cook County Commis- 
 sioners for accepting bribes in 1885, and the con- 
 viction of seven anarchistic leaders charged with 
 complicity in the Haymarket riot and massacre 
 in Chicago, in May, 1886 the latter trial being 
 held in 1887. The same year (1887) he was 
 elected to the Circuit bench of Cook County, but 
 resigned his seat in 1890 to become counsel for 
 the Chicago City Railway. Died, in Chicago, 
 June 8, 1898. 
 
 GROSS, Jacob, ex-State Treasurer and banker, 
 was born in Germany, Feb. 11, 1840; having lost 
 his father by death at 13, came to the United 
 States two years later, spent a year in Chicago 
 schools, learned the trade of a tinsmith and 
 clerked in a store until August, 1862, when he 
 enlisted in the Eighty-Second Illinois Volunteers 
 (the second "Hecker Regiment"); afterwards par- 
 ticipated in some of the most important battles 
 of the war, including Chancellorsville, Gettys- 
 burg, Lookout Mountain, Resaca and others. At 
 Dallas, Ga. , he had his right leg badly shattered 
 by a bullet-wound above the knee, four successive 
 amputations being found necessary in order to 
 save his life. Having been discharged from the 
 service in February, 1865, he took a course in a 
 commercial college, became deputy clerk of the 
 Police Court, served three terms as Collector of 
 the West Town of Chicago, and an equal number 
 of terms (12 years) as Clerk of the Circuit Court 
 of Cook County, and, in 1884, was elected State 
 Treasurer. Since retiring from the latter office, 
 Mr. Gross has been engaged in the banking busi- 
 ness, being President, for several years, of the 
 Commercial Bank of Chicago. 
 
 GROSS, William I,,, lawyer, was bom in Her- 
 kimer County, N. Y., Feb. 21, 1839, came with 
 his father to Illinois in 1844, was admitted to the 
 bar at Springfield in 1862, but almost immediately 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 r. 
 
 entered the service of the Government, and, a 
 year later, was appointed by President Lincoln 
 Captain and Assistant Quartermaster, and, under 
 command of General Stager, assigned to the 
 Department of the Ohio as Military Superintend- 
 ent of Telegraphs. At the close of the war he 
 was transferred to the Department of the Gulf, 
 taking control of military telegraphs in that 
 Department with headquarters at New Orleans, 
 remaining until August, 1866, meanwhile being 
 brevetted Major and Lieutenant-Colonel. For 
 the next two years he occupied various positions 
 in the civil telegraph service, but, in 1868, resumed 
 the practice of law at Springfield, in conjunction 
 with his brother (Eugene L.) issuing the first 
 volume of "Gross 1 Statutes of Illinois," followed 
 in subsequent years by two additional volumes, 
 besides an Index to all the Laws of the State. In 
 1878 he was elected as a Republican to the General 
 Assembly from Sangamon County, and, in 1884, 
 was appointed by Governor Hamilton Circuit 
 Judge to succeed Judge C. S. Zane, who had been 
 appointed Chief Justice of Utah. Upon the organi- 
 zation of the Illinois State Bar Association, Judge 
 Gross became its first Secretary, serving until 
 1883, when he was elected President, again serv- 
 ing as Secretary and Treasurer in 1893-94. 
 
 GROSSCUP, Peter Stenger, jurist, born in 
 Ashland, Ohio, Feb. 15, 1853 ; was educated in the 
 local schools and Wittenberg College, graduating 
 from the latter in 1872 ; read law in Boston, Mass. , 
 and settled down to practice in his native town, 
 in 1874. He was a candidate for Congress in a 
 Democratic District before he was 25 years old, 
 but, being a Republican, was defeated. Two 
 years later, being thrown by a reapportionment 
 into the same district with William McKinley, 
 he put that gentleman in nomination for the seat 
 in Congress to which he was elected. He re- 
 moved to Chicago in 1883, and, for several years, 
 was the partner of the late Leonard Swett; in 
 December, 1892, was appointed by President 
 Harrison Judge of the United States District 
 Court for the Northern District of Illinois as suc- 
 cessor to Judge Henry W. Blodgett. On the 
 death of Judge Showalter, in December, 1898, 
 Judge Grosscup was appointed his successor as 
 Judge of the United States Circuit Court for the 
 Seventh Judicial District. Although one of the 
 youngest incumbents upon the bench of the 
 United States Court, Judge Grosscup has given 
 ample evidence of his ability as a jurist, besides 
 proving himself in harmony with the progressive 
 spirit of the time on questions of national and 
 international interest. 
 
 GRUNDY COUNTY, situated in the northeast- 
 ern quarter of the State, having an area of 440 
 square miles and a population (1900) of 24,136. 
 The surface is mainly rolling prairie, beneath 
 which is a continuous coal seam, three feet thick. 
 Building stone is abundant (particularly near 
 Morris), and there are considerable beds of pot- 
 ter's clay. The county is crossed by the Illinois 
 River and the Illinois & Michigan Canal, also by the 
 Rock Island and the Chicago & Alton Railways. 
 The chief occupation of the people is agriculture, 
 although there are several manufacturing estab- 
 lishments. The first white settler of whom any 
 record has been preserved, was William Marquis, 
 who arrived at the mouth of the Mazon in a 
 "prairie schooner" in 1828. Other pioneers 
 were Colonel Sayers, W. A. Holloway, Alex- 
 ander K. Owen, John Taylor, James McCartney 
 and Joab Chappell. The first public land sale 
 was made in 1835, and, in 1841, the county was 
 organized out of a part of La Salle, and named 
 after Felix Grundy, the eminent Tennesseean. 
 The first pollbook showed 148 voters. Morris 
 was chosen the county-seat and has so re- 
 mained. Its present population is 3,653. Another 
 prosperous town is Gardner, with 1,100 inhab- 
 itants. 
 
 GULLIYER, John Putnam, D.D., LL.l)., 
 clergyman and educator, was born in Boston, 
 Mass., May 12, 1819; graduated at Yale College, 
 in 1840, and at Andover Theological Seminary in 
 1845, meanwhile serving two years as Principal 
 of Randolph Academy. From 1845 to 1865 he 
 was pastor of a church at Norwich, Conn., in 
 1865-68, of the New England Church, of Chicago, 
 and, 1868-72, President of Knox College at Gales- 
 burg, 111. The latter year he became pastor of 
 the First Presbyterian Church in Binghamton, 
 N. Y., remaining until 1878, when he was elected 
 Professor of the "Relations of Christianity and 
 Secular Science" at Andover, holding this posi- 
 tion actively until 1891, and then, as Professor 
 Emeritus, until his death, Jan. 25, 1894. He was 
 a member of the Corporation of Yale College 
 and had been honored with the degrees of D.D. 
 and LL.D. 
 
 GURLEY, William F. E., State Geologist, was 
 born at Oswego, N. Y. , June 5, 1854 ; brought by 
 his parents to Danville, 111., in 1864, and educated 
 in the public schools of that city and Cornell 
 University, N. Y. ; served as city engineer of 
 Danville in 1885-87, and again in 1891-93. In 
 July of the latter year he was appointed by Gov- 
 ernor Altgeld State Geologist as successor to Prof. 
 Joshua Lindahl. 
 
214 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 HACKER, John S., pioneer and soldier of the 
 Mexican War, was born at Owensburg, Ky., 
 November, 1797; in early life removed to Mis- 
 souri, where he was employed in the stock and 
 produce trade with New Orleans. Having married 
 in 1817, he settled at Jonesboro, Union County, 
 III, where he kept a tavern for a number of 
 years, and was also engaged some thirty years in 
 mercantile business. It is said that he was 
 unable to read until taught after marriage by his 
 wife, who appears to have been a woman of 
 intelligence and many graces. In 1834 he was 
 elected Representative in the Fourth General 
 Assembly and, in 1834, to the State Senate, serv- 
 ing by re-election in 1838 until 1842, and being a 
 supporter of the internal improvement scheme. 
 In 1837 he voted for the removal of the State 
 capital from Vandalia to Springfield, and, though 
 differing from Abraham Lincoln politically, was 
 one of his warm personal friends. He served in 
 the War of 1812 as a private in the Missouri 
 militia, and, in the Mexican War, as Captain of a 
 company in the Second Regiment, Illinois Volun- 
 teers Col. W. II. Bissell's. By service on the 
 staff of Governor Duncan, he had already obtained 
 the title of Colonel. He received the nomination 
 for Lieutenant-Governor from the first formal 
 State Convention of the Democratic party in 
 December, 1837, but the head of the ticket (Col. 
 J. W. Stephenson) having withdrawn on account 
 of charges connected with his administration of 
 the Land Office at Dixon, Colonel Hacker also 
 declined, and a new ticket was put in the field 
 headed by Col. Thomas L. Carlin, which was 
 elected in 1838. In 1849 Colonel Hacker made 
 the overland journey to California, but returning 
 with impaired health in 1852, located in Cairo, 
 where he held the position of Surveyor of the 
 Port for three years, when he was removed by 
 President Buchanan on account of his friendship 
 for Senator Douglas. He also served, from 1854 
 to '56, as Secretary of the Senate Committee on 
 Territories under the Chairmanship of Senator 
 Douglas, and, in 1856, as Assistant Doorkeeper of 
 the House of Representatives in Washington. In 
 1857 he returned to Jonesboro and spent the 
 remainder of his life in practical retirement, 
 dying at the home of his daughter, in Anna, May 
 18, 1878. 
 
 HADLEY, William F. L., lawyer and Con- 
 gressman, was born near Collinsville, 111., June 
 15, 1847; grew up on a farm, receiving his educa- 
 tion in the common schools and at McKendree 
 College, where he graduated in 1867. In 1871 he 
 graduated from the Law Department of the 
 
 University of Michigan, and established him 
 self in the practice of his profession at 
 Edwardsville. He was elected to the State Sen- 
 ate from Madison County in 1886, serving four 
 years, and was nominated for a second term, but 
 declined; was a delegate-at-large to the Repub- 
 lican National Convention of 1888, and, in 1895. 
 was nominated and elected, in the Eighteenth 
 District, as a Republican, to the Fifty-fourth Con 
 grass to fill the vacancy caused by the death of 
 Hon. Frederick Remann, who had been elected 
 in 1894, but died before taking his seat. Mr. 
 Hadley was a candidate for re-election in 1896, 
 but was prevented by protracted illness from 
 making a canvass, and suffered a defeat. He 
 is a son-in-law of the late Edward M. West, 
 long a prominent business man of Edwards- 
 ville, and since his retirement from Congress, has 
 devoted his attention to his profession and the 
 banking business. 
 
 HAHNEMANN HOSPITAL, a homeopathic bos 
 pital located in Chicago. It was first opened with 
 twenty beds, in November, 1870, in a block of 
 wooden buildings, the use of which was given 
 rent free by Mr. J. Young Scammon, and was 
 known as the Scammon Hospital. After the fire 
 of October, 1871, Mr. Scammon deeded the prop- 
 erty to the Trustees of the Hahnemann Medical 
 College, and the hospital was placed on the list 
 of public charities. It also received a donation 
 of $10,000 from the Relief and Aid Society, 
 besides numerous private benefactions. In 
 April, 1873, at the suggestion of Mr. Scammon. 
 the name of the institution was changed to the 
 Hahnemann Hospital, by j which designation it 
 has since been known. In 1893 the corner-stone 
 of a new hospital was laid and the building com 
 pleted in 1894. It is seven stories in height, with 
 a capacity for 225 beds, and is equipped with all 
 the improved appliances and facilities for the 
 care and protection of the sick. It has also about 
 sixty private rooms for paying patients. 
 
 HAHNEMANJf MEDICAL COLLEGE, located 
 in Chicago, chartered in 1834-35, but not organ- 
 ized until 1860, when temporary quarters were 
 secured over a drug-store, and the first collegf 
 term opened, with a teaching faculty numbering 
 nine professors, besides clinical lecturers, demon- 
 strators, etc. In 1866-67 the institution move<l 
 into larger quarters and, in 1870, the corner-stone 
 of a new college building was laid. The six suc- 
 ceeding years were marked by internal dissen- 
 sion, ten of the professors withdrawing to 
 establish a rival school. The faculty was cur- 
 tailed in numbers and re-organized. In August, 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 215 
 
 1892, the corner-stone of a second building was 
 laid with appropriate Masonic ceremonies, the 
 new structure occupying the site of the old, but 
 being larger, better arranged and better equipped. 
 Women were admitted as students in 1870-71 and 
 co-education of the sexes has ever since continued 
 an established feature of the institution. For 
 more than thirty-five years a free dispensary has 
 been in operation in connection with the college. 
 HUNKS, John Charles, Mayor of Chicago and 
 legislator, was born in Oneida County, N. Y.. 
 May 26, 1818; came to Chicago in 1835, and, for 
 the next eleven years, was employed in various 
 pursuits; served three terms (1848-54) in the City 
 Council; was twice elected Water Commissioner 
 (1853 and '56), and, in 1858, was chosen Mayor, 
 serving two terms. He also served as Delegate 
 from Cook County in the Constitutional Conven- 
 tion of 1869-70, and, in 1874, was elected to the 
 State Senate from the First District, serving in 
 the Twenty-ninth and Thirtieth General Assem- 
 blies. At the session of 1877 he received sixty- 
 nine votes for the seat in the United States 
 Senate to which Judge David Davis was after- 
 wards elected. Mr. Haines was a member of the 
 Chicago Historical Society, was interested in the 
 old Chicago West Division Railway and President 
 of the Savings Institute. During his later years 
 he was a resident of Waukegan, dying there. 
 July 4, 1896 Elijah Mlddlebrook (Haines), 
 brother of the preceding, lawyer, politician 
 and legislator, was born in Oneida County, N. Y. . 
 April 21, 1822 ; came to Illinois in boyhood, locat- 
 ing first at Chicago, but, a year later, went to 
 Lake County, where he resided until his death. 
 His education, rudimentary, classical and profes- 
 sional, was self-acquired. He began to occupy 
 and cultivate a farm for himself before attaining 
 his majority; studied law, and, in 1851, was 
 admitted to the bar, beginning practice at Wau- 
 kegan ; in 1860 opened an office in Chicago, still, 
 however, making his home at Waukegan. In 
 1855 he published a compilation of the Illinois 
 township laws, followed by a "Treatise on the 
 Powers and Duties of Justices of the Peace. " He 
 made similar compilations of the township laws 
 of Michigan, Minnesota, Wisconsin and Missouri. 
 By nature Mr. Haines was an agitator, and his 
 career as a politician both checkered and unique. 
 Originally a Democrat, he abandoned that or- 
 ganization upon the formation of the Republican 
 party, and was elected by the latter to the Legis- 
 lature from Lake County in 1858, '60 and '62. In 
 1867 he came into prominence as an anti-monopo- 
 list, and on this issue was elected to the Consti- 
 
 tutional Convention of 1869-70. In 1870 he was 
 again chosen to the Legislature as an "independ- 
 ent, ' ' and, as such, re-elected in '74, '82, '84, '86 and 
 '88, receiving the support, however, of the Demo- 
 crats in a District normally Republican. He 
 served as Speaker during the sessions of 1875 and 
 '85, the party strength in each of these Assemblies 
 being so equally divided that he either held, or 
 was able to control, the balance of power. He 
 was an adroit parliamentarian, but his decisions 
 were the cause of much severe criticism, being 
 regarded by both Democrats and Republicans as 
 often arbitrary and unjust. The two sessions 
 over which he presided were among the stormiest 
 in the State's history. Died, at Waukegan. April 
 25, 1889. 
 
 HALE, Albert, pioneer clergyman, was born 
 at Glastonbury, Conn., Nov. 29, 1799; after some 
 years spent as a clerk in a country store at 
 Wethersfield, completed a course in the theolog 
 ical department of Yale College, later serving as a 
 home missionary, in Georgia ; came to Illinois in 
 1831, doing home missionary work in Bond 
 County, and. in 1833, was sent to Chicago, where 
 his open candor, benignity and blameless conduct 
 enabled him to exert a powerful influence over 
 the drunken aborigines who constituted a large 
 and menacing class of the population of what 
 was then a frontier town. In 1839 he assumed 
 the pastorate of the Second Presbyterian Church 
 in Springfield, continuing that connection until 
 1865. From that time until his death, his life 
 was largely devoted to missionary work among 
 the extremely poor and the pariahs of society. 
 Among these he wielded a large influence and 
 always commanded genuine respect from all 
 denominations. His forte was love rather than 
 argument, and in this lay the secret of his suc- 
 cess. Died, in Springfield, Jan. 30. 1891. 
 
 HALE, (Dr.) Edwin M., physician, was born 
 in Newport, N. H., in 1829, commenced the study 
 of medicine in 1848 and, in 1850, entered the 
 Cleveland Homeopathic College, at the end of the 
 session locating at Jonesville, Mich. From 1855 
 he labored in the interest of a representation of 
 homeopathy in the University of Michigan. 
 When this was finally accomplished, he was 
 offered the chair of Materia Medica and Thera- 
 peutics, but was compelled to decline in conse 
 quence of having been elected to the same position 
 in the Hahnemann Medical College of Chicago. 
 In 1876 he made a visit to Europe, and, on big 
 return, severed his connection with the Hahne- 
 mann and accepted a similar position in the Chi- 
 cago Homeopathic College, where he remained 
 
216 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 five years, when he retired with the rank of Pro- 
 fessor Emeritus. Dr. Hale was the author of 
 several volumes held in high esteem by members 
 of the profession, and maintained a high reputa- 
 tion for professional skill and benevolence of 
 character. He was a member of the Chicago 
 Academy of Sciences and an honorary member of 
 various home and foreign associations. Died, in 
 Chicago, Jan. 18, 1899. 
 
 HALL, (Col.) Cyras, soldier, was born in Fay- 
 ette County, 111., August 29, 1822 the son of a 
 pioneer who -came to Illinois about the time of 
 its admission as a State. He served as Second 
 Lieutenant in the Third Illinois Volunteers (Col. 
 Foreman's regiment), during the Mexican War, 
 and, in 1860, removed to Shelbyville to engage in 
 hotel-keeping. The Civil War coming on, he 
 raised the first company for the war in Shelby 
 County, which was attached to the Fourteenth 
 Illinois (CoL John M. Palmer's regiment); was 
 promptly promoted from Captain to Major and 
 finally to Lieutenant-Colonel, on the promotion 
 of Palmer to Brigadier-General, succeeding to 
 command of the regiment. The Fourteenth 
 Regiment having been finally consolidated with 
 the Fifteenth, Lieutenant-Colonel Hall was 
 transferred, with the rank of Colonel, to the 
 command of the One Hundred and Forty-fourth 
 Illinois, which he resigned in March, 1864, was 
 brevetted Brigadier-General for gallant and 
 meritorious service in the field, in March, 1865, 
 and mustered out Sept. 16, 1865. Returning to 
 Shelbyville, he engaged in the furniture trade, 
 later was appointed Postmaster, serving some ten 
 years and until his death, Sept. 6. 1878. 
 
 HALL, James, legislator, jurist. State Treasurer 
 and author, was born in Philadelphia, August 
 19, 1793; after serving in the War of 1812 and 
 spending some time with Com. Stephen Decatur 
 in the Mediterranean, in 1815, he studied law, 
 beginning practice at Shawneetown. in 1820. 
 He at once assumed prominence as a citizen, was 
 appointed State's Attorney in 1821, and elevated 
 to the bench of the Circuit Court in 1825. He 
 was legislated out of office two years later and 
 resumed private practice, making his home at 
 Vandalia, where he was associated with Robert 
 Blackwell in the publication of "The Illinois 
 Intelligencer." The same year (1827) he was 
 elected by the Legislature State Treasurer, con- 
 tinuing in office four years. Later he removed to 
 Cincinnati, where he died, July 5, 1868. He con- 
 ducted "The Western Monthly Magazine," the 
 first periodical published in Illinois. Among his 
 published volumes may be mentioned "Tales of 
 
 the Border," "Notes on the Western States." 
 "Sketches of the West," "Romance of Western 
 History," and "History of the Indian Tribes." 
 
 HAMER, Thomas, soldier and legislator, was 
 born in Union County, Pa., June 1, 1818; came 
 to Illinois in 1846 and began business as a mer- 
 chant at Vermont, Fulton County; in 1862 
 assisted in recruiting the Eighty-fourth Illinois 
 Volunteers and was elected Lieutenant-Colonel; 
 was wounded in the battle of Stone River, re- 
 turned to duty after partial recovery, but was 
 finally compelled to retire on account of disabil- 
 ity. Returning home he resumed business, but 
 retired in 1878; was elected Representative in the 
 General Assembly in 1886 and to the Senate in 
 1888, and re-elected to the latter in 1892, making 
 ten years of continuous service. 
 
 HAMILTON, a city in Hancock County, on the 
 Mississippi River opposite Keokuk, Iowa; at junc- 
 tion of the Toledo, Peoria & Western and Keokuk 
 branch of the Wabash Railway. Its position at 
 the foot of the lower rapids insures abundant 
 water power for manufacturing purposes. An 
 iron railroad and wagon bridge connects the Illi- 
 nois city with Keokuk. It has two banks, elec- 
 tric lights, one newspaper, six churches, a high 
 school, and an apiary. The surrounding country 
 is a farming and fruit district. A sanitarium 
 is located here. Population (1890), 1,801; (1900), 
 1,844. 
 
 HAMILTON, John It., M.D, LL.D., surgeon, 
 was born of a pioneer family in Jersey County, 
 111., Dec. 1, 1847, his grandfather. Thomas M. 
 Hamilton, having removed from Ohio in 1818 to 
 Monroe County, 111., where the father of the sub- 
 ject of this sketch was born. The latter (Elder 
 Benjamin B. Hamilton) was for fifty years a 
 Baptist preacher, chiefly in Greene County, and, 
 from 1862 to '65, Chaplain of the Sixty-first Illi- 
 nois Volunteers. Young Hamilton, having re- 
 ceived his literary education at home and with a 
 classical teacher at Edinburgh, Scotland, in 1863 
 began the study of medicine, and the following 
 year attempted to enlist as a soldier, but was 
 rejected on account of being a minor. In 1869 he 
 graduated from Rush Medical College in Chicago, 
 and, for the next five years, was engaged in gen- 
 eral practice. Then, having passed an examina- 
 tion before an Army Examining Board, he was 
 appointed Assistant Surgeon in the regular army 
 with the rank of "First Lieutenant, serving suc- 
 cessively at Jefferson Barracks, St. Louis; Fort 
 Colville, Washington, and in the Marine Hospital 
 at Boston ; in 1879 became Supervising Surgeon- 
 General as successor to Gen. John M. Woodworth 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 217 
 
 and, during the yellow-fever epidemic in the 
 South, a few years later, rendered efficient service 
 in checking the spread of the disease by taking 
 charge of the camp of refugees from Jacksonville 
 and other stricken points. Resigning the position 
 of Surgeon-General in 1891, he took charge of the 
 Marine Hospital at Chicago and became Pro- 
 fessor of Surgery in Rush Medical College, besides 
 holding other allied positions; was also editor of 
 "The Journal of the American Medical Associ- 
 ation." In 1896 he resigned his position in the 
 Medical Department of the United States Army, 
 in 1897 was appointed Superintendent for the 
 Northern Hospital for the Insane at Elgin, but 
 died, Dec. 24, 1898. 
 
 HAMILTON, John L., farmer and legislator, 
 was born at Newry, Ireland, Nov. 9, 1829; emi- 
 grated to Jersey County, 111., in 1851, where he 
 began life working on a farm. Later, he followed 
 the occupation of a farmer in Mason and Macou- 
 pin Counties, finally locating, in 1864, in Iroquois 
 County, which has since been his home. After 
 filling various local offices, in 1875 he was elected 
 County Treasurer of Iroquois County as a Repub- 
 lican, and twice re-elected (1877 and '79), also, in 
 1880, being Chairman of the Republican County 
 Central Committee. In 1884 he was elected to 
 the House of Representatives, being one of the 
 "103" who stood by General Logan in the mem- 
 orable Senatorial contest of 1885; was re-elected 
 in 1886, and again returned to the same body in 
 1890 and '98. 
 
 HAMILTON, John Marshall, lawyer and ex- 
 Governor, was born in Union County, Ohio, May 
 38, 1847; when 7 years of age, was brought to 
 Illinois by his father, who settled on a farm in 
 Marshall County. In 1864 (at the age of 17; he 
 enlisted in the One Hundred and Forty-first Illi- 
 nois Volunteers a 100-day regiment. After 
 being mustered out, he matriculated at the Wes- 
 leyan (Ohio) University, from which he gradu- 
 ated in 1868. For a year he taught school at 
 Henry, and later became Professor of Languages 
 at the Wesleyan (111.) University at Blooming- 
 ton. He was admitted to the bar in 1870, and has 
 been a successful practitioner at the bar. In 
 1876 he was elected State Senator from McLean 
 County, and, in 1880, Lieutenant-Governor on the 
 ticket with Gov. Shelby M. Cullom. On Feb. 8, 
 1883, he was inaugurated Governor, to succeed 
 Governor Cullom, who had been chosen United 
 States Senator. In 1884 he was a candidate for 
 the gubernatorial nomination before the Repub- 
 lican State Convention at Peoria, but that body 
 selected ex-Gov. and ex-Senator Richard J. 
 
 Oglesby to head the State ticket. Since then 
 Governor Hamilton has been a prominent practi- 
 tioner at the Chicago bar. 
 
 HAMILTON, Richard Jones, pioneer lawyer, 
 was born near Danville, Ky., August 21, 1799; 
 studied law and, about 1820, came to Jonesboro, 
 Union County, 111. , in company with Abner Field, 
 afterwards State Treasurer -. in 1821 was appointed 
 cashier of the newly established Branch State 
 Bank at Brownsville, Jackson County, but, in 
 1831, removed to Chicago, Governor Reynolds 
 having appointed him the first Probate Judge of 
 Cook County. At the same time he also held the 
 offices of Circuit and County Clerk, Recorder and 
 Commissioner of School lands the sale of the 
 Chicago school section being made under his 
 administration. He was a Colonel of State militia 
 and, in 1832, took an active part in raising volun 
 ters for defense during the Black Hawk War; 
 also was a candidate for the colonelcy of the 
 Fifth Regiment for the Mexican War (1847), 
 but was defeated by Colonel Newby. In 1856 
 he was an unsuccessful candidate for Lieu 
 tenant-Governor on the Democratic ticket. Died, 
 Dec. 26, 1860. 
 
 HAMILTON, William Stephen, pioneer son 
 of Alexander Hamilton, first United States Secre- 
 tary of the Treasury was born in New York 
 City, August 4, 1797; spent three yean (1814-17). 
 at West Point ; came west and located at an early 
 day at Springfield, 111. ; was a deputy surveyor of 
 public lands, elected Representative from Sanga 
 raon County, in the Fourth General Assembly 
 (1824-26); in 1827 removed to the Lead Mine 
 region and engaged in mining at "Hamilton's 
 Diggings" (now Wiota) in southwest Wisconsin, 
 and occasionally practiced law at Galena; was a 
 member of the Wisconsin Territorial Legislature 
 of 1842-43, emigrated to California in 1849, and 
 died in Sacramento, Oct. 9, 1850, where, some 
 twenty years later, a monument was erected to 
 his memory. Colonel Hamilton was an aid-de- 
 camp of Governor Coles, who sent him forward 
 to meet General La Fayette on his way from New 
 Orleans, on occasion of La Fayette's visit to Illi- 
 nois in 1825. 
 
 HAMILTON COUNTY, situated in the south- 
 eastern part of the State; has an area of 440 
 square miles, and population (1900) of 20,197 
 named for Alexander Hamilton. It was organ- 
 ized in 1821, with McLeansboro as the county- 
 seat. The surface of the county is rolling and 
 the fertile soil well watered and drained by 
 numerous creeks, flowing east and south into the 
 Wabash. which constitutes its southeastern 
 
218 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 boundary. Coal crops out at various points in 
 the southwestern portion. Originally Hamilton 
 ( 'i Hi MI y was a dense forest, and timber is still 
 abundant and saw-mills numerous. Among the 
 hard woods found are black and white oak, black 
 walnut, ash and hickory. The softer woods are 
 in unusual variety. Com and tobacco are the 
 principal crops, although considerable fruit is 
 ultivated, besides oats, winter wheat and pota- 
 toes. Sorghum is also extensively produced. 
 Among the pioneer settlers was a Mr. Auxier (for 
 whom a water course was named), in 1815; Adam 
 ( 'rouch, the Biggerstaffs and T. Stelle. in 1818. 
 and W. T. Golson and Louis Baxter, in 1821. 
 The most important town is McLeansboro, whose 
 population in 1890 was 1,355. 
 
 HAMMOND, Charles Goodrich, Railway Mana- 
 ger, was born at Bolton, Conn.. June 4, 1804, 
 spent his youth in Chenango County, N. Y. . 
 where he became Principal of the Whitesboro 
 Seminary (in which he was partially educated), 
 and entered mercantile life at Canandaigua: 
 in 1834 removed to Michigan, where he held 
 various offices, including member of the Legisla- 
 ture and Auditor; in 1852 completed the con 
 struction of the Michigan Central Railroad (the 
 tirst line from the East) to Chicago, and took up 
 his residence in that city. In 1855 he became 
 Superintendent of the Chicago, Burlington & 
 Quincy Railroad, but soon resigned to take a 
 trip to Europe for the benefit of his health. 
 Returning from Europe in 1869, he accepted the 
 Superintendency of the Union Pacific Railroad, 
 but was compelled to resign by failing health, later 
 becoming Vice- President of the Pullman Palace 
 Car Company. He was Treasurer of the Chicago 
 Relief & Aid Society after the fire of 1871, and 
 one of the founders of the Chicago Theological 
 Seminary (Congregational); also President, for 
 several years, of the Chicago Home for the Friend 
 less. Died, April 15, 1884. 
 
 HAMPSHIRE, a village of Kane County, on 
 the Omaha Division of the Chicago, Milwaukee 
 & St. Paul Railway, 51 miles west-northwest from 
 Chicago. There are brick and tile works, a large 
 canning factory, pickle factory, and machine 
 shop ; dairy and stock interests are large. The 
 place has a bank, electric lights and water-works, 
 and a weekly paper. Pop. (1890), 696; (1900), 760. 
 
 HANCOCK COUNTY, on the western border of 
 the State, bounded on the west by the Mississippi 
 River ; was organized in 1825 and named for John 
 Hancock ; has an area of 769 square miles ; popu- 
 lation (1900). 32,215. Its early settlers were 
 chiefly from the Middle and Southern States. 
 
 among them being I. J. Waggen, for nearly sixty 
 years a resident of Montebello Township. Black 
 Hawk, the famous Indian Chief, is reputed to 
 have been born within the limits of Camp Creek 
 Township, in this county. Fort Edwards was 
 erected on the present site of Warsaw, soon after 
 the War of 1812, but was shortly afterwards evac- 
 uated Abraham Lincoln, a cousin of the Presi- 
 dent of that name, was one of the early settlers. 
 Among the earliest were John Day, Abraliam 
 Brewer, Jacob Compton, D. F. Parker, the Dixons, 
 MendenlialLs, Logans, and Luther Whitney. 
 James White, George Y. Cutler and Henry Nich- 
 ols were the first Commissioners. In 1839 the 
 Mormons crossed the Mississippi, after being 
 expelled from Missouri, and founded the city of 
 Nauvoo in this county. (See Mormons, Kauvoo. ) 
 Carthage and Appanoose were surveyed and laid 
 out in 1835 and 1836. A ferry across the Missis- 
 sippi was established at Montebello (near the 
 present site of Hamilton) in 1829, and another, 
 two years later, near the site of old Fort Edwards. 
 The county is crossed by six lines of railway, has 
 a fine public school system, numerous thriving 
 towns, and is among the wealthy counties of the 
 State. 
 
 HANDY, Moses Purnell, journalist, was born 
 at Warsaw, Mo., April 14, 1847; before he was 
 one year old was taken back to Maryland, his 
 parents' native State. He was educated at Ports- 
 mouth, Va., and was a student at the Virginia 
 Collegiate Institute at the breaking out of the 
 Civil War, when he joined the Confederate army 
 at the age of seventeen. When the war ended 
 Handy found himself penniless. He was school- 
 teacher and book-canvasser by turns, meantime 
 writing some for a New York paper. Later he 
 became a clerk in the office of "The Christian 
 Observer" in Richmond. In 1867, by some clever 
 reporting for "The Richmond Dispatch," he was 
 able to secure a regular position on the local staff 
 of that paper, quickly gaining a reputation as a 
 successful reporter, and, in 1869, becoming city 
 editor. From this time until 1887 his promotion 
 was rapid, being employed at different times upon 
 many of the most prominent and influential 
 papers in the East, including "The New York 
 Tribune," "Richmond Enquirer," and, in Phila- 
 delphia, upon "The Times," "The Press" and 
 "Daily News." In 1893, at the request of Director- 
 General Davis of the World's Columbian Exposi- 
 tion, Mr. Handy accepted the position of Chief of 
 the Department of Publicity and Promotion, pre- 
 ferring this to the Consul-Generalship to Egypt, 
 tendered him about the same time bv President 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 319 
 
 Harrison Later, as a member of the National 
 Commission to Europe, he did much to arouse the 
 interest of foreign countries in the Exposition. 
 For some time after the World's Fair, he was 
 associate editor of "The Chicago Times-Herald." 
 In 1897, having been appointed by President 
 McKinley United States Commissioner to the 
 Paris Exposition of 1900, he visited Paris. Upon 
 his return to this country he found himself in 
 very poor health, and went South in a vain 
 attempt to regain his lost strength and vigor, but 
 died, at Augusta, Oa., Jan. 8, 1898. 
 
 HANKS, Dennis, pioneer, born in Hardin 
 County, Ky., May 15, 1799; was a cousin of the 
 mother of Abraham Lincoln and, although ten 
 rears the senior of the latter, was his intimate 
 friend in boyhood. Being of a sportive disposi- 
 tion, he often led the future President in boyish 
 pranks. About 1818, he joined the Lincoln house- 
 hold in Spencer County, Ind. , and finally married 
 Sarah Johnston, the step-sister of Mr. Lincoln, 
 the families removing to Macon County, 111., 
 together, in 1830. A year or so later, Mr. Hanks 
 removed to Coles County, where he remained 
 until some three years before his death, when he 
 went to reside with a daughter at Paris, Edgar 
 County. It has been claimed that he first taught 
 the youthful Abraham to read and write, and 
 this has secured for him the title of Mr. Lincoln's 
 teacher. He has also been credited with having 
 once saved Lincoln from death by drowning while 
 crossing a swollen stream. Austin Oollaher, a 
 school- and play -mate of Lincoln's, has also made 
 the same claim for himself the two stories pre- 
 sumably referring to the same event After the 
 riot at Charleston, 111., in March, 1863, in which 
 several persons were killed,. Hanks made a visit 
 to President Lincoln in Washington in the inter- 
 est of some of the arrested rioters, and, although 
 they were not immediately released, the fact that 
 they were ordered returned to Charleston for 
 trial and finally escaped punishment, has been 
 attributed to Hanks' influence with the President. 
 He died at Paris, Edgar County, Oct. 31. 1893, in 
 the 94th year of his age, as the result of injuries 
 received from being run over by a buggy while 
 returning from an Emancipation-Day celebra- 
 tion, near that city, on the 22d day of September 
 previous. 
 
 HANKS, John, pioneer, a cousin of the mother 
 of Abraham Lincoln, was born near Bardstown, 
 Ky., Feb. 9, 1802; joined the Lincolns in Spencer 
 County, Ind., in 1823, and made his home with 
 them two years ; engaged in flat-boating, making 
 numerous trips to New Orleans, in one of them 
 
 being accompanied by Abraham Lincoln, then 
 about 19 years of age, who then had his feelings 
 aroused against slavery by his first sight of a 
 slave-mart. In 1828 Mr. Hanks removed to 
 Macon County, 111., locating about four miles 
 west of Decatur, and it was partly through his 
 influence that the Lincolns were induced to emi- 
 grate to the same locality in 1830. Hanks had 
 cut enough logs to build the Lincolns a house 
 when they arrived, and these were hauled by 
 Abraham Lincoln to the site of the house, which 
 was erected on the north bank of the Sangamon 
 River, near the present site of Harristown. Dur- 
 ing the following summer he and Abraham Lin- 
 coln worked together splitting rails to fence a 
 portion of the land taken up by the elder Lincoln 
 some of these rails being the ones displayed 
 during the campaign of 1860. In 1831 Hanks and 
 Lincoln worked together in the construction of a 
 flat-boat on the Sangamon River, near Spring- 
 field, for a man named Off utt, which Lincoln took 
 to New Orleans Hanks only going as far as 
 St. Louis, when he returned home. In 1832. 
 Hanks served as a soldier of the Mexican War in 
 the company commanded by Capt. I. C. Pugh, 
 afterwards Colonel of the Forty-first Illinois 
 Volunteer Infantry during the Civil War. He 
 followed the occupation of a farmer until 1850, 
 when he went to California, where he spent three 
 years, returning in 1853. In 1861 he enlisted as 
 a soldier in the Twenty -first Illinois Volunteer 
 Infantry (afterwards commanded by General 
 Grant), but being already 59 years of age, was 
 placed by Grant in charge of the baggage-train, 
 in which capacity he remained two years, serving 
 in Missouri, Tennessee, Arkansas, Kentucky, 
 Alabama and Mississippi. While Grant was with 
 the regiment, Hanks had charge of the staff team. 
 Being disabled by rheumatism, he was finally 
 discharged at Winchester, Tenn. He made 
 three trips to California after the war. Died, 
 July 1. 1891. 
 
 HANNI1IAL & NAPLES RAILROAD. (See 
 \\~abash Railroad.) 
 
 HANON, Martin, pioneer, was born near Nash- 
 ville, Tenn., April, 1799; came with his father to 
 Gallatin County, Illinois Territory, in 1812, and, 
 in 1818, to what is now a portion of Christian 
 County, being the first white settler in that 
 region. Died, near Sharpsburg, Christian County, 
 April 5, 1879. 
 
 HANOVER, a village in Jo Daviess County, on 
 Apple River, 14 miles south-southeast of Galena. 
 It has a woolen factory, besides five churches and 
 a graded school. The Township (also called Han- 
 
220 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 over) extends to the Mississippi, and has a popu- 
 lation of about 1,700. Population of the village 
 (1890), 743; (1900), 786. 
 
 HABDIN, the county-seat of .Calhoun County, 
 situated in Hardin Township, on the west bank 
 of the Illinois River, some 30 miles northwest of 
 Alton. It has two churches, a graded school and 
 two newspaper offices. Population (1880), 500; 
 (1890), 311; (1900), 494. 
 
 HARDIN, John J., lawyer, Congressman and 
 soldier, was born at Frankfort, Ky., Jan. 6, 1810. 
 After graduating from Transylvania University 
 and being admitted to the bar, he began practice 
 at Jacksonville, 111., in 1830; for several years he 
 was Prosecuting Attorney of Morgan County, 
 later being elected to the lower house of the 
 Legislature, where he served from 1836 to '42. 
 The latter year he was elected to Congress, his 
 term expiring in 1845. During the later period 
 of his professional career at Jacksonville he was 
 the partner of David A. Smith, a prominent law- 
 yer of that city, and had Richard Yates for a 
 pupil. At the outbreak of the Mexican War he 
 was commissioned Colonel of the First Illinois 
 Volunteers (June 30, 1846) and was killed on the 
 second day of the battle of Buena Vista (Feb. 27, 
 1847) while leading the final charge. His remains 
 were brought to Jacksonville and buried with 
 distinguished honors in the cemetery there, his 
 former pupil, Richard Yates, delivering the fu- 
 neral oration. Gen. Martin D. (Hardin), soldier, 
 son of the preceding, was born in Jacksonville, 111. , 
 June 26, 1837; graduated at West Point Military 
 Academy, in 1859, and entered the service as 
 brevet Second Lieutenant of the Third Artillery, 
 a few months later becoming full Second Lieu- 
 tenant, and, in May, 1861, First Lieutenant. 
 Being assigned to the command of volunteer 
 troops, he passed through various grades until 
 May, 1864, when he was brevetted Colonel of 
 Volunteers for meritorious conduct at North 
 River, Va. , became Brigadier-General of Volun- 
 teers, July 2, 1864, was brevetted Brigadier- 
 General of the regular army in March, 1865, 
 for service during the war, and was finally mus- 
 tered out of the volunteer service in January, 
 1866. He continued in the regular service, how- 
 ever, until December 15, 1870, when he was 
 retired with the rank of Brigadier-General. 
 General Hardin lost an arm and suffered other 
 wounds during the war. His home is in Chicago. 
 Ellen Hardin (Walworth), author, daughter of 
 Col. John J. Hardin, was born in Jacksonville, 
 111., Oct. 20, 1882, and educated at the Female 
 Seminary in that place; was married about 1854 
 
 to Mansfield Tracy Walworth (son of Chancellor 
 R. H. Walworth of New York). Her husband 
 became an author of considerable repute, chiefly in 
 the line of fiction, but was assassinated in 1873 by 
 a son who was acquitted of the charge of murder 
 on the ground of insanity. Mrs. Walworth is a 
 leader of the Daughters of the Revolution, and 
 has given much attention, of late years, to literary 
 pursuits. Among her works are accounts of the 
 Burgoyne Campaign and of the battle of Buena 
 Vista the latter contributed to "The Magazine 
 of American History"; a "Life of CoL John J. 
 Hardin and History of the Hardin Family," 
 besides a number of patriotic and miscellaneous 
 poems and essays. She served for several years 
 as a member of the Board of Education, and was 
 for six years principal of a young ladies' school 
 at Saratoga Springs, N. Y. 
 
 HABDIN COUNTT, situated on the southeast 
 border of the State, and bounded on the east and 
 south by the Ohio River. It has an area of 194 
 square miles, and was named for a county in 
 Kentucky. The surface is broken by ridges and 
 deep gorges, or ravines, and well timbered with 
 oak, hickory, elm, maple, locust and cotton- 
 wood. Corn, wheat and oats are the staple 
 agricultural products. The minerals found are 
 iron, coal and lead, besides carboniferous lime- 
 stone of the Keokuk group. Elizabethtown is 
 the county-seat. Population (1880), 6.024; (1890), 
 7,234; (1900), 7.448. 
 
 HARDING, Abner Clark, soldier and Member 
 of Congress, bom in East Hampton, Middlesex 
 County, Conn., Feb. 10, 1807; was educated chiefly 
 at Hamilton Academy, N. Y. , and, after practic- 
 ing law for a time, in Oneida County, removed to 
 Illinois, resuming practice and managing several 
 farms for twenty-five years. He was also a mem- 
 ber of the State Constitutional Convention of 
 1847 from Warren County, and of the lower 
 branch of the Sixteenth General Assembly 
 (1848-50). Between 1850 and 1860 he was engaged 
 in railroad enterprises. In 1862 he enlisted as a 
 private in the Eighty-third Illinois Volunteer 
 Infantry, was commissioned Colonel and, in less 
 than a year, was promoted to Brigadier-General. 
 In 1864 he was elected to Congress and re-elected 
 in 1866. He did much for the development of the 
 western part of the State in the construction of 
 railroads, the Peoria & Oquawka (now a part of 
 the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy) being one of 
 the lines constructed by him. He left a fortune 
 of about $2,000,000, and, before his death, en- 
 dowed a professorship in Monmouth College. 
 Died, July 19, 1874. 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 221 
 
 HARGRAVE, Willis, pioneer, came from Ken- 
 tucky to Illinois in 1816, settling near Carmi in 
 White County; served in the Third Territorial 
 Legislature (1817-18; and in the First General 
 Assembly of the State (1818-20). His business- 
 life in Illinois was devoted to farming and salt- 
 manufacture. 
 
 HARLAN, James, statesman, was born in Clark 
 County, 111. , August 25, 1820 ; graduated at Asbury 
 University, Ind. ; was State Superintendent of 
 Public Instruction in Iowa- (1847), President of 
 Iowa Wesleyan University (1853), United States 
 Senator (1855-65), Secretary of the Interior 
 (1865-66), but re-elected to the Senate the latter 
 year, and, in 1869, chosen President of Iowa Uni- 
 versity. He was also a member of the Peace 
 Conference of 1861, and a delegate to the Phila- 
 delphia Loyalists' Convention of 1866; in 1873, 
 after leaving the Senate, was editor of "The 
 Washington Chronicle," and, from 1882 to 1885, 
 presiding Judge of the Court of Commissioners of 
 the Alabama Claims. A daughter of ex-Senator 
 Harlan married Hon. Robert. T. Lincoln, son of 
 President Lincoln, and (1889-93) United States 
 Minister to England. Mr. Harlan 's home is at 
 Mount Pleasant, Iowa. Died, Oct. 5, 1899. 
 
 HARLAN, Justin, jurist, was born in Ohio 
 about 1801 and, at the age of 25, settled in Clark 
 County, 111. ; served in the Black Hawk War of 
 1832 and, in 1835, was appointed a Justice of the 
 Circuit Court; was a Delegate to the Constitu- 
 tional Convention of 1847 and the following year 
 was elected to the Circuit bench under the new 
 Constitution, being re-elected in 1855. In 1862 
 he was appointed by President Lincoln Indian 
 Agent, continuing in office until 1865; in 1872 
 was elected County Judge of Clark County. 
 Died, while on a visit in Kentucky, in March, 
 1879. 
 
 II A K LOW. George H., ex-Secretary of State, 
 born at Sackett's Harbor. N. Y., in 1830, removed 
 to Tazewell County, HI., in 1854, and engaged in 
 business as a commission merchant; also served 
 a term as Mayor of Pi-kin. For many years he 
 took a prominent part in the history of the State. 
 Early in the '60's he was one of seven to organize, 
 at Pekin, the "Union League of America," a 
 patriotic secret organization sworn to preserve 
 the Union, working in harmony with the war 
 party and against the "Sons of Liberty." In 
 1862 he enlisted, and was about to go to the front, 
 when Governor Yates requested him to remain at 
 home and continue his effective work in the 
 Union League, saying that he could accomplish 
 more for the cause in this way than in the field. 
 
 Accordingly Mr. Harlow continued to labor as an 
 organizer, and the League became a powerful 
 factor in State politics. In 1865 he was made 
 First Assistant Secretary of the State Senate, 
 but soon after became Governor Oglesby's private 
 secretary. For a time he also served as Inspector- 
 General on the Governor's staff, and had charge 
 of the troops as they were mustered out. During 
 a portion of Mr. Hummel's term (1869-73) as Secre- 
 tary of State, he served as Assistant Secretary, 
 and, in 1872, was elected as successor to Secretary 
 Rummel and re-elected in 1876. While in Spring- 
 field he acted as correspondent for several news- 
 papers, and, for a year, was city editor of "The 
 Illinois State Journal." In 1881 he took up his 
 residence in Chicago, where he was engaged at 
 different periods in the commission and real 
 estate business, but has been retired of late years 
 on account of ill health. Died May 16, 1900. 
 
 HARPER, William H., legislator and commis- 
 sion merchant, born in Tippecanoe County, Ind., 
 May 4, 1845; was brought by his parents in boy- 
 hood to Wood ford County, 111., and served in the 
 One Hundred and Forty-fifth Illinois Volunteers ; 
 took a course in a commercial college and engaged 
 in the stock and grain-shipping business in Wood- 
 ford County until 1868, when he entered upon the 
 commission business in Chicago. From 1872 to 
 '75 he served, by appointment of the Governor, 
 as Chief of the Grain Inspection Department of 
 th& city of Chicago; in 1882 was elected to the 
 Thirty-third General Assembly and re-elected in 
 1884. During his first term in the Legislature, 
 Mr. Harper introduced and secured the passage 
 of the "High License Law," which has received 
 his name. Of late years he has been engaged in 
 the grain commission business in Chicago. 
 
 HARPER, William Rainej, clergyman and 
 educator, was born at New Concord, Ohio, July 
 26, 1856; graduated at Muskingum College at the 
 age of 14, delivering the Hebrew oration, this 
 being one of the principal commencement honors 
 in that institution. After three years' private 
 study he took a post-graduate course in philology 
 at Yale, receiving the degree of Ph.D., at the age 
 of 19. For several years he was engaged in 
 teaching, at Macon. Tenn., and Denison Uni- 
 versity, Ohio, meanwhile continuing his philo- 
 logical studies and devoting special attention to 
 Hebrew. In 1879 he accepted the chair of 
 Hebrew in the Baptist Union Theological Semi- 
 nary at Morgan Park, a suburb of Chicago. Here 
 he laid the foundation of the "inductive method" 
 of Hebraic study, which rapidly grew in favor. 
 The school by correspondence was known as the 
 
222 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 "American Institute of Hebrew, "and increased 
 so rapidly that, by 1885, it had enrolled 800 stu- 
 dents, from all parts of the world, many leading 
 professors co-operating. In 1886 he accepted the 
 professorship of Semitic Language and Literature 
 at Yale University, having in the previous year 
 become Principal of the Chautauqua College of 
 Liberal Arts, and, in 1891, Principal of the 
 entire Chautauqua system. During the winters 
 of 1889-91, Dr. Harper delivered courses of lec- 
 tures on the Bible in various cities and before 
 several universities and colleges, having been, 
 in 1889, made Woolsey Professor of Biblical 
 Literature at Yale, although still filling his 
 former chair. In 1891 he accepted an invitation 
 to the Presidency of the then incipient new Chi- 
 cago University, which has rapidly increased in 
 wealth, extent and influence. (See University 
 of Chicago.) He is also at present (1899) a mem- 
 ber of the Chicago Board of Education. Dr. 
 Harper is the author of numerous philological 
 text-books, relating chiefly to Hebrew, but ap- 
 plying the "inductive method" to the study of 
 Latin and Greek, and has also sought to improve 
 the study of English along these same lines. In 
 addition, he has edited two scientific periodicals, 
 and published numerous monographs. 
 
 HARRIS, Thomas L., lawyer, soldier and Mem- 
 ber of Congress, was born at Norwich, Conn., 
 Oct. 29, i816; graduated at Trinity College, Hart- 
 ford, in 1841, stuilitid law with Gov. Isaac Toucey, 
 and was admitted to the bar in Virginia in 1842, 
 the same year removing to Petersburg, Menard 
 County. 111. Here, in 1845, he was elected School 
 Commissioner, in 1846 raised a company for the 
 Mexican War, joined the Fourth Regiment (Col. 
 E. D. Baker's) and was elected Major. He was 
 present at the capture of Vera Cruz and the 
 battle of Cerro Gordo, after the wounding of 
 General Shields at the latter, taking command of 
 the regiment in place of Colonel Baker, who had 
 assumed command of the brigade. During his 
 absence in the army (1846) he was chosen 
 to the State Senate; in 1848 was elected to 
 the Thirty-first Congress, but was defeated by 
 Richard Yates in 1850; was re-elected in 1854, 
 '56, and '58, but died Nov. 24, 1858, a few days after 
 his fourth election and before completing his 
 preceding term. 
 
 HARRIS, William Logan, Methodist Episcopal 
 Bishop, born near Mansfield, Ohio, Nov. 14, 1817; 
 was educated at Norwalk Seminary, licensed to 
 preach in 1836 and soon after admitted to the 
 Michigan Conference, being transferred to the 
 Ohio Conference in 1840. In 1845-46 he was a 
 
 tutor in the Ohio Wesleyan University; then, 
 after two years' pastoral work and some three 
 years as Principal of Baldwin Seminary, in 1851 
 returned to the Wesleyan, filling the position 
 first of Principal of the Academic Department 
 and then a professorship; was Secretary of the 
 General Conferences (1856-72) and, during 1860-72, 
 Secretary of the Church Missionary Society ; in 
 1872 was elected Bishop, and visited the Methodist 
 Mission stations in China, Japan and Europe; 
 joined the Illinois Conference in 1874, remaining 
 until his death, which occurred in New York, 
 Sept. 2, 1887. Bishop Harris was a recognized au- 
 thority on Methodist Church law, and published 
 a small work entitled "Powers of the General 
 Conference" (1859), and, in connection with 
 Judge William J. Henry, of this State, a treatise 
 on "Ecclesiastical Law," having special refer- 
 ence to the Methodist Church. 
 
 HARRISBUR6, county-seat of Saline County, 
 on the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. 
 Louis Railway, 70 miles northeast of Cairo The 
 region is devoted to agriculture and fruit-grow- 
 ing, and valuable deposits of salt, coal and iron 
 are found. The town has flour and saw mills, 
 coal mines, dairy, brick and tile works, carriage 
 and other wood-working establishments, two 
 banks and three weekly newspapers. Population 
 (1890), 1.723; (1900), 2,202. v 
 
 HARRISON, Carter Henry, politician, Con- 
 gressman and Mayor of Chicago, waa^born in 
 Fayette County, Ky., Feb. 15, 1825; at the age of 
 20 years graduated from Yale College and began 
 reading law, but later engaged in farming. After 
 spending two years in foreign travel, he entered 
 the Law Department of Transylvania University, 
 at Lexington, Ky., and, after graduation, settled 
 at Chicago, where he soon became an operator in 
 real estate. In 1871 he was elected a Commis- 
 sioner of Cook County, serving three years. In 
 1874 he again visited Europe, and, on his return, 
 was elected to Congress as a Democrat, being 
 re-elected in 1876. In 1879 he was chosen Mayor 
 of Chicago, filling that office for four successive 
 biennial terms, but was defeated for re-election 
 in 1887 by his Republican competitor, John A. 
 Roche. He was the Democratic candidate for 
 Governor in 1888, but failed of election. He 
 thereafter made a trip around the world, and, on 
 his return, published an entertaining account of 
 his journey under the title, "A Race with the 
 Sun.'' In 1891 he was an Independent Demo- 
 cratic candidate for the Chicago mayoralty, but 
 was defeated by Hempstead Washburne, Repub- 
 lican. In 1893 he received the regular nomina- 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 tion of his party for the office, and was elected. 
 In 1892, in connection with a few associates, he 
 purchased the plant of ' 'The Chicago Times, ' ' plac- 
 incr his sons in charge. He was a man of strong 
 character and intense personality, making warm 
 friends and bitter enemies ; genial, generous and 
 kindly, and accessible to any one at all times, at 
 either his office or his home. Taking advantage 
 of this latter trait, one Prendergast, on the night 
 of Oct. 88, 1893 immediately following the clos- 
 ing exercises of the World's Columbian Exposition 
 gained admission to his residence, and, without 
 the slightest provocation, shot him down in his 
 library. He lived but a few hours. The assassin 
 was subsequently tried, convicted and hung. 
 
 HARRISON, Carter Henry, Jr., son of the 
 preceding, was born in Chicago, April 23, 1860, 
 being a lineal descendant of Benjamin Harrison, 
 an early Colonial Governor of Virginia, and lat- 
 erally related to the signer of the Declaration 
 of Independence of that name, and to President 
 William Henry Harrison. Mr. Harrison was 
 educated in the public schools of Chicago, at the 
 Gymnasium, Altenburg, Germany, and St. Igna- 
 tius College, Chicago, graduating from the latter 
 in 1881. Having taken a course in Yale Law 
 School, he began practice in Chicago in 1883, 
 remaining until 1889, when he turned his atten- 
 tion to real estate. His father having purchased 
 the "Chicago Times" about 1892, he became 
 associated with the editorship of that paper and, 
 for a time, had charge of its publication until its 
 consolidation with "The Herald" in 1895. In 
 1897, he received the Democratic nomination for 
 Mayor of Chicago, his popularity being shown by 
 receiving a majority of the total vote. Again 
 in 1399, he was re-elected to the same office, 
 receiving a plurality over his Republican com- 
 petitor of over 40,000. Mayor Harrison is one of 
 the youngest men who ever held the office. 
 
 HARRISON, William Henry, first Governor of 
 Indiana Territory (including the present State of 
 Illinois), was born at Berkeley, Va.. Feb 9, 1773, 
 being the son of Benjamin Harrison, a signer of 
 the Declaration of Independence; was educated 
 at Hampden Sidney College, and began the study 
 of medicine, but never finished it. In 1791 he 
 was commissioned an Ensign in the First U. S. 
 Infantry at Fort Washington (the present site of 
 Cincinnati), was promoted a Lieutenant a year 
 later, and, in 1797, assigned to command of the 
 Fort with the rank of Captain. He had pre- 
 viously served as Aid-de-Camp to Gen. Wayne, 
 by whom he was complimented for gallantry at 
 the battle of Miami. In 1798 he was appointed by 
 
 President Adams Secretary of the Northwest 
 Territory, but resigned in 1799 to become Dele- 
 gate in Congress ; in 1800 he was appointed Gov- 
 ernor of the newly created Territory of Indiana, 
 serving by reappointment some 12 years. During 
 his incumbency and as Commissioner, a few years 
 later, he negotiated many important treaties 
 with the Indians. In 1811 he won the decisive 
 victory over Chief Tecumseh and his followers 
 at Tippecanoe. Having been made a Brigadier- 
 General in the War of 1812, he was promoted to 
 Major-General in 1813 and, as Commander of the 
 Army of the Northwest, he won the important 
 battle of the Thames. Resigning his commission 
 in 1814, he afterwards served as Representative 
 in Congress from Ohio (1816-1819); Presidential 
 Elector in 1820 and 1824; United States Senator 
 (1824-1828), and Minister to the United States of 
 Colombia (1828-29). Returning to the United 
 States, he was elected Clerk of the Court of Com- 
 mon Pleas of Hamilton County, serving twelve 
 years. In 1836 he was an unsuccessful Whig 
 candidate for President, but was elected in 1840, 
 dying in Washington City, April 4, 1841, just one 
 month after his inauguration. 
 
 HARTZELL, William, Congressman, was born 
 in Stark County, Ohio, Feb. 20, 1837. When he 
 was three years old his parents removed to 111 : 
 nois, and, four years later (1844) to Texas. In 
 1853 he returned to Illinois, settling in Randolph 
 County, which became his permanent home. H 
 was brought up on a farm, but graduated at Mr 
 Kendree College, Lebanon, in June. 1859. Five 
 years later he was admitted to the bar. and began 
 practice. He was Representative in Congress for 
 two terms, being elected as a Democrat, in 1874. 
 and again in 1876. 
 
 HARTARD, an incorporated city in McHenry 
 County, 03 miles northwest of Chicago on the 
 Chicago & Northwestern Railway. It has elec- 
 tric light plant, artesian water system, hardware 
 and bicycle factories, malt house, cold storage 
 and packing plant, a flouring mill, a carriage- 
 wheel factory and two weekly papers. The 
 region is agricultural. Population (1890), 1,967: 
 (1900), 2,602. 
 
 HASKELL, Harriet Newell, educator and third 
 Principal of Monticello Female Seminary, was 
 born at Waldboro, Lincoln County, Maine, Jan. 14. 
 1835; educated at Castleton Seminary, Vt., and 
 Mount Holyoke Seminary, Mass., graduating 
 from the latter in 1855. Later, she served as 
 Principal of high schools in Maine and Boston 
 until 1862, when she was called to the principal- 
 ship of Castleton Seminary. She resigned this 
 
224 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 position in 1867 to assume a similar one at Monti- 
 cello Female Seminary, at Godfrey, 111., where 
 she has since remained. The main building of 
 this institution having been burned in Novem- 
 ber, 1889, it was rebuilt on an enlarged and 
 improved plan, largely through the earnest efforts 
 of Miss Haskell. (See Afonticello Female Semi- 
 nary.) 
 
 HATCH, Ozlas Mather, Secretary of the State 
 of Illinois (1857-'65), was born at Hillsborough 
 Center, N. H., April 11, 1814, and removed to 
 Uriggsville. 111., in 1836. In 1829 he began life as 
 a clerk for a wholesale and retail grocer in Bos- 
 ton. From 1836 to 1841 he was engaged in store- 
 keeping at Griggsville. In the latter year he was 
 appointed Circuit Court Clerk of Pike County, 
 holding the office seven years. In 1858 he again 
 embarked in business at Meredosia, 111. In 1850 
 he was elected to the Legislature, serving one 
 term. An earnest anti-slavery man, he was, in 
 1866, nominated by the newly organized Repub- 
 lican party for Secretary of State and elected, 
 being re-elected in 1860, on the same ticket with 
 Mr. Lincoln, of whom he was a warm personal 
 friend and admirer. During the war he gave a 
 zealous and effective support to Governor Yates' 
 administration. In 1864 he declined a renomi- 
 nation and retired from political life. He was an 
 original and active member of the Lincoln Monu- 
 ment Association from its organization in 1865 to 
 his death, and, in company with Gov. R. J. 
 Oglesby, made a canvass of Eastern cities to col- 
 lect funds for statuary to be placed on the monu- 
 ment. After retiring from office he was interested 
 to some extent in the banking business at Griggs- 
 ville, and was influential in securing the con- 
 struction of the branch of the Wabash Railway 
 from Naples to Hannibal, Mo. He was, for over 
 thirty -five years, a resident of Springfield, dying 
 there, March 12, 1893. 
 
 HATFIELD, (Rev.) Robert Miller, clergy- 
 man, was born at Mount Pleasant, Westchester 
 County, N. Y., Feb. 19, 1819; in early life enjoyed 
 only such educational advantages as could be 
 obtained while living on a farm ; later, was em 
 ployed as a clerk at White Plains and in New 
 York City, but, in 1841, was admitted to the 
 Providence Methodist Episcopal Conference, dur- 
 ing the next eleven years supplying churches in 
 Rhode Island and Massachusetts. In 1852 he 
 went to Brooklyn and occupied pulpits in that 
 vicinity until 1865, when he assumed the pastor- 
 ship of the Wabash Avenue Methodist Episcopal 
 Church in Chicago, two years later going to the 
 Centenary Church in the same city. He subse- 
 
 quently had charge of churches in Cincinnati and 
 Philadelphia, but, returning to Illinois in 1877. 
 he occupied pulpits for the next nine years in 
 Evanston and Chicago. In 1886 he went to Sum- 
 merfield Methodist Episcopal Church, Brooklyn, 
 which was his last regular charge, as, in 1889, he 
 became Financial Agent of the Northwestern 
 University at Evanston, of which he had been a 
 Trustee from 1878. As a temporary supply for 
 pulpits or as a speaker in popular assemblies, his 
 services were in constant demand during this 
 period. Dr. Hatfield served as a Delegate to the 
 General Conferences of I860, '64, '76, '80 and '84, 
 and was a leader in some of the most important 
 debates in those bodies. Died, at Evanston, 
 March 31, 1891. 
 
 HATTOJf, Frank, journalist and Postmaster- 
 General, was born at Cambridge, Ohio, April 28, 
 1846; entered his father's newspaper office at 
 Cadiz, as an apprentice, at 11 years of age, be- 
 coming foreman and local editor ; in 1862, at the 
 age of 16, he enlisted in the Ninety-eighth Ohio 
 Infantry, but, in 1864, was transferred to the One 
 Hundred and Eighty-fourth Ohio and commis- 
 sioned Second Lieutenant his service being 
 chiefly in the Army of the Cumberland, but par- 
 ticipating in Sherman's March to the Sea. After 
 the war he went to Iowa,, whither his father had 
 preceded him, and where he edited "The Mount 
 Pleasant Journal" (1869-74) ; then removed to Bur- 
 lington, where he secured a controlling interest 
 in "The Hawkeye," which he brought to a point 
 of great prosperity ; was Postmaster of that city 
 under President Grant, and, in 1881, became 
 First Assistant Postmaster-General. On the 
 retirement of Postmaster-General Gresham in 
 1884, he was appointed successor to the latter, 
 serving to the end of President Arthur's adminis- 
 tration, being the youngest man who ever held 
 a cabinet position, except Alexander Hamilton. 
 From 1882 to 1884, Mr. Hatton managed "The 
 National Republican" in Washington; in 1885 
 removed to Chicago, where he became one of the 
 proprietors and editor-in-chief of "The Evening 
 Mail"; retired from the latter in 1887, and, pur- 
 chasing the plant of "The National Republican" 
 in Washington, commenced the publication of 
 "The Washington Post," with which he was con- 
 nected until his death, April 30, 1894. 
 
 HAYANA, the county -seat of Mason County, an 
 incorporated city founded in 1827 on the Illinois 
 River, opposite the mouth of Spoon River, and a 
 point of junction for three railways. It is a ship- 
 ping-point for corn and osage orange hedge 
 plants. A number of manufactories are located 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 225 
 
 here. The city has several churches, three pub- 
 lic schools and three newspapers. Population 
 (1890). 2,525; (1900), 3,268. 
 
 HAVANA, RANTOUL & EASTEEN BAIL- 
 BOAD. (See Illinois Central Railroad.) 
 
 HAVES, Krastus Otis, Methodist Episcopal 
 Bishop, was born in Boston, Mass., NOT. 1, 1820; 
 graduated at the Wesleyan University in 1842, 
 and taught in various institutions in Massachu- 
 setts and New York, meanwhile studying theol- 
 ogy. In 1848 he entered the Methodist ministry 
 as a member of the New York Conference; five 
 years later accepted a professorship in Michigan 
 University, but resigned in 1856 to become editor 
 of "Zion's Herald,'' Boston, for seven years in 
 that time serving two terms in the State Senate 
 and a part of the time being an Overseer of Har- 
 vard University. In 1863 he accepted the Presi- 
 dency of Northwestern University at Evanston, 
 111. ; in 1872 became Secretary of the Methodist 
 Board of Education, but resigned in 1874 to 
 become Chancellor of Syracuse University, N.Y. 
 In 1880 he was elected a Bishop of the Methodist 
 Episcopal Church. Died, in Salem, Oregon, in 
 August, 1881. Bishop Haven was a man of great 
 versatility and power as an orator, wrote much 
 for the periodical press and published several 
 volumes on religious topics, besides a treatise on 
 rhetoric. 
 
 HAYEK, Lather, educator, was born near 
 Framingham, Mass., August 6, 1806. With a 
 meager country-school education, at the age of 
 17 he began teaching, continuing in this occupa- 
 tion six or seven years, after which he spent 
 three years in a more liberal course of study in a 
 private academy at Ellington, Conn. He was 
 next employed at Leicester Academy, first as a 
 teacher, and, for eleven years, as Principal. He 
 then engaged in mercantile pursuits until 1849. 
 when he removed to Chicago. After several 
 years spent in manufacturing and real-estate 
 business, in 1854 he became proprietor of "The 
 Prairie Farmer," of which he remained in con- 
 trol until 1858. Mr. Haven took an active interest 
 in public affairs, and was an untiring worker for 
 the promotion of popular education. For ten 
 years following 1853, he was officially connected 
 with the Chicago Board of Education, being for 
 four years its President. The comptrollership of 
 the city was offered him in 1860, but declined. 
 During the war he was a zealous supporter of the 
 Union cause. In October, 1861, he was appointed 
 by President Lincoln Collector for the Port of 
 Chicago, and Sub-Treasurer of the United States 
 for the Department of the Northwest, serving in 
 
 this capacity during a part of President Johnson's 
 administration. In 1866 he was attacked with 
 congestion of the lungs, dying on March 6, of 
 that year. 
 
 HAWK, Bobert M. A., Congressman, was born 
 in Hancock County, Ind., April 23, 1839; came to 
 Carroll County, 111. , in boyhood, where he attended 
 the common schools and later graduated from Eu- 
 reka College. In 1862 he enlisted in the Union 
 army, was commissioned First Lieutenant, next 
 promoted to a Captaincy and, finally, brevetted 
 Major for soldierly conduct in the field. In 1865 
 he was elected County Clerk of Carroll County, 
 and three times re-elected, serving from 1865 to 
 1879. The latter year he resigned, having been 
 elected to Congress on the Republican ticket in 
 1878. In 1880 he was re-elected, but died before 
 the expiration of his term, his successor being 
 Robert R. Hitt, of Mount Morris, who was chosen 
 at a special election to fill the vacancy. 
 
 HAWLET, John B., Congressman and First 
 Assistant Secretary of the Treasury, was born in 
 Fairneld County, Conn., Feb. 9, 1831; accompa- 
 nied his parents to Illinois in childhood, residing 
 in his early manhood at Cartilage, Hancock 
 County. At the age of 23 (1854) he was admitted 
 to the bar and began practice at Rock Island. 
 From 1856 to 1860 he was State's Attorney of 
 Rock Island County. In 1861 he entered the 
 Union army as Captain, but was so severely 
 wounded at Fort Donelson (1862) that he was 
 obliged to quit the service. In 1865 President 
 Lincoln appointed him Postmaster at Rock Island, 
 but one year afterward he was removed by Presi- 
 dent Johnson. In 1868 he was elected to Congress 
 as a Republican, being twice re-elected, and, in 
 1876, was Presidential Elector on the Hayes- 
 Wheeler ticket. In the following year he was 
 appointed by President Hayes First Assistant 
 Secretary of the Treasury, serving until 1880, 
 when he resigned. During the last six years of 
 his life he was Solicitor for the Chicago & North 
 western Railroad, with headquarters at Omaha. 
 Neb. Died, at Hot Springs, South Dakota, May 
 24, 1895. 
 
 HAT, John, author, diplomatist and Secretary 
 of State, was born in Salem, Ind., Oct. 8, 1838, of 
 Scottish ancestry; graduated at Brown Univer- 
 sity, 1858, and studied law at Springfield, 111., his 
 father, in the meantime, having become a resi- 
 dent of Warsaw, 111. ; was admitted to practice 
 in 1861, but immediately went to Washington as 
 assistant private secretary of President Lincoln, 
 acting part of the time as the President's aid-de- 
 camp, also serving for some time under General 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 Hunter andGilmore, with the rank of Major and 
 Adjutant-General. After President Lincoln's 
 assassination he served as Secretary of Legation 
 at Paris and Madrid, and as Charge d'Affaires at 
 Vienna; was also editor for a time of "The Illi- 
 nois State Journal" at Springfield, and a leading 
 editorial writer on "The New York Tribune." 
 Colonel Hay's more important literary works 
 include "Castilian Days," "Pike County Ballads," 
 and the ten-volume "History of the Life and 
 Times of Abraham Lincoln," written in collabo- 
 ration with John G. Nicolay. In 1875 he settled 
 at Cleveland, Ohio, but, after retiring from "The 
 New York Tribune," made Washington his home. 
 In 1897 President McKinley appointed him Am- 
 bassador to England, where, by his tact, good 
 judgment and sound discretion manifested as a 
 diplomatist and speaker on public occasions, he 
 won a reputation as one of the most able and ac- 
 complished foreign representatives America has 
 produced. His promotion to the position of 
 Secretary of State on the retirement of Secretary 
 William R. Day, at the close of the Spanish- 
 American War. in September, 1898, followed 
 naturally as a just tribute to the rank which he 
 had won as a diplomatist, and was universally 
 approved throughout the np.tion. 
 
 HAY, John It., ex-Congressman, was born at 
 Belleville, 111., Jan. 8, 1834; attended the com- 
 mon schools and worked on a farm until he was 
 16 years of age, when he learned the printer's 
 trade. Subsequently he studied law, and won 
 considerable local prominence in his profession, 
 being for eight years State's Attorney for the 
 Twenty-fourth Judicial Circuit. He served in 
 the Union army during the War of the Rebellion, 
 and, in 1868, was elected a Representative in the 
 Forty-first Congress, being re-elected in 1870. 
 
 HAT, Milton, lawyer and legislator, was born 
 in Fayette County, Ky., July 3, 1817; removed 
 with his father's family to Springfield, 111., in 
 1832; in 1838 became a student in the law office 
 of Stuart & Lincoln; was admitted to the 
 bar in 1840, and began practice at Pittsfield, 
 Pike County. In 1858 he returned to Springfield 
 and formed a partnership with Judge Stephen 
 T. Logan (afterwards his father-in-law), which 
 ended by the retirement of the latter from prac- 
 tice in 1861. Others who were associated with 
 him as partners, at a later date, were Hon. Shelby 
 M. Cullom, Gen. John M. Palmer, Henry S. 
 Greene and D. T. Littler. In 1869 he was elected 
 a Delegate to the State Constitutional Convention 
 and, as Chairman of the Committee on Revenue 
 Mid member of the Judiciary Committee, was 
 
 prominent in shaping the Constitution of 1870. 
 Again, as a member of the lower branch of the 
 Twenty-eighth General Assembly (1873-74), he 
 assisted in revising and adapting the laws to thr 
 new order of things under the new Constitution. 
 The estimate in which he was held by his associ- 
 ates is shown in the fact that he was a member 
 of the Joint Committee of five appointed by the 
 Legislature to revise the revenue laws of the 
 State, which was especially complimented for 
 the manner in which it performed its work by 
 concurrent resolution of the two houses. A con- 
 servative Republican in politics, gentle and unob- 
 trusive in manner, and of calm, dispassionate 
 judgment and unimpeachable integrity, no man 
 was more frequently consulted by State execu- 
 tives on questions of great delicacy and public 
 importance, during the last thirty years of his 
 life, than Mr. Hay. In 1881 he retired from the 
 active prosecution of his profession, devoting his 
 time to the care of a handsome estate. Died. 
 Sept. 15, 1893. 
 
 HATES, Philip ('., ex-Congressman, was born 
 at Granby, Conn., Feb. 3, 1833. Before he was ;i 
 year old his parents removed to La Salle County, 
 111., where the first twenty years of his life were 
 spent upon a farm. In 1860 he graduated from 
 i IK,. 1 1,,, College. Ohio, and, in April, 1861, en- 
 listed in the Union army, being commissioned 
 successively, Captain, Lieutenant-Colonel and 
 Colonel, and finally brevetted Brigadier-General. 
 After the war he engaged in journalism, becom- 
 ing the publisher and senior editor of "The Morris 
 Herald," a weekly periodical issued at Morri.-, 
 Grundy County. In 1872 he was a delegate to the 
 National Republican Convention at Philadelphia 
 which renominated Grant, and represented his 
 district in Congress from 1877 to 1881. Later he 
 became editor and part proprietor of "The Repub- 
 lican" at Joliet, 111., but retired some years since. 
 
 HATES, Samuel Snowden, lawyer and politi- 
 cian, was born at Nashville, Tenn., Dec. 25, 1820; 
 settled at Shawneetown in 1838, and engaged in 
 the drug business for two years; then began the 
 study of law and was admitted to practice in 
 1842, settling first at Mount Vernon and later at 
 Carmi. He early took an interest in politics, 
 stumping the southern counties for the Demo- 
 cratic party in 1843 and '44. In 1845 he was a 
 delegate to the Memphis Commercial Convention 
 and, in 1846, was elected to the lower House of 
 the State Legislature, being re-elected in '48. In 
 1847 he raised a company for service in the 
 Mexican War, but, owing to its distance from 
 the seat of government, its muster rolls were not 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 227 
 
 received until the quota of the State had been 
 filled. The same year he was chosen a Delegate 
 to the State Constitutional Convention for White 
 County, and, in 1848, was a Democratic Presi- 
 dential Elector. About 1852 he removed to Chi- 
 cago, where he was afterwards City Solicitor and 
 (1862-65) City Comptroller. He was a delegate 
 to the National Democratic Conventions at 
 Charleston and Baltimore in 1860, and an earnest 
 worker for Douglas in the campaign which fol- 
 lowed. While in favor of the Union, he was 
 strongly opposed to the policy of the administra- 
 tion, particularly in its attitude on the question 
 of slavery. His last public service was as a Dele- 
 gate from Cook County to the State Constitu- 
 tional Convention of 1869-70. His talents as an 
 orator, displayed both at the bar and before popu- 
 lar assemblies, were of a very high order. 
 
 HAYMARKET RIOT, THE, an anarchistic 
 outbreak which occurred in Chicago on the 
 evening of May 4, 1886. For several days prior, 
 meetings of dissatisfied workingmen had been 
 addressed by orators who sought to inflame the 
 worst passions of their hearers. The excitement 
 (previously more or less under restraint) culmi- 
 nated on the date mentioned. Haymarket 
 Square, in Chicago, is a broad, open space formed 
 by the widening of West Randolph Street for an 
 open-air produce-market. An immense concourse 
 assembled there on the evening named ; inflam- 
 matory speeches were made from a cart, which 
 was used as a sort of improvised platform. Dur- 
 ing the earlier part of the meeting the Mayor 
 (Carter H. Harrison) was present, but upon his 
 withdrawal, the oratory became more impassioned 
 and incendiary. Towards midnight, some one 
 whose identity lias never been thoroughly proved, 
 threw a dynamite bomb into the ranks of the 
 police, who, under command of Inspector John 
 Bonfield, had ordered the dispersal of the crowd 
 and were endeavoring to enforce the command. 
 Simultaneously a score of men lay dead or bleed- 
 ing in the street. The majority of the crowd 
 fled, pursued by the officers. Numerous arrests 
 followed during the night and the succeeding 
 morning, and search was made in the office of 
 the principal Anarchistic organ, which resulted 
 in the discovery of considerable evidence of an 
 incriminating character. A Grand Jury of Cook 
 County found indictments for murder against 
 eight of the suspected leaders, all of whom were 
 convicted after a trial extending over several 
 months, both the State and the defense being 
 represented by some of the ablest counsel at the 
 Chicago bar. Seven of the accused were con- 
 
 demned to death, and one (Oscar Neebe) was 
 given twenty years' imprisonment. The death 
 sentence of two Samuel Fielden and Justus 
 Schwab was subsequently commuted by Gov- 
 ernor Oglesby to life-imprisonment, but executive 
 clemency was extended in 1893 by Governor 
 Altgeld to all three of those serving terms in the 
 penitentiary. Of those condemned to execution, 
 one (Louis Lanng) committed suicide in the 
 county- jail by exploding, between his teeth, a 
 small dynamite bomb which he had surrepti 
 tiously obtained; the remaining four (August 
 Spies, Albert D. Parsons, Louis Engel and Adolph 
 Fischer) were hanged in the county-jail at 
 Chicago, on November 14, 1887. The affair 
 attracted wide attention, not only throughout the 
 United States but in other countries also. 
 
 HA YMK, Isham Nicolas, soldier and Adju- 
 tant-General, was born at Dover, Tenn., Nov. 18, 
 1834; came to Illinois in boyhood and received 
 but little education at school, but worked on a 
 farm to obtain means to study law, and was 
 licensed to practice in 1846. Throughout the 
 Mexican War he served as a Lieutenant in the 
 Sixth Illinois Volunteers, but, on his return, 
 resumed practice in 1849, and, in 1850, was 
 elected to the Legislature from Marion County. 
 He graduated from the Kentucky Law School in 
 1832 and, in 1856, was appointed Judge of the 
 Court of Common Pleas at Cairo. In 1860 he was a 
 candidate for Presidential Elector on the Doug- 
 las ticket. In 1861 he entered the army as 
 Colonel of the Forty-eighth Illinois Infantry, 
 which he had assisted in organizing. He partici- 
 pated in the battles of Fort Donelson and Shiloh, 
 and was severely wounded at the latter. In 1862 
 he was an unsuccessful candidate for Congress as 
 a War Democrat, being defeated by W. J. Allen, 
 and the same year was commissioned Brigadier- 
 General of Volunteers. He resumed practice at 
 Cairo in 1864, and, in 1865, was appointed by 
 Governor Oglesby Adjutant-General as successor 
 to Adjutant-General Fuller, but died in office, at 
 Springfield, November, 1868. 
 
 HAYWARD COLLEGE AND COMMERCIAL 
 SCHOOL, at Fairfield, Wayne County; incorpo- 
 rated in 1886; is co-educational; had 160 pupils in 
 1898, with a faculty of nine instructors. 
 
 HEACOCK, Rossell E., pioneer lawyer, was 
 born in Litchfield, Conn., in 1770; having lost his 
 father at 7 years of age, learned the carpenter's 
 trade and came west early in life ; in 1806 was 
 studying law in Missouri, and, two years later, 
 was licensed to practice in Indiana Territory, of 
 which Illinois then formed a part, locating first 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 at Kaskaskia and afterwards at Jonesboro, in 
 Union County; in 1823 went to Buffalo, N. Y., 
 but returned west in 1827, arriving where Chi- 
 cago now stands on July 4 ; in 1838 was living 
 inside Fort Dearborn, but subsequently located 
 several miles up the South Branch of the Chicago 
 River, where he opened a small farm at a place 
 which went by the name of "Heacock's Point." 
 In 1831 he obtained a license to keep a tavern, in 
 1833 became a Justice of the Peace, and, in 1835, 
 had a law office in the village of Chicago. He 
 took a prominent part in the organization of Cook 
 County, invested liberally in real estate, but lost 
 it in the crash of 1837. He was disabled by par- 
 alysis in 1843 and died of cholera, June 28, 1849. 
 Renben E. (Heacock), a son of Mr. Heacock, 
 was member of the State Constitutional Conven- 
 tion of 1847, from Cook County. 
 
 HEALTH, BOARD OF, a bureau of the State 
 Government, created by act of May 25. 1877. It 
 consists of seven members, named by the Gov- 
 ernor, who hold office for seven years. It is 
 charged with "general supervision of the inter- 
 ests connected with the health and life of the 
 t citizens of the State. " All matters pertaining to 
 quarantine fall within its purview, and in this 
 ' respect it is invested with a power which, while 
 discretionary, is well-nigh autocratic. The same 
 standard holds good, although to a far less ex- 
 tent, as to its supervisory power over conta- 
 gious diseases, of man or beast. The Board also 
 has a modified control over medical practitioners, 
 under the terms of the statute popularly known 
 as the "Medical Practice Act." Through its 
 powers thereunder, it has kept out or expelled 
 from the State an army of irregular practition- 
 ers, and has done much toward raising the stand- 
 ard of professional qualification. 
 
 HEALT, George P. A., artist, was born in 
 Boston. July 15, 1808, and early manifested a 
 predilection for art, in which he was encouraged 
 by the painter Scully. He struggled in the face 
 of difficulties until 1836, when, having earned 
 some money by his art, he went to Europe to 
 study, spending two years in Paris and a like 
 period in London. In 1855 he came to Chicago, 
 contemplating a stay of three weeks, but re- 
 mained until 1867. During this time he is said 
 to have painted 575 portraits, many of them 
 being likenesses of prominent citizens of Chicago 
 and of the State. Many of his pictures, deposited 
 in the rooms of the Chicago Historical Society 
 for safe-keeping, were destroyed by the fire of 
 1871. From 1869 to '91 his time was spent chiefly 
 in Rome. During his several visits to Europe he 
 
 painted the portraits of a large number of royal 
 personages, including Louis Phillippe of France, 
 as also, in this country, the portraits of Presidents 
 and other distinguished persons. One of his his- 
 torical pictures was "Webster Replying to 
 Hayne," in which 150 figures are introduced. A 
 few years before his death, Mr. Healy donated a 
 large number of his pictures to the Newberry 
 Library of Chicago. He died in Chicago, June 
 24, 1894. 
 
 IIKATOV, William Weed, lawyer and jurist, 
 was born at Western, Oneida County, N. Y., 
 April 18, 1814. After completing his academic 
 studies he engaged, for a short time, in teaching, 
 but soon began the study of law, and, in 1838, 
 was admitted to the bar at Terre Haute, Ind. In 
 1840 he removed to Dixon, 111., where he resided 
 until his death. In 1861 he was elected Judge of 
 the Circuit Court for the Twenty-second Circuit, 
 and occupied a seat upon the bench, through 
 repeated re-elections, until his death, which 
 occurred Dec. 26, 1877, while serving as a mem- 
 ber of the Appellate Court for the First District. 
 
 BECKER, Friedrlch Karl Franz, German pa- 
 triot and soldier, was born at Baden, Germany, 
 Sept. 28, 1811. He attained eminence in his 
 native country as a lawyer and politician ; was a 
 member of the Baden Assembly of 1842 and a 
 leader in the Diet of 1846-47, but, in 1848, was 
 forced, with many of his compatriots, to find a 
 refuge in the United States. In 1849 he settled 
 as a farmer at Summerfield, in St. Clair County, 
 111. He took a deep interest in politics and, being 
 earnestly opposed to slavery, ultimately joined 
 the Republican party, and took an active part in 
 the campaigns of 1856 and '60. In 1861 he was 
 commissioned Colonel of the Twenty-fourth Illi- 
 nois Volunteers, and was later transferred to the 
 command of the Eighty -second. He was a brave 
 soldier, and actively participated in the battles 
 of Missionary Ridge and Chancellorsville. In 
 1864 he resigned his commission and returned to 
 his farm in St. Clair County. Died, at St. Louis. 
 Mo., March 24, 1881. 
 
 HEDDING COLLEGE, an institution incorpo- 
 rated in 1875 and conducted under the auspices of 
 the Methodist Episcopal Church, at Abingdon, 
 Knox County, 111. ; has a faculty of seventeen 
 instructors, and reports (1895-96), 403 students, 
 of whom 212 were male and 181 female. The 
 branches taught include the sciences, the classics, 
 music, fine arts, oratory and preparatory courses. 
 The institution has funds and endowment 
 amounting to $55,000, -and property valued At 
 $158.000. 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 229 
 
 II EMPSTE A I), Charles S., pioneer lawyer and 
 first Mayor of Galena, was born at Hebron, Tol- 
 land County, Conn., Sept. 10, 1794 the son of 
 Stephen Hempstead, a patriot of the Revolution. 
 In 1809 he came west in company with a brother, 
 descending the Ohio River in a canoe from Mari- 
 etta to Shawneetown, and making his way across 
 the "Illinois Country" on foot to Kaskaskia and 
 finally to St. Louis, where he joined another 
 brother (Edward) , with whom he soon began the 
 study of law. Having been admitted to the bar 
 in both Missouri Territory and Illinois, he re- 
 moved to St. Genevieve, where he held the office 
 of Prosecuting Attorney by appointment of the 
 Governor, but returned to St. Louis in 1818-19 
 and later became a member of the Missouri Legis- 
 lature. In 1829 Mr. Hempstead located at Galena, 
 111., which continued to be his home for the re- 
 mainder of his life, and where he was one of the 
 earliest and best known lawyers. The late Minis- 
 ter E. B. Washburne became a clerk in Mr. 
 Hempstead's law office in 1840, and, in 1845, a 
 partner. Mr. Hempstead was one of the pro- 
 moters of the old Chicago & Galena Union Rail- 
 road (now apart of the Chicago* Northwestern), 
 serving upon the first Board of Directors; was 
 elected the first Mayor of Galena in 1841, and, in 
 the early days of the Civil War, was appointed 
 by President Lincoln a Paymaster in the Army. 
 Died, in Galena, Dec. 10, 1874. Edward (Hemp- 
 stead), an older brother of t lie preceding, already 
 mentioned, came west in 1804, and, after holding 
 various positions at Vincennes, Indiana Territory, 
 under Gov. William Henry Harrison, located at 
 St Louis and became the first Territorial 
 Delegate in Congress from Missouri Territory 
 (1811-14). His death occurred as the result of an 
 accident, August 10, 1817. Stephen (Hemp- 
 stead), another member of this historic family, 
 was Governor of Iowa from 1850 to '54. Died, 
 Feb. 16, 1883. 
 
 HENDERSON, Thomas J., ex-Congressman, 
 was born at Brownsville, Tenn., Nov. 19, 1824; 
 came to Illinois in 1837, and was reared upon a 
 farm, but received an academic education. In 
 1847 he was elected Clerk of the County Com- 
 missioners' Court of Stark County, and. in 1849, 
 Clerk of the County Court of the same county, 
 serving in that capacity for four years. Mean 
 while he had studied law and had been admitted 
 to the bar in 1852. In 1855 and '56 he was a 
 member of the lower house of the Legislature, 
 and State Senator from 1857 to '60. He entered 
 the Union army, in 1862, as Colonel of the One 
 Hundred and Twelfth Illinois Volunteers, and 
 
 served until the close of the war, being brevetted 
 Brigadier-General in January, 1865. He was a 
 Republican Presidential Elector for the State at - 
 large in 1868, and, in 1874, was elected to Congress 
 from the Seventh Illinois District, serving con- 
 tinuously until March. 1895. His home is at 
 Princeton. 
 
 HENDERSON, William H., politician and legis- 
 lator, was born in Garrard County, Ky . , Nov. 16, 
 1793. After serving in the War of 1812, he settled 
 in Tennessee, where he held many positions of 
 public trust, including that of State Senator. In 
 1836 he removed to Illinois, and, two years later, 
 was elected to the General Assembly as Repre- 
 sentative from Bureau and Putnam Counties, 
 being re-elected in 1840. In 1842 he was the 
 unsuccessful Whig candidate for Lieutenant - 
 Governor, being defeated by John Moore. In 
 1845 he migrated to Iowa, where he died in 1864. 
 
 HENDERSON COUNTY, a county comprising 
 380 square miles of territory, located in the west- 
 ern section of the State and bordering on the Mis- 
 sissippi River. The first settlements were made 
 about 1827-28 at Yellow Banks, now Oquawka. 
 Immigration was checked by the Black Hawk 
 War, but revived after the removal of the Indians 
 across the Mississippi. The county was set off 
 from Warren in 1841, with Oquawka as the 
 county-seat. Population (1880), 10,722; (1890). 
 9,876. The soil is fertile, and underlaid by lime- 
 stone. The surface is undulating, and well tim- 
 bered. Population (1000). 10.836 
 
 HENNEPIN, the county-seat of Putnam 
 County, situated on the left bank of the Illinois 
 River, about 28 miles below Ottawa, 100 miles 
 southwest of Chicago, and 3 miles southeast of 
 Bureau Junction. It has a courthouse, a bank, 
 two grain elevators, three churches, a graded 
 school, a newspaper. It is a prominent shipping 
 point for produce by the river. The Hennepin 
 Canal, now in process of construction from the 
 Illinois River to the Mississippi at the mouth of 
 Rock River, leaves the Illinois about two miles 
 above Hennepin. Population (1880), 623: (1890). 
 674; (1900). 523. 
 
 HENNEPIN, Louis, a Franciscan (Recollect) 
 friar and explorer, born at Ath, Belgium, about 
 1640. After several years of clerical service in 
 Belgium and Holland, he was ordered (1675) by 
 his ecclesiastical superiors to proceed to Canada. 
 In 1679 he accompanied La Salle on his explo- 
 rations of the great lakes and the upper Missis- 
 sippi. Having reached the Illinois by way of 
 Lake Michigan, early in the following year ( 1680 1 . 
 La Salle proceeded to construct a fort on the east 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 side of the Illinois River, a little below the 
 present site of Peoria, which afterwards received 
 the name of Fort Creve-Coeur. In February, 
 1680, Father Hennepin was dispatched by La 
 Salle, with two companions, by way of the 
 mouth of the Illinois, to explore the upper Mis- 
 sissippi. Ascending the latter stream, his party 
 .was captured by the Sioux and carried to the 
 villages of that tribe among the Minnesota lakes, 
 but finally rescued. During his captivity he 
 discovered the Falls of St. Anthony, which he 
 named. After his rescue Hennepin returned to 
 Quebec, and thence sailed to France. There he 
 published a work describing La Salle's first 
 expedition and his own explorations. Although 
 egotistical and necessarily incorrect, this work 
 was a valuable contribution to history. Because 
 of ecclesiastical insubordination he left France 
 for Holland. In 1697 he published an extraordi- 
 nary volume, in which he set forth claims as a 
 discoverer which have been wholly discredited. 
 His third and last work, published at Utrecht, in 
 1698, was entitled a "New Voyage in a Country 
 Larger than Europe." It was a compilation 
 describing La Salle's voyage to the mouth of the 
 Mississippi. His three works have been trans- 
 lated into twenty-four different languages. He 
 died, at Utrecht, between 1702 and 1705. 
 
 HENNEPIN CANAL. (See Illinois & Missis- 
 sippi Canal.) 
 
 HENRY, a city in Marshall County, situated on 
 the west bank of the Illinois River and on the 
 Peoria branch of the Chicago, Rock Island & 
 Pacific Railway, 33 miles north-northeast of 
 Peoria. There is a combination railroad and 
 wagon bridge, lock and dam across the river at 
 this point. The city is a thriving commercial 
 center, among its industries being grain eleva- 
 tors, flour mills, and a windmill factory ; has 
 two national banks, eight churches and two 
 newspapers. Population (1880), 1.728; (1890) 
 1,512; (1900). 1,637. 
 
 HENRY, James D., pioneer and soldier, was born 
 in Pennsylvania, came to Illinois in 1822, locating 
 at Edwardsville, where, being of limited educa- 
 tion, he labored as a mechanic during the day 
 and attended school at night; engaged in mer- 
 chandising, removed to Springfield in 1826, and 
 was soon after elected Sheriff ; served in the Win 
 nebago War (1827) as Adjutant, and, in the 
 Black Hawk War (1831-32) as Lieutenant-Colonel 
 and Colonel, finally being placed in command of 
 a brigade at the battle of Wisconsin and the Bad 
 Axe, his success in both winning for him great- 
 popularity. His exposures brought on disease of 
 
 the lungs, and. going South, he died ut. New 
 Orleans, March 4, 1834. 
 
 HENRY COUNTY, one of the middle tier of 
 counties of Northern Illinois, near the western 
 border of the State, having an area of 830 square 
 miles, named for Patrick Henry. The Ameri- 
 can pioneer of the region was Dr. Baker, who 
 located in 1835 on what afterwards became the 
 town of Colona. During the two years following 
 several colonies from the eastern States settled at 
 different points (Geneseo, Wethersfield, etc.;. 
 The act creating it was passed in 1825, though 
 organization was not completed until 1837. The 
 first county court was held at Dayton. Subse- 
 quent county -seats have been Richmond (1837) : 
 Geneseo (1840); Morristown (1842); and Cam- 
 bridge (1843). Population (1870), 36,597; (1890). 
 33,338; (1900), 40.049. 
 
 HERNDON, Archer 6., one of the celebrate* I 
 "Long Nine" members of the General Assembly 
 of 1836-37, was born in Culpepper County, Va.. 
 Feb. 13, 1795; spent his youth in Green County. 
 Ky., came to Madison County, 111., 1820, and to 
 Sangamon in 1821, becoming a citizen of Spring- 
 field in 1825, where he engaged in mercantile 
 business ; served eight years in the State Senate 
 (1834-42), and as Receiver of the Land Office 
 1842-49. Died, Jan. 3, 1867. Mr. Herndon was 
 the father of William H. Herndon, the law part- 
 ner of Abraham Lincoln. 
 
 HERNDON, William H., lawyer, was born at 
 Greeusburg, Ky., Dec. 25, 1818; brought to Illi- 
 nois by his father, Archer G. Herndon, in 1820, 
 and to Sangamon County in 1821 ; entered Illinois 
 College in 1836, but remained only one year on 
 account of his father's hostility to the supposed 
 abolition influences prevailing at that institution ; 
 spent several years as clerk in a store at Spring- 
 ' field, studied law two years with the firm of Lin- 
 coln & Logan (1842-44), was admitted to the bar 
 and became the partner of Mr. Lincoln, so con- 
 tinuing until the election of the latter to the 
 Presidency. Mr. Herndon was a radical oppo- 
 nent of slavery and labored zealously to promote 
 the advancement of his distinguished partner. 
 The offices lie held were those of City Attorney, 
 Mayor and Bank Commissioner under three Gov- 
 ernors. Some years before his death he wrote, 
 and, in conjunction with Jesse W. Weik, published 
 a Life of Abraham Lincoln in three volumes 
 afterwards revised and issued in a two-volume 
 edition by the Messrs. Appleton, New York. 
 Died, near Springfield, March 18, 1891. 
 
 HERRINGTON, Aufcnstus M.. lawyer and poli 
 tician, was born at or near Meadville, Pa., in 1833; 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 231 
 
 when ten years of age was brought by his father 
 to Chicago, the family removing two years later 
 
 (1835) to Geneva, Kane County, where the elder 
 
 Herrington opened the first store. Augustus was 
 admitted to the bar in 1844 ; obtained great promi- 
 nence as a Democratic politician, serving as 
 Presidential Elector for the State-at-large in 
 1856, and as a delegate to Democratic National 
 Conventions in 1860, '64, '68, '76 and '80, and was 
 almost invariably a member of the State Conven- 
 tions of his party during the same period. He 
 also served for many years as Solicitor of the 
 Chicago & Northwestern Railroad. Died, at Ge- 
 neva, Kane County, August 14, 1883. James 
 
 (Herrington), brother of the preceding, was born 
 in Mercer County, Pa., June 6, 1824; came to 
 Chicago in 1833, but, two years later, was taken 
 by his parents to Geneva, Kane County. In 1843 
 he was apprenticed to the printing business on 
 the old "Chicago Democrat" (John Wentworth, 
 publisher) , remaining until 1848, when he returned 
 to Geneva, where he engaged in farming, being 
 also connected for a year or two with a local 
 paper. In 1849 he was elected County Clerk, re- 
 maining in office eight years; also served three 
 terms on the Board of Supervisors, later serving 
 continuously in the lower branch of the General 
 Assembly from 1872 to 1886. He was also a mem- 
 ber of the State Board of Agriculture and a fre- 
 quent delegate to Democratic State Conventions. 
 Died, July 7, 1890. James Herrington, Sr., 
 father of the two preceding, was a Representative 
 in the Fifteenth General Assembly (1846-48) for 
 the District embracing the counties of Kane, 
 McHenry, Boone and De Kalb. 
 
 HERTZ, Henry L., ex-State Treasurer, was 
 born at Copenhagen, Denmark, in 1847; gradu- 
 ated from the University of Copenhagen in 1866, 
 and after pursuing the study of medicine for two 
 years, emigrated to this country in 1869. After 
 various experiences in selling sewing-machines, 
 as bank-clerk, and as a farm-hand, in 1876 Mr. 
 Hertz was employed in the Recorder's office of 
 Cook County; in 1878 was record-writer in the 
 Criminal Court Clerk's office; in 1884 was elected 
 Coroner of Cook County, and re-elected in 1888. 
 In 1892, as Republican candidate for State Treas- 
 urer, he was defeated, but, in 1896, again a 
 candidate for the same office, was elected by a 
 majority of 11:5,000, serving until 1899. He is 
 now a resident of Chicago. 
 
 HESING, Anlniic- Caspar, journalist and politi- 
 cian, was born in Prussia in 1823; left an orphan at 
 the age of 15, he soon after emigrated to America, 
 binding at Baltimore and going thence to Cin- 
 
 cinnati. From 1840 to 1842 he worked in a gro- 
 cery store in Cincinnati, and later opened a small 
 hotel. In 1854 he removed to Chicago, where he 
 was for a time engaged in the manufacture of 
 brick. In 1860 he was elected Sheriff of Cook 
 County, as a Republican. In 1862 he purchased 
 an interest in "The Chicago Staats Zeitung," 
 and in 1867 became sole proprietor. In 1871 he 
 admitted his son, Washington Hesing, to a part- 
 nership, installing him as general manager. 
 Died, in Chicago, March 31, 1895. Washington 
 (Hesing), son of the preceding, was born in Cin- 
 cinnati, Ohio, May 14, 1849, educated at Chicago 
 and Yale College, graduating from the latter in 
 1870. After a year spent in study abroad, he 
 returned to Chicago and began work upon "The 
 Staats Zeitung," later becoming managing editor, 
 and finally editor-in-chief. While yet a young 
 man he was made a member of the Chicago 
 Board of Education, but declined to serve a 
 second term. In 1872 he entered actively into 
 politics, making speeches in both English and 
 German in support of General Grant's Presi- 
 dential candidacy. Later he affiliated with the 
 Democratic party, as did his father, and, in 1893, 
 was an unsuccessful candidate for the Democratic 
 nomination for the Chicago mayoralty, being 
 defeated by Carter H. Harrison. In December, 
 1893, he was appointed by President Cleveland 
 Postmaster of the city of Chicago, serving four 
 years. His administration was characterized by 
 a high degree of efficiency and many improve- 
 ments in the service were adopted, one of the 
 most important being the introduction of postal 
 cars on the street-railroads for the collection of 
 mail matter. In April, 1897, he became an Inde- 
 pendent candidate for Mayor, but was defeated 
 by Carter H. Harrison, the regular Democratic 
 nominee. Died, Dec. 18, 1897. 
 
 HEYWORTH, a village of McLean County, on 
 the Illinois Central Railway, 10 miles south of 
 Bloomington; has a bank, churches, gas wells, 
 and a newspaper. Pop. (1890), 566; (1900), 683. 
 
 HIBBARD, Homer Nash, lawyer, was born at 
 Bethel, Windsor County, Vt, Nov. 7, 1824, his 
 early life being spent upon a farm and in attend- 
 ance upon the common schools. After a short 
 term in an academy at Randolph, Vt. , at the age 
 of 18 he began the study of law at Rutland also 
 fitting himself for college with a private tutor. 
 Later, having obtained means by teaching, he 
 took a course in Castleton Academy and Ver- 
 mont University, graduating from the latter in 
 18.>0. Then, having spent some years in teach- 
 ing, he entered the Dane Law School at Harvard, 
 
232 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 later continuing his studies at Burlington and 
 finally, in the fall of 1853, removing to Chicago. 
 Here he opened a law office in connection with 
 his old classmate, the late Judge John A. Jame- 
 son, but early in the following year removed to 
 Freeport, where he subsequently served as City 
 Attorney, Master in Chancery and President of 
 the City School Board. Returning to Chicago in 
 1860, he became a member of the law firm of 
 Cornell, Jameson & Hibbard, and still later the 
 head of the firm of Hibbard, Rich & Noble. In 
 1870 he was appointed by Judge Orummond 
 Register in Bankruptcy for the Chicago District, 
 serving during the life of the law. He was also, 
 for some time, a Director of the National Bank 
 of Illinois, and Vice-President of the American 
 Insurance Company. Died, Nov. 14, 1897. 
 
 HICKS, Stephen ;., lawyer and soldier of 
 three wars, was born in Jackson County, Ga., 
 Feb. 22, 1807 the son of John Hicks, one of the 
 seven soldiers killed at the battle of New Orleans, 
 Jan. 8, 1815. Leaving the roof of a step-father 
 at an early age, he found his way to Illinois, 
 working for a time in the lead mines near Galena, 
 and later at the carpenter's trade with an uncle ; 
 served as a Sergeant in the Black Hawk War, 
 finally locating in Jefferson County, where he 
 studied law and was admitted to the bar. Here 
 he was elected to the lower branch of the Twelfth 
 General Assembly (1840) and re-elected succes- 
 sively to the Thirteenth and Fourteenth. Early 
 in the Mexican War (1846) he recruited a com- 
 pany for the Third Regiment, of which he was 
 chosen Captain, a year later becoming Lieuten- 
 ant-Colonel of the Sixth. At the beginning of 
 the Civil War Colonel Hicks was practicing his 
 profession at Salem, Marion County. He 
 promptly raised a company which became a part 
 of the Fortieth Regiment Volunteer Infantry, of 
 which he was commissioned Colonel. The regi- 
 ment saw active service in the campaign in West- 
 ern Tennessee, including the battle of Shiloh, 
 where Colonel Hicks was dangerously wounded 
 through the lungs, only recovering after some 
 months in hospital and at his home. He rejoined 
 his regiment in July following, but found him- 
 self compelled to accept an honorable discharge, 
 a few months later, on account of disability. 
 Having finally recovered, he was restored to his 
 old command, and served to the close of the war. 
 In October, 1863, he w.is placed in command at 
 Paducah, Ky., where he remained eighteen 
 months, after which he was transferred to Colum- 
 bus, Ky. While in command at Paducah, the 
 place was desperately assaulted by the rebel 
 
 Colonel Forrest, but successfully defended, the 
 rebel assailants sustaining a loss of some 1,200 
 killed and wounded. After the war Colonel 
 Hicks returned to Salem, where he died, Dec. 14, 
 1869, and was buried, in accordance with his 
 request, in the folds of the American flag. Born 
 on Washington's birthday, it is a somewhat 
 curious coincidence that the death of this brave 
 soldier should have occurred on the anniversary 
 of that of the "Father of His Country." 
 
 HltJBEE, Channcey L., lawyer and Judge, was 
 born in Clermont County, Ohio, Sept. 7, 1821, 
 and settled in Pike County, 111., in 1844. He 
 early took an interest in politics, being elected to 
 the lower house of the Legislature in 1854, and 
 two years later to the State Senate. In 1861 he 
 was elected Judge of the Fifth Circuit Court, and 
 was re-elected in 1867, '73, and "79. In 1877, and 
 again in '79, he was assigned to the bench of the 
 Appellate Court. Died, at Pittsfield, Dec. 7, 1884. 
 
 HIGGINS, Tan Hollls, lawyer, was born in 
 Genessee County, N. Y., and received his early 
 education at Auburn and Seneca Falls ; came to 
 Chicago in 1837 and, after spending gome time as 
 clerk in his brother's store, taught some months 
 in Vermilion County; then went to St. Louis, 
 where he spent a year or two as reporter on "The 
 Missouri Argus," later engaging in commercial 
 pursuits; in 1842 removed to Iroquois County. 
 111. , where he read law and was admitted to the 
 bar; in 1845, established himself in practice in 
 Galena, served two years as City Attorney there, 
 but returned to Chicago in 1852, where he contin- 
 ued to reside for the remainder of his life. In 1858 
 he was elected as a Republican Representative in 
 the Twenty-first General Assembly ; served sev- 
 eral years as Judge of the Chicago City Court, 
 and was a zealous supporter of the Government 
 during the War of the Rebellion. Judge Higgins 
 was successful as a lawyer and business man, and 
 was connected with a number of important busi- 
 ness enterprises, especially in connection with 
 real-estate operations ; was also a member of sev- 
 eral local societies of a professional, social and 
 patriotic character. Died, at Darien, Wis., April 
 17, 1893. 
 
 HIGGINSON, Charles M., civil engineer and 
 Assistant Railway President, was born in Chica- 
 go, July 11, 1846 the son of George M.Higginson, 
 who located in Chicago about 1843 and engaged 
 in the real-estate business ; was educated at the 
 Lawrence Scientific School, Cambridge, Mass.. 
 and entered the engineering department of the 
 Burlington & Missouri River Railroad in 1867. 
 remaining until 1875. He then became the pur- 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 233 
 
 chasing agent of the Toledo, Peoria & Warsaw 
 Railroad, but, a year later, returned to Chicago, 
 and soon after assumed the same position in con- 
 nection with the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy, 
 being transferred to the Auditorship of the 
 latter road in 1879. Later, he became assistant 
 to President Ripley of the Atchison, Topeka & 
 Santa Fe Line, where he remained until his 
 death, which occurred at Riverside, 111., May 6, 
 1899. Mr. Higginson was, for several years, 
 President of the Chicago Academy of Sciences, 
 and a member of the Board of Managers of the 
 Young Men's Christian Association of Chicago. 
 
 HIGH, James L., lawyer and author, was born 
 at Belleville, Ohio, Oct. 6, 1844; in boyhood came 
 to Wisconsin, and graduated at Wisconsin State 
 University, at Madison, in 1864, also serving for 
 a time as Adjutant of the Forty-ninth Regiment 
 Wisconsin Volunteers ; studied law at the Michi- 
 gan University Law School and, in 1867, came to 
 Chicago, where he began practice. He spent the 
 winter of 1871-72 in Salt Lake City and, in the 
 absence of the United States District Attorney, 
 conducted the trial of certain Mormon leaders for 
 connection with the celebrated Mountain Meadow 
 Massacre, also acting as correspondent of "The 
 New York Times," his letters being widely 
 copied. Returning to Chicago he took a high 
 rank in his profession. He was the author of 
 several volumes, including treatises on "The Law 
 of Injunctions as administered in the Courts of 
 Englandand America,"and "Extraordinary Legal 
 Remedies, Mandamus, QuoWarrantoand Prohibi- 
 tions," which are accepted as high authority with 
 the profession. In 1870 he published a revised 
 edition of Lord Erskine's Works, including all 
 his legal arguments, together with a memoir of 
 his life. Died, Oct. 3, 1898. 
 
 HIGHLAND, a city in the southeastern part of 
 Madison County, founded in 1836 and located on 
 the Vandalia line, 32 miles east of St. Louis. Its 
 manufacturing industries include a milk-con^ 
 densing plant, creamery, flour and planing mills, 
 breweries, embroidery works, etc. It contains 
 several churches and schools, a Roman Catholic 
 Seminary, a hospital, and has three newspapers 
 one German. The early settlers were Germans 
 of the most thrifty and enterprising classes. 
 The surrounding country is agricultural. Popu- 
 lation (1880), 1,960; (1890), 1,857; (1900, decennial 
 census), 1,970. 
 
 HIGHLAND PARK, an incorporated city of 
 Lake County, on the Chicago & Northwestern 
 Railroad, 23 miles north-northwest of Chicago. 
 It hae a salubrious site on a bluff 100 feet above 
 
 Lake Michigan, and is a favorite residence and 
 health resort. It has a large hotel, several 
 churches, a military academy, and a weekly 
 paper. Two Waukegan papers issue editions 
 here. Population (1890), 2,163; (1900), 2,806. 
 
 HILDRUP, Jesse S., lawyer and legislator 
 was born in Middletown, Conn. , March 14, 1833 ; at 
 15 removed to the State of New York and after- 
 wards to Harrisburg, Pa. ; in 1860 came to Belvi- 
 dere, 111., where he began the practice of law, 
 also serving as Corporation Trustee and Township 
 Supervisor, and, during the latter years of the 
 war, as Deputy Provost Marshal. His first im- 
 portant elective office was that of Delegate to the 
 State Constitutional Convention of 1870, but he 
 was elected Representative in the General Assem- 
 bly the same year, and again in 1872. While iu 
 the House he took a prominent part in the legis 
 lation which resulted in the organization of the 
 Railroad and Warehouse Board. Mr. Hildrup 
 was also a Republican Presidential Elector in 
 1868, and United States Marshal for the Northern 
 District of Illinois from 1877 to 1881. During 
 the last few years much of his time baa been 
 spent in California for the benefit of the health 
 of some members of his family. 
 
 HILL, Charles Augustus, ex-Congressman, 
 was born at Truxton, Cortland County, N. Y. . 
 August 23, 1833. He acquired his early education 
 by dint of hard labor, and much privation. In 
 1854 he removed to Illinois, settling in Will 
 County, where, for several years, he taught 
 school, as he had done while in New York. 
 Meanwhile he read law, his last instructor being 
 Hon. H. C. Newcomb, of Indianapolis, where he 
 was admitted to the bar. He returned to Will 
 County in 1860, and, in 1862, enlisted in the 
 Eighth Illinois Cavalry, participating in the 
 battle of Antietam. Later he was commissioned 
 First Lieutenant in the First United States Regi- 
 ment of Colored Troops, with which he remained 
 until the close of the war, rising to the rank of 
 Captain. In 1865 he returned to Joliet and to the 
 practice of his profession. In 1868 he was elected 
 State's Attorney for the district comprising Will 
 and Grundy Counties, but declined a renomina- 
 tion. In 1888 he was the successful Republican 
 candidate for Congress from the Eighth Illinois 
 District, but was defeated for re-election in 189O 
 by Lewis Steward, Democrat. 
 
 HILLSBORO, an incorporated city, the count) - 
 seat of Montgomery County, on the Cleveland. 
 Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis Railway, 67 
 miles northeast of St. Louis. Its manufactures 
 are flour, brick and tile, carriages and harness. 
 
234 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 furniture and woolen goods. It has a high 
 school, banks and two weekly newspapers. The 
 surrounding region is agricultural, though con- 
 siderable coal is mined in the vicinity. Popula- 
 tion (1880). 2,858; (1890), 2,500; (1900), 1,937. 
 
 HINCKLEY, a village of De Kalb County, on 
 the Rochelle Division of the Chicago, Burlington 
 A Quinoy Railroad, 18 miles west of Aurora; in 
 rich agricultural and dairying region; has grain 
 elevators, brick and tile works, water system and 
 electric light plant. Pop. (1890), 496; (1900), 587. 
 
 HINRICHSEN, William II.. ex-Secretary of 
 State and ex-Congressman, was born at Franklin, 
 Morgan County, III, May 27, 1850; educated at 
 the University of Illinois, spent four years in the 
 office of his father, who was stock-agent of the 
 Wabash Railroad, and six years (1874-80) as 
 Deputy Sheriff of Morgan County; then went 
 into the newspaper business, editing the Jackson- 
 ville "Evening Courier," until 1886, after which 
 he was connected with "The Quincy Herald," to 
 1890, when he returned to Jacksonville and re- 
 sumed his place on "The Courier. " He was Clerk 
 of the House of Representatives in 1891, and 
 elected Secretary of State in 1892. serving until 
 January, 1897. Mr. Hinrichsen has been a mem- 
 ber of the Democratic State Central Committee 
 since 1890, and was Chairman of that body dur- 
 ing 1894-96. In 1896 Mr. Hinrichsen was the 
 nominee of his party for Congress in the Six- 
 teenth District and was elected by over 6,000 
 majority, but failed to secure a renominution in 
 1898. 
 
 HINSDALE, a village in Du Page County and 
 popular residence suburb, on the Chicago, Bur- 
 lington & Quincy Railroad, 17 miles west-south- 
 west of Chicago. It has four churches, a graded 
 school, an academy, electric light plant, water- 
 works, sewerage system, and two weekly news- 
 papers. Population (1890), 1,584; (1900), 2,578. 
 
 HITCHCOCK, Charles, lawyer, was born at 
 Hanson, Plymouth County, Mass., April 4, 1827; 
 studied at Dartmouth College and at Harvard 
 Law School, and was admitted to the bar in 1854, 
 soon afterward establishing himself for the prac- 
 tice of his profession in Chicago. In 1869 Mr. 
 Hitchcock was elected to the State Constitutional 
 Convention, which was the only important pub- 
 lic office that he held, though his capacity was 
 recognized by his election to the Presidency of 
 that body. Died, May 6, 1881. 
 
 HITCHCOCK, Luke, clergyman, was born 
 April 13. 1813, at Lebanon, N. Y., entered the 
 ministry of the Methodist Episcopal Church in 
 1834, and, after supplying various charges in 
 
 that State during the next five years, in 1839 
 came to Chicago, becoming one of the most 
 influential factors in the Methodist denomination 
 in Northern Illinois. Between that date and 
 1860 he was identified, as regular pastor or Pre- 
 siding Elder, with churches at Dixon, Ottawa, 
 Belvidere, Rockford, Mount Morris, St. Charles 
 and Chicago (the old Clark Street church), with 
 two years' service (1841-43) as agent of Rock 
 River Seminary at Mount Morris his itinerant 
 labors being interrupted at two or three periods 
 by ill-health, compelling him to assume a super- 
 annuated relation. From 1852 to '80, inclusive, 
 he was a delegate every four years to the General 
 Conference. In 1860 he was appointed Agent of 
 the Western Book Concern, and, as the junior 
 representative, was placed in charge of the 
 depository at Chicago in 1868 becoming the 
 Senior Agent, and so remaining until 1880. His 
 subsequent service included two terms as Presid- 
 ing Elder for the Dixon and Chicago Districts; 
 the position of Superintendent of the Chicago 
 Home Missionary and Church Extension Society; 
 Superintendent of the Wesley Hospital (which he 
 assisted to organize), his last position being that 
 of Corresponding Secretary of the Superannu- 
 ates' Relief Association. He was also influential 
 in securing the establishment of a church paper 
 in Chicago and the founding of the Northwestern 
 University and Garrett Biblical Institute. Died, 
 while on a visit to a daughter at East Orange, 
 X. J., Nov. 12, 1898. 
 
 HITT, Daniel F., civil engineer and soldier, 
 was born in Bourbon County, Ky., June 13, 1810 
 the son of a Methodist preacher who freed his 
 slaves and removed to Urbana, Ohio, in 1814. In 
 1829 the son began the study of engineering and, 
 removing to Illinois the following year, was ap- 
 jwinted Assistant Engineer on the Illinois & 
 Michigan Canal, later being employed in survey- 
 ing some sixteen years. Being stationed at 
 Prairie du < 'him at the time of the Black Hawk 
 War (1832), he was attached to the Stephenson 
 Rangers for a year, but at the end of that period 
 resumed surveying and, having settled in La 
 Salle County, became the first Surveyor of that 
 county. In 18C1 he joined Colonel Cushman, of 
 Ottawa, in the organization of the Fifty-third 
 Illinois Volunteers, was mustered into the service 
 in March, 1862, and commissioned its Lieutenant- 
 Colonel. The regiment took part in various 
 battles, including those of Shiloh, Corinth and 
 La Grange, Tenn. In the latter Colonel Hitt 
 received an injury by being thrown from his 
 horse which compelled his resignation and from 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 235 
 
 which he never fully recovered. Returning to 
 Ottawa, he continued to reside there until his 
 death, May 11, 1899. Colonel Hitt was father of 
 Andrew J. Hitt, General Superintendent of the 
 Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific Railroad, and 
 uncle of Congressman Robert R. Hitt of Mount 
 Morris. Originally a Democrat, he allied himself 
 with the Republican party on the breaking out 
 of the Civil War. He was a thirty-second degree 
 Mason and prominent in Grand Army circles. 
 
 HITT, Isaac R., real-estate operator, was born 
 at Boonsboro, Md., June 2, 1828; in 1845 entered 
 the freshman class at Asbury University, Ind., 
 graduating in 1849. Then, removing to Ottawa, 
 111 , he was engaged for a time in fanning, but, 
 in 1832, entered into the forwarding and com- 
 mission business at La Salle. Having meanwhile 
 devoted some attention to real-estate law, in 1853 
 he began buying and selling real estate while 
 continuing his fanning operations, adding thereto 
 coal-mining. In May, 1856, he was a delegate 
 from La Salle County to the State Convention at 
 Bloomington which resulted in the organization 
 of the Republican party in Illinois. Removing 
 to Chicago in 1860, he engaged in the real-estate 
 business there ; in 1862 was appointed on a com- 
 mittee of citizens to look after the interests of 
 wounded Illinois soldiers after the battle of Fort 
 DoneLson, in that capacity visiting hospitals at 
 Cairo, Evansville, Paducah and Nashville. Dur- 
 ing the war he engaged to some extent in the 
 business of prosecuting soldiers' claims. Mr. 
 Hitt has been a member of both the Chicago and 
 the National Academy of Sciences, and, in 18C9, 
 was appointed by Governor Palmer on the Com- 
 mission to lay out the park system of Chicago. 
 Since 1871 he has resided at Evanston, where he 
 aided in the erection of the Woman's College in 
 connection with the Northwestern University. 
 In 1876 he was appointed by the Governor agent 
 to prosecute the claims of the State for swamp 
 lands within its limits, and has given much of 
 his attention to that business since. 
 
 HITT, Robert Roberts, Congressman, was born 
 at Urbana, Ohio, Jan. 16, 1834. When ho was 
 three years old his parents removed to Illinois, 
 settling in Ogle County. His education was 
 acquired at Rock River Seminary (now Mount 
 Morris College), and at De Pauw University, Ind. 
 In 1858 Mr. Hitt was one of the reporters who 
 reported the celebrated debate of that year 
 between Lincoln and Douglas. From December, 
 1874, until March, '81. he was connected with the 
 United States embassy at Paris, serving as First 
 Secretary of Legation and Charge d' Affaires ad 
 
 interim. He was Assistant Secretary of State in 
 1881, but resigned the post in 1882, having been 
 elected to Congress from the Sixth Illinois Dis- 
 trict to fill the vacancy occasioned by the death 
 of R. M. A. Hawk. By eight successive re-elec- 
 tions he has represented the District continuously 
 since, his career being conspicuous for long serv- 
 ice. In that time he has taken an important 
 part in the deliberations of the House, serving as 
 Chairman of many important committees, not- 
 ably that on Foreign Affairs, of which he has 
 been Chairman for several terms, and for which 
 his diplomatic experience well qualifies him. In 
 1898 he was appointed by President McKinley a 
 member of the Committee to visit Hawaii and 
 report upon a form of government for that por- 
 tion of the newly acquired national domain. Mr. 
 Hitt was strongly supported as a candidate for 
 the United States Senate in 1895, and favorably 
 considered for the position of Minister to Eng- 
 land after the retirement of Secretary Day in 
 1898. 
 
 HO BART, Horace R., was born in Wisconsin 
 in 1839; graduated at Beloit College and, after a 
 brief experience in newspaper work, enlisted, in 
 1861, in the First Wisconsin Cavalry and was 
 assigned to duty as Battalion Quartermaster. 
 Being wounded at Helena, Ark., he was com- 
 pelled to resign, but afterwards served as Deputy 
 Provost Marshal of the Second Wisconsin Dis- 
 trict. In 1866 he re-entered newspaper work as 
 reporter on "The Chicago Tribune," and later 
 was associated, as city editor, with "The Chicago 
 Evening Post" and "Evening Mail"; later was 
 editor of "The Jacksonville Daily Journal" and 
 "The Chicago Morning Courier, " also being, for 
 some years from 1809, Western Manager of the 
 American Press Association. In 1876, Mr. Hobart 
 became one of the editors of "The Railway Age" 
 (Chicago), with which he remained until the 
 close of the year 1898, when he retired to give his 
 attention to real-estate matters. 
 
 HOFFMAN, Francis A., Lieutenant -Governor 
 (1861-65), was born at Herford, Prussia, in 1822, 
 and emigrated to America in 1 839, reaching Chica- 
 go the same year. There he became a boot-black in 
 a leading hotel, but within a month was teaching 
 a small German school at Dunkley's Grove (now 
 Addison), Du Page County, and later officiating 
 as a Lutheran minister. In 1847 he represented 
 that county in the River and Harbor Convention 
 at Chicago. In 1852 he removed to Chicago, and, 
 the following year, entered the City Council. 
 Later, he embarked in the real-estate business, 
 and, in 1854, opened a lianking house, but was 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 foroed to assign in 1861. He early became a 
 recognized anti-slavery leader and a contributor 
 to the German press, and, in 1856, was nominated 
 for Lieutenant-Governor on the first Republican 
 State ticket with William H. Bissell, but was 
 found ineligible by reason of his short residence 
 in the United States, and withdrew, giving place 
 to John Wood of Quincy. In 1860 he was again 
 nominated, and having in the meantime become 
 eligible, was elected. In 1864 he was a Repub- 
 lican candidate for Presidential Elector, and 
 assisted in Mr. Lincoln's second election. He 
 was at one time Foreign Land Commissioner for 
 the Illinois Central Railroad, and acted as Consul 
 at Chicago for several German States. For a 
 number of years past Mr. Hoffman has been 
 editor of an agricultural paper in Southern 
 Wisconsin. 
 
 HOGAN, John, clergyman and early politician, 
 was born in the city of Mallow, County of Cork, 
 Ireland, Jan. 2, 1805; brought in childhood to 
 Baltimore, Mil. . and having been left an orphan at 
 eight years of age, learned the trade of a shoe- 
 maker. In 1826 he became an itinerant Metho- 
 dist preacher, and, coming west the same year, 
 preached at various points in Indiana, Illinois 
 and Missouri. In 1830 he was married to Miss 
 Mary Mitchell West, of Belleville, 111., and soon 
 after, having retired from the itinerancy, engaged 
 in mercantile business at Edwardsville and Alton. 
 In 1836 he was elected Representative in the 
 Tenth General Assembly from Madison County, 
 two years later was appointed a Commissioner of 
 Public Works and, being re-elected in 1840, was 
 made President of the Board; in 1841 was ap- 
 pointed by President Harrison Register of the 
 Land Office at Dixon, where he remained until 
 1845. During the anti-slavery excitement which 
 attended the assassination of Elijah P. Lovejoy 
 in 1837, he was a resident of Alton and was re- 
 garded by the friends of Lovejoy as favoring the 
 pro-slavery faction. After retiring from the 
 Land Office at Dixon, he removed to St. Louis, 
 where he engaged in the wholesale grocery busi- 
 ness. In his early political life he was a Whig, 
 but later co-operated with the Democratic party ; 
 in 1857 he was appointed by President Buchanan 
 Postmaster of the city of St. Louis, serving until 
 the accession of Lincoln in 1861 ; in 1864 was 
 elected as a Democrat to the Thirty-ninth Con- 
 gress, serving two years. He was also a delegate 
 to the National Union (Democratic) Convention 
 at Philadelphia in 1866. After his retirement 
 from the Methodist itinerancy he continued to 
 officiate as a "local" preacher and was esteemed 
 
 a speaker of unusual eloquence and ability. Hi* 
 death occurred, Feb. 5, 1892. He is author of sev- 
 eral volumes, including "The Resources of Mis- 
 souri," "Commerce and Manufactures of St. 
 Louis," and a "History of Methodism." 
 
 H06E, Joseph P., Congressman, was born in 
 Ohio early in the century and came to Galena, 
 111., in 1836, where he attained prominence as a 
 lawyer. In 1842 he was elected Representative 
 in Congress, as claimed at the time by the aid of 
 the Mormon vote at Nauvoo, serving one term. 
 In 1853 he went to San Francisco, Cal., and be- 
 came a Judge in that State, dying a few years 
 since at the age of over 80 years. He is repre- 
 sented to have been a man of much ability and a 
 graceful and eloquent orator. Mr. Hoge was a 
 son-in-law of Thomas C. Browne, one of the Jus- 
 tices of the first Supreme Court of Illinois who 
 held office until 1848. 
 
 HOLUSTER, (Dr.) John Hamilton, physi- 
 cian, was born at Riga, N. V., in 1824; was 
 brought to Romeo, Mich., by his parents in in- 
 fancy, but his father having died, at the age of IT 
 went to Rochester, N. Y. , to be educated, finally 
 graduating in medicine at Berkshire College. 
 Mass. , in 1847, and beginning practice at Otisco. 
 Mich. Two years later he removed to Grand 
 Rapids and, in 1855, to Chicago, where he held, 
 for a time, the position of demonstrator of anat- 
 omy in Rush Medical College, and, in 1856, be- 
 came one of the founders of the Chicago Medical 
 College, in which he has held various chairs. He 
 also served as Surgeon of Mercy Hospital and 
 was, for twenty years, Clinical Professor in the 
 same institution; was President of the State 
 Medical Society, and, for twenty years, its Treas- 
 urer. Other positions held by him have been 
 those of Trustee of the American Medical Associ- 
 ation and editor of its journal, President of the 
 Young Men's Christian Association and of the 
 Chicago Congregational Club. He has also been 
 prominent in Sunday School and church work in 
 connection with the Armour Mission, with which 
 he has been associated for many years. 
 
 HOME FOE JUVENILE OFFENDERS, (FE- 
 MALE). The establishment of this institution 
 was authorized by act of June 22, 1893, which 
 appropriated $75,000 towards its erection and 
 maintenance, not more than $15,000 to be ex- 
 pended for a site. (See also State Guardians for 
 i! iris.) It is designed to receive girls between the 
 ages of 10 and 16 committed thereto by any court 
 of record upon conviction of a misdemeanor, the 
 term of commitment not to be less than one 
 year, or to exceed minority. Justices of the 
 
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JIISTOIUCAL KXC'YCLOPKDIA <! ILLINOIS. 
 
 
 formal lo assign i" l"tl. lie t'iirly became a 
 reeogni/.ed itnti -slavery leader anil a contributor 
 ti tht* ( ierman-pres>. and in Is.Vi. was nominated 
 for I.icnicriant-Oovernor on the lirst Republican 
 State, ticket with William II. I'.isM'll but was 
 found ineligible by remain of hitttthort residence 
 in the I'nited States, aii'l withdrew, giving place 
 to John Wood of yuincy. I" '*'" '"-' was again 
 Moiiiiiiate<l. and li;t\ 11:1' in the meantime become 
 eligible, was elected. In ls*U he was a Repnb- 
 Ucan candidate for Presidential Klector, ami 
 assisted in Mr. Lincoln's second election. Ill' 
 was at one time Foreign Land I 'onimissioner for 
 the Illinois Central Railroad, ami acted as Consul 
 at Chicago for several < ierman States. Tor a 
 iiumher of years past .Mr. llotfman has (H-.-M 
 editor of au agricultural pa[>er in Southern 
 Wisconsin 
 
 lf(MA\, John, clcrgynijin ami early politician. 
 w;ts Ixirn in the city of Mallow. County of Cork. 
 Ireland. Jan '.'. I*n.-, : brought in childhood i(, 
 Malliniore. Mil., ami having lieen left an orphan at 
 eight years of age. learned the trade of it shoe- 
 maker In ls l *r> he l>ecame an itinerant Metho- 
 dist preacher, and. coming west the same year, 
 preached at various points in Indiana, Illinois 
 and Missouri. In ixtn lie was married to Miss 
 Mary Mitchell West, of Helleville. 111., and soon 
 after, having retired from the itinerancy, engaged 
 in mercantile hnsiness at Kdwardsvilleand Alton. 
 In ls:ili he was elected Representative, in the 
 Tenth < ieneral Assembly from Madison County, 
 two years later was appointed a < 'omniissioner of 
 Public Works and, living re-elected in 1*4*1. was 
 made President of the Hoard, in IN-U was ap- 
 pointed l>y ('resident Harrison Register of the 
 Imd Ollice at Ilixnn. where he remained until 
 1*1.1. During the anti-slavery excitement which 
 attended the assassination of Klijah I'. Lovejoy 
 in I*I!7. he was a resident of Alton and was re 
 garded liy the friends of Lovejoy as favoring the 
 j>m slavery faction. After retiring from the 
 Land Ollice at Di.von, he removed to St. Louis, 
 where he engaged in the wholesale grocery husi 
 ness In his early political life he u as a Whig, 
 lint later co-operated with the Democratic party; 
 in 1M57 he, was appointed liy President liuchanan 
 Postmaster of I he city of St. Louis, serving until 
 the accession of Lincoln in I*HI ; in IMil was 
 elected as a Democrat to the Thirty-ninth Con- 
 gress, serving t wo years, lie was also a delegate 
 to thri Nat ional I nion (Democratic) Convention 
 at Phiiudelphin in Ixlili After his retirement 
 from tin- Mcthodi-i itinerancy he conlinueil to 
 otliciate as a "local" preacher and was esteemed 
 
 a speaker of Unusual eloi|iience and ability. His 
 death occurred. Keh. ">, 1S!I2. He isauthor of sev- 
 eral volumes, including "The Resources of Mis- 
 souri." "C'ommerce anil Manufactures of Si 
 Louis." atid a "History of Methodism." 
 
 IKMiK. Joseph I'., Congressman, was liorn in 
 Ohio early in the century and came to (ialena 
 111., in twin, where he attained prominence as a 
 lawyer In 1 s !'-' he was fleeted Representative 
 in Congress, as claimed at the time hy the aid of 
 the Mormon vote at Xauvoo. serving one term 
 In 1X5H he went to San Trancisco, Cal.. and 1- 
 came a Judge in that State, dying a few year- 
 since at the age of over *<i veal's. He is reptv 
 sented to have licen a man of much ahility and a 
 graceful and eloquent orator Mr. Hoge wa- a 
 son-in-law of Thomas C. Hrowne. one of the Jit 1 - 
 tices of the lirst Supreme Court of Illinois \\ h. 
 held ollice until I *-!*. 
 
 IIOM.Isrr.lt, Dr. John Hamilton, physi- 
 cian, was horn at Kiga. N. Y.. in IH*-(; was 
 hrought t< Komeo. Mich., hy his parents in in- 
 fancy, hut his father having died, at the age of 17 
 went to Rochester. N. Y .. to ! educated, finally 
 graduating in medicine at Iterkshire College 
 Mass.. in 1 H 17, and heginning practice at Otisct- 
 Mich. Two years later he removed to <irai:i 
 Rapids and, in l*5o. to Chicago, where lie held 
 fora time, the position of demonstrator of anal - 
 iiiuy in Rush Medical College, ami. ill 18."i(i. lie 
 came one of the founders of the Chicago Medical 
 College, iii which he has held various chairs, lie 
 also served as Surgeon of Mercy Hospital and 
 was. for twenty years. Clinical Professor in the 
 same institution: was I'resideiit of the State 
 Medical Society, and, for twenty years, its Trea^- 
 urer. Uthcr |>ositions held hy him have licen 
 t hose of Trustee of the American Medical Associ- 
 ation and editor of its journal. President of the 
 Young Men's Christian Association and of tin 
 Chicago Congregational Chih. He has also lieen 
 prominent in Sunday School and church work in 
 connection with the Armour Mission, with which 
 he has heen associated for manv years. 
 
 HOMK FOR Jl VEMI.K OFFEXMERS, ( FK- 
 >1 \1.1 . The establishment of this institution 
 was amhori/ed liy act of June '."-i. 1 *'.(:!, which 
 appropriated sTo.iMIII towards its erect inn and 
 maintenance, not more than Airi.uiKI to lie ex- 
 pended for a site. (See also Stitti- (lnuriliiinn fm 
 llirlx.) It is designed to receive girls U'twecn the 
 ages of HI and Hi committed thereto hy any court 
 of record II|KIII conviction of a misdemeanor, the 
 term of commitment not to lie less than one 
 vear. or to exceed minoritv Justices of tin 
 
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 CQ OS 
 
 
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 W 
 
 g 
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 Id 
 
 tt 
 
 
 
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 D 
 
 & 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 Peace, however, may send girls for a term not 
 less than three months. The act of incorporation 
 provides for a commutation of sentence to be 
 earned by good conduct and a prolongation of 
 the sentence by bad behavior. The Trustees are 
 empowered, in their discretion, either to appren- 
 tice the girls or to adopt them out during their 
 minority. Temporary quarters were furnished 
 for the Home during the first two years of its 
 existence in Chicago, but permanent buildings 
 for the institution have been erected on tin- 
 banks of Fox River, near Geneva, in Kane County. 
 
 HOMER, a village in Champaign County, on 
 the Wabash Railway, 20 miles west-southwest 
 from Danville and about 18 miles east-southeast 
 from Champaign. It supports a carriage factory ; 
 also has two banks, several churches, a seminary, 
 an opera house, and one weekly paper. The 
 region is chiefly agricultural. Population (1880), 
 984; (1890), 917; (1900), 1,080. 
 
 HOMESTEAD LAWS. In general such laws 
 have been defined to be "legislation enacted to 
 secure, to some extent, the enjoyment of a home 
 and shelter for a family or individual by exempt- 
 ing, under certain conditions, the residence occu- 
 pied by the family or individual, from liability to 
 be sold for the payment of the debts of its owner, 
 and by restricting his rights of free alienation." 
 In Illinois, this exemption extends to the farm 
 and dwelling thereon of every householder hav- 
 ing a family, and occupied as a residence, 
 whether owned or possessed under a lease, to the 
 value of $1,000. The exemption continues after 
 death, for the benefit of decedent's wife or hus- 
 band occupying the homestead, and also of the 
 children, if any, until the youngest attain the 
 age of 21 years. Husband and wife must join in 
 releasing the exemption, but the property is 
 always liable for improvements thereon. In 1862 
 Congress passed an act known as the "Homestead 
 Law" for the protection of the rights of settlers 
 on public lands under certain restrictions as to 
 active occupancy, under which most of that 
 class of lands since taken for settlement have 
 been purchased. 
 
 HOMEWOOD, a village of Cook County, on the 
 Illinois Central Railway, 23 miles south of Chi- 
 cago. Population, (1900), 352. 
 
 HOOLEV, Richard M., theatrical manager, 
 was born in Ireland, April 13, 1822; at the age of 
 18 entered the theater as a musician and, four 
 years later, came to America, soon after forming 
 an association with E. P. Christy, the originator 
 of negro minstrelsy entertainments which went 
 under his name. In 1848 Mr. Hooley conducted 
 
 a company of minstrels through the principal 
 towns of England, Scotland and Ireland, and t< 
 some of the chief cities on the continent; re- 
 turned to America five years later, and subse- 
 quently managed houses in San Francisco. 
 Philadelphia, Brooklyn and New Xork, finally 
 locating in Chicago in 1869. where he remaine<l 
 the rest of his life, his theater becoming one of 
 the most widely known and popular in the city . 
 Died, Sept. 8, 1893. 
 
 HOOPESTON, a prosperous city in Vermilion 
 County, at the intersection of the Chicago <lt East- 
 ern Illinois and the Lake Erie & Western Rail- 
 roads, 99 miles south of Chicago. It has grain 
 elevators, a nail factory, brick and tile works, 
 carriage and machine shops, and two large can- 
 ning factories, besides two banks and one daily 
 and three weekly newspapers, several churches, 
 a high school and a business college. Population 
 (1890), 1,911; (1900), 3,823; (1904), about 4,500. 
 
 HOPKINS, Albert J., Congressman, was boru 
 in De Kalb County, 111., August 15, 1846. After 
 graduating from Hillsdale College, Mich., in 1870, 
 he studied law and began practice at Aurora. 
 He rapidly attained prominence at the bar, and. 
 in 1872, was elected State's Attorney for Kane 
 County, serving in that capacity for four years. 
 He is an ardent Republican and high in the 
 party's councils, having been Chairman of the 
 State Central Committee from 1878 to 1880. and a 
 Presidential Elector on the Blaine & Logan 
 ticket in 1884. The same year he was elected to 
 the Forty-ninth Congress from the Fifth District 
 (now the Eighth) and has been continuously re- 
 elected ever since, receiving a clear majority in 
 1898 of more than 18,000 votes over two competi- 
 tors. At present (1898) he is Chairman of the 
 Select House Committee on Census and a member 
 of the Committees on Ways and Means, and Mer- 
 chant Marine and Fisheries. In 1896 he was 
 strongly supported for the Republican nomina- 
 tion for Governor. 
 
 HOCGHTON, Horace Hocking, pioneer printer 
 and journalist, was born at Springfield, Vt., Oct. 
 26, 1806, spent his youth on a farm, and at eight- 
 een began learning the printer's trade in the office 
 of "The Woodstock Overseer" ; on arriving at his 
 majority became a journeyman printer and, in 
 1828, went to New York, spending some time in 
 the employment of the Harper Brothers. After 
 a brief season spent in Boston, he took charge of 
 "The Statesman" at Castleton, Vt., but, in 1834, 
 again went to New York, taking with him a 
 device for throwing the printed sheet off the 
 press, which was afterwards adopted on the 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA <>|- 
 
 Peace, however, may .--eiid gins for a term not 
 less than three mouths. The act of incorjioration 
 provides for a ..-... ..in of sentence to tie 
 earned l>y good conduct and a prolongation of 
 tin- sentence by bad behavior. Tile Trustees arc 
 empowered, in their discretion, either to appn-n- 
 tice tlii- girls or to adopt them out during their 
 minority Temixirary charters were inn, .-!. 
 for the Home during the lirst two years of its 
 existence in Chicago, hut permanent buildings 
 for the institution have been erected on the 
 banks of Fox River, nearUeneva. in Kane County. 
 
 IKnii.lt. a village in Champaign County, on 
 the \Vabash Railway. '.'(' miles west-southwest 
 from Danville and aliout 1* miles east-southeast 
 from Champaign It sup|iorts a carriage factory; 
 also hay two hanks several churches, a seminary, 
 an opera house, and one weekly paper The 
 region is chielly agricultural. Population (Issii), 
 904; (IHilll). !I17: (I'.MKI). 1,118(1. 
 
 HOMKSTKAI) LAWS. In general such laws 
 have l>een detineil to IH- "legislation enacted to 
 secure, to some extent, the enjoyment of a home 
 and shelter fora family or individual by exempt- 
 ing, under certain conditions, the resilience occu- 
 pied by the family or individual, from liability to 
 be sold for the payment of the debts of its owner, 
 ami by restricting his rights of free alienation." 
 In Illinois, this exemption extends to the farm 
 and dwelling thereon of every householder hav- 
 ing a family, and occupied as a residence, 
 whether owned or [Hissesscd tinder a lease, to the 
 value of -Sl."0". 'Hie exemption continues after 
 death for the benelit of decedent's wife or hus- 
 band occupying the homestead, and also of the 
 children, if any, until the youngest attain the 
 age of -J1 years. Husband and wife must join in 
 releasing the exemption, but the property is 
 always liable for improvements thereon. In IsCrJ 
 Congress passed an act known as the "Homestead 
 l^aw" for the protection of the rights of settlers 
 on public lands under certain restrictions as to 
 active occuiancy. under which most of that 
 class of lands since taken for settlement have 
 been purchased. . 
 
 IIOMMVOOI). a village of Cook County, on the 
 Illinois Central Kailway. - miles south of Chi 
 cago. Population. (P.IOll). :!">-'. 
 
 1IOOI.KY, ftiHiafil >!.. theatrical manager, 
 was liorn in Ireland. April I:!. Is-. 1 -.'; at the age of 
 18 entered the theater as a musician and. four 
 years later, came to America, soon alter forming 
 an association with K P. Christy, the originator 
 of negro minstrelsy entertainments which went 
 under his name In !"!> Mr llooley conducted 
 
 a company ->! minstrels through the pn> .} , 
 towns of Kngland Scotland and Ireland, and t. 
 some of the chief cities on the continent: re 
 turned to America live years later, and s'll.s. 
 inienlly managed houses in San Fruncisc,' 
 Philadelphia. lirookl.vn and New York, tinaih 
 locating in Chicago in ISI;H. where lie remained 
 the rest of bis life his theater liecoming one >f 
 the most widely known and |Kipular inth;<it\ 
 Died. Sept. S. l.sy:}. 
 
 HOOI'ESTOM. a prosperous city in Vermilion 
 County at the intersection of the Chicago A Kast 
 ern Illinois and the 1-ake Krie t v Western Rail 
 roads, '.til miles south of Chicago. It has i;rain 
 elevators, a nai. factory, brick and tile works, 
 carriage anil machine shops, and twit large can 
 ning factories, besides two banks and one daily 
 and three weekly newspaper-*, several churches 
 a high school and a business college Population 
 O s !*u'. 1.1M1: 1 1!" 10 .). :!.s-_>:; ; (1SHM, about. I.VHI 
 
 HOPKINS, Albert .1., Congressman, was 1mm 
 in De Kalb County. Ill Augu-t |.Y 1^10. After 
 graduating from Ilillsdale College. Midi., in 1ST", 
 he studied law and Itegan practice at Aiirora 
 He rapidly attained prominence at the b.tr. and 
 in ls?i. was elected State's Attorney for Kane 
 County, serving in that capacity for four years 
 He is an ardent Kepublican and high in the 
 (Kirty's councils, having !>een Chairman of tin- 
 State Central Committee from 1>7S to ISSO, and a 
 Presidential Kleclor on the lilaine it Ixigan 
 ticket in |ss|. The ^ame year he was elH-Ul I" 
 the l-'orty-ninlh Congress from the Fifth District 
 (ini\\ the I-jghtii) and has INMMI continuonslv re 
 elected ever since, receiving a clear majoritv in 
 ISHS ,,f more than IS. (Hill votes over two com|H-ti 
 tors. At present (1S1IS) 1,^. j s Chairman of the 
 Select House Committee on Censn-* anil a memlM-r 
 of the Committees on Ways and Means, and Mer 
 chant Marine and Fisheries In l^lMi In- \\;is 
 strongly Mip|Hirted for the Itepiiblican noinina 
 t ion for ( iovernor 
 
 IIOl'<;HTO>i, Horace llnckini:. pioneer print. -i 
 and journalist, was ln.rn at Springlield. Vt , <K-t. 
 Jli. ISIH'I. spent his youth on a farm, and at eight- 
 een began learning the printer's trade in the office 
 of "The Woodstock ( >\ ei-seer" : on arriving at hi- 
 majority U-came a journeyman printer and. in 
 IS'.'S. went to New York. s|>endiiig some time in 
 tin* employment of the ILirper Brothers. After 
 a brief season s|'nt in Koston. he took charge of 
 "The Statesman" at Castleton. Vt . but in |s;i| 
 again went to New York taking with him a 
 device for throwing the printed sheet oil the 
 press, which was afterwards a.l.tpt.-.i ,,n ihe 
 
238 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 Adams and Hoe printing presses. His next 
 move was to Marietta, Ohio, in 1834, thence by 
 way of Cincinnati and Louisville to St. Louis, 
 working for a time in the office of the old "St. 
 Louis Republican." He soon after went to 
 Galena and engaged in lead-mining, but later 
 became associated with Sylvester M. Bartlett in 
 the management of "The Northwestern Gazette 
 and Galena Advertiser," finally becoming sole 
 proprietor. In 1842 he sold out the paper, but 
 resumed his connection with it the following 
 year, remaining until 1863, when he finally sold 
 out. He afterwards spent some time on the 
 Pacific slope, was for a time American Consul to 
 the Sandwich Islands, but finally returned to 
 Galena and, during the later years of his life, 
 was Postmaster there, dying April 30, 1879. 
 
 IIOYI'Y, Charles Edward, educator, soldier 
 and lawyer, was born in Orange County, Vt., 
 April 26, 1827; graduated at Dartmouth College in 
 1852, and became successively Principal of high 
 schools at Farmington, Mass., and Peoria, 111. 
 Later, he assisted in organizing the Illinois State 
 Normal School at Normal, of which he was 
 President from 1857 to 1861 being also President 
 of the State Teachers' Association (1856), mem- 
 ber of the State Board of Education, and, for some 
 years, editor of "The Illinois Teacher." In Au- 
 gust, 1861, he assisted in organizing, and was com- 
 missioned Colonel of, the Thirty-third Illinois 
 Volunteers, known as the "Normal" or "School- 
 Masters' Regiment," from the fact that it was 
 composed largely of teachers and young men 
 from the State colleges. In 1862 he was promoted 
 to the rank of Brigadier-General and, a few 
 months later, to brevet Major-General for gallant 
 and meritorious conduct. Leaving the military 
 service in May, 1863, he engaged in the practice 
 of law in Washington, D. C. Died, in Washing- 
 ton, Nov. 17, 1897. 
 
 ROWLAND, George, educator and author, was 
 born (of Pilgrim ancestry) at Conway, Mass., 
 July 30, 1824. After graduating from Amherst 
 College in 1850, he devoted two years to teaching 
 in the public schools, and three years to a tutor- 
 ship in his Alma Mater, giving instruction in 
 Latin, Greek and French. He began the study 
 of law, but, after a year's reading, he abandoned 
 it, removing to Chicago, where he became Assist- 
 ant Principal of the city's one high school, in 
 1858. He became its Principal in 1860, and, in 
 1880, was elected Superintendent of Chicago City 
 Schools, This position he filled until August, 
 1891, when he resigned. He also served as Trus- 
 tee of Amherst College for several years, and as a 
 
 member of the Illinois State Board of Education, 
 being President of that body in 1883. As an 
 author he was of some note; his work being 
 chiefly on educational lines. He published a 
 translation of the -Km 'id adapted to tbe use of 
 schools, besides translations of some of Horace's 
 Odes and portions of the Iliad and Odyssey. He 
 was also the author of an English grammar. 
 Died, in Chicago, Oct. 21, 1892. 
 
 HOYNE, Philip A., lawyer and United States 
 Commissioner, was born in New York City, Nov. 
 20, 1824; came to Chicago in 1841, and, after 
 spending eleven years alternately in Galena and 
 Chicago, finally located permanently in Chicago, 
 in 1852; in 1853 was elected Clerk of the Record- 
 er's Court of Chicago, retaining the position five 
 years; was admitted to the bar in March, 1856, 
 and appointed United States Commissioner the 
 same year, remaining in office until his death, 
 Nov. 3, 1894. Mr. Hoyne was an officer of the 
 Chicago Pioneers and one of the founders of the 
 Union League Club. 
 
 II I HI! V It I), Gnrdon Saltonstall, pioneer and 
 Indian trader, was born at Windsor, Vt., August 
 22, 1802. His early youth was passed in Canada, 
 chiefly in the employ of the American Fur Com- 
 pany. In 1818 he first visited Fort Dearborn, and 
 for nine years traveled back and forth in the 
 interest of his employers. In 1827, having em- 
 barked in business on his own account, he estab- 
 lished several trading posts in Illinois, becoming 
 a resident of Chicago in 1832. From this time 
 forward he became identified with the history 
 and development of the State. He served with 
 distinction during the Black Hawk and Winne- 
 bago Wars, was enterprising and public-spirited, 
 and did much to promote the early development 
 of Chicago. He was elected to the Legislature 
 from Vermilion County in 1832, and, in 1835, 
 was appointed by Governor Duncan one of the 
 Commissioners of the Illinois & Michigan Canal. 
 Died, at Chicago, Sept. 14, 1886. From the time 
 he became a citizen of Chicago, for fifty years, 
 no man was more active or public-spirited 
 in promoting its commercial development and 
 general prosperity. He was identified with 
 almost every branch of business upon which its 
 growth as a commercial city depended, from that 
 of an early Indian trader to that of a real-estate 
 operator, being manager of one of the largest pack- 
 ing houses of his time, as well as promoter of 
 early railroad enterprises. A zealous Republican, 
 he was one of the most earnest supporters of 
 Abraham Lincoln in the campaign of 1860, was 
 prominently identified with every local measure 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 for the maintenance of the Union cause, and, for 
 a year, held a commission as Captain in the 
 Eighty-eighth Regiment Illinois Volunteers, 
 known as the ' 'Second Board of Trade Regiment. ' ' 
 
 HUGHITT, Marvin, Railway President, was 
 born, August, 1837, and, in 1856, began his rail- 
 road experience on the Chicago & Alton Railway 
 as Superintendent of Telegraph and Train-de- 
 gpatcher. In 1862 he entered the service of the 
 Illinois Central Company in a similar capacity, 
 still later occupying the positions of Assistant 
 Superintendent and General Superintendent, re- 
 maining in the latter from 1865 to 1870, when he 
 resigned to become Assistant General Manager 
 of the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul In 1872 
 he became associated with the Chicago & North- 
 western Railroad, in connection with which he 
 has held the positions of Superintendent, General 
 Manager, Second Vice-President and President 
 the last of which (1899) he still occupies. 
 
 Hl'LETT, Alta M., lawyer, was bom near 
 Rockford, 111., June 4, 1854; early learned teleg- 
 raphy and became a successful operator, but sub- 
 sequently engaged in teaching and the study of 
 law. In 1872, having passed the required exami- 
 nation, she applied for admission to the bar, but 
 was rejected on account of sex. She then, in 
 conjunction with Mrs. Bradwell and others, 
 interested herself in securing the passage of an 
 act by the Legislature giving women the right 
 that had been denied her, which having been 
 accomplished, she went to Chicago, was admitted 
 to the bar and began practice. Died, in Cali- 
 fornia, March 27, 1877. 
 
 HUNT, Daniel I)., legislator, was born in 
 Wyoming County, N. Y., Sept. 19, 1835, came to 
 De Kalb County, 111., in 1857, and has since been 
 engaged in hotel, mercantile and farming busi- 
 ness. He was elected as a Republican Represent- 
 ative in the Thirty-fifth General Assembly in 
 1886, and re elected in 1888. Two years later he 
 was elected to the State Senate, re-elected in 
 1894, and again in 1898 giving him a continuous 
 sen-ice in one or the other branch of the General 
 Assembly of sixteen years. During the session 
 of 1895, Senator Hunt was especially active in 
 the legislation which resulted in the location of 
 the Northern Illinois Normal Institute at De 
 Kalb. 
 
 HUNT, Geortfe, lawyer and ex-Attorney-Gen- 
 eral, was born in Knox County, Ohio, in 1841; 
 having lost both parents in childhood, came, 
 with an uncle, to Edgar County, 111., in 1855. In 
 July, 1861, at the age of 20, he enlisted in the 
 Twelfth Illinois Infantry, re-enlisting as a veteran 
 
 in 1864, and rising from the ranks to a captaincy. 
 After the close of the war, he studied law, was 
 admitted to the bar, and, locating at Paris, Edgar 
 County, soon acquired a large practice. He was 
 elected State Senator on the Republican ticket in 
 1874, and re-elected in 1878 and '82. In 1884 he 
 received his first nomination for Attorney-Gen- 
 eral, was renominated in 1888, and elected both 
 times, serving eight years. Among the im- 
 portant questions with which General Hunt had 
 to deal during his two terms were the celebrated 
 "anarchist cases" of 1887 and of 1890-92. In the 
 former the condemned Chicago anarchists applied 
 through their counsel to the Supreme Court of 
 the United States, for a writ of error to the Su- 
 preme Court of Illinois to compel the latter to 
 grant them a new trial, which was refused. Tho 
 case, on the part of the State, was conducted by 
 General Hunt, while Gen. B. F. Butler of Massa- 
 chusetts, John Randolph Tucker of Virginia. 
 Roger A. Pryor of New York, and Messrs. W. P. 
 Black and Solomon of Chicago appeared for the 
 plaintiffs. Again, in 1890, Fielden and Schwab, 
 who had been condemned to life imprisonment, 
 attempted to secure their release the former by 
 an application similar to that of 1887, and the 
 latter by appeal from a decision of Judge Gresham 
 of the United States Circuit Court refusing a 
 writ of habeas corpus. The final hearing of 
 these cases was had before the Supreme Court of 
 the United States in January, 1892, General 
 Butler again appearing as leading counsel for the 
 plaintiffs but with the same result as in 1887. 
 General Hunt's management of these cases won 
 for him much deserved commendation both at 
 home and abroad. 
 
 HUNTER, Andrew J., was bom in Greencastle, 
 Ind., Dec. 17, 1831, and removed in infancy by 
 his parents, to Edgar County, this State. His 
 early education was received in the common 
 schools and at Edgar Academy. He commenced 
 his business life as a civil engineer, but, after 
 three years spent in that profession, began the 
 study of law and was admitted to the bar. He 
 has since been actively engaged in practice at 
 Paris, Edgar County. From 18C4 to 1868 he repre- 
 sented that county in the State Senate, and, in 
 1870, led the Democratic forlorn hope in the Fif- 
 teenth Congressional District against General 
 Jesse H. Moore, and rendered a like service to his 
 party in 1882, when Joseph G. Cannon was his 
 Republican antagonist. In 1886 he was elected 
 Judge of the Edgar County Court, and, in 1890, 
 was re-elected, but resigned this office in 1892, 
 having been elected Congressman for the State- 
 
240 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 at- large on the Democratic ticket. He was a can- 
 didate for Congress from the Nineteenth District 
 again in 1898, and was again elected, receiving a 
 majority of 1,200 over Hon. Benson Wood, his 
 Republican opponent and immediate predecessor. 
 HUNTER, (Gen.) David, soldier, was born in 
 Washington, D. C., July 21, 1802; graduated at 
 the United States Military Academy in 1823, 
 and assigned to the Fifth Infantry with the rank 
 of Second Lieutenant, becoming First Lieutenant 
 in 1828 and Captain of Dragoons in 1833. During 
 this period he twice crossed the plains to the 
 Rocky Mountains, but, in 1836, resigned his com- 
 mission and engaged in business in Chicago, 
 Re-entering the service as Paymaster in 1842, he 
 was Chief Paymaster of General Wool's command 
 in the Mexican War, and was afterwards stationed 
 at New Orleans. Washington, Detroit, St. Louis 
 and on the frontier. He was a personal friend of 
 President Lincoln, whom he accompanied when 
 the latter set out for Washington in February, 
 1801. but was disabled at Buffalo, having his 
 collar-bone dislocated by the crowd. He was 
 appointed Colonel of the Sixth United States 
 Cavalry, May 14, 1861, three days later commis- 
 sioned Brigadier-General and, in August, made 
 Major-General. In the Manassas campaign he 
 commanded the main column of McDowell's 
 army and was severely wounded at Bull Run; 
 served under Fremont in Missouri and succeeded 
 him in command in November, 1861, remaining 
 until March, 1862. Being transferred to the 
 Department of the South in May following, he 
 issued an order declaring the persons held as 
 slaves in Georgia, Florida and South Carolina 
 free, which order was revoked by President Lin- 
 coln ten days later. On account of the steps 
 taken by him for the organization of colored 
 troops, Jefferson Davis issued an order declaring 
 him, in case of capture, subject to execution as 
 a felon. In May, 1864, he was placed in com- 
 mand of the Department of the West, and, in 
 
 1865, served on various courts-martial, being 
 President of the commission that tried Mr. Lin- 
 coln's assassins ; was tire vetted Major-General in 
 March, 1865, retired from active service July, 
 
 1866, and died in Washington, Feb. 2, 1886. Gen- 
 eral Hunter married a daughter of John Kinzie, 
 the first permanent citizen of Chicago. 
 
 HTJBD, Harvey H., lawyer, was born in Fair- 
 field County, Conn., Feb. 24, 1827. At the age of 
 15 he walked to Bridgeport, where he began life 
 as office-boy in "The Bridgeport Standard," a 
 journal of pronounced Whig proclivities. In 
 1844 he came to Illinois, entering Jubilee College, 
 
 but, after a brief attendance, came to Chicago in 
 1846. There he found temporary employment 
 as a compositor, later commencing the study of 
 law, and being admitted to the bar in 1848. A 
 portion of the present city of Evanston is built 
 upon a 24S-,i( TO tract owned and subdivided by Mr. 
 Hurd and his partner. Always in sympathy 
 with the old school and most radical type of 
 Abolitionists, he took a deep interest in the Kan- 
 sas-Missouri troubles of 1856, and became a mem- 
 ber of the "National Kansas Committee" 
 appointed by the Buffalo (N. T.) Convention, of 
 which body he was a member. He was chosen 
 Secretary of the executive committee, and it is 
 not too much to say that, largely through his 
 earnest and poorly requited labors, Kansas was 
 finally admitted into the Union as a free State. 
 It was mainly through his efforts that seed for 
 planting was gratuitously distributed among the 
 free-soil settlers. In 1869 he was appointed a 
 member of the Commission to revise the statutes 
 of Illinois, a large part of the work devolving 
 upon him in consequence of the withdrawal of 
 his colleagues. The revision was completed in 
 1874, in conjunction with a Joint Committee of 
 Revision of both Houses appointed by the Legis- 
 lature of 1873. While no statutory revision has 
 been ordered by subsequent Legislatures, Mr. 
 Hurd has carried on the same character of work 
 on independent lines, issuing new editions of the 
 statutes from time to time, which are regarded as 
 standard works by the bar. In 1875 he was 
 nominated by the Republican party for a seat on 
 the Supreme bench, but was defeated by the late 
 Judge T. Lyle Dickey. For several years he 
 filled a chair in the faculty of the Union College 
 of Law. His home is in Evanston. 
 
 HURLBUT, Stephen A., soldier, Congressman 
 and Foreign Minister, was born at Charleston, 
 S. C., Nov. 29, 1815, received a thorough liberal 
 education, and was admitted to the bar in 1837. 
 Soon afterwards he removed to Illinois, making 
 his home at Belvidere. He was a member of the 
 Constitutional Convention of 1847, in 1848 was an 
 unsuccessful candidate for Presidential Elector 
 on the Whig ticket, but, on the organization of 
 the Republican party in 1856, promptly identified 
 himself with that party and was elected to the 
 lower branch of the General Assembly as a 
 Republican in 1858 and again in 1860. During 
 the War of the Rebellion he served with distinc- 
 tion from May, 1861, to July. 1865. He entered 
 the service as Brigadier-General, commanding 
 the Fourth Division of Grant's army at Pittsburg 
 Landing; was made a Major-General in Septem- 
 
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HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA <>K ILLINOIS 
 
 at large on the Demornitic ticket. He was a i-jin 
 didate for Congress from tlie Niueteentli District 
 c_ r aiii in 1M96. and was r.'.un elected, receiving a 
 majority of 1,21(0 over lion. Benson Wood, his 
 Republican opponent and immediate predecessor 
 
 III VIM!. (Urn. i David, soldier, was lirn in 
 Wellington. I). C. July 21, 1*02: graduated at 
 the United States Military Academy in 1822. 
 and assigned to tlie Fifth Infantry with the rank 
 of Second Lieutenant, becoming First Lieutenant 
 in I*-* and Captain of Dragoons in ls:;:i During 
 this perioil he twice crossed the plains to the 
 Rocky Mountains, Imt, in IW>. resigned his com- 
 mission and engaged in business in Chicago. 
 Re-entering the service as Paymaster in 1*42. he 
 was Chief 1'ay master of (ieneral Wool's command 
 in the Mexican War. and was after wards stationed 
 at New Orleans. Washington. Detroit. St. Louis 
 and on the frontier He was a personal friend of 
 President Lincoln, whom he accompanied when 
 the latter set out for Washington in February 
 1NC.1. hut was disabled at Buffalo, having his 
 collar-bone dislocated by the crowd. He was 
 appointed Colonel of the Sixth I'nited Statc^ 
 Cavalry. May 11. 1*01. three days later commis- 
 sioned Brigadier < Jeneral and. in August, made 
 Major-General In the Manassas campaign he 
 commanded the main column of McDowell's 
 army and was severely wounded at Bull Run 
 served under Fremont in Missouri anil succeeded 
 him in command in November. !*'>!. remaining 
 until March 1*2 Being transferred to the 
 Department of the South in May following, he 
 issued an order declaring the persons held as 
 slaves in (ieorgia. Florida and South Carolina 
 free, which order was revoked by President Lin 
 coin ten flays later On account of the steps 
 taken by him for the organization of colored 
 troops. Jefferson Davis issued an order declaring 
 him. in case of capture, subject to execution as 
 a felon. In May. 1*04. he was placed in com- 
 mand of the Department of the West. ami. in 
 l*G."i, served on various courts-martial, lieing 
 President of the commission that tried Mr. Lin- 
 coln's assassins . was brcvetteil Major-' leneral in 
 March. l s fi-Y retired from active ser\ ice July. 
 1*015. and died in Washington. Feb 2. l*Nf, (Sen- 
 eral Hunter married a daughter of John Kinzie 
 the tirst permanent citi/.en of Chicago 
 
 IH'ltl), llarvey It., lawyer was liorn in Fair 
 field County Conn Feb '.'4.1*27 At the age of 
 !~i he walked to Bridgeport, where he U-gan life 
 as office-lioy in 'The Pridge]iort Standard." a 
 journal of pronounced Whig proclivities In 
 1844 he came t. Illinois entering Jubilee College. 
 
 but. after a brief attendance, came to Chicago in 
 1846. There he found tem|iorary employment 
 as a com|K>sitor. later commencing the study of 
 law. and lieing admitted to the bar in 1848. A 
 jiortion of the present city of Evanston is built 
 upon a 24 w -acre tract owned and subdivided by Mr 
 Hurd and his partner Always in sympathy 
 with the old school ami most radical type of 
 AlK)litionists. he took a deep interest in the Kan- 
 sas-Missouri troubles of l*5fi. and became a mem- 
 lier of the "National Kansas Committee" 
 apjHiinted by the Buffalo (N Y ) Convention, of 
 which body he was a member. He was chosen 
 Secretary of the executive committee, and it is 
 not too much to say that, largely through his 
 earnest and poorly requited labors. Kansas was 
 finally admitted into the Union as a free State. 
 It was mainly through his efforts that seed for 
 planting was gratuitously distributed among the 
 free-soil settlers. In 1H*1!) he was appointed a 
 member of the Commission to revise the statutes 
 of Illinois a large part of the work devolving 
 U|ion him in consequence of the withdrawal of 
 his colleagues. The revision was completed in 
 1874. in conjunction with a Joint Committee of 
 Revision of both Houses appointed by the Legis- 
 lature of I*?:!. Whilu no statutory revision has 
 iieen ordered by subsequent Legislatures, Mr 
 Hurd has carried on the same character of work 
 on independent lines, issuing new editions of tlie 
 statutes from time to time, which are regarded as 
 standard works by the bar. In 1875 he was 
 nominated by the Republican party for a seat on 
 the Supreme bench but was defeated by the late 
 Judge T Lyle Dickey. For several years he 
 filled a chair in the faculty of the Union College 
 of I-iw His home is in Kvanston. 
 
 Ill HI.HI'T. Stephen A., soldier. Congressman 
 and Foreign Minister, was born at Charleston, 
 S, C. , Nov. 29, Wl'i, received a thorough liberal 
 education, and was admitted to the bar in 1837. 
 Soon afterwards he removed to Illinois, making 
 his borne at Belvidere. He was a memlier of the 
 Constitutional Convention of 1*47. in 1*1M was an 
 unsuccessful candidate for Presidential Klector 
 on the Whig ticket, but. on the organization of 
 the Republican party in IS'iC. promptly identified 
 himself with that jKirty and was elected to the 
 lower branch of the (leneral Assembly as a 
 Republican in l s ">s and again in Infill. During 
 the War of the Rebellion he served with distinc- 
 tion from May. IHfil. to July. l*G. r >. He entered 
 the service as Brigadier (leneral. commanding 
 the Fourth Division of Grant's army at Pittsburg 
 Landing was made a Major-( General in Septem 
 
> 
 
u 
 
 H 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 ber, 1862, and later assigned to the command of 
 the Sixteenth Army Corps, at Memphis, and sub- 
 sequently to the command of the Department of 
 the Gulf (1864-65). After the close of the war he 
 served another term in the General Assembly 
 (1867), was chosen Presidential Elector for the 
 State-at-large in 1868, and, in 1869, was appointed 
 by President Grant Minister Resident to the 
 United States of Colombia, serving until 1872. 
 The latter year he was elected Representative to 
 Congress, and re-elected two years later. In 
 1876 he was a candidate for re-election as an 
 independent Republican, but was defeated by 
 William Lathrop, the regular nominee. In 1881 
 he was appointed Minister Resident to Peru, and 
 died at Lima, March 27, 1882. 
 
 HtJTCHINS, Thomas, was born in Monmouth, 
 N. J., in 1730. died in Pittsburg, Pa., April 28. 
 1789. He was the first Government Surveyor, fre- 
 quently called the "Geographer": was also an 
 
 officer of the Sixtieth Royal (British) regiment, 
 and assistant engineer under Bouquet. At the 
 outbreak of the Revolution, while stationed at 
 Fort Chartres, he resigned his commission be- 
 cause of his sympathy with the patriots. Three 
 years later he was charged with being in treason- 
 able correspondence with Franklin, and im- 
 prisoned in the Tower of London. He is said to 
 have devised the present system of Government 
 surveys in this country, and his services in carry- 
 ing it into effect were certainly of great value. 
 He was the author of several valuable works, the 
 best known being a "Topographical Description 
 of Virginia. " 
 
 H UTSOX VILLE, a village of Crawford County, 
 on the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. 
 Louis Railway, and the Wabash River, 34 miles 
 south of Paris. The district is agricultural. The 
 town has a bank and a weekly paper. Population 
 (1890), 582; (1900), 743. 
 
 ILLINOIS. 
 
 (GENERAL HISTORY.) 
 
 ILLINOIS is the twenty -first State of the Federal 
 Union in the order of its admission, the twentieth 
 in present area and the third in point of popula- 
 tion. A concise history of the region, of which it 
 constituted the central portion at an early period, 
 will be found in the following pages: 
 
 The greater part of the territory now comprised 
 within the State of Illinois was known and at- 
 tracted eager attention from the nations of the 
 old world especially in France, Germany and 
 England before the close of the third quarter of 
 the seventeenth century. More than one hun- 
 dred years before the struggle for American Inde- 
 pendence began, or the geographical division 
 known as the "Territory of the Northwest" had 
 an existence; before the names of Kentucky, 
 Tennessee, Vermont or Ohio had been heard of, 
 and while the early settlers of New England and 
 Virginia were still struggling for a foothold 
 among the Indian tribes on the Atlantic coast, 
 the "Illinois Country" occupied a place on the 
 maps of North America as distinct and definite 
 as New York or Pennsylvania. And from that 
 time forward, until it assumed its position in the 
 Union with the rank of a State, no other faction 
 has been the theater of more momentous and 
 stirring events or has contributed more material, 
 affording interest and instruction to the archaeol- 
 ogist, the ethnologist and the historian, than 
 
 that portion of the American Continent now 
 known as the "State of Illinois." 
 
 THE "ILLINOIS COUNTRY." What was known 
 to the early French explorers and their followers 
 and descendants, for the ninety years which 
 intervened between the discoveries of Joliet and 
 La Salle, down to the surrender of this region to 
 the English, as the "Illinois Country," is de- 
 scribed with great clearness and definiteness by 
 Capt. Philip Pittman, an English engineer who 
 made the first survey of the Mississippi River 
 soon after the transfer of the French possessions 
 east of the Mississippi to the British, and who 
 published the result of his observations in London 
 in 1770. In this report, which is evidently a 
 work of the highest authenticity, and is the more 
 valuable because written at a transition period 
 when it was of the first importance to preserve 
 and hand down the facts of early French history 
 to the new occupants of the soil, the boundaries 
 of the "Illinois Country" are defined as follows: 
 "The Country of the Illinois is bounded by the 
 Mississippi on the west, by the river Illinois on 
 the north, by the Ouabache and Miamis on the 
 east and the Ohio on the south." 
 
 From this it would appear that the country lying 
 between the Illinois and the Mississippi Rivers to 
 the west and northwest of the former, was not 
 considered a part of the "Illinois Country," and 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA <>F ILLINOIS. 
 
 241 
 
 lier. 1862, and later assigned to the rominand of 
 the Sixteenth Army Corps, at Memphis, and sub- 
 sequently to the command of the Department of 
 the Gulf (lHr,4-6. r . After the close of the war he 
 served 'another term in the General Assembly 
 (1*67). was chosen Presidential Elector for the 
 State-at-large in 1S6S. and. in lKf>9. was appointed 
 l>y President Grant Minister Resident to the 
 United States of Colombia, serving until 1*72. 
 The latter year he was elected Representative to 
 Congress, and re-elected two years later In 
 1*76 he was a candidate for re-election as an 
 independent Republican, but was defeated by 
 William Lathrop. the regular nominee. In 1**1 
 )IH was appointed Minister Resident to Peru, ami 
 .lied at Lima. March 27, 1S82. 
 
 HfTCHIXS, Thomas, was liorn in Monmouth. 
 N .1 .. in 17"ft. died in Pittsburg, Pa.. April 2*. 
 17^9. He was the first Government Surveyor, fre- 
 '(Uently called tin- "Geographer": was also an 
 
 officer of the Sixtieth Royal (British; regiment 
 and assistant engineer under Bouquet At the 
 outbreak of the Revolution, while stationed at 
 Fort Chartres. he resigned his commission U- 
 cause of his sympathy with the patriots. Three 
 years later he was charged with lieing in treason- 
 able corres|Kindeuce with Franklin, and im- 
 prisoned in the Tower of London He is said to 
 have devised the present >ystem of Government 
 -iirveys in tliis country, and hU er vices in carry 
 ing it into effect were certainly of great value 
 He was the author of several valuable works, the 
 liest known being a "Topographical Description 
 of Virginia." 
 
 IirTSOXVIIXE.a village of Crawford County. 
 on the Cleveland, Cincinnati. Chicago & St 
 Louis Railway, and the Wabash River H-f miles 
 soutliof Paris. The district is agricultural. The 
 town has a bank and a weekly paper Population 
 
 I L LI No IS. 
 
 (OKNEKAI. llISTom . I 
 
 ILLINOIS is i he twenty-first State of the Federal 
 I'nion in the order of it> ad mission, the twentieth 
 in present area anil the third in poiui of popula- 
 tion. A concise history of the region, of which it 
 constituted the central portion at an early period, 
 will be found in the following pages: 
 
 The greater part of the territory now comprised 
 within the State of Illinois was known and at- 
 tracted eager attention from the nations of the 
 old world especially in France. Germany ami 
 England before the close of the third <juarter of 
 the seventeenth century. More than one hun- 
 dred years before the struggle for American Inde- 
 jendence began or the geographical division 
 known as the "Territory of the Northwest" had 
 an existence; In-fore the names of Kentucky. 
 Tennessee, Vermont or Ohio had lieen beard of, 
 and while the early settlers of >*ew Kngland and 
 Virginia were still struggling for a foothold 
 among the Indian tribes on the Atlantic coast, 
 the "Illinois Country" occupied a place on the 
 maps of North America as distinct and definite 
 a- New York or Pennsylvania. And from that 
 time forward, until it assumed its jtosition in the 
 T'nion with the rank of a State, no other section 
 has Itecn the theater of more momentous and 
 -tirring events or ha- contributed more material, 
 affording interest and instruction to the archa-ol- 
 ngist. the ethnologist and the historian, than 
 
 that portion of the American Continent now 
 known as the "State .f Illinois " 
 
 TIIK "ILLINOIS CIIL'NTUV " What was known 
 to the early French explorer.-, and their followers 
 and descendants, for the ninety years which 
 intervened between the discoveries of Juliet anil 
 Lit Salle. down to the surrender of this region to 
 the Knglish, as the "Illinois Country." is de- 
 scrilwd with great clearnes* and detiniteness by 
 t 'apt. Philip Pittman an Knglish engineer who 
 made the first survey of the Mississippi River 
 soon after the transfer of the French possessions 
 east of the Mississippi to the Hrilish. and who 
 published the result of his observations in Ix>udon 
 in 177O. In this report, winch is evidently a 
 work of the highest authenticity, and is the more 
 valuable In'cause written at a transition jieriod 
 when it was of the first ini|Hirtance to preserve 
 and hand down the facts of early French history 
 tn the new occupants of tlie soil, the ItoundaricH 
 of the "Illinois ('ountry" are defined :LS follows. 
 "The Country of the Illinois is Iniunded by the 
 Mississippi on the west by the river Illinois on 
 the north, by the Oiiabachc and Miami.- on the 
 east and the Ohio on the south. " 
 
 From this if would appear thai the country lying 
 between the Illinois ami the Mississippi Rivers to 
 the west and northwest of the former was noi 
 considered a part of the "lllinoi- Country " and 
 
242 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 this agrees generally with the records of the 
 early French explorers, except that they regarded 
 the region which comprehends the site of the 
 present city of Chicago the importance of which 
 appears to have been appreciated from the first 
 as a connecting link between the Lakes and the 
 upper tributaries of the rivers falling into the 
 Gulf of Mexico as belonging thereto 
 
 ORIGIN OF THE NAME. The "Country" appears 
 to have derived its name from Inini, a word of 
 Algonquin origin, signifying "the men," eu- 
 phemized by the French into Illini with the 
 suffix ois. signifying "tribe." The root of the 
 term, applied both to the country and the Indians 
 occupying it, has been still further defined as "a 
 perfect man" (Humes on "Indian Names"), and 
 the derivative has been used by the French 
 chroniclers in various forms though always with 
 the same signification a signification of which 
 the earliest claimants of the appellation, as well 
 as their successors of a different race, have not 
 failed to be duly proud. 
 
 BOUNDARIES AND AREA. It is this region 
 which gave the name to the State of which it 
 constituted so large and important a part. Its 
 boundaries, so far as the Wabash and the Ohio 
 Rivers (as well as the Mississippi from the mouth 
 of the Ohio to the mouth of the Illinois) are con- 
 cerned, are identical with those given to the 
 "Illinois Country" by Pittman. The State is 
 bounded on the north by Wisconsin ; on the east 
 by Lake Michigan, the State of Indiana and the 
 Wabash River; southeast by the Ohio, flowing 
 between it and the State of Kentucky ; and west 
 and southwest by the Mississippi, which sepa- 
 rates it from the States of Iowa and Missouri. A 
 peculiarity of the Act of Congress defining the 
 boundaries of the State, is the fact that, while 
 the jurisdiction of Illinois extends to the middle 
 of Lake Michigan and also of the channels of the 
 Wabash and the Mississippi, it stops at the north 
 bank of the Ohio River ; this seems to have been 
 a sort of concession on the part of the framers of 
 the Act to our proud neighbors of the "Park and 
 Bloody Ground." Geographically, the State lies 
 between the parallels of 36 59' and 42' 30' north 
 latitude, and the meridian of 10 30' and 14 of 
 longitude west from the city of Washington. 
 From its extreme southern limit at the mouth of 
 the Ohio to the Wisconsin boundary on the north, 
 its estimated length is 385 miles, with an extreme 
 breadth, from the Indiana State line to the Mis- 
 sissippi River at a point between Quincy and 
 Warsaw, of 218 miles. Owing to the tortuous 
 course of its river and lake boundaries, which 
 
 comprise about three-fourths of the whole, its 
 physical outline is extremely irregular. Between 
 the limits described, it has an estimated area of 
 56,650 square miles, of which 650 square miles is 
 water the latter being chiefly in Lake Michigan. 
 This area is more than one and one-half times 
 that of all New England (Maine being excepted), 
 and is greater than that of any other State east 
 of the Mississippi, except Michigan, Georgia and 
 Florida Wisconsin lacking only a few hundred 
 square miles of the same. 
 
 When these figures are taken into account 
 some idea may be formed of the magnificence of 
 the domain comprised within the limits of the 
 State of Illinois a domain larger in extent than 
 that of England, more than one-fourth of that of 
 all France and nearly half that of the British 
 Islands, including Scotland and Ireland. The 
 possibilities of such a country, possessing a soil 
 unequaled in fertility, in proportion to its area, 
 by any other State of the Union and with re- 
 sources in agriculture, manufactures and com- 
 merce unsurpassed in any country on the face of 
 the globe, transcend all human conception. 
 
 STREAMS AND NAVIGATION. Lying between 
 the Mississippi and its chief eastern tributary, the 
 Ohio, with the Wabash on the east, and inter- 
 sected from northeast to southwest by the Illinois 
 and its numerous affluents, and with no moun- 
 tainous region within its limits, Illinois is at once 
 one of the best watered, as well as one of the most 
 level States in the Union. Besides the Sanga- 
 mon, Kankakee, Fox and Des Plaines Rivers, 
 chief tributaries of the Illinois, and the Kaskaskia 
 draining the region between the Illinois and the 
 Wabash, Rock River, in the northwestern portion 
 of the State, is most important on account of its 
 valuable water-power. All of these streams were 
 regarded as navigable for some sort of craft, dur- 
 ing at least a portion of the year, in the early 
 history of the country, and with the magnificent 
 Mississippi along the whole western border, gave 
 to Illinois a larger extent of navigable waters 
 than that of any other single State. Although 
 practical navigation, apart from the lake and by 
 natural water courses, is now limited to the Mis- 
 sissippi, Illinois and Ohio making an aggregate 
 of about 1,000 miles the importance of the 
 smaller streams, when the people were dependent 
 almost wholly upon some means of water com- 
 munication for the transportation of heavy com- 
 modities as well as for travel, could not be 
 over-estimated, and it is not without its effect 
 upon the productiveness of the soil, now that 
 water transportation has given place to railroads. 
 
: 
 , 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 The whole number of streams shown upon the 
 best maps exceeds 380. 
 
 TOPOGRAPHY. In physical conformation the 
 surface of the State presents the aspect of an 
 inclined plane with a moderate descent in the 
 general direction of the streams toward the south 
 and southwest. Cairo, at the extreme southern 
 end of the State and the point of lowest depres- 
 sion, has an elevation above sea-level of about 
 300 feet, while the altitude of Lake Michigan at 
 Chicago is 583 feet. The greatest elevation is 
 reached near Scale's Mound in the northwestern 
 part of the State 1.257 feet while a spur from 
 the Ozark Mountains of Missouri, projected across 
 the southern part of the State, rises in Jackson 
 and Union Counties to a height of over 900 feet. 
 The eastern end of this spur, in the northeast 
 corner of Pope County, reaches an elevation of 
 1,046 feet. South of this ridge, the surface of 
 the country between the Ohio and Mississippi 
 Rivers was originally covered with dense forests. 
 These included some of the most valuable species 
 of timber for lumber manufacture, such as the 
 different varieties of oak, walnut, poplar, ash, 
 sugar-maple and cypress, besides elm, linden, 
 hickory, honey-locust, pecan, hack-berry, cotton- 
 wood, sycamore, sassafras, black-gum and beech. 
 The native fruits included the persimmon, wild 
 plum, grape and paw- paw, with various kinds of 
 berries, such as blackberries, raspberries, straw- 
 berries (in the prairie districts) and some others. 
 Most of the native growths of woods common to 
 the south were found along the streams farther 
 north, except the cypress beech, pecan and a few 
 others. 
 
 PRAIRIES. A peculiar feature of the country, 
 in the middle and northern portion of the State, 
 which excited the amazement of early explorers, 
 was the vast extent of the prairies or natural 
 meadows. The origin of these has been attrib- 
 uted to various causes, such as some peculiarity of 
 the soil, absence or excess of moisture, recent 
 upheaval of the surface from lakes or some other 
 bodies of water, the action of fires, etc. In many 
 sections there appears little to distinguish the 
 soil of the prairies from that of the adjacent 
 woodlands, that may not be accounted for by the 
 character of their vegetation and other causes, 
 for the luxuriant growth of native grasses and 
 other productions has demonstrated that they do 
 not lack in fertility, and the readiness with 
 which trees take root when artificially propa- 
 gated and protected, has shown that there is 
 nothing in the soil itself unfavorable to their 
 growth. Whatever may have been the original 
 
 cause of the prairies, however, there is no doubt 
 that annually recurring fires hare had much to 
 do in perpetuating their existence, and even 
 extending their limits, as the absence of the same 
 agent has tended to favor the encroachments of 
 the forests. While originally regarded as an 
 obstacle to the occupation of the country by a 
 dense population, there is no doubt that their 
 existence has contributed to its rapid develop- 
 ment when it was discovered with what ease 
 these apparent wastes could be subdued, and how 
 productive they were capable of becoming when 
 once brought under cultivation. 
 
 In spite of the uniformity in altitude of the 
 State as a whole, many sections present a variety 
 of surface and a mingling of plain and woodland 
 of the most pleasing character. This is espe- 
 cially the case in some of the prairie districts 
 where the undulating landscape covered with 
 rich herbage and brilliant flowers must have 
 presented to the first explorers a scene of ravish- 
 ing beauty, which has been enhanced rather than 
 diminished in recent times by the hand of culti- 
 vation. Along some of the streams also, espe 
 dally on the upper Mississippi and Illinois, and 
 at some points on the Ohio, is found scenery of 
 a most picturesque variety. 
 
 ANIMALS, ETC. From this description of the 
 country it will be easy to infer what must have 
 been the varieties of the animal kingdom which 
 here found a home. These included the buffalo, 
 various kinds of deer, the bear, panther, fox, 
 wolf, and wild-cat, while swans, geese and ducks 
 covered the lakes and streams. It was a veritable 
 paradise for game, both large and small, as well 
 as for their native hunters. "One can scarcely 
 travel," wrote one of the earliest priestly explor- 
 ers, "without finding a prodigious multitude of 
 turkeys, that keep together in flocks often to the 
 number of ten hundred." Beaver, otter, and 
 mink were found along the streams. Most of 
 these, especially the larger species of game, have 
 disappeared before the tide of civilization, but the 
 smaller, such as quail, prairie chicken, duck and 
 the different varieties of fish in the streams, pro- 
 tected by law during certain seasons of the year, 
 continue to exist in considerable numbers. 
 
 SOIL AND CLIMATE. The capabilities of the 
 soil in a region thus situated can be readily under- 
 stood. In proportion to the extent of its surface, 
 Illinois has a larger area of cultivable land than 
 any other State in the Union, with a soil of supe- 
 rior quality, much of it unsurpassed in natural 
 fertility. This is especially true of the "American 
 Bottom," a region extending a distance of ninety 
 
244 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 miles along the east bank of the Mississippi, from 
 a few miles below Alton nearly to Chester, and 
 of an average width of five to eight miles. This 
 was the seat of the first permanent white settle- 
 ment in the Mississippi Valley, and portions of it 
 have been under cultivation from one hundred to 
 one hundred and fifty years without exhaustion. 
 Other smaller areas of scarcely less fertility are 
 found both upon the bottom-lands and in the 
 prairies in the central portions of the State. 
 
 Extending through five and one-half degrees of 
 latitude, Illinois has a great variety of climate. 
 Though subject at times to sudden alternations 
 of temperature, these occasions have been rare 
 since the country has been thoroughly settled. 
 Its mean average for a series of years has been 48 
 in the northern part of the State and 56 in the 
 southern, differing little from other States upon 
 the same latitude. The mean winter temper- 
 ature has ranged from 25 in the north to 34 in 
 the south, and the summer mean from 67 in the 
 north to 78 in the south. The extreme winter 
 temperature has seldom fallen below 20 below 
 zero in the northern portion, while the highest 
 summer temperature ranges from 95 to 102. 
 The average difference in temperature between 
 the northern and southern portions of the State 
 is about 10, and the difference in the progress of 
 the seasons for the same sections, from four to six 
 weeks. Such a wide variety of climate is favor- 
 able to the production of nearly all the grains 
 and fruits peculiar to the temperate zone. 
 
 CONTEST FOR OCCUPATION. Three powers 
 early became contestants for the supremacy on 
 the North American Continent. The first of 
 these was Spain, claiming possession on the 
 ground of the discovery by Columbus; England, 
 basing her claim upon the discoveries of the 
 Cabots, and France, maintaining her right to a 
 Considerable part of the continent by virtue of 
 the discovery and exploration by Jacques Cartier 
 of the Gulf and River St. Lawrence, in 1534-35, 
 and the settlement of Quebec by Champlain 
 seventy-four years later. The claim of Spain 
 was general, extending to both North and South 
 America; and, while she early established her 
 colonies in Mexico, the West Indies and Peru, 
 the country was too vast and her agents too busy 
 seeking for gold to interfere materially with her 
 competitors. The Dutch, Swedes and Germans 
 established small, though flourishing colonies, but 
 they were not colonizers nor were they numeric- 
 ally as strong as their neighbors, and their settle- 
 ments were ultimately absorbed by the latter. 
 Both the Spaniards and the French were zealous 
 
 in proselyting the aborigines, but while the 
 former did not hesitate to torture their victims 
 in order to extort their gold while claiming to 
 save their souls, the latter were more gentle and 
 beneficent in their policy, and, by their kindness, 
 succeeded in winning and retaining the friend- 
 ship of the Indians in a remarkable degree. They 
 were traders as well as missionaries, and this fact 
 and the readiness with which they adapted them- 
 selves to the habits of those whom they found in 
 possession of the soil, enabled them to make the 
 most extensive explorations in small numbers 
 and at little cost, and even to remain for un- 
 limited periods among their aboriginal friends. 
 On the other hand, the English were artisans and 
 tillers of the soil with a due proportion engaged 
 in commerce or upon the sea; and, while they 
 were later in planting their colonies in Virginia 
 and New England, and less aggressive in the 
 work of exploration, they maintained a surer 
 foothold on the soil when they had once estab- 
 lished themselves. To this fact is due the per- 
 manence and steady growth of the English 
 colonies in the New World, and the virtual domi- 
 nance of the Anglo-Saxon race over more than 
 five-sevenths of the North American Continent 
 a result which has been illustrated in the history 
 of every people that has made agriculture, manu- 
 factures and legitimate commerce the basis of 
 their prosperity. 
 
 EARLY EXPLORATIONS. The French explorers 
 were the first Europeans to visit the "Country of 
 the Illinois," and, for nearly a century, they and 
 their successors and descendants held undisputed 
 possession of the country, as well as the greater 
 part of the Mississippi Valley. It is true that 
 Spain put in a feeble and indefinite claim to this 
 whole region, but she was kept too busy else- 
 where to make her claim good, and, in 1763, she 
 relinquished it entirely as to the Mississippi 
 Valley and west to the Pacific Ocean, in order to 
 strengthen herself elsewhere. 
 
 There is a peculiar coincidence in the fact that, 
 while the English colonists who settled about 
 Massachusetts Bay named tliat region "New 
 England," the French gave to their possessions, 
 from the St. Lawrence to the mouth of the Mis- 
 sissippi, the name of "New France," and the 
 Spaniards called all the region claimed by them, 
 extending from Panama to Puget Sound, "New 
 Spain. " The boundaries of each were very indefi- 
 nite and often conflicting, but were settled by the 
 treaty of 1763. 
 
 As early as 1634, Jean Nicolet, coming by way 
 of Canada, discovered Lake Michigan then 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 245 
 
 called by the French, "Lac des Illinois" entered 
 Green Bay and visited some of the tribes of 
 Indians in that region. In 1641 zealous mission- 
 aries had reached the Falls of St. Mary (called by 
 the French "Sault Ste. Marie"), and, in 1658, two 
 French fur-traders are alleged to have penetrated 
 as far west as "La Pointe" on Lake Superior, 
 where they opened up a trade with the Sioux 
 Indians and wintered in the neighborhood of the 
 Apostle Islands near where the towns of Ashland 
 and Hay tli-lil. Wis., now stand. A few years later 
 (1665), Fathers Allouez and Dablon, French mis- 
 sionaries, visited the Chippewas on the southern 
 shore of Lake Superior, and missions were estab- 
 lished at Green Bay, Ste. Marie and La Pointe. 
 About the same time the mission of St. Ignace 
 was established on the north shore of the Straits 
 of Mackinaw (spelled by the French "Michilli- 
 macinac"). It is also claimed that the French 
 traveler, Radisson. during the year of 1658-59, 
 reached the upper Mississippi, antedating the 
 claims of Juliet and Marquette as its discoverers 
 by fourteen years. Nicholas Perrot, an intelli- 
 gent chronicler who left a manuscript account of 
 his travels, is said to have made extensive explor- 
 ations about the head of the great lakes as far 
 south as the Fox River of Wisconsin, between 
 1670 and 1690, and to have held an important 
 conference with representatives of numerous 
 tribes of Indians at Sault Ste. Marie in June, 
 1671. Perrot is also said to have made the first 
 discovery of lead mines in the West. 
 
 Up to this time, however, no white man appears 
 to have reached the "Illinois Country," though 
 much had been heard of its beauty and its wealth 
 in game. On May 17, 1673, Louis Joliet, an enter- 
 prising explorer who had already visited the Lake 
 Superior region in search of copper mines, under 
 a commission from the Governor of Canada, in 
 company with Father Jacques Marquette and 
 five voyageurs, with a meager stock of provisions 
 and a few trinkets for trading with the natives, 
 set out in two birch-bark canoes from St. Ignace 
 on a tour of exploration southward. Coasting 
 along the west shore of Lake Michigan and Green 
 Ray and through Lake Winnebago, they reached 
 the country of the Mascoutins on Fox River, 
 ascended that stream to the portage to the Wis- 
 consin, then descended the latter to the Mis- 
 sissippi, which they discovered on June 17. 
 Descending the Mississippi, which they named 
 "Rio de la Conception, " they passed the mouth of 
 the Des Moines, where they are supposed to have 
 encountered the first Indians of the Illinois 
 tribes, by whom they were hospitably enter- 
 
 tained. Later they discovered a rude painting 
 upon the rocks on the east side of the river, 
 which, from the description, is supposed to have 
 been the famous "Piasa Bird," which was still to 
 be seen, a short distance above Alton, within the 
 present generation. (See Piasa Bird, The 
 Legend of. ) Passing the mouth of the Missouri 
 River and the present site of the city of St. 
 Louis, and continuing past the mouth of the 
 Ohio, they finally reached what Marquette called 
 the village of the Akanseas, which has been 
 assumed to be identical with the mouth of the 
 Arkansas, though it has been questioned whether 
 they proceeded so far south. Convinced that the 
 Mississippi "had its mouth in Florida or the Gulf 
 of Mexico, " and fearing capture by the Spaniards, 
 they started on their return. Reaching the 
 mouth of the Illinois, they entered that stream 
 and ascended past the village of the Peorias and 
 the "Illinois town of the Kaskaskias" the 
 latter being about where the town of Utica, LA 
 Salle County, now stands at each of which they 
 made a brief stay. Escorted by guides from the 
 Kaskaskias, they crossed the portage to Lake 
 Michigan where Chicago now stands, and re- 
 turned to Green Bay, which they reached in the 
 latter part of September. (See Joliet and Mar- 
 quette.) 
 
 The next and most important expedition to Illi- 
 nois important because it led to the first per- 
 manent settlements was undertaken by Robert 
 Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle, in 1679. This eager 
 and intelligent, but finally unfortunate, discov- 
 erer had spent several years in exploration in 
 the lake region and among the streams south of 
 the lakes and west of the Alleghenies. It has 
 been claimed that, during this tour, he descended 
 the Ohio to its junction with the Mississippi; 
 also that he reached the Illinois by way of the 
 head of Lake Michigan and the Chicago portage, 
 and even descended the Mississippi to the 36th 
 parallel, antedating Marquette's first visit to 
 that stream by two years. The chief authority 
 for this claim is La Salle's biographer, Pierre 
 Margry, who bases his statement on alleged con- 
 versations with La Salle and letters of his friends. 
 The absence of any allusion to these discoveries 
 in La Salle's own papers, of a later date, addressed 
 to the King, is regarded as fatal to this claim. 
 However this may have been, there is conclusive 
 evidence that, during this period, he met with 
 Joliet while the latter was returning ? t)m one of 
 his trips to the Lake Superior country. With an 
 imagination fired by what he then lea/ned. he 
 made a visit to his native country, receiving a 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 liberal grant from the French Government which 
 enabled him to carry out his plans. With the 
 aid of Henry de Tonty, an Italian who afterward 
 accompanied him in his most important expedi- 
 tious, and who proved a most valuable and effi- 
 cient co-laborer, under the auspices of Frontenao. 
 then Governor of Canada, he constructed a small 
 vessel at the foot of Lake Erie, in which, with a 
 company of thirty-four persons, he set sail on 
 the seventh of August, 1679, for the West. This 
 vessel (named the "Griffon") is believed to have 
 been the first sailing-vessel that ever navigated 
 the lakes. His object was to reach the Illinois, 
 and he carried with him material for a boat 
 which he intended to put together on that 
 stream. Arriving in Green Bay early in Septem- 
 ber, by way of Lake Huron and the straits of 
 Mackinaw, he disembarked his stores, and, load- 
 ing the Griffon with furs, started it on its return 
 with instructions, after discharging its cargo at 
 the starting point, to join him at the head of 
 Lake Michigan. With a force of seventeen men 
 and three missionaries in four canoes, he started 
 southward, following the western shore of Lake 
 Michigan past the mouth of the Chicago River, 
 on Nov. 1, 1679, and reached the mouth of 
 the St. Joseph River, at the southeast corner of 
 the lake, which had been selected as a rendez- 
 vous. Here he was joined by Tonty, three weeks 
 later, with a force of twenty Frenchmen who 
 had come by the eastern shore, but the Griffon 
 never was heard from again, and is supposed to 
 have been lost on the return voyage. While 
 waiting for Tonty he erected a fort, afterward 
 called Fort Miami. The two parties here united, 
 and, leaving four men in charge of the fort, with 
 the remaining thirty-three, he resumed his 
 journey on the third of December. Ascending 
 the St. Joseph to about where South Bend, Ind., 
 now stands, he made a portage with his canoes 
 and stores across to the headwaters of the Kan- 
 kakee, which he descended to the Illinois. On 
 the first of January he arrived at the great Indian 
 town of the Kaskaskias, which Marquette had 
 left for the last time nearly five years before, but 
 found it deserted, the Indians being absent on a 
 hunting expedition. Proceeding down the Illi- 
 nois, on Jan. 4, 1680, he passed through Peoria 
 Lake and the next morning reached the Indian 
 village of that name at the foot of the lake, and 
 established friendly relations with its people. 
 Having determined to set up his vessel here, he 
 constructed a rude fort on the eastern bank of 
 the river about four miles south of the village. 
 With the exception of the cabin built for Mar- 
 
 quette on the South Branch of the Chicago River 
 in the winter of 1674-75, this was probably the 
 first structure erected by white men in Illinois. 
 This received the name "Creve-Coeur "Broken 
 Heart" which, from its subsequent history, 
 proved exceedingly appropriate. Having dis- 
 patched Father Louis Hennepin with two com- 
 panions to the Upper Mississippi, by way of the 
 mouth of the Illinois, on an expedition which 
 resulted in the discovery of the Falls of St. 
 Anthony, La Salle started on his return to 
 Canada for additional assistance and the stores 
 which he had failed to receive in consequence of 
 the loss of the Griffon. Soon after his depar- 
 ture, a majority of the men left with Tonty at 
 Fort Creve-Cceur mutinied, and, having plundered 
 the fort, partially destroyed it. This compelled 
 Tonty and five companions who had remained 
 true, to retreat to the Indian village of the Illi- 
 nois near "Starved Rock," between where the 
 cities of Ottawa and La Salle now stand, where 
 he spent the summer awaiting the return of La 
 Salle. In September, Tonty 's Indian allies hav- 
 ing been attacked and defeated by the Iroquou, 
 he and his companions were again compelled to 
 flee, reaching Green Bay the next spring, after 
 having spent the winter among the Pottawato- 
 mies in the present State of Wisconsin. 
 
 During the next three years (1681-83) La Salle 
 made two other visits to Illinois, encountering 
 and partially overcoming formidable obstacles at 
 each end of the journey. At the last visit, in 
 company with the faithful Tonty, whom he had 
 met at Mackinaw in the spring of 1681, after a 
 separation of more than a year, he extended his 
 exploration to the mouth of the Mississippi, of 
 which he took formal possession on April 9, 1682, 
 in the name of "Louis the Grand, King of France 
 and Navarre. " This was the first expedition of 
 white men to pass down the river and determine 
 the problem of its discharge into the Gulf of 
 Mexico. 
 
 Returning to Mackinaw, and again to Illinois, 
 in the fall of 1682, Tonty set about carrying into 
 effect La Salle's scheme of fortifying ' 'The Rock, ' ' 
 to which reference has been made under the 
 name of "Starved Rock." The buildings are said 
 to have included store-houses (it was intended as 
 a trading post), dwellings and a block-house 
 erected on the summit of the rock, and to which 
 the name of "Fort St. Louis" was given, while a 
 village of confederated Indian tribes gathered 
 about its base on the south which bore the name 
 of La Vantum. According to the historian, 
 Parkman, the population of this colony, in the 
 
LA SALLE. 
 
 HKNRY DE TOXTY 
 
 FORT DEAKBOKN FROM THE WEST, 1808. 
 
 WAR EAGLE. 
 
 CHIEF CHICAGOU. 
 
240 
 
 HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 iilieral grant from the French Government which 
 cn.ihled him to carry out liis plans. With the 
 itiil of Henry de Tonty. an Italian who afterward 
 accoiufiouied him in his most important expedi- 
 tions, and who proved a most valuable and effi- 
 cient co-laborer, under the auspices of Frontenac, 
 then Governor of Canada, he constructed a small 
 vessel at the foot of Lake Erie, in which, with a 
 company of thirty-four persons, he set sail on 
 the seventh of August, 1679, for the West. This 
 vessel (named the "Griffon") is believed to have 
 been the lirst sailing-vessel that ever navigated 
 the lakes. His object was to reach the Illinois, 
 and he carried with him material fur a boat 
 which he intended to put together on that 
 stream. Arriving in Green Bay early in Septem- 
 ber, by way of Lake Huron and the straits of 
 Mackinaw, he disembarked his stores, and, load- 
 ing the Griffon with furs, started it on its return 
 with instructions, after discharging its cargo at 
 the starting point, to join him at the head of 
 Lake Michigan. With a force of seventeen men 
 and three missionaries in four canoes, he started 
 southward, following the western shore of Lake 
 Michigan past the mouth of the Chicago River, 
 on Nov. 1, 1679, and reached the mouth of 
 the St. Joseph River, at the southeast corner of 
 the lake, which hud been selected as a rendez- 
 vous. Here he was joined by Touty, three weeks 
 later, with a force of twenty Frenchmen who 
 had come by the eastern shore, but the Griffon 
 never was heard from again, and is supposed to 
 have been lost on the return voyage. While 
 waiting for Tonty he erected a fort, afterward 
 called Fort Miami. The two parties here united, 
 and, leaving four men in charge of the fort, with 
 the remaining . thirty-three, he resumed his 
 journey on the third of December. Ascending 
 the St. Joseph to about where South Bend. Ind., 
 now stands, he made a portage with his canoes 
 and stores across to the headwaters of theKan- 
 kakee, which he descended to the Illinois. On 
 the tirst of January he arrived at the great Indian 
 town of the Kaskaskias. which Marquette had 
 left for the last time nearly five years before, but 
 found it deserted, the Indians being absent on a 
 hunting expedition. Proceeding down the Illi 
 nois. on Jan. 4, 1680, he passed through Peoria 
 Lake and the next morning reached the Indian 
 village of that name at the foot of the lake, ami 
 established friendly relations with its people 
 Having determined to set up his vessel here, he 
 constructed a rude fort on the eastern bank of 
 the river about four miles south of the village 
 With the exception of the cabin built for Mar- 
 
 quette on the South Branch of the Chicago River 
 in the winter of 1074-7"). this was probably the 
 first structure erected by white men in Illinois 
 This received the name "Creve-Cosur " Broken 
 Heart" which, from its subsequent history, 
 proved exceedingly appropriate. Having dis- 
 patched Father Louis Hennepin with two com- 
 panions to the Upper Mississippi, by way of the 
 mouth of the Illinois, on an expedition which 
 resulted in the discovery of the Falls of St 
 Anthony, La Salle started on his return to 
 Canada for additional assistance and the stores 
 which he had failed to receive in consequence of 
 the loss of the Griffon. Soon after his depar- 
 ture, a majority of the men left with Touty at 
 Fort Creve-Cueur mutinied, and. having plundered 
 the fort, partially destroyed it. This compelled 
 Tonty and live companions who had remained 
 true, to retreat to the Indian village of the Illi- 
 nois near "Starved Rock." between where the 
 cities of Ottawa and La Salle now stand, where 
 he spent the summer awaiting the return of La 
 Salle. In September, Tonty 's Indian allies hav- 
 ing been attacked and defeated by the Iroquois, 
 he ami his companions were again compelled to 
 Hee. reaching Green Bay the next spring, after 
 having spent the winter among the Pottawato- 
 mies in the present State of Wisconsin. 
 
 During the next three years (1681 83) La Salle 
 made two other visits to Illinois, encountering 
 and partially overcoming formidable obstacles at 
 each end of the journey. At the last visit, in 
 company with the faithful Tonty, whom he had 
 met lit Mackinaw in the spring of 1681. after a 
 separation of more than a year, he extended his 
 exploration to the mouth of the Mississippi, of 
 which he took formal possession on April 9, 16S2, 
 in the name of "Louis the Grand, King of Franco 
 and Navarre." This was the lirst expedition of 
 white men to pass down the river and determine 
 the problem of its discharge into the Gulf of 
 Mexico. 
 
 Returning to Mackinaw, and again to Illinois 
 in the fall of 1682, Tonty set about carrying into 
 effect La Salle's scheme of fortifying "The Rock," 
 to which reference has been made under the 
 name of "Starved Rock " The buildings are said 
 to have included store-houses (it was intended as 
 a trading post), dwellings and a block-house 
 erected on the summit of the rock, and to which 
 the name of "Fort St. Louis" was given, while a 
 village of confederated Indian tribes gathered 
 about its base on the south which bore the name 
 of La Vantimi According to the historian. 
 Parkman, the i>opulation of this colony, in the 
 
I.A SAM. i-:. 
 
 IIKNKY I>K TOVIY 
 
 $PH ' ! 
 
 * ~ 
 
 IDKT l)i:.\KI!()KN 1 ROM IHK \VI.SI'. l-n- 
 
 WAI: KAiii.K. 
 
 I'MIKK I IIICAlilll . 
 
FORT DEARBORN 2D, IN 1853, FROM THE SOUTHWEST. 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 247 
 
 days of its greatest prosperity, was not lees than 
 20,000. Tonty retained his headquarters at Fort 
 St. Louis for eighteen years, during which he 
 made extensive excursions throughout the West. 
 The proprietorship of the fort was granted to 
 him in 1690, but, in 1702, it was ordered by the 
 Governor of Canada to be discontinued on the 
 plea that the charter had been violated. It con- 
 tinued to be used as a trading post, however, as 
 late as 1718, when it was raided by the Indians 
 and burned. (See La Salle; Tonty; Hennepin, 
 and Starved Sock.) 
 
 Other explorers who were the contemporaries 
 or early successors of Harquette, Joliet, La Salle, 
 Tonty, Hennepin and their companions in the 
 Northwest, and many of whom are known to have 
 visited the "Illinois Country," and probably all 
 of whom did so, were Daniel Qreysolon du Lhut 
 (called by La Salle, du Luth), a cousin of Tonty, 
 who was the first to reach the Mississippi directly 
 t from Lake Superior, and from whom the city of 
 Duluth has been named ; Henry Joutel, a towns- 
 man of La Salle, who was one of the survivors of 
 the ill-fated Matagorda Bay colony; Pierre Le 
 Sueur, the discoverer of the Minnesota River, 
 and Baron la Hontan, who made a tour through 
 Illinois in 1688-89, of which he published an 
 account in 1708. 
 
 Chicago River early became a prominent point 
 in the estimation of the French explorers and 
 was a favorite line of travel in reaching the Illi- 
 nois by way of the Des Plaines, though probably 
 sometimes confounded with other streams about 
 the head of the lake. The Calumet and Grand 
 Calumet, allowing easy portage to the Des Plaines, 
 were also used, while the St. Joseph, from which 
 portage was had into the Kankakee. seems to 
 have been a part of the route first used by La 
 Salle. 
 
 ABORIGINES AND EARLY MISSIONS. When the 
 early French explorers arrived in the "Illinois 
 Country" they found it occupied by a number of 
 tribes of Indians, the most numerous being the 
 "Illinois," which consisted of several families or 
 bands that spread themselves over the country on 
 both sides of the Illinois River, extending even 
 west of the Mississippi : the Piankeshaws on the 
 east, extending beyond the present western 
 boundary of Indiana, and the Miamis in the 
 northeast, with whom a weaker tribe called the 
 Weas were allied. The Illinois confederation 
 included the Kaskaskias, Peorias, Cahokias, 
 Tamaroas and Mitchigamies the last being the 
 tribe from which Lake Michigan took its name. 
 (See Illinois Indians. ) There seems to have been 
 
 a general drift of some of the stronger tribes 
 toward the south and east about this time, as 
 Allouez represents that he found the Miamis and 
 their neighbors, the Mascout ins. about Green Bay 
 when he arrived there in 1670. At the same 
 time, there is evidence that the Pottawatomies 
 were located along the southern shore of Lake 
 Superior and about the Sault Ste. Marie (now 
 known as "The Soo"), though within the next 
 fifty years they had advanced southward along 
 the western shore of Lake Michigan until they 
 reached where Chicago now stands. Other tribes 
 from the north were the Kickapoos, Sacs and 
 Foxes, and Winnebagoes, while the Shawnees 
 were a branch of a stronger tribe from the south- 
 east Charlevoix. who wrote an account of his 
 visit to the "Illinois Country" in 1721, says: 
 "Fifty years ago the Miamis were settled on the 
 southern extremity of Lake Michigan, in a place 
 called Chicago from the name of a small river 
 which runs into the lake, the source of which is 
 not far distant from that of the River Illinois." 
 It does not follow necessarily that this was the 
 Chicago River of to-day, as the name appears to 
 have been applied somewhat indefinitely, by the 
 early explorers, both to a region of country 
 between the bead of the lake and the Illinois 
 River, and to more than one stream emptying 
 into the lake in that vicinity. It has been con- 
 jectured that the river meant by Charlevoix 
 was the Calumet, as his description would apply 
 as well to that as to the Chicago, and there is 
 other evidence that the Miamis, who were found 
 about the mouth of the St. Joseph River during 
 the eighteenth century, occupied a portion of 
 Southern Michigan and Northern Indiana, ex- 
 tending as far east as the Scioto River in Ohio. 
 
 From the first, the Illinois seem to have con- 
 ceived a strong liking for the French, and being 
 pressed by the Iroquois on the east, the Sacs and 
 Foxes, Pottawatomies and Kickapoos on the 
 north and the Sioux on the west, by the begin- 
 ning of the eighteenth century we find them, 
 much reduced in numbers, gathered about the 
 French settlements near the mouth of the Kas- 
 kaskia (or Okaw) River, in the western part of 
 the present counties of Randolph, Monroe and St 
 Clair In spite of the zealous efforts of the mis- 
 sionaries, the contact of these tribes with the 
 whites was attended with the usual results 
 demoralization, degradation and gradual extermi- 
 nation. The latter result was hastened by the 
 frequent attacks to which they were exposed 
 from their more warlike enemies, so that by the 
 latter part of the eighteenth century, they were 
 
HUM 1)1 AKIIOUN _'!,), IN I*.V!. KKuM TIIK SOrTIIU I.ST. 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 ,'47 
 
 days of its greatest prosperity, was not less than 
 20,000. Tonty retained his headquarters at Fort 
 St. Louis for eighteen years, during which he 
 made extensive excursions throughout the West 
 The proprietorship of the fort was granted to 
 him in 1690, but, in 1702, it was ordered by the 
 Governor of Canada to be discontinued on the 
 plea that the charter had been violated. It con- 
 tinued to be used as a trading post, however, as 
 late as 1718, when it was raided by the Indians 
 and burned. (See La Sallr; Tonty; Htnnepin, 
 and Starved Rock.) 
 
 Other explorers who were the contemporaries 
 or early successors of Marquette, Joliet, La Salle, 
 Tonty, Hennepin and their companions in the 
 Northwest, and many of whom are known to have 
 visited the "Illinois Country," and probably all 
 of whom did so, wore Daniel Greysolon du I. hut 
 (called by La Salle. du Luth), a cousin of Tonty, 
 who was the first to reach the Mississippi directly 
 from Lake Su|rior, and from whom the city of 
 Duluth has been named ; Henry Joutel, a towns- 
 man of La Salle, who was one of the survivors of 
 the ill-fated Matagorda Bay colony; Pierre Le 
 Sueur, the discoverer of the Minnesota River, 
 and Baron la Hontan, who made a tour through 
 Illinois in 168H-89. of which lie published an 
 account in 1703. 
 
 Chicago River early became a prominent point 
 in the estimation of the French explorers and 
 was a favorite line of travel in reaching the Illi- 
 nois by way of the Ues Plaines, though probably 
 sometimes confounded with other streams about 
 the head of the lake The Calumet and Grand 
 Calumet, allowing easy portage to the Des Plaines, 
 were also used. while the St Joseph, from which 
 portage was had into the Kankakee. serins tit 
 have been a p:irt (if the route first u-eil by I.a 
 Salle. 
 
 AliouiciiXES AM> KAKLV MISSIONS When the 
 early French explorers arrived in the "Illinois 
 I'ountry" they foimil it occupied by a numlter of 
 trilies of Indians, the must numerous lieingthe 
 "Illinois," which consisted of several families or 
 hands that spread themselves over the country on 
 both sides of the Illinois Hiver. extending even 
 west of the Mississippi, the Piankeshaws on the 
 east, extending heyoud the present western 
 txiundary of Indiana, and the Miamis in the 
 northeast, with whom a weaker tribe called the 
 \Veas were allied The Illinois confederation 
 included the Kaskaskias. Peorias. Cahokias. 
 Tamaroas and MitcbigMntM the last lieing the 
 tribe from which Lake Michigan took its name 
 iSee Illinois Iniliiinx ) There seems to have been 
 
 a general drift of some of the stronger tribes 
 toward the south and east about this time, as 
 A Hone/, represents that he found the Miaiuis and 
 their neighbors, the Mascoutins, about Green Bay 
 when he arrived there in 1070 At the same 
 time, there is evidence that the Pottawatomies 
 were located along the southern shore >f l-ik.- 
 Superior and about the Sault Ste. Marie (now 
 known as "The Soo"), though within the next 
 fifty years they had advanced southward along 
 the western shore of Lake Michigan until they 
 reached where Chicago now stands Other trilies 
 from the north were the Kickapoos, Sacs and 
 Foxes, and \Vinnebagoes. while the Sluiwnees 
 were a branch of a stronger trilie from the south- 
 east Charlevoix. who wrote an account of hi- 
 visit to the "Illinois Country" in 1721. says: 
 "Fifty years ago the Miami.- were settled on the 
 southern extremity of I,ake Michigan, in a place 
 called Chicago from the name of a small river 
 which runs into the lake, the source of which if) 
 not far distant from that of the River Illinois " 
 It does not follow necessarily that this was the 
 Chicago River of to-day, as the name appeals to 
 have lieen applied somewhat indefinitely, by tlw> 
 early explorers, both to a region of country 
 between the head of the lake and the Illinois 
 River, and to more than one stream emptying 
 into the lake in that vicinity It has been con 
 jectured that the river meant by Charlevoix 
 was the Calumet, as his description would apply 
 as well to that as to the Chicago, and there is 
 other evidence that the Miainis. who were found 
 almut the mouth of the St Joseph River during 
 the eighteenth century, occupied a portion of 
 Southern Michigan and Northern Indiana, ex- 
 tending as far east as the Scioto River in Ohio 
 
 From the first the Illinois seem to have con 
 eived a strong liking for the French, and living 
 pressed by the Iroquois on the east, the Sacs and 
 Foxes. Pottawatomies and Kickajioos ou the 
 north and the Sioux on the west, by the begin 
 ning of the eighteenth century we find them, 
 much reduced in numliers gathered about the 
 French settlements near the mouth of the Kas 
 kaskia 'orOkawl River, in the western part of 
 the present counties of Randolph. Mouroe and St 
 Clair In spite of the zealous efforts of the mis 
 sionaries. th< ntact of these tribes with tin- 
 whites was attended with the usual results 
 demoralization, degradation and gradual extermi- 
 nation The latter result was hastened by the 
 frequent attacks to which they were ex|sed 
 from their more warlike enemies, so that by the 
 latter part of the eighteenth century they ere 
 
248 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 reduced to a few hundred dissolute and depraved 
 survivors of a once vigorous and warlike race. 
 
 During the early part of the French occupation, 
 there arose a chief named Chicagou (from whom 
 the city of Chicago received its name) who ap- 
 pears, like Red Jacket, Tecumseh and Logan, to 
 have been a man of unusual intelligence and 
 vigor of character, and to have exercised great 
 influence with his people. In 1725 he was sent to 
 Paris, where he received the attentions due to a 
 foreign potentate, and, on his return, was given a 
 command in an expedition against the Chicka- 
 saws, who had been making incursions from the 
 south. 
 
 Such was the general distribution of the Indians 
 in the northern and central portions of the State, 
 within the first fifty years after the arrival of the 
 French. At a later period the Kickapoos ad- 
 vanced farther south and occupied a considerable 
 share of the central portion of the State, and even 
 extended to the mouth of the Wabash. The 
 southern part was roamed over by bands from 
 beyond the Ohio and the Mississippi, including 
 the Cherokees and Chickasaws, and the Arkansas 
 tribes, some of whom were very powerful and 
 ranged over a vast extent of country. 
 
 The earliest civilized dwellings in Illinois, after 
 the forts erected for purposes of defense, were 
 undoubtedly the posts of the fur-traders and the 
 missionary stations. Fort Miami, the first mili- 
 tary post, established by La Salle in the winter 
 of 1679-80, was at the mouth of the St. Joseph 
 River within the boundaries of what is now the 
 State of Michigan. Fort Creve-Coeur, partially 
 erected a few months later on the east side of the 
 Illinois a few miles below where the city of 
 Peoria now stands, was never occupied. Mr. 
 Charles Ballance, the historian of Peoria, locates 
 this fort at the present village of Wesley, in 
 Tazewell County, nearly opposite Lower Peoria. 
 Fort St. Louis, built by Tonty on the summit of 
 "Starved Rock," in the fall and winter of 1682, 
 was the second erected in the "Illinois Country," 
 but the first occupied. It has been claimed that 
 Marquette established a mission among the Kas- 
 kaskias, opposite "The Rock," on occasion of his 
 first visit, in September, 1673, and that he re- 
 newed it in the spring of 1675, when he visited 
 it for the last time. It is doubtful if this mission 
 was more than a season of preaching to the 
 natives, celebrating mass, administering baptism, 
 etc. ; at least the story of an established mission 
 has been denied. That this devoted and zealous 
 propagandist regarded it as a mission, however, 
 is evident from his own journal. He gave to it 
 
 the name of the "Mission of the Immaculate 
 Conception," and, although he was compelled by 
 failing health to abandon it almost immediately, 
 it is claimed that it was renewed in 1677 by 
 Father Allouez, who had been active in founding 
 missions in the Lake Superior region, and that it 
 was maintained until the arrival of La Salle in 
 1680. The hostility of La Salle to the Jesuits led 
 to Allouez' withdrawal, but he subsequently 
 returned and was succeeded in 1688 by Father 
 Gravier, whose labors extended from Mackinaw 
 to Biloxi on the Gulf of Mexico. 
 
 There is evidence that a mission had been 
 established among the Miamis as early as 1698, 
 under the name "Chicago," as it is mentioned by 
 St. Cosme in the report of his visit in 1699-1700. 
 This, for the reasons already given showing the 
 indefinite use made of the name Chicago as 
 applied to streams about the head of Lake Michi- 
 gan, probably referred to some other locality in 
 the vicinity, and not to the site of the present 
 city of Chicago. Even at an earlier date there 
 appears, from a statement in Tonty's Memoirs, to 
 have been a fort at Chicago probably about the 
 same locality as the mission. Speaking of his 
 return from Canada to the "Illinois Country" in 
 1685, he says: "I embarked for the Illinois 
 Oct. 30, 1685, but being stopped by the ice, I 
 was obliged to leave my canoe and proceed by 
 land. After going 120 leagues, I arrived at Fort 
 Chicagou, where M. de la Durantaye com- 
 manded." 
 
 According to the best authorities it was during 
 the year 1700 that a mission and permanent settle- 
 ment was established by Father Jacques Pinet 
 among the Tamaroas at a village called Cahokia 
 (or "Sainte Famille de Caoquias"), a few miles 
 south of the present site of the city of East St. 
 Louis. This was the first permanent settlement 
 by Europeans in Illinois, as that at Kaskaskia on 
 the Illinois was broken up the same year. 
 
 A few months after the establishment of the 
 mission at Cahokia (which received the name of 
 "St. Sulpice"), but during the same year, the 
 Kaskaskias, having abandoned their village on 
 the upper Illinois, were induced to settle near the 
 mouth of the river which bears their name, and 
 the mission and village the latter afterward 
 becoming the first capital of the Territory and 
 State of Illinois came into being. This identity 
 of names has led to some confusion in determin- 
 ing the date and place of the first permanent 
 settlement in Illinois, the date of Marquette's 
 first arrival at Kaskaskia on the Illinois being 
 given by some authors as that of the settlement 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 249 
 
 at Kaskaskia on the Mississippi, twenty-seven 
 years later. 
 
 PERIOD OF FRENCH OCCUPATION. --As may be 
 readily inferred from the methods of French 
 colonization, the first permanent settlements 
 gathered about the missions at Cahokia and Kas- 
 kaskia, or rather were parts of them. At later 
 periods, but during the French occupation of the 
 country, other villages were established, the 
 most important being St. Philip and Prairie du 
 Rocher; all of these being located in the fertile 
 valley now known as the "American Bottom," 
 between the older towns of Cahokia and Kaskas- 
 kia. There were several Indian villages in the 
 vicinity of the French settlements, and this 
 became, for a time, the most populous locality in 
 the Mississippi Valley and the center of an active 
 trade carried on with the settlements near the 
 mouth of the Mississippi. Large quantities of 
 the products of the country, such as flour, bacon, 
 pork, tallow, lumber, lead, peltries, and even 
 wine, were transported in keel-boats or batteaus 
 to New Orleans; rice, manufactured tobacco, 
 cotton goods and such other fabrics as the simple 
 wants of the people required, being brought back 
 in return. These boats went in convoys of seven 
 to twelve in number for mutual protection, three 
 months being required to make a trip, of which 
 two were made annually one in the spring and 
 the other in the autumn. 
 
 The French possessions in North America went 
 under the general name of ' 'New France, " but their 
 boundaries were never clearly defined, though an 
 attempt was made to do so through Commission- 
 ers who met at Paris, in 1752. They were under- 
 stood by the French to include the valley of the 
 St. Lawrence, with Labrador and Nova Scotia, to 
 the northern boundaries of the British colonies; 
 the region of the Great Lakes ; and the Valley of 
 the Mississippi from the headwaters of the Ohio 
 westward to the Pacific Ocean and south to the 
 Gulf of Mexico. While these claims were con- 
 tested by England on the east and Spain on the 
 southwest, they comprehended the very heart of 
 the North American continent, a region unsur- 
 passed in fertility and natural resources and 
 now the home of more than half of the entire 
 population of the American Republic. That 
 the French should have reluctantly yielded 
 up so magnificent a domain is natural. And 
 yet they did this by the treaty of 1763, sur- 
 rendering the region east of the Mississippi 
 (except a comparatively small district near 
 the mouth of that stream) to England, and the 
 remainder to Spain an evidence of the straits to 
 
 which they had been reduced by a long series of 
 devastating wars. (See French and Indian 
 Wars.) 
 
 In 1712 Antoine Crozat, under royal letters- 
 patent, obtained from Louis XIV. of France a 
 monopoly of the commerce, with control of the 
 country, "from the edge of the sea (Gulf of 
 Mexico) as far as the Illinois." This grant hav- 
 ing been surrendered a few years later, was re- 
 newed in 1717 to the "Company of the West," of 
 which the celebrated John Law was the head, 
 and under it jurisdiction was exercised over the 
 trade of Illinois. On September 27 of the same 
 year (1717), the "Illinois Country," which had 
 been a dependency of Canada, was incorporated 
 with Louisiana and became part of that province. 
 Law's company received enlarged powers under 
 the name of the "East Indies Company," and 
 although it went out of existence in 1721 with 
 the opprobrious title of the "South Sea Bubble," 
 leaving in its wake hundreds of ruined private 
 fortunes in France and England, it did much to 
 stimulate the population and development of the 
 Mississippi Valley. During its existence (in 1718) 
 New Orleans was founded and Fort Chartres 
 erected, being named after the Due de Chartres. 
 son of the Regent of France. Pierre Duque Bois 
 briant was the first commandant of Illinois and 
 superintended the erection of the fort. (See Fort 
 Chartres.) 
 
 One of the privileges granted to Law's com- 
 pany was the importation of slaves; and under 
 it, in 1721, Philip F. Renault brought to the 
 country five hundred slaves, besides two hundred 
 artisans, mechanics and laborers. Two years 
 later he received a large grant of land, and 
 founded the village of St. Philip, a few miles 
 north of Fort Chartres. Thus Illinois became 
 slave territory before a white settlement of any 
 sort existed in what afterward became the slave 
 State of Missouri. 
 
 During 1721 the country under control of the 
 East Indies Company was divided into nine civil 
 and military districts, each presided over by a 
 commandant and a judge, with a superior coun- 
 cil at New Orleans. Of these, Illinois, the largest 
 and, next to New Orleans, the most populous, 
 was the seventh. It embraced over one-half the 
 present State, with the country west of the Mis- 
 ssisippi, between the Arkansas and the 43d degree 
 of latitude, to the Rocky Mountains, and included 
 the present States of Missouri, Iowa, Nebraska, 
 Kansas and parts of Arkansas and Colorado. In 
 1732, the Indies Company surrendered its charter, 
 and Louisiana, including the District of Illinois, 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 was afterward* governed by officers appointed 
 directly by the crown. (See French Governor*.) 
 
 As early aa September, 1699, an attempt was 
 made by an expedition fitted out by the English 
 Government, under command of Captains Barr 
 and Clements, to take possession of the country 
 about the mouth of the Mississippi on the ground 
 of prior discovery; but they found the French 
 under Bienville already in possession at Bilozi, 
 and they sailed away without making any further 
 effort to carry the scheme into effect. Mean- 
 while, in the early part of the next century, the 
 English were successful in attaching to their 
 interests the Iroquois, who were the deadly foes 
 of the French, and held possession of Western 
 New York and the region around the headwaters 
 of the Ohio River, extending their incursions 
 against the Indian allies of the French as far west 
 as Illinois The real struggle for territory be- 
 tween the English and French began with the 
 formation of the Ohio Land Company in 1748-49, 
 and the grant to it by the English Government 
 of half a million acres of land along the Ohio 
 River, with the exclusive right of trading with 
 the Indian tribes in that region. Out of this 
 grew the establishment, in the next two yean, of 
 trading posts and forts on the Miami and Mau mew 
 in Western Ohio, followed by the protracted 
 French and Indian War, which was prosecuted 
 with varied fortunes until the final defeat of the 
 French at Quebec, on the thirteenth of Septem- 
 ber, 1759, which broke their power on the Ameri- 
 can continent. Among those who took part in 
 this struggle, was a contingent from the French 
 garrison of Fort Chartres. Neyon de Villiers, 
 commandant of the fort, was one of these, being 
 the only survivor of seven brothers who partici- 
 pated in the defense of Canada. Still hopeful of 
 saving Louisiana and Illinois, he departed with 
 a few followers for New Orleans, but the treaty 
 of Paris, Feb. 10, 1763, destroyed all hope, for by 
 its terms Canada, and all other territory east of 
 the Mississippi as far south as the northern 
 boundary of Florida, was surrendered to Great 
 Britain, while the remainder, including the vast 
 territory between the Mississippi and the Rocky 
 Mountains, was given up to Spain. 
 
 Thus the "Illinois Country" fell into the hands 
 of the British, although the actual transfer of 
 Fort Chartres and the country dependent upon it 
 did not take place until Oct. 10, 1765, when its 
 veteran commandant, St. Ange who had come 
 from Vincennes to assume command on the 
 retirement of Villiers, and who held it faithfully 
 for the conqueror surrendered it to Capt. 
 
 Thomas Stirling as the representative of the Eng- 
 lish Government. It is worthy of note that this 
 was the last place on the North American con- 
 tinent to lower the French flag. 
 
 BRITISH OCCUPATION. The delay of the British 
 in taking possession of the "Illinois Country," 
 after the defeat of the -French at Quebec and the 
 surrender of their possessions in America by the 
 treaty of 1763, was due to its isolated position 
 and the difficulty of reaching it with sufficient 
 force to establish the British authority. The 
 first attempt was made in the spring of 1764, 
 when Maj. Arthur Loftus, starting from Pensa- 
 cola, attempted to ascend the Mississippi with a 
 force of four hundred regulars, but, being met 
 by a superior Indian force, was compelled to 
 retreat. In August of the same year, Capt. 
 Thomas Morris was dispatched from Western 
 Pennsylvania with a small force "to take posses- 
 sion of the Illinois Country." This expedition 
 got as far as Fort Miami on the Maumee, when its 
 progress was arrested, and its commander nar- 
 rowly escaped death. The next attempt was 
 made in 1765, when Maj. George Croghan, a Dep- 
 uty Superintendent of Indian affairs whose name 
 has been made historical by the celebrated speech 
 of the Indian Chief Logan, was detailed from 
 Fort Pitt, to visit Illinois. Croghan being detained, 
 Lieut. Alexander Frazer, who was to accompany 
 him, proceeded alone. Frazer reached Kaskas- 
 kia. but met with so rough a reception from 
 both the French and Indiana that he thought it 
 advisable to leave in disguise, and escaped by 
 descending the Mississippi to New Orleans. 
 Croghan started on his journey on the fifteenth 
 of May, proceeding down the Ohio, accompanied 
 by a party of friendly Indians, but having been 
 captured near the mouth of the Wabash, he 
 finally returned to Detroit without reaching his 
 destination. The first British official to reach 
 Fort Chartres was Capt. Thomas Stirling. De- 
 scending the Ohio with a force of one hundred 
 men, he reached Fort Chartres, Oct. 10, 1765, and 
 received the surrender of the fort from the faith- 
 ful and courteous St. Ange. It is estimated that 
 at least one-third of the French citizens, includ- 
 ing the more wealthy, left rather than become 
 British subjects. Those about Fort Chartres left 
 almost in a body. Some joined the French 
 colonies on the lower Mississippi, while others, 
 crossing the river, settled in St. Genevieve, then 
 in Spanish territory. Much the larger number 
 followed St. Ange to St. Louis, which had been 
 established as a trading post by Pierre La Clede, 
 during the previous year, and which now received 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 251 
 
 what, in these later days, would be called a great 
 "boom." 
 
 Captain Stirling was relieved of bis command 
 at Fort Chartres, Dec. 4, by Maj. Robert Farmer. 
 Other British Commandants at Fort Chartres 
 were Col. Edward Cole, Col. John Reed, Colonel 
 Wilkins, Capt. Hugh Lord and Francois de Ras- 
 tel, Chevalier de Rocheblave. The last had been 
 an officer in the French army, and, having resided 
 at Kaskaskia. transferred his allegiance on occu- 
 pation of the country by the British. He was the 
 last official representative of the British Govern- 
 ment in Illinois. 
 
 The total population of the French villages in 
 Illinois, at the time of their transfer to England, 
 has been estimated at about 1,600, of which 700 
 were about Kaskaskia and 450 in the vicinity of 
 Cahokia. Captain Pittman estimated the popu- 
 lation of all the French villages in Illinois and on 
 the Wabash, at the time of his visit in 1770, at 
 about 2,000. Of St. Louis or "Paincourt," as it 
 was called Captain Pittman said: "There are 
 about forty private houses and as many families. " 
 Host of these, if not all, had emigrated from the 
 French villages. In fact, although nominally in 
 Spanish territory, it was essentially a French 
 town, protected, as Pittman said, by "a French 
 garrison" consisting of "a Captain-Commandant, 
 two Lieutenants, a Fort Major, one Sergeant, 
 one Corporal and twenty men." 
 
 ACTION OP CONTINENTAL CONGRESS. The first 
 official notice taken of the "Illinois Country" by 
 the Continental Congress, was the adoption by 
 that body, July 13, 177S, of an act creating three 
 Indian Departments a Northern, Middle and 
 Southern. Illinois was assigned to the second, 
 with Benjamin Franklin and James Wilson, of 
 Pennsylvania, and Patrick Henry, of Virginia, 
 as Commissioners. In April, 1776, Col. George 
 Morgan, who had been a trader at Kaskaskia, was 
 appointed agent and successor to these Commis- 
 sioners, with headquarters at Fort Pitt. The 
 promulgation of the Declaration of Independence, 
 on the Fourth of July, 1776, and the events im- 
 mediately preceding and following that event, 
 directed attention to the colonies on the Atlantic 
 coast; yet the frontiersmen of Virginia were 
 watching an opportunity to deliver a blow to the 
 Government of King George in a quarter where 
 it was least expected, and where it was destined 
 to have an immense influence upon the future of 
 the new nation, as well as that of the American 
 continent. 
 
 COL. GEOROE ROGERS CLARK'S EXPEDITION. 
 During the year 1777. Col. George Rogers Clark, 
 
 a native of Virginia, then scarcely twenty-five 
 years of age, having conceived a plan of seizing 
 the settlements in the Mississippi Valley, sent 
 trusty spies to learn the sentiments of the people 
 and the condition of affairs at Kaskaskia The 
 report brought to him gave him encouragement, 
 and, in December of the same year, he laid before 
 Gov. Patrick Henry, of Virginia, his plans for 
 the reduction of the posts in Illinois. These were 
 approved, and, on Jan. 2, 1778, Clark received 
 authority to recruit seven companies of fifty men 
 each for three months' service, and Governor 
 Henry gave him $6,000 for expenses. Proceeding 
 to Fort Pitt, he succeeded in recruiting three 
 companies, who were directed to rendezvous at 
 Corn Island, opposite the present city of Louis- 
 ville. It has been claimed that, in order to 
 deceive the British as to his real destination, 
 Clark authorized the announcement that the 
 object of the expedition was to protect the settle- 
 ments in Kentucky from the Indians. At Corn 
 Island another company was organized, making 
 four in all, under the command of Captains Bow- 
 man, Montgomery, Helm and Harrod, and having 
 embarked on keel-boats, they passed the Falls of 
 the Ohio, June 24. Reaching the island at the 
 mouth of the Tennessee on the 28th, he was met 
 by a party of eight American hunters, who had 
 left Kaskaskia a few days before, and who, join- 
 ing his command, rendered good service as 
 guides. He disembarked his force at the mouth 
 of a small creek one mile above Fort Massac, 
 June 28, and, directing his course across the 
 country, on the evening of the sixth day (July 4, 
 1778) arrived within three miles of ymV^Vi% 
 The surprise of the unsuspecting citizens of Kas- 
 kaskia and its small garrison was complete. His 
 force having, under cover of darkness, been 
 ferried across the Kaskaskia River, about a mile 
 above the town, one detachment surrounded the 
 town, while the other seized the fort, capturing 
 Rocheblave and his little command without fir- 
 ing a gun. The famous Indian fighter and 
 hunter, Simon Kenton, led the way to the fort. 
 This is supposed to have been what Captain Pitt- 
 man called the "Jesuits' house," which had been 
 sold by the French Government after the country 
 was ceded to England, the Jesuit order having 
 been suppressed. A wooden fort, erected in 1786, 
 and known afterward by the British as Fort 
 Gage, had stood on the bluff opposite the town, 
 but, according to Pittman, this was burnt in 1766, 
 and there is no evidence that it was ever rebuilt. 
 Clark's expedition was thus far a complete suc- 
 cess. Rocheblave, proving recalcitrant, was 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 placed in irons and sent as a prisoner of war to 
 Williaiasburg, while his slaves were confiscated, 
 the exceeds of their sale being divided among 
 Clot's troops. The inhabitants were easily 
 conciliated, and Cahokia having been captured 
 without bloodshed, Clark turned his attention to 
 Vincennes. Through the influence of Pierre 
 Gibault the Vicar-General in charge at Kaskas- 
 kia the people of Vincennes were induced to 
 swear allegiance to the United States, and, 
 although the place was afterward captured by a 
 British force from Detroit, it was, on Feb. 
 24, 1779, recaptured by Colonel Clark, together 
 with a body of prisoners but little smaller than 
 the attacking force, and $50,000 worth of prop- 
 erty. (See Clark, Col. George Rogers.) 
 
 UNDER GOVERNMENT OF VIRGINIA. Seldom 
 in the history of the world have such important 
 results been achieved by such insignificant instru- 
 mentalities and with so little sacrifice of life, as 
 in this almost bloodless campaign of the youthful 
 conqueror of Illinois. Having been won largely 
 through Virginia enterprise and valor and by 
 material aid furnished through Governor Henry, 
 the Virginia House of Delegates, in October, 
 1778, proceeded to assert the jurisdiction of that 
 commonwealth over the settlements of the North- 
 west, by organizing all the country west and 
 north of the Ohio River into a county to be called 
 "Illinois," (see Illinois County), and empowering 
 the Governor to appoint a ' 'County-Lieutenant or 
 Commandant-in-Chief" to exercise civil author- 
 ity during the pleasure of the appointing power. 
 Thus "Illinois County" was older than the States 
 of Ohio or Indiana, while Patrick Henry, the elo- 
 quent orator of the Revolution, became ex-officio 
 its first Governor. Col. John Todd, a citizen of 
 Kentucky, was appointed "County -Lieutenant, " 
 Dec. 12, 1778, entering upon his duties in 
 Hay following. The militia was organized, 
 Deputy-Commandants for Kaskaskiaand Cahokia 
 appointed, and the first election of civil officers 
 ever had in Illinois, was held under Colonel 
 Todd's direction. His record-book, now in posses- 
 sion of the Chicago Historical Society, shows 
 that he was accustomed to exercise powers 
 scarcely inferior to those of a State Executive. 
 (See Todd, Col. John.) 
 
 In 1782 one "Thimothe Demunbrunt" sub- 
 scribed himself as "Lt. comd'g par interim, etc." 
 but the origin of his authority is not clearly 
 understood. He assumed to act as Commandant 
 until the arrival of Gov. Arthur St. Clair, first 
 Territorial Governor of the Northwest Territory, 
 in 1790. After the close of the Revolution, courts 
 
 ceased to be held and civil affairs fell into great 
 disorder. "In effect, there was neither law nor 
 order in the 'Illinois Country' for the seven 
 years from 1783 to 1790." 
 
 During the progress of the Revolution, there 
 were the usual rumors and alarms in the "Illinois 
 Country" peculiar to frontier life in time of war. 
 The country, however, was singularly exempt 
 from any serious calamity such as a general 
 massacre. One reason for this was the friendly 
 relations which had existed between the French 
 and their Indian neighbors previous to the con- 
 quest, and which the new masters, after the cap- 
 ture of Kaskaskia, took pains to perpetuate. 
 Several movements were projected by the British 
 and their Indian allies about Detroit and in Can- 
 ada, but they were kept so busy elsewhere that 
 they had little time to put their plans into execu- 
 tion. One of these was a proposed movement 
 from Pensacola against the Spanish posts on the 
 lower Mississippi, to punish Spain for having 
 engaged in the war of 1779, but the promptness 
 with which the Spanish Governor of New Orleans 
 proceeded to capture Fort Manchac, Baton Rouge 
 and Natchez from their British possessors, con- 
 vinced the latter that this was a "game at which 
 two could play." In ignorance of these results, 
 an expedition, 750 strong, composed largely of 
 Indians, fitted out at Mackinaw under command 
 of Capt. Patrick St. Clair, started in the early 
 part of May, 1780, to co-operate with the expedition 
 on the lower Mississippi, but intending to deal a 
 destructive blow to the Illinois villages and the 
 Spanish towns of St. Louis and St. Genevieve on 
 the way. This expedition reached St. Louis, May 
 26, but Col. George Rogers Clark, having arrived 
 at Cahokia with a small force twenty-four hours 
 earlier, prepared to co-operate with the Spaniards 
 on the western shore of the Mississippi, and the 
 invading force confined their depredations to kill- 
 ing seven or eight villagers, and then beat a 
 hasty retreat in the direction they had come. 
 These were the last expeditions organized to 
 regain the "Country of the Illinois" or capture 
 Spanish posts on the Mississippi. 
 
 EXPEDITIONS AOAINST FORT ST. JOSEPH. An 
 expedition of a different sort is worthy of mention 
 in this connection, as it originated in Illinois. 
 This consisted of a company of seventeen men, 
 led by one Thomas Brady, a citizen of Cahokia. 
 who, marching across the country, in the month 
 of October, 1780, after the retreat of Sinclair, 
 from St. Louis, succeeded in surprising and cap- 
 turing Fort St. Joseph about where La Salle had 
 erected Fort Miami, near the mouth of the St 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 353 
 
 Joseph River, a hundred years before. Brady 
 and his party captured a few British prisoners, 
 and a large quantity of goods. On their return, 
 while encamped on the Calumet, they were 
 attacked by a band of Pottawatomies. and all 
 were killed, wounded or taken prisoners except 
 Brady and two others, who escaped. Early in 
 January, 1781, a party consisting of sixty -five 
 whites, organized from St. Louis and Cahokia, 
 with some 200 Indians, and headed by Don 
 Eugenio Pourre, a Spaniard, started on a second 
 expedition against Fort St. Joseph. By silencing 
 the Indians, whom they met on their way, with 
 promises of plunder, they were able to reach the 
 fort without discovery, captured it and, raising 
 the Spanish flag, formally took possession in the 
 name of the King of Spain. After retaining pos- 
 session for a few days, the party returned to St. 
 Louis, but in negotiating the treaty of peace at 
 Paris, in 1783, this incident was made the basis 
 of a claim put forth by Spain to ownership of 
 the "Illinois Country" "by right of conquest." 
 
 THE TERRITORIAL PERIOD. At the very outset 
 of its existence, the new Government of the 
 United States was confronted with an embarrass- 
 ing question which deeply affected the interests 
 of the territory of which Illinois formed a part. 
 This was the claim of certain States to lands 
 lying between their western boundaries and the 
 Mississippi River, then the western boundary of 
 the Republic. These claims were based either 
 upon the terms of their original charters or upon 
 the cession of lands by the Indians, and it was 
 under a claim of the former character, as well as 
 by right of conquest, that Virginia assumed to ex- 
 ercise authority over the "Illinois Country" after 
 its capture by the Clark expedition. This con- 
 struction was opposed by the States which, from 
 their geographical position or other cause, had 
 no claim to lands beyond their own boundaries, 
 and the controversy was waged with considerable 
 bitterness for several years, proving a formidable 
 obstacle to the ratification of the Articles of Con- 
 federation. As early as 1779 the subject received 
 the attention of Congress in the adoption of a 
 resolution requesting the States having such 
 claims to "forbear settling or issuing warrants 
 for unappropriated lands or granting the same 
 during the continuance of the present (Revolu- 
 tionary) W/r. " In the following year. New York 
 authorized her Delegates in Congress to limit its 
 boundaries in such manner as they might think 
 expedient, and to cede to the Government its 
 claini to western lands. The case was further com - 
 plicated by the claims of certain land companies 
 
 which had been previously organized. New York 
 filed her cession to the General Government of 
 lands claimed by her in October, 1783, followed 
 by Virginia nearly a year later, and by Massa- 
 chusetts and Connecticut in 1785 and 1786. Other 
 States followed somewhat tardily, Georgia being 
 the last, in 1802. The only claims of this charac- 
 ter affecting lands in Illinois were those of Vir- 
 ginia covering the southern part of the State, and 
 Connecticut and Massachusetts applying to the 
 northern portion. It was from the splendid 
 domain north and west of the Ohio thus acquired 
 from Virginia and other States, that the North- 
 west Territory was finally organized. 
 
 ORDINANCE OF 1787. The first step was taken in 
 the passage by Congress, in 1784, of a resolution 
 providing for the temporary government of the 
 Western Territory, and this was followed three 
 years later by the enactment of the celebrated 
 Ordinance of 1787. While this latter document 
 contained numerous provisions which marked a 
 new departure in the science of free government 
 as, for instance, that declaring that "religion, 
 morality and knowledge being necessary to good 
 government and the happiness of mankind, 
 schools and the means of education shall forever 
 be encouraged" its crowning feature was the 
 sixth article, as follows: "There shall be neither 
 slavery nor involuntary servitude in the said 
 Territory, otherwise than in the punishment of 
 crime, whereof the party shall have been duly 
 convicted." 
 
 Although there has been considerable contro- 
 versy as to the authorship of the above and other 
 provisions of this immortal document, it is 
 worthy of note that substantially the same lan- 
 guage was introduced in the resolutions of 1784. 
 by a Delegate from a slave State Thomas Jeffer- 
 son, of Virginia though not. at that time, 
 adopted. Jefferson was not a member of the 
 Congress of 1787 (being then Minister to France), 
 and could have had nothing directly to do with 
 the later Ordinance; yet it is evident that the 
 principle which he had advocated finally received 
 the approval of eight out of the thirteen States, 
 all that were represented in that Congress includ- 
 ing the slave States of Virginia, Delaware, North 
 Carolina, South Carolina and Georgia. (See 
 Ordinance of 1787.) 
 
 NORTHWEST TERRITORY ORGANIZED. Under 
 the Ordinance of 1787, organizing the Northwest 
 Territory, Gen. Arthur St. Clair, who had been a 
 soldier of the Revolution, was appointed the 
 first Governor on Feb. 1, 1788, with Winthrop 
 Sargent, Secretary, and Samuel Holden Parsons. 
 
254 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 James Mitchell Varnum and John Cteves 
 Sy mines. Judges. All these were reappointed by 
 President Washington in 1789. The new Terri- 
 torial Government was organized at Marietta, a 
 settlement on the Ohio, July 15, 1788, but it was 
 nearly two years later before Governor St. Clair 
 visited Illinois, arriving at Kaskaskia, March 5, 
 1790. The County of St. Clair (named after him) 
 was organized at this time, embracing all the 
 settlements between the Wabash and the Missis- 
 sippi. (See St. Clair County.) He found the 
 inhabitants generally in a deplorable condition, 
 neglected by the Government, the courts of jus- 
 tice practically abolished and many of the citizens 
 sadly in need of the obligations due them from 
 the Government for supplies furnished to Colonel 
 Clark twelve years before. After a stay of three 
 months, the Governor returned east. In 1795, 
 Judge Turner held the flrst court in St. Clair 
 County, at Cahokia, as the county-seat, although 
 both Cahokia and Kaskaskia had been named as 
 county-seats by Governor St. Clair. Out of the 
 disposition of the local authorities to retain the 
 official records at Cahokia, and consequent dis- 
 agreement over the county-seat question, at least 
 in part, grew the order of 1795 organizing the 
 second county (Randolph), and Kaskaskia became 
 its county-seat. In 1796 Governor St. Clair paid 
 a second visit to Illinois, accompanied by Judge 
 Symmes, who held court at both county-seats. 
 On Nov. 4, 1791, occurred the defeat of Gov- 
 ernor St. Clair, in the western part of the present 
 State of Ohio, by a force of Indians under com- 
 mand of Little Turtle, in which the whites sus- 
 tained a heavy loss of both men and property 
 an event which had an unfavorable effect upon 
 conditions throughout the Northwest Territory 
 generally. St. Clair, having resigned his com- 
 mand of the army, was succeeded by Gen. 
 Anthony Wayne, who, in a vigorous campaign, 
 overwhelmed the Indians with defeat. This 
 resulted in the treaty with the Western tribes at 
 Greenville, August 3. 1795, which was the begin- 
 ning of a period of comparative peace with the 
 Indians all over the Western Country. (See 
 Wayne, (Gen.) Anthony.) 
 
 FIRST TERRITORIAL LEGISLATION. In 1798, the 
 Territory having gained the requisite population, 
 an election of members of a Legislative Council 
 and House of Representatives was held in accord- 
 ance with the provisions of the Ordinance of 1787. 
 This was the first Territorial Legislature organized 
 in the history of the Republic. It met at Cincin- 
 nati, Feb. 4, 1799, Shadrach Bond being the 
 Delegate from St. Clair County and John Edgar 
 
 from Randolph. Gen. William Henry Harrison, 
 who had succeeded Sargent as Secretary of the 
 Territory, June 26, 1798, was elected Delegate to 
 Congress, receiving a majority of one vote over 
 Arthur St. Clair, Jr., son of the Governor. 
 
 OHIO AND INDIANA TERRITORIES. By act of 
 Congress, May 7, 1800, the Northwest Territory 
 was divided into Ohio and Indiana Territories . 
 the latter embracing the region west of the pres- 
 ent State of Ohio, and having its capital at "Saint 
 Vincent" (Vincennes). May 18, William Henry 
 Harrison, who had been the first Delegate in Con- 
 gress from the Northwest Territory, was ap- 
 pointed Governor of Indiana Territory, which at 
 first consisted of three counties : Knoz, St. Clair 
 and Randolph the two latter being within the 
 boundaries of the present State of Illinois. Their 
 aggregate population at this time was estimated 
 at less than 5,000. During his administration 
 Governor Harrison concluded thirteen treaties 
 with the Indians, of which six related to the ces 
 sion of lands in Illinois. The first treaty relating 
 to lands in Illinois was that of Greenville, con- 
 cluded by General Wayne in 1795. By this the 
 Government acquired six miles square at the 
 mouth of the Chicago River ; twelve miles square 
 at the mouth of the Illinois , six miles square at 
 the old Peoria fort ; the post of Fort Massac ; and 
 150,000 acres assigned to General Clark and his 
 soldiers, besides all other lands "in possession of 
 the French people and all other white settlers 
 among them, the Indian title to which had been 
 thus extinguished." (See Indian Treaties; also. 
 OreenviOe, Treaty of. ) 
 
 During the year 1803, the treaty with France 
 for the purchase of Louisiana and West Florida 
 was concluded, and on March 26, 1804, an act was 
 passed by Congress attaching all that portion of 
 Louisiana lying north of the thirty-third parallel 
 of latitude and west of the Mississippi to Indiana 
 Territory for governmental purposes. This in- 
 cluded the present States of Arkansas, Missouri, 
 Kansas, Nebraska, Iowa, Minnesota, the two 
 Dakotas and parts of Colorado, Wyoming and Mon- 
 tana. This arrangement continued only until 
 the following March, when Louisiana was placed 
 under a separate Territorial organization. 
 
 For four years Indiana Territory was governed 
 under laws framed by the Governor and Judges, 
 but, the population having increased to the re- 
 quired number, an election was held, Sept. 
 11, 1804, on the proposition to advance the gov- 
 ernment to the "second grade" by the election of 
 a Territorial Legislature. The smallness of the 
 vote indicated the indifference of the people on 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 ,'55 
 
 the subject Out of 400 votes cast, the proposition 
 received a majority of 138. The two Illinois 
 counties cast a total of 142 votes, of which St. 
 Clair furnished 81 and Randolph 61. The former 
 gave a majority of 37 against the measure and 
 the latter 19 in its favor, showing a net negative 
 majority of 18. The adoption of the proposition 
 was due, therefore, to the affirmative vote in the 
 other counties. There were in the Territory at 
 this time six counties ; one of these (Wayne) was 
 in Michigan, which was set off, in 1805, as a sep- 
 arate Territory. At the election of Delegates to 
 a Territorial Legislature, held Jan. 3, 1805, Shad- 
 rach Bond, ST., and William Biggs were elected 
 for St. Clair County and George Fisher for Ran- 
 dolph. Bond having meanwhile become a mem- 
 ber of the Legislative Council, Shadrach Bond, 
 Jr., was chosen his successor. The Legislature 
 convened at Vincennes, Feb. 7, 1805, but only 
 to recommend a list of persons from whom 
 it was the duty of Congress to select a Legislative 
 Council. In addition to Bond, Pierre Menard 
 was chosen for Randolph and John Hay for St. 
 Clair. 
 
 ILLINOIS TERRITORY ORGANIZED. The Illinois 
 counties were represented in two regular and one 
 special session of the Territorial Legislature dur- 
 ing the time they were a part of Indiana Terri- 
 tory. By act of Congress, which became a law 
 Feb. 3, 1809, the Territory was divided, the west- 
 ern part being named Illinois. 
 
 At this point the history of Illinois, as a sepa- 
 rate political division, begins. While its bounda- 
 ries in all other directions were aa now, on the 
 north it extended to the Canada line. From 
 what has already been said, it appears that the 
 earliest white settlements were established by 
 French Canadians, chiefly at Kaskaskia, Cahokia 
 and the other villages in the southern part of the 
 American Bottom. At the time of Clark's in- 
 vasion, there were not known to have been more 
 than two Americans among these people, except 
 such hunters and trappers as paid them occasional 
 visits. One of the earliest American settlers in 
 Southern Illinois was Capt. Nathan Hull, who 
 came from Massachusetts and settled at an early 
 day on the Ohio, near where Golconda now 
 stands, afterward removing to the vicinity of 
 Kaskaskia, where he died in 1806. In 1781, a 
 company of immigrants, consisting (with one or 
 two exceptions) of members of Clark's command 
 in 1778, arrived with their families from Mary- 
 land and Virginia and established themselves on 
 the American Bottom. The "New Design" set- 
 tlement, on the boundary line between St. Clair 
 
 and Monroe Counties, ami the lirst distinctively 
 American colony in the "Illinois Country," was 
 established by this party. Some of its members 
 afterward became prominent in the history of the 
 Territory and the State. William Biggs, a mem- 
 ber of the first Territorial Legislature, with 
 others, settled in or near Kaskaskia about 1783, 
 and William Arundel, the first American mer- 
 chant at Cahokia, came there from Peoria during 
 the same year. Gen. John Edgar, for many years 
 a leading citizen and merchant at the capital, 
 arrived at Kaskaskia in 1784, and William Mor- 
 rison, Kaskaskia's principal merchant, came from 
 Philadelphia as early as 1 790, followed some years 
 afterward by several brothers. James Lemen 
 came before the beginning of the present cen- 
 tury, and was the founder of a large and influ- 
 ential family in the vicinity of Shiloh, St. Clair 
 County, and Rev. David Badgley headed a colony 
 of 154 from Virginia, who arrived in 1797. 
 Among other prominent arrivals of this period 
 were John Rice Jones, Pierre Meuard (first 
 Lieutenant-Governor of the State), Shadrach 
 Bond, Jr. (first Governor), John Hay, John 
 Messinger, William Kinney, Capt. Joseph Ogle; 
 and of a later date, Nathaniel Pope (afterward 
 Secretary of the Territory, Delegate to Congress. 
 Justice of the United States Court and father of 
 the late Maj.-Gen. John Pope), Elias Kent Kane 
 (first Secretary of State and afterward United 
 States Senator), Daniel P. Cook (first Attorney- 
 General and second Representative in Congress). 
 George Forquer (at onetime Secretary of State). 
 and Dr. George Fisher all prominent in Terri- 
 torial or State history. (See biographical 
 sketches of these early settlers under their re- 
 spective names.) 
 
 The government of the new Territory was 
 organized by the appointment of Ninian Ed- 
 wards, Governor; Nathaniel Pope, Secretary, 
 and Alexander Stuart, Obadiah Jones and Jesse 
 B. Thomas, Territorial Judges. (See Edwarde, 
 Ninian.) Stuart having been transferred to 
 Missouri, Stanley Griswold was appointed in 
 his stead. Governor Edwards arrived at Kas- 
 kaskia, the capital, in June, 1809. At that 
 time the two counties of St. Clair and Randolph 
 comprised the settled portion of the Territory, 
 with a white population estimated at about 9,000 
 The Governor and Judges immediately proceeded 
 to formulate a code of laws, and the appoint- 
 ments made by Secretary Pope, who had preceded 
 the Governor in his arrival in the Territory, were 
 confirmed. Benjamin H. Doyle was the first 
 Attorney-General, but he resigned in a few 
 
256 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 months, when the place was offered to John J. 
 Crittenden the well-known United States Sen- 
 ator from Kentucky at the beginning of the 
 Civil War but by him declined. Thomas T. 
 Crittenden was then appointed. 
 
 An incident of the year 1811 was the battle of 
 Tippecanoe, resulting in the defeat of Tecumseh, 
 the great chief of the Shawnees, by Gen. William 
 Henry Harrison. Four companies of mounted 
 rangers were raised in Illinois this year under 
 direction of Col. William Russell, of Kentucky, 
 who built Camp Russell near Edwardsville the 
 following year. They were commanded by Cap- 
 tains Samuel Whiteside, William B. Whiteside, 
 James B. Moore and Jacob Short. The memo- 
 rable earthquake which had its center about New 
 Madrid, Mo., occurred in December of this 
 year, and was quite violent in some portions of 
 Southern Illinois. (See Earthquake of IS 11.) 
 
 WAR OP 1812. During the following year the 
 second war with England began, but no serious 
 outbreak occurred in Illinois until August, 1812, 
 when the massacre at Fort Dearborn, where 
 Chicago now stands, took place. This had long 
 been a favorite trading post of the Indians, at 
 first under French occupation and afterward 
 under the Americans. Sometime during 1803-04, 
 a fort had been built near the mouth of Chicago 
 River on the south side, on land acquired from the 
 Indians by the treaty of Greenville in 1795. (See 
 Fort Dearborn.) In the spring of 1812 some 
 alarm had been caused by outrages committed by 
 Indians in the vicinity, and in the early part of 
 August, Capt. Nathan Heald, commanding the 
 garrison of less than seventy -five men, received 
 instructions from General Hull, in command at 
 Detroit, to evacuate the fort, disposing of the 
 public property as he might see fit. Friendjy 
 Indians advised Heald either to make prepara- 
 tions for a vigorous defense, or evacuate at once. 
 Instead of this, he notified the Indians of his in- 
 tention to retire and divide the stores among 
 them, with the conditions subsequently agreed 
 upon in council, that his garrison should be 
 afforded an escort and safe passage to Fort 
 Wayne. On the 14th of August he proceeded to 
 distribute the bulk of the goods as promised, but 
 the ammunition, guns and liquors were de- 
 stroyed. This he justified on the ground that a 
 bad use would be made of them, while the 
 Indians construed it as a violation of the agree- 
 ment. The tragedy which followed, is thus de- 
 scribed in Moses' "History of Illinois:" 
 
 "Black Partridge, a Pottawatomie Chief, who 
 had been on terms of friendship with the whites, 
 
 appeared before Captain Heald and informed 
 him plainly that his young men intended to 
 imbrue their hands in the blood of the whites; 
 that he was no longer able to restrain them, and, 
 surrendering a medal he had worn in token of 
 amity, closed by saying: 'I will not wear a 
 token of peace while I am compelled to act as an 
 enemy. ' In the meantime the Indians were riot- 
 ing upon the provisions, and becoming so aggres- 
 sive in their bearing that it was resolved to march 
 out the next day. The fatal fifteenth arrived. 
 To each soldier was distributed twenty-five 
 rounds of reserved ammunition. The baggage 
 and ambulance wagons were laden, and the gar- 
 rison slowly wended its way outside the protect- 
 ing walls of the fort the Indian escort of 500 
 following in the rear. What next occurred in 
 this disastrous movement is narrated by Captain 
 Heald in his report, as follows: 'The situation of 
 the country rendered it necessary for us to take 
 the beach, with the lake on our left, and a high 
 sand bank on our right at about three hundred 
 yards distance. We had proceeded about a mile 
 and a half, when it was discovered (by Captain 
 Wells) that the Indians were prepared to attack 
 us from behind the bank. I immediately marched 
 up with the company to the top of the bank, 
 when the action commenced: after firing one 
 round, we charged, and the Indians gave way in 
 front and joined those on our flanks. In about fif- 
 teen minutes they got possession of all pur horses, 
 provisions and baggage of every description, and 
 finding the Miamis (who had come from Fort 
 Wayne with Captain Wells to act as an escort) 
 did not assist us, I drew off the few men I had 
 left and took possession of a small elevation in 
 the open prairie out of shot of the bank, or any 
 other cover. The Indians did not follow me but 
 assembled in a body on top of the bank, and after 
 some consultation among ttiemselves, made signs 
 for me to approach them. I advanced toward 
 them alone, and was met by one of the Potta- 
 watomie chiefs called Black Bird, with an inter- 
 preter. After shaking hands, he requested me to 
 surrender, promising to spare the lives of all the 
 prisoners. On a few moments' consideration I 
 concluded it would be most prudent to comply 
 with this request, although I did not put entire 
 confidence in his promise. The troops had made 
 a brave defense, but what could so small a force 
 do against such overwhelming numbers? It was 
 evident with over half their number dead upon 
 the field, or wounded, further resistance would 
 be. hopeless. Twenty-six regulars and twelve 
 militia, with two women and twelve children, 
 were killed. Among the slain were Captain 
 Wells, Dr. Van Voorhis and Ensign George 
 Ronan. (Captain Wells, when young, had been 
 captured by Indians and had married among 
 them.) He (Wells) was familiar with all the 
 wiles, stratagems, as well as the vindictiveness 
 of the Indian character, and when the conflict 
 began, he said to his niece (Mrs. Heald), by 
 whose side he was standing, 'We have not the 
 slightest chance for life ; we must part to meet 
 no more in this world. God bless you.' With 
 these words he dashed forward into the thickest 
 of the fight. He refused to be taken prisoner, 
 knowing what his fate would be, when a young 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 257 
 
 red-skin cut him down with his tomahawk, 
 jumped upon his body, cut out his heart and ate 
 a portion of it with saVage delight. 
 
 "The prisoners taken were Captain Heald and 
 wife, both wounded, Lieutenant Helm, also 
 wounded, and wife, with twenty-fire non-com- 
 missioned officers and privates, and eleven women 
 and children. The loss of the Indians was fifteen 
 killed, Mr. Kinzie's family had been entrusted 
 to the care of some friendly Indians and were not 
 with the retiring garrison. The Indians engaged 
 in this outrage were principally Pottawatomies, 
 with a few Chippewas. Ottawas, Winnebagoes, 
 and Kickapoos. Fort Dearborn was plundered 
 and burned on the next morning." (See Fort 
 Dearborn; also War of IS 12.) 
 
 Thus ended the most bloody tragedy that ever 
 occurred on the soil of Illinois with Americans as 
 victims. The place where this affair occurred, 
 as described by Captain Heald, was on the lake 
 shore about the foot of Eighteenth Street in 
 the present city of Chicago. After the destruction 
 of the fort, the site of the present city of Chicago 
 remained unoccupied until 1816. when the fort 
 was rebuilt. At that time the bones of the vic- 
 tims of the massacre of 1812 still lay bleaching 
 upon the sands near the lake shore, but they 
 were gathered up a few years later and buried. 
 The new fort continued to be occupied somewhat 
 irregularly until 1837, when it was finally aban- 
 doned, there being no longer any reason for 
 maintaining it as a defense against the Indians. 
 
 OTHER EVENTS OP THE WAR. The part played 
 by Illinois in the War of 1812, consisted chiefly 
 in looking after the large Indian population 
 within and near its borders. Two expeditions 
 were undertaken to Peoria Lake in the Fall of 
 1812; the first of these, under the direction of 
 Governor Edwards, burned two Kickapoo vil- 
 lages, one of them being that of "Black Part- 
 ridge," who had befriended the whites at Fort 
 Dearborn. A few weeks later Capt. Thomas E. 
 Craig, at the head of a company of militia, made a 
 descent upon the ancient French village of Peoria, 
 mi the pretext that the inhabitants had har- 
 txired hostile Indians and fired on his boats. He 
 burned a part of the town and, taking the people 
 as prisoners down the river, put them ashore 
 below Alton, in the beginning of winter. Both 
 these affairs were severely censured. 
 
 There were expeditions against the Indians on 
 the Illinois and Upper Mississippi in 1813 and 
 1814. In the latter year, Illinois troops took part 
 with credit in two engagements at Rock Island 
 the last of these being in co-operation with regu- 
 lars, under command of Maj. Zachary Taylor, 
 afterwards President, against a force of Indians 
 supported by the British. Fort Clark at Peoria 
 
 was erected in 1813. and Fort Edwards at War- 
 saw, opposite the mouth of the Des Moines, at 
 the close of the campaign of 1814. A council 
 with the Indians, conducted by Governors 
 ^Ed wards of Illinois and Clarke of Missouri, and 
 /Auguste Chouteau, a merchant of St. Louis, as 
 Government Commissioners, on the Mississippi 
 just below Alton, in July, 1815, concluded a 
 treaty of peace with the principal Northwestern 
 tribes, thus ending the war. 
 
 FIBST TERRITORIAL LEGISLATURE. By act of 
 Congress, adopted May 21, 1812, the Territory of 
 Illinois was raised to the second grade i. e., em- 
 powered to elect a Territorial Legislature. In 
 September, three additional counties Madison, 
 Gallatin and Johnson were organized, making 
 five in all, and, in October, an election for the 
 choice of five members of the Council and seven 
 Representatives was held, resulting as follows: 
 Councilmen Pierre Menard of Randolph County ; 
 William Biggs of St. Clair; Samuel Judy of 
 Madison; Thomas Ferguson of Johnson, and 
 Benjamin Talbot of Gallatin. Representatives 
 George Fisher of Randolph ; Joshua Oglesby and 
 Jacob Short of St. Clair; William Jones of Madi- 
 son; Philip Trammel and Alexander Wilson of 
 Gallatin, and John Grammar of Johnson. The 
 Legislature met at Kaskaskia, Nov. 25, the Coun- 
 cil organizing with Pierre Menard as President 
 and John Thomas, Secretary; and the House, 
 with George Fisher as Speaker and William C. 
 Greenup, Clerk. Shadrach Bond was elected the 
 first Delegate to Congress. 
 
 A second Legislature was elected in 1814, con- 
 vening at Kaskaskia, Nov. 14. Menard was con- 
 tinued President of the Council during the whole 
 Territorial period; while George Fisher was 
 Speaker of each House, except the Second. The 
 county of Edwards was organized in 1814, and 
 White in 1815. Other* counties organized under 
 the Territorial Government were Jackson, Mon- 
 roe, Crawford and Pope in 1816; Bond in 1817, 
 and Franklin, Union and Washington in 1818, 
 making fifteen in all. Of these all but the 
 three last-named were organized previous to the 
 passage by Congress of the enabling act author- 
 izing the Territory of Illinois to organize a State 
 government. In 1816 the Bank of Illinois was 
 established at Shawneetown, with branches at 
 Edwardsville and Kaskaskia. 
 
 EARLY TOWNS. Besides the French villages in 
 the American Bottom, there is said to have been 
 a French and Indian village on the west bank of 
 Peoria Lake, as early as 1711. This site appears 
 to have been abandoned about 1775 and a new 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 village established on the present site of Peoria 
 soon after, which was maintained until 1812, 
 when it was broken up by Captain Craig. Other 
 early towns were Shawneetown, laid out in 1808 ; 
 Belleville, established as the county-seat of St. 
 Clair County, in 1814; Edwardsville, founded in 
 1815; Upper Alton, in 1816, and Alton, in 1818. 
 Ciirnii, Fairfield, Waterloo, Golconda, Lawrence- 
 ville, Mount Carmel and Vienna also belonged to 
 this period; while Jacksonville, Springfield and 
 Galena were settled a few years later. Chicago 
 is mentioned in "Beck's Gazetteer" of 1823, as "a 
 village of Pike County." 
 
 ADMISSION AS A STATE. The preliminary steps 
 for the admission of Illinois as a State, were taken 
 in the passage of an Enabling Act by Congress, 
 April 13, 1818. An important incident in this 
 connection was the amendment of the act, mak- 
 ing the parallel of 42 30' from Lake Michigan to 
 the Mississippi River the northern boundary, 
 instead of a line extending from the southern 
 extremity of the Lake. This was obtained 
 through the influence of Hon. Nathaniel Pope, 
 then Delegate from Illinois, and by it the State 
 secured a strip of country fifty-one miles in 
 width, from the Lake to the Mississippi, embrac- 
 ing what have since become fourteen of the most 
 populous counties of the State, including the city 
 of Chicago. The political, material and moral 
 results which hare followed this important act, 
 have been the subject of much interesting dis- 
 cussion and cannot be easily over-estimated. 
 (See Northern Boundary Question; also Pope, 
 Nathaniel. ) 
 
 Another measure of great importance, which Mr. 
 Pope secured, was a modification of the provision 
 of the Enabling Act requiring the appropriation of 
 five per cent of the proceeds from the sale of pub- 
 lic lands within the State, to the construction of 
 roads and canals. The amendment which he 
 secured authorizes the application of two-fifths 
 of this fund to the making of roads leading to the 
 State, but requires "the residue to be appropri- 
 ated by the Legislature of the State for the 
 encouragement of learning, of which one-sixth 
 part shall be exclusively bestowed on a college or 
 university." This was the beginning of that 
 system of liberal encouragement of education by 
 the General Government, which has been at- 
 tended with such beneficent results in the younger 
 States, and has reflected so much honor upon the 
 Nation. (See Education; Railroads, and Illinois 
 <t Michigan Canal.) 
 
 Tho Enabling Act required as a precedent con- 
 dition that a census of the Territory, to be taken 
 
 that year, should show a population of 40,000. 
 Such a result was shown, but it is now confessed 
 that the number was greatly exaggerated, the 
 true population, as afterwards given, being 34,020. 
 According to the decennial census of 1820, the 
 population of the State at that time was 55,162. 
 If there was any short-coming in this respect in 
 1818, the State has fully compensated for it by 
 its unexampled growth in later years. 
 
 An election of Delegates to a Convention to 
 frame a State Constitution was held July 6 to 8, 
 1818 (extending through three days), thirty-three 
 Delegates being chosen from the fifteen counties 
 of the State. The Convention met at Kaskaskia. 
 August 3, and organized by the election of Jesse 
 B. Thomas, President, and William C. Greenup, 
 Secretary, closing its labors, August 26. The 
 Constitution, which was modeled largely upon 
 the Constitutions of Kentucky, Ohio and Indiana, 
 was not submitted to a vote of the people. (See 
 Constitutional Conventions, especially Conven- 
 tion of ISIS. ) Objection was made to its accept- 
 ance by Congress on the ground that the 
 population of the Territory was insufficient and 
 that the prohibition of slavery was not as ex- 
 plicit as required by the Ordinance of 1787 ; but 
 these arguments were overcome and the docu- 
 ment accepted by a vote of 117 yeas to 34 nays. 
 The only officers whose election was provided for 
 by popular vote, were the Governor, Lieutenant - 
 Governor, Sheriffs, Coroners and County Commis- 
 sioners. The Secretary of State, State Treasurer, 
 Auditor of Public Accounts, Public Printer and 
 Supreme and Circuit Judges were all appointive 
 either by the Governor or General Assembly. 
 The elective franchise was granted to all white 
 male inhabitants, above the age of 21 years, who 
 had resided in t lie State six months. 
 
 The first State election was held Sept. 17, 
 1818, resulting in the choice of Shadrach Bond 
 for Governor, and Pierre Menard, Lieutenant- 
 Governor. The Legislature, chosen at the same 
 time, consisted of thirteen Senators and twenty- 
 seven Representatives. It commenced its session 
 at Kaskaskia, Oct. 5, 1818, and adjourned after .1 
 .session of ten days, awaiting the formal admis- 
 sion of the State, which took place Dec. 3. A 
 second session of the same Legislature was held, 
 extending from Jan. 4 to March 31, 1819. 
 Risdon Moore was Speaker of the first Housn. 
 The other State officers elected at the first ses- 
 sion were Elijah C. Berry, Auditor ; John Thomas. 
 Treasurer, and Daniel P. Cook, Attorney-General. 
 Elias Kent Kane, having been appointed Secre- 
 tary of State by the Governor, was confirmed by 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 259 
 
 the Senate. Ex-Governor Edwards and Jesse B. 
 Thomas were elected United States Senators, the 
 former drawing the short term and serving one 
 year, when he was re-elected. Thomas served 
 two terms, retiring in 1829. The first Supreme 
 Court consisted of Joseph Phillips, Chief Justice, 
 with Thomas C. Browne, William P. Foster and 
 John Reynolds, Associate Justices. Foster, who 
 was a mere adventurer without any legal knowl- 
 edge, left the State in a few months and was 
 succeeded by William Wilson. (See State Officers. 
 United States Senators, and Judiciari/.) 
 
 Menard, who served as Lieutenant-Governor 
 four years, was a noteworthy man. A native of 
 Canada and of French descent, he came to Kas- 
 kaskia in 1790, at the age of 24 years, and 
 engaged in mercantile pursuits. He was hos- 
 pitable, frank, liberal and enterprising. The fol- 
 lowing story related of him illustrates a pleas- 
 ant feature of his character : "At one time there 
 was a scarcity of salt in the country, and Menard 
 held the only supply outside of St. Louis. A 
 number of his neighbors called upon him for 
 what they wanted ; he declined to let them know 
 whether he could supply them or not, but told 
 them to come to his store on a certain day, when 
 he would inform them. They came at the time 
 appointed, and were seated. Menard passed 
 around among them and inquired of each, 'You 
 got money?' Some said they had and some that 
 they had not, but would pay as soon as they 
 killed their hogs. Those who had money he 
 directed to range themselves on one side of the 
 room and those who had none, on the other. Of 
 course, those who had the means expected to get 
 the salt and the others looked very much dis- 
 tressed and crestfallen. Menard then spoke up 
 in his brusque way, and said, 'You men who got 
 de money, can go to St. Louis for your salt. 
 Dese poor men who got no money shall have my 
 salt, by gar. ' Such was the man noble-hearted 
 and large-minded, if unpolished and uncouth." 
 (See Menard, Pierre. ) 
 
 REMOVAL OP THE CAPITAL TO VANDALIA. 
 At the second session of the General Assembly, 
 five Commissioners were appointed to select a 
 new site for the State Capital. What is now the 
 city of Vandalia was selected, and. in December, 
 1820, the entire archives of the State were re- 
 moved to the new capital, being transported in 
 one small wagon, at a cost of $25.00, under the 
 supervision of the late Sidney Breese, who after- 
 wards became United States Senator and Justice 
 of the Supreme Court. (See State Capitals. ) 
 
 During the session of the Second General 
 
 Assembly, which met at Vandalia. Dec. 4, 
 1820, a bill was passed establishing a State Bank 
 at Vandalia. with branches at Shawneetown. 
 Edwardsville and Brownsville. John McLean, 
 who liad been the first Representative in Con- 
 gress, was Speaker of the House at this session. 
 He was twice elected t<> the United States Senate, 
 though he served only alwut two years, dying in 
 1JO. (See State Bank. ) 
 
 INTRODUCTION OF THE SLAVERY QUESTION. 
 The second State election, which occurred in 
 August, 1822, proved the beginning of a turbu- 
 lent period through the introduction of some 
 exciting questions into State politics. There 
 were four candidates for gubernatorial honors in 
 the field': Chief-Justice Phillips, of the Supreme 
 Court, supported by the friends of Governor 
 Bond; Associate-Justice Browne, of the same 
 court, supported by the friends of Governor 
 Edwards; Gen. James B. Moore, a noted Indian 
 fighter and the candidate of the "Old Rangers." 
 and Edward Coles. The latter was a native of 
 Virginia, who had served as private secretary of 
 President Monroe, and liad been employed as a 
 special messenger to Russia. He had made two 
 visits to Illinois, the first in 1815 and the second 
 in 1818. The Convention to form a State Constitu- 
 tion being in session at the date of the latter 
 visit, he took a deep interest in the discussion of 
 the slavery question and exerted his influence in 
 securing the adoption of the prohibitory article 
 in the organic law. On April 1, 1819, he started 
 from his home in Virginia to remove to Edwards- 
 ville, III., taking with him his ten slaves. The 
 journey from Brownsville. Pa., was made in 
 two flat-boats to a point below Louisville, where 
 he disembarked, traveling by land to Edwards- 
 ville. While descending the Ohio River he sur- 
 prised his slaves by announcing that they were 
 free. The scene, as described by himself, was 
 most dramatic. Having declined to avail them- 
 selves of the privilege of leaving him. he took 
 them with him to his destination, where he 
 eventually gave each head of a family 160 acres 
 of land. Arrived at Edwardsville, he assumed 
 the position of Register of the Land Office, to 
 which he had been appointed by President Mon- 
 roe, before leaving Virginia 
 
 The act of Coles with reference to his slaves 
 established his reputation as an opponent of 
 slavery, and it was in this attitude that he stood 
 as a candidate for Governor both Phillips and 
 Browne being friendly to "the institution,'' 
 which had had a virtual existence in the "Illinois 
 Country" from the time Renault brought 500 
 
260 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 .slaves to the vicinity of Kaskaskia, one hun- 
 dred years before. Although the Constitution 
 declared that "neither slavery nor involuntary 
 servitude shall hereafter be introduced into the 
 State," this had not been effectual in eliminating 
 it. In fact, while this language was construed, 
 so long as it remained in the Constitution, as 
 prohibiting legislation authorizing the admission 
 of slaves from without, it was not regarded as 
 inimical to the institution as it already existed ; 
 and, as the population came largely from the 
 slave States, there had been a rapidly growing 
 sentiment in favor of removing the inhibitory 
 clause. Although the pro-slavery party was 
 divided between two candidates for Governor, 
 it had hardly contemplated the possibility of 
 defeat, and it was consequently a surprise when 
 the returns showed that Coles was elected, receiv- 
 ing 2,854 votes to 2,687 for Phillips, 2,443 for 
 Browne and 622 for Moore Coles' plurality 
 being 167 in a total of 8,606. Coles thus became 
 Oovernor on less than one-third of the popular 
 vote. Daniel P. Cook, who had made the race 
 for Congress at the same election against 
 McLean, as an avowed opponent of slavery, was 
 successful by a majority of 878. (See Coles, 
 Edward; also Coofc, Daniel Pope. ) 
 
 The real struggle was now to occur in the Legis- 
 lature, which met Dec. 2, 1882. The House 
 organized with William M. Alexander as Speaker, 
 while the Senate elected Thomas Lippincott 
 (afterwards a prominent Presbyterian minister 
 and the father of the late Gen. Charles E. Lippin- 
 cott), Secretary, and Henry S. Dodge, Enrolling 
 and Engrossing Clerk. The other State officers 
 appointed by the Governor, or elected by the 
 Legislature, were Samuel D. Lookwood, Secretary 
 of State; Elijah C. Berry, Auditor; Abner Field, 
 Treasurer, and James Turney, Attorney -General. 
 Lock wood had served nearly two years previously 
 as Attorney-General, but remained in the office 
 of Secretary of State only three months, when he 
 resigned to accept the position of Receiver for 
 the Land Office. (See Lockwood, Samuel Drake. ) 
 
 The slavery question came up in the Legisla- 
 ture on the reference to a special committee of a 
 portion of the Governor's message, calling atten- 
 tion to the continued existence of slavery in spite 
 of the ordinance of 1787, and recommending that 
 steps be taken for its extinction. Majority and 
 minority reports were submitted, the former 
 claiming the right of the State to amend its Con- 
 stitution and thereby make such disposition of 
 the slaves as it saw proper. Out of this grew a 
 resolution submitting to the electors at the next 
 
 election a proposition for a convention to revise 
 the Constitution. This passed the Senate by the 
 necessary two-thirds vote, and, having come up 
 in the House (Feb. 11, 1823), it failed by a single 
 vote Nicholas Hansen, a Representative from 
 Pike County, whose seat had been unsuccessfully 
 contested by John Shaw at the beginning of the 
 session, being one of those voting in the negative. 
 The next day, without further investigation, the 
 majority proceeded to reconsider its action in 
 seating Hansen two and a half months previ- 
 ously, and Shaw was seated in his place; though, 
 in order to do this, some crooked work was nec- 
 essary to evade the rules. Shaw being seated, 
 the submission resolution was then passed. No 
 more exciting campaign was ever had in Illinois. 
 Of five papers then published in the State, "The 
 Edwardsville Spectator," edited by Hooper 
 Warren, opposed the measure, being finally rein- 
 forced by "The Illinois Intelligencer," which had 
 been removed to Vandalia; "The Illinois Gaz- 
 ette," at Shawneetown, published articles on 
 both sides of the question, though rather favoring 
 the anti-slavery cause, while "The Republican 
 Advocate," at Kaskaskia, the organ of Senator 
 Elias Kent Kane, and "The Republican," at 
 Edwardsville, under direction of Judge Theophi- 
 1ns W. Smith, Emanuel J. West and Judge 
 Samuel McRoberts (afterwards United States 
 Senator), favored the Convention. The latter 
 paper was established for the especial purpose of 
 supporting the Convention scheme and was 
 promptly discontinued on the defeat of the meas- 
 ure. (See Newspapers, Early.) Among other 
 supporters of the Convention proposition were 
 Senator Jesse B. Thomas, John McLean, Richard 
 M. Young, Judges Phillips, Browne and Reynolds, 
 of the Supreme Court, and many more; while 
 among the leading champions of the opposition, 
 were Judge Lockwood, George Forquer (after- 
 ward Secretary of State), Morris Birkbeck, George 
 Churchill, Thomas Mather and Rev. Thomas Lip- 
 pincott. Daniel P. Cook, then Representative in 
 Congress, was the leading champion of freedom 
 on the stump, while Governor Coles contributed 
 the salary of his entire term ($4,000), as well as 
 his influence, to the support of the cause. Gov- 
 ernor Edwards (then in the Senate) was the owner 
 of slaves and occupied a non-committal position. 
 The election was held August 2, 1834, resulting in 
 4,972 votes for a Convention, to 6,640 against it, 
 defeating the proposition by a majority of 1,668. 
 Considering the size of the aggregate vote 
 (11,612), the result was a decisive one. By it 
 Illinois escaped the greatest danger it ever en- 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 261 
 
 countered previous to the War of the Rebellion. 
 (See Slavery and Slave Laws.) 
 
 At the same election Cook was re-elected to 
 Congress by 3,016 majority over Shadrach Bond. 
 The vote for President was divided between John 
 Quincy Adams, Andrew Jackson, Henry Clay 
 and William H. Crawford Adams receiving a 
 plurality, but much below a majority. The Elect- 
 oral College failing to elect a President, the 
 decision of the question passed into the hands of 
 the Congressional House of Representatives, 
 when Adams was elected, receiving the vote of 
 Illinois through its only Representative, Mr. Cook. 
 
 During the remainder of his term, Governor 
 Coles was made the victim of much vexatious 
 litigation at the hands of his enemies, a verdict 
 being rendered against him in the sum of $2,000 
 for bringing his emancipated negroes into the 
 State, in violation of the law of 1819. The Legis 
 lature having passed an act releasing him from 
 the penalty, it was declared unconstitutional by 
 a malicious Circuit Judge, though his decision 
 was promptly reversed by the Supreme Court. 
 Having lived a few years on his farm near 
 Edwardsville, in 1832 he removed to Philadelphia, 
 where he spent the remainder of his days, his 
 death occurring there, July 7, 1868. In the face 
 of opprobrium and defamation, and sometimes in 
 danger of mob violence, Governor Coles per- 
 formed a service to the State which has scarcely 
 yet been fully recognized. (See Coles, Edward. ) 
 
 A ridiculous incident of the closing year of 
 Coles' administration was the attempt of Lieut 
 Gov. Frederick Adolphus Hubbard, after having 
 tasted the sweets of executive power during the 
 Governor's temporary absence from the State, to 
 usurp the position after the Governor's return. 
 The ambitious aspirations of the would-be usurper 
 were suppressed by the Supreme Court. 
 
 An interesting event of the year 1825, was the 
 visit of General La Fayette to Kaskaskia. He 
 was welcomed in an address by Governor Coles, 
 and the event was made the occasion of much 
 festivity by the French citizens of the ancient 
 capital (See La Fayette, Visit of.) 
 
 The first State House at Vandalia having been 
 destroyed by fire, Dec. 9, 1823, a new one was 
 erected during the following year at a cost of 
 $12,381.50, toward which the people of Vandalia 
 contributed $5,000. 
 
 EDWARDS' ADMINISTRATION. The State elec- 
 tion of 1826 resulted in again calling Ninian 
 Edwards to the gubernatorial chair, which he 
 had filled during nearly the whole of the exist 
 nee of Illinois as a Territory. Elected one of the 
 
 first United States Senators, and re-elected for a 
 second term in 1819, he had resigned this office in 
 1824 to accept the position of Minister to Mexico, 
 by appointment of President Monroe. Having 
 become involved in a controversy with William 
 H. Crawford, Secretary of the Treasury, he 
 resigned the Mexican mission, and, after a period 
 of retirement to private life for the first time 
 after he came to Illinois, he appealed to the 
 people of the State for endorsement, with the 
 result stated. His administration was unevent- 
 ful except for the "Winnebago War," which 
 caused considerable commotion on the frontier, 
 without resulting in much bloodshed. Governor 
 Edwards was a fine specimen of the "old school 
 gentleman" of that period dignified and polished 
 in his manners, courtly and precise in his address, 
 proud and ambitious, with a tendency to the 
 despotic in his bearing in consequence of having 
 been reared in a slave State and his long connec- 
 tion with the executive office. His early educa- 
 tion had been under the direction of the 
 celebrated William Wirt, between whom and 
 himself a close friendship existed. He was 
 wealthy for the time, being an extensive land 
 owner as well as slave-holder and the proprietor of 
 stores and mills, which were managed by agents, 
 but he lost heavily by bad debts. He was for 
 many years a close friend of Hooper Warren, the 
 pioneer printer, furnishing the material with 
 which the latter published his papers at Spring 
 field and Galena. At the expiration of his term 
 of office near the close of 1830, he retired to his 
 home at Belleville, where, after making an un- 
 successful campaign for Congress in 1832, in 
 which he was defeated by Charles Slade, he 
 died of cholera. July 20, 1833. (See Kdwarrt*. 
 Ninian. ) 
 
 William Kinney, of Belleville, who was a can- 
 didate for Lieutenant-Govemor on the ticket 
 opposed to Edwards, was elected over Samuel M 
 Thompson. In 1830, Kinney became a candidate 
 for Governor but was defeated by John Reynolds, 
 known as the "Old Ranger." One of the argu- 
 ments used against Kinney in this campaign was 
 that, in the Legislature of 1823, he was one of 
 three members who voted against the Illinois & 
 Michigan Canal, on the ground that "it (the 
 canal) would make an opening for the Yankees 
 to come to the country." 
 
 During Edwards' administration the first steps 
 were taken towards the erection of a State peni- 
 tentiary at Alton, funds therefor being secured 
 by the sale of a portion of the saline lands in Gal- 
 latin County. (See Alton Penitentiary.) The first 
 
262 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 Commissioners having charge of its construction 
 were Shadrach Bond, William P. McKee and 
 Dr. Uershom Jayne the last-named the father of 
 Dr. William Jayne of Springfield, and father-in- 
 law of the late Senator I .y man Trumbull. 
 
 GOVERNOR REYNOLDS BLACK HAWK WAR. 
 The election of 1830 resulted in the choice of John 
 Reynolds for Governor over William Kinney, by 
 a majority of 3,899, in a total vote of 49,051, 
 while /.aili ii- Casey, the candidate on the Kinney 
 ticket, was elected Lieutenant-Governor. (See 
 Reynolds, John.) 
 
 The most important event of Reynolds' admin- 
 istration was the "Black-Hawk War." Eight 
 thousand militia were called out during this war 
 to reinforce 1,500 regular troops, the final result 
 being the driving of 400 Indians west of the Mis- 
 sissippi. Rock Island, which had been the favor- 
 ite rallying point of the Indians for generations, 
 was the central point at the beginning of this 
 war. It is impossible to give the details of this 
 complicated struggle, which was protracted 
 through two campaigns (1831 and 1832), though 
 there was no fighting worth speaking of except 
 in the last, and no serious loss to the whites in 
 that, except the surprise and defeat of Stillman's 
 command. Beardstown was the base of opera- 
 tions in each of these campaigns, and that city 
 has probably never witnessed such scenes of 
 bustle and excitement since. The Indian village 
 at Rock Island was destroyed, and the fugitives, 
 after being pursued through Northern Illinois 
 and Southwestern Wisconsin without being 
 allowed to surrender, were driven beyond the 
 Mississippi in a famishing condition and with 
 spirits completely broken. Galena, at that time 
 the emporium of the "Lead Mine Region," and 
 the largest town in the State north of Springfield, 
 was the center of great excitement, as the war 
 was waged in the region surrounding it. (See 
 Black Hawk War. ) Although cool judges have 
 not regarded this campaign as reflecting honor 
 upon either the prowess or the magnanimity of 
 the whites, it was remarkable for the number of 
 those connected with it whose names afterwards 
 became famous in the history of the State and 
 the Nsrtflm. Among them were two who after- 
 wards became Presidents of the United States 
 Col. Zachary Taylor of the regular army, and 
 Abraham Lincoln, a Captain in the State militia 
 besides Jefferson Davis, then a Lieutenant in 
 the regular army and afterwards head of the 
 Southern Confederacy; three subsequent Gov- 
 ernors Duncan, Carlin and Ford besides Gov- 
 ernor Reynolds, who at that time occupied the 
 
 gubernatorial chair; James Semple, afterwards 
 United States Senator; John T. Stuart, Lincoln's 
 law preceptor and partner, and later a Member 
 of Congress, to say nothing of many others, who, in 
 after years, occupied prominent positions as mem 
 bers of Congress, the Legislature or otherwise. 
 Among the latter were Gen. John J. Hardin ; 
 the late Joseph Gillespie, of Edwardsville; Col. 
 John Dement; William Thomas of Jackson- 
 ville; Lieut. -Col. Jacob Fry; Henry Dodge and 
 others. 
 
 Under the census of 1830, Illinois became 
 entitled to three Representatives in Congress 
 instead of one, by whom it had been represented 
 from the date of its admission as a State. Lieu- 
 tenant-Governor Casey, having been elected to 
 the Twenty-third Congress for the Second Dis- 
 trict under the new apportionment, on March 1, 
 1833, tendered his resignation of the Lieutenant- 
 Governorship, and was succeeded by William L. 
 D. Ewing, Temporary President of the Senate. 
 (See Apportionment, Congressional: Casey, Zadoe, 
 and Representatives in Congress.) Within two 
 weeks of the close of his term (Nov. 17, 1834), 
 Governor Reynolds followed the example of his 
 associate in office by resigning the Governorship 
 to accept the seat in Congress for the First (or 
 Southern) District, which had been rendered 
 vacant by the death of Hon. Charles Slade, the 
 incumbent in office, in July previous. This 
 opened the way for a new promotion of acting 
 Lieutenant-Governor Ewing, who thus had the 
 distinction of occupying the gubernatorial office 
 for the brief space of two weeks. (See Reynolds, 
 John, and Slade, Charles. ) 
 
 Ewing probably held a greater variety of 
 offices under the State, than any other man who 
 ever lived in it. Repeatedly elected to each 
 branch of the General Assembly, he more than 
 once filled the chair of Speaker of the House and 
 President of the Senate ; served as Acting Lieu- 
 tenant-Governor and Governor by virtue of the 
 resignation of his superiors; was United States 
 Senator from 1835 to 1837; still later became 
 Clerk of the House where he had presided as 
 Speaker, finally, in 1843, being elected Auditor of 
 Public Accounts, and dying in that office three 
 years later. In less than twenty years, he held 
 eight or ten different offices, including the high- 
 est in the State. (See String, William Lee David- 
 son.) 
 
 DUNCAN'S ADMINISTRATION. Joseph Duncan, 
 who had served the State as its only Represent- 
 ative in three Congresses, was elected Governor, 
 August, 1834. over four competitors William 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 263 
 
 Kinney, Robert K. McLaughlin, James Evans 
 and W. B. Archer. (See Duncan, Joseph. ) 
 
 His administration was made memorable by 
 the large number of distinguished men who 
 either entered public life at this period or gained 
 additional prominence by their connection with 
 public affairs. Among these were Abraham Lin- 
 coln and Stephen A. Douglas ; Col. E. D. Baker, 
 who afterward and at different times represented 
 Illinois and Oregon in the councils of the Nation, 
 and who fell at Ball's Bluff in 1862 ; Orville H. 
 Browning, a prospective United States Senator 
 and future cabinet officer; Lieut. -Go v. John 
 Dougherty; <len. James Shields, Col. John J. 
 Hardin, Archibald Williams, Cyrus and Ninian 
 W. Edwards; Dr. John Logan, father of Gen. 
 John A. Logan: Stephen T. Logan, and many 
 more. 
 
 During this administration was begun that 
 gigantic scheme of "internal improvements," 
 which proved so disastrous to the financial inter- 
 ests of the State. The estimated cost of the 
 various works undertaken, was over $11,000,000, 
 and though little of substantial value was real- 
 ized, yet, iii 1852, the debt (principal and inter- 
 est) thereby incurred (including that of the 
 canal), aggregated nearly $17,000,000. The col- 
 lapse of the scheme was, no doubt, hastened by 
 the unexpected suspension of specie payments 
 by the banks all over the country, which followed 
 soon after its adoption. (See Internal Improve- 
 ment Policy; also State Debt.) 
 
 CAPITAL REMOVED TO SPRINGFIELD. At the 
 session of the General Assembly of 1836-37, an act 
 was passed removing the State capital to Spring- 
 field, and an appropriation of $50,000 was made to 
 erect a building ; to this amount the city of Spring- 
 field added a like sum, besides donating a site. In 
 securing the passage of these acts, the famous 
 ''Long Nine," consisting of A. G. Herndon and 
 Job Fletcher, in the Senate; and Abraham Lin- 
 coln, Ninian W. Edwards, John Dawson, Andrew 
 McCormick, Dan Stone, William F. Elkin and 
 Robert L. Wilson, in the House all Representa- 
 tives from Sangamon County played a leading 
 |>art. 
 
 THE MURDER OF LOVEJOY. An event occurred 
 near the close of Governor Duncan's term, which 
 left a stain upon the locality, but for which his 
 administration had no direct responsibility; to- 
 wit, the murder of Rev. Elijah P. Lovejoy, by a 
 pro-slavery mob at Alton. Lovejoy was a native 
 of Maine, who. coining to St. Louis in 1827, had 
 been employed upon various papers, the last 
 being "The St. Louis Observer. " The outspoken 
 
 hostility of this paper to slavery aroused a bitter 
 local opposition which led to its removal to 
 Alton, where the first number of "The Alton 
 Observer" was issued, Sept. 8, 1836, though not 
 until one press and a considerable portion of the 
 material had been destroyed by a mob. On the 
 night of August 21, 1837, there was a second 
 destruction of the material, when a third press 
 having been procured, it was taken from the 
 warehouse and thrown into the Mississippi. A 
 fourth press was ordered, and, pending its 
 arrival, Lovejoy appeared before a public meet- 
 ing of his opponents and, in an impassioned 
 address, maintained his right to freedom of 
 speech, declaring in conclusion: "If the civil 
 authorities refuse to protect me, I must look to 
 God ; and if I die, I have determined to make my 
 grave in Alton." These words proved prophetic. 
 The new press was stored in the warehouse of 
 Godfrey, Gillman & Co., on the night of Nov. 6, 
 1837. A guard of sixty volunteers remained 
 about the building the next day, but when night 
 came all but nineteen retired to their homes. 
 During the night a mob attacked the building, 
 when a shot from the inside killed Lyman Bishop. 
 An attempt was then made by the rioters to fire 
 the warehouse by sending a man to the roof. To 
 dislodge the incendiary, Lovejoy, with two 
 others, emerged from the building, when two or 
 three men in concealment fired upon him, the 
 shots taking effect in a vital part of his body, 
 causing his death almost instant!} 1 . He was 
 buried the following day without an inquest. 
 Several of the attacking party and the defenders 
 of the building were tried for riot and acquitted 
 the former probably on account of popular 
 sympathy with the crime, and the latter because 
 they were guiltless of any crime except that of 
 defending private property and attempting to 
 preserve the law. The act of firing the fatal 
 shots has been charged upon two men a Dr. 
 Jennings and his comrade. Dr. Beall. The 
 former, it is said, was afterwards cut to pieces in 
 a bar-room fight in Vicksburg, Miss., while the 
 latter, having been captured by Comanche 
 Indians in Texas, was burned alive. On the 
 other hand. Lovejoy has been honored as a 
 martyr and the sentiments for which he died 
 have triumphed. (See Lovejoy, Elijah Parish; 
 also Alton Riots. ) 
 
 CARLIN SUCCEEDS TO THE GOVERNORSHIP. 
 Duncan was succeeded by Gov. Thomas Carlin. 
 who was chosen at the election of 1838 over 
 Cyrus Edwards (a younger brother of Gov. 
 Ninian Edwards), who was the Whig candidate. 
 
364 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 The successful candidate for Lieutenant-Governor 
 was Stinson H. Anderson of Jefferson County. 
 (SeeCartt'n, (don.) Thomas; Anderson, StinsonH.) 
 
 Among the members of the Legislature chosen 
 at this time we find the names of Orville H. 
 Browning, Robert Blackwell, George Churchill, 
 William G. Gatewood, Ebenezer Peck (of Cook 
 County), William A. Richardson, Newton Cloud, 
 .fosse K. Dubois, O. B. Ficklin, Vital Jarrot, 
 John Logan, William F. Thornton and Archibald 
 Williams all men of prominence in the subse- 
 quent history of the State. This was the last 
 Legislature that assembled at Vandalia, Spring- 
 field becoming the capital, July 4, 1839. The 
 comer-stone of the first State capitol at Spring- 
 field was laid with imposing ceremonies, July 4, 
 1837, Col. E. D. Baker delivering an eloquent 
 address. Its estimated cost was $130,000, but 
 $240,000 was expended upon it before its com- 
 pletion. 
 
 An incident of this campaign was the election 
 to Congress, after a bitter struggle, of John T. 
 Stuart over Stephen A. Douglas from the Third 
 District, by a majority of fourteen votes. Stuart 
 was re-elected in 1840, but in 1842 he was suc- 
 ceeded, under a new apportionment, by Col. John 
 J. Hardin, while Douglas, elected from the 
 Quincy District, then entered the National Coun- 
 cils for the first time. 
 
 FlELD-McCLERNAND CONTEST. An exciting 
 event connected with Carlin's administration was 
 the attempt to remove Alexander P. Field from 
 the office of Secretary of State, which he had 
 held since 1838. Under the Constitution of 1818, 
 this office was filled by Domination by the Gov- 
 ernor "with the advice and consent of the 
 Senate." Carlin nominated John A. McCler- 
 naml to supersede Field, but the Senate refused to 
 confirm the nomination. After adjournment of 
 the Legislature, McClernand attempted to obtain 
 possession of the office by writ of quo warranto. 
 The Judge of a Circuit Court decided the case in 
 his favor, but this decision was overruled by the 
 Supreme Court. A special session having been 
 called, in November, 1840, Stephen A. Douglas, 
 then of Morgan County, was nominated and con- 
 firmed Secretary of State, but held the position 
 only a few months, when he resigned to accept a 
 place on the Supreme bench, being succeeded as 
 Secretary by Ly man Trumbull. 
 
 SUPREME COURT REVOLUTIONIZED. Certain 
 decisions of some of the lower courts about this 
 time, bearing upon the suffrage of aliens, excited 
 the apprehension of the Democrats, who had 
 heretofore been in political control of the State, 
 
 and a movement was started in the Legislature 
 to reorganize the Supreme Court, a majority of 
 whom were Whigs. The Democrats were not 
 unanimous in favor of the measure, but, after a 
 bitter struggle, it was adopted, receiving a bare 
 majority of one in the House. Under this act 
 five additional Judges were elected, viz. : Thomas 
 Ford, Sidney Breese, Walter B. Scales, Samuel 
 H. Treat and Stephen A. Douglas all Demo- 
 crats. Mr. Ford, one of the new Judges, and 
 afterwards Governor, has characterized this step 
 as "a confessedly violent and somewhat revolu- 
 tionary measure, which could never have suc- 
 ceeded except in times of great party excite- 
 ment." 
 
 The great Whig mass-meeting at Springfield, 
 in June, 1810, was an incident of the political 
 campaign of that year. No such popular assem- 
 blage had ever been seen in the State before. It 
 is estimated that 20,000 people nearly five per 
 cent of the entire population of the State were 
 present, including a large delegation from Chi- 
 cago who marched overland, under command of 
 the late Ma j. -Gen. David Hunter, bearing with 
 them many devices so popular in that memorable 
 campaign. 
 
 FORD ELECTED GOVERNOR. Judge Thomas 
 Ford became the Democratic candidate for Gov- 
 ernor in 1842, taking the place on the ticket of 
 Col. Adam W. Snyder, who had died after nomi 
 nation. Ford was elected by more than 8,000 
 majority over ex-Governor Duncan, the Whig 
 candidate. John Moore, of McLean County (who 
 had been a member of the Legislature for Severn I 
 terms and was afterwards State Treasurer), 
 was elected Lieutenant-Governor. (See Fortl. 
 Thomas; Snyder, Adam W., and Moore, John.) 
 
 EMBARRASSING QUESTIONS. The failure of tin- 
 State and the Shawneetown banks, near the close 
 of Carlin's administration, had produced a condi- 
 tion of business depression that was felt all over 
 the State. At the beginning of Ford's adminis- 
 tration, the State debt was estimated at $15,657.- 
 950 within about one million of the highest 
 point it ever reached while the total population 
 was a little over half a million. In addition to 
 these drawbacks, the Mormon question became a 
 source of embarrassment. This people, after 
 having been driven from Missouri, settled at 
 Nauvoo, in Hancock County; they increased 
 rapidly in numbers, and, by the arrogant course 
 of their leaders and their odious doctrines 
 especially with reference to "celestial marriage. " 
 and their assumptions of authority aroused the 
 bitter hostility of neighboring communities not 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OP ILLINOIS. 
 
 265 
 
 of their faith. The popular indignation became 
 greatly intensified by the course of unscrupulous 
 politicians and the granting to the Mormons, by 
 the Legislature, of certain charters and special 
 privileges. Various charges were made against 
 the obnoxious sect, including rioting, kidnap- 
 ing, robbery, counterfeiting, etc., and the Gov- 
 ernor called out the militia of the neighboring 
 counties to preserve the peace. Joseph Smith 
 the founder of the sect with his brother Hy ruin 
 and three others, were induced to surrender to 
 the authorities at Carthage, on the 23d of June, 
 1844, under promise of protection of their per- 
 sons. Then the charge was changed to treason 
 and they were thrown into jail, a guard of eight 
 men being placed about the building. A con- 
 siderable portion of the militia had disbanded and 
 returned home, while others were openly hostile 
 to the prisoners. On June 27 a band of 150 
 disguised men attacked the jail, finding little 
 opposition among those set to guard it. In 
 the assault which followed both of the Smiths 
 were killed, while John Taylor, another of 
 the prisoners, was wounded. The trial of the 
 murderers was a farce and they were acquitted. 
 A state of virtual war continued for a year, 
 in which Governor Ford's authority was openly 
 defied or treated with contempt by those whom 
 he had called upon to preserve the peace. In 
 the fall of 1845 the Mormons agreed to leave 
 the State, and the following spring the pilgrim- 
 age to Salt Lake began. Gen. John J. Hardin. 
 who afterward fell at Buena Vista, was twice 
 called on by Governor Ford to head parties of 
 militia to restore order, while Gen. Mason Bray- 
 man conducted the negotiations which resulted 
 in the promise of removal. The great body of 
 the refugees spent the following winter at Coun- 
 cil Bluffs, Iowa, arriving at Salt Lake in June 
 following. Another considerable body entered 
 the service of the Government to obtain safe con- 
 duct and sustenance across the plains. While 
 the conduct of the Mormons during their stay 
 at Nauvoo was, no doubt, very irritating and 
 often lawless, it is equally true that the dis- 
 ordered condition of affairs was taken advantage 
 of by unscrupulous demagogues for dishonest 
 purposes, and this episode has left a stigma 
 upon the name of more than one over-zealous anti- 
 Mormon hero. (See Mormons: Smith, Joseph.) 
 
 Though Governor Ford's integrity and ability 
 in certain directions have not been questioned, 
 his administration was not a successful one, 
 largely on account of the conditions which pre- 
 vailed at the time and the embarrassments which 
 
 he met from his own party. (See Ford, Woman. I 
 MEXICAN WAR. A still more tragic chapter 
 opened during the last year of Ford's administra- 
 tion, in the beginning of the war with Mexico 
 Three regiments of twelve months' volunteers, 
 called for by the General Government from the 
 State of Illinois, were furnished with alacrity, 
 and many more men offered their services than 
 could be accepted. The names of their respective 
 commanders Cols. John J. Hardin, William H. 
 Bissell and Ferris Forman have been accorded 
 a high place in the annals of the State and the 
 Nation. Hardin was of an honorable Kentucky 
 family; he had achieved distinction at the bar 
 and served in the State Legislature and in Con- 
 gress, and his death on the battlefield of Buena 
 Vista was universally deplored. (See Hardin. 
 John J.) Bissell afterward served with distinc- 
 tion in Congress and was the first Republican 
 Governor of Illinois, elected in 1856. Edward D 
 Baker, then a Whig member of Congress, re 
 ceived authority to raise an additional regiment, 
 and laid the foundation of a reputation as broad 
 as the Nation. Two other regiments were raised 
 in the State "for the war" during the next year, 
 led respectively by Col. Edward W. B. Newby and 
 James Collins, beside four independent companies 
 of mounted volunteers. The whole number of 
 volunteers furnished by Illinois in this conflict 
 was 6,123, of whom 86 were killed, and 182 
 wounded, 12 dying of their wounds. Their loss 
 in killed was greater than that of any other 
 State, and the number of wounded only exceeded 
 by those from South Carolina and Pennsylvania 
 Among other Illinoisans who participated in this 
 struggle, were Thomas L. Harris, William A 
 Richardson, J. L. D. Morrison, Murray F. Tuley 
 and Charles C. P. Holden, while still others, 
 either in the ranks or in subordinate positions, 
 received the "baptism of fire" which prepared 
 them to win distinction as commanders of corps, 
 divisions, brigades and regiments during the War 
 of the Rebellion, including such names as John 
 A. Logan, Richard J. Oglesby, Benjamin M. 
 Prentiss, James D. Morgan, W. H. L. Wallace 
 (who fell at Pittsburg Landing), Stephen G. 
 Hicks, Michael K. Lawler, Leonard F. Ross. 
 Ishain N. Haynie, Theophilus Lyle Dickey. 
 Dudley Wickersham, Isaac C. Pugh, Thomas H. 
 Flynn, J. P. Post, Nathaniel Niles, W. R. Morri- 
 son, and others. (See Mexican War.) 
 
 FRENCH'S ADMINISTRATION-MASSAC REBELLION 
 Except for the Mexican War, which was still 
 in progress, and acts of mob violence in certain 
 portions of the State especially by a band of self- 
 
2GG 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 styled "regulators" in Pope and Massac Counties 
 the administration of Augustus C. French, 
 which began with the close of the year 1846, was 
 a quiet one. French was elected at the previous 
 August election by a vote of 58,700 to 36,775 for 
 Thomas M. Kilpatrick, the Whig candidate, and 
 5.112 for Richard Eels, the Free-Soil (or Aboli- 
 tion) candidate. The Whigs held their first State 
 Convention this year for the nomination of a 
 State ticket, meeting at Peoria. At the same 
 election Abraham Lincoln was elected to Con- 
 gress, defeating Peter Cartwright, the famous 
 pioneer Methodist preacher, who was the Demo- 
 cratic candidate. At the session of the Legisla- 
 ture which followed, Stephen A. Douglas was 
 elected to the United States Senate as successor 
 to James Semple. 
 
 NEW CONVENTION MOVEMENT. Governor 
 French was a native of New Hampshire, born 
 August 2, 1808; he had practiced his profession 
 as a lawyer in Crawford County, had been a 
 member of the Tenth and Eleventh General 
 Assemblies and Receiver of the Land Office at 
 Palestine. The State had now begun to recover 
 from the depression caused by the reverses of 
 1837 and subsequent years, and for some time its 
 growth in population had been satisfactory. The 
 old Constitution, however, had been felt to be a 
 hampering influence, especially in dealing with 
 the State debt, and, as early as 1842, the question 
 of a State Convention to frame a new Constitu- 
 tion had been submitted to popular vote, but was 
 defeated by the narrow margin of 1,039 votes. 
 The Legislature of 1844-45 adopted a resolution 
 for resubmission, and at the election of 1846 it 
 was approved by the people by a majority of 
 35,326 in a total vote of 81,352. The State then 
 contained ninety-nine counties, with an aggregate 
 population of 602,150. The assessed valuation of 
 property one year later was $92,206,493, while 
 the State debt was $16,661,795 or more than 
 eighteen per cent of the entire assessed value of 
 the property of the State. 
 
 CONSTITUTIONAL CONVENTION OF 1847. The 
 election of members of a State Convention to 
 form a second Constitution for the State of Illi- 
 nois, was held April 19, 1847. Of one hundred 
 and sixty -two members chosen, ninety-two were 
 Democrats, leaving seventy members to all 
 shades of the opposition. The Convention 
 assembled at Springfield, June 7, 1847; it was 
 organized by the election of Newton Cloud, Per- 
 manent President, and concluded its labors after 
 ;i session of nearly three months, adjourning 
 August 31. The Constitution was submitted to 
 
 a vote of the people, March 6, 1848, and was rati- 
 fied by 59,887 votes in its favor to 15,859 against. 
 A special article prohibiting free persons of color 
 from settling in the State was adopted by 49,060 
 votes for, to 20,883 against it; and another, pro- 
 viding for a two-mill tax, by 41,017 for, to 30,586 
 against. The Constitution went into effect April 
 1, 1848. (See Constitutions: also Constitutional 
 Convention of 1S47.) 
 
 The provision imposing a special two-mill tax, 
 to be applied to the payment of the State in- 
 debtedness, was the means of restoring the State 
 credit, while that prohibiting the immigration 
 of free persons of color, though in accordance 
 with the spirit of the times, brought upon the 
 State much opprobrium and was repudiated 
 with emphasis during the War of the Rebellion. 
 The demand for retrenchment, caused by the 
 financial depression following the wild legislation 
 of 1837, led to the adoption of many radical pro- 
 visions in the new Constitution, some of which 
 were afterward found to be serious errors open- 
 ing the way for grave abuses. Among these 
 was the practical limitation of the biennial ses- 
 sions of the General Assembly to forty-two days, 
 while the per diem of members was fixed at two 
 dollars. The salaries of State officers were also 
 fixed at what would now be recognized as an 
 absurdly low figure, that of Governor being 
 $1,500; Supreme Court Judges, $1,200 each; Cir- 
 cuit Judges, $1,000; State Auditor, $1,000; Secre- 
 tary of State, and State Treasurer, $800 each. 
 Among less objectionable provisions were those 
 restricting the right of suffrage to white male 
 citizens above the age of 21 years, which excluded 
 (except as to residents of the State at the time of 
 the adoption of the Constitution) a class of 
 unnaturalized foreigners who had exercised the 
 privilege as "inhabitants" under the Constitu- 
 tion of 1818; providing for the election of all 
 State, judicial and county officers by popular 
 vote; prohibiting the State from incurring in- 
 debtedness in excess of $50,000 without a special 
 vote of the people, or granting the credit of the 
 State in aid of any individual association or cor- 
 poration; fixing the date of the State election 
 on the Tuesday after the first Monday in Novem- 
 ber in every fourth year, instead of the first- 
 Monday in August, as had been the rule under 
 the old Constitution. The tenure of office of all 
 State officers was fixed at four years, except that 
 of State Treasurer, which was made two years, 
 and the Governor alone was made ineligible to 
 immediate re-election. The number of members 
 of the General Assembly was fixed at twenty-five 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 267 
 
 in the Senate and seventy-five in the House, 
 subject to a certain specified ratio of in- 
 crease when the population should exceed 
 1.000,000. 
 
 As the Constitution of 1818 had been modeled 
 upon the form then most popular in the Southern 
 States especially with reference to the large 
 number of officers made appointive by the Gov- 
 ernor, or elective by the Legislature so the new 
 Constitution was, in some of its features, more in 
 harmony with those of other Northern States, 
 and indicated the growing influence of New Eng- 
 land sentiment. This was especially the case 
 with reference to the section providing for a sys- 
 tem of township organization in the several 
 counties of the State at the pleasure of a majority 
 of the voters of each county. 
 
 ELECTIONS OF 1848. Besides the election for 
 the ratification of the State Constitution, three 
 other State elections were held in 1848, viz.: (1) 
 for the election of State officers in August ; (2) 
 an election of Judges in September, and (3) the 
 Presidential election in November. At the first 
 of these, Governor French, whose first term had 
 lieen cut short two years by the adoption of the 
 new Constitution, was re-elected for a second 
 term, practically without opposition, the vote 
 against him being divided between Pierre Menard 
 and Dr. C. V. Dyer. French thus became his 
 own successor, being the first Illinois Governor 
 to be re-elected, and, though two years of his 
 lirst term had been cut off by the adoption of the 
 Constitution, he served in the gubernatorial 
 office six years. The other State officers elected, 
 were William McMurtry, of Knox, Lieutenant- 
 Uovernor; Horace S. Cooley, of Adams, Secretary 
 of State; Thomas H. Campbell, of Randolph, 
 Auditor; and Milton Carpenter, of Hamilton, 
 State Treasurer all Democrats, and all but 
 McMurtry being their own successors. At the 
 Presidential election in November, the electoral 
 vote was given to Lewis Cass, the Democratic 
 candidate, who received 56,300 votes, to 53,047 
 for Taylor, the Whig candidate, and 15,774 for 
 Martin Van Buren, the candidate of the Free 
 Democracy or Free-Soil party. Thus, for the first 
 time in the history of the State after 1824, the 
 Democratic candidate for President failed to 
 receive an absolute majority of the popular vote, 
 being in a minority of 12,521, while having a 
 plurality over the Whig candidate of 3.253. The 
 only noteworthy results in the election of Con- 
 gressmen this year were the election of Col. E. D. 
 Baker (Whig), from the Galena District, and 
 that of Maj. Thomas L. Harris (Democrat), from 
 
 the Spridgfield District. Both Baker and Harris 
 had been soldiers in the Mexican War, which 
 probably accounted for their election in Districts 
 usually opposed to them politically. The other 
 five Congressmen elected from the State at the 
 same time including John Wentworth, then 
 chosen for a fourth term from the Chicago Dis- 
 trict were Democrats. The Judges elected to 
 the Supreme bench were Lyman Trumbull, from 
 the Southern Division : Samuel II. Treat, from 
 the Central, and John Dean Caton, from the 
 Northern all Democrats. 
 
 A leading event of this session was the election 
 of a United States Senator in place of Sidney 
 Breese. Gen. James Shields, who had been 
 severely wounded on the battle-field of Cerro 
 Gordo ; Sidney Breese, who had been the United 
 States Senator for six years, and John A. Mc- 
 Clernand, then a member of Congress, were 
 arrayed against each other before the Democratic 
 caucus. After a bitter contest, Shields was 
 declared the choice of his party and was finally 
 elected. He did not immediately obtain his seat, 
 however. On presentation of his credentials, 
 after a heated controversy in Congress and out of 
 it, in which he injudiciously assailed his prede- 
 cessor in very intemperate language, he was 
 declared ineligible on the ground that, being of 
 foreign birth, the nine years of citizenship 
 required by the Constitution after naturalization 
 had not elapsed previous to his election. In 
 October, following, the Legislature was called 
 together in special session, and, Shields' disabil- 
 ity having now been removed by the expiration 
 of the constitutional period, he was re-elected, 
 though not without a renewal of the bitter con- 
 test of the regular session. Another noteworthy 
 event of this special session was the adoption of 
 a joint resolution favoring the principles of the 
 "Wilmot Proviso." Although this was rescinded 
 at the next regular session, on the ground that the 
 points at issue had been settled in the Compro- 
 mise measures of 1850, it indicated the drift of 
 sentiment in Illinois toward opposition to the 
 spread of the institution of slavery, and this was 
 still more strongly emphasized by the election of 
 Abraham Lincoln in I860. 
 
 ILLINOIS CENTRAL RAILROAD. Two important 
 measures which passed the General Assembly at 
 the session of 1851, were the Free-Banking Law, 
 and the act incorporating the Illinois Central 
 Railroad Company. The credit of first suggest- 
 ing this great thoroughfare has been claimed for 
 William Smith Waite. a citizen of Bond County. 
 111., as early as 1835, although a special charter 
 
268 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS 
 
 for a road over a part of this line had been passed 
 by the Legislature in 1834. W. K. Ackerman, in 
 his "Historical Sketch" of the Illinois Central 
 Railroad, awards the credit of originating this 
 enterprise to Lieut. -Gov. Alexander M. Jenkins, 
 in the Legislature of 1832, of which he was a 
 member, and Speaker of the House at the time. 
 He afterwards became President of the first Illi- 
 nois Central Railroad Company, organized under 
 an act passed at the session of 1836, which pro- 
 vided for the construction of a line from Cairo to 
 Peru, 111. , but resigned the next year on the sur- 
 render by the road of its charter. The first step 
 toward legislation in Congress on this subject 
 was taken in the introduction, by Senator Breese, 
 of a bill in March, 1843; but it was not until 1850 
 that the measure took the form of a direct grant 
 of lands to the State, finally passing the Senate 
 in May, and the House in September, following. 
 The act ceded to the State of Illinois, for the pur- 
 pose of aiding in the construction of a line of 
 railroad from the junction of the Ohio and Mis- 
 sissippi, with branches to Chicago and Dubuque, 
 Iowa, respectively, alternate sections of land on 
 each side of said railroad, aggregating 2,595,000 
 iicres, the length of the main line and branches 
 exceeding seven hundred miles. An act incorpo- 
 rating the Illinois Central Railroad Company 
 passed the Illinois Legislature in February, 1851. 
 The company was thereupon promptly organized 
 with a number of New York capitalists at its 
 head, including Robert Schuyler, George Gris- 
 wold and Gouverneur Morris, and the grant was 
 placed in the hands of trustees to be used for the 
 purpose designated, under the pledge of the 
 Company to build the road by July 4, 1854, and 
 to pay seven per cent of its gross earnings into 
 the State Treasury perpetually. A large propor- 
 tion of the line was constructed through sections 
 of country either sparsely settled or wholly 
 unpopulated, but which have since become 
 among the richest and most populous portions of 
 the State. The fund already received by the State 
 from the road exceeds the amount of the State 
 debt incurred under the internal improvement 
 scheme of 1837. (See Illinois Central Railroad.) 
 ELECTION OF 1852. Joel A. Matteson (Demo- 
 crat) was elected Governor at the November 
 election, in 1852, receiving 80,645 votes to 64,405 
 for Edwin B. Webb, Whig, and 8,809 for Dexter 
 A. Knowlton, Free-Soil. The other State officers 
 elected, were Gustavus Koarner, Lieutenant- 
 Governor; Alexander Starne, Secretary of State; 
 Thomas H. Campbell, Auditor ; and John Moore, 
 Treasurer. The Whig candidates for these 
 
 offices, respectively, were James L. D. Morrison. 
 Buckner S. Morris, Charles A. Betts and Francis 
 Arenz. John A. Logan appeared among the new 
 members of the House chosen at this election as 
 a Representative from Jackson County; while 
 Henry W. Blodgett, since United States District 
 Judge for the Northern District of Illinois, and 
 late Counsel of the American Arbitrators of the 
 Behring Sea Commission, was the only Free-Soil 
 member, being the Representative from Lake 
 County. John Reynolds, who had been Gov- 
 ernor, a Justice of the Supreme Court and Mem 
 ber of Congress, was a member of the House and 
 was elected Speaker. (See Webb, Edwin B.; 
 Knowlton, Dexter A.; Koerner, Gustavus; Starne, 
 Alexander; Moore, John; Morrison, James L.D.; 
 Morris, Buckner S.; Arenz, Francis A. ; Blodgett 
 Henry W.) 
 
 REDUCTION OF STATE DEBT BEGINS. The 
 State debt reached its maximum at the beginning 
 of Matteson's administration, amounting to 
 $18,724,177, of which $7,259,822 was canal debt. 
 The State had now entered upon a new and pros 
 perous period, and, in the next four years, the 
 debt was reduced by the sum of $4,564,840. 
 leaving the amount outstanding, Jan. 1, 1857. 
 $12,834,144. The three State institutions at 
 Jacksonville the Asylums for the Deaf and 
 Dumb, the Blind and Insane had been in suc- 
 cessful operation several years, but now internal 
 dissensions and dissatisfaction with their man- 
 agement seriously interfered with their prosperity 
 and finally led to revolutions which, for a time, 
 impaired their usefulness. 
 
 KANSAS-NEBRASKA EXCITEMENT. During Mat- 
 teson's administration a period of political ex- 
 citement began, caused by the introduction in 
 the United States Senate, in January, 1854, by 
 Senator Douglas, of Illinois, of the bill for the 
 repeal of the Missouri Compromise otherwise 
 known as the Kansas- Nebraska Bill. Although 
 this belongs rather to National history, the 
 prominent part played in it by an Illinois states- 
 man who had won applause three or four years 
 before, by the service he had performed in secur 
 ing the passage of the Illinois Central Railroad 
 grant, and the effect which his course had in 
 revolutionizing the politics of the State, justifies 
 reference to it here. After a debate, almost 
 unprecedented in bitterness, it became a law. 
 May 30, 1854. The agitation in Illinois was 
 intense. At Chicago, Douglas was practically 
 denied a hearing. Going to Springfield, where 
 the State Fair was in progress, during the first 
 week of October, 1854, he made a speech in the 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 State Capitol in his defense. This was replied to 
 by Abraham Lincoln, then a private citizen, to 
 whom Douglas made a rejoinder. Speeches were 
 also made in criticism of Douglas' position by 
 Judges Breese and Trumbull (both of whom bad 
 been prominent Democrats), and other Demo- 
 cratic leaders were understood to be ready to 
 assail the champion of the Kansas-Nebraska Bill, 
 though they afterwards reversed their position 
 under partisan pressure and became supporters of 
 the measure. The first State Convention of the 
 opponents of the Nebraska Bill was held at the 
 same time, but the attendance was small and the 
 attempt to effect a permanent organization was 
 not successful. At the session of the Nineteenth 
 General Assembly, which met in January, fol- 
 lowing, Lyman Trumbull was chosen the first 
 Republican United States Senator from Illinois, 
 in place of General Shields, whose term was about 
 to expire. Trumbull was elected on tne tenth 
 ballot, receiving fifty-one votes to forty-seven 
 for Governor Matteson, though Lincoln had led 
 on the Republican side at every previous ballot, 
 and on the first had come within six votes of an 
 election. Although he was then the choice of a 
 large majority of the opposition to the Demo- 
 cratic candidate, when Lincoln saw that the 
 original supporters of Trumbull would not cast 
 their votes for himself, he generously insisted 
 that his friends should support his rival, thus 
 determining the result. (See Matteson, Joel A. ; 
 Trumbull, Lyman, and Lincoln, Abraham.) 
 
 DECATUR EDITORIAL CONVENTION. On Feb. 
 22, 1856, occurred the convention of Anti-Neb- 
 raska (Republican) editors at Decatur, which 
 proved the first effective step in consolidating 
 the opposition to the Kansas- Nebraska Bill into a 
 compact political organization. The main busi- 
 ness of this convention consisted in the adoption 
 of a series of resolutions defining the position of 
 their authors on National questions especially 
 with reference to the institution of slavery and 
 appointing a State Convention to be held at 
 Bloomington, May 29, following. A State Cen- 
 tral Committee to represent the new party was 
 also appointed at this convention. With two or 
 three exceptions the Com mit Icemen accepted and 
 joined in the call for the State Convention, which 
 was held at the time designated, when the first 
 Republican State ticket was put in the field. 
 Among the distinguished men who participated 
 in this Convention were Abraham Lincoln, O. H. 
 Browning, Richard Yates, Owen Lovejoy, John 
 M. Palmer, Isaac N. Arnold and John Went 
 worth. Palmer presided, while Abraham Lin 
 
 coin, who was one of the chief speakers, was one 
 of the delegates appointed to the National Con- 
 vention, held at Philadelphia on the 17th of June. 
 The candidates put in nomination for State offices 
 were: William H. Bissell for Governor; Francis 
 A. Hoffman for Lieutenant-Governor (afterwaril 
 replaced by John Wood on account of Hoffman'* 
 ineligibility); Ozias M. Hatch for Secretary of 
 State; Jesse K. Dubois for Auditor; James H 
 Miller for State Treasurer, and William H. Powell 
 for Superintendent of Public Instruction. The 
 Democratic ticket was composed of William A 
 Richardson for Governor; R. J. Hamilton, Lieu- 
 tenant-Governor; W. H. Snyder, Secretary of 
 State; S. K. Casey, Auditor; John Moore, Treas 
 urer, and J. H. St. Matthew, Superintendent of 
 Public Instruction. The American organization 
 also nominated a ticket headed by Buckner S 
 Morris for Governor. Although the Democrats 
 carried the State for Buchanan, their candidate 
 for President, by a plurality of 9, 159, the entire 
 Republican State ticket was elected by pluralities 
 ranging from 3,031 to 20.213 the latter being the 
 majority for Miller, candidate for State Treas 
 urer, whose name was on both the Republican and 
 American tickets. (See Anti-Nebraska Editorial 
 Convention, and Bloomington Convention of 
 1856.) 
 
 ADMINISTRATION OF GOVERNOR BISSELU 
 With the inauguration of Governor Bissell, the 
 Republican party entered upon the control of the 
 State Government, which was maintained with 
 out interruption until the close of the administra 
 tion of Governor Fifer, in January, 1893 a period 
 of thirty-six years. On account of physical disa 
 bility Bissell's inauguration took place in the 
 executive mansion, Jan. 12, 1857. He was 
 immediately made the object of virulent personal 
 abuse in the House, being charged with perjury 
 in taking the oath of office in face of the fact 
 that, while a member of Congress, he bad accepted 
 a challenge to fight a duel with Jefferson Davis 
 To this, the reply was made that the offense 
 charged took place outside of the State and be 
 yond the legal jurisdiction of the Constitution of 
 Illinois. (SeefiiueU. William H.) 
 
 While the State continued to prosper under 
 Bissell's administration, the most important 
 events of this period related rather to general 
 than to State policy. One of these was the deliv 
 ery by Abraham Lincoln, in the Hall of Repre- 
 sentatives, on the evening of June 17, 1858, of the 
 celebrated speech in which he announced the 
 doctrine that "a house divided against itself can- 
 not stand." This was followed during the next 
 
270 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 few months by the series of memorable debutes 
 between those two great champions of their 
 respective irties Lincoln and Douglas which 
 attracted the attention of the whole land. The 
 result was the re-election of Douglas to the 
 United States Senate for a third term, but it 
 also made Abraham Lincoln President of the 
 United States. {See Lincoln and Douglas 
 Debates. ) 
 
 About the middle of Bissell's term (February, 
 1859), came the discovery of what has since been 
 known as the celebrated "Canal Scrip Fraud." 
 This consisted in t lie fraudulent funding in State 
 bonds of a large amount of State scrip which had 
 been issued for temporary purposes during the 
 construction of the Illinois and Michigan Canal, 
 but which had been subsequently redeemed. A 
 legislative investigation proved the amount ille- 
 gally funded to have been $323,183, and that the 
 bulk of the bonds issued therefor so far as they 
 could be traced had been delivered to ex-Gov. 
 Joel A. Matteson. For this amount, with ac- 
 crued interest, he gave to the State an indemnity 
 bond, secured by real-estate mortgages, from 
 which the State eventually realized $238,000 out 
 of $255,000 then due. Further investigation 
 proved additional frauds of like character, aggre- 
 gating 816.1. 346, which the State never recovered. 
 An attempt was made to prosecute Matteson 
 criminally in the Sangamon County Circuit 
 Court, but the grand jury failed, by a close vote, 
 to find an indictment against him. (See Canal 
 Scrip Fraud.) 
 
 An attempt was made during Bissell's adminis- 
 tration to secure the refunding (at par and in 
 violation of an existing law) of one hundred and 
 fourteen $1.000 bonds hypothecated with Macalis- 
 ter & Stebbins of New York in 1841, and for 
 which the State had received an insignificant 
 consideration. The error was discovered when 
 new bonds for the principal had been issued, but 
 the process was immediately stopped and the 
 new bonds surrendered the claimants being 
 limited by law to 28.64 cents on the dollar. This 
 subject is treated at length elsewhere in this vol- 
 ume. (See Macal inter & Stebbins Bonds.) Governor 
 Bissell's administration was otherwise unevent- 
 ful, although the State continued to prosper 
 under it as it had not done since the "internal 
 improvement craze" of 183? had resulted in im- 
 posing such a burden of debt upon it. At the 
 time of his election Governor Bissell was an 
 invalid in consequence of an injury to his spine, 
 from which he never recovered. He died in 
 office, March 18. 1860, a little over two months 
 
 after having entered upon the last year of his 
 term of office, and was succeeded by Lieut. -Gov. 
 John Wood, who served out the unexpired term. 
 (See Bissell, William H.; also Wood. John.) 
 
 POLITICAL CAMPAIGN OF I860. The political 
 campaign of 1860 was one of unparalleled excite- 
 ment throughout the nation, but especially in 
 Illinois, which became, in a certain sense, the 
 chief battle-ground, furnishing the successful 
 candidate for the Presidency, as well as being the 
 State in which the convention which nominated 
 him met. The Republican State Convention, 
 held at Decatur, May 9, put in nomination 
 Richard Vates of Morgan County, for Governor : 
 Francis A. Hoffman for Lieutenant-Governor, 
 O. M. Hatch for Secretary of State, Jesse K. 
 Dubois for Auditor, William Butler for Treasurer, 
 and Newton Bateman for Superintendent of Pub- 
 lic Instruction. If this campaign was memorable 
 for its excitement, it was also memorable for the 
 large number of National and State tickets in the 
 field. The National Republican Convention 
 assembled at Chicago, May 16, and, on the third 
 ballot, Abraham Lincoln was nominated for 
 President amid a whirlwind of enthusiasm unsur- 
 passed in the history of National Conventions, of 
 which so many have been held in the "conven- 
 tion city" of the Northwest. The campaign was 
 what might have been expected from such a 
 beginning. Lincoln, though receiving consider- 
 ably less than one-half the popular vote, had a 
 plurality over his highest competitor of nearly 
 half a million votes, and a majority in the elect- 
 oral colleges of fifty-seven. In Illinois he 
 received 172,161 votes to 160,215 for Douglas, his 
 leading opponent. The vote for Governor stood : 
 Yates (Republican), 172,196; Allen (Douglas- 
 Democrat), 159,253; Hope (Breckinridge Demo- 
 crat), 2,049; Stuart (American), 1.626. 
 
 Among the prominent men of different parties 
 who appeared for the first time in the General 
 Assembly chosen at this time, were William B. 
 Ogden, Richard J. Oglesby, Washington Bushnell, 
 and Henry E. Dummer, of the Senate, and Wil- 
 liam R. Archer, J. Russell Jones. Robert H. 
 McClellan, J. Young Scammon, William H. 
 Brown, Lawrence Weldon, N. M. Broadwell, and 
 John Scholfield, in the House. Shelby M. Cul- 
 lom, who had entered the Legislature at the 
 previous session, was re-elected to this and was 
 chosen Speaker of the House over J. W. Single- 
 ton. Lyman Trumbull was re-elected to the 
 United States Senate by the votes of the Repub- 
 licans over Samuel S. Marshall, the Democratic 
 candidate. 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 BEGINNING OF THE REBELLION. Almost simul- 
 taneously with the accession of the new State 
 Government, and before the inauguration of the 
 President at Washington, began that series of 
 startling events which ultimately culminated in 
 the attempted secession of eleven States of the 
 Union the first acts in the great drama of war 
 which occupied the attention of the world for the 
 next four years. On Jan. 14, 1861, the new 
 State administration was inaugurated ; on Feb. 2, 
 Commissioners to the futile Peace Conven- 
 tion held at Washington,, were appointed from 
 Illinois, consisting of Stephen T. Logan, John M. 
 Palmer, ex-Gov. John Wood, B. C. Cook and T. J. 
 Turner; and on Feb. II, Abraham Lincoln 
 took leave of his friends and neighbors at Spring- 
 field on his departure for Washington, in that 
 simple, touching speech which has taken a place 
 beside his inaugural addresses and his Gettysburg 
 speech, as an American classic. The events 
 which followed ; the firing on Fort Sumter on the 
 twelfth of April and its surrender ; the call for 
 75,000 troops and the excitement which prevailed 
 all over the country, are matters of National his- 
 tory. Illinoisans responded with promptness and 
 enthusiasm to the call for six regiments of State 
 militia for three months' service, and one week 
 later (April 21), Gen. R. K. Swift, of Chicago, at 
 the head of seven companies numbering 595 men, 
 was en route for Cairo to execute the order of the 
 Secretary of War for the occupation of that 
 place. The offer of military organizations pro- 
 ceeded rapidly, and by the eighteenth of April, 
 fifty companies had been tendered, while the 
 public-spirited and patriotic bankers of the prin- 
 cipal cities were offering to supply the State with 
 money to arm and equip the hastily organized 
 troops. Following in order the six regiments 
 which Illinois had sent to the Mexican War, 
 those called out for the three months' service in 
 1861 were numbered consecutively from seven to 
 twelve, and were commanded by the following 
 officers, respectively: Cols. John Cook, Richard 
 J. Oglesby, Eleazer A. Paine, James D. Morgan, 
 W. H. L. Wallace and John McArthur, with 
 Gen. Benjamin M. Prentiss as brigade com- 
 mander. The rank and file numbered 4,680 men, 
 of whom 2,000, at the end of their term of serv- 
 ice, re-enlisted for three years. (See H'ar of the 
 Rebellion. ) 
 
 Among the many who visited the State Capitol 
 in the early months of war to offer their services 
 to the Government in suppressing the Rebellion, 
 one of the most modest and unassuming was a 
 gentleman from Galena who brought a letter of 
 
 introduction to Governor Yates from Congress- 
 man E. B. Washburue. Though he had been a 
 Captain in the regular army and had seen service 
 in the war with Mexico, he set tip no pretension 
 on that account, but after days of patient wait - 
 ing, was given temporary employment as a clerk 
 in the office of the Adjutant-General, Col. T. S. 
 Mather. Finally, an emergency having arisen 
 requiring the services of an officer of military 
 experience as commandant at Camp Yates (a 
 camp of rendezvous and instruction near Spring 
 field), he was assigned to the place, rather as an 
 experiment and from necessity than from convic- 
 tion of any peculiar fitness for the position. 
 Having acquitted himself creditably here, he was 
 assigned, a few weeks later, to the command of a 
 regiment (The Twenty-first Illinois Volunteers) 
 which, from previous bad management, had 
 manifested a mutinous tendency. And thus 
 Ulysses S. Grant, the most successful leader of 
 the war, the organizer of final victory over the 
 Rebellion, the Lieutenant-General of the armies 
 of the Union and twice elected President of the 
 United States, started upon that career which 
 won for him the plaudits of the Nation and the 
 title of the grandest soldier of his time. (See 
 Grant, Ulysses S.) 
 
 The responses of Illinois, under the leadership 
 of its patriotic "War Governor," Richard Yates, 
 to the repeated calls for volunteers through the 
 four years of war, were cheerful and prompt. Illi- 
 nois troops took part in nearly every important 
 battle in the Mississippi Valley and in many of 
 those in the East, besides accompanying Sher- 
 man in his triumphal "March to the Sea." Illi- 
 nois blood stained the field at Belmont, at 
 Wilson's Creek, Lexington. Forts Donelson and 
 Henry ; at Shiloh, Corinth, Nashville, Stone River 
 and Chickamauga; at Jackson, during the siege 
 of Vicksburg, at Allatoona Pass, Kenesaw Moun- 
 tain, Resaca, Peach Tree Creek and Atlanta, in 
 the South and West; and at Chancellorsville, 
 Antietam, Gettysburg, Petersburg and in the 
 battles of "the Wilderness' 1 in Virginia. Of all 
 the States of the Union, Illinois alone, up to 
 Feb. 1, 1864, presented the proud recofd of hav- 
 ing answered every call upon her for troops 
 without a draft. The whole number of enlist- 
 ments from the State under the various calls from 
 1861 to 1865, according to the records of the War 
 Department, was 255,057 to meet quotas aggre 
 gating 244,496. The ratio of troops furnished to 
 population was 15.1 per cent, which was only 
 exceeded by the District of Columbia (which 
 had a large influx from the States), and Kansas 
 
272 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 and Nevada, each of which had a much larger 
 proportion of adult male population. The whole 
 number of regimental organizations, according 
 to the returns in the Adjutant General's office, 
 was 151 regiments of infantry (numbered con- 
 secutively from the Sixth to the One Hundred 
 and Fifty-seventh), 17 regiments of cavalry and 2 
 regiments of artillery, besides 9 independent bat- 
 teries. The total losses of Illinois troops, officially 
 reported by the War Department, ' were 34,834 
 (13.65 per cent), of which 5,874 were killed in 
 battle, 4,020 died of wounds, 22,786 died of disease, 
 and 2, 154 from other causes. Besides the great 
 Commander in-Chief, Abraham Lincoln, and 
 Lieut. -Gen. Ulysses S. Grant, Illinois furnished 
 11 full Major-Generals of volunteers, viz. : 
 Generals John Pope, John A. McClernaud, S. A. 
 Hurlbut, B. M. Prentiss, John M. Palmer, R. J. 
 Oglesby, John A. Logan, John M. Schofield, Giles 
 A. Smith, Wesley Merritt and Benjamin H. 
 Grierson ; 20 Brevet Major-Generals ; 24 Brigadier- 
 Generals, and over 120 Brevet Brigadier-Generals. 
 (See sketches of these officers under their respec- 
 tive names.) Among the long list of regimental 
 officers who fell upon the field or died from 
 wounds, appear the names of Col. J. R. Scott of 
 the Nineteenth ; Col. Thomas D. Williams of the 
 Twenty-fifth, and Col. F. A. Harrington of the 
 Twenty-seventhall killed at Stone River; CoL 
 John W. S. Alexander of the Twenty-first; Col. 
 Daniel Gilmer of the Thirty-eighth; Lieut. -Col. 
 Duncan J. Hall of the Eighty-ninth ; Col. Timothy 
 O'Mearaof the Ninetieth, and Col. Holden Put- 
 nam, at Chickamauga and Missionary Ridge; 
 CoL John B. Wyman of the Thirteenth, at 
 Chickasaw Bayou; Lieut. -Col. Thomas W. Ross, 
 of the Thirty -second, at Shiloh; Col. John A 
 Davis of the Forty -sixth, at Hatchie; Col. Wil- 
 liam A. Dickerman of the One Hundred and 
 Third, at Resaca; Col. Oscar Harmon, at Kent-- 
 saw ; Col. John A. Bross, at Petersburg, besides 
 CoL Mihalotzy, Col. Silas Miller, Lieut. -Col. 
 Melancthon Smith, Maj. Zenas Applington, Col. 
 John J. Mudd, Col. Matthew H. Starr, Maj. Wm, 
 H. Medill, Col. Warren Stewart and many more 
 on other battle-fields. (Biographical sketches of 
 many of these officers will be found under the 
 proper heads elsewhere in this volume.) It 
 would be a grateful task to record here the names 
 <>f a host of others, who, after acquitting them- 
 selves bravely on the field, survived to enjoy the 
 plaudits of a grateful people, were this within 
 the design and scope of the present work. One 
 of the most brilliant exploits of the War was the 
 raid from La Grange. Tenn., to Baton Rouge. 
 
 La., in May, 1863, led by Col. B. H. Grierson, of 
 the Sixth Illinois Cavalry, in co-operation with 
 the Seventh under command of Col. Edward 
 Prince. 
 
 CONSTITUTIONAL CONVENTION OP 1862. An 
 incident of a different character was the calling 
 of a convention to revise the State Constitu- 
 tion, which met at Springfield, Jan. 7, 1862. A 
 majority of this body was composed of those 
 opposed to the war policy of the Government, 
 and a disposition to interfere with the affairs of 
 the State administration and the General Gov- 
 ernment was soon manifested, which was resented 
 by the executive and many of the soldiers in the 
 field. The convention adjourned March 24, and 
 its work was submitted to vote of the people, 
 June 17, 1862, when it was rejected by a majority 
 of more than 16,000, not counting the soldiers in 
 the field, who were permitted, as a matter of 
 policy, to vote upon it, but who were practically 
 unanimous in opposition to it. 
 
 DEATH OP DOUOLAS. A few days before this 
 election (June 3, 1862), United States Senator 
 Stephen A. Douglas died, at the Tremont House 
 in Chicago, depriving the Democratic party of 
 the State of its most sagacious and patriotic 
 adviser. (See Douglas. Stephen A.) 
 
 LEGISLATURE OF 1863. Another political inci- 
 dent of this period grew out of the session of the 
 General Assembly of 1863. This body having 
 been elected on the tide of the political revulsion 
 which followed the issuance of President Lin- 
 coln's preliminary Proclamation of Emancipation, 
 was Democratic in both branches. One of its 
 first acts was the election of William A. Richard- 
 son United States Senator, in place of O. H. 
 Browning, who had been appointed by Governor 
 Tates to the vacancy caused by the death of 
 Douglas. This Legislature early showed a tend- 
 ency to follow in the footsteps of the Constitu- 
 tional Convention of 1862, by attempting to 
 cripple the State and General Governments in 
 the prosecution of the war. Resolutions on the 
 subject of the war, which the friends of the 
 Union regarded as of a most mischievous charac 
 ter, were introduced and passed in the House, but 
 owing to the death of a member on the majority 
 side, they failed to pass the Senate. These 
 denounced the suspension of the writ of habeas 
 corpus; condemned "the attempted enforcement 
 of compensated emancipation" and "the transpor- 
 tation of negroes into the State;" accused the 
 General Government of "usurpation," of "sub- 
 verting the Constitution" and attempting to 
 establish a "consolidated military despotism;" 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 273 
 
 charged that the war had been "diverted from its 
 first avowed object to that of subjugation and 
 the abolition of slavery;" declared the belief of 
 the authors that its "further prosecution .... 
 cannot result in the restoration of the Union 
 .... unless the President's Emancipation Proc- 
 lamation be withdrawn;" appealed to Congress 
 to secure an armistice with the rebel States, and 
 closed by appointing six Commissioners (who 
 were named) to confer with Congress, with a 
 view to the holding of a National Convention to 
 adjust the differences between the States. These 
 measures occupied the attention of the Legisla- 
 ture to the exclusion of subjects of State interest, 
 so that little legislation was accomplished not 
 even the ordinary appropriation bills being passed. 
 
 LEGISLATURE PROROGUED. At this juncture, 
 the two Houses having disagreed as to the date 
 of adjournment, Governor Yates exercised the 
 constitutional prerogative of proroguing them, 
 which he did in a message on June 10, declaring 
 them adjourned to the last day of their constitu- 
 tional term. The Republicans accepted the result 
 nd withdrew, but the Democratic majority in 
 the House and a minority in the Senate continued 
 in session for some days, without being able to 
 transact any business except the filing of an 
 empty protest, when they adjourned to the first 
 Monday of January, 1864. The excitement pro- 
 duced by this affair, in the Legislature and 
 throughout the State, was intense; but the action 
 of Governor Yates was sustained by the Supreme 
 Court and the adjourned session was never held. 
 The failure of the Legislature to make provision 
 for the expenses of the State Government and the 
 relief of the soldiers in the field, made it neces- 
 sary for Governor Yates to accept that aid from 
 the public-spirited bankers and capitalists of the 
 State which was never wanting when needed 
 during this critical period. (See Twenty-Third 
 General Assembly. ) 
 
 PEACE CONVENTIONS. Largely attended "peace 
 conventions" were held during this year, at 
 Springfield on June 17, and at Peoria in Septem- 
 ber, at which resolutions opposing the "further 
 offensive prosecution of the war" were adopted. 
 An immense Union mass-meeting was also held 
 at Springfield on Sept. 3, which was addressed 
 by distinguished speakers, including both Re- 
 publicans and War-Democrats. An important 
 incident of this meeting was the reading of the 
 letter from President Lincoln to Hon. James C. 
 Conkling. in which he defended his war policy, 
 and especially his Emancipation Proclamation, 
 in a characteristically logical manner. 
 
 POLITICAL CAMPAIGN OF 1864. The year 1864 
 was full of exciting political and military events. 
 Among the former was the nomination of George 
 B. McClellan for President by the Democratic Con- 
 vention held at Chicago, August 29, on a platform 
 declaring the wara "failure" as an "experiment" 
 for restoring the Union, and demanding a "cessa- 
 tion of hostilities' ' with a view to a convention for 
 the restoration of peace. Mr. Lincoln had been 
 renominated by the Republicans at Philadelphia, 
 in June previous, with Andrew Johnson as the 
 candidate for Vice- President. The leaders of the 
 respective State tickets were Gen. Richard J. 
 Oglesby, on the part of the Republicans, for Gov- 
 ernor, with William Bross, for Lieutenant-Gov- 
 ernor, and James C. Robinson as the Democratic 
 candidate for Governor. 
 
 CAMP DOUGLAS CONSPIRACY. For months 
 rumors had been rife concerning a conspiracy of 
 rebels from the South and their sympathizers in 
 the North, to release the rebel prisoners confined 
 in Camp Douglas, Chicago, and at Rock Island, 
 Springfield and Alton aggregating over 25,000 
 men. It was charged that the scheme was to be 
 put into effect simultaneously with the Novem- 
 ber election, but the activity of the military 
 authorities in arresting the leaders and seizing 
 their arms, defeated it. The investigations of a 
 military court before whom a number of the 
 arrested parties were tried, proved the existence 
 of an extensive organization, calling itself 
 "American Knights" or "Sons of Liberty," of 
 which a number of well-known politicians in 
 Illinois were members. (See Camp Douglas 
 Conspiracy.) 
 
 At the November election Illinois gave a major- 
 ity for Lincoln of 30,756, and for Oglesby, for 
 Governor, of 33,675, with a proportionate major 
 ity for the rest of the ticket. Lincoln's total vote 
 in the electoral college was 2 12, to 2 1 for McClellan. 
 
 LEGISLATURE OF 1865. The Republicans had a 
 decided majority in both branches of the Legis- 
 lature of 1865, and one of its earliest acts was the 
 election of Governor Yates, United States Sena- 
 tor, in place of William A. Richardson, who had 
 been elected two years before to the seat formerly 
 held by Douglas. This was the last public posi- 
 tion held by the popular Illinois "War Gov- 
 ernor. " During his official term no more popular 
 public servant ever occupied the executive chair 
 a fact demonstrated by the promptness with 
 which, on retiring from it, he was elected to the 
 United States Senate. His personal and political 
 integrity was never questioned by his most bitter 
 IH ilitical opponents, while those who had known 
 
274 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 him longest and most intimately, trusted him 
 most implicitly. The service which he performed 
 in giving direction to the patriotic sentiment of 
 the State and in marshaling its heroic soldiers 
 for the defense of the Union can never be over- 
 estimated. (See Yates, Richard.) 
 
 OGLESBY'S ADMINISTRATION. Governor Ogles- 
 by and the other State officers were inaugu- 
 rated Jan. 17, 1865. Entering upon its duties 
 with a Legislature in full sympathy with it, the 
 new administration was confronted by no such 
 difficulties as those with which its predecessor 
 had to contend. Its head, who had been identi- 
 fied with the war from its beginning, was one of 
 the first Illinoisans promoted to the rank of 
 Major-General, was personally popular and 
 enjoyed the confidence and respect of the people 
 of the State. Allen C. Fuller, who had retired 
 from a position on the Circuit bench to accept 
 that of Adjutant-General, which he held during 
 the last three years of the war, was Speaker of 
 the House. This Legislature was the first among 
 those of all the States to ratify the Thirteenth 
 Amendment of the National Constitution, abolish- 
 ing slavery, which it did in both Houses, on the 
 evening of Feb. 1, 1865 the same day the resolu- 
 tion had been finally acted on by Congress and 
 received the sanction of the President. The 
 odious "black laws," which had disgraced the 
 State for twelve years, were wiped from the 
 statute-book at this session. The Legislature 
 adjourned after a session of forty-six days, leav- 
 ing a record as creditable in the disposal of busi- 
 ness as that of its predecessor had been discredit- 
 able. (See Oglesby, Richard J. ) 
 
 ASSASSINATION OF LINCOLN. The war was now 
 rapidly approaching a successful termination. 
 Lee had surrendered to Grant at Appomattox, 
 April 9, 1865, and the people were celebrating 
 this event with joyful festivities through all the 
 loyal States, but nowhere with more enthusiasm 
 than in Illinois, the home of the two great 
 leaders Lincoln and Grant. In the midst of 
 these jubilations came the assassination of Presi- 
 dent Lincoln by John Wilkes Booth, on the 
 evening of April 14, 1865, in Ford's Theater, 
 Washington. The appalling news was borne on 
 the wings of the telegraph to every corner of the 
 land, and instantly a nation in rejoicing was 
 changed to a nation in mourning. A pall of 
 gloom hung over every part of the land. Public 
 buildings, business houses and dwellings in every 
 city, village and hamlet throughout the loyal 
 States were draped with the insignia of a univer- 
 sal sorrow. Millions of strong men, and tender, 
 
 patriotic women who had given their husbands, 
 sons and brothers for the defense of the Union, 
 wept as if overtaken by a great personal calam- 
 ity. If the nation mourned, much more did Illi- 
 nois, at the taking off of its chief citizen, the 
 grandest character of the age, who had served 
 both State and Nation with such patriotic fidel- 
 ity, and perished in the very zenith of his fame 
 and in the hour of his country's triumph. 
 
 THE FUNERAL. Then came the sorrowful 
 march of the funeral cortege from Washington 
 to Springfield the most impressive spectacle 
 witnessed since the Day of the Crucifixion. In 
 all this, Illinois bore a conspicuous part, as on the 
 fourth day of May, 1865, amid the most solemn 
 ceremonies and in the presence of sorrowing 
 thousands, she received to her bosom, near his 
 old home at the State Capital, the remains of the 
 Great Liberator. 
 
 The part which Illinois played in the great 
 struggle has already been dwelt upon as fully as 
 the scope of this work will permit. It only 
 remains to be said that the patriotic service of 
 the men of the State was grandly supplemented 
 by the equally patriotic service of its women iu 
 "Soldiers' Aid Societies," "Sisters of the Good 
 Samaritan," "Needle Pickets," and in sanitary 
 organizations for the purpose of contributing to 
 the comfort and health of the soldiers in camp 
 and in hospital, and in giving them generous 
 receptions on their return to their homes. The 
 work done by these organizations, and by indi- 
 vidual nurses in the field, illustrates one of the 
 brightest pages in the history of the war. 
 
 ELECTION OP 1866. The administration of Gov- 
 ernor Oglesby was as peaceful as it was prosper- 
 ous. The chief political events of 1866 were the 
 election of Newton Bateman, State Superintend- 
 ent of Public Instruction, and Gen. Geo. W. 
 Smith, Treasurer, while Gen. John A. Logan, as 
 Representative from the State-at-large. re-entered 
 Congress, from which he had retired in 1861 to 
 enter the Union army. His majority was un- 
 precedented, reaching 55,987. The Legislature 
 of 1867 re-elected Judge Trumbull to the United 
 States Senate for a third term, his chief competi- 
 tor in the Republican caucus being Gen. John M. 
 Palmer. The Fourteenth Amendment to the 
 National Constitution, conferring citizenship 
 upon persona of color, was ratified by this Legis- 
 lature. 
 
 ELECTION OF 1868. The Republican State Con- 
 vention of 1868, held at Peoria, May 6, nominated 
 the following ticket: For Governor, John M. 
 Palmer, Lieutenant-Governor, John Dougherty; 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 Secretary of State, Edward Pummel): Auditor, 
 Charles E. Lippincott, State Treasurer, ErastusN. 
 Bates ; Attorney General. Washington Bushnell. 
 John R. Eden, afterward a member of Congress 
 for three terms, headed the Democratic ticket as 
 candidate for Governor, with William H. Van 
 Epps for Lieutenant-Governor. 
 
 The Republican National Convention was held 
 at Chicago, May 21, nominating Gen. U. S. Grant 
 for President and Schuyler Colfax for Vice- 
 President. They were opposed by Horatio 
 Seymour for President, and F. P. Blair for Vice- 
 President. The result in November was the 
 election of Grant and Colfax, who received 214 
 electoral votes from 26 States, to 80 electoral 
 votes for Seymour and Blair from 8 States three 
 States not voting. Grant's majority in Illinois 
 was 51,150. Of course the Republican State 
 ticket was elected. The Legislature elected at 
 the same time consisted of eighteen Republicans 
 to nine Democrats in the Senate and fifty-eight 
 Republicans to twenty-seven Democrats in the 
 House. 
 
 PALMER'S ADMINISTRATION. Governor Palm- 
 er's administration began auspiciously, at a time 
 when the passions aroused by the war were sub- 
 siding and the State was recovering its normal 
 prosperity. (See Palmer, John 1U.) Leading 
 events of the next four years were the adoption 
 of a new State Constitution and the Chicago fire. 
 The first steps in legislation looking to the con- 
 trol of railroads were taken at the session of 
 1869, and although a stringent law on the subject 
 passed both Houses, it was vetoed by the Gov- 
 ernor. A milder measure was afterward enacted, 
 and, although superseded by the Constitution of 
 18TU, it furnished the key-note for much of the 
 legislation since had on the subject. The cele- 
 brated "Lake Front Bill," conveying to the city 
 ot Chicago and the Illinois Central Railroad the 
 title of the State to certain lands included in 
 what was known as the "Lake Front Park," was 
 passed, and although vetoed by the Governor, 
 was re-enacted over his veto. This act was 
 finally repealed by the Legislature of 1873, and 
 after many years of litigation, the rights claimed 
 under it by the Illinois Central Railroad Com- 
 pany have been recently declared void by the 
 Supreme Court of the United States. The Fif- 
 teenth Amendment of the National Constitution, 
 prohibiting the denial of the right of suffrage to 
 "citizens of the United States .... on account 
 of race, color or previous condition of servitude," 
 was ratified by a strictly party vote in each 
 House, on March 5. 
 
 The first step toward the erection of a new 
 State Capitol at Springfield had been taken in an 
 appropriation of $430.000, at the session of 1867. 
 the total cost being limited to $3,000,000. A 
 second appropriation of S650.00U was made at the 
 session of 1869. The Constitution of 1870 limited 
 the cost to $3,500,000, but an act passed by the 
 Legislature of 1883, making a final appropriation 
 of $531,712 for completing and furnishing the 
 building, was ratified by the people in 1884. The 
 original cost of the building and its furniture 
 exceeded $4,000,000. (See State Houses. ) 
 
 The State Convention for framing a new Con- 
 stitution met at Springfield. Dec. 13, 1869. 
 It consisted of eighty-five members forty-four 
 Republicans and forty-one Democrats. A num- 
 ber classed as Republicans, however, were elected 
 as "Independents" and co-operated with the 
 Democrats in the organization. Charles Hitch- 
 cock was elected President. The Convention 
 terminated its labors, May 13, 1870; the Constitu- 
 tion was ratified by vote of the people, July 2, 
 and went into effect, August 8, 1870. A special 
 provision establishing the principle of "minority 
 representation" in the election of Representatives 
 in the General Assembly, was adopted by a 
 smaller vote than the main instrument. A lead- 
 ing feature of the latter was the general restric- 
 tion upon special legislation and the enumeration 
 of a large variety of subjects to be provided for 
 under general laws. It laid the basis of our 
 present railroad and warehouse laws; declared 
 the inviolability of the Illinois Central Railroad 
 tax; prohibited the sale or lease of the Illinois 
 & Michigan Canal without a vote of the people . 
 prohibited municipalities from becoming sub- 
 scribers to the stock of any railroad or private 
 corporation; limited the rate of taxation and 
 amount of indebtedness to be incurred ; required 
 the enactment of laws for the protection of 
 miners, etc. The restriction in the old Constitu- 
 tion against the re-election of a Governor as his 
 own immediate successor was removed, but placed 
 upon the office of State Treasurer. The Legisla- 
 ture consists of 204 members 51 Senators and 153 
 Representatives one Senator and three Repre- 
 sentatives being chosen from each district. (Set- 
 Constitutional Convention of 1SU9-70; also Con- 
 stitution of 1870. ) 
 
 At the election of 1870, General Logan was re- 
 elected Congressman-at-large by 24,672 majority ; 
 Gen. E. N. Bates, Treasurer, and Newton Bate- 
 man, State Superintendent of Public Instruction. 
 
 LEGISLATURE or 1871. The Twenty-seventh 
 General Assembly (1871), in its various sessions, 
 
276 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 spent more time in legislation than any other in 
 the history of the State a fact to be accounted 
 for, in part, by the Chicago Fire and the exten- 
 sive revision of the laws required in consequence 
 of the adoption of the new Constitution. Besides 
 the regular session, there were two special, or 
 called, sessions and an adjourned session, cover- 
 ing, in all, a period of 292 days. This Legislature 
 adopted the system of "State control" in the 
 management of the labor and discipline of the 
 convicts of the State penitentiary, which was 
 strongly urged by Governor Palmer in a special 
 message. General Logan having been elected 
 United States Senator at this session. Gen. John 
 L. Beveridge was elected to the vacant position 
 of Congressman -at- large at a special election held 
 Oct 4. 
 
 CHICAOO FIRE OF 1871. The calamitous fire 
 at Chicago, Oct. 8-9, 1871, though belonging 
 rather to local than to general State history, 
 excited the profound sympathy, not only of the 
 people of the State and the Nation, but of the 
 civilized world. The area burned over, including 
 streets, covered 2,124 acres, with 13,500 buildings 
 out of 18,000, leaving 92,000 persons homeless. 
 The loss of i't'i' is estimated at 250, and of prop- 
 erty at $187,927.000. Governor Palmer called the 
 Legislature together in special session to act upon 
 the emergency, Oct. 13, but as the State was pre- 
 cluded from affording direct aid, the plan was 
 adopted of reimbursing the city for the amount 
 it luul expended in the enlargement of the Illinois 
 <& Michigan Canal, amounting to $2,955,340. 
 The unfortunate shooting of a citizen by a cadet 
 in a regiment of United States troops organized 
 for guard duty, led to some controversy between 
 Governor Palmer, on one side, and the Mayor of 
 Chicago and the military authorities, including 
 President Grant, on the other; but the general 
 verdict was, that, while nice distinctions between 
 civil and military authority may not have been 
 observed, the service rendered by the military, in 
 a great emergency, was of the highest value and 
 was prompted by the best intentions. (See Fire 
 of 1871 under title Chicago.) 
 
 POLITICAL CAMPAIGN OF 1872. The political 
 campaign of 1873 in Illinois resulted in much con- 
 fusion and a partial reorganization of parties. 
 Dissatisfied with the administration of President 
 Grant, a number of the State officers (including 
 Governor Palmer) and other prominent Repub- 
 licans of the State, joined in what was called the 
 'Liberal Republican" movement, and supported 
 Horace Oreeley for the Presidency. Ex-Gov- 
 ernor Oglesby again became the standard-bearer 
 
 of the Republicans for Governor, with Gen. John 
 L. Beveridge for Lieutenant-Governor. At the 
 November election, the Grant and Wilson (Repub- 
 lican) Electors in Illinois received 241,944 votes, 
 to 184,938 for Greeley, and 3,138 for O'Conor. 
 The plurality for Oglesby, for Governor, was 
 40,690. 
 
 Governor Oglesby's second administration was 
 of brief duration. Within a week after his in- 
 auguration he was nominated by a legislative 
 caucus of his party for United States Senator to 
 succeed Judge Trumbull, and was elected, receiv- 
 ing an aggregate of 117 votes in the two Houses 
 against 78 for Trumbull, who was supported by 
 the party whose candidates he had defeated at 
 three previous elections. (See Oglesby, Richard J. ) 
 Lieutenant-Governor Beveridge thus became 
 Governor, filling out the unexpired term of his 
 chief. His administration was high-minded, 
 clean and honorable. (See Beveridge, John L.) 
 
 REPUBLICAN REVERSE OF 1874. The election 
 of 1874 resulted in the first serious reverse I he 
 Republican party had experienced in Illinois 
 since 1862. Although Thomas S. Ridgway, the 
 Republican candidate for State Treasurer, was 
 elected by a plurality of nearly 35,000, by a com- 
 bination of the opposition, S. M. Etter (Fusion) 
 was at the same time elected State Superintend- 
 ent, while the Fusionists secured a majority in 
 each House of the General Assembly. After a 
 protracted contest, E. M. Haines who had been 
 a Democrat, a Republican, and had been elected 
 to this Legislature as an "Independent" was 
 elected Speaker of the House over Shelby M. Cul- 
 lom, and A. A. Glenn (Democrat) was chosen 
 President of the Senate, thus becoming ex-officio 
 Lieutenant-Governor. The session which fol- 
 lowedespecially in the House was one of the 
 most turbulent and disorderly in the history of 
 the State, coming to a termination, April 15, 
 after having enacted very few laws of any im- 
 portance. (See Tieenty-ninth General Assembly. ) 
 
 CAMPAIGN OF 1876. Shelby M. Cullom was the 
 candidate of the Republican party for Governor 
 in 1876, with Rutherford B. Hayes heading the 
 National ticket. The excitement which attended 
 the campaign, the closeness of the vote between 
 the two Presidential candidates Hayes and 
 Tilden and the determination of the result 
 through the medium of an Electoral Commission, 
 are fresh in the memory of the present gener- 
 ation. In Illinois the Republican plurality for 
 President was 19,631, but owing to the combina- 
 tion of the Democratic and Greenback vote on 
 Lewis Steward for Governor, the majority for 
 
c 
 
 / 
 
 X 
 
 n 
 
 o 
 
 i> 
 ^-\ 
 
 c 
 ~ 
 
27f. 
 
 I11STOUICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 .spent more time in legislation than any other in 
 tin- history of the State a fact to be accounted 
 for. in part, by tin- Chicago Hire and the exten- 
 sive revision ol ' ihe laws required in consequence 
 
 f UN adoption ol tin- new Constitution. Besides 
 i In' regular session, there WITH two s(>ecia!, or 
 railed, sessions ami an adjourned session, cover- 
 ing, in all, :i period of ijili days. This Lcgi.slaturn 
 adopted Ihn system <'| 'Siato control" in the 
 .'. ' i. ei:...,i, of the lalxir and discipline of the 
 convicts of thu State penitentiary, which was 
 strongly urged by < inventor Palmer in n special 
 ine-sage. Uoneral Logan having bcv.il elected 
 I'nitcd HtotGH Senator at thi.s session. Cien. John 
 I. I '-everitlgu was elected to the vacant position 
 of Congressman :it.-l.irg" at asocial election hell 
 Del 4. 
 
 rmcMM l'n:i; m- 1871. The calaniitoii- iirn 
 at Chicago. Oct 8-0. 1MI. though Ix-longing 
 rather to local than In general State history, 
 uxcitcd the |iriiloiind sympathy, not only of I ho 
 people >f the Stale, ami I hu Nation, but of thu 
 civilized world. The area burned over. including 
 slreets. covered li, 10 I acres, with 18,600 buildings 
 out. of IS. 000, leaving !r.'.0</0 persons liome'.c-s. 
 Th(- loss of !'!' is e.-.l iniated at ~">". and of prop- 
 i-ii v at >'>;,!/, '7. HIM) liovernor Palmer calleil the 
 l.i-^isl.ituie tom-t her iti sjK-cial session to act ii|K>n 
 i In- emergency. Oct. l:t, Imt as the State was pre- 
 'hnied from allonlni',' direct aid, the plan was 
 auoptetl of reimbursing tin- city for tht; anioutit 
 >! had expende'l in tin: enlargement ol" tlu i Illinois 
 .V Michigan Canal, ainountin^ lo S'J.'J.'j.""!.:!!!). 
 T!t- loiforfcunatfl shooting of aciti/.en liy a crulK 
 ma rc^iineiil. of liniled States troops or^'aiii/'-d 
 toi ^uat'l duly. lc.<i to some controversy lft \vreii 
 'iovernor I'alm'T. on on" side, and the Mayor of. 
 Chic.i.no ;ind the n;iliiiiry authorities, including 
 i'i---.'leiii (irant. ;-n the other; but the general 
 vt-iilict wa. thai, while nice distinctions Ix'twecti 
 
 isil and military aulhorily may not have I n 
 
 ob-erved. thu .service rendered by the military, in 
 a ;;ret emergency, was of the highest value and 
 was prompted by the liest intentions. (See t-'irt 1 
 
 'f /^'/' / under title, i'liii-ni^n.') 
 
 I'ol.lTIOAI. <:\MI-\n.N >! IS72. TJie politii-al 
 
 .i:u|iaignof 1872 in Illinois resulted in much con 
 
 fusion and a partial reorganization of parlies. 
 
 i )i-s it isfied with the administration of President 
 
 ii.iul. a number of the State ollicers (including 
 
 1 iiior Calmer) and other prominent Kcpub- 
 
 licans of the State, joined in what was called the 
 
 i .iii--i.il l:<'|uil>lie.in" movement, and .sup[iorte<l 
 
 Horace (Jre^'ley for the Presidency Kx (!ov- 
 
 eruor Oglosby affiiu becin-jc t lie standard bearer 
 
 of the Republicans for Governor, with Gen. John 
 L. Keverid^e for Lieutenant-tiovernor. At the 
 November elect ior. the (Jrant and Wilson (Uepub- 
 lican) Klectors in Illinois receive. 1 :Ml,!)It votes, 
 to lsl.:s for (ireeley. anil ''.. i;ts for O'Conor. 
 The plurality for Uglesby. for (lovernor. was 
 40,690 
 
 (io\ernr>r ' ij/leshy's second administration was 
 of brief di. ration. Within a week after his in- 
 augural ion he was nominated by a legislative 
 caucus of liis party for I'nited States Senator to 
 succeed .litd-^e Triiiiiliull. 'ind was electeil, receiv- 
 ing an aggregate of 117 votes in the two Houses 
 against 7 s for Trumhull. who was supiMirled by 
 the party whose candidates he hail defeated at 
 
 t'lpe previous elections. (See '*./'< slit/. A' u-llill'tl .1 ) 
 
 Lieutenant (iovernor I'.cvei >!_ thus liecame 
 liovernor. lilling out the uncxpircd term of his 
 chief. Ilis administration was high-minded, 
 clean and honorable. ;See / -r. riV;/e. Joint L\ 
 I{I:|'|-|:I.K-\N Kl.vi.itst.; IIK ls;i The election 
 of l^Tl resulted in the lirst serious reverse ihc 
 i:epublic:iii party had experienced in Illinois 
 since IMVJ. Although Thomas S IJidgway. the 
 Kepuhlicaii candidate lor Slate Treasiirer, was 
 electeii by a plurality of nearly '\~i .(lull, by a com- 
 bination of the opposition. S. M. I'-tter (Fusion) 
 was ai the same time elected State Superinti'iid- 
 et:t. while the I'usioiiists secured a majority in 
 each House of the (ieneral Assembly. After a 
 protracted content. K M. llaines who had been 
 a. Demoenit. a K'epiihlican, and had been elected 
 to this Legislature as an "Independent" was 
 elect e.l Speaker of the I louse over Shelby M. ( 'ill 
 loin, and A. \. (Menu (Democrat) was chosen 
 
 1'resiilent of the Senate, thus In-coining ex-otlieio 
 
 Li-'Utenant I .overnoi. Tiie session which fol- 
 lowedespecially in tlm House -was one of the 
 most turbulent and disorderly in the history of 
 the State, coming to a termination, April 15. 
 after having enacted very feu" laws of anv im- 
 portance, ^ee Tir> nt//-t< intli (,'iHI'rill .l.s'.S' Hllil'l.) 
 
 C\MI'\HiX i'l' IsTii. Shelby M. Ciillom was thu 
 'andidale of [lie I^epublican party for<iovernor 
 in 1*71',. with Uutherford 15. Hayes heading the 
 National t i< Ue! Tin- ex.-iten.ent which attended 
 the campaign, the closeness of the vole between 
 the two Presidential candidates Hayes and 
 Tilden and I he determination of the result 
 through i he medium of an Klivtoral Commission. 
 an- fresh in the memory of the present gener- 
 ation. In Illinois the Republican pluralitv for 
 President was 1!M>:!I, but owing to the combina 
 tion of the hemocratic and (irecnhack vote on 
 Lewis .Steward for (iovvrnor. the majority for 
 
fcpSt'vlpp' 
 
 
 ' 
 
 - - 
 
 ?. i^L if- : ' 
 
 
 
 '- t :.\ .-*' 
 
 .-.--. . 
 
BOARD OF TRADE BUILDING. CHICAGO. 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 277 
 
 fullom was reduced to 6,798. The other State 
 officers elected were: Andrew Shuman, Lieu- 
 tenant-Governor; George H. Harlow, Secretary 
 of State; Thomas B. Needles, Auditor; Edward 
 I : nt /., Treasurer, and James K. Edsall, Attorney- 
 General. Each of these had pluralities exceeding 
 20,000, except Needles, who, having a single com- 
 petitor, had a smaller majority than Cullom. 
 The new State House was occupied for the first 
 time by the State officers and the Legislature 
 chosen at this time. Although the Republicans 
 had a majority in the House, the Independents 
 held the "balance of power" in joint session of 
 the General Assembly. After a stubborn and 
 protracted struggle in the effort to choose a 
 United States Senator to succeed Senator John A. 
 Logan, David Davis, of Bloomington, was 
 elected on the fortieth ballot. He had been a 
 Whig and a warm personal friend of Lincoln, by 
 whom he was appointed Associate Justice of the 
 Supreme Court of tho United States in 1862. His 
 election to the United States Senate by the Demo- 
 crats and Independents led to his retirement from 
 the Supreme bench, thus preventing his appoint- 
 ment on the Electoral Commission of 1877 a cir- 
 cumstance which, in the opinion of many, may 
 have had an important bearing upon the decision 
 of that tribunal. In the latter part of his term 
 he served as President pro tempore of the Senate, 
 and more frequently acted with the Republicans 
 than with their opponents. He supported Blaine 
 and Logan for President and Vice-President, in 
 1884. (See Davis, David. ) 
 
 STRIKE OF 1877. The extensive railroad strike, 
 in July, 1877, caused widespread demoralization 
 of business, especially in the railroad centers of 
 the State and throughout the country generally. 
 The newly -organized National Guard was called 
 out and rendered efficient service in restoring 
 order. Governor Cullom 's action in the premises 
 was prompt, and has been generally commended 
 as eminently wise and discreet. 
 
 ELECTION OP 1878. Four sets of candidates 
 were in the field for the offices of State Treasurer 
 and Superintendent of Public Instruction in 1878 
 Republican, Democratic, Greenback and Pro- 
 hibition. The Republicans were successful, Gen. 
 John C. Smith being elected Treasurer, and 
 .lames P. Slade, Superintendent, by pluralities 
 averaging about 35,000. The same party also 
 plected eleven out of nineteen members of Con- 
 gress, and, for the first time in six years, secured 
 a majority in each branch of the General Assem- 
 bly. At the session of this Legislature, in Janu- 
 ary following, John A. Logan was elected to the 
 
 United States Senate as successor to Gen. R. J. 
 Oglesby, whose term expired in March following. 
 CoL William A. James, of Lake County, served 
 as Speaker of the House at this session. (See 
 Smith, John Corson; Slade, James P.; also Thirty- 
 first General Assembly. ) 
 
 CAMPAIGN OF 1880. The political campaign 
 of 1880 is memorable for the determined struggle 
 made by the friends of General Grant to secure 
 his nomination for the Presidency for a third 
 term. The Republican State Convention, begin- 
 ning at Springfield, May 19, lasted three days, 
 ending in instructions in favor of General Grant 
 by a vote of 399 to 285. These were nulli3ed, 
 however, by the action of the National Conven- 
 tion two weeks later. Governor Cullom was 
 nominated for re-election; John M. Hamilton for 
 Lieutenant-Governor ; Henry D. Dement for Sec- 
 retary of State; Charles P. Swigert for Auditor; 
 Edward Rutz (for a third term) for Treasurer, 
 and James McCartney for Attorney-General. 
 (See Dement, Henry D.; Swigert, diaries P.; 
 Rutz, Edward, and McCartney, James. ) Ex-Sena- 
 tor Trumbull headed the Democratic ticket as its 
 candidate for Governor, with General L. B. Par- 
 sons for Lieutenant-Governor. 
 
 The Republican National Convention met in 
 Chicago, June 2. After thirty-six ballots, in 
 which 306 delegates stood unwaveringly by Gen- 
 eral Grant, James A. Garfield, of Ohio, was 
 nominated, with Chester A. Arthur, of New 
 York, for Vice-President. Gen. Winfield Scott 
 Hancock was the Democratic candidate and Gen. 
 James B. Weaver, the Greenback nominee. In 
 Illinois, 622,156 votes were cast, Garfield receiv- 
 ing a plurality of 40,716. The entire Republican 
 State ticket was elected by nearly the same plu- 
 ralities, and the Republicans again had decisive 
 majorities in both branches of the Legislature. 
 
 No startling events occurred during Governor 
 Cullom's second term. The State continued to 
 increase in wealth, population and prosperity, 
 and the heavy debt, by which it had been bur- 
 dened thirty years before, was practically "wiped 
 out." 
 
 ELECTION OP 1882. At the election of 1882, 
 Gen. John C. Smith, who had been elected State 
 Treasurer in 1878, was re-elected for a second 
 term, over Alfred Orendorff, while Charles T. 
 Strattan, the Republican candidate for State 
 Superintendent of Public Instruction, was de- 
 feated by Henry Raab. The Republicans again 
 had a majority in each House of the General 
 Assembly, amounting to twelve on joint ballot. 
 Loren C. Collins was elected Speaker of the 
 
l;t>.\kl> ill- TKADK liril.niNC, ( UK Act). 
 
IIISTOIMCAL KNrycLoi'LiHA or ILLINOIS 
 
 2 IV IV 
 I t 
 
 Ctslliim was reduced to (i.7\ The other Stale' 
 otiiccrs elected werf Andrew Sliunian. Lieu- 
 |.-::ant (iovernor: (!eor";e II Hariow. Secretary 
 of Suite; Thomas I! Needles. Auditor. i-Mward 
 I ,'iit/, Tre-UMircr. and James K. Kdsall. Attorney- 
 l e-neral Kui'li of I hese hud pluralities exceeding 
 .'u.iliHI. except X lies, who, having ;i single com- 
 petitor, had a smaller majority than ('iiltoin. 
 The lieu" State House was occupied for the lirst 
 time liy the State ii(lie"rs and the Legislature 
 chosen at this time VlthooKh the Republican!) 
 had a niajiirity in the House, the Indc|.|idents 
 hel,| the "halance of power" in joint session of 
 thi' (ieiieral Asseml.K \fter a stiililMirn an. I 
 protracted stru.^ule i" tin- ell'ort to choose a 
 I'M it el Slates Sen; it or 1" succeed Senator .lohn A. 
 l.o-j-aii, David !>i\', of liloomin^'ton. was 
 
 lei-ted mi the for!ie!h hallot. lie. had heen a 
 Wlii^and a warm i -.-nal friend of Lincoln, hy 
 
 '.'II he was api' ,ii.'.- ! Associate .lusticc of the 
 ^upreme ( '.mit ( I'..- I'nited States in ISli-.'. Jlis 
 
 I. "-lion t" the I nit e. I Si ales Senate l.y thi- I l.-mo- 
 i-ralsaiiil Indepeii'l'-n's l--il to his retirement from 
 tin- Supreme lioneli. thus preventing his appoint- 
 un-nt on the Kl-'-'lor.!! ' 'i'liiinissiun (f 1S77 a cir- 
 
 ';; ;:ui' ' whirh. ; the (ipiiiion of man\. n:ay 
 have ha.) an imporlaM U-arin.^ upon the deciMoii 
 of Iliat trilmnal. In iic-- lalli-r part of hi-l.-na 
 In- served as Presideni )>!> tempore of tin- Si-iiad-, 
 and more fre.jiii-tit !^ a>-lel \\ith thi- Itepnhli.'ans 
 than with their oppoiifMts I le siip|i<irti'il I'-laim- 
 ai.il Lilian for l'r--i I--M and Vici'-l'ri'-idi-iit. CM 
 !~st. iS,-e 1'iirix Ihn-i.l t 
 
 STUIKI: i>r !*?? Tin 1 extt'iisire railnwd strike. 
 n .Tulv. 1 S 77. <Mn<el \^i'lespread di-ni'ifali/.ai ion 
 f Imsiiiess, csj. ( -i-iallv in thi- railroail i-cnters of 
 the Slate ami throughout Ihc- cmiutry (lem-nilly 
 The ntnvly -or^rani/.fl Nalii>nal *;nar'l was callfl 
 
 nit and rendered eilicient service in iesioriMR 
 "I'di-r. (inverih >r ( 'nllom's action in the premises 
 v-.as prompt, and has U-en ^ r i-nerally coinnii-nded 
 i- eminently \vi^- and iliscrei-t. 
 
 Kl.rrri'iS i>r |s> l-'onr sets of camliilates 
 A ere in tlio Held lor tii" otlices of Stale Treasurer 
 ami Superintendent ! I'uhlii- Instructmu in I^TS 
 
 K'i'puhlic-aii. Ih'tiiocratic. llreetihaek and I'm 
 liiltilinn The Ilcpuliiieatis were Miccessful. lien. 
 Julin (T. Smith I liein.^' elected Treasurer, and 
 .lames I'. Sladi', Superintendent, hy pluralities 
 .ivera^iti;^ alMiut :!">. nun Tin- same parly also 
 'li'.-ted eleven oul of nineteen mi-inhers of Con- 
 ,-n-ss ami. for the lirst lime in six years, secured 
 .1 ma.jnrily in each hranch of the<!eneral \ssem- 
 i'lv At the session of Ihis Legislature, in .lanu 
 .irv follivwiir,-. John A Lo-ni-i was i-le.-ted to tin- 
 
 United States Senate as successor to (Jen. 11. J 
 O^lcshy. whose term expin-d in March following 
 Col \Villiam A. Jaines. of Lake County, served 
 as S|K-:iker of the II .us.- al this session (S<i- 
 tfmilli. ./i'/ni t'ursiHi; S/.i,/. ./i;n,i .< /' .; als- 1 Thirl a- 
 Jlrxl (! nil .{*" n.l'l'i 
 
 CAMI-AUJX <>K l 1 *^!. The [K.lilical campaign 
 of l^xil is menuirahle for thi- di-termined strn^^li- 
 made hy the friends of Ci-n.-ral Uraiit to si'i-iire 
 his nomination for the I're-idcncy for a third 
 term. The It^pulilicaii .State Convent inn. l-t;in 
 nin^ at Sprin:;(ield. Ma\ !'' lasti-1 thn-e days, 
 i-ndiri^ in instriK'tioiis in tavorof < ii-in-ral < irant 
 hy a vole of :'.!'!l to >.", Thi-"- WIT.- nulli led 
 howeM-r. l.y the a'-lionof the Naiiiiiial Coiiveii- 
 lioTi two \\i--Us later. (JoM-rnor Cullom was 
 nominated for rc-el(K-tion : John M ILunilt-m for 
 
 Lienl.-nalit-l Governor. Henry I) I)eni"iil for Sec- 
 retary of Slat.-; Cliarl.-- I'. Swi^ert fi.r Auditor: 
 l-Mward I.'utz ( for a third term! tor Treasurer 
 and Jam.- McCartney I'.T At |..rne\ < ..-neral 
 (S,..- ll,i,i,i,l. II, urif l> : Siriij,;-f. I'lmrlix I': 
 l.'ttt~. I'flirttrtl. and M,-* 'tn-ti" ij. Jttut, *. ) I '.\ Sena 
 tor Triimlnill headed the DeiiiiMTalii- ticket as its 
 candi'Iate for < lov.-i nor. with ( leueral I. I". I'ar- 
 SOIIH for Lieutenant -< Jovenmr 
 
 T.'ie IN-puhlican Nali.mal Cniiveiiiinii met in 
 Chi.-ajro June ,' \lt.-r lhirty-si\ hallots. in 
 which :!"i'i di-li-L-ales stood nnwav.-riri'.-ly l.y (len- 
 eral (irant. Janus \ ilarli.-M ..f Ohio, w.-is" 
 nominati-d. with Cln->i.-r \ Art'mr. ol New 
 ^',.rli. for Vice-President < ien. \Vinlii-ld --- ott 
 llalicock \vas t!n l 1 >emocra1 ic candidate and Cn-n 
 James It "Weaver, (h.- i.i - eenhack nominee In 
 Illinois (',.'-.* l.%ti \o|.-s \vi-ro cast, (iarli.-l I n-c.-iv- 
 ing a plurality of 1" Tlti Thei-nure l,'*-fin!.!].-aii 
 State ticket was elected hy nearly I lie same plu- 
 ralities, and l!ie K'e;.iil.]ic.iiis a-a.n had d'-cisivt* 
 inajoiities in K.|!I li!-aueti.-> ol (lie I..- :-!aiuni. 
 
 No startling e\ent iirre.l dmi::-- (invernur 
 
 Cullom's s.-,-i.n.l I. -rm Thi- Slate i-oatinuel In 
 increase in wealth population and pr..s|M-ril-y. 
 and the h.-avy d.-hl. l.y which it h.i.l IM-II Inir- 
 di-neil thirty years l.fore. was practically "w^H-d 
 out " 
 
 |-;i.l-:iT|ilV "I l^s.' _.\l the elerliotl , ,f 1 SS-_> 
 
 (ien John C. Smilli. who had U-en elecle.1 Stilte 
 Treasurer in IsTs. was re-elected for a second 
 term, over Alfred < )r.-inloi if. while Charles T 
 Strattan. I he 1,'epiihlican can.lidale for State 
 Siiperintenileiil of Piihlic InstriK-tioii. W:LS de 
 feateil I iy Henry 1,'aah The 1,'epnhlicans a^ain 
 hail a majority in each House of tl. (ieneral 
 A.ssemldy amounting to twelve on joint hallot 
 -Loren C Collins was elected S|>eaker i>f tile 
 
27K 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OK ILLINOIS. 
 
 House. In the election of United States Senator, 
 which occurred at this session, Governor Cullom 
 was chosen as the successor to David Davis, Gen. 
 .John M. Palmer receiving the Democratic vote. 
 Lieut. -Gov. Johu M. Hamilton thus became Gov- 
 ernor, nearly in the middle of his term. (See 
 ( 'ullom, Shelby M. ; Hamilton, John 3f.: Collins, 
 Loren C., and Html). Ilrnrii.) 
 
 The "Harper High License Law," enacted by 
 the Thirty-third General Assembly (1883), has 
 become one of the permanent features of the Illi- 
 nois statutes for the control of the liquor traffic, 
 and has been more or less closely copied in other 
 States. 
 
 POLITICAL CAMPAIGN OF 1884. In 18x4, Gen. 
 R. J. Oglesby again Itecame the choice of the 
 Republican party for Governor, receiving at 
 Peoria the conspicuous compliment of a nomina- 
 tion for a third term, by acclamation. Carter II 
 Harrison was the candidate of the Democrats. 
 The Republican National Convention was again 
 held in Chicago, meeting June 3, 1884; Gen. John 
 A. Logan was the choice of the Illinois Repub- 
 licans for President, and was put in nomination 
 in the Convention by Senator Cullom. The 
 choice of the Convention, however, fell upon 
 James G. Blaine, on the fourth killot. his leading 
 competitor l>eing President Arthur. Logan was 
 then nominated for Vice-President by acclama- 
 tion. 
 
 At the election in November the Republican 
 party met its first reverse on the National battle- 
 field since ln5<i, Graver Cleveland and Thomas A. 
 Hendricks, the Democratic candidates, being 
 elected President and V ice-President by the nar- 
 row margin of less than 1,200 votes in the State 
 of New York. The result was in doubt for sev- 
 eral days, and the excitement throughout the 
 country was scarcely less intense than it had 
 been in the close election of 1876. The Green- 
 back and Prohibition parties both had tickets in 
 Illinois, polling a total of nearly 23,000 votes. 
 The plurality in the State for Blaine was 25,118. 
 The Republican State officers elected were Richard 
 J. Oglesby, Governor; John C. Smith, Lieuten- 
 ant-Governor ; Henry D. Dement, Secretary of 
 State; Charles P. Swigert, Auditor; Jacob Gross, 
 State Treasurer; and George Hunt, Attorney- 
 General receiving pluralities ranging from 14,- 
 000 to 25,000. Both Dement and Swigert were 
 elected for a second time, while Gross and Hunt 
 were chosen for first terms. (See Cross, Jacob, 
 and Hunt, George. ) 
 
 CHICAGO ELECTION FRAUDS. An incident of 
 this election was the fraudulent attempt to seat 
 
 Rudolph Brand (Democrat) as Senator in place of 
 Henry W. Leman, in the Sixth Senatorial Dis- 
 trict of Cook County. The fraud was exposed 
 and Joseph C. Mackin, one of its alleged per|x-- 
 trators, was sentenced to the (>enitentiary for four 
 years for ]>erjury growing out of the investiga- 
 tion. A motive for this attempted fraud was 
 found in the close vote in the Legislature for 
 United Suites Senator Senator Logan being a 
 candidate for re-election, while the Legislature 
 stood 102 Republicans to 1<H> Democrats and two 
 Greenbackers on joint ballot. A tedious contest 
 on the election of Speaker of the House finally 
 resulted in the success of E. M. Haines. Pending 
 the struggle over the Senatorship, two seats in 
 the House and one in the Senate were rendered 
 vacant by death the deceased Senator and one of 
 the Representatives being Democrats, and the 
 other Representative a Republican. The special 
 election for Senator resulted in filling the vacancy 
 with a new member of the same political faith as 
 his predecessor ; but both vacancies in the House 
 were filled by Republicans. The gain of a Repub- 
 lican member in place of a Democrat in the 
 House was brought about by the election of 
 Captain William H. Weaver Representative from 
 the Thirty-fourth District (composed of Mason. 
 Menard, Cass and Schuyler Counties) over the 
 Democratic candidate, to fill the vacancy caused 
 by the death of Representative J. Henry Shaw, 
 Democrat. This was accomplished by what is 
 called a "still hunt" on the jiart of the Repub- 
 licans, in which the Democrats, being taken by 
 surprise, suffered a defeat. It furnished the sen- 
 sation not only of the session, but of special elec- 
 tions generally, especially as every county in the 
 District was strongly Democratic. This gave tin- 
 Republicans a majority in each House, and the 
 re-election of Logan followed, though not until 
 two months had been consumed in the contest. 
 (See Logan, John A.) 
 
 OOLESDY'S THIRD TERM. The only disturbing 
 events during Governor Oglesby 's third terra were 
 strikes among the quarrymen at Joliet and 
 Lemont, in May, 1885; by the railroad switchmen 
 at East St. Louis, in April, 188G, and among the 
 employes at the Union Stock-Yards, in November 
 of thessme year. In each case troops were called 
 out and order finally restored, but not until sev- 
 eral persons had been killed in the two former, 
 and both strikers and employers had lost heavily 
 in the interruption of business. 
 
 At the election of 1886, John R. Tanner and 
 Dr. Richard Edwards (Republicans) were respec- 
 tively elected State Treasurer and State Superin- 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 279 
 
 tendent of Public Instruction, by 34,816 plurality 
 for the former and 29,928 for the latter. (See 
 Tanner, John B.; Edwards, Richard.) 
 
 In the Thirty-fifth General Assembly, which 
 met January, 1887. the Republicans had a major- 
 ity in eachT House, and Charles B. Farwell was 
 elected to the United States Senate in place of 
 Gen. John A. Logan, deceased. (See Farirell. 
 Charles B. ) 
 
 FIFEK ELECTED GOVERNOR. The political 
 campaign of 1888 was a spirited one, though less 
 bitter than the one of four years previous. Ex- 
 Senator Joseph W. Fifer, of McLean County, and 
 Ex-Gov. John M. Palmer were pitted against each 
 other as opposing candidates for Governor. (See 
 Fifer, Joseph W. ) Prohibition and Labor tickets 
 were also in the field The Republican National 
 Convention was again held in Chicago, June 
 20-25, resulting in the nomination of Benjamin 
 Harrison for President, on the eighth ballot. The 
 delegates from Illinois, with two or three excep- 
 tions, voted steadily for Judge Walter Q. 
 Gresham. (See (Iri'sham, Walter Q.) Grover 
 Cleveland headed the Democratic ticket as a 
 candidate for re-election. At the November elec- 
 tion, 747,683 votes were cast in Illinois, giving 
 the Republican Electors a plurality of 22,104. 
 Fifer's plurality over Palmer was 12,547, and that 
 of the remainder of the Republican State ticket, 
 still larger. Those elected were Lyman B. Ray, 
 Lieutenant-Governor ; Isaac N. Pearson, Secre 
 tary of State; Gen. Charles W. Pavey, Auditor; 
 Charles Becker, Treasurer, and George Hunt. 
 Attorney -General (See Kay, Lyman B.; Pear- 
 xou, Isaac N.: J'aiTy. Charles It"; and Becker. 
 Charles.) The Republicans secured twenty-six 
 majority on joint ballot in the Legislature the 
 largest since 1881. Among the acts of the Legis- 
 lature of 1889 were the re-election of Senator 
 Cullom to the United States Senate, practically 
 without a contest ; the revision of the compulsory 
 education law, and the enactment of the Chicago 
 drainage law. At a special session held in July. 
 1890, the first steps in the preliminary legislation 
 looking to the holding of the World's Columbian 
 Exposition of 1893 in the city of Chicago, were 
 taken. (See World's Columbian Exposition.) 
 
 REPUBLICAN DEFEAT OP 1890. The campaign 
 of 1890 resulted in a defeat for the Republicans on 
 both the State and Legislative tickets. Edward 
 S. Wilson was eleqted Treasurer by a plurality of 
 9,847 and Prof. Henry Raab, who had been Super- 
 intendent of Public Instruction between 1883 and 
 1887, was elected for a second term by 34,042. 
 Though lacking two of an absolute majority on 
 
 joint ballot in the Legislature, the Democrats 
 were able, with the aid of two members belonging 
 to the Farmers' Alliance, after a prolonged and 
 exciting contest, to elect Ex-Gov. John M. 
 Palmer United States Senator, as successor to 
 C. B. Farwell. The election took place on March 
 11, resulting, on the 154th ballot, in 103 votes for 
 Palmer to 100 for Cicero J. Lindley (Republican) 
 and one for A. J. Streeter. (See Palmer, John M. ) 
 ELECTION'S OF 1892. At the elections of 1892 
 the Republicans of Illinois sustained their first 
 defeat on both State and National issues since 
 1856. The Democratic State Convention was 
 held at Springfield, April 27. and that of the 
 Republicans on May 4. The Democrats put in 
 nomination John P. Altgeld for Governor; 
 Joseph B. Gill for Lieutenant-Governor; William 
 H. Hiarichsen for Secretary of State; Rufus N. 
 Ramsay for State Treasurer; David Gore for 
 Auditor ; Maurice T. Moloney for Attorney-Gen- 
 eral, with John C. Black and Andrew J. Hunter 
 for Congressmen-at-large and three candidates for 
 Trustees of the University of Illinois. The can- 
 didates on the Republican ticket were: For Gov 
 ernor, Joseph W. Fifer; Lieutenant-Governor, 
 Lyman B. Ray ; Secretary of State. Isaac N. Pear- 
 son; Auditor, Charles W. Pavey; Attorney -Gen- 
 eral, George W. Prince; State Treasurer, Henry 
 L. Hertz ; Congressmen-at-large, George S. Willits 
 and Richard Yates, with three University Trus- 
 tees. The first four were all incumbents nomi- 
 nated to succeed themselves. The Republican 
 National Convention held its session at Minneapo- 
 lis June 7-10, nominating President Harrison for 
 re-election, while that of the Democrats met 
 in Chicago, on June 21, remaining in session 
 until June 24, for the third time choosing, as its 
 standard-bearer, Grover Cleveland, with Adlai T. 
 Stevenson, of Bloomington, 111., as his running- 
 mate for Vice-President. The Prohibition and 
 People's Party also had complete National and 
 State tickets in the field. The State campaign 
 was conducted with great vigor on both sides, the 
 Democrats, under the leadersliip of Altgeld, mak- 
 ing an especially bitter contest upon some features 
 of the compulsory school law. and gaining many 
 votes from the ranks of the German-Republicans. 
 The result in the State showed a plurality for 
 Cleveland of 26,993 votes out of a total 873,646 
 the combined Prohibition and People's Party vote 
 amounting to 48,077. The votes for the respec- 
 tive heads of the State tickets were: Altgeld 
 (Dem.), 425,498; Fifer (Rep.), 402,659; Link 
 (Pro.), 25,628 ;Barnet (Peo.), 20, 108 plurality for 
 Altgeld, 22,808. The vote for Fifer was the high- 
 
280 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 eat given to any Republican candidate on either 
 the National or the State ticket, leading that of 
 President Harrison by nearly 3,400, while the 
 vote for Altgeld, though falling behind that of 
 Cleveland, led the votes of all his associates on the 
 Democratic State ticket with the single exception 
 of Ramsay, the Democratic Candidate for Treas- 
 urer. Of the twenty-two Representatives in 
 Congress from the State chosen at this time, 
 eleven were Republicans and eleven Democrats, 
 including among the latter the two Congressmen 
 from the State-at-large. The Thirty -eighth Gen- 
 eral Assembly stood twenty-nine Democrats to 
 twenty-two Republicans in the Senate, and 
 seventy -eight Democrats to seventy-five Republic- 
 ans in the House. 
 
 The administration of Governor Fifer the last 
 in a long and unbroken line under Republican Gov- 
 ernors closed with the financial and industrial 
 interests of the State in a prosperous condition, 
 the State out of debt with an ample surplus in its 
 treasury. Fifer was the first private soldier of 
 the Civil War to be elected to the Governorship, 
 though the result of the next two elections have 
 shown that he was not to be the last both of his 
 successors belonging to the same class. Governor 
 Altgeld was the first foreign-born citizen of the 
 State to be elected Governor, though the State 
 has had four Lieutenant-Governors of foreign 
 birth, viz. : Pierre Menard, a French Canadian ; 
 John Moore, an Englishman, and Gustavus 
 Koerner and Francis A. Hoffman, both Germans. 
 ALTOELD'S ADMINISTRATION. The Thirty- 
 eighth General Assembly began its session, Jan. 
 4, 1893, the Democrats having a majority in each 
 House. (See Thirty-eighth General Assembly.) 
 The inauguration of the State officers occurred on 
 January 10. The most important events con- 
 nected with Governor Altgeld's administration 
 were the World's Columbian Exposition of 1893, 
 and the strike of railway employes in 1894. Both 
 of these have been treated in detail under their 
 proper heads. (See WorlcC s Columbian Exposi- 
 tion, and Labor Troubles.) A serious disaster 
 befell the State in the destruction by fire, on the 
 night of Jan. 3, 1895, of a portion of the buildings 
 connected with the Southern Hospital for the 
 Insane at Anna, involving a loss to the State of 
 nearly $200,000, and subjecting the inmates and 
 officers of the institution to great risk and no 
 small amount of suffering, although no lives were 
 lost. The Thirty-ninth General Assembly, which 
 met a few days after the fire, made an appropri- 
 ation of $171,970 for the restoration of the build- 
 ings destroyed, and work was begun immediately. 
 
 The defalcation of Charles W. Spalding, Treas- 
 urer of the University of Illinois, which came to 
 light near the close of Governor Altgeld's term, 
 involved the State in heavy loss (the exact 
 amount of which is not even yet fully known), 
 and operated unfortunately for the credit of the 
 retiring administration, in view of the adoption of 
 a policy which made the Governor more directly 
 responsible for the management of the State in- 
 stitutions than that pursued by most of his prede- 
 cessors. The Governor's course in connection 
 with the strike of 1894 was also severely criticised 
 in some quarters, especially as it brought him in 
 opposition to the policy of the National adminis- 
 tration, and exposed him to the charge of sympa- 
 thizing with the strikers at a time when they 
 were regarded as acting in open violation of law. 
 
 ELECTION OF 1894. The election of 1894 showed 
 as surprising a reaction against the Democratic 
 party, as that of 1892 had been in an opposite 
 direction. The two State offices to be vacated 
 this year State Treasurer and State Superintend- 
 ent of Public Instruction were filled by the elec- 
 tion of Republicans by unprecedented majorities. 
 The plurality for Henry Wulff for State Treas- 
 urer, was 133,427, and that in favor of Samuel M. 
 Inglis for State Superintendent of Public Instruc- 
 tion, scarcely 10,000 less. Of twenty -two Repre- 
 sentatives in Congress, all but two returned as 
 elected were Republicans, and these two were 
 unseated as the result of contests. The Legisla- 
 ture stood thirty-three Republicans to eighteen 
 Democrats in the Senate, and eighty -eight Repub- 
 licans to sixty -one Democrats in the House. 
 
 One of the most important acts of the Thirty - 
 ninth General Assembly, at the following session, 
 was the enactment of a law fixing the compensa- 
 tion of members of the General Assembly at $1,000 
 for each regular session, with five dollars per day 
 and mileage for called, or extra, sessions. This 
 Legislature also passed acts making appropriations 
 for the erection of buildings for the use of the 
 State Fair, which had been permanently located 
 at Springfield; for the establishment of two ad- 
 ditional hospitals for the insane, one near Rock 
 Island and the other (for incurables) near Peoria; 
 for the Northern and Eastern Illinois Normal 
 Schools, and for a Soldiers' Widows' Home at 
 Wilmington. 
 
 PERMANENT LOCATION OP THE STATE FAIR. 
 In consequence of the absorption of public atten- 
 tion especially among the industrial and manu- 
 facturing classes by the World's Columbian 
 Exposition, the holding of the Annual Fair of the 
 Illinois State Board of Agriculture for 1893 was 
 
z 
 
 PI 
 
 rr 
 
 f 
 t- 
 
 c 
 
 < 
 
880 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS 
 
 est given to an}' Republican candidate on either 
 the National or the State ticket, leading that of 
 President Harrison by nearly 3,40(1, while the 
 vote for Altgeld, though falling behind that of 
 Cleveland, led the votes of all his associates on tho 
 Democratic State ticket with the single exception 
 of Ramsay, the Democratic Candidate for Treas 
 urer. Of the twenty-two Representatives in 
 Congress from tli State chosen at this time, 
 eleven were Republicans and eleven Democrats, 
 including among the latter the two Congressmen 
 from the Stato-at-large. The Thirty-eighth Gen- 
 eral Assembly stood twenty-nine Democrats to 
 twenty-two Republicans in thu Senate, and 
 seventy-eight Democrats to seventy five Republic- 
 ans in tli- 1 louse. 
 
 The administration of ( Inventor Fifer the last 
 in a long and unbroken line under Republican Gov- 
 ernors closed with the financial and industrial 
 interests of the State in a prosperous condition, 
 the State out of debt with an ample surplus in its 
 treasury Fifer was the first private soldier of 
 the Civil War to be elected to the Governorship, 
 though tin 1 result of the next two elections have 
 shown that lie was not to Iw the last both of his 
 successors belonging to the same class. Governor 
 Altgeld wa.s the first foreign-liorn citizen of the 
 Stale to be elected Governor, though tho State 
 has had four Lieutenant -Governors of foreign 
 birth, vi/. : Pierre Menard, a French Canadian; 
 John Moore, an Englishman, and Gustavus 
 Koerner and Francis A. Hotrman. both Germans. 
 
 Ai.rciKi.D's ADMINISTRATION. The Thirty- 
 eighth General Assembly began its session, Jan. 
 t, INHH. tin 1 Democrats having a majority in each 
 House (See Tliirli/-i'iylitlt <!<H<ral .\xxrnilily.) 
 The inauguration of thu State officers occurred on 
 January III. The most important events con- 
 nected with Governor Altgeld's administration 
 were the World's Columbian [Exposition of fHli:!, 
 and the strike of railway employes in \*'J-\. I'oth 
 of these have licen treated in detail under their 
 proper heads. (See \\'i>rlil's Columbian K.i'jtoxi- 
 liini. and l.nlior Tmnlili-x ) A serious disaster 
 befell the State in the destruction by fire, on tin 1 
 night of Jan :!. |s!ir,, of a iK.rtion of the buildings 
 connected with I lie Southern Hospital for the 
 Insane at Anna, involving a loss to the State of 
 nearly x-JdlMilio, and subjecting the inmates ami 
 officers of tlie institution to great risk and no 
 small amount of suffering, although no lives were 
 lost The Thirty ninth General Assembly, which 
 met a few days after the fire, made an appropri 
 ation of SIT 1.1170 for the restoration of the build 
 ings destroyed, and work was begun immediately 
 
 Tin- defalcation of Charles W. Spalding, Treas- 
 urer of the University of Illinois, which came to 
 light near the close of Governor Altgeld's term, 
 involved the State in heavy loss (the exact 
 amount of which is not even yet fully known i. 
 and operated unfortunately for the credit of the 
 retiring administration, in view of the adoption ol 
 a policy which made the Governor more directly 
 responsible for the management of the State in- 
 stitutions than that pur-ued by most of bis prede- 
 cessors. The Governor's course in connection 
 with the strike of 1N1I4 was also severely criticised 
 in some cmarters, especially as it brought him in 
 opposition to the policy of the National adminis 
 tratiou, and exposed him to the charge of sympa 
 thi/ing with the strikers at a time when they 
 were regarded as acting in open violation of law 
 
 ELECTION OF ISU4. The election of IHJM showed 
 as surprising a reaction against the Democratic 
 party, as that of 1HU2 had been in an opposite 
 direction. The two State offices to 1* vacated 
 this year State Treasurer and State Superintend 
 ent of Public Instruction were tilled by the elec- 
 tion of Republicans by unprecedented majorities. 
 The plurality for Henry \Vullf for State Trtas 
 urer, was Ut;i.4'-27, and that in favor of Samuel M. 
 Inglis for State Superintendent of Public Instruc 
 tion, scarcely 10,000 less. I >f twenty-two Repre 
 sontativcs in Congress, all but two returned as 
 elected were Republicans, and these two were 
 unseated as the result of contests. The Legisla 
 ture stood thirty-three Republicans to eighteen 
 Democrats in the Senate, and eighty eight Repub 
 licans to sixty -one Democrats in the House. 
 
 One of the most important acts of the Thirty 
 ninth General Assembly, at the following session 
 was the enactment of a law lixing the compen^a 
 tion of membersof the General Assembly at 81, Mm 
 for' each regular session, with five dollars per day 
 and mileage for called, or extra, sessions. This 
 Legislature also passedacts making appropriations 
 for the erection of buildings for the use of tin- 
 State Fair, which had ln-en [KTinanently located 
 lit Springfield; for the establishment of two ad 
 ditional hospitals for the insane, one near Rock 
 Island and the other (for incurables) near I'eoria. 
 for the Northern and Eastern Illinois Normal 
 Schools, and for a Soldiers' Widows' Home at 
 Wilmington. 
 
 I'KKMANKNT LOCATION OF THE STATK FAIU. 
 Ill consequence of the absorption of public alien 
 tion especially among the industrial and manu- 
 facturing classes by the World's Columbian 
 Exposition, the holding of the Annual Fair of the 
 Illinois State Board of Agriculture for 1W)3 was 
 
o 
 z 
 
 f. 
 
 X 
 
 u 
 
 bl 
 
 c 
 J* 
 
 X 
 
 3 
 
 X 
 
 o 
 
 2 
 
 u. 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 281 
 
 omitted for the first time since the Civil War. 
 The initial steps were taken by the Board at its 
 annual meeting in Springfield, in January of that 
 year, looking to the permanent location of the 
 Fair; and, at a meeting of the Board held in Chi- 
 cago, in October following, formal specifications 
 were adopted prescribing the conditions to be met 
 in securing the prize. These were sent to cities 
 intending to compete for the location as the basis 
 of proposals to be submitted by them. Responses 
 were received from the cities of Bloomington, 
 Decatur, Peoritt.and Springfield, at the annual 
 meeting in January, 1894, with the result that, 
 on the eighth ballot, the bid of Springfield was 
 accepted and the Fair permanently located at 
 that place by a vote of eleven for Springfield to 
 ten divided between five other points. The 
 Springfield proposal provided for conveyance to 
 the State Board of Agriculture of 155 acres of 
 land embracing the old Sangamon County Fair 
 Grounds immediately north of the city besides 
 a cash contribution of $50,000 voted by the San- 
 gamon County Board of Supervisors for the 
 erection of permanent buildings. Other contri- 
 butions increased the estimated value of the 
 donations from Sangamon County (including the 
 land) to $139,800, not including the pledge of the 
 city of Springfield to pave two streets to the gates 
 of the Fair Grounds and furnish water free, be- 
 sides an agreement on the part of the electric 
 light company to furnish light for two years free 
 of charge. The construction of buildings was 
 begun the same year, and the first Fair held on 
 the site in September following. Additional 
 buildings have been erected and other improve- 
 ments introduced each year, until the grounds 
 are now regarded as among the best equipped for 
 exhibition purposes in the United States. In the 
 meantime, the increasing success of the Fair 
 from year to year has demonstrated the wisdom 
 of the action taken by the Board of Agriculture 
 in the matter of location. 
 
 CAMPAIGN OF 1896. The political campaign 
 of 1896 was one of almost unprecedented activity 
 in Illinois, as well as remarkable for the variety 
 and character of the issues involved and the 
 number of party candidates in the field. As 
 usual, the Democratic and the Republican parties 
 were the chief factors in the contest, although 
 there was a wide diversity of sentiment in each, 
 which tended to the introduction of new issues 
 and the organization of parties on new lines. 
 The Republicans took the lead in organizing for 
 the canvass, holding their State Convention at 
 Springfield on April 29 and 30. while the Demo- 
 
 crats followed, at Peoria, on June 23. The former 
 put in nomination John R. Tanner for Governor; 
 William A. Northcott for Lieutenant-Governor ; 
 James A. Rose for Secretary of State ; James S. 
 McCullough for Auditor; Henry L. Hertz for 
 Treasurer, and Edward C. Akin for Attorney- 
 General, with Mary Turner Carriel, Thomas J 
 Smyth and Francis M. McKay for University 
 Trustees. The ticket put in nomination by the 
 Democracy for State officers embraced John P. 
 Altgeld for re-election to the Governorship; for 
 Lieutenaut-Governor, Monroe C. Crawford; Sec- 
 retary of State, Finis E. Downing; Auditor, 
 Andrew L. Maxwell; Attorney -General, George 
 A. Trade, with three candidates for Trustees. 
 
 The National Republican Convention met at St. 
 Louis on June 16, and, after a three days' session, 
 put in nomination William McKinley, of Ohio, 
 for President, and Garret A. Hobart, of New 
 Jersey, for Vioe-President ; while their Demo- 
 cratic opponents, following a policy which had 
 been maintained almost continuously by one or 
 the other party since 1860, set in motion its party 
 machinery in Chicago holding its National Con- 
 vention in that city, July 7-11, when, for the first 
 time in the history of the nation, a native of 
 Illinois was nominated for the Presidency in the 
 person of William J. Bryan of Nebraska, with 
 Arthur Sewall, a ship-builder of Maine, for the 
 second place on the ticket. The main issues, as 
 enunciated in the platforms of the respective 
 parties, were industrial and financial, as shown by 
 the prominence given to the tariff and monetary 
 questions in each. This was the natural result of 
 the business depression which had prevailed since 
 1893. While the Republican platform adhered to 
 the traditional position of the party on the tariff 
 issue, and declared in favor of maintaining the 
 gold standard as the basis of the monetary system 
 of the country, that of the Democracy took a new 
 departure by declaring unreservedly for the "free 
 and unlimited coinage of both silver and gold at 
 the present legal ratio of 16 to 1 ;" and this be- 
 came the leading issue of the campaign. The 
 fact that Thomas E. Watson, of Georgia, who 
 had been favored by the Populists as a candidate 
 for Vice President, and was afterwards formally 
 nominated by a convention of that party, with 
 Mr. Bryan at its head, was ignored by the Chi- 
 cago Convention, led to much friction between 
 the Populist and Democratic wings of the party 
 At the same time a very considerable body in 
 influence and political prestige, if not in numbers 
 in the ranks of the old-line Democratic party, 
 refused to accept the doctrine of the free-silver 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OK ILLINOIS. 
 
 omitted for the lirst time since the Civil War 
 The initial steps were taken by the Board at its 
 annual meeting in S]iringliel<l, in January of that 
 year, looking to the permanent location of the 
 Kair; and, at a meeting of the Board held in Chi- 
 cago, in October following, formal specifications 
 were adopted prescribing the conditions to be met 
 in securing the prize. These were sent to cities 
 intending to compete for the location as the basis 
 of pro|)osals to be submitted by them Ues|K>nses 
 were received from the cities of BloootingtOB. 
 Decatur, I'eoria and .Springfield, at the annual 
 meeting in January, 1M1M. with the result that, 
 on the eighth ballot, the bid of Springfield was 
 accepted and the Fair permanently located at 
 that place by a vote of eleven for Springfield to 
 ten divided between live other |>oints. The 
 Springfield proposal provided for conveyance to 
 the State Board of Agriculture of 1S5 acres of 
 land embracing the old Sangarnon County Fair 
 Grounds immediately north of the city besides 
 a cash contribution of 511, (Kid voted by the San- 
 gamon County Board of Supervisors for the 
 erection of fieriiiaiieiit buildings. Other contri- 
 butions increased the estimated value of the 
 donations from Sangamon County (including the 
 land) to SUiO,S(M>. not including the pledge of the 
 city of Springfield to pave two streets to the gates 
 of the Fair (! rounds ami furnish water free, IH-- 
 sides an agreement on the part of the electric 
 light company to furnish light for two years free 
 of charge. The construction of buildings was 
 liegun the same year, and the lirst Fair held on 
 the site in September following Additional 
 buildings have liven erected and other improve- 
 ments introduced each year, until the grounds 
 are now regarded as among the l>est equipped for 
 exhibition purjmses in the United States In the 
 meantime, the increasing success of the Fair 
 from ye;r to year has demonstrated the wisdom 
 of the action taken by the Hoard of Agriculture 
 in the matter of location 
 
 CAMPAIGN OK 1W>. The jiolilieal campaign 
 of IWMi was one of almost unprecedented activity 
 in Illinois as well as remarkable for the variety 
 and character of the issues involved and the 
 nuinl'fi of party candidates in the field As 
 usual, the Democratic ami the Republican parties 
 were the chief factors in the/ contest, although 
 there was a wide diversity of sentiment in each, 
 which tended to the introduction of new issues 
 and the organization of parties on new lines 
 The Republicans took the lead in organizing for 
 the canvass, holding their State Convention at 
 Springfield on April ill and !!0. while the Demo- 
 
 crats followed, at Peoria, on June 23. The former 
 pui in nomination John H. Tanner for (loveruor 
 William A Northcott for Lieutenant-Uoveruor . 
 James A. liose for Secretary of State: James S 
 McCulIough for Auditor; Henry L. Hertz for 
 Treasurer, and Edward C Akin for Attorney 
 (ieneral, with Mary Turner Carrie!, Thomas J 
 Smyth and Francis M McKay for University 
 TrustiH-s. The ticket put in nomination by the 
 Democracy for State officers embraced John I'. 
 Altgeld for re-election to the Governorship, for 
 Lieutenant-* lovernor, Monroe C. Crawford; Sec- 
 retary of State, Finis K. Downing; Auditor, 
 Andrew L. Maxwell; Attorney-! iener.il. (George 
 A. Trude, with three candidates for Trustees. 
 
 The National Republican Convention met at St 
 Louis on June Id, and, after a three days' session, 
 put in nomination William McKiuley, of Ohio, 
 for President, and Carret A Ilohart, of New 
 Jersey, for Vice- President: while their Demo 
 cratic opponents, following a jtolicy which had 
 been maintained almost continuously by one or 
 the other party since 1SGO, set in motion its [>arty 
 machinery in Chicago holding its National Con 
 vention in that city, July 7-11, when, for the first 
 time in the history of the nation, a native of 
 Illinois was nominated for the Presidency in the 
 person of William J. Bryan of Nebraska, with 
 Arthur Sewall, a shipbuilder of Maine, for the 
 second place on the ticket The main issues, as 
 enunciated in the platforms of the respective 
 parties, were industrial and financial, as shown by 
 the prominence given to the tarilT and monetary 
 questions in each. This was the natural result of 
 the business depression which had prevailed since- 
 1H!C!. While the Republican! platform adhered to 
 the traditional |H>sition of the, party on the tariff 
 issue, and declared in favor of maintaining the 
 gold standard as the basis of the monetary system 
 of tin- country, that of the Democracy took a new 
 departure by declaring unreservedly for the "free, 
 and unlimited coinage of lioth silver and gold at 
 the present legal ratio of 1<> to 1 ," and this lie- 
 came 'the leading issue of the rampaign. The 
 fact that Thomas K. Watson, of < icorgia, who 
 had Id-en favored by the Populists as a candidate 
 for Vice President, and was afterwards formally 
 nominatcd by a convention of that (tarty, w-ith 
 Mr Bryan at its head, was ignored by the Chi 
 eago ( 'on\ eiitioii. led to much friction Ix'twcen 
 the Populist and Democratic wings of the |tart\ 
 At the same time a very considerable liody in 
 influence and [lolitical prestige, if not in numbers 
 in the ranks of the old-line Democratic |>arty 
 refused to accept the doctrine of the free silvei 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 section on the monetary question, and. adopting 
 the name of "Gold Democrats,'' put in nomination 
 a ticket composed of John M. Palmer, of Illinois, 
 for President, and Simon B. Buckner, of Ken- 
 tucky, for Vice-President. Besides these, the Pro- 
 hibitionists, Nationalists. Socialist-Labor Party 
 and "Middle-of-the-Road" (or "straight-out") 
 Populists, had more or less complete tickets in the 
 Held, making a total of seven sets of candidates 
 appealing for the votes of the people on issues 
 assumed to be of National importance. 
 
 The fact that the two great parties Democratic 
 and Republican established their principal head- 
 cjuarters for the prosecution of the campaign in 
 Chicago, had the effect to make that city and 
 the State of Illinois the center of political activ- 
 ity for the nation. Demonstrations of an impos- 
 ing character were held by both parties. At the 
 November election the Republicans carried the 
 day by a plurality, in Illinois, of 141,517 for their 
 national ticket out of a total of 1,090,869 votes, 
 while the leading candidates on the State ticket 
 received the following pluralities: John R. Tan 
 ner (for Governor). 113,381; Northcott (for Lieu- 
 tenant-GovernorK 137,354; Rose ( for Secretary of 
 State), 136.611; McCullough (for Auditor). 138,- 
 013; Hertz (for Treasurer), 116,064; Akin (for 
 Attorney-General), 132,650. The Republicans also 
 elected seventeen Representatives in Congress to 
 three Democrats and two People's Party men. 
 The total vote cast, in this campaign, for the "Gold 
 Democratic" candidate for Governor was 8,100. 
 
 Gov. TANNER'S ADMINISTRATION The Fortieth 
 General Assembly met Jan. 6, 1897, consisting of 
 eighty-eight Republicans to sixty-three Demo- 
 crats and two Populists in the House, and thirty- 
 nine Republicans to eleven Democrats and one 
 Populist in the Senate. The Republicans finally 
 gained one member in each house by contests. 
 Edward C. Curtis, of Kankakee County, was 
 chosen Speaker of the House and Hendrick V. 
 Fisher, of Henry County. President pro tern, of 
 the Senate, with a full set of Republican officers 
 in the subordinate positions. The inauguration 
 of the newly elected State officers took place on 
 the llth, the inaugural address of Governor 
 Tanner taking strong ground in favor of main- 
 taining the issues indorsed by the people at the 
 late election. Ou Jan. ;!0, William E. Mason, 
 of Chicago, was elected United States Senator, as 
 the successor of Senator Palmer, whose term was 
 about to expire. Mr. Mason received the full 
 Republican strength (125 votes) in the two 
 Houses, to the 77 Democratic votes cast for John 
 P. Altgeld. (See fortieth General AxxenMy. ) 
 
 Among the principal measures enacted by the 
 Fortieth General Assembly at its regular session 
 were; The "Torrens Land Title System," regu- 
 lating the conveyance and registration of land 
 titles (which see) ; the consolidation of the three 
 Supreme Court Districts into one and locating the 
 Supreme Court at Springfield, and the Allen 
 Street-Railroad Law, empowering City Councils 
 and other corporate authorities of cities to grant 
 street railway franchises for a period of fifty 
 years. On Dec. 7, 1897, the Legislature met in 
 special session under a call of the Governor, nam- 
 ing five subjects upon which legislation was sug- 
 gested. Of these only two were acted upon 
 affirmatively, viz. : a law prescribing the manner 
 of conducting the election of delegates to nomi- 
 nating political conventions, and a new revenue 
 law regulating the assessment and collection of 
 taxes. The main feature of the latter act is the 
 requirement that property shall be entered upon 
 the books of the assessor at its cash value, subject 
 to revision by a Board of Review, the basis of 
 valuation for purposes of taxation being one-fifth 
 of this amount. 
 
 THE SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR. The most not- 
 able event in the history of Illinois during the 
 year 1898 was the Spanish-American War, and 
 the part Illinois played in it. In this contest 
 Illinoisans manifested the same eagerness to 
 serve their country as did their fathers and fel- 
 low citizens in the War of the Rebellion, a third 
 of a century ago. The first call for volunteers 
 was responded to with alacrity by the men com- 
 posing the Illinois National Guard, seven regi- 
 ments of infantry, .from the First to Seventh 
 inclusive, besides one regiment of Cavalry and 
 one Battery of Artillery in all about 9,000 men 
 being mustered in between May 7 and May 21 
 Although only one of these the First, under the 
 command of Col. Henry L. Turner of Chicago 
 saw practical service in Cuba before the surrender 
 at Santiago, others in camps of instruction in the 
 South stood ready to respond to the demand for 
 their service in the field. Under the second call 
 for troops two other regiments the Eighth and 
 the Ninth were organized and the former (com- 
 posed of Afro-Americans officered by men of 
 their own race) relieved the First Illinois on guard 
 duty at Santiago after the surrender. A body of 
 engineers from Company E of the Second United 
 States Engineers, recruited in Chicago, were 
 among the first to see service in Cuba, while 
 many Illinoisans belonging to the Naval Reserve 
 were assigned to duty on United States war 
 vessels, and rendered most valuable service in the 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 283 
 
 naval engagements in Cuban waters. The Third 
 Regiment (Col. Fred. Bennitt) also took part in 
 the movement for the occupation of Porto Rico. 
 The several regiments on their return for muster- 
 out, after the conclusion of terms of peace with 
 Spain, received most enthusiastic ovations from 
 their fellow-citizens at home. Besides the regi- 
 ments mentioned, several Provisional Regiments 
 were organized and stood ready to respond to the 
 call of the Government for their services had the 
 emergency required. (See H'nr, TJie Spanish 
 American. ) 
 
 LABOR DISTURBANCES. The principal labor 
 disturbances in the State, under Governor Tan- 
 ner's administration, occurred during the coal- 
 miners' strike of 1897, and the lock-out at the 
 Pana and Virden mines in 1898. The attempt to 
 introduce colored laborers from the South to 
 operate these mines led to violence between the 
 adherents of the "Miners' Union" and the mine- 
 owners and operators, and their employes, at 
 these points, during which it was necessary to 
 call out the National Guard, and :i number of 
 lives were sacrificed on both sides. 
 
 A flood in the Ohio, during the spring of 1898, 
 caused the breaking of the levee at Shawneetown, 
 111., on the 3d day of April, in consequence of 
 which a large proportion of the city was flooded, 
 many homes and business houses wrecked or 
 greatly injured, and much other property de- 
 stroyed. The most serious disaster, however, was 
 the loss of some twenty-five lives, for the most 
 part of women and children who, being surprised 
 in their homes, were unable to escape. Aid was 
 promptly furnished by the State Government in 
 the form of tents to shelter the survivors and 
 rations to feed them ; and contributions of money 
 and provisions from the citizens of the State, col- 
 lected by relief organizations during the next two 
 or three months, were needed to moderate the 
 suffering. (See Inundation*, Remarkable.) 
 
 CAMPAIGN OF 1898. The political campaign of 
 1898 was a quiet one, at least nominally conducted 
 on the same general issues as that of 1896, al- 
 though the gradual return of business prosperity 
 had greatly modified the intensity of interest 
 with which some of the economic questions of 
 the preceding campaign had been regarded. The 
 only State officers to be elected were a State- 
 Treasurer, a Superintendent of Public Instruction, 
 and three State University Trustees the total 
 vote cast for the former being 878,622 against 
 1,090,869 for President in 1896. Of the former. 
 Floyd K. Whittemore (Republican candidate for 
 State Treasurer) received 448.940 to 405.490 for 
 
 M. F. Dunlap (Democrat), with 34,192 divided 
 between three other candidates: while Alfred 
 Rayliss (Republican) received a plurality of 
 68,899 over his Democratic competitor, with 23,- 
 190 votes cast for three others. The Republican 
 candidates for University Trustees were, of course, 
 elected. The Republicans lost heavily in their 
 representation in Congress, though electing thir- 
 teen out of twenty-two members of the Fifty- 
 sixth Congress, leaving nine to their Democratic 
 opponents, who were practically consolidated in 
 this campaign with the Populists. 
 
 FORTY-FIRST GENERAL ASSEMBLY. The Forty 
 first General Assembly met, Jan. 4, 1899, and 
 adjourned, April 14, after a session of 101 days, 
 with one exception (that of 1875), the shortest 
 regular session in the history of the State Gov- 
 ernment since the adoption of the Constitution of 
 1870. The House of Representatives consisted of 
 eighty-one Republicans to seventy -one Democrats 
 and one Prohibitionist; and the Senate, of thirty 
 four Republicans to sixteen Democrats and one 
 Populist giving a Republican majority on joint 
 ballot of twenty -six. Of 176 bills which passed 
 both Houses, received the approval of the Gov- 
 ernor and became laws, some of the more impor- 
 tant were the following: Amending the State 
 Arbitration Law by extending its scope and the 
 general powers of the Board ; creating the office 
 of State Architect at a salary of $5,000 per annum. 
 to furnish plans and specifications for public 
 buildings and supervise the construction and 
 care of the same ; authorizing the consolidation 
 of the territory of cities under township organi- 
 zation, and consisting of five or more Congres- 
 sional townships, into one township ; empowering 
 each Justice of the Supreme Court to employ a 
 private secretary at a salary of $2,000 per annum, 
 to be paid by the State; amending the State 
 Revenue Law of 1898 ; authorizing the establish- 
 ment and maintenance of parental or truant 
 schools; and empowering the State to establish 
 Free Employment Offices, in the proportion of one 
 to each city of 50,000 inhabitants, or three in 
 cities of 1,000,000 and over. An act was also 
 passed requiring the Secretary of State, when an 
 amendment of the State Constitution is to be 
 voted upon by the electors at any general elec- 
 tion, to prepare a statement setting forth the pro- 
 visions of the same and furnish copies thereof to 
 each County Clerk, whose duty it is to have said 
 copies published and posted at the places of voting 
 for the information of voters. One of the most 
 important actsof this Legislature was the repeal, 
 by a practically unanimous vote, of the Street- 
 
284 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 railway Franchise Law of the previous session, 
 the provisions of which, empowering City Coun- 
 cils to grant street-railway franchises extending 
 over a period of fifty years, had been severely 
 criticised by a portion of the press and excited 
 intense hostility, especially in some of the larger 
 cities of the State. Although in force nearly two 
 years, not a single corporation had succeeded in 
 obtaining a franchise under it. 
 
 A RETROSPECT AND A LOOK INTO THE FUTURE. 
 The history of Illinois has been traced concisely 
 and in outline from the earliest period to the 
 present time. Previous to the visit of Juliet and 
 Marquette, in 1673, as unknown as Central Africa, 
 for a century it continued the hunting ground of 
 savages and the home of wild animals common to 
 the plains and forests of the Mississippi Valley. 
 The region brought under the influence of civili- 
 zation, such as then existed, comprised a small 
 area, scarcely larger than two ordinarily sized 
 counties of the present day. Thirteen years of 
 nominal British control (1765-78) saw little change, 
 except the exodus of a part of the old French 
 population, who preferred Spanish to British rule. 
 
 The period of development began with the 
 occupation of Illinois by Clark in 1778. That 
 saw the "Illinois County," created for the gov- 
 ernment of the settlements northwest of the 
 Ohio, expanded into five States, with an area of 
 250,000 square miles and a population, in 1890, of 
 13,500,000. In 1880 the population of the State 
 equaled that of the Thirteen Colonies at the 
 close of the Revolution. The eleventh State in 
 the Union in this respect in 1850, in 1890 it had 
 advanced to third rank. With its unsurpassed 
 fertility of soil, its inexhaustible supplies of fuel 
 for manufacturing purposes, its system of rail 
 roads, surpassing in extent that of any other State, 
 there is little risk in predicting that the next 
 forty years will see it advanced to second, if not 
 first rank, in both wealth and population. 
 
 But if the development of Illinois on material 
 lines has been marvelous, its contributions to the 
 Nation in philanthropists and educators, soldiers 
 and statesmen, have rendered it conspicuous. A 
 long list of these might be mentioned, but two 
 names from the ranks of Illinoisans have been, by 
 common consent, assigned a higher place than all 
 others, and have left a deeper impress upon the 
 history of the Nation than any others since the 
 days of Washington. These are, Ulysses S. Grant, 
 the Organizer of Victory for the Union arms 
 and Conqueror of the Rebellion, and Abraham 
 Lincoln, the Great Emancipator, the Preserver of 
 the Republic, r.nd its Martyred President. 
 
 CHRONOLOGICAL RECORD. 
 
 Important Events in Illinois Hittory. 
 
 1673. Jolfet and Marqoette reach Illinois from Green Bay by 
 way of the Upper Mississippi and Illinois Rivers. 
 
 1674-5. Marquette makes a second visit to Illinois and Spends 
 the winter on the present site or Chicago. 
 
 1680.- La Salle and To my descend the Illinois to Peorla Lake. 
 
 1681.-Tonty begins the erection of Port fcL Louis on " Starved 
 Rock " In La Salle County. 
 
 1683. l.a Halle nd Tonty tescend the Illinois and Mississippi 
 Rivers to the mouth of the lafer, and take pueaession 
 i April tf, 1682* in the name or the King or France. 
 
 1700. First permanent French settlement In Illinois and Mis- 
 sion or si Sulpice established at < hokla 
 
 1700. Kaskaskia Indians remove rrom the Upper Illinois and 
 locate near the mouth or the Kaskaskla River. French 
 settlement established here the same year becomes the 
 town or Kaskaskia and ruture capital or Illinois. 
 
 1718. The first Fort Chartres. erected near Kaakaskia. 
 
 1718. Fort St. Louis, on the Upper Illinois, burned by Indiana. 
 
 1751. Fort fhartres rebuilt and strengthened. 
 
 1765. The Illinois country surrendered by toe French to the 
 British under the treaty or 1703. 
 
 1778. 'July 4t Col. George Rogers Clark, at the head of an expe* 
 dltinn organized under authority orGov. Patrick Henry of 
 Virginia, arrives at Kaskvkia. The occupation or Illinois 
 by the American troops rollows. 
 
 1778. Illinois County create! by Act of the Virginia House of 
 Delegates, for the government of the settlements north- 
 west or the Ohio River. 
 
 1787. Congress adopts the Ordinance of 1787. organizing the 
 Northwest Territory, embracing the present btwa or 
 Ohio. Indiana, Illlno . Michigan and Wisconsin. 
 
 1788. General Arthur St. Clair appointed Governor of North- 
 west Territory. 
 
 1790. st Clair county organized. 
 
 I7 1 '. Randolph County organized. 
 
 ItWG. Northwest Territory divided into Ohio and Indiana Ter- 
 ritories, Illinois being embraced In the latter. 
 
 1809. Illinois Territory set oft* from Indiana, and Nlnlau 
 Edwards appointed Governor. 
 
 1818. i Dec. :ii Illinois admitted as a State. 
 
 1820. - state capital removed from Kaskaskia to Vandalia. 
 
 182.1-24. -Unsuccessful attempt to make Illinois a slave Bute. 
 
 l - :" \ [tril 30) General La Foyelte visits Kaakaskia. 
 
 18.12,-Black Hawk War. 
 
 1839. tJ ily 4j springlield becomes the third capital of the State 
 under an Actor the Legislature pussej in 1837. 
 
 I- 1*. Trip second Constitution adopted. 
 
 1*M - Abraham Lincoln Is elected President. 
 
 1861. War of the Rebellion begins. 
 
 18K1. (Jan. 1) Lincoln issues his final Proclamation of Eman- 
 cipation. 
 
 1864 Lincoln's second election to the Presidency. 
 
 1865. (April 14) Abraham Lincoln assassinated in Washlngton- 
 1865. ( May < President LI coin's funeral In sjiringtleld. 
 
 1865 The War or the Rebellion ends. 
 I8iw.-Gn. U. s. Grant elected to the Presidency. 
 1870. The third State Constitution adopted. 
 
 POPULATION OF ILLINOIS 
 At Each Decennial Census from 1810 to 1300. 
 
 1810123) 12.282 
 
 I0i ji 65.I62 
 
 18IW (201 157,446 
 
 1840 (Hi 471,. In.) 
 
 1850 (HI 851,470 
 
 1860 (4) 1.711.951 
 
 1870 (41 2,M,Wtl 
 
 18BO (4) 3077.871 
 
 I MM (3) 182M5I 
 
 1900 (3) 1.821,650 
 
 NOTE. Figures In parenthesis Indicate the rank of the SUM 
 In order i>r population. 
 
 ILLINOIS CITIES 
 Raring a Population of 10,000 and Over (OOO). 
 
 Name. Population. 
 
 Chicago 1^98.755 
 
 Peorla 66.100 
 
 Qulucy 36.252 
 
 Sprlnglield 14.169 
 
 Rockrord 81,061 
 
 Joliet 29,363 
 
 EastSt Louis 2S.665 
 
 Aurora M.M7 
 
 Bloomlngton 23.286 
 
 Elgin 21.433 
 
 Uecatur 20.764 
 
 Rock Island 11MU8 
 
 Evauslon. 19,2i 
 
 Name. Population. 
 
 Galeoburg 18,607 
 
 Belleville. 17.481 
 
 Mollue 17.248 
 
 Uanvllle. 16,364 
 
 Jacksonville 16.078 
 
 Alton 14.210 
 
 felreator 14.079 
 
 Kaukake* 13.595 
 
 Freeport 1I261 
 
 Cairo 12.666 
 
 Ottawa 10.588 
 
 LaUajJa... 10,446 
 
HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 286 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 This Index relates exclusively to matter embraced In the article under the title "Illinois." Rnhjecw of general State history 
 will be foutid treated at length, under topical head*, lu the body of the Encyclopedia. 
 
 Admission of Illinois as a State, 258. 
 Altgeld, John P., administration as Gnv 
 er i ior . 279-80 ; defeated for re-election, 281 
 Anderson, Stinson H.,264. 
 Anti-Nebraska Editorial Convention. 2Sft. 
 Anti-slavery contest of 1822-24; defeat of a 
 
 convention scheme, 260. 
 Baker. Col. E. I)., 283; orator at laying 
 
 the corner-stone of State capitol, 264. 
 Bate man, Newton, State Superintendent 
 
 Of Public Instruction, 270,274.275. 
 Beveridge. John L., Congressman and 
 Lieutenant-Governor; becomes Governor 
 by resignation of Governor Ogleaby,27t>. 
 Birkbeck, Morris, 260. 
 Blssell, William H . Colonel In Mexican 
 
 War. 265; Governor, 269; death, 270. 
 Black Hawk War. 262. 
 Blodgett, Henry W., Free Boll member of 
 
 the Legislature. 2tttf. 
 Bloomlngton Convention (1856), 269. 
 Bolsbriant, first French Commandant. 249. 
 Bond, Shadrach. 255; Delegate In Congress, 
 
 297; flrst Governor, 258. 
 Breese. Bldney,259 
 Browne, Thomas C., 260. 
 Browning, Orvtlle H., In Bloomlngton 
 
 Convention, 269; U 8. Senator. 273. 
 Cahokla, flrst French settlement at, 252. 
 Camp l>ougla* conspiracy, 27X 
 Canal scrip Fi ami, 270. 
 Carlin, Thomas, elected Ooverr.or. 263 
 Casey. Zadoc, elected to Congresa; re* 
 
 signs the Lieu tenant -Governorship, 262. 
 Cbarlevolx visits Illinois. 247 
 Chicago and Calumet Rivers. Importance 
 
 of la estimation of early explorers, 247 
 Chicago election frauds, 278. 
 Chicago, fire of 1871,276. 
 Chicagoa, Indian Chief for whom Chicago 
 
 waa named, 248. 
 Clark, (-ol. George Rogers, expedition to 
 
 Illinois; captureof Kaskaskla,ai. 
 Colea, Edward, emancipates his slaves; 
 candidate for Governor, 259; his election, 
 260; persecuted by bis enemies, 261. 
 Constitutional Convention of 1818, 2S8. 
 Constitutional Convention of 1847, 266. 
 Constitutional Convention of 1*2, 272. 
 Constitutional Convention of 1870,275. 
 Cook, Daniel P.. 265: Attorney-General, 
 
 258; elected to Congress. 260-61. 
 Craig, Capt. Thomas, expedition against 
 
 Indians at Peorla. 257. 
 
 Cullom, Shelby M., Speaker of General As- 
 sembly, 270; elected Governor, 276; fea- 
 tures of his administration; re-elected, 
 277; elected to U. 8. Senate. 278. 
 Davis. David. United States Senator, 277. 
 Douglas, Stephen A., 263; Justice Supreme 
 Court, 164, U 8. Senator, 266; debates 
 with Lincoln. 268- 70: re-elected U.S. Sen- 
 ator, 270; death, 272. 
 Duncan, Joaepn. Governor; character of 
 
 his administration. 262-63. 
 Early towns, 268. 
 Earthquake of 1811. ISA. 
 Edwards. Nlulan, Governor Illinois Terri- 
 tory. 255. elected U. H. Senator, 259; 
 elected Governor; administration and 
 death, XI. 
 
 Ewing, William L. D . becomes acting 
 Governor; occupant of many offices, 282. 
 Explorer a, early French, 244-5. 
 Farwell, Charles B.,279 
 Fleld-MrClernand contest, 264. 
 Flfer. Joseph W., elected Governor, 279. 
 Fisher, Dr. George. Speaker of Territorial 
 
 House of Representatives, 257. 
 Ford, Thomas, Governor; embarrassing 
 
 questions of bis administration, 264 
 Fort Chart res, surrendered to British, 250. 
 Fort l>earborn massacre, 256-57. 
 Fort Gage burned, 251. 
 Fort Masaac.startingpointon the Ohio of 
 
 Clark's expedition, 251. 
 Tort St Louis. 246; raided and horned by 
 
 Indians, 247 
 Franklin, Benjamin, Indian Commissioner 
 
 for Illinois in 1776, 251. 
 French, Augustus C., Governor. 266-7. 
 French aud Indian War, 290. 
 
 French occupation ; settlement about K. 
 kaskia and Cahokia. 249. 
 
 French villages, population of in 1765,251. 
 
 Glbault. Pierre, 252. 
 
 Grant. Ulyses 8., arrival at Springfield; 
 Colonel of Twenty-first Illinois Volun- 
 teers, 271: elected President 275. 
 
 Gresbam, Walter Q , supported by Illinois 
 Republicans for the Presidency, 279. 
 
 Hamilton, John M , Lteutenant-Governor, 
 277; succeeds Gov. Cullom, 278. 
 
 Hansen-Shaw contest, 280. 
 
 Hardin, John J., 263; elected to Congress, 
 264; killed at Buena Vista, 265. 
 
 Harrison, William Henry, first Governor 
 of Indiana Territory. 254. 
 
 Henry, Patrick, Indian Commissioner for 
 Illinois Country; assist* in planning 
 Clark's expedition, 251; ex-offlcio Gov- 
 ernor of territory northwest of the Ohio 
 River 
 
 Illinois, its rank In order of admission into 
 the Union, area and population, 241; In- 
 dlan origin of the name; boundaries aud 
 area; geographical location; navigable 
 streams. 242; topography, fauna and 
 flora, 243; soil and climate, 243-44; con 
 teat for occupation, 244: part of Louisi- 
 ana tit 1721, 249: surrendered to the 
 British la 1765, 251; under government of 
 Vlrgl nia. 252 : part of Indiana Territory, 
 54; Territorial Government organized; 
 Nlnlan Edwards appointed Governor, 
 255, admitted as a State. 258 
 
 Illinois A Michigan Canal, 261. 
 
 Illinois Central Railroad, 267-68. 
 
 -Illinois Country," boundaries defined by 
 Cap.ain Pltiman, 241; Patrick Henry, 
 flrst American Governor, 252. 
 
 Illinois County organized by Virginia 
 House of Delegates, 252. 
 
 Illinois Territory organized; first Territo- 
 rial officers, 255. 
 
 Indiana Territory organized. 254; first 
 Territorial Legislature elected, 255. 
 
 Indian tribes; location in Illinois, 247. 
 
 Internal Improvement scheme. 263. 
 
 Juliet, Louis, accompanied by Marquette, 
 visits Illinois in 1673, 245. 
 
 Kane, Elias Kent, 258. 
 
 Kansas- Nebraska contest, 268. 
 
 Kask&skia Indians remove from Upper 
 Illinois to mouth of Kaskaskia, 248. 
 
 Kenton, Simon, guide for Clark's expedi- 
 tion against Kaskaskia. 251. 
 
 Labor disturbances, 27u, 280, 283. 
 
 La Fayette. visit of, to Kaskaskia, 261. 
 
 La Halle, expedition to Illinois In 1679-80, 
 245; builds Fort Miami, near mouth of 
 St. Joseph; disaster of Fort Creve-Cceur; 
 erection of FortSt. Louis, 246. 
 
 Lincoln, Abraham, Representative In the 
 General Assembly. 2t>3; elected to Con* 
 gress, 266; unsuccessful candidate for 
 the United States Senate; member of 
 Bloomingt'm Convention of 1856 ; 
 " House divided-agalnst-ltself" speech, 
 269; elected President.270: departure for 
 Washington, 271; elected for a second 
 term, 273; assassination and funeral, 274. 
 
 Lincoln- Douglas debates. 270. 
 
 Lock wood, Samuel D., Attorney-General; 
 Secretary of State; opponent of pro- 
 slavery convention scheme, 260. 
 
 Logan. Gen. John A., prominent Union 
 soldier, 272; Cougressman-at-large.274-7&; 
 elected United States Senator. 276; Re- 
 publican nominee for Vtce-Preaideut; 
 third election as Senator, 278 
 
 "LonirNlne."263. 
 
 Louisiana united with Illinois. 254. 
 
 Lovejoy, Elijah P . murdered at Alton, 263. 
 
 Macalister and Stebbuis bonds. 270. 
 
 Marquette. Puttier Jacques (see Jollet); 
 his mission among the Kaskn9klas. 248. 
 
 Mason, William E.. U S. Senator. 282. 
 
 McLean. John, Speaker; first Represent a- 
 liveui Congress: U.S Senator; death, 266. 
 
 Menard, Pierre, 255; President of Terri- 
 torial Council, 257; elected Lieutenant- 
 Governor. 258; anecdote of, 259, 
 
 Mexican War, 265. 
 
 Morgan, Col. fieorge, Indian Agent at Ca*~ 
 kaskia in 1776. 251. 
 
 Mormon War, 264-65. 
 
 New Design settlement, 255. 
 
 New Krance,244. 249. 
 
 Nicole t. Jean, French explorei, 244-5. 
 
 Northwest Territory organized: Gen. Ar- 
 thur St. Clalr appointed Governor, 253: 
 first Territorial Legislature; separated 
 Into Territories of Ohio and Indiana. 254. 
 
 Oglesby, Richard J.. soldier In Civil War. 
 271; elected Governor, 274; second elec- 
 tion; chosen U. 8. Senator, 276; third 
 election to governorship, 278. 
 
 Ordinance of 1787,253. 
 
 * Paincourt" (early name for St Louis 
 settled by French from Illinois. 251. 
 
 Palmer, John M., member of Peace Con - 
 ference of 1861, 271; elected Governor; 
 prominent events of bis administration. 
 .75; unsuccessful Democratic candidate 
 
 for Governor; elected U.S. senator. 27*: 
 candidate for President. 2Si. 
 
 Peace Conference of 1861.271. 
 
 Peace conventions of 1863,273. 
 
 Perrot. Nicholas, explorer, 245. 
 
 Pittman, Capt. Philip, defines the bounda- 
 ries of the "Illinois Country," 241. 
 
 Pope, Nathaniel, Secretary of Illinois Ter- 
 ritory. 255; Delegate in Congress: serv- 
 ice 1 n fix! ng northern boundary, 258. 
 
 Prairies, origin of, 243. 
 
 Randolph County organized. CM. 
 
 Renault, Philip F.. first importer of Afri- 
 can slaves to Illinois. 249. 
 
 Republican State Convention of 18S6.269. 
 
 Reynolds. John, elected Governor: resign* 
 to lake seat In Congress, 262; Speaker of 
 Illinois Uouseof Representatives. 268. 
 
 Richardson, William A., candidate for 
 Governor. 270; U.S. Senator. 272. 
 
 Rocheblave, Chevalier de. last British 
 Commandant In Illinois. SSI; sent a* a 
 prisoner of war to Wtlliamaburg, 252 
 
 Shawneetown Bank, 267. 
 
 Shawneetown flood, 283. 
 
 Shields, Gen. James, 163; elected U. 8. Sen- 
 ator, 267; defeated for re-election, 269. 
 
 Southern Hospital for Insaue burned, 280. 
 
 Spanish-American War, 281. 
 
 Springfield, third State capital, 263; erec- 
 tion of new state capitol at, authorize*! 
 275; State Bank, 259. 
 
 St. Clair, Arthur, first Governor of North- 
 west Territory, 253: visits Illinois, 2M. 
 
 St. Clatr County organized, 251. 
 
 State debt reaches its maximum. 268. 
 
 State Fair permanently 1 1 >rtt ted , 281. 
 
 Streams and navigation. 242. 
 
 Supreme t'ouri revolutionized, 254. 
 
 Tanner. John K . state Treasurer, 27s, 
 elected Governor, 281-2. 
 
 Thomas. Jesse B.. 256; President of Con- 
 stitutional Convention of 1818, 258 
 elected United States Sena tor, 259. 
 
 Todd.CoI . John. County-Lieutenant of Illi- 
 nois County, 252. 
 
 Tonty, Henry de i see LaSalle). 
 
 Treaty with Indians near A I ton. 257. 
 
 Trumbull. Lymau, Secretary of State. 264 
 elected United States Senator. 269-70: 
 Democratic candidate for Governor, 277. 
 
 Vandalia. the second State capital, a>9. 
 
 War of 1812, 256; expeditions to Peoria 
 Lake. 257. 
 
 War of the Rebellion; some prominent 
 Illinois actors; number of troops fur- 
 nished by Illln -Is: Important hattles par- 
 ticipated in, 271 72; some officers whu 
 fell:,Grierson raid. 272. 
 
 Warren. Hooper, editor Edwardsvillr 
 Spectator. 260. 
 
 Wayne. Gen Anthony. 254. 
 
 Whig mass-meeting at Springfield. 364. 
 
 Wilmot Proviso, action of Illinois Legisla- 
 ture upon, 267. 
 
 Wood, John, Lieutenant-Governor, fills 
 Hissell's unexpired term. 270. 
 
 Yates, Richard, at Bloomlncton Conven- 
 tion of 1856. 269; Governor, 270; prorogues 
 Legislature of 1863; elected United States 
 Senator, 273. 
 
286 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 
 
 I I.KS. Klijah, pioneer mercliant, was born in 
 Kentucky, March 28, 1796; received the rudiments 
 of an education in two winters' schooling, and 
 began his business career by purchasing 100 head 
 of yearling cattle upon which, after herding 
 them three years in the valleys of Eastern Ken- 
 tucky, he realized a profit of nearly $3,000. In 
 1818 he went to St. Louis, then a French village 
 of 2,500 inhabitants, and, after spending three 
 years as clerk in a frontier store at "Old Frank- 
 lin," on the Missouri River, nearly opposite the 
 present town of Boonville, in 1821 made a horse- 
 hack tour through Central Illinois, finally locating 
 at Springfield, which had just been selected by 
 a board of Commissioners as the temporary 
 county -seat of Sangamon County. Here he soon 
 brought a stock of goods by keel-boat from St. 
 Louis and opened the first store in the new town. 
 Two years later (1823), in conjunction with 
 Pascal P. Enos, Daniel P. Cook and Thomas Cox, 
 he entered a section of land comprised within the 
 present area of the city of Springfield, which 
 later became the permanent county-seat and 
 finally the State capital. Mr. lies became the 
 first postmaster of Springfield, and, in 1826, was 
 elected State Senator, served as Major in the 
 Winnebago War (1827), enlisted as a private in 
 the Black Hawk War (1831-32), but was soon 
 advanced to the rank of Captain. In 1830 he 
 sold his store to John Williams, who had been 
 his clerk, and, in 1838-39, built the "American 
 House," which afterwards became the temporary 
 .stopping-place of many of Illinois' most famous 
 .statesmen. He invested largely in valuable 
 farming lands, and. at his death, left a large 
 estate. Died, Sept. 4, 1883. 
 
 ILLINOIS ASYLl'M FOR INCURABLE IN 
 SANE, an institution founded under an act of the 
 General Assembly, passed at the session of 1895, 
 making an appropriation of $65,000 for the pur- 
 chase of a site and the erection of buildings with 
 capacity for the accommodation of 200 patients. 
 The institution was located by the Trustees at 
 Bartonville, a suburb of the city of Peoria, and 
 the erection of buildings begun in 1896. Later 
 these were found to be located on ground which 
 had been undermined in excavating for coal, and 
 their removal to a different location was under- 
 taken in 1898. The institution is intended to 
 relieve the other hospitals for the Insane by the 
 reception of patients deemed incurable. 
 
 ILLINOIS AND MICHIGAN CANAL, a water- 
 way connecting Lake Michigan with the Illinois 
 River, and forming a connecting link in the 
 water-route between the St. Lawrence and the 
 
 Gulf of Mexico. Its summit level U about 580 
 feet above tide water. Its point of beginning is 
 at the South Branch of the Chicago River, about 
 five miles from the lake. Thence it flows some 
 eight miles to the valley of the Des Plaines, fol- 
 lowing the valley to the mouth of the Kankakee 
 (forty-two miles), thence to its southwestern 
 terminus at La Salic, the head of navigation on 
 the Illinois. Between these points the canal has 
 four feeders the Calumet, Des Plaines, Du Page 
 and Kankakee. It passes through Lockport. 
 Juliet, Morris, and Ottawa, receiving accessions 
 from the waters of the Fox River at the latter 
 point. The canal proper is 96 miles long, and it 
 has five feeders whose aggregate length is 
 twenty-five" miles, forty feet wide and four feet 
 deep, with four aqueducts and seven dams. The 
 difference in level between Lake Michigan and 
 the Illinois River at La Salle is one hundred and 
 forty-five feet. To permit the ascent of vessels, 
 there are seventeen locks, ranging from three 
 and one half to twelve and one-half feet in lift, 
 their dimensions being 110x18 feet, and admitting 
 the passage of boats carrying 150 tons. At Lock- 
 port, Joliet, Du Page, Ottawa and La Salle are 
 large basins, three of which supply power to fac- 
 tories. To increase the water supply, rendered 
 necessary by the high summit level, pumping 
 works were erected at Bridgeport, having two 
 thirty-eight foot independent wheels, each capa 
 ble of delivering (through buckets of ten feet 
 length or width) 15,000 cubic feet of water per 
 minute. These pumping works were erected in 
 1848, at a cost of $15,000, and were in almost con- 
 tinuous use until 1870. It was soon found that 
 these machines might be utilized for the benefit 
 of Chicago, by forcing the sewage of the Chicago 
 River to the summit level of the canal, and allow- 
 ing its place to be filled by pure water from the 
 lake. This pumping, however, cost a large sum, 
 and to obviate this expense $2,955,340 was ex- 
 pended by Chicago in deepening the canal be- 
 tween 1865 and 1871, so that the sewage of the 
 south division of the city might be carried through 
 the canal to the Des Plaines. This sum was 
 returned to the City by the State after the great 
 fire of 1871. (As to further measures for carry- 
 ing off Chicago sewage, see Chicago Drainage 
 Canal.) ' 
 
 In connection with the canal three locks and 
 dams have been built on the Illinois River, one 
 at Henry, about twenty-eight miles below La 
 Salle ; one at the mouth of Copperas Creek, about 
 sixty miles below Henry; and another at La 
 Grange. The object of these works (the first 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 287 
 
 two being practically an extension of the canal) 
 is to furnish slack-water navigation through- 
 out the year. The cost of that at Henry (400,000) 
 was defrayed by direct appropriation from the 
 (State treasury. Copperas Creek dam cost $410,831, 
 of which amount the United States Government 
 paid $62,360. The General Government also con- 
 structed a dam at La Grange and appropriated 
 funds for the building of another at Kampsville 
 Landing, witli a view to making the river thor- 
 oughly navigable the year round. The beneficial 
 results expected from these works have not been 
 realized and their demolition is advocated. 
 
 HISTORY. The early missionaries and fur- 
 traders first directed attention to the nearness of 
 the waters of Lake Michigan and the Illinois. 
 The project of the construction of a canal was 
 made the subject of a report by Albert Gallatin, 
 Secretary of the Treasury in 1808. and, in 1811, a 
 bill on the subject was introduced in Congress in 
 connection with the Erie and other canal enter- 
 prises. In 1822 Congress granted the right of 
 way across the public lands "for the route of a 
 canal connecting the Illinois River with the 
 south bend of Lake Michigan," which was fol- 
 lowed five years Inter by a grant of 300,000 acres 
 of land to aid in its construction, which was to 
 be undertaken by the' State of Illinois. The 
 earliest surveys contemplated a channel 100 miles 
 long, and the original estimates of cost varied 
 between $639,000 and $716,000. Later surveys 
 and estimates (1833) placed the cost of a canal 
 forty feet wide and four feet deep at $4,040,000. 
 In 1836 another Board of Commissioners was 
 created and surveys were made looking to the 
 constmction of a waterway sixty feet wide at the 
 surface, thirty-six feet at bottom, and six feet in 
 depth. Work was begun in June of that year; 
 was suspended in 1841; and renewed in 1846, 
 when a canal loan of $1,000,000 was negotiated. 
 The channel was opened for navigation in April, 
 1848, by which time the total outlay had reached 
 $6,170,226. By 1871, Illinois had liquidated its 
 entire indebtedness on account of the canal and 
 the latter reverted to the State. The total cost 
 up to 1879 including amount refunded to Chi- 
 cagowas $9,513,831, while the sum returned to 
 the State from earnings, sale of canal lands, etc., 
 amounted to 8,819,731. In 1882 an offer was 
 made to cede the canal to the United States upcn 
 condition that it should be enlarged and ex- 
 tended to the Mississippi, was repeated in 1887, 
 but has been declined. 
 
 ILLINOIS AND MISSISSIPPI CANAL (gener- 
 ally known as "Hennepin Canal"), a projected 
 
 navigable water-way in course of construction 
 (1899) by the General Government, designed to 
 connect the Upper Illinois with the Mississippi 
 River. Its object is to furnish a continuous 
 navigable water-cliannel from Lake Michigan, at 
 or near Chicago, by way of the Illinois & Michi- 
 gan Canal (or the Sanitary Drainage Canal) and 
 the Illinois River, to the Mississippi at the mouth 
 of Rock River, and finally to the Gulf of Mexico. 
 
 THE ROUTE. The canal, at its eastern end, 
 leaves the Illinois River one and three-fourths 
 miles above the city of Hennepin, where the 
 river makes the great bend to the south. Ascend- 
 ing the Bureau Creek valley, the route passes 
 over the dividing ridge between the Illinois River 
 and the Mississippi to Rock River at the mouth 
 of Green River; thence by slack- water down 
 Rock River, and around the lower rapids in that 
 stream at Milan, to the Mississippi. The esti- 
 mated length of the main channel between its 
 eastern and western termini is seventy-five miles 
 the distance having been reduced by changes 
 in the route after the lirst survey. To this is t<> 
 be added a "feeder" extending from the vicinity 
 of Sheffield, on the summit-level (twenty-eight 
 miles west of the starting point on the Illinois), 
 north to Rock Falls on Rock River opposite the 
 city of Sterling in Whiteside County, for the 
 purpose of obtaining an adequate supply of water 
 for the main canal on its highest level. The 
 length of this feeder is twenty-nine miles and, as 
 its dimensions are the same as those of the main 
 channel, it will be navigable for vessels of the 
 same class as the latter. A dam to lie constructed 
 at Sterling, to turn water into the feeder, will 
 furnish slack- water navigation on Rock River to 
 Dixon, practically lengthening the entire rout* 
 to tliat extent. 
 
 HISTORY. The subject of such a work began to 
 be actively agitated as early as 1H71, and, under 
 authority of various acts of Congress, preliminary 
 surveys began to be made by Government engi- 
 neers that year. In 1890 detailed plans and esti- 
 mates, based upon these preliminary surveys, 
 were submitted to Congress in accordance with 
 the river and harbor act of August, 1888. Thiv 
 report became tho basis of an appropriation in 
 the river and harbor act of Sept. 19, 1890, for 
 carrying the work into practical execution. 
 Actual work was begun on the western end of tin- 
 canal in July, 1892, and at the- eastern end in the 
 spring of 1894. Since then it has been prosecuted 
 as continuously as the appropriations made by 
 Congress from year to year would permit. Ac- 
 cording to the report of Major Marshall, Chief of 
 
288 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 Engineers in charge of the work, for the fiscal 
 year ending June 30, 1898, the construction of the 
 canal around the lower rapids of Rock River (four 
 and one-half miles), with three locks, three 
 swing bridges, two dams, besides various build- 
 ings, was completed and that portion of the canal 
 opened to navigation on April 17. 1895. In the 
 early part of 1899, the bulk of the excavation 
 and masonry on the eastern section was practi- 
 cally completed, the feeder line under contract, 
 and five out of the eighteen bridges required to 
 be constructed in place; and it was estimated 
 that the whole line, with Jocks, bridges, culverts 
 and aqueducts, will be completed within two 
 years, at the farthest, by 1902. 
 
 DIMENSIONS, METHODS OP CONSTRUCTION, COST. 
 ETC. As already stated, the length of the main 
 line is seventy-five miles, of which twenty -eight 
 miles (the eastern section) is east of the junction 
 of the feeder, and forty-seven miles (the western 
 section) west of that point making, with the 
 twenty-nine miles of feeder, a total of one hun- 
 dred and four miles, or seven miles longer than 
 the Illinois & Michigan Canal. The rise from the 
 Illinois River datum to the summit-level on the 
 eastern section is accomplished by twenty-one 
 locks with a lift of six to fourteen feet each, to 
 reach an altitude of 196 feet; while the descent 
 of ninety-three feet to the low-water level of the 
 Mississippi on the western end is accomplished 
 through ten locks, varying from six to fourteen 
 feet each. The width of the canal, at the water 
 surface, is eighty feet, with a depth below the 
 surface-line of seven feet. The banks are rip- 
 rapped with stone the entire length of the canal. 
 The locks are one hundred and seventy feet long, 
 between the quoins, by thirty-five feet in width, 
 admitting the passage of vessels of one hundred 
 and forty feet in length and thirty-two feet beam 
 and each capable of carrying six hundred tons of 
 freight. 
 
 The bulk of the masonry employed in the con- 
 struction of locks, as well as abutments for 
 bridges and aqueducts, is solid concrete manufac- 
 tured in place, while the lock-gates and aque- 
 ducts proper are of steel the use of these 
 materials resulting in a. large saving in the first 
 cost as to the former, and securing greater solid- 
 ity and permanence in all. The concrete work, 
 already completed, is found to have withstood 
 the effects of ice even more successfully than 
 natural stone. The smaller culverts are of iron 
 piping and the framework of all the bridges of 
 steel. 
 The earlier estimates placed the entire cost of 
 
 construction of the canal, locks, bridges, build- 
 ings, etc., at $5,068,000 for the main channel and 
 $1,858,000 for the Rock River feeder a total of 
 $6,926,000. This has been reduced, however, by 
 changes in the route and unexpected saving in 
 the material employed for masonry work. The 
 total expenditure, as shown by official reports, 
 up to June 30, 1898, was $1,748,905.13. The 
 amount expended up to March 1, 1899, approxi- 
 mated $2,500,000, while the amount necessary to 
 complete the work (exclusive of an unexpended 
 balance) was estimated, in round numbers, at 
 $3,500,000. 
 
 The completion of this work, it is estimated, 
 will result in a saving of over 400 miles in water 
 transportation between Chicago and the western 
 terminus of the canal. In order to make the 
 canal available to its full capacity between lake 
 points and the Mississippi, the enlargement of 
 the Illinois & Michigan Canal, both as to width 
 and depth of channel, will be an indispensable 
 necessity ; and it is anticipated that an effort will 
 be made to secure action in this direction by the 
 Illinois Legislature at its next session. Another 
 expedient likely to receive strong support will be, 
 to induce the General Government to accept the 
 tender of the Illinois & Michigan Canal and, by 
 the enlargement of the latter through its whole 
 length or, from Lockport to the Illinois River 
 at La Salle, with the utilization of the Chicago 
 Drainage Canal furnish a national water-way 
 between the lakes and the Gulf of Mexico of 
 sufficient capacity to accommodate steamers and 
 other vessels of at least 600 tons burthen. 
 
 ILLINOIS BAND, THE, an association consist- 
 ing of seven young men, then students in Yale 
 College, who, in the winter of 1828-29, entered 
 into a mutual compact to devote their lives to the 
 promotion of Christian education in the West, 
 especially in Illinois. It was composed of Theron 
 Baldwin, John F. Brooks, Mason Grosvenor, 
 Elisha Jenney, William Kirby, Julian M. Sturte- 
 vant and Asa Turner. All of these came to Illi- 
 nois at an early day, and one of the first results 
 of their efforts was the founding of Illinois Col- 
 lege at Jacksonville, in 1829, with which all 
 became associated as members of the first Board 
 of Trustees, several of them so remaining to the 
 close of their lives, while most of them were con- 
 nected with the institution for a considerable 
 period, either as members of the faculty or finan- 
 cial agents Dr. Sturtevant having been Presi- 
 dent for thirty-two years and an instructor or 
 professor fifty-six years. (See Baldwin. Theron; 
 Brooks, John F. ; and Sturtevant, Julian II. ) 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 289 
 
 ILLINOIS CENTRAL RAILROAD, a corpo- 
 ration controlling the principal line of railroad 
 extending through the entire length of the State 
 from north to south, besides numerous side 
 branches acquired by lease during the past few 
 years. The main lines are made up of three gen- 
 eral divisions, extending from Chicago to Cairo, 
 IlL (364.73 miles); from Centralia to Dubuque, 
 Iowa, (340.77 miles), and from Cairo to New- 
 Orleans, La. (547.79 miles) making a total of 
 1,253.29 miles of main line, of which 705.5 miles 
 are in Illinois. Besides this the company con- 
 trols, through lease and stock ownership, a large 
 number of lateral branches which are operated 
 by the company, making the total mileage 
 officially reported up to June 30, 1898, 3,130.21 
 miles. (HISTORY.) The Illinois Central Railroad 
 is not only one of the lines earliest projected in 
 the history of the State, but has been most inti- 
 mately connected with its development. The 
 project of a road starting from the mouth of the 
 Ohio and extending northward through the State 
 is said to have been suggested by Lieut. -Gov. 
 Alexander M. Jenkins as early as 1832; was 
 advocated by the late Judge Sidney Breese and 
 others in 1835 under the name of the Wabash & 
 Mississippi Railroad, and took the form of a 
 charter granted by the Legislature in January, 
 1836, to the first "Illinois Central Railroad Com- 
 pany," to construct a road from Cairo to a point 
 near the southern terminus of the Illinois & 
 Michigan Canal. Nothing was done under this 
 act, although an organization was effected, with 
 Governor Jenkins as President of the Company. 
 The Company surrendered its charter the next 
 year and the work was undertaken by the State, 
 under the internal improvement act of 1837, and 
 considerable money expended without complet- 
 ing any portion of the line. The State having 
 abandoned the enterprise, the Legislature, in 
 1843, incorporated the "Great Western Railway 
 Company" under what came to be known as tho 
 "Holbrook charter," to be organized under the 
 auspices of the Cairo City & Canal Company, 
 the line to connect the termini named in the 
 charter of 1836, via Vandalia, Shelbyville, 
 Decatur and Bloomington. Considerable money 
 was expended under this charter, but the scheme 
 again failed of completion, and the act was 
 repealed in 1845. A charter under the same 
 name, with some modification as to organization, 
 was renewed in 1849. In January, 1850, Senator 
 Douglas introduced a bill in the United States 
 Senate making a grant to the State of Illinois of 
 alternate sections of land along the line of a 
 
 proposed road extending from Cairo to Duluth in 
 the northwest corner of the State, with a branch 
 to Chicago, which bill passed the Senate in May 
 of the same year and the House in September, 
 and became the basis of the Illinois Central Rail- 
 road Company as it exists to-day. Previous to 
 the passage of this act. however, the Cairo City 
 & Canal Company had been induced to execute a 
 full surrender to the State of its rights and privi- 
 leges under the "Holbrook charter. " This was 
 followed in February, 1831, by the act of the 
 Legislature incorporating the Illinois Central 
 Railroad Company, and assigning thereto (under 
 specified conditions) the grant of lands received 
 from the General Government. This grant 
 covered alternate sections within six miles of the 
 line, Or the equivalent thereof (when such lands 
 were not vacant), to be placed on lands within 
 fifteen miles of the line. The number of acres 
 thus assigned to the Company was 2,595,000, 
 (about 3,840 acres per mile), which were con- 
 veyed to Trustees as security for the performance 
 of the work. An engineering party, organized 
 at Chicago, May 21. 1851, began the prelim- 
 inary survey of the Chicago branch, and 
 before the end of the year the whole line was 
 surveyed and staked out The first contract for 
 grading was let on March 15, 1852, being for that 
 portion between Chicago and Kensington (then 
 known as Calumet), 14 miles. This was opened 
 for traffic, May 24, 18ri2, and over it the Michigan 
 Central, which had been in course of construction 
 from the east, obtained trackage rights to enter 
 Chicago. Later, contracts were let for other 
 sections, some of them in June, and the last on 
 Oct. 14, 1852. In May, 1853, the section from 
 La Salle to Bloomington (61 miles) was com- 
 pleted and opened for business, a temporary 
 bridge being constructed over the Illinois near 
 La Salle, and cars hauled to the top of the bluff 
 with chains and cable by means of a stationary 
 engine. In July, 1854, the Chicago Division was 
 put in operation to Urbana, 128 miles; the main 
 line from Cairo to La Salle (301 miles), completed 
 Jan. 8, 1855, and the line from La Salle to Duluth 
 (now East Dubuque), 146.73 miles, on June 12, 
 1855 the entire road (705.5 miles) being com- 
 pleted, Sept. 27, 1856. (FINANCIAL STATEMENT.) 
 The share capital of the road was originally 
 fixed at $17,000,000, but previous to 1869 it had 
 been increased to $25,500,000, and during 1873-74 
 to $29.000,000. The present capitalization (1898) 
 is $163,352,593, of which $52,500,000 is in stock, 
 $52,680,925 in bonds, and $51,367.000 in miscel- 
 laneous obligations. The total cost of the road 
 
290 
 
 1IISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 in Illinois, as shown by a report made in 1889, was 
 $35,110,609. By the terms of its charter the 
 corporation is exempt from taxation, but in lieu 
 thereof is required to pay into the State treasury, 
 semi-annually. seven per cent upon the gross 
 earnings of the line in Illinois. The sum thus 
 paid into the State treasury from Oct. 31, 1855, 
 when the first payment of $29,751.59 was made, 
 up to anJ including Oct. 31, 1898, aggregated 
 $17,315,193.24. The last payment (October, 1898), 
 amounted to $334,527.01. The largest payment 
 in the history of the road was that of October, 
 1893, amounting, for the preceding six months, to 
 $450,17634. The net income of the main line in 
 Illinois, for the year ending June 30, 1898, was 
 $12,299,021, and the total expenditures within the 
 State 812,831,161. (LEASED LINES.) The first 
 addition to the Illinois Central System was made 
 in 1867 in the acquisition, by lease, of the Dubuque 
 & Sioux City Railroad, extending from Dubuque 
 to Sioux Falls, Iowa. Since then it has extended 
 its Iowa connections, by the construction of new 
 lines and the acquisition or extension of others. 
 The most important addition to the line outside 
 of the State of Illinois was an arrangement 
 effected, in 1872, with the New Orleans, Jackson & 
 Great Northern, and the Mississippi Central Rail- 
 roads with which it previously had traffic con- 
 nections giving it control of a line from Jackson, 
 Tenn. , to New Orleans, La. At first, connection 
 was had between the Illinois Central at Cairo and 
 the Southern Divisions of the system, by means 
 of transfer steamers, but subsequently the gap 
 was tilled in and the through line opened to traffic 
 in December, 1873. In 1874 the New Orleans, 
 Jackson & Great Northern and the Mississippi 
 Central roads were consolidated under the title 
 of the New Orleans, St. Louis & Chicago Railroad, 
 but the new corporation defaulted on its interest 
 in 1876. The Illinois Central, which was the 
 owner of a majority of the bonds of the constitu- 
 ent lines which went to make up the New Orleans, 
 St Louis & Chicago Railroad, then acquired 
 ownership of the whole line by foreclosure pro- 
 ceedings in 1877, and it was reorganized, on Jan. 
 1, 1878, under the name of the Chicago, St. Louis 
 & New Orleans Railroad, and placed in charge of 
 one of the Vice-Presidents of the Illinois Central 
 Company. (ILLINOIS BRANCHES.) The more im- 
 portant branches of the Illinois Central within the 
 State include: (1) The Springfield Division from 
 Chicago to Springfield (111.47 miles), chartered 
 in 1867, and opened in 1871 as the Oilman, Clinton 
 & Springfield Railroad ; passed into the hands of 
 a receiver in 1873, sold under foreclosure in 1H7f>, 
 
 and leased, in 1878, for fifty years, to the Illinois 
 Central Railroad: (2) The Rantoul Division from 
 Leroy to the Indiana State line (66.21 miles in 
 Illinois), chartered in 1876 as the Havana, Ran- 
 toul & Eastern Railroad, built as a narrow-gauge 
 line and operated in 1881 ; afterwards clianged to 
 standard-gauge, and controlled by the Wabash, 
 St. Louis & Pacific until May, 1884, when it passed 
 into the hands of a receiver ; in December of the 
 same year taken in charge by the bondholders ; in 
 1885 again placed in the liands of a receiver, and. 
 in October, 1886, sold to the Illinois Central: (3) 
 The Chicago. Havana & Western Railroad, from 
 Havana to Champaign, with a branch from White- 
 heath to Decatur (total, 131.62 miles), constructed 
 as the western extension of the Indianapolis. 
 Bloomington & Western, and opened in 1873; sold 
 under foreclosure in 1879 and organized as the 
 Champaign. Havana & Western; in 1880 pur- 
 chased by the Wabash, St. Louis & Pacific; in 
 1884 taken possession of by the mortgage trustees 
 and, in September, 1886, sold under foreclosure to 
 the Illinois Central Railroad: (4) The Freeport 
 Division, from Chicago by way of Freeport to 
 Madison, Wis. (140 miles in Illinois), constructed 
 under a charter granted to the Chicago, Madison 
 & Northern Railroad (which see), opened for 
 traffic in 1888, and transferred to the Illinois 
 Central Railroad Company in January, 1889 : (5) 
 The Kankakee & Southwestern (131.26 miles), 
 constructed from Kankakee to Bloomington 
 under the charters of the Kankakee & Western 
 and the Kankakee & Southwestern Railroads; 
 acquired by the Illinois Central in 1878, begun in 
 1880, and extended to Bloomington in 1883 . and 
 (6) The St. Louis, Alton & Terre Haute (which 
 see under its old name). Other Illinois branch 
 lines of less importance embrace the Blue Island; 
 the Chicago & Texas; the Mound City ; the South 
 Chicago; the St. Louis, Belleville & Southern, 
 and the St. Charles Air-Line, which furnishes 
 an entrance to the City of ( 'hicago over an ele- 
 vated track. The total length of these Illinois 
 branches in 1898 was 919.72 miles, with the main 
 lines making the total mileage of the company 
 within the State 1,624.22 miles. For several years 
 up to 1805 the Illinois Central had a connection 
 with St. Louis over the line of the Terre Haute & 
 Indianapolis from Effingham, but this is now 
 secured by way of the Springfield Division and 
 the main line to Pana, whence its trains pass over 
 the old Indianapolis & St. Louis now the Cleve- 
 land, Cinciunati, Chicago & St. Louis Railway. 
 Between June 30, 1897 and April 30, 1898, branch 
 lines in the Southern States (chiefly in Kentucky 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 291 
 
 and Tennessee), to the extent of 670 miles, were 
 added to the Illinois Central System. The Cairo 
 Bridge, constructed across the Ohio River near 
 its mouth, at a cost of $3,000,000, for the purpose of 
 connecting the Northern and Southern Divisions 
 of the Illinois Central System, and one of the 
 most stupendous structures of its kind in the 
 world, belongs wholly to the Illinois Central 
 Railroad Company. (See Cairo Bridge.) 
 
 ILLINOIS COLLEGE, an institution of learn- 
 ing at Jacksonville, 111., which was the first to 
 graduate a collegiate class in the history of the 
 State. It had its origin in a movement inaugu- 
 rated about 1827 or 1838 to secure the location, at 
 some point in Illinois, of a seminary or college 
 which would give the youth of the State the 
 opportunity of acquiring a higher education. 
 Some of the most influential factors in this move- 
 ment were already citizens of Jacksonville, or 
 contemplated becoming such. In January, 1828, 
 the outline of a plan for such an institution was 
 drawn up by Rev. John M. Ellis, a home missionary 
 of the Presbyterian Church, and Hon. Samuel D. 
 Lockwood, then a Justice of the Supreme Court 
 of the State, as a basis for soliciting subscriptions 
 for the organization of a stock-company to carry 
 the enterprise into execution. The plan, as then 
 proposed, contemplated provision for a depart- 
 ment of female education, at least until a separate 
 institution could be furnished which, if not a 
 forerunner of the co-educational system now so 
 much in vogue, at least foreshadowed the estab- 
 lishment of the Jacksonville Female Seminary, 
 which soon followed the founding of the college. 
 A few months after these preliminary steps were 
 taken, Mr. Ellis was brought into communication 
 with a group of young men at Yale College (see 
 "Illinois Band") who had entered into a com- 
 pact to devote their lives to the cause of educa- 
 tional and missionary work in the West, and out 
 of the union of these two forces, soon afterwards 
 effected, grew Illinois College. The organization 
 of the "Illinois" or "Yale Band," was formally 
 consummated in February, 1829, and before the 
 close of the year a fund of $10,000 for the purpose 
 of laying the foundation of the proposed institu- 
 tion in Illinois had been pledged by friends of 
 education in the East, a beginning had been made 
 in the erection of buildings on the present site of 
 Illinois College at Jacksonville, and, in Decem- 
 ber of the same year, the work of instruction of 
 a preparatory class had been begun by Rev. Julian 
 M. Sturtevant, who had taken the place of "avant- 
 oourier" of the movement. A year later (1831) 
 Rev. Edward Beecher, the oldest son of the inde- 
 
 fatigable Lyman Beecher, and brother of Henry 
 Ward already then well known as a leader in 
 the ranks of those opposed to slavery had be- 
 come identified with the new enterprise and 
 assumed the position of its first President. Such 
 was the prejudice against "Yankees" in Illinois 
 at that time, and the jealousy of theological influ- 
 ence in education, that it was not until 1835 that 
 the friends of the institution were able to secure 
 a charter from the Legislature. An ineffectual 
 attempt had been made in 1830, and when it was 
 finally granted, it was in the form of an "omni- 
 bus bill" including three other institutions, but 
 with restrictions as to the amount of real estate 
 that might be held, and prohibiting the organiza- 
 tion of theological departments, both of which 
 were subsequently repealed. (See Early Col- 
 leges.) The same year the college graduated its 
 first class, consisting of two members Richard 
 Yates. afterwards War Governor and United 
 States Senator, and Rev. Jonathan Spillman, the 
 composer of "Sweet Afton. " Limited as was this 
 first output of alumni, it was politically and 
 morally strong. In 1843 a medical department 
 was established, but it was abandoned five years 
 later for want of adequate support. Dr. Beecher 
 retired from the Presidency in 1844, when he was 
 succeeded by Dr. Sturtevant, who continued in 
 that capacity until 1876 (thirty-two years), when 
 he became Professor Emeritus, remaining until 
 1885 his connection with the institution cover- 
 ing a period of fifty-six years. Others who hive 
 occupied the position of President include Ruf us 
 C. Crampton (acting), 1876-82; Rev. Edward A. 
 Tanner, 1882-92; and Dr. John E. Bradley, the 
 incumbent from 1892 to 1899. Among the earli- 
 est and influential friends of the institution, 
 besides Judge Lockwood already mentioned, may 
 be enumerated such names as Gov. Joseph Dun- 
 can, Thomas Mather, Winthrop S. Oilman, 
 Frederick Collins and William H. Brown (of 
 Chicago), all of whom were members of the early 
 Board of Trustees. It was found necessary to 
 maintain a preparatory department for many 
 years to fit pupils for the college classes proper, 
 and, in 1866, Whipple Academy was established 
 and provided with a separate building for this 
 purpose. The standard of admission to the col- 
 lege course has been gradually advanced, keeping 
 abreast, in this respect, of other American col- 
 leges. At present the institution has a faculty of 
 15 members and an endowment of some $150,000. 
 with a library (1898) numbering over 15,000 vol- 
 umes and property valued at $360,000. Degrees 
 are conferred in both classical and scientific 
 
292 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 courses in the college proper. The list of alumni 
 embraces some 750 names, including many who 
 have been prominent in State and National 
 affairs. 
 
 ILLINOIS COUNTY, the name given to the 
 first civil organization of the territory northwest 
 of the Ohio River, after its conquest by Col. George 
 Rogers Clark in 1778. This was done by act of 
 the Virginia House of Delegates, passed in 
 October of the same year, which, among other 
 things, provided as follows: "The citizens of the 
 commonwealth of Virginia, who are already set- 
 tled, or shall hereafter settle, on the western side of 
 the Ohio, shall be included in a distinct county 
 which shall be called Illinois County; and the 
 Governor of this commonwealth, with the advice 
 of the Council, may appoint a County-Lieutenant 
 or Commandant- in-chief of the county during 
 pleasure, who shall take the oath of fidelity to 
 this commonwealth and the oath of office accord- 
 ing to the form of their own religion. And all 
 civil offices to which the inhabitants hare been 
 accustomed, necessary for the preservation of the 
 peace and the administration of justice, shall be 
 chosen by a majority of the citizens of their re- 
 spective districts, to be convened for that purpose 
 by the County-Lieutenant or Commandant, or his 
 deputy, and shall be commissioned by said 
 County-Lieutenant." As the Commonwealth of 
 Virginia, by virtue of Colonel Clark's conquest, 
 then claimed jurisdiction over the entire region 
 west of the Ohio River and east of the Mississippi, 
 Illinois County nominally embraced the territory 
 comprised within the limits of the present States 
 of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan and Wiscon- 
 sin, though the settlements were limited to the 
 vicinity of TTaainmfcia. vincenne.s (in the present 
 State of Indiana) and Detroit. Col. John Todd, 
 of Kentucky, was appointed by Gov. Patrick 
 Henry, the first Lieutenant-Commandant under 
 this act, holding office two yean. Out of Illinois 
 County were subsequently organized the follow- 
 ing counties by "order" of Gov. Arthur St. Clair, 
 after his assumption of the duties of Governor, 
 following the passage, by Congress, of the Ordi- 
 nance of 1787, creating the Northwest Territory, 
 
 Wubtmton 
 Hamilton 
 
 -It Cl.lt 
 
 Kooz 
 Randolph 
 
 Cor rTY-flmAT DATB or OBOAKTCATIOH 
 Marietta July 27, 17M 
 
 Cincinnati Jan. 4, I7W 
 
 ( Oahokla 
 
 \ Prairie do Boclur April 27, 17W 
 
 PDltBL VtncuuMl 
 Kukaakla 
 
 June JO. 17W 
 Oct. 6, 1796 
 
 Washington, originally comprising the State of 
 Ohio, was reduced, on the organization of Hamil- 
 ton County, to the eastern portion, Hamilton 
 
 County embracing the west, with Cincinnati 
 (originally called "Losantiville," near old Fort 
 Washington) as the county-seat. St. Clair, the 
 third county organized out of this territory, at 
 first had virtually three county-seats, but divi- 
 sions and jealousies among the people and officials 
 in reference to the place of deposit for the records, 
 resulted in the issue, five years later, of an order 
 creating the new county of Randolph, the second 
 in the "Illinois Country" these (St. Clair and 
 Randolph) constituting the -two counties into 
 which it was divided at the date of organization 
 of Illinois Territory. Out of these events grew 
 the title of "Mother of Counties" given to Illinois 
 County as the original of all the counties in the 
 five States northwest of the Ohio; while St. Clair 
 County inherited the title as to the State of 
 Illinois. (See Illinois; also St. Clair. Arthur, 
 and Todd, (Col.) John.) 
 
 ILLINOIS FARMERS' RAILROAD. (See 
 Jacksonville <t St. Louis Railway.) 
 
 ILLINOIS FEMALE COLLEGE, a flourishing 
 institution for the education of women, located 
 at Jacksonville and incorporated in 1847. While 
 essentially unsectarian in teaching, it is con- 
 trolled by the Methodist Episcopal denomination. 
 Its first charter was granted to the "Illinois Con- 
 ference Female Academy" in 1847, but four years 
 later the charter was amended and the name 
 changed to the present cognomen. The cost of 
 building and meager support in early years 
 brought on bankruptcy. .The friends of the insti- 
 tution rallied to its support, however, and the 
 purchasers at the foreclosure sale (all of whom 
 were friends of Methodist education) donated the 
 property to what was technically a new institu- 
 tion. A second charter was obtained from the 
 State in 1868, and the restrictions imposed upon 
 the grant were such as to prevent alienation of 
 title, by either conveyance or mortgage. While 
 the college has only a small endowment fund 
 ($2,000) it owns $60,000 worth of real property, 
 besides $9,000 invested in apparatus and library. 
 Preparatory and collegiate departments are main- 
 tained, both classical and scientific courses being 
 established in the latter. Instruction is also 
 given in fine arts, elocution and music. The 
 faculty (1898) numbers 15, and there are about 170 
 students. 
 
 ILLINOIS FEMALE REFORM SCHOOL. (See 
 Borne for Female Offenders.) 
 
 ILLINOIS INDIANS, a confederation belong- 
 ing to the Algonquin family and embracing five 
 tribes, viz. : the Cahokias, Kaskaskias, Mitcha- 
 gamies, Peorias and Tamaroas. They early oocu 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 pied Illinois, with adjacent portions of Iowa, 
 Wisconsin and Missouri. The name is derived 
 from Illini, "man," the Indian plural "ek" being 
 changed by the French to "ois." They were 
 intensely warlike, being almost constantly in 
 conflict with the Winnebagoes, the Iroquois, 
 Sioux and other tribes. They were migratory 
 and depended for subsistence largely on the sum- 
 mer and winter hunts. They dwelt in rudely 
 constructed cabins, each accommodating about 
 eight families. They were always faithful allies 
 of the French, whom they heartily welcomed in 
 1673. French missionaries labored earnestly 
 among them notably Fathers Marque tte, Allouez 
 and Gravier who reduced their language to 
 grammatical rules. Their most distinguished 
 Chief was Chicagou, who was sent to France, 
 where he was welcomed with the honors accorded 
 to a foreign prince. In their wars with the 
 Foxes, from 1712 to 1719, they suffered severely, 
 their numbers being reduced to 3,000 souls. The 
 assassination of Pontiac by a Kaskaskian in 1765, 
 waa avenged by the lake tribes in a war of ex- 
 termination. After taking part with the Miamis 
 in a war against the United States, they partici- 
 pated in the treaties of Greenville and Vincennes, 
 and were gradually removed farther and farther 
 toward the West, the small remnant of about 175 
 being at present (1896) on the Quapaw reservation 
 in Indian Territory. (See also Cahokias; Foxes: 
 Iroquois; Kaskaskias; Mitcha.ga.mies; Peorias; 
 Tamaroas; and Winnebagoes.) 
 
 ILLINOIS INSTITUTION FOB THE EDU- 
 CATION OF THE BLIND, located at Jackson- 
 ville. The institution had its inception in a school 
 for the blind, opened in that town in 1847, by 
 Samuel Bacon, who was himself blind. The 
 State Institution was created by act of the Legis- 
 lature, passed Jan. 18, 1849, which was introduced 
 by Richard Yates, then a Representative, and 
 was first opened in a rented house, early in 1850, 
 under the temporary supervision of Mr. Bacon. 
 Soon afterward twenty -two acres of ground were 
 purchased in the eastern part of the city and the 
 erection of permanent buildings commenced. By 
 January, 1854, they were ready for use, but fif- 
 teen years later were destroyed by fire. Work on 
 a new building was begun without unnecessary 
 delay and the same was completed by 1874. 
 Numerous additions of wings and shops have 
 since been made, and the institution, in its build- 
 ings and appointments, is now one of the most 
 complete in the country. Instruction (as far as 
 practicable) is given in rudimentary English 
 branches, and in such mechanical trades and 
 
 avocations as may best qualify the inmates to be- 
 come self-supporting upon their return to active 
 life. 
 
 ILLINOIS MASONIC OBPHANS' HOME, an 
 institution established in the city of Chicago 
 under the auspices of the Masonic Fraternity of 
 Illinois, for the purpose of furnishing a home for 
 the destitute children of deceased members of the 
 Order. The total receipts of the institution, dur- 
 ing the year 1895, were $29,304.98, and the 
 expenditures, 127,258.70. The number of bene- 
 ficiaries in the Home, Dec. 31, 1895, was 61. The 
 Institution owns real estate valued at $75,000. 
 
 ILLINOIS MIDLAND RAILROAD. (See Tern 
 Haute A Peoria Railroad.) 
 
 ILLINOIS RIVER, the most important stream 
 within the State ; has a length of about 500 miles, 
 of which about 245 are navigable. It is formed 
 by the junction of the Kankakee and DBS Plainee 
 Rivers at a point in Grundy County, some 45 
 miles southwest of Chicago. Its course is west, 
 then southwest, and finally south, until it 
 empties into the Mississippi about 20 miles north 
 of the mouth of the Missouri. The Illinois &. 
 Michigan Canal connects its waters with Lake 
 Michigan. Marquette and Joliet ascended the 
 stream in 1673 and were probably its first white 
 visitants. Later (1679-82) it was explored by 
 La Salle, Tonty, Hennepin and others. 
 
 ILLINOIS RIVER BAILBOAD. (See Chicago. 
 Peoria A St. Louis Railroad of Illinois.) 
 
 ILLINOIS SAMTARY COMMISSION, a vol 
 untary organization formed pursuant to a sug- 
 gestion of Governor Yates, shortly after the 
 battle of Fort Donelson (1862). Its object was 
 the relief of soldiers in actual service, whether on 
 the march, in camp, or in hospitals. State Agents 
 were appointed for the distribution of relief, for 
 which purpose large sums were collected and dis- 
 tributed. The work of the Commission was later 
 formally recognized by the Legislature in the 
 enactment of a law authorizing the Governor to 
 appoint "Military State Agents," who should 
 receive compensation from the State treasury. 
 Many of these "agents" were selected from the 
 ranks of the workers in the Sanitary Commission, 
 and a great impetus was thereby imparted to its 
 voluntary work. Auxiliary associations were 
 formed all over the State, and funds were readily 
 obtained, a considerable proportion of which was 
 derived from "Sanitary Fairs." 
 
 ILLINOIS SCHOOL OF AGBICULTUBE AND 
 MANUAL TBAINING FOB BOYS, an institution 
 for the training of dependent boys, organized 
 under the act of March 28, 1895, which was in 
 
294 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 effect a re-enactment of the statute approved in 
 1883 and amended in 1885. Its legally defined 
 object is to provide a home and proper training 
 for such boys as may be committed to its charge. 
 Commitments are made by the County Courts of 
 Cook and contiguous counties. The school is 
 located at Glenwood, in the county of Cook, and 
 was first opened for the reception of inmates in 
 1888. Its revenues are derived, in part, from 
 voluntary contributions, and in part from pay- 
 ments by the counties sending boys to the institu- 
 tion, which payments are fixed by law at ten 
 dollars per month for each boy, during the time 
 he is actually an inmate. In 1896 nearly one-half 
 of the entire income came from the former 
 source, but the surplus remaining in the treasury 
 at the end of any fiscal year is never large. The 
 school is under the inspectional control of the 
 State Commissioners of Public Charities, as 
 though it were an institution founded and main- 
 tained by the State. The educational curriculum 
 closely follows that of the ordinary grammar 
 schools, pupils being trained in eight grades, sub- 
 stantially along the lines established in the public 
 schools. In addition, a military drill is taught, 
 with a view to developing physical strength, 
 command of limbs, and a graceful, manly car- 
 riage. Since the Home was organized there have 
 been received (down to 1899), 2,333 boys. The 
 industrial training given the inmates is both 
 agricultural and mechanical, the institution 
 owning a good, fairly-sized farm, and operating 
 well equipped industrial shops for the education 
 of pupils. A fair proportion of the boys devote 
 themselves to learning trades, and not a 
 few develop into excellent workmen. One of the 
 purposes of the school is to secure homes for those 
 thought likely to prove creditable members of 
 respectable households. During the eleven years 
 of its existence nearly 2,200 boys have been placed 
 in homes, and usually with the most satisfactory 
 results. The legal safeguards thrown around 
 the ward are of a comprehensive and binding 
 sort, so far as regards the parties who take the 
 children for either adoption or apprenticeship 
 the welfare of the ward always being the object 
 primarily aimed at. Adoption is preferred to 
 institutional life by the administration, and the 
 result usually justifies their judgment. Many of 
 the pupils are returned to their families or 
 friends, after a mild course of correctional treat- 
 ment. The system of government adopted is 
 analogous to that of the "cottage plan" employed 
 in many reformatory institutions throughout the 
 country. An "administration building" stands 
 
 in the center of a group of structures, each of 
 which has its own individual name: Clancy 
 Hall, Wallace, Plymouth, Beecher, Pope, Windsor, 
 Lincoln, Sunnyside and Sheridan. While never 
 a suppliant for benefactions, the Home has always 
 attracted the attention of philanthropists who 
 are interested in the care of society's waifs. The 
 average annual number of inmate* is about 275. 
 
 ILLINOIS WESLEYAN UNIVERSITY, the 
 leading educational institution of the Methodist 
 Church in Illinois, south of Chicago; incorpo- 
 rated in 1853 and located at Bloomington. It is 
 co-educational, has a faculty of 34 instructors, 
 and reports 1,106 students in 1896 158 male and 
 648 female. Besides the usual literary and scien- 
 tific departments, instruction is given in theology, 
 music and oratory. It also has preparatory and 
 business courses. It has a library of 6,000 vol- 
 umes and reports funds and endowment aggre- 
 gating $187,999, and property to the value of 
 $380,999. 
 
 ILLINOIS INDIANA RAILROAD. (See 
 Tndiann, Decatur <t Western Railway. ) 
 
 ILLINOIS SOUTHEASTERN RAILROAD. 
 (See Baltimore <t Ohio Southwestern Railroad. ) 
 
 ILLINOIS * SOUTHERN IOWA RAILROAD. 
 (See Wabash Railroad. ) 
 
 ILLINOIS & ST. LOUIS RAILROAD A COAL 
 COMPANY. (See Louisville, Evarumlle & St. 
 Louis (consolidated) Railroad.) 
 
 ILLINOIS & WISCONSIN RAILROAD. (See 
 Chicago & Northwestern Railway.) 
 
 ILLIOPOLIS, a village in Sangamon County, 
 on the Wabash Railway, 20 miles east of Spring- 
 field. It occupies a position nearly in the geo- 
 graphical center of the State and is in the heart 
 of what is generally termed the corn belt of Cen- 
 tral Illinois. It has banks, several churches, a 
 graded school and three newspapers. Population 
 (1880), 686; (1890), 689; (1900), 744. 
 
 INDIAN MOUNDS. (See Mound-Builders, 
 Works of The.) 
 
 INDIAN TREATIES. The various treaties 
 made by the General Government with the 
 Indians, which affected Illinois, may be summa- 
 rized as follows: Treaty of Greenville, August 3, 
 1795 ceded 11,808,409 acres of land for the sum 
 of $210,000; negotiated by Gen. Anthony Wayne 
 with the Delawares, Ottawas, Miamis, Wyandots, 
 Shawnees, Pottawatomies, Chippewas, Kaskas- 
 kias, Kickapoos, Piankeshaws and Eel River 
 Indians: First Treaty of Fort Wayne, June 7, 
 1803 ceded 2,038,400 acres in consideration of 
 $4,000; negotiated by Governor Harrison with 
 the Delawares, Kickapoos, Miamis, Pottawato- 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 295 
 
 mies, and Shawnees: First Treaty of Vinoennes, 
 August 13, 1803 ceded 8,911,850 acres for $12,000; 
 negotiated by Governor Harrison with the Caho- 
 kias, Kaskaskias and Hitchagamies . First Treaty 
 of St. Louis, NOT. 3, 1804 ceded 14,803,520 acres 
 in consideration of $22,234; negotiated by Gov- 
 ernor Harrison with the Sacs and Foxes: Second 
 Treaty of Vinoennes, Dec. 30, 1805 ceded 2,676,150 
 acres for $4, 100 ; negotiated by Governor Harrison 
 with the Piankeshaws: Second Treaty of Fort 
 Wayne, Sept. 80, 1809 ceded 2,900,000 acres; 
 negotiated by Governor Harrison with the Dela- 
 wares, Eel River, Miamis, Pottawatomies and 
 Weas: Third Treaty of Vinoennes, Dec. 9, 1809 
 ceded 138,240 acres for $27,000; negotiated by 
 Governor Harrison with the Kickapoos : Second 
 Treaty of St. Louis, Aug. 24, 1H1G ceded 1,418,400 
 acres in consideration of $12,000; negotiated by 
 Governor Edwards, William Clark and A. Chou- 
 teau with the Chi ppe was, Ottawas and Pottawato- 
 mies: Treaty of Edwardsville, Sept. 30, 1818 
 ceded 6,865,280 acres for $6,400; negotiated by 
 Governor Edwards and A. Chouteau with the 
 Illinois and Peorias: Treaty of St. Mary's, Oct. 
 2, 1818 ceded 11,000,000 acres for $33,000; nego- 
 tiated by Gen. Lewis Cass and others with the 
 Weas: Treaty of Fort Harrison, Aug. 30, 1819 
 negotiated by Benjamin Parke with the Kicka- 
 poos of the Vermilion, ceding 3,173,120 acres for 
 $23,000: Treaty of St. Joseph, Sept. 20, 1828 
 ceded 990,720 acres in consideration of $189,795; 
 negotiated by Lewis Cass and Pierre Menard with 
 the Pottawatomies: Treaty of Prairie du Chien, 
 Jan. 2, 1830 ceded 4,160,000 acres for $390,601; 
 negotiated by Pierre Menard and others with 
 the Chippewas, Ottawas and Pottawatomies: 
 First Treaty of Chicago, Oct. 20, 1832 ceded 
 1,536,000 acres for $460,348; negotiated with 
 the Pottawatomies of the Prairie: Treaty of 
 Tippeoanoe, Oct. 27, 1832 by it the Pottawato- 
 mies of Indiana ceded 737,000 acres, in consider- 
 ation of $406, 121 : Second Treaty of Chicago, Sept. 
 26, 1833 by it the Chippewas, Ottawas and Pot- 
 tawatomies ceded 5,104,960 acres for $7,624,289: 
 Treaties of Fort Armstrong and Prairie du Chien, 
 negotiated 1829 and '38 by which the Winne- 
 bagoes ceded 10,346,000 acres in exchange for 
 $5,195,252: Second Treaty of St. Louis, Oct. 27, 
 1832 the Kaskaskias and Peorias ceding 1,900 
 acres in consideration of $155,780. (See also 
 ftreenmtte. Treaty of.) 
 
 INDIAN TRIBES. (See Algonquins; Illinois 
 Indians; Kaskaskias; Kickapoos; Miamis; Outa- 
 gamies; Piankeshaws; Pottawatomies; Sacs and 
 Foxes; Weas; Winnebagoes.) 
 
 INDIANA, BLOOMINGTON * WESTERN 
 RAILWAY. (See Peoria A Eastern. Railroad.) 
 
 INDIANA, DECATCR & WESTERN RAIL- 
 WAT. The entire length of line is 153.5 miles, of 
 which 75.75 miles (with yard-tracks and sidings 
 amounting to 8 86 miles) lie within Illinois. It 
 extends from Decatur almost due east to the 
 Indiana State line, and has a single track of 
 standard gauge, with a right of way of 100 feet 
 The rails are of steel, well adapted to the traffic, 
 and the ballasting is of gravel, earth and cinders. 
 The bridges (chiefly of wood) are of standard 
 design and well maintained. The amount of 
 capital stock outstanding (1898) is $1,824,000, or 
 11,998 per mile; total capitalization (including 
 stock and all indebtedness) 3,783.983. The total 
 earnings and income in Illinois, $240,850. ( HIS- 
 TORY.) The first organization of this road em- 
 braced two companies the Indiana & Illinois and 
 the Illinois & Indiana which were consolidated, 
 in 1853, under the name of the Indiana & Illinois 
 Central Railroad Company. In 1875 the latter 
 was sold under foreclosure and organized as the 
 Indianapolis, Decatur & Springfield Railway 
 Company, at which time the section from Decatur 
 to Montezuma, Ind., was opened. It was com- 
 pleted to Indianapolis in 1880. In 1882 it was 
 leased to the Indiana, Bloomington & Western 
 Railroad Company, and operated to 1885, when 
 it passed into the hands of a receiver, was sold 
 under foreclosure in 1887 and reorganized under 
 the name of the Indianapolis, Decatur & West- 
 ern. Again, in 1889, default was made and the 
 property, after being operated by trustees, was 
 sold in 1894 to two companies called the Indiana, 
 Decatur & Western Railway Company (in Indi- 
 ana) and the Decatur & Eastern Railway Com- 
 pany (in Illinois). These were consolidated in 
 July, 1895, under the present name (Indiana, 
 Decatur & Western Railway Company). In 
 December, 1895, the entire capital stock was 
 purchased by the Cincinnati, Hamilton & Dayton 
 Railway Company, and the line is now operated 
 as a part of that system. 
 
 INDIANA, ILLINOIS & IOWA RAILROAD. 
 This line extends from Streator Junction 1.8 
 miles south of Streator, on the line of the Streator 
 Division of the Wabash Railroad, easterly to the 
 Indiana State Line. The total length of the line 
 is 151.78 miles, of which 69.61 miles are in Illi- 
 nois. Between Streator Junction and Streator, 
 the line is owned by the Wabash Company, but 
 this company pays rental for trackage facilities. 
 About 75 per cent of the ties are of white-oak, 
 the remainder being of cedar; the rails are 56-lb. 
 
396 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS 
 
 steel, and the ballasting is of broken stone, gravel, 
 sand, cinders and earth. A policy of permanent 
 improvements has been adopted, and is being 
 carried forward. The principal traffic is the 
 transportation of freight. The outstanding capi- 
 tal stock (June 30, 1898) was $3,597.800; bonded 
 debt, $1.800,000; total capitalization, $5,517,739; 
 total earnings and income in Illinois for 1898, 
 $413,967; total expenditures in the State, $303,- 
 344. (HISTORY.) This road was chartered Dec. 
 27, 1881, and organized by the consolidation of 
 three roads of the same name (Indiana, Illinois & 
 Iowa, respectively), opened to Momence, 111., in 
 1882, and through its entire length, Sept. IS, 1883. 
 
 INDIANA ft ILLINOIS CENTRAL BAIL- 
 ROAD. (See Indiana, Decatur & Western Rail- 
 way.) 
 
 INDIANA & ILLINOIS RAILROAD. (See 
 Indiana, Decatur <t Western .Railway.) 
 
 INDIANA ft ILLINOIS SOUTHERN RAIL- 
 ROAD. (See St. Louis, Indianapolis A Eastern 
 Railroad.) 
 
 INDIANAPOLIS, BLOOMINUTON ft WEST- 
 ERN RAILROAD. (See Illinois Central Rail- 
 road; also Peoria A Eastern Railroad.) 
 
 INDIANAPOLIS, DECATUR ft SPRING- 
 FIELD RAILROAD. (See Indiana, Decatur A 
 Western Railway. ) 
 
 INDIANAPOLIS, DECATDR ft WESTERN 
 RAILWAY. (See Indiana. Decatur A Western 
 Railway. ) 
 
 INDIANAPOLIS ft ST. LOUIS RAILWAY. 
 (See St. Louis, Alton A Terre Haute Railroad.) 
 
 INDUSTRIAL HOME FOR THE BLIND, a 
 State Institution designed to furnish the means 
 of employment to dependent blind persons of 
 both sexes, established under authority of an act 
 of the legislature passed at the session of 1893. 
 The institution is located at Douglas Park Boule- 
 vard and West Nineteenth Street, in the city of 
 Chicago. It includes a four-story factory with 
 steam-plant attached, besides a four-story build- 
 ing for residence purposes. It was opened in 
 1894, and, in December, 1897, had 63 inmates, of 
 whom 12 were females. The Fortieth General 
 Assembly appropriated $13,900 for repairs, appli- 
 ances, library, etc., and $8,000 per annum for 
 ordinary expenses 
 
 INQERSOLL, Ebon C., Congressman, was born 
 in Oneida County, N. Y., Dec. 12, 1831. His first 
 remove was to Paducah, Ky., where he com- 
 pleted his education. He studied law and was 
 admitted to the bar; removing this time to Illi- 
 nois and settling in Gallatin County, in 1842. In 
 1866 he was elected to represent Gallatin County 
 
 in the lower house of the General Assembly , in 
 1862 was the Republican candidate for Congress 
 for the State-at-large, but defeated by J. C. 
 Allen; and, in 1864, was chosen to fill the une.\ 
 pired term of Owen Lovejoy, deceased, as Repre- 
 sentative in the Thirty-eighth Congress. He was 
 re-elected to the Thirty-ninth, Fortieth and 
 Forty-first Congresses, his term expiring, March 
 4, 1871. He was a brother of Col. Robert G. 
 Ingersoll, and was, for some years, associated with 
 him in the practice of law at Peoria, his home. 
 Died, in Washington, Hay 31, 1879. 
 
 IN6ERSOLL, Robert Green, lawyer and sol- 
 dier, was born at Dresden, Oneida County, N. Y . 
 August 11, 1833. His father, a Congregational 
 clergyman of pronounced liberal tendencies, 
 removed to the West in 1843, and Robert's boy- 
 hood was spent in Wisconsin and Illinois. After 
 being admitted to the bar, he opened an office at 
 Shawneetown, in partnership with his brother 
 Ebon, afterwards a Congressman from Illinois 
 In 1857 they removed to Peoria, and, in 1860. 
 Robert G. was an unsuccessful Democratic can- 
 didate for Congress. In 1862 he was commis- 
 sioned Colonel of the Eleventh Illinois Cavalry, 
 which had been mustered in in December, 1861, 
 and, in 1864, identified himself with the Repub- 
 lican party. In February, 1867, he was appointed 
 by Governor Oglesby the first Attorney-General 
 of the State under the new law enacted that year. 
 As a lawyer and orator he won great distinction. 
 He nominated James G. Blame for the Presidency 
 in the Republican Convention of 1876, at Cincin- 
 nati, in a speech that attracted wide attention by 
 its eloquence. Other oratorical efforts which 
 added greatly to his fame include "The Dream of 
 the Union Soldier," delivered at a Soldiers' 
 Reunion at Indianapolis, his eulogy at his brother 
 Ebon's grave, and his memorial address on occa- 
 sion of the death of Roscoe. Conkling. For some 
 twenty years he was the most popular stump 
 orator in the West, and his services in political 
 campaigns were in constant request throughout 
 the Union. To the country at large, in his later 
 years, he was known as an uncompromising 
 assailant of revealed religion, by both voice and 
 pen. Among his best-known publications are 
 "The Gods" (Washington. 1878); "Ghosts" 
 (1879); "Mistakes of Moses" (1879); "Prose 
 Poems and Selections" (1884) ; "The Brain and 
 the Bible" (Cincinnati, 1882). Colonel Ingersoll's 
 home for some twenty years, in the later part of 
 his life, was in the city of New York. Died, 
 suddenly, from heart disease, at his summer 
 home at Dobb's Ferry, Long Island, July 21, 1899. 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 297 
 
 INGLIS, Samuel M., Superintendent of Public 
 Instruction, born at Marietta, Pa., August 15, 
 1838; received his early education in Ohio and, 
 in 1856, came to Illinois, graduating with first 
 honors from the Mendota Collegiate Institute in 
 1861. The following year he enlisted in the One 
 Hundred and Fourth Illinois Infantry, but, hav- 
 ing been discharged for disability, his place was 
 filled by a brother, who was killed at Knoxville, 
 Term. In 1865 he took charge of an Academy at 
 Hillsboro, meanwhile studying law with the late 
 Judge E. T. Rice; in 1868 he assumed the super- 
 intendencyof the public schools at Greenville, 
 Bond County, remaining until 1883, when he 
 became Professor of Mathematics in the Southern 
 Normal University at Carbondale, being trans- 
 ferred, three years later, to the chair of Literature, 
 Rhetoric and Elocution. In 1894 he was nomi- 
 nated as the Republican candidate for State 
 Superintendent of Public Instruction, receiving 
 a plurality at the November election of 133,593 
 votes over his Democratic opponent. Died, sud- 
 denly, at Kenosha, Wis., June 1, 1898. 
 
 INTERNAL IMPROVEMENT POLICY, a 
 name given to a scheme or plan of internal im- 
 provement adopted by the Tenth General Assem- 
 bly (1837), in compliance with a general wish of 
 the people voiced at many public gatherings. It 
 contemplated the construction of an extensive 
 system of public works, chiefly in lines of rail- 
 road which were not demanded by the commerce 
 or business of the State at the time, but which, it 
 was believed, would induce immigration and 
 materially aid in the development of the State's 
 latent resources. The plan adopted provided for 
 the construction of such works by the State, and 
 contemplated State ownership and management 
 of all the lines of traffic thus constructed. The 
 bill passed the Legislature in February, 1837, 
 but was disapproved by the Executive and the 
 Council of Revision, on the ground that such 
 enterprises might be more successfully under- 
 taken and conducted by individuals or private 
 corporations. It was, however, subsequently 
 passed over the veto and became a law, the dis- 
 astrous effects of whose enactment were felt for 
 many years. The total amount appropriated by 
 the act was $10,200,000, of which $400,000 was 
 devoted to the improvement of waterways; $250,- 
 000 to the improvement of the "Great Western 
 Mail Route"; $9,350,000 to the construction of 
 railroads, and $200,000 was given outright to 
 counties not favored by the location of railroads 
 or other improvements within their borders. In 
 addition, the sale of $1,000,000 worth of canal 
 
 lands and the issuance of $500,000 in canal bond* 
 were authorized, the proceeds to be used in the 
 construction of the Illinois & Michigan Canal. 
 $500,000 of this amount to be expended in 1838. 
 Work began at once. Routes were surveyed and 
 contracts for construction let, and an era of reck- 
 less speculation began. Large sums were rapidly 
 expended and nearly $6,500,000 quickly added to 
 the State debt. The system was soon demon- 
 strated to be a failure and was abandoned for 
 lack of funds, some of the "improvements" 
 already made being sold to private parties at a 
 heavy loss. This scheme furnished the basis of 
 the State debt under which Illinois labored for 
 many years, and which, at its maximum, reached 
 nearly $17,000,000. (See Macallister A Stebbint 
 Bonds; State Debt; Tenth General Auemblf; 
 Eleventh General Assembly.) 
 
 INUNDATIONS, REMARKABLE. The most 
 remarkable freshets (or floods) in Illinois history 
 have been those occurring in the Mississippi 
 River; though, of course, the smaller tributaries 
 of that stream have been subject to similar con- 
 ditions. Probably the best account of early 
 floods has been furnished by Gov. John Reynolds 
 in his "Pioneer History of Illinois," he having 
 been a witness of a number of them. The first 
 of which any historical record has been pre- 
 served, occurred in 1770. At that time the only 
 white settlements within the present limits of 
 the State were in the American Bottom in the 
 vicinity of TTnAmA-ia. and there the most serious 
 results were produced. Governor Reynolds says 
 the flood of that year (1770) made considerable 
 encroachments on the east bank of the river 
 adjacent to Fort Chartres, which had originally 
 been erected by the French in 1718 at a distance 
 of three-quarters of a mile from the main 
 channel The stream continued to advance in 
 this direction until 1772, when the whole bottom 
 was again inundated, and the west wall of the 
 fort, having been undermined, fell into the river. 
 The next extraordinary freshet was in 1784, when 
 the American Bottom was again submerged and 
 the residents of Kaskaskia and the neighboring 
 villages were forced to seek a refuge on the bluffs 
 some of the people of Cahokia being driven to 
 St. Louis, then a small French village on Spanish 
 soil The most remarkable flood of the present 
 century occurred in May and June, 1844, as the 
 result of extraordinary rains preceded by heavy 
 winter snows in the Rocky Mountains and rapid 
 spring thaws. At this time the American Bot- 
 tom, opposite St. Louis, was inundated from bluff 
 to bluff, and large steamers passed over the sub- 
 
298 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 merged land*, gathering up cattle and other kinds 
 of property and rescuing the imperiled owners. 
 Some of the Tillages affected by this flood as 
 Cahokia, Prairie du Rocher and KnskaBlria have 
 never fully recovered from the disaster. Another 
 considerable flood occurred in 1826, but it was 
 inferior to those of 1784 and 1844. A notable 
 flood occurred in 1851, when the Mississippi, 
 though not so high opposite St. Louis as in 1844, 
 is said to hare been several feet higher at Quincy 
 than in the previous year the difference being 
 due to the fact that the larger portion of the 
 flood of 1844 came from the Missouri River, its 
 effect* being most noticeable below the mouth of 
 that stream. Again, in 1868, a flood did con- 
 siderable damage on the Upper Mississippi, reach- 
 Ing the highest point since 1861. Floods of a more 
 or less serious character also occurred in 1876, 
 1880 and again in 1893. Although not so high as 
 some of those previously named, the loss was pro- 
 portionately greater owing to the larger area of 
 improved lands. The flood of 1893 did a great 
 deal of damage at East St. Louis to buildings and 
 railroads, and in the destruction of other classes 
 of property. Floods in the Ohio River have been 
 frequent and very disastrous, especially in the 
 upper portions of that stream usually resulting 
 from sudden thaws and ice-gorges in the early 
 spring. With one exception, the highest flood in 
 the Ohio, during the present century, was that of 
 February, 1833, when the water at Cincinnati 
 reached an altitude of sixty-four feet three 
 inches. The recorded altitudes of others of more 
 recent occurrence have been as follows: Dec. 
 17, 1847 sixty -three feet seven inches; 
 1883 fifty-seven feet four inches; 1882 fifty- 
 eight feet seven inches. The highest point 
 reached at New Albany, I ml., in 1883, was 
 seventy-three feet or four feet higher than the 
 flood of 1833. The greatest altitude reached in 
 historic times, at Cincinnati, was in 1884 the re- 
 corded height being throe-quarters of an inch in 
 excess of seventy-one feet. Owing to the smaller 
 area of cultivated lands and other improvements 
 in the Ohio River bottoms within the State ot 
 Illinois, the loss has been comparatively smaller 
 than on the Mississippi, although Cairo has suf- 
 fered from both streams. The most serious dis- 
 .u4i'rn in Illinois territory from overflow of the 
 Ohio, occurred in connection with the flood of 
 f883, at Shawneetown. when, out of six hundred 
 houses, all but twenty-eight were flooded to the 
 second story and water ran to a depth of fifteen 
 feet in the main street. A levee, which had been 
 constructed for the protection of the city at great 
 
 expense, was almost entirely destroyed, and an 
 appropriation of $60,000 was made by the Legis- 
 lature to indemnify the corporation. On April 
 3, 1898, the Ohio River broke through the levee 
 at Shawneetown, inundating the whole city and 
 causing the loss of twenty-five lives. Much 
 suffering was caused among the people driven 
 from their homes and deprived of the means of 
 subsistence, and it was found necessary to send 
 them tents from Springfield and supplies of food 
 by the State Government and by private contri- 
 butions from the various cities of the State. The 
 inundation continued for some two or three 
 weeks. Some destructive floods have occurred 
 in the Chicago River the most remarkable, since 
 the settlement of the city of Chicago, being that 
 of March 12, 1849. This was the result of an ice- 
 gorge in the Des Plaines River, turning the 
 waters of that stream across "the divide" into 
 Mud Lake, and thence, by way of the South 
 Branch, into the Chicago River. The accumula- 
 tion of waters in the latter broke up the ice, 
 which, forming into packs and gorges, deluged 
 the region between the two rivers. Whan the 
 superabundant mass of waters and ice in the Chi- 
 cago River began to flow towards the lake, it bore 
 before it not only the accumulated pack-ice, but 
 the vessels which had been tied up at the wharves 
 and other points along the banks for the winter. 
 A contemporaneous history of the event says that 
 there were scattered along the stream at the time, 
 four steamers, six propellers, two sloops, twenty - 
 four brigs and fifty-seven canal boats. Those in 
 the upper part of the stream, being hemmed in 
 by surrounding ice, soon became a part of the 
 moving mass ; chains and hawsers were snapped 
 as if they had been whip-cord, and the whole 
 borne lakeward in indescribable confusion. The 
 bridges at Madison, Randolph and Wells Streets 
 gave way in succession before the immense 
 mass, adding, as it moved 'along, to the general 
 wreck by falling spars, crushed keels and crashing 
 bridge timbers. "Opposite Kinzie wharf," says 
 the record, "the river was choked with sailing- 
 craft of every description, piled together in inex- 
 tricable confusion." While those vessels near 
 the mouth of the river escaped into the lake with 
 comparatively little damage, a large number of 
 those higher up the stream were caught in the 
 gorge and either badly injured or totally wrecked. 
 The loss to the city, from the destruction of 
 bridges, was estimated at $20,000, and to vessels at 
 $88,000 a large sum for that time. The wreck 
 of bridges compelled a return to the primitive 
 system of ferries or extemporized bridges made 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 of boats, to furnish means of communication 
 between the several divisions of the city a con- 
 dition of affairs which lasted for several months. 
 Floods about the same time did considerable 
 damage on the Illinois, Fox and Rock Rivers, 
 their waters being higher than in 1838 or 1833, 
 which were memorable flood years on these in- 
 terior streams. On the former, the village of 
 Peru was partially destroyed, while the bridges 
 on Rock River were all swept away. A flood in 
 the Illinois River, in the spring of 1855, resulted in 
 serious damage to bridges and other property in 
 the vicinity of Ottawa, and there were extensive 
 inundations of the bottom lands along that 
 stream in 1859 and subsequent years. In Febru- 
 ary, 1857, a second flood in the Chicago River, 
 similar to that of 1849, caused considerable dam- 
 age, but was less destructive than that of the 
 earlier date, as the bridges were more substan- 
 tially constructed. One of the most extensive 
 floods, in recent times, occurred in the Mississippi 
 River during the latter part of the month of 
 April and early in May, 1897. The value of prop- 
 erty destroyed on the lower Mississippi was 
 estimated at many millions of dollars, and many 
 lives were lost. At Warsaw, 111., the water 
 reached a height of nineteen feet four inches 
 above low-water mark on April 24, and, at Quincy . 
 nearly nineteen feet on the 28th, while the river, 
 at points between these two cities, was from ten 
 to fifteen miles wide. Some 25,000 acres of farm- 
 ing lands between Quincy and Warsaw were 
 flooded and the growing crops destroyed. At 
 Alton the height reached by the water was 
 twenty-two feet, but in consequence of the 
 strength of the levees protecting the American 
 Bottom, the farmers in that region suffered less 
 than on some previous years. 
 
 II'A VA,n town in Fulton County, on one of the 
 branches of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy 
 Railroad, 10 miles west-southwest of Lewistown, 
 and some 44 miles north of Jacksonville. The 
 county abounds in coal, and coal-mining, as well 
 as agriculture, is a leading industry in the sur- 
 rounding country. Other industries are the 
 manufacture of flour and woolen goods; two 
 banks, four churches, a sanitarium, and a weekly 
 newspaper are also located here. Population 
 (1880), 675; (1890). 667: (1900), 749. 
 
 IRON MANUFACTURES. The manufacture 
 of iron, both pig and castings, direct from the 
 furnace, has steadily increased in this State. In 
 f880, Illinois ranked seventh in the list of States 
 producing manufactured iron, while, in 1890, it 
 had risen to fourth place, Pennsylvania (which 
 
 produces nearly fifty per cent of the total product 
 of the country) retaining the lead, with Ohio and 
 Alabama following. In 1890 Illinois had fifteen 
 complete furnace stacks (as against ten in 1880), 
 turning out 674,506 tons, or seven per cent of the 
 entire output. Since then four additional fur- 
 naces have been completed, but no figures are at 
 hand to show the increase in production. During 
 the decade between 1880 and 1890, the percentage 
 of increase in output was 616.53. The fuel used 
 is chiefly the native bituminous coal, which is 
 abundant and cheap. Of this, 674.506 tons were 
 used; of anthracite coal, only 38,618 tons. Of 
 the total output of pig-iron in the State, during 
 1890, 616,659 tons were of Bessemer. Charcoal 
 pig is not made in Illinois. 
 
 IRON MOUNTAIN, CHESTER & EASTERN 
 RAILROAD. (See Wabath, Chester A Wcttcrn 
 Railroad. ) 
 
 IROQl'OIS COUNTY, a Urge county on the 
 eastern border of the State; area, 1,120 square 
 miles; population (1900), 38,014. In 1830 two 
 pioneer settlements mere made almost simultane- 
 ously, one at Bunkum (now Concord) and the 
 other at Milford. Among those taking up homes 
 at the former were Gurdon 3. Hubbard, Benja- 
 min Fry, and Messrs. Cartwright, Thomas, New- 
 comb, and Miller. At Milford located Robert 
 Hill, Samuel Rush, Messrs. Miles, Pickell and 
 Parker, besides the Cox, Moore and Stanley 
 families. Iroquois County was set off from Ver- 
 milion and organized in 1833, named from the 
 Iroquois Indians, or Iroquois River, which flows 
 through it. The Kickapoos and Pottawatomies 
 did not remove west of the Mississippi until 
 1836-37, but were always friendly. The seat of 
 government was first located at Montgomery, 
 whence it was removed to Middleport, and finally 
 to Watseka. The county is well timbered and 
 the soil underlaid by both coal and building 
 stone. Clay suitable for brick making and the 
 manufacture of crockery is also found. The 
 Iroquois River and the Sugar, Spring and Beaver 
 Creeks thoroughly drain the county. An abun- 
 dance of pure, cold water may be found anywhere 
 by boring tq. the depth of from thirty to eighty 
 feet, a fact which encourages grazing and the 
 manufacture of dairy products. The soil is rich, 
 and well adapted to fruit growing. The prin- 
 cipal towns are Oilman (population 1,112), Wat- 
 seka (2,017), and Milford (957). 
 
 IROQUOIS RITER, (sometimes called Picka- 
 luinki, rises in Western Indiana and runs 
 westward to Watseka, 111. ; thence it flows north- 
 ward through Iroquois and part of Kankakee 
 
300 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 Counties, entering the Kankakee River some five 
 miles southeast of Kankakee. It is nearly 120 
 miles long. 
 
 IRYING, a village in Montgomery County, on 
 the line of the Indianapolis & St. Louis Railroad, 
 54 miles east-northeast of Alton, and 17 miles 
 east by north of Litchfield; has five churches, 
 flouring and saw mills, creamery, and a weekly 
 newspaper. Population (1890), 630; (1900), 6T5. 
 
 ISHAM, Edward 8., lawyer, was born at 
 Bennington, Vt , Jan. 15, 1836; educated at 
 Lawrence Academy and Williams College, Mass., 
 taking his degree at the latter in 1857; was 
 admitted to the bar at Rutland, Vt., in 1858, 
 coming to Chicago the same year. Mr. Isham 
 was a Representative in the Twenty-fourth 
 General Assembly (1864-66) and, in 1881, his 
 name was prominently considered for a position 
 on the Supreme bench of the United States. He 
 is the senior member of the firm of Isham, Lin- 
 coln & Beale, which has had the management of 
 some of the most important cases coming before 
 the Chicago courts. 
 
 JACKSON, Hunting ton Wolcott, lawyer, born 
 in Newark, N. J , Jan. 28, 1841, being descended 
 on the maternal side from Oliver Wolcott, one of 
 the signers of the Declaration of Independence ; 
 received his education at Phillips Academy, 
 Andover, Mass., and at Princeton College, leav- 
 ing the latter at the close of his junior year to 
 enter the army, and taking part in the battles of 
 Fredericksburg, Chancellorsville and Gettysburg, 
 a part of the time being on the staff of Maj.-Gen. 
 John Newton, and, later, with Sherman from 
 Chattanooga to Atlanta, finally receiving the 
 rank of Brevet Lieutenant-Colonel for gallant and 
 meritorious service. Returning to civil life in 
 1865, he entered Harvard Law School for one 
 term, then spent a year in Europe, on his return 
 resuming his legal studies at Newark, N. J. ; 
 came to Chicago in 1867, and the following year 
 was admitted to the bar ; has served as Supervisor 
 of South Chicago, as President of the Chicago 
 Bar Association, and (by appointment of the 
 Comptroller of the Currency) as receiver and 
 attorney of the Third National Bank of Chicago. 
 Under the will of the late John Crerar he became 
 an executor of the estate, and a trustee of the 
 Crerar Library. Died at Newark, N. J., Jan 3, 1901. 
 
 JACKSON COUNTY, organized in 1816, and 
 named in honor of Andrew Jackson; area, 580 
 square miles; population (1900), 83,871. It lies 
 in the southwest portion of the State, the Mis- 
 sissippi River forming its principal western 
 
 boundary. The bottom lands along the river are 
 wonderfully fertile, but liable to overflow. It is 
 crossed by a range of hills regarded as a branch 
 of the Ozark range. Toward the east the soil is 
 warm, and well adapted to fruit-growing. One 
 of the richest beds of bituminous coal in the State 
 crops out at various points, varying in depth from 
 a few inches to four or five hundred feet below the 
 surface. Valuable timber and good building 
 stone are found and there are numerous saline 
 springs. Wheat, tobacco and fruit are principal 
 crops. Early pioneers, with the date of their 
 arrival, were as follows: 1814, W. Boon; 1815, 
 Joseph Duncan (afterwards Governor); 1817. 
 Oliver Cross, Mrs. William Kimmel, 8. Lewis, E. 
 Harrold, George Butcher and W. Eakin; 1818, 
 the Bysleys, Mark Bradley, James Hughes and 
 John Barron. Brownsville was the first county - 
 seat and an important town, but owing to a dis- 
 astrous fire in 1843, the government was removed 
 to Murphysboro, where Dr. Logan (father of Gen. 
 John A. Logan) donated a tract of land for 
 county-buildings. John A. Logan was born here. 
 The principal towns (with their respective popu- 
 lation, as shown by the United States Census of 
 1890), were: Murphysboro, 3,880; Carbondale. 
 2,382; and Grand Tower, 634. 
 
 JACKSONVILLE, the county-seat of Morgan 
 County, and an important railroad center; popu- 
 lation (1890) about 13,000. The town was laid 
 out in 1825, and named in honor of Gen. Andrew 
 Jackson. The first court house was erected in 
 1826, and among early lawyers were Josiah Lam- 
 born, John J. Hardin, Stephen A. Douglas, and 
 later Richard Yates, afterwards the "War Gov- 
 ernor" of Illinois. It is the seat of several im- 
 portant State institutions, notably the Central 
 Hospital for the Insane, and Institutions for the 
 Education of the Deaf and Dumb and the Blind- 
 besides private educational institutions, including 
 Illinois College, Illinois Conference Female Col- 
 lege (Methodist), Jacksonville Female Academy, 
 a Business College and others. The city has 
 several banks, a large woolen mill, carriage fac- 
 tories, brick yards, planing mills, and two news- 
 paper establishments, each publishing daily and 
 weekly editions. It justly ranks as one of the 
 most attractive and interesting cities of the State, 
 noted for the hospitality and intelligence of its 
 citizens. Although immigrants from Kentucky 
 and other Southern States predominated in its 
 early settlement, the location there of Illinois 
 College and the Jacksonville Female Academy, 
 about 1830, brought to it many settlers of New 
 England birth, so that it early came to be 
 
INSTITUTION FOR DEAF AND DUMB, JACKSONVILLE. 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OK ILLINOIS. 
 
 Counties, entering the Kankakee River some five 
 miles southeast of Kankakee. It is nearly 120 
 miles long. 
 
 IR VIMi. a village in Montgomery County, on 
 the line of I he Imliana|>olis A St. Louis Railroad. 
 !i\ miles east-northeast of Alton, and 17 miles 
 east hy north of IJtrhlield . has live elmrclies. 
 flouring anil saw mills, creamery, ami a weekly 
 newspaper. Population (IM'.W). r ' :! ": (I'.HHI;. 075 
 
 ISHAM, I'.clwmnl S., lawyer. \vas ln>rn at 
 Bennington, Vt., Jan. 1.1. IXiii; educated at 
 Lawrence Academy ami \VilliainsCnllege, Mass., 
 taking his degree at the latter in 1*57; was 
 admitted to the bar at Rutland. Vt.. in 1858. 
 coming to Chicago the same year. Mr. Isham 
 was a Representative in the Twenty-fourth 
 General Assembly (1W4-06) and, in 1881, his 
 name was prominently considered for a position 
 on the Supreme bench of the United States. He 
 is the senior member of the firm of Isham, Lin- 
 coln & Beale. which has had the management of 
 some of the most important cases coming before 
 the Chicago courts 
 
 JACKSON, lluntlngton Wolcott, lawyer, born 
 in Newark. N. J. . Jan. 28, 1841, being descended 
 i m the maternal side from Oliver Wolcott, one of 
 the signers of the Declaration of Independence; 
 received his education at Phillips Academy, 
 \ndover. Muss., and at Princeton College, leav- 
 ing the latter at the close of his junior year to 
 enter the army, and taking part in the battles of 
 Fredericksburg, Chancellorsville and Gettysburg, 
 a jrt of the time being on the staff of Maj.-Gen. 
 John Newton, and, later, with Sherman from 
 
 Chattanooga to Atlanta, finally receiving the, 
 
 rank of Brevet Lieutenant Colonel for gallant and 
 meritorious service. Returning to civil life in 
 !8Cr>. he entered Harvard Law School for one 
 term, then siient a year in Euro|>e, on his return 
 resuming his legal studies at Newark. N. J. ; 
 oame to Chicago in 1HC7. and the following year 
 was admitted to the bar. has served as Su|>ervisor 
 of South Chicago, as President of the Chicago 
 Bar Association, and (by ap[>ointment of the 
 Comptroller of the. Currency) as receiver and 
 attorney of the Third National Bank of Chicago. 
 Under the will of the late John Crerar he became 
 an executor of the estate, and a trustee of the 
 Crerar Library Died at Newark, N. J., Jan 3, 1001. 
 
 JACKSON' COUNTY, organized in 1810. and 
 named in honor of Andrew Jackson; area, 580 
 Mjuarr miles; population (1900), ::::>? I. It lies 
 in the southwest portion of the State, the Mis- 
 Hwsippi River forming its principal western 
 
 i nun lary ,'I'ln- bottom lands along the river arc 
 wonderfully fertile, but liable to overflow. It i* 
 (Tossed by grange of hills regarded as a brand i 
 of the Ozark range. Toward the east the soil is 
 warm, ana well adapted to fruit-growing. One 
 of the richest beds of bituminous coal in the Stati 
 crops out at various points, varying in depth from 
 a few inches to fouror live hundred feet below the 
 surface. Valuable timber and good building 
 stone are found and there are numerous saline 
 springs Wheat, tobacco and fruit are principal 
 crops Early pioneers, with the date of their 
 arrival, were as follows: 1814, W. Boon; 181.V 
 Joseph Duncan (afterwards Governor); 1817 
 Oliver Crass, Mrs. William Kimmel, S. Lewis. K. 
 Harrold, George Butcher and W. Eakin; 181*. 
 the Bysleys, Mark Bradley, James Hughes and 
 John Barron. Brownsville was the first county 
 seat and an important town, but owing to a dis- 
 astrous fire in 1843, the government was removed 
 to Murphy sboro, where Dr. Igan (father of Gen 
 John A. Logan) donated a tract of land for 
 county-buildings. John A. Logan was born here 
 The principal towns (with their respective popn 
 lation. as shown by the United States Census of 
 1890), were: Murphysboro. 3.8KO; Carbondale 
 2,382; and Grand Tower. 634. 
 
 JACKSONVILLE, the county-seat of Morgan 
 County, anil an important railroad center; popu 
 lation (IM'JO) about 13,000. The town was laid 
 out in 1825. and named in honor of Gen. Andrew 
 Jackson. The first court house was erected in 
 1826, and among early lawyers were Josiah Lam- 
 born, John J. Hardin, Stephen A. Douglas, an<t 
 later Richard Yates. afterwards the ''War Gov 
 ernor" of Illinois. It is the seat of several im- 
 jiortant State institutions, notably the Central 
 Hospital for the Insane, and Institutions for the 
 Education of the Deaf and Dumb and the Blind 
 liesides private educational institutions, including 
 Illinois College, Illinois Conference Female Col- 
 lege (Methodist), Jacksonville Female Academy, 
 a Business College and others. The city h:u> 
 several banks, a large woolen mill, carriage fac- 
 tories, brick yards, planing mills, and two news- 
 paper establishments, each publishing daily ami 
 weekly editions. It justly ranks as one of tin- 
 most attractive and interesting cities of the State, 
 noted for the hospitality and intelligence of its 
 citizens. Although immigrants from Kentucky 
 and other Southern States predominated in its 
 early settlement, the location there of Illinois 
 College and the Jacksonville Female Academy, 
 alxmt 1H30. brought to it many settlers of New 
 England birth, so that it early came to be 
 
INSITH TION l-i.K 1)1 Al- AM) IH'MI!. |U KsoN\ II I I . 
 
Main Building and Girls' Cottage. 
 INSTITUTION FOR THE BLIND, JACKSONVILLE. 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 301 
 
 regarded as more distinctively New England in 
 the character of its population than any other 
 town in Southern Illinois. Pop. (1900), 15,078. 
 
 JACKSONVILLE FEMALE ACADEMY, an 
 institution for the education of young ladies, at 
 Jacksonville, the oldest of its class in the State. 
 The initial steps for its organization were taken 
 in 1830, the year after the establishment of Illinois 
 College. It may be said to have been an offshoot 
 of the latter, these two constituting the originals 
 of that remarkable group of educational and 
 State Institutions which now exist in that city. 
 Instruction began to be given in the Academy in 
 Hay, 1838, under the pn'ncipalship of Miss Sarah 
 C. Crocker, and, in 1835, it was formally incorpo- 
 rated by act of the Legislature, being the first 
 educational institution to receive a charter from 
 that body; though Illinois, McKendree and 
 Sburtleff Colleges were incorporated at a later 
 period of the same session. Among its founders 
 appear the names of Gov. Joseph Duncan, Judge 
 Samuel D. Lockwood, Rev. Julian M. Sturtevant 
 (for fifty years the President or a Professor of Illi- 
 nois College), John P. Wilkinson, Rev. John M. 
 Ellia, David B. Ayers and Dr. Ero Chandler, all 
 of whom, except the last, were prominently 
 identified with the early history of Illinois Col- 
 lege. The list of the alumnae embraces over five 
 hundred names. The Illinois Conservatory of 
 Music (founded in 1871) and a School of Fine Arts 
 are attached to the Academy, all being under the 
 management of Prof. E. F. Bullard, A.M. 
 
 JACKSONVILLE, LOUISVILLE ST. LOUIS 
 RAILWAY. (See Jacksonville <t St. Louis Rail- 
 way.) 
 
 JACKSONVILLE, NORTHWESTERN & 
 SOUTHEASTERN RAILROAD. (See Jackson- 
 inlle A St. Louis Railway.) 
 
 JACKSONVILLE & ST. LOUIS RAILWAY. 
 Originally chartered as the Illinois Farmers' Rail- 
 road, and constructed from Jacksonville to 
 Waverly in 1870 ; later changed to the Jacksonville, 
 Northwestern & Southeastern and track extended 
 to Virden (31 miles); in 1879 passed into the 
 hands of a new company under the title of the 
 Jacksonville Southeastern, and was extended as 
 follows: to Litchfield (1880), 23 miles; to Smith- 
 boro (1882), 29 miles; to Centralia (1883), 29 miles 
 total, 112 miles. In 1887 a section between 
 Centralia and Driver's (16'/j miles) was con- 
 structed by the Jacksonville Southeastern, and 
 operated under lease by the successor to that 
 line, but, in 1898, was separated from it under 
 the name of the Louisville & St. Louis Railway. 
 By the use of five miles of trackage on the Louis- 
 
 ville & Nashville Railroad, connection was 
 obtained between Driver's and Mount Vernon, 
 The same year (1887) the Jacksonville Southeast- 
 ern obtained control of the Lit rhfield, Carrollton 
 & Western Railroad, from Litchfield to Columbi 
 ana on the Illinois River, and the Chicago, Peoriu 
 & St. Louis, embracing lines from Peoria to St. 
 Louis, via Springfield and Jacksonville. The 
 Jacksonville Southeastern was reorganized in 1890 
 under the name of the Jacksonville, Louisville 
 & St. Louis Railway, and, in 1893, was placed iu 
 the hands of a receiver. The Chicago, Peoria & 
 St. Louis Divisions were subsequently separated 
 from the Jacksonville line and placed in charge 
 of a separate receiver. Foreclosure proceedings 
 began in 1894 and, during 1896, the road was sold 
 under foreclosure and reorganized under its pres- 
 ent title. (See Chicago, Peoria <fc St. Louis Rail- 
 road of Illinois.) The capital stock of the 
 Jacksonville & St. Louis Railway (June 30, 1897) 
 was $1,500,000; funded debt, $2,300,000 total. 
 $3,800.000. 
 
 JAMES, Colin D., clergyman, was born in Ran- 
 dolph County, now in West Virginia, Jan. 13. 
 1808 ; died at Bonita, Kan. , Jan. 30, 1888. He wac 
 the son of Rev. Dr. William B. James, a pioneer 
 preacher in the Ohio Valley, who removed to 
 Ohio in 1812, settling first in Jefferson County in 
 that State, and later (1814) at Mansfield. Subse- 
 quently the family took up its residence at IleltV 
 Prairie in Vigo (now Vermilion) County, Ind. 
 Before 1830 Colin D. James came to Illinois, and. 
 in 1834, became a minister of the Methodist Epis- 
 copal Church, remaining in active ministerial 
 work until 1871, after which he accepted a super- 
 annuated relation. During his connection with 
 the church in Illinois he served as station preacher 
 or Presiding Elder at the following points: Rock 
 Island (1834); Platteville (1836); Apple River 
 (1837); Paris (1838. '42 and '43); Eugene (1839); 
 Georgetown (1840); Shelbyville (1841); Grafton 
 (1844 and '45) ; Sparta District (1845-47) ; Lebanon 
 District (1848-49) ; Alton District (1850); Bloom 
 ington District (1851-52); and later at Jackson 
 ville, Winchester, Greenfield, Island Grove, 
 Oldtown, Ileyworth, Normal, Atlanta, McLean 
 and Shirley. During 1861-62 he acted as agent 
 for the Illinois Female College at Jacksonville, 
 and, in 1871, for the erection of a Metho- 
 dist church at Normal. He was twice married. 
 His first wife (Eliza A. Plasters of Living 
 ston) died in 1849. The following year he mar- 
 ried Amanda K. Casad, daughter of Dr. Anthony 
 W. Casad. He removed from Normal to Evan* 
 ton in 1876, and from the latter place to 
 
. . 
 
 M.iin 1'iiiililiii^ and <iiris' ( nit.i^f. 
 INSIIII IKiN ink Till-: BLIND, I ACKSi )N\ I I.I.I 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS 
 
 301 
 
 regarded as more distinctively Now England in 
 the character of its population than any other 
 town in Southern Illinois. Pop. (I'.lOO), 15.078. 
 
 JACKSONVILLE FEMALE ACAWEMY, an 
 institution for the education of young ladies, at 
 Jacksonville, the oldest of its class in the State. 
 The initial steps for its organization were taken 
 in 1830, the year after the establishment of Illinois 
 College. It may be said to have been an offshoot 
 of the latter, these two constituting the originals 
 of that remarkable group of educational and 
 State Institutions which now exist in that city. 
 Instruction began to be given in the Academy in 
 May, 1833, under the principalship of Miss Sarah 
 C. Crocker, and, in 1835. it was formally incorpo- 
 rated by act of the Legislature, being the first 
 educational institution to receive a charter from 
 that body; though Illinois, McKendree and 
 Shurtleff Colleges were incorporated at a later 
 period of the same session. Among its founders 
 appear the names of (iov. Joseph Duncan, Judge 
 Samuel D. Lockwood, Rev. Julian 51. Sturtevant 
 (for fifty years the President or a Professor of Illi- 
 nois College), John P. Wilkinson, Rev. John M. 
 Ellis, David B. Ayers and Dr. Ero Chandler, all 
 of whom, except the last, were prominently 
 identified with the early history of Illinois Col- 
 lege. The list of the alumna' embraces over five 
 hundred names The Illinois Conservatory of 
 Music (founded in 1871) and a School of Fine Arts 
 are attached to the Academy, all being under the 
 management of Prof. E. F. Bullard, A.M. 
 
 JACKSONVILLE, LOUISVILLE & ST. LOUIS 
 RAILWAY. (See Jacksonville & St. Louis Rail- 
 >oay.) 
 
 JACKSONVILLE, NORTHWESTERN A: 
 SOUTHEASTERN RAILROAD. (See Jackson- 
 ville & St. Louis tinil it-ay.) 
 
 JACKSONVILLE A: ST. LOUIS RAILWAY. 
 Originally chartered as the Illinois Farmers' Kail- 
 road, and constructed from Jacksonville to 
 Waverly in 1M7; laterchangedtotheJacksonville, 
 Northwestern & Southeastern and track extended 
 to Virden (31 miles) ; in 1879 passed into the 
 hands of a new company under the title of the 
 Jacksonville Southeastern, and was extended as 
 follows: to Litchfield (1880), 23 miles; to Smith- 
 boro (1882), 29 miles: to Centralia (1883), 29 miles 
 total, 112 miles. In 1887 a section between 
 Centralia and Driver's (IC'/i miles) was con- 
 structed by the Jacksonville Southeastern, and 
 operated under lease by the successor to that 
 line, but, in 1893, was separated from it under 
 the name of the Louisville & St. Louis Railway. 
 By the use of five miles of trackage on the Louis- 
 
 ville & Nashville Railroad, connection was 
 obtained between Driver's and Mount Vernon 
 The same year (1887) the Jacksonville Southeast- 
 ern obtained control of the Litchfield, Carrollton 
 & Western Railroad, from Litchfield to Columhi 
 ana on the Illinois River, and the Chicago, Peoriu 
 & St. Louis, embracing lines from Peoria to St 
 Louis, via Springfield and Jacksonville. Tin- 
 Jacksonville Southeastern was reorganized in IHiKi 
 under the name of the Jacksonville, Louisville 
 & St. Louis Railway, and. in 1*93. was placed in 
 the hands of a receiver. The Chicago, Peoria A 
 St. Louis Divisions were subsequently separated 
 from the Jacksonville line and placed in charge 
 of a separate receiver. Foreclosure proceedings 
 began in 1X94 and. during ISMC, the road was sold 
 under foreclosure and reorganized under its pres- 
 ent title. (See Chicayo. Pi'nrin < St. Loui Kail- 
 rtntd of Illinois.) The capital stock of the 
 Jacksonville & St. Louis Railway (June 30, 1897 
 was $1,. 100. 000; funded debt. $2.300,000 total 
 S3.KOO.OOO. 
 
 JAMES, Colin II., clergyman, was born in Ran- 
 dolph County, now in West Virginia. Jan. l,"i 
 1808; died at Bonita, Kan.. Jan. 30, 18W. He was 
 the son of Rev. Dr. William B. James, a pioneer 
 preacher in the Ohio Valley, who removed t 
 Ohio in 1812, settling first in Jefferson County in 
 that State, and later (1S14) at 51ansfield. SUUNC- 
 <|Uently the family took up its residence at Ilelt V 
 Prairie in Vigo (now Vermilion) County. Ind 
 Before 1830 Colin D. James came to Illinois, and 
 in 1S34, became a minister of the 51ethodist Epis 
 copal Church, remaining in active ministerial 
 work until 1871. after which he accepted a super 
 annuated relation During his connection with 
 the church in Illinois he served as station preacher 
 or Presiding Elder at the following points; RocL 
 Island (1834): Platteville (1836); Apple River 
 (1837); Paris (1838. '42 and '43); Eugene (1839). 
 Georgetown (1S40); Shelbyville (1841); Grafton 
 (1844 and '45); S|>arta District (1845-47) ; Lebanon 
 District (1848-49); Alton District (1850); Bloom 
 ington District (1851-52); and later at Jackson 
 ville, Winchester, -Greenfield. Island Orove 
 Oldtown, Heyworth, Normal, Atlanta, McLean 
 and Shirley. During 1861 -6',' he acted as agent 
 for the Illinois Female College at Jacksonville 
 and, in 1871. for the erection of a Metho 
 'list church at Normal, lit* was twice married 
 His tirst wife (Eliza A. Plasters of Living- 
 ston) died in 1840. The following year he mai 
 ried Amanda K. Casad, daughter of Dr Anthonv 
 W. Casad. He removed from Normal to Evan* 
 ton in 1876, and from the latter place fc> 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 Kansas in 1879. Of his surviving children, 
 Edmund J. is (1898) Professor in the University 
 of Chicago; John N. is in charge of the mag- 
 netic laboratory in the National Observatory 
 at Washington, D. C. ; Benjamin B. is Professor 
 in the State Normal School at St. Cloud, Minn., 
 and Qeorge F. is instructor in the Cambridge 
 Preparatory School of Chicago. 
 
 JAMES, Edmund Janes, was born, May 21, 
 1855, at Jacksonville, Morgan County, 111., the 
 fourth son of Rev. Colin Dew James of the Illi- 
 nois Conference, grandson on his mother's side 
 uf Rev. Dr. Anthony Wayne Casad and great- 
 grandson of Samuel Stites (all of whose sketches 
 appear elsewhere in this volume) ; was educated 
 in the Model Department of the Illinois State 
 Normal School at Bloomington (Normal), from 
 which he graduated in June, 1873, and entered 
 the Northwestern University, at Evanston, 111., 
 in November of the same year. On May 1, 1874, 
 he was appointed Recorder on the United States 
 Lake Survey, where he continued during one 
 season engaged in work on the lower part of Lake 
 Ontario and the upper St. Lawrence. He entered 
 Harvard College, Nov. 2, 1874, but went to 
 Europe in August, 1875, entering the University 
 of Halle, Oct. 16, 1875, where he graduated, 
 August 4, 1877, with the degrees of A.M. and 
 Ph.D. On his return to the United States he was 
 elected Principal of the Public High School in 
 Evanston, III., Jan. 1, 1878, but resigned in June, 
 1879, to accept a position in the Illinois State 
 Normal School at Bloomington as Professor of 
 Latin and Greek, and Principal of the High 
 School Department in connection with the Model 
 School. Resigning this position at Christmas 
 time, 1882, he went to Europe for study ; accepted 
 a position in the University of Pennsylvania as 
 Professor of Public Administration, in Septem- 
 ber, 1883, where he remained for over thirteen 
 years. While here he was, for a time. Secretary 
 of the Graduate Faculty and organized the in- 
 struction in this Department. He was also 
 Director of the Wharton School of Finance and 
 Economy, the first attempt to organize a college 
 course in the field of commerce and industry. 
 During this time he officiated as editor of "The 
 Political Economy and Public Law Series" issued 
 by the University of Pennsylvania. Resigning 
 his position in the University of Pennsylvania on 
 Feb. 1, 1896, he accepted that of Professor of Pub- 
 lic Administration and Director of the University 
 Extension Division in the University of Chicago, 
 where he has since continued. Professor James 
 has been identified with the progress of economic 
 
 studies in the United States since the early 
 eighties. He was one of the organizers and one 
 of the first Vice-Presidents of the American 
 Economic Association. On Deo. 14, 1889, he 
 founded the American Academy of Political and 
 Social Science with headquarters at Philadelphia, 
 became its first President, and has continued such 
 to the present time. He was also, for some years, 
 editor of its publications. The Academy has 
 now become the largest Association in the world 
 devoted to the cultivation of economic and social 
 subjects. He was one of the originators of, and 
 one of the most frequent contributors to, "Lalor's 
 Cyclopaedia of Political Science"; was also the 
 pioneer in the movement to introduce into the 
 United States the scheme of public instruction 
 known as University Extension; was the first 
 President of the American Society for the Exten- 
 sion of University Teaching, under whose auspices 
 the first effective extension work was done in this 
 country, and has been Director of the Extension 
 Division in the University of Chicago since Febru- 
 ary, 1896. He has been especially identified with 
 the development of higher commercial education 
 in the United States. From his position as 
 Director of the Wharton School of Finance and 
 Economy he has affected the course of instruc- 
 tion in this Department in a most marked way. 
 He was invited by the American Bankers' 
 Association, in the year 1892, to make a careful 
 study of the subject of Commercial Education in 
 Europe, and his report to this association on the 
 Education of Business Men in Europe, republiahed 
 by the University of Chicago in the year 1898, 
 has become a standard authority on this subject 
 Owing largely to his efforts, departments similar 
 to the Wharton School of Finance and Economy 
 have been established under the title of College 
 of Commerce, College of Commerce and Politics, 
 and Collegiate Course in Commerce, in the Uni- 
 versities of California and Chicago, and Columbia 
 University. He has been identified with the 
 progress of college education in general, espe- 
 cially in its relation to secondary and elementary 
 education, and was one of the early advocates of 
 the establishment of departments of education in 
 our colleges and universities, the policy of which 
 is now adopted by nearly all the leading institu- 
 tions. He was, for a time, State Examiner of 
 High Schools in Illinois, and was founder of "The 
 Illinois School Journal," long one of the most 
 influential educational periodicals in the State, 
 now changed in name to "School and Home." 
 He has been especially active in the establish- 
 ment of public kindergartens in different cities. 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 and has been repeatedly offered the headship of 
 important institutions, among them being the 
 University of Iowa, the University of Illinois, 
 and the University of Cincinnati. He has served 
 as V ice-President of the National Municipal 
 League; of the American Association for the 
 Advancement of Science, and the American 
 Economic Association, and of the Board of Trus- 
 tees of the Illinois State Historical Library ; is a 
 member of the American Philosophical Society, 
 of the Pennsylvania Historical Society, of the 
 National Council of Education, and of the British 
 Association for the Advancement of Science. He 
 was a member of the Committee of Thirteen of 
 the National Teachers' Association on college 
 entrance requirements) is a member of various 
 patriotic and historical societies, including the 
 Sons of the American Revolution, the Society of 
 the Colonial 'Wars, the Holland and the Huguenot 
 Society. He is the author of more than one hun- 
 dred papers and monographs on various economic, 
 educational, legal and administrative subjects. 
 Professor James was married, August 22, 1879, to 
 Anna Margarethe Lange, of Halle, Prussia, 
 daughter of the Rev. Wilhelm Roderich Lange, 
 and granddaughter of the famous Professor G er- 
 lach of the University of Halle. 
 
 JAMESON, John Alexander, lawyer and jur- 
 ist, was born at Irasbnrgh, Vt., Jan. 25, 1831; 
 graduated from the University of Vermont in 
 184*. After several years spent in teaching, he 
 began the study of law, and graduated from the 
 Dane Law School (of Harvard College) in 1853. 
 Coming west the same year he located at Free- 
 port, 111., but removed to Chicago in 1856. In 
 1885 he was elected to the bench of the Superior 
 Court of Chicago, remaining in office until 1883. 
 During a portion of this period he acted as lec- 
 turer in the Union College of Law at Chicago, 
 and as editor of "The American Law Register." 
 Hi* literary labors were unceasing, his most 
 notable work being entitled "Constitutional Con- 
 ventions; their History, Power and Modes of 
 Proceeding." He was also a fine classical 
 scholar, speaking and reading German, French, 
 Spanish and Italian, and was deeply interested 
 in charitable and reformatory work. Died, sud- 
 denly, in Chicago, June 16, 1890. 
 
 J A R ROT, Nicholas, early French settler of St. 
 Clair County, was born in France, received a 
 liberal education and, on account of the disturbed 
 condition there in the latter part of the last cen- 
 tury, left his native country about 1790. After 
 spending some time at Baltimore and New 
 Orleans, he arrived at Cahokia, 111., in 1794, and 
 
 became a permanent settler there. He early be- 
 came a Major of militia and engaged in trade 
 with the Indians, frequently visiting Prairie du 
 Chien, St. Anthony's Falls (now Minneapolis) and 
 the Illinois River in his trading expeditions, and, 
 on one or two occasions, incurring great risk of 
 life from hostile savages. He acquired a large 
 property, especially in lands, built mill* and 
 erected one of the earliest and finest brick houses 
 in that part of the country. He also served as 
 Justice of the Peace and Judge of the County 
 Court of St Clair County. Died, in 1828. Vital 
 (Jarrot), son of the preceding, inherited a large 
 landed fortune from his father, and was an 
 enterprising and public-spirited citizen of St. 
 Clair County during the last generation. He 
 served as Representative from St Clair County 
 in the Eleventh, Twentieth, Twenty-first and 
 Twenty-second General Assemblies, in the first 
 being an associate of Abraham Lincoln and 
 always his firm friend and admirer. At the 
 organization of the Twenty-second General 
 Assembly (1857), he received the support of the 
 Republican members for Speaker of the House in 
 opposition to CoL W. R. Morrison, who was 
 elected. He sacrificed a large share of his prop- 
 erty in a public-spirited effort to build up a 
 rolling mill at East St. Louis, being reduced 
 thereby from affluence to poverty. President 
 Lincoln appointed him an Indian Agent, which 
 took him to the Black Hills region, where he 
 died, some years after, from toil and exposure, at 
 the age of 73 years. 
 
 JASPER COCNTT, in the eastern part of 
 Southern Illinois, having an area of 606 square 
 miles, and a population (in 1900) of 20, 160. It was 
 organized in 1831 and named for Sergeant Jasper 
 of Revolutionary fame. The county was placed un- 
 der township organization in 1860. The first Board 
 of County Commissioners consisted of B. Rey- 
 nolds, W. Richards and George Mattingley. The 
 Embarras River crosses the county. The general 
 surface is level, although gently undulating in 
 some portions. Manufacturing is carried on in a 
 small way; but the people are principally inter- 
 ested in agriculture, the chief products consisting 
 of wheat, potatoes, sorghum, fruit and tobacco. 
 Wool-growing is an important industry. Newton 
 is the county-seat, with a population (in 1890) of 
 1,428. 
 
 JATNE, (Dr.) Oenhom, early physician, was 
 born in Orange County, N. Y., October, 1791 ; served 
 as Surgeon in the War of 1812, and came to Illinois 
 in 1819, settling in Springfield in 1821 ; was one 
 of the Commissioners appointed to construct the 
 
304 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 first State Penitentiary (1827), and one of the first 
 Commissioners of the Illinois & Michigan Canal. 
 His oldest daughter (Julia Maria) became the 
 wife of Senator Trumbull. Dr. Jayne died at 
 Springfield, in 1867. Or. William (Jayne), son of 
 the preceding, was born in Springfield, 111. , Oct. 8, 
 1826; educated by private tutors and at Illinois 
 College, being a member of the class of 1847, later 
 receiving the degree of A.M. He was one of the 
 founders of the Phi Alpha Society while in that 
 institution; graduated from the Medical Depart- 
 ment of Missouri State University; in 1860 was 
 elected State Senator for Sangamon County, and, 
 the following year, was appointed by President 
 Lincoln Governor of the Territory of Dakota, 
 later serving as Delegate in Congress from that 
 Territory. In 1869 he was appointed Pension 
 Agent for Illinois, also served for four terms as 
 Mayor of his native city, and is now V ion-Presi- 
 dent of the First National Bank, Springfield. 
 
 JEFFERSON COUNTY, a south-central county, 
 cut off from Edwards and White Counties, in 
 1819, when it was separately organized, being 
 named in honor of Thomas Jefferson. Its area is 
 680 square miles, and its population (1900), 28,133. 
 The Big Muddy River, with one or two tributa- 
 ries, flows through the county in a southerly direc- 
 tion. Along the banks of streams a variety of 
 hardwood timber is found. The railroad facilities 
 are advantageous. The surface is level and the 
 soil rich. Cereals and fruit are easily produced. 
 A fine bed of limestone (seven to fifteen feet 
 thick) crosses the middle of the county. It has 
 been quarried and found well adapted to building 
 purposes. The county possesses an abundance of 
 running water, much of which is slightly im- 
 pregnated with salt. The upper coal measure 
 underlies the entire county, but the seam is 
 scarcely more than two feet thick at any point. 
 The chief industry is agriculture, though lumber 
 is manufactured to some extent. Mount Vernon, 
 the county-seat, was incorporated as a city in 1872. 
 Its population in 1890 was 3,233. It has several 
 manufactories and is the seat of the Appellate 
 Court for the Southern Judicial District of the 
 State. 
 
 JEFFERT, Edward Turner, Railway President 
 and Manager, born in Liverpool, Eng., April 6, 
 1843, his father being an engineer in the British 
 navy; about 1850 came with his widowed mother 
 to Wheeling, Va , and, in 1856, to Chicago, where 
 he secured employment as office-boy in the 
 machinery department of the Illinois Central 
 Railroad. Here he finally became an apprentice 
 and, passing through various grades of the me- 
 
 chanioal department, in May, 1877, became General 
 Superintendent of the Road, and, in 1885, General 
 Manager of the entire line. In 1889 he withdrew 
 from the Illinois Central and, for several yean 
 past, has been President and General Manager of 
 the Denver & Rio Grande Railway, with head- 
 quarters at Denver, Colo. Mr. Jeffery's career as 
 a railway man has been one of the most conspicu- 
 ous and successful in the history of American 
 railroads. 
 
 JENKINS, Alexander M., Lieutenant-Governor 
 (1834-36), came to Illinois in his youth and located 
 in Jackson County, being for a time a resident of 
 Brownsville, the first county-seat of Jackson 
 County, where he was engaged in trade. Later 
 he studied law and became eminent in his pro- 
 fession in Southern Illinois. In 1830 Mr. Jenkins 
 was elected Representative in the Seventh General 
 Assembly, was re-elected in 1832, serving during 
 his second term as Speaker of the House, and took 
 part the latter year in the Black Hawk War as 
 Captain of a company. In 1834 Mr. Jenkins was 
 elected Lieutenant-Governor at the same time 
 with Governor Duncan, though on an opposing 
 ticket, but resigned, in 1836, to become President 
 of the first Illinois Central Railroad Company, 
 which was chartered that year. The charter of 
 the road was surrendered in 1837, when the State 
 had in contemplation the policy of building a 
 system of roads at its own cost. For a time he 
 was Receiver of Public Moneys in the Land Office 
 at Edwardsville, and, in 1847, was elected to the 
 State Constitutional Convention of that year. 
 Other positions held by him included that of Jus- 
 tice of t lie Circuit Court for the Third Judicial 
 Circuit, to which he was elected in 1859, and 
 re-elected in 1861, but died in office, February 13, 
 1864. Mr. Jenkins was an uncle of Gen. John A. 
 Logan, who read law with him after his return 
 from the Mexican War. 
 
 JENNET, William Le Baron, engineer and 
 architect, born at Fairhaven, Mass., Sept. 25, 
 1832; was educated at Phillips Academy, An- 
 dover, graduating in 1849; at 17 took a trip 
 around the world, and, after a year spent in the 
 Scientific Department of Harvard College, took a 
 course in the Ecole Centrale des Artes et Manu- 
 factures in Paris, graduating in 1856. He then 
 served for a year as engineer on the Tehuantepec 
 Railroad, and, in 1861, was made an Aid on the 
 staff of General Grant, being transferred the next 
 year to the staff of General Sherman, with whom 
 he remained three years, participating in many 
 of the most important battles of the war in the 
 West. Later, he was engaged in the preparation 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 305 
 
 of maps of General Sherman's campaigns, which 
 were published in the "Memoirs" of the latter. 
 In 1868 he located in Chicago, and has since given 
 his attention almost solely to architecture, the 
 result being seen in some of Chicago's most 
 noteworthy buildings. 
 
 JERSEY COUNTY, situated in the western 
 portion of the middle division of the State, 
 bordering on the Illinois and Mississippi Rivers. 
 Originally a part of Greene County, it was sepa- 
 rately organized in 1839, with an area of 360 square 
 miles. There were a few settlers in the county 
 as early as 1816-17. Jersey ville, the county-seat, 
 was platted in 1834, a majority of the early resi- 
 dents being natives of, or at least emigrants from. 
 New Jersey. The mild climate, added to the 
 character of the soil, is especially adapted to 
 fruit-growing and stock-raising. The census of 
 1900 gave the population of the county as 14,612 
 and of Jerseyville, 3,517. Grafton, near the 
 junction of the Mississippi with the Illinois, had 
 a population of 987. The last mentioned town is 
 noted for its stone quarries, which employ a 
 number of men. 
 
 JERSEYYILLE, a city and county -seat of Jer- 
 sey County, the point of junction of the Chicago 
 & Alton and the Chicago, Peoria & St. Louis 
 Railways, 19 miles north of Alton and 45 miles 
 north of St. Louis, Mo. The city is in an agri 
 cultural district, but has manufactories of flour, 
 plows, carriages and wagons, shoe factory and 
 watch-making machinery. It contains a hand- 
 some courthouse, completed in 1894, nine 
 churches, a graded public school, besides a sep- 
 arate school for colored children, a convent, 
 library, telephone system, electric lights, artesian 
 wells, and three papers. Population (1890), 3,307; 
 (1900), 3,517; (1903, est.), 4,117. 
 
 JO DA VI ESS COUNTY, situated in the north- 
 west corner of the State ; has an area of 663 square 
 miles; population (1900), 24,533. It was first 
 explored by Le Seuer, who reported the discovery 
 of lead in 1700. Another Frenchman (Bouthil- 
 lier) was the first permanent white settler, locat- 
 ing on the site of the present city of Galena in 
 1830. About the same time came several Ameri- 
 can families ; a trading post was established, and 
 the hamlet was known as Fredericks' Point, so 
 called after one of the pioneers. In 1822 the 
 Government reserved from settlement a tract 10 
 miles square along the Mississippi, with a view of 
 controlling the mining interest. In 1823 mining 
 privileges were granted upon a royalty of one- 
 sixth, and the first smelting furnace was erected 
 the same year. Immigration increased rapidly 
 
 and, inside of three years, the "Point" had a popu- 
 lation of 150, and a post-office was established 
 with a fortnightly mail to and from Vandalia, 
 then the State capital In 1827 county organiza- 
 tion was effected, the county being named in 
 honor of Gen. Joseph Hamilton Daviess, who was 
 killed in the Battle of Tippecanoe. The original 
 tract, however, has been subdivided until it now 
 constitutes nine counties. The settlers took an 
 active part in both the Winnebago and Black 
 Hawk Wars. In 1846-47 the mineral lands were 
 placed on the market by the Government, and 
 quickly taken by corporations and individuals. 
 The scenery is varied, and the soil (particularly 
 in the east) well suited to the cultivation of 
 grain. The county is well wooded and well 
 watered, and thoroughly drained by the Fever 
 and Apple Rivers. The name Galena was given 
 to the county-seat (originally, as has been said, 
 Fredericks' Point) by Lieutenant Thomas, Gov- 
 ernment Surveyor, in 1827, in which year it was 
 platted. Its general appearance is picturesque. 
 Its early growth was extraordinary, but later 
 (particularly after the growth of Chicago) it 
 received a set-back. In 1841 it claimed 2,000 
 population and was incorporated ; in 1870 it had 
 about 7,000 population, and, in 1900, 5,005. The 
 names of Grant, Rawlins and E. B. Washburne 
 are associated with its history. Other important 
 towns in the county are Warren (population 
 1,327), East Dubuque (1,146) and Elizabeth (659). 
 
 JOHNSON, Caleb C., lawyer and legislator, 
 was bom in Whiteside County, 111.. May 23, 1844, 
 educated in the common schools and at the 
 Military Academy at Fulton, 111. ; served during 
 the Civil War in the Sixty-ninth and One Hun- 
 dred and Fortieth Regiments Illinois Volunteers; 
 in 1877 was admitted to the bar and, two yean 
 later, began practice. He has served upon the 
 Board of Township Supervisors of Whiteside 
 County; in 1884 was elected to the House of 
 Representatives of the Thirty-fourth General 
 Assembly, was re-elected in 1886, and again in 
 1896. He also held the position of Deputy Col- 
 lector of Internal Revenue for his District during 
 the first Cleveland administration, and was a 
 delegate to the Democratic National Convention 
 of 1888. 
 
 JOHNSON, (Her.) Herrlek, clergyman and 
 educator, was born near Fonda, N. Y., Sept. 21, 
 1832'; graduated at Hamilton College, 1857, and 
 at Auburn Theological Seminary, 1860; held Pres- 
 byterian pastorates in Troy, Pittsburg and Phila- 
 delphia; in 1874 became Professor of Homiletics 
 and Pastoral Theology in Auburn Theological 
 
306 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 Seminary, and, in 1880, accepted a pastorate in 
 Chicago, also becoming Lecturer on Sacred Rhet- 
 oric in McCorraick Theological Seminary. In 
 1888 he resigned his pastorate, devoting his atten- 
 tion thereafter to the duties of his professorship. 
 He was Moderator of the Presbyterian General 
 Assembly at Springfield, in 1882, and has served 
 as President, for many years, of the Presbyterian 
 Church Board of Aid for Colleges, and of the 
 Board of Trustees of Lake Forest University. 
 Besides many periodical articles, he has published 
 several volumes on religious subjects. 
 
 JOHNSON, Hosmer A., M.D., LL.D., physi- 
 cian, was born near Buffalo, K. Y., Oct. 6, 1822; 
 at twelve removed to a farm in Lapeer County, 
 Mich. In spite of limited school privileges, at 
 eighteen he secured a teachers' certificate, and, 
 by teaching in the winter and attending an 
 academy in the summer, prepared for college, 
 entering the University of Michigan in 1846 and 
 graduating in 1849. In 1850 he became a student 
 of medicine at Rush Medical College in Chicago, 
 graduating in 1852, and the same year becoming 
 Secretary of the Cook County Medical Society, 
 and, the year following, associate editor of "The 
 Illinois Medical and Surgical Journal" For 
 three years he was a member of the faculty of 
 Rush, but, in 1858, resigned to become one of the 
 founders of a new medical school, which has now 
 become a part of Northwestern University. 
 During the Civil War, Dr. Johnson was Chair- 
 man of the State Board of Medical Examiners; 
 later serving upon the Board of Health of Chi- 
 cago, and upon the National Board of Health. He 
 was also attending physician of Cook County 
 Hospital and consulting physician of the Chicago 
 Charitable Eye and Ear Infirmary. At the time 
 of the great fire of 1871, he was one of the Direct- 
 on of the Chicago Relief and Aid Society. His 
 connections with local, State and National Soci- 
 eties and organizations (medical, scientific, social 
 and otherwise) wer<j very numerous. He trav- 
 eled extensively , both in this country and in 
 Europe, during his visits to the latter devoting 
 much time to the study of foreign sanitary con- 
 ditions, and making further attainments in medi- 
 cine and surgery. In 1883 the degree of LL.D. 
 was conferred upon him by Northwestern Uni- 
 versity. During his later years, Dr. Johnson was 
 engaged almost wholly in consultations. Died, 
 Feb. 26, 1891. 
 
 JOHNSON COUNTY, lies in the southern por- 
 tion of the State, and is one of the smallest 
 counties, having an area of only 340 square miles, 
 and a population (1900) of 15,667 named for Col. 
 
 Richard M. Johnson. Its organization dates back 
 to 1812. A dividing ridge (forming a sort of 
 water shed) extends from east to west, the 
 waters of the Cache and Bay Rivers running 
 south, and those of the Big Muddy and Saline 
 toward the north. A minor coal seam of variable 
 thickness (perhaps a spur from the regular coal- 
 measures) crops out here and there. Sandstone 
 and limestone are abundant, and, under cliffs 
 along the bluffs, saltpeter has been obtained in 
 small quantities. Weak copperas springs are 
 numerous. The soil is rich, the principal crops 
 being wheat, corn and tobacco. Cotton is raised 
 for home consumption and fruit-culture receives 
 some attention. Vienna is the county-seat, with 
 a population, in 1890, of 828. 
 
 JOHNSTON, Noah, pioneer and banker, was 
 born in Hardy County, Va., Dec. 20, 1799, and, 
 at the age of 12 years, emigrated with his father 
 to Woodford County, Ky. In 1824 he removed 
 to Indiana, and, a few years later, to Jefferson 
 County, 111., where he began farming. He sub- 
 sequently engaged in merchandising, but proving 
 unfortunate, turned his attention to politics, 
 serving first as County Commissioner and then as 
 County Clerk. In 1838 he was elected to the 
 State Senate for the counties of Hamilton and 
 Jefferson, serving four years; was Enrolling and 
 Engrossing Clerk of the Senate during the session 
 of 1844-45, and, in 1846, elected Representative in 
 the Fifteenth General Assembly. The following 
 year he was made Paymaster in the United States 
 Army, serving through the Mexican War; in 
 1852 served with Abraham Lincoln and Judge 
 Hugh T. Dickey of Chicago, on a Commission 
 appointed to investigate claims against the State 
 for the construction of the Illinois & Michigan 
 Canal, and, in 1854, was appointed Clerk of the 
 Supreme Court for the Third Division, being 
 elected to the same position in 1861. Other posi- 
 tions held by him included those of Deputy United 
 States Marshal under the administration of Presi- 
 dent Polk, Commissioner to superintend the con- 
 struction of the Supreme Court Building at Mount 
 Vernon, and Postmaster of that city. He was 
 also elected Representative again in 1866. The 
 later years of his life were spent as President of 
 the Mount Vernon National Bank. Died, No- 
 vember, 1891, in his 92d year. 
 
 J OLIET, the county-seat of Will County, situ- 
 ated in the Des Plaines River Valley, 86 miles 
 southwest of Chicago, on the Illinois & Michigan 
 Canal, and the intersecting point of five lines of 
 railway. A good quality of calcareous building 
 stone underlies the entire region, and is exten- 
 
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 E/3 
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 n 
 
 o 
 pi 
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 H 
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 H 
 
 
niSTOItlCAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 Seminary, and, in 1880, accepted a pastorate in 
 Chicago, also becoming Lecturer on Sacred Rhet- 
 oric iu McCormick Theological Seminary. In 
 1883 lie resigned his pastorute, devoting his atten- 
 tion thereafter to the duties of his professorship. 
 He was Moderator of the Presbyterian General 
 Assembly at Springfield, in 1882, and has served 
 as President, for many years, of the Presbyterian 
 Church Board of Aid for Colleges, and of the 
 Board of Trustees of Lake Forest University. 
 Besides many periodical articles, he haw published 
 several volumes on religious subjects. 
 
 JOHNSON, Hosmer A., M.D., LL.D., physi- 
 cian, was born near Buffalo, N Y., Oct. C, 1822; 
 at twelve removed to a farm in Lapeer County, 
 Mich, lu spite of limited school privileges, at 
 eighteen he secured a teachers' certificate, and, 
 by teai-liing in the winter and attending an 
 academy in the summer, prepared for college, 
 entering the University of Michigan in 1840 and 
 graduating in 1840. In 1850 he became a student 
 of medicine at Rush Medical College in Chicago, 
 graduating in 1852, and the same year becoming 
 Secretary of the Cook County Medical Society, 
 and, the year following, associate editor of 'The 
 Illinois Medical and Surgical Journal." For 
 three years he was a member of the faculty of 
 Rush, but, iu 1858, resigned to become one of the 
 founders of a new medical school, which has now 
 become a part of Northwestern University. 
 During the Civil War, Dr. Johnson was Chair- 
 man of the State Board of Medical Examiners; 
 later serving upon the Board of Health of Chi- 
 cago, and ui>n the National Board of Health. He 
 was also attending physician of Cook County 
 Hospital and consulting physician of the Chicago 
 Charitable Eye and Ear Infirmary. At the time 
 of the great fire of 1871, he was one of the Direct- 
 ors of the Chicago Relief and Aid Society. His 
 connections with local. State and National Soci- 
 eties and organizations (medical, scientific, social 
 and otherwise) wer-i very numerous. lie trav- 
 eled' extensively, both in this country and in 
 Europe, during his visits to the latter devoting 
 much time to the study of foreign sanitary con- 
 ditions, and making further attainments in medi- 
 cine and surgery. In 188:! the degree of LL.D. 
 was conferred upon him by Northwestern Uni- 
 versity. During his later years, Dr. Johnson was 
 engaged almost wholly in consultations. Died, 
 Feb. 20, 1S01. 
 
 JOHNSON COUNTY, lies in the southern por- 
 tion of the State, and is one of the smallest 
 counties, having an area of only 340 square miles, 
 and a population (I'.iOUj of 15.G67 named for Col. 
 
 Richard M. Johnson. Its organization dates back 
 to 1812. A dividing ridge (forming a sort of 
 water shed) extends from east to west, the 
 waters of the Cache and Bay Rivers running 
 south, and those of the Big Muddy and Saline 
 toward the north. A minor coal seam of variable 
 thickness (perhaps a spur from the regular coal- 
 measures) crops out here and there. Sandstone 
 and limestone are abundant, and, under dills 
 along the bluffs, saltpeter lias been obtained in 
 small quantities. Weak copperas springs are 
 numerous. The soil is rich, the principal crops 
 being wheat, corn and tobacco. Cotton is raised 
 for home consumption and fruit-culture receives 
 some attention. Vienna is the county-seat, with 
 a population, in 1890, of 828. 
 
 JOHNSTON, Noah, pioneer and banker, was 
 born in Hardy County, Va., Dec. 20, 1799, and. 
 at the age of 12 years, emigrated with his father 
 to Woodford County, Ky. In 1824 he removed 
 to Indiana, and. a few years later, to JelTerson 
 County, 111., where he began farming. He sub- 
 sequently engaged in merchandising, but proving 
 unfortunate, turned his attention to politics, 
 serving first as County Commissioner and then as 
 County Clerk. In 1838 he was elected to th* 
 State Senate for the counties of Hamilton and 
 Jefferson, serving four years; was Enrolling and 
 Engrossing Clerk of the Senate during the session 
 of 1844-45, and, in 1846, elected Representative in 
 the Fifteenth General Assembly The following 
 year he was made Paymaster in the United States 
 Army, serving through the Mexican War; in 
 1852 served with Abraham Lincoln and Judge 
 Hugh T. Dickey of Chicago, on a Commission 
 appointed to investigate claims against the State 
 for the construction of the Illinois & Michigan 
 Canal, and, in 1854, was appointed Clerk of tin- 
 Supreme Court for the Third Division, being 
 elected to the same position in 1861. Other posi- 
 tions held by him included those of Deputy United 
 States Marshal under the administration of Presi- 
 dent Polk, Commissioner to superintend the con- 
 struction of the Supreme Court Building at Mount 
 Vernon, and Postmaster of that city. lie was 
 also elected Representative again in 1800. The 
 later years of his life were spent as President of 
 the Mount Vernon National Bank. Died, No- 
 vember, 1891, in his 92d year. 
 
 .101,1 1' 1 . the county-seat of Will County, situ- 
 ated in the Des Plaines River Valley, 36 miles 
 southwest of Chicago, on the Illinois & Michigan 
 Canal, and the intersecting point of live lines of 
 railway. A good quality of calcareous building 
 stone underlies the entire region, ami is exten- 
 
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 2^ 
 
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 H 
 
 Z 
 
 w 
 a. 
 
 u 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 307 
 
 sively quarried. ( ravel, sand, and clay are also 
 easily obtained in considerable quantities. 
 Within t'euty miles are productive coal mines. 
 The Northern Illinois Penitentiary and a female 
 penal institute stand just outside the city limits 
 on the north. Juliet is an important manufac- 
 turing center, the census of 1900 crediting the 
 city with 455 establishments, having $15,452,196 
 capital, employing 6,523 hands, paying $3,957,529 
 wages and $17,891,836 for raw material, turning 
 out an annual product valued at $27. 765, 104. The 
 leading industries are the manufacture of foundry 
 and machine-shop products, engines, agricultural 
 implements, pig-iron, Bessemer steel, steel 
 bridges, rods, tin cans, wallpaper, matches, beer, 
 saddles, paint, furniture, pianos, and stoves, 
 besides quarrying and stone cutting. The Chi- 
 cago Drainage Canal supplies valuable water- 
 power. The city has many handsome public 
 buildings and private residences, among the 
 former being four high schools, Government 
 postoffice building, two public libraries, and two 
 public hospitals. It also has two public and two 
 school parks. Population (1880), 11,657; (1890), 
 23,254, (including suburbs), 34,473; (1900), 29,358. 
 JOLIET, AURORA & NORTHERN RAIL- 
 WAT. (See Elgin. Joliet <t Eastern Railway.) 
 
 JOLIET, Look, a French explorer, born at 
 Quebec, Canada, Sept. 21, 1645. educated at the 
 Jesuits' College, and early engaged in the fur- 
 trade. In 1669 he was sent to investigate the 
 copper mines on Lake Superior, but his most 
 important service began in 1673, when Frontenao 
 commissioned him to explore. Starting from the 
 missionary station of St. Ignace, with Father 
 Marquette, he went up the Fox River within the 
 present State of Wisconsin and down the Wis- 
 consin to the Mississippi, which he descended as 
 far as the mouth of the Arkansas. He was the 
 first to discover that the Mississippi flows to the 
 Gulf rather than to the Pacific. He returned to 
 Green Bay via the Illinois River, and (as believed) 
 the sites of the present cities of Joliet and Chicago. 
 Although later appointed royal hydrographer 
 and given the island of Anticosti, he never 
 revisited the Mississippi. Some historians assert 
 that this was largely due to the influential jeal- 
 ousy of La Salle. Died, in Canada, in May, 1700. 
 JOLIET & BLUE ISLAND RAILWAY, con- 
 stituting a part of and operated by the Calumet 
 & Blue Island a belt line, 21 miles in length, of 
 standard gauge and laid with 60-lb. steel rails. 
 The company provides terminal facilities at Joliet, 
 although originally projected to merely run from 
 that city to a connection with the Calumet & 
 
 Blue Island Railway. The capital stock author- 
 ized and paid in is $100,000. The company's 
 general offices are in Chicago. 
 
 JOLIET & NORTHERN INDIANA RAIL- 
 ROAD, a road running from Lake, Intl., to Joliet, 
 111., 45 miles (of which 29 miles are in Illinois), 
 and leased in perpetuity, from Sept. 7, 1854 (the 
 date of completion), to the Michigan Central Rail- 
 road Company, which owns nearly all its stock. 
 Its capital stock is $300,000, and it* funded debt, 
 $80,000. Other forms of indebtedness swell the 
 total amount of capital invested (1895) to $1,- 
 143,201. Total earnings and income in Illinois in 
 1894, $89,017; total expenditures, $62,370. (See 
 Michigan Central Railroad.) 
 
 JONES, Alfred M., politician and legislator, 
 was born in New Hampshire, Feb. 5, 1837, brought 
 to McHenry County, 111., at 10 years of age, and, 
 at 16, began life in the pineries and engaged in 
 rafting on the Mississippi. Then, after two 
 winters in school at Rockford, and a short season 
 in teaching, he spent a year in the book and 
 jewelry business at Warren, Jo Daviesa County. 
 The following year (1858) he made a trip to Pike's 
 Peak, but meeting disappointment in his expec- 
 tations in regard to mining, returned almost 
 immediately. The next few years were spent in 
 various occupations, including law and real 
 estate business, until 1872, when he was elected 
 to the Twenty-eighth General Assembly, and 
 re-elected two yean later. Other positions 
 successively held by him were those of Commis- 
 sioner of the Joliet Penitentiary, Collector of 
 Internal Revenue for the Sterling District, and 
 United States Marshal for the Northern District 
 of Illinois. He was, for fourteen years, a member 
 of the Republican State Central Committee, dur- 
 ing twelve yean of that period being its chair- 
 man. Since 1885, Mr. Jones has been manager 
 of the Bethesda Mineral Springs at Waukesha, 
 Wis., but has found time to make his mark in 
 Wisconsin politics also. 
 
 JONES, John Rice, first English lawyer in Illi- 
 nois, was born in Wales, Feb. 11, 1759; educated 
 at Oxford in medicine and law, and, after prac- 
 ticing the latter in London for a short time, came 
 to America in 1784, spending two years in Phila- 
 delphia, where he made the acquaintance of 
 Dr. Benjamin Rush and Benjamin Franklin; in 
 1786, having reached the Falls of the Ohio, he 
 joined Col. George Rogers Clark's expedition 
 against the Indians on the Wabash. This having 
 partially failed through the discontent and 
 desertion of the troops, be remained at VincenneB 
 four yean, part of the time as Commissary- 
 
HISTOItK'AL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 307 
 
 sively quarried. I i ravel, sand, iind clay are also 
 easily obtained in considerable i|iiantities. 
 Within twenty miles are productive cnal mines. 
 The Nbrthern Illinois Penitentiary and a female 
 penal institute stand just outside the city limits 
 on the north. Joliet is an important manufac- 
 turing center, the census of 1!MK) crediting the 
 city with 455 establishments, having $15,45'.>, i:>6 
 capital, employing 0.523 hands, paying S3,!I57,52S( 
 wages and $17.8Sll.s3li for raw material, turning 
 out an annual product valued at S27.7<!5, 104 TliH 
 leading industries are the manufacture of foundry 
 ami machine-shop products, engines, agricultural 
 implements, pig-iron, Bessemer steel, steel 
 bridges, rods, tin cans, wallpaper, matches, beer, 
 saddles, paint, furniture, pianos, and stoves, 
 besides quarrying and stone cutting. The Chi- 
 cago Drainage Canal supplies valuable water 
 l>oiver. The city has many handsome public 
 buildings and private residences, among the 
 former being four high schools. Government 
 lstorfice building, two public libraries, and two 
 public hospitals It also has two public ami two 
 school parks. Population (1880), 11,657; (1890). 
 23,254. (including suburbs), 34,473: (1900). 29.353. 
 
 JOLIET, AURORA & NORTHERN RAIL- 
 WAY. (See Elyin. Juliet <t~ Eattrrn Itailiruy.) 
 
 JOLIET, Louis, a I rni.-h explorer, born at 
 Quebec, Canada, Sept. 21, 1645, educated at the 
 Jesuits' College, and early engaged in the fur- 
 trade. In 1669 he was sent to investigate the 
 copper mines on Lake Superior, but his most 
 important service began in lf>73, when Frontenac 
 commissioned him to explore. Starting from the 
 missionary station of St. Iguace, with Father 
 Marquette, he went up the Fox River within the 
 present State of Wisconsin and down the Wis- 
 consin to the Mississippi, which he descended as 
 far as the mouth of the Arkansas. He was the 
 first to discover that the Mississippi Mows to the 
 Gulf rather than to the Pacific. He returned to 
 Green Bay via the Illinois River, and (as believed) 
 the sites of the present cities of Joliet and Chicago. 
 Although later appointed rcyal hydrographer 
 and given the island of Anticosti, he never 
 revisited the Mississippi. Some historians assert 
 that this was largely' due to the influential jeal- 
 ousy of I<a Salle. Died, in Canada, in Mav, 1700. 
 
 JOLIET & BLUE ISLAND RAILWAY, con- 
 stituting a part of and operated by the Calumet 
 & Blue Island a belt line, 21 miles in length, of 
 standard gauge and laid with 60-lb. steel rails. 
 The company provides terminal facilities at Joliet, 
 although originally projected to merely run from 
 that city to a connection with the Calumet & 
 
 Blue Island Railway. Tin- capital stock author- 
 i/.ed and paid in is $1<HMNI". The company's 
 general offices are in Chicago. 
 
 JOLIET & NORTHERN INDIANA RAIL- 
 ROAD, a mad running from T.ake, Ind., to Joliet. 
 HI., 45 miles (of which ,".! miles are in Illinois), 
 and leased in i>erpetuity, from Sept. 7, 1854 (the 
 date of completion), to the Michigan Central Rail- 
 road Company, which owns nearly all its stock. 
 Its capital stock is $300,000, and its funded debt, 
 $$0,000. Other forms of indebtedness swell the 
 total amount of capital invested (1895) to $1,- 
 143,201. Total earnings and income in Illinois in 
 1894, $89,017; total expenditures, $62,370. (See 
 Michigan Central Railroad. ) 
 
 JONES, Alfred M., politician and legislator, 
 was born in New Hampshire, Feb. 5, 1837, brought 
 to McHenry County, 111., at 10 years of age, and, 
 at 16, began life in the pineries and engaged in 
 rafting on the Mississippi. Then, after two 
 winters in school at Rockford, and a short se:i.son 
 in teaching, ha spent a year in the book and 
 jen-elry business at Warren, Jo Daviess County. 
 The following year (1858) he made atrip to Pike's 
 Peak, but meeting disappointment in his expec- 
 tations in regard to mining, returned almost 
 immediately. The next few years were spent in 
 various occupations, including law and real 
 estate business, until 1872, when he was elected 
 to the Twenty-eighth General Assembly, and 
 re-elected two years later. Other positions 
 successively held by him were those of Commis- 
 sioner of the Joliet Penitentiary, Collector of 
 Internal Revenue for the Sterling District, and 
 United States Marshal for the Northern District 
 of Illinois. lie was, for fourteen years, a member 
 of the Republican State Central Committee, dur 
 ing twelve years of that period lieing its cliair- 
 man. Since 1S85, Mr. Jones has been manager 
 of the Bethesda Mineral Spring* at Waukesha, 
 Wis., but has found time to make his mark in 
 Wisconsin politics also. 
 
 JONES, John Rice, first English lawyer in Illi- 
 nois, was born in Wales, Feb. 11, 1759; educated 
 at Oxford in medicine and law, and, after prac- 
 ticing the latter in London fora short time, came 
 to America in 1784, spending two years in Phila- 
 delphia, where he made the acquaintance of 
 Dr. Benjamin Rush and Benjamin Franklin; in 
 1786, having reached the Kails of the Ohio, he 
 joined Col. George Rogers Clark's expedition 
 against the Indians on the Wabash. This having 
 partially failed through the discontent and 
 desertion of the troops, he remained .it Vincennee 
 four years, part of the time as Commissary- 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 General of the garrison there. In 1790 he went to 
 Kaskaskia, but eleven years later returned to Vin- 
 cennes, being commissioned the same year by 
 i iov. William Henry Harrison, Attorney-General 
 of Indiana Territory, and, in 1805, becoming a 
 member of the first Legislative Council. He was 
 Secretary of the convention at Vincennes, in 
 December, 1803, which memorialized Congress to 
 suspend, for ten years, the article in the Ordi- 
 nance of 1787 forbidding slavery in the Northwest 
 Territory. In 1808 he removed a second time to 
 Kaskaskia, remaining two years, when he located 
 within the present limits of the State of Missouri 
 (then the Territory of Louisiana), residing suc- 
 cessively at St. Genevieve, St. Louis and Potosi, 
 at the latter place acquiring large interests in 
 mineral lands. He became prominent in Mis- 
 souri politics, served as a member of the Conven- 
 tion which framed the first State Constitution, 
 was a prominent candidate for United States 
 Senator before the first Legislature, and finally 
 elected by the same a Justice of the Supreme 
 Court, dying in office at St. Louis, Feb. 1, 1824. 
 He appears to have enjoyed an extensive practice 
 among the early residents, as shown by the fact 
 that, the year of his return to Kaskaskia, he paid 
 taxes on more than 16,000 acres of land in Monroe 
 County, to say nothing of his possessions about 
 Vincecnes and his subsequent acquisitions in 
 Missouri. He also prepared the first revision of 
 laws for Indiana Territory when Illinois com- 
 posed a part of it. Rice (Jones), son of the pre- 
 ceding by a first marriage, was born in Wales, 
 Sept. 28, 1781; came to America with his par- 
 ents, and was educated at Transylvania University 
 and the University of Pennsylvania, taking a 
 medical degree at the latter, but later studying 
 law at Litchfield, Conn., and locating at Kaskas- 
 kia in 1806. Described as a young man of brilliant 
 talents, he took a prominent part in politics and, 
 at a special election held in September, 1808, was 
 elected to the Indiana Territorial Legislature, by 
 the party known as "Divisionists" i. e., in favor 
 of the division of the Territory which proved 
 successful in the organization of Illinois Territory 
 the following year. Bitterness engendered in 
 this contest led to a challenge from Shadrach 
 Bond (afterwards first Governor of the State) > 
 which Jones accepted; but the affair was ami- 
 cably adjusted on the field without an exchange of 
 shots. One Dr. James Dunlap, who had been 
 Bond's second, expressed dissatisfaction with the 
 settlement; a bitter factional fight was main- 
 tained between the friends of the respective 
 parties, ending in the assassination of Jones, who 
 
 was shot by Dunlap on the street in Kaskaskia, 
 Dec. 7, 1808 Jones dying in a few minutes, 
 while Dunlap fled, ending his days in Texas. 
 Gen. John Rice (Jones), Jr., another son, was 
 born at Kaskaskia, Jan. 8, 1792, served under 
 Capt. Henry Dodge in the War of 1812, and, in 
 1831, went to Texas, where he bore a conspicuous 
 part in securing the independence of that State 
 from Mexico, dying there in 1845 the year of its 
 annexation to the United States. George 
 Wallace (Jones), fourth son of John Rice Jones 
 (1st), was born at Vincennes, Indiana Territory, 
 April 12, 1804; graduated at Transylvania Uni- 
 versity, in 1825; served as Clerk of the United 
 States District Court in Missouri in 1826, and as 
 Aid to Gen. Dodge in the Black Hawk War; in 
 1834 was elected Delegate in Congress from 
 Michigan Territory (then including the present 
 States of Michigan, Wisconsin and Iowa), later 
 serving two terms as Delegate from Iowa Terri- 
 tory, and, on its admission as a State, being elected 
 one of the first United States Senators and re- 
 elected in 1852; in 1859, was appointed by Presi- 
 dent Buchanan Minister to Bogota, Colombia, 
 but recalled in 1861 on account of a letter to 
 Jefferson Davis expressing sympathy with the 
 cause of the South, and was imprisoned for two 
 months in Fort Lafayette. In 1838 he was the sec- 
 ond of Senator Cilley in the famous Cilley-Graves 
 duel near Washington, which resulted in the 
 death of the former. After his retirement from 
 office, General Jones' residence was at Dubuque, 
 Iowa, where he died, July 22, 1896, in the 93d 
 year of his age. 
 
 JONES, Mirhse 1 , early politician, was a Penn- 
 sylvanian by birth, who came to Illinois in Terri- 
 torial days, and, as early as 1809, was Register of 
 the Land Office at KXgfcyilrin : afterwards 
 removed to Shawneetown and represented 
 Gallatin County as a Delegate to the Constitu- 
 tional Convention of 1818 and as Senator in the 
 first four General Assemblies, and also as Repre- 
 sentative in the Eighth. He was a candidate for 
 United States Senator in 1819, but was defeated 
 by Governor Edwards, and was a Presidential 
 Elector in 1820. He is represented to have been a 
 man of considerable ability but of bitter passions, 
 a supporter of the scheme for a pro-slavery con- 
 stitution and a bitter opponent of Governor 
 Edwards. 
 
 JONES, J. Russell, capitalist, was bom at 
 Conneaut, Ashtabula County, Ohio, Feb. 17, 1823; 
 after spending two years as clerk in a store in his 
 native town, came to Chicago in 1838; spent the 
 next two years at Rockton, when he accepted a 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 309 
 
 clerkship in a leading mercantile establishment 
 at Galena, finally being advanced to a partner- 
 ship, which was dissolved in 1856. In 1860 he 
 was elected, as a Republican, Representative in 
 the Twenty-second General Assembly, and, in 
 March following, was appointed by President 
 Lincoln United States Marshal for the Northern 
 District of Illinois. In 1869, by appointment of 
 President Grant, he became Minister to Belgium. 
 remaining in office until 1875, when he resigned 
 and returned to Chicago. Subsequently he 
 leclined the position of Secretary of the Interior, 
 but was appointed Collector of the Port of Chi- 
 cago, from which he retired in 1888. Mr. Jones 
 served as member of the National Republican 
 Committee for Illinois in 1868. In 1863 he organ- 
 ized the West Division Street Railway, laying 
 the foundation of an ample fortune. 
 
 JONES, William, pioneer merchant, was born 
 at Charlemont. Mass., Oct. 22, 1789, but spent his 
 boyhood and early manhood in New York State, 
 ultimately locating at Buffalo, where he engaged 
 in business as a grocer, and also held various 
 public positions. In 1831 he made a tour of 
 observation westward by way of Detroit, finally 
 reaching Fort Dearborn, which he again visited 
 in 1832 and in '33, making small investments each 
 time in real estate, which afterwards appreciated 
 immensely in value. In 1834, in partnership 
 with By ram King of Buffalo, Mr. Jones engaged 
 in the stove and hardware business, founding in 
 Chicago the firm of Jones & King, and the next 
 year brought his family. While he never held 
 any important public office, he was one of the 
 most prominent of those early residents of Chicago 
 through whose enterprise and public spirit the 
 city was made to prosper. He held the office of 
 Justice of the Peace, served in the City Council, 
 was one of the founders of the city fire depart- 
 ment, served for twelve years (1840-52) on the 
 Board of School Inspectors (for a considerable 
 time as its President), and contributed liberally 
 to the cause of education, including gifts of 
 $50,000 to the old Chicago University, of which 
 lie was a Trustee and, for some time, President of 
 its Executive Committee. Died, Jan. 18, 1868. 
 Fernando (Jones), son of the preceding, was born 
 at Forestville, Chautauqua County, N. Y., May 
 26, 1820, having, for some time in his boyhood, 
 Millard Fillmore (afterwards President) as his 
 teacher at Buffalo, and, still later, Reuben E. Fen- 
 ton (afterwards Governor and a United States 
 Senator) as classmate. After coming to Chicago, 
 in 1835, he was employed for some time as a clerk 
 in Government offices and by the Trustees of the 
 
 Illinois & Michigan Canal: spent a season at 
 Canandaigua Academy, N. Y. ; edited a periodical 
 at Jackson, Mich. , for a year or two, but finally 
 coming to Chicago, opened an abstract and title 
 office, in which he was engaged at the time of the 
 fire of 1871, and which, by consolidation with two 
 other firms, became the foundation of the Title 
 Guarantee and Trust Company, which still play* 
 an important part in the real-estate business of 
 Chicago. Mr. Jones has held various public posi- 
 tions, including that of Trustee of the Hospital 
 for the Insane at Jacksonville, and has for years 
 been a Trustee of the University of Chicago. -Kller 
 Kent (Jones), another son, was one of the found- 
 ers of "The Gem of the Prairies" newspaper, out 
 of which grew "The Chicago Tribune"; was for 
 many years a citizen of Quincy, 111., and promi- 
 nent member of the Republican State Central 
 Committee, and, for a time, one of the publisher* 
 of "The Prairie Farmer." Died, in Quincy, 
 August 20, 1886. 
 
 JO Jf ESBORO, the county -seat of Union County, 
 situated about a mile west of the line of the Illi- 
 nois Central Railroad. It is some 30 miles north 
 of Cairo, with which it is connected by the Mobile 
 & Ohio R. R. It stands in the center of a fertile 
 territory, largely devoted to fruit-growing, and it 
 an important shipping-point for fruit and early 
 vegetables; has a silica mill, pickle factory and a 
 bank. There are also four churches, and one 
 weekly newspaper, as well as a graded school. 
 Population (1900), 1,180. 
 
 JOSLYJf, Merritt L., lawyer, was born in 
 Livingston County, N. Y., in 1827, came to Illi- 
 nois in 1839, his father settling in McHenry 
 County, where the son, on arriving at manhood, 
 engaged in the practice of the law. The latter 
 became prominent in political circles and, in 
 1856, was a Buchanan Presidential Elector. On 
 the breaking out of the war he allied himself 
 with the Republican party ; served as a Captain 
 in the Thirty-sixth Illinois Volunteer Infantry, 
 and, in 1864, was elected to the Twenty-fourth 
 General Assembly from McHenry County, later 
 serving as Senator during the sessions of the 
 Thirtieth* and Thirty-first Assemblies (1876-80). 
 After the death of President Garfield, he was 
 appointed by President Arthur Assistant Secre- 
 tary of the Interior, serving to the close of the 
 administration. Returning to his home at Wood- 
 stock, 111., he resumed the practice of his profes- 
 sion, and, since 1889, has discharged the duties of 
 Master in Chancery for McHenry County. 
 
 JOUETT, Charles, Chicago's first lawyer, was 
 born in Virginia in 1772, studied law at Charlottes- 
 
310 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 ville in that State; in 1803 was appointed by 
 President Jefferson Indian Agent at Detroit and, 
 in 1805, acted as Commissioner in conducting a 
 treaty with the Wyandottes, Ottawas and other 
 Indiana of Northwestern Ohio and Michigan at 
 Maumee City, Ohio. In the fall of the latter year 
 he was appointed Indian Agent at Fort Dearborn, 
 serving there until the year before the Fort Dear- 
 born Massacre. Removing to Mercer County, 
 Ky., in 1811, he was elected to a Judgeship there, 
 but, in 1815, was reappointed by President Madi- 
 son Indian Agent at Fort Dearborn, remaining 
 until 1818, when he again returned to Kentucky. 
 In 1819 he was appointed to a United States 
 Judgeship in the newly organized Territory of 
 Arkansas, but remained only a few months, when 
 he resumed his residence in Kentucky, dying 
 there, May 28, 1834. 
 
 JOURNALISM. (See Newspaper*, Early.) 
 JUDD, Norman Bnel, lawyer, legislator. For- 
 eign Minister, was born at Rome, N. Y., Jan. 10, 
 1815, where he read law and was admitted to the 
 bar. In 1836 he removed to Chicago and com- 
 menced practice in the (then) frontier settle- 
 ment. He early rose to a position of prominence 
 and influence in public affairs, holding various 
 municipal offices and being a member of the 
 State Senate from 1844 to 1860 continuously. In 
 1860 he was a Delegate-at- large to the Republican 
 National Convention, and, in 1861, President Lin- 
 coln appointed him Minister Plenipotentiary to 
 Prussia, where he represented this country for 
 four years. He was a warm personal friend of 
 Lincoln, and accompanied him on his memorable 
 journey from Springfield to Washington in 1861. 
 In 1870 he was elected to the Forty-first Congress. 
 Died, at Chicago, Nov. 10, 1878. 
 
 JUDD, S. Corning, lawyer and politician, born 
 in Onondaga County, N. Y., July 21, 1827; was 
 educated at Aurora Academy, taught for a time in 
 Canada and was admitted to the bar in New York 
 in 1848 ; edited "The Syracuse Daily Star" in 1849, 
 and, in 1850, accepted a position in the Interior 
 Department in Washington. Later, he resumed 
 his place upon "The Star," but, in 1854, removed 
 to Lewistown, Fulton County, 111., and began 
 practice with his brother-in-law, the late W. C. 
 Goudy. In 1873 he removed to Chicago, entering 
 into partnership with William Fitzhugh White- 
 house, son of Bishop Whitehouse, and became 
 prominent in connection with some ecclesiastical 
 trials which followed. In 1860 he was a Demo- 
 cratic candidate for Presidential Elector and. 
 during the war, was a determined opponent of 
 the war policy of the Government, as such mak- 
 
 ing an unsuccessful campaign for Lieutenant - 
 Governor in 1864. In 1885 he was appointed 
 Postmaster of the city of Chicago, serving until 
 1889. Died, in Chicago, Sept. 22, 1895. 
 
 JUDICIAL SYSTEM, THE. The Constitution 
 of 1818 vested the judicial power of the State in 
 one Supreme Court, and such inferior courts as 
 the Legislature might establish. The former 
 consisted of one Chief Justice and three Associ- 
 ates, appointed by joint ballot of the Legislature 
 but, until 1825, when a new act went into effect, 
 they were required to perform circuit duties in 
 the several counties, while exercising appellate 
 jurisdiction in their united capacity. In 1824 the 
 Legislature divided the State into five circuits, 
 appointing one Circuit Judge for each, but, two 
 years later, these were legislated out of office, and 
 circuit court duty again devolved upon the 
 Supreme Judges, the State being divided into 
 four circuits. In 1829 a new act authorized the 
 appointment of one Circuit Judge, who was 
 assigned to duty in the territory northwest of the 
 Illinois River, the Supreme Justices continuing 
 to perform circuit duty in the four other circuits. 
 This arrangement continued until 1835, when the 
 State was divided into six judicial circuits, and, 
 five additional Circuit Judges having been 
 elected, the Supreme Judges were again relieved 
 from circuit court service. After this no mate- 
 rial changes occurred except in the increase of the 
 number of circuits until 1841, the whole number 
 then being nine. At this time political reasons 
 led to an entire reorganization of the courts. An 
 act passed Feb. 10, 1841, repealed all laws author- 
 izing the election of Circuit Judges, and provided 
 for the appointment of five additional Associate 
 Judges of the Supreme Court, making nine in 
 all; and, for a third time, circuit duties devolved 
 upon the Supreme Court Judges, the State being 
 divided at the same time into nine circuits. 
 
 By the adoption of the Constitution of 1848 the 
 judiciary system underwent an entire change, all 
 judicial officers being made elective by the 
 people. The Constitution provided for a Supreme 
 Court, consisting of three Judges, Circuit Courts, 
 County Courts, and courts to be held by Justices 
 of the Peace. In addition to these, the Legisla- 
 ture had the power to create inferior civil and 
 criminal courts in cities, but only upon a uniform 
 plan. For the election of Supreme Judges, the 
 State was divided into three Grand Judicial Divi- 
 sions. The Legislature might, however, if it saw 
 fit, provide for the election of all three Judges on 
 a general ticket, to be voted throughout the 
 State-at-large ; but this power was never exer- 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 311 
 
 ciaed. Appeals lay from the Circuit Courts to the 
 Supreme Court for the particular division in 
 which the county might be located, although, by 
 unanimous consent of all parties in interest, an 
 appeal might be transferred to another district. 
 Nine Circuit Courts were established, but the 
 number might be increased at the discretion of 
 the General Assembly. Availing itself of its 
 constitutional power and providing for the needs 
 of a rapidly growing community, the Legislature 
 gradually increased the number of circuits to 
 thirty. The term of office for Supreme Court 
 Judges was nine, and, for Circuit Judges, six 
 years. Vacancies were to be filled by popular 
 election, unless the unexpired term of the 
 deceased or retiring incumbent was less than one 
 year, in which case the Governor was authorized 
 to appoint. Circuit Courts were vested with 
 appellate jurisdiction from inferior tribunals, and 
 each was required to hold at least two terms 
 annually in each county, as might be fixed by 
 statute. 
 
 The Constitution of 1870, without changing the 
 mode of election or term of office, made several 
 changes adapted to altered conditions. As 
 regards the Supreme Court, the three Grand 
 Divisions were retained, but the number of 
 Judges was increased to seven, chosen from a like 
 number of districts, but sitting together to con- 
 stitute a full court, of which four members con- 
 stitute a quorum. A Chief Justice is chosen by 
 the Court, and is usually one of the Judges 
 nearing the expiration of his term. The minor 
 officers include a Reporter of Decisions, and one 
 Clerk in each Division. By an act passed in 1897, 
 the three Supreme Court Divisions were consoli- 
 dated in one, the Court being required to hold its 
 sittings in Springfield, and hereafter only one 
 Clerk will be elected instead of three as hereto- 
 fore. The salaries of Justices of the Supreme 
 Court are fixed by law at $5,000 each. 
 
 The State was divided in 1873 into twenty-seven 
 circuits (Cook County being a circuit by itself), 
 and one or more terms of the circuit court are 
 required to be held each year in each county in 
 the State. The jurisdiction of the Circuit Courts 
 is both original and appellate, and includes mat- 
 ters civil and criminal, in law and in equity. 
 The Judges are elected by districts, and hold office 
 for six years. In 1877 the State was divided into 
 thirteen judicial circuits (exclusive of Cook 
 County), but without reducing the number of 
 Judges (twenty-six) already in office, and the 
 election of one additional Judge (to serve two 
 yean) was ordered in each district, thus increas- 
 
 ing the number of Judges to thirty-nine. Again 
 in 1897 the Legislature passed an act increasing 
 the number of judicial circuits, exclusive of Cook 
 County, to seventeen, while the number of 
 Judges in each circuit remained the same, so 
 that the whole number of Judges elected that 
 year outside of Cook County was fifty-one. The 
 salaries of Circuit Judges are $3,500 per year, 
 except in Cook County, where they are $7,000. 
 The Constitution also provided for the organiza- 
 tion of Appellate Courts after the year 1874, hav- 
 ing uniform jurisdiction in districts created for 
 that purpose. These courts are a connecting 
 link between the Circuit and the Supreme Courts, 
 and greatly relieve the crowded calendar of the 
 latter. In 1877 the Legislature established four 
 of these tribunals: one for the County of Cook; 
 one to include all the Northern Grand Division 
 except Cook County; the third to embrace the 
 Central Grand Division, and the fourth the South- 
 ern. Each Appellate Court is held by three Cir- 
 cuit Court Judges, named by the Judges of the 
 Supreme Court, each assignment covering three 
 years, and no Judge either allowed to receive 
 extra compensation or sit in review of his own 
 rulings or decisions. Two terms are held in each 
 District every year, and these courts have no 
 original jurisdiction. 
 
 COOK COUNTY. The judicial system of Cook 
 County is different from that of the rest of the 
 State. The Constitution of 1870 made the county 
 an independent district, and exempted it from 
 being subject to any subsequent redistricting. 
 The bench of the Circuit Court in Cook County, 
 at first fixed at five Judges, has been increased 
 under the Constitution to fourteen, who receive 
 additional compensation from the county treas- 
 ury. The Legislature has the constitutional 
 right to increase the number of Judges according 
 to population. In 1849 the Legislature estab- 
 lished the Cook County Court of Common Pleas. 
 Later, this became the Superior Court of Cook 
 County, which now (1898) consists of thirteen 
 Judges. For this court there exists the same 
 constitutional provision relative to an increase of 
 Judges as in the case of the Circuit Court of Cook 
 County. 
 
 JUDY, Jacob, pioneer, a native of Switzer- 
 land, who, having come to the United States at 
 an early day, remained some years in Maryland, 
 when, in 1786, he started west, spending two 
 years near Louisville, Ky., finally arriving at 
 Kaskaskia, 111., in 1788. In 1792 he removed to 
 New Design, in Monroe County, and, in 1800, 
 located within the present limits of Madison 
 
312 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 County, where he died in 1807. Samuel (Judy), 
 son of the preceding, born August 19, 1773, was 
 brought by his father to Illinois in 1788, and after- 
 wards became prominent in political affairs and 
 famous as an Indian fighter. On the organization 
 of Madison County he became one of the first 
 County Commissioners, serving many years. He 
 also commanded a body of "Rangers" in the 
 Indian campaigns during the War of 1812, gain- 
 ing the title of Colonel, and served as a member 
 from Madison County in the Second Territorial 
 Council (1814-15). Previous to 1811 he built the 
 first brick house within the limits of Madison 
 County, which still stood, not many years since, 
 a few miles from Edwardsville. Colonel Judy 
 died in 1838. Jacob (Judy), eldest son of Samuel, 
 was Register of the Land Office at Edwardsville, 
 1845-49. Thomas (Judy), younger son of Samuel, 
 was born, Dec. 19, 1804, and represented Madison 
 County in the Eighteenth General Assembly 
 (1852-54). His death occurred Oct. 4, 1880. 
 
 JUDY, James William, soldier, was born in 
 Clark County, Ky., May 8, 1822 his ancestors 
 on his father's side being from Switzerland, and 
 those on his mother's from Scotland; grew up on 
 a farm and, in 1852, removed to Menard County, 
 111, where he has since resided. In August, 1862, 
 he enlisted as a private soldier, was elected Cap- 
 tain of his company, and, on its incorporation as 
 part of the One Hundred and Fourteenth Regi- 
 ment Illinois Volunteers at Camp Butler, was 
 chosen Colonel by acclamation. The One Hun- 
 dred and Fourteenth, as part of the Fifteenth 
 Army Corps under command of that brilliant 
 soldier, Gen. Win. T. Sherman, was attached to 
 the Army of the Tennessee, and took part in the 
 entire siege of Vicksburg, from May, 1863, to the 
 surrender on the 3d of July following. It also 
 participated in the siege of Jackson, Miss., and 
 numerous other engagements. After one year's 
 service, Colonel Judy was compelled to resign by 
 domestic affliction, having lost two children by 
 death within eight days of each other, while 
 others of his family were dangerously ill. On 
 his retirement from the army, he became deeply 
 interested in thorough-bred cattle, and is now the 
 most noted stock auctioneer in the United States 
 having, in the past thirty years, sold more 
 thorough-bred cattle than any other man living 
 his operations extending from Canada to Cali- 
 fornia, and from Minnesota to Texas. Colonel 
 Judy was elected a member of the State Board of 
 Agriculture in 1874, and so remained continu- 
 ously until 189(5 except two years also serving 
 as President of the Board from 1894 to 1896. He 
 
 bore a conspicuous part in securing the location 
 of the State Fair at Springfield in 1894, and the 
 improvements there made under his administra- 
 tion have not been paralleled in any other State. 
 Originally, and up to 1856, an old-line Whig, 
 Colonel Judy has since been an ardent Repub- 
 lican ; and though active in political campaigns, 
 has never held a political office nor desired one, 
 being content with the discharge of his duty as a 
 patriotic private citizen. 
 
 K A\ A >*, Michael F., soldier and legislator, was 
 born in Essex County, N. Y., in November, 1837, 
 at twenty years of age removed to Macon County, 
 111., and engaged in farming. During the Civil 
 War he enlisted in the Forty-first Illinois Volun- 
 teers (Col. I. C. Pugh's regiment), serving nearly 
 four years and retiring with the rank of Captain. 
 After the war he served six years as Mayor of the 
 city of Decatur. In 1894 he was elected State 
 Senator, serving in the Thirty-ninth and Fortieth 
 General Assemblies. Captain Kanan was one of 
 the founders of the Grand Army of the Republic, 
 and a member of the first Post of the order ever 
 established that at Decatur. 
 
 KANE, a Tillage of Greene County, on the 
 Jacksonville Division of the Chicago & Alton 
 Railway, 40 miles south of Jacksonville. It has 
 a bank and a weekly paper. Population (1880), 
 408; (1890), 551; (1900), 588. 
 
 RANK, Ellas Kent, early United States Sena- 
 tor, is said by Lanman's "Dictionary of Congress" 
 to have been born in New York, June 7. 1796. 
 The late Gen. Geo. W. Smith, of Chicago, a rela- 
 tive of Senator Kane's by marriage, in a paper 
 read before the Illinois State Bar Associatior 
 (1895), rejecting other statements assigning the 
 date of the Illinois Senator's birth to various 
 years from 1786 to 1796, expresses the opinion, 
 based on family letters, that he was really born 
 in 1794. He was educated at Yale College, gradu- 
 ating in 1812, read law in New York, and emi- 
 grated to Tennessee in 1813 or early in 1814, but, 
 before the close of the latter year, removed to Illi- 
 nois, settling at Kaskaskia. His abilities were 
 recognized by his appointment, early in 1818, as 
 Judge of the eastern circuit under the Territorial 
 Government. Before the close of the same year 
 he served as a member of the first State Consti- 
 tutional Convention, and was appointed by Gov- 
 ernor Bond the first Secretary of State under the 
 new State Government, but resigned on the 
 accession of Governor Coles in 1822. Two years 
 later he was elected to the General Assembly as 
 Representative from Randolph County, but 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 313 
 
 resigned before the close of the year to accept a 
 aeat in the United States Senate, to which he was 
 elected in 1834, and re-elected in 1830. Before 
 the expiration of his second term (Dec. 12, 1835), 
 having reached the age of a little more than 40 
 years, he died in Washington, deeply mourned 
 by his fellow-members of Congress and by his 
 constituents. Senator Kane was a <x>usin of the 
 distinguished Chancellor Kent of New York, 
 through his mother's family, while, on his 
 father's side, he was a relative of the celebrated 
 Arctic explorer, Elisha Kent Kane. 
 
 KANE COUNTY, one of the wealthiest and 
 most progressive counties in the State, situated in 
 the northeastern quarter. It has an area of 540 
 square miles, and population (1900) of 78,792; 
 was named for Senator Elias Kent Kane. Tim- 
 ber and water are abundant, Fox River flowing 
 through the county from north to south. Immi- 
 gration began in 1833, and received a new impetus 
 in 1835, when the Pottawatomies were removed 
 west of the Mississippi. A school was established 
 in 1834, and a church organized in 1835. County 
 organization was effected in June, 1836, and the 
 public lands came on the market in 1842. The 
 Ciril War record of the county is more than 
 creditable, the number of volunteers exceeding 
 the assessed quota. Farming, grazing, manufac- 
 turing and dairy industries chiefly engage the 
 attention of the people. The county has many 
 flourishing cities and towns. Geneva is the county- 
 Heat. (See Aurora, Dundee, Eldora, Elgin, Geneva 
 and St. Charles.) 
 
 KINGLET, a village of La Salle County, on 
 the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railway, three 
 miles northwest of Streator. There are several 
 coal shafts here. Population (1900), 1,004. 
 
 KANKAKEE, a city and county-seat of Kanka- 
 kee County, on Kankakee River and 111. Cent. 
 Railroad, at intersection of the "Big Four" witli 
 the Indiana, 111. & Iowa Railroad, 56 miles south of 
 Chicago. It is an agricultural and stock-raising 
 region, near extensive coal fields and bog iron 
 ore ; has water-power, flour and paper mills, agri- 
 cultural implement, furniture, and piano fac- 
 tories, knitting and novelty works, besides two 
 quarries of valuable building stone. The East- 
 ern Hospital for the Insane is located here. 
 There are four papers, four banks, five schools, 
 water-works, gas and electric light, electric car 
 lines, and Government postoffice building. Popu- 
 lation (1890). 9,025; (1900), 13.595. 
 
 KANKAKEE COI'XTY, a wealthy and popu- 
 lous county in the northeast section of the State, 
 having an area of 680 square miles receiving its 
 
 name from its principal river. It was set apart 
 from Will and Iroquois Counties under the act 
 passed in 1851, the owners of the site of the 
 present city of Kankakee contributing $5,000 
 toward the erection of county buildings. Agri- 
 culture, manufacturing and coal-mining are the 
 principal pursuits. The first white settler was 
 one Noah Vasseur, a Frenchman, and the first 
 American, Thomas Durham Population (1880), 
 25,047; (1890), 28,732; (1900), 37,164. 
 
 KANKAKEE RIVER, a sluggish stream, rising 
 in St. Joseph County, Ind., and flowing west- 
 southwest through English Lake and a flat marshy 
 region, into Illinois. In Kankakee County it 
 unites with the Iroquois from the south and the 
 Des Plaines from the north, after the junction 
 with the latter, taking the name of the Illinois. 
 
 KANKAKEE & SENECA RAILROAD, a line 
 lying wholly in Illinois, 42.08 miles in length. It 
 has a capital stock of $10,000, bonded debt of 
 $650,000 and other forms of indebtedness (1895) 
 reaching $557, 629; total capitalization, $1,217,889. 
 This road was chartered in 1881, and opened in 
 1882. It connects with the Cleveland, Cincinnati, 
 Chicago & St. Louis Railroad, and the Chicago, 
 Rock Island & Pacific, and is owned jointly by 
 these two lines, but operated by the former. (See 
 Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago A St. Lena* Rail- 
 road.) 
 
 KANSAS, a village in Edgar County, on the 
 Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis and 
 the Chicago & Ohio River Railways, 156 miles 
 northeast of St. Louis, 104 miles west of Indian- 
 apolis, 13 miles east of Charleston and 11 miles 
 west-southwest of Paris. The surrounding region 
 is agricultural and stock-raising. TTMIMM has tile 
 works, two grain elevators, a canning factory, 
 and railway machine shops, beside four churches, 
 a collegiate institute, a National bank and a 
 weekly newspaper. Population (1880), 723 : (1890). 
 1,037; (1900), 1,049. 
 
 KASKASKIA, a village of the Illinois Indians, 
 and later a French trading post, first occupied in 
 1700. It passed into the hands of the British 
 after the French-Indian War in 1765, and was 
 captured by Col. George Rogers Clark, at the head 
 of a force of Virginia troops, in 1778. (See Clark, 
 George Rogers. ) At that time the white inhab- 
 itants were almost entirely of French descent. 
 The first exercise of the elective franchise in Illi- 
 nois occurred here in the year last named, and, in 
 1804, the United States Government opened a 
 land office there. For many years the most 
 important commercial town in the Territory, it 
 remained the Territorial and State capital down 
 
314 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 to 1819, when the seat of government was re- 
 moved to Vandalia. Originally situated on the 
 west side of the Ka.ska.skia River, some six miles 
 from the Mississippi, early in 1899 its site had 
 been swept away by the encroachments of the 
 latter stream, so that all that is left of the princi- 
 pal town of Illinois, in Territorial days, is simply 
 its name. 
 
 KASK ASKI V INDIANS, one of the five tribes 
 constituting the Illinois confederation of Algon- 
 quin Indians. About the year 1700 they removed 
 from what is now La Sal le County, to Southern 
 Illinois, where they established themselves along 
 the banks of the river which bears their name. 
 They were finally removed, with their brethren 
 of the Illinois, west of the Mississippi, and, as a 
 distinct tribe, have become extinct. 
 
 KASKASKIA BITER, rises in Champaign 
 County, and flows southwest through the coun- 
 ties of Douglas, Coles, Moultrie, Shelby, Fayette, 
 Clinton and St. Clair, thence southward through 
 Randolph, and empties into the Mississippi River 
 near Chester. It is nearly 300 miles long, and 
 flows through a fertile, undulating country, which 
 forms part of the great coal field of the State. 
 
 KEITH, Kelson, Sr., merchant and manufac- 
 turer, born at Barre, Vt . Jan. 28, 1833, was edu- 
 cated at home and in the district schools; spent 
 1850-54 in Montpelier, coming to Chicago the 
 latter year and obtaining employment in a retail 
 dry-goods store. In 1860 he assisted in establish- 
 ing the firm of Keith, Faxon & Co., now Ed sou 
 Keith & Co. ; is also President of the corporation 
 of Keith Brothers & Co., a Director of the Metro- 
 politan National Bank, and the Edison Electric 
 Light Company. Elbrldge 6. (Keith), banker, 
 brother of the preceding, was born at Barre, Vt., 
 July 16, 1840; attended local schools and Barre 
 Academy ; came to Chicago in 1857, the next year 
 taking a position as clerk in the house of Keith, 
 Faxon & Co., in 1865 becoming a partner and, in 
 1884, being chosen President of the Metropolitan 
 National Bank, where he still remains. Mr. 
 Keith was a member of the Republican National 
 Convention of 1880, and belongs to several local 
 literary, political and social clubs ; was also one 
 of the Directors of the World's Columbian Expo- 
 sition of 1893-93. 
 
 KEITHSBURG, a town in Mercer County on 
 the Mississippi River, at the intersection of the 
 Chicago, Burlington & Quincy and the Iowa Cen- 
 tral Railways; 100 miles west-northwest of 
 Peoria. Principal industries are fisheries, ship- 
 ping, manufacture of pearl buttons and oilers ; has 
 me paper. Pop. (1900), 1,566; (1903, est.), 3,000. 
 
 KELLOGG, Hiram Hnntington, clergyman 
 and educator, was born at Clinton (then 'Whites- 
 town), N. Y., in February, 1803. graduated at 
 Hamilton College and Auburn Seminary, after 
 which he served for some years as pastor at 
 various places in Central New York. Later, he 
 established the Young Ladies' Domestic Seminary 
 at Clinton, claimed to be the first ladies' semi- 
 nary in the State, and the first experiment in the 
 country uniting manual training of girls with 
 scholastic instruction, antedating Mount Hoi- 
 yoke, Oberlin and other institutions which adopted 
 this system. Color was no bar to admission to 
 the institution, though the daughters of some of 
 the wealthiest families of the State were among 
 its pupils. Mr. Kellogg was a co- laborer with 
 Gerritt Smith, Beriah Green, the Tappans, Garri- 
 son and others, in the effort to arouse public senti- 
 ment in opposition to slavery. In 1836 he united 
 with Prof. George W. Gale and others in the 
 movement for the establishment of a colony and 
 the building up of a Christian and anti-slavery 
 institution in the West, which resulted in the 
 location of the town of Galesburg and the found, 
 ing there of Knox College. Mr. Kellogg was 
 chosen the first President of the institution and, 
 in 1841, left his thriving school at Clinton to 
 identify himself with the new enterprise, which, 
 in its infancy, was a manual-labor school. In the 
 West he soon became the ally and co- laborer of 
 such men as Owen Love joy, Ichabod Codding, 
 Dr. C. V. Dyer and others, in the work of extirpat- 
 ing slavery. In 1843 he visited England as a 
 member of the World's Peace Convention, re- 
 maining abroad about a year, during which time 
 he made the acquaintance of Jacob Bright and 
 others of the most prominent men of that day in 
 England and Scotland. Resigning the Presidency 
 of Knox College in 1847, he returned to Clinton 
 Seminary, and was later engaged in various busi- 
 ness enterprises until 1861, when he again re- 
 moved to Illinois, and was engaged in preaching 
 and teaching at various points during the 
 remainder of his life, dying suddenly, at his 
 home school at Mount Forest, 111., Jan. 1, 1881. 
 
 KELLOGG, William Pitt, was born at Orwell, 
 Vt., Dec. 8, 1831, removed to Illinois in 1848, 
 studied law at Peoria, was admitted to the bar in 
 1854, and began practice in Fulton County. He 
 was a candidate for Presidential Elector on the 
 Republican ticket in 1856 and 1860, being elected 
 the latter year. Appointed Chief Justice of 
 Nebraska in 1861, he resigned to accept the 
 colonelcy of the Seventh Illinois Cavalry. Fail- 
 ing health caused his retirement from the army 
 
I. Old Kaskaskia from Garrison Hill (18U3). 2. Kaskaskia Hotel where LaFayette was feted in 1835. 
 3.--First Illinois State House, 1818. 4. Interior of Room (18!tt) where LaKayette banquet was held. 
 5. Pierre Menard Mansion, ti. House of Chief Uucoign, last of the Cascasquias (Kaskaskias). 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA <>F ILLINOIS. 
 
 to I81!>, when the seat of government was re- 
 moved to Vandalia. OriginaUjr situated on the 
 west, side of the Kaskaskia Kiver, some six miles 
 from the Mississippi, early in IN!)!* its site had 
 been swept away by the encroachments of tin- 
 latter stream, so that all that is left of the princi- 
 pal town of Illinois, in Territorial days, is simply 
 its name. 
 
 KASKASKIA INDIANS, one of the five tril.es 
 constituting the Illinois confederation of Algon- 
 quin Indians. Aliout the year 1700 they removed 
 from what is now La Salli- County, to Southern 
 Illinois, where they established themselves along 
 the kinks of the river which bears their name. 
 They were finally removed, with their brethren 
 of the Illinois, west of the Mississippi, and, as a 
 distinct tribe, have become extinct. 
 
 KASKASKIA KM IK, rises in Champaign 
 < 'ounty, and flows southwest through the coun- 
 ties of Douglas, Coles. Moultrie. Shelby, Kayette. 
 Clinton and St. ('lair, thence southward through 
 Randolph, ami empties into the Mississippi River 
 near Chester It is nearly IMMi miles long, and 
 Mows through a fertile, undulating country, which 
 forms part of the. great coal field of the State. 
 
 KEITH. Hil-n. Sr., merchant and manufac 
 turer. born at Havre Vt. . Jan. 28. |n:t:!. was edu- 
 rated at home and in the district schools: spent 
 IS5(>-r>4 in Montpelirr. coming to Chicago the 
 latter year and obtaining employment in a retail 
 dry-goods store. In l*l>0 he assisted in establish- 
 ing the linn of Keith. Faxon A' Co.. now Kelson 
 Keith & Co. , is also ('resident of the cor|>oration 
 of Keith Brothers <t Co.. a Director of the Metro- 
 politan National Itank. and the Kdison Electric 
 Light Company. Klbrldirr (J. (Keith), tanker, 
 lirother of the preceding, was l>orn at Barre, Vt. . 
 July Hi, 1840; attended local schH>ls an<l Barre 
 Academy: name to Chicago in 1KV7, the next year 
 taking a position as clerk in the house of Keith, 
 Faxon & Co. . in I8(i."i becoming a partner and, in 
 1884, being chosen ('resident of the Metropolitan 
 National Bank, where he still remains. Mr. 
 Keith was a meml>cr of the Republican National 
 Convention of IMHO. and belongs to several local 
 literary, political and social clubs: was also one 
 f the Directors of the World's Columbian Expo- 
 sition of 189S-!K!. 
 
 hITI USItl KC..I town in Mercer County on 
 the Mississippi Kiver, at the intersection of the 
 Chicago. Burlington >\: <,Miincy and the Iowa ('en- 
 I nil Railways: loo miles west-northwest of 
 I'eoria. Principal industries are fisheries, ship- 
 ping, manufacture of pearl buttons and oilers: has 
 ..ne paper Pop M'.MMI). I..Vlli: (I'.MKt, est.). 2,000 
 
 hi MUM,. Hiram Huntingtun, clergyman 
 and educator, was l>orn at Clinton (then Whites- 
 town), N. Y., in February, 1803, graduated at 
 Hamilton College and Auburn Seminary, after 
 which he served for some years as pastor at 
 various places in Central New York. Later, he 
 established the Young Ladies' Domestic Seminary 
 at Clinton, claimed to be the first ladies' semi- 
 nary in the State, and the first experiment in the 
 country uniting manual training of girls with 
 scholastic instruction, antedating Mount Hoi- 
 yoke. < II .crlin and other institutions which adopted 
 this system. Color was no bar to admission to 
 the institution, though the daughters of some of 
 the wealthiest families of the State were among 
 its pupils. Mr. Kellogg was a co- laborer with 
 jerritt Smith. Beriah (ireen. the Tappans, Oarri- 
 son and others, in the effort to arouse public senti- 
 ment in op|Kisition to slavery In IKili he united 
 with Prof, (leorge W. dale and others in the 
 movement for the establishment of a colony and 
 the building up of a Christian and anti-slavery 
 institution in the West, which resulted in the 
 location of the town of (ialesburg and the found 
 ing there of Knox College Mr. Kellogg was 
 chosen the first President of the institution and. 
 in 1*41. left his thriving school at Clinton to 
 identify himself with the new enterprise, which, 
 in its infancy, was a manual lal>or school. In the 
 West he soon became the ally and co laborer of 
 such men as Owen Love joy, Ichabod Codding, 
 Dr C. V Dyer and others, in the work of extirpat- 
 ing slavery. In 1843 he visited England as a 
 member of the World's Peace Convention, re- 
 maining abroad about a year, during which time 
 he made the acquaintance of Jacob Bright and 
 others of the most prominent men of that day in 
 England and Scotland. Resigning the Presidency 
 of Knox College in 1H47. he returned to Clinton 
 Seminary, ami was later engaged in various busi- 
 ness enterprises until 18(11, when he again re- 
 moved to Illinois, ami was engaged in preaching 
 and teaching at various jioints during the 
 remainder of his life, dying suddenly, at his 
 home school at Mount Forest. 111., Jan. 1, 1881. 
 
 h I I.HM.i., William Pin, was horn at Orwell. 
 Vt.. Dec. 8. 1H31, removed to Illinois in 1848, 
 -t in lie. I law at Peoria. was admitted to the liar in 
 18.14. and began practice in Fulton County. He 
 was a candidate for Presidential Elector on the 
 Republican ticket in 185<i and 18(>0. being elected 
 the latter year Appointed Chief Justice of 
 Nebraska in 1>M51, he resigned to accept the 
 colonelcy of the Seventh Illinois Cavalry. Fail 
 ing health caused his retirement from the army 
 
I < >I<1 Kaskaskia lr< in (iarristm Hill ll*'.':!i. _'. K.isk.i-ki.i I Intel wlu-rr l.al-.tyettu was fi-trd in l^'J.'i. 
 ''. Kirsi Illinois Si. it<- Hon-r, 1^1^. I. Inirrinr "I Kmnii (l y '.^li wlirn- l.,il- 'ayi-tti- lian<|iict was ln-UI. 
 V I'icrri- \li-n.ini M.insimi. 'i. I Iniist- nf Lliirf Dm niijii. last of llu- 1 'ai .isi|iiias ( Kask.iski.isi. 
 
1. Remnant ol Old Kaskaskia (1898| 2. View on Principal Street (1891) 3. Gen. John Kdgar's H 
 (1891). 4. House of Gov. Bond (1891). 5. "Clicnu Mansion" where Lafayette was entertained, 
 appeared in 1898. (i. Old State House (1900). 
 
 House 
 as it 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 315 
 
 after the battle of Corinth. In 1865 he was 
 appointed Collector of the Port at New Orleans. 
 Thereafter he became a conspicuous figure in 
 both Louisiana and National politics, serving as 
 United States Senator from Louisiana from 1868 
 to 1871, and as Governor from 1872 to 1876, during 
 the stormiest period of reconstruction, and mak- 
 ing hosts of bitter personal and political enemies 
 as well as warm friends. An unsuccessful attempt 
 was made to impeach him in 1876. In 1877 he was 
 elected a second time to the United States Senate 
 by one of two rival Legislatures, being awarded 
 his seat after a bitter contest. At the close of his 
 term (1883) he took his seat in the lower house to 
 which he was elected in 1882, serving until 1885. 
 While retaining his residence in Louisiana, Mr. 
 Kellogg has spent much of his time of late years 
 in Washington City. 
 
 KENDALL COUNTY, a northeastern county, 
 with an area of 330 square miles and a population 
 (1900) of 11,467. The surface is rolling and the 
 soil fertile, although generally a light, sandy 
 loam. The county was organized in 1841, out of 
 parts of Kane and La Salle, and was named in 
 honor of President Jackson's Postmaster-General. 
 The Fox River (running southwestwardly 
 through the county), with its tributaries, affords 
 ample drainage and considerable water power; 
 the railroad facilities are admirable; timber is 
 abundant. Yorkville and Oswego have been 
 rivals for the county-seat, the distinction finally 
 resting with the former. Among the pioneers 
 may be mentioned Messrs. John Wilson, Ed- 
 ward Ament, David Carpenter, Samuel Smith, 
 the Wormley and Pierce brothers, and E. 
 Morgan. 
 
 KENDRICK, Adiii A., educator, was born at 
 Ticonderoga, N. Y., Jan. 7, 1836; educated at 
 Granville Academy, N. Y., and Middlebury Col- 
 lege; removed to Janesville, AVis., in 1857, studied 
 law and began practice at Monroe, in that State, 
 a year later removing to St. Louis, where he con- 
 tinued practice for a short time. Then, having 
 abandoned the law, after a course in the Theolog- 
 ical Seminary at Rochester, N. Y., in 1861 he 
 became pastor of the North Baptist Church in 
 Chicago, but, in 1865, removed to St. Louis, 
 where he remained in pastoral work until 1872, 
 when he assumed the Presidency of Shurtleff 
 College at Upper Alton, 111. 
 
 KENNET, a village and railway station in 
 Dewitt County, at the intersection of the Spring- 
 field Division of the Illinois Central and the 
 Peoria, Decatur & Evansville Railroads, 36 miles 
 northeast of Springfield. The town has two banks 
 
 and two newspapers ; the district is agricultural 
 Population (1880), 418; (1890), 497; (1900), 584. 
 
 KENT, (Rev.) A rat us, pioneer and Congrega- 
 tional missionary, was born in Suffield, Conn, in 
 1794, educated at Yale and Princeton and, in 1829, 
 as a Congregational missionary, came to the 
 Galena lead mines then esteemed "a place so 
 hard no one else would take it. " In less than two 
 years he had a Sunday-school with ten teachers 
 and sixty to ninety scholars, and had also estab- 
 lished a day-school, which he conducted himself. 
 In 1831 he organized the First Presbyterian 
 Church of Galena, of which he remained pastor 
 until 1848, when he became Agent of the Home 
 Missionary Society. He was prominent in laying 
 the foundations of Beloit College and Rockford 
 Female Seminary, meanwhile contributing freely 
 from his meager salary to charitable purposes. 
 Died at Galena, Nov. 8, 1869. 
 
 KEOKUK, (interpretation, "The Watchful 
 Foz"), a Chief of the Sacs and Foxes, born on 
 Rock River, about 1780. He had the credit of 
 shrewdness and bravery, which enabled him 
 finally to displace his rival, Black Hawk. He 
 always professed ardent friendship for the whites, 
 although this was not infrequently attributed to 
 a far-seeing policy. He earnestly dissuaded 
 Black Hawk from the formation of his confeder- 
 acy, and when the latter was forced to surrender 
 himself to the United States authorities, he was 
 formally delivered to the custody of Keokuk. By 
 the Rock Island treaty, of September, 1832, Keo- 
 kuk was formally recognized as the principal 
 Chief of the Sacs and Foxes, and granted a reser- 
 vation on the Iowa River, 40 miles square. Here 
 he lived until 1845, when he removed to TT^Tiiff^i 
 where, in June, 1848, he fell a victim to poison, 
 supposedly administered by some partisan of 
 Black Hawk. (See Black Hawk and Black Hawk 
 War.) 
 
 KERFOOT, Samnel H., real-estate operator, 
 was born in Lancaster, Pa., Dec. 18, 1823, and 
 educated under the tutorship of Rev. Dr. Muh- 
 lenburg at St. Paul's College, Flushing, Long 
 Island, graduating at the age of 19. He was 
 then associated with a brother in founding St. 
 James College, in Washington County, Md., bat, 
 in 1848, removed to Chicago and engaged in the 
 real-estate business, in which he was one of the 
 oldest operators at the time of his death, Dec. 28, 
 1896. He was one of the founders and a life 
 member of the Chicago Historical Society and of 
 the Chicago Academy of Sciences, and associated 
 with other learned and social organizations. He 
 was also a member of the original Real Estate 
 
I. KriiMi.inl ill < Mil K.i>kaskia i l>'.i*i _'. Virw im I'rim i|..il Str<d ilMil, :',. (k-n. |,.|m I il^.ir's llmisi- 
 il-'.'li. I Ilinisf nl <ii>v. lloiid i IM'I I. "'. "Clii'ini M.uisiiici" whnc l..il aviiu w.i- i-iilfrtaincil, .is ii 
 
 ,!|ipr.lll-ll in |si|s r, |,|,| Stair ll.nisr ilmmi. 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS 
 
 after the battle of Corinth. In 1865 he was 
 appointed Collector of the Port at New Orleans 
 Thereafter he liecanie a conspicuous figure in 
 both Louisiana and National politics, serving as 
 L'nited States Senator from Louisiana from IWls 
 to 1871. and as Governor from 1872 to 187fi, during 
 tlie stormiest period of reconstruction, and mak- 
 ing hosts of bitter personal and political enemies 
 as well as warm friends. An unsuccessful attempt 
 was made to impeach him in 1*70. In 1877 he was 
 elected a second time ti> the United States Senate 
 by one of two rival Legislatures, being awarded 
 his seat after a bitter contest. At the close of his 
 term (1883) he took his seat in the lower house t<> 
 which he was elected in 1882. serving until 1885. 
 While retaining his residence in Louisiana, Mr. 
 Kellogg has s|M-nt much of his time of late years 
 in Washington City. 
 
 KENDALL TOl'MTV, a northeastern county, 
 with an area of .Ml square miles and a population 
 11100) of 11,467. The surface is rolling and the 
 soil fertile, although generally a light, sandy 
 loam The county was organized in 1841. out of 
 |iarts of Kane and La Salle, and was named in 
 honor of President Jackson's Postmaster General. 
 Tl> Fox River (running southwestwardly 
 through the county), with its tributaries, affords 
 ample drainage and considerable water power, 
 tin- railroad facilities are admirable: timlier is 
 abundant. Yorkville and Oswego have l>een 
 rivals for the county -seat, the distinction finally 
 resting with the former Among the pioneers 
 may l>e mentioned Messrs. John Wilson. Ed- 
 ward Ament. David Car|>enter, Samuel Smith, 
 the Worm ley and Pierce brothers, anil E. 
 Morgan. 
 
 KEXURICK, Adin A., educator, wax born at 
 Ticonderoga, N. V . . Jan 7, 18:{(i; educated at 
 Granville Academy. N'. Y., and Middlebury Col- 
 lege; removed to Janesville, Wis. . in 1857. studied 
 law and began practice at Monroe, in that State. 
 a year later removing to St. Louis, where he con- 
 tinued practice for a short time. Then, having 
 aliandoned the law. after a course in the Theolog- 
 ical Seminary at Rochester. N. Y. . in 18I>1 he 
 became pastor of the North Baptist Church in 
 Chicago, but. in 18li5, removed to St Louis, 
 where he remained in pastoral work until 1872, 
 when he assumed the Presidency of ShurtletT 
 College at l"p|)er Alton. Ill 
 
 KEXXF.Y, a village and railway station in 
 Hewitt County, at the intersection of the Spring 
 field Division of the Illinois Central and the 
 I'eoria, Decatur & F.vansville Railroads. .Ill miles 
 northeast of Springfield The town has two banks 
 
 and two newspapers; the district is agricultural. 
 Population (1880). 418; (180). 4117- (I'.IOO), 584. 
 
 KEXT, (Rev.) Aratus, pioneer and Congrega 
 tional missionary, was born in Suffield. Conn, in 
 1794, educated at Yale and Princeton and. in 1829, 
 as a Congregational missionary, came to the 
 Galena lead mines then esteemed "a place so 
 hard no one else would take it." In less than two 
 years he had a Sunday school with ten teachers 
 and sixty to ninety scholars, and had also estab- 
 lished a day-school, which he conducted himself. 
 In 1831 he organized the First Presbyterian 
 Church of Galena, of which he remained |>astor 
 until 1848, when he became Agent of the Home 
 Missionary Society. He was prominent in laying 
 the foundations of lieloit College and Rockford 
 Female Seminary, meanwhile contributing freely 
 from his meager salary to charitable purposes 
 Died at Galena, Nov. 8. Isii'.i 
 
 hlOKI k, (interpretation. "The Watchful 
 Fox">. a Chief of the Sacs and Foxes, born on 
 Rock River, about 1780. He had the credit of 
 shrewdness and bravery, which enabled him 
 finally to displace bis rival. Black Hawk. He 
 always professed ardent friendship for the wliiUw. 
 although this was not infrequently attributed to 
 a far-seeing policy. He earnestly dissuaded 
 lilack Hawk from the formation of his confeder 
 acy, anil when the latter was forced to surrender 
 himself to the United States authorities, he was 
 formally delivered to the custody of Keokuk. By 
 the Rock Island treaty of September. 1832. Keo- 
 kuk was formally recognized as the principal 
 Chief of the Sacs and Foxes, and granted a reser- 
 vation on the Iowa River, 40 miles square. Here 
 he lived until 1845, when he removed to Kansas, 
 where, in June. 1848, be fell a victim U> poison, 
 supposedly administered by some jarti.san of 
 Black Hawk. (Si-e liltn-k Hairk and Rlaek Hawk 
 ll'nr. ) 
 
 KEKFOOT, Samuel II.. real-estate operator, 
 was liorn in Lancaster, Pa., Dec. 18, 1823, and 
 educated under the tutorship of Rev. Dr. Muh 
 lenhurg at St. Paul's College, Flushing, Long 
 Island, graduating at the age of 19. He was 
 then associated with a brother in founding St 
 James College, in Washington County, Md., but, 
 in 1*4*. removed to Chicago and engaged in the 
 real estate business, in which be was one of the 
 oldest operators at the time of his death. Dec. 28. 
 18!M>. He was one of the founders and a life 
 memlK-r of tiie Chicago Historical Society and of 
 the Chicago Academy of Sciences, and associated 
 with other learned and social organizations He 
 was also a member of the original Real Estate 
 
316 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 and Stock Board of Chicago and its first Presi- 
 dent. 
 
 KEWANEE, a city in Henry County, on the 
 Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad, 131 
 miles southwest of Chicago. Agriculture and 
 coat-mining are chief industries of the surround- 
 ing country. The city contains eighteen churches, 
 six graded schools, a public library of 10,000 
 volumes, three national banks, one weekly and 
 two daily papers. It has extensive manufactories 
 employing four to five thousand hands, the out- 
 put including tubing and soil-pipe, boilers, pumps 
 and heating apparatus, agricultural implements, 
 etc. Population (1890), 4,569; (1900), 8,382; (1903, 
 est). 10,000. 
 
 KETES, WilUrd, pioneer, was born at New- 
 fane, Windsor County, Vt., Oct. 28, 1792; spent 
 his early life on a farm, enjoying only such edu- 
 cational advantages as could be secured by a few 
 months' attendance on school in winter; in 1817 
 started west by way of Mackinaw and, crossing 
 Wisconsin (then an unbroken wilderness), finally 
 reached Prairie du Chien, after which he spent a 
 year in the "pineries. " In 1819 he descended the 
 Mississippi with a raft, his attention en route 
 being attracted by the present site of the city of 
 Quincy, to which, after two years spent in exten- 
 sive exploration of the "Military Tract" in the 
 interest of certain owners of bounty lands, he 
 again returned, finding it still unoccupied. 
 Then, after two years spent in farming in Pike 
 County, in 1894 he joined his friend, the late 
 GOT. John Wood, who had built the first house in 
 Quincy two years previous. Mr. Keyes thus 
 became one of the three earliest settlers of 
 Quincy. the other two being John Wood and a 
 Major Rose. On the organization of Adams 
 County, in January, 1825, he was appointed a 
 member of the first Board of County Commission- 
 ers, which held its first meeting in his house. 
 Mr. Keyes acquired considerable landed property 
 about Quincy, a portion of which he donated to 
 the Chicago Theological Seminary, thereby fur- 
 nishing means for the erection of "Willard Hall" 
 in connection with that institution. His death 
 occurred in Quincy, Feb. 7, 1872. 
 
 KICKAPOOS, a tribe of Indians whose eth- 
 nology is closely related to that of the Mascou- 
 tins. The French orthography of the word was 
 various, the early explorers designating them as 
 "Kic-a-pous," "Kick-a-poux," "Kick-a-bou, " and 
 "Quick-a-pous." The significance of the name is 
 uncertain, different authorities construing it to 
 mean "the otter's foot" and the "rabbit's ghost, " 
 according to dialect. From 1602. when the tribe 
 
 was first visited by Samuel Champlain, the Kicka- 
 poos were noted as a nation of warriors. They 
 fought against Christianization, and were, for 
 some time, hostile to the French, although they 
 proved efficient allies of the latter during the 
 French and Indian War. Their first formal 
 recognition of the authority of the United States 
 was in the treaty of Edwardsville (1819), in which 
 reference was made to the treaties executed at 
 Vin6ennes (1805 and 1809). Nearly a century 
 before, they had left their seats in Wisconsin and 
 established villages along the Rock River and 
 near Chicago (1712-15). At the time of the 
 Edwardsville treaty they had settlements in the 
 valleys of the Wabash, Embarras, Kaskaskia. 
 Sangamon and Illinois Rivers. While they 
 fought bravely at the battle of Tippecanoe, their 
 chief military skill lay in predatory warfare. As 
 compared with other tribes, they were industri 
 cms, intelligent and cleanly. In 1833-33 they 
 were removed to a reservation in Ka.injiyj Thence- 
 many of them drifted to the southwest, join- 
 ing roving, plundering bands. In language, 
 manners and customs, the Kickapoos closely 
 resembled the Sacs and Foxes, with whom som. 
 ethnologists believe them to have been more or 
 less closely connected. 
 
 KILPATRICK, Thomas M., legislator and 
 soldier, was born in Crawford County, Pa., June 
 1, 1807. He learned the potter's trade, and, at 
 the age of 27, removed to Scott County, 111. He 
 was a deep thinker, an apt and reflective student 
 of public affairs, and naturally eloquent. He 
 was twice elected to the State Senate (1840 and 
 '44), and, in 1846, was the Whig candidate for 
 Governor, but was defeated by Augustus C. 
 French, Democrat. In 1850 he emigrated to 
 California, but, after a few years, returned to 
 Illinois and took an active part in the campaigns 
 of 1858 and 1860. On the outbreak of the Civil 
 War he was commissioned Colonel of the Twenty- 
 eighth Illinois Volunteers, for which regiment he 
 had recruited a company. He was killed at the 
 battle of Shiloh, April 6. 1862, while leading a 
 charge. 
 
 KINDERHOOK, a village and railway station 
 in Pike County, on the Hannibal Division of the 
 Wabash Railway, 13 miles east of Hannibal. 
 Population (1890), 473; (1900), 370. 
 
 KING, John Lyle, lawyer, was born in Madison. 
 Ind., in 1825 the son of a pioneer settler who 
 was one of the founders of Hanover College 
 and of the Presbyterian Theological Seminary 
 there, which afterwards became the "Presby- 
 terian Theological Seminary of the Northwest, ' 
 
HISTORICAL KXCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 now the McCormick Theological Seminary of 
 Chicago. After graduating at Hanover, Mr. King 
 began the study of law with an uncle at Madison, 
 and the following year was admitted to the bar. 
 In 1852 he was elected to the Indiana Legislature 
 and, while a member of that body, acted as Chair- 
 man of the Committee to present Louis Kossuth, 
 the Hungarian patriot and exile, to the Legisla- 
 ture ; also took a prominent part, during the next 
 few years, in the organization of the Republican 
 party. Removing to Chicago in 1856, he soon 
 became prominent in his profession there, and, in 
 1860, was elected City Attorney over Col. James A. 
 Mulligan , who became eminent a year or two later, 
 in connection with the war for the Union. Hav- 
 ing a fondness for literature, Mr. King wrote much 
 for the press and, in 1878, published a volume of 
 sporting experiences with a party of professional 
 friends in the woods and waters of Northern Wis- 
 consin and Michigan, under the title, "Trouting 
 on the Brule River, or Summer Wayfaring in the 
 Northern Wilderness. " Died in Chicago, April 17, 
 1892. 
 
 KINO, William H ., lawyer, was born at Clifton 
 Park, Saratoga County, N.Y., Oct. 28, 1817; gradu- 
 ated from Union College in 1846, studied law at 
 Waterford and, having been admitted to the bar 
 the following year, began practice at the same 
 place. In 1853 he removed to Chicago, where he 
 held a number of important positions, including 
 the Presidency of the Chicago Law Institute, the 
 Chicago Bar Association, the Chicago Board of 
 Education, and the Union College Alumni 
 Association of the Northwest. In 1870 he was 
 elected to the lower branch of the Twenty- 
 seventh General Assembly, and, during the ses- 
 sions following the fire of 1871 prepared the act 
 for the protection of titles to real estate, made 
 necessary by the destruction of the records in the 
 Recorder's office. Mr. King received the degree 
 of LL.I) from his Alma Mater in 1879. Died, in 
 Chicago, Feb. 6, 1892. 
 
 KINGMAN, Martin, was born at Deer Creek, 
 Tazewell County, 111., April 1, 1844; attended 
 school at Washington, 111., then taught two or 
 three years, and, in June, 1862, enlisted in the 
 Eighty-sixth Regiment Illinois Volunteers, serv- 
 ing three years without the loss of a day a part 
 of the time on detached service in charge of an 
 ambulance corps and, later, as Assistant Quarter- 
 master. Returning from the war with the rank 
 of First Lieutenant, in August, 1865, he went to 
 Peoria, where he engaged in business and has re- 
 mained ever since. He is now connected with the 
 following business concerns: Kingman & Co., 
 
 manufacturers and dealers in farm machinery, 
 buggies, wagons, etc. ; The Kingman Plow Com- 
 pany, Bank of Illinois, Peoria Cordage Company . 
 Peoria General Electric Company, and National 
 Hotel Company, besides various outside enter- 
 prises all large concerns in each of which he is a 
 large stockholder and a Director. Mr. Kingman 
 was Canal Commissioner for six years this being 
 his only connection with politics. During 1898 he 
 was also chosen Lieutenant-Colonel of the Peoria 
 Provisional Regiment organized for the Spanish- 
 American War. His career in connection with 
 the industrial development of Peoria has been 
 especially conspicuous and successful. 
 
 KISKADE (or Kinkead), William, a native of 
 Tennessee, settled in what is now Lawrence 
 County, in 1817, and was elected to the State 
 Senate in 1822, but appears to have served only 
 one session, as he was succeeded in the Fourth 
 General Assembly by James Bird. Although a 
 Tennesseean by birth, he was one of the most 
 aggressive opponents of the scheme for making 
 Illinois a slave State, being the only man who 
 made a speech against the pro-slavery convention 
 resolution, though this was cut short by the 
 determination of the pro-con ventionists to permit 
 no debate. Mr. Kinkade was appointed Post- 
 master at Lawrenceville by President John 
 Quincy Adams, and held the position for many 
 years. He died in 1846. 
 
 KINMUNDY, a city in Marion County, on the 
 Illinois Central Railroad, 229 miles south of 
 Chicago and 24 miles northeast of Centralia 
 Agriculture, stock-raising, fruit-growing and 
 coal-mining are the principal industries of the 
 surrounding country. Kinmundy has flouring 
 mills and brick-making plants, with other 
 manufacturing establishments of minor impor- 
 tance. There are five churches, a bank and a 
 weekly newspaper. Population (1880), 1,096; 
 (1890), 1.045; (1900), 1,221. 
 
 KINNEY, William, Lieutenant-Governor of 
 Illinois from 1826 to 1830 ; was born in Kentucky in 
 1781 and came to Illinois early in life, finally 
 settling in St. Clair County. Of limited educa- 
 tional advantages, he was taught to read by his 
 wife after marriage. He became a Baptist 
 preacher, was a good stump-orator; served two 
 sessions in the State Senate (the First and Third), 
 was a candidate for Governor in 1834, but was 
 defeated by Joseph Duncan ; in 1838 was elected 
 by the Legislature a member of the Board of 
 Public Works, becoming its President. Died 
 in 1843. William C. (Kinney), son of the preced- 
 ing, was bom in Illinois, served as a member of 
 
318 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 the Constitutional Convention of 1847 and as 
 Representative in the Nineteenth General Assem- 
 bly (1855), and, in 1857, was appointed by Gov- 
 ernor Bissell Adjutant-General of the State, 
 dying in office the following year. 
 
 KIN/IK, John, Indian-trader and earliest citi- 
 zen of Chicago, was born in Quebec, Canada, in 
 1763. His father was a Scotchman named 
 McKenzie, but the son dropped the prefix "Me," 
 and the name soon came to be spelled "Kinzie" 
 an orthography recognized by the family. Dur- 
 ing his early childhood his father died, and his 
 mother gave him a stepfather by the name of 
 William Forsythe. When ten years old he left 
 home and, for three years, devoted himself to 
 learning the jeweler's trade at Quebec. Fasci- 
 nated by stories of adventure in the West, he 
 removed thither and became an Indian-trader. 
 In 1804 he established a trading post at what is 
 now the site of Chicago, being the first solitary 
 white settler. Later he established other posts 
 on the Rock, Illinois and Kankakee Rivers. He 
 was twice married, and the father of a numerous 
 family. His daughter Maria married Gen. 
 David Hunter, and his daughter-in-law, Mrs. 
 John H. Kinzie, achieved literary distinction as 
 the authoress of "Wau Bun," etc. (N. Y. 1860.) 
 Died in Chicago, Jan. 6, 1828. John Harris 
 (Kinzie), son of the preceding, was born at Sand- 
 wich, Canada, July 7, 1803, brought by his par- 
 ents to Chicago, and taken to Detroit after the 
 massacre of 1812, but returned to Chicago in 
 1816. Two years later his father placed him at 
 Mackinac Agency of the American Fur Com- 
 pany, and, in 1824, he was transferred to Prairie 
 du Chien. The following year he was Sub-Agent 
 of Indian affairs at Fort Winnebago, where he 
 witnessed several important Indian treaties. In 
 1830 he went to Connecticut, where he was 
 married, and, in 1833, took up his permanent resi- 
 dence in Chicago, forming a partnership with 
 Gen. David Hunter, his brother-in-law, in the 
 forwarding business. In 1841 he was appointed 
 Registrar of Public Lands by President Harrison, 
 but was removed by Tyler. In 1848 he was 
 appointed Canal Collector, and, in 1849, President 
 Taylor commissioned him Receiver of Public 
 Moneys. In 1861 he was commissioned Pay- 
 master in the army by President Lincoln, which 
 office he held until his death, which occurred on 
 a railroad train near Pittsburg, Pa., June 21, 1866. 
 
 K1RIIY, Edward P., lawyer and legislator, 
 was born in Putnam County, 111., Oct. 28, 1834 
 the son of Rev. William Kirby, one of the found- 
 ers and early professors of Illinois College at 
 
 Jacksonville; graduated at Illinois College in 
 1864, then taught several years at St. Louis and 
 Jacksonville; was admitted to the bar in 1864, 
 and, in 1873, was elected County Judge of Morgan 
 County as a Republican; was Representative in 
 the General Assembly from Morgan County 
 (1891-93) ; also served for several years as Trustee 
 of the Central Hospital for the Insane and, for a 
 long period, as Trustee and Treasurer of Illinois 
 College. 
 
 K I UK, (Gen.) Edward N., soldier, was born of 
 Quaker parentage in Jefferson County, Ohio, Feb. 
 29, 1828; graduated at the Friends' Academy, at 
 Mount Pleasant in the same State, and, after 
 teaching for a time, began the study of law, 
 completing it at Baltimore, Md., where he was 
 admitted to the bar in 1853. A year later he 
 removed to Sterling, 111., where he continued in 
 his profession until after the battle of the first 
 Bull Run, when he raised a regiment. The quota 
 of the State being already full, this was not im- 
 mediately accepted; but, after some delay, was 
 mustered in in September, 1861, as the Thirty- 
 fourth Regiment Illinois Volunteers, with the 
 subject of this sketch as Colonel. In the field he 
 soon proved himself a brave and dashing officer; 
 at the battle of Shiloh, though wounded through 
 the shoulder, he refused to leave the field. After 
 remaining with the army several days, inflam- 
 matory fever set in, necessitating his removal to 
 the hospital at Louisville, where he lay between 
 life and death for some time. Having partially 
 recovered, in August, 1862, he set out to rejoin 
 his regiment, but was stopped en route by an 
 order assigning him to command at Louisville. 
 In November following he was commissioned 
 Brigadier-General for "heroic action, gallantry 
 and ability" displayed on the field. In the last 
 days of December, 1862, he had sufficiently re- 
 covered to take part in the series of engagement* 
 at Stone River, where he was agaiu wounded, 
 this time fatally. He was taken to his home in 
 Illinois, and, although he survived several 
 months, the career of one of the most brilliant 
 and promising soldiers of the war was cut short 
 by his death, July 21, 1863. 
 
 K IRK LAM), Joseph, journalist and author, 
 was born at Geneva, N. Y., Jan. 7, 1830 the son 
 of Prof. William Kirk la ml of Hamilton College: 
 was brought by his parents to Michigan in 1886, 
 where he remained until 1856, when he came to 
 the city of Chicago. In 1861 he enlisted as a 
 private in the Twelfth Illinois Infantry (three- 
 months' men), was elected Second Lieutenant, 
 but later became Aid-de-Camp on the staff of 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 General McClellan. serving there and on the staff 
 of General Fitz-John Porter until the retirement 
 of the latter, meanwhile taking part in the Pen- 
 insular campaign and in the battle of Antietam. 
 Returning to Chicago he gave attention to some 
 coal-mining property near Danville, but later 
 studied law and was admitted to the bar in 1880. 
 A few years later he produced his first novel, 
 and, from 1890, devoted his attention solely to 
 literary pursuits, for several years being liter- 
 ary editor of "The Chicago Tribune. " His works 
 several of which first appeared as serials in the 
 magazines include "Zury, the Meanest Man in 
 Spring County" (1885); "The McVeys" (1887); 
 "The Captain of Co. K." (1889), besides the "His- 
 tory of the Chicago Massacre of 1812," and "The 
 Story of Chicago' ' the latter in two volumes. At 
 the time of his death he had just concluded, in 
 collaboration with Hon. John Moses, the work of 
 editing a two-volume "History of Chicago," pub- 
 lished by Messrs. Munsell & Co. (1895). Died, in 
 Chicago, April 29, 1894. Elizabeth Stanslniry 
 (Kirkland), sister of the preceding teacher and 
 author was born at Geneva, N. Y. , came to Chicago 
 in 1867 and, five years later, established a select 
 school for young ladies, out of which grew what 
 is known as the "Kirkland Social Settlement," 
 which was continued until her death, July 30, 
 1896. She was the author of a number of vol- 
 umes of decided merit, written with the especial 
 object of giving entertainment and instruction to 
 the young including "Six Little Cooks," "Dora's 
 Housekeeping," "Speech and Manners," a Child's 
 "History of France," a "History of England," 
 "History of English Literature," etc. At her 
 death she left a "History of Italy" ready for the 
 hands of the publishers. 
 
 KIRKPATRICK, John, pioneer Methodist 
 preacher, was born in Georgia, whence he emi- 
 grated in 1802; located at Springfield, III, at an 
 early day, where he built the first horse-mill in 
 that vicinity; in 1829 removed to Adams County, 
 and finally to Ottumwa, Iowa, where he died in 
 1845. Mr. Kirkpatrick is believed to have been the 
 first local Methodist preacher licensed in Illinois. 
 Having inherited three slaves (a woman and two 
 boys) while in Adams County, he brought them 
 to Illinois and gave them their freedom. The 
 boys were bound to a man in Quincy to learn a 
 trade, but mysteriously disappeared presumably 
 having been kidnaped with the connivance of 
 the man in whose charge they had been placed. 
 
 KIRKWOOD, a city in Warren County, once 
 known as "Young America," situated about six 
 miles southwest of Monuiouth, on the Chicago, 
 
 Burlington & Quincy Railroad; is a stock-ship- 
 ping point and in an agricultural region. The 
 town has two banks, five churches, and two 
 weekly newspapers. Pop. (1890), 949: (1900), 1,008 
 
 KISHWAVKEE RIVER, rises in McHenry 
 County, runs west through Boone, and enters 
 Rock River in Winnebago County, eight miles 
 below Rockford. It is 75 miles long. An afflu- 
 ent called the South Kishwaukee River runs 
 north-northeast and northwest through De Kalb 
 County, and enters the Kiskwaukee in Winne- 
 bago County, about eight miles southeast ol 
 Rockford. 
 
 KITCHELL, Wickllff, lawyer and Attorney- 
 General of Illinois, was born in New Jersey, 
 May 21, 1789. Feb. 29, 1812, he was married, 
 at Newark, N. J., to Miss Elizabeth Roes, 
 and the same year emigrated west, passing 
 down the Ohio on a flat-boat from Pittaburg. 
 Pa., and settled near Cincinnati In 1814 
 he became a resident of Southern Indiana, 
 where he was elected sheriff, studied law 
 and was admitted to the bar, finally becom- 
 ing a successful practitioner. In 1817 he removed 
 to Palestine, Crawford County, 111., where, in 
 1820, he was elected Representative in the Second 
 General Assembly, and was also a member of the 
 State Senate from 1828 to 1832. In 1838 he re- 
 moved to Hillsboro, Montgomery County, was 
 appointed Attorney-General in 1839, serving until 
 near the close of the following year, when he 
 resigned to take his seat as Representative in 
 the Twelfth General Assembly. Between 184fi 
 and 1854 he was a resident of Fort Madison, Iowa, 
 but the latter year returned to Hillsboro. During 
 his early political career Mr. Kitchell had been a 
 Democrat ; but, on the passage of the Kansas-Neb- 
 raska act, became an earnest Republican. Pub- 
 lic-spirited and progressive, he was in advance of 
 his time on many public questions. Died, Jan. 
 2, 1869. Alfred (Kitchell), son of the preceding, 
 lawyer and Judge, born at Palestine, 111., March 
 29, 1820 ; was educated at Indiana State Univer- 
 sity and Hillsboro Academy, admitted to the bar 
 in 1841, and, the following year, commenced 
 practice at Olney ; was elected State's Attorney 
 in 1843, through repeated re-elections holding the 
 office ten years; was a member of the Constitu- 
 tional Convention of 1847 and, in 1849, was 
 elected Judge of Richland County ; later assisted 
 in establishing the first newspaper published in 
 Olney, and in organizing the Republican party 
 there in 1856; in 1859 was elected Judge of the 
 Twenty-fifth Judicial Circuit, serving one term 
 He was also influential in procuring a charter for 
 
320 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 the Ohio & Mississippi Railroad, and in the con- 
 struction of the line, being au original corporator 
 and subsequently a Director of the Company. 
 Later he removed to Galesburg, where he died, 
 Nov. 11, 1876. Edward (KitcheU), another son, 
 was born at Palestine, 111., Dec. 21, 1829; was 
 educated at Hillsboro Academy until 1846, when 
 he removed with his father's family to Fort 
 Madison, Iowa, but later returned to Hillsboro to 
 continue his studies; in 1852 made the trip across 
 the plains to California to engage in gold mining, 
 but the following year went to Walla Walla, 
 Washington Territory, where he opened a law 
 office; in 1854 returned to Illinois, locating at 
 Olney, Richland County, forming a partnership 
 with Horace Hay ward, a relative, in the practice 
 of law. Here, having taken position against the 
 repeal of the Missouri Compromise, he became, 
 in 1856, the editor of the first Republican, news- 
 paper published in that part of Illinois known as 
 "Egypt." with his brother, Judge Alfred KitcheU, 
 being one of the original thirty-nine Republicans 
 in Richland County. In 1863 he assisted in 
 organizing the Ninety-eighth Regiment Illinois 
 Volunteers at Centralia, which, in the following 
 year having been mounted, became a part of the 
 famous "Wilder Brigade." At first he was com- 
 missioned Lieutenant-Colonel, but succeeded to 
 the command of the regiment after the wounding 
 of Colonel Funkhouser at Chickamauga in Sep- 
 tember, 1863; was finally promoted to the colo- 
 nelcy in July, 1865, and mustered out with the 
 rank of Brigadier-General by brevet. Resuming 
 the practice of his profession at Olney, he was, 
 in 1866, the Republican candidate for Congress in 
 a district strongly Democratic; also served as 
 Collector of Internal Revenue for a short time 
 and, in 1868, was Presidential Elector for the 
 same District. Died, at Olney, July 11, 1869. 
 John Wirkliff (KitcheU), youngest son of Wick- 
 liff KitcheU, was born at Palestine, Crawford 
 County, 111., May 30, 1835, educated at Hillsboro, 
 read law at Fort Madison, Iowa, and admitted to 
 the bar in that State. At the age of 19 years he 
 served as Assistant Clerk of the House of Repre- 
 sentatives at Springfield, and was Reading Clerk 
 of the same body at the session of 1861. Previous 
 to the latter date he had edited "The Montgomery 
 County Herald," and -later, "The Charleston 
 Courier." Resigning his position as Reading 
 Clerk in 1861, he enlisted under the first call of 
 President Lincoln in the Ninth Illinois Volun- 
 teers, served as Adjutant of the regiment and 
 afterwards as Captain of his company. At the 
 expiration of his term of enlistment he established 
 
 "The Union Monitor" at Hillsboro, which he con- 
 ducted until drafted into the service in 1864, 
 serving until the close of the war. In 1866 he 
 removed to Pana (his present residence), resum- 
 ing practice there ; was a candidate for the State 
 Senate the same year, and, in 1870, was the 
 Republican nominee for Congress in that District. 
 
 KNICKERBOCKER, Joshua ('.. lawyer, was 
 born in Gallatin, Columbia County, N. Y., Sept. 
 26, 1827 ; brought by his father to Alden, McHenry 
 County, 111., in 1844, and educated in the com- 
 mon schools of that place; removed to Chicago in 
 1860, studied law and was admitted to practice in 
 1862; served on the Board of Supervisors and in 
 the City Council and, in 1868, was elected Repre- 
 sentative in the General Assembly, serving one 
 term. He was also a member of the State Board 
 of Education from 1875 to '77, and the latter 
 year was elected Probate Judge for Cook County, 
 serving until his death, Jan. 5, 1890. 
 
 KNIGHTS OF PYTHIAS, a secret semi-mili 
 tary and benevolent association founded in the 
 City of Washington, D. C, Feb. 19, 1864, Justus 
 H. Rathbone (who died Dec. 9, 1889) being its 
 recognized founder. The order was established 
 in Illinois, May 4, 1869, by the organization of 
 "Welcome Lodge, No. 1," in the city of Chicago. 
 On July 1, 1869, this Lodge had nineteen mem- 
 bers. At the close of the year four additional 
 Lodges had been instituted, having an aggregate 
 membership of 245. Early in the foUowing year, 
 on petition of these five Lodges, approved by the 
 Grand Chancellor, a Grand Lodge of the Order 
 for the State of Illinois was instituted in Chicago, 
 with a membership of twenty-nine Past Chancel- 
 lors as representatives of the five subordinate 
 Lodges the total membership of these Lodges at 
 that date being 382. December 31, 1870, the 
 total membership in Illinois had increased to 850. 
 June 30, 1895, the total number of Lodges in the 
 State was 525, and the membership 38.441. The 
 assets belonging to the Lodges in Illinois, on 
 Jan. 1, 1894, amounted to $418,151.77. 
 
 KNOWLTON, Dexter A., pioneer and banker, 
 was born in Fairfield, Herkimer County, N. Y., 
 March 3, 1812, taken to Chautauqua County in 
 infancy and passed his childhood and youth on a 
 farm. Having determined on a mercantile ca- 
 reer, he entered an academy at Fredonia, paying 
 his own way ; in 1838 started on a peddling tour 
 for the West, and, in the following year, settled 
 at Freeport, III, where he opened a general store; 
 in 1843 began investments in real estate, finally 
 laying off sundry additions to the city of Free- 
 port, from which he realized large profits. He 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 321 
 
 was also prominently connected with the Galena 
 & Chicago Union Railroad and, in 1850, became 
 a Director of the Company, remaining in office 
 some twelve'years. In 1852 he was the Free-Soil 
 candidate for Governor of Illinois, but a few years 
 later became extensively interested in the Con- 
 gress & Empire Spring Company at Saratoga, 
 X. Y. ; then, after a four years' residence in 
 Brooklyn, returned to Freeport in 1870, where he 
 engaged in banking business, dying in that city, 
 March 10, 1876. 
 
 KNOX, Joseph, lawyer, was born at Blanford, 
 Mass., Jan. 11, 1805; studied law with his 
 brother, Gen. Alanson Knox, in his native town, 
 was admitted to the bar in 1828, subsequently 
 removing to Worcester, in the same State, where 
 lie began the practice of his profession. In 1887 
 he removed west, locating at Stephenson, now 
 Rock Island, 111., where he continued in practice 
 for twenty-three years. During the greater part 
 of that time he was associated with Hon. John 
 W. Drury, under the firm name of Knox & Drury, 
 gaining a wide reputation as a lawyer throughout 
 Northern Illinois. Among the important cases in 
 which he took part during his residence in Rock 
 Island was the prosecution of the murderers of 
 Colonel Davenport in 1845. In 1853 he served as a 
 Democratic Presidential Elector, but in the next 
 campaign identified himself with the Republican 
 party as a supporter of John C. Fremont for the 
 Presidency. In 1860 he removed to Chicago and, 
 two years later, was appointed State's Attorney 
 by Governor Yates, remaining in office until suc- 
 ceeded by his partner, Charles H. Reed. After 
 coming to Chicago he was identified with a num- 
 ber of notable cases. His death occurred, August 
 B, 1881. 
 
 KNOX COLLEGE, a non-sectarian institution 
 for the higher education of the youth of both 
 sexes, located at Galesburg, Knox County. It 
 was founded in 1837, fully organized in 1841, and 
 graduated its first class in 1846. The number of 
 graduates from that date until 1894, aggregated 
 867. In 1893 it had 663 students in attendance, 
 and a faculty of 20 professors. Its library con- 
 tains about 6,000 volumes. Its endowment 
 amounts to $300,000 and its buildings are valued 
 at $150,000. Dr. Newton Bateman was at its 
 head for more than twenty years, and. on his res- 
 ignation (1893), John H. Finley, Ph.D., became 
 its President, but resigned in 1899. 
 
 KNOX COUNTY, a wealthy interior county 
 west of the Illinois River, having an area of 720 
 square miles and a population (1000) of 43,612. It 
 was named in honor of Gen. Henry Knox. Its 
 
 territorial limits were defined by legislative 
 enactment in 1825, but the actual organization 
 dates from 1830, when Riggs Pennington, Philip 
 Hash and Charles Hansford were named the first 
 Commissioners. Knoxville was the first county- 
 seat selected, and here (in the winter of 1830-31) 
 was erected the first court house, constructed 
 of logs, two stories in height, at a cost of 
 $192. The soil is rich, and agriculture flour- 
 ishes. The present county-seat (1899) is Gales- 
 bur- well known for its educational institutions, 
 the best known of which are Knox College, 
 founded in 1837, and Lombard University, 
 founded in 1851. A flourishing Episcopal Semi- 
 nary is located at Knoxville, and Hedding Col- 
 lege at Abingdon. 
 
 KNOXVILLE, a city in Knox County, on the 
 Galesburg-Peoria Division of the Chicago, Bur- 
 lington & Quincy Railroad, 50 miles west of 
 Peoria, and 5 miles east of Galesburg; was 
 formerly the county-seat, and still contains the 
 fair grounds and almshouse. The municipal gov- 
 ernment is composed of a mayor, six aldermen, 
 with seven heads of departments. It has electric 
 lighting and street-car service, good water-work*, 
 banks, numerous churches, three public schools, 
 and is the seat of St. Mary's school for girls, and 
 St. Alban's, for boys. Population (1890), 1,728 ; 
 (1900). 1,857. 
 
 KOERNEB, liostavus, lawyer and Lieutenant- 
 Govemor, was born in Germany in 1809, and 
 received a university education. He was a law- 
 yer by profession, and emigrated to Illinois in 
 1833, settling finally at Belleville. He at once 
 affiliated with the Democratic party, and soon 
 became prominent in politics. In 1842 he was 
 elected to the General Assembly, and three years 
 later was appointed to the bench of the State 
 Supreme Court. In 1852 he was elected Lieuten- 
 ant-Governor on the ticket headed by Joel A. 
 Matteson; but, at the close of his term, became 
 identified with the Republican party and was a 
 staunch Union man during the Civil War, serving 
 for a time as Colonel on General Fremont's and 
 General Halleck's staffs. In 1862 President Lin- 
 coln made him Minister to Spain, a post which be 
 resigned in January, 1865. He was a member of 
 the Chicago Convention of 1860 that nominated 
 Lincoln for the Presidency; was a Republican 
 Presidential Elector in 1868, and a delegate to the 
 Cincinnati Convention of 1872 that named Horace 
 Greeley for the Presidency. In 1867 he served as 
 President of the first Board of Trustees of the 
 Soldiers' Orphans' Home, and, in 1870, was 
 elected to the Legislature a second time. The 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 following year he was appointed a member of the 
 first Board of Railroad and Warehouse Commis- 
 sioners, and served as its President. He is the 
 author of "Collection of the Important General 
 Laws of Illinois, with Comments" (in German, 
 St. Louis, 1838); "Prom Spain" (Frankfort on- 
 the-Main, 1866); "Das Deutsche Element in den 
 Vereiningten Staaten" (Cincinnati, 1880; second 
 edition. New York, 1885) ; and a number of mono- 
 graphs. Died, at Belleville, April 9, 1896. 
 
 KOHLSAAT, Christian ('., Judge of United 
 States Court, was born in Edwards County, 111., 
 Jan. 8, 1844 his father being a native of Germany 
 who settled in Edwards County in 1835, while his 
 mother was born in England. The family 
 removed to Galena in 1854, where young Kolilsaat 
 attended the public schools, later taking a course 
 in Chicago University, after which he began the 
 study of law. In 1867 he became a reporter on 
 "The Chicago Evening Journal," was admitted 
 to the bar in the same year, and, in 1868, accepted 
 a position in the office of the County Clerk, where 
 he kept the records of the County Court under 
 Judge Bradwell's administration. During the 
 sessions of the Twenty -seventh General Assembly 
 (1871-72) , he served as First Assistant Enrolling 
 and Engrossing Clerk of the House, after which 
 he began practice; in 1881 was the Republican 
 nominee for County Judge, but was defeated by 
 Judge Prendergast; served as member of the 
 Board of West Side Park Commissioners, 1884-90; 
 in 1890 was appointed Probate Judge of Cook 
 County (as successor to Judge Knickerbocker, 
 who died in January of that year), and was 
 elected to the office in November following, and 
 re-elected in 1894, as he was again in 1898. Early 
 in 1899 he was appointed, by President McKinley, 
 Judge of the United States District Court for the 
 Northern District of Illinois, as successor to Judge 
 Grosscup, who had been appointed United States 
 Circuit Judge in place of Judge Showalter, 
 deceased. 
 
 KOHLSAAT, Herman H., editor and news- 
 paper publisher, was born in Edwards County, 
 111., March 22, 1853, and taken the following year 
 to Galena, where he remained until 12 years of 
 age, when the family removed to Chicago. Here, 
 after attending the public schools some three 
 years, he became a cash-boy in the store of Car- 
 son, Pirie & Co., a year later rising to the position 
 of cashier, remaining two years. Then, after 
 having been connected with various business 
 concerns, he became the junior member of the 
 firm of Blake, Shaw & Co., for whom he had been 
 a traveling salesman some five years. In 1880 he 
 
 became associated with the Dake Bakery, in con- 
 nection with which he laid the foundation of an 
 extensive business by establishing a system of 
 restaurants and lunch counters in the business 
 portions of the city. In 1891, after a somewhat pro- 
 tracted visit to Europe, Mr. Kolilsaat bought a con- 
 trolling interest in "The Chicago Inter Ocean, ' 
 but withdrew early in 1894. In April, 1895, he be- 
 came principal proprietor of "The Chicago Times- 
 Herald," as the successor of the late James W. 
 Scott, who died suddenly in New York, soon after 
 effecting a consolidation of Chicago's two Demo- 
 cratic papers, "The Times" and "Herald," in one 
 concern. Although changing the political status 
 of the paper from Democratic to Independent, 
 Mr. Kohlsaat's liberal enterprise has won for it 
 an assured success. He is also owner and pub- 
 lisher of "The Chicago Evening Post." His 
 whole business career has been one of almost 
 phenomenal success attained by vigorous enter- 
 prise and high-minded, honorable methods. Mr. 
 Kohlsaat is one of the original incorporators of 
 the University of Chicago, of which he continue* 
 to be one of the Trustees. 
 
 KBOME, William Henry, lawyer, bom of Ger- 
 man parentage, in Louisville, Ky., July 1, 1842; 
 in 1851 was brought by his father to Madison 
 County, 111. , where he lived and worked for some 
 years on a farm. He acquired his education in 
 the common schools and at McEendree College, 
 graduating from the latter in 1863. After spend- 
 ing his summer months in farm labor and teach- 
 ing school during the winter, for a year or two, 
 he read law for a time with Judge M. G. Dale of 
 Edwardsville, and, in 1866, entered the law 
 department of Michigan University, gradu- 
 ating in 1869, though admitted the year previous 
 to practice by the Supreme Court of Illinois. Mr. 
 Krome has been successively the partner of 
 Judge John G. Irwin, Hon. W. F. L. Hadley (late 
 Congressman from the Eighteenth District) and 
 C. W. Terry. He has held the office of Mayor of 
 Edwardsville (1873), State Senator (1874-78), and, 
 in 1893, was a prominent candidate before the 
 Democratic judicial convention for the nomina- 
 tion for Justice of the Supreme Court, to succeed 
 Justice Scholfield, deceased. He is also President 
 of the Madison County State Bank. 
 
 h I K.FKXKK, William C., lawyer and soldier, 
 was born in Germany and came to St. Clair 
 County, 111., in 1861. Early in 1865 he was com- 
 missioned Colonel of the One Hundred and Forty- 
 ninth Illinois Volunteer Infantry, one of the 
 latest regiments organized for the Civil War, and 
 was soon after promoted to the rank of Brevet 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 323 
 
 Brigadier-General, serving until January, 1866. 
 Later, General Kueffner studied law at St. Louis, 
 and having graduated in 1871, established himself 
 in practice at Belleville, where he has since 
 resided. He was a successful contestant for a 
 seat in the Republican National Convention of 
 1880 from the Seventeenth District. 
 
 Kt'Y KENDALL, Andrew J., lawyer and legis- 
 lator, was born of pioneer parents in Gallatin 
 (now Hardin) County, 111., March 3, 1815; was 
 Belf-educated chiefly, but in his early manhood 
 adopted the law as a profession, locating at 
 Vienna in Johnson County, where he continued 
 to reside to the end of his life. In 1842 he was 
 elected a Representative in the Thirteenth Gen- 
 eral Assembly, and re-elected two years later; in 
 1850 became State Senator, serving continuously 
 in the same body for twelve years ; in 1861 en- 
 listed, and was commissioned Major, in the 
 Thirty-first Illinois Volunteers (Gen. John A. 
 Logan's regiment), but was compelled to resign, 
 in May following, on acount of impaired health. 
 Two years later (1864) he was elected Represent- 
 ative in the Thirty-ninth Congress, serving one 
 term; and, after several years in private life, was 
 again returned to the State Senate in 1878, serving 
 in the Thirty- first and Thirty-second General 
 Assemblies. In all, Major Kuykendall saw 
 twenty years' service in the State Legislature, of 
 which sixteen were spent in the Senate and four 
 in the House, besides two years in Congress. A 
 zealous Democrat previous to the war, he was an 
 ardent supporter of the war policy of the Govern- 
 ment, and, in 1864, presided over the "Union" 
 (Republican) State Convention of that year. He 
 was also a member of the Senate Finance Com- 
 mittee in the session of 1859, which had the duty 
 of investigating the Matteson "canal scrip fraud." 
 Died, at Vienna, 111., May 11, 1891. 
 
 LABOR TROUBLES. 1. THE RAILROAD 
 STRIKE OF 1877. By this name is generally char- 
 acterized the labor disturbances of 1877, which, 
 beginning at Pittsburg in July, spread over the 
 entire country, interrupting transportation, and, 
 for a time, threatening to paralyze trade. Illi- 
 nois suffered severely. The primary cause of the 
 troubles was the general prostration of business 
 resulting from the depression of values, whicli 
 affected manufacturers and merchants alike. A 
 reduction of expenses became necessary, and the 
 wages of employes were lowered. Dissatisfaction 
 and restlessness on the part of the latter ensued, 
 which found expression in the ordering of a strike 
 among railroad operatives on a larger scale than 
 
 had ever been witnessed in this country. In Illi- 
 nois, Peoria, Decatur, Braidwood, East St. Louis. 
 Galesburg, La Salle and Chicago were the prin- 
 cipal points affected. In all these cities angry, 
 excited men formed themselves into mobs, which 
 tore up tracks, took possession of machine shops, 
 in some cases destroyed roundhouses, applied the 
 torch to warehouses, and, for a time, held com- 
 merce by the throat, not only defying the law 
 but even contending in arms against the military 
 sent to disperse them. The entire force of the 
 State militia was called into service, Major- 
 General Arthur C. Ducat being in command 
 The State troops were divided into three brigades, 
 commanded respectively by Brigadier-Generals 
 Torrence, Bates and Pavey. General Ducat 
 assumed personal command at Braidwood, where 
 were sent the Third Regiment and the Tenth 
 Battalion, who suppressed the riots at that point 
 with ease. Col. Joseph W. Stambaugh and 
 Lieut. -Col. J. B. Parsons were the respective 
 regimental commanders. Generals Bates and 
 Pavey were in command at East St. Louis, 
 where the excitement was at fever heat, the 
 mobs terrorizing peaceable citizens and destroy 
 ing much property. Governor Cullom went to 
 this point in person. Chicago, however, was the 
 chief railroad center of the State, and only 
 prompt and severely repressive measures held in 
 check one of the most dangerous mobs which 
 ever threatened property and life in that city 
 The local police force was inadequate to control 
 the rioters, and Mayor Heath felt himself forced 
 to call for aid from the State. Brig. -Gen. Joseph 
 T. Torrence then commanded the First Brigade. 
 I. N. G., with headquarters at Chicago. Under 
 instructions from Governor Cullom, he promptly 
 and effectively co-operated with the municipal 
 authorities in quelling the uprising. He received 
 valuable support from volunteer companies, some 
 of which were largely composed of Union veter- 
 ans. The latter were commanded by such ex- 
 perienced commanders as Generals Reynolds 
 Martin Beem, and O. L. Mann, and Colonel Owen 
 Stuart. General Lieb also led a company of 
 veterans enlisted by himself, and General Shall 
 ner and Major James H. D. Daly organized 
 cavalry force of 150 old soldiers, who rendered 
 efficient service. The disturbance was promptly 
 subdued, transportation resumed, and trade once 
 more began to move in its accustomed channels 
 2. THE STRIKE OF 1894. This was an uprising 
 which originated in Chicago and was incited by . 
 comparatively young labor organization called 
 the American Railway Union. In its inception it 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 was sympathetic, its ostensible motive, at the 
 outset, being the righting of wrongs alleged to 
 have been suffered by employes of the Pullman 
 Palace Car Company. The latter quit work on 
 May 11, and, on June 22, the American Railway 
 Union ordered a general boycott against all rail- 
 road companies hauling Pullman cars after June 
 26. The General Managers of the lines entering 
 Chicago took prompt action (June 25) looking 
 toward mutual protection, protesting against the 
 proposed boycott, and affirming their resolution 
 to adhere to existing contracts, any action on the 
 part of the strikers to the contrary notwithstand- 
 ing. Trouble began on the 26th. The hauling of 
 freight was necessarily soon discontinued; sub- 
 urban traffic was interrupted ; switching had to 
 he done by inexperienced hands under police or 
 military protection (officials and clerks some- 
 times throwing the levers), and in the presence of 
 large crowds of law-defying hoodlums gathered 
 along the tracks, avowedly through sympathy 
 with the strikers, but actually in the hope of 
 plunder. Trains were sidetracked, derailed, and, 
 in not a few instances, valuable freight was 
 burned. Passengers were forced to undergo the 
 inconvenience of being cooped up for hours in 
 crowded cars, in transit, without food or water, 
 sometimes almost within sight of their destina- 
 tion, and sometimes threatened with death should 
 they attempt to leave their prison houses. The 
 mobs, intoxicated by seeming success, finally ven- 
 tured to interfere with the passage of trains 
 carrying the United States mails, and, at this 
 juncture, the Federal authorities interfered. 
 President Cleveland at once ordered the protec- 
 tion of all mail trains by armed guards, to be 
 appointed by the United States Marshal. An 
 additional force of Deputy Sheriffs was also sworn 
 in by the Sheriff of Cook County, and the city 
 police force was augmented. The United States 
 District Court also issued a restraining order, 
 directed against the officers and members of the 
 American Railway Union, as well as against all 
 other persons interfering with the business of 
 railroads carrying the mails. Service was readily 
 accepted by the officers of the Union, but the 
 copies distributed among the insurgent mob were 
 torn and trampled upon. Thereupon the Presi- 
 dent ordered Federal troops to Chicago, both to 
 protect Government property (notably the Sub- 
 treasury) and to guard mail trains. The Gov- 
 ernor (John P. Altgeld) protested, but without 
 avail A few days later, the Mayor of Chicago 
 requested the State Executive to place a force of 
 State militia at his control for the protection of 
 
 property and the prevention of bloodshed. Gen- 
 eral Wheeler, with the entire second division of 
 the I. N. (., at once received orders to report to 
 the municipal authorities. The presence of the 
 militia greatly incensed the turbulent crowds, 
 yet it proved most salutary. The troops displayed 
 exemplary firmness under most trying circum- 
 stances, dispersing jeering and threatening 
 crowds by physical force or bayonet charges, the 
 rioters being fired upon only twice. Gradually 
 order was restored. The disreputable element 
 subsided, and wiser and more conservative coun- 
 sels prevailed among the ranks of the strikers. 
 Impediments to traffic were removed and trains 
 were soon running as though no interruption had 
 occurred. The troops were withdrawn (first the 
 Federal and afterwards those of the State), and 
 the courts were left to deal with the subject in 
 accordance with the statutes. The entire execu- 
 tive board of the American Railway Union were 
 indicted for conspiracy, but the indictments were 
 never pressed. The officers, however, were all 
 found guilty of contempt of court in having dis- 
 obeyed the restraining order of the Federal 
 court, and sentenced to terms in the county jail. 
 Eugene V. Debs, the President of the Union, was 
 convicted on two charges and given a sentence 
 of six months on each, but the two sentences were 
 afterward made concurrent. The other members 
 of the Board received a similar sentence for three 
 months each. All but the Vice-President, George 
 W. Howard, served their terms at Woodstock, 
 McHenry County. Howard was sent to the Will 
 County jail at Joliet. 
 
 LACEY, 1.) man, lawyer and jurist, was born in 
 Tompkins County, N. Y., May 6, 1833. In 1837 
 his parents settled in Fulton County, 111. He 
 graduated from Illinois College in 1855 and was 
 admitted to the bar in 1856, commencing practice 
 at Havana, Mason County, the same year. In 
 1862 he was elected, as a Democrat, to represent 
 the counties of Mason and Menard in the lower 
 house of the Legislature ; was elected to the Cir- 
 cuit Court bench in 1873, and re-elected in 1879, 
 '85 and '91; also served for several years upon 
 the bench of the Appellate Court. 
 
 LACON, a city and county-seat of Marshall 
 County, situated on the Illinois River, and on the 
 Dwight and Lacon branch of the Chicago ft 
 Alton Railroad, 130 miles southwest of Chicago. 
 A pontoon bridge connects it with Sparland on 
 the opposite bank of the Illinois. The surround- 
 ing country raises large quantities of grain, for 
 which Lacon is a shipping point. The river it 
 navigable by steamboats to this point. The city 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 325 
 
 has grain elevators, woolen mills, marble works, 
 a carriage factory and a national bank. It also has 
 water works, an excellent telephone system, good 
 drainage, and is lighted by electricity. There 
 are seven churches, a graded school and two 
 weekly newspapers. Population (1880), 1,814; 
 (1890), 1,649; (1900), 1,601. 
 
 LA FAYETTE (Marquis de), VISIT OF. An 
 event of profound interest in the history of Illi- 
 nois, during the year 1825, was the visit to the 
 State by the Marquis de La Fayette, who had 
 been the ally of the American people during 
 their struggle for independence. The distin- 
 guished Frenchman having arrived in the coun- 
 try during the latter part of 1824, the General 
 Assembly in session at Vandalia, in December of 
 that year, adopted an address inviting him to 
 visit Illinois. This was communicated to La 
 Fayette by Gov. Edward Coles, who had met the 
 General in Europe seven years before. Governor 
 Coles' letter and the address of the General 
 Assembly were answered with an acceptance by 
 La Fayette from Washington, under date of Jan. 
 16, 1825. The approach of the latter was made by 
 way of New Orleans, the steamer Natchez (by 
 which General La Fayette ascended the Mis- 
 sissippi) arriving at the old French village of 
 Carondelet, below St. Louis, on the 28th of April 
 CoL William S. Hamilton, a son of Alexander 
 Hamilton, and at that time a Representative in 
 the General Assembly from Sangamon County, 
 as well as an Aid-de-Camp on the staff of Gov- 
 ernor Coles, was dispatched from the home of the 
 latter at Edwardsville, to meet the distinguished 
 visitor, which he did at St. Louis. On Saturday, 
 April 30, the boat bearing General La Fayette, 
 with a large delegation of prominent citizens of 
 Missouri, left St. Louis, arriving at Kaskaskia, 
 where a reception awaited him at the elegant 
 residence of Gen. John Edgar, Governor Coles 
 delivering an address of welcome. The presence 
 of a number of old soldiers, who had fought under 
 La Fayette at Brandywine and Yorktown, consti- 
 tuted an interesting feature of the occasion. This 
 was followed by a banquet at the tavern kept by 
 Colonel Sweet, and a closing reception at the house 
 of William Morrison, Sr., a member of the cele- 
 brated family of that name, and one of the lead- 
 ing merchants of Kaskaskia. Among those 
 participating in the reception ceremonies, who 
 were then, or afterwards became, prominent 
 factors in State history, appear the names of Gen. 
 John Edgar, ex-Governor Bond, Judge Nathaniel 
 Pope, Elias Kent Kane, ex-Lieutenant-Governor 
 Menard, Col. Thomas Mather and Sidney Breese, 
 
 a future United States Senator and Justice of tin- 
 Supreme Court. The boat left Kaskaskia at 
 midnight for Nashville, Tenn., Governor Coles 
 accompanying the party and returning with it to 
 Sliawneetown, where an imposing reception was 
 given and an address of welcome delivered by 
 Judge James Hall, on May 14, 1825. A few 
 hours later General La Fayette left on his way up 
 the Ohio. 
 
 LAFATETTE, BLOOMINGTON t MISSIS- 
 SIPPI RAILROAD. (See Lake Erie A Western 
 Railroad.) 
 
 LAFLIN, Matthew, manufacturer, was born 
 at Southwick. Hampden County, Mass., Dec. 16, 
 1803; in his youth was clerk for a time in the 
 store of Laflin & Loomis, powder manufacturers, 
 at Lee, Mass., later becoming a partner in the 
 Canton Powder Mills. About 1832 he engaged in 
 the manufacture of axes at Saugerties, N. Y. 
 which proving a failure, he again engaged in 
 powder manufacture, and, in 1837, came to Chi- 
 cago, where he finally established a factory his 
 firm, in 1840, becoming Laflin & Smith, and, 
 later, Laflin, Smith & Co. Becoming largely 
 interested in real estate, he devoted his atten 
 tion chiefly to that business after 1849, with 
 great success, not only in Chicago but else 
 where, having done much for the develop 
 ment of Waukesha, Wis., where he erected one 
 of the principal hotels the "Fountain Spring 
 House" also being one of the original stock- 
 holders of the Elgin Watch Company. Mr. 
 Laflin was a zealous supporter of the Government 
 during the war for the preservation of the Union, 
 and, before his death, made a donation of $75,- 
 000 for a building for the Chicago Academy of 
 Sciences, which was erected in the western part 
 of Lincoln Park. Died, in Chicago, May 20, 1897. 
 
 LA GRANGE, a village in Cook County, and 
 one of the handsomest suburbs of Chicago, from 
 which it is distant 15 miles, south-southwest, on 
 the Chicago, Burlington & Qulncy Railroad. The 
 streets are broad and shaded and there are many 
 handsome residences. The village is lighted by 
 electricity, and has public water-works, seven 
 churches, a high school and a weekly paper. 
 Population (1880). 531; (1890), 2,314; (1900), 3,969. 
 
 LA HARPE, a city in Hancock County, on the 
 Toledo, Peoria i Western Railway, 70 miles west 
 by south from Peoria and 20 miles south-south- 
 east of Burlington, Iowa. Brick, tile and cigars 
 constitute the manufactured output. La Harpe 
 lias two banks, five churches, a graded and a 
 high school, a seminary, and two newspapers 
 Population (1880), 958; (1890), 1,113; (1900), 1,591. 
 
326 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 LAKE COUNTY, in the extreme northeast 
 corner of the State, having an area of 490 square 
 miles, and a population (1900) of 34,504. It was 
 cut off from McHenry County and separately 
 organized in 1839. Pioneer settlers began to 
 arrive in 1839, locating chiefly along the Des 
 Plaines River. The Indians vacated the region 
 the following year. The first County Commission- 
 ers (E. E. Hunter, William Brown and E. C. 
 Berrey) located the county-seat at Libertyville, 
 but, in 1841, it was removed to Little Fort, now 
 Waukegan. The county derives its name from 
 the fact that some forty small lakes are found 
 within its limits. The surface is undulating and 
 about equally divided between sand, prairie and 
 second-growth timber. At Waukegan there are 
 several maufacturing establishments, and the 
 Glen Flora medicinal spring attracts many in- 
 valids. Highland Park and Lake Forest are resi- 
 dence towns of great beauty situated on the lake 
 bluff, populated largely by the families of Chicago 
 business men. 
 
 LAKE ERIE & MISSISSIPPI RAILROAD. 
 (See Lake Erie <t Western Railroad. ) 
 
 LAKE ERIE tc WESTERN RAILROAD. Of 
 the 710.61 miles which constitute the entire 
 length of this line, only 118.6 are within Illinois. 
 This portion extends from the junction of the 
 Peoria & Pekin Union Railway, on the east side 
 of the Illinois River opposite Peoria, to the Indi- 
 ana State line. It is a single-track road of 
 standard gauge. About one-sixth of the line in 
 Illinois is level, the grade nowhere exceeding 40 
 feet to the mile. The track is of 56 and 60-pound 
 steel rails, and lightly ballasted. The total 
 capital of the road (1898) including $23,680,000 
 capital stock, $10,875,000 bonded debt and a float- 
 ing debt of $1,479,809 was $36,034,809, or $50,- 
 708 per mile. The total earnings and income in 
 Illinois for 1898 were $559,743, and the total 
 expenditures' for the same period, $457,713. 
 (HISTORY.) The main line of the Illinois Division 
 of the Lake Erie & Western Railroad was acquired 
 by consolidation, in 1880, of the Lafayette, Bloom- 
 ington & Mississippi Railroad (81 miles in length), 
 which had been opened in 1871, with certain Ohio 
 and Indiana lines. In May, 1885, the line thus 
 formed was consolidated, without change of name, 
 with the Lake Erie & Mississippi Railroad, organ- 
 ized to build an extension of the Lake Erie & 
 Western from Bloomington to Peoria (43 miles). 
 The road was sold under foreclosure in 1886, and 
 the present company organized, Feb. 9, 1887. 
 
 LAKE FOREST, a city in Lake County, on 
 Lake Michigan and Chicago & Northwestern Rail- 
 
 way, 28 miles north by west from Chicago. It is 
 the seat of Lake Forest University; has four 
 schools, five churches, one bank, gas and electric 
 light system, electric car line, water system, fire 
 department and hospital. Population (1890), 
 1,203; (1900), 2,215; (1904. est.), 2,800. 
 
 LAKE FOREST UNIVERSITY, an institution 
 of learning comprising six distinct schools, viz. : 
 Lake Forest Academy, Ferry Hall Seminary, 
 Lake Forest College, Rush Medical College, Chi- 
 cago College of Dental Surgery, and the Chicago 
 College of Law. The three first named are 
 located at Lake Forest, while the three profes- 
 sional schools are in the city of Chicago. The 
 college charter was granted in 1857, but the 
 institution was not opened until nineteen years 
 later, and the professional schools, which were 
 originally independent, were not associated until 
 1887. In 1894 there were 316 undergraduates at 
 Lake Forest, in charge of forty instructors. Dur- 
 ing the same year there were in attendance at the 
 professional schools, 1,557 students, making a 
 total enrollment in the University of 1,873. 
 While the institution is affiliated with the Pres- 
 byterian denomination, the Board of Trustees is 
 self-perpetuating. The Academy and Seminary 
 are preparatory schools for the two sexes, re- 
 spectively. Lake Forest College is co-educational 
 and organized upon the elective plan, having 
 seventeen departments, a certain number of 
 studies being required for graduation, and work 
 upon a major subject being required for three 
 years. The schools at Lake Forest occupy fifteen 
 buildings, standing within a campus of sixty-five 
 acres. 
 
 LAKE MICHIGAN, one of the chain of five 
 great northern lakes, and the largest lake lying 
 wholly within the United States. It lies between 
 the parallels of 41 35' and 46 North latitude, its 
 length being about 335 miles. Its width varies 
 from 50 to 88 miles, its greatest breadth being 
 opposite Milwaukee. Its surface is nearly 600 
 feet above the sea-level and its maximum depth 
 is estimated at 840 feet. It has an area of about 
 20,000 square miles. It forms the eastern bound- 
 ary of Wisconsin, the western boundary of the 
 lower peninsula of Michigan and a part of the 
 northern boundary of Illinois and Indiana. Its 
 waters find their outlet into Lake Huron through 
 the straits of Mackinaw, at its northeast extrem- 
 ity, and are connected with Lake Superior by the 
 Sault Ste. Marie River. It contains few islands, 
 and these mainly in its northern part, the largest 
 being some fifteen miles long. The principal 
 rivers which empty into this lake are the Fox, 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 Menominee, Manistee, Muskegon, Kalamazoo, 
 Grand and St. Joseph. Chicago, Milwaukee, 
 Racine and Manitowoc are the chief cities on its 
 banks. 
 
 LAKE SHORE & MICHIGAN SOUTHERN 
 RA I LW AY. The main line extends from Buffalo, 
 N. Y., to Chicago, 111., a distance of 539 miles, 
 with various branches of leased and proprietary 
 lines located in the States of Michigan, New 
 Tork and Ohio, making the mileage of lines 
 operated 1,415.63 miles, of which 863.15 are owned 
 by the company only 14 miles being in Illinois. 
 The total earnings and income in Illinois, in 1898, 
 were $453,946, and the expenditures for the same 
 period, $360,971. (HISTORY.) The company was 
 formed in 1869, from the consolidation of the 
 Michigan Southern & Northern Indiana, the 
 Cleveland, Painesville & Ashtabula, and the 
 Buffalo & Erie Railroad Companies. The propri- 
 etary roads hare been acquired since the consoli- 
 dation. 
 
 LAMB, James L., pioneer merchant, was born 
 in Connellsville, Pa., Nov. 7, 1800; at 13 years of 
 age went to Cincinnati to serve as clerk in the 
 store of a distant relative, came to Kaskaskia, 111., 
 in 1830, and soon after engaged in mercantile 
 business with Thomas Mather, who had come to 
 Illinois two years earlier. Later, the firm estab- 
 lished a store at Chester and shipped the first 
 barrels of pork from Illinois to the New Orleans 
 market. In 1831 M?. Lamb located in Springfield, 
 afterwards carrying on merchandising and pork- 
 packing extensively; also established an iron 
 foundry, which continued in operation until a few 
 years ago. Died, Dec. 3, 1873. 
 
 LAMB, Martha J. R. N., magazine editor and 
 historian, was born (Martha Joan Reade Nash) at 
 Plainfield, Mass., August 13, 1829, received a 
 thorough education and, after her marriage in 
 1853 to Charles A. Lamb, resided for eight years 
 in Chicago, 111., where she was one of the prin- 
 cipal founders of the Home for the Friendless and 
 Half Orphan Asylum, and Secretary of the 
 Sanitary Fair of 1863. In 1866 she removed to 
 New York and gave her after life to literary work, 
 from 1883 until her death being editor of "The 
 Magazine of American History," besides furnish- 
 ing numerous papers on historical and other sub- 
 jects; also publishing some sixteen volumes, one 
 <>f her most important works being a "History o' 
 New York City," in two volumes. She was a 
 member of nearly thirty historical and other 
 learned societies. Died, Jan. 2, 1893. 
 
 LAMBORN, Josiah, early lawyer and Attor- 
 ney -General; born in Washington County, Ky., 
 
 and educated at Transylvania University; was 
 Attorney -General of the State by appointment of 
 Governor Carlin, 1840-43, at that time being a 
 resident of Jacksonville. He is described by his 
 contemporaries as an able and brilliant man, but 
 of convivial habits and unscrupulous to such a 
 degree that his name was mixed up with a num- 
 ber of official scandals. Separated from his 
 family, he died of delirium tremens, at White- 
 hall, Greene County. 
 
 LAMOILLE, a village of Bureau County, on the 
 Mendota-Fulton branch of the Chicago, Burling- 
 ton & Quincy Railway, 9 miles northwest of Men- 
 do ta; in rich farming and stock-raising region; 
 has a bank, three churches, fine school-building, 
 and a newspaper. Pop. (1890), 516; (1900), 576. 
 
 LAMON, Ward Hill, lawyer, was born at 
 Mill Creek, Frederick County, W. Va., Jan. 6, 
 1838; received a common school education and 
 was engaged in teaching for a time ; also began 
 the study of medicine, but relinquished it for the 
 law. About 1847-48 he located at Danville, 111 . 
 subsequently read law with the late Judge Oliver 
 L. Davis, attending lectures at the Louisville 
 Law School, where he had Gen. John A. Logan 
 for a class-mate. On admission to the bar, he 
 became the Danville partner of Abraham Lincoln 
 the partnership being in existence as early as 
 1853. In 1859 he removed to Bloomington, and, 
 in the Presidential campaign of I860, was a zeal- 
 ous supporter of Mr. Lincoln. In February, 1861, 
 he was chosen by Mr. Lincoln to accompany him 
 to Washington, making the perilous night jour- 
 ney through Baltimore in Mr. Lincoln's company. 
 Being a man of undoubted courage, as well as 
 almost giant stature, he soon received the ap- 
 pointment of Marshal of the District of Columbia, 
 and, in the first weeks of the new administration, 
 made a confidential visit to Colonel Anderson, 
 then in command at Fort Sumter. to secure 
 accurate information as to the situation there. 
 In May, 1861, he obtained authority to raise a 
 regiment, of which he was commissioned Colonel, 
 remaining in the field to December, when he 
 returned to the discharge of his duties as Marshal 
 at Washington, but was absent from Washington 
 on the night of the assassination April 14, 1865. 
 Resigning his office after this event, he entered 
 into partnership for the practice of law with the 
 late Jeremiah S. Black of Pennsylvania. Some 
 years later he published the first volume of a pro- 
 posed Life of Lincoln, using material which he 
 obtained from Mr. Lincoln's Springfield partner. 
 William H. Herndon, but the second volume was 
 never issued. His death occurred at Martins- 
 
328 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 burg, W. Va., not far from his birthplace, May 
 7, 1893. Colonel Lamou married a daughter of 
 Judge Stephen T. Logan, of Springfield. 
 
 LANARK, a city in Carroll County, 19 miles by 
 rail southwest of Freeport, and 7 miles east of 
 Mount Carroll The surrounding country is 
 largely devoted to grain-growing, and Lanark 
 has two elevators and is an important shipping- 
 point. Manufacturing of various descriptions is 
 carried on. The city has two banks (one Na- 
 tional and one State), eight churches, a graded 
 and high school, and a weekly newspaper. Popu- 
 lation (1880), 1,198; (1890), 1,295; (1900). 1,306. 
 
 LANDES, Silas /., ex-Congressman, was born 
 in Augusta County, Va., May 15, 1843. In early 
 youth he removed to Illinois, and was admitted 
 to the bar of this State in August, 1863, and has 
 been in active practice at Mount Carmel since 
 1864. In 1872 he was elected State's Attorney 
 for Wa'oash County, was re-elected in 1876, and 
 again in 1880. He represented the Sixteenth Illi- 
 nois District in Congress from 1885 to 1889, being 
 elected on the Democratic ticket. 
 
 LANDRI6AN, John, farmer and legislator, was 
 born in County Tipperary, Ireland, in 1832, and 
 brought to America at one year of age, his 
 parents stopping for a time in New Jersey. His 
 early life was spent at Lafayette, Ind. After 
 completing his education in the seminary there, 
 he engaged in railroad and canal contracting. 
 Coming to Illinois in 1858, he purchased a farm 
 near Albion, Edwards County, where he has 
 since resided. He has been twice elected as a 
 Democrat to the House of Representatives (1868 
 and '74) and twice to the State Senate (1870 
 and '96), and has been, for over twenty years, 
 a member of the State Agricultural Society 
 for four years of that time being President 
 of the Board, and some sixteen years Vice-Presi- 
 dent. 
 
 LANE, Albert Grannls, educator, was born in 
 Cook County, 111., March 15, 1841, and educated 
 in the public schools, graduating with the first 
 class from the Chicago High School in 1858. He 
 immediately entered upon the business of teach- 
 ing as Principal, but, in 1869, was elected Super- 
 intendent of Schools for Cook County. After 
 three years' service as cashier of a bank, he was 
 elected County Superintendent, a second time, in 
 1877, and regularly every four years thereafter 
 until 1890. In 1891 he was chosen Superintend- 
 ent of Schools for the city of Chicago, to fill the 
 vacancy caused by the resignation of Superin- 
 tendent Howland a position which he continued 
 to fill until the appointment of E. B. Andrews, 
 
 Superintendent, when he became First Assistant 
 Superintendent. 
 
 LANE, Edward, ex-Congressman, was born in 
 Cleveland. Ohio, March 27, 1842, and became a 
 resident of Illinois at the age of 16. After receiv- 
 ing an academic education he studied law and 
 was admitted to the Illinois bar in February. 
 1865. Since then he has been a successful prac 
 titioner at Hillsboro. From 1869 to 1873 he served 
 as County Judge. In 1886 he was the successful 
 Democratic candidate for Congress from the 
 Seventeenth Illinois District and re-elected for 
 three successive terms, but was defeated by 
 Frederick Remann (Republican) in 1894, and 
 again by W. F. L. Hadley, at a special election, in 
 1895, to fill the vacancy caused by the death of 
 Mr. Remann. 
 
 LANPHIER, Charles H., journalist, was born 
 at Alexandria, Va., April 14, 1820; from 4 years 
 of age lived in Washington City ; in 18J6 entered 
 the office as an apprentice of "The State Regis 
 ter" at Vandalia, 111., (then owned by his brother- 
 in-law, William Walters). Later, the paper was 
 removed to Springfield, and Walters, having 
 enlisted for the Mexican war in 1846, died at St. 
 Louis, en route to the field. Lanphier, having 
 thus succeeded to the management, and, finally, 
 to the proprietorship of the paper, was elected 
 public printer at the next session of the Legisla- 
 ture, and, in 1847, took into partnership George 
 Walker, who acted as editor until 1858. Mr. Lan- 
 phier continued the publication of the paper until 
 1863, and then sold out. During the war he 
 was one of the State Board of Army Auditors 
 appointed by Governor Yates; was elected 
 Circuit Clerk in 1864 and re-elected in 1868, 
 and, in 1872, was Democratic candidate for 
 County Treasurer but defeated with the rest of 
 his party. 
 
 LARCOM, Lacy, author and teacher, born at 
 Beverly, Mass., in 1826; attended a grammar 
 school and worked in a cotton mill at Lowell, 
 becoming one of the most popular contributors to 
 "The Lowell Offering," a magazine conducted by 
 the factory girls, thereby winning the acquaint- 
 ance and friendship of the poet Whittier. In 
 1846 she came to Illinois and, for three years, was 
 a student at Monticello Female Seminary, near 
 Alton, meanwhile teaching at intervals in the 
 vicinity. Returning to Massachusetts she taught 
 for six years; in 1865 established "Our Young 
 Folks," of which she was editor until 1874. Her 
 books, both poetical and prose, have taken a 
 high rank for their elevated literary and moral 
 tone. Died, in Boston, April 17, 1893. 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 329 
 
 LARNED, Edward Channing, lawyer, was born 
 in Providence, R. I., July 14, 1820; graduated at 
 ( Brown University in 1840 ; was Professor of Mathe- 
 matics one year in Kemper College, Wis., then 
 studied law and, in 1847, came to Chicago. He 
 was an earnest opponent of slavery and gained 
 considerable deserved celebrity by a speech 
 which he delivered in 1851, in opposition to the 
 fugitive slave law. He was a warm friend of 
 Abraham Lincoln and, in 1860, made speeches in 
 his support ; was an active member of the Union 
 Defense Committee of Chicago during the war, 
 and, in 1861, was appointed by Mr. Lincoln 
 United States District Attorney of the Northern 
 District of Illinois, but compelled to resign by 
 failing health. Being absent in Europe at the 
 time of the fire of 1871, he returned immediately 
 and devoted his attention to the work of the 
 Belief and Aid Society. Making a second visit to 
 Europe in 1872-73, he wrote many letters for the 
 press, also doing much other literary work in 
 spite of declining health. Died at Lake Forest, 
 111., September, 1884. 
 
 LA SALLE, a city in La Salle County, 99 miles 
 southwest of Chicago, situated on the Illinois 
 River at southern terminus of the Illinois & 
 Michigan Canal, and at intersection of three 
 trunk lines of railroads. Bituminous coal 
 abounds and is extensively mined; zinc smelting 
 and the manufacture of glass and hydraulic and 
 Portland cement are leading industries; also has 
 a large ice trade with the South annually. It is 
 connected with adjacent towns by electric rail- 
 ways, and with Peoria by daily river packets. 
 Population (1890), 9,855; (1900), 10,446. 
 
 LA SALLE, Rent Robert Cavelier, Sienr de, 
 a famous explorer, born at Rouen, France, in 
 1643; entered the Jesuit order, but conceiving 
 that he had mistaken his vocation, came to 
 America in 1666. He obtained a grant of land 
 about the Lachine Rapids of the St. Lawrence, 
 above Montreal. It was probably his intention 
 to settle there as a grand seigneur ; but, becoming 
 interested in stories told him by some Seneca 
 Indians, he started two years later in quest of a 
 great waterway, which he believed led to the 
 South Sea (Pacific Ocean) and afforded a short 
 route to China. He passed through Lake Ontario, 
 and is believed to have discovered the Ohio. The 
 claim that he reached the Illinois River at this 
 time has been questioned. Having re-visited 
 France in 1677 he was given a patent of nobility 
 and extensive land-grants in Canada. In 1679 he 
 visited the Northwest and explored the great 
 lakes, finally reaching the head of Lake Michi- 
 
 gan and erecting a fort near the mouth of the St. 
 Joseph River. From there he made a portage to 
 the Illinois, which he descended early in 1680 to 
 Lake Peoria, where he began the erection of a 
 fort to which, in consequence of the misfortunes 
 attending the expedition, was given the name of 
 Creve-Coeur. Returning from here to Canada for 
 supplies, in the following fall he again appeared 
 in Illinois, but found his fort at Lake Peoria a 
 ruin and his followers, whom he had left there, 
 gone. Compelled again to return to Canada, iii 
 the latter part of 1681 he set out on his third 
 expedition to Illinois, and making the portage by 
 way of the Chicago and Des Plaines Rivers 
 reached "Starved Rock," near the present city of 
 Ottawa, where his lieutenant, Tonty, had already 
 begun the erection of a fort. In 1682, accom- 
 panied by Tonty, he descended the Illinois and 
 Mississippi Rivers, reaching the Gulf of Mexico on 
 April 9. He gave the region the name of Louisi- 
 ana. In 1683 he again returned to France and 
 was commissioned to found a colony at the mouth 
 of the Mississippi, which he unsuccessfully 
 attempted to do in 1684, the expedition finally 
 landing about Matagorda Bay in Texas. After 
 other fruitless attempts (death and desertions 
 having seriously reduced the number of his colo- 
 nists) , while attempting to reach Canada, he was 
 murdered by his companions near Trinity River 
 in the present State of Texas, March 19, 1687. 
 Another theory regarding La Salle's ill-starred 
 Texas expedition is, that he intended to establish 
 a colony west of the Mississippi, with a view to 
 contesting with the Spaniards for the possession 
 of that region, but that the French government 
 failed to give him the support which had been 
 promised, leaving him to his fate. 
 
 LA SALLE COUNTY, one of the wealthiest 
 counties in the northeastern section, being second 
 in size and in population in the State It was 
 organized in 1831, and has an area of 1,152 square 
 miles; population (1900), 87,776. The history of 
 this region dates back to 1675, when Marquette 
 established a mission at an Indian village on the 
 Illinois River about where Utica now stands, 
 eight miles west of Ottawa. La Salle (for whom 
 the county is named) erected a fort here in 1682. 
 which was, for many years, the headquarters for 
 French missionaries and traders. Later, the 
 Illinois Indians were well-nigh exterminated 
 by starvation, at the same point, which has be 
 come famous in Western history as "Starved 
 Rock." The surface of the county is undulat- 
 ing and slopes toward the Illinois River. The 
 soil is rich, and timber abounds on the bluffs and 
 
330 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 along the streams. Water is easily procured. 
 Four beds of coal underlie the entire county, and 
 good building stone is quarried at a depth of 150 
 to 200 feet. Excellent hydraulic cement is made 
 from the calciferous deposit, Utica being espe- 
 cially noted for this industry. The First Ameri- 
 can settlers came about the time of Captain Long's 
 survey of a canal route (1816). The Illinois & 
 Michigan Canal was located by a joint corps of 
 State and National engineers in 1830. (See ///>'- 
 nois A Michigan Canal.) During the Black 
 Hawk War, La Salle County was a prominent 
 base of military operations. 
 
 LATHROP, William, lawyer and Congress- 
 man, was born in Genesee County, N. Y., April 
 17, 1825. His early education was acquired in 
 the common schools. Later he read law and was 
 admitted to the bar, commencing practice in 
 1851, making his home in Central New York until 
 his removal to Illinois. In 1856 he represented 
 the Bockford District in the lower bouse of the 
 General Assembly, and, in 1876, was elected, as a 
 Republican, to represent the (then) Fourth Illi- 
 nois District in Congress. 
 
 LA VANTUM, the name given, in the latter 
 part of the seventeenth century, to the principal 
 village of the Illinois Indians, situated on the 
 Illinois River, near the present town of Utica, in 
 La Salle County. (See Starved Rock. ) 
 
 LAWLER, Frank, was born at Rochester, 
 X. Y., June 25, 1842. His first active occupation 
 was as a news-agent on railroads, which business 
 he followed for three years. He learned the 
 trade of a ship-calker, and was elected to the 
 Presidency of the Ship-Carpenters' and Ship- 
 Calkers' Association. While yet a young man he 
 settled in Chicago and, in 1869, was appointed to 
 a clerical position in the postoffice in that city ; 
 later, served as a letter-carrier, and as a member 
 of the City Council (1876-84). In 1884 he was 
 elected to Congress from the Second District, 
 which he represented in that body for three suc- 
 cessive terms. While serving his last year in 
 Congress (1890) he was an unsuccessful candidate 
 on the Democratic ticket for Sheriff of Cook 
 County; in 1893 was an unsuccessful applicant 
 for the Chicago postmastership, was defeated as 
 ui Independent-Democrat for Congress in 1894, 
 but, in 1895, was elected Alderman for the Nine- 
 teenth Ward of the city of Chicago. Died, Jan. 
 17. 1896. 
 
 I, \\Vl.li:. (Gen.) Michael K.. soldier, was 
 born in County Kildare, Ireland, Nov. 16, 1814, 
 brought to the United States in 1816, and, in 1819, 
 to Gallatin County, 111., where his father began 
 
 farming. The younger Lawler early evinced a 
 military taste by organizing a military company 
 in 1842, of which he served as Captain three or 
 four years. In 1846 he organized a company for the 
 Mexican War, which was attached to the Third 
 Regiment Illinois Volunteers (Colonel Forman's), 
 and, at the end of its term of enlistment, raised 
 a company of cavalry, with which he served 
 to the end of the war in all, seeing two and 
 a half years' service. He then resumed the 
 peaceful life of a farmer ; but, on the breaking 
 out of the rebellion, again gave proof of his patri- 
 otism by recruiting the Eighteenth Illinois Volun- 
 teer Infantry the first regiment organized in 
 the Eighteenth Congressional District of which 
 he was commissioned Colonel, entering into the 
 three years' service in May, 1861. His regiment 
 took part in most of the early engagements in 
 Western Kentucky and Tennessee, including the 
 capture of Fort Donelson, where it lost heavily, 
 Colonel Lawler himself being severely wounded. 
 Later, he was in command, for some time, at 
 Jackson, Trim., and, in November, 1862, was com- 
 missioned Brigadier-General "for gallant and 
 meritorious service." He was also an active 
 participant in the operations against Vicksburg, 
 and was thanked on the field by General Grant 
 for his service at the battle of Big Black, pro- 
 nounced by Charles A. Dana (then Assistant 
 Secretary of War) "one of the most splendid 
 exploits of the war. ' ' After the fall of Vicksburg 
 he took part in the siege of Jackson, Miss., and 
 in the campaigns on the Teche and Red River, and 
 in Texas, also being in command, for six months, 
 at Baton Rouge, La. In March, 1865, he was 
 brevetted Major-General, and mustered out, 
 January, 1866, after a service of four years and 
 seven months. He then returned to his Gallatin 
 County farm, where he died, July 26, 1882. 
 
 LAWLER, Thomas 6., soldier and Com- 
 mander-in-Chief of the Grand Army of the 
 Republic, was born in Liverpool, Eng.. April 
 7, 1844; was brought to Illinois by his parents 
 in childhood, and, at 17 years of age, enlisted 
 in the Nineteenth Illinois Volunteers, serv- 
 ing first as a private, then as Sergeant, later 
 being elected First Lieutenant, and (although 
 not mustered in, for two months) during the 
 Atlanta campaign being in command of his com- 
 pany, and placed on the roll of honor by order of 
 General Rosecrans. He participated in every 
 battle in which his regiment was engaged, and, 
 at the battle of Missionary Ridge, was the first 
 man of his command over the enemy's works. 
 After the war he became prominent as an officer 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 331 
 
 of the Illinois National Guard, organizing the 
 Rockford Rifles, in 1876, and serving as Colonel of 
 the Third Regiment for seven years; was ap- 
 pointed Postmaster at Rockford by President 
 Hayes, but removed by Cleveland in 1885; re- 
 appointed by Harrison and again displaced on the 
 accession of Cleveland. He was one of the 
 organizers of G. L. Nevius Post, G. A. R., of 
 which he served as Commander twenty-sir years ; 
 in 1882 was elected Department Commander for 
 the State of Illinois and, in 1894, Commander-in- 
 chief, serving one year. 
 
 LAWRENCE, Charles B., jurist, was born at 
 Vergennes, Vt., Dec. 17, 1830. After two years 
 spent at Middlebury College, he entered the 
 junior class at Union College, graduating from 
 the latter in 1841. He devoted two years to 
 teaching in Alabama, and began reading law at 
 Cincinnati in 1843, completing his studies at St. 
 Louis, where he was admitted to the bar and 
 began practice in 1844. The following year he 
 removed to Quincy, 111., where he was a promi- 
 nent practitioner for ten years. The years 
 1856-58 he spent in foreign travel, with the pri- 
 mary object of restoring his impaired health. On 
 his return home he began farming in Warren 
 County, with the same end in view. In 1861 he 
 accepted a nomination to the Circuit Court bench 
 and was elected without opposition. Before the 
 expiration of his term, in 1864, he was elected a 
 Justice of the Illinois Supreme Court for the 
 Northern Grand Division, and, in 1870, became 
 Chief Justice. At this time his home was at 
 Galesburg. Failing of a re-election in 1873, he 
 removed to Chicago, and at once became one of 
 the leaders of the Cook County bar. Although 
 persistently urged by personal and political 
 friends, to permit his name to be used in connec- 
 tion with a vacancy on the bench of the United 
 States Supreme Court, he steadfastly declined. 
 In 1877 he received the votes of the Republicans 
 in the State Legislature for United States Senator 
 against David Davis, who was elected. Died, at 
 Decatur, Ala., April 9, 1883. 
 
 LAWRENCE COUNTY, one of the eastern 
 counties in the "southern tier,'' originally a part 
 of Edwards, but separated from the latter in 
 1821, and named for Commodore Lawrence. In 
 1900 its area was 360 square miles, and its popu- 
 lation, 16,523. The first English speaking settlers 
 seem to have emigrated from the colony at Vin- 
 cennes. Ind. St. Francisville, in the southeast- 
 ern portion, and Allison prairie, in the northeast, 
 were favored by the American pioneers. Settle- 
 ment was more or less desultory until after the 
 
 War of 1812. Game was abundant and the soil 
 productive. About a dozen negro families found 
 homes, in 1819, near Lawrenceville, and a Shaker 
 colony was established about Charlottesville the 
 same year. Among the best remembered pio- 
 neers are the families of Lautermann, Chubb, 
 Kincaid, Buchanan and Laus the latter having 
 come from South Carolina. Toussaint Dubois, 
 a Frenchman and father of Jesse K. Dubois, State 
 Auditor (1857-64), was a large land proprietor at 
 an early day, and his house was first utilized as a 
 court house. The county is richer in historic 
 associations than in populous towns. Lawrence- 
 ville, the county-seat, was credited with 865 
 inhabitants by the census of 1890. St. Francis- 
 ville and Sumner are flourishing towns. 
 
 LAWRENCEVILLE, the county-seat of Law- 
 rence County, is situated on the Kmbarras River, 
 at the intersection of the Baltimore & Ohio 
 Southwestern and the Cleveland, Cincinnati, 
 Chicago & St. Louis Railways, 9 miles west of 
 Vincennes, Ind. , and 139 miles east of St. Louis. 
 It has a courthouse, four churches, a graded 
 school and two weekly newspapers. Population 
 (1890), 865; (1900), 1,300; (1903, est.), 1,600. 
 
 LAW80N, Victor P., journalist and newspaper 
 proprietor, was born in Chicago, of Scandinavian 
 parentage, Sept 9, 1850. After graduating at the 
 Chicago High School, he prosecuted his studies 
 at Phillips Academy, Andover, Mass., and at 
 Harvard University. In August, 1876, he pur- 
 chased an interest in "The Chicago Daily News," 
 being for some time a partner of Melville E. 
 Stone, but became sole proprietor in 1888, pub- 
 lishing morning and evening editions. He 
 reduced the price of the morning edition to one 
 cent, and changed its name to "The Chicago 
 Record." He has always taken a deep interest 
 in the cause of popular education, and, in 1888, 
 established a fund to provide for the distribution 
 of medals among public school children of Chi- 
 cago, the award to be made upon the basis of 
 comparative excellence in the preparation of 
 essays upon topics connected with American 
 history. 
 
 LEBANON, a city in St. Clair County, situated 
 on Silver Creek, and on the Baltimore & Ohio 
 Southwestern Railroad, 11 miles northeast of 
 Belleville and 24 miles east of St. Louis; is lo- 
 cated in an agricultural and coal-mining region. 
 Its manufacturing interests are limited, a flour- 
 ing mill being the chief industry of this charac- 
 ter. The city has electric lights and electric 
 trolley line connecting with Belleville and St. 
 Louis; also has a bank, eight churches, two 
 
332 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 newspapers and is an important educational cen- 
 ter, being the seat of McKendree College, founded 
 in 1828. Population (1890), 1,636; (1900), 1,812. 
 
 LEE COUNTY, one of the third tier of counties 
 south of the Wisconsin State line; named for 
 Richard Henry Lee of Revolutionary fame : area, 
 740 square miles; population (1900), 29.894. It 
 was cut off from Ogle County, and separately 
 organized in 1839. In 1840 the population was 
 but little over 3,000. Charles F. Ingals, Nathan 
 R. Whitney and James P. Dizon were the first 
 County -Commissioners. Agriculture is the prin- 
 cipal pursuit, although stone quarries are found 
 here and there, notably at Ashton. The county- 
 seat is Dizon, where, in 1828, one Ogee, a half- 
 breed, built a cabin and established a ferry across 
 the Rock River. In 1830, John Dizon, of New 
 York, purchased Ogee's interest for $1,800. Set- 
 tlement and progress were greatly retarded by 
 the Black Hawk War, but immigration fairly set 
 in in 1838. The first court house was built in 
 1840, and the same year the United States Land 
 Office was removed from Galena to Dizon, Colo., 
 John Dement, an early pioneer, being appointed 
 Receiver. Dizon was incorporated as a city in 
 18S9. and, in 1900, had a population of 7,917. 
 
 LEGISLATIVE APPORTIONMENT. (See 
 Apportionment. Legislative.) 
 
 LEGISLATURE. (See General Assemblies.) 
 
 LELAND, a village of La Salle County, on the 
 Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railway, 29 miles 
 southwest of Aurora. Population (1900), 634. 
 
 LELAND, Edwin S., lawyer and Judge, was 
 born at Dennysville, Me., August 28, 1812, and 
 admitted to the bar at Dedham, Mass., in 1834. 
 In 1835 he removed to Ottawa, 111., and, in 1839, 
 to Oregon, Ogle County, where he practiced for 
 four years. Returning to Ottawa in 1843, he 
 rapidly rose in his profession, until, in 1852, he 
 was elected to the Circuit Court bench to fill the 
 unezpired term of Judge T. Lyle Dickey, who 
 had resigned. In 1866 Governor Oglesby ap- 
 pointed him Circuit Judge to fill the unexpired 
 term of Judge Hollister. He was elected by 
 popular vote in 1867, and re-elected in 18T3, being 
 assigned to the Appellate Court of the Second 
 District in 1877. He was prominently identified 
 with the genesis of the Republican party, whose 
 tenets he zealously championed. He was also 
 prominent in local affairs, having been elected 
 the first Republican Mayor of Ottawa (1856), 
 President of the Board of Education and County 
 Treasurer. Died, June, 24, 1889. 
 
 LEM EX, James, Sr., pioneer, was born in Berk- 
 eley County, Va., Nov. 20, 1760; served as a soldier 
 
 in the War of the Revolution, being present at 
 the surrender of Cornwallis at Yorktown in 1781 ; 
 in 1786 came to Illinois, settling at the village of 
 New Design, near the present site of Waterloo, in 
 Monroe County. He was a man of enterprise 
 and sterling integrity, and ultimately became the 
 head of one of the most prominent and influential 
 families in Southern Illinois. He is said to have 
 been the first person admitted to the Baptist 
 Church by immersion in Illinois, finally becoming 
 a minister of that denomination. Of a family of 
 eight children, four of his sons became ministers. 
 Mr. Lemen's prominence was indicated by the 
 fact that he was approached by Aaron Burr, with 
 offers of large rewards for his influence in found- 
 ing that ambitious schemer's projected South- 
 western Empire, but the proposals were 
 indignantly rejected and the scheme denounced. 
 Died, at Waterloo, Jan. 8, 1822. Robert (Lemen), 
 oldest son of the preceding, was born in Berkeley 
 County, Va., Sept. 25, 1783; came with his father 
 to Illinois, and, after his marriage, settled in St. 
 Clair County. He held a commission as magis- 
 trate and, for a time, was United States Marshal 
 for Illinois under the administration of John 
 Quincy Adams. Died in Ridge Prairie, St. Clair 
 County, August 24, I860. Rev. Joseph (Lemen), 
 the second son, was born in Berkeley County, 
 Va., Sept. 8, 1785, brought to Illinois in 1786, and. 
 on reaching manhood, married Mary Kinney, a 
 daughter of Rev. William Kinney, who after- 
 wards became Lieutenant-Governor of the State. 
 Joseph Lemen settled in Ridge Prairie, in the 
 northern part of St. Clair County, and for many 
 years supplied the pulpit of the Bethel Baptist 
 church, which had been founded in 1809 on the 
 principle of opposition to human slavery. His 
 death occurred at his home, June 29, 1861. Rev. 
 James (Lemen), Jr., the third son, was born in 
 Monroe County, 111., Oct. 8, 1787; early united 
 with the Baptist Church and became a minister 
 ass'sting in the ordination of his father, whose 
 sketch stands at the head of this article. He 
 served as a Delegate from St. Clair County in the 
 first State Constitutional Convention (1818) and as 
 Senator in the Second, Fourth and Fifth General 
 Assemblies. He also preached extensively in 
 Illinois, Missouri, and Kentucky, and assisted in 
 the organization of many churches, although his 
 labors were chiefly within his own. Mr. Lemen 
 was the second child of American parents born in 
 Illinois Enoch Moore being the first. Died, 
 Feb. 8, 1870. William (Lemen), the fourth son, 
 born in Monroe County, III., in 1791; served as a 
 soldier in the Black Hawk War. Died in Monroe 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 333 
 
 County, in 1857. Rev. Josiah (Lemen), the 
 fifth son, born in Monroe County, 111., August 15, 
 1794; was a Baptist preacher. Died near Du- 
 quoin, July 11, 1867. Rev. Hoses (Lemen), the 
 sixth son, born in Monroe County, 111., in 1797; 
 became a Baptist minister early in life, served as 
 Representative in the Sixth General Assembly 
 (1888-30) for Monroe County. Died, in Montgom- 
 ery County, 111., March 5, 1859. 
 
 LEMOXT, a city in Cook County, 25 miles 
 southwest of Chicago, on the Des Plaines River 
 and the Chicago & Alton Railroad. A thick 
 vein of Silurian limestone (Athens marble) is 
 extensively quarried here, constituting the chief 
 industry. Owing to the number of industrial 
 enterprises, Lemon t is at times the temporary 
 home of a large number of workmen. The city 
 has a bank, electric lights, six churches, two 
 papers, five public and four private schools, one 
 business college, aluminum and concrete works. 
 Population of the township (1890), 5,539; (1900), 
 4,441. 
 
 LE MOTIVE, John V., ex-Congressman, was 
 born in Washington County, Pa., in 1838, and 
 graduated from Washington College, Pa., in 
 1847. He studied law at Pittsburg, where he was 
 admitted to the bar in 1852. He at once removed 
 to Chicago, where he continued a permanent 
 resident and active practitioner. In 1872 he was 
 a candidate for Congress on the Liberal Repub- 
 lican ticket, but was defeated by Charles B. Far- 
 well, Republican. In 1874 he was again a 
 candidate against Mr. Farwell. Both claimed 
 the election, and a contest ensued which was 
 decided by the House in favor of Mr. Le Moyne. 
 
 LENA, a village in Stephenson County, on the 
 Illinois Central Railroad, 13 miles northwest of 
 Freeport and 38 miles east of Galena. It is in a 
 farming and dairying district, but has some 
 manufactures, the making of caskets being the 
 principal industry in this line. There are six 
 churches, two banks, and two newspapers. Pop- 
 ulation (1890), 1,270; (1900), 1,253. 
 
 LEONARD, Edward F., Railway President, 
 was born in Connecticut in 1836 ; graduated from 
 Union College, N. Y., was admitted to the bar 
 and came to Springfield, 111. , in 1858 : served for 
 several years as clerk in the office of the State 
 Auditor, was afterwards connected with the con- 
 struction of the "St. Louis Short Line" (now a 
 part of the Illinois Central Railway), and was 
 private secretary of Governor Cullom during his 
 first term. For several years he has been Presi- 
 dent of the Toledo, Peoria & Western Railroad, 
 with headquarters at Peoria. 
 
 LEROY. a city in McLean County, 15 miles 
 southwest of Bloomington; has two banks, sev- 
 eral churches, a graded school and a plow factory. 
 Two weekly papers are published there. Popu 
 lation (1880), 1,068; (1890), 1,258; (1900), 1,629. 
 
 LEVER ETT, Washington and Warren, edu 
 caters and twin-brothers, whose careers were 
 strikingly similar; born at Brook line. Mass., Dec 
 19, 1805, and passed their boyhood on a farm ; in 
 1827 began a preparatory course of study under 
 an elder brother at Roxbury, Mass., entered 
 Brown University as freshmen, the next year, and 
 graduated in 1833. Warren, being in bad health, 
 spent the following winter in South Carolina, 
 afterwards engaging in teaching, for a time, and 
 in study in Newton Theological Seminary, while 
 Washington served as tutor two years in his 
 Alma Mater and in Columbian College in Wash- 
 ington, D. C., then took a course at Newton 
 graduating there in 1836. The same year he 
 accepted the chair of Mathematics in Shurtleff 
 College at Upper Alton, remaining, with slight 
 interruption, until 1868. Warren, after suffering 
 from hemorrhage of the lungs, came west in the 
 fall of 1837, and. after teaching for a few months 
 at Greenville, Bond County, in 1839 joined his 
 brother at Shurtleff College as Principal of the 
 preparatory department, subsequently being 
 advanced to the chair of Ancient Languages, 
 which he continued to occupy until June, 1868, 
 when he retired in the same year with his brother. 
 After resigning he established himself in the book 
 business, which was continued until his death. 
 Nov. 8, 1872. Washington, the surviving brother, 
 continued to be a member of the Board of Trus- 
 tees of Shurtleff College, and to discharge the 
 duties of Librarian and Treasurer of the institu- 
 tion. Died, Dec. 13, 1889. 
 
 LEWIS INSTITUTE, an educational institu- 
 tion based upon a bequest of Allen C. Lewis, in 
 the city of Chicago, established in 1895. It main- 
 tains departments in law, the classics, prepara- 
 tory studies and manual training, and owns 
 property valued at $1,600,000, with funds and 
 endowment amounting to $1,100,000. No report 
 is made of the number of pupils. 
 
 LEWIS, John H., ex-Congressman, was born 
 in Tompkins County, N. Y., July 21, 1830. 
 When six years old he accompanied his parents 
 to Knox County, 111., where he attended the 
 public schools, read law, and was admitted to the 
 bar in 1860. The same year he was elected Clerk 
 of the Circuit Court of Knox County. In 1874 he 
 was elected to the lower house of the General 
 Assembly, and, in 1880, was the successful Repub- 
 
334 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 lican candidate for Congress from the old Ninth 
 District In 1883, he was a candidate for re- 
 election from the same district (then the Tenth), 
 but was defeated by Nicholas E. Worthington, 
 his Democratic opponent. 
 
 LEW1STOWN, the county -seat of Fulton 
 County, located on two lines of railway, fifty 
 miles southwest of Peoria and sixty miles north- 
 west of Springfield. It contains flour and saw- 
 mills, carriage and wagon, can-making, 
 duplex-scales and evener factories, six churches 
 and four newspapers, one issuing a daily edition; 
 also excellent public schools. Population (1880), 
 1.771; (1890), 2,166; (1900), 2,504, 
 
 LEXINGTON, a city in McLean County, on the 
 Chicago & Alton Railroad, 110 miles south of 
 Chicago and 16 miles northeast of Bloomington. 
 The surrounding region is agricultural and stock- 
 raising, and the town has a flourishing trade in 
 horses and other live-stock. Tile is manufac- 
 tured here, and the town has two banks, five 
 churches, a high school and two weekly news- 
 papers. Population (1890), 1,187; (1900), 1,415. 
 
 LIBERTTYILLE, a village of Lake County, on 
 the main line of the Chicago & Madison Division 
 of the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railway, 
 35 miles north-northwest of Chicago. The region 
 is agricultural. The town has some manufac- 
 tures, two banks and a weekly paper. Popula- 
 tion (1890), 550; (1900), 864. 
 
 LIBRARIES. (STATISTICAL. ) A report of the 
 Commissioner of Education for 1895-96, on the 
 subject of "Public, Society and School Libraries 
 in the United States," presents some approximate 
 statistics of libraries in the several States, based 
 upon the reports of librarians, so far as they 
 could be obtained in reply to inquiries sent out 
 from the Bureau of Education in Washington. 
 As shown by the statistical tables embodied in 
 this report, there were 348 libraries in Illinois 
 reporting 300 volumes and over, of which 134 
 belonged to the smallest class noted, or those con- 
 taining less than 1,000 volumes. The remaining 
 214 were divided into the following classes: 
 
 Containing 300.000 and less than 500. 000 volumes 1 
 
 100,000 
 
 50.000 
 
 25.000 
 
 10,000 
 
 5,000 
 
 1,000 
 
 300,000 
 100,000 
 50,000 
 25,000 
 10,000 
 5,000 
 
 2 
 1 
 5 
 
 27 
 
 34 
 
 144 
 
 A general classification of libraries of 1,000 
 volumes and over, as to character, divides them 
 into. General, 91 ; School. 36; College, 42; College 
 Society, 7; Law, 3; Theological, 7; State, 2; Asy- 
 
 lum and Reformatory, 4; Young Men's Christian 
 Association, 2; Scientific, 6; Historical, 3; Soci- 
 ety, 8; Medical, Odd Fellows and Social, 1 each. 
 The total number of volumes belonging to the 
 class of 1,000 volumes and over was 1,822,580 with 
 447,168 pamphlets; and, of the class between 300 
 and 1,000 volumes, 66,992 making a grand total of 
 1,889,572 volumes. The library belonging to the 
 largest (or 300,000) class, is that of the University 
 of Chicago, reporting 305,000 volumes, with 
 180,000 pamphlets, while the Chicago Public 
 Library and the Newberry Library belong to the 
 second class, reporting, respectively, 217,065 vol- 
 umes with 42,000 pamphlets, and 135,244 volumes 
 and 35,654 pamphlets. (The report of the Chi- 
 cago Public Library for 1898 shows a total, for 
 that year, of 235,385 volumes and 44,069 pam- 
 phlets.) 
 
 As to sources of support or method of adminis- 
 tration, 42 of the class reporting 1,000 volumes 
 and over, are supported by taxation ; 27, by appro- 
 priations by State, County or City; 20, from 
 endowment funds ; 54, from membership fees and 
 dues; 16, from book-rents; 26, from donations, 
 leaving 53 to be supported from sources not 
 stated. The total income of 131 reporting on this 
 subject is $787,262; the aggregate endowment 
 of 17 of this class is $2,283,197, and the value of 
 buildings belonging to 36 is estimated at $2,981,- 
 575. Of the 214 libraries reporting 1,000 volumes 
 and over, 88 are free, 28 are reference, and 158 
 are both circulating and reference. 
 
 The free public libraries in the State containing 
 3,000 volumes and over, in 1896, amounted to 39. 
 The following list includes those of this class con- 
 taining 10,000 volumes and over: 
 
 Chicago, Public Library 
 Peoria, 
 
 Springfield, 
 
 Rockford, 
 
 Quincy, 
 
 Galesburg 
 
 Elgin, Gail Borden Public Library 
 
 Bloomington, Withers " 
 
 Evanston, Free 
 
 Decatur, " 
 
 Belleville, 
 
 Aurora, 
 
 Rock Island, 
 
 Joliet, 
 
 (1896) 217,065 
 
 57,604 
 
 28.639 
 
 28,000 
 
 and Reading Room 19,400 
 18,409 
 17.000 
 16,068 
 15,515 
 14,766 
 14,511 
 14.350 
 12,634 
 
 22,325 
 
 The John Crerar Library (a scientific reference 
 library) established in the City of Chicago in 
 1894, on the basis of' a bequest of the late John 
 Crerar, estimated as amounting to fully $3,000,- 
 000 is rapidly adding to its resources, having, 
 in the four years of its history, acquired over 
 40,000 volumes. With its princely endowment. 
 

 
 73 
 
 S3 
 
 c 
 
 r- 
 
 C 
 
 z 
 
 w 
 
 ?0 
 
 
 
 H 
 
 r 
 
 z 
 
 o 
 
334 
 
 lllsT<>i;ic.\L KNCYCLOPEDIA <>F ILLINOIS. 
 
 lican candidate for ( 'impress from the old Ninth 
 District. In I*"-'.', hi' was a candidate for re- 
 election from the same district (then the Truth), 
 but was defeated l>y Nicholas K. Worthington, 
 his Democratic opponent. 
 
 LEWISTOtt'.V, the county-scat of Fulton 
 County. located on two lines of railway, fifty 
 miles southwest of Peoria ami sixty miles north- 
 west of Springfield. It contains Hour and saw- 
 mills, carriage and wagon, can-making, 
 duplex-scales and evener factories, six churches 
 and four newspapers, one issuing a daily edition; 
 aLso excellent public schools. Population (lN*oi, 
 1.771; (1N90), 2.16U; (1900), 2,504, 
 
 l,EXlXGTO>',a city in McLean County, on the 
 Chicago iV: Alton Railroad, 110 miles south f 
 Chicago and Hi miles northeast of Uoantington. 
 The surrounding region is agricultural and stock- 
 raising, anil the town has a flourishing trade ill 
 horses and other live-stock. Tile is manufac- 
 tured here, and the town has two banks, live 
 churches, a high school and two weekly news- 
 papers. Population (18!>0), 1,1*7; (1900), 1,410. 
 
 LIBERTVVILI.E, a village of Lake County, on 
 the main line of the Chicago it Madison Division 
 of the Chicago. Milwaukee t St. Paul Railway. 
 ;!5 miles north-northwest of Chicago. The region 
 is agricultural. The town has some manufac- 
 tures, two hanks and a weeklv paper Popula 
 tion (1*10). .Vdl: (I90II). Mil 
 
 MHKAIUKS. (STATlsTli-Ai..) A re|K)rt.f the 
 Commissioner of r'.ducation for Is'tt-lHi, on the 
 subject of "Public. Society and School Libraries 
 in the I'nited States," presents some approximate 
 -tatistics of libraries in the several States, luised 
 upon the re|Mirts of librarians, so far as they 
 could I*) nbtaiiied in reply to inquiries sent out 
 fri)in the llureaii of Kdiu'ation in Washington. 
 \s shown by the statistical tables emlxulicd in 
 this re|H>rt. there were :!IH libraries in Illinois 
 reporting IXKI vulmnes and over, of which llil 
 In-longed In the smallest elass noted. or those con- 
 taining I-ss than loon volumes. The remaining 
 JI4 were ili\ iiled into the following classes: 
 
 Containing MO.lxmand (ess than ~>ii oou volume^ I 
 " loo.ooo " :(IIII.IHMI " 2 
 
 511,000 " " IIIO.IHKI " 1 
 
 25,1100 r,ip,uiM( " r> 
 III.IKHI " " .'.*!. INN) " 27 
 
 ."i, IK in " lo.oiHi :M 
 
 1.IHKI " " 5.0011 " 114 
 
 A general classilication of libraries of I.IMiil 
 <oluine.s and over as to character, divides them 
 into. General. HI ; School, :il! ; College. I. 1 ; College 
 Soc.inty, 7, Law :: ; Theological. 7. Slate. 2. Asy- 
 
 lum ami Heformatory, 4; Young Men's Christian 
 Association, 2; Scientific, <i; Historical. 3; Soci- 
 ety, H; Medical, Odd Fellows and Social, 1 each. 
 The total number of volumes belonging to the 
 class of 1,000 volumes and over was I,822,!i80 with 
 447, 16N pamphlets; and, of the class between 300 
 and 1,000 volumes, fifi. 992 making a grand total of 
 1,889,573 volume*. The library belonging to the 
 largest (or :!IIO,000) class, is that of the University 
 of Chicago, reporting 305,000 volumes, with 
 180.000 pamphlets, while the Chicago Public 
 Library and the Newberry Library lielong to the 
 second class, reporting, res|>ectively, 217,065 vol- 
 umes with 42,000 pamphlets, and 135.244 volumes 
 and 35,1154 pamphlets. (The report of the Chi- 
 cago Public Library for 1S9S shows a total, for 
 that year, of 2!!5,3H5 volumes and 44.009 jiam- 
 phlets") 
 
 As to sources of support or method of adminis- 
 tration. 42 of- the class reporting 1. 000 volumes 
 and OMT, aresup|Kirted by taxation ; 27, by appro- 
 priations by State. County or City; 20. from 
 endowment funds; 54. from meml'i-ship fees and 
 dues; Iti. from book-rents: 2I>. from donations, 
 leaving !>:! to be supported from sources not 
 stated. The total income of 131 reporting on this 
 subject is $7^7.202; the aggregate endowment 
 of 17 of this class is $2. 2X3, 197. and the value of 
 buildings belonging to 3(i is estimated at !52,!t81.- 
 575. Of the214 libraries reporting I.IHMI volumes 
 and over. HH are free. 2* are reference, and I5S 
 are Imtli circulating and reference 
 
 The free public libraries in the State containing 
 'Mlilll volumes and over, in IH'.lfi. amounted to 3! 
 The following list includes thosnof this i laxs con- 
 taining IO.IMMI volumes and over: 
 
 Chicago. Public Library . (1M!MJ) -.'17 (Mi5 
 
 Peoria. .~.7.r,n4 
 
 Springfield, " " 2H.t>:>9 
 
 Kockfonl. " 2X.OOO 
 
 Viiincy. " " and Mewling ICmuu l!.4(Mi 
 
 (lalesburg " IM.4I.U 
 
 Klgin. liail Hordeii Public Library . . I7.IHMI 
 
 ItliHimington. Withers " . I. , Ki.lMJK 
 
 Kvanston. Free " " . . 15.515 
 
 Deeatur. " . . . 14,768 
 
 Belleville, . .- 14.51 1 
 
 Aurora, ll.S'iil 
 
 Hock Island. |2 li:',| 
 
 Juliet " ... 22.S25 
 
 The John I'rerar Library (a scientific reference 
 library) established in the City of Chicago in 
 IS'.M. on the basis of a bequest of the late John 
 Crerar. estimated as amounting to fully $:l. (MM). - 
 (Kill is rapidly adding to its resources, having, 
 in tho four years of its history, acquired over 
 40,000 volumes. With its princely endowment. 
 
X 
 
 V 
 
VI 
 
 o 
 
 h, 
 
 O 
 
 
 ~. 
 
 o 
 
 c 
 
 u. 
 
 X 
 
 EC 
 
 3 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 335 
 
 H is destined, in the course of a few years, to be 
 reckoned one of the leading libraries of its class 
 in the United States, as it is one of the most 
 modern and carefully selected. 
 
 The Newberry and Chicago Historical Society 
 Libraries fill an important place for reference pur- 
 poses, especially on historical subjects. A tardy 
 beginning has been made in building up a State 
 Historical Library in Springfield ; but, owing to 
 the indifference of the Legislature and the meager 
 support it has received, the State which was, for 
 nearly a hundred years, the theater of the most 
 important events in the development of the Mis- 
 sissippi Valley, has, as yet, scarcely accomplished 
 anything worthy of its name in collecting and 
 preserving the records of its own history. 
 
 In point of historical origin, next to the Illinois 
 State Library, which dates from the admission 
 of the State into the Union in 1818, the oldest 
 library in the State is that of the McCormick 
 Theological Seminary, which is set down as hav- 
 ing had its origin in 1825, though this occurred 
 in another State. The early State College Li- 
 braries follow next in chronological order : Shurt- 
 leff College, at Upper Alton, 1827 ; Illinois College, 
 at Jacksonville, 1829; McKendree College, at 
 Lebanon, 1834; Rockford College, 1849; Lombard 
 University, at Galesburg, 1852. In most cases, 
 however, these are simply the dates of the estab- 
 lishment of the institution, or the period at which 
 instruction began to be given in the school which 
 finally developed into the college. 
 
 The school library is constantly becoming a 
 more important factor in the liberal education of 
 the youth of the State. Adding to this the "Illi- 
 nois Pupils' Reading Circle," organized by the 
 State Teachers' Association some ten years ago, 
 but still in the experimental stage, and the sys- 
 tem of "traveling libraries," set on foot at a later 
 period, there is a constant tendency to enlarge 
 the range of popular reading and bring the public 
 library, in some of its various forms, within the 
 reach of a larger class. 
 
 THE FREE PUBLIC LIBRARY LAW OP ILLINOIS. 
 The following history and analysis of the Free 
 Public Library Law of Illinois is contributed, for 
 the "Historical Encyclopedia," by E. S. Willcox, 
 Librarian of the Peoria Public Library: 
 
 The Library Law passed by the Legislature 
 of Idinois in 1872 was the first broadly planned, 
 comprehensive and complete Free Public Li- 
 brary Law placed on the statute book of any 
 State in the Union. It is true, New Hamp- 
 shire, in 1849, and Massachusetts, in 1851, 
 had taken steps in this direction, with three or 
 four brief sections of laws, permissive in their 
 
 character rather than directive, but lacking the 
 vitalizing qualities of our Illinois law. in that 
 they provided no sufficiently specific working 
 method no sailing directions for starting and 
 administering such free public libraries. They 
 seem to have had no influence on subsequent 
 library legislation, while, to quote the language 
 of Mr. Fletcher in his "Public Libraries in 
 America," "the wisdom of the Illinois law, in this 
 regard, is probably the reason why it has been so 
 widely copied in other States." 
 
 By this law of 1872 Illinois placed herself at the 
 head of her sister States in encouraging the 
 spread of general intelligence among the people : 
 but it is also a record to be equally proud of, that, 
 within less than five years after her admission to 
 the Union, Dec. 3, 1818 that is, at the first ses- 
 sion of her Third General Assembly a general 
 Act was passed and approved, Jan. 31, 1823, 
 entitled : "An act to incorporate such persons as 
 may associate for the purpose of procuring and 
 erecting public libraries in this State," with the 
 following preamble 
 
 WHIRKAII, B disposition for Improvement In useful 
 knowledge has manifested Itself ID various parts of this 
 State, by associating for procuring and erecting public 
 libraries; and, whereas, it is of the utmost tmitortance to 
 the public that the sources of Information should be multi- 
 plied, and Institutions for that purpose encouraged and pro- 
 moted: Sec. i. Be It enacted, "etc. 
 
 Then follow ten sections, covering five and a 
 half pages of the published laws of that session, 
 giving explicit directions as to the organizing 
 and maintaining of such Associations, with pro- 
 visions as enlightened and liberal as we could ask 
 for to-day. The libraries contemplated in this act 
 are, of course, subscription libraries, the only 
 kind known at that time, free public libraries 
 supported by taxation not having come into 
 vogue in that early day. 
 
 It is the one vivifying quality of the Illinois 
 law of 1872, that it showed how to start a free 
 public library, how to manage it when started 
 and how to provide it with the necessary funds. 
 It furnished a full and minute set of sailing 
 directions for the ship it launched, and. moreover, 
 was nut loaded down with useless limitations. 
 
 With a few exceptions notably the Boston 
 Public Library, working under a special charter, 
 and an occasional endowed library, like the Astor 
 Library ^all public libraries in those days were 
 subscription libraries, like the great Mercantile 
 Libraries of New York, St. Louis and Cincinnati, 
 with dues of from $3 to $10 from each member 
 per year. With dues at SI a year, our Peoria 
 Mercantile Library, at its best, never had over 
 286 members in any one year. Compare this with 
 our present public membership of 6,500, and it 
 will be seen that some kind of a free public 
 library law was needed. That was the conclu- 
 sion I, as one of the Directors of the Peoria Mer- 
 cantile Library, came to in 1869. We had tried 
 every expedient for years, in the way of lecture 
 courses, concerts, spelling matches, "Drummer 
 Boy of Shiloh," and begging, to increase our 
 membership and revenue. So far, and no farther, 
 seemed to be the rule with all subscription 
 libraries. They did not reach the masses who 
 needed them most. And, for this manifest rea- 
 
r. 
 
 Y. 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA <>F ILLINOIS. 
 
 h is destined, in tin course of a few years, to be 
 reckoned one, of tin; lending libraries of its class 
 in the United Stall's, as it is one of the most 
 modern and carefully selected. 
 
 The Newl>erry and Chicago Historical Societ} 
 Libraries fill an important place for reference pur 
 poses, especially on historical subjects. A tardy 
 beginning has been made in building up a State 
 Historical Library in Springfield; but. owing to 
 the iiidilference of the Legislature and the meager 
 support it has received, the State which was. for 
 nearly a hundred years, the theater of the most 
 important events in the development of the Mis- 
 sissippi Valley, has, as yet, scarcely accomplished 
 anything worthy of its name in collecting and 
 preserving the records of its own history. 
 
 In point of historical origin, next to the Illinois 
 State Library, which dates from the admission 
 of the State into the Union in 181H, the oldest 
 library in the State is that of the McCormick 
 Theological Seminary, which is set down as hav- 
 ing hail its origin in 1S25, though this occurred 
 in another State The early State College Li- 
 braries follow next in chronological order: Shurt- 
 lelf College, at Upper Alton, 1827; Illinois College, 
 at Jacksonville, IS'JU; McKendree College, at 
 Lebanon, Is3t; Rockford College. 1H4!); Ix-mliani 
 University, at dalesburg. 1852. In most cases, 
 however, these are simply the dates of the estab- 
 lishment of the institution, or the period at which 
 instruction began to lie given in the school which 
 finally developed into the college. 
 
 The school library is constantly becoming :. 
 more important factor in the liberal education of 
 the youth of the State. Adding to this the "Illi- 
 nois Pupils' Heading Circle." organized by the 
 State Teachers' Association some te'ti years ago, 
 but still in the experimental stage, ami thesis 
 tern of "traveling libraries," set on foot at a later 
 period, there is a constant tendency to enlarge 
 the ranges of popular reading and bring the public 
 library, in some of its various forms, within the 
 reach of a larger class. 
 
 Tin-: Fiii.i. Pini.n- I.IIIKAIIV LAW OK ILLINOIS 
 The following history and analysis of the Tree 
 Public Library Law of Illinois is contributed, for 
 the. "Historical Kncvelo|>cJia. " by K. S. Willcox. 
 Librarian of the Penria 1'ublic Library: 
 
 The Library I .aw passed by the Legislature 
 of Illinois in 1-7'.' was the lirst broadly planned, 
 comprehensive and complete Free Public Li- 
 brary Law placed <>n the statute ln>k of any 
 State in the Union It is true. New Hamp- 
 shire, in 1H49 ami Massachusetts, in Is.M. 
 
 had taken steps in this direction withthr i 
 
 four brief sections of laws permissive in their 
 
 character rather than directive, but lacking the 
 vitalizing qualities of our Illincis law. in that 
 they provided no sutliciently specitic working 
 method no sailing directions lor starting and 
 administering such free public libraries. They 
 seem to have hail no influence on subsequent 
 library legislation, while, to quote the language 
 of Mr. Fletcher in his "Public Libraries in 
 America." "the, wisdom of the Illinois law, in this 
 regard, is probably the reason why it has been so 
 widely copied in other States . " 
 
 By this law of l>-7',' Illinois placed herself at the 
 bead of her sister States in encouraging the 
 spread of general intelligence among the people. 
 hut it is also a record to IK' equally proud of. that, 
 within less than five years after her admission to 
 the Union, Dec. 3. 1*1* that is. at the first ses 
 sion of her Third General Assembly a general 
 Act was passed and approved, Jan. ill. 1KJ3. 
 entitled: "An act to incorporate such |ersons as 
 may associate for the purpose of procuring and 
 erecting public libraries in this State." with the 
 following preamble- 
 
 \ViiKRp.A'*. a disiMisilion fur improvement !n useful 
 kOOVtedBB has manifested Itself ill various parts of this 
 stati 1 , tiy associating fur procuring and en-elim: cnlilic 
 libraries and. whereas, it is of the utmost itnporctni-e 
 the puhlii' that the sources of information should t" Hiiilti 
 plied, and Institutions for that pnr|>se encouraged and pri- 
 lilotcd: Sec. 1. lie it enacted," etr. 
 
 Then follow ten sections, covering five and a 
 hair pages of the published laws of that session, 
 giving explicit directions as to the organizing 
 and maintaining of such Associations, with pro 
 visions as enlightened and lilieral as w could ask 
 for to-day. The libraries contemplated in this act 
 are, of course, subscription libraries, the only 
 kind known at that time, free public libraries 
 supported by taxation not having come into 
 vogue in that early day. 
 
 It is the one vivifying quality of the Illinois 
 law of 1N72. that it showed how to Marl a free 
 public library, how to manage it when started 
 and how to provide it with the necessary funds 
 It furnished a full and minute set of sailing 
 directions for t he ship it launched, and. moreover, 
 was not loaded d.> n with unless limitations 
 
 With a few exceptions notably the Itoston 
 Public Library, working voder a special charter 
 and an occasional endowed library, like t lie . \stor 
 L'braiv all public libraries in those days were 
 subscription libraries, like the gival Mercantile 
 Libraries of New York. St. I.ouis and Cincinnati, 
 with dues of from s:: to SIM frini each memlwr 
 per year With dues at *1 a \oat.onr Peoria 
 Mercantile Library, at its liest. never bad over 
 2SU memlicrs in any one year. C<nn|>are t bis with 
 our present public niemlicrship of (i..~i<!li. and it 
 \viii be seen (Itat s,,nie kind of a free publii 
 library law was n t fj.-d T'lat was the conclu- 
 sion I. as one of I hi- Director-, of the I'eoria Mir 
 canlile Library, came in in |M;:I We bad triid 
 e\ ery ex|R'dienl foryears. in the way of lectur* 
 nurses, concerts. s|n-i!i"u' iTialches. "llrumme' 
 Hoy of Shiloh," and lic^-ing. !> increasi- our 
 membership and re\ enue. S.> far. and im farther 
 seemed to be the rule with all subscription 
 libraries.. Tin > did m.t reach the masses )i 
 needed them tnosi And. fm- this manifest rea- 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 son : the necessary cost of annual dues stood in 
 the way; the women and young people who 
 wanted something to read, who thirsted for 
 knowledge, and who are the principal patrons of 
 the free public library to-day, did not hold the 
 family purse-strings; while the men, who did 
 hold the purse-strings, did not particularly care 
 for books. 
 
 It was my experience, derived as a Director in 
 the Peoria Mercantile Library when it was still a 
 small, struggling subscription library, that sug- 
 gested the need of a State law authorizing cities 
 and towns to tax themselves for the support of 
 public libraries, as they already did for the sup- 
 port of public schools. When, in 1870, I 
 submitted the plan to some of my friends, they 
 pronounced it Quixotic the people would never 
 consent to pay taxes for libraries. To which I 
 replied, that, until sometime in the '50's, we 
 had no free public schools in this State. 
 
 I then drew up the form of a law, substantially 
 .as it now stands; and, after submitting it to 
 Justin Winsor, then of the Boston Public Li- 
 brary ; William F. Poole, then in Cincinnati, and 
 William T. Harris, then in St. Louis, I placed it 
 in the hands of my friend, Mr. Samuel Caldwell, 
 in December, 1870, who took it with him to 
 Springfield, promising to do what he could to get 
 it through the Legislature, of which he was a 
 member from Peoria. The bill was introduced 
 by Mr. Caldwell, March 23, 1871, as House bill 
 No. 563. and as House bill No. 563 it finally 
 received the Governor's signature and became a 
 law, March 7, 1872. 
 
 The essential features of our Illinois law are: 
 
 /. The power of initiative in starting a free 
 public library lies in the City Council, and not in 
 an appeal to the voters of the city at a general 
 flection. 
 
 It is a weak point in the English public libra- 
 ries act that this initiative is left to the electors or 
 voters of a city, and, in several London and pro- 
 vincial districts, the proposed law has been 
 repeatedly voted down by the very people it was 
 most calculated to benefit, from fear of a little 
 extra taxation. 
 
 //. The amount of tax to be, levied i permissive, 
 not mandatory. 
 
 We can trust to the public spirit of our city 
 authorities, supported by an intelligent public 
 sentiment, to provide for the library needs. A 
 mandatory law, requiring the levying of a certain 
 fixed percentage of the city's total assessment, 
 might invite extravagance, as it has in several 
 instances where a mandatory law is in force. 
 
 ///. The Library Board has exclusive control of 
 library appropriations. 
 
 This is to be interpreted that Public Library 
 Boards are separate and distinct departments of 
 the city administration; and experience has 
 shown that they are as capable and honest in 
 handling money as School Boards or City 
 Councils. 
 
 TV. Library Boards consi.it of nitu' members to 
 serve for three years. 
 
 V. The members of the Board are appointed by 
 the Mayor, subject to the approval of the City 
 Council, from the citizens at large with reference 
 to their fitness for such office. 
 
 VI. An annual report is to be made by the 
 Board to the City Council, stating the condition 
 of their trust on the first day of June of each 
 year. 
 
 This, with slight modifications adapting it to 
 villages, towns and townships, is, in substance, 
 the Free Public Library Law of Illinois. Under 
 its beneficent operation flourishing free public 
 libraries have been established in the principal 
 cities and towns of our State slowly, at first, 
 but, of late years, more rapidly as their usefulness 
 has become apparent. 
 
 No argument is now needed to show the im- 
 portance the imperative necessity of the widest 
 possible diffusion of intelligence among the people 
 of a free State. Knowledge and ignorance the 
 one means civilization, the other, barbarism. 
 Give a man the taste for good books and the 
 means of gratifying it, and you can hardly fail of 
 making him a better, happier man and a wiser 
 citizen. You place him in contact with the best 
 society in every period of history ; you set before 
 him nobler examples to imitate and safer paths 
 to follow. 
 
 We have no way of foretelling how many and 
 how great benefits will accrue to society and the 
 State, in the future, from the comparatively 
 modern introduction of the free public library 
 into our educational system; but when some 
 youthful Abraham Lincoln, poring over yKsop's 
 Fables, Weems' Life of Washington and a United 
 States History, by the flickering light of a pine- 
 knot in a log-cabin, rises at length to be the hope 
 and bulwark of a nation, then we learn what the 
 world may owe to a taste for books. In the gen- 
 eral spread of intelligence through our free 
 schools, our free press and our free libraries, lies 
 our only hope that our free American institutions 
 shall not decay and perish from the earth. 
 
 " Knowledge Is the only good. Ignorance tbe only evQ." 
 " Let knowledge grow from more to more." 
 
 LIEUTENANT-GOVERNORS OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 The office of Lieutenant-Governor, created by the 
 Constitution of 1818, has been retained in each of 
 the subsequent Constitutions, being elective by 
 the people at the same time with that of Gov- 
 ernor. The following is a list of the Lieutenant 
 Governors of the State, from the date of its 
 admission into the Union to the present time 
 (1899), with the date and length of each incum- 
 bent's term: Pierre Menard, 1818-22; Adolphus 
 Frederick Hubbard, 1822-26; William Kinney, 
 1826-30; Zadoc Casey, 1830-33; William Lee D. 
 K wing (succeeded to the office as President of the 
 Senate), 1833-34; Alexander M. Jenkins, 1834-36; 
 William H. Davidson (as President of the 
 Senate), 1836-38; Stinson H. Anderson, 1838-42; 
 John Moore, 1842-46; Joseph B. Wells, 1846-49; 
 William McMurtry, 1849-53; Gustavus Koerner, 
 1853-57; John Wood, 1857-60; Thomas A. Mar- 
 shall (as President of the Senate), Jan. 7-14, 1861 ; 
 Francis A. Hoffman, 1861-65; William Bross. 
 1865-69; John Dougherty, 1869-73; John L. 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 337 
 
 Beveridge. Jan. 13-23, 1873; John Early (as 
 President of the Senate), 1873-75; Archibald A. 
 Glenn (as President of the Senate), 1875-77; 
 Andrew Shuman, 1877-81; John M. Hamilton, 
 1881-83; William J. Campbell (as President of 
 the Senate), 1883-85; John C. Smith, 1885-89; 
 Lyrnan B. Ray, 1889-93; Joseph B. Gill, 1893-97; 
 William A. Northcott, 1897 . 
 
 LIMESTONE. Illinois ranks next to Pennsyl- 
 vania in its output of limestone, the United 
 States Census Report for 1890 giving the number 
 of quarries as 104, and the total value of the 
 product as $2,190,604. In the value of stone used 
 for building purposes Illinois far exceeds any 
 other State, the greater proportion of the output 
 in Pennsylvania being suitable only for flux. 
 Next to its employment as building stone, Illinois 
 limestone is chiefly used for street-work, a small 
 percentage being used for flux, and still less for 
 bridge-work, and but little for burning into lime. 
 The quarries in this State employ 3,383 hands, and 
 represent a capital of $3,316,616, in the latter par- 
 ticular also ranking next to Pennsylvania. The 
 quarries are found in various parts of the State, 
 but the most productive and most valuable are in 
 the northern section. 
 
 LINCOLN, an incorporated city, and county- 
 seat of Logan County, at the intersection of the 
 Chicago & Alton, the Champaign and Havana 
 and the Peoria, Decatur and Evansville Divi- 
 sions of the Illinois Central Railroad ; is 28 miles 
 northeast of Springfield, and 157 miles southwest 
 of Chicago. The surrounding country is devoted 
 to agriculture, stock-raising and coal-mining. 
 Considerable manufacturing is carried on, among 
 the products being flour, brick and drain tile. 
 The city has water-works, fire department, gas 
 and electric lighting plant, telephone system, 
 machine shops, eighteen churches, good schools, 
 three national banks, a public library, electric 
 street railways, and several newspapers. Besides 
 possessing good schools, it is the seat of Lincoln 
 University (a Cumberland Presbyterian institu- 
 tion, founded in 1865) The Odd Fellows' 
 Orphans' Home and the Illinois (State) Asylum 
 for Feeble-Minded Children are also located here. 
 Population (1890), 6,725; (1900), 8.92; (1903, est.), 
 12,000. 
 
 LINCOLN, Abraham, sixteenth President of the 
 United States, was born in Hardin County, Ky . 
 Feb. 12, 1809, of Quaker-English descent, his 
 grandfather liaving emigrated from Virginia to 
 Kentucky about 1780, where he was killed by the 
 Indians in 1784. Thomas Lincoln, the father of 
 Abraham, settled in Indiana in 1816 and removed 
 
 to Macon County in 1830. Abraham was the 
 issue of his father's first marriage, his mother's 
 maiden name being Nancy Hanks. The early 
 occupations of the future President were varied. 
 He served at different times as farm-laborer, flat- 
 boatman, country salesman, merchant, surveyor, 
 lawyer, State legislator, Congressman and Presi- 
 dent. In 1832 he enlisted for the Black Hawk 
 War, and was chosen Captain of his company ; 
 was an unsuccessful candidate for the Legislature 
 the same year, but elected two years later. 
 About this time he turned his attention to the 
 study of law, was admitted to the bar in 1836, 
 and, one year later, began practice at Springfield. 
 By successive re-elections he served in the House 
 until 1842, when he declined a re-election. In 
 1838, and again in 1840, he was the Whig candi- 
 date for Speaker of the House, on both occasions 
 being defeated by William L. D. Ewing. In 1841 
 he was an applicant to President William Henry 
 Harrison for the position of Commissioner of the 
 General Land Office, the appointment going to 
 Justin Butterfield. His next official position was 
 that of Representative in the Thirtieth Congress 
 (1847-49). From that time he gave his attention 
 to his profession until 1855, when he was a lead- 
 ing candidate for the United States Senate in 
 opposition to the principles of the Nebraska Bill, 
 but failed of election, Lyman Trumbull being 
 chosen. In 1856, he took a leading part in the 
 organization of the Republican party at Bloom- 
 ington, and, in 1858, was formally nominated by 
 the Republican State Convention for the United 
 States Senate, later engaging in a joint debate 
 with Senator Douglas on party issues, during 
 which they delivered speeches at seven different 
 cities of the State. Although he again failed to 
 secure the prize of an election, owing to the char- 
 acter of the legislative apportionment then in 
 force, which gave a majority of the Senators and 
 Representatives to a Democratic minority of the 
 voters, his burning, incisive utterances on the 
 subject of slavery attracted the attention of the 
 whole country, and prepared the way for the 
 future triumph of the Republican party. Previ- 
 ous to this he had been four times (1840, '44, '52, 
 and '56) on the ticket of his party as candidate 
 for Presidential Elector. In 1860, he was the 
 nominee of the Republican party for the Presi- 
 dency and was chosen by a decisive majority in 
 the Electoral College, though receiving a minor- 
 ity of the aggregate popular vote. Unquestion 
 ably his candidacy was aided by internal 
 dissensions in the Democratic party. His election 
 and his inauguration (on March 4, 1861) were 
 
338 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 made a pretext for secession, and he met the 
 issue with promptitude and firmness, tempered 
 with kindness and moderation towards the se- 
 cessionists. He was re-elected to the Presidency 
 in 1864, the vote in the Electoral College standing 
 212 for Lincoln to 21 for his opponent, Gen. 
 George B. McClellan. The history of Mr. Lin- 
 coln's life in the Presidential chair is the history 
 of the whole country during its most dramatic 
 period. Next to his success in restoring the 
 authority of the Government over the whole 
 Union, history will, no doubt, record his issuance 
 of the Emancipation Proclamation of January, 
 1863, as the most important and far-reaching act 
 of his administration. And yet to this act, which 
 has embalmed his memory in the hearts of the 
 lovers of freedom and human justice in all ages 
 and in all lands, the world over, is due his death 
 at the hands of the assassin, J. Wilkes Booth, in 
 Washington City, April 15, 1865, as the result of 
 an assault made upon him in Ford's Theater the 
 evening previous his death occurring one week 
 after the fall of Richmond and the surrender of 
 Lee's army just as peace, with the restoration of 
 the Union, was assured. A period of National 
 mourning ensued, and he was accorded the honor 
 of a National funeral, his remains being finally 
 laid to rest in a mausoleum in Springfield. His 
 profound sympathy with every class of sufferers 
 during the War of the Rebellion ; his forbearance 
 in the treatment of enemies; his sagacity in 
 giving direction to public sentiment at home and 
 in dealing with international questions abroad; 
 his courage in preparing the way for the removal 
 of slavery the bone of contention between the 
 warring sections have given him a place in the 
 affections of the people beside that of Washington 
 himself, and won for him the respect and admi- 
 ration of all civilized nations. 
 
 LINCOLN, Robert Todd, lawyer, member of 
 the Cabinet and Foreign Minister, the son of 
 Abraham Lincoln, was born in Springfield, 111., 
 August 1, 1843, and educated in the home schools 
 and at Harvard University, graduating from the 
 latter in 1864. During the last few months of 
 the Civil War, he served on the staff of General 
 Grant with the rank of Captain. After the war 
 he studied law and, on his admission to the bar, 
 settled in Chicago, finally becoming a member of 
 the firm of Lincoln & Isham. In 1880, he was 
 chosen a Presidential Elector on the Republican 
 ticket, and, in March following, appointed Secre- 
 tary of War by President Garfield, serving to the 
 close of the term. In 1889 he became Minister to 
 England by appointment of President Harrison, 
 
 gaining high distinction as a diplomatist. This 
 was the last public office held by him. After the 
 death of George M. Pullman he became Acting 
 President of the Pullman Palace Car Company, 
 later being formally elected to that office, which 
 (1899) he still holds. Mr. Lincoln's name has 
 been frequently mentioned in connection with 
 the Republican nomination for the Presidency, 
 but its use has not been encouraged by him. 
 
 LINCOLN AND DOUGLAS DEBATE, a name 
 popularly given to a series of joint discussions 
 between Abraham Lincoln and Stephen A. Doug- 
 las, held at different points in the State during the 
 summer and autumn of 1858, while both were 
 candidates for the position of United States Sena- 
 tor. The places and dates of holding these 
 discussions were as follows: At Ottawa, August 
 21 ; at Free port , August 27 ; at Jonesboro, Sept 
 15; at Charleston, Sept. 18; at Galesburg, Oct. 7; 
 at Quincy , Oct. 13 ; at Alton, Oct. 15. Immense 
 audiences gathered to hear these debates, which 
 have become famous in the political history of 
 the Nation, and the campaign was the most noted 
 in the history of any State. It resulted in the 
 securing by Douglas of a re-election to the Senate 
 but his answers to the shrewdly -couched interrog- 
 atories of Lincoln bd to the alienation of his 
 Southern following, the disruption of the Demo- 
 cratic party in 1860, and the defeat of his Presi- 
 dential aspirations, with the placing of Mr 
 Lincoln prominently before the Nation as a 
 sagacious political leader, and his final election 
 to the Presidency. 
 
 LINCOLN UNIVERSITY, an institution located 
 at Lincoln, Logan County, 111., incorporated in 
 1865. It is co-educational, has a faculty of eleven 
 instructors and, for 1896-8, reports 209 pupils 
 ninety-one male and 118 female. Instruction 
 is given in the classics, the sciences, music, fine 
 arts and preparatory studies. The institution 
 has a library of 3,000 volumes, and reports funds 
 and endowment amounting to $60,000, with 
 property valued at $55,000. 
 
 LINDER, Usher I'., lawyer and politician, was 
 born in Elizabethtown, Hardin County, Ky. (ten 
 miles from the birthplace of Abraham Lincoln), 
 March 20, 1809; came to Illinois in 1835, finally 
 locating at Charleston, Coles County ; after travel- 
 ing the circuit a few months was elected Repre- 
 sentative in the Tenth General Assembly (1836), 
 but resigned before the close of the session to 
 accept the office of Attorney-General, which he 
 held less than a year and a half, when he resigned 
 that also. Again, in 1846, he was elected to the 
 Fifteenth General Assembly and re-elected to the 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 339 
 
 Sixteenth and Seventeenth, afterwards giving his 
 attention to the practice of his profession. Mr. 
 Linder, in his best days, was a fluent speaker with 
 some elements of eloquence which gave him a 
 wide popularity as a campaign orator. Originally 
 a Whig, on the dissolution of that party he 
 became a Democrat, and, in 1860, was a delegate 
 to the Democratic National Convention at 
 Charleston, S. ("'., and at Baltimore. During the 
 last four years of his life he wrote a series of 
 articles under the title of "Reminiscences of the 
 Early Bench and Bar of Illinois," which was pub- 
 lished in book form in 1876. Died in Chicago, 
 June 5, 1876. 
 
 LINEtiAR, David T., legislator, was born in 
 Ohio, Feb. 12, 1830; came to Spencer County, 
 Ind., in 1840, and to Wayne County, 111., in 1858, 
 afterward locating at Cairo, where he served as 
 Postmaster during the Civil War ; was a Repub- 
 lican Presidential Elector in 1872, but afterwards 
 became a Democrat, and served as such in the 
 lower branch of the General Assembly (1880-86). 
 Died at Cairo, Feb. 2, 1886. 
 
 LIPPINCOTT, Charles E., State Auditor, was 
 born at Edwardsville, 111., Jan. 26, 1825; attended 
 Illinois College at Jacksonville, but did not 
 graduate; in 1849 graduated from the St. Louis 
 Medical College, and began the practice of medi- 
 cine at Chandlerville, Cass County. In 1852 he 
 went to California, remaining there five years, 
 taking an active part in the anti-slavery contest, 
 and serving as State Senator (1853-55). In 1857, 
 having returned to Illinois, he resumed practice 
 at Chandlerville, and, in 1861, under authority of 
 Governor Yates, recruited a company which was 
 attached to the Thirty-third Illinois Infantry as 
 Company K, and of which he was commissioned 
 Captain, having declined the lieutenant-colo- 
 nelcy. Within twelve months he became Colonel, 
 and, on Sept. 16, 1865, was mustered out as brevet 
 Brigadier-General. In 1866 he reluctantly con- 
 sented to lead the Republican forlorn hope as a 
 candidate for Congress in the (then) Ninth Con- 
 gressional District, largely reducing the Demo- 
 cratic majority. In 1867 he was elected Secretary 
 of the State Senate, and the same year chosen 
 Doorkeeper of the House of Representatives at 
 Washington. In 1868 he was elected State Audi- 
 tor, and re-elected in 1872 ; also served as Perma- 
 nent President of the Republican State Conven- 
 tion of 1878. On the establishment of the Illinois 
 Soldiers' and Sailors' Home at Quincy, he became 
 its first Superintendent, assuming his duties in 
 March, 1887, but died Sept. 13, following, as a 
 result of injuries received from a runaway team 
 
 while driving through the grounds of the institu- 
 tion a few days previous. Emily Webster 
 Chandler (Lippincott), wife of the preceding, 
 was born March 13, 1833, at Chandlerville. Cass 
 County, 111., the daughter of Dr. Charles Chand- 
 ler, a prominent physician widely known in that 
 section of the State ; was educated at Jacksonville 
 Female Academy, and married, Dec. 25, 1851, to 
 Dr. (afterwards General) Charles E. Lippincott. 
 Soon after the death of her husband, in Septem- 
 ber, 1887, Mrs. Lippincott, who had already 
 endeared herself by her acts of kindness to the 
 veterans in the Soldiers 1 and Sailors' Home, was 
 appointed Matron of the institution, serving until 
 her death, May 21, 1895. The respect in which 
 she was held by the old soldiers, to whose com 
 fort and necessities she had ministered in hos 
 pital and elsewhere, was shown in a most touching 
 manner at the time of her death, and on the 
 removal of her remains to be laid by the side of 
 her husband, in Oak Ridge Cemetery at Spring- 
 field. 
 
 LIPPINCOTT, (Rev.) Thomas, early clergy 
 man, was born in Salem, N. J., in 1791; in 1817 
 started west, arriving in St. Louis in February 
 1818 ; the same year established himself in mer- 
 cantile business at Milton, then a place of som. 
 importance near Alton. This place proving 
 unhealthy, he subsequently removed to Edwards 
 ville, where he was for a time employed as clerk 
 in the Land Office. He afterwards served a* 
 Secretary of the Senate (1822-23). That he was a 
 man of education and high intelligence, as well 
 as a strong opponent of slavery, is shown by his 
 writings, in conjunction with Judge Samuel D. 
 Lockwood, George Churchill and others, in oppo- 
 sition to the scheme for securing the adoption of 
 a pro-slavery Constitution in Illinois in 1*24. In 
 1825 he purchased from Hooper Warren "The 
 Edwardsville Spectator," which he edited for a 
 year or more, but soon after entered the ministry 
 of the Presbyterian Church and became an influ- 
 ential factor in building up that denomination in 
 Illinois. He was also partly instrumental in 
 securing the location of Illinois College at Jack 
 sonville. He died at Pana, 111., April 13, 1889. 
 Gen. Charles E. Lippincott, State Auditor 
 (1869-77), was a son of the subject of this sketch 
 
 LUJUOR LAWS. In the early history of the 
 State, the question of the regulation of the sale of 
 intoxicants was virtually relegated to the control 
 of the local authorities, who granted license, col 
 lected fees, and fixed the tariff of charges. As 
 early as 1851, however, the General Assembly, 
 with a view to mitigating what it was felt had 
 
340 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 
 become a growing evil, enacted a law popularly 
 known as the "quart law," which, it was hoped, 
 would do away with the indiscriminate sale of 
 liquor by the glass. The law failed to meet the 
 expectation of its framers and supporters, and, in 
 1855, a prohibitory law was submitted to the elect- 
 ors, which wag rejected at the polls. Since that 
 late a general license system has prevailed, except 
 in certain towns and cities where prohibitory 
 ordinances were adopted. .The regulations gov- 
 erning the traffic, therefore, have been widely 
 variant in different localities. The Legislature, 
 however, has always possessed the same constitu- 
 tional power to regulate the sale of intoxicants, 
 as aconite, henbane, strychnine, or other poisons. 
 In 1879 the Woman's Christian Temperance 
 Union began the agitation of the license question 
 from a new standpoint. In March of that year, a 
 delegation of Illinois women, headed by Miss 
 Frances E. Willard, presented to the Legislature 
 a monster petition, signed by 80,000 voters and 
 100,000 women, praying for the amendment of 
 the State Constitution, so as to give females above 
 the age of 21 the right to vote upon the granting 
 of licenses in the localities of their residences. 
 Miss Willard and Mrs. J. Ellen Foster, of Iowa, 
 addressed the House in its favor, and Miss 
 Willard spoke to the Senate on the same lines. 
 The measure was defeated in the House by a vote 
 of fifty-five to fifty-three, and the Senate took no 
 action. In 1881 the same bill was introduced 
 anew, but again failed of passage. Nevertheless, 
 persistent agitation was not without its results. 
 In 1883 the Legislature enacted what is generally 
 termed the "High License Law," by the provi- 
 sions of which a minimum license of $500 per 
 annum was imposed for the sale of alcoholic 
 drinks, and $150 for malt liquors, with the 
 authority on the part of municipalities to impose 
 a still higher rate by ordinance. This measure 
 was made largely a partisan issue, the Repub- 
 licans voting almost solidly for it, and the Demo- 
 crats almost solidly opposing it. The bill was 
 promptly signed by Governor Hamilton. The 
 liquor laws of Illinois, therefore, at the present 
 time are based upon local option, high license and 
 local supervision. The criminal code of the State 
 contains the customary provisions respecting the 
 sale of stimulants to minors and other prohibited 
 parties, or at forbidden times, but, in the larger 
 cities, many of the provisions of the State law 
 are rendered practically inoperative by the 
 municipal ordinances, or absolutely nullified by 
 the indifference or studied neglect of the local 
 officials. 
 
 LITCHFIELD, the principal city of Montgom- 
 ery County, at the intersection of Cincinnati, 
 Chicago & St. Louis, the Wabash and the Illinois 
 Central, with three other short-line railways, 43 
 miles south of Springfield and 47 miles northeast 
 of St. Louis. The surrounding country is fer- 
 tile, undulating prairie, in which are found coal, 
 oil and natural gas. A coal mine is operated 
 within the corporate limits. Orain is extensively 
 raised, and Litchfield has several elevators, flour- 
 ing mills, a can factory, briquette works, etc. 
 The output of the manufacturing establishments 
 also includes foundry and machine shop prod- 
 ucts, brick and tile, brooms, ginger ale and cider. 
 The city is lighted by both gas and electricity, 
 and has a Holly water-works system, a public 
 library and public parks, two banks, twelve 
 churches, high and graded schools, and an Ursu- 
 line convent, a Catholic hospital, and two 
 monthly, two weekly, and two daily periodicals. 
 Population (1890), 5,811; (1900), 5,918; (1903. 
 est ), 7,000. 
 
 LITCHFIELD, CARROLLTON & WESTERN 
 RAILROAD, a line which extends from Colum- 
 biana, on the Illinois River, to Barnett, 111., 51.5 
 miles; is of standard gauge, the track being laid 
 with fifty-six pound steel rails. It was opened 
 for business, in three different sections, from 1883 
 to 1887, and for three years was operated in con- 
 nection with the Jacksonville Southeastern 
 Railway. In May, 1890, the latter was sold under 
 foreclosure, and, in November, 1893, the Litch- 
 field, Carrollton & Western reverted to the 
 former owners. Six months later it passed into 
 the hands of a receiver, by whom (up to 1898) it 
 has since been operated. The general offices 
 are at Carlinville. 
 
 LITTLE, George, merchant and banker, was 
 born in Columbia, Pa., in 1808; came to Rush- 
 ville, 111., in 1836, embarking in the mercantile 
 business, which he prosecuted sixty years. In 
 1865 he established the Bank of Rushville, of 
 which he was President, in these two branches of 
 business amassing a large fortune. Died, March 
 5, 1896. 
 
 LITTLE VERMILION RIVER rises in Ver- 
 milion County, 111., and flows eastwardly into 
 Indiana, emptying into the Wabash in Vermilion 
 County, Ind. 
 
 LITTLE WABASH RIVER, rises in Effingham 
 and Cumberland Counties, flows east and south 
 through Clay, Wayne and White, and enters the 
 Wabash River about 8 miles above the mouth of 
 the latter. Its estimated length is about 180 
 miles. 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 341 
 
 LITTLER, David T., lawyer and State Senator, 
 was born at Clifton, Greene County, Ohio, Feb. 
 7, 1836; was educated in the common schools in 
 his native State and, at twenty-one, removed to 
 Lincoln , III. , where he worked at the carpenter's 
 trade for two years, meanwhile studying law. He 
 was admitted to the bar in 1860, soon after was 
 elected a Justice of the Peace, and later appointed 
 Master in Chancery. In 1866 he was appointed 
 by President Johnson Collector of Internal 
 Revenue for the Eighth District, but resigned in 
 1868, removing to Springfield the same year, 
 where he entered into partnership with the late 
 Henry S. Greene, Hilton Hay being admitted to 
 the firm soon after, the partnership continuing 
 untU 1881. In 1882 Mr. Littler was elected 
 Representative in the Thirty-fourth General 
 Assembly from Sangamon County, was re-elected 
 in 1886, and returned to the Senate in 1894, serv- 
 ing in the latter body four years. In both Houses 
 Mr. Littler took a specially prominent part in 
 legislation on the revenue question. 
 
 LI Y Fit .M OK K, Mary Ashton, reformer and phi- 
 lanthropist, was born (Mary Ashton Rice) in 
 Boston, Mass., Dec. 19, 1821 ; taught for a time in 
 a female seminary in Charlestown, and spent two 
 years as a governess in Southern Virginia; later 
 married Rev. Daniel P. Livermore, a Universalist 
 minister, who held pastorates at various places in 
 Massachusetts and at Quincy, 111., becoming 
 editor of "The New Covenant" at Chicago, in 
 1857. During this time Mrs. Livermore wrote 
 much for denominational papers and in assisting 
 her husband; in 1862 was appointed an agent, 
 and traveled extensively in the interest of the 
 United States Sanitary Commission, visiting 
 hospitals and camps in the Mississippi Valley; 
 also took a prominent part in the great North- 
 western Sanitary Fair at Chicago in 1863. Of 
 late years she has labored and lectured exten- 
 sively in the interest of woman suffrage and tem- 
 perance, besides being the author of several 
 volumes, one of these being "Pen Pictures of 
 Chicago" (1865). Her home is in Boston. 
 
 LITINGSTON COUNTY, situated about mid- 
 way between Chicago and Springfield. The sur- 
 face is rolling toward the east, but is level in the 
 west; area, 1,026 square miles; population (1900), 
 42,035, named for Edward Livingston. It was 
 organized in 1837, the first Commissioners being 
 Robert Breckenridge, Jonathan Moon and Daniel 
 Rockwood. Pontiac was selected as the county- 
 seat, the proprietors donating ample lands and 
 $3,000 in cash for the erection of public buildings. 
 Vermilion River and Indian Creek are the prin- 
 
 cipal streams. Coal underlies the entire county, 
 and shafts are in successful operation at various 
 points. It is one of the chief agricultural coun- 
 ties of the State, the yield of oats and corn being 
 large. Stock-raising is also extensively carried 
 on. The development of the county really dates 
 from the opening of the Chicago & Alton Rail- 
 road in 1854, since which date it has been crossed 
 by numerous other lines. Pontiac, the county- 
 seat, is situated on the Vermilion, is a railroad 
 center and the site of the State Reform School- 
 Its population in 1890 was 2,784. Dwight has 
 attained a wide reputation as the seat of the 
 parent "Keeley" Institute for the cure of the 
 liquor habit. 
 
 LOCKPORT, a village in Will County, laid oat 
 in 1837 and incorporated in 1853: situated 33 
 miles southwest of Chicago, on the Des Plaines 
 River, the Illinois & Michigan Canal, the Atchi- 
 son, Topeka & Santa Fe and the Chicago & Alton 
 Railroads. The surrounding region is agricul- 
 tural ; limestone is extensively quarried. Manu- 
 factures are flour, oatmeal, brass goods, paper 
 and strawboard. It has ten churches, a public 
 and high school, parochial schools, a bank, gas 
 plant, electric car lines, and one weekly paper. 
 The controlling works of the Chicago Drainage 
 Canal and offices of the Illinois & Michigan Canal 
 are located here. Population (1890), 2,449; 
 (1900). 2,659. 
 
 LOCKW001), Samuel Drake, jurist, was born 
 at Poundridge, Westchester County, N. Y., 
 August 2, 1789 , left fatherless at the age of ten, 
 after a few months at a private school in New 
 Jersey, he went to live with an uncle (Francis 
 Drake) at Waterford, N. Y., with whom he 
 studied law, being admitted to the bar at Batavia, 
 N. Y., in 1811. In 1813 he removed to Auburn, 
 and later became Master in Chancery. In 1818 
 he descended the Ohio River upon a flat-boat in 
 company with William H. Brown, afterwards of 
 Chicago, and walking across the country from 
 Shawneetown, arrived at Kaskaskia in Decem- 
 ber, but finally settled at Carmi, where he 
 remained a year. In 1821 he was elected Attor- 
 ney-General of the State, but resigned the fol- 
 lowing year to accept the position of Secretary of 
 State, to which he was appointed by Governor 
 Coles, and which he filled only three months, 
 when President Monroe made him Receiver of 
 Public Moneys at Edwardsville. About the same 
 time he was also appointed agent of the First 
 Board of Canal Commissioners. The Legislature 
 of 1824-25 elected him Judge of the Supreme 
 Court, his service extending until the adoption 
 
341! 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 of the Constitution of 1848, which he assisted in 
 framing as a Delegate from Morgan County. In 
 1851 he was made State Trustee of the Illinois 
 Central Railroad, which office he held until his 
 death. He was always an uncompromising 
 antagonist of slavery and a leading supporter of 
 Governor Coles in opposition to the plan to secure 
 a pro-slavery Constitution in 1834. His personal 
 and political integrity was recognized by all 
 parties. From 1838 to 1833 Judge Lockwood was 
 a citizen of Jacksonville, where he proved him- 
 self an efficient friend and patron of Illinois Col- 
 lege, serving for over a quarter of a century as 
 one of its Trustees, and was also influential in 
 securing several of the State charitable institu- 
 tions there. His later years were spent at 
 Batavia, where he died, April 23, 1874, in the 85th 
 year of his age. 
 
 LODA, a village of Iroquois County, on the 
 Chicago Division of the Illinois Central Railway, 
 4 miles north of Paxton. The region is agricul- 
 tural, and the town has considerable local trade. 
 It also has a bank and one weekly paper. 
 Population (1880), 635; (1890), 598; (1900), 668. 
 
 LOGAN, Cornelius Ambrose, physician and 
 diplomatist, born at Deerfield, Mass., August 6, 
 1836, the son of a dramatist of the same name , 
 was educated at Auburn Academy and served as 
 Medical Superintendent of St. John's Hospital, 
 Cincinnati, and, later, as Professor in the Hos- 
 pital at Leavenworth, Kan. In 1873 he was 
 appointed United States Minister to Chili, after- 
 wards served as Minister to Guatemala, and again 
 (1881) as Minister to Chili, remaining until 1883. 
 He was for twelve years editor of "The Medical 
 Herald," Leavenworth, Kan., and edited the 
 works of his relative, Gen. John A. Logan (1886), 
 besides contributing to foreign medical publi- 
 cations and publishing two or three volumes on 
 medical and sanitary questions. Resides in 
 Chicago. 
 
 LOU AN, John, physician and soldier, was born 
 in Hamilton County, Ohio, Dec. 30, 1809; at six 
 years of age was taken to Missouri, his family 
 settling near the Grand Tower among the Shaw- 
 nee and Delaware Indians. He began business 
 as clerk in a New Orleans commission house, but 
 returning to Illinois in 1830, engaged in the 
 blacksmith trade for two years ; in 1831 enlisted 
 in the Ninth Regiment Illinois Militia and took 
 part in the Indian troubles of that year and the 
 Black Hawk War of 1833, later being Colonel of 
 the Forty-fourth Regiment State Militia. At the 
 close of the Black Hawk War he settled in 
 Carlinvillt- and having graduated in medicine, 
 
 engaged in practice in that place until 1861. At 
 the beginning of the war he raised a company 
 for the Seventh Illinois Volunteers, but the quota 
 being already full, it was not accepted. He was 
 finally commissioned Colonel of the Thirty- 
 second Illinois Volunteers, and reported to Gen- 
 eral Grant at Cairo, in January, 1863, a few weeks 
 later taking part in the battles of Forts Henry 
 and Donelson. Subsequently he had command 
 of the Fourth Division of the Army of the Ten- 
 nessee under General Hurlbut. His regiment 
 lost heavily at the battle of Shiloh, he himself 
 being severely wounded and compelled to leave 
 the field. In December, 1864, he was discharged 
 with the brevet rank of Brigadier-General. In 
 1866 Colonel Logan was appointed by President 
 Johnson United States Marshal for the Southern 
 District of Illinois, serving until 1870, when he 
 resumed the practice of his profession at Carl in 
 ville. Originally a Democrat, he became a 
 Republican on the organization of that party, 
 serving as a delegate to the first Republican State 
 Convention at Bloomington in 1856. He was a 
 man of strong personal characteristics and an 
 earnest patriot. Died at his home at Carlinville. 
 August 24, 1885. 
 
 LOtiAN, John Alexander, soldier and states- 
 man, was born at old Brownsville, the original 
 county-seat of Jackson County, 111., Feb. 9, 1826, 
 the son of Dr. John Logan, a native of Ireland 
 and an early immigrant into Illinois, where he 
 attained prominence as a public man. Young 
 Logan volunteered as a private in the Mexican 
 War, but was soon promoted to a lieutenancy, 
 and afterwards became Quartermaster of his 
 regiment. He was elected Clerk of Jackson 
 County in 1849, but resigned the office to prose- 
 cute his law studies. Having graduated from 
 Louisville University in 1851, he entered into 
 partnership with his uncle, Alexander M. Jenk 
 ins; was elected to the Legislature as a Democrat 
 in 1853, and again in 1856, having been Prosecut- 
 ing Attorney in the interim. He was chosen a 
 Presidential Elector on the Democratic ticket in 
 1856, was elected to Congress in 1858, and again 
 in 1860, as a Douglas Democrat. During the 
 special session of Congress in 1861, he left his 
 seat, and fought in the ranks at Bull Run. In 
 September, 1861, he organized the Thirty-first 
 Regiment Illinois Infantry, and was commis- 
 sioned by Governor Yates its Colonel His mili- 
 tary career was brilliant, and he rapidly rose to 
 be Major-General. President Johnson tendered 
 him the mission to Mexico, which he declined. 
 In 1866 he was elected as a Republican to Con 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 343 
 
 gross for the State-at-large, and acted as one of 
 the managers in the impeachment trial of the 
 President; was twice re-elected and, in 1871, was 
 chosen United States Senator, as he was again in 
 1879. In 1884 he was an unsuccessful candidate 
 for the Presidential nomination at the Republican 
 Convention in Chicago, but was finally placed on 
 the ticket for the Vice-Presidency with James G. 
 Blaine, the ticket being defeated in November 
 following. In 1885 he was again elected Senator, 
 but died during his term at Washington, Dec. 26, 
 1886. General Logan was the author of "The 
 Great Conspiracy" and of "The Volunteer Soldier 
 of America." In 1897 an equestrian statue was 
 erected to his memory on the Lake Front Park in 
 Chicago. 
 
 LOGAN, Stephen Trigg, eminent Illinois jurist, 
 was born in Franklin County, Ky., Feb. 24, 1800; 
 studied law at Glasgow, Ky . , and was admitted 
 to the bar before attaining his majority. After 
 practicing in his native State some ten years, in 
 1833 he emigrated to Illinois, settling in Sanga- 
 mon County, one year later opening an office at 
 Springfield. In 1835 he was elevated to the 
 bench of the First Judicial Circuit ; resigned two 
 years later, was re-commissioned in 1839, but 
 again resigned. In 1842, and again in 1844 
 and 1846, he was elected to the General Assem- 
 bly; also served as a member of the Consti- 
 tutional Convention of 1847. Between 1841 
 and 1844 he was a partner of Abraham Lin 
 coin. In 1854 he was again chosen a member 
 of the lower house of the Legislature, was 
 a delegate to the Republican National Conven- 
 tion in 1860, and, in 1861, was commissioned 
 by Governor Yates to represent Illinois in the 
 Peace Conference, which assembled in Wash- 
 ington. Soon afterward he retired to private 
 life. As an advocate his ability was widely 
 recognized. Died at Springfield, July 17, 1880. 
 
 LOGAN COUNTY, situated in the central part 
 of the State, and having an area of about 620 
 square miles. Its surface is chiefly a level or 
 moderately undulating prairie, with some high 
 ridges, as at Elkhart. Its soil is extremely fertile 
 and well drained by numerous creeks. Coal- 
 mining is successfully carried on. The other 
 staple products are corn, wheat, oats, hay, cattle 
 and pork. Settlers began to locate in 1819-22, 
 and the county was organized in 1839, being 
 originally cut off from Sangamon. In 1840 a 
 portion of Tazewell was added and, in 1845, a 
 part of De Witt County. It was named in honor 
 of Dr. John Logan, father of Senator John A. 
 Logan. Postville was the first county-seat, but. 
 
 in 1847, a change was made to Mount Pulaski. 
 and, later, to Lincoln, which is the present capi- 
 tal. Population (1890), 25,489; (1900), 28,680. 
 
 LOMBARD, a village of Dupage County, on the 
 Chicago & Great Western and the Chicago & 
 Northwestern Railways. Population (1880), 378: 
 (1890), 515; (1900), 590. 
 
 LOMBARD UNIVERSITY, an institution at 
 Galesburg under control of the Univeraalist 
 denomination, founded in 1851. It has prepara- 
 tory, collegiate and theological departments. 
 The collegiate department includes both classical 
 and scientific courses, with a specially arranged 
 course of three years for young women, who con- 
 stitute nearly half the number of students. The 
 University has an endowment of $200,000, and 
 owns additional property, real and personal, of 
 the value of $100,000. In 1898 it reported a fac- 
 ulty of thirteen professors, with an attendance of 
 191 students. 
 
 LONDON MILLS, a village and railway station 
 of Fulton County, on the Fulton Narrow Gauge 
 and Iowa Central Railroads, 19 miles southeast 
 of Galesburg. The district is agricultural; the 
 town has two banks and a weekly newspaper; 
 fine brick clay is mined. Pop. (1900), 528. 
 
 LON(J, Stephen Harrlman, civil engineer, was 
 born in Hopkinton, N. H., Dec. 30, 1784; gradu 
 ated at Dartmouth College in 1809, and, after 
 teaching some rears, entered the United States 
 Army in December, 1814, as a Lieutenant in the 
 Corps of Engineers, acting as Assistant Professor 
 of Mathematics at West Point; in 1816 was trans 
 ferred to the Topographical Engineers with the 
 brevet rank of Major. From 1818 to 1823 he had 
 charge of explorations between the Mississippi 
 River and the Rocky Mountains, and. in 1823-24. 
 to the sources of the Mississippi. One of the 
 highest peaks of the Rocky Mountains was named 
 in his honor. Between 1827 and 1830 he was 
 employed as a civil engineer on the Baltimore 4 
 Ohio Railroad, and from 1837 to 1840, as Engineer 
 in-Chief of the Western & Atlantic Railroad, in 
 Georgia, where he introduced a system of curves 
 and a new kind of truss bridge afterwards gener- 
 ally adopted. On the organization of the Topo 
 graphical Engineers as a separate corps in 1838. 
 he became Major of that body, and, in 1861, chief, 
 with the rank of Colonel. An account of his 
 first expedition to the Rocky Mountains (1819-20) 
 by Dr. Edwin James, was published in 1823, and 
 the following year appeared "Long's Expedition 
 to the Source of St. Peter's River, Lake of the 
 Woods, Etc." He was a member of the Ameri- 
 can Philosophical Society and the author of the 
 
344 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 first original treatise on railroad building ever 
 published in this country, under the title of 
 "Railroad Manual" (1829). During the latter 
 days of his life his home was at Alton, 111., where 
 he died, Sept. 4, 1864. Though retired from 
 active service in June, 1863, he continued in the 
 discharge of important duties up to his death. 
 
 LONGENEOKER, Joel H., lawyer, was born in 
 Crawford County, 111., 'June 12, 1847; before 
 reaching his eighteenth year he enlisted in the 
 Fifth Illinois Cavalry, serving until the close of the 
 war. After attending the high school at Robinson 
 and teaching for some time, he began the study 
 of law and was admitted to the bar at Olney in 
 1870; served two years as City Attorney and four 
 (1877-81) as Prosecuting Attorney, in the latter 
 year removing to Chicago. Here, in 1884, he be- 
 came the assistant of Luther Laflin Mills in the 
 office of Prosecuting Attorney of Cook County, 
 retaining that position with Mr. Mills' successor, 
 Judge Grinnell. On the promotion of the latter 
 to the bench, in 1886, Mr. Longenecker succeeded 
 to the office of Prosecuting Attorney, continuing 
 in that position until 1892. While in this office 
 he conducted a large number of important crimi- 
 nal cases, the most important, perhaps, being the 
 trial of the murderers of Dr. Cronin, in which he 
 gained a wide reputation for skill and ability as 
 a prosecutor in criminal cases. 
 
 LOOMIS, (Rev. > Hubbell, clergyman and edu- 
 cator, was born in Colchester, Conn., May 31, 
 1775 ; prepared for college in the common schools 
 and at Plainfield Academy, in his native State, 
 finally graduating at Union College, N. Y., in 
 1799 having supported himself during a con- 
 siderable part of his educational course by 
 manual labor and teaching. He subsequently 
 studied theology, and, for twenty-four years, 
 served as pastor of a Congregational church at 
 Willington, Conn., meanwhile fitting a number 
 of young men for college, including among them 
 Dr. Jared Sparks, afterwards President of Har- 
 vard College and author of numerous historical 
 works. About 1829 his views on the subject of 
 baptism underwent a change, resulting in his 
 uniting himself with the Baptist Church. Com- 
 ing to Illinois soon after, he spent some time at 
 Kaskaskia and Edwardsville, and, in 1832, located 
 at Upper Alton, where he became a prominent 
 factor in laying the foundation of Shurtleff Col- 
 lege, first by the establishment of the Baptist 
 Seminary, of which he was the Principal for 
 several years, and later by assisting, in 1835, to 
 secure the charter of the college in which the 
 seminary was merged. His name stood first on 
 
 the list of Trustees of the new institution, and, 
 in proportion to his means, he was a liberal con- 
 tributor to its support in the period of its infancy. 
 The latter years of his life were spent among hit; 
 books in literary and scientific pursuits. Died at 
 Upper Alton, Dec. 15, 1872, at the advanced age 
 of nearly 98 years. A son of his Prof. Ellas 
 Loomis an eminent mathematician and natural- 
 ist, was the author of "Loomis' Algebra" and 
 other scientific text-books, in extensive use in the 
 colleges of the country. He held professorships 
 in various institutions at different times, the last 
 being that of Natural Philosophy and Astronomy 
 in Yale College, from 1860 up to his death in 1889. 
 
 LOB1MER, William, Member of Congress, was 
 born in Manchester, England, of Scotch parent- 
 age, April 27, 1861; came with his parents to 
 America at five years of age, and, after spending 
 some years in Michigan and Ohio, came to Chi- 
 cago in 1870, where he entered a private school. 
 Having lost his father by death at twelve years 
 of age, he became an apprentice in the sign-paint- 
 ing business; was afterwards an employe on a 
 street-railroad, finally engaging in the real-estate 
 business and serving as an appointee of Mayor 
 Roche and Mayor Washburne in the city water 
 department. In 1892 he was the Republican 
 nominee for Clerk of the Superior Court, but was 
 defeated. Two years later he was elected to the 
 Fifty- fourth Congress from the Second Illinois 
 District, and re-elected in 1896, as he was again 
 in 1898. His plurality in 1896 amounted to 26,736 
 votes. 
 
 LOUISVILLE, the county-seat of Clay County ; 
 situated on the Little Wabash River and on the 
 Springfield Division of the Baltimore & Ohio 
 Southwestern Railroad. It is 100 miles south- 
 southeast of Springfield and 7 miles north of 
 Flora; has a courthouse, three churches, a high 
 school, a savings bank and two weekly news- 
 papers. Population (1890), 637; (1900) 646. 
 
 LOUISVILLE, EVANSVILLE & NEW AL- 
 BANY RAILROAD. (See Louisville, Evansvillr 
 & St. Louis (Consolidated) Railroad. ) 
 
 LOUISVILLE, EVANSVILLE & ST. LOUIS 
 (Consolidated) RAILROAD. The length of this 
 entire line is 358.55 miles, of which nearly 150 
 miles are operated in Illinois. It crosses the State 
 from East St. Louis to Mount Carmel, on the 
 Wabash River. Within Illinois the system uses 
 a single track of standard gauge, laid with steel 
 rails on white-oak ties. The grades are usually 
 light, although, as the line leaves the Mississippi 
 bottom, the gradient is about two per cent or 
 105.6 feet per mile. The total capitalization 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 (1898) was $18,236,246, of which $4,247,909 was in 
 stock and $10,568,350 in bonds. (HISTORY.) The 
 original corporation was organized in both Indi- 
 ana and Illinois in 1869, and the Illinois section of 
 the line opened from Mount Cannel to Albion (18 
 miles) in January, 1873. The Indiana division 
 was sold under foreclosure in 1876 to the Louis- 
 ville, New Albany & St. Louis Railway Com- 
 pany, while the Illinois division was reorganized 
 in 1878 under the name of the St. Louis, Mount 
 Carmel & New Albany Railroad. A few months 
 later the two divisions were consolidated under 
 the name of the former. In 1881 this line was 
 again consolidated with the Evansville, Rockport 
 & Eastern Railroad (of Indiana), taking the name 
 of the Louisville, Evansville & St. Louis Railroad. 
 In 1889, by a still further consolidation, it 
 absorbed several short lines in Indiana and Illi- 
 nois those in the latter State being the Illinois 
 & St. Louis Railroad and Coal Company, the 
 Belleville, Centralia & Eastern (projected from 
 Belleville to Mount Vernon) and the Venice & 
 Carondelet the new organization assuming the 
 present name Louisville, Evansville & St. Louis 
 (Consolidated) Railroad. 
 
 LOUISVILLE & NASHVILLE RAILROAD, a 
 corporation operating an extensive system of 
 railroads, chiefly south of the Ohio River and 
 extending through Kentucky and Tennessee 
 into Indiana. The portion of the line in Illinois 
 (known as the St. Louis, Evansville & Nashville 
 line) extends from East St. Louis to the W abash 
 River, in White County (133.64 miles), with 
 branches from Belleville to O'Fallon (6.07 miles), 
 and from McLeansboro to Shawneetown (40.7 
 miles) total, 180.41 miles. The Illinois Divi- 
 sion, though virtually owned by the operating 
 line, is formally leased from the Southeast & St. 
 Louis Railway Company, whose corporate exist- 
 ence is merely nominal. The latter company 
 acquired title to the property after foreclosure 
 in November, 1880, and leased it in perpetuity to 
 the Louisville & Nashville Company. The total 
 earnings and income of the leased line in Illinois, 
 for 1898, were $1,052,789, and the total expendi- 
 tures (including 847,198 taxes) were $657,125. 
 
 LOUISVILLE & ST. LOUIS RAILWAY. (See 
 Jacksonville <fc St. Louis Railivay. ) 
 
 LOVE JOY, Elijah Parish, minister and anti- 
 slavery journalist, was born at Albion, Maine. 
 Nov. 9, 1802 the son of a Congregational minis- 
 ter. He graduated at Waterville College in 1826, 
 came west and taught school in St. Louis in 
 1827, and became editor of a Whig paper there in 
 1829. Later, he studied theology at Princeton 
 
 and was licensed as a Presbyterian minister in 
 1833. Returning to St. Louis, he started "The 
 Observer" a religious weekly, which condemned 
 slave-holding. Threats of violence from th.n 
 pro-slavery party induced him to remove his 
 paper, presses, etc., to Alton, in July, 1838. Three 
 times within twelve months his plant was de 
 stroyed by a mob. A fourth press having been 
 procured, a number of his friends agreed to pro 
 tect it from destruction in the warehouse where 
 it was stored. On the evening of Nov. 7, 183!rV 
 mob, having assembled about the building, sent 
 one of their number to the roof to set it on fire. 
 Lovejoy, with two of his friends, stepped outside 
 to reconnoiter, when he was shot down by parties 
 in ambush, breathing his last a few minutes 
 later. His death did much to strengthen the 
 anti-slavery sentiment north of Mason and 
 Dixon's line. His party regarded him as a 
 martyr, and his death was made the text for 
 many impassioned and effective appeals in oppo- 
 sition to an institution which employed monoc- 
 racy and murder in its efforts to suppress free 
 discussion. (gee Alton Riots.) 
 
 LOVE JO V, Owen, clergyman and Congressman 
 was born at Albion, Maine, Jan. 6, 1811. Being 
 the son of a clergyman of small means, he was 
 thrown upon his own resources, but secured a 
 collegiate education, graduating at Bowdoin 
 College. In 1836 he removed to Alton, III, join 
 ing his brother, Elijah Parish Lovejoy, who was 
 conducting an anti-slavery and religious journal 
 there, and whose assassination by a pro-slavery 
 mob he witnessed the following year. (See Alton 
 Riots and Elijah P. Lovejoy.) This tragedy 
 induced him to devote his life to a crusade 
 against slavery. Having previously begun the 
 study of theology, he was ordained to the minis- 
 try and officiated for several years as pastor of a 
 Congregational church at Princeton. In 1847 he 
 was an unsuccessful candidate for the Constitu- 
 tional Convention on the "Liberty" ticket, but, in 
 1854, was elected to the Legislature upon that 
 issue, and earnestly supported Abraham Lincoln 
 for United States Senator. L T pon his election to 
 the Legislature he resigned his pastorate at 
 Princeton, his congregation presenting him with 
 a solid silver service in token of their esteem. In 
 1856 be was elected a Representative in Congress 
 by a majority of 7,000, and was re-elected for 
 three successive terms. As an orator he had few 
 equals in the State, while his courage in thr 
 support of his principles was indomitable. In 
 the campaigns of 1856, '58 and '60 he rendered 
 valuable service to the Republican party, as he 
 
346 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 did later in upholding the cause of the Union iu 
 Congress. He died in Brooklyn, N. Y., March 25, 
 1864. 
 
 LOVIN6TOX, a village of Moultrie County, on 
 the Terre Haute-Peoria branch of the Vandalia 
 Line and the Bement& Altamont Division of the 
 Wabash Railway, 33 miles southeast of Decatur 
 The town has two b%nks. a newspaper, water- 
 works, electric lights, telephones and volunteer 
 tire department. Pop. (1890), 767; (1900), 815. 
 
 LUDLAM, (Dr.) Reuben, physician and author, 
 was born at Camden, N. .1. . Oct. 11, 1831, the son 
 of Dr. Jacob Watson Ludlam, an eminent phy- 
 sician who, in his later years, became a resident 
 of Evanstou, 111. The younger Ludlam, having 
 taken a course in an academy at Bridgeton, 
 N. J., at sixteen years of age entered upon the 
 Mtudy of medicine with his father, followed by a 
 course of lectures at the University of Pennsyl- 
 vania, where he graduated, in 1852. Having 
 removed to Chicago the following year, he soon 
 after began an investigation of the homoeopathic 
 system of medicine, which resulted in its adop- 
 tion, and, a few years later, had acquired such 
 prominence that, in 1859, he was appointed Pro- 
 fessor of Physiology and Pathology in the newly 
 established Hahuemann Medical College in the 
 city of Chicago, with which he continued to be 
 connected for nearly forty years. Besides serving 
 as Secretary of the institution at its inception, he 
 had, as early as 1854, taken a position as one of the 
 editors of "The Chicago Homoeopath,'' later 
 being editorially associated with "The North 
 American Journal of Homoeopathy ," published in 
 New York City, and "The United States Medical 
 and Surgical Journal" of Chicago. He also 
 served as President of numerous medical associ- 
 ations, and, in 1877, was appointed by Governor 
 Cullom a member of the State Board of Health, 
 serving, by two subsequent reappointments, for a 
 period of fifteen years. In addition to his labors 
 us a lecturer and practitioner, Dr. Ludlam was 
 one of the most prolific authors on professional 
 lines in tho city of Chicago, besides numerous 
 monographs on special topics, having produced a 
 "Course oC Clinical Lectures on Diphtheria" 
 (1863); "Clinical and Didactic Lectures on the 
 Diseases of Women" (1871), and a translation 
 from the French of "Lectures on Clinical Medi- 
 cine" (1880). The second work mentioned is 
 recognized as a valuable text-book, and has 
 passed through seven or eight editions. A few 
 yean after his first connection with the Hahne- 
 iiiann Medical College, Dr. Ludlam became Pro- 
 fessor of Obstetrics and Gynecology, and, on the 
 
 death of President C. S. Smith, was choeen 
 President of the institution. Died suddenly from 
 heart disease, while preparing to perform a surgi- 
 cal operation on a patient in the Hahnemann 
 Medical College, April 39, 1899. 
 
 LUNDY, Benjamin, early anti-slavery journal- 
 ist, was born in New Jersey of Quaker par- 
 entage; at 19 worked as a saddler at Wheeling, 
 Va., where he first gained a -practical knowledge 
 of the institution of slavery; later carried on 
 business at Mount Pleasant and St. Clairsville, O., 
 where, in 1815, he organized an anti-slavery 
 association under the name of the "Union 
 Humane Society," also contributing anti-slavery 
 articles to "The Philanthropist," a paper pub- 
 lished at Mount Pleasant. Removing to St. 
 Louis, in 1819, he took a deep interest in the con- 
 test over the admission of Missouri as a slave State. 
 Again at Mount Pleasant, in 1821, he began the 
 issue of "The Genius of Universal Emancipation, " 
 a monthly, which he soon removed to Jonesbor- 
 ough, TV mi., and finally to Baltimore in 1824, 
 when it became a weekly. Mr. Lundy's trend 
 towards colonization is shown in the fact that he 
 made two visits (1825 and 1829) to Hayti, with a 
 view to promoting the colonization of emanci- 
 pated slaves in that island. Visiting the East in 
 1828, he made the acquaintance of William Lloyd 
 Garrison, who became a convert to his views and 
 a firm ally. The following winter he was as- 
 saulted by a slave-dealer in Baltimore and nearly 
 killed ; soon after removed his paper to Washing- 
 ton and, later, to Philadelphia, where it took the 
 name of "The National Enquirer," being finally 
 merged into "The Pennsylvania Freeman." In 
 1838 his property was burned by the pro-slavery 
 mob which fired Pennsylvania Hall, and, in the 
 following winter, he removed to Lowell, La Salle 
 Co., 111., with a view to reviving his paper there, 
 but the design was frustrated by his early death, 
 which occurred August 22, 1839. The paper, 
 however, was revived by Zebina Eastman under 
 the name of "The Genius of Liberty, "but was re- 
 moved to Chicago, in 1842, and issued under the 
 name of "The Western Citizen." (See Eastman, 
 Zebina.) 
 
 LDNT, Orrington, capitalist and philanthro- 
 pist, was born in Bowdoinham, Maine, Dec. 24, 
 1815; came to Chicago in 1842, and engaged in 
 the grain commission business, becoming a mem- 
 ber of the Board of Trade at its organization. 
 Later, he became interested in real estate oper- 
 ations, fire and life insurance and in railway 
 enterprises, being one of the early promoters of 
 the Chicago & Galena Union, now a part of the 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 347 
 
 Chicago & Northwestern Railroad. He also took 
 an active part in municipal affairs, and, during 
 the War, was an efficient member of the "War 
 Finance Committee." A liberal patron of all 
 moral and benevolent enterprises, as shown by 
 his cooperation with the "Relief and Aid Soci- 
 ety" after the fire of 1871, and his generous bene- 
 factions to the Young Men's Christian Association 
 and feeble churches, his most efficient service 
 was rendered to the cause of education as repre- 
 sented in the Northwestern University, of which 
 he was a Trustee from its organization, and much 
 of the time an executive officer. To his noble 
 benefaction the institution owes its splendid 
 library building, erected some years ago at a 
 cost of $100,000. In the future history of Chi- 
 cago, Mr. Lunt's name will stand beside that of 
 J. Young Scammon, Walter L. Newberry, John 
 Crerar, and others of its most liberal benefactors. 
 Died, at his home in Evanston, April 5, 1897. 
 
 I.l'SK, John T., pioneer, was born in South 
 Carolina, Nov. 7, 1784; brought to Kentucky in 
 1791 by his father (James Lusk). who established 
 a ferry across the Ohio, opposite the present town 
 of Golconda, in Pope County, 111. Lusk's Creek, 
 which empties into the Ohio in that vicinity, 
 took its name from this family. In 1805 the sub- 
 ject of this sketch came to Madison County, 111., 
 and settled near Edwardsville. During the War 
 of 1813-14 he was engaged in the service as a 
 "Ranger." When Edwardsville began its 
 growth, he moved into the town and erected a 
 house of hewn logs, a story and a half high and 
 containing three rooms, which became the first 
 hotel in the town and a place of considerable 
 historical note. Mr. Lusk held, at different 
 periods, the positions of Deputy Circuit Clerk, 
 County Clerk, Recorder and Postmaster, dying, 
 Dec. 22, 1857. 
 
 LUTHERANS, The. While this sect in Illi- 
 nois, as elsewhere, is divided into many branches, 
 it is a unit in accepting the Bible as the only in- 
 fallible rule of faith, in the use of Luther's small 
 Catechism in instruction of the young, in the 
 practice of infant baptism and confirmation at 
 an early age, and in acceptance of the Augsburg 
 Confession. Services are conducted, in various 
 sections of the country, in not less than twelve 
 different languages. The number of Lutheran 
 ministers in Illinois exceeds 400, who preach 
 in the English, German, Danish, Swedish, Fin- 
 nish and Hungarian tongues. The churches 
 over which they preside recognize allegiance 
 to eight distinct ecclesiastical bodies, denomi- 
 nated synods, as follows: The Northern, South- 
 
 ern, Central and Wartburg Synods of the 
 General Synod; the Illinois-Missouri District of 
 the Synodical Conference; the Synod for the 
 Norwegian Evangelical Church; the Swedish- 
 Augustana, and the Indiana Synod of the General 
 Council. To illustrate the large proportion of the 
 foreign element in this denomination, reference 
 may be made to the fact that, of sixty-three 
 Lutheran churches in Chicago, only four use the 
 English language. Of the remainder, thirty- 
 seven make use of the German, ten Swedish, nine 
 Norwegian and three Danish. The whole num- 
 ber i if, communicants in the State, in 1892, was 
 estimated at 90,000. The General Synod sustains 
 a German Theological Seminary in Chicago. 
 (See also Religious Denominations. 
 
 LYONS, a village of Cook County, 12 miles 
 southwest of Chicago. Population (1880), 480; 
 (1890), 732; (1900), 951 
 
 MACALISTER & STEBBINS BONDS, the 
 name given to a class of State indebtedness 
 incurred in the year 1841, through the hypothe- 
 cation, by John D.Whiteside (then Fund Com- 
 missioner of the State of Illinois), with Messrs 
 Macalister & Stebbins, brokers of New York 
 City, of 804 interest-bearing bonds of $1,000 each, 
 payable in 1865, upon which the said Macalister 
 & Stebbins advanced to the State $261,560.83. 
 This was done with the understanding that the 
 firm would make further advances sufficient to 
 increase the aggregate to forty per cent of the 
 face value of the bonds, but upon which no 
 further advances were actually made. In addi- 
 tion to these, there were deposited with the same 
 firm, within the next few months, with a like 
 understanding, internal improvement bonds and 
 State scrip amounting to $109,215.44 making the 
 aggregate of State securities in their hands $913,- 
 215.44, upon which the State had received only 
 the amount already named being 28.64 per cent 
 of the face value of such indebtedness. Attempts 
 having been made by the holders of these bonds 
 (with whom they had been hypothecated by 
 Macalister & Stebbins), to secure settlement on 
 their par face value, the matter became the sub- 
 ject of repeated legislative acts, the most impor- 
 tant of which were passed in 1847 and 1849 both 
 reciting, in their respective preambles, the history 
 of the transaction. The last of these provided 
 for the issue to Macalister & Stebbins of new 
 bonds, payable in 1865, for the amount of princi- 
 pal and interest of the sum actually advanced 
 and found to be due. conditioned upon the sur- 
 render, by them, of the original bonds and other 
 
348 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 evidences of indebtedness received by them in 
 1841. This the actual holders refused to accept, 
 and brought the case before the Supreme Court 
 in an effort to compel the Governor (who was 
 then ex-officio Fund Commissioner) to recognize 
 the full face of their claim. This the Supreme 
 Court refused to do, on the ground that, the 
 executive being a co-ordinate branch of the Gov- 
 ernment, they had no authority over his official 
 acts. In 1859 a partial refunding of these bonds, 
 to the amount of $114,000, was obtained from 
 Governor Bissell, who, being an invalid, was 
 probably but imperfectly acquainted with their 
 history and previous legislation on the subject. 
 Representations made to him led to a suspension 
 of the proceeding, and, as the bonds were not 
 transferable except on the books of the Funding 
 Agency in the office of the State Auditor, they 
 were treated as illegal and void, and were ulti- 
 mately surrendered by the holders on the basis 
 originally fixed, without loss to the State. In 
 1865 an additional act was passed requiring the 
 presentation, for payment, of the portion of the 
 original bonds still outstanding, on pain of for- 
 feiture, and this was finally done. 
 
 HACK, Alonzo '., legislator, was born at More- 
 town, Vt., in 1832; at 16 years of age settled at 
 Kalarnazoo, Mich. , later began the study of medi- 
 cine and graduated at Laporte, Ind., in 1844. 
 Then, having removed to Kankakee, 111., he 
 adopted the practice of law ; in 1858 was elected 
 Representative, and, in 1860 and '64, to the 
 Senate, serving through five continuous sessions 
 (1858-68). In 1863 he assisted in organizing the 
 Seventy -sixth Regiment Illinois Volunteers, of 
 which he was commissioned Colonel, but resigned, 
 in January following, to take his seat in the 
 Senate. Colonel Mack, who was a zealous friend 
 of Governor Yates, was one of the leading spirits 
 In the establishment of "The Chicago Repub- 
 lican, " in May, 1865, and was its business mana- 
 ger the first year of its publication, but disagreeing 
 with the editor, Charles A. Dana, both finally 
 retired. Colonel Mack then resumed the practice 
 of law in Chicago, dying there, Jan. 4, 1871. 
 
 M ACKI\A W, the first county-seat of Tazewell 
 County, at intersection of two railroad lines, 18 
 miles southeast of Peoria. The district is agri- 
 cultural and stock-raising. There are manufacto- 
 ries of farm implements, pressed brick, harness, 
 wagons and carriages, also a State bank anil a 
 weekly paper. Population (1890). 545; (1900), 859. 
 
 MAC MILLAN, Thomas C., Clerk of United 
 States District Court, was born at Stranraer, 
 Scotland, Oct. 4, 1850; came with his parents, in 
 
 1857, to Chicago, where he graduated from the 
 High School and spent some time in the Chicago 
 University; in 1873 became a reporter on "The 
 Chicago Inter Ocean;" two years later accom- 
 panied an exploring expedition to the Black Hills 
 and, in 1875-76, represented that paper with 
 General Crook in the campaign against the Sioux. 
 After an extended tour in Europe, he assumed 
 charge of the "Curiosity Shop" department of 
 "The Inter Ocean," served on the Cook County 
 Board of Education and as a Director of the Chi 
 cago Public Library, besides eight years in the 
 General Assembly 1885-89 in the House and 1889- 
 93 in the Senate. In January, 1896, Mr. MacMillan 
 was appointed Clerk of the United States District 
 Court at Chicago. He has been a Trustee of Illi- 
 nois College since 1886, and, in 1885, received the 
 honorary degree of A.M. from that institution. 
 
 MACOMB, the county-seat of McDonough 
 County, situated on the Chicago, Burlington & 
 Quincy Railroad, 59 miles northeast of Quincy. 
 39 miles southwest of Galesbuig. The principal 
 manufactures are sewer-pipes, drain-tile, pot- 
 tery, and school-desk castings. The city has 
 interurban electric car line, banks, nine churches, 
 high school and four newspapers; is the seat of 
 Western Illinois State Normal School, and West- 
 ern Preparatory School and Business College. 
 Population (1890), 4,053; (1900), 5,376. 
 
 MACON, a village in Macon County, on the Illi- 
 nois Central Railroad, 10 miles south by west of 
 Decatur. Macon County is one of the most fer- 
 tile in the corn belt, and the city is an important 
 shipping-point for corn. It has wagon and cigar 
 factories, four churches, a graded school, and a 
 weekly paper. Population (1890). 819; (1900), 705. 
 
 MACON COUNTY, situated near the geograph- 
 ical center of the State. The census of 1900 gave 
 its area as 580 square miles, and its population, 
 44,003. It was organized in 1829, and named for 
 Nathaniel Macon, a revolutionary soldier and 
 statesman. The surface is chiefly level prairie, 
 although in parts there is a fair growth of timber. 
 The county is well drained by the Sangamon 
 River and its tributaries. The soil is that high 
 grade of fertility which one might expect in the 
 corn belt of the central portion of the State. 
 Besides corn, oats, rye and barley are extensively 
 cultivated, while potatoes, sorghum and wool are 
 among the products. Decatur is the county-seat 
 and principal city in the heart of a rich agricul- 
 tural region. Maroa, in the northern part of the 
 county, enjoys considerable local trade. 
 
 MACOUPIN COUNTY, a south-central county, 
 with an area of 864 square miles and a population 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 of 42,256 in 1900. The word Macoupin is of 
 Indian derivation, signifying ''white potato." 
 The county, originally a part of Madison, and 
 later of Greene, was separately organized in 1829, 
 under the supervision of Seth Hodges, William 
 Wilcoz and Theodoras Davis. The first court 
 house (of logs) was erected in 1830. It contained 
 but two rooms, and in pleasant weather juries 
 were wont to retire to a convenient grove to 
 deliberate upon their findings. The surface of 
 the county is level, with narrow belts of timber 
 following the course of the streams. The soil is 
 fertile, and both corn and wheat are extensively 
 raised. While agriculture is the chief industry 
 in the south, stock-raising is successfully carried 
 on in the north. Carlinville is the county-seat 
 and Bunker Hill, Stanton, Yirden and Girard the 
 other principal towns. 
 
 MAC YEAGH, Franklin, merchant, lawyer 
 and politician, was born on a farm in Chester 
 County, Pa. , graduated from Tale University in 
 1862, and, two years later, from Columbia Law 
 School, New York. He was soon compelled to 
 abandon practice on account of ill-health, and 
 removed to Chicago, in September, 1865, where he 
 embarked in business as a wholesale grocer. In 
 1874 he was chosen President of the Volunteer 
 Citizens' Association, which inaugurated many 
 important municipal reforms. He was thereafter 
 repeatedly urged to accept other offices, among 
 them the mayorality, but persistently refused 
 until 1894, when he accepted a nomination for 
 United States Senator by a State Convention ot 
 the Democratic Party. He made a thorough can- 
 vass of the State, but the Republicans having 
 gained control of the Legislature, he was 
 defeated. He is the head of one of the most 
 extensive wholesale grocery establishments in 
 the city of Chicago. 
 
 MADISON COUNTY, situated in the southwest 
 division of the State, and bordering on the Mis- 
 sissippi River. Its area is about 740 square miles. 
 The surface of the county is hilly along the Mis- 
 sissippi bluffs, but generally either level or only 
 slightly undulating in the interior. The "Ameri- 
 can Bottom" occupies a strip of country along 
 the western border, four to six miles wide, as far 
 north as Alton, and is exceptionally fertile. The 
 county was organized in 1812, being the first 
 county set off from St. Clair County after the 
 organization of Illinois Territory, in 1809, and tlio 
 third within the Territory. It was named in 
 honor of James Madison, then President of the 
 United States. At that time it embraced sub- 
 stantially the whole of the northern part of the 
 
 State, but its limits were steadily reduced by 
 excisions until 1843. The soil is fertile, corn, 
 wheat, oats, hay, and potatoes being raised and 
 exported in large quantities. Coal seams under- 
 lie the soil, and carboniferous limestone crops out 
 in the neighborhood of Alton. American settlers 
 began first to arrive about 1800, the Judys, Gill- 
 hams and Whitesides being among the first, gen- 
 erally locating in the American Bottom, and 
 laying the foundation for the present county. 
 In the early history of the State, Madison County 
 was the home of a large number of prominent 
 men who exerted a large influence in shaping its 
 destiny. Among these were Governor Edwards, 
 Governor Coles, Judge Samuel D. Lock wood, and 
 many more whose names are intimately inter- 
 woven with State history. The county-seat is at 
 Edwardsville. and Alton is the principal city. 
 Population (1890), 61,535; (1900), 64,694. 
 
 MAtiRCDER, Benjamin D., Justice of the 
 Supreme Court, was born near Natchez. Miss.. 
 Sept. 27, 1838: graduated from Yale College in 
 1856, and, for three years thereafter, engaged in 
 teaching in his father's private academy at 
 Baton Rouge, La. , and in reading law. In 1859 
 he graduated from the law department of the 
 University of Louisiana, and the same year 
 opened an office at Memphis, Tenn. At the out- 
 break of the Civil War, his sympathies being 
 strongly in favor of the Union, he came North, 
 and, after visiting relatives at New Haven. 
 Conn., settled at Chicago, in June, 1861. While 
 ever radically loyal he refrained from enlisting 
 or taking part in political discussions during the 
 war, many members of his immediate family 
 being in the Confederate service. He soon 
 achieved and easily maintained a high standing 
 at the Chicago bar; in 1868 was appointed Master 
 in Chancery of the Superior Court of Cook 
 County, and, in 1885, was elected to succeed 
 Judge T. Lyle Dickey on the bench of the 
 Supreme Court, being re-elected for a full term 
 of nine years in 1888, and again in 1897. He was 
 Chief Justice in 1891-92. 
 
 MAKANDA, a village of Jackson County, on 
 the Illinois Central Railway, 49 miles north of 
 Cairo, in South Pass, in spur of Ozark Mountains. 
 It is in the midst of a rich fruit-growing region, 
 large amounts of this product being shipped there 
 and at Cobden. The place has a bank and a 
 weekly paper. Population (1900), 528. 
 
 MALTBY, Jasper A., soldier, was born in Ash- 
 tabula County, Ohio, Nov. 3, 1826, served as a 
 private in the Mexican War and was severely 
 wounded at Chapultepec. After his discharge he 
 
350 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 established himself in the mercantile business at 
 Galena, 111. ; in. 1861 entered the volunteer service 
 as Lieutenant-Colonel of the Forty-fifth Illinois 
 Infantry, was wounded at Fort Donelson, pro- 
 moted Colonel in November, 1862, and wounded 
 a second time at Vicksburg; commissioned 
 Brigadier-General in August, 1863; served 
 through the subsequent campaigns of the Army 
 of the Tennessee, and was mustered out, January, 
 1866. Later, he was appointed by the commander 
 of the district Mayor of Vicksburg, dying in that 
 office, Dec. 12, 1867. 
 
 MANCHESTER, a town of Scott County, on 
 the Jacksonville Division of the Chicago & Alton 
 Railway, 16 miles south of Jacksonville; has 
 some manufactures of pottery. Population 
 (1890), 408; (1900), 430. 
 
 MAN I ERE, George, early Chicago lawyer and 
 jurist, born of Huguenot descent, at New Lon- 
 don, Conn., in 1817. Bereft of his father in 1831, 
 his mother removed to New York City, where he 
 began the study of law, occasionally contributing 
 to "The New York Mirror," then one of the 
 leading literary periodicals of the country. In 
 1835 he removed to Chicago, where he completed 
 his professional studies and was admitted to the 
 bar in 1839. His first office was a deputyship in 
 the Circuit Clerk's office ; later, he was appointed 
 Master in Chancery, and served one term as 
 Alderman and two terms as City Attorney. 
 While filling the latter office he codified the 
 municipal ordinances. In 1855 he was elected 
 Judge of the Circuit Court and re-elected in 1861 
 without opposition. Before the expiration of his 
 second term he died, May 21, 1863. He held the 
 office of School Commissioner from 1844 to 1852. 
 during which time, largely through his efforts, 
 the school system was remodeled and the im- 
 paired school fund placed in a satisfactory con- 
 dition. He was one of the organizers of the 
 Union Defense Committee in 1861, a member of 
 the first Board of Regents of the (old) Chicago 
 University, and prominently connected with 
 several societies of a semi-public character. He 
 was a polished writer and was, for a time, in edi- 
 torial control of "The Chicago Democrat." 
 
 MANN, James R., lawyer and Congressman, was 
 born on a farm near Bloomington, 111., Oct. 20. 
 1856, whence his father moved to Iroquois County 
 in 1867; graduated at the University of Illinois 
 in 1876 and at the Union College of Law in Chi- 
 cago, in 1881, after which he established himself 
 in practice in Chicago, finally becoming the head 
 of the law firm of Mann, Hayes & Miller; in 1888 
 was elected Attorney of the village of Hyde Park 
 
 and, after the annexation of that municipality to 
 the city of Chicago, in 1892 was elected Alderman 
 of the Thirty-second Ward, and re-elected in 
 1894, while in the City Council becoming one of 
 its most prominent members; in 1894, served as 
 Temporary Chairman of the Republican State 
 Convention at Peoria, and, in 1895, as Chairman 
 of the Cook County Republican Convention. In 
 1896 he was elected, as a Republican, to the Fifty- 
 fifth Congress, receiving a plurality of 28,459 
 over the Free Silver Democratic candidate, and 
 26,907 majority over all. In 1898 he was a can- 
 didate for re-election, and was again successful, by 
 over 17,000 plurality, on a largely reduced vote. 
 Other positions held by Mr. Mann, previous to his 
 election to Congress, include those of Master in 
 Chancery of the Superior Court of Cook County 
 and General Attorney of the South Park Com- 
 missioners of the city of Chicago. 
 
 MANN, Orrln L., lawyer and soldier, was born 
 in Geauga County, Ohio., and, in his youth, 
 removed to the vicinity of Ann Arbor, Mich., 
 where he learned the blacksmith trade, but, 
 being compelled to abandon it on account of an 
 injury, in 1851 began study with the late Dr. 
 1 1 iniiiitii. then in charge of the Wesleyan Female 
 College, at Albion, Mich. Dr. Hinman having, 
 two years later, become President of the North- 
 western University, at Evanston, Mr. Mann 
 accompanied his preceptor to Chicago, continuing 
 his studies for a time, but later engaging in 
 teaching; in 1856 entered the University of 
 Michigan, but left in his junior year. In 1860 he 
 took part in the campaign which resulted in the 
 election of Lincoln ; early in the following spring 
 had made arrangements to engage in the lumber- 
 trade in Chicago, but abandoned this purpose at 
 the firing on Fort Sumter; then assisted in 
 organizing the Thirty-ninth Regiment Illinois 
 Volunteers (the "Yates Phalanx"), which having 
 been accepted after considerable delay, he 
 was chosen Major. The regiment was first 
 assigned to duty in guarding the Baltimore & 
 Ohio Railroad, but afterwards took part in the 
 first battle of Winchester and in operations in 
 North and South Carolina. Having previously 
 been commissioned Lieutenant-Colonel, Major 
 Mann was now assigned to court-martial duty at 
 Newborn and Hilton Head. Later, he partici- 
 pated in the siege of Forts Wagner and Gregg, 
 winning a brevet Brigadier-Generalship for 
 meritorious service. The Thirty-ninth, having 
 "veteranized" in 1864, was again sent east, and 
 being assigned to the command of Gen. B. F. 
 Butler, took part in the battle of Bermuda 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 351 
 
 Hundreds, where Colonel Mann was seriously 
 wounded, necessitating a stay of several months 
 in hospital. Returning to duty, he was assigned 
 to the staff of General Ord, and later served as 
 Provost Marshal of the District of Virginia, with 
 headquarters at Norfolk, being finally mustered 
 out in December, 1865. After the war he 
 engaged in the real estate and loan business, 
 but, in 1866, was appointed Collector of Internal 
 Revenue for the Chicago District, serving until 
 1868, when he was succeeded by General Corse. 
 Other positions held by him have been : Represent- 
 ative in the Twenty-ninth General Assembly 
 (1874-76), Coroner of Cook County (1878-80), and 
 Sheriff (1880 82). General Mann Was injured by 
 a fall, some years since, inducing partial paraly- 
 sis. 
 
 MANNING, Joel, first Secretary of the Illinois 
 & Michigan Canal Commissioners, was born in 
 1793, graduated at Union College, N. Y., in 1818, 
 and came to Southern Illinois at an early day, 
 residing for a time at Brownsville, Jackson 
 County, where he held the office of County- 
 Clerk. In 1836 he was practicing law, when he 
 was appointed Secretary of the first Board of 
 Commissioners of the Illinois & Michigan Canal, 
 remaining in office until 1845. He continued to 
 reside at Lockport, Will County, until near the 
 close of his life, when he removed to Joliet, dying 
 there, Jan. 8, 1R69. 
 
 MANNING, Julius, lawyer, was born in Can- 
 ada, near Chateaugay, N. Y., but passed his 
 earlier years chiefly in the State of New York, 
 completing; his education at Middlebury College, 
 Vt. ; in 1839 came to Knozville, 111., where he 
 served one term as County Judge and two terms 
 (1842-46) as Representative in the General Assem- 
 bly. He was also a Democratic Presidential 
 Elector in 1848. In 1853 he removed to Peoria, 
 where he was elected, in 1861, a Delegate to the 
 State Constitutional Convention of the following 
 year. Died, at Knoxville, July 4, 1862. 
 
 MANSFIELD, a village of Piatt County, at 
 the intersection of the Peoria Division of the 
 Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis and 
 the Chicago Division of the Wabash Railways, 
 32 miles southeast of Bloomington. It is in the 
 heart of a rich agricultural region ; has one news- 
 paper. Population (1890), 533; (1900), 708. 
 
 MANTENO, a village of Kankakee County, 
 on the Illinois Central Railroad, 47 miles south 
 of Chicago; a shipping point for grain, live- 
 stock, small fruits and dairy products; has 
 one newspaper. Population (1880), 632; (1890), 
 627; (1900), 932. 
 
 MAQUON, a village of Knox County, on the 
 Peoria Division of the Chicago, Burlington & 
 Quincy Railway, 16 miles southeast of Gales- 
 burg. The region is agricultural. The town has 
 banks and a weekly paper. Population (1880), 
 548; (1890), 501; (1900), 475. 
 
 MARCY, (Dr.) Oliver, educator, was born in 
 Coleraine, Mass., Feb. 13, 1820; received his early 
 education in the grammar schools of his native 
 town, graduating, in 1842, from the Wesleyan 
 University at Middletown, Conn. He early mani- 
 fested a deep interest in the natural sciences and 
 became a teacher in an academy at Wilbraham, 
 Mass., where he remained until 1862, meanwhile 
 making numerous trips for geologic investigation 
 One of these was made in 1849, overland, to 
 Puget Sound, for the purpose of securing data 
 for maps of the Pacific Coast, and settling dis- 
 puted questions as to the geologic formation of 
 the Rocky Mountains. During this trip he visited 
 San Francisco, making maps of the mountain 
 regions for the use of the Government. In 1862 
 he was called to the professorship of Natural 
 History in the Northwestern University, at 
 Evanston, remaining there until his death. The 
 institution was then in its infancy, and he taught 
 mathematics in connection with his other duties. 
 From 1890 he was Dean of the faculty. He 
 received the degee of LL.D. from the University 
 of Chicago in 1876. Died, at Evanston, March 
 19, 1899. 
 
 MAREDOSIA (MARAIS de OGEE), a peculiar 
 depression (or slough) in the southwestern part of 
 Whiteside County, connecting the Mississippi 
 and Rock Rivers, through which, in times of 
 freshets, the former sometimes discharges a part 
 of its waters into the latter. On the other hand, 
 when Rock River is relatively higher, it some- 
 times discharges through the same channel into 
 the Mississippi. Its general course is north and 
 south. Cat-Tall Slough, a similar depression, 
 runs nearly parallel with the Maredosia, at a dis- 
 tance of five or six miles from the latter. The 
 highest point in the Maredosia above low water 
 in the Mississippi is thirteen feet, and that in the 
 Cat-Tail Slough is twenty-six feet. Each is 
 believed, at some time, to have served as a 
 channel for the Mississippi. 
 
 MARENGO, a city of McHenry County, settled 
 in 1835, incorporated as a town in 1857 and, as a 
 city, in 1893 ; lies 68 miles northwest of Chicago, 
 on the Chicago & Northwestern Railroad. It is 
 in the heart of a dairying and fruit-growing dis- 
 trict; has a foundry, stove works, condensed 
 milk plant, canning factory, water-works, elec- 
 
352 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 trie lights, has six churches, good schools and 
 two weekly newspapers. Population (1880), 1,264 ; 
 (1890), 1, 445; (1900), 2,005. 
 
 MARINE, a village of Madison County, on the 
 Illinois Central Railroad, 27 miles northeast of 
 St. Louis. Several of its eanliest settlers were 
 sea captains from the East, from whom the 
 "Marine Settlement" obtained its name. Popu- 
 lation (1880) 774; (1890), 637; (1900), 666. 
 
 MARION, the county-seat of Williamson 
 County, 172 miles southeast of Springfield, on the 
 Illinois Central and Chicago & Eastern Illinois 
 Railroads; in agricultural and coal region; has 
 cotton and woolen mills, electric cars, water- 
 works, ice and cold-storage plant, dry pressed 
 brick factory, six churches, a graded school, and 
 three newspapers. Pop. (1890), 1,338 ; (1900), 2,510. 
 
 MARION COUNTY, located near the center of 
 the southern half of the State, with an area of 
 580 square miles; was organized in 1823, and, by 
 the census of 1900, had a population of 30,446. 
 About half the county is prairie, the chief prod- 
 acts being tobacco, wool and fruit. The 
 remainder is timbered land. It is watered by the 
 tributaries of the Kaskaskia and Little Wabash 
 Rivers. The bottom lands have a heavy growth 
 of choice timber, and a deep, rich soil. A large 
 portion of the county is underlaid with a thin 
 vein of coal, and the rocks all belong to the upper 
 coal measures. Sandstone and building sand are 
 also abundant. Ample shipping facilities are 
 afforded by the Illinois Central and theBaltimore & 
 Ohio (S.W.) Railroads. Salem is the county-seat, 
 but Centralia is the largest and most important 
 town, being a railroad junction and center of an 
 extensive fruit-trade. Sandoval is a thriving 
 town at the junction of the Illinois Central and 
 the Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern Railroads. 
 
 M A KISS A, a village of St. Clair County, on the 
 St. Louis & Cairo Short Line Railroad, 39 miles 
 southeast of St. Louis. It is in a farming and 
 mining district; has two banks, a newspaper and 
 a magazine. Population (1890), 876; (1900), 1,086. 
 
 MAROA, a city in Macon County, on the Illi- 
 nois Central Railroad, 13 miles north of Decatur 
 and 31 miles south of Bloomington. The city has 
 three elevators, an agricultural implement fac- 
 tory, water-works system, electric light plant, 
 telephone service, two banks, one newspaper, 
 three churches and a graded school. Population 
 (1880), 870; (1890), 1,164; (1900), 1,213. 
 
 MARQUETTE, (Father) Jacques, a French 
 missionary and explorer, born at Laon, France, 
 in 1637. He became a Jesuit at the age of 17, and, 
 twelve years later (1666). was ordained a priest. 
 
 The same year he sailed for Canada, landing at 
 Quebec. For eighteen months he devoted him- 
 self chiefly to the study of Indian dialects, and, 
 in 1668, accompanied a party of Nez-Perces to 
 Lake Superior, where he founded the mission of 
 Sault Ste. Marie. Later, after various vicissi- 
 tudes, he went to Mackinac, and, in that vicinity, 
 founded the Mission of St. Ignace and built a 
 rude church. In 1673 he accompanied Juliet on 
 his voyage of discovery down the Mississippi, the 
 two setting out from Green Bay on May 17, and 
 reaching the Mississippi, by way of the Fox and 
 Wisconsin Rivers, June 17. (For an interesting 
 translation of Marquette's quaint narrative of the 
 expedition, see Shea's "Discovery and Explo- 
 ration of the Mississippi, 1 ' N. Y., 1852.) In Sep- 
 tember, 1673, after leaving the Illinois and stop- 
 ping for some time among the Indians near 
 "Starved Rock," he returned to Green Bay much 
 broken in health. In October, 1674, under orders 
 from his superior, he set out to establish a mis- 
 sion at Kaskaskia on the Upper Illinois. In 
 December he reached the present site of Chicago, 
 where he was compelled to halt because of 
 exhaustion. On March 29, 1675, he resumed his 
 journey, and reached Kaskaskia, after much 
 suffering, on April 8. After laboring indefati- 
 gably and making many converts, failing health 
 compelled him to start on his return to Macki- 
 nac. Before the voyage was completed he died, 
 May 18, 1675, at the mouth of a stream which 
 long bore his name but is not the present Mar 
 quette River on the eastern shore of Lake Michi- 
 gan. His remains were subsequently removed to 
 Point St. Ignace. He was the first to attempt to 
 explain the lake tides, and modern science has 
 not improved his theory. 
 
 MARSEILLES, a city on the Illinois River, in 
 La Salle County, 8 miles east of Ottawa, and 77 
 miles southwest of Chicago, on the line of the 
 Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific Railroad. Ex- 
 cellent water power is furnished by a dam across 
 the river. The city has several factories, among 
 the leading products being flour, paper and 
 agricultural implements. Coal is mined in the 
 vicinity. The grain trade is large, sufficient to 
 support three elevators. There are three papers 
 (one daily). Population (1890), 2,210; (1900), 
 2,559; (1903, est.). 3,100. 
 
 MARSH, Benjamin F., Congressman, born in 
 Wythe Township, Hancock County, 111., was edu- 
 cated at private schools and at Jubilee College, 
 leaving the latter institution one year before 
 graduation. He read la w under the tutelage of his 
 brother, Judge J. W. Marsh, of Warsaw, and was 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 .393 
 
 admitted to the bar in 1860. The same year he was 
 an unsuccessful candidate for State's Attorney. 
 Immediately upon the first call for troops in 1861, 
 he raised a company of cavalry, and, going to 
 Springfield, tendered it to Governor Yates. No 
 cavalry having been called for, the Governor felt 
 constrained to decline it. On his way home Mr. 
 Marsh stopped at Quincy and enlisted as a private 
 in the Sixteenth Illinois Infantry, in which regi- 
 ment he served until July 4, 1861, when Gov- 
 ernor Yates advised him by telegraph of his 
 readiness to accept his cavalry company. 
 Returning to Warsaw he recruited another com- 
 pany within a few days, of which he was com- 
 missioned Captain, and which was attached to 
 the Second Illinois Cavalry. He served in the 
 army until January, 1866, being four times 
 wounded, and rising to the rank of Colonel. On 
 his return home he interested himself in politics.. 
 Fn 1869 he was a Republican candidate for the 
 State Constitutional Convention, and. in 1876, 
 was elected to represent the Tenth Illinois Dis- 
 trict in Congress, and re-elected in 1878 and 1880. 
 In 1885 he was appointed a member of the Rail- 
 road and Warehouse Commission, serving until 
 1889. In 1894 he was again elected to Congress 
 from his old district, which, under the new 
 apportionment, had become the Fifteenth, was 
 re-elected in 1896, and again in 1898. In the 
 Fifty-fifth Congress he was a member of the 
 House Committee on Military Affairs and Chair- 
 man of the Committee on Militia. 
 
 HARSH, William, jurist, was born at Moravia, 
 N. Y.. May 11, 1822; was educated at Groton 
 Academy and Union College, graduating from 
 the latter in 1842. He studied law, in part, in 
 the office of Millard Fillmore, at Buffalo, and was 
 admitted to the bar in 1845, practicing at Ithaca 
 until 1854, when he removed to Quincy, I1L Here 
 he continued in practice, in partnership, at differ- 
 ent periods, with prominent lawyers of that city, 
 until elected to the Circuit bench in 1885, serv- 
 ing until 1891. Died, April 14, 1894. 
 
 MARSHALL, the county -seat of Clark County, 
 and an incorporated city, 16K miles southwest of 
 Terre Haute, Ind., and a point of intersection of 
 the Cleveland, Cincinnati. Chicago & St. Louis 
 and the Vandalia Railroads. The surrounding 
 country is devoted to farming and stock-raising. 
 The city has woolen, flour, saw and planing mills, 
 and milk condensing plant. It has two banks, 
 eight churches and a good public school system, 
 which includes city and township high schools, 
 and three newspapers. Population (1890), 1,900; 
 (1900), 2,077. 
 
 MARSHALL, Samuel S., lawyer and Con- 
 gressman, was born in Gallatin County, 111., in 
 1824; studied law and soon after located at 
 McLeansboro. In 1846 he was chosen a member 
 of the lower house of the Fifteenth General 
 Assembly, but resigned, early in the following 
 year, to become State's Attorney, serving until 
 1848; was Judge of the Circuit Court from 1851 
 to 1854, and again from 1861 to 1865 ; was delegate 
 from the State-at-large to the Charleston and 
 Baltimore Conventions of 1860, and to the 
 National Union Convention at Philadelphia in 
 1866. In 1861 he received the complimentary 
 vote of his party in the Legislature for United 
 States Senator, and was similarly honored in the 
 Fortieth Congress (1867) by receiving the Demo- 
 cratic support for Speaker of the House. He 
 was first elected to Congress in 1854, re-elected in 
 1856, and, later, served continuously from 1865 to 
 1875, when he returned to the practice of his 
 profession. Died, July 26, 1890. 
 
 MARSHALL COUNTY, situated in the north- 
 central part of the State, with an area of 400 
 square miles named for Chief Justice John Mar- 
 shall. Settlers began to arrive in 1827, and 
 county organization was effected in 1839. The 
 Illinois River bisects the county, which is also 
 drained by Sugar Creek. The surface is gener- 
 ally level prairie, except along the river, although 
 occasionally undulating. The soil is fertile, 
 corn, wheat, hay and oats forming the staple 
 agricultural products. Hogs are raised in great 
 number, and coal is extensively mined. Lacon 
 is the county-seat. Population (1880), 15,053; 
 (1890), 13,653; (1900), 16,370. 
 
 MARTIN, (Gen.) James S., ex Congressman 
 and soldier, was born in Scott County, Va., 
 August 19, 1826, educated in the common 
 schools, and, at the age of 20, accompanied hi* 
 parents to Southern Illinois, settling in Marion 
 County. He served as a non-commissioned 
 officer in the war with Mexico. In 1849, he was 
 elected Clerk of the Marion County Court, which 
 office he filled for twelve years. By profession he 
 is a lawyer, and has been in active practice when 
 not in public or military life. For a number of 
 years he was a member of the Republican State 
 Central Committee. In 1862 he was commis- 
 sioned Colonel of the One Hundred and Eleventh 
 Illinois Volunteers, and, at the close of the war. 
 brevetted Brigadier-General. On his return home 
 he was elected County Judge of Marion County, 
 and, in 1868, appointed United States Pension 
 Agent. The latter post he resigned in 1872, hav- 
 ing been elected, as a Republican, to represent 
 
364 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 the Sixteenth District in the Forty-third Con- 
 gress. He was Commander of the Grand Army 
 for the Department of Illinois in 1889-90. 
 
 MARTIMSVILLE, a village of Clark County, 
 on the Terre Haute & Indianapolis (Vandalia) 
 Railroad. 11 miles southwest of Marshall; has 
 two banks and one newspaper. Population (1880), 
 663; (1890), 779; (1900), 1.000. 
 
 MASCOUTAH, a city in St. Clair County, 25 
 miles from St. Louis and 11 miles east of Belle- 
 villc. on the line of the Louisville & Nashville 
 Railroad. Coal-mining and agriculture are the 
 principal industries of the surrounding country. 
 The city has flour mills, a brickyard, dairy, 
 school, churches, and electric line. Population 
 (1880), 2,558; (1890). 2,033; (1900), 3,171. 
 
 MASON, Rosmell II., civil engineer, was born 
 in Oneida County, N. Y., Sept. 19, 1805; in his 
 boyhood was employed as a teamster on the Erie 
 Canal, a year later (1832) accepting a position as 
 rodman under Edward F. Gay, assistant-engineer 
 in charge of construction. Subsequently he was 
 employed on the Schuylkill and Morris Canals, 
 on the latter becoming assistant-engineer and, 
 finally, chief and superintendent. Other works 
 with which Mr. Mason was connected in a similar 
 capacity were the Pennsylvania Canal and the 
 Housatonic, New York & New Haven and the 
 Vermont Valley Railroads. In 1851 he came 
 west and took charge of the construction of the 
 Illinois Central Railroad, a work which required 
 five years for its completion. The next four 
 years were spent as contractor in the construction 
 of roads in Iowa and Wisconsin, until 1860, when 
 he became Superintendent of the Chicago & 
 Alton Railroad, but remained only one year, in 
 1861 accepting the position of Controller of the 
 land department of the Illinois Central Railroad, 
 which he retained until 1867. The next two 
 years were occupied in the service of the State in 
 lowering the summit of the Illinois & Michigan 
 Canal. In 1869 he was elected Mayor of the city 
 of Chicago, and it was in the closing days of 
 his term that the great fire of 1871 occurred, 
 testing bis executive ability to the utmost. From 
 1873 to 1883 he served as one of the Trustees of 
 the Illinois Industrial University, and was one of 
 the incorporators, and a life- long Director, of the 
 Presbyterian Theological Seminary of the North- 
 west. Died, Jan. 1, 1892. Edward Gay (Mason), 
 son of the preceding, was born at Bridgeport, 
 Conn., August 23, 1839; came with his f allies 
 family, in 1852, to Chicago, where he ati^nded 
 school for several years, after which bt entered 
 Yale College, graduating there in 1860. He then 
 
 studied law, and, later, became a member of the 
 law firm of Mattocks & Mason, but subsequently, 
 in conjunction with two brothers, organized the 
 firm of Mason Brothers, for the prosecution of a 
 real-estate and law business. In 1881 Mr. Mason 
 was one of the organizers of the Chicago Musical 
 Festival, which was instrumental in bringing 
 Theodore Thomas to Chicago. In 1887 he became 
 President of the Chicago Historical Society, as the 
 successor of Elihu B. Washbume, retaining the 
 position until his death, Dec. 18, 1898. During 
 his incumbency, the commodious building, now 
 occupied by the Historical Society Library, was 
 erected, and he added largely to the resources of 
 the Society by the collection of rare manuscripts 
 and other historical records. He was the author 
 of several historical works, including "Illinois in 
 the Eighteenth Century," "Kaskaskia and Its 
 Parish Records," besides papers on La Salle and 
 the first settlers of Illinois, and "The Story of 
 James Willing An Episode of the American 
 Revolution." He also edited a volume entitled 
 "Early Chicago and Illinois," which was pub- 
 lished under the auspices of the Chicago Histor- 
 ical Society. Mr. Mason was, for several years, a 
 Trustee of Yale University and, about the time of 
 his death, was prominently talked of for President 
 of that institution, as successor to President 
 Timothy Dwight. 
 
 MASON, William F., United States Senator, 
 was bom at Franklinville, Cattaraugus County. 
 N. Y., July 7, 1850, and accompanied his parents 
 to Bentonsport, Iowa, in 1858. He was educated 
 at the Bentonsport Academy and at Birmingham 
 College. From 1866 to 1870 he taught school, the 
 last two years at Des Moines. In that city he 
 studied law with Hon. Thomas F. Withrow, who 
 afterward admitted him to partnership. In 1872 
 he removed to Chicago, where he has since prac- 
 ticed his profession. He soon embarked in poli- 
 tics, and, in 1878, was elected to the lower bouse 
 of the General Assembly, and, in 1882, to the 
 State Senate. In 1884 he was the regular Repub- 
 lican candidate for Confess in the Third Illinois 
 District (then stror^y Republican), but, owing 
 to party dissensions, was defeated by James H 
 Ward, a De:*crat. In 1886, and again in 1888. 
 he was ^cted to Congress, but, in 1890, was 
 defeated for re-election by Allan C. Durborow. 
 I > Is a vigorous and effective campaign speaker. 
 In 1897 he was elected United States Senator, 
 receiving in the Legislature 125 votes to 77 for 
 John P. Altgeld, the Democratic candidate. 
 
 MASON CITY, a prosperous city in Mason 
 County, at the intersection of the Chicago A 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 355 
 
 Alton and the Havana branch of the Illinois 
 Central Railroads, 18 miles west by north of 
 Lincoln, and about 30 miles north of Springfield. 
 Being in the heart of a rich corn-growing district, 
 it is an important shipping point for that com- 
 modity. It has four churches, two banks, two 
 newspapers, brick works, flour-mills, grain-ele- 
 vators and a carriage factory. Population ( 1880), 
 1,714; (1890), 1,869; (1900), 1,890. 
 
 MASON COUNTY, organized in 1841, with a 
 population of about 2,000; population (1900), 
 17,491, and area of 560 square miles, named for a 
 county in Kentucky. It lies a little northwest 
 of the center of the State, the Illinois and Sanga- 
 inon Rivers forming its west and its south bound- 
 aries. The soil, while sandy, is fertile. The 
 chief staple is corn, and the county offers excel- 
 lent opportunities for viticulture. The American 
 pioneer of Mason County was probably Maj. 
 Ossian B. Ross, who settled at Havana in 1832. 
 Not until 1837, however, can immigration be said 
 to have set in rapidly. Havana was first chosen 
 as the county -seat, but Bath enjoyed the honor 
 for a few years, the county offices being per- 
 manently removed to the former point in 1851. 
 Mason City is an important shipping point on the 
 Chicago & Alton Railroad 
 
 MASONS, ANCIENT ORDER OF FREE AND 
 ACCEPTED. (See Free-Masons. ) 
 
 MASSAC COUNTY, an extreme southern 
 county of the State and one of the smallest, its 
 area, being but little more than 240 square miles, 
 with a population (1900) of 13,110 named for 
 Fort Massac, within its borders. The surface is 
 hilly toward the north, but the bottom lands 
 along the Ohio River are swampy and liable to 
 frequent overflows. A considerable portion of the 
 natural resources consists of timber oak, wal- 
 nut, poplar, hickory, cypress and cottonwood 
 abounding. Saw-mills are found in nearly every 
 town, and considerable grain and tobacco are 
 raised. The original settlers were largely from 
 Ohio, Kentucky and North Carolina, and hospi- 
 tality is traditional. Metropolis, on the Ohio 
 River, is the county-seat. It was laid off in 1839, 
 although Massac County was not separately 
 organized until 1843. At Massac City may be 
 seen the ruins of the early French fort of that 
 name. 
 
 MASSAC COUNTY REBELLION, the name 
 commonly given to an outbreak of mob violence 
 which occurred in Massac County, in 1845-46. An 
 arrested criminal having asserted that an organ- 
 ized band of thieves and robbers existed, and 
 having given the names of a large number of the 
 
 alleged members, popular excitement rose to 
 fever heat. A company of self-appointed "regu- 
 lators" was formed, whose acts were so arbitrary 
 that, at the August election of 1846, a Sheriff and 
 County Clerk were elected on the avowed issue 
 of opposition to these irregular tactics. This 
 served to stimulate the "regulators" to renewed 
 activity. Many persons were forced to leave the 
 county on suspicion, and others tortured into 
 making confession. In consequence, some leading 
 ' ' regulators' ' were thrown into jail, only to be soon 
 released by their friends, who ordered the Sheriff 
 and County Clerk to leave the county. The feud 
 rapidly grew, both in proportions and in inten- 
 sity. Governor French made two futile efforts to 
 restore order through mediation, and the ordinary 
 processes of law were also found unavailing. 
 Judge Scales was threatened with lynching 
 Only 60 men dared to serve in the Sheriff's posse, 
 and these surrendered upon promise of personal 
 immunity from violence. This pledge was not 
 regarded, several members of the posse being led 
 away as prisoners, some of whom, it was believed, 
 were drowned in the Ohio River. All the incarcer- 
 ated "regulators" were again released, the Sheriff 
 and his supporters were once more ordered to 
 leave, and fresh seizures and outrages followed 
 each other in quick succession. To remedy this 
 condition of affairs, the Legislature of 1847 enacted 
 a law creating district courts, under the provi- 
 sions of which a Judge might hold court in any 
 county in his circuit. This virtually conferred 
 upon the Judge the right to change the venue at 
 his own discretion, and thus secure juries unbiased 
 by local or partisan feeling. The effect of this 
 legislation was highly beneficial in restoring 
 quiet, although the embers of the feud still 
 smoldered and intermittently leaped into flame 
 for several years thereafter. 
 
 MATHENY, Charles R., pioneer, was born in 
 Loudoun County, Va., March 6, 1786, licensed as a 
 Methodist preacher, in Kentucky, and, in 1805, 
 came to St. Clair County (then in Indiana Terri- 
 tory), as a missionary. Later, he studied law and 
 was admitted to the bar; served in the Third 
 Territorial (1817) and the Second State Legisla- 
 tures (1820-22) ; removed, in 1821, to the newly 
 organized county of Sangamon, where he was 
 appointed the first County Clerk, remaining in 
 office eighteen years, also for some years holding, 
 at the same time, the offices of Circuit Clerk, 
 Recorder and Probate Judge. Died, while 
 County Clerk, in 1839. Noh W. (Matheny), son 
 of the preceding, was born in St. Clair County, HI. , 
 July 31. 1815; was assistant of his father in the 
 
:!56 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 County Clerk's office in Sangamon County, and, 
 on the death of the latter, (November, 1839), was 
 elected his successor, and re-elected for eight con- 
 secutive terms, serving until 1873. Died, April 
 30, 1877. James H. (Matheny), another son. 
 born Oct. 30, 1818, in St. Clair County; served in 
 his youth as Clerk in various local offices; was a 
 member of the Constitutional Convention of 1847, 
 elected Circuit Clerk in 1853, at the close of his 
 term beginning the practice of law; was com- 
 missioned Lieutenant-Colonel of the One Hundred 
 and Fourteenth Illinois Volunteers, in October, 
 1862, and, after the siege of Vicksburg. served as 
 Judge Advocate until July, 1864, when he 
 resigned. He then returned to his profession, 
 but, in 1873, was elected County Judge of Sanga- 
 mon County, holding the office by repeated re- 
 elections until his death, Sept. 7, 1890, having 
 resided in Springfield 68 years. 
 
 MATHER, Thomas, pioneer merchant, was 
 born, April 24, 1795, at Simsbury, Hartford 
 County, Conn. . in early manhood was engaged 
 for a time in business in New York City, but, in 
 the spring of 1818, came to Ka.ska.skia, 111., where 
 he soon after became associated in business with 
 James L. Lamb and others. This firm was 
 afterwards quite extensively engaged in trade 
 with New Orleans. Later he became one of the 
 founders of the town of Chester. In 1820 Mr. 
 Mather was elected to the lower branch of the 
 Second General Assembly from Randolph 
 County, was re-elected to the Third (serving for 
 a part of the session as Speaker), and again to the 
 Fourth, but, before the expiration of his last term, 
 resigned to accept an appointment from Presi 
 i lent John Quincy Adams as Commissioner to 
 locate the military road from Independence to 
 Santa Fe, and to conclude treaties with the 
 Indians along the line. In the Legislature of 
 1822 he was one of the most determined oppo- 
 nents of the scheme for securing a pro-slavery 
 Constitution. In 1828 he was again elected to 
 the House and. in 1832, to the Senate for a term 
 oi four years. He also served as Colonel on the 
 staff of Governor Coles, and was supported for the 
 United States Senate, to fill the vacancy caused 
 by the death of John McLean, in 1830. Having 
 removed to Springfield in 1835, he became promi- 
 nent in business affairs there in connection with 
 his former partner, Mr. James L. Lamb ; in 1837 
 was appointed a member of the first Board of 
 Fund Commissioners for the State under the 
 internal improvement system ; also served seven 
 years as President of the Springfield branch of 
 the State Hank: was connected, as a stork- 
 
 holder, with the construction of the Sangamon & 
 Morgan (now Wabash) Railroad, extending from 
 Springfield to the Illinois river at Naples, and 
 was also identified, financially, with the old Chi- 
 cago & Galena Union Railroad. From 1835 until 
 his death. Colonel Mather served as one of the 
 Trustees of Illinois College at Jacksonville, and 
 was a liberal contributor to the endowment of 
 that institution. His death occurred during a 
 visit to Philadelphia, March 28, 1853. 
 
 MATTESON, Joel Aldrich, ninth regularly 
 elected Governor of Illinois (1853-57), was born 
 in Watertown, N. Y.. August 8, 1808; after some 
 experience in business and as a teacher, in 1831 
 he went to South Carolina, where he was foreman 
 in the construction of the first railroad in that 
 State. In 1834 he removed to Illinois, where he 
 became a contractor on the Illinois & Michigan 
 Canal, and also engaged in manufacturing at 
 Juliet. After serving three terms in the State 
 Senate, he was elected Governor in 1853, and, in 
 1855, was defeated by Lyman Trumbull for the 
 United States Senator-ship. At the close of his 
 gubernatorial term he was complimented by the 
 Legislature, and retired to private life a popular 
 man. Later, there were developed grave scandals 
 in connection with the refunding of certain 
 canal scrip, with which his name unfortunately 
 was connected. He turned over property to 
 the State of the value of nearly $250,000. for its 
 indemnification. He finally took up his resi- 
 dence in Chicago, and later spent considerable 
 time in travel in Europe. He was for many 
 years the lessee and President of the Chicago & 
 Alton Railroad. Died in Chicago, Jan. 31, 1873. 
 
 MATTHEWS, Asa ( ., ex-Comptroller of the 
 United States Treasury, was born in Pike County, 
 111., March 22, 1833; graduated from Illinois Col- 
 lege in 1855, and was admitted to the bar three 
 years later. Upon the outbreak of the Civil War, 
 he abandoned a remunerative practice at Pitts- 
 field to enlist in the army, and was elected and 
 commissioned a Captain in the Ninety-ninth Illi- 
 nois Volunteers. He rose to the rank of Colonel, 
 being mustered out of the service in August, 
 1865. He was appointed Collector of Internal 
 Revenue in 1869, and Supervisor for the District 
 composed of Illinois, Wisconsin and Michigan, in 
 1875. Being elected to the Thirtieth General 
 Assembly in 1876, he resigned his office, and was 
 re-elected to the Legislature in 1878. On the 
 death of Judge Higbee, Governor Hamilton 
 appointed Mr. Matthews to fill the vacancy thus 
 created on the bench of the Sixth Circuit, his 
 term expiring in 1885. In 1888 he was elected to 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 the Thirty-sixth General Assembly and was 
 chosen Speaker of the House. In May, 1889, 
 President Harrison named him First Comp- 
 troller of the United States Treasury, and the 
 House, by a unanimous vote, expressed its grati- 
 fication at his selection. Since retiring from 
 office, Colonel Matthews has devoted his attention 
 to the practice of his profession at Pittsfield. 
 
 MATTHEWS, Milton W., lawyer and journal- 
 ist, was born in Clark County, 111., March 1, 1846, 
 educated in the common schools, and, near the 
 close of the war, served in a 100-days' regiment ; 
 began teaching in Champaign County in 1865, 
 studied law and was admitted to the bar in 1867 ; 
 in 1878 was appointed Master in Chancery, served 
 two terms as Prosecuting Attorney, and, in 1888, 
 was elected to the State Senate, meanwhile, from 
 1879, discharging the duties of editor of "The 
 Champaign County Herald," of which he was 
 also proprietor. During his last session in the 
 State Senate (1891-93) he served as President pro 
 tern, of that body: was also President of the 
 State Press Association and served on the staff of 
 Governor Fifer, with the rank of Colonel of the 
 Illinois National Guard. Died, at Urbana, May 
 10, 1892. 
 
 MATTOON, an important city in Coles County, 
 173 miles west of south from Chicago and 56 miles 
 west of Terre Haute, Ind. ; a point of junction for 
 three lines of railway, and an important shipping 
 point for corn and broom corn, which are both 
 extensively grown in the surrounding region. It 
 has several banks, foundries, machine shops, 
 brick and tile-works, flour-mills, grain-elevators, 
 with two daily and four weekly newspapers; also 
 lias good graded schools and a high school. The 
 repair shops of the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chi- 
 cago & St. Louis Railroad are located here. 
 Population (1890), 6.833; (1900), 9,632. 
 
 MAXWELL, Philip, M.D., pioneer physician, 
 was born at Guilford, Vt., April 3, 1799, graduated 
 in medicine and practiced for a time at Sackett's 
 Harbor, also serving in the New York Legisla- 
 ture; was appointed Assistant Surgeon at Fort 
 Dearborn, in 1833, remaining intil the abandon- 
 ment of the fort at the end of 1836. In 1838 he 
 was promoted Surgeon, and served with Gen. 
 Zachary Taylor in the campaign against the Semi- 
 noles in Florida, but resumed private practice in 
 Chicago in 1844; served two terms as Represent 
 ative in the General Assembly (1848-52) and, in 
 1855, settled on the shores of Lake Geneva, Wis., 
 where he died, Nov. 5, 1859. 
 
 MAY, William I... early lawyer and Congress- 
 man, was born in Kentucky, came at an early day 
 
 to Edwardsville, 111., and afterwards to Jackson- 
 ville; was elected from Morgan County to the 
 Sixth General Assembly (1828), and the next year 
 removed to Springfield, having been appointed by 
 President Jackson Receiver of Public Moneys for 
 the Land Office there. He was twice elected to 
 Congress (1834 and '36). the first year defeating 
 Benjamin Mills, a brilliant lawyer of Galena. 
 Later, May became a resident of Peoria, but 
 finally removed to California, where he died. 
 
 MAYO, Walter L., legislator, was born in Albe- 
 marle County Va.. March T, 1810; caine to 
 Edwards County. 111., in 1828, and began teach- 
 ing. He took part in the Black Hawk War 
 (1831-32), being appointed by Governor Reynolds 
 Quartermaster of a battalion organized in that 
 section of the State. He had previously been 
 appointed County Clerk of Edwards County to fill 
 a vacancy, and continued, by successive re-elec- 
 tions, to occupy the position for thirty-seven 
 years also acting, for a portion of the time, as 
 Circuit Clerk, Judge of Probate and County Treas- 
 urer. In 1870 he was elected Representative in 
 the Twenty-seventh General Assembly for the 
 Edwards County District. On the evening of Jan. 
 18, 1878, he mysteriously disappeared, having 
 been last seen at the Union Depot at East St 
 Louis, when about to take the train for his home 
 at Albion, and is supposed to have been secretly 
 murdered. No trace of his body or of the crime 
 was ever discovered, and the affair has remained 
 one of the mysteries of the criminal history of 
 Illinois. 
 
 MATWOOD, a village of Cook County, and 
 suburb of Chicago, 10 miles west of that city, on 
 the Chicago & Northwestern and the Chicago 
 Great Western Railways; has churches, two 
 weekly newspapers, public schools and some 
 manufactures. Population (1900), 4,532. 
 
 MCALLISTER, William K., jurist, was born in 
 Washington County. N". Y.. in 1818. After 
 admission to the bar he commenced practice at 
 Albion, N. Y.. and, in 1854. removed to Chicago. 
 In 1866 he was a candidate for the bench of the 
 Superior Court of that city, but was defeated by 
 Judge Jameson. Two years later he was chosen 
 Judge of the Recorder's Court, and, in 1870, was 
 elected a Justice of the Supreme Court, which 
 position he resigned in 1875, having been elected 
 a Judge of the Circuit Court of Cook County to 
 fill a vacancy. He was re-elected for a full term 
 and assigned to Appellate Court duty in 1878. 
 He was elected for a third time in 1885, but. 
 before the expiration of his term, he died. Oct 
 29. 1S8K 
 
358 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 McARTHUR, John, soldier, was born in I'.rs 
 kine, Scotland, Nov. 17, 1826; worked at his 
 father's trade of blacksmith until 23 years old, 
 when, coming to the United States, he settled in 
 Chicago. Here he became foreman of a boiler- 
 making establishment, later acquiring an estab- 
 lishment of his own. Hiving joined the Twelfth 
 Illinois Volunteers at the beginning of the war, 
 with a company of which he was Captain, he 
 was chosen Lieutenant-Colonel, still later Colonel, 
 and. in March, 18C2, promoted to Brigadier-Gen- 
 eral for gallantry in the assault on Fort Donelson, 
 where he commanded a brigade. At Shiloh he 
 was wounded, but after having his wound dressed, 
 returned to the fight and succeeded to the com- 
 mand of the Second Division when Gen. W. H. 1 . 
 Wallace fell mortally wounded. He commanded 
 a division of McPherson's corps in the operations 
 against Vicksburg, and bore a conspicuous part in 
 the battle of Nashville, where he commanded a 
 division under Gen. A. J. Smith, winning a brevet 
 Major-Generalship by his gallantry. General 
 McArthur was Postmaster of Chicago from 1873 
 to 1877. 
 
 McCAUG, Ezra Butler, lawyer, was born at 
 Kinderhook, N Y., Nov. 22, 1825; studied law at 
 Hudson, and, coming to Chicago in 1847, entered 
 the law office of J. Young Scammon, soon after- 
 wards becoming a member of the firm of Scam- 
 mon & McCagg. During the war Mr. McCagg 
 was an active member of the United States Sani- 
 tary Commission, and (for some years after the 
 fire of 1871) of the Relief and Aid Society ; is also 
 a life-member and officer of the Chicago Histori- 
 cal Society, besides being identified with several 
 State and municipal boards. His standing in his 
 profession is shown by the fact that he has been 
 more than once offered a non-partisan nomina- 
 tion for Justice of the Supreme Court, but has de- 
 clined. He occupies a high rank in literary circles, 
 as well as a connoisseur in art, and is the owner of a 
 large private library collected since the destruction 
 of one of the best in the West by the fire of 1871. 
 
 McCARTXEY, James, lawyer and ex-Attorney 
 General, was born of Scotch parentage in the 
 north of Ireland. Feb. 14, 1835; at two years of 
 age was brought to the United States and, until 
 1845, resided in Pennsylvania, when his parents 
 removed to Trumbull County, Ohio. Here he 
 spent his youth in general farm work, meanwhile 
 attending a high school and finally engaging in 
 teaching. In 1856 he began the study of law at 
 Warren, Ohio, which he continued a year later in 
 the office of Harding & Reed, at Monmouth, 111. ; 
 was admitted to the bar in January, 1858, and 
 
 began practice at Monmouth, removing the fol- 
 lowing year toGalva. In April, 1861, he enlisted 
 in what afterwards became the Seventeenth 
 Regiment Illinois Volunteers, was commissioned 
 a First Lieutenant, but, a year later, was com- 
 pelled to resign on account of ill-health. A few 
 months later he re-enlisted in the One Hundred 
 and Twelfth Illinois, being soon promoted to ;i 
 captaincy, although serving much of the time a.- 
 Judge Advocate on courts-martial, and, for one 
 year, as Acting Assistant Adjutant-General in the 
 Army of the Ohio. At the conclusion of his term 
 of service in the army, he resumed the practice 
 of his profession at Fairfield, 111. ; in 1880 was 
 nominated and elected, as a Republican, Attorney- 
 General of the State, and, during his last year in 
 office, began the celebrated "Lake Front suits" 
 which finally terminated successfully for the 
 city of Chicago. Since retiring from office, Gen 
 eral McCartney has been engaged in the practice 
 of his profession, chiefly in Springfield and Chi- 
 cago, having been a resident of the latter city 
 since 1890. 
 
 HcCARTNEY, Robert Wilson, lawyer and 
 jurist, was born in Trumbull County, Ohio. 
 March 19, 1843, spent a portion of his boyhood in 
 Pennsylvania, afterwards returning to Youngs- 
 town, Ohio, where he enlisted as a private in the 
 Sixth Ohio Cavalry. He was severely wounded 
 at the battle of Gettysburg, lying two days and 
 nights on the field and enduring untold suffering. 
 As soon as able to take the field he was commis- 
 sioned, by Governor Cur! in. a Captain in the 
 Eighty-third Pennsylvania Volunteers, serving in 
 the army of the Potomac to the close of the war. 
 and taking part in the grand review at Washing- 
 ton in May, 1865. After the war he took a course 
 in a business college at Pittsburg, removed to 
 Cleveland and began the study of law, but soon 
 came to Illinois, and, having completed his law 
 studies with his brother, J. T. McCartney, at 
 Metropolis, was admitted to the bar in 1868 ; also 
 edited a Republican paper there, became inter 
 ested in lumber manufacture and was one of the 
 founders of the First National Bank of that city. 
 In 1873 he was elected County Judge of Massac 
 County, serving nine years, when (1882) he was 
 elected Representative in the Thirty-third Gen- 
 eral Assembly. At the close of his term in the 
 Legislature he was elected Judge of the Circuit 
 Court for the first Circuit, serving from 1885 to 
 1891. Died, Oct. 27, 1893. Judge McCartney 
 was able, public-spirited and patriotic. The city 
 of Metropolis owes to him the Free Public Library 
 bearing his name. 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 359 
 
 McCLAUGHRY, Robert Wilson, penologist, 
 was born at Fountain Green, Hancock County, 
 III., July 22, 1839, being descended from Scotch- 
 Irish ancestry his grandfather, who was a native 
 of the North of Ireland, having come to America 
 in his youth and served in the War of the Revolu- 
 tion. The subject of this sketch grew up on a 
 farm, attending school in the winter until 1854, 
 then spent the next two winters at an academy, 
 and, in 1856, began a course in Monmouth Col- 
 lege, where he graduated in 1860. The following 
 year he spent as instructor in Latin in the same 
 institution, but, in 1861, became editor of "The 
 Carthage Republican," a Democratic paper, 
 which he made a strong advocate of the cause of 
 the Union, meanwhile, both by his pen and on 
 the stump, encouraging enlistments in the army. 
 About the first of July, 1862, having disposed of 
 his interest in the paper, he enlisted in a company 
 of which he was unanimously chosen Captain, 
 and which, with four other companies organized 
 in the same section, became the nucleus of the 
 One Hundred and Eighteenth Illinois Volunteers. 
 The regiment having been completed at Camp 
 Butler, he was elected Major, and going to the 
 field in the following fall, took part in General 
 Sherman's first movement against Vicksburg by 
 way of Chickasaw Bayou, in December, 1862. 
 Later, as a member of Osterhaus' Division of Gen- 
 eral McClernand's corps, he participated with his 
 regiment in the capture of Arkansas Post, and in 
 the operations against Vicksburg which resulted 
 in the capture of that stronghold, in July, 1863. 
 He then joined the Department of the Gulf under 
 command of General Banks, but was compelled 
 by sickness to return north. Having sufficiently 
 recovered, he spent a few months in the recruit- 
 ing service (1864), but, in May of that year, was 
 transferred, by order of President Lincoln, to the 
 Pay Department, as Additional-Paymaster, with 
 the rank of Major, being finally assigned to duty 
 at Springfield, where he remained, paying off Illi- 
 nois regiments as mustered out of the service, 
 until Oct. 13, 1865, when he was honorably dis- 
 charged. A few weeks later he was elected 
 County Clerk of Hancock County, serving four 
 years. In the meantime he engaged in the stone 
 business, as head of the firm of R. \V. McClaughry 
 & Co., furnishing stone for the basement of the 
 State Capitol at Springfield and for bridges across 
 the Mississippi at Quincy and Keokuk later 
 being engaged in the same business at St. Gene- 
 vieve. Mo., with headquarters at St. Louis. Com- 
 pelled to retire by failing health, he took up his 
 residence at Monmouth in 1873, but, in 1874, was 
 
 called to the wardenship of the State Peniten- 
 tiary at Joliet. Here he remained until December, 
 1888, when he resigned to accept the superin- 
 tendent 1 }- of the Industrial Reformatory at 
 Huntingdon, Pa., but, in May, 1891, accepted 
 from Mayor Washburne the position of Chief of 
 Police in Chicago, continuing in service, under 
 Mayor Harrison, until August, 1893, when he 
 became Superintendent of the Illinois State 
 Reformatory at Pontiac. Early in 1897 he was 
 again offered and accepted the position of Warden 
 of the State Penitentiary at Joliet. Here he re- 
 mained until 1899, when he received from Presi- 
 dent McKinley the appointment of Warden of the 
 Military Prison at Fort Leaven worth, Kan., 
 which position he now (1899) occupies. Major Mc- 
 Claughry 's administration of penal and reforma- 
 tory institutions has been eminently satisfactory, 
 and he has taken rank as one of the most success- 
 ful penologists in the country. 
 
 McCLELLAN, Robert H., lawyer and banker, 
 was born in Washington County, N. Y., Jan. 3, 
 1823; graduated at Union College, Schenectady, 
 in 1847, and then studied law with Hon. Martin I. 
 Townsend, of Troy, being admitted to the bar in 
 1850. The same year he removed to Galena, 111. ; 
 during his first winter there, edited "The Galena 
 Gazette," and the following spring formed a 
 partnership with John M. Douglas, afterwards 
 General Solicitor and President of the Illinois 
 Central Railroad, which ended with the removal 
 of the latter to Chicago, when Mr. McClellan 
 succeeded him as local attorney of the road at 
 Galena. In 1834 Mr. McClellan became President 
 of the Bank of Galena later the "National Bank 
 of Galena" remaining for over twenty years. 
 He is also largely interested in local manufac- 
 tories and financial institutions elewhere. He 
 served as a Republican Representative in the 
 Twenty-second General Assembly (1861-62), and 
 as Senator (1876-80), and maintained a high rank 
 as a sagacious and judicious legislator. Liberal, 
 public-spirited and patriotic, his name has been 
 prominently connected with all movements for 
 the improvement of his locality and the advance- 
 ment of the interests of the State. 
 
 McCLERNAND, John Alexander, a volunteer 
 officer in the Civil War and prominent Demo- 
 cratic politician, was born in Breckenridge 
 County, Ky., May 30, 1812, brought to Shawnee- 
 town in 1816, was admitted to the bar in 1832. 
 and engaged in journalism for a time. He served 
 in the Black Hawk War, and was elected to the 
 Legislature in 1836. and again in 1840 and '42. 
 The latter year he was elected to Congress, serv- 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 ing four consecutive terms, but declining a 
 renomination, being about to remove to Jackson- 
 ville, where he resided from 1851 to 1856. Twice 
 (1840 and '52) he was a Presidential Elector on 
 the Democratic ticket. In 1856 he removed to 
 Springfield, and, in 1859, re-entered Congress as 
 Representative of the Springfield District; was 
 re-elected in 1860, but resigned in 1861 to accept 
 a commission as Brigadier-General of Volunteers 
 from President Lincoln, being promoted Major- 
 General early in 1862. He participated in the 
 battles of Belmont, Fort Donelson, Shiloh and 
 before Vicksburg, and was in command at the 
 rapture of Arkansas Post, but was severely criti- 
 cised for some of his acts during the Vicksburg 
 campaign and relieved of his command by Gen- 
 eral Grant. Having finally been restored by 
 order of President Lincoln, he participated in the 
 campaign in Louisiana and Texas, but resigned 
 his commission in 1864. General McClernand 
 presided over the Democratic National Conven- 
 tion of 1876, and, in 1886, was appointed by Presi- 
 dent Cleveland one of the members of the Utah 
 Commission, serving through President Harri- 
 son's administration. He was also elected 
 Circuit Judge in 1870, as successor to Hon. B. S. 
 Edwards, who had resigned. Died Sept. 20, 1900. 
 McCLURt), Alexander ('., soldier and pub- 
 lisher, was born in Philadelphia but grew up in 
 Pittsburg, where his father was an iron manu- 
 facturer. He graduated at Miami University- 
 Oxford, Ohio., and, after studying law for a time 
 with Chief Justice Lowrie of Pennsylvania, came 
 to Chicago in 1859, and entered the bookstore of 
 8. C. Griggs & Co., as a junior clerk. Early in 
 1861 he enlisted as a private in the War of the 
 Rebellion, but the quota of three-months' men 
 being already full, his services were not accepted. 
 In August. 1862, he became a member of the 
 "Crosby Guards," afterwards incorporated in the 
 Eighty -eighth Illinois Infantry (Second Board of 
 Trade Regiment), and was unanimously elected 
 Captain of Company H. After the battle of 
 Perryville, he was detailed as Judge Advocate at 
 Nashville, and, in the following year, offered the 
 position of Assistant Adjutant-General on the 
 staff of General McCook, afterwards serving in a 
 similar capacity on the staffs of Generals Thomas. 
 Sheridan and Baird. He took part in the defense 
 of Chattanooga and, at the battle of Missionary 
 Ridge, had two horses shot under him ; was also 
 with the Fourteenth Army Corps in the Atlanta 
 campaign, and, at the request of Gen. Jeff. C. 
 Davis, was promoted to the rank of Colonel and 
 brevetted Brigadier-General later, being pre- 
 
 sented with a sword bearing the names of the 
 principal battles in which he was engaged, 
 besides being especially complimented in letters 
 by Generals Sherman, Thomas, Baird, Mitchell. 
 Davis and others. He was invited to enter the 
 regular army at the close of the war, but pre- 
 ferred to return to private life, and resumed his 
 former position with S. C. Griggs & Co., soon 
 after becoming a junior partner in the concern, 
 of which he has since become the chief. In the 
 various mutations through which this extensive 
 firm has gone, General McCIurg has been a lead- 
 ing factor until now (and since 18U7) he stands 
 at the head of the most extensive publishing firm 
 west of New York. 
 
 McCOMNEL, Murray, pioneer and lawyer, was 
 born in Orange County, N. Y., Sept. 5, 1798, anil 
 educated in the common schools; left home at 
 14 years of age and, after a year at Louisville, 
 spent several years flat-boating, trading and 
 hunting in the West, during this period visiting 
 Arkansas, Texas and Kansas, finally settling on a 
 farm near Herculaneum, Mo. In 1823 he located 
 in Scott (then a part of Morgan) County, 111. , but 
 when the town of Jacksonville was laid out. 
 became a citizen of that place. During the Black 
 Hawk War (July and August, 1832), he served on 
 the staff of Gen. J. D. Henry with the rank <>f 
 Major; in 1837 was appointed by Governor Dun- 
 can a member of the Board of Public Works for 
 the First Judicial District, in this capacity having 
 charge of the construction of the railroad between 
 Meredosia and Springfield (then known as the 
 Northern Cross Railroad) the first public rail- 
 road built in the State, and the only one con- 
 structed during the "internal improvement" era 
 following 1837. He also held a commission from 
 Governor French as Major-General of State Mi- 
 litia, in 1855 was appointed by President Pierce 
 Fifth Auditor of the Treasury Department, but 
 retired in 1859. In 1832, on his return from 
 the Black Hawk War, he was elected a Repre 
 sentative in the State Legislature from Morgan 
 County, and, in 1864, was elected to the State 
 Senate for the District composed of Morgan. 
 Menard, Cass, Schuyler and Brown Counties, 
 serving until 1868. Though previously a Demo- 
 crat and a delegate to the Democratic National 
 Convention of 1860, he was an earnest supporter 
 of the war policy of the Government, and was 
 one of four Democratic Senators, in the General 
 Assembly of 1865, who voted for the ratification 
 of the Thirteenth Amendment of the National 
 Constitution, prohibiting slavery in the United 
 States. His death occurred by assassination, by 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 361 
 
 some unknown person, in his office at Jackson 
 ville, Feb. 9, 1869. John Ludluiii (McConnel), 
 son of the preceding, was born in Jacksonville. 
 111., Nov. 11, 1886, studied law and graduated at 
 Transylvania Law School; in 1846 enlisted as a 
 private in the Mexican War, became First Lieu- 
 tenant and was promoted Captain after the battle 
 of Buena Vista, where he was twice wounded. 
 After the war he returned to Jacksonville and 
 wrote several books illustrative of Western life 
 and character, which were published between 
 1850 and 1853. At the time of his death Jan. 
 17. 1862 he was engaged in the preparation of a 
 "History of Early Explorations in America," hav- 
 ing special reference to the labors of the early 
 Roman Catholic missionaries. 
 
 HcCONNELL, (Gen). John, soldier, was born 
 in Madison County, N. Y., Dec. 5, 1824, and came 
 with his parents to Illinois when about sixteen 
 years of age. His father (James McConnell) was 
 a native of Ireland, who came to the United 
 States shortly before the War of 1812, and, after 
 remaining in New York until 1840, came to San- 
 gamon County, III., locating a few miles south of 
 Springfield, where he engaged extensively in 
 sheep-raising. He was an enterprising and pro- 
 gressive agriculturist, and was one of the founders 
 of the State Agricultural Society, being President 
 of the Convention of 1852 which resulted in its 
 organization. His death took place, Jan. 7, 1867. 
 The subject of this sketch was engaged with his 
 father and brothers in the farming and stock 
 business until 1861, when he raised a company 
 for the Third Illinois Cavalry, of which he was 
 elected Captain, was later promoted Major, serv- 
 ing until March, 1863, during that time taking 
 part in some of the important battles of the war 
 in Southwest Missouri, including Pea Ridge, and 
 was highly complimented by his commander, 
 Gen. G. M. Dodge, for bravery. Some three 
 months after leaving the Third Cavalry, he was 
 commissioned by Governor Yates Colonel of the 
 Fifth Illinois Cavalry, and, in March, 1865, was 
 commissioned Brevet Brigadier-General, his com- 
 mission being signed by President Lincoln on 
 April 14, 1865, the morning preceding the night 
 of his assassination. During the latter part of 
 his service. General McConnell was on duty in 
 Texas, being finally mustered out in October, 
 1865. After the death of his father, and until 
 1879, he continued in the business of sheep-raising 
 and farming, being for a time the owner of 
 several extensive farms in Sangamon County, 
 but, in 1879, engaged in the insurance business 
 in Springfield, where he died, March 14, 1898. 
 
 McCONNELL, Samuel P., sou r,t the preceding, 
 was born at Springfield, III, on July 5, 1849 
 After completing his literary studies he read law 
 at Springfield in the office of Stuart, Edwards & 
 Brown, and was admitted to the bar in 1872, soon 
 after establishing himself in practice in Chicago 
 After various partnerships, in which he was asso- 
 ciated with leading lawyers of Chicago, he was 
 elected Judge of the Cook County Circuit Court, 
 in 1889, to fill the vacancy caused by the death of 
 Judge W. K. McAllister, serving until 1894, when 
 he resigned to give his attention to private prac- 
 tice. Although one of the youngest Judges upon 
 the bench, Judge McConnell was called upon, 
 soon aftor his election, to preside at the trial of 
 the conspirators in the celebrated Cronin murder 
 case, in which he displayed great ability. He has 
 also had charge, as presiding Judge, of a number 
 of civil suits of great importance affecting cor 
 po rations. 
 
 McCORMICK, Cyrus Hall, inventor and manu- 
 facturer, born in Rockbridge County, Va., Feb. 15. 
 1809. In youth he manifested unusual mechani- 
 cal ingenuity, and early began attempts at the 
 manufacture of some device for cutting grain, his 
 first finished machine being produced in 1831. 
 Though he had been manufacturing for years 
 in a small way, it was not until 1844 that his 
 first machine was shipped to the West, and. 
 in 1847, he came to Chicago with a view (> 
 establishing its manufacture in the heart of the 
 region where its use would be most in demand 
 One of his early partners in the business was 
 William B. Ogden, afterwards so widely known 
 in connection with Chicago's railroad history 
 The business grew on his hands until it became 
 one of the largest manufacturing interests in the 
 United States. Mr. McCormick was a Democrat, 
 and, in 1860, he bought "The Chicago Times." 
 and having united it with "The Herald," which 
 he already owned, a few months later sold the 
 consolidated concern to Wilbur F. Storey. "The 
 Interior," the Northwestern mouthpiece of the 
 Presbyterian faith, had been founded by a joint 
 stock-company in 1870, but was burned out in 
 1871 and removed to Cincinnati. In January. 
 1872, it was returned to Chicago, and, at the 
 beginning of the following year, it became the 
 property of Mr. McCormick in conjunction with 
 Dr. Gray, who has been its editor and manager 
 ever since. Mr. McCormick's most liberal work 
 was undoubtedly the endowment of the Presby- 
 terian Theological Seminary in Chicago, which 
 goes by his name. His death occurred, May 13. 
 1884, after a business life of almost unprere 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 dented success, and after conferring upon the 
 agriculturists of the country a boon of inestimable 
 value. 
 
 McCORMICK THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY, a 
 Presbyterian school of theology in Chicago, be- 
 ing the outgrowth of an institution originally con- 
 nected with Hanover College, Ind., in 1830. In 
 1859 the late Cyrus H. SIcOormick donated $100,- 
 000 to the school, and it was removed to Chicago, 
 where it was opened in September, with a class 
 of fifteen students. Since then nearly $300.000 
 have been contributed toward a building fund by 
 Mr. McCormick and his Heirs, besides numerous 
 donations to the same end made by others. The 
 number of buildings is nine, four being for the 
 general purposes of the institution (incluJ'ig 
 dormitories), and five being houses for the pro- 
 fessors. The course of instruction covers three 
 annual terms of seven months each, and includes 
 didactic and polemic theology, biblical and 
 ecclesiastical history, sacred rhetoric and pastoral 
 theology, church government and the sacra- 
 ments, New Testament literature and exegesis, 
 apologetics and missions, and homiletics. The 
 faculty consists of eight professors, one adjunct 
 professor, and one instructor in elocution and 
 vocal culture. Between 200 and 300 students are 
 enrolled, including post-graduates. 
 
 McCDLLOCH, David, lawyer and jurist, was 
 born in Cumberland County, Pa., Jan. 25, 1832; 
 received his academic education at Marshall Col- 
 lege, Mercersburg, Pa. , graduating in the class of 
 1853. Then, after spending some six months as 
 a teacher in his native village, he came west, 
 arriving at Peoria early in 1853. Here he con- 
 ducted a private school for two years, when, in 
 1855, he began the study of law in the office of 
 Manning & Merriman, being admitted to the bar 
 in 1857. Soon after entering upon his law studies 
 he was elected School Commissioner for Peoria 
 County, serving, by successive re-elections, three 
 terms (1855-61). At the close of this period he 
 was taken into partnership with his old precep- 
 tor, Julius Manning, who died, July 4, 1862. In 
 1877 he was elected Circuit Judge for the Eighth 
 Circuit, under the law authorizing the increase of 
 Judges in each circuit to three, and was re- 
 elected in 1879, serving until 1885. Six years of 
 this period were spent as a Justice of the Appellate 
 Court for the Third Appellate District. On 
 retiring from the bench, Judge McCulloch entered 
 into partnership with his son, E. D. McCulloch, 
 which is still maintained. Politically, Judge 
 McCulloch was reared as a Democrat, but during 
 the Civil War became a Republican. Since 1886 
 
 he has been identified with the Prohibition Party, 
 although, as the result of questions arising during 
 the Spanish-American War, giving a cordial 
 support to the policy of President McKinley. In 
 religious views he is a Presbyterian, and is a mem- 
 ber of the Board of Directors of the McCormick 
 Theological Seminary at Chicago. 
 
 McCULLOUGH, James Skiles, Auditor of 
 Public Accounts, was born in Mercersburg, 
 Franklin County, Pa., May 4, 1843; in 1854 came 
 with his father to Urbana, 111. , and grew up on a 
 farm in that vicinity, receiving such education as 
 could be obtained in the public schools. In 1863, 
 at the age of 19 years, he enlisted as a private in 
 Company G, Seventy-sixth Illinois Volunteer 
 Infantry, and served during the next three years 
 in the Departments of the Mississippi and the Gulf, 
 j^oanwhile participating in the campaign against 
 Victsburg, and, near the close of the war, in the 
 operations about Mobile. On the 9th of April, 
 1865, while taking part in the assault on Fort 
 Blakely, near Mobile, his left arm was torn to 
 pieces by a grape-shot, compelling its amputation 
 near the shoulder. His final discharge occurred 
 in July, 1865. Returning home he spent a year in 
 school at Urbana, after which he n-as a student in 
 the Soldiers' College at Fulton, III., for two years. 
 He then (18C8) entered the office of the County 
 Clerk of Champaign County as a deputy, remain- 
 ing until 1873, when he was chosen County Clerk, 
 serving by successive re-elections until 1896. The 
 latter year he received the nomination of the 
 Republican Party for Auditor of Public Accounts, 
 and, at the November election, was elected by a 
 plurality of 138,000 votes over his Democratic 
 opponent. He was serving his sixth term as 
 County* Clerk when chosen Auditor, having 
 received the nomination of his party on each 
 occasion without opposition. 
 
 MeDANXOLD, John J., lawyer and ex-Con- 
 gressman, was born in Brown County, 111. , August 
 29, 1851, acquired his early education in the com- 
 mon schools of his native county and in a private 
 school; graduated from the Law Department of 
 the Iowa State University in 1874, and was 
 admitted to the bar in Illinois the same year, 
 commencing practice at Mount Sterling. In 1885 
 he was made Master in Chancery, in 1886, elected 
 County Judge, and re-elected in 1890, resigning 
 his seat in October, 1893, to accept an election by 
 the Democrats of the Twelfth Illinois District as 
 Representative in the Fifty-third Congress. 
 After retiring from Congress (March 4, 1895), Mr. 
 McDannold removed to Chicago, where he 
 engaged in the practice of his profession. 
 
IIISTOIJICAL KXCYCI.OPEDIA OK ILLIXOIS. 
 
 denied success, a'lil after conferring II|M:II the 
 agriculturists of the "ountry a IHHIII of inestimable 
 value. 
 
 MHOK.MH'K I III ii. DI. K \ I. SEMINARY, a 
 Presbyterian school of theulogy in Chicago, lie- 
 ing the outgrowth of an institution originally con- 
 nected with Ronover Collide, Iml.. in ls:!o. In 
 l*. r i! the late Cyrus II. Mc( -irmick <lon:it<Ml |IM).- 
 HOI) tn the school, anil it was removed to ( 'hicago. 
 where it was opened in September, with a cla-s 
 of liflecii stinlriits. Since tlirn nearly s:;mi.iii) 
 have been c ::! i ilmicd towanl a building tund In 
 Mr. Mcl'ormick anil his heirs, liesi.les numerous 
 donations to the same etui inaile liy others. The 
 number of buildings is nine, four In-ing for the 
 general pur|M>scs of the institution (inclu.! ; 'ig 
 ilonnitories), anil live licing houses for the pro- 
 fessors. The rourse of instruction covers three 
 annual terms of seven months each, timl includes 
 'liilactic ami |Kilcmic theology, biblical an. I 
 ecclesiastical history, sacred rhetoric anil pastoral 
 theology, church government anil the sacra- 
 ments. New Testament literature ami exegesis, 
 apologetics anil missions, anil lion ii let it's. The 
 faculty consists of oighft professors, one adjunct 
 |irol'essor, anil one instructor in elocution and 
 vocal culture Between ','HII and :UHI students are 
 nrolleil, including post-graduates. 
 
 JMTI.I.Oril, David, lawyer ami jurist, was 
 horn in Cuinlicrlanil County. Pa. , Jan. '.'.1. I*:!'- 1 ; 
 receiveil his academic i>ducatiou at Marshall Col- 
 lege. Merccrsburg, I'a , graduating in the class of 
 1H.VJ. Then, after spending some six months as 
 a teacher in his native village, he came west, 
 arriving at I'eoria early in 1M53. Here he con 
 ducted a private school for two years, when, in 
 1K.V>, lie liegan the study of law- in the office of 
 Manning & Merrimari. lieinf; admitted to the liar 
 in 1W.T7. SIMIII alter enterinn upon his law .studies 
 he was elected School Commissioner for I'eoria 
 County, serving, liy successive re-elections, three 
 terms (1x5r>-fil). At the close of this jK-rioil he 
 was taken into partnership with his old precep- 
 tor. Julius Manning, who died, July I. 1W12. In 
 1877 he was elected Circuit .luil^e for tins Kiftlilh 
 Circuit, under the law authori/in^ the increase of 
 Jtiilgcs in each circuit to three, and was re- 
 elected in 1H7!t. serving until I*N-Y Six years of 
 I his (K-riod were s|icnt as a Just ice of the . \ppcl lain 
 Court for the Third Ap[>ellate District On 
 retiring from the bench. Judge McCuIIoch entered 
 into partnership with his son, K. I). McCullocli. 
 which is still maintained. Piiliticnlly, Jiiilge 
 McCulliK'h was roared as a F>emocrat !>ut iluring 
 the Civil War Ix-came a TJeimblican. Since Issr. 
 
 he lias lieen identified with the Prohibition Party. 
 although, as the result of i|iiestions arising during 
 the Spanish-American War. giving a cordial 
 support to the policy of President McKinley. In 
 religions views lie is a Presbyterian, and is a mem- 
 ber of the Hoard of Directors of the McConnick 
 Theological Seminary at Chicago 
 
 Hrl I I I 011.11. .la s Skili-s, Auditor of 
 
 Public Accounts, was born in Morcersburg, 
 I'Vaiiklin Coiinly. I'a.. May I, ls|:! ; in ls.%| came 
 with his father to i'rhana. Ill . and grew up on a 
 farm in that \ icinity. receiving such education as 
 could be obtained in the public schools In IMii, 
 at the age of 111 years, he enlisted as a private in 
 Company (i. Seventy-sixth Illinois Volunteer 
 Infantry, and served during the next three years 
 in the Departments of the Mississippi and the(!iilf, 
 i.anwhile participating in the campaign against 
 Vicksburg, and. near the close of the war, in the 
 o|ierations aUiut Mobile. On the !lth of April. 
 IKCi.'i. while taking part in the assault on Tort 
 lila!;.dy near Mobile, his left arm was torn to 
 pieces by a grape shot, compelling its amputation 
 near the shoulder. His linal discharge occurred 
 in July. IKI'M. Keturninghome he spent a year in 
 schixil at I'rbana. after which he was astuilcnt in 
 the Soldiers' < 'ollege at Fulton. III., for two years. 
 Me then ( INIiSi entered the oflice of the County 
 ' 'lerk of ( 'hampaign ( 'ounty as a deputy, remain- 
 ing until IN?:!, when he was chosen ( 'ounty t 'Icrk, 
 serving by successive re-elections until IMMi. The 
 latter year he received the nomination of th 
 Republican Party for Auditor of Public Accounts, 
 and, at the Novemlicr election, was elected by a 
 plurality of 13H.IHM) votes over his Democratic 
 opponent. Me was serving his sixth term as 
 County Clerk when chosen Auditor, having 
 received the nomination of his party on each 
 occasion without opposition. 
 
 Mi'IM\\OI,I>, John .1.. lawyer and ex-Con 
 gresstnan. was born in Brown County. 111., August 
 2!l, IKil, acquired his early education in the com- 
 mon schools of his native county and in a private 
 school; graduated from the Law Department of 
 the Iowa State I'niversity in 1*71, and was 
 admitted to the bar in Illinois the same year, 
 commencing practice at Mount Sterling. In I**.") 
 he was made Master in Chancery, in IHSIi. elected 
 County Judge, and re-elected in 1WMI. resigning 
 his seat in Octolicr. I*!!',', to accept an election bv 
 
 the Di -rats of the Twelfth Illinois District as 
 
 Itepre-icntative in the Fifty-third Congress. 
 After retiring from Congress (March 1. IWTO.Mr. 
 .McDannolil removed to Chicago, where ho 
 engaged in the practice of his profession 
 
Sfcsj&tf***** 
 
 * 
 
 T: 
 v; 
 
 
 
h 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 363 
 
 McDONOUGH COUNTY, organized under an 
 act passed, Jan. 25, 1826, and attached, for judicial 
 purposes, to Schuyler County until 1830. Its 
 present area is 580 square miles named in honor 
 of Commodore McDonough. The first settlement 
 in the county was at Industry, on the site of 
 which William Carter (the pioneer of the 
 county) built a cabin in 1826. James and John 
 Vance and William Job settled in the vicinity in 
 the following year. Out of this settlement grew 
 Blandinsville. William Pennington located on 
 Spring Creek in 1828, and, in 1831, James M. 
 Campbell erected the first frame house on the 
 site of the present city of Macomb. The first 
 sermon, preached by a Protestant minister in the 
 county, was delivered in the Job settlement by 
 Rev. John Logan, a Baptist. Among the early 
 officers were John Huston, County Treasurer; 
 William Southward, Sheriff; Peter Hale, Coro- 
 ner, and Jesse Bartlett, Surveyor. The first 
 term of the Circuit Court was held in 1830, and 
 presided over by Hon. Richard M. Young. The 
 first railway to cross the county was the Chicago, 
 Burlington & Quincy (1857). Since then other 
 lines have penetrated it, and there are numerous 
 railroad centers and shipping points of consider- 
 able importance. Population (1880), 25,037; 
 (1890), 27,467; (1900), 28,412. 
 
 McDOUGALL, James Alexander, lawyer and 
 United States Senator, was born in Bethlehem. 
 Albany County, N. Y., Nov. 19, 1817; educated 
 at the Albany grammar school, studied law and 
 settled in Pike County, 111., in 1837; was Attor- 
 ney-General of Illinois four years (1843-47) ; then 
 engaged in engineering and, in 1849, organized 
 ;ind led an exploring expedition to the Rio del 
 Norte, Gila and Colorado Rivers, finally settling 
 at San Francisco and engaging in the practice of 
 law. In 1850 he was elected Attorney-General of 
 California, served several terms in the State 
 Legislature, and, in 1852, was chosen, as a Demo- 
 crat, to Congress, but declined a re-election ; in 
 1860 was elected United States Senator from Cali- 
 fornia, serving as a War Democrat until 1867. 
 At the expiration of his senatorial term he retired 
 to Albany, N. Y., where he died, Sept. 3, 1867. 
 Though somewhat irregular in habits, he was, at 
 times, a brilliant and effective speaker, and, dur- 
 ing the War of the Rebellion, rendered valuable 
 aid to the Union cause. 
 
 McFARLAND, Andrew, M.D., alienist, was 
 horn in Concord, N. H., July 14, 1817, graduated 
 at Jefferson Medical College, Philadelphia, in 
 1841, and, after being engaged in general practice 
 for a few years, was invited to assume the man- 
 
 agement of the New Hampshire Asylum for the 
 Insane at Concord. Here he remained some 
 eight years, during which he acquired consider- 
 able reputation in the treatment of nervous and 
 mental disorders. In 1854 he was offered and 
 accepted the position of Medical Superintendent 
 of the Illinois State (now Central) Hospital for 
 the Insane at Jacksonville, entering upon his 
 duties in June of that year, and continuing his 
 connection with that institution for a period of 
 more than sixteen years. Having resigned his 
 position in the State Hospital in June. 1870, he 
 soon after established the Oaklawn Retreat, at 
 Jacksonville, a private institution for the treat- 
 ment of insane patients, which he conducted 
 with a great degree of success, and with which 
 he was associated during the remainder of his 
 life, dying, Nov. 22, 1891. Dr. McFarland's sen-- 
 ices were in frequent request as a medical expert 
 in cases before the courts, invariably, however, 
 on the side of the defense. The last case in which 
 he appeared as a witness was at the trial of Charles 
 F. Guiteau, the assassin of President Gartield, 
 whom he believed to be insane. 
 
 McGAHEY, David, settled in Crawford County, 
 111., in 1817, and served as Representative from 
 that County in the Third and Fourth General 
 Assemblies (1822-26), and as Senator in the 
 Eighth and Ninth (1832-36). Although a native 
 of Tennessee, Mr. McGahey was a strong opponent 
 of slavery, and, at the session of 1822, was one of 
 those who voted against the pro-slavery Constitu- 
 tion resolution. He continued to reside in Law- 
 rence County until his death in 1851. James D. 
 (McGahey), a son of the preceding, was elected 
 to the Ninth General Assembly from Crawford 
 County, in 1834, but died during his term of 
 service. 
 
 McGAXX, Lawrence Edward, ex-Congressman, 
 was born in Ireland, Feb. 2, 1852. His father 
 having died in 1884. the following year his 
 mother emigrated to the United States, settling 
 at Milford, Mass., where he attended the public 
 schools. In 1865 he came to Chicago, and, for 
 fourteen years, found employment as a shoe- 
 maker. In 1879 he entered the municipal service 
 as a clerk, and, on Jan. 1, 1885, was appointed 
 City Superintendent of Streets, resigning in May, 
 1891. He was elected in 1892, as a Democrat, to 
 represent the Second Illinois District in the 
 Fifty-second Congress, and re-elected to the Fifty- 
 third. In 1894 he was a candidate for re-election 
 and received a certificate of election by a small 
 majority over Hugh R. Belknap (Republican). 
 An investigation having shown his defeat, he 
 

 t 
 
 1 
 
 - 
 
 u 
 
 > 
 
 i 
 
niSTOIJICAL KXfYrLOPKDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 MeDOXOnW rOl'XTT. organized under an 
 act passed. Jan. 'i~>. IS'-'li, aii<l attached, for judicial 
 
 |iur|ioses. to Schnyler County until 1 s :>n. IN 
 present arra is iiso square miles named in honor 
 nf Cpmitiadoro McDonougll. The iirst settlement 
 in the county was at Industry, on the site of 
 which William Carter (the pioneer of the 
 county) built a caliin in !*','<>. James and John 
 Vaneo and William Joli settled in the vicinity in 
 the following year. ( )nt of this settlement grew 
 Hlandinsville William Penniiigton located MI 
 spring Creek in 1--.'S and, in \ v '.'-\. James M 
 Campbell erected (he Iirst frame house on the 
 -!!< of the present city of MacoinV The lir-t 
 -crmon, preached h\ a Protestant minister in the 
 
 oitnty, was delivered in tin- Job settlement by 
 IJi-v. John Logan, a Baptist Aiming the early 
 
 llicers wen; John Huston. County Treasurer. 
 William Southward Sheriff; 1'cter Hale. Coro- 
 ner, and Jesse llartlctt. Surveyor. The first 
 term of the Circuit Court was held in IS.TO. ami 
 (.resided over liy lion Richard M Young. The 
 :ir-t railway to cross the county was the Chicago. 
 Uurlington & i.inincv (isr,7). Since then other 
 lilies have penetrated it. and there are numerous 
 railroad centers and shipping points of consider 
 :il.le importance 1'opulation (ISKOi. 'i'i.(i:!7; 
 
 IS'.WM, 27,-lfiT: (I'.Miin, i.s.412. 
 McDOnui.l,. James Alexander, lawyer and 
 I'nilcil States Senator, was liorn in IVthlchcm. 
 
 Ubany County X V . Nov. 111. 1*17; educated 
 :tt the Albany grammar school, studied law and 
 -tiled in Pike County. Ill . in 1s:!7; was Atlor- 
 ney-(!eneral of Illinois four years (|S|:!-|7>: then 
 "gaged in engineering and. in IslO. orgaiii/.ed 
 and led an exploring expedition to the Rio del 
 Norte. (iila and Colorado Rivers, finally settling 
 at San Francisco and engaging in the practice of 
 Uw. In is.'d) lie was elected Attorney-General of 
 California, served several terms in the Slate 
 Legislature, and. in |s.*^, was chosen, as a Demo- 
 crat, to Congress, hut declined a re-election ; in 
 isr,0 was elected Tinted States Senator from ( 'ali- 
 tornia. serving a- a War Democrat until 1*07. 
 
 \t thi' expiration of his senatorial term he retired 
 to Alhany, N Y . where he died. Sept. :!. ls(!7. 
 Though somewhat irregular in hahits. he was. at 
 limes, a brilliant and effective speaker, anil. <lur 
 ing the War of the Rcliellion. rendered valuable 
 aid to the Union cause 
 
 McFARLAM). Andrew, M.I., alienist, was 
 l>orn in Concord. N. II.. July M, 1S17, grailuated 
 at Jefferson Medical College. Philadelphia, in 
 1*11. and. after being engaged in general practice 
 fora few years, was invited to assume the man- 
 
 agement of the New Hampshire* Asylum for the 
 Irsane at Concord. Here he remained -i.im 
 eight years, during which he acquired consider 
 able reputation in the treatment of nervous and 
 mental di-ordcr-. In Is.'il he was offered and 
 accepted the position of Medical Superintendent 
 of the Illinois Stjite (now Central) I l..-|iiial for 
 the Insaiie at Jacksonville, entering ii|>n his 
 duties in June of thai \.-ar, and continuing hi~ 
 connection with il^al inslitntion fora |>eriod of 
 
 more than sixl years Having resigned hi- 
 
 l"-ili.in in the Stale Hospital in June. |s7n | M . 
 sixni after cstahlishi-il the Daklawn l.Vnval. at 
 Jacksonville, a pri\ale insl ilnl ion for I lie treat 
 
 meiit "I insane patients, \\lndi In inlucted 
 
 wilh a great degp-e of Miccess, and with which 
 he was associated during the remainder of hi- 
 life, living. Nov >-.'. ISIM | ),-. McKai la-hl's S.TV 
 ices were in frc<[iicnt rr.jiiest as a medical -x|M i ri 
 in cases I ief ore the court-, invariably. !i..u.-\.-i 
 on tlie side of the defense The last case in which 
 he appeared 88 U v\ it ness was at the trial of Charle- 
 F. (luiteail. the assassin of President (arliidd 
 whom he lielieved to ! insiine. 
 
 Mci; MII'.V, Daviil, settle.l iii Crawford CoiinU 
 III , in ls'17. antl served as llepresenlative from 
 that County in the Third and Fourth (ieneral 
 .Assemblies ( IS'.'-.'-'J'il. and as Senator in the 
 F.ighth and Ninth (|s:!-j ::ii) Although a native 
 of Tennessee. Mr Mcliahey w;isa stroiigop|K.neiit 
 of slavery, and. at the session of isii. was one of 
 t hose who voted against the pro-slavery ( 'onstitu- 
 tiou resolution. He continued to reside in l.aw 
 rence County until his death in l>*"il James I> 
 iMc(!aheyt. a sou of the preceding, was elected 
 to the Ninth (General Assembly from Crawford 
 County, in ls:!l, but died during his term of 
 service. 
 
 MHJAXX, I.arenre Ednard, ex-Congressman 
 was Uirn in Ireland, Feb ->. Is-V,' His father 
 having died in 1SS4. the following year his 
 mother ('migrated to the I'niled States, settling 
 at Milford. Mass . where he attended the public 
 schools. In I Mitt he came to Chicago, and. for 
 fourteen years, found employment as a shoe- 
 maker In 1N7!) he entered the municipal service 
 as a clerk, ami. on Jan I. lss."j. \\-as ap|>ointcd 
 City Superintendent of Streets, resigning in May. 
 isill. He was elected in IS'.l-J. as a Democrat, to 
 represent the Second Illinois District in the 
 Fifty-second Congress, and re-elected to the Fifty 
 third. In l*'.'l he was a candidate for re election 
 and received a certificate of election by a small 
 majority over Hugh K Bclknap (Republican) 
 An investigation having shown his defeat he 
 
364 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 magnanimously surrendered his seat to his com- 
 petitor without a contest. He has large business 
 interests in Chicago, especially in street railroad 
 property, being President of an important elec- 
 trio line. 
 
 McHENRY, a village in McHenry County, situ- 
 ated on the Fox River and the Chicago & North- 
 western Railway. The river is here navigable for 
 steamboats of light draft, which ply between the 
 town and Fox Lake, a favorite resort for sports- 
 men. The town has bottling works, a creamery, 
 marble and granite works, cigar factory, flour 
 mills, brewery, bank, four churches, and one 
 weekly paper. Pop. (1890), 979; (1900), 1,013. 
 
 MeHENRY, William, legislator and soldier of 
 the Black Hawk War, came from Kentucky to 
 Illinois in 1809, locating in White County, and 
 afterwards became prominent as a legislator and 
 soldier in the War of 1812, and in the Black Hawk 
 War of 1833, serving in the latter as Major of 
 the "Spy Battalion" and participating in the 
 battle of Bad Axe. He also served as Represent- 
 ative in the First, Fourth, Fifth and Ninth Gen- 
 eral Assemblies, and as Senator in the Sixth and 
 Seventh. While serving his last term in the 
 House (183ft), he died and was buried at Vandalia, 
 then the State capital. McHenry County organ- 
 ized by act of the Legislature, passed at a second 
 session during the winter of 1835-36 was named 
 in his honor 
 
 MeHENRT COUNTY, lies in the northern por- 
 tion of the State, bounded on the north by Wis- 
 consin named for Gen. William McHenry. Its 
 area is 624 square miles. With what is now the 
 County of I .-ike, it was erected into a county in 
 1836, the county-seat being at McHenry. Three 
 years later the eastern part was set off as the 
 County of Lake, and the county-seat of McHenry 
 County removed to Woodstock, the geograph- 
 ical center. The soil is well watered by living 
 springs and is highly productive. Hardwood 
 groves are numerous. Fruits and berries are 
 extensively cultivated, but the herbage is espe- 
 cially adapted to dairying, Kentucky blue grass 
 being indigenous. Large quantities of milk are 
 daily shipped to Chicago, and the annual pro- 
 duction of butter and cheese reaches into the 
 millions of pounds. The geological formations 
 comprise the drift and the Cincinnati and Niagara 
 groups of rocks. Near Fox River are found 
 gravel ridges. Vegetable remains and logs of 
 wood have been found at various depths in the 
 drift deposits ; in one instance a cedar log, seven 
 inches in diameter, having been discovered forty- 
 two feet below the surface. Peat is found every- 
 
 where, although the most extensive deposits are 
 in the northern half of the county, where they 
 exist in sloughs covering several thousands of 
 acres. Several lines of railroad cross the county, 
 and every important village is a railway station. 
 Woodstock, Marengo, and Harvard are the prin- 
 cipal towns. Population (1880), 24,908; (1890), 
 26,114; (1900), 29,759. 
 
 McINTOSH. (Capt.) Alexander, was born in 
 Fulton County, N. Y., in 1823; at 19 years of 
 age entered an academy at Galway Center, 
 remaining three years; in 1845 removed to Joliet, 
 111., and, two years later, started "The Joliet 
 True Democrat," but sold out the next year, and, 
 in 1849, went to California. Returning in 1852, he 
 U nigh t back "The True Democrat," which he 
 edited until 1857, meanwhile (1856) having been 
 elected Clerk of the Circuit Court and Recorder 
 of Will County. In 1863 he was appointed by 
 President Lincoln Captain and Assistant Quarter 
 master, serving under General Sherman in 1864 
 and in the "March to the Sea," and, after the 
 war, being for a time Post Quartermaster at 
 Mobile. Having resigned in 1866, he engaged in 
 mercantile business at Wilmington, Will Comity; 
 but, in 1869, bought "The Wilmington Independ- 
 ent," which he published until 1873. The next 
 year he returned to Joliet, and, a few months 
 after, became political editor of "The Joliet 
 Republican,'' and was subsequently connected, in 
 a similar capacity, with other papers, including 
 "The Phoenix" and "The Sun" of the same city. 
 Died, in Joliet, Feb 2, 1899. 
 
 McKENDREE, William, Methodist Episcopal 
 Bishop, was born in Virginia, in 1757, enlisted as 
 a private in the War of the Revolution, but later 
 served as Adjutant and in the commissary depart- 
 ment. He was converted at 30 years of age, and 
 the next year began preaching in his native 
 State, being advanced to the position of Presiding 
 Elder ; in 1800 was transferred to the West, Illi- 
 nois falling within his District Here he remained 
 until his elevation to the episcopacy in 1808. 
 McKendree College, at Lebanon, received its 
 name from him, together with a donation of 480 
 acres of land. Died, near Nashville, Tenn., March 
 5, 1835. 
 
 McKENDREE COLLEGE, one of the earliest of 
 Illinois colleges, located at Lebanon and incorpo- 
 rated in 1835. Its founding was suggested by 
 Rev. Peter Cartwright, and it may be said to 
 have had its inception at the Methodist Episcopal 
 Conference held at Mount Carmel, in September. 
 1827. The first funds for its establishment were 
 subscribed by citizens of Lebanon, who contrib- 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 365 
 
 u ted from their scanty means, $1,385. Instruc- 
 tion began, Nov. 24, 1838, under Rev. Edward 
 Ames, afterwards a Bishop of the Methodist Epis- 
 copal Church. In 1830 Bishop McKendree made 
 a donation of land to the infant institution, and 
 the school was named in his honor. It cannot be 
 said to have become really a college until 1836, 
 and its first class graduated in 1841. University 
 powers were granted it by an amendment to its 
 charter in 1839. At present the departments are 
 as follows: Preparatory, business, classical, 
 scientific, law, music and oratory. The institu- 
 tion owns property to the value of $90,000, includ- 
 ing an endowment of $25.000, and has about 200 
 students, of both sexes, and a faculty of ten 
 instructors. (See Colleges, Early.) 
 
 McLAREN, William Edward, Episcopal Bishop, 
 was born at Geneva, N. Y., Dec. 13, 1831 ; gradu- 
 ated at Washington and Jefferson College (Wash- 
 ington, Pa.) in 1851, and, after six years spent in 
 teaching and in journalistic work, entered Alle- 
 gheny Theological Seminary, graduating and 
 entering the Presbyterian ministry in 1860. For 
 three years he was a missionary at Bogota, South 
 America, and later in charge of churches at 
 Peoria, 111., and Detroit, Mich. Having entered 
 the Protestant Episcopal Church, he was made a 
 deacon in July, 1872, and ordained priest the fol- 
 lowing October, immediately thereafter assuming 
 the pastorate of Trinity Church, Cleveland, Ohio. 
 In July, 1875, he was elected Bishop of the Prot- 
 estant Episcopal Diocese of Illinois, which then 
 included the whole State. Subsequently, the 
 dioceses of Quincy and Springfield were erected 
 therefrom, Bishop McLaren remaining at the 
 head of the Chicago See. During his episcopate, 
 church work has been active and effective, and 
 the Western Theological Seminary in Chicago 
 lias been founded. His published works include 
 numerous sermons, addresses and poems, besides 
 a volume entitled "Catholic Dogma the Antidote 
 to Doubt" (New York, 1884). 
 
 MCLAUGHLIN, Robert K., early lawyer and 
 State Treasurer, was born in Virginia, Oct. 25, 
 1779; before attaining his majority went to Ken- 
 tucky, and, about 1815, removed to Illinois, set- 
 tling finally at Belleville, where he entered upon 
 the practice of law. The first public position 
 held by him seems to have been that of Enrolling 
 and Engrossing Clerk of both Houses of the Third 
 (or last) Territorial Legislature (1816-18). In 
 August, 1819, he entered upon the duties of State 
 Treasurer, as successor to John Thomas, who had 
 been Treasurer during the whole Territorial 
 period, serving until January, 1823. Becoming a 
 
 citizen of Vandalia. by the removal thither of the 
 State capital a few months later, he continued to 
 reside there the remainder of his life. He subse- 
 quently represented the Fayette District as 
 Representative in the Fifth General Assembly, 
 and as Senator in the Sixth, Seventh and Tenth, 
 and, in 1837, became Register of the Land Office 
 at Vandalia, serving until 1845. Although an 
 uncle of Gen. Joseph Duncan, he became a can- 
 didate for Governor against the latter, in 1834, 
 standing third on the list. He married a Miss 
 Bond, a niece of Gov. Shadrach Bond, under 
 whose administration he served as State Treasurer. 
 Died, at Vandalia, May 29, 1862. 
 
 MeLEAN, a village of McLean County, on the 
 Chicago & Alton Railway, 14 miles southwest of 
 Bloomington, in a farming, dairying and stock- 
 growing district; has one weekly {taper. Popu- 
 lation (1890), 500; (1900), 532. 
 
 McLEAN, John, early United States Senator, 
 was born in North Carolina in 1791, brought l>r 
 his father to Kentucky when four years old, ami 
 at 23, was admitted to the bar and removed to 
 Illinois, settling at Shawneetown in 1815. Pos- 
 sessing oratorical gifts of a high order and un 
 almost magnetic power over men, coupled with 
 strong common sense, a keen sense of humor and, 
 great command of language, he soon attained 
 prominence at the bar and as a popular speaker 
 In 1818 he was elected the first Representative in 
 Congress from the new State, defeating Daniel !' 
 Cook, but served only a few months, being de- 
 feated by Cook at the next election. He was 
 three times elected to the Legislature, serving 
 once as Speaker. In 1824 he was chosen Unite- 1 
 States Senator to succeed Governor Edwards (who 
 had resigned), serving one year. In 1828 he was 
 elected for a second time by a unanimous vote. 
 but lived to serve only one session, dying at 
 Shawneetown, Oct. 4, 1830. In testimony of the 
 public appreciation of the loss which the State 
 had sustained by his death. McLean County was 
 named in his honor. 
 
 McLEAN COUNTY, the largest county of the 
 State, having an area of 1166 square miles, is 
 central as to the region north of the latitude of 
 St. Louis and about midway between that city 
 and Chicago was named for John McLean, an 
 early United States Senator. The early immi- 
 grants were largely from Ohio, although Ken- 
 tucky and New York were well represented. The 
 county was organized in 1830, the population at 
 that time being about 1,200. The greater portion 
 of the surface is high, undulating prairie, will 
 occasional groves and belts of timber. On the 
 
366 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 creek bottoms are 1 1 mini black walnut, sycamore, 
 buckeye, black ash and elm, while the sandy 
 ridges are covered with scrub oak and black-jack. 
 The soil is extremely fertile (generally a rich, 
 brown loam), and the entire county is underlaid 
 with coal. The chief occupations are stock-rais- 
 ing, coal-mining, agriculture and manufactures. 
 Sugar and Mackinaw Creeks, with their tribu- 
 taries, afford thorough drainage. Sand and 
 gravel beds are numerous, but vary greatly in 
 depth. At Chenoa one has been found, in boring 
 for coal, thirty feet thick, overlaid by forty-five 
 feet of the clay common to this formation. The 
 upper seam of coal in the Bloomington shafts is 
 No. 6 of the general section, and the lower, No. 4 ; 
 the latter averaging four feet in thickness. The 
 principal towns are Bloomington (the county- 
 seat). Normal, Lfxington, LeRoy and Chenoa. 
 Population (1890), Cy.036; (1'JOO), 67,843. 
 
 McLEANKBORO, a city and the county-seat of 
 Hamilton County, upon a branch of the Louis- 
 ville & Nashville Railroad, 103 miles east south- 
 east of St. Louis and about 48 miles southeast of 
 Centralia. The people are enterprising and pro- 
 gressive, the city is up-to-date and prosperous, 
 supporting three banks and six churches. Two 
 weekly newspapers are published here. Popula- 
 tion (1880). 1,341; (1890). 1,355; (1900), 1,758. 
 
 McXULLIN, James 0., Railway Manager, was 
 born at Watertown. N. Y., Feb. 13, 1836; began 
 work as Freight and Ticket Agent of the Great 
 Western Railroad (now Wabash), at Decatur, 111., 
 Hay, 1857, remaining until 1860, when he 
 accepted the position of Freight Agent of the 
 Chicago & Alton at Springfield. Here he re- 
 mained until Jan. 1, 1863, when he was trans- 
 ferred in a similar capacity to Chicago; in 
 September, 1864, became Superintendent of the 
 Northern Division of the Chicago & Alton, after- 
 wards successively filling the positions of Assist- 
 ant General Superintendent (1867), General 
 Superintendent (1868-78) aod General Manager 
 (1878-83). The latter year he was elected Vice- 
 President, remaining in office some ten years, 
 when ill-health compelled his retirement Died, 
 in Chicago, Dec. 30. 1896. 
 
 McMURTRY, William, Lieutenant-Governor, 
 was born in Mercer County, Ky., Feb. 20, 1801 ; 
 removed from Kentucky to Crawford County, 
 I tid., and, in 1829, came to Knox County, 111., 
 settling in Henderson Township. He was elected 
 Representative in the Tenth General Assembly 
 1 1*56), and to the Senate in 1842, serving in the 
 Thirteenth and Fourteenth General Assemblies. 
 In 1848 he was elected Lieutenant-Governor on 
 
 the same ticket with Gov. A. C. French, being 
 the first to hold the office under the Constitution 
 adopted that year. In 1863 he assisted in raising 
 the One Hundred and Second Regiment Illinois 
 Volunteers, and, although advanced in years, 
 was elected Colonel, but a few weeks later was 
 compelled to accept a discharge on account of 
 failing health. Died, April 10, 1875. 
 
 McNEELEY, Thompson W., lawyer and ex-Con- 
 gressman, was born in Jacksonville, 111., Oct. 5, 
 1835, and graduated at Lombard University, 
 Galesburg, at the age of 21. The following year 
 he was licensed to practice, but continued to pur- 
 sue his professional studies, attending the Law 
 University at Louisville, Ky . , from which insti- 
 tution he graduated in 1859. He was a member 
 of the Constitutional Convention of 1862, and 
 chairman of the Democratic State Central Com- 
 mittee in 1878. From 1869 to 1873 he represented 
 his District in Congress, resuming his practice 
 at Petersburg, Menard County, after his retire- 
 ment. 
 
 McNULTA, John, soldier and ex-Congressman, 
 was born in New York City, Nov. 9, 1837, received 
 an academic education, was admitted to the bar, 
 and settled at Bloomington, in this State, while 
 yet a young man. On May 3, 1861, he enlisted as 
 a private in the Union army, and served until 
 August 9, 1865, rising, successively, to the rank 
 of Captain, Lieutenant-Colonel, Colonel and 
 Brevet Brigadier-General. From 1869 to 1873 he 
 was a member of the lower house of the General 
 Assembly from McLean County, and, in 1872, was 
 elected to the Forty-third Congress, as a Repub- 
 lican. General McNulta has been prominent in 
 the councils of the Republican party, standing 
 second on the ballot for a candidate for Governor, 
 in the State Convention of 1888, and serving as 
 Permanent President of the State Convention of 
 1890. In 1896 he was one of the most earnest 
 advocates of the nomination of Mr. McKinley for 
 President. Some of his most important work, 
 within the past few years, has been performed in 
 connection with receiverships of certain railway 
 und other corporations, especially that of the 
 Wabash, St. Louis & Pacific Railroad, from 1884 
 to 1890. He is now (1898) Receiver of the National 
 Bank of Illinois, Chicago. Died Feb. 22. 1900. 
 
 MePHERSON, Simeon J., clergyman, de- 
 scended from the Clan McPherson of Scotland, 
 was born at Mumford, Monroe County, N. Y., Jan. 
 19, 1850 ; prepared for college at Leroy and Fulton, 
 and graduated at Princeton, N. J., in 1874. Then, 
 after a year's service as teacher of mathematics 
 at his Alma Mater, he entered the Theological 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 :J67 
 
 Seminary there, and graduated from that depart- 
 ment in 1879, having in the meantime traveled 
 through Europe, Egypt and Palestine. He was 
 licensed to preach by the Rochester Presbytery 
 in 1877, and spent three years (1879-82) in pas- 
 toral labor at East Orange, N. J. , when he ac- 
 cepted a call to the Second Presbyterian Church 
 of Chicago, remaining until the early part of 1899, 
 when he tendered his resignation to accept the 
 position of Director of the Lawrenceville Prepar- 
 atory Academy of Princeton College, N. J. 
 
 McROBERTS, Josiah, jurist, was bom in 
 Monroe County, 111., June 12, 1820; graduated 
 from St. Mary's College (Mo.) in 1839; studied 
 law at Danville, 111., with his brother Samuel, 
 and, in 1842, entered the law department of 
 Transylvania University, graduating in 1844, 
 after which he at once began practice. In 1846 
 he was elected to the State Senate for the Cham- 
 paign and Vermilion District, at the expiration of 
 his term removing to Joliet. In 1852 he was 
 appointed by Governor Matteson Trustee of the 
 Illinois & Michigan Canal, which office he held 
 for four years. In 1866 he was appointed Circuit 
 Court Judge by Governor Oglesby, to fill a va- 
 cancy, and was re-elected in 1867, '73, '79, and '85, 
 but died a few months after his last election. 
 
 McROBERTS, Samnel, United States Sena- 
 tor, was born in Monroe County, 111., Feb. 20, 
 1799; graduated from Transylvania University in 
 1819; in 1821, was elected the first Circuit Clerk 
 of his native county, and, in 1825, appointed 
 Circuit Judge, which office he held for three 
 years. In 1828 he was elected State Senator, 
 representing the district comprising Monroe, 
 Clinton and Washington Counties. Later he was 
 appointed United States District Attorney by 
 President Jackson, but soon resigned to become 
 Receiver of Public Moneys at Danville, by 
 appointment of President Van Buren, and, in 
 1839, Solicitor of the General Land Office at 
 Washington. Resigning the latter office in the 
 fall of 1841, at the next session of the Illinois 
 Legislature he was elected United States Senator 
 to succeed John M. Robinson, deceased. Died, at 
 Cincinnati, Ohio, March 22, 1843. being suc- 
 ceeded by James Semple. 
 
 McYICKER, James Robert, actor and theat- 
 rical manager, was born in New York City, Feb. 
 14, 1822; thrown upon his own resources by the 
 death of his father in infancy and the necessity 
 of assisting to support his widowed mother, he 
 early engaged in various occupations, until, at 
 the age of 15, he became an apprentice in the 
 office of "The St. Louis Republican." three years 
 
 later becoming a journeyman printer. He tirsl 
 appeared on the stage in the St. diaries Theater. 
 New Orleans, in 1843; two years later was priii 
 cipal comedian in Rice's Theater, Chicago, re- 
 maining until 1852, when he made a tour of tin- 
 country, appearing in Yankee characters. About 
 1855 he made a tour of England and, on In- 
 return, commenced building his first Chicago 
 theater, which was opened, Nov. 3, 1857, and was 
 conducted with varied fortune until burned down 
 in the great fire of 1871. Rebuilt and remodeled 
 from time to time, it burned down a second time 
 in August, 1890, the losses from these several fires 
 having imposed upon Mr. McVicker a heavy 
 burden. Although an excellent comedian, Mr. 
 McVicker did not appear on the stage after 1882. 
 from that date giving his attention entirely to 
 management. He enjoyed in an eminent degree 
 the respect and confidence, not only of the 
 profession, but of the general public. Died in 
 Chicago, March 7, 1896. 
 
 He WILLIAMS, David, banker. Dwight, IlL, 
 was born in Belmont County, Ohio, Jan. 14, 1834 . 
 was brought to Illinois in infancy and grew up on 
 a farm until 14 years of age, when he entered the 
 office of the Pittsfield (Pike County) "Free Press" 
 as an apprentice. In 1849 he engaged in the 
 lumber trade with his father, the management of 
 which devolved upon him a few years later. In 
 the early 50's he was, for a time, a student in 
 Illinois College at Jacksonville, but did not 
 graduate; in 1855 removed to Dwight, Livingston 
 County, then a new town on the line of the Chi- 
 cago & Alton Railroad, which had been completed 
 to that point a few months previous. Here he 
 erected the first store building in the town, and 
 put in a $2,000 stock of goods on borrowed capi- 
 tal, remaining in the mercantile business for 
 eighteen years, and retaining an interest in the 
 establishment seven years longer. In the mean- 
 time, while engaged in merchandising, he began 
 a banking business, which was enlarged on his 
 retirement from the former, receiving his entire 
 attention. The profits derived from his banking 
 business were invested in farm lands until he 
 became one of the largest land owners in Living- 
 ston County. Mr. McWilliams is one of the 
 original members of the first Methodist Episcopal 
 Church organized at Dwight, and has served as :i 
 lay delegate to several General Conferences of 
 that denomination, as well as a delegate to the 
 Ecumenical Council in London in 1881 ; has also 
 been a liberal contributor to the support of vari 
 ous literary and theological institutions of the 
 church, and has served for many years as a Trus- 
 
368 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 tee of the Northwestern University at Evanston. 
 In politics he is a zealous Republican, and has 
 repeatedly served as a delegate to the State Con- 
 ventions of that party, including the Bloomington 
 Convention of 1856, and was a candidate for 
 Presidential Elector for the Ninth District on the 
 Blaine ticket in 1884. He has made several ex- 
 tended tours to Europe and other foreign coun- 
 tries, the last including a trip to Egypt and the 
 Holy Land, during 1898 99. 
 
 MECHANICSBURU, a village of Sangamon 
 County, near the Wabash Railway. 13 miles east 
 of Springfield. Population (1880), 396; (1890), 
 436; (1900), 476. 
 
 MEDILL, JoMeph, editor and newspaper pub- 
 lisher, was born. April 6, 1823, in the vicinity (now 
 a part of the city) of St. John, N. B., of Scotch- 
 Irish parentage, but remotely of Huguenot 
 descent. At nine years of age he accompanied 
 his parents to Stark County, Ohio, where he 
 enjoyed such educational advantages as belonged 
 to that region anil period. He entered an acad- 
 emy with a view to preparing for college, but his 
 family having suffered from a fire, he was com- 
 pelled to turn his attention to business; studied 
 law, was admitted to the bar in 1846, and began 
 practice at New Philadelphia, in Tuscarawas 
 County. Here he caught the spirit of journalism 
 by frequent visits to the office of a local paper, 
 learned to set type and to work a hand-press. In 
 1849 he bought a paper at Coshocton, of which he 
 assumed editorial charge, employing his brothers 
 as assistants in various capacities. The name of 
 this paper was "The Coshocton Whig," which 
 he soon changed to "The Republican," in which 
 he dealt vigorous blows at political and other 
 abuses, which several times brought upon him 
 assaults from his political opponents that being 
 the style of political argument in those days. 
 Two years later, having sold out "The Repub- 
 lican," he established "The Daily Forest City" at 
 Cleveland a Whig paper with free-soil proclivi- 
 ties. The following year "The Forest City" was 
 consolidated with "The Free-Democrat," a Free- 
 Soil paper under the editorship of John C. 
 Vaughan, a South Carolina Abolitionist, the new 
 paper taking the name of "The Cleveland 
 Leader." Mr. Medill, with the co-operation of 
 Mr. Vaughan, then went to work to secure the 
 consolidation of the elements opposed to slavery 
 in one compact organization. In this he was 
 aided by the introduction of the Kansas-Nebraska 
 Bill in Congress, in December, 1853, and. before 
 its passage in May following, Mr. Medill had 
 begun to agitate the question nf a union of all 
 
 opposed to that measure in a new party under the 
 name "Republican." During the winter of 
 1854-55 he received a call from Gen. J. D. Web- 
 ster, at that time part owner of "The Chicago 
 Tribune, " which resulted in his visiting Chicago 
 a few months later, and his purchase of an inter- 
 est in the paper, his connection with the concern 
 dating from June 18, 1855. He was almost 
 immediately joined by Dr. Charles H. Ray, who 
 had been editor of "The Galena Jeffersonian," 
 and, still later, by J. C. Vaughan and Alfred 
 Cowles. who bad been associated with him on 
 "The Cleveland Leader." Mr. Medill assumed 
 the position of managing editor, and, on the 
 retirement of Dr. Ray, in 1863, became editor-in- 
 chief until 1866, when he gave place to Horace 
 White, now of "The New York Evening Post." 
 During the Civil War period he was a zealous 
 supporter of President Lincoln's emancipation 
 policy, and served, for a time, as President of the 
 "Loyal League," which proved such an influ- 
 ential factor in upholding the hands of the Gov- 
 ernment during the darkest period of the 
 rebellion. In 1869 Mr. Medill was elected to the 
 State Constitutional Convention, and, in that 
 body, was the leading advocate of the principle 
 of "minority representation" in the election of 
 Representatives, as it was finally incorporated 
 in the Constitution. In 1871 he was appointed 
 by President Grant a member of the first Civil 
 Service Commission, representing a principle to 
 which lie ever remained thoroughly committed. 
 A few weeks after the great fire of the same 
 year, he was elected Mayor of the city of Chicago. 
 The financial condition of the city at the time, 
 and other questions in issue, involved great diffi- 
 culties and responsibilities, which he met in a 
 way to command general approval. During his 
 administration the Chicago Public Library was 
 established, Mr. Medill delivering the address at 
 its opening, Jan. 1, 1873. Near the close of his 
 term as Mayor, he resigned the office and spent 
 the following year in Europe. Almost simultane- 
 ously with his return from his European trip, he 
 secured a controlling interest in "The Tribune," 
 resuming control of the paper, Nov. 9, 1874, 
 which, as editor-in-chief, he retained for the 
 remainder of his life of nearly twenty-five years. 
 The growth of the paper in business and influence, 
 from the beginning of his connection with it, was 
 one of the marvels of journalism, making it easily 
 one of the most successful newspaper ventures 
 in the United States, if not in the world. Early 
 in December, 1898, Mr. Medill went to San 
 Antonio, Texas, hoping to receive relief in that 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 369 
 
 mild climate from a chronic disease which had 
 been troubling him for years, but died in that 
 city, March 16, 1899, within three weeks of hav- 
 ing reached his 76th birthday. The conspicuous 
 features of his character were a strong individu- 
 ality and indomitable perseverance, which led 
 him never to accept defeat. A few weeks previ- 
 ous to his death, facts were developed going to 
 show that, in 1881, he was offered, by President 
 I'.arlield. the position of Postmaster-General, 
 which was declined, when he was tendered the 
 choice of any position in the Cabinet except two 
 which had been previously promised; also, that 
 he was offered a position in President Harrison's 
 Cabinet, in 1889. 
 
 MEDILL, (Maj.i William II.. soldier, was 
 born at Massillon, Ohio, Nov. 5, 1835; in 1855, 
 came to Chicago and was associated with "The 
 Prairie Farmer." Subsequently he was editor of 
 "The Stark County (Ohio) Republican," but 
 again returning to Chicago, at the beginning of 
 the war, was employed on "The Tribune," of 
 which his brother (Hon. Joseph Medill) was 
 editor. After a few months' service in Barker's 
 Dragoons (a short-time organization), in Septem- 
 ber, 1861, he joined the Eighth Illinois Cavalry 
 (Colonel Farnsworth's), and, declining an election 
 as Major, was chosen Senior Captain. The regi- 
 ment soon joined the Army of the Potomac. By 
 the promotion of his superior officers Captain 
 Medill was finally advanced to the command, 
 and, during the Peninsular campaign of 1862, led 
 his troops on a reconnoissance within twelve miles 
 of Richmond. At the battle of Gettysburg he 
 had command of a portion of his regiment, acquit- 
 ting himself with great credit. A few days after, 
 while attacking a party of rebels who were 
 attempting to build a bridge across the Potomac 
 at Williamsburg, he received a fatal wound 
 through the lungs, dying at Frederick City, July 
 16, 1863. 
 
 MEF.k'EK, Moses, pioneer, was liorn in New- 
 ark, N. J., June 17, 1790; removed to Cincinnati. 
 Ohio, in 1817, engaging in the manufacture of 
 white lead until 1822, when he headed a pioneer 
 expedition to the frontier settlement at Galena. 
 111., to enter upon the business of smelting lead- 
 ore. He served as Captain of a company in the 
 Black Hawk War, later removing to Iowa 
 County, Wis., where he built the first smelting 
 works in that Territory, served in the Territorial 
 Legislature (1840-43) and in the first Constitu- 
 tional Convention (1846). A "History of the 
 Early Lead Regions," by him. appears in the 
 sixth volume of "The Wisconsin Historical Soci- 
 
 ety Collections." Died, at Shullsburg, Wis., 
 July 7, 1865. 
 
 MELROSE, a suburb of Chicago, 11 miles west 
 of the initial station of the Chicago & North- 
 western Railroad, upon which it is located. It 
 has two or three churches, some manufacturing 
 establishments and one weekly paper Popula- 
 tion (1890), 1,050; (1900), 2,592. 
 
 MEMBRE, Zenobins, French missionary, was 
 born in France in 1645 ; accompanied La Salle on 
 his expedition to Illinois in 1679, and remained at 
 Fort Creve-Coeur with Henry de Tonty ; descended 
 the Mississippi with La Salle in 1682 . returned to 
 France and wrote a history of the expedition, 
 and, in 1684, accompanied La Salle on his final 
 expedition ; is supposed to have landed with La 
 Salle in Texas, and there to have been massacred 
 by the natives in 1687. (See /." Salle and Tonty. ) 
 
 MENARD, Pierre, French pioneer and first 
 Lieutenant-governor, was born at St. Antoine. 
 Can., Oct. 7, 1766; settled at Kaskaskia, in 1790, 
 and engaged in trade. Becoming interested in 
 politics, he was elected to the Territorial Council 
 of Indiana, and later to the Legislative Council of 
 Illinois Territory, being presiding officer of the 
 latter until the admission of Illinois as a State. 
 He was, for several years, Government Agent, 
 and in this capacity negotiated several important 
 treaties with the Indians, of whose characteris- 
 tics he seemed to have an intuitive perception. He 
 was of a nervous temperament, impulsive and 
 generous. In 1818 he was elected the first Lieu- 
 tenant-Governor of the new State. His term of 
 office having expired, he retired to private life 
 and the care of his extensive business. He died 
 at Kaskaskia, in June, 1844, leaving what was 
 then considered a large estate. Among his assets, 
 however, were found a large number of promis- 
 sory notes, which he had endorsed for personal 
 friends, besides many uncollectablt accounts 
 from poor people, to whom he had sold goods 
 through pure generosity. Menard County was 
 named for him, and a statue in his honor stands 
 in the capitol grounds at Springfield, erected by 
 the son of his old partner Charles Pierre Chou- 
 teau. of St. Louis. 
 
 MENARD COUNTY, near the geographical 
 center of the State, and originally a part of 
 Sangamon, but separately organized in 1839, the 
 Provisional Commissioners being Joseph Wat- 
 kins, William Engle and George W. Simpson. 
 The county was named in honor of Pierre Menard. 
 who settled at Kaskaskia prior to the Territorial 
 organization of Illinois. (See Menard. Pierre.) 
 Cotton was an important crop until 1830, when 
 
370 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 agriculture underwent a change. Stock-raising 
 is now extensively carried on. Three fine veins 
 of bituminous coal underlie the county. Among 
 early American settlers may be mentioned the 
 Clarys, Matthew Rogers, Amor Batterton. Solo- 
 mon Pruitt and William Gideon. The names of 
 Meadows. Montgomery, Green, Boyer and Grant 
 are also familiar to early settlers. The county 
 furnished a company of eighty-six volunteers for 
 the Mexican War. The county-seat is at Peters- 
 burg. The area of the county is 320 square miles, 
 and its population, under the last census, 14,336. 
 In 1829 was laid out the town of Salem, now 
 extinct, but for some years the home of Abraham 
 Lincoln, who was once its Postmaster, and who 
 marched thence to the Black Hawk War as 
 Captain of a company. 
 
 MENDON, a town of Adams County, on the 
 Burlington & Quincy Division of the Chicago, 
 Burlington & Quincy Railway, 15 miles northeast 
 of Quincy ; has a bank and a newspaper ; is sur- 
 rounded by a farming and stock-raising district. 
 Population (1880), 652; (1890). 640; (1900), 627. 
 
 MENDOTA, a city in La Salle County, founded 
 in 1853, at the junction of the Chicago. Burlington 
 & Quincy with its Rochelle and Fulton branches 
 and the Illinois Central Railway, 80 miles south- 
 west of Chicago. It has eight churches, three 
 graded and two high schools, and a public li- 
 brary Wartburg Seminary (Lutheran, opened 
 in 1853) is located here. The chief industrial 
 plants are two iron foundries, machine shops, 
 plow works and a brewery. The city has three 
 banks and four weekly newspapers. The sur- 
 rounding country is agricultural and the city has 
 considerable local trade. Population (1890), 
 3,642; (1900). 3,736. 
 
 MERCER COUNTY, a western county, with an 
 area of 555 square miles and a population (1900) 
 of 20,945 named for Gen. Hugh Mercer. The 
 Mississippi forms the western boundary, and 
 along this river the earliest American settlements 
 were made. William Dennison, a Pennsy Ivanian, 
 settled in New Boston Township in 1828, and, 
 before the expiration of a half dozen years, the 
 Vannattas, Keith, Jackson. Wilson, Farlow, 
 Bridges, Perry and Fleharty had arrived. Mer- 
 cer County was separated from Warren, and 
 specially organized in 1825. The soil is a rich, 
 black loam, admirably adapted to the cultivation 
 of cereals. A good quality of building stone is 
 found at various points. Aledo is the county- 
 seat. The county lies on the outskirts of the 
 Illinois coal fields and mining was commenced 
 in 1845. 
 
 MERCY HOSPITAL, located in Chicago, and 
 the first permanent hospital in the State char- 
 tered in 1847 or 1848 as -the "Illinois General 
 Hospital of the Lakes." No steps were taken 
 toward organization until 1850, when, with a 
 scanty fund scarcely exceeding $150, twelve beds 
 were secured and placed on oiie floor of a board 
 ing house, whose proprietress was engaged as 
 nurse and stewardess. Drs. N. S. Davis anil 
 Daniel Brainard were, respectively, the first 
 physician and surgeon in charge. In 1851 the 
 hospital was given in charge of the Sisters o>~ 
 Mercy, who at once enlarged and improved the 
 accommodations, and, in 1852, changed its name 
 to Mercy Hospital. Three or four years later, a 
 removal was made to a building previously occu- 
 pied as an orphan asylum. Being the only pub- 
 lic hospital in the city, its wards were constantly 
 overcrowded, and, in 1869, a more capacious and 
 better arranged building was erected. This 
 edifice it has continued to occupy, although many 
 additions and improvements have been, and are 
 still being, made. The Sisters of Mercy own the 
 grounds and buildings, and manage the nursing 
 and all the domestic and financial affairs of the 
 institution. The present medical staff (1896) 
 consists of thirteen physicians and surgeons, 
 besides three internes, or resident practitioners. 
 
 MEREDOSI4, a town in Morgan County, on 
 the east bank of the Illinois River and on the 
 Wabash Railway, some 58 miles west of Spring- 
 field; is a grain shipping point and fishing and 
 hunting resort. It was the first Illinois River 
 point to be connected with the State capital by 
 railroad in 1838. Population (1890), 621 ; (1900), 700. 
 
 HERRIAM, (Col.) Jonathan, soldier, legisla- 
 tor and farmer, was born in Vermont, Nov. 1, 
 1834; was brought to Springfield, 111., when two 
 years old, living afterwards at Alton, his parents 
 finally locating, in 1841, in Tazewell County, 
 where he now resides when not officially em- 
 ployed pursuing the occupation of a farmer. He 
 was educated at Wesleyan University, Blooming- 
 ton, and at McKendree College; entered the 
 Union army in 1862, being commissioned Lieu- 
 tenant-Colonel of the One Hundred and Seven- 
 teenth Illinois Infantry, and serving to the close 
 of the war. During the Civil War period he was 
 one of the founders of the "Union League of 
 America," which proved so influential a factor 
 in sustaining the war policy of the Government. 
 He was also a member of the State Constitutional 
 Convention of 1869-70; an unsuccessful Repub- 
 lican nominee for Congress in 1870; served as 
 Collector of Internal Revenue for the Springfield 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 371 
 
 District from 1873 to '83, was a Representative in 
 the Thirty-ninth and Fortieth General Assem- 
 blies, and, in 1897, was appointed, by President 
 McKinley, Pension Agent for the State of Illinois, 
 with headquarters in Chicago. Thoroughly pa- 
 triotic and of incorruptible integrity, he has won 
 the respect and confidence of all in every public 
 position he has been called to fill. 
 
 MERRILL, Stephen Mason, Methodist Episco- 
 pal Bishop, was born in Jefferson County, Ohio, 
 Sept. 16. 1825, entered the Ohio Conference of the 
 Methodist Episcopal Church, in 1864, as a travel- 
 ing preacher, and, four years later, became editor 
 of "The Western Christian Advocate," at Cin- 
 cinnati. He was ordained Bishop at Brooklyn in 
 1872, and, after two years spent in Minnesota, 
 removed to Chicago, where he still resides. The 
 degree of D.D. was conferred upon him by Ohio 
 Wesleyan University, in 1868, and that of LL.D. 
 by the Northwestern University, in 1886. He has 
 published "Christian Baptism" (Cincinnati, 
 1876); "New Testament Idea of Hell" (1878); 
 "Second Coming of Christ" (1879); "Aspects of 
 Christian Experience" (1882) ; "Digest of Metho- 
 dist Law" (1885); and "Outlines of Thought on 
 Probation" (1886). 
 
 MERRITT, Jobn W., journalist, was born in 
 New York City, July 4, 1806; studied law and 
 practiced, for a time, with the celebrated James 
 T. Brady as a partner. In 1841 he removed to 
 St. Clair County, 111., purchased and, from 1848 
 to '51, conducted "The Belleville Advocate"; 
 later, removed to Salem, 111. , where he established 
 "The Salem Advocate" ; served as Assistant Sec- 
 retary of the State Constitutional Convention of 
 1862, and as Representative in the Twenty-third 
 General Assembly. In 1864 he purchased "The 
 State Register" at Springfield, and was its editor 
 for several years. Died, Nov. 16, 1878. Thomas 
 E. (Merritt), son of the preceding, lawyer and 
 politician, was born in New York City, April 29, 
 1834; at six years of age was brought by his 
 father to Illinois, where he attended the common 
 schools and later learned the trade of carriage- 
 painting. Subsequently he read law, and was 
 admitted to the bar, at Springfield, in 1862. In 
 1868 he was elected, as a Democrat, to the lower 
 house of the General Assembly from the Salem 
 District, and was re-elected to the same body in 
 1870, '74, '76, '86 and '88. He also served two 
 terms in the Senate (1878-'86), making an almost 
 continuous service in the General Assembly of 
 eighteen years. He has repeatedly been a mem- 
 ber of State conventions of his party, and stands 
 as one of its trusted representatives. Maj .-( J en . 
 
 Wesley (Merritt), another son, was born in New 
 York, June 16, 1836, came with his father to Illi- 
 nois in childhood, and was appointed a cadet at 
 West Point Military Academy from this State, 
 graduating in 1860 ; became a Second Lieutenant 
 in the regular army, the same year, and was pro- 
 moted to the rank of First Lieutenant, a year 
 later. After the beginning of the Civil War, he 
 was rapidly promoted, reaching the rank of 
 Brigadier -General of Volunteers in 1862, and 
 being mustered out, in 1866, with the brevet rank 
 of Major-General. He re-entered the regular 
 army as Lieutenant-Colonel, was promoted to a 
 colonelcy in 1876, and, in 1887, received a com- 
 mission as Brigadier-General, in 1897 becoming 
 Major-General. He was in command, for a time, 
 of the Department of the Missouri, but, on his 
 last promotion, was transferred to the Depart- 
 ment of the East, with headquarters at Gov- 
 ernor's Island, N. Y. Soon after the beginning 
 of the war with Spain, he was assigned to the 
 command of the land forces destined for the 
 Philippines, and appointed Military Governor of 
 the Islands. Towards the close of the year he 
 returned to the United States and resumed his old 
 command at New York. 
 
 MKSSI \<;KH, John, pioneer surveyor and car- 
 tographer, was born at West Stockbridge, Mass. . 
 in 1771, grew up on a farm, but secured a good 
 education, especially in mathematics. Going t<> 
 Vermont in 1783, he learned the trade of a car- 
 penter and mill-wright; removed to Kentucky in 
 1799, and, in 1802, to Illinois (then a part of Indi- 
 ana Territory), locating first in the American 
 Bottom and, later, at New Design within the 
 present limits of Monroe County. Two years 
 later he became the proprietor of a mill, and. 
 between 1804 and 1806, taught one of the earliest 
 schools in St. Clair Count}-. The latter year he 
 took up the vocation of a surveyor, which he fol- 
 lowed for many years as a sub-contractor under 
 William Rector, surveying much of the land in 
 St. Clair and Randolph Counties, and, still later, 
 assisting in determining the northern boundary 
 of the State. He also served for a time as a 
 teacher of mathematics in Rock Spring Seminary ; 
 in 1821 published "A Manual, or Hand-Book, 
 intended for Convenience in Practical Survey- 
 ing," and prepared some of the earlier State and 
 county maps. In 1808 he was elected to the 
 Indiana Territorial Legislature, to fill a vacancy, 
 and took part in the steps which resulted in set- 
 ting up a separate Territorial Government for 
 Illinois, the following year. He also received an 
 appointment as the first Surveyor of St. Clair 
 
372 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 County under the new Territorial Government; 
 was chosen a Delegate from St. Clair County to 
 the Convention of 1818, which framed the first 
 State Constitution, and, the same year, was 
 elected a Representative in the First General 
 Assembly, serving as Speaker of that body. 
 After leaving New Design, the later years of hi.s 
 life were spent on a farm two and a half miles 
 north of Belleville, where he died in 1846. 
 
 METAMORA, a town of Woodford County, on 
 a branch of the Chicago & Alton Railroad. 19 
 miles east-northeast of Peoria and some thirty 
 miles northwest of Bloomington; is center of a 
 fine farming district. The town has a creamery, 
 soda factory, one bank, three churches, two 
 newspapers, schools and a park. Population 
 (1880), 828; (1900), 758. Metamora was the 
 county-seat of Woodford County until 1899, when 
 the seat of justice was removed to Eureka. 
 
 HETCALF, Andrew W., lawyer, was born in 
 Guernsey County, Ohio, August 6, 1828 ; educated 
 at Madison College in his native State, graduating 
 in 1846, and, after studying law at Cambridge, 
 Ohio, three years, was admitted to the bar in 
 1850. The following year he went to Appleton, 
 Wis., but remained only a year, when he removed 
 to St. Louis, then to Edwardsville, and shortly 
 after to Alton, to take charge of the legal busi- 
 ness of George T. Brown, then publisher of "The 
 Alton Courier." In 1853 he returned to Edwards- 
 ville to reside permanently, and, in 1859, was 
 uppointed by Governor Bissell State's Attorney 
 for Madison County, serving one year. In 1864 
 he was elected State Senator for a term of four 
 years; was a delegate to the Republican National 
 Convention of 1872, and, in 1876, a lay delegate 
 from the Southern Illinois Conference of the 
 Methodist Episcopal Church to the General Con- 
 ference at Baltimore ; has also been a Trustee of 
 McKendree College, at Lebanon, 111., for more 
 than twenty-five years. 
 
 METHODIST EPISCOPAL CHURCH, one of 
 the most numerous Protestant church organiza- 
 tions in the United States and in Illinois. Rev. 
 Joseph Lillard was the first preacher of this sect 
 to settle in the Northwest Territory, and Capt. 
 Joseph Ogle was the first class-leader (1795). It 
 is stated that the first American preacher in the 
 American Bottom was Rev. Hosea Riggs (1796). 
 Rev. Benjamin Young took charge of the first 
 Methodist mission in 1803, and, in 1804, this mis- 
 sion was attached to the Cumberland (Tenn.) 
 circuit. Rev. Joseph Oglesby and Charles R. 
 Matheny were among the early circuit riders. In 
 1820 there were seven circuits in Illinois, and, in 
 
 1830, twenty-eight, the actual membership 
 exceeding 10,000. The first Methodist service in 
 Chicago was held by Rev. Jesse Walker, in 1826. 
 The first Methodist society in that city was 
 organized by Rev. Stephen R. Beggs, in June, 
 
 1831. By 1835 the number of circuits had in- 
 creased to 61, with 370 ministers and 15,000 mem- 
 bers. Rev. Peter Cartwright was among the 
 early revivalists. The growth of this denomi- 
 nation in the State has been extraordinary. By 
 1890, it had nearly 2,000 churches, 937 ministers, 
 and 151,000 members the total number of Metho- 
 dists in the United States, by the same census, 
 being 4,980,240. The church property owned in 
 1890 (including parsonages) approached $111,000,- 
 000, and the total contributions were estimated 
 at $3,073,923. The denomination in Illinois sup- 
 ports two theological seminaries and the Garrett 
 Biblical Institute at Evanston. "The North- 
 western Christian Advocate," with a circulation 
 of some 30,000, is its official organ in Illinois. 
 (See also Religious Denominations.) 
 
 METROPOLIS CITY, the county -seat of Massac 
 County, 156 miles southeast of St. Louis, situated 
 on the Ohio River and on the St. Louis and 
 Paducah Division of the Illinois Central Rail- 
 road. The city was founded in 1839, on the site 
 of old Fort Massac, which was erected by the 
 French, aided by the Indians, about 1711. Its 
 industries consist largely of various forms of 
 wood-working. Saw and planing mills are a 
 commercial factor; other establishments turn 
 out wheel, buggy and wagon material, barrel 
 staves and heads, boxes and baskets, and veneers. 
 There are also flouring mills and potteries The 
 city has a public library, two banks, water- 
 works, electric lights, numerous churches, high 
 school and graded schools, and three papers. 
 Population (1880). 2,668; (1890), 3,573; (1900), 4,069. 
 
 MEXICAN WAR. Briefly stated, this war 
 originated in the annexation of Texas to the 
 United States, early in 1846. There was a dis- 
 agreement as to the western boundary of Texas. 
 Mexico complained of encroachment upon her 
 territory, and hostilities began with the battle of 
 Palo Alto, May 8, and ended with the treaty of 
 peace, concluded at Guadalupe Hidalgo, near the 
 City of Mexico, Feb. 2, 1848. Among the most 
 prominent figures were President Polk, under 
 whose administration annexation was effected, 
 and Gen. Zachary Taylor, who was chief in com- 
 mand in the field at the beginning of the war, and 
 was elected Folk's successor. Illinois furnished 
 more than her full quota of troops for the strug- 
 gle. May 13, 1846, war was declared. On May 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 373 
 
 35, Governor Ford issued his proclamation calling 
 for the enlistment of three regiments of infantry, 
 the assessed quota of the State. The response 
 was prompt and general. Alton was named as 
 the rendezvous, and Col. (afterwards General) 
 Sylvester Churchill was the mustering officer. 
 The regiments mustered in were commanded, 
 respectively, by Col. John J. Hardin, Col. Wm. H. 
 Bissell (afterwards Governor) and Col. Ferris 
 Forman. An additional twelve months' regiment 
 (the Fourth) was accepted, under command of 
 Col. E. D. Baker, who later became United States 
 Senator from Oregon, and fell at the battle of 
 Ball's Bluff, in October, 1861. A second call was 
 made in April, 1847, under which Illinois sent 
 two more regiments, for the war, towards the 
 Mexican frontier. These were commanded by 
 Col. Edward W. B. Newby and Col. James 
 Collins. Independent companies were also 
 tendered and accepted. Besides, there were 
 Nome 150 volunteers who joined the regiments 
 already in the field. Commanders of the inde- 
 pendent companies were Capts. Adam Dunlap, 
 of Schuyler County; Wyatt B. Stapp, of War- 
 ren; Michael K. Lawler, of Shawneetown, and 
 Josiah Little. Col. John J. Hardin, of the First, 
 was killed at Buena Vista, and the official mor- 
 tuary list includes many names of Illinois' best 
 and bravest sons. After participating in the 
 battle of Buena Vista, the Illinois troops shared 
 in the triumphal entry into the City of Mexico, 
 on Sept. 16, 1847, and (in connection with those 
 from Kentucky) were especially complimented in 
 (teneral Taylor's official report. The Third and 
 Fourth regiments won distinction at Vera Cruz, 
 Cerro Gordo and the City of Mexico. At the 
 second of these battles, General Shields fell 
 severely (and, as supposed for a time, mortally) 
 wounded. Colonel Baker succeeded Shields, led 
 a gallant charge, and really turned the day at 
 Cerro Gordo. Among the officers honorably 
 named by General Scott, in his official report, were 
 Colonel Forman, Major Harris, Adjutant Fondey, 
 Capt. J. S. Post, and Lieutenants Hammond and 
 Davis. All the Illinois troops were mustered out 
 lietween May 25, 1847 and Nov. 7, 1848, the inde- 
 pendent companies being the last to quit the 
 service. The total number of volunteers was 
 6.123, of whom 86 were killed, and 160 wounded, 
 12 of the latter dying of their wounds. Gallant 
 service in the Mexican War soon became a pass- 
 port to political preferment, and some of the 
 brave soldiers of 1846-47 subsequently achieved 
 merited distinction in civil life. Many also be- 
 came distinguished soldiers in the War of the 
 
 Rebellion, including such names as John A. 
 Logan, Richard J. Oglesby, M. K. Lawler, James 
 D. Morgan, W. H. L. Wallace, B. M. Prentiss, 
 W. R. Morrison, L. F. Ross, and others. The 
 cost of the war, with $15,000,000 paid for territory 
 annexed, is estimated at $166,500,000 and the 
 extent of territory acquired, nearly 1,000,000 
 square miles considerably more than the 
 whole of the present territory of the Republic of 
 Mexico. 
 
 METER, John, lawyer and legislator, was born 
 in Holland, Feb. 27, 1852 ; came to Chicago at the 
 age of 12 years ; entered the Northwestern Uni- 
 versity, supporting himself by labor during vaca- 
 tions and by teaching in a night school, until his 
 third year in the university, when he became a 
 student in the Union College of Law, being 
 admitted to the bar in 1879; was elected from 
 Cook County to the Thirty-fifth General Assembly 
 (1884), and re-elected to the Thirty-sixth, Thirty- 
 eighth and Thirty-ninth, being chosen Speaker of 
 the latter (Jan. 18, 1895). Died in office, at Free- 
 port, 111., July 3, 1895, during a special session of 
 the General Assembly. 
 
 MIAMIS, The. The preponderance of author- 
 ity favors the belief that this tribe of Indians was 
 originally a part of the Ill-i-ni or Illinois, but the 
 date of their separation from the parent stock 
 cannot be told. It is likely, however, that it 
 occurred before the French pushed their explo- 
 rations from Canada westward and southward, 
 into and along the Mississippi Valley. Father 
 Dablon alludes to the presence of Miamis (whom 
 he calls Ou-mi-a-mi) in a mixed Indian village, 
 near the mouth of Fox River of Wisconsin, in 
 1670. The orthography of their name is varied. 
 The Iroquois and the British generally knew 
 them as the "Twightwees, " and so they were 
 commonly called by the American colonists. 
 The Weas and Piankeshaws were of the same 
 tribe When La Salle founded his colony at 
 Starved Rock, the Miamis had villages which 
 could muster some 1,950 warriors, of which the 
 Weas had 500 and the Piankeshaws 150, the re- 
 maining 1,300 being Miamis proper. In 1671 
 (according to a written statement by Charlevoix 
 in 1721), the Miamis occupied three villages- 
 one on the St. Joseph River, one on the Mau- 
 mee and one on the "Ouabache" (Wabash). 
 They' were friendly toward the French until 
 1694, when a large number of them were 
 massacred by a party of Sioux, who carried 
 firearms which had been furnished them by 
 the Frenchmen. The breach thus caused was 
 never closed. Having become possessed of guns 
 
374 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 themselves, the Miamis were able, not only to 
 hold their own, but also to extend their hunting 
 grounds as far eastward as the Scioto, alternately 
 warring with the French, British and Americans. 
 General Harrison says of them that, ten years 
 before the treaty of Greenville, they could have 
 brought upon the field a body of 3,000 "of the 
 finest light troops in the world," but lacking in 
 discipline and enterprise. Border warfare and 
 smallpox, however, had, by that date (1795), 
 greatly reduced their numerical strength. The 
 main seat of the Miamis was at Fort Wayne, 
 whose residents, because of their superior num- 
 bers and intelligence, dominated all other bands 
 except the Piankeshaws. The physical and 
 moral deterioration of the tribe began immedi- 
 ately after the treaty of Greenville. Little by 
 little, they ceded their lands to the United States, 
 the money received therefor being chiefly squan- 
 dered in debauchery. Decimated by vice and 
 disease, the remnants of this once powerful abo- 
 riginal nation gradually drifted westward across 
 the Mississippi, whence their valorous sires had 
 emigrated two centuries before. The small rem- 
 nant of the band finally settled in Indian Terri- 
 tory, but they have made comparatively little 
 progress toward civilization. (See also fianke- 
 s/iaics; Weas.) 
 
 MICHAEL REESE HOSPITAL, located in 
 Chicago, under care of the association known as 
 the United Hebrew Charities. Previous to 1871 
 this association maintained a small hospital for 
 the care of some of its beneficiaries, but it was 
 destroyed in the conflagration of that year, and no 
 immediate effort to rebuild was made. In 1880, 
 however, Michael Reese, a Jewish gentleman 
 who had accumulated a large fortune in Cali- 
 fornia, bequeathed $97,000 to the organization. 
 With this sum, considerably increased by addi- 
 tions from other sources, an imposing building 
 was erected, well arranged and thoroughly 
 equipped for hospital purposes. The institution 
 thus founded was named after its principal bene- 
 factor. Patients are received without discrimi- 
 nation as to race or religion, and more than half 
 those admitted are charity patients. The present 
 medical staff consists of thirteen surgeons and 
 physicians, several of whom are eminent 
 specialists. 
 
 MICHIGAN CENTRAL RAILROAD. The 
 main line of this road extends from Chicago 
 to Detroit, 270 miles, with trackage facilities 
 from Kensington, 14 miles, over the line of the 
 Illinois Central, to its terminus in Chicago. 
 Branch lines (leased, proprietary and operated) in 
 
 Canada, Michigan, Indiana and Illinois swell the 
 total mileage to 1,643.56 miles. (HlSTOBY.) The 
 company was chartered in 1846, and purchased 
 from the State of Michigan the line from Detroit 
 to Kalamazoo, 144 miles, of which construction had 
 been begun in 1836. The road was completed to 
 Michigan City in 1850, and, in May, 1852, reached 
 Kensington, 111. As at present constituted, the 
 road (with its auxiliaries) forms an integral part 
 of what is popularly known as the "Vanderbilt 
 System." Only 35 miles of the entire line are 
 operated in Illinois, of which 29 belong to the 
 Juliet & Northern Indiana branch (which see). 
 The outstanding capital stock (1898) was $18,- 
 738,000 and the funded debt, 19,101,000. Earn- 
 ings in Illinois the same year, $484,002; total 
 operating expenses, $540,905; taxes, 824,250. 
 
 MICHIGAN, LAKE. (See Lake Michigan.) 
 
 MIHALOTZY, Geza, soldier, a native of Hun- 
 gary and compatriot of Kossuth in the Magyar 
 struggle: came to Chicago in 1848, in 1861 enlisted 
 in the One Hundred and Twenty-fourth Illinois 
 Volunteers (first "Hecker regiment"), and, on 
 the resignation of Colonel Hecker, a few weeks 
 later, was promoted to the Colonelcy. A trained 
 soldier, he served with gallantry and distinction, 
 but was fatally wounded at Buzzard's Roost, Feb. 
 24, 1864, dying at Chattanooga, March 11, 1864. 
 
 MILAN, a town of Rock Island County, on the 
 Rock Island & Peoria Railway, six miles south of 
 Rock Island. It is located on Rock River, has 
 several mills, a bank and a newspaper. Popula- 
 tion (1880), 845; (1890), 692; (1900), 719. 
 
 M1LBURN, (Rev.) William Henry, clergy- 
 man, was born in Philadelphia, Sept. 26, 1820. 
 At the age of five years he almost totally lost 
 sight in both eyes, as the result of an accident, 
 and subsequent malpractice in their treatment. 
 For a time he was able to decipher letters with 
 difficulty, and thus learned to read. In the face 
 of such obstacles he carried on his studies until 
 12 years of age, when he accompanied his father's 
 family to Jacksonville, 111., and, five years later, 
 became an itinerant Methodist preacher. For a 
 time he rode a circuit covering 200 miles, preach- 
 ing, on an average, ten times a week, for $100 per 
 year. In 1845, while on a Mississippi steamboat, 
 he pu'olicly rebuked a number of Congressmen, 
 who were his fellow passengers, for intemperance 
 and gaming. This resulted in his being made 
 Chaplain of the House of Representatives. From 
 1848 to 1850 he was pastor of a church at Mont- 
 gomery, Ala., during which time he was tried 
 for heresy, and later became pastor of a "Free 
 Church." Again, in 1853, he was chosen Chap- 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 lain of Congress. While in Europe, in 1859, lie 
 took orders in the Episcopal Church, but returned 
 to Methodism in 1871. He has since l>een twice 
 Chaplain of the House (1885 and '87) and three 
 times (1893, '95 and '97) elected to the same posi- 
 tion in the Senate He is generally known as 
 "the blind preacher" and achieved considerable 
 prominence by his eloquence as a lecturer on 
 "What a Blind Man Saw in Europe." Among 
 his published writings are. "Rifle. Axe and Sad- 
 dlebags" (1856), "Ten Yeaps of Preacher Life" 
 (1858) and "Pioneers. Preachers and People of the 
 Mississippi Valley" (I860). 
 
 MILCHRIST, Thomas ., lawyer, was born in 
 the Isle of Man in 1839, and, at the age of eight 
 years, came to America with his parents, who 
 settled in Peoria, 111. Here he attended school 
 and worked on a farm until the beginning of the 
 Civil War, when lie enlisted in the One Hundred 
 and Twelfth Illinois Volunteers, serving until 
 1865, and being discharged with the rank of Cap- 
 tain. After the war he read law with John I. 
 Bennett then of Galena, but later Master in 
 Chancery of the United States Court at Chicago 
 was admitted to the bar in 1867, and, for a 
 number of years, served as State's Attorney in 
 Henry County. In 1888 he was a delegate from 
 Illinois to the Republican National Convention, 
 and the following year was appointed by Presi- 
 dent Harrison United States District Attorney 
 for the Northern District of Illinois. Since 
 retiring from office in 1893, Mr. Milchrist has been 
 engaged in private practice in Chicago. In 1898 
 he was elected a State Senator for the Fifth Dis- 
 trict (city of Chicago) in the Forty-first General 
 Assembly. 
 
 MILES, Nelson A., Major-General. was born 
 at Westminster, Mass., August 8, 1839, and, at 
 the breaking out of the Civil War, was engaged 
 in mercantile pursuits in the city of Boston. In 
 October, 1861, he entered the service as a Second 
 Lieutenant in a Massachusetts regiment, dis- 
 tinguished himself at the battles of Fair Oaks, 
 Charles City Cross Roads and Malvern Hill, 
 in one of which he was wounded In Sep- 
 tember, 1862, he was Colonel of the Sixty- 
 first New York, which he led at Fredericksburg 
 and at Chancellorsville. where he was again 
 severely wounded. He commanded the First 
 Brigade of the First Division of the Second Army 
 Corps in the Richmond campaign, and was made 
 Brigadier-General, May 12, 1864. and Major- 
 General, by brevet, for gallantry shown at Ream's 
 Station, in December of the same year. At the 
 rlose of the war he was commissioned Colonel of 
 
 the Fortieth United States Infantry, and distin- 
 guished himself in caiujKugns against the Indians; 
 became a Brigadier-General in 1880, and Major- 
 General in 1890, in the interim being in command 
 of the Department of the Columbia, and. after 
 1890, of the Missouri, with headquarters at Chi- 
 cago. Here he did much to give efficiency anil 
 importance to the post at Fort Sheridan, and, in 
 1894, rendered valuable sen-ice in checking the 
 strike riots about Chicago. Near the close of the 
 year he was transferred to the Department of tin- 
 East, and, on the retirement <>(' General Schofield 
 in 1895, was placed in command of the anuv. 
 with headquarters in Washington. During the 
 Spanish- American war ( 18) General Miles gave 
 attention to the fitting out of troops for the Cuban 
 and Porto Rican campaigns, and visited Santiago 
 during the siege conducted by General Shatter, 
 but took no active command in the field until the 
 occupation of Porto Rico, which was conducted 
 with rare discrimination and good judgment, and 
 with comparatively little loss of life or suffering 
 to the troops. 
 
 XILFORD, a prosperous village of Iroquois 
 County, on the Chicago i Eastern Illinois Rail- 
 road, 88 miles south of Chicago; is in a rich farm- 
 ing region ; has water and sewerage systems, 
 electric lights, two brick and tile works, three 
 large grain elevators. Hour mill, three churches, 
 good schools, a public library and a weekly news- 
 paper. It is an important shipping point for 
 grain and live-stock Population (1890), 957; 
 (1900). 1.077. 
 
 MILITARY BOU>TV LANDS. (See Military 
 Tract. ) 
 
 MILITARY TRACT, a |*.|mlai name given to 
 a section of the State, set apart under an act of 
 Congress. j>assed. May <i, 1812. as tiounty-lands for 
 soldiers in the war with Great Britain commenc- 
 ing the same year. Similar reservations in the 
 Territories of Michigan and Ixmisiana (now 
 Arkansas) were provided for in the same act. 
 The lauds in Illinois embraced in this act were 
 situated between the Illinois and Mississippi 
 Rivers, ami extended from the junction of these 
 streams due north, by the Fourth Principal Merid 
 ian. to the northern Inundary of Township 1.1 
 north of the "Base Line." This "base line" 
 started alxnit opposite the present site of Beards- 
 town, and extended to a point on the Mississippi 
 about seven miles north of yuincy The north- 
 ern border of the "Tract" was identical with 
 the northern boundary of Mercer County, which, 
 extended eastward, reached the Illinois about 
 the present village of De Pue in the southeastern 
 
376 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 part of Bureau County, where the Illinois makes 
 a great bend towards the south, a few miles west 
 of the city of Peru. The distance between the 
 Illinois and the Mississippi, by this line, was about 
 90 miles, and the entire length of the "Tract," 
 from its northern boundary to the junction of 
 the two rivers, was computed at 169 miles, con- 
 sisting of 90 miles north of the "base line" and 79 
 miles south of it, to the junction of the rivers. 
 The "Tract" was surveyed in 1815-16. It com- 
 prised 207 entire townships of six miles square, 
 each, and 61 fractional townships, containing an 
 area of 5,360,000 acres, of which 3,500,000 acres 
 a little less than two-thirds were appropriated to 
 military bounties. The residue consisted partly 
 of fractional sections bordering on rivers, partly of 
 fractional quarter-sections bordering on township 
 lines, and containing more or less than 160 acres, 
 and partly of lands that were returned by the sur- 
 veyors as unfit for cultivation. In addition to 
 this, there were large reservations not coming 
 within the above exceptions, being the overplus 
 of lands after satisfying the military claims, and 
 subject to entry and purchase on the same con- 
 ditions as other Government lands. The "Tract" 
 thus embraced the present counties of Calhoun, 
 Pike, Adams, Brown, Schuyler, Hancock, Mc- 
 Oonough, Fulton, Peoria, Stark, Knox, Warren, 
 Henderson and Mercer, with parts of Henry, 
 Bureau, Putnam and Marshall or so much of 
 them as was necessary to meet the demand for 
 bounties. Immigration to this region set in quite 
 actively about 1823, and the development of some 
 portions, for a time, was very rapid ; but later, its 
 growth was retarded by the conflict of "tax- 
 titles" and bounty -titles derived by purchase 
 from the original holders. This led to a great 
 deal of litigation, and called for considerable 
 legislation; but since the adjustment of these 
 questions, this region has kept pace with the most 
 favored sections of the State, and it now includes 
 some of the most important and prosperous towns 
 and cities and many of the finest farms in 
 Illinoia 
 
 MILITIA. Illinois, taught by the experiences 
 of the War of 1812 and the necessity of providing 
 for protection of its citizens against the incur- 
 sions of Indians on its borders, began the adop- 
 tion, at an early date, of such measures as were 
 then common in the several States for the main- 
 tenance of a State militia. The Constitution of 
 1818 made the Governor "Commander in-Chief 
 of the army and navy of this State," and declared 
 that the militia of the State should "consist of 
 all free male able-bodied persons (negroes, mu 
 
 lattoes and Indians excepted) resident in the 
 State, oetween the ages of 18 and 45 years," and 
 this classification was continued in the later con- 
 stitutions, except that of 1870, which omits all 
 reference to the subject of color. In each there 
 is the same general provision exempting persons 
 entertaining "conscientious scruples against 
 bearing arms," although subject to payment of 
 an equivalent for such exemption. The first law 
 on the subject, enacted by the first General 
 Assembly (1819), provided for the establishment 
 of a general militia system for the State ; and the 
 fact that this was modified, amended or wholly 
 changed by acts passed at the sessions of 1821, 
 23, '25, '26, '27, '29, '33, '37 and '39, shows the 
 estimation in which the subject was held. While 
 many of these acts were of a special character, 
 providing for a particular class of organization, 
 the general law did little except to require per- 
 sons subject to military duty, at stated periods, U> 
 attend county musters, which were often con- 
 ducted in a very informal manner, or made the 
 occasion of a sort of periodical frolic. The act of 
 July, 1833 (following the Black Hawk War), 
 required an enrollment of "all free, white, male 
 inhabitants of military age (except such as might 
 be exempt under the Constitution or laws)"; 
 divided the State into five divisions by counties, 
 each division to be organized into a certain speci- 
 fied number of brigades. This act was quite 
 elaborate, covering some twenty-four pages, and 
 provided for regimental, battalion and company 
 musters, defined the duties of officers, manner of 
 election, etc. The act of 1837 encouraged the 
 organization of volunteer companies. The Mexi- 
 can War (1845-47) gave a new impetus to this 
 class of legislation, as also did the War of the 
 Rebellion (1861-65). While the office of Adju- 
 tant-General had existed from the first, its duties 
 except during the Black Hawk and Mexican 
 Ware were rather nominal, and were discharged 
 without stated compensation, the incumbent 
 being merely Chief -of-staff to the Governor as 
 Commander-in-Chief. The War of the Rebellion 
 at once brought it into prominence, as an impor- 
 tant part of the State Government, which it has 
 since maintained. The various measures passed, 
 during this period, belong rather to the history of 
 the late war than to the subject of this chapter. 
 In 1865, however, the office was put on a different 
 footing, and the important part it had played, 
 during the preceding four years, was recognized 
 by the passage of "an act to provide for the ap- 
 pointment, and designate the work, fix the pay 
 and prescribe the duties, of the Adjutant-General 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 377 
 
 of Illinois." During the next four years, its 
 most important work was the publication of 
 eight volumes of war records, containing a com- 
 plete roster of the officers and men of the various 
 regiments and other military organizations from 
 Illinois, with an outline of their movements and 
 a list of the battles in which they were engaged. 
 To the Adjutant-General's office, as now adminis- 
 tered, is entrusted the custody of the war- 
 records, battle-flags and trophies of the late war. 
 A further step was taken, in 1877, in the passage 
 of an act formulating a military code and provid- 
 ing for more thorough organization. Modifying 
 amendments to this act were adopted in 1879 and 
 1885. While, under these laws, "all able-bodied 
 male citizens of this State, between the ages of 18 
 and 45" (with certain specified exceptions), are 
 declared "subject to military duty, and desig- 
 nated as the Illinois State Militia," provision is 
 made for the organization of a body of "active 
 militia," designated as the "Illinois National 
 Ouard," to consist of "not more than oighty-four 
 companies of infantry, two batteries of artillery 
 and two troops of cavalry," recruited by volun- 
 tary enlistments for a period of three years, with 
 right to re-enlist for one or more years. The 
 National Guard, as at present constituted, con- 
 sists of three brigades, with a total force of about 
 9,000 men, organized into nine regiments, besides 
 the batteries and cavalry already mentioned. 
 Gatling guns are used by the artillery and breech- 
 loading rifles by the infantry. Camps of instruc- 
 tion are held for the regiments, respectively one 
 or more regiments participating each year, 
 usually at "Camp Lincoln" near Springfield, 
 when regimental and brigade drills, competitive 
 rifle practice and mock battles are had. An act 
 establishing the "Naval Militia of Illinois," to 
 consist of "not more than eight divisions or com- 
 panies," divided into two battalions of four divi- 
 sions each, was passed by the General Assembly 
 of 1893 the whole to be under the command of 
 an officer with the rank of Commander. The 
 commanding officer of each battalion is styled a 
 "Lieutenant-Commander," and both the Com- 
 mander and Lieutenant-Commanders have their 
 respective staffs their organization, in other 
 respects, being conformable to the laws of the 
 United States. A set of "Regulations," based 
 upon these several laws, has been prepared by the 
 Adjutant-General for the government of the 
 various organizations. The Governor is author- 
 ized, by law, to call out the militia to resist inva- 
 sion, or to suppress violence and enforce execution 
 of the laws, when called upon by the civil author- 
 
 ities of any city, town or county. This authority, 
 however, is exercised with great discretion, and 
 only when the local authorities are deemed unable 
 to cope with threatened resistance to law. The 
 officers of the National Guard, when called into 
 actual service for the suppression of riot or the 
 enforcement of the laws, receive the same com- 
 pensation paid to officers of the United States 
 army of like grade, while the enlisted men receive 
 $2 per day. During the time they are at any 
 encampment, the officers and men alike receive 
 $1 per day. with necessary subsistence and cost 
 of transportation to and from the encampment. 
 (For list of incumbents in Adjutant-General's 
 office, see Adjutants-General; see, also, Spanish - 
 American War ) 
 
 MILLER, James H., Speaker of the House of 
 Representatives, was born in Ohio, May 29, 1843 ; 
 in early life came to Toulon, Stark County, III., 
 where he finally engaged in the practice of law. 
 At the beginning of the Rebellion he enlisted in 
 the Union army, but before being mustered into 
 the service, received an injury which rendered 
 him a cripple for life. Though of feeble physical 
 organization and a sufferer from ill-health, lie 
 was a man of decided ability and much influence. 
 He served as State's Attorney of Stark County 
 (1872-76) and, in 1884, was elected Representative 
 in the Thirty-fourth General Assembly, at the 
 following session being one of the most zealous 
 supporters of Gen. John A. Logan, in the cele- 
 brated contest which resulted in the election of 
 the latter, for the third time, to the United States 
 Senate. By successive re-elections he also served 
 in the Thirty-fifth and Thirty-sixth General 
 Assemblies, during the session of the latter being 
 chosen Speaker of the House, as successor to 
 A. C. Matthews, who had been appointed, during 
 the session, First Comptroller of the Treasury at 
 Washington. In the early part of the summer 
 of 1890, Mr. Miller visited Colorado for the bene- 
 fit of his health, but, a week after his arrival at 
 Manitou Springs, died suddenly, June 27, 1890. 
 
 HILLS, Benjamin, lawyer and early poli- 
 tician, was a native of Western Massachusetts, 
 and described by his contemporaries as a highly 
 educated and accomplished lawyer, as well as a 
 brilliant orator. The exact date of his arrival in 
 Illinois cannot be determined with certainty, but 
 he appears to have been in the "Lead Mine 
 Region" about Galena, as early as 1828 or '27, and 
 was notable as one of the first "Yankees" to 
 locate in that section of the State. He was 
 elected a Representative in the Eighth General 
 Assembly (1832). his district embracing the 
 
378 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 counties of Peoria, Jo Daviess, Putnam, La Sallr 
 and Cook, including all the State north of Sangu- 
 mon (as it then stood), and extending from the 
 Mississippi River to the Indiana State line. At 
 this session occurred the impeachment trial of 
 Theophilus W. Smith, of the Supreme Court, Mr. 
 Mills acting as Chairman of the Impeachment 
 Committee, anil delivering a speech of great 
 ]x>wer and brilliancy, which lasted two or three 
 days. In 1834 1m watt a candidate for Congress 
 from the Northern District, but was defeated by 
 William I. May (Democrat), as claimed by Mr. 
 Mill's friends, unfairly. He early fell a victim 
 to consumption and, returning to Massachusetts, 
 died in Berkshire County, in that State, in 1841 
 Hon. R. H. McClellan, of Galena, says of him : 
 "He was a man of remarkable ability, learning 
 and eloquence," while Governor Ford, in his 
 "History of Illinois," testifies that, "by common 
 consent of all his contemporaries. Mr. Mills was 
 regarded as the most popular ami brilliant lawyer 
 of his day at the Galena bar." 
 
 MILLS, Henry A., State Senator, was born at 
 New Hartford, Oneida County, N. Y., in 1827; 
 located at Mount Carroll, Carroll County, 111., in 
 185G, finally engaging in the banking business at 
 that place. Having served in various local 
 offices, he was, in 1874, chosen State Senator for 
 the Eleventh District, but died at Galesburf; 
 liefore the expiration of his term, July 7, 1877. 
 
 MILLS, Luther Laflln, lawyer, was born at 
 North Adams, Mass., Sept. :l, 1S4K; brought to 
 Chicago in infancy, and educated in the public 
 schools of that city and at Michigan State Uni- 
 versity. In 1868 he Ixsgan the study of law, was 
 admitted to practice three years later., and, in 
 187<i. was elected Suite's Attorney, being re 
 fleeted in 188(1. While in this office he was con- 
 nected with some of the most important cases 
 ever brought before the Chicago courts 
 Although he has held no official position except 
 that already mentioned, his abilities at the bar 
 and on the rostrum are widely recognized, and 
 his services, as an attorney and an orator, have 
 lieen in frequent demand 
 
 M1LLSTADT, H town in St. Clair County, on 
 i, ranch of Mohita A Ohio Railroad 14 miles south 
 southeast of St. Louis; has electric lights, 
 churches, schools, bank. newspaper, coal mines, 
 and manufactures flour, beer and butter. Popu- 
 lation (1890), 1,186; (1900), 1,172. 
 
 MILWAUKEE & ST. PAUL RAILWAY. (See 
 ' 'hieago, Miliraiikrr if' ,S7. Piinl Ha Hint//.) 
 
 MINER, Orlin H., State Auditor, was lx>rn in 
 Vermont. Mav IS. 1825: from 18.14 to '51 he lived 
 
 in Ohio, the latter year coming to Chicago, where 
 lie worked at his trade of watch-maker. In 1855 
 lie went to Central America and was with Gen- 
 eral William Walker at Greytown. Returning to 
 Illinois, he resumed his trade at Springfield; in 
 1857 he was appointed, by Auditor Dubois, chief 
 clerk in the Auditor's office, serving until 1864, 
 when he was elected State Auditor as successor 
 to his chief. Retiring from office in 1869, he 
 gave attention to his private business. He was 
 one of the founders and a Director of the Spring- 
 field Iron Company. Died in 1879. 
 
 MINIER, a village of Tazewell County, at the 
 intersection of the Jacksonville Division of the 
 Chicago & Alton and the Terre Haute & Peoria 
 Railroads. -'ii miles southeast of Peoria; is in fine 
 farming district and has several grain elevators, 
 some manufactures, two banks and a newspaper. 
 Population (1890). 064; (1900), 74. 
 
 MINONK, a city in Woodford County, 29 miles 
 north of Bloomington and 53 miles northeast of 
 Peoria, on the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe and 
 the Illinois Central Railways. The surrounding 
 region is agricultural, though much coal is 
 mined in the vicinity. The city has brick yards, 
 tile factories, steam flouring-mills, several grain 
 elevators, two private )>anks and two weekly 
 newspapers. Population (1880), 1,913; (1890), 
 2,316; (1900), 2,546. 
 
 MINORITY REPRESENTATION, a method of 
 choosing members of the General Assembly and 
 other deliberative bodies, designed to secure n-|> 
 resentation, in such bodies, to minority parties. 
 In Illinois, this method is limited to the election 
 of members of the lower branch of the General 
 Assembly except as to private corporations, 
 which may, at their option, apply it in the election 
 of Trustees or Directors. In the apportionment 
 of members of the General Assembly (see Legis- 
 lative Apportionment), the State Constitution 
 requires that the Senatorial and Representative 
 Districts shall be identical in territory, each of 
 such Districts being entitled to choose one Sena- 
 tor and three Representatives. The provisions of 
 the Constitution, making specific application of 
 the principle of "minority representation" (or 
 "cumulative voting," as it is sometimes called), 
 declares that, in the election of Representatives, 
 "each qualified voter may cast as many votes for 
 one candidate as there are Representatives, or 
 (he) may distribute the same, or equal parts 
 thereof, among the candidates as he shall see 
 fit." (State Constitution, Art. IV, sections 7 and 
 8.) In practice, this provision gives the voter 
 ]K>wertocast three votes for one candidate : two 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 379 
 
 votes for one candidate and one for another, or 
 one and a half votes to each of two candidates, 
 or he may distribute his vote equally among 
 three candidates (giving one to each); but no 
 other division is admissible without invalidating 
 his ballot as to this office. Other forms of minor- 
 ity representation liave been proixwed by various 
 writers, among whom Mr. Thomas Hare, John 
 Stuart Mill, and Mr. Craig, of England, are most 
 prominent; but that adopted in Illinois seems to 
 be the simplest and most easy of application. 
 
 XI3SHALL, William A., legislator and jurist, 
 a native of Ohio who came to Kushville. 111., at 
 an early day, and entered upon the practice of 
 law; served as Representative in the Eighth. 
 Tenth and Twelfth General Assemblies, and a* 
 Delegate to the State Constitutional Convention 
 of 1847. He was elected Judge of the Circuit 
 Court for the Fifth Circuit, under the new Con- 
 stitution, in 184H, an d died in office, early in 1853. 
 being succeeded by the late Judge Pinkney II. 
 Walker. 
 
 MISSIONARIES, EARLY. The earliest Chris- 
 tian missionaries in Illinois were of the Roman 
 Catholic faith. As a rule, these accompanied the 
 French explorers and did not a little toward the 
 extension of French dominion. They were usually 
 members of one of two orders the "Recollects," 
 founded by St. Francis, or the "Jesuits," founded 
 by Loyola. Between these two bodies of ecclesi- 
 astics existed, at times, a strong rivalry; the 
 former having been earlier in the field, but hav- 
 ing been virtually subordinated to the latter by 
 Cardinal Richelieu. The controversy between 
 the two orders gradually involved the civil 
 authorities, and continued until the suppression 
 of the Jesuits, in France, in 1764. The most noted 
 of the Jesuit missionaries were Fathers Allouez. 
 Oravier, Marquette, Dablon. Pinet, Rasle, Lamo- 
 ges, Binneteau ami Marest. Of the Recollects, 
 the most conspicuous were Fathers Membre, 
 Douay, Le Clerq, Hennepin and Ribourde 
 Besides these, there were also Father Bergier and 
 Montigny, who, llonging to no religious order, 
 were called secular priests. The first Catholic 
 mission, founded in Illinois, was probably that at 
 the original Kaskaskia. on the Illinois, in the 
 present county of La Salle, where Father Mar- 
 ijuette did missionary work in 1673, followed by 
 Allouez in 1677. (See Allouez, Claude Jean.} 
 The latter was succeeded, in 1688. by Father Gra\ 
 ier, who was followed, in Ifi'.i'-'. by Father Sebas- 
 tian Rasle. but who. returning in Iti'.il remained 
 until 1695. when he was succeeded by Pinet 
 and Binneteau. In 1700 Father Marest was 
 
 in charge of the mission, and the number of 
 Indians among whom he labored was, that year 
 considerably diminished by the emigration of the 
 Kaskaskias to the south. Father Gravier, about 
 this time, labored among the Peorias. but was 
 incapacitated by a wound received from the 
 medicine man of the tribe, which finally resulted 
 in his death, at Mobile, in 1706. The Peoria station 
 remained vacant for a time, but was finally filled 
 by Father Deville. Another early Catholic mis- 
 sion in Illinois was that at Cahokia While the 
 precise date of its establishment cannot be fixed 
 with certainty, there is evidence that it was in 
 existence in 1700. being the earliest in tliat region. 
 Among the early Fathers, who ministered to the 
 savages there, were Pinet. St. Cosme. Bergier and 
 l.amiiges. This mission was at first called the 
 Tamaroa, and. later, the mission of St. Sulpice. 
 It was probably the first permanent mission in the 
 Illinois Country. Among those in charge, down 
 to 1718, were Fathers de Montigny, Damon (prob- 
 ably), Varlet, de la Source, and le Mercier. In 
 1707, Father Mermet assisted Father Marest at 
 Kaskaskia. and, in 17iO, that mission became a 
 regularly constituted parish, the incumbent being 
 Father de Beaubois. Rev. Philip Boucher 
 preached and administered the sacraments at 
 Fort St. Louis, where he died in 1719. liaving 
 been preceded by Fathers Membre and Ribourde 
 in 1680, and by Fathers Douay and Le Clerq in 
 1687-88. The persecution and banishment of the 
 early Jesuit missionaries, by the Superior Council 
 of Louisiana (of which Illinois had formerly been 
 :i part), in 1763, is a curious chapter in State his- 
 tory. That body, following the example of some 
 provincial legislative bodies in France, officially 
 declared the order a dangerous nuisance, and 
 decreed the confiscation of all its property, in- 
 cluding plate and vestments, and the razing of 
 its churche*. as well as the banishment of it* 
 members. This decree the Louisiana Council 
 undertook to enforce in Illinois, disregarding the 
 fact that that territory had passed under the 
 jurisdiction of Great Britain. The Jesuits seem 
 to have offered no resistance, either physical or 
 legal, and all members of the order in Illinois 
 were ruthlessly, and without a shadow of author- 
 ity, carried to New Orleans and thence deported 
 to France. Only one Father Sebastian Louis 
 Meurin was allowed to return to Illinois ; and he. 
 only after promising to recognize the ecclesiastical 
 authority of the Superior Council as supreme, 
 and to hold no communication with Quebec or 
 Rome. The labors of the missionaries, apart 
 from spiritual results, were of great value They 
 
380 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 perpetuated the records of early discoveries, 
 reduced the language, and even dialects, of the 
 aborigines, to grammatical rules, and preserved 
 the original traditions and described the customs 
 of the savages. (Authorities: Shea and Kip's 
 "Catholic Missions," "Magazine of Western His- 
 tory," Winsor's "America," and Shea's "Catholic 
 Church in Colonial Days.") 
 
 MISSISSIPPI RIVER. (Indian name, "Missi 
 Sipi," the "Great Water.") Its head waters are 
 in the northern part of Minnesota, 1,680 feet 
 above tide-water. Its chief source is Itasca 
 Lake, which is 1,575 feet higher than the sea, 
 and which is fed by a stream having its source 
 within one mile of the head waters of the Red 
 River of the North. From this sheet of water to 
 the mouth of the river, the distance is variously 
 estimated at from 3,000 to 3,160 miles. Lake 
 Itasca is in lat. 47 10' north and Ion. 95 20' west 
 from Greenwich. The river at first runs north- 
 ward, but soon turns toward the east and expands 
 into a series of small lakes. Its course, as far as 
 Crow Wing, is extremely sinuous, below which 
 point it runs southward to St. Cloud, thence south- 
 eastward to Minneapolis, where occur the Falls of 
 St. Anthony, establishing a complete barrier to 
 navigation for the lower Mississippi. In less than 
 a mile the river descends 66 feet, including a per- 
 pendicular fall of 17 feet, furnishing an immense 
 water-power, which is utilized in operating flour- 
 ing-mills and other manufacturing establish- 
 ments. A few miles below St. Paul it reaches 
 the western boundary of Wisconsin, where it 
 expands into the long and beautiful Lake Pepin, 
 bordered by picturesque limestone bluffs, some 
 400 feet high. Below Dubuque its general direc- 
 tion is southward, and it forms the boundary 
 between the States ot Iowa, Missouri, Arkansas 
 and the northern part of Louisiana, on the 
 west, and Illinois, Kentucky, Tennessee and Mis- 
 sissippi, on the east. After many sinuous turn- 
 ings in its southern course, it enters the Gulf of 
 Mexico by three principal passes, or mouths, at 
 the southeastern extremity of Plaquemines 
 Parish, La., in lat. 29 north and Ion. 89 12' 
 west. Its principal affluents on the right are the 
 Minnesota, Iowa, Des Moines, Missouri, Arkansas 
 and Red Rivers, and, on the left, the Wisconsin, 
 Illinois and Ohio. The Missouri River is longer 
 than that part of the Mississippi above the point 
 of junction, the distance from its source to the 
 delta of the latter being about 4,300 miles, which 
 exceeds that of any other river in the world. 
 The width of the stream at St. Louis is about 
 8,500 feet, at the mouth of the Ohio nearly 4,600 
 
 feet, and at New Orleans about 2,500 feet. The 
 mean velocity of the current between St. Louis 
 and the Gulf of Mexico is about five to five and 
 one-half miles per hour. The average depth 
 below Red River is said to be 121 feet, though, in 
 the vicinity of New Orleans, the maximum is said 
 to reach 150 feet. The principal rapids below the 
 Falls of St. Anthony are at Rock Island and the 
 Des Moines Rapids above Keokuk, the former 
 having twenty-two feet fall and the latter 
 twenty-four feet. A canal around the Des 
 Moines Rapids, along the west bank of the river, 
 aids navigation. The alluvial banks which pre- 
 vail on one or both shores of the lower Mississippi, 
 often spread out into extensive "bottoms" which 
 are of inexhaustible fertility. The most impor- 
 tant of these above the mouth of the Ohio, is the 
 "American Bottom," extending along the east 
 bank from Alton to Chester. Immense sums 
 have been spent in the construction of levees for 
 the protection of the lands along the lower river 
 from overflow, as also in the construction of a 
 system of jetties at the mouth, to improve navi- 
 gation by deepening the channel. 
 
 MISSISSIPPI BITER BRIDGE, THE, one of 
 the best constructed railroad bridges in the West, 
 spanning the Mississippi from Pike, 111., to Loui- 
 siana, Mo. The construction company was char- 
 tered, April 25, 1872, and the bridge was ready for 
 the passage of trains on Dec. 24, 1873. On Dec. 
 8, 1877, it was leased in perpetuity by the Chicago 
 & Alton Railway Company, which holds all its 
 stock and f 150,000 of its bonds as an investment, 
 payingarental of $60,000 per annum, to be applied 
 in the payment of 7 per cent interest on stock and 
 6 per cent on bonds. In 1894, $71,000 was paid for 
 rental, $16,000 going toward a sinking fund. 
 
 MOBILE & OHIO RAILROAD. This company 
 operates 160.6 miles of road in Illinois, of which 
 151.6 are leased from the St. Louis & Cairo Rail- 
 road. (See St. Louis db Cairo Railroad.) 
 
 MOM* E, a flourishing manufacturing city in 
 Rock Island County, incorporated in 1872, on the 
 Mississippi above Rock Island and opposite 
 Davenport, Iowa; is 168 miles south of west from 
 Chicago, and the intersecting point of three 
 trunk lines of railway. Moline, Rock Island and 
 Davenport are connected by steam and street 
 railways, bridges and ferries. All three obtain 
 water-power from the Mississippi. The region 
 around Moline is rich in coal, and several pro- 
 ductive mines are operated in the vicinity. It is 
 an important manufacturing point, its chief out- 
 puts being agricultural implements, filters, malle- 
 able iron, steam engines, vehicles, lumber, organs 
 
HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 381 
 
 (pipe and reed), paper, lead-roofing, wind-mills, 
 milling machinery, and furniture. The city has 
 admirable water-works, several churches, good 
 schools, gas and electric light plants, a public 
 library, five banks, three daily and weekly 
 papers. It also has an extensive electric power 
 plant, electric street cars and interurban line. 
 Population (1890), 12,000; (1900), 17,948. 
 
 MOLONEY, Maurice T., ex-Attorney-General, 
 was born in Ireland, in 1849; came to America in 
 1867, and, after a course in the Seminary of ' 'Our 
 Lady of the Angels" at Niagara Falls, studied 
 theology ; then taught for a time in Virginia and 
 studied law at the University of that State, 
 graduating in 1871, finally locating at Ottawa, 
 111. , where he served three years as State's Attor- 
 ney of La Salle County, and, in 1892, was nomi- 
 nated and elected Attorney-General on the 
 Democratic State ticket, serving until January, 
 1897. 
 
 MOMENCE, a town in Kankakee County, situ- 
 ated on the Kankakee River and at the intersec- 
 tion of the Chicago & Eastern Illinois and the 
 Indiana, Illinois & Iowa Railroads, 54 miles south 
 of Chicago; has water power, a flouring mill, 
 enameled brick factory, railway repair shops, two 
 banks, two newspapers, five churches and two 
 schools. Population (1890), 1,635; (1900), 2,026. 
 
 MONMOUTH, the county-seat of Warren 
 County, 26 miles east of the Mississippi River; at 
 point of intersection of two lines of the Chicago, 
 Burlington & Quincy and the Iowa Central Rail- 
 ways. The Santa Fe enters Monmouth on the 
 Iowa Central lines. The surrounding country is 
 agricultural and coal yielding. The city lias 
 manufactories of agricultural implements, sewer- 
 pipe, pottery, paving brick, and cigars. Mon- 
 mouth College (United Presbyterian) was 
 chartered in 1857, and the library of this institu- 
 tion, with that of Warren County (also located 
 at Monmouth) aggregates 30,000 volumes. There 
 are three national banks, two daily, three weekly 
 and two other periodical publications. An ap- 
 propriation was made by the Fifty-fifth Congress 
 for the erection of a Government building at 
 Monmouth. Population (1890), 5,936; (1900), 7,460. 
 
 MONMOUTH COLLEGE, an educational insti- 
 tution, controlled by the United Presbyterian 
 denomination, but non-sectarian ; located at Mon- 
 mouth. It was founded in 1856, its first class 
 graduating in 1858. Its Presidents have been 
 Drs. D. A. Wallace (1856-78) and J. B. McMichael, 
 the latter occupying the position from 1878 until 
 1897. In 1896 the faculty consisted of fifteen 
 instructors and the number of students was 289. 
 
 The college campus covers ten acres, tastefully 
 laid out. The institution confers four degrees 
 A.B., B.S., M.B., and B.L. For the conferring 
 of the first three, four years' study is required , 
 for the degree of B.L., three years. 
 
 MONROE, George D., State Senator, was born 
 in Jefferson County, N. Y., Sept. 24, 1844, and 
 came with his parents to Illinois in 1849. His 
 father having been elected Sheriff of Will County 
 in 1864, he became a resident of Juliet, serving 
 as a deputy in his father's office. In 1865 he 
 engaged in merchandising as the partner of his 
 father, which was exchanged, some fifteen years 
 later, for the wholesale grocery trade, and, finally, 
 for the real-estate and mortgage-loan business, in 
 which he is still employed. He has also been 
 extensively engaged in the stone business some 
 twenty years, being a large stockholder in the 
 Western Stone Company and Vice-President of 
 the concern. In 1894 Mr. Monroe was elected, as 
 a Republican, to the State Senate from the 
 Twenty-fifth District, serving in the Thirty -ninth 
 and Fortieth General Assemblies, and proving 
 himself one of the most influential members ( 
 that body. 
 
 MONROE COUNTY, situated in the southwest 
 part of the State, bordering on the Mississippi 
 named for President Monroe. Its area is about 
 380 square miles. It was organized in 1816 and 
 included within its boundaries several of the 
 French villages which constituted, for many 
 years, a center of civilization in the West 
 American settlers, however, began to locate in 
 the district as early as 1781. The county has a 
 diversified surface and is heavily timbered. The 
 soil is fertile, embracing both upland and river 
 bottom. Agriculture and the manufacture and 
 shipping of lumber constitute leading occupations 
 of the citizens. Waterloo is the county-seat. 
 Population (1890), 12,948; (1900), 13,847. 
 
 MONTGOMERY COUNTY, an interior county, 
 situated northeast of St. Louis and south of 
 Springfield; area 702 square miles, population 
 (1900), 30,836 derives its name from Gen. Richard 
 Montgomery. The earliest settlements by Ameri- 
 cans were toward the close of 1816, county organi- 
 zation being effected five years later. The entire 
 population, at that time, scarcely exceeded 100 
 families. The surface is undulating, well watered 
 and timbered. The seat of county government is 
 located at Hillsboro. Litchfield is an important 
 town. Here are situated car-shops and some 
 manufacturing establishments. Conspicuous in 
 the county's history as pioneers were Harris 
 Reavis. Henry Pyatt. John Levi, Aaron Casey 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 John Tillson. Hiraiu Rountree. the Wrights 
 (Joseph and Charles), the Hills (John and 
 Henry), William McDavid and John Russell. 
 
 MOM IT K l.l.O, a city and the county-seat of 
 I'iatt County, on the Sangamon River, midway 
 lietween Chicago and St. Louis, on the Kaukaker 
 und Blooinington Division of the Illinois Central, 
 and the Chicago and St. Louis Division of the 
 Wabash Railways. It lies within the "corn belt," 
 and stock-raising is extensively carried on in the 
 surrounding country. Among the city industries 
 are a foundry and machine shoj>s. steam Hour and 
 planing mills, broom, cigar and harness-making, 
 and patent fence and tile works. The city is 
 lighted by electricity, has several elevators, an 
 excellent water system, numerous churches and 
 good schools, with l>anks and three weekly 
 papers. Population (1890), 1,043; (1900), 1,982. 
 
 MOXTICELLO FEMALE SEMINARY, the 
 second institution established in Illinois for the 
 higher education of women Jacksonville Female 
 Seminary being the first. It was founded 
 through the munificence of Capt. Benjamin 
 < Jodfrey. who donated fifteen acres for a site, at 
 (Jodfrey. Madison County, and gave $53,00(1 
 toward erecting and equipping the buildings. 
 The institution was oj>eiu>d on April 11, 1838. 
 with sixteen young lady pupils. Rev. Theron 
 Itjildwin, one of the celebrated "Vale Hand," 
 being the first Principal. In \X4~> lie was suc- 
 ceeded by Miss I'hilena Folws, and she. in turn, 
 by Miss Harriet X. Haskell, in INdti. who still 
 remains in charge. In November. 1883, the 
 seminary building, with its contents. was burned : 
 tiut the institution continued its sessions in tern 
 porary quarters until the erection of a new build- 
 ing, which was soon accomplished through the 
 generosity of alumna 1 and friends of female edu- 
 cation throughout the country. The new struc 
 ture is of stone, three stories in height, and 
 thoroughly modern. The average nunilwr of 
 pupils is 150, with fourteen instructors, and the 
 standard of the institution is of a high diameter. 
 
 MOORE, Clifton H., lawyer and financier, was 
 born at Kirtland. Lake County. Ohio. Oct. 2fi. 
 1817; after a brief season spent in two academies 
 and one term in the Western Reserve Teachers' 
 Seminary, at Kirtland, in 1839 he came west 
 and engaged in teaching at Pekin. 111., while 
 giving his leisure to the study of law. He spent 
 the next year at Tremont as Deputy County and 
 Circuit Clerk, was admitted to the bar at Spring 
 lield in 1841, and located soon after at Clinton 
 DeWitt County, which has since been his home. 
 In partnership with the late Judge David Davis. 
 
 of Hloomington, Mr. Moore, a few years later, 
 began operating extensively in Illinois lands, and 
 is now one of the largest land proprietors in 
 the State, besides being interested in a number 
 of manufacturing ventures and a local bank. 
 The only official position of importance he has 
 held is that of Delegate to the State Constitu- 
 tional Convention of 1869-70. He is an enthusi- 
 astic collector of State historical and art treasures, 
 of which he possesses one of the most valuable 
 private collections in Illinois. 
 
 MOORE, Henry, pioneer lawyer, came to Chi- 
 cago from Concord, Mass., in 1834. and was 
 almost immediately admitted to the bar, also 
 acting for a time as a clerk in the office of Col. 
 Richard J. Hamilton, who held pretty much all 
 the county offices on the organization of Cook 
 County. Mr. Moore was one of the original 
 Trustees of Rush Medical College, and obtained 
 from the Legislature the first charter for a gas 
 company in Chicago. In 1838 he went to Ha- 
 vana, Cuba, for the benefit of his failing health, 
 but subsequently returned to Concord, Mass., 
 where lie died some years afterward. 
 
 MOORE, .lames, pioneer, was born in the State 
 of Maryland in 1750; was married in his native 
 State, about 1772. to Miss Catherine Biggs, later 
 removing to Virginia. In 1777 he came to the 
 Illinois Country as a spy, preliminary to the con- 
 templated expedition of Col. George Rogers 
 Clark, which captured Kaskaskia in July, 1778. 
 After the Clark expedition (in which he served 
 :is Captain, by appointment of Oov. Patrick 
 Henry), he returned to Virginia, where he 
 remained until 1781, when he organized a party 
 of emigrants, which he acconi|>anied to Illinois. 
 s)iendiiig the winter at Kaskaskia. The following 
 year they located at a |>oiiit in the northern part 
 of Monroe County, which afterwards received 
 the name of Bellefontaine. After his arrival in 
 Illinois, he organized a company of "Minute 
 Men." of which he was chosen Captain. He was 
 a man of prominence and influence among the 
 early settlers, but died in 1788. A numerous and 
 influential family of his descendants have grown 
 up in Southern Illinois? John (Moore), son of 
 the preceding, was Ixirn in Maryland in 1773, and 
 brought by his father to Illinois eight years later. 
 He married a sister of (ien. John D. Whiteside. 
 who afterwards became State Treasurer, and also 
 served as Fund Commissioner of the State of Illi- 
 nois under the internal improvement system 
 Moore was un officer of the State Militia, and 
 served in u company of rangers during the War 
 of 1H12; was also the first County Treasurer of 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 Monroe County. Died, July 4, 1833. James B. 
 (Moore), the third son of Capt. James Moore, was 
 born in 1780, and brought to Illinois by his par- 
 ents; in his early manhood he followed the 
 business of keel-boating on the Mississippi and 
 Ohio Rivers, visiting New Orleans, Pittsburg and 
 other points ; became a prominent Indian fighter 
 during the War of 1812, and was commissioned 
 Captain by Governor Edwards and authorized to 
 raise a company of mounted rangers; also 
 served as Sheriff of Monroe County, by appoint- 
 ment of Governor Edwards, in Territorial days ; 
 was Presidential Elector in 1820, and State Sena- 
 tor for Madison County in 1836-40, dying in the 
 latter year. Enoch (Moore), fourth son of Capt. 
 James Moore, the pioneer, was born in the old 
 block-house at Bellefontaine in 1782, being the 
 first child born of American parents in Illinois ; 
 served as a "ranger" in the company of bis 
 brother, James B. ; occupied the office of Clerk of 
 the Circuit Court, and afterwards that of Judge 
 of Probate of Monroe County during the Terri- 
 torial period ; was Delegate to the Constitutional 
 Convention of 1818, and served as Representative 
 from Monroe County in the Second General 
 Assembly, later filling various county offices for 
 some twenty years. He died in 1848. 
 
 MOORE, Jesse II.. clergyman, soldier and Con- 
 gressman, born near Lebanon, St. Clair County, 
 111., April 22, 1817, and graduated from McKen- . 
 dree College in 1842. For thirteen years he was 
 a teacher, during portions of this period being 
 successively at the head of three literary insti- 
 tutions in the West. In 1849 he was ordained a 
 minister of the Methodist Episcopal Church, but 
 resigned pastorate duties in 1862, to take part in 
 the War for the Union, organizing the One Hun- 
 dred and Fifteenth Regiment Illinois Volunteers, 
 of which he was commissioned Colonel, also serving 
 as brigade commander during the last year of the 
 war, and being brevetted Brigadier-General at its 
 close. After the war he re-entered the ministry, 
 but, in 1868, while Presiding Elder of the Decatur 
 District, he was elected to the Forty-first Con- 
 gress as a Republican, being re-elected in 1870; 
 afterwards served as Pension Agent at Spring- 
 field, and, in 1881, was appointed United States 
 Consul at Callao, Peru, dying in office, in that 
 city, July 11, 1883. 
 
 MOORE, John, Lieutenant-Governor (1842-46) ; 
 Was born in Lincolnshire, Eng., Sept. 8, 1793; 
 came to America and settled in Illinois in 1830, 
 spending most of his life as a resident of Bloom- 
 ington. In 1838 he was elected to the lower 
 branch of the Eleventh General Assembly from 
 
 the McLean District, and, in 1840, to the Senate, 
 but before the close of his term, in 1842, was 
 elected Lieutenant-Governor with Gov. Thouiu- 
 Ford. At the outbreak of the Mexican War he 
 took a conspicuous part in recruiting the Fourth 
 Regiment Illinois Volunteers (Col. E. D. Baker's), 
 of which he was chosen Lieutenant-Colonel, 
 serving gallantly throughout the struggle. In 
 1848 he was appointed State Treasurer, as succev 
 sor of Milton Carpenter, who died in office. In 
 1850 he was elected to the same office, and con- 
 tinued to discharge its duties until 1857, when he 
 was succeeded by James Miller. Died, Sept. 23, 
 1863. 
 
 MOORE, RlsdoD, pioneer, was born in Dela- 
 ware in 1760; removed to North Carolina in 178!i. 
 and, a few years later, to Hancock County, Ga. . 
 where he served two terms in the Legislature 
 He emigrated from Georgia in 1812, and settleil 
 In St. Clair County, 111. besides a family of fif- 
 teen white persons, bringing with him eighteen 
 colored people the object of his removal being 
 to get rid of slavery. He purchased a farm in 
 what was known as the "Turkey Hill Settle- 
 ment," about four miles east of Belleville, when' 
 he resided until his death in 1828. Mr. Moon- 
 became a prominent citizen, was elected to the 
 Second Territorial House of Representatives, and 
 was chosen Speaker, serving as such for two ses- 
 sions (1814-15). He was also Representative from 
 St. Clair County in the First. .Second and Thin! 
 General Assemblies after the admission of Illinois 
 into the Union. In the last of these he was one 
 of the most zealous opponents of the pro-slavery 
 Convention scheme of 1822-24. He left a numei 
 ous and highly resected family of descendants, 
 who were afterwards prominent in public affairs.- 
 William (Moore), his son, served as a Captain in 
 the War of 1812, and also commanded a company 
 in the Black Hawk War. He represented St 
 Clair County in the lower branch of the Nintli 
 and Tenth General Assemblies; was a local 
 preacher of the Methodist Church, and was Presi- 
 dent of the Board of Trustees of McKendree Col 
 lege at the time of his death in IM'.i. Risdon 
 (Moore), Jr., a cousin of the first named Risdon 
 Moore, was a Representative from St. Clair County 
 in the Fourth General Assembly and Senator in 
 the Sixth, but died l>efore the expiration of his 
 term, being succeeded at the next session by 
 Adam W. Snyder. 
 
 MOORE, Stephen Richey, lawyer, was born of 
 Scotch ancestry, in Cincinnati, Ohio, Sept. 22. 
 1832; in 1851, entered Farmers' College near Cin- 
 cinnati, graduating in 1856, and. having qualified 
 
384 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS 
 
 himself fur the practice of law, located the fol- 
 lowing year at Kunkakee, 111., which has since 
 it-en his home. In 1858 he was employed in 
 defense of the late Father Chiniquy, who recently 
 died in Montreal, in one of the celebrated suits 
 begun against him by dignitaries of the Roman 
 Catholic Church. Mr. Moore is a man of strik- 
 ing appearance and great independence of char- 
 acter, a Methodist in religious belief and has 
 generally acted |x>litically in co-operation with 
 the Democratic party, though strongly anti- 
 slavery in bis views. In 1873 he was a delegate 
 to the Liberal Republican Convention at Cin- 
 cinnati which nominated Mr. Greeley for the 
 Presidency, and, in 1896, participated in the same 
 way in the Indianapolis Convention which nomi- 
 nated Gen. John M. Palmer for the same office, in 
 the following campaign giving the "Gold Democ- 
 racy" a vigorous support. 
 
 MORAN, Thomas A., lawyer and jurist, was 
 born at Bridgeport, Conn. , Oct. 7, 1839 ; received 
 his preliminary cilur.-ition in the district schools 
 of Wisconsin (to which State his father's family 
 had removed in 1846), and at an academy at 
 Salem, Wig. ; began reading law at Kenosha in 
 1859, meanwhile supporting himself by teaching. 
 In May, 1865, he graduated from the Albany 
 (N. Y.) Law School, and the same year com- 
 menced practice in Chicago, rapidly rising to the 
 front rank of his profession. In 1879 he was 
 elected a Judge of the Cook County Circuit Court, 
 and re-elected in 1885. At the expiration of his 
 second term he resumed private practice. While 
 on the bench he at first heard only common law 
 cases, but later divided the business of the equity 
 side of the court with Judge Tuley. In June, 
 1886, he was assigned to the bench of the Appel- 
 late Court, of which tribunal he was, for a year, 
 Chief Justice. 
 
 MORGAN, James Dady, soldier, was born in 
 Boston, Mass., August 1, 1810, and, at 16 years of 
 age, went for a three years' trading voyage on 
 the ship "Beverly." When thirty days out a 
 mutiny arose, and .shortly afterward the vessel 
 was burned. Morgan escaped to South America, 
 and. after many hardships, returned to Boston. 
 In 1834 he removed to Quincy, 111., and engaged 
 in mercantile pursuits; aided in raising the 
 "Quincy Grays" during the Mormon difficulties 
 ( 1844-45) ; during the Mexican War commanded a 
 company in the First Regiment Illinois Volun- 
 teers; in 1861 became Lieutenant-Colonel of the 
 Tenth Regiment in the three months' service, 
 and Colonel on reorganization of the regiment 
 for three years; was promoted Brigadier-General 
 
 in July, 1862, for meritorious service ; commanded 
 a brigade at Nashville, and, in March, 1865, was 
 brevetted Major-General for gallantry at Benton- 
 ville, N. C., being mustered out, August 24, 1865. 
 After the war he resumed business at Quincy, 
 111., being President of the Quincy Gas Company 
 and Vice-President of a bank; was also Presi- 
 dent, for some time, of the Society of the Army 
 of the Cumberland. Died, at Quincy, Sept. 12, 1896. 
 
 MORGAN COUNTY, a central county of the 
 State, lying west of Sangamon, and bordering on 
 the Illinois River named for Gen. Daniel Mor- 
 gan; area, 580 square miles; population (1900), 
 35,006. The earliest American settlers were 
 probably Elisha and Seymour Kellogg, who 
 located on Mauvaisterre Creek in 1818. Dr. George 
 Caldwell came in 1820, and was the first phy- 
 sician, and Dr. Ero Chandler settled on the pres- 
 ent site of the city of Jacksonville in 1821. 
 Immigrants began to arrive ill large numbers 
 about 1822, and, Jan. 31, 1823. the county was 
 organized, the first election being held at the 
 house of James G. Swinerton, six miles south- 
 west of the present city of Jacksonville. Olm- 
 stead's Mound was the first county-seat, but this 
 choice was only temporary. Two years later, 
 Jacksonville was selected, and has ever since so 
 continued. (See Jacksonville. ) Cass Countj 
 was cut off from Morgan in 1837, and Scott 
 County in 1839. About 1837 Morgan was the 
 most populous county in the State. The county 
 is nearly equally divided between woodland and 
 prairie, and is well watered. Besides the Illinois 
 River on its western border, there are several 
 smaller streams, among them Indian, Apple, 
 Sandy and Mauvaisterre Creeks. Bituminous 
 coal underlies the eastern part of the county, and 
 thin veins crop out along the Illinois River 
 bluffs. Sandstone has also been quarried. 
 
 MORGAN PARK, a suburban village of Cook 
 County, 13 miles south of Chicago, on the Chi- 
 cago, Rock Island & Pacific Railway ; is the seat 
 of the Academy (a preparatory branch) of the 
 University of Chicago and the Scandinavian De- 
 partment of the Divinity School connected with 
 the same institution. Population (1880), 187; 
 (1890), 1.037; (1900), 2,329. 
 
 MORMONS, a religious sect, founded by Joseph 
 Smith, Jr., at Fayette, Seneca County. N. Y., 
 August 0, 1830, sty ling themselves the "Church of 
 Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints. " Memliership 
 in 1892 was estimated at 230,000, of whom some 
 20,000 were outside of the United States. Their 
 religious teachings are peculiar. They avow faith 
 in the Trinity and in the Bible (as by them 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 385 
 
 interpreted). They believe, however, that the 
 "Book of Mormon" assumed to be of divine 
 origin and a direct revelation to Smith is of 
 equal authority with the Scriptures, if not supe- 
 rior to them. Among their ordinances are 
 liaptism and the laying-on of hands, and, in their 
 church organization, they recognize various orders 
 apostles, prophets, pastors, teachers, evangel- 
 ists, etc. They also believe in the restoration of 
 the Ten Tribes and the literal re assembling of 
 Israel, the return and rule of Christ in person, 
 and the rebuilding of Zion in America. Polyg- 
 amy is encouraged anil made an article of faith, 
 though professedly not practiced under existing 
 laws in the United States. The supreme power 
 is vested in a President, who has authority in 
 temporal and spiritual affairs alike; although 
 there is less effort now than formerly, on the part 
 of the priesthood, to interfere in temporalities. 
 Driven from New York in 1831, Smith and his 
 followers first settled at Kirtland, Ohio. There, 
 for a time, the sect flourished and built a temple; 
 but, within seven years, their doctrines and prac- 
 tioes excited so much hostility that they were 
 forced to make another removal. Their next 
 settlement was at Far West, Mo. ; but here the 
 hatred toward them became so intense as to 
 result in open war. From Missouri they 
 recrossed the Mississippi and founded the city 
 of Nauvoo, near Commerce, in Hancock County, 
 111. The charter granted by the Legislature was 
 an extraordinary instrument, and well-nigh made 
 the city independent of the State. Nauvoo soon 
 obtained commercial importance, in two years 
 becoming a city of some 16,000 inhabitants. The 
 Mormons rapidly became a powerful factor in 
 State politics, when there broke out a more 
 bitter public enmity than the sect had yet en- 
 countered. Internal dissensions also sprang up, 
 and. in ISM. a discontented Mormon founded a 
 newspaper at Nauvoo, in which he violently 
 assailed the prophet and threatened him with 
 exposure. Smith's answer to this was the de- 
 struction of the printing office, and the editor 
 promptly secured a warrant for his arrest, return- 
 able at Carthage. Smith went before a friendly 
 justice at Nauvoo, who promptly discharged him, 
 but he positively refused to appear before the 
 Carthage magistrate. Thereupon the latter 
 issued a second warrant, charging Smith with 
 treason. This also was treated with contempt. 
 The militia was called out to make the arrest, and 
 the Mormons, who had formed a strong military 
 organization, armed to defend their leader. 
 After a few trifling clashes between the soldiers 
 
 and the "Saints," Smith was persuaded to sur- 
 render and go to Cartilage, the county-seat, where 
 he was incarcerated in the county jail. Within 
 twenty-four hours (on Sunday, June 27, 1844), a 
 mob attacked the prison. Joseph Smith and his 
 brother Hyrum were killed, and some of their 
 adherents, who had accompanied them to jail, 
 were wounded. Brigham Young (then an 
 apostle) at once assumed the leadership and. 
 after several months of intense popular excite- 
 ment, in the following year led his followers 
 across the Mississippi, finally locating (IB-IT) in 
 Utah. (See also Nauvoo.) There their history 
 has not been free from charges of crime; but, 
 whatever may be the character of the leaders, 
 they have succeeded in building up a prosperous 
 community in a region which they found a vir- 
 tual desert, a little more than forty years ago. 
 The polity of the Church has been greatly modi- 
 fied in consequence of restrictions placed upon it 
 by Congressional legislation, especially in refer- 
 ence to polygamy, and by contact with other 
 communities. (See Smith, Joseph.) 
 
 MORRIS; a city and the county -seat of Grundy 
 County, on the Illinois River, the Illinois & 
 Michigan Canal, and the Chicago, Rock Island & 
 Pacific Railroad, 61 miles southwest of Chicago. 
 It is an extensive grain market, and the center of 
 a region rich in bituminous coal. There is valu- 
 able water-power here, and much manufacturing 
 is done, including builders' hardware, plows, iron 
 specialties, paper car-wheels, brick and tile, flour 
 and planing mills, oatmeal and tanned leather. 
 There are also a normal and scientific school, two 
 national banks and three daily and weekly news- 
 papers. Population (1880), 3,486; (1890), 3,653; 
 (1900). 4,27i 
 
 MORRIS, Buckner Smith, early lawyer born 
 at Augusta, Ky., August 19, 1800; was admitted 
 to the bar in 1827, and, for seven years thereafter, 
 continued to reside in Kentucky, serving two 
 terms in the Legislature of that State. In 1834 
 he removed to Chicago, took an active part in 
 the incorporation of "the city, and was elected its 
 second Mayor in 1838. In 1840 he was a Whig 
 candidate for Presidential Elector. Abraham 
 Lincoln running on the same ticket, and, in 
 1852, was defeated as the Whig candidate for 
 Secretary of State. He was elected a Judge of 
 the Seventh Circuit in 1851, but declined a re- 
 nomination in 1855. In 1856 he accepted the 
 American (or Know-Nothing) nomination for 
 Governor, and, in 1860, that of the Bell-Everett 
 party for the same office. He was vehemently 
 opposed to the election of either Lincoln or 
 
386 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 Breckenridge to the Presidency, believing that 
 civil war would result in either event. A shadow 
 was thrown across his life, in 1864, by his arrest 
 and trial for alleged complicity in a rebel plot to 
 burn and pillage Chicago and liberate the 
 prisoners of war held at Camp Douglas. The 
 trial, however, which was held at Cincinnati, 
 resulted in his acquittal. Died, in Kentucky, 
 Dec. 18, 1879. Those who knew Judge Morris, in 
 his early life in the city of Chicago, describe him 
 as a man of genial and kindly disposition, in spite 
 of his opposition to the abolition of slavery a 
 fact which, no doubt, had much to do with his 
 acquittal of the charge of complicity with the 
 Camp Douglas conspiracy, as the evidence of his 
 being in communication with the leading con- 
 spirators appears to have been conclusive. (See 
 Camp Douglas Conspiracy.) 
 
 MORRIS, Freeman P., lawyer and politician, 
 was born in Cook County, 111., March 19, 1854, 
 labored on a farm and attended the district 
 school in his youth, but completed his education 
 in Chicago, graduating from the Union College 
 of Law, and was admitted to practice in 1874, 
 when he located at Watseka, Iroquois County. 
 In 1884 he was elected, as a Democrat, to the 
 House of Representatives from the Iroquois Dis- 
 trict, and has since been re-elected in 1888, '94, 
 '96, being one of the most influential members of 
 his party in that body. In 1893 he was appointed 
 by Governor Altgeld Aid-de-Camp, with the rank 
 of Colonel, on his personal staff, but resigned in 
 1896. 
 
 MORRIS, Isaac Newton, lawyer and Congress- 
 man, was born at Bethel, Clermont County. 
 Ohio, Jan. 22, 1812; educated at Miami Univer- 
 sity, admitted to the bar in 1835, and the next 
 year removed to Quincy, 111. ; was a member and 
 President of the Board of Canal Commissioners 
 (1842-43), served in the Fifteenth General Assem- 
 bly ( 1846-48) ; was elected to Congress as a Demo- 
 crat in 1856, and again in 1858, but opposed the 
 admission of Kansas under the Lecompton Con- 
 stitution; in 1868 supported General Grant who 
 had been his friend in boyhood for President, 
 and, in 1870, was appointed a member of the 
 Union Pacific Railroad Commission. Died, Oct. 
 29, 1879. 
 
 MORRISON, a city, the county -seat of White- 
 side County, founded in 185."); is a station on the 
 Chicago <fc Northwestern Railroad, 124 miles 
 west of Chicago. Agriculture, dairying and 
 stock-raising are the principal pursuits in the 
 surrounding region. The city lias good water- 
 works, sewerage, electric lighting and several 
 
 manufactories, including carriage and refriger 
 utor works; also has numerous churches, a large 
 graded school, a public library and adequate 
 banking facilities, and two weekly papers. 
 Greenhouses for cultivation of vegetables for 
 winter market are carried on. Pop. (1900), 2,308. 
 MORRISON, Isaac L.. lawyer and legislator, 
 born in Barren County, Ky.. in 1826; was edu- 
 cated in the common schools and the Masonir 
 Seminary of his native State; admitted to the 
 bar, and came to Illinois in 1851, locating at 
 Jacksonville, where he has become a leader of 
 the bar and of the Republican party, which he 
 assisted to organize as a member of its first State 
 Convention at Bloomington, in 1856. He was also 
 a delegate to the Republican National Convention 
 .of 1864, which nominated Abraham Lincoln for 
 the Presidency a second time. Mr. Morrison was 
 three times elected to the lower house of tin- 
 General Assembly (1876, '78 and '82), and, by his 
 clear judgment and incisive iiowers as a public 
 speaker, took a high rank as a leader in that 
 body. Of late years, he has given his attention 
 solely to the practice of his profession in 
 Jacksonville. 
 
 MORRISON, James Lower) Donaldson, poli 
 tician, lawyer and Congressman, was born at Kas- 
 kaskia, 111., April 12, 1810; at the age of 16 was 
 appointed a midshipman in the United States 
 Navy, but leaving the service in 1836, read law 
 with Judge Nathaniel Pope, and was admitted t<> 
 the bar, practicing at Belleville. He was elected 
 to the lower house of the General Assembly from 
 St. Clair County, in 1844, and to the State Senate 
 in 1848, and again in 54. In 1852 lie was an 
 unsuccessful candidate for the Lieutenant-Gov- 
 ernorship on the Whig ticket, but. on the disso- 
 lution of that party, allied himself with the 
 Democracy, and was, for many years, its leader in 
 Southern Illinois. In 1855 he was elected to Con- 
 gress to fill the vacancy caused by the resigna- 
 tion of LymanTrumbull, who had been elected i 
 the United States Senate. In 1860 he was a can- 
 didate before the Democratic State Convention 
 for the nomination for Governor, but was defeated 
 l<y James C. Allen. After that year he took no 
 prominent part in public affairs. At the outbreak 
 of the Mexican War he was among the first to 
 raise a company of volunteers, and was commis- 
 sioned Lieutenant-Colonel of the Second Regiment 
 (Colonel Bissell's). For gallant services at Buena 
 Vista, the Legislature presented him with 11 
 sword. He took a prominent part in the incor- 
 poration of railroads, and, it is claimed, drafted 
 and introduced in the Legislature the charter of 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 387 
 
 the Illinois Central Railroad in 1851. Died, at 
 St. Louis, Mo., August 14, 1888. 
 
 MORRISON, William, pioneer merchant, came 
 from Philadelphia, Pa., to Kaskaskia, 111., in 1790, 
 as representative of the mercantile house of 
 Bryant & Morrison, of Philadelphia, and finally 
 established, an extensive trade throughout the 
 Mississippi Valley, supplying merchants at St. 
 Louis, St. Genevieve, Cape Girardeau and New 
 Madrid. He is also said to have sent an agent 
 with a stock of goods across the plains, with a 
 view to opening up trade with the Mexicans at 
 Santa Fe, about 1804, but was defrauded by the 
 agent, who appropriated the goods to his own 
 benefit without accounting to his employer. 
 He became the principal merchant in the Terri- 
 tory, doing a thriving business in early days, 
 when Kajifamlria. was the principal supply point 
 for merchants throughout the valley. He is de- 
 scribed as a public-spirited, enterprising man, to 
 whom was due the chief part of the credit for 
 securing construction of a bridge across the Kas- 
 kaskia River at the town of that name. He died 
 at KaaVaalria in 1837, and was buried in the ceme- 
 tery there. Robert (Morrison), a brother of the 
 preceding, came to Kaskaskia in 1793, was 
 appointed Clerk of the Common Pleas Court in 
 1801, retaining the position for many years, 
 besides holding other local offices. He was the 
 father of Col. James L. D. Morrison, politician 
 and soldier of the Mexican War, whose sketch is 
 given elsewhere. Joseph (Morrison), the oldest 
 son of William Morrison, went to Ohio, residing 
 there several years, but finally returned to Prairie 
 du Rocher, where he died in 1845. James, 
 another son, went to Wisconsin ; William located 
 at Belleville, dying there in 1843; while Lewis, 
 another son, settled at Covington, Washington 
 County, 111., where he practiced medicine up to 
 1851; then engaged in mercantile business at 
 Chester, dying there in 1856. 
 
 MORRISON, William Rails, ex-Congressman, 
 Inter-State Commerce Commissioner, was born, 
 Sept. 14, 1825, in Monroe County, 111., and edu- 
 cated at McKendree College; served as a private 
 in the Mexican War, at its close studied law, and 
 was admitted to the bar in 1855; in 1853 was 
 elected Clerk of the Circuit Court of Monroe 
 County, but resigned before the close of his term, 
 accepting the office of Representative in the State 
 Legislature, to which he was elected in 1854; was 
 re-elected in 1856, and again in 1858, serving as 
 Speaker of the House during the session of 1859. 
 In 1861 he assisted in oiganizing the Forty-ninth 
 Regiment Illinois Volunteers and was commis- 
 
 sioned Colonel. The regiment was mastered in, 
 Dec. 31, 1861, and took part in the battle of Fort 
 Donelson in February following, where he was 
 severely wounded. While yet in the service, in 
 1862, he was elected to Congress as a Democrat, 
 when he resigned his commission, but was de- 
 feated for re-election, in 1864, by Jehu Baker, as 
 he was again in 1866. In 1870 he was again 
 elected to the General Assembly, and, two years 
 later (1872), returned to Congress from the Belle- 
 ville District, after which he served in that body, 
 by successive re-elections, nine terms and until 
 1887, being for several terms Chairman of the 
 House Ways and Means Committee and promi- 
 nent in the tariff legislation of that period. In 
 March, 1887, President Cleveland appointed him 
 a member of the first Inter-State Commerce Com- 
 mission for a period of five years; at the close of 
 his term he was reappointed, by President Harri- 
 son, for a full term of six years, serving a part of 
 the time as President of the Board, and retiring 
 from office in 1898. 
 
 MORRISON VILLE, a town in Christian 
 County, situated on the Wabash Railway, 40 
 miles southwest of Decatur and 20 miles north 
 northeast of Litchfield. Grain is extensively 
 raised in the surrounding region, and Morrison - 
 ville, with its elevators and mill, is an important 
 shipping-point It has brick and tile works, 
 electric lights, two banks, five churches, graded 
 and high schools, and a weekly paper. Popula- 
 tion (1890). 844; (.1900), 934; (1903, est), 1,200. 
 
 MORTON, a village of Tazewell County, at the 
 intersection of the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe 
 and the Terre Haute & Peoria Railroads. 10 miles 
 southeast of Peoria; has factories, a bank and a 
 newspaper. Population (1890), 657; (1900), 894. 
 
 MORTON, Joseph, pioneer 'farmer and legisla- 
 tor, was born in Virginia, August 1, 1801 ; came 
 to Madison County, III, in 1819, and the follow- 
 ing year to Morgan County, when he engaged in 
 farming in the vicinity of Jacksonville. He 
 served as a member of the House in the Tenth 
 and Fifteenth General Assemblies, and as Senator 
 in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth. He was a 
 Democrat in politics, but, on questions of State 
 and local policy, was non-partisan, faithfully 
 representing' the interests of his constituents. 
 Died, at his home near Jacksonville, March 2, 1881 . 
 
 MOSES, Adolph, lawyer, was born in Speyer, 
 Germany, Feb. 37, 1837, and, until fifteen years 
 of age, was educated in the public and Latin 
 schools of his native country ; in the latter part 
 of 1852, came to America, locating in New 
 Orleans, and, for some years, being a law student 
 
388 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 in Louisiana University, under the preceptorship 
 of Randall Hunt and other eminent lawyers of 
 that State. In the early days of the Civil War 
 lie espoused the cause of the Confederacy, serving 
 some two years as an officer of the Twenty-first 
 Louisiana Regiment. Coming north at the expi- 
 ration of this period, he resided for a time in 
 yuincy, 111., but, in 1869, removed to Chicago, 
 where he took a place in the front rank at the 
 bar, and where he has resided ever since. 
 Although in sympathy with the general princi- 
 ples of the Democratic party, Judge Moses is an 
 independent voter, as shown by the fact that he 
 voted for General Grant for President in 1868, 
 .mil supported the leading measures of the Repub- 
 lican party in 1896. He is the editor and pub- 
 lisher of "The National Corporation Reporter," 
 established in 1890, and which is devoted to the 
 interests of business corporations. 
 
 MOSES, John, lawyer and author, was born at 
 Niagara Falls, Canada, Sept. 18, 1825; came to 
 Illinois in 1837, his family locating first at Naples, 
 Scott County. He pursued the vocation of a 
 teacher for a time, studied law, was elected Clerk 
 of the Circuit Court for Scott County in 1856, and 
 served as County Judge from 1857 to 1861. The 
 latter year he became the private secretary of 
 Governor Yates, serving until 1863, during that 
 period assisting in the organization of seventy- 
 seven regiments of Illinois Volunteers. While 
 serving in this capacity, in company with Gov- 
 ernor Yates, he attended the famous conference 
 of loyal Governors, held at Altoona, Pa., in Sep 
 tember, 1862, and afterwards accompanied the 
 Governors in their call upon President Lincoln, a 
 few days after the issue of the preliminary proc- 
 lamation of emancipation. Having received the 
 appointment, from President Lincoln, of Assessor 
 of Internal Revenue for the Tenth Illinois Dis- 
 trict, he resigned the position of private secretary 
 to Governor Yates. In 1874 he was chosen 
 Representative in the Twenty-ninth General 
 Assembly for the District composed of Scott, 
 Pike and Calhoun Counties ; served as a delegate 
 to the National Republican Convention at Phila- 
 delphia, in 1872, and as Secretary of the Board of 
 Railroad and Warehouse Commissioners for 
 three yean (1880-83). He was then appointed 
 Special Agent of the Treasury Department, and 
 assigned to duty in connection with the customs 
 revenue at Chicago. In 1887 he was chosen Sec- 
 retary of the Chicago Historical Society, serving 
 until 1893. While connected with the Chicago 
 Historical Library he brought out the most com- 
 plete History of Illinois yet published, in two 
 
 volumes, and also, in connection with the late 
 Major Kirk kind, edited -a History of Chicago in 
 two large volumes. Other literary work done by 
 Judge Moses, includes "Personal Recollections of 
 Abraham Lincoln" and "Richard Yates, the 
 War Governor of Illinois, " in the form of lectures 
 or addresses. Died in Chicago, July 3, 1898. 
 
 MOULTON, Samnel W., lawyer and Congress- 
 man, was bom at Wenham, Mass., Jan. 20, 1822, 
 where he was educated in the -public schools. 
 After spending some years in the South, he 
 removed to Illinois (1845), where he studied law, 
 and was admitted to the bar, commencing prac- 
 tice at Shelbyville. From 1852 to 1859 he was a 
 member of the lower house of the General Assem- 
 bly; in 1857, was a Presidential Elector on the 
 Buchanan ticket, and was President of the State 
 Board of Education from 1859 to 1876. In 1864 
 he was elected, as a Republican, Representative in 
 Congress for the State-at-large, being elected 
 again, as a Democrat, from the Shelbyville Dis- 
 trict, in 1880 and '82. During the past few yeans 
 (including the campaign of 1896) Mr. Moulton 
 has acted in cooperation with the Republican 
 party. 
 
 MOULTRIE COUNTY, a comparatively small 
 county in the eastern section of the middle tier of 
 the State named for a revolutionary hero. Area, 
 340 square miles, and population (by the census 
 of 1900). 15,324. Moultrie was one of the early 
 "stamping grounds" of the Kickapoos, who were 
 always friendly to English-speaking settlers. The 
 earliest immigrants were from the Southwest, 
 but arrivals from Northern States soon followed. 
 County organization was effected in 1843, both 
 Shelby and Macon Counties surrendering a portion 
 of territory. A vein of good bituminous coal 
 underlies the county, but agriculture is the more 
 important industry. Sullivan is the county-seat, 
 selected in 1845. In 1890 its population was about 
 1,700. Hon. Richard J. Oglesby (former Gover- 
 nor, Senator and a Major-General in the Civil 
 War) began the practice of law here. 
 
 MOUND-BUILDERS, WORKS OF THE. One 
 of the most conclusive evidences that the Mis- 
 sissippi Valley was once occupied by a people 
 different in customs, character and civilization 
 from the Indians found occupying the soil when 
 the first white explorers visited it, is the exist- 
 ence of certain artificial mounds and earthworks, 
 of the origin and purposes of which the Indiana 
 seemed to have no knowledge or tradition. These 
 works extend throughout the valley from the 
 Allegheny to the Rocky Mountains, being much 
 more numerous, however, in some portions than 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 389 
 
 in others, and also varying greatly in form. This 
 fact, with the remains found in some of them, has 
 been regarded as evidence that the purposes of 
 their construction were widely variant. They 
 have consequently been classified by archaeolo- 
 gists as sepulchral, religious, or defensive, while 
 some seem to have had a purpose of which 
 writers on the subject are unable to form any 
 satisfactory conception, and which are, therefore, 
 still regarded as an unsolved mystery. Some of 
 the most elaborate of these works are found along 
 the eastern border of the Mississippi Valley, 
 especially in Ohio; and the fact that they appear 
 to belong to the defensive class, has led to the 
 conclusion that this region was occupied by a race 
 practically homogeneous, and that these works 
 were designed to prevent the encroachment of 
 hostile races from beyond the Alleghenies. Illi- 
 nois being in the center of the valley, compara- 
 tively few of these defensive works are found 
 here, those of this character which do exist being 
 referred to a different era and race. (See Forti- 
 fications, Prehistoric.) While these works are 
 numerous in some portions of Illinois, their form 
 and structure give evidence that they were 
 erected by a peaceful people, however bloody 
 may have been some of the rites performed on 
 those designed for a religious purpose. Their 
 numbers also imply a dense population. This is 
 especially true of that portion of the American 
 Bottom opposite the city of St. Louis, which is 
 the seat of the most remarkable group of earth 
 works of this character on the continent. The 
 central, or principal structure of this group, is 
 known, locally, as the great "Cahokia Mound," 
 being situated near the creek of that name which 
 empties into the Mississippi just below the city 
 of East St. Louis. It is also called "Monks' 
 Mound," from the fact that it was occupied early 
 in the present century by a community of Monks 
 of La Trappe. a portion of whom succumbed to 
 the malarial influences of the climate, while the 
 .survivors returned to the original seat of their 
 order. This mound, from its form and com- 
 manding size, has been supposed to belong to the 
 class called "temple mounds," and has been de- 
 scribed as "the monarch of all similar structures" 
 and the "best representative of its class in North 
 America." The late William Me Adams, of 
 Alton, who surveyed this group some years since, 
 in his "Records of Ancient Races," gives the fol- 
 lowing description of this principal structure: 
 
 "In the center of a great mass of mounds and 
 earth-works there stands a mighty pyramid 
 whose base covers nearly sixteen acres of ground. 
 
 It is not exactly square, being a parallelogram a 
 little longer north and south than east and west. 
 Some thirty feet above the base, on the south side, 
 is an apron or terrace, on which now grows an 
 orchard of considerable size. This terrace is 
 approached from the plain by a graded roadway. 
 Thirty feet above this terrace, and on the west 
 side, is another much smaller, on which are non- 
 growing some forest trees. The top, which con- 
 tains an acre and a half, is divided into two 
 nearly equal parts, the northern part being four 
 or five feet the higher. ... On the north, 
 east and south, the structure still retains its 
 straight side, that probably has changed but little 
 since the settlement of the country by white 
 men, but remains in appearance to-day the same 
 as centuries ago. The west side of the pyramid, 
 however, has its base somewhat serrated and 
 seamed by ravines, evidently made by rainstorms 
 and the elements. From the second terrace a 
 well, eighty feet in depth, penetrates the base of 
 the structure, which is plainly seen to be almost 
 wholly composed of the black, sticky soil of the 
 surrounding plain. It is not an oval or conic*! 
 mound or hill, but a pyramid with straight 
 sides." The approximate height of this mound 
 is ninety feet. When first seen by white men, 
 this was surmounted by a small conical mound 
 some ten feet in height, from which human 
 remains and various relics were taken while 
 being leveled for the site of a house. Messrs 
 Squier and Davis, in their report on "Ancient 
 Monuments of the Mississippi Valley," published 
 by the Smithsonian Institute (1848), estimate the 
 contents of the structure at 30,000,000 cubic feet. 
 A Mr. Breckenridge, who visited these mounds 
 in 1811 and published a description of them, esti- 
 mates that the construction of this principal 
 mound must have required the work of thousands 
 of laborers and years of time. The upper terrace, 
 at the time of his visit, was occupied by the 
 Trappists as a kitchen garden, and the top of the 
 structure was sown in wheat. He also found 
 numerous fragments of flint and earthern ves- 
 sels, and concludes that "a populous city once 
 existed here, similar to those of Mexico described 
 by the first conquerors. The mounds were sites 
 of temples or monuments to great men. " Accord- 
 ing to Mr. McAdams, there are seventy-two 
 mounds of considerable size within two miles of 
 the main structure, the group extending to the 
 mouth of the Cahokia and embracing over one 
 hundred in all. Most of these are square, rang 
 ing from twenty to fifty feet in height, a few are 
 oval and one or two conical Scattered among 
 
390 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 the mounds are also a number of small lakes, 
 evidently of artificial origin. From the fact 
 that 'there were a number of conspicuous 
 mounds on the Missouri side of the river, 
 on the present site of the city of St. Louis 
 and its environs, it is believed that they all 
 belonged to the same system and had a common 
 purpose; the Cahokia Hound, from its superior 
 size, being the center of the group and probably 
 used for sacrificial purposes. The whole number 
 of these structures in the American Bottom, 
 whose outlines were still visible a few years ago, 
 was estimated by Dr. J. W. Foster at nearly two 
 hundred, and the presence of so large a number 
 in close proximity, has been accepted as evidence 
 of a large population in the immediate vicinity. 
 Mr. Me Adams reports the finding of numerous 
 specimens of pottery and artificial ornaments and 
 implements in the Cahokia mounds and in caves 
 and mounds between Alton and the mouth of the 
 Illinois River, as well as on the latter some 
 twenty-five miles from its mouth. Among the 
 relics found in the Illinois River mounds was a 
 burial vase, and Mr. McAdams says that, in 
 thirty yeans, he has unearthed more than a 
 thousand of these, many of which closely 
 resemble those found in the mounds of Europe. 
 Dr. Foster also makes mention of an ancient 
 cemetery near Chester, in which "each grave, 
 when explored, is found to contain a cist enclos- 
 ing a skeleton, for the most part far gone in 
 decay. These cists are built up and covered with 
 slabs of limestone, which here abound. ' ' Another 
 noteworthy group of mounds though far inferior 
 to the Cahokia group exists near Hutsonville in 
 Crawford County. As described in the State 
 Geological Survey, this group consists of fifty- 
 five elevations, irregularly dispersed over an area 
 of 1,000 by 1,400 to 1,500 feet, and varying from 
 fourteen to fifty feet in diameter, the larger ones 
 having a height of five to eight feet. From their 
 form and arrangement these are believed to have 
 been mounds of habitation. In the southern por- 
 tion of this group are four mounds of. peculiar 
 construction and larger size, each surrounded 
 by a low ridge or earthwork, with openings facing 
 towards each other, indicating that they were 
 defense-works. The location of this group a 
 few miles from a prehistoric fortification at 
 Merom, on the Indiana side of the Wabash, to 
 which the name of "Fort Azatlan" has been 
 given induces the belief that the two groups, 
 like those in the American Bottom and at St. 
 Louis, were parts of the same system. Professor 
 Engelman, in the part of the State Geological 
 
 Survey devoted to Massac County, alludes to a 
 remarkable group of earthworks in the Black 
 Bend of the Ohio, as an "extensive" system of 
 "fortifications and mounds which probably 
 belong to the same class as those in the Missis- 
 sippi Bottom opposite St. Louis and at other 
 points farther up the Ohio." In the report of 
 Government survey by Dan W. Beck with, in 1834, 
 mention is made of a very large mound on the 
 Kankakee River, near the mouth of Rock Creek, 
 now a part of Kankakee County. This had a 
 base diameter of about 100 feet, with a height of 
 twenty feet, and contained the remains of a 
 large number of Indians killed in a celebrated 
 battle, in which the Illinois and Chippewas, and 
 the Delawares and Shawnees took part. Near 
 by were two other mounds, said to contain the 
 remains of the chiefs of the two parties. In this 
 case, mounds of prehistoric origin had probably 
 been utilized as burial places by the aborigines at 
 a comparatively recent period. Related to the 
 Kankakee mounds, in location if not in period of 
 construction, is a group of nineteen in number on 
 the site of the present city of Morris, in Grundy 
 County. Within a circuit of three miles of 
 Ottawa it has been estimated that there were 
 3,000 mounds though many of these are believed 
 to have been of Indian origin. Indeed, the whole 
 Illinois Valley is full of these silent monuments 
 of a prehistoric age, but they are not generally of 
 the conspicuous character of those found in the 
 vicinity of St. Louis and attributed to the Mound 
 Builders. A very large and numerous group of 
 these monuments exists along the bluffs of the 
 Mississippi River, in the western part of Rock 
 Island and Mercer Counties, chiefly between 
 Drury's Landing and New Boston. Mr. J. E. 
 Stevenson, in "The American Antiquarian," a 
 few years ago, estimated that there were 2,500 of 
 these within a circuit of fifty miles, located in 
 groups of two or three to 100, varying in diameter 
 from fifteen to 150 feet, with an elevation of two 
 to fifteen feet. There are also numerous burial 
 and sacrificial mounds in the vicinity of Chilli- 
 cothe, on the Illinois River, in the northeastern 
 part of Peoria County. There are but few speci- 
 mens of the animal or efligy mounds, of which so 
 many exist in Wisconsin, to be found in Illinois ; 
 and the fact that these are found chiefly on Rock 
 River, leaves no doubt of a common origin with 
 the Wisconsin groups. The most remarkable of 
 these is the celebrated "Turtle Mound," within 
 the present limits of the city of Rockford though 
 some regard it as having more resemblance to an 
 alligator. This figure, which is maintained in a 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 391 
 
 good state of preservation by the citizens, has an 
 extreme length of about 150 feet, by fifty in 
 width at the front legs and thirty-nine at the 
 hind legs, and an elevation equal to the height 
 of a man. There are some smaller mounds in 
 the vicinity, and some bird effigies on Rock River 
 some six miles below Rockford. There is also an 
 animal effigy near the village of Hanover, in Jo 
 Daviess County, with a considerable group of 
 round mounds and embankments in the immedi- 
 ate vicinity, besides a smaller effigy of a similar 
 character on the north side of the Pecatonica in 
 Stephenson County, some ten miles east of Free- 
 port. The Rock River region seems to have been 
 a favorite field for the operations of the mound- 
 builders, as shown by the number and variety of 
 these structures, extending from Sterling, in 
 Whiteside County, to the Wisconsin State line. A 
 large number of these were to be found in the 
 vicinity of the Kishwaukee River in the south- 
 eastern part of Winnehago County. The famous 
 prehistoric fortification on Rock River, just 
 beyond the Wisconsin boundary which seems to 
 have been a sort of counterpart of the ancient 
 Fort Azatlan on the Indiana side of the Wabash 
 appears to have had a close relation to the 
 works of the mound-builders on the same stream 
 in Illinois. 
 
 MOUND CITY, the county-seat of Pulaski 
 County, on the Ohio River, seven miles north of 
 Cairo; is on a branch line of the Illinois Central 
 and the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. 
 Louis Railroad. The chief industries are lumber- 
 ing and ship-building; also has furniture, canning 
 and other factories. One of the United States 
 National Cemeteries is located here. The town 
 has a bank and two weekly papers. Population 
 (1890). 2,550; (1900), 2,705; (1903, est.), 3,500. 
 
 MOUNT CARMEL, a city and the county-seat 
 of Wabash County; is the point of junction of 
 the Cleveland, Cincinnati. Chicago & St. Louis 
 and the Southern Railroads, 182 miles northeast 
 of Cairo, and 24 miles southwest of Vincennes, 
 Ind. ; situated on the Wabash River, which sup- 
 plies good water-power for saw mills, flouring 
 mills, and some other manufactures. The town 
 has railroad shops and two daily newspapers. 
 Agriculture and lumbering are the principal 
 pursuits of the people of the surrounding district. 
 Population (1890), 3,376; (1900), 4,311. 
 
 MOUNT CARROLL, the county-seat of Carroll 
 County, an incorporated city, founded in 1843; 
 is 128 miles southwest of Chicago, on the Chi- 
 cago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railroad. Fanning, 
 stock-raising and mining are the principal indus- 
 
 tries. It has five churches, excellent schools, 
 good libraries, two daily and two semi-weekly 
 newspapers. Pop. (1890), 1,836; (1900), 1,965. 
 
 MOUNT CARBOLL SEMINARY, a young 
 ladies' seminary, located at Mount Carroll, Carroll 
 County; incorporated in 1852; had a faculty of 
 thirteen members in 1896, with 126 pupils, prop- 
 erty valued at $100,000, and a library of 5,000 
 volumes. 
 
 MOUNT MORRIS, a town in Ogle County, situ- 
 ated on the Chicago & Iowa Division of the Chi- 
 cago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad, 108 miles 
 west by north from Chicago, and 24 miles south- 
 west of Rockford; is the seat of Mount Morris 
 College and flourishing public school ; has hand- 
 some stone and brick buildings, three churches 
 and two newspapers. Population (1900), 1.048. 
 
 MOUNT OLIVE, a village of Macoupin County, 
 on the Chicago, Peoria & St. Louis and the 
 Wabash Railways, 68 miles southwest of Decatur ; 
 in a rich agricultural and coal-mining region. 
 Population (1880), 709; (1890), 1,986 ;(1900), 2,935. 
 
 MOUNT PULASKI, a village and railroad junc- 
 tion in Logan County, 21 miles northwest of 
 Decatur and 24 miles northeast of Springfield. 
 Agriculture, coal-mining and stock-raising are 
 leading industries. It is also an important ship- 
 ping point for grain, and contains several 
 elevators and flouring mills. Population (1880), 
 1,125; (1890), 1,357; (1900), 1,643. 
 
 MOUNT STERLING, a city, the county -seat of 
 Brown County, midway between Quincy and 
 Jacksonville, on the Wabash Railway. It is sur- 
 rounded by a rich farming country, and has ex- 
 tensive deposits of clay and coal. It contains six 
 churches and four schools (two large public, and 
 two parochial). The town is lighted by elec- 
 tricity and has public water-works. Wagons, 
 brick, tile and earthenware are manufactured 
 here, and three weekly newspapers are pub- 
 lished. Population (1880), 1,445; (1890), 1,655; 
 (1900), 1,960. 
 
 MOUNT TERNON, a city and county-seat of 
 Jefferson County, on three trunk lines of railroad, 
 77 miles east-southeast of St. Louis; is the center 
 of a rich agricultural and coal region; has many 
 flourishing manufactories, including car-works, a 
 plow factory, flouring mills, pressed brick fac- 
 tory, canning factory, and is an important ship- 
 ping-point for grain, vegetables and fruits. The 
 Appellate Court for the Southern Grand Division 
 is held here, and the city has nine churches, fine 
 school buildings, a Carnegie library, two banks, 
 heating plant, two daily and three weekly papers. 
 Population (1890), 3,233; (1900), 5,216. 
 
392 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 MOUNT VERNON &GRAYYILLE RAILROAD. 
 
 (See Peoria, Decatur & Evangville Railway.) 
 
 MOWK. V(JUA, a village of Shelby County, on 
 the Illinois Central Railroad, 16 miles south of 
 Decatur; is in rich agricultural and stock-raising 
 section; has coal mine, three banks and two 
 newspapers. Population (1890), 848; (1900). 1,478. 
 MUDD, (Col.) John .1., soldier, was born in 
 St. Charles County, Mo.. Jan. 9, 1830; his father 
 having died in 1833, his mother removed to Pike 
 County, 111. . to free her children from the influ- 
 ence of slavery. In 1849, and again in 1850, he 
 made the overland journey to California, each 
 time returning by the Isthmus, his last visit ex- 
 tending into 1851. In 1854 he engaged in the 
 commission business in St. Louis, as head of the 
 firm of Mudd & Hughes, but failed in the crash 
 of 1857: then removed to Chicago, and, in 1861, 
 was again in prosperous business. While on a 
 business visit in New Orleans, in December, 1860, 
 he had an opportunity of learning the growing 
 spirit of secession, being advised by friends to 
 leave the St. Charles Hotel in order to escape a 
 mob. In September, 1861, he entered the army 
 as Major of the Second Illinois Cavalry (Col. 
 Silas Noble), and, in the next few months, was 
 stationed successively at Cairo, Bird's Point and 
 Paducah, Ky., and, in February, 1862, led the 
 advance of General McClernand's division in the 
 attack on Fort Donelson. Here he was severely 
 wounded ; but, after a few weeks in hospital at St. 
 Louis, was sufficiently recovered to rejoin his 
 regiment soon after the battle of Shiloh. Unable 
 to perform cavalry duty, he was attached to the 
 staff of General McCIernand during the advance 
 on Corinth, but, in October following, at the head 
 of 400 men of his regiment, was transferred to 
 the command of General McPherson. Early in 
 1863 he was promoted Lieutenant-Colonel, and 
 soon after to a colonelcy, taking part in the 
 movement against Vicksburg. June 13, he was 
 again severely wounded, but, a few weeks later, 
 was on duty at New Orleans, and subsequently 
 participated in the operations in Southwestern 
 Louisiana and Texas. On May 1, 1864, he left 
 Baton Rouge for Alexandria, as Chief of Staff to 
 General HcClernand, but two days later, while 
 approaching Alexandria on board the steamer, 
 was shot through the head and instantly killed. 
 He was a gallant soldier and greatly beloved by 
 his troops. 
 
 MULBERRY" GROVE, a village of Bond County, 
 on the Terre Haute & Indianapolis (Vandalia) 
 Railroad, 8 miles northeast of Greenville; has a 
 local newspaper. Pop. (1890), 750; (1900). 632. 
 
 MULLIGAN, James A., soldier, was born of 
 Irish parentage at Utica, N. V June 25, 1830; in 
 1836 accompanied his parents to Chicago, and, 
 after graduating from the University of St. 
 Mary's of the Lake, in 1850, began the study of 
 law. In 1851 he accompanied John Lloyd Ste- 
 phens on his expedition to Panama, and on his 
 return resumed his professional studies, at the 
 same time editing "The Western Tablet," a 
 weekly Catholic paper. At the outbreak of the 
 Rebellion he recruited, and was made Colonel of 
 the Twenty-third Illinois Regiment, known as 
 the Irish Brigade. He served with great gallan- 
 try, first in the West and later in the East, beinx 
 severely wounded and twice captured. He 
 declined a Brigadier-Generalship, preferring to 
 remain with his regiment. He was fatally 
 wounded during a charge at the battle of Win- 
 chester. While being carried off the field he 
 noticed that the colors of his brigade were en 
 dangered. "Lay me down and save the flag," he 
 ordered. His men hesitated, but he repeated the 
 command until it was obeyed. Before they 
 returned he had been borne away by the enemy, 
 and died a prisoner, at Winchester, Va., July 2fi, 
 1864. 
 
 MUNN, Daniel W., lawyer and soldier, was 
 born in Orange County, Vt. , in 1834; graduated 
 at Thetford Academy in 1852, when he taught 
 two years, meanwhile beginning the study nf 
 law. Removing to Coles County, III., in 1855, he 
 resumed his law studies, was admitted to the bar 
 in 1858, and began practice at Hillsboro, Mont- 
 gomery County. In 1862 he joined the One 
 Hundred and Twenty-sixth Regiment Illinois 
 Volunteers, with the rank of Adjutant, but the 
 following year was appointed Colonel of the First 
 Alabama Cavalry. Compelled to retire from the 
 service on account of declining health, he re- 
 turned to Cairo, 111. , where he became editor of 
 "The Daily News"; in 1866 was elected to the 
 State Senate, serving four years; served as Presi 
 dential Elector in 1868; was the Republican nomi- 
 nee for Congress in 1870, and the following year 
 was appointed by President Grant Supervisor of 
 Internal Revenue for the District including the 
 States of Illinois, Michigan and Wisconsin. 
 Removing to Chicago, he began practice there in 
 1875, in which he has since been engaged. He 
 has been prominently connected with a number 
 of important cases before the Chicago courts. 
 
 MUNN, Sylvester W., lawyer, soldier and legis- 
 lator, was born about 1818, and came from Ohio 
 at thirty years of age, settling at Wilmington. 
 Will County, afterwards removing to Joliet. 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 393 
 
 where he practiced law. During the War he 
 served as Major of the Yates Phalanx (Thirty- 
 ninth Illinois Volunteers) ; later, was State's 
 Attorney for Will County and State Senator in 
 the Thirty-first and Thirty-second General 
 Assemblies. Died, at Joliet, Sept. 11, 1888. He 
 was a member of the Illinois State Bar Associ- 
 ation from its organization. 
 
 MURPHY, Everett J., ex-Member of Con- 
 gress, was born in Nashville, 111., July 24, 1852; 
 in early youth removed to Sparta, where he was 
 educated in the high schools of that place ; at the 
 age of fourteen he became clerk in a store; in 
 1877 was elected City Clerk of Sparta, but the 
 next year resigned to become Deputy Circuit 
 Clerk at Chester, remaining until 1882, when lie 
 was elected Sheriff of Randolph County. In 
 1886 he was chosen a Representative in the Gen- 
 eral Assembly, and, in 1889, was appointed, by 
 Governor Fifer, Warden of the Southern Illinois 
 Penitentiary at Chester, but retired from this 
 position in 1892, and removed to East St. Louis. 
 Two years later he was elected as a Republican 
 to the Fifty-fourth Congress for the Twenty -first 
 District, but was defeated for re-election by a 
 small majority in 1896, by Jehu Baker, Democrat 
 and Populist. In 1899 Mr. Murphy was appointed 
 Warden of the State Penitentiary at Joliet, to 
 succeed Col. R. W. McClaughry. 
 
 MURPHTSBORO, the county seat of Jackson 
 County, situated on the Big Muddy River and on 
 main line of the Mobile & Ohio, the St. Louis 
 Division of the Illinois Central, and a branch of 
 the St. Louis Valley Railroaas, 52 miles north of 
 Cairo and 90 miles south-southeast of St. Louis. 
 Coal of a superior quality is extensively mined in 
 the 'vicinity. The city has a foundry, machine 
 shops, skewer factory, furniture factory, flour 
 and saw mills, thirteen churches, four schools, 
 three banks, two daily and three weekly news- 
 papers, city and rural free mail delivery. Popu- 
 lation (1890), 3.380; (1900). 6,463; (1903, est.), 7,500. 
 
 MURPHTSBORO it SHAWNEETOWN RAIL. 
 ROAD. (See Carbondale & Shawneetoum, St. 
 Louis Southern and St. Louis, Alton & Terre 
 Haute Railroads.) 
 
 NAPERVILLE, a city of Du Page County, on 
 the west branch of the Du Page River and on the 
 Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad, 30 miles 
 west-south west of Chicago, and 9 miles east of 
 Aurora. It has three banks, a weekly newspaper, 
 stone quarries, couch factory, and nine churches; 
 is also the seat of the Northwestern College, an 
 institution founded in 1861 by the Evangelical 
 
 Association; the college now has a normal school 
 department. Population (1890), 2,216; (1900), 2,629 
 
 NAPLES, a town of Scott County, on the Illi- 
 nois River and the Hannibal and Naples branch 
 of the Wabash Railway, 21 miles west of Jackson- 
 ville. Population (1890). 452; (1900), 398. 
 
 NASHVILLE, an incorporated city, the county- 
 seat of Washington County, on the Centralist <t 
 Chester and the Louisville & Nashville Railways; 
 is 120 miles south of Springfield and 50 miles east 
 by south from St. Louis. It stands in a coal- 
 producing and rich agricultural region There 
 are two coal mines within the corporate limit*, 
 and two large flouring mills do a considerable 
 business. There are numerous churches, public 
 schools, including a high school, a State bank, 
 and four weekly papers. Population (1880 1, 
 2,222; (1890), 2,084; (1900), 2,184. 
 
 NAUVOO, a city in Hancock County, at the 
 head of the Lower Rapids on the Mississippi, 
 between Fort Madison and Keokuk, Iowa. It 
 was founded by the Mormons in 1840, and its 
 early growth was rapid. After the expulsion of 
 the "Saints" in 1846, it was settled by a colony of 
 French Icarians, who introduced the culture of 
 grapes on a large scale. They were a sort of 
 communistic order, but their experiment did not 
 prove a success, and in a few years they gave 
 place to another class, the majority of the popu- 
 lation now being of German extraction. The 
 chief industries are agriculture and horticulture. 
 Large quantities of grapes and strawberries are 
 raised and shipped, and considerable native wine 
 is produced. Population (1880), 1,402; (1890). 
 1,208; (per census 1900), 1,321. (See also Jfor- 
 mont. ) 
 
 NAVIGABLE STREAMS in Statute). Fol- 
 lowing the example of the French explorers, who 
 chiefly followed the water-ways in their early 
 explorations, the early permanent settlers of Illi- 
 nois, not only settled, to a great extent, on the 
 principal streams, but later took especial pains to 
 maintain their navigable character by statute. 
 This was, of course, partly due to the absence of 
 improved highways, but also to the belief that, 
 as the country developed, the streams would 
 become extremely valuable, if not indispensable, 
 especially in the transportation of heavy oommod 
 ities. Accordingly, for the first quarter century 
 after the organization of the State Government, 
 one of the questions receiving the attention of 
 the Legislature, at almost every session, was the 
 enactment of laws affirming the navigability of 
 certain streams now regarded as of little impor- 
 tance, or utterly insignificant, as channels of 
 
394 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 transportation. Legislation of this character 
 began with the first General Assembly (1819), 
 and continued, at intervals, with reference to 
 one or two of the more important interior rivers 
 of the State, as late as 1867. Besides the Illinois 
 and Wabash, still recognized as navigable 
 streams, the following were made the subject of 
 legislation of this character: Beaucoup Creek, a 
 branch of the Big Muddy, in Perry and Jackson 
 Counties (law of 1819); Big Bay, a tributary of 
 the Ohio in Pope County (Act* of 1833); Big 
 Muddy, to the junction of the East and West 
 Forks in Jefferson County (1835), with various 
 subsequent amendments; Big Vermilion, declared 
 navigable (1831); Bon Pas, a branch of the 
 Wabash, between Wabash and Edwards Coun- 
 ties (1831) ; Cache River, to main fork in Johnson 
 County (1819); Des Plaines, declared navigable 
 (1839); Embarras (1831), with various subsequent 
 acts in reference to improvement; Fox River, 
 declared navigable to the Wisconsin line (1840), 
 and Fox River Navigation Company, incorpo- 
 rated (1856) ; Kankakee and Iroquois Navigation 
 & Manufacturing Company, incorporated (1847), 
 with various changes and amendments (1851-65) ; 
 Kaskaskia (or Okaw), declared navigable to a 
 point in Fayette County north of Vandalia (1819), 
 with various modifying acts (1823-67) ; Macoupin 
 Creek, to Carrollton and Alton road (1837); 
 Piasa, declared navigable in Jersey and Madison 
 Counties (1861); Rock River Navigation Com- 
 pany, incorporated (1841), with subsequent acts 
 (1845-67); Sangamon River, declared navigable 
 to Third Principal Meridian east line of Sanga- 
 mon County (1822), and the North Fork of same 
 to Champaign County (1845) ; Sny-Carty (a bayou 
 of the Mississippi), declared navigable in Pike 
 and Adams Counties (1859) ; Spoon River, navi- 
 gable to Cameron's mill in Fulton County (1835), 
 with various modifying acts (1845-53); Little 
 Wabash Navigation Company, incorporated 
 and river declared navigable to Me Caw ley's 
 bridge probably in Clay County (1826), with 
 various subsequent acts making appropriations 
 for its improvement; Skillet Fork (a branch 
 of the Little Wabash), declared navigable 
 to Slocum's Mill in Marion County (1837), and 
 to Ridgway Mills (1846). Other acts passed at 
 various times declared a number of unim- 
 portant streams navigable, including Big Creek 
 in Fulton County, Crooked Creek in Schuyler 
 County, Lusk's Creek in Pope County, McKee's 
 Creek in Pike County, Seven Mile Creek in Ogle 
 County, besides a number of others* of similar 
 character. 
 
 NEALE, THOMAS M., pioneer lawyer, was 
 born in Fauquier County, Va., 1796; while yet a 
 child removed with his parents to Bowling Green, 
 Ky , and became a common soldier in the War of 
 1812; came to Springfield, 111., in 1824, and began 
 the practice of law; served as Colonel of a regi- 
 ment raised in Sangamon and Morgan Counties 
 for the Winnebago War (1827), and afterwards as 
 Surveyor of Sangamon County, appointing 
 Abraham Lincoln as his deputy. He also served 
 as a Justice of the Peace, for a number of years, 
 at Springfield. Died, August 7, 1840. 
 
 XKECK, William H., ex-Congressman, was 
 born, Feb. 26, 1831, in what is now a part of 
 Logan County, 111. , but which was then within the 
 limits of Sangamon ; was reared on a farm and 
 attended the public schools in McDonough 
 County; studied law and was admitted to the 
 bar in 1858, and has been ever since engaged in 
 practice. His political career began in 1861, 
 when he was chosen a member of the City Coun. 
 cil of Macomb. In 1864 he was elected to the 
 Legislature, and, in 1869, a member of the Con- 
 stitutional Convention. In 1871 he was again 
 elected to the lower house of the General Assem- 
 bly, and, in 1878, to the State Senate. From 1883 
 to 1887 he represented the Eleventh Illinois Dis- 
 trict in Congress, as a Democrat, but was defeated 
 for re-election in 1890 by William H. Gest, 
 Republican. 
 
 NEGROES. (See Slavery and Slave Lawt. ) 
 
 NEOtiA, a village of Cumberland County, at the 
 intersection of the Illinois Central and the Toledo, 
 St. Louis & Western Railways, 20 miles southwest 
 of Charleston ; has a bank, two newspapers, some 
 manufactories, and ships grain, hay, fruit and 
 live-stock. Pop. (1890), 829; (1900), 1,126 
 
 NEPONSET, a village and station on the Chi- 
 cago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad, in Bureau 
 County, 4 miles southwest of Mendota Popula- 
 tion (1880), 652; (1890), 542; (1900), 516. 
 
 NEW ALBANY A ST. LOUIS RAILWAY. 
 (See Loiiisrille, Evansrille A St. Louis (Consoli- 
 dated) Railroad.) 
 
 NEW ATHENS, a village of St. Clair County, 
 on the St. Louis & Cairo "Short Line" (now Illi- 
 nois Central) Railroad, at the crossing of the Kas- 
 kaskia River, 31 miles southeast of St. Louis ; has 
 one newspaper and considerable grain trade. 
 Population (1880), 603; (1890), 624; (1900). 856. 
 
 NEW BERLIN, a village of Sangamon County, 
 on the Wabash Railway, 17 miles west of Spring- 
 field. Population (1880), 403; (1900), 533. 
 
 NEWBERRY LIBRARY, a large reference li- 
 brary, located in Chicago, endowed by Walter L. 
 
n 
 
 c 
 
 > 
 
 n 
 
304 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 transportation. Legislation of this character 
 began with the first General Assembly (1819), 
 and continued, at intervals, with reference to 
 one or two of the more important interior rivers 
 of the State, as late as 1867. Besides the Illinois 
 and Wabash, still recognized as navigable 
 .streams, the following were made the subject of 
 legislation of this character: Beaucoup Creek, a 
 branch of the Big Muddy, in Perry and Jackson 
 Counties (law of IKlli); Big Bay, a tributary of 
 the Ohio in Po[ve County (Acts of 1833); Big 
 Muddy, to the junction of the East and West 
 Forks in Jefferson County (1835). with various 
 subsequent amendments; Big Vermilion, declared 
 navigable (1831); Bon Pas. a branch of the 
 Wabash, between Wabash and Edwards Coun- 
 ties (1831) ; Cache River, to main fork in Johnson 
 County (1819); Des Plaines, declared navigable 
 (1839); Embarras (1X31), with various subsequent 
 acts in reference t<> improvement; Fox River, 
 declared navigable to the Wisconsin line (1840). 
 and Fox River Navigation Company, incorpo 
 rated (1855); Kankakee and Iroquois Navigation 
 fc Manufacturing Company, incorporated (1847), 
 with various changes and amendments (1851-65) ; 
 Kaskaskia (or Okaw). declared navigable to a 
 point in Fayette County north of Vaiulalia (1H19), 
 with various modifying acts (1823-67) ; Macoupin 
 Creek, to Carrollton and Alton road (1837); 
 Piasa, declared navigable in Jersey and Madison 
 Counties (1861); Rock River Navigation Com- 
 pany, incorporated (1841). with subsequent acts 
 ( 1845-67) ; Sangamon River, declared navigable 
 to Third Principal Meridian east line of Sanga- 
 mon County (IH93). and the North Fork of same 
 to Champaign County (1845); Sny-Carty (a bayou 
 of the Mississippi), declared navigable in Pike 
 and Adams Counties (1H59); Spoon River, navi- 
 gable to Cameron's mill in Fulton County (1835), 
 with various modifying acts (1845-53); Little 
 Wabash Navigation Company, incorporated 
 and river declared navigable to McCawley's 
 bridge proliably in Clay County (1826), with 
 various sutxsequent acts making appropriations 
 for its improvement; Skillet Fork (a branch 
 f the Little Wabash), declared navigable 
 to Slocum's Mill in Marion County (1837). and 
 to Ridgway Mills (lK46i. Other acts passed at 
 various times declared a numl>er of unim- 
 portant streams navigable, including Big Creek 
 in Fulton County, Crooked Creek in Schuyler 
 County, I.nsk's Creek in Pope County, McKee's 
 Creek in Pike County. Seven Mile Creek in Ogle 
 County, besides a number of others" of similar 
 'haracter 
 
 NEALE, THOMAS M., pioneer lawyer, was 
 born in Fauquier County, Va., 1796; while yet a 
 child removed with his parents to Bowling Green. 
 Ky., and became a common soldier in the War of 
 1812; came to Springfield. 111., in 1824, and began 
 the practice of law ; served as Colonel of a regi- 
 ment raised in Sangamon and Morgan Counties 
 for the Winnelwgo War (1827), and afterwards as 
 Surveyor of Sangamon County, appointing 
 Abraham Lincoln as his deputy. He also served 
 as a Justice of the Peace, for a number of years, 
 at Springfield. Died, August 7, 1840. 
 
 NEECE, William II.. ex-Congressman, was 
 ixirn. Feb. 26, 1831, in what is now a part of 
 Logan County. 111., but which was then within the 
 limits of Sangamon; was reared on a farm and 
 attended the public schools in McDonough 
 County ; studied law and was admitted to the 
 liar in 1H.1H, and has I wen ever since engaged in 
 practice. His political career began in 1861, 
 when he was chosen a member of the City Coun. 
 cil of Macomb. In 1H64 he was elected to the 
 Legislature, and, in 1869, a member of the Con- 
 stitutional Convention. In 1871 he was again 
 elected to the lower house of the General Assem- 
 bly, and. in 1878, to the State Senate. From 1883 
 to 18H7 he represented the Eleventh Illinois Dis- 
 trict in Congress, as a Democrat, but was defeated 
 for re-election in 1890 by William H. Gest, 
 Republican. 
 
 NEGROES. (See Slavery and Slave Laws.) 
 
 >EO(iA,a village of Cumberland County, at the 
 intersection of the Illinois Central and the Toledo. 
 St. Louis A: Western Railways, 20 miles southwest 
 of Charleston ; has a bank, two newspapers, some 
 manufactories, ami ships grain, r hay, fruit and 
 live-stock. Pop. (1890), 829; (1900), 1,136 
 
 NEPONSET, a village and station on the Chi- 
 cago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad, in Bureau 
 County, 4 miles southwest of Mendota. Popula- 
 tion (1880), 652; (1890), 542; (1900), 516. 
 
 NEW ALBANY & ST. LOUIS RAILWAY. 
 (See Louisville, Evausrillt <t St. Louis (Consoli- 
 dated) Railmarl.) 
 
 NEW ATHENS, a village of St. Clair County, 
 on the St. Louis & Cairo "Short Line" (now Illi- 
 nois Central) Railroad, at the crossing of the Kas- 
 kaskia River, 31 miles southeast of St. Louis; has 
 one newspa|>er and considerable grain trade. 
 Population (188(1), 603; (1890), 624; (1900), 856. 
 
 NEW BERLIN, a village of Sangamon County, 
 on the Wabash Railway, 17 miles west of Spring- 
 field. Population (1880), 403; (1900), 533. 
 
 NEWBERRY LIBRARY, a large reference li- 
 brary, located in Chicago, endowed by Walter L. 
 
r. 
 
Art Institute. 
 
 Public Library. 
 
 Armour Institute. 
 PUBLIC BUILDINGS. 
 
 Court-House. 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 395 
 
 New berry, an early business man of Chicago, who 
 left half of his estate (aggregating over 12,000,000) 
 for the purpose. The property bequeathed was 
 largely in real estate, which has since greatly in- 
 creased in value. The library was established in 
 temporary quarters in 1887, and the first section 
 of a permanent building was opened in the 
 autumn of 1893. By that time there had been 
 accumulated about 160,000 books and pamphlets. 
 A collection of nearly fifty portraits chiefly of 
 eminent Americans, including many citizens of 
 Chicago was presented to the library by G. P. A. 
 Healy, a distinguished artist, since deceased. 
 The site of the building occupies an entire block, 
 and the original design contemplates a handsome 
 front on each of the four streets, with a large 
 rectangular court in the center. The section 
 already completed is massive and imposing, and 
 its interior is admirably adapted to the purposes 
 of a library, and at the same time rich and 
 beautiful. When completed, the building will 
 have a capacity for four to six million vokomes. 
 
 XE WHERRY, Walter C., ex-Congressman, was 
 born at Sangerfield, Oneida County, N. Y . Dec. 
 33, 1835. Early in the Civil War he enlisted as a 
 private, and rose, step by step, to a colonelcy, and 
 was mustered out as Brevet Brigadier-General. 
 In 1890 he was elected, as a Democrat, to represent 
 the Fourth Illinois District in the Fifty-second 
 Congress (1891-93). His home is in Chicago. 
 
 NEWBERKT, Walter L., merchant, banker and 
 philanthropist, was born at East Windsor, Conn., 
 Sept. 18, 1804, descended from English ancestry. 
 He was President Jackson's personal appointee 
 to the United States Military Academy at West 
 Point, but was prevented from taking the exami- 
 nation by sickness. Subsequently he embarked in 
 business at Buffalo, N. Y , going to Detroit in 
 1838, and settling at Chicago in 1833. After 
 engaging in general merchandising for several 
 years, he turned his attention to banking, in 
 which he accumulated a large fortune. He was 
 a prominent and influential citizen, serving 
 several terms as President of the Board of Edu- 
 cation, and being, for six years, the President of 
 the Chicago Historical Society. He died at sea, 
 Nov. 6, 1868, leaving a large estate, one-half of 
 which he devoted, by will, to the founding of a 
 free reference library in Chicago. (See Newberry 
 Library.) 
 
 NEW BOSTON, a city of Mercer County, on 
 the Mississippi River, at the western terminus of 
 the Galva and New Boston Division of the Chi- 
 cago, Burlington & Quincy Railway. Population 
 (1890), 445; (1900), 703. 
 
 NEW BRIGHTON, a village of St. Clair County 
 and suburb of East St. Louis. Population (1890), 
 868. 
 
 NEW BURNSIDE, a village of Johnson County, 
 on the Cairo Division of the Cleveland, Cincin- 
 nati, Chicago & St. Louis Railway, 53 miles 
 northeast of Cairo. Population (1880), 650; 
 (1890), 596; (1900), 468. 
 
 NEW DOUGLAS, a village in Madison County, 
 on the Toledo, St. Louis & Western Railroad ; in 
 farming and fruit-growing region ; has coal mine, 
 flour mill and newspaper. Population (1900), 469. 
 
 NEWELL, John, Railway President, was born 
 at West Newbury, Mass., March 31, 1830, being 
 directly descended from "Pilgrim" stock. At 
 the age of 16 he entered the employment of the 
 Cheshire Railroad in New Hampshire. Eighteen 
 months later he was appointed an assistant engi- 
 neer on the Vermont Central Railroad, and placed 
 in charge of the construction of a 10-mile section 
 of the line. His promotion was rapid, and, in 
 1850, he accepted a responsible position on the 
 Champlain & St. Lawrence Railroad. From 1850 
 to 1856 he was engaged in making surveys for 
 roads in Kentucky and New York, and, during 
 the latter year, held the position of engineer of 
 the Cairo City Company, of Cairo, 111. In 1857 he 
 entered the service of the Illinois Central Rail- 
 road Company, as Division Engineer, where his 
 remarkable success attracted the attention of the 
 owners of the old Winona & St. Peter Railroad 
 (now a part of the Chicago & Northwestern 
 system), who tendered him the presidency. This 
 he accepted, but, in 1864, was made President of 
 the Cleveland & Toledo Railroad. Four years 
 later, he accepted the position of General Superin- 
 tendent and Chief Engineer of the New York 
 Central Railroad, but resigned, in 1869, to become 
 Vice-President of the Illinois Central Railroad 
 In 1871 he was elevated to the presidency, but 
 retired in September, 1874, to accept the position 
 of General Manager of the Lake Shore & Michigan 
 Southern Railroad, of which he was elected 
 President, in May, 1883, and continued in office 
 until the time of his death, which occurred at 
 Youngstown, Ohio, August 35, 1894. 
 
 NEWHALL, (Dr.) Horatio, early physician 
 and newspaper publisher, came from St. Louis, 
 Mo., to Galena, 111., in 1827, and engaged in min- 
 ing and smelting, but abandoned this business, 
 the following year, for the practice of his profes- 
 sion; soon afterward became interested in the 
 publication of "The Miners' Journal, "and still 
 later in "The Galena Advertiser," with which 
 Hooper Warren and Dr. Philleo were associated. 
 
Art 
 
 1'iililic l.ihr.iry. 
 
 Arm< >nr Instil utr. 
 
 I'l'lll.lC 111 II. DIM. S. 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 Newberry, an early business man of Chicago, who 
 left half of his estate (aggregating over $2,000.000) 
 for the purpose. The property bequeathed was 
 largely in real estate, which has since greatly in- 
 creased in value. The library was established in 
 temporary quarters in 1887, and the first section 
 of a permanent building was opened in the 
 uituiiiii of 1893. By that time there had been 
 accumulated about 160,000 books and pamphlets. 
 A collection of nearly fifty portraits chiefly of 
 eminent Americans, including many citizens of 
 Chicago was presented to the library by G. P. A. 
 I [faly. a distinguished artist, since deceased. 
 The site of the building occupies an entire block, 
 imd the original design contemplates a handsome 
 front on each of the four streets, with a large 
 rectangular court in the center. The section 
 ulready completed is massive and imposing, and 
 its interior is admirably adapted to the purposes 
 of a library, and at the same time rich and 
 beautiful. When completed, the building will 
 have a capacity for four to six million volumes. 
 
 NEWBERRV, Walter , ex-Congressman, was 
 Imrn at SangerfieM. Oneida County, N. Y , Dec. 
 23. 1835. Early in the Civil War he enlisted as a 
 private, and rose, step by step, to a colonelcy, and 
 was mustered out as Brevet Brigadier-General. 
 In 1H90 he was elected, us a Democrat, to represent 
 the Fourth Illinois District in the Fifty-second 
 < 'ongress (1H91-93). His home is in Chicago. 
 
 NEWBERK V.Walter L., m.Tc-hant, banker and 
 philanthropist, was UH-II at Kust Windsor, Conn., 
 Sept. 18, 1*04, descended from English ancestry. 
 He was President Jackson's personal appointee 
 tn the United States Military Academy at West 
 Point, but was prevented from taking the exami- 
 nation by sickness. Subsequently he embarked in 
 business at Buffalo. N. Y., going to Detroit in 
 1*28, and settling at Chicago in 1H:!:!. After 
 engaging in general merchandising for several 
 years, he turned his attention to banking, in 
 which he accumulated a large fortune. He was 
 :i prominent and influential citizen, serving 
 several terms as President of the Board of Edu- 
 cation, ami being, for six years, the President of 
 the Chicago Historical Society. He died at sea. 
 Xov. C, 180H, leaving a large estate, one-half of 
 which he devoted, by will, to the founding of a 
 free reference library in Chicago. (See Xeirlirrry 
 Library.) 
 
 \EW BOSTON, a city of Mercer County, on 
 the Mississippi Hiver. at the western terminus of 
 the Galva and New Boston Division of the Chi- 
 cago, Burlington & (juincy Railway. Population 
 (1890), 44.1; (1900), 703. 
 
 NEW BRIGHTON, a village of St. Clair County 
 and suburb of East St. Louis. Population (1HBO). 
 *6. 
 
 NEW Bt'RNSIDE, a village of Johnson County 
 on the Cairo Division of the Cleveland, Cincin 
 nati, Chicago & St. Louis Railway, 53 miles 
 northeast of Cairo. Population (1880). 650; 
 (1890). 596; (1900), 468. 
 
 NEW DOUGLAS, a village in Madison County, 
 on the Toledo, St. Louis & Western Railroad; in 
 farming and fruit-growing region; has coal mine. 
 Hour mill and newspaper. Population (l!KX)). 4fi9. 
 
 NEWELL, John, Railway President, was born 
 at West Newbury. Mass.. March 31, 1*10, being 
 directly descended from "Pilgrim" stock. At 
 the age of 16 be entered the employment of the 
 Cheshire Railroad in New Hampshire. Eighteen 
 months later he was ap|>ointed an assistant engi 
 neer on the Vermont Central Railroad, .and placed 
 in charge of the construction of a 10-mile section 
 of the line. His promotion was rapid, and. in 
 1850, he accepted a res|>onsible |iosition on the 
 Champlain & St. Lawrence Railroad. From 1850 
 to 1856 he was engaged in making surveys for 
 roads in Kentucky and New York. anil, during 
 the latter year, helil the position of engineer of 
 the Cairo City Coni]Kiny, of Cairo. 111. In 1857 be 
 entered the service of the Illinois Central Rail- 
 road Coni]>any, as Division Engineer, where his 
 remarkable success attracted the attention of the 
 owners of the old Winona & St. Peter Railroad 
 (now a part of the Chicago & Northwestern 
 system), who tendered him the presidency This 
 he accepted, but, in 1H(!4, was made President of 
 the Cleveland & Toledo Railroad. Four years 
 later, he accepted the position of General Superin- 
 tendent ami Chief Engineer of the New York 
 Central Railroad, but resigned, in 18B9, to become 
 Vice- President of the Illinois Central Railroad. 
 In 1871 he was elevated to the presidency, but 
 retired in Septemlwr, 1874, to accept the position 
 of General Manager of the Lake Shore \- Michigan 
 Southern Railroad, of which he was elected 
 President, in May, 1883, and continued in office 
 until the time of his death, which occurred at 
 Youngstown. Ohio. August 25. 1H94. 
 
 NEWHALL, (Dr.) Horatio, early physician 
 and newspaper publisher, came from St. Louis, 
 Mo., to Galena, 111., in 1K27. and engaged in min- 
 ing and smelting, but abandoned this business, 
 the following year, for the practice of his profes- 
 sion; soon afterward became interested in the 
 publication of "The Miners' Journal," and still 
 later in "The Galena Advertiser," with which 
 Hooper Warren and Dr. Philleo were associated. 
 
396 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 In 1830 he became a Surgeon in the United States 
 Army, and was stationed at Fort Winnebago, 
 but retired from the service, in 1832, and returned 
 to Galena. When the Black Hawk War broke 
 out he volunteered his services, and, by order of 
 General Scott, was placed in charge of a military 
 hospital at Galena, of which he had control until 
 the close of the war. The difficulties of the posi- 
 tion were increased by the appearance of the 
 Asiatic cholera among the troops, but he seems 
 to have discharged his duties with satisfaction 
 to the military authorities. He enjoyed a wide 
 reputation for professional ability, and had an 
 extensive practice. Died, Sept. 19, 1870. 
 
 NEWMAN, a village of Douglas County, on the 
 Cincinnati, Hamilton & Dayton Railway, 52 miles 
 east of Decatur; has a bank, a newspaper, can- 
 ning factory, broom factory, electric lights, and 
 large trade in agricultural products and live- 
 stock. Population (1890), 990; (1900), 1,166. 
 
 NEWSPAPERS, EARLY. The first newspaper 
 published in the Northwest Territory, of which 
 the present State of Illinois, at the time, com- 
 posed a part, was "TheCentinel of the Northwest 
 Territory." established at Cincinnati by William 
 Maxwell, the first issue appearing in November, 
 1793. This was also the first newspaper published 
 west of the Allegheny Mountains. In 1796 it was 
 sold to Edmund Freeman and assumed the name 
 of "Freeman's Journal." Nathaniel Willis 
 (grandfather of N. P. .Willis, the poet) estab- 
 lished "The Scioto Gazette." at Chillicothe. in 
 1796. "The Western Spy and Hamilton Gazette" 
 was the third paper in Northwest Territory (also 
 within the limits of Ohio), founded in 1799. 
 Willis's paper became the organ of the Terri- 
 torial Government on the removal of the capital 
 to Chillicothe, in 1800. 
 
 The first newspaper in Indiana Territory (then 
 including Illinois) was established by Elihu Stout 
 at Vincennes, beginning publication. July 4, 1804. 
 It took the name of "The Western Sun and Gen- 
 eral Advertiser," but is now known as "The 
 Western Sun," having had a continuous exist- 
 ence for ninety-five years. 
 
 The first newspaper published in Illinois Terri- 
 tory was "The Illinois Herald," but, owing to the 
 absence of early files and other specific records, 
 the date of its establishment has been involved 
 in some doubt. Its founder was Matthew Dun- 
 can (a brother of Joseph Duncan, who was after- 
 wards a member of Congress and Governor of the 
 State from 1834 to 1838), and its place of pub- 
 lication Kaskaskia, at that time the Territorial 
 capital. Duncan, who was a native of Kentucky, 
 
 brought a press and a primitive printer's outfit 
 with him from that State. Gov. John Reynolds, 
 who came as a boy to the "Illinois Country" in 
 1800, while it was still a part of the "Northwest 
 Territory." in his "Pioneer History of Illinois." 
 has fixed the date of the first issue of this 
 paper in 1809, the same year in which Illinois 
 was severed from Indiana Territory and placed 
 under a separate Territorial Government. There 
 is good reason, however, for believing that the 
 Governor was mistaken in this statement. If 
 Duncan brought his press to Illinois in 1809 
 which is probable it does not seem to have been 
 employed at once in the publication of a news- 
 paper, as Hooper Warren (the founder of the 
 third paper established in Illinois) says it "was 
 for years only used for the public printing." 
 The earliest issue of "The Illinois Herald" known 
 to be in existence, is No. 32 of Vol. II, and bears 
 date, April 18, 1816. Calculating from these 
 ilata, if the paper was issued continuously from 
 its establishment, the date of the first issue would 
 have been Sept. 6, 1814. Corroborative evidence 
 of this is found in the fact that "The Missouri 
 Gazette, ' ' the original of the old " Missouri Repub- 
 lican" (now "The St. Louis Republic"), which 
 was established in 1808, makes no mention of the 
 Kaskaskia paper before 1814, although communi- 
 cation between Kaskaskia and St. Louis was 
 most intimate, and these two were, for several 
 years, the only papers published west of Vin- 
 cennes, Ind. 
 
 In August, 1817, "The Herald" was sold to 
 Daniel P. Cook and Robert Blackwell, and the 
 name of the paper was changed to "The Illinois 
 Intelligencer." Cook who had previously been 
 Auditor of Public Accounts for the Territory, and 
 afterwards became a Territorial Circuit Judge, 
 the first Attorney-General under the new State 
 Government, and, for eight years, served as the 
 only Representative in Congress from Illinois 
 for a time officiated as editor of "The Intelli- 
 gencer," while Blackwell (who had succeeded 
 to the Auditorship) had charge of the publication. 
 The size of the paper, which had been four pages 
 of three wide columns to the page, was increased, 
 by the new publishers, to four columns to the 
 page. On the removal of the State capital to 
 Vandalia, in 1820, "The Intelligencer" was 
 removed thither also, and continued under its 
 later name, afterwards becoming, after a change 
 of management, an opponent of the scheme for 
 the calling of a State Convention to revise the 
 State Constitution with a view to making Illinois 
 a slave State. (See Slavery and Slave Laws.) 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 397 
 
 The second paper established on Illinois soil 
 was "The Shawnee Chief," which began publica- 
 tion at Shawneetown, Sept. 5, 1818, with Henry 
 Eddy who afterwards became a prominent law- 
 yer of Southern Illinois as its editor. The name 
 of "The Chief" was soon afterwards changed to 
 "The Illinois Emigrant," and some years later, 
 became "The Shawneetown Gazette." Among 
 others who were associated with the Shawnee- 
 town paper, in early days, was James Hall, after- 
 wards a Circuit Judge and State Treasurer, and, 
 without doubt, the most prolific and popular 
 writer of his day in Illinois. Later, he estab- 
 lished "The Illinois Magazine" at Vandalia. sub- 
 sequently removed to Cincinnati, and issued under 
 the name of "The Western Monthly Magazine. 1 ' 
 He was also a frequent contributor to other maga- 
 zines of that period, and author of several vol- 
 umes, including "Legends of the West" and 
 "Border Tales." During the contest over the 
 slavery question, in 1823-24, "The Gazette" 
 rendered valuable service to the anti-slavery 
 party by the publication of articles in opposition 
 to the Convention scheme, from the pen of Morris 
 Birkbeck and others. 
 
 The third Illinois paper and, in 1823-24, the 
 strongest and most influential opponent of the 
 scheme for establishing slavery in Illinois was 
 "The Edwardsville Spectator," which began pub- 
 lication at Edwardsville, Madison County, May 
 23, 1819. Hooper Warren was the publisher and 
 responsible editor, though he received valuable 
 aid from the pens of Governor Coles, George 
 Churchill, Rev. Thomas Lippincott, Judge 
 Samuel D. Lockwood, Morris Birkbeck and 
 others. (See Warren, Hooper.) Warren sold 
 "The Spectator" to Rev. Thomas Lippincott in 
 1825, and was afterwards associated with papers 
 at Springfield, Galena, Chicago and elsewhere. 
 
 The agitation of the slavery question (in part, 
 at least) led to the establishment of two new 
 papers in 1822. The first of these was "The 
 Republican Advocate," which began publication 
 at Kaskaskia, in April of that year, under the 
 management of Elias Kent Kane, then an aspir- 
 ant to the United States Senatorship. After his 
 election to that office in 1824, "The Advocate" 
 passed into the hands of Robert K. Fleming, who, 
 after a period of suspension, established "The 
 Kaskaskia Recorder," but, a year or two later, 
 removed to Vandalia. "The Star of the West" 
 was established at Edwardsville, as an opponent 
 of Warren's "Spectator." the first issue making 
 its appearance, Sept. 14, 1822, with Theophilus W. 
 Smith, afterwards a Justice of the Supreme 
 
 Court, as its reputed editor. A few months later 
 it passed into new hands, and, in August, 1828. 
 assumed the name of "The Illinois Republican." 
 Both "The Republican Advocate" and "The 
 Illinois Republican" were zealous organs of the 
 pro-slavery party. 
 
 With the settlement of the slavery question in 
 Illinois, by the election of 1824, Illinois journal- 
 ism may be said to have entered upon a new era 
 At the close of this first period there were only 
 five papers published in the State all established 
 within a period of ten years : and one of these 
 ("The Illinois Republican." at Edwardsville) 
 promptly ceased publication on the settlement of 
 the slavery question in opposition to the views 
 which it had advocated. The next period of fif 
 teen years (1825-40) was prolific in the establish- 
 ment of new newspaper ventures, as might ! 
 expected from the rapid increase of the State in 
 population, and the development in the art of 
 printing during the same period. "The Western 
 Sun," established at Belleville (according to one 
 report, in December, 1825, and according to 
 another, in the winter of 1827-28) by Dr. Joseph 
 Green, appears to have been the first paper pub- 
 lished in St. ( 'lair County. This was followed 
 by "The Pioneer," begun, April 25, 1829, at Rock 
 Spring, St. ('lair County, with the indomitable 
 Dr. John M. Peck, author of "Peck's Gazetteer," 
 as its editor. It was removed in 1836 to Upper 
 Alton, when it took the name of "The Western 
 Pioneer and Baptist Banner." Previous to this, 
 however, Hooper Warren, having come into pos- 
 session of the material upon which he had printed 
 "The Edwardsville Spectator," removed it to 
 Springfield, and, in the winter of 1826-27, began 
 the publication of the first ]>aper at the present 
 State capital, which he named "The Sangamo 
 Gazette." It had but a brief existence. During 
 1830, George Forquer, then Attorney-General of 
 the State, in conjunction with his half-brother. 
 Thomas Ford (afterwards Governor), was engaged 
 in the publication of a paper called "The Cour- 
 ier," at Springfield, which was continued only a 
 short time. The earliest paper north of Spring- 
 field appears to have been "The Hennepin Jour- 
 nal," which began publication, Sept. 15, 1827. 
 "The Sangamo Journal" now "The Illinois 
 State Journal," and the oldest paper of continu- 
 ous existence in the State was established at 
 Springfield by Simeon and Josiah Francis (cous- 
 ins from Connecticut), the first issue bearing 
 date, Nov. 10. 1831. Before the close of the same 
 year James G. Edwards, afterwards the founder 
 of "The Burlington (Iowa) Hawkeye," began the 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 publication of "The Illinois Patriot" at Jackson- 
 ville. Another paper, established the same year, 
 was "The Gazette" at Vandalia, then the State 
 capital. (See Forquer, George; Ford, Thomas; 
 Francis, Simeon.) 
 
 At this early date the development of the lead 
 mines about Galena had made that place a center 
 of great business activity. On July 8, 1828, 
 James Jones commenced the issue of "The 
 Miners' Journal, "the first paper at Galena. Jones 
 died of cholera in 1833, and his paper passed into 
 other hands. July 30, 1839, "The Galena Adver- 
 tiser and Upper Mississippi Herald" began pub- 
 lication, with Drs. Horatio New-hall and Addison 
 Philleo as editors, and Hooper Warren as pub- 
 lisher, but appears to have been discontinued 
 before the expiration of its first year. "The 
 Galenian" was established as a Democratic paper 
 by Philleo, in May, 1833, but ceased publication in 
 September, 1836. "The Northwestern Gazette 
 and Galena Advertiser," founded in November, 
 1834, by Loring and Bartlett (the last named 
 afterwards one of the founders of "The Quincy 
 Whig"), has had a continuous existence, being 
 now known as "The Galena Advertiser." Benja- 
 min Mills, one of the most brilliant lawyers of 
 his time, was editor of this paper during a part 
 of the first year of its publication. 
 
 Robert K. Fleming, who has already been 
 mentioned as the successor of Elias Kent Kane 
 in the publication of "The Republican Advocate," 
 at Kaskaskia, later published a paper for a short 
 time at Vandalia, but, in 1827, removed his 
 establishment to Edwardsville, where he began 
 the publication of "The Corrector." The latter 
 was continued a little over a year, when it was 
 suspended. He then resumed the publication of 
 "The Recorder" at Kaskaskia. In December, 
 1833, he removed to Belleville and began the pub- 
 lication of "The St. Clair Gazette," which after- 
 wards passed, through various changes of owners, 
 under the names of "The St. Clair Mercury" and 
 "Representative and Gazette." This was suc- 
 ceeded, in 1889, by "The Belleville Advocate," 
 which has been published continuously to the 
 present time. 
 
 Samuel S. Brooks (the father of Austin Brooks, 
 afterwards of "The Quincy Herald") at differ- 
 ent times published papers at various points 
 in the State. His first enterprise was "The 
 Crisis" at Edwardsville, which he changed 
 to "The Illinois Advocate," and, at the close 
 of his first year, sold out to Judge John 
 York Sawyer, who united it with "The Western 
 Plowboy," which he had established a few 
 
 months previous. "The Advocate" was removed 
 to Vandalia, and, on the death of the owner (who 
 had been appointed State Printer), was consoli- 
 dated with "The Illinois Register," which had 
 been established in 1836. The new paper took the 
 name of "The Illinois Register and People's 
 Advocate," in 1839 was removed to Springfield, 
 and is now known as "The Illinois State Regis- 
 ter." 
 
 Other papers established between 1830 and 1840 
 include: "The Vandalia Whig" (1831); "The 
 Alton Spectator," the first paper published in 
 Alton (January, 1834); "The Chicago Demo- 
 crat," by John Calhoun (Nov. 28, 1833); "The 
 Beardstown Chronicle and Illinois Bounty Land 
 Advertiser," by Francis A. Arenz (July 29, 1833) ; 
 "The Alton American" (1833); "The White 
 County News," at Carmi (1833); "The Danville 
 Enquirer" (1833); "The Illinois Champion," at 
 Peoria (1834) ; "The Mount Carmel Sentinel and 
 Wabash Advocate" (1834); "The Illinois State 
 Gazette and Jacksonville News," at Jacksonville 
 (1835); "The Illinois Argus and Bounty Land 
 Register," at Quincy (1835); "The Rushville 
 Journal and Military Tract Advertiser" (1835); 
 "The Alton Telegraph" (1836); "The Alton 
 Observer" (1836); "The Carthaginian," at Car- 
 thage (1836) ; "The Bloomington Observer" (1837) ; 
 "The Backwoodsman," founded by Prof. John 
 Russell, at Grafton, and the first paper published 
 in Greene County (1837); "The Quincy Whig" 
 (1838) ; "The Illinois Statesman," at Paris, Edgar 
 County (1838); "The Peoria Register" (1838). 
 The second paper to be established in Chicago 
 was "The Chicago American," whose initial 
 number was issued, June 8, 1835, with Thomas O. 
 Davis as proprietor and editor. In July, 1837, it 
 passed into the hands of William Stuart & Co. , 
 and, on April 9, 1839, its publishers began the 
 issue of the first daily ever published in Chicago. 
 "The Chicago Express" succeeded "The Ameri- 
 can" in 1842, and, in 1844, became the forerunner 
 of "The Chicago Journal." The third Chicago 
 paper was "The Commercial Advertiser," 
 founded by Hooper Warren, in 1838. It lived 
 only about a year. Zebina Eastman, who was 
 afterwards associated with Warren, and became 
 one of the most influential journalistic opponents 
 of slavery, arrived in the State in 1839, and, in 
 the latter part of that year, was associated with 
 the celebrated Abolitionist, Benjamin Lundy, in 
 the preliminary steps for the issue of "The 
 Genius of Universal Emancipation," projected 
 by Lundy at Lowell, in La Salle County. Lundy's 
 untimely death, in August, 1839, however, pre- 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 390 
 
 vented him from seeing the consummation of his 
 plan, although Eastman lived to carry it out in 
 part. A paper whose career, although extending 
 only a little over one year, marked an era in Illi- 
 nois journalism, was "The Alton Observer," its 
 history closing with the assassination of its 
 editor, Rev. Elijah P. Love joy, on the night of 
 Nov. 8, 1837, while unsuccessfully attempting to 
 protect his press from destruction, for the fourth 
 time, by a pro-slavery mob. Humiliating as was 
 this crime to every law-abiding Illinoisan, it 
 undoubtedly strengthened the cause of free 
 speech and assisted in hastening the downfall of 
 the institution in whose behalf it was committed. 
 
 That the development in the field of journal- 
 ism, within the past sixty years, has more than 
 kept pace with the growth in population, is 
 shown by the fact that there is not a county in 
 the State without its newspaper, while every 
 town of a few hundred population has either one 
 or more. According to statistics for 1898, there 
 were 605 cities and towns in the State having 
 periodical publications of some sort, making a 
 total of 1,709, of which 174 were issued daily, 34 
 semi-weekly, 1,205 weekly, 38 semi-monthly, 238 
 monthly, and the remainder at various periods 
 ranging from tri-weekly to eight times a year. 
 
 NEWTON, the county-seat of 'Jasper County, 
 situated on the Embarras River, at the intersec- 
 tion of subsidiary lines of the Illinois Central 
 Railroad from Peoria and Effingham; is an in- 
 corporated city, was settled in 1828, and made the 
 county-seat in 1836. Agriculture, coal-mining 
 and dairy farming are the principal pursuits in 
 the surrounding region. The city has water- 
 power, which is utilized to some extent in manu- 
 facturing, but most of its factories are operated 
 by steam. Among these establishments are flour 
 and saw mills, and grain elevators. There are a 
 half-dozen churches, a good public school system, 
 including parochial school and high school, 
 besides two banks and three weekly papers. 
 Population (1890), 1,428; (1900), 1.630. 
 
 NEW TORE, CHICAGO & ST. LOUIS RAIL- 
 WAY (Nickel Plate), a line 522.47 miles in length, 
 of which (1898) only 9.96 miles are operated in 
 Illinois. It owns no track in Illinois, but uses 
 the track of the Chicago & State Line Railroad 
 (9.96 miles in length), of which it has financial 
 control, to enter the city of Chicago. The total 
 capitalization of the New York, Chicago & St. 
 Louis, in 1898, is $50,222,568, of which $19,425,000 
 is in bonds. (HISTORY.) The New York, Chi- 
 cago & St. Louis Railroad was incorporated under 
 the laws of New York, Pennsylvania, Ohio, 
 
 Indiana and Illinois in 1881, construction begun 
 immediately, and the road put in operation in 
 1882. In 1885 it passed into the hands of a 
 receiver, was sold under foreclosure in 1887, and 
 reorganized by the consolidation of Tarious east' 
 ern lines with the Fort Wayne & Illinois Railroad, 
 forming the line under its present name. The 
 road between Buffalo, N. Y., and the west line of 
 Indiana is owned by the Company, but, for its 
 line in Illinois, it uses the track of the Chicago & 
 State Line Railroad, of which it is the lessee, as 
 well as the owner of its capital stock. The main 
 line of the "Nickel Plate" is controlled by the 
 Lake Shore & Michigan Southern Railway, which 
 owns more than half of both the preferred and 
 common stock. 
 
 NIANTIC, a town in Macon County, on the 
 Wabash Railway, 27 miles east of Springfield. 
 Agriculture is the leading industry. The town 
 has three elevators, three churches, school, coal 
 mine, a newspaper and a bank. Pop. (1900), 654. 
 
 MCOLAY, John George, author, was born in 
 Essingen, Bavaria, Feb. 26, 1832; at 6 years of age 
 was brought to the United States, lived for a 
 time in Cincinnati, attending the public schools 
 there, and then came to Illinois; at 16 entered the 
 office of "The Pike County Free Press" at Pitts- 
 field, and, while still in his minority, became 
 editor and proprietor of the paper. In 1857 he 
 became Assistant Secretary of State under O. M. 
 Hatch, the first Republican Secretary, but during 
 Mr. Lincoln's candidacy for President, in 1860. 
 aided him as private secretary, also acting as a 
 correspondent of "The St. Louis Democrat." 
 After the election he was formally selected by 
 Mr. Lincoln as his private secretary, accompany- 
 ing him to Washington and remaining until Mr. 
 Lincoln's assassination. In 1865 he was appointed 
 United States Consul at Paris, remaining until 
 1869; on his return for some time edited "The 
 Chicago Republican"; was also Marshal of the 
 United States Supreme Court in Washington 
 from 1872 to 1887. Mr. Nicolay is author, in col- 
 laboration with John Hay, of "Abraham Lincoln : 
 A History," first published serially in "The Cen- 
 tury Magazine," and later issued in ten volumes; 
 of "The Outbreak of the Rebellion" in "Cam- 
 paigns of the Civil War," besides numerous maga- 
 zine articles. He lives in Washington, D. C. 
 
 NICOLET, Jean, early French explorer, came 
 from Cherbourg, France, in 1618, and, for several 
 years, lived among the Algonquins, whose lan- 
 guage he learned and for whom he acted an 
 interpreter. On July 4, 1634, he discovered Lake 
 Michigan, then called the "Lake of the Illinois " 
 
4(K) 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 and visited the Chippewas, Menominees and 
 Winnebague*. in the region about Green Bay. 
 ;imong whom he was received kindly. From the 
 Mascoutins, on the Fox River (of Wisconsin), he 
 learned of the Illinois Indians, some of whose 
 northern villages he also visited. He subse- 
 quently returned to Quebec, where he was 
 drowned, in October, 1642. He was probably the 
 first Caucasian to visit Wisconsin and Illinois. 
 
 NILES, Nathaniel, lawyer, editor and soldier. 
 iKjrnat Plainfield. Otsego County, N. Y.. Feb. 4. 
 1817; attended an academy at Albany, from 1830 
 to '34, was licensed to practice law and removed 
 west in 1837, residing successively at Delphi and 
 Frankfort, Ind. . and at Owensburg, Ky., until 
 1843, when he settled in Belleville, 111. In is-iii 
 he was commissioned u First Lieutenant in the 
 Second Regiment Illinois Volunteers (Colonel 
 Uissell's) for the Mexican War, but, after the 
 liattle of Buena Vista, was promoted by General 
 Wool to the captaincy of an independent com- 
 l>any of Texas foot. He was elected Chief Clerk 
 of the House of Representatives at the session of 
 1849, and the same year was chosen County 
 Judge of St. Clair County, serving until 1861. 
 With the exception of brief periods from 1851 to 
 '59, he was editor and part owner of "The Belle- 
 ville Advocate. " :i paper originally Democratic, 
 but which became Republican on the organiza- 
 tion of the Republican party. In 1861 he was 
 appointed Colonel of the Fifty -fourth Illinois 
 Volunteer Infantry, but the completion of its 
 organization having been delayed, he resigned, 
 and, the following year, was commissioned Colo- 
 nel of the One Hundred and Thirtieth, serving 
 until May, 1864, when he resigned in March. 
 1865, receiving the compliment of a brevet Briga- 
 dier-Generalship. During the winter of 1862 6.". 
 he was in command at Memphis, but later took 
 part in the Vicksburg campaign, and in the cam- 
 paigns on Red River and Bayou Teche. After 
 trie war he served as Representative in the 
 General Assembly from St. Clair County (1865-66) ; 
 as Trustee of the Institution for the Deaf and 
 Dumb at Jacksonville; on the Commission for 
 building the State Penitentiary at Joliet, and as 
 Commissioner (by appointment of Governor 
 Oglesby) for locating the Soldiers' Orphans' 
 Home. His later years have been spent chiefly 
 in the practice of his profession, with occasional 
 excursions into journalism. Originally an anti- 
 slavery Democrat, he became one of the founders 
 of the Republican party in Southern Illinois. 
 NIXON, William Penn, journalist, Collector of 
 'ustoms, was born in Wayne County, Ind., of 
 
 North Carolina and Quaker ancestry, early in 
 1832. In 1853 he graduated from Farmers' (now 
 Belmont) College, near Cincinnati, Ohio. After 
 devoting two years to teaching, he entered the 
 law department of the University i>i Pennsyl- 
 vania (1855), graduating in 1859. For nine years 
 thereafter he practiced law at Cincinnati, during 
 which period he was thrice elected to the Ohio 
 Legislature. In 1868 he embarked in journalism 
 he and his older brother, Dr. O. W. Nixon, with 
 a few friends, founding "The Cincinnati Chron- 
 icle." A few years later "The Times" was pur- 
 chased, and the two papers were consolidated 
 under the name of "The Times-Chronicle." In 
 May, 1872, having disposed of his interests in 
 Cincinnati, he assumed the business manage- 
 ment of "The Chicago Inter Ocean," then a new 
 venture and struggling for a foothold. In 1875 
 he and his brother, Dr. O. W. Nixon, secured a 
 controlling interest in the paper, when the 
 former assumed the position of editor-in-chief, 
 which he continued to occupy until 1897, when 
 he was appointed Collector of Customs for the 
 City of Chicago a position which he now holds. 
 
 NO kOM IS, a city of Montgomery County, on 
 the "Big Four" main line and " "Frisco" Rail- 
 roads, HI miles east by north from St. Louis and 
 52 miles west of Mattoon; in important grain- 
 growing and hay -producing section; has water- 
 works, electric lights, three flour mills, two 
 machine shops, wagon factory, creamery, seven 
 churches, high school, two banks and three 
 papers; is noted for shipments of poultry, butter 
 and eggs. Population (1890), 1,305; (1900), 1,371. 
 
 NORMAL, a city in McLean County, 2 miles 
 north of Bloomington and 124 southwest of Chi- 
 cago; at intersecting point of the Chicago & 
 Alton and the Illinois Central Railroads. It lies 
 in a rich coal and agricultural region, and has 
 extensive fruit-tree nurseries, two canning fac- 
 tories, one bank, hospital, and four periodicals. 
 It is the seat of the Soldiers' Orphans' Home, 
 founded in 1869, and the Illinois State Normal 
 University, founded in 1857; has city and rural 
 mail delivery. Pop. (1890). 3,459; (1900). 8,795. 
 
 NORMAL UNIVERSITIES. (See Southern 
 Illinois Normal Unirrrsity: State Normal Uni- 
 versity. ) 
 
 NORTH ALTON, a village of Madison County 
 and suburb of the city of Alton. Population 
 (1880), 838; (1890). 762; (1900), 904. 
 
 NORTHCOTT, William A., Lieutenant-Gov- 
 ernor, was born in Murfreesboro, Term., Jan. 28, 
 1854 the son of Gen. R. S. Northcott, whose 
 loyalty to the Union, at the beginning of the 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 401 
 
 Rebellion, compelled- him to leave his Southern 
 home and seek safety for himself and family in 
 the North. He went to West Virginia, was com- 
 missioned Colonel of a regiment and served 
 through the war, being for some nine months a 
 prisoner in Libby Prison. After acquiring his 
 literary education in the public schools, the 
 younger Northcott spent some time in the Naval 
 Academy at Annapolis, Md., after which he was 
 engaged in teaching. Meanwhile, he was prepar- 
 ing for the practice of law and was admitted to 
 the bar in 1877, two years later coming to Green- 
 ville, Bond County, 111., which has since been his 
 home. In 1880, by appointment of President 
 Hayes, he served as Supervisor of the Census for 
 the Seventh District ; in 1882 was elected State's 
 Attorney for Bond County and re-elected suc- 
 cessively in '84 and '88 ; in 1890 was appointed on 
 the Board of Visitors to the United States Naval 
 Academy, and, by selection of the Board, 
 delivered the annual address to the graduating 
 lass of that year. In 1892 he was the Repub- 
 lican nominee for Congress for the Eighteenth Dis- 
 trict, but was defeated in the general landslide of 
 that year. In 1896 he was more fortunate, being 
 elected Lieutenant-Governor by the vote of the 
 State, receiving a plurality of over 137,000 over 
 his Democratic opponent. 
 
 .NORTH PEORIA, formerly a suburban village 
 in Peoria County. ~ miles north of the city of 
 Peoria; annexed to the city of Peoria in 1900. 
 
 NORTHERN BOUNDARY QUESTION, THE. 
 The Ordinance of 1787, making the first specific 
 provision, by Congress, for the government of the 
 country lying northwest of the Ohio River and 
 east of the Mississippi (known as the Northwest 
 Territory), provided, among other things (Art. 
 V., Ordinance 1787), that "there shall be formed 
 in the said Territory not less than three nor more 
 than five States." It then proceeds to fix the 
 boundaries of the proposed States, on the assump- 
 tion that there shall be three in number, adding 
 thereto the following proviso: "Provided, how- 
 ever, and it is further understood and declared, 
 that the boundaries of these three States shall be 
 subject so far to be altered that, if Congress shall 
 hereafter find it expedient, they shall have 
 authority to form one or two States in that part 
 of the said Territory which lies north of an east 
 and west line drawn through the southerly bend 
 or extreme of Lake Michigan." On the basis of 
 this provision it has been claimed that the north- 
 ern boundaries of Illinois, Indiana and Ohio 
 should have been on the exact latitude of the 
 southern limit of Lake Michigan, and that the 
 
 failure to establish this boundary was a violation 
 of the Ordinance, inasmuch as the fourteenth sec- 
 tion of the preamble thereto declares that "the 
 following articles shall be considered as articles 
 of compact between the original States and the 
 people and States in the said Territory, and for- 
 ever remain unalterable, unless by common con- 
 sent." In the limited state of geographical 
 knowledge, existing at the time of the adoption of 
 the Ordinance, there seems to have been con- 
 siderable difference of opinion as to the latitude 
 of the southern limit of Lake Michigan. The 
 map of Mitchell (1755) had placed it on the paral- 
 lel of 42 20', while that of Thomas Hutchins 
 (1778) fixed it at 41 37'. It was officially estab- 
 lished by Government survey, in 1835, at 41" 37' 
 07.9". As a matter of fact, the northern bound- 
 ary of neither of the three States named was finally 
 fixed on the line mentioned in the proviso above 
 quoted from the Ordinance that of Ohio, where 
 it meets the shore of Lake Erie, being a little 
 north of 41 44' ; that of Indiana at 41 46' (some 
 10 miles north of the southern bend of the lake), 
 and that of Illinois at 42 30' about 61 miles 
 north of the same line. The boundary line 
 between Ohio and Michigan was settled after a 
 bitter controversy, on the admission of the latter 
 State into the Union, in 1837, in the acceptance 
 by her of certain conditions proposed by Congress. 
 These included the annexation to Michigan of 
 what is known as the "Upper Peninsula," 
 lying between Lakes Michigan and Superior, 
 in lieu of a strip averaging six miles on her 
 southern border, which she demanded from 
 Ohio. The establishment of the northern bound- 
 ary of Illinois, in 1818, upon the line which now 
 exists, is universally conceded to have been due 
 to the action of Judge Nathaniel Pope, then the 
 Delegate in Congress from Illinois Territory. 
 While it was then acquiesced in without ques- 
 tion, it has since been the subject of considerable 
 controversy and has been followed by almost 
 incalculable results. The "enabling act," as 
 originally introduced early in 1818, empowering 
 the people of Illinois Territory to form a State 
 Government, fixed the northern boundary of the 
 proposed State at 41 39', then the supposed lati- 
 tude of the southern extremity of Lake Michigan. 
 While the act was under consideration in Com- 
 mittee of the Whole, Mr. Pope offered an amend- 
 ment advancing the northern boundary to 42 
 30'. The object of his amendment (as he ex- 
 plained) was to gain for the new State a coast 
 line on Lake Michigan, bringing it into political 
 and commercial relations with the States east of 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 it Indiana, Ohio, Pennsylvania and New York 
 thus ''affording additional security to the per- 
 petuity of the Union." He argued that the 
 location of the State between the Mississippi, 
 Wabash and Ohio Rivers all flowing to the 
 south would bring it in intimate communica- 
 tion with the Southern States, and that, in the 
 event of an attempted disruption of the Union, it 
 was important that it should be identified with 
 the commerce of the Lakes, instead of being left 
 entirely to the waters of the south-flowing 
 rivers. "Thus, " said he, "a rival interest would be 
 created to check the wish for a Western or South- 
 ern Confederacy. Her interests would thus be 
 balanced and her inclinations turned to the 
 North." He recognized Illinois as already "the 
 key to the West," and he evidently foresaw that 
 the time might come when it would be the Key- 
 stone of the Union. While this evinced wonder- 
 ful foresight, scarcely less convincing was his 
 argument that, in time, a commercial emporium 
 would grow up upon Lake Michigan, which would 
 demand an outlet by means of a canal to the Illi- 
 nois River a work which was realized in the 
 completion of the Illinois & Michigan Canal 
 thirty years later, but which would scarcely have 
 been accomplished had the State been practically 
 cut off from the Lake and its chief emporium 
 left to grow up in another commonwealth, or not 
 at all. Judge Pope's amendment was accepted 
 without division, and, in this form, a few days 
 later, the bill became a law. The almost super- 
 human sagacity exhibited in Judge Pope's argu- 
 ment, has been repeatedly illustrated in the 
 commercial and political history of the State 
 since, but never more significantly than in the 
 commanding position which Illinois occupied 
 during the late Civil War, with one of its citi- 
 zens in the Presidential chair and another leading 
 its 250,000 citizen soldiery and the armies of the 
 Union in battling for the perpetuity of the 
 Republic a position which more than fulfilled 
 every prediction made for it The territory 
 affected by thia settlement of the northern 
 boundary, includes all that part of the State 
 north of the northern line of La Salle County, 
 and embraces the greater portion of the fourteen 
 counties of Cook, Dupage, Kane, Lake, McHenry, 
 Boone, DeKalb, Lee, Ogle, Winnebago, Stephen- 
 son, Jo Daviess, Carroll and Whiteside, with por- 
 tions of Kendall, Will and Rock Island estimated 
 at 8,500 square miles, or more than one-seventh 
 of the present area of the State. It has been 
 argued that this territory belonged to the State 
 of Wisconsin under the provisions of the Ordi- 
 
 nance of 1787, and there were repeated attempts 
 made, on the part of the Wisconsin Legislature 
 and its Territorial Governor (Doty), between 1839 
 and 1843, to induce the people of these counties to 
 recognize this claim. These were, in a few 
 instances, partially successful, although no official 
 notice was taken of them by the authorities of Illi- 
 nois. The reply made to the Wisconsin claim by 
 Governor Ford who wrote his "History of Illi- 
 nois" when the subject was fresh in the public 
 mind was that, while the Ordinance of 1787 
 gave Congress power to organize a State north of 
 the parallel running through the southern bend 
 of Lake Michigan, "there is nothing in the Ordi- 
 nance requiring such additional State to be 
 organized of the territory north of that line. " In 
 other words, that, when Congress, in 1818, 
 authorized the organization of an additional 
 State north of and in (i. e., within) the line 
 named, it did not violate the Ordinance of 1787, 
 but acted in accordance with it in practically 
 assuming that the new State "need not neces- 
 sarily include the whole of the region north of 
 that line. " The question was set at rest by Wis- 
 consin herself in the action of her Constitutional 
 Convention of 1847-48, in framing her first con- 
 stitution, in form recognizing the northern 
 boundary of Illinois as fixed by the enabling act 
 of 1818. 
 
 NORTHERN HOSPITAL FOR THE INSANE, 
 an institution for the treatment of the insane, 
 created by Act of the Legislature, approved, April 
 16, 1869. The Commissioners appointed by Gov- 
 ernor Palmer to fix its location consisted of 
 August Adams, B. F. Shaw, W. R. Brown, M. L. 
 Joslyn, 1). S. Hammond and William Adams. 
 After considering many offers and examining 
 numerous sites, the Commissioners finally selected 
 the Chisholm farm, consisting of about 155 acres, 
 \Vi miles from Elgin, on the west side of Fox 
 River, and overlooking that stream, as a site 
 this having been tendered as a donation by the 
 citizens of Elgin. Plans were adopted in the 
 latter part of 1869, the system of construction 
 chosen conforming, in the main, to that of the 
 United States Hospital for the Insane at Wash- 
 ington, D. C. By January, 1872, the north wing 
 and rear building were so far advanced as to per- 
 mit the reception of sixty patients. The center 
 building was ready for occupancy in April, 1873, 
 and the south wing before the end of the follow- 
 ing year. The total expenditures previous to 
 1879 had exceeded $637,000, and since that date 
 liberal appropriations have been made for addi- 
 tions, repairs and improvements, including the 
 
a 
 o 
 
 I 
 X 
 
 
4<r> 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 it I n ii.ni.i Ohio. Pennsylvania and New York 
 thus "affording additional security to the per 
 petuity of the Union." He argued that the 
 location of the State between the Mississippi, 
 Waliash and Ohio Rivers all flowing to the 
 south would bring it in intimate communica- 
 tion with the Southern States, and that, in the 
 event of an attempted disruption of the Union, it 
 was important that it should l>e identified with 
 the commerce of the Lakes, instead of being left 
 entirely to the waters of the soutli-tlowing 
 rivers. "Thus," said he. "a rival interest would be 
 created to check the wish for a Western or South- 
 ern Confederacy. Her interests would thus ! 
 balanced ami her inclinations turned to the 
 North " He recognized Illinois as already "the 
 key to the West." and he evidently foresaw that 
 the time might come when it would be the Key- 
 stone of the Union. AVhile this evinced wonder- 
 ful foresight, scarcely less convincing was his 
 argument that, in time, a commercial emporium 
 would grow up upon Lake Michigan, which would 
 demand an outlet by means of a canal to the Illi- 
 nois River a work which was realized in the 
 completion of the Illinois & Michigan Canal 
 thirty years later, but which would scarcely have 
 been accomplished had the State been practically 
 cut olf from the Lake and its chief emporium 
 left to grow up in another commonwealth, or not 
 at all. Judge Pope's amendment was accepted 
 without division, and. in this form, a few days 
 later, the bill became a law. The almost sujier- 
 human sagacity exhibited in Judge Pope's argu- 
 ment, has been repeatedly illustrated in the 
 commercial and political history of the State 
 since, but never more significantly than in the 
 commanding position which Illinois occupied 
 during the late Civil War, with one of its citi- 
 zens in the Presidential chair and another leading 
 its 25(1.0(10 citizen soldiery and the armies of the 
 Union in K-ittling for the perpetuity of the 
 Republic a position which more than fulfilled 
 every prediction made for it. The territory 
 affected by this settlement of the northern 
 boundary, includes all that part of the State 
 north of the northern line of I-i Salle County, 
 and embraces the greater |>ortion of the fourteen 
 counties of Cook, Dupage, Kane, Lake. McIIenry, 
 Roone, DeKalb. Lee. Ogle. Winnebago. Stephen- 
 son. Jo Daviess, Carroll ami Wliiteside. with por- 
 tions of Kendall, Will and Rock Island estimated 
 at N.500 square miles, or more than one-seventh 
 of the present area of the State. It has liecn 
 argued that this territory liclonged to the State 
 of Wisconsin under the provisions of the Ordi- 
 
 nance of 1787, and there were repeated attempts 
 made, on the part of the Wisconsin Legislature 
 and its Territorial Governor (Doty), between 1S3! 
 and 1S4IJ, to induce the people of these counties t<i 
 recognize this claim. These were, in a few 
 instances, partially successful, although no official 
 notice was taken of them by the authorities of Illi 
 uois. The reply made to the Wisconsin claim by 
 (iovernor Ford who wrote his "History of Illi- 
 nois" when the subject was fresh in the public- 
 mind was that, while the Ordinance of 1787 
 gave Congress power to organize a State north of 
 the parallel running through the southern bend 
 ff Lake Michigan, "there is nothing in the Ordi- 
 nance requiring such additional State to be 
 organized of the territory north of that line." In 
 other words, that, when Congress, in 181". 
 authorizeil the organization of an additional 
 Slate north of and in (i. within* the line 
 named, it did not violate t lie Ordinance of 1787, 
 but acteil in accordance with it in practically 
 assuming that the new State "need not neces 
 sarily include the whole of the region north "f 
 that line." The question was set at rest by Wis- 
 consin herself in the action of her Constitutional 
 Convention of 1847-48, in framing her first con- 
 stitution, in form recognizing the northern 
 boundary of Illinois as fixed by the enabling act 
 of 1818. 
 
 NORTHERN HOSPITAL FOR THE IXSAXK, 
 an institution for the treatment of the insane, 
 created by Act of the Legislature, approved, April 
 Hi. ls69. The Commissioners appointed by Gov- 
 ernor Palmer to fix its location consisted of 
 August Adams, B. F. Shaw. W. R. Brown, M. 1. 
 Joslyn. l> S. Hammond and William Adams 
 After considering many oilers and examining 
 numerous sites, the Commissioners finally selected 
 the Chisholm farm, consisting of air. mi 155 acres. 
 1'i miles from Elgin, on the west side of Fox 
 River, ami overlooking that stream, as a site- 
 this having been tendered as a donation by the 
 citizens of Elgin. Plans were adopted in the 
 latter part of 1869, the system of construction 
 chosen conforming, in the main, to that of the 
 United States Hospital for the Insane at Wash- 
 ington, D. C. By January, 17'J. the north wing 
 and rear building were so far advanced as to per- 
 mit the reception of sixty patients. The center 
 building was ready for occupancy in April. 187:!. 
 and the south wing before the end of the follow- 
 ing year. The total expenditures previous to 
 1876 had exceeded Sfi37. (>(. and since that date 
 liberal appropriations have been made for addi- 
 tions, repairs and improvements, including the 
 
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HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 403 
 
 addition of between 300 and 400 acres to the lands 
 connected with the institution The first Board 
 of Trustees consisted of Charles N. Holden, 
 Oliver Everett and Henry "W. Sherman, with Dr. 
 E. A. Kilbourne as the first Superintendent, and 
 Dr. Richard A. Dewey (afterwards Superintend- 
 ent of the Eastern Hospital at Kankakee) as his 
 Assistant. Dr. Kilbourne remained at the head 
 of the institution until his death, Feb. 27, 1890, 
 covering a period of nineteen years. Dr. Kil- 
 bourne was succeeded by Dr. Henry J. Brooks, 
 and he, by Dr. Loewy, in June, 1893, and the 
 latter by Dr. John B. Hamilton (former Super- 
 vising Surgeon of the United States Marine Hos- 
 pital Service) in 1897. Dr. Hamilton died in 
 December, 1898. (See Hamilton, John B.) The 
 total value of State property, June 30, 1894, was 
 1882,745.66, of which $701,330 was in land and 
 buildings. Under the terms of the law estab- 
 lishing the hospital, provision is made for the 
 care therein of the incurably insane, so that it is 
 both a hospital and an asylum. The whole num- 
 ber of patients under treatment, for the two years 
 preceding June 30, 1894, was 1,797, the number 
 of inmates, on Dec. 1, 1897, 1,054, and the average 
 daily attendance for treatment, for the year 1896, 
 1,296. The following counties comprise the dis- 
 trict dependent upon the Elgin Hospital: Boone, 
 Carroll, Cook, DeKalb, Jo Daviess, Kane. Ken- 
 dall, Lake, Stephenson, Whiteside and Winne- 
 bago. 
 
 NORTHERN ILLINOIS NORMAL SCHOOL, 
 an institution, incorporated in 1884, at Dixon, Lee 
 County, 111., for the purpose of giving instruction 
 in branches related to the art of teaching. Its 
 last report claims a total of 1,639 pupils, of whom 
 885 were men and 744 women, receiving instruc- 
 tion from thirty-six teachers. The total value of 
 property was estimated at more than $200,000, of 
 which $160,000 was in real estate and $45,000 in 
 apparatus. Attendance on the institution has 
 been affected by the establishment, under act of 
 the Legislature of 1895, of the Northern State 
 Normal School at DeKalb (which see). 
 
 NORTHERN PENITENTIARY, THE, an insti- 
 tution for the confinement of criminals of the 
 State, located at Joliet, Will County. The site 
 was purchased by the State in 1857, and com- 
 prises some seventy-two acres. Its erection was 
 found necessary because of the inadequacy of the 
 first penitentiary, at Alton. (See Alton Peni- 
 tentiary.) The original plan contemplated a 
 cell-house containing 1,000 cells, which, it was 
 thought, would meet the public necessities for 
 many years to come. Its estimated cost was 
 
 $550,000; but, within ten years, there had been 
 expended upon the institution the sum of $934.- 
 000, and its capacity was taxed to the utmost. 
 Subsequent enlargements have increased the 
 cost to over $1,600,000, but by 1877. the institution 
 had become so overcrowded that the erection of 
 another State penal institution became positivnly 
 necessary. (See Southern Penitentiary.) The 
 prison has always been conducted on "the 
 Auburn system," which contemplates associate 
 labor in silence, silent meals in a common refec- 
 tory, and (as nearly as practicable) isolation at 
 night. The system of labor has varied at differ- 
 ent times, the "lessee system," the "contract 
 system" and the "State account plan" being 
 successively in force. (See Convict Labor. ) The 
 whole number of convicts in the institution, at 
 the date of the official report of 1895, was 1,566. 
 The total assets of the institution, Sept. 30, 1894, 
 were reported at $2,121,308.86, of which $1,644,- 
 601.11 was in real estate. 
 
 NORTH & SOUTH RAILROAD. (See St. 
 Louis, Peoria & Northern Railway.) 
 
 NORTHERN STATE NORMAL SCHOOL, an 
 institution for the education of teachers of the 
 common schools, authorized to be established liy 
 act of the Legislature passed at the session of 
 1895. The act made an appropriation of $50,000 
 for the erection of buildings and other improve- 
 ments. The institution was located at DeKalb. 
 DeKalb County, in the spring of 1896, and the 
 erection of buildings commenced soon after- 
 Isaac F. Ellwood, of DeKalb, contributing $20.- 
 000 in cash, and J. F. Glidden, a site of sixty 
 seven acres of land. Up to Dec. 1, 1897, the 
 appropriations and contributions, in land and 
 money, aggregated $175,000. The school was 
 expected to be ready for the reception of pupils 
 in the latter part of 1899, and, it is estimated, will 
 accommodate 1.000 students. 
 
 NORTHWEST TERRITORY. The name 
 formerly applied to that portion of the Unite<l 
 States north and west of the Ohio River and east 
 of the Mississippi, comprising the present States 
 of Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan and Wiscon- 
 sin. The claim of the Government to the land 
 had been acquired partly through conquest, by 
 the expedition of Col. George Rogers Clark 
 (which see), under the auspices of the State of 
 Virginia in 1778 ; partly through treaties with the 
 Indians, and partly through cessions from those 
 of the original States laying claim thereto. The 
 first plan for the government of this vast region 
 was devised and formulated by Thomas Jefferson, 
 in his proposed Ordinance of 1784, which failed 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OK ILLINOIS. 
 
 4":; 
 
 addition of between :!OO and -100 acres to the lands 
 connected with the institution The first Kuanl 
 of Trustees consisted of Charles X. Holden. 
 Oliver Kverett and Henry W Sherman, with Dr. 
 E. A. Killiourne as the first Superintendent, and 
 Dr. Richard A. Dewey (afterwards Sujrintend- 
 ent of the Eastern Hospital at Kankakee) as his 
 Assistant. Dr. Ki I bourne remained at the head 
 of the institution until his death. Feb. 27. 1*9O, 
 covering a i>eriod of nineteen years Dr Kil- 
 bourne was succeeded by Dr. Henry J. Hntoks. 
 and he. by Dr. Uoewy. in June 1H9JI. and the 
 latter by Dr. John 1!. Hamilton (former Super- 
 vising Surgeon of the United States Marine Hos- 
 pital Service" in 1*97. Dr. Hamilton died in 
 December. IH'.IS. (See Hamilton, ./.i/i/i />' I Tlie 
 total value of State property, June ItO. 1*94. was 
 $**.>. 74.V6I.. of which $7tll. :130 was in land and 
 buildings. Under the terms of the law estab 
 lishing the hospital, provision is made for the 
 care therein of the incurably insane, so that it is 
 l)oth a hospital and an asylum. The whole num- 
 ber of patients under treatment, for the two years 
 preceding June '!", 1*94. was 1,71*7. the numlcr 
 of inmates, on Dec. 1. 1*97, l,or>4, and the average 
 daily attendance for treatment, for the year l*9f>. 
 I.2W>. The following counties comprise the dis- 
 trict de|MMident U|HIII the Elgin Hospital: lioone, 
 Carroll. Cook. DeKalb. Jo Daviess. Kane. Ken- 
 dall Lake, Stepbenson. \Vbitesiile and Winne- 
 
 hago. 
 
 NOI; I III I;N ILLINOIS NORMAL SCHOOL. 
 
 an institution. ineor|iorated in I ( at Dixon. 1 
 County. III., for the pur|M>se of giving instruction 
 in branches related to the art of teaching. Its 
 last report claims a total of I.IKMI pupils, of whom 
 **"> wen- men and 744 women, receiving inslrue 
 lion from thirty-six teachers The total value of 
 property was estimated at more than 8500, MU, c,f 
 which 1(1(1.000 was in real estate and S4.1.00O in 
 apparatus. Attendance on the institution has 
 lieen affected by the establishment, under act of 
 the Legislature of 1*9.'., of the Northern State 
 Normal School at DeKalb (which seel. 
 
 NORTHERN PENITENTIARY, THE, an iiist,- 
 tution lor the confinement of criminals . i the 
 State, located at Joliet. Will County. The site 
 was purchased by the State in 1s."i7. and com- 
 prises some seventy-two acres Its erection was 
 found necessary heeaiise of tin- inadeijuacv of tin- 
 first |M-niteiitiary. at Alton. (See .-!//.. I'm! 
 tfiifini'1/.} The original plan contemplated a 
 cell-house, containing I.OOO cells, which, it was 
 thought, would meet the pnblie necessities for 
 many years to come. Its estimated cost was 
 
 $.V>0.0<ki. but. within ten years, there had been 
 expended u|mi> the institution the sum of S'.i:;i 
 000 and its capacity was taxed to the utmost 
 Subsequent enlargements have increased the 
 cost to over*l.<!00.(HMI. but by 1*77 the institution 
 had In-come so overcrowded that the erection of 
 another State penal institution la-came positixely 
 necessary (See Stiitthrrii 7 1 ' ni(t utiary ) The 
 prison has always Ix-cn conducted on "the 
 Auburn system." which contemplates associate 
 labor in silence, silent meals in a common refec- 
 tory, and (as nearly as practicable! isolation at 
 night. The system of lalior has varied at differ- 
 ent times, the "lessee system." the "contraet 
 system" and the "State account plan" licing 
 successively in force (See < 'tiurirt Ijiluir. ) The 
 whole number of convictK in the institution, at 
 the date of the official rcjiort of 1*95. was 1..VW. 
 The total assets of the institution. Sept. .TO. 1*91 
 were rejiorted at *.'. rjf,:to*sii. <if which S1.GII.- 
 (MM.ll was in real estate 
 
 \OKTH .V SOUTH i:\ll.liit\n. (S,.f si 
 Limit, l*coriit A- \tirthtTn liuiltriiy.) 
 
 NORTHKKN STATE NORMAL SCHOOL, an 
 institution lor the education of teachers of tin- 
 common schools, autborixed to lie established by 
 act of the Legislature passed at the session <l 
 1XM.V The act niaile an appropriation of S50.OOO 
 for t he erection of buildings and other improve 
 ments The institution was located at DeKalb 
 DeKalb County, in the spring of 1WMJ, and the 
 erection of buildings commenced soon after 
 Isaac F. Ellwood. of DeKalb, contributing S'.'o 
 000 in cash, and J i (Midden, a site of si*t\ 
 seven acres of land Up to Dec 1 IS97. I he 
 appropriations and contributions, in land ami 
 money, aggregated SI75.0OO. Tin- seli<.l a 
 expecteil to lie ready for the reception of pupil* 
 in the latter part of 1*99. and. it i- estimated ill 
 accommodate I.OOO student^ 
 
 XORTIIWKST TERRITORY. The name 
 formerly applied to that (Kirlioii l the Unite. I 
 States north and west "f the Ohio K'iver ami eaM 
 of the Mississippi, comprising the present State- 
 of Ohio. Indiana. Illinois. Michigan and \\V . 
 sin The claim of the (iovernnient to the land 
 hail lieen acijuired [tirtly through coni|iiest. In 
 the cupeilition of Col (Jcorge Uogers Clark 
 (which seel under the auspices of the State i if 
 Virginia in 177*; partly through treaties wit li the 
 Indians, and partly through cessions from those 
 of the urigiiial States laying claim thereto. The 
 lir>! plan for tin- government of this vast region 
 wa-. devised and formulated by Thomas Jefferson 
 in his | li,, |, 0-, -d OrdiiKUice of 17*4. which failed 
 
404 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 of ultimate passage. But three years later a 
 broader scheme was evolved, and the famous 
 Ordinance of 1787, with its clause prohibiting the 
 extension of slavery beyond the Ohio River, 
 passed the Continental Congress. This act has 
 been sometimes termed "The American Magna 
 Charta," because of its engrafting upon the 
 organic law the principles of human freedom and 
 equal rights. The plan for the establishment of 
 a distinctive territorial civil government in a 
 new Territory the first of its kind in the new 
 republic was felt to be a tentative step, and too 
 much power was not granted to the residents. 
 All the officers were appointive, and each official 
 was required to be a land-owner. The elective 
 franchise (but only for members of the General 
 Assembly) could first be exercised only after the 
 population had reached 5,000. Even then, every 
 elector must own fifty acres of land, and every 
 Representative, 200 acres. More liberal provisions, 
 however, were subsequently incorporated by 
 amendment, in 1809. The first civil government 
 in the Northwest Territory was established by act 
 of the Virginia Legislature, in the organization 
 of all the country west of the Ohio under the 
 name "Illinois County," of which the Governor 
 was authorized to appoint a "County Lieuten- 
 ant" or "Commandant-in-Chief. " The first 
 "Commandant" appointed was Col. John Todd, 
 of Kentucky, though he continued to discharge 
 the duties for only a short period, being killed in 
 the battle of Blue Licks, in 1782. After that the 
 Illinois Country was almost without the semblance 
 of an organized civil government, until 1788, 
 when Gen. Arthur St. Clair was appointed the 
 first Governor of Northwest Territory, under the 
 Ordinance of 1787, serving until the separation of 
 this region into the Territories of Ohio and Indi- 
 ana in 1800, when William Henry Harrison 
 became the Governor of the latter, embracing all 
 that portion of the original Northwest Territory 
 except the State of Ohio. During St. Clair's 
 administration (1790) that part of the present State 
 of Illinois between the Mississippi and Illinois 
 Rivers on the west, and a line extending north 
 from about the Bite of old Fort Massac, on the 
 Ohio, to the mouth of the Mackinaw River, in the 
 present county of Tazewell, on the east, was 
 erected into a county under the name of St. 
 Clair, with three county -seats, viz. : Cahokia, 
 Kaskaskia and Prairie du Roclier. (See St. Clair 
 County.) Between 1830 and 1834 the name North- 
 west Territory was applied to an unorganized 
 region, embracing the present State of Wisconsin, 
 attached to Michigan Territory for governmental 
 
 purposes. (See Illinoit County; St Clair, Arthur; 
 and Todd, John.) 
 
 NORTHWESTERN COLLEGE, located at 
 Naperville, Du Page County, and founded in 
 1865, under the auspices of the Evangelical Asso- 
 ciation. It maintains business, preparatory and 
 collegiate departments, besides a theological 
 school. In 1898 it had a faculty of nineteen profes- 
 sors and assistants, with some 360 students, less 
 than one-third of the latter being females, though 
 both sexes are admitted to the college on an equal 
 footing. The institution owns property to the 
 value of $207,000, including an endowment of 
 $85,000. 
 
 NORTHWESTERN GRAND TRUNK RAIL-. 
 WAY. (See Chicago A Grand Trunk Railway. ) 
 
 NORTHWESTERN NORMAL, located at Gene 
 seo, Henry County, 111. , incorporated in 1884 ; in 
 1894 had a faculty of twelve teachers with 171 
 pupils, of whom ninety were male and eighty-one 
 female. 
 
 NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY, an impor- 
 tant educational institution, established at 
 Evanston, in Cook County, in 1851. In 1898 it 
 reported 2,599 students (1,980 male and 619 
 female), and a faculty of 234 instructors. 
 It embraces the following departments, all of 
 which confer degrees: A College of Liberal 
 Arts; two Medical Schools (one for women 
 exclusively); a Law School; a School of Phar- 
 macy and a Dental College. The Garrett Bibli- 
 cal Institute, at which no degrees are con- 
 ferred, constitutes the theological department of 
 the University. The charter of the institution 
 requires a majority of the Trustees to be mem- 
 bers of the Methodist Episcopal Church, and the 
 University is the largest and wealthiest of the 
 schools controlled by that denomination. The 
 College of Liberal Arts and the Garrett Biblical 
 Institute are at Evanston ; the other departments 
 (all professional) are located in Chicago. In the 
 academic department (Liberal Arts School), pro- 
 vision is made for both graduate and post-gradu- 
 ate courses. The Medical School was formerly 
 known as the Chicago Medical College, and its 
 Law Department was originally the Union Col- 
 lege of Law, both of which have been absorbed 
 by the University, as have also its schools of 
 dentistry and pharmacy, which were formerly 
 independent institutions. The property owned by 
 the University is valued at $4,870,000, of which 
 $1.100,000 is real estate, and $2,250,000 in endow- 
 ment funds. Its income from fees paid by students 
 in 1898 was $215,288, and total receipts from all 
 sources, $482,389. Co-education of the sexes pre- 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 405 
 
 vails in the College of Liberal Arts. Dr. Henry 
 Wade Rogers is President. 
 
 NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY MEDICAL 
 SCHOOL, located in Chicago; was organized in 
 1859 as Medical School of the Lind (now Lake 
 Forest) University. Three annual terms, of five 
 months each, at first constituted a course, 
 although attendance at two only was compul- 
 sory. The institution first opened in temporary 
 quarters, Oct. 9, 1859, with thirteen professors 
 and thirty-three students. By 1863 more ample 
 accommodations were needed, and the Trustees 
 of the land University being unable to provide a 
 building, one was erected by the faculty. In 
 1864 the University relinquished all claim to the 
 institution, which was thereupon incorporated as 
 the Chicago Medical College. In 1868 the length 
 of the annual terms was increased to six months, 
 and additional requirements were imposed on 
 candidates for both matriculation and gradu- 
 ation. The same year, the college building was 
 sold, and the erection of a new and more commo- 
 dious edifice, on the grounds of the Mercy Hos- 
 pital, was commenced. This was completed in 
 1870, and the college became the medical depart- 
 ment of the Northwestern University. The 
 number of professorships had been increased to 
 eighteen, and that of undergraduates to 107. 
 Since that date new laboratory and clinical build- 
 ings have been erected, and the growth of the 
 institution has been steady and substantial. 
 Mercy and St. Luke's Hospital, and the South 
 Side Free Dispensary afford resources for clinical 
 instruction. The teaching faculty, as constituted 
 in 1898, consists of about fifty instructors, in- 
 cluding professors, lecturers, demonstrators, and 
 assistants. 
 
 NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY WOMAN'S 
 MEDICAL SCHOOL, an institution for the pro 
 fessional education of women, located in 
 Chicago. Its first corporate name was the 
 "Woman's Hospital Medical College of Chicago, " 
 and it was in close connection with the Chicago 
 Hospital for Women and Children. Later, it 
 severed its connection with the hospital and took 
 the name of the "Woman's Medical College of 
 Chicago." Co-education of the sexes, in medicine 
 and surgery, was experimentally tried from 1868 
 to 1870, but the experiment proved repugnant to 
 t Im male students, who unanimously signed a 
 protest against the continuance of the system. 
 The result was the establishment of a separate 
 school for women in 1870, with a faculty of six- 
 teen professors. The requirements for graduation 
 were fixed at four years of medical study, includ- 
 
 ing three annual graded college terms of six 
 months each. The first term opened in the 
 autumn of 1870, with an attendance of twenty 
 students. The original location of the school 
 was in the "North Division" of Chicago, in tem- 
 porary quarters. After the fire of 1871 a removal 
 was effected to the "West Division," where (in 
 1878-79) a modest, but well arranged building was 
 erected. A larger structure was built in 1884, 
 and, in 1891, the institution became a part of the 
 Northwestern University. The college, in all its 
 departments, is organized along the lines of the 
 best medical schools of the country. In 1896 
 there were twenty-four professorships, all capably 
 filled, and among the faculty are some of the 
 best known specialists in the country. 
 
 NORTON, Jesse 0., lawyer, Congressman and 
 Judge, was born at Bennington, Vt., April 25, 
 1813, and graduated from Williams College in 
 1835. He settled at Joliet in 1839, and soon 
 became prominent in the affairs of Will County. 
 His first public office was that of City Attorney, 
 after which he served as County Judge (1846-50). 
 Meanwhile, he was chosen a Delegate to the Con- 
 stitutional Convention of 1847. In 1850 he was 
 elected to the Legislature, and, in 1852, to Con- 
 gress, as a Whig. His vigorous opposition to the 
 repeal of the Missouri Compromise resulted in 
 his re-election as a Representative in 1854. At 
 the expiration of his second term (1857) he was 
 chosen Judge of the eleventh circuit, to fill the 
 unexpired term of Judge Randall, resigned. He 
 was once more elected to Congress in 1862, but 
 disagreed with his party as to the legal status of 
 the States lately in rebellion. President Johnson 
 appointed him United States Attorney for the 
 Northern District of Illinois, which office he filled 
 until 1869. Immediately upon his retirement he 
 began private practice at Chicago, where he died. 
 August 3, 1875. 
 
 NORWOOD PARE, a village of Cook County, 
 on the Chicago & Northwestern Railroad (Wis- 
 consin Division), 11 miles northwest of Chicago. 
 Incorporated in City of Chicago, 1893. 
 
 NOYES, George Clement, clergyman, was born 
 at Landaff, N. H., August 4, 1833, brought by 
 his parents to Pike County, 111., in 1844, and, at 
 the age of 16, determined to devote his life to the 
 ministry ; in 1851, entered Illinois College at Jack- 
 sonville, graduating with first honors in the class 
 of 1855. In the following autumn he entered 
 Union Theological Seminary in New York, and. 
 having graduated in 1858, was ordained the same 
 year, and installed pastor of the First Presby- 
 terian Church at Laporte, Ind. Here he remained 
 
406 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 ten years, when he accepted a call to the First 
 Presbyterian Church of Evanston, 111., then a 
 small organization which developed, during the 
 twenty years of his pastorate, into one of the 
 strongest and most influential churches in Evans- 
 ton. For a number of years Dr. Noyes was an 
 editorial writer and weekly correspondent of 
 "The New York Evangelist," over the signature 
 of "Clement." He was also, for several years, an 
 active and very efficient member of the Board of 
 Trustees of Knox College. The liberal bent of 
 his mind was illustrated in the fact that he acted 
 as counsel for Prof. David Swing, during the cele- 
 brated trial of the latter for heresy before the 
 Chicago Presbytery his argument on that 
 occasion winning encomiums from all classes of 
 people. His death took place at Evanston, Jan. 
 14, 1889, as the result of an attack of pneumonia, 
 and was deeply deplored, not only by his own 
 church and denomination, but by the whole com- 
 munity. Some two weeks after it occurred a 
 union meeting was held in one of the churches at 
 Evanston, at which addresses in commemoration 
 of his services were delivered by some dozen 
 ministers of that village and of Chicago, while 
 various social and literary organizations and the 
 press bore testimony to his high character. He 
 was a member of the Literary Society of Chicago, 
 and, during the last year of his life, served as its 
 President. Dr. Noyea was married, in 1858, to a 
 daughter of David A. Smith, Esq., an honored 
 citizen and able lawyer of Jacksonville. 
 
 OAKLAND, a city of Coles County on the Van- 
 dalia Line and the Toledo, St. Louis & Western 
 Railroad, 15 miles northeast of Charleston; is in 
 grain center and broom-corn belt ; the town has 
 two banks and one daily and two weekly papers. 
 Pop. (1890), 995;(1900), 1,198. 
 
 OAK PARK, a village of Cook County, and 
 popular residence suburb of Chicago, miles 
 west of the initial station of the Chicago & 
 Northwestern Railroad, on which it is located ; is 
 also upon the line of the Wisconsin Central Rail- 
 road. The place has numerous churches, pros- 
 perous schools, a public library, telegraph and 
 express offices, banks and two local papers. 
 Population (1880), 1.888; (1890), 4,771. 
 
 OBERLT, John II ., journalist and Civil Serv- 
 ice Commissioner, was born in Cincinnati, 
 Ohio, Dec. 6, 1837; spent part of his boyhood in 
 Allegheny County, Pa., but, in 1853, began learn- 
 ing the printer's trade in the office of "The Woos- 
 ter (Ohio) Republican, " completing it at Memphis, 
 Tenn., and becoming a journeyman printer in 
 
 1857. He worked in various offices, including 
 the Wooster paper, where he also began the study 
 of law, but, in 1860, became part proprietor of 
 "The Bulletin" job office at Memphis, in which 
 he had been employed as an apprentice, and. 
 later, as foreman. Having been notified to leave 
 Memphis on account of his Union principles 
 after the beginning of the Civil War, he returned 
 to Wooster, Ohio, and conducted various papers 
 there during the next four years, but, in 1865, 
 came to Cairo, 111. , where he served for a time as 
 foreman of "The Cairo Democrat," three years 
 later establishing ' 'The Cairo Bulletin. ' ' Although 
 the latter paper was burned out a few months later, 
 it was immediately re-established. In 1873 lie 
 was elected Representative in the Twenty -eighth 
 General Assembly, and, in 1877, was appointed 
 by Governor Cullom the Democratic member of 
 the Railroad and Warehouse Commission, serving 
 four years, meanwhile (in 1880) being the Demo- 
 cratic candidate for Secretary of State. Other 
 positions held by him included Mayor of the city 
 of Cairo (1869) ; President of the National Typo- 
 graphical Union at Chicago (1865), and at Mem- 
 phis (1866); delegate to the Democratic National 
 Convention at Baltimore (1872), and Chairman of 
 the Democratic State Central Committee 
 (1882-84). After retiring from the Railroad ami 
 Warehouse Commission, he united in founding 
 "The Bloomington (111.) Bulletin," of which he 
 was editor some three years. During President 
 Cleveland's administration he was appointed a 
 member of the Civil Service Commission, being 
 later transferred to the Commissionership of 
 Indian Affairs. He was subsequently connected 
 in an editorial capacity with "The Washington 
 Post," "The Richmond (Va.) State," "The Con- 
 cord (N. H. ) People and Patriot" and "The Wash- 
 ington Times." While engaged in an attempt to 
 reorganize "The People and Patriot," he died at 
 Concord, N. H., April 15, 1899. 
 
 ODD FELLOWS. "Western Star" Lodge, No. 
 1, I. 0. 0. F., was instituted at Alton, June 11. 
 1836. In 1838 the Grand Lodge of Illinois was 
 instituted at the same place, and reorganized, at 
 Springfield, in 1842. S. C. Pierce was the first 
 Grand Master, and Samuel L. Miller, Grand Sec- 
 retary. Wildey Encampment, No. 1, was organ- 
 ized at Alton in 1838, and the Grand Encampment, 
 at Peoria, in 1850, with Charles H. Constable 
 Grand Patriarch. In 1850 the subordinate brandies 
 of the Order numbered seventy-six, with 3,2!tl 
 members, and $25,392.87 revenue. In 1895 the 
 Lodges numbered 888, the membership 50,54-1. 
 with $475,252.18 revenue, of which $185,018.40 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 407 
 
 was expended for relief. The Encampment 
 branch, in 1895, embraced 179 organizations with 
 a membership of 6,812 and 123,865.25 revenue, of 
 which $6,781.40 was paid out for relief. The 
 Rebekah branch, for the same year, comprised 422 
 Lodges, with 22,000 members and $43,215.65 
 revenue, of which $3,122.79 was for relief. The 
 total sum distributed for relief by the several 
 organizations (1895) was $144,972.59. The Order 
 was especially liberal in its benefactions to the 
 sufferers by the Chicago fire of 1871, an appeal to 
 its members calling forth a generous response 
 throughout the United States. (See Odd Fellows 
 Orphan*' Home. ) 
 
 ODD FELLOWS' ORPHANS' HOME, a benevo- 
 lent institution, incorporated in 1889, erected at 
 Lincoln, HI., under the auspices of the Daughters 
 of Rebekah (see Odd Fellows), and dedicated 
 August 19, 1892. The building is four stories in 
 height, has a capacity for the accommodation of 
 fifty children, and cost $36,524.76, exclusive of 
 forty acres of land valued at $8,000. 
 
 01) ELL, a village of Livingston County, and 
 station on the Chicago & Alton Railway, 82 
 miles south-southwest of Chicago. It is in a 
 grain and stock-raising region. Population (1880) , 
 908; (1890), 800; (1900), 1,000. 
 
 ODIN, a village of Marion County, at the cross- 
 ing of the Chicago branch of the Illinois Central 
 and the Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern Rail- 
 ways, 244 miles south by west from Chicago ; in 
 fruit belt; has coal-mine, two fruit evaporators, 
 hank and a newspaper. Fop. (1900), 1,180. 
 
 O'FALLON, a village of St. Clair County, on 
 the Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern Railway, 18 
 miles east of St. Louis : has interurban railway, 
 electric lights, water-works, factories, coal-mine, 
 bank and a newspaper. Pop. (1900), 1,267. 
 
 06DEW, William Bntler, capitalist and Rail- 
 way President, born at Walton, N. Y., June 15, 
 1805. He was a member of the New York Legis- 
 lature in 1834, and, the following year, removed 
 to Chicago, where he established a land and trust 
 agency. He took an active part in the various 
 enterprises centering around Chicago, and, on 
 the incorporation of the city, was elected its first 
 Mayor, He was prominently identified with the 
 construction of the Galena & Chicago Union 
 Railroad, and, in 1847. became its President. 
 While visiting Europe in 1853, he made a careful 
 study of the canals of Holland, which convinced 
 him of the desirability of widening and deepen- 
 ing the Illinois & Michigan Canal and of con- 
 structing a ship canal across the southern 
 peninsula of Michigan. In 1855 lie became Presi- 
 
 dent of the Chicago, St. Paul & Fond du Lac 
 Railroad, and effected its consolidation with the 
 Galena & Chicago Union. Out of this consoli- 
 dation sprang the Chicago & Northwestern Rail- 
 way Company, of which he was elected President. 
 In 1850 he presided over the National Pacific 
 Railroad Convention, and, upon the formation of 
 the Union Pacific Railroad Company, he became 
 its President. He was largely connected with 
 the inception of the Northern Pacific line, in the 
 success of which he was a firm believer. He 
 also controlled various other interests of public 
 importance, among them the great lumbering 
 establishments at Peshtigo, Wis., and, at the time 
 of his death, was the owner of what was probably 
 the largest plant of that description in the world. 
 His benefactions were numerous, among the 
 recipients being the Rush Medical College, of 
 which he was President; the Theological Semi- 
 nary of the Northwest, the Chicago Historical 
 Society, the Academy of Sciences, the University 
 of Chicago, the Astronomical Society, and many 
 other educational and benevolent institutions 
 and organizations in the Northwest. Died, in 
 New York City, August 3, 1877. (See Chicago A 
 Northwestern Railroad. ) 
 
 OGLE, Joseph, pioneer, was born in Virginia 
 in 1741, came to Illinois in 1785, settling in the 
 American Bottom within the present County of 
 Monroe, but afterwards removed to St. Clair 
 County, about the site of the present town of 
 O'Fallon, 8 miles north of Belleville ; was selected 
 by his neighbors to serve as Captain in their 
 skirmishes with the Indians. Died, at his home 
 in St. Clair County, in February, 1821. Captain 
 Ogle had the reputation of being the earliest con- 
 vert to Methodism in Illinois. Ogle County, in 
 Northern Illinois, was named in his honor. 
 .laculi (Ogle), son of the preceding, also a native 
 of Virginia, was born about 1772, came to Illinois 
 with his father in 1785, and was a 'Ranger" in 
 the War of 1812. He served as a Representative 
 from St. Clair County in the Third General 
 Assembly (1822). and again in the Seventh 
 (1830), in the former being an opponent of the 
 pro-slavery convention scheme. Beyond two 
 terms in the Legislature he seems to have held 
 no public office except that of Justice of the 
 Peace. Like his father, he was a zealous Metho- 
 dist and highly respected. Died, in 1844, aged 72 
 years. 
 
 OGLE COUNTY, next to the "northern tier" of 
 counties of the State and originally a part of Jo 
 Daviess. It was separately organized in 1837. 
 and Lee County was carved from its territory in 
 
408 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 1839. In 1900 its area was 780 square miles, and 
 its population 29,129. Before the Black Hawk 
 War immigration was slow, and life primitive. 
 Peoria was the nearest food market. New grain 
 was "ground" on a grater, and old pounded 
 with an extemporized pestle in a wooden mortar. 
 Rock River flows across the county from north- 
 east to southwest. A little oak timber grow.s 
 along its banks, but, generally speaking, the sur- 
 face is undulating prairie, with soil of a rich 
 loam. Sandstone is in ample supply, and. all the 
 limestones abound. An extensive peat<bed has 
 been discovered on the Killbuck Creek. Oregon, 
 the county-seat, has fine water-power. The other 
 principal towns are Rochelle, Polo, Forreston and 
 Mount Morris. 
 
 OGLESBY, Richard James, Governor and 
 United States Senator, was born in Oldham 
 County, Ky., July 25, 1824; left an orphan at the 
 age of 8 years ; in 1836 accompanied an uncle to 
 Decatur, 111., where, until 1844, he worked at 
 farming, carpentering and rope-making, devoting 
 his leisure hours to the study of law. In 1845 he 
 was admitted to the bar and began practice at 
 Sullivan, in Moultrie County. In 1846 he was 
 commissioned a Lieutenant in the Fourth Regi- 
 ment, Illinois Volunteers (Col. E. D. Baker's regi- 
 ment), and served through the Mexican War, 
 taking part in the siege of Vera Cruz and the 
 battle of Cerro Gordo. In 1847 he pursued a 
 course of study at the Louisville Law School, 
 graduating in 1848. He was a "forty-niner" in 
 California, but returned to Decatur in 1851. In 
 1858 he made an unsuccessful campaign for Con- 
 gress in the Decatur District. In 1860 he was 
 elected to the State Senate, but early in 1861 
 resigned his seat to accept the colonelcy of the 
 Eighth Illinois Volunteers. Through gallantry 
 (notably at Forts Henry and Donelson and at 
 Corinth) he rose to be Major-General, being se- 
 verely wounded in the last-named battle. He 
 resigned his commission on account of disability, 
 in May, 1864, and the following November was 
 elected Governor, as a Republican. In 1872 he 
 was re-elected Governor, but, two weeks after 
 his inauguration, resigned to accept a seat in the 
 United States Senate, to which he was elected 
 by the Legislature of 1873. In 1884 he was 
 elected Governor for the third time being the 
 only man in the history of the State who (up to 
 the present time 1899) has been thus honored. 
 After the expiration of his last term as Governor, 
 he devoted his attention to his private affairs at 
 his home at Elkhart, in Logan County, where he 
 died, April 24. 1899, deeply mourned by personal 
 
 and political friends in all parts of the Union, 
 who admired his strict integrity and sterling 
 patriotism. 
 
 OHIO, INDIANA WESTERN RAILWAY. 
 (See Peoria & Eastern Railroad.) 
 
 OHIO RITER, an affluent of the Mississippi, 
 formed by the union of the Monongahela and 
 Allegheny Rivers, at Pittsburg, Pa. At this point 
 it becomes a navigable stream about 400 yards 
 wide, with an elevation of about 700 feet above 
 sea-level. The beauty of the scenery along its 
 banks secured for it, from the early French 
 explorers (of whom La Salle was one), the name 
 of "La Belle Riviere." Its general course is to 
 the southwest, but with many sinuosities, form- 
 ing the southern boundary of the States of Ohio. 
 Indiana and Illinois, and the western and north- 
 ern boundary of West Virginia and Kentucky, 
 until it enters the Mississippi at Cairo, in latitude 
 37 N., and about 1,200 miles above the mouth of 
 the latter stream. The area which it drains is 
 computed to be 214,000 square miles. Its mouth 
 is 268 feet above the level of the sea. The current 
 is remarkably gentle and uniform, except near 
 Louisville, where there is a descent of twenty- 
 two feet within two miles, which is evaded by 
 means of a canal around the falls. Large steam- 
 boats can navigate its whole length, except in low 
 stages of water and when closed by ice in winter. 
 Its largest affluents are the Tennessee, the Cum- 
 berland, the Kentucky, the Great Kanawha and 
 the Green Rivers, from the south, and the Wa- 
 bash, the Miami, Scioto and Muskingum from the 
 north. The principal cities on its banks are Pitts- 
 burg, Wheeling, Cincinnati, Louisville, Evans- 
 ville, New Albany, Madison and Cairo. It is 
 crossed by bridges at Wheeling, Cincinnati and 
 Cairo. The surface of the Ohio is subject to a 
 variation of forty-two to fifty-one feet between 
 high and low water. Its length is 975 miles, and 
 its width varies from 400 to 1,000 yards. (See 
 Inundations. Remarkable.) 
 
 OHIO & MISSISSIPPI RAILWAY. (See Bal- 
 timore <t OAio Southwestern Railroad. ) 
 
 OLNEY, an incorporated city and the county- 
 seat of Richland County, 31 miles west of Vin- 
 cennes, Ind., and 117 miles east of St. Louis, Mo., 
 at the junction of the Baltimore & Ohio South- 
 western and the Peoria Division of the Illinois 
 Central and the Ohio River Division of the Cin- 
 cinnati. Hamilton & Dayton Railroad; is in the 
 center of the fruit belt and an important shipping 
 point for farm produce and live-stock; has flour 
 mills, a furniture factory and railroad repair 
 shops, banks, a public library, churches and five 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 409 
 
 newspapers, one issuing daily and another semi- 
 weekly editions. Population (1890), 3,831 ; (1900), 
 4,260. 
 
 OMELYENY, John, pioneer and head of a 
 numerous family which became prominent in 
 Southern Illinois; was a native of Ireland who 
 came to America about 1798 or 1799. After resid- 
 ing in Kentucky a few years, he removed to Illi- 
 nois, locating in what afterwards became Pope 
 County, whither his oldest son, Samuel, had 
 preceded him about 1797 or 1798. The latter for 
 a time followed the occupation of flat-boating, 
 carrying produce to New Orleans. He was a 
 member of the Constitutional Convention of 1818 
 from Pope County, being the colleague of Hamlet 
 Ferguson. A year later he removed to Randolph 
 County, where he served as a member of the 
 County Court, but, in 1820-22, we find him a 
 member of the Second General Assembly from 
 Union County, having successfully contested the 
 seat of Samuel Alexander, who had received the 
 certificate of election. He died in 1828. Edward 
 (Umelveny). another member of this family, and 
 grandson of the elder John Omelveny, represented 
 Monroe County in the Fifteenth General Assem- 
 bly (1846-48), and was Presidential Elector in 
 1852, but died sometime during the Civil War. 
 Harvcv K. S. (Omelveny), the fifth son of Wil- 
 liam Omelveny and grandson of John, was born 
 in Todd County, Ky., in 1823, came to Southern 
 Illinois, in 1852, and engaged in the practice of 
 law, being for a time the partner of Senator 
 Thomas E. Merritt, at Salem. Early in 1858 he 
 was elected a Justice of the Circuit Court to 
 succeed Judge Breese, who had been promoted to 
 the Supreme Court, but resigned in 1861. He 
 gained considerable notoriety by his intense 
 hostility to the policy of the Government during 
 the Civil War, was a Delegate to the Constitu- 
 tional Convention of 1862, and was named as a 
 member of the Peace Commission proposed to be 
 appointed by the General Assembly, in 1863, to 
 secure terms of peace with the Southern Con- 
 federacy. He was also a leading spirit in the 
 peace meeting held at Peoria, in August, 1863. 
 In 1869 Mr. Omelveny removed to Los Angeles, 
 Cal., which has since been his home, and where 
 he has carried on a lucrative law practice. 
 
 ONARGA, a town in Iroquois County, on the 
 Illinois Central Railroad, 85 miles south by west 
 from Chicago, and 43 miles north by east from 
 Champaign. It is a manufacturing town, flour, 
 wagons, wire-fencing, stoves and tile being 
 among the products. It has a bank, eight 
 churches, a graded school, a commercial college, 
 
 and a weekly newspaper. Population (1880), 
 1,061; (1890), 994; (1900), 1,270. 
 
 ONEIDA, a city in Knox County, on the Chi- 
 cago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad, 12 miles 
 northeast of Galesburg; has wagon, pump and 
 furniture factories, two banks, electric lights, 
 several churches, a graded school, and a weekly 
 paper. The surrounding country is rich prairie, 
 where coal is mined about twenty feet below the 
 surface. Pop. (1890), 699; (1900), 785. 
 
 OqUAWKA, the county seat of Henderson 
 County, situated on the Mississippi River, about 
 15 miles above Burlington, Iowa, and 32 miles 
 west of Galesburg. It is in a farming region, 
 but has some manufactories. The town has 
 five churches, a graded school, a bank and three 
 newspapers. Population (1900), 1,010. 
 
 ORDINANCE OF 1787. This is the name 
 given to the first organic act, passed by Congress, 
 for the government of the territory northwest of 
 the Ohio River, comprising the present States of 
 Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan and Wisconsin. 
 The first step in this direction was taken in the 
 appointment, by Congress, on March 1, 1784, of a 
 committee, of which Thomas Jefferson was Chair 
 man, to prepare a plan for the temporary govern- 
 ment of the region which had been acquired, by 
 the capture of Kaskaskia, by Col. George Rogers 
 Clark, nearly six years previous. The necessity 
 for some step of this sort had grown all the more 
 urgent, in consequence of the recognition of the 
 right of the United States to this region by the 
 Treaty of Paris of 1783. and the surrender, by Vir- 
 ginia, of the title she had maintained thereto on 
 account of Clark's conquest under her auspices 
 a right which she had exercised by furnishing 
 whatever semblance of government so far existed 
 northwest of the Ohio. The report submitted 
 from Jefferson's committee proposed the division 
 of the Territory into seven States, to which was 
 added the proviso that, after the year 1800, "there 
 shall be neither slavery nor involuntary servitude 
 in any of said States, otherwise than in punish- 
 ment of crime whereof the party shall have been 
 duly convicted." This report failed of adoption, 
 however, Congress contenting itself with the 
 passage . of a resolution providing for future 
 organization of this territory into States by the 
 people the measures necessary for temporary 
 government being left to future Congressional 
 action. While the postponement, in the reso- 
 lution as introduced by Jefferson, of the inhi- 
 bition of slavery to the year 1800, has been 
 criticised, its introduction was significant, as 
 coming from a representative from a slave State. 
 
410 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 and being the first proposition in Congress look- 
 ing to restriction, of any character, on the subject 
 of slavery. Congress having taken no further 
 step under the resolution adopted in 1784, the 
 condition of the country (thus left practically 
 without a responsible government, while increas- 
 ing in population) became constantly more 
 deplorable. An appeal from the people about 
 Kaskaskia for some better form of government, 
 in 1786, aided by the influence of the newly 
 organized "Ohio Company," who desired to en- 
 courage emigration to the lands which they were 
 planning to secure from the General Government, 
 at last brought about the desired result, in the 
 I>assage of the famous "Ordinance," on the 13th 
 day of July, 1787. While making provision for a 
 mode of temporary self-government by the 
 people, its most striking features are to be found 
 in the six "articles" a sort of "Bill of Rights" 
 with which the document closes. These assert: 
 (1) the right of freedom of worship and religious 
 opinion; (2) the right to the benefit of habeas 
 corpus and trial by jury ; to proportionate repre- 
 sentation, and to protection in liberty and prop- 
 erty; (3) that "religion, morality and knowledge, 
 being necessary to good government and the 
 happiness of mankind, schools and the means of 
 education shall forever be encouraged"; (4) that 
 the States, formed within the territory referred 
 to. "shall forever remain a part of this confeder- 
 acy of the United States of America, subject to 
 the Articles of Confederation and to such alter- 
 ations therein as shall be constitutionally made' ' ; 
 (5) prescribe the boundaries of the States to be 
 formed therein and the conditions of their admis- 
 sion into the Union ; and (6 and most significant 
 of all) repeat the prohibition regarding the 
 introduction of slavery into the Northwest Terri- 
 tory, as proposed by Jefferson, but without any 
 qualification as to time. There has been consider- 
 able controversy regarding the authorship of this 
 portion of the Ordinance, into which it is not 
 necessary to enter here. While it has been char- 
 acterized as a second and advanced Declaration 
 of Independence and probably no single act of 
 Congress was ever fraught with more important 
 and far-reaching results it seems remarkable 
 that a majority of the States supporting it and 
 securing its adoption, were then, and long con- 
 tinued to be, slave States. 
 
 ORE6ON, the county-seat of Ogle County, 
 situated on Rock River and the Minneapolis 
 Branch of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Rail- 
 road. 100 miles west from Chicago. The sur- 
 rounding region is agricultural; the town has 
 
 water power and manufactures flour, pianos, steel 
 tanks, street sprinklers, and iron castings. It has 
 two banks, water-works supplied by flowing 
 artesian wells, cereal mill, and two weekly news- 
 papers ; has also obtained some repute as a summer 
 resort. Pop. (1880), 1,088; (1890), 1,566; (1900),1,577. 
 
 ORION, a village of Henry County, at the inter- 
 section of the Rock Island Division of the Chicago 
 Burlington & Quincy and the Chicago, Rock 
 Island & Pacific Railways, 19 miles southeast of 
 Rock Island. Pop. (1890), 624; (1900), 584. 
 
 OSBORN, William Henry, Railway President, 
 was born at Salem, Mass., Dec. 21, 1820. After 
 receiving a high school education in his native 
 town, he entered the counting room of the East 
 India house of Peele, Hubbell & Co. ; was subse- 
 quently sent to represent the firm at Manila, 
 finally engaging in business on his own account, 
 during which he traveled extensively in Europe. 
 Returning to the United States in 1853, he took 
 up his residence in New York, and, having mar- 
 ried the daughter of Jonathan Sturges, one of the 
 original incorporators and promoters of the Illi- 
 nois Central Railroad, he soon after became asso- 
 ciated with that enterprise. In August, 1854, be 
 was chosen a Director of the Company, and, on 
 Dec. 1, 1855, became its third President, serving 
 in the latter position nearly ten years (until July 
 11, 1865), and, as a Director, until 1877 in all, 
 twenty-two years. After retiring from his con- 
 nection with the Illinois Central Railroad, Mr. 
 Osborn gave his attention largely to enterprises 
 of an educational and benevolent character in aid 
 of the unfortunate classes in the State of New 
 York. 
 
 OSBORN, Thomas 0., soldier and diplomatist, 
 was born in Licking County, Ohio, August 11. 
 1832; graduated from the Ohio University at 
 Athens, in 1854; studied law at Crawfordsville, 
 Ind., with Gen. Lew Wallace, was admitted to 
 the bar and began practice in Chicago. Early in 
 the war for the Union he joined the "Yates 
 Phalanx," which, after some delay on account of 
 the quota being full, was mustered into the serv- 
 ice, in August, 1861, as the Thirty-ninth Illinois 
 Volunteers, the subject of this sketch being com- 
 missioned its Lieutenant-Colonel. His promotion 
 to the colonelcy soon followed, the regiment 
 being sent east to guard the Baltimore & Ohio 
 Railroad, where it met the celebrated Stonewall 
 Jackson, and took part in many important en- 
 gagements, including the battles of Winchester. 
 Bermuda Hundreds, and Drury's Bluff, besides 
 the sieges of Charleston and Petersburg. At 
 Bermuda Hundreds Colonel Osborn was severely 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 411 
 
 wounded, losing the use of his right arm. He 
 bore a conspicuous part in the operations about 
 Richmond which resulted in the capture of the 
 rebel capital, his services being recognized by 
 promotion to the brevet rank of Major-General. 
 At the close of the war he returned to the prac- 
 tice of law in Chicago, but, in 1874, was appointed 
 Consul-Oeneral and Minister-Resident to the 
 Argentine Republic, remaining in that 'position 
 until June, 1885, when he resigned, resuming his 
 residence in Chicago. 
 
 OSWEGO, a village in Kendall County, on the 
 Aurora and Streator branch of the Chicago, Bur- 
 lington & Quincy Railway, 6 miles south of 
 Aurora. Population (1890), 641; (1900), 618. 
 
 OTTAWA, the county-seat and principal city 
 of La Salle County, being incorporated as a vil- 
 lage in 1838, and, as a city, in 1853. It is located 
 at the confluence of the Illinois and Fox Rivers 
 and on the Illinois & Michigan Canal. It is the 
 intersecting point of the Chicago, Rock Island & 
 Pacific Railway and the Streator bran'oh of the 
 Chicago, Burlington & Quincy, 98 miles east of 
 Rock Island and 83 miles west-southwest of Chi- 
 cago. The surrounding region abounds in coal. 
 Sand of a superior quality for the manufacture of 
 glass is found in the vicinity and the place has 
 extensive glass works. Other manufactured 
 products are brick, drain-tile, sewer-pipe, tile- 
 roofing, pottery, pianos, organs, cigars, wagons 
 and carriages, agricultural implements, hay 
 carriers, hay presses, sash, doors, blinds, cabinet 
 work, saddlery and harness and pumps. The city 
 has some handsome public buildings including 
 the Appellate (formerly Supreme) Court House 
 for the Northern Division. It also has several 
 public parks, one of which (South Park) contains 
 a medicinal spring. There are a dozen churches 
 and numerous public school buildings, including 
 a high school. The city is lighted by gas and 
 electricity, has electric street railways, good 
 sewerage, and water-works supplied from over 
 150 artesian wells and numerous natural springs. 
 It has one private and two national banks, five 
 libraries, and eight weekly newspapers (three 
 German), of which four issue daily editions. Pop. 
 (1890), 9,985; (1900), 10,588. 
 
 OTTAWA, CHICAGO & FOX RIVER VALLEY 
 RAILROAD. (See Chicago, Burlington & Quincy 
 Railroad.) 
 
 OCTAQAMIES, a name given, by the French, 
 to the Indian tribe known as the Foxes. (See 
 .Sacs and Foxes. ) 
 
 OWEN, Thomas J. V., early legislator and 
 Indian Agent, was born in Kentucky, April 5, 
 
 1801; came to Illinois at an early day, and, in 
 1830, was elected to the Seventh General Assem 
 bly from Randolph County; the following year 
 was appointed Indian Agent at Chicago, as suc- 
 cessor to Dr. Alexander Wolcott, who had died in 
 the latter part of 1830. Mr. Owen served as 
 Indian Agent until 1833; was a member of the 
 first Board of Town Trustees of the village of Chi- 
 cago, Commissioner of School Lands, and one of 
 the Government Commissioners who conducted 
 the treaty with the Pottawatomie and other 
 tribes of Indians at Chicago, in September, 1833. 
 Died, in Chicago. Oct. 15, 1835. 
 
 PADDOCK, Galas, pioneer, a native of Massa- 
 chusetts, was born in 1758; at the age of 17 he 
 entered the Colonial Army, serving until the 
 close of the Revolutionary War. and being in 
 Washington's command at the crossing of the 
 Delaware. After the war he removed to Ver- 
 mont; but, in 1815, went to Cincinnati, and, a 
 year later, to St. Charles, Mo. Then, after hav- 
 ing spent about a year at St. Louis, in 1818 he 
 located in Madison County, 111., at a point after- 
 wards known as "Paddock's Grove," and which 
 became one of the most prosperous agricultural 
 sections of Southern Illinois. Died, in 1831. 
 
 PAINE, (Gen.) Eleazer A., soldier, was born in 
 Parkman, Geauga County, Ohio, Sept. 10. 1815; 
 graduated at West Point Military Academy, in 
 1839, and was assigned to the First Infantry, 
 serving in the Florida War (1839-40), but resigned, 
 Oct. 11, 1840. He then studied law and practiced 
 at Painesville, Ohio, (1843-48), and at Monmouth, 
 111., (1848-61), meanwhile sen-ing in the lower 
 branch of the Eighteenth General Assembly 
 (1853-53). Before leaving Ohio, he had been 
 Deputy United States Marshal and Lieutenant- 
 Colonel of the State Militia, and. in Illinois, 
 became Brigadier-General of Militia (1845-48). 
 He was appointed Colonel of the Ninth Illinois in 
 April, 1861, and served through the war, being 
 promoted Brigadier-General in September. 1861. 
 The first duty performed by his regiment, after 
 this date, was- the occupation of Paducah, Ky.. 
 where he was in command. Later, it took part 
 in the capture of Forts Henry and Donelson, 
 the battles of Shiloh. New Madrid and Corinth, 
 and also in the various engagements in Northern 
 Georgia and in the "march to the sea." From 
 November, 1862, to May. 1864, General Paine was 
 guarding railroad lines in Central Tennessee, 
 and, during a part of 1864, in command of the 
 Western District of Kentucky. He resigned, 
 April 5, 18G.~>, and died in Jersey City, Dec. 16, 
 
412 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 1882. A sturdy Union man, he performed his 
 duty as a soldier with great zeal and efficiency. 
 
 PALATINE, a village of Cook County, on the 
 Wisconsin Division of the Chicago & Northwest- 
 ern Railroad, 26 miles northwest from Chicago. 
 There are flour and planing mills here; dairying 
 and farming are leading industries of the sur- 
 rounding country. Population (1880), 731; (1890), 
 891; (1900), 1,020. 
 
 PALESTINE, a town in Crawford County, about 
 2 miles from the Wabash River, 7 miles east of 
 Robinson, and 35 miles southwest of Terre Haute, 
 on the Illinois Central Railway ; has five churches, 
 a graded school, a bank, weekly newspaper, flour 
 mill, cold storage plant, canning factory, garment 
 factory, and municipal light and power plant. 
 Pop. (1890), 732; (1900), 979. 
 
 PALMER, Frank W., journalist, ex-Congress- 
 man and Public Printer, was born at Manchester, 
 Dearborn County, Ind., Oct. 11, 1827; learned the 
 printer's trade at Jamestown, N. Y., afterwards 
 edited "The Jamestown Journal," and served 
 two terms in the New York Legislature ; in 1858 
 removed to Dubuque, Iowa, and edited "The 
 Dubuque Times," was elected to Congress in 1860, 
 and again in 1868 and 1872, meanwhile having 
 purchased "The Des Moines Register," which he 
 edited for several years. In 1873 he removed to 
 Chicago and became editor of "The Inter Ocean," 
 remaining two years; in 1877 was appointed Post- 
 master of the city of Chicago, serving eight years. 
 Shortly after the accession of President Harrison, 
 in 1889, he was appointed Public Printer, continu- 
 ing in office until the accession of President Cleve- 
 land in 1893, when he returned to newspaper work, 
 but resumed his old place at the head of the 
 Government Printing Bureau after the inaugura- 
 tion of President McKinley in 1897. 
 
 PALMER, John McAnley, lawyer, soldier and 
 United States Senator, was born in Scott County, 
 Ky., Sept. 13, 1817; removed with his father to 
 Madison County, 111., in 1831, and, four years 
 later, entered Shurtleff College, at Upper Alton, 
 as a student ; later taught and studied law, being 
 admitted to the bar in 1839. In 1843 he was 
 elected Probate Judge of Macoupin County, also 
 served in the State Constitutional Convention of 
 1847 ; after discharging the duties of Probate and 
 County Judge, was elected to the State Senate, to 
 nil a vacancy, in 1852, and re-elected in 1854, as 
 an Anti-Nebraska Democrat, casting his vote for 
 Lyman Trumbull for United States Senator in 
 1855, but resigned his seat in 1856 ; was President 
 of the first Republican State Convention, held at 
 Bloomington in the latter year, and appointed a 
 
 delegate to the National Convention at Philadel- 
 phia ; was an unsuccessful candidate for Congress 
 in 1859, and chosen a Presidential Elector on the 
 Republican ticket in 1860; served as a member of 
 the National Peace Conference of 1861 ; entered 
 the army as Colonel of the Fourteenth Regiment 
 Illinois Volunteer Infantry ; was promoted Briga- 
 dier General, in November, 1861, taking part in 
 the campaign in Tennessee up to Chickamauga, 
 assuming the command of the Fourteenth Army 
 Corps with the rank of Major-General, but was 
 relieved at his own request before Atlanta. In 
 1865 he was assigned, by President Lincoln, to 
 command of the Military Department of Ken- 
 tucky, but, in September, 1866, retired from the 
 service, and, in 1867, became a citizen of Spring- 
 field. The following year he was elected Gov- 
 ernor, as a Republican, but, in 1872, supported 
 Horace Greeley for President, and has since co- 
 operated with the Democratic party. He was 
 three times the unsuccessful candidate of his 
 party for United States Senator, and was their 
 nominee for Governor in 1888, but defeated. In 
 1890 he was nominated for United States Senator 
 by the Democratic State Convention and elected 
 in joint session of the Legislature, March 11, 1891. 
 receiving on the 154th ballot 101 Democratic and 
 two Farmers' Mutual Alliance votes. He became 
 an important factor in the campaign of 1896 as 
 candidate of the "Sound Money" Democracy for 
 President, although receiving no electoral votes, 
 proving his devotion to principle. His last years 
 were occupied in preparation of a volume of 
 personal recollections, which was completed, 
 under the title of "The Story of an Earnest Life," 
 a few weeks before his death, which occurred at 
 his home in Springfield, September 25, 1900. 
 
 PALMER, Potter, merchant and capitalist, 
 was born in Albany County, N. Y., in 1825; 
 received an English education and became a 
 junior clerk in a country store at Durham, 
 Greene County, in that State, three years later 
 being placed in charge of the business, and finally 
 engaging in business on his own account. Com- 
 ing to Chicago in 1852, he embarked in the dry- 
 goods business on Lake Street, establishing the 
 house which afterwards became Field, Leiter & 
 Co. (now Marshall Field & Co. ) , from which he re- 
 tired, in 1865, with the basis of an ample fortune, 
 which has since been immensely increased by 
 fortunate operations in real estate. Mr. Palmer 
 was Second Vice-President of the first Board of 
 Local Directors of the World's Columbian Expo- 
 sition in 1891. Mrs. Bertha M. Honore (Palmer), 
 wife of the preceding, is the daughter of H. H. 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 413 
 
 Honore, formerly a prominent real-estate owner 
 and operator of Chicago. She is a native of 
 Louisville, Ky., where her girlhood was chiefly 
 spent, though she was educated at a convent near 
 Baltimore, Md. Later she came with her family 
 to Chicago, and, in 1870, was married to Potter 
 Palmer. Mrs. Palmer has been a recognized 
 leader in many social and benevolent movements, 
 but won the highest praise by her ability and 
 administrative skill, exhibited as President of the 
 Board of Lady Managers of the World's Colum- 
 bian Exposition of 1893. 
 
 PALMYRA, a village of Macoupin County, on 
 the Springfield Division of the St. Louis, Chicago 
 & St. Paul Railway, 33 miles southwest from 
 Springfield ; has some local manufactories, a bank 
 and a newspaper. Population (1900), 813. 
 
 PANA, an important railway center and prin- 
 cipal city of Christian County, situated in the 
 southeastern part of the County, and at the inter- 
 secting point of the Baltimore & Ohio Southwest- 
 ern, the Illinois Central and the Cleveland, 
 Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis Railroads, 35 
 miles south by west from Decatur, and 42 miles 
 southeast of Springfield. It is an important ship- 
 ping-point for grain and has two elevators. Its 
 mechanical establishments include two flouring 
 mills, a foundry, two machine shops and two 
 planing mills. The surrounding region is rich in 
 coal, which is extensively mined. Pana has 
 banks, several churches, graded schools, and 
 three papers issuing daily and weekly editions. 
 Population (1890), 5,077; (1900), 5,530. 
 
 PANA, SPRINGFIELD & NORTHWESTERN 
 RAILROAD. (See Baltimore & Ohio South- 
 western Railroad.) 
 
 PARIS, a handsome and flourishing city, the 
 county-seat of Edgar County. It is an important 
 railway center, situated on the "Big Four" and 
 the Vandalia Line, 160 miles south of Chicago, 
 and 170 miles east-northeast of St. Louis; is in 
 the heart of a wealthy and populous agricultural 
 region, and has a prosperous trade. Its industries 
 include foundries, three elevators, flour, saw and 
 planing mills, glass, broom, and corn product 
 factories. The city has three banks, three daily 
 and four weekly newspapers, a court house, ten 
 churches, and graded schools. Pop. (1890), 4,996; 
 (1900), 6,106. 
 
 PARIS & DECATUR RAILROAD. (See Terre 
 Haute & Peoria Railroad. ) 
 
 PARIS & TERRE HAUTE RAILROAD. (See 
 Terre Haute <t Peoria Railroad. ) 
 
 PARKS, Gavion D. A., lawyer, was bom at 
 Bristol, Ontario Courity, N. Y., Sept. 17, 1817; 
 
 went to New York City in 1838, where he com- 
 pleted his legal studies and was admitted to the 
 bar, removing to Lockport, 111., in 1842. Here 
 he successively edited a paper, served as Master 
 in Chancery and in an engineering corps on the 
 Illinois & Michigan Canal; was elected County 
 Judge in 1849, removed to Joliet, and, for a time, 
 acted as an attorney of the Chicago & Rock 
 Island, the Michigan Central and the Chicago 
 & Alton Railroads; was also a Trustee of the 
 Institution for the Deaf and Dumb at Jackson- 
 ville ; was elected Representative in 1852, became 
 a Republican and served on the first Republican 
 State Central Committee (1856); the same year 
 was elected* to the State Senate, and was a 
 Commissioner of the State Penitentiary in 1864 
 In 1872 Mr. Parks joined in the Liberal-Repub- 
 lican movement, was defeated for Congress, an<l 
 afterwards acted with the Democratic party 
 Died, Dec. 28, 1895. 
 
 PARKS, Lawson A., journalist, was bom at 
 Mecklenburg, N. C., April 15, 1813; learned the 
 printing trade at Charlotte, in that State; came 
 to St. Louis in 1833, and, in 1836, assisted in estab- 
 lishing "The Alton Telegraph," but sold his 
 interest a few years later. Then, having offi- 
 ciated as pastor of Presbyterian churches for some 
 years, in 1854 he again became associated with 
 "The Telegraph," acting as its editor. Died at 
 Alton, March 31, 1875. 
 
 PARK RIDGE, a suburban village on the Wis- 
 consin Division of the Chicago & Northwestern 
 Railroad, 13 miles northwest of Chicago. Popu- 
 lation (1880), 457; (1890), 987; (1900), 1,340. 
 
 PARTRIDGE, Charles Addison, journalist and 
 Assistant Adjutant-General of the Grand Army 
 of the Republic, was born in Westford, Chittenden 
 County, Vt., Dec. 8, 1843; came with his parents 
 to Lake County, 111., in 1844, and spent his boy- 
 hood on a farm, receiving his education in the 
 district school, with four terms in a high school 
 at Burlington, Wis. At 16 he taught a winter 
 district school near his boyhood home, and at 18 
 enlisted in what became Company C of the 
 Ninety-sixth Regiment Illinois Volunteers, being 
 mustered into the service as Eighth Corporal at 
 Rockford. His regiment becoming attached to 
 the Army of the Cumberland, he participated 
 with it in the battles of Chickamauga and the 
 Atlanta campaign, as well as those of Franklin 
 and Nashville, and lias taken a just pride in the 
 fact that he never fell out on the march, took 
 medicine from a doctor or was absent from his 
 regiment during its term of service, except for 
 four months while recovering from a gun-shot 
 
414 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 wound received av Chickamauga. He was pro- 
 moted successively to Sergeant, Sergeant-Major, 
 and commissioned Second Lieutenant of his old 
 company, of which his father was First Lieuten- 
 ant for six months and until forced to resign on 
 account of impaired health. Receiving his final 
 discharge, June 38, 1865, he returned to the farm, 
 where he remained until 1869, in the meantime 
 being married to Miss Jennie E. Earle, in 1866, 
 and teaching school one winter. In 1869 he was 
 elected County Treasurer of Lake County on the 
 Republican ticket, and re-elected in 1871; in 
 January of the latter year, purchased an interest 
 in "The Waukegan Gazette," with which he 
 remained associated some fifteen years, at first as 
 the partner of Rev. A. K. Fox, and later of his 
 younger brother, H. E. Partridge. In 1877 he 
 was appointed, by President Hayes, Postmaster 
 at Waukegan, serving four years; in 1886 was 
 elected to the Legislature, serving (by successive 
 elections) as Representative in the Thirty-fifth, 
 Thirty-sixth and Thirty-seventh General Assem- 
 blies, being frequently called upon to occupy the 
 Speaker's chair, and, especially during the long 
 Senatorial contest of 1891, being recognized as a 
 leader of the Republican minority. In 1888 he 
 was called to the service of the Republican State 
 Central Committee (of which he had previously 
 been a member), as assistant to the veteran Secre- 
 tary, the late Daniel Shepard, remaining until 
 the death of his chief, when he succeeded to the 
 secretaryship. During the Presidential campaign 
 of 1892 he was associated with the late William 
 J. Campbell, then the Illinois member of the 
 Republican National Committee, and was en- 
 trusted by him with many important and confi- 
 dential missions. Without solicitation on his 
 part, in 1894 he was again called to assume the 
 secretaryship of the Republican State Central 
 Committee, and bore a conspicuous and influ- 
 ential part in winning the brilliant success 
 achieved by the party in the campaign of that 
 year. From 1898 to 189,'i he served as Mayor of 
 Waukegan ; in 1896 became Assistant Adjutant- 
 General of the Grand Army of the Republic for 
 the Department of Illinois a position which he 
 held in 1889 under Commander James S. Martin, 
 and to which he has been re-appointed by succes- 
 sive Department Commanders up to the present 
 time. Mr. Partridge's service in the various 
 public positions held by him, has given him an 
 acquaintance extending to every county in the 
 State. 
 
 I'ATOK A . a village of Marion County, on the 
 Western branch of the Illinois Central Railway, 
 
 15 miles south of Vandalia. There are flour and 
 saw mills here ; the surrounding country is agri- 
 cultural. Population (1890), 502; (1900), 640. 
 
 PATTERSON, Robert Wilson, D.D., LL.D., 
 clergyman, was born in Blount County, Tenn., 
 Jan. 21, 1814; came to Bond County, 111., with 
 his parents in 1832, his father dying two years 
 later ; at 18 had had only nine months' schooling, 
 but graduated at Illinois College in 1837 , spent a 
 year at Lane Theological Seminary, another as 
 tutor in Illinois College, and then, after two years 
 more at Lane Seminary and preaching in Chicago 
 and at Monroe, Mich., in 1842 established the 
 Second Presbyterian Church of Chicago, of which 
 he remained the pastor over thirty years. In 
 1850 he received a call to the chair of Didactic 
 Theology at Lane Seminary, as successor to Dr. 
 Lyman Beecher, but it was declined, as was a 
 similar call ten years later. Resigning his pastor- 
 ship in 1873, he was, for several years. Professor of 
 Christian Evidences and Ethics in the Theological 
 Seminary of the Northwest ; in 1876-78 served as 
 President of Lake Forest University (of which he 
 was one of the founders), and, in 1880-83, as 
 lecturer in Lane Theological Seminary. He 
 received the degree of D.D. from Hamilton Col- 
 lege, N. Y., in 1854, that of LL.D. from Lake 
 Forest University, and was Moderator of the 
 Presbyterian General Assembly (N. S.)at Wil- 
 mington, Del., in 1859. Died, at Evanston, 111., 
 Feb. 24, 1894. 
 
 PATEY, Charles W., soldier and ex-State 
 Auditor, was born in Highland County, Ohio, 
 Nov. 8, 1835 ; removed to Illinois in 1859, settling 
 in the vicinity of Mount Vernon, and, for a time, 
 followed the occupation of a farmer and stock- 
 raiser. In August, 1862, he enlisted in the Eighti- 
 eth Illinois Volunteers for the Civil War, and 
 became First Lieutenant of Company E. He was 
 severely wounded at the I at tic of Sand .Mountain 
 and. having been captured, was confined in Libby 
 Prison, at Salisbury, N. C., and at Danville, 
 Va., for a period of nearly two years, enduring 
 great hardship and suffering. Having been 
 exchanged, he served to the close of the war as 
 Assistant Inspector-General on the Staff of Gen- 
 eral Rousseau, in Tennessee. He was a delegate 
 to the Republican National Convention of 1880, 
 which nominated General Garfield for the Presi- 
 dency, and was one of the famous "306" who 
 stood by General Grant in that struggle. In 1882 
 he was appointed by President Arthur Collector 
 of Internal Revenue for the Southern District, 
 and, in 1888, was nominated and elected State 
 Auditor on the Republican ticket, but was de- 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 415 
 
 feated for re-election in the "land-slide" of 1892. 
 General Pavey has been prominent in "G. A. R." 
 councils, and held the position of Junior Vice- 
 Commander for the Department of Illinois in 
 
 1878, and that of Senior Vice-Commander in 
 
 1879. He also served as Brigadier-General of the 
 National Guard, for Southern Illinois, during the 
 railroad strike of 1877. In 1897 he received from 
 President McKinley the appointment of Special 
 Agent of the Treasury Department. His home 
 is at Mount Vernon, Jefferson County. 
 
 PAWNEE, a village of Sangamon County, at 
 the eastern terminus of the Auburn & Pawnee 
 Railroad, 19 miles south of Springfield. The town 
 has a bank and a weekly paper. Population (1900), 
 595; (1903, est.), 1,000. 
 
 PAWNEE RAILROAD, a short line in Sanga- 
 mon County, extending from Pawnee to Auburn 
 (9 miles), where it forms a junction with the 
 Chicago & Alton Railroad. The company was 
 organized and procured a charter in December, 
 1888, and the road completed the following year. 
 The cost was $101,774. Capital stock authorized, 
 $100,000; funded debt (1895), $50,000. 
 
 PAW PAW, a village of Lee County, at the 
 junction of two branches of the Chicago, Bur- 
 lington & Quincy Railway, 8 miles northwest of 
 Earlville. The town is in a farming region, but 
 has a bank and one weekly paper. Population 
 (1890), 635; (1900), 765. 
 
 PAXTON, the county-seat of Ford County, is 
 situated at the intersection of the Chicago Divi- 
 sion of the Illinois Central and the Lake Erie & 
 Western Railroads, 103 miles south by west from 
 Chicago, and 49 miles east of Bloomington. It 
 contains a court house, two schools, water- works, 
 electric light and water-heating system, two 
 banks, nine churches, and one daily newspaper. 
 It is an important shipping-point for the farm 
 products of the surrounding territory, which is a 
 rich agricultural region. Besides brick and tile 
 works and flour mills, factories for the manu- 
 facture of carriages, buggies, hardware, cigars, 
 brooms, and plows are located here. Pop. (1890), 
 2,187; (1900), 3,036. 
 
 PAYSON, a village'in Adams County, 15 miles 
 southeast of Quincy ; the nearest railroad station 
 being Fall Creek, on the Quincy and Louisiana 
 Division of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy 
 Railway ; has one newspaper. Population (1900), 
 465. 
 
 PAYSON, Lewis E., lawyer and ex-Congress- 
 man, was born at Providence, R. I., Sept. 17, 
 1840; came to Illinois at the age of 12, and, after 
 passing through the common schools, attended 
 
 Lombard University, at Galesburg, for two years. 
 He was admitted to the bar at Ottawa in 1862, 
 and, in 1865, took up his residence at Pontiac. 
 From 1869 to 1873 he was Judge of the Livingston 
 County Court, and, from 1881 to 1891, represented 
 his District in Congress, being elected as a 
 Republican, but, in 1890, was defeated by his 
 Democratic opponent, Herman W. Snow. Since 
 retiring from Congress he has practiced his pro- 
 fession in Washington, D. C. 
 
 PEABODY, Selim Hobart, educator, was born 
 in Rockingham County, Vt., August 20, 1829; 
 after reaching 13 years of age, spent a year iu a 
 Boston Latin School, then engaged in various 
 occupations, including teaching, until 1848, when 
 he entered the University of Vermont, graduat- 
 ing third in his class in 1852 ; was appointed Pro- 
 fessor of Mathematics and Engineering in the 
 Polytechnic College at Philadelphia, in 1854, 
 remaining three years, when he spent five years 
 in Wisconsin, the last three as Superintendent of 
 Schools at Racine. From 1865 to 1871 le was 
 teacher of physical science in Chicago High 
 School, also conducting night schools for work- 
 ing men ; in 1871 became Professor of Physics and 
 Engineering in Massachusetts Agricultural Col- 
 lege, but returned to the Chicago High School in 
 1874 ; in 1876 took charge of the Chicago Acad- 
 emy of Sciences, and, in 1878, entered the Illinois 
 Industrial University (now University of Illinois )$ 
 at Champaign, first as Professor of Mechanical 
 Engineering, in 1880 becoming President, but 
 resigning in 1891. During the World's Colum- 
 bian Exposition at Chicago, Professor Peabody 
 was Chief of the Department of Liberal Arts, 
 and, on the expiration of his service there, 
 assumed the position of Curator of the newly 
 organized Chicago Academy of Sciences, from 
 which he retired some two years later. 
 
 PEARL, a village of Pike County, on the Kan- 
 sas City branch of the Chicago & Alton Railroad, 
 14 miles west of Roodhouse. Population (1890), 
 928; (1900), 722. 
 
 PEARSON, Isaac N., ex-Secretary of State, was 
 torn at Centreville, Pa., July 27, 1842; removed 
 to Macomb, McDonough County, 111., in 1858. and 
 has ever since resided there. In 1872 he was 
 elected Clerk of the Circuit Court, and re-elected 
 in 1876. Later he engaged in real-estate and 
 banking business. He was a member of the lower 
 house in the Thirty -third, and of the Senate in 
 the Thirty-fifth, General Assembly, but before the 
 expiration of fts term in the latter, was el.-ted 
 Secretary of State, on the Republican ticket, in 
 1888. In 1892 Tie was a candidate for re-election, 
 
416 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 hut was defeated, although, next to Governor 
 Fifer, he received Hit; largest vote cast for any 
 candidate for a political office on the Republican 
 State ticket. 
 
 PEARSON, John M., ex-Railway and Ware 
 house Commissioner, born at Newburyport, 
 Mass., in 1832 the son of a ship-carpenter; was 
 educated in his native State and came to Illinois 
 in 1849, locating at the city of Alton, where he 
 was afterwards engaged in the manufacture of 
 agricultural implements. In 1873 he was ap- 
 iKiintcd a member of the first Railway and Ware- 
 house Commission, serving four years; in 1878 
 was elected Representative in the Thirty-first 
 General Assembly from Madison County, and 
 was re-elected, successively, in 1880 and '82. He 
 was appointed a member of the first Board of 
 Live-Stock Commissioners in 1885, sen-ing until 
 1893, for a considerable portion of the time as 
 President of the Board. Mr. Pearson is a life- 
 long Republican and prominent member of the 
 Masonic fraternity. His present home is at 
 Godfrey. 
 
 PEARSONS, Daniel K ., M.D., real-estate oper- 
 ator and capitalist, was born at Bradfordton, Vt., 
 April 14, 1820 ; began teaching at 16 years of age, 
 and, at 21, entered Dartmouth College, taking a 
 two years' course. He then studied medicine, 
 and, after practicing a short time in his native 
 State, removed to Chicopee, Mass., where he 
 remained from 1843 to 1857. The latter year he 
 came to Ogle County, 111., and began operating 
 in real estate, finally adding to this a loan busi- 
 ness for Eastern parties, but discontinued this 
 line in 1877. He owns extensive tracts of timber 
 lands in Michigan, is a Director in the Chicago 
 City Railway Company and American Exchange 
 Kank, besides being interested in other financial 
 institutions. He has been one of the most liberal 
 supporters of the Chicago Historical Society, and 
 a princely contributor to various benevolent and 
 educational institutions, his gifts to colleges, in 
 different parts of the country, aggregating over a 
 million dollars. 
 
 PECATONICA, a town in Pecatonica Township, 
 Winnebago County, on the Pecatonica River. It 
 is on the Chicago & Northwestern Railway, mid- 
 way beween Freeport and Rockford, being 14 
 miles from each. It contains a carriage factory, 
 machine shop, condensed milk factory, a bank, 
 six churches, a graded school, and a weekly news- 
 paper. Pop. (1890), 1,059; (1900), 1,045. 
 
 PECATONICA RIVER, a stream formed by the 
 confluence of two branches, both of which rise 
 in Iowa County, Wis. They unite a little north 
 
 of the Illinois State line, whence the river runs 
 southeast to Freeport, then east and northeast, 
 until it enters Rock River at Rockton. From the 
 headwaters of either branch to the mouth of the 
 river is about 50 miles. 
 
 PECK, Ebenezer, early lawyer, was born in 
 Portland, Maine, May 22, 1805; received an aca- 
 demical education, studied law and was admitted 
 to the bar in Canada in 1827. He was twice 
 elected to the Provincial Parliament and made 
 King's Counsel in 1833; came to Illinois in 1835, 
 settling in Chicago; served in the State Senate 
 (1838-40), and in the House (1840-42 and 1858-60); 
 was also Clerk of the Supreme Court (1841-45), 
 Reporter of Supreme Court decisions (1849-63), 
 and member of the Constitutional Convention of 
 1869-70. Mr. Peck was an intimate personal 
 friend of Abraham Lincoln, by whom he was 
 appointed a member of the Court of Claims, at 
 Washington, serving until 1875. Died, May 25, 
 1881. 
 
 PECK, Ferdinand Wythe, lawyer and finan- 
 cier, was born in Chicago, July 15, 1848 the son 
 of Philip F. W. Peck, a pioneer and early mer- 
 chant of the metropolis of Illinois ; was educated 
 in the public schools, the Chicago University 
 and Union College of Law, graduating from 
 both of the last named institutions, and being 
 admitted to the bar in 1869. For a time he 
 engaged in practice, but his father having died in 
 1871, the responsibility of caring for a large 
 estate devolved upon him and has since occupied 
 his time, though he has given much attention to 
 the amelioration of the condition of the poor of 
 his native city, and works of practical benevo- 
 lence and public interest. He is one of the 
 founders of the Illinois Humane Society, has been 
 President and a member of the Board of Control 
 of the Chicago Athenaeum, member of the Board 
 of Education, President of the Chicago Union 
 League, and was an influential factor in securing 
 the success of the World's Columbian Exposition 
 at Chicago, in 1893, serving as First Vice-Presi- 
 dent of the Chicago Board of Directors, Chair- 
 man of the Finance Committee, and member of 
 the Board of Reference and Control. Of late 
 years, Mr. Peck has been connected with several 
 important building enterprises of a semi-public 
 character, which have added to the reputation of 
 Chicago, including the Auditorium, Stock Ex- 
 change Building and others in which he is a 
 leading stockholder, and in the erection of which 
 he has been a chief promoter. In 1898 he was 
 appointed, by President McKinley, the United 
 States Commissioner to the International Expo- 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 417 
 
 -it ion at Paris of 1900, as successor to the late 
 Maj. M. P. Handy, and the success which has 
 followed .^his discharge of the duties of that 
 position, has demonstrated the fitness of his 
 selection. 
 
 PECK, George E., railway attorney, born in 
 Steuben County, N. Y., in 1843; was early taken 
 to Wisconsin, where he assisted in clearing his 
 father^s farm; at 16 became a country school- 
 teacher to aid in freeing the same farm from 
 debt ; enlisted at 10 in the First Wisconsin Heavy 
 Artillery, later becoming a Captain in the Thirty- 
 first Wisconsin Infantry, with which he joined in 
 "Sherman's March to the Sea." Returning home 
 at the close of the war, he began the study of 
 law at Janesville, spending six years there as a 
 student, Clerk of the Circuit Court and in prac- 
 tice. From there he went to Kansas and, between 
 1871 and '74, practiced his profession at Independ- 
 ence, when he was appointed by President Grant 
 United States District Attorney for the Kansas 
 District, but resigned this position, in 1879, to 
 return to general practice. In 1881 he became 
 (ieneral Solicitor of the Atchison, Topeka & 
 Santa Fe Railroad, removing to Chicago in 
 1893. In 1895 he resigned his position with the 
 Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Railroad to accept 
 a similar position with the Chicago, Milwaukee 
 &'St. Paul Railway Company, which (1898) he 
 still holds. Mr. Peck is recognized as one of the 
 most gifted orators in the West, and, in 1897, was 
 chosen to deliver the principal address at the un- 
 veiling of the Logan equestrian stactte in Lake 
 Front Park, Chicago; has also officiated as orator 
 on a number of other important public occasions, 
 always acquitting himself with distinction. 
 
 PECK, John Mason, D.D., clergyman and edu- 
 cator, was born in Litchfield, Conn., Oct. 31, 1789; 
 removed to Greene County, N. Y., in 1811, where 
 he united with the Baptist Church, the same 
 year entering on pastoral work, while prosecuting 
 his studies and supporting himself by teaching. 
 In 1814 he became pastor of a church at Ainenia, 
 N. Y., and, in 1817, was sent west as a mission- 
 ary, arriving in St. Louis in the latter part of the 
 same year. During the next nine years he trav- 
 eled extensively through Missouri and Illinois, as 
 an itinerant preacher and teacher, finally locating 
 at Rock Spring. St. Clair County, where, in 1826, 
 he established the Rock Spring Seminary for the 
 education of teachers and ministers. Out of this 
 grew Shurtleff College, founded at Upper Alton 
 in 1835, in securing the endowment of which Dr. 
 Peck traveled many thousands of miles and col- 
 lected $20.000, and of which he served as Trustee 
 
 for many years. Up to 1843 he devoted much 
 time to aiding in the establishment of a theolog- 
 ical institution at Covington, Ky., and, for two 
 years following, was Corresponding Secretary and 
 Financial Agent of the American Baptist Publi- 
 cation Society, with headquarters in Philadelphia. 
 Returning to the West, he served as pastor of sev- 
 eral important churches in Missouri, Illinois and 
 Kentucky. A man of -indomitable will, unflag- 
 ging industry and thoroughly upright in conduct, 
 for a period of a quarter of a century, in the early 
 history of the State, probably no man exerted a 
 larger influence for good and the advancement 
 of the cause of education, among the pioneer citi- 
 zens of all classes, than Dr. Peck. Though giving 
 his attention so constantly to preaching and 
 teaching, he found time to write much, not only 
 for the various publications with which he was, 
 from time to time, connected, but also for other 
 periodicals, besides publishing "A Guide for Emi- 
 grants" (1831), of which a new edition appeared 
 in 1836, and a "Gazetteer of Illinois" (Jackson- 
 ville, 1834, and Boston, 1837), which continue to 
 be valued for the information they contain of the 
 condition of the country at that time. He was 
 an industrious collector of historical records in 
 the form of newspapers and pamphlets, which 
 were unfortunately destroyed by fire a few years 
 before his death. In 1852 he received the degree 
 of D. D. from Harvard University. Died, at Rock 
 Spring, St. Clair County, March 15, 1858. 
 
 PECK, Philip F. W., pioneer merchant, was 
 born in Providence, R. I., in 1809, the son of a 
 wholesale merchant who had lost his fortune by 
 indorsing for a friend. After some years spent 
 in a mercantile house in New York, he camep 
 Chicago on a prospecting tour, in 1830; the f*I 
 lowing year brought a stock of goods to the 
 embryo emporium of the Northwest then a small 
 backwoods hamlet and, by trade and fortunate 
 investments in real estate, laid the foundation ojf 
 what afterwards became a large fortune. He 
 died, Oct. 23, 1871, as the result of an accident 
 occurring about the time of the great fire of two 
 weeks previous, from which he was a heavy 
 sufferer pecuniarily. Three of his sons, Walter L^ 
 Clarence I. and Ferdinand W. Peck, are amoiy* 
 Chicago's most substantial citizens. * 
 
 I'EKIX, a flourishing city, the coonty-seat of 
 Tazewell County, and an important railway cen- 
 ter, located on the Illinois River, 10 miles south 
 of Peoria and 56 miles north of Springfield. 
 Agriculture and coal-mining are the chief occu- 
 pations in the surrounding country, but the city 
 itself is an important grain market with large 
 
418 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 general shipping interests. It has several dis- 
 tilleries, besides grain elevators, malt-houses, 
 brick and tile works, lumber yards, planing mills, 
 marble works, plow and wagon works, and a 
 factory for corn products. Its banking facilities 
 are adequate, and its religious and educational 
 advantages are excellent. The city has a public 
 library, park, steam-heating plant, three daily 
 and four weekly papers. Pop. (1890), 6,347; (1900), 
 8,420. 
 
 PEKIN, LINCOLN & DECATUR RAILROAD. 
 (See Peoria. Decatur & Eransrille Railway.) 
 
 PELL, Gilbert T., Representative in the Third 
 Illinois General Assembly (1822) from Edwards 
 County, and an opponent of the resolution for a 
 State Convention adopted by the Legislature at 
 that [session, designed to open the door for the 
 admission of slavery. Mr. Pell was a son-in-law 
 of Morris Birkbeck, who was one of the leaders 
 in opposition to the Convention scheme, and very 
 naturally sympathized with his father-in-law. 
 He was elected to the Legislature, for a second 
 term, in 1828, but subsequently left the State, 
 dying elsewhere, when his widow removed to 
 Australia. 
 
 PENNSYLVANIA RAILROAD. As to oper- 
 ations of this corporation in Illinois, see Calumet 
 River; Pittsburg. Fort Wayne & Chicago; South 
 Chicago & Southern, and Pittsburg, Cincinnati, 
 Chicago & St. Louis Railways. The whole num- 
 ber of miles owned, leased and operated by the 
 Pennsylvania System, in 1898, was 1,987.21, of 
 which only 61.34 miles were in Illinois. It owns, 
 however, a controlling interest in the stock of 
 the Toledo, Peoria & Western Railway (which 
 see). 
 
 PEORIA, the second largest city of the State 
 and the county -seat of Peoria County, is 160 miles 
 southwest of Chicago, and at the foot of an expan- 
 sion of the Illinois River known as Peoria Lake. 
 The site of the town occupies an elevated plateau, 
 having a water frontage of four miles and extend- 
 ing back to a bluff, which rises 230 feet above the 
 river level and about 120 feet above the highest 
 point of the main site. It was settled in 1778 or 
 '79, although, as generally believed, the French 
 missionaries had a station there in 1711. There 
 was certainly a settlement there as early as 1725, 
 when Renault received a grant of lands at Pimi- 
 teoui, facing the lake then bearing the same 
 name as the village. From t hat date until 1812, 
 the place was continuously occupied as a French 
 village, and is said to have been the most impor- 
 tant point for trading in the Mississippi Valley. 
 The original village was situated about a mile and 
 
 a half above the foot of the lake ; but later, the pres- 
 ent site was occupied, at first receiving the name 
 of "La Ville de Maillet," froma French Canadian 
 who resided in Peoria, from 1765 to 1801 (the time 
 of his death), and who commanded a company of 
 volunteers in the Revolutionary War. The popu- 
 lation of the old town removed to the new site, 
 and the present name was given to the place by 
 American settlers, from the Peoria Indians, who 
 were the occupants of the country when it was 
 first discovered, but who had followed their cog- 
 nate tribes of the Illinois family to Cahokia and 
 Kaskaskia, about a century before American 
 occupation of this region. In 1812 the town is 
 estimated to have contained about seventy dwell- 
 ings, with a population of between 200 and 
 300, made up largely of French traders, 
 hunters and voyageurs, with a considerable 
 admixture of half-breeds and Indians, and a few 
 Americans. Among the latter were Thomas 
 Forsyth, Indian Agent and confidential adviser 
 of Governor Edwards; Michael La ('mix, son-in- 
 law of Julian Dubuque, founder of the city of 
 Dubuque ; Antoine Le Claire, founder of Daven- 
 port, and for whom Le Claire, Iowa, is named; 
 William Arundel, afterwards Recorder of St. 
 Clair County, and Isaac Darnielle, the second law- 
 yer in Illinois. In November, 1812, about half 
 the town was burned, by order of Capt. Thomas 
 E. Craig, who had been directed, by Governor 
 Edwards, to proceed up the river in boats with 
 materials to build a fort at Peoria. At the same 
 time, the Governor himself was at the head of a 
 force marching against Black Partridge's vil- 
 lage, which he destroyed. Edwards had no com- 
 munication with Craig, who appears to have 
 acted solely on his own responsibility. That the 
 hitter's action was utterly unjustifiable, there can 
 now be little doubt. He alleged, by way of 
 excuse, that his boats had been fired upon from 
 the shore, at night, by Indians or others, who 
 were harbored by the citizens. The testimony 
 of the French, however, is to the effect that it 
 was an unprovoked and cowardly assault, insti- 
 gated by wine which the soldiers had stolen from 
 the cellars of the inhabitants. The bulk of those 
 who remained after the fire were taken by Craig 
 to a point below Alton and put ashore. This 
 occurred in the beginning of winter, and the 
 people, being left in a destitute condition, were 
 subjected to great suffering. A Congressional 
 investigation followed, and the French, having 
 satisfactorily established the fact that they were 
 not hostile, were restored to their possessions. In 
 1813 a fort, designed for permanent occupancy, 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 419 
 
 was erected and named Fort Clark, in honor of 
 Col. George Rogers Clark. It had one (if not 
 two) block-houses, with magazines and quarters 
 for officers and men. It was finally evacuated in 
 1818, and was soon afterwards burned by the 
 Indians. Although a trading-post had been 
 maintained here, at intervals, after the affair of 
 1812, there was no attempt made to rebuild the 
 town until 1819, when Americans began to 
 arrive. In 1824 a post of the American Fur Com- 
 pany was established here by John Hamlin, the 
 company having already had, for five years, a 
 station at Wesley City, three miles farther down 
 the river. Hamlin also traded in pork and other 
 products, and was the first to introduce keel- 
 boats on the Illinois River. By transferring his 
 cargo to lighter draft boats, when necessary, he 
 made the trip from Peoria to Chicago entirely by 
 water, going from the Des Plaines to Mud Lake, 
 and thence to the South Branch of the Chicago 
 River, without unloading. In 1834 the town had 
 but seven frame houses and twenty-one log 
 cabins. It was incorporated as a town in 1835 
 (Rudolphus Rouse being the first President), and, 
 as the City of Peoria, ten years later (Wm. Hale 
 being the first Mayor). Peoria is an important 
 railway and business center, eleven railroad lines 
 concentrating here. It presents many attractive 
 features, such as handsome residences, fine views 
 of river, bluff and valley scenery, with an elab- 
 orate system of parks and drives. An excellent 
 school system is liberally supported, and its public 
 buildings (national, county and city) are fine and 
 costly. Its churches are elegant and well 
 attended, the leading denominations being 
 Methodist Episcopal, Congregational, Presby- 
 terian, Baptist, Protestant and Reformed Episco- 
 pal, Lutheran, Evangelical and Roman Catholic. 
 It is the seat of Bradley Polytechnic Institute, a 
 young and flourishing scientific school affiliated 
 with the University of Chicago, and richly en- 
 dowed through the munificence of Mrs. Lydia 
 Bradley, who devotes her whole estate, of at 
 least a million dollars, to this object. Right Rev. 
 John L. Spaulding, Bishop of the Roman Catho- 
 lic diocese of Peoria, is erecting a handsome and 
 costly building for the Spaulding Institute, a 
 school for the higher education of young men. 
 At Bartonville, a suburb of Peoria, on an eleva- 
 tion commanding a magnificent view of the Illi- 
 nois River valley for many miles, the State has 
 located an asylum for the incurable insane. It is 
 now in process of erection, and is intended to be 
 one of the most complete of its kind in t he, world. 
 Peoria lies in a corn and coal region, is noted for 
 
 the number and extent of its distilleries, and, in 
 1890, ranked eighth among the grain markets of 
 the country. It also has an extensive commerce 
 with Chicago, St. Louis and other important 
 cities ; was credited, by the census of 1890, with 
 554 manufacturing establishments, representing 
 90 different branches of industry, with a capital 
 of $15,072,567 and an estimated annual product of 
 $55,504,523. Its leading industries are the manu- 
 facture of distilled and malt liquors, agricultural 
 implements, glucose and machine-shop products. 
 Its contributions to the internal revenue of the 
 country are second only to those of the New York 
 district. Population (1870), 22,849; (1880), 29,259; 
 (1890), 41, 024; (1900), 56,100. 
 
 PEORIA COUNTY, originally a part of Fulton 
 County, but cut off in 1825. It took its name 
 from the Peoria Indians, who occupied that region 
 when it was first discovered. As first organized, 
 it included the present counties of Jo Daviess and 
 Cook, with many others in the northern part of 
 the State. At that time there were leas than 
 1,500 inhabitants in the entire region; and John 
 Hamlin, a Justice of the Peace, on his return 
 from Green Bay (whither he had accompanied 
 William S. Hamilton, a son of Alexander Hamil- 
 ton, with a drove of cattle for the fort there), 
 solemnized, at Chicago, the marriage of Alex- 
 ander Wolcott, then Indian Agent, with a 
 daughter of John Kinzie. The original Peoria 
 County has been subdivided into thirty counties 
 among them being some of the largest and rich- 
 est in the State. The first county officer was 
 Norman Hyde, who was elected Judge of the 
 Probate Court by the Legislature in January, 
 1825. His commission from Governor Coles was 
 dated on the eighteenth of that month, but he 
 did not qualify until June 4, following, when he 
 took the oath of office before John Dixon, Circuit 
 Clerk, who founded the city that bears his name. 
 Meanwhile, Mr. Hyde had been appointed the 
 first Clerk of the County Commissioners' Court, 
 and served in that capacity until entering upon 
 his duties as Probate Judge. The first election 
 of county officers was held, March 7, 1825, at the 
 house of William Rids. Nathan Dillon, Joseph 
 Smith, and William Holland were chosen Com- 
 missioners; Samuel Fulton Sheriff, and William 
 Phillips Coroner. The first County Treasurer 
 was Aaron Hawley, and the first general election 
 of officers took place in 1826. The first court 
 house was a log cabin, and the first term of 
 the Circuit Court began Nov. 14, 1825, John 
 York Sawyer sitting on the bench, with John 
 Dixon, Clerk; Samuel Fulton, Sheriff; and John 
 
420 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 Twiney, the Attorney-General, present. Peoria 
 County 18, at present, one of the wealthiest and 
 most populous counties in the State. Its soil is 
 fertile and its manufactures numerous, especially 
 at Peoria, the county-seat and principal city 
 (which see) . The area of the county is 615 square 
 miles, and its population (1880), 55,353; (1890), 
 70,378; (1900), 88.608. 
 
 PEORIA LAKE, an expansion of the Illinois 
 River, forming the eastern boundary of Peoria 
 County, which it separates from the counties of 
 Woodford and Tazewell. It is about 20 miles 
 long and 2'/ z miles broad at the widest part. 
 
 PEORIA, ATLANTA & DECATCR RAIL- 
 ROAD. (See Terre Haute < Peoria Railroad. ) 
 
 PEORIA, DECATUR * EVANSVILLE RAIL- 
 WAT. The total length of this line, extending 
 from Peoria, 111., to Evansville, Ind., is 330.87 
 miles, all owned by the company, of which 273 
 miles are in Illinois. It extends from Pekin, 
 southeast to Grayville, on the Wabash River is 
 single track, unballasted, and of standard gauge. 
 Between Pekin and Peoria the company uses the 
 tracks of the Peoria & Pekin Union Railway, of 
 which it is one-fourth owner. Between Hervey 
 City and Midland Junction it has trackage privi 
 leges over the line owned jointly by the Peoria. 
 Decatur & Evansville and the Terre Haute & 
 Peoria Companies (7.5 miles). Between Midland 
 Junction and Decatur (2.4 miles) the tracks of 
 the Illinois Central are used, the two lines having 
 terminal facilities at Decatur in common. The 
 rails are of fifty-two and sixty-pound steel. 
 (HISTORY.) The main line of the Peoria, Decatur 
 & Evansville Railway is the result of the consoli- 
 dation of several lines built under separate char- 
 ters. (1) The Pekin, Lincoln & Decatur Railroad, 
 chartered in 1867. built in 1869-71, and operated 
 the latter year, was leased to the Toledo, Wabash 
 & Western Railway, but sold to representatives 
 of the bond-holders, on account of default on 
 interest, in 1876, and reorganized as the Pekin, 
 Lincoln & Decatur Railway. (2) The Decatur. 
 Sullivan & Mattoon Railroad, (projected from 
 Decatiir to Mattoon). was incorporated in 1871, 
 completed from Mattoon to Hervey City, in 1872. 
 :ind, the same year, consolidated with the Chi- 
 cago & Great Southern; in January. 1874, the 
 Decatur line passed into the hands of a receiver, 
 and, in 1877, having been sold under foreclosure, 
 was reorganized as the Decatur, Mattoon & South 
 'rn Railroad. In 1879 it was placed in the hands 
 of trustees, but the Pekin, Lincoln & Decatur 
 Railway having acquired a controlling interest 
 during the same year, the two lines were con- 
 
 solidated under the name of the Peoria, Decatur 
 & Evansville Railway Company. (3) The Gray- 
 ville & Mattoon Railroad, chartered in 1857, was 
 consolidated in 1872 with the Mount Vernon ft 
 Grayville Railroad (projected), the new corpo- 
 ration taking the name of the Chicago & Illinois 
 Southern (already mentioned). In 1872 the latter 
 corporation was consolidated with the Decatur, 
 Sullivan & Mattoon Railroad, under the name of 
 the Chicago & Illinois Southern Railway. Both 
 consolidations, however, were set aside by decree 
 of the United States District Court, in 1876, and 
 the partially graded road and franchises of the 
 Grayville & Mattoon lines sold, under foreclosure, 
 to the contractors for the construction ; 20 miles 
 of the line from Olney to Newton, were completed 
 during the month of September of that year, and 
 the entire line, from Grayville to Mattoon, in 
 1878. In 1880 this line was sold, under decree of 
 foreclosure, to the Peoria, Decatur & Evansville 
 Railway Company, which Iiad already acquired 
 the Decatur & Mattoon Division thus placing 
 the entire line, from Peoria to Grayville, in the 
 hands of one corporation. A line under the name 
 of the Evansville & Peoria Railroad, chartered in 
 Indiana in 1880, was consolidated, the same year, 
 with the Illinois corporation under the name of 
 the latter, and completed from Grayville to 
 Evansville in 1882. (4) The Chicago & Ohio 
 River Railroad chartered, in 1869, as the Dan- 
 ville, Olney & Ohio River Railroad was con- 
 structed, as a narrow-gauge line, from Kansas to 
 West Liberty, in 1878-81 ; in the latter year was 
 changed to standard gauge and completed, in 
 1883, from Sidell to Olney (86 miles). The same 
 year it went into the hands of a receiver, was sold 
 under foreclosure, in February, 1886, and reorgan- 
 ized, in May following, as the Chicago & Ohio 
 River Railroad ; was consolidated with the Peoria, 
 Decatur & Evansville Railway, in 1893. and used 
 as the Chicago Division of that line. The property 
 and franchises of the entire line passed into tin. 
 hands of receivers in 1894. and are still (1898) 
 under their management. 
 
 PEORIA, PEKIN & JACKSONVILLE RAIL- 
 ROAD. (See Chicago. Peoria & St. Loitis Rail- 
 road of Illinois. ) 
 
 PEORIA & BUREAU VALLEY RAILROAD, a 
 short line, 46.7 miles in length, operated by the 
 Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific Railway Com- 
 pany, extending from Peoria to Bureau Junction, 
 111. It was incorporated. Feb. 12, 1853, com- 
 pleted the following year, and leased to the Rock 
 Island in perpetuity, April 14. 1854, the annual 
 rental being $125.000. The par value of the 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 421 
 
 capital stock is $1,500,000. Annual dividends of 
 8 per cent are guaranteed, payable semi -annu- 
 ally. (See Chicago, Rock Island <t Pacific 
 Railway. ) 
 
 PEORIA & EASTERN RAILROAD. Of this 
 line the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. 
 Louis Railroad Company is the lessee. Its total 
 length is 350 ,'i miles, 132 of which lie in Illinois 
 183 being owned by the Company. That por- 
 tion within this State extends east from Pekin to 
 the Indiana State line, in addition to which the 
 Company has trackage facilities over the line of 
 the Peoria & Pekin Union Railway (9 miles) to 
 Peoria. The gauge is standard. The track is 
 single, laid with sixty and sixty-seven-pound 
 steel rails and ballasted almost wholly with 
 gravel. The capital stock is $10,000,000. In 1895 
 it had a bonded debt of $13,603,000 and a floating 
 debt of $1,261,130, making a total capitalization 
 of $34,864,130. (HISTORY.) The original of this 
 corporation was the Danville, Urbana, Blooming- 
 ton & Pekin Railroad, which was consolidated, 
 in July, 1869, with the Indianapolis, Crawfords- 
 ville & Danville Railroad the new corporation 
 taking the name of the Indianapolis, Blooming- 
 ton & Western and was opened to Pekin the 
 same year. In 1874 it passed into the hands of :t 
 receiver, was sold under foreclosure in 1879, ami 
 reorganized as the Indiana, Bloomington & 
 Western Railway Company. The next change 
 occurred in 1881, when it was consolidated with 
 an Ohio corporation (the Ohio, Indiana & Pacific. 
 Railroad), again undergoing a slight change of 
 name in its reorganization as the Indiana, Bloom- 
 ington & Western Railroad Company. In 1886 
 it again got into financial straits, was placed in 
 charge of a receiver and sold to a reorganization 
 committee, and, in January, 1887, took the name 
 of the Ohio, Indiana & Western Railway Com- 
 pany. The final reorganization, under its present 
 name, took place in .February, 1890. when it was 
 leased to the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & 
 St. Louis Railway, by which it is operated. 
 (See Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago rf- St. Lcmii 
 Railway.) 
 
 PEORIA & HANNIBAL RAILROAD. (See 
 Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad. ) 
 
 PEORIA & OqUAWKA RAILROAD. (See 
 Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad.) 
 
 PEORIA & PEKIN CNION RAILWAY. A line 
 connecting the cities of Peoria and Pekiu, which 
 are only 8 miles apart. It was chartered in 1880, 
 und acquired, by purchase, the tracks of the Peoria, 
 Pekin & Jacksonville and the Peoria & Spring- 
 field Railroads, between the two cities named in 
 
 its title, giving it control of two lines, which are 
 used by nearly all the railroads entering both 
 cities from the east side of the Illinois River. The 
 mileage, including both divisions, is 18. 14 miles, 
 second tracks and sidings increasing the total to 
 nearly 60 miles. The track is of standard gauge, 
 about two-thirds being laid with steel rails. The 
 total cost of construction was $4,350,987. Its 
 total capitalization (1898) was $4,177,763, includ- 
 ing $1,000,000 in stock, and a funded debt of 
 $2,904,000. The capital stock is held in equal 
 amounts (each 2,500 shares) by the Wabash, the 
 Peoria. Decatur & Evansville. the Chicago. 
 Peoria & St. Louis and the Peoria & Eastern com- 
 panies, with 1.000 shares by the Lake Erie & 
 Western. Terminal charges and annual rentals 
 are also paid by the Terre Haute & Peoria and 
 the Iowa Central Railwavs. , 
 
 PEORIA & SPRINGFIELD RAILROAD. (See 
 Chicago, Peoria <fc St. Louis Railroad of Illinois ) 
 
 PEOTONE, a village of Will County, on the 
 Illinois Central Railroad, 41 miles south-southwest 
 from Chicago; has some manufactures, a bank 
 and a newspaper. The surrounding country is 
 agricultural. Population (1890), 717; (1900), 1,003. 
 
 PERCY, a village of Randolph County, at the 
 intersection of the Wabash. Chesapeake & West- 
 ern and the Mobile & Ohio Railways. Population 
 (1890), 360; (1900). 660. 
 
 PERROT, Nicholas, a French explorer, wno 
 visited the valley of the For River (of Wisconsin) 
 and the country around the great lakes, at various 
 times between 1670 anil 1690. He was present, 
 as a guide and interpreter, at the celebrated con- 
 ference held at Sault Ste. Marie, in 1671, which 
 was attended by fifteen Frenchmen and repre- 
 sentatives from seventeen Indian tribes, and at 
 which the Sieur de Lnsson took formal possession 
 of Lakes Huron and Superior, with the surround- 
 ing region and "all the country southward to the 
 sea," in the, name of Louis XIV. of France. 
 Perrot was the first to discover lead in the West, 
 and, for several years, was Commandant in the 
 Green Bay district. As a chronicler he was 
 intelligent, interesting and accurate. His writ- 
 ings were not published until 1864, but have 
 always been highly prized as authority. 
 
 PERRY, a town of Pike County ; has a bank 
 and a newspaper. Population (1880). 770; (1890V 
 705; (1900), 642. 
 
 PERRY COUNTY, lies in the southwest quarter 
 of the State, with an area of 440 square miles and 
 a population (1900) of 19,830. It was organized 
 as a county in 1827. and named for Com. Oliver 
 H. Perry. The general surface is rolling. 
 
422 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OP ILLINOIS. 
 
 although flat prairies occupy a considerable por- 
 tion, interspersed with "post-oak flats." Limestone 
 is found in the southern, and sandstone in the 
 northern, sections, but the chief mineral wealth 
 of the county is coal, which is abundant, and, at 
 several points, easily mined, some of it being of 
 a superior quality. Salt is manufactured, to some 
 extent, and the chief agricultural output is 
 wheat. Pinckneyville, the county-seat, has a 
 central position and a population of about 1,300. 
 Duquoir is the largest city. Beaucoup Creek is 
 the principal stream, and the county is crossed 
 by several lines of railroad. 
 
 PERU, a city in La Salle County, at the head 
 of navigation on the Illinois River, which is here 
 spanned by a handsome bridge. It is distant 100 
 miles southwest from Chicago, and the same dis- 
 tance north-northeast from Springfield. It is 
 connected by street cars with La Salle, one mile 
 distant, which is the terminus of the Illinois & 
 Michigan Canal. It is situated in a rich coal- 
 mining region, is an important trade center, and 
 has several manufacturing establishments, includ- 
 ing zinc "smelting works, rolling mills, nickeloid 
 factory, metal novelty works, gas engine factory, 
 tile works, plow, scale and patent-pump factories, 
 foundries and machine shops, flour and .saw mills, 
 clock factory, etc. Two national banks, with a 
 rombined capital of $200,000, are located at Peru, 
 and one daily and one weekly paper. Population 
 (1870), 3,650; (1880). 4,682; (1890), 5,550, (1900), 
 6.863. 
 
 PESOTCM, a village in Champaign County, on 
 the Illinois Central Railroad, 5 miles south of 
 Tolono. Population (1890), 575. 
 
 PETERSBURG, a city of Menard County, and 
 the county-seat, on the Sangamon River, at the 
 intersection Chicago & Alton with the Chicago, 
 Peoria & St. Louis Railway ; 23 miles northwest 
 of Springfield and 28 miles northeast of Jackson- 
 ville. The town was surveyed and platted by 
 Abraham Lincoln in 1837, and is [the seat of the 
 "Old Salem" Chautauqua. It has machine shops, 
 two banks, two weekly papers and nine churches. 
 The manufactures include woolen goods, brick 
 and drain-tile, bed-springs, mattresses, and 
 canned goods. Pop. (1890), 2,342, (1900), 2,807. 
 
 PETERS, Onslow, lawyer and jurist, was born 
 in Massachusetts, graduated at Brown Univer- 
 sity, and was admitted to the bar and practiced 
 law in his native State until 1837, when he set- 
 tled at Peoria, 111. He served in the Constitu- 
 tional Convention of 1847, was elected to the 
 bench of the Sixteenth Judicial Circuit in 1853, 
 and re-elected in 1855. Died, Feb. 28, 1856. 
 
 PHILLIPS, Itavid L., journalist and politician, 
 was born where the town of Marion, Williamson 
 County, 111., now stands, Oct. 28, 1823; came to 
 St. Clair County in childhood, his father settling 
 near Belleville; began teaching at an early age, 
 and, when about 18, joined the Baptist Church, 
 and, after a brief course with the distinguished 
 Dr. Peck, at his Rock Spring Seminary, two years 
 later entered the ministry, serving churches in 
 Washington and other Southern Illinois counties, 
 finally taking charge of a church at Jonesboro. 
 Though originally a Democrat, his advanced 
 views on slavery led to a disagreement with his 
 church, and he withdrew ; then accepted a posi- 
 tion as paymaster in the construction department 
 of the Illinois Central Railroad, finally being 
 transferred to that of Land Agent for the South- 
 ern section, in this capacity visiting different 
 parts of the State from one end of the main line 
 to the other. About 1854 he became associated 
 with the management of "The Jonesboro Ga- 
 zette, ' ' a Democratic paper, which, during his con- 
 nection with it (some two years), he made an 
 earnest opponent of the Kansas-Nebraska Bill. 
 At the Anti-Nebraska Editorial Convention 
 (which see), held at Decatur, Feb. 22, 1856, lie 
 was appointed a member of their State Central 
 Committee, and, as such, joined in the call for the 
 first Republican State Convention, held at Bloom- 
 ington in May following, where he served as 
 Vice-President for his District, and was nomi- 
 nated for Presidential Elector on the Fremont 
 ticket. Two years later (1858) he was the 
 unsuccessful Republican candidate for Congress 
 in the Southern District, being defeated by John 
 A. Logan ; was again in the State Convention of 
 1860, and a delegate to the National Convention 
 which nominated Abraham Lincoln for President 
 the first time; was appointed, by Mr. Lincoln 
 United States Marshal for the Southern District 
 in 1861, and re-appointed in 1865, but resigned 
 after Andrew Johnson's defection in 1866. Dur- 
 ing 1862 Mr. Phillips became part proprietor of 
 "The State Journal" at Springfield, retaining 
 this relation until 1878, at intervals performing 
 editorial service ; also took a prominent part in 
 organizing and equipping the One Hundred and 
 Ninth Regiment Illinois Volunteers (sometimes 
 called the "Phillips Regiment"), and, in 1865, 
 was one of the committee of citizens sent to 
 escort the remains of President Lincoln to 
 Springfield. He joined in the Liberal Republican 
 movement at Cincinnati in 1872, but, in 1876. 
 was in line with his former party associates, and 
 served in that year as an unsuccessful candidate 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 423 
 
 for Congress, in the Springfield District, in oppo- 
 sition to 'William M. Springer, early the following 
 year receiving the appointment of Postmaster 
 for the city of Springfield from President Hayes. 
 Died, at Springfield, June 19, 1880. 
 
 PHILLIPS, George S., author, was born at 
 Peterborough, England, in January, 1816; gradu- 
 ated at Cambridge, and came to the United 
 States, engaging in journalism. In 1845 he 
 returned to England, and, for a time, was editor 
 of "The Leeds Times," still later being Principal 
 of the People's College at Huddersfield. Return- 
 ing to the United States, he came to Cook County, 
 and, about 1866-68, was a writer of sketches over 
 the worn de plume of "January Searle" for "The 
 Chicago Republican" later was literary editor 
 of "The New York Sun" for several years. His 
 mind becoming impaired, he was placed in an 
 asylum at Trenton, N. J., finally dying at Morris- 
 town, N. J., Jan. 14. 1889. Mr. Phillips was the 
 author of several volumes, chiefly sketches of 
 travel and biography. 
 
 PHILLIPS, Jesse J., lawyer, soldier and 
 jurist, was born in Montgomery County, 111., 
 May 22, 1837. Shortly after graduating from the 
 Hillsboro Academy, he read law, and was 
 admitted to the bar in 1860. In 1861 he organized 
 a company of volunteers, of which he was 
 chosen Captain, and which was attached to the 
 Ninth Illinois Infantry. Captain Phillips was 
 successively advanced to the rank of Major, 
 Lieutenant-Colonel and Colonel; resigned on 
 account of disability, in August, 1864, but was 
 brevetted Brigadier-General at the close of the 
 war. His military record was exceptionally 
 brilliant. He was wounded three times at 
 Shiloh, and was personally thanked and compli- 
 mented by Generals Grant and Oglesby for gal- 
 lantry and efficient service. At the termination 
 of the struggle he returned to Hillsboro and 
 engaged in practice. In 1866, and again in 1868, 
 he was the Democratic candidate for State Treas- 
 urer, but was both times defeated. In 1879 he 
 was elected to the bench of the Fifth Judicial 
 Circuit, and re-elected in 1885. In 1890 he was 
 assigned to the bench of the Appellate Court of 
 the Fourth District, and, in 1893, was elected a 
 Justice of the Supreme Court, to fill the vacancy 
 created by the death of Justice John M. Scholfield, 
 his term expiring in 1897, when he was re-elected 
 to succeed himself. Judge Phillips' present term 
 will expire in 1906. 
 
 PHILLIPS, Joseph, early jurist, was born in 
 Tennessee, received a classical and legal edu- 
 cation, and served as a Captain in the War of 
 
 ; in 1816 was appointed Secretary of Illinois 
 Territory, serving until the admission of Illinois 
 as a State, when he became the first Chief Jus- 
 tice of the Supreme Court, serving until July, 
 1822, when he resigned, being succeeded on the 
 bench by John Reynolds, afterwards Governor. 
 In 1822 he was a candidate for Governor in the 
 interest of the advocates of a pro-slavery amend- 
 ment of the State Constitution, but was defeated 
 by Edward Coles, the leader of the anti-sUvery 
 party. (See Coles, Edward, and Slavery and Slave 
 Laics.) He appears from the "Edwards Papers" 
 to have been in Illinois as late as 1832, but is 
 said eventually to have returned to Tennessee. 
 The date of his death is unknown. 
 
 J'l AMiKSH A WS, THE, a branch of the Miami 
 tribe of Indians. Their name, like those of their 
 brethren, underwent many mutations of orthog- 
 raphy, the tribe being referred to, variously, aa 
 the "Pou-an-ke-kiahs," the "Pi-an-gie-shaws, " 
 the "Pi-an-qui-shaws," and the "Py-an-ke- 
 shaws. " They were less numerous than the 
 Weas, their numerical strength ranking lowest 
 among the bands of the Miami*. At the time La 
 Salle planted his colony around Starved Rock, 
 their warriors numbered 150. Subsequent to the 
 dispersion of this colony they (alone of the Miamis) 
 occupied portions of the present territory of Illi- 
 nois, having villages on the Vermilion and 
 Wa hasli Rivers. Their earliest inclinations 
 toward the whites were friendly, the French 
 traders having intermarried with women of the 
 tribe soon after the advent of the first explor- 
 ers. Col. George Rogers Clark experienced little 
 difficulty in securing their allegiance to the new 
 government which he proclaimed. In the san- 
 guinary raids (usually followed by reprisals), 
 which marked Western history during the years 
 immediately succeeding the Revolution, the 
 Piankeshaws took no part ; yet the outrages, per- 
 petrated upon peaceable colonists, had so stirred 
 the settlers' blood, that all Indians were included 
 in the general thirst for vengeance, and each was 
 unceremoniously dispatched as soon as seen. The 
 Piankeshaws appealed to Washington for protec- 
 tion, and the President issued a special procla- 
 mation in their behalf. After the cession of the 
 last remnant of the Miami territory to the United 
 States, the tribe was removed to a Kansas reser- 
 vation, and its last remnant finally found a home 
 in Indian Territory. (See also Miamis; Weas.) 
 
 "PIASA BIRD," I.K.F.M) OF THE. When 
 the French explorers first descended the Upper 
 Mississippi River, they found some remarkable 
 figures depicted upon the face of the bluff, just 
 
424 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 above the site of the present city of Alton, which 
 excited their wonder and continued to attract 
 interest long after the country was occupied by 
 the whites. The account given of the discov- 
 ery by Marquette, who descended the river from 
 the mouth of the Wisconsin, in June, 1673, is as 
 follows: "As we coasted along" (after passing 
 the mouth of the Illinois) "rocks frightful for 
 their height and length, we saw two monsters 
 painted on one of the rocks, which startled us at 
 first, and upon which the boldest Indian dare not 
 gaze long. They are as large as a calf , with horns 
 on the head like a deer, a frightful look, red 
 eyes, bearded like a tiger, the face somewhat 
 like a man's, the body covered with scales, and 
 the tail so long that it twice makes the turn of 
 the body, passing over the head and down be- 
 tween the legs, ending at last in a fish's tail. 
 Green, red and black are the colors employed. 
 On the whole, these two monsters are so well 
 painted that we could not believe any Indian to 
 have been the designer, as, good painters in 
 France would find it hard to do as well. Besides 
 this, they are painted so high upon the rock that 
 it is hard to get conveniently at them to paint 
 them." As the Indians could give no account of 
 the origin of these figures, but had their terror 
 even more excited at the sight of them than Mar- 
 quette himself, they are supposed to have been 
 the work of some prehistoric race occupying the 
 country long before the arrival of the aborigines 
 whom Marquette and his companions found in 
 Illinois. There was a tradition that the figures 
 were intended to represent a creature, part beast 
 and part bird, which destroyed immense numbers 
 of the inhabitants by swooping down upon them 
 from its abode upon the rocks. At last a chief is 
 said to have offered himself a victim for his 
 people, and when the monster made its appear- 
 ance, twenty of his warriors, concealed near by, 
 discharged their arrows at it, killing it just 
 before it reached its prey. In this manner the 
 life of the chief was saved and his people were 
 preserved from further depredations ; and it was 
 to commemorate this event that the figure of the 
 bird was painted on the face of the cliff on whose 
 summit the chief stood. This story, told in a 
 paper by Mr. John Russell, a pioneer author of 
 Illinois, obtained wide circulation in this country 
 and in Europe, about the close of the first 
 quarter of the present century, as the genuine 
 "Legend of the Piasa Bird. " It is said, however, 
 that Mr. Russell, who was a popular writer of 
 fiction, acknowledged that it was drawn largely 
 from his imagination. Many prehistoric relics 
 
 and human remains are said, by the late William 
 McAdams, the antiquarian of Alton, to have 
 been found in caves in the vicinity, and it seems 
 a well authenticated fact that the Indians, when 
 passing the spot, were accustomed to discharge 
 their arrows and, later, their firearms at the 
 figure on the face of the cliff. Traces of this 
 celebrated pictograph were visible as late as 1N40 
 to 1845. but have since been entirely quarried 
 away. 
 
 PIATT COUNTY, organized in 1841. consist- 
 ing of parts of Macon and Dewitt Counties. Its 
 area is 440 square miles: population (1900), 17,706. 
 The first Commissioners were John Hughes. W. 
 Bailey and E. Peck. John Piatt, after whose 
 family the county was named, was the first 
 Sheriff. The North Fork of the Sangamon River 
 flows centrally through the county from north- 
 east to southwest, and several lines of railroad 
 afford transportation for its products. Its re- 
 sources and the occupation of the people are 
 almost wholly agricultural, the surface beiiiL' 
 level prairie and the soil fertile. Monticello, the 
 county-seat, has a population of about 1,700. 
 Other leading towns are Cerro Gordo (939) and 
 I ten icnt (1,129). 
 
 PICKETT, Thomas Johnson, journalist, was 
 born in Louisville, Ky., March 17, 1821; spent 
 six years (1830-36) in St. Louis, when his family 
 removed to Peoria; learned the printer's trade in 
 the latter city, and, in 1840, began the publica- 
 tion of "The Peoria News," then sold out and 
 established "The Republican" (afterwards "The 
 Transcript") ; was a member of the Anti-Nebraska 
 Editorial Convention held at Decatur, Feb. 22, 
 1856, serving on the Committee on Resolutions, 
 and being appointed on the State Central Com- 
 mittee, which called the first Republican State 
 Convention, held at Bloomington, in May follow- 
 ing, and was there appointed a delegate to the 
 National Convention at Philadelphia, which 
 nominated General Fremont for President. 
 Later, he published papers at Pekin and Rock 
 Island, at the latter place being one of the first to 
 name Abraham Lincoln for the Presidency ; was 
 elected State Senator in 1860, and, in 1862, com- 
 missioned Lieutenant-Colonel of the Sixty-ninth 
 Illinois Volunteers, being transferred, as Colonel, 
 to the One Hundred and Thirty-second Illinois 
 (100-days' men), and serving at Camp Douglas 
 during the "Conspiracy" excitement. After the 
 war, Colonel Pickett removed to Paducah, Ky., 
 published a paper there called "The Federal 
 Union." was appointed Postmaster, and, later. 
 Clerk of the United States District Court, and 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF 
 
 was the Republican nominee for Congress, in that 
 District, in 1874. Removing to Nebraska in 1879, 
 he at different times conducted several papers in 
 that State, residing for the most part at Lincoln. 
 Died, at Ashland. Neb., Dec. 24, 1891. 
 
 PIERSON, David, pioneer banker, was born at 
 Cazenovia, N. V . July 9, 1806; at the age of 13 
 removed west with his parents, arriving at St. 
 Louis, June 3, 1820. The family soon after set- 
 tled near Collinsville, Madison County, 111., where 
 the father having died, they removed to the vi- 
 cinity of Carrollton, Greene County, in 1821. Here 
 they opened a farm, but, in 1827, Mr. Pierson 
 went to the lead mines at Galena, where he re- 
 mained a year, then returning to Carrollton. In 
 1834, having sold his farm, he began merchandis- 
 ing, still later being engaged in the pork and 
 grain trade at Alton. In 1854 he added the bank- 
 ing business to his dry -goods trade at Carrollton, 
 also engaged in milling, and, in 1862-63, erected 
 a woolen factory, which was destroyed by an 
 incendiary fire in 1872. Originally an anti-slavery 
 Clay Whig, Mr. Pierson became a Republican on 
 the organization of that party in 1856, served for 
 a time as Collector of Internal Revenue, was a 
 delegate to the National Republican Convention 
 at Philadelphia in 1872, and a prominent candi- 
 date for the Republican nomination for Lieuten- 
 ant-Governor in 1876. Of high integrity and 
 unswerving patriotism, Mr. Pierson was generous 
 in his benefactions, being one of the most liberal 
 contributors to the establishment of the Langston 
 School for the Education of Freedmen at Holly 
 Springs, Hiss., soon after the war. He died at 
 Carrollton, May 8, 1891. Oman (Pierson), a son 
 of the subject of this sketch, was a member of 
 the Thirty-second General Assembly (1881) from 
 Greene County, and is present cashier of the 
 Greene County National Bank at Carrollton. 
 
 PI6GOTT, Isaac N., early politician, was born 
 about 1792; served as an itinerant Methodist 
 preacher in Missouri and Illinois, between 1819 
 and 1824, but finally located southwest of Jersey - 
 ville and obtained a license to run a ferry be- 
 tween Graf ton and Alton; in 1828 ran as a 
 candidate for the State Senate against Thomas 
 Carlin (afterwards Governor); removed to St. 
 Louis in 1858, and died there in 1874. 
 
 PIKE COUNTY, situated in the western por- 
 tion of the State, lying between the Illinois and 
 Mississippi Rivers, having an area of 795 square 
 miles named in honor of the explorer, Capt. 
 Zebulon Pike The first American settlers came 
 about 1820, and. in 1821, the county was organ- 
 ized, at first embracing all the country north and 
 
 west of the Illinois River, including the present 
 county of Cook. Out of this territory were finally 
 organized about one fourth of the counties of the 
 State. Coles' Grove (now Gilead, in Calhoun 
 County) was the first county-seat, but the seat of 
 justice was removed, in 1824, to Atlas, and to 
 Pittsfield in 1833. The surface is undulating, in 
 some portions is hilly, and diversified with prai 
 ries and hardwood timber. Live-stock, cereals 
 and hay are the staple products, while coal and 
 Niagara limestone are found in abundance. 
 Population (1890), 31,000; (1900), 31,595. 
 
 PILLSBURY, Nathaniel Joy, lawyer and 
 judge, was born in York County, Maine, Oct. 21, 
 1834; in 1855 removed to Illinois, and, in 1858, 
 began farming in Livingston County. He began 
 the study of law in 1863, and, after admission to 
 the bar, commenced practice at Pontiac. He 
 represented La Salle and Livingston Counties in 
 the Constitutional Convention of 1869-70, and. in 
 1873, was elected to the bench of the Thirteenth 
 Judicial Circuit. He was re-elected in 1879 and 
 again> in 1885. He was assigned to the bench of 
 the Appellate Court in 1H77, and again in 1879 
 and '85. He was severely wounded by a shot 
 received from strikers on the line of the Chicago 
 & Alton Railroad, near Chicago, in 1886, resulting 
 in his being permanently disabled physically, in 
 consequence of which he declined a re-election to 
 the bench in 1*91 
 
 PINCKNEYVILLE,acity and the county-seat 
 of Perry County, situated at the intersection of 
 the Paducah Division Illinois Central and the 
 Wabash, Chester & Western Railways, 10 miles 
 west-northwest of Duquoin. Coal-mining is 
 carried on in the immediate vicinity, and flour, 
 carriages, plows and dressed lumber are among 
 the manufactured products. Pinckneyville has 
 two banks one of which is national two weekly 
 newspapers, seven churches, a graded and a high 
 school. Population (18SO), 964; (1890), 1,298; 
 (1900), 2,357. 
 
 PITTSBl*R(i, CINCINNATI, CHICAGO A. 
 ST. LOL'IS RAILROAD, one of the Pennsyl- 
 vania Company's lines, operating 1,403 miles of 
 road, of which 1,090 miles are owned and the 
 remainder leased length of line in Illinois, 28 
 miles. The Company is the outgrowth of a con- 
 solidation, in 1890, of the Pittsburg, Cincinnati & 
 St. Louis Railway with the Chicago. St. Louis & 
 Pittsburg, the Cincinnati & Richmond and the 
 Jeffersonville, Madison & Indianapolis Railroads. 
 The Pennsylvania Railroad Company controls 
 the entire line through ownership of stock. 
 Capital stock outstanding, in 1898. $47,791,601; 
 
426 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 funded debt, $48,438,000; floating debt, $2,314,703 
 total capital $98,500,584. (HISTORY.) The 
 Chicago, St. Louis & Pittsburg Railroad, em- 
 bracing the Illinois division of this line, was made 
 up of various corporations organized under the 
 laws of Illinois and Indiana. One of its compo- 
 nent parts was the Chicago & Oreat Eastern 
 Railway, organized, in 1865, by consolidation of 
 the Galena & Illinois River Railroad (chartered 
 in 1857), the Chicago & Oreat Eastern Railway 
 of Indiana, the Cincinnati ft Chicago Air-Line 
 (organized 1860), and the Cincinnati, Logans- 
 port A Chicago Railway. In 1869, the consoli- 
 dated line was leased to the Pittsburg, Cincinnati 
 & St. Louis Railway Company, and operated 
 under the name of the Columbus, Chicago & 
 Indiana Central between Bradford, Ohio, and 
 Chicago, from 1869 until its consolidation, under 
 the present name, in 1890. (See Pennsylvania 
 Railroad. ) 
 
 PITTSBURG, FORT WAYNE * CHICAGO 
 RAILROAD. (See Pittiburg, Fort Wayne A Chi- 
 0190 Kit Unity. ) 
 
 PITTSBURG, FORT WAYNE A CHICAGO 
 RAILWAY. The total length of this line is 
 nearly 470 miles, but only a little over 16 miles 
 are within Illinois. It was operated by the Penn- 
 sylvania Railroad Company as lessee. The entire 
 capitalization in 1898 was $53,549,990; and the 
 earnings in Illinois, $472,228. (HISTORY.) The 
 Pittsburg, Fort Wayne & Chicago Railway is the 
 result of the consolidation, August 1, 1856, of the 
 Ohio & Pennsylvania, the Ohio & Indiana and 
 the Fort Wayne & Chicago Railroad Companies, 
 under the name of the Pittsburg, Fort Wayne ft 
 Chicago Railroad. The road was opened through 
 its entire length, Jan. 1, 1859; was sold under 
 foreclosure in 1861 ; reorganized under its present 
 title, in 1863, and leased to the Pennsylvania 
 Railroad Company, for 999 years, from July 1, 
 1869. (See Pennsylvania Railroad.) 
 
 PITTSFIELD, the county -seat of Pike County, 
 situated on the Hannibal & Naples branch of the 
 Wabash Railway, about 40 miles southeast of 
 Quincy, and about the same distance south of 
 west from Jacksonville. Its public buildings 
 include a handsome court house and graded and 
 high school buildings. The city has an electric 
 light plant, city water-works, a flour mill, a 
 National and a State hank, nine churches, and 
 four weekly newspapers. Pop. (1890), 2,395; 
 (1900), 2,393. 
 
 PLAINFIELD, a village of Will County, on the 
 Elgin, Joliet & Eastern Railroad and an interur- 
 ban electric line. 8 miles northwest of Joliet; is 
 
 in a dairying section; has a bank and one news- 
 paper. Pop. (1890). 85?; (1900), 930. 
 
 PLANO, a city in Kendall County, situated 
 near the Fox River, and on the Chicago, Burling- 
 ton & Quincy Railroad, 14 miles west-southwest 
 of Aurora. There are manufactories of agri- 
 cultural implements and bedsteads. The city has 
 banks, several churches, graded and high schools, 
 and a weekly newspaper. Pop. (1890), 1,825; 
 (1900). 1,684; (1908, est.), 3,250. 
 
 PLEASANT PLAINS, a village of Sangamon 
 County, on Springfield Division Baltimore & Ohio 
 S. W. Railroad, 16 miles northwest of Spring- 
 field; in rich farming region; has coal-shaft, 
 bank, five churches, college and two newspapers. 
 Population (1890), 518; (1900). 575. 
 
 PLEASANTS, George Washington, jurist, was 
 born in Harrodsburg, Ky , Nov. 24, 1833; received 
 a classical education at Williams College, Mass. . 
 graduating in 1843; studied law in New York 
 City, and was admitted to the bar at Rochester, 
 N. V , in 1845, establishing himself in practice at 
 Williamstown, Mass., where he remained until 
 1849. In 1851 he removed to Washington, D. C., 
 and, after residing there two years, came to Illi- 
 nois, locating at Rock Island, which has since 
 been his home. In 1861 he was elected, as a 
 Republican, to the State Constitutional Conven- 
 tion which met at Springfield in January follow- 
 ing, and, in 1867. was chosen Judge for the Sixth 
 (now Tenth) Judicial Circuit, having served by 
 successive re-elections until June, 1897, retiring 
 at the close of his fifth term a record for length 
 of service seldom paralleled in the judicial his- 
 tory of the State. The last twenty years of this 
 period were spent on the Appellate bench. For 
 several years past Judge Pleasants has been a 
 sufferer from failing eyesight, but has been faith- 
 ful in attendance on his judicial duties. As a 
 judicial officer and a man, his reputation stands 
 among the highest. 
 
 PLUMB, Ralph, soldier and ex-Congressman, 
 was born in Chautauqua County, N. Y., March 39, 
 1816. After leaving school he became a mer- 
 chant's clerk, and was himself a merchant for 
 eighteen years. From New York he removed to 
 Ohio, where he was elected a member of the 
 Legislature in 1855, later coming to Illinois. 
 During the Civil War he served four years in the 
 Union army as Captain and Quartermaster, being 
 brevetted Lieutenant-Colonel at its close. He 
 made his home at Streator, where he was elected 
 Mayor (1881-1888). There he engaged in coal- 
 mining and has been connected with several 
 important enterprises. From 1885 to 1889 he 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 427 
 
 represented the Eighth Illinois District in Con- 
 gress, after which he retired to private life. 
 
 PLYMOUTH, a village of Hancock County, on 
 the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railway, 41 
 miles northeast of Quincy ; is trade center of rich 
 farming district ; has two banks, electric lights, 
 water-works, and one paper. Pop. (1900), 854. 
 
 POINTE DE SAIBLE, Jean Baptlste, a negro 
 and Indian-trader, reputed to have been the first 
 settler on the present site of the city of Chicago. 
 He is said to have been a native of San Domingo, 
 but is described by his contemporaries as "well 
 educated and handsome," though dissipated. He 
 appears to have been at the present site of Chi- 
 cago as early as 1794, his house being located on 
 the north side near the junction of the North and 
 South branches of the Chicago River, where he 
 carried on a considerable trade with the Indians. 
 About 1796 he is said to have sold out to a French 
 trader named Le Mai, and joined a countryman 
 of liis, named Glamorgan, at Peoria, where he died 
 soon after. Glamorgan, who was the reputed 
 owner of a large Spanish land-grant in the vicin- 
 . ity of St. Louis, is said to have been. associated 
 \ with Point de Saible in trade among the Peorias, 
 before the latter came to Chicago. 
 
 POLO, a city in Ogle County, at intersection 
 of the Illinois Central and the Chicago. Burling- 
 ton & Northern Railways, 23 miles south of Free- 
 l>rt and 12 miles north of Dixon. The 
 surrounding region is devoted to agriculture and 
 stock-raising, and Polo is a shipping point for 
 large quantities of cattle and hogs. Agricultural 
 implements (including harvesters) and buggies 
 are manufactured here. The city hag banks, one 
 weekly and one semi -weekly paper, seven 
 churches, a graded public and high school, and a 
 public library. Pop. (1890), 1,728; (1900), 1,869. 
 
 PONTIAC, an Ottawa chief, born on the 
 Ottawa River, in Canada, about 1720. While yet 
 a young man he became the principal Chief of 
 the allied Ottawas, Ojibways and Pottawatoraies. 
 He was always a firm ally of the French, to 
 whose interests he was devotedly attached, 
 defending them at Detroit against an attack of 
 the Northern tribes, and (it is generally believed) 
 leading the Ottawas in the defeat of Braddock. 
 He reluctantly acquiesced in the issue of the 
 French and Indian War, although at first strongly 
 disposed to dispute the progress of Major Rogers, 
 the British officer sent to take possession of the 
 western forts. In 1762 he dispatched emissaries 
 to a large number of tribes, whom he desired to 
 unite in a league for the extermination of the 
 English. His proposals were favorably"reoeived. 
 
 and thus was organized what is commonly 
 spoken of as the "Conspiracy of Pontiac." He 
 himself undertook to lead an assault upon Detroit. 
 The garrison, however, was apprised of his inten- 
 tion, and made preparations accordingly. Pontiac 
 thereupon laid siege to the fort, but was unable 
 to prevent the ingress of provisions, the Canadian 
 settlers furnishing supplies to both besieged and 
 besiegers with absolute impartiality. Finally a 
 boat-load of ammunition and supplies was landed 
 at Detroit from Lake Erie, and the English made 
 an unsuccessful sortie on July 31, 1763. After a 
 desultory warfare, lasting for nearly three 
 months, the Indians withdrew into Indiana, 
 where Pontiac tried in vain to organize another 
 movement. Although Detroit had not been 
 taken, the Indians captured Forts Sandusky, St. 
 Joseph, Miami, Ouiatanon, LeBoeuf and Venango, 
 besides the posts of Mackinaw and Preeque Isle. 
 The garrisons at all these points were massacred 
 and innumerable outrages perpetrated elsewhere. 
 Additional British troops were sent west, and 
 the Indians finally brought under control. 
 Pontiac wag present at Oswego when a treaty was 
 signed with Sir William Johnson, but remained 
 implacable. His end was tragic. Broken in 
 heart, but still proud in spirit and relentless in 
 purpose, he applied to the former (and last) 
 French Governor of Illinois, the younger St. 
 Ange, who was then at St. Louis, for co-operation 
 and support in another raid against the British. 
 Being refused aid or countenance, according to a 
 story long popularly received, he returned to the 
 vicinity of Cabokia, where, in 1769, he was mur- 
 dered by a Kaskaskia Indian in consideration of 
 a barrel of liquor. X. Matson, author of several 
 volumes bearing on early history in Illinois, cit- 
 ing Col. Joseph N. Bourassa, an educated half- 
 breed of Kansas, as authority for his statement, 
 asserts that the Indian killed at Cahokia was an 
 impostor, and that the true Pontiac was assassi- 
 nated by Kineboo, the Head Chief of the Illinois, 
 in a council held on the Des Plaines River, near 
 the present site of Joliet. So well convinced, it 
 is said, was Pierre Chouteau, the St. Louis Indian 
 trader, of the truth of this last story, that he 
 caused a monument, which he had erected over 
 the grave of the false Pontiac, to be removed. 
 Out of the murder of Pontiac, whether occurring 
 at Cahokia or Joliet. it is generally agreed, 
 resulted the extermination of the Illinois and the 
 tragedy of "Starved Rock." (See Starved Bode. ) 
 PONTIAC, an incorporated city, the county- 
 seat of Livingston County. It stands on the 
 bank of the Vemillion River, and is also a point 
 
428 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 of intersection of the Chicago & Alton, the 
 Wabash and the Illinois Central Railroads. It is 
 :u( miles north-northeast from Bloomington and 
 93 miles south-southwest of Chicago. The sur- 
 rounding region is devoted to agriculture, stock- 
 raising and coal-mining. Pontiac has four banks 
 and four weekly newspapers (two issuing daily 
 editions), numerous churches and good schools. 
 Various kinds of manufacturing are conducted, 
 among the principal establishments being flour- 
 ing mills, three shoe factories, straw paper and 
 candy factories and a foundry. The State Re- 
 formatory for Juvenile Offenders is located here. 
 Pop. (1890), 2,784; (1900), 4,266. 
 
 POOL, Orval, merchant and banker, was born 
 in Union County, Ky., near Shawneetcwn, 111., 
 Feb. 17, 1809, but lived in Shawneetown from seven 
 years of age; in boyhood learned the saddler's 
 trade, but, in 1843, engaged in the dry-goods 
 business, J. McKee Peeples and Thomas S. Ridg- 
 way becoming his partners in 1846. In 1800 he 
 retired from the dry-goods trade and became an 
 extensive dealer in produce, pork and tobacco. 
 In 1871 he established the Gallatin County 
 National Bank, of which he was the first Presi- 
 dent. Died, June 30, 1871. 
 
 POOLE, William Frederick, bibliographer, 
 librarian and historical writer, was born at 
 Salem, Mass., Dec. 24, 1821, graduated from Yale 
 College in 1849, and, at the close of his sophomore 
 year, was appointed assistant librarian of his col- 
 lege society, which owned a library of 10,000 vol- 
 umes. Here he prepared and published the first 
 edition of his now famous "Index to Periodical 
 Literature." A second and enlarged addition 
 was published in 1853, and secured for its author 
 wide fame, in both America and Europe. In 1852 
 he was made Librarian of the Boston Mercantile 
 Library, and, from 1856 to 1869, had charge of the 
 Boston Athenaeum, then one of the largest li- 
 braries in the United States, which he relinquished 
 to engage in expert library work. He organized 
 libraries in several New England cities and 
 towns, at the United States Naval Academy, and 
 the Cincinnati Public Library, finally becoming 
 Librarian of the latter institution. In October, 
 1873, he assumed charge of the Chicago Public 
 Library, then being organized, and, in 1887, 
 became Librarian of the Newberry Library, 
 organizing this institution and remaining at its 
 head until his death, which occurred, March 1, 
 1894. The degree of LL.D. was conferred on him 
 by the Northwestern University in 1882. Dr. 
 Pi Kile took a prominent part in the organization 
 of library associations, and was one of the Vice- 
 
 President 1 ! of the International Conference of 
 Librarians, held in London in 1871. His advice 
 was much sought in relation to library architec- 
 turt and management. He wrote much on topics 
 connected with his profession and on historical 
 subjects, frequently contributing to "The North 
 American Review." In 1874-75 he edited a liter- 
 ary paper at Chicago, called "The Owl," and was 
 later a constant contributor to "The Dial." He 
 was President of the American Historical Society 
 and member of State Historical Societies and of 
 other kindred associations. 
 
 POPE, Nathaniel, first Territorial Secretary of 
 Illinois, Delegate in Congress and jurist, was born 
 at Louisville, Ky., in 1774; graduated with high 
 honor from Transylvania University, at Lexing- 
 ton, Ky., read law with his brother, Senator John 
 Pope, and, in 1804, emigrated to New Orleans, 
 later living, for a time, at Ste. Genevieve, Mo. In 
 1808 he became a resident of Kaskaskia and, the 
 next year, was appointed the first Territorial 
 Secretary of Illinois. His native judgment was 
 strong and profound and his intellect quick and 
 far-reaching, while both were thoroughly trained 
 and disciplined by study. In 1816 he was elected 
 a Territorial Delegate to Congress, and proved 
 himself, not only devoted to the interests of his 
 constituents, but also a shrewd tactician. He was 
 largely instrumental in securing the passage of 
 the act authorizing the formation of a State 
 government, and it was mainly through his 
 efforts that the northern boundary of Illinois was 
 fixed at Int. 42 30' north, instead of the southern 
 bend of Lake Michigan. Upon the admission of 
 Illinois into the Union, he was made United 
 States Judge of the District, which then embraced 
 the entire State. This office he filled with dig- 
 nity, impartiality and acceptability until his 
 death, at the home of his daughter, Mrs. Lu- 
 cretia Yeatman, in St. Louis, Mo., Jan. 23, 1850. 
 Pope County was named in his honor. (jen. John 
 (Pope), son of the preceding, was born in Louis- 
 ville, Ky., March 16, 1822 ; graduated at the United 
 States Military Academy, 1842, and appointed 
 brevet Second Lieutenant of Topographical 
 Engineers; served in Florida (1842-44), on the 
 northeast boundary survey, and in the Mexican 
 War (1846-47), being promoted First Lieutenant 
 for bravery at Monterey and Captain at Buena 
 Vista. In 1849 he conducted an exploring expe- 
 dition in Minnesota, was in charge of topograph- 
 ical engineering service in New Mexico (1851-53), 
 and of the surrey of a route for the Union Pacific 
 Railway (1853-59), meanwhile experimenting on 
 the feasibility of artesian wells on the "Staked 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 429 
 
 Plains" in Northwestern Texas. He was a zeal- 
 ous friend of Abraham Lincoln in the political 
 campaign of 1860, and was court-martialed for 
 criticising the policy of President Buchanan, in a 
 paper read before a literary society in Cincinnati, 
 the proceedings being finally dropped on the 
 recommendation of the (then) Secretary of War, 
 Joseph Holt. In 1861 he was one of the officers 
 detailed by the War Department to conduct Mr. 
 Lincoln to the capital, and, in May following, 
 was made Brigadier-General of Volunteers and 
 assigned to command in Missouri, where he per- 
 formed valuable service in protecting railroad 
 communications and driving out guerrillas, gain- 
 ing an important victory over Sterling Price at 
 Black wat IT, in December of that year; in 1862 
 had command of the land forces co-operating 
 with Admiral Foote, in the expedition against 
 New Madrid and Island No. 10. resulting in the 
 capture of that stronghold with 6.500 prisoners, 
 125 cannon and 7,000 small arms, thereby win- 
 ning a Major-General's commission. Later, hav- 
 ing participated in the operations against Corinth, 
 he was transferred to command of the Army of 
 Virginia, and soon after commissioned Briga- 
 dier-General in the regular army. Here, being 
 forced to meet a greatly superior force under 
 General Lee, he was subjected to reverses which 
 led to his falling back on Washington and a 
 request to be relieved of his command. For fail- 
 ure to give him proper support, Gen. Fitzjohn 
 Porter was tried by court-martial, and, having 
 been convicted, was cashiered and declared for- 
 ever disqualified from holding any office of trust 
 or profit under the United States Government 
 although this verdict was finally set aside and 
 Porter restored to the army as Colonel, by act of 
 Congress, in August, 1886. General Pope's sub- 
 sequent service was performed chiefly against 
 the Indians in the Northwest, until 1865, when he 
 took command of the military division of Mis- 
 souri, and, in June following, of the Department 
 of the Missouri, including all the Northwestern 
 States and Territories, from which he was 
 relieved early in 1866. Later, he held command, 
 under the Reconstruction Acts, in Georgia, Ala- 
 bama and Florida ( 1 867-68 ) ; the Department of the 
 Lakes (1868-70) ; Department of the Missouri (1870- 
 84) ; and Department of the Pacific, from 1884 to 
 his retirement, March 16, 1886. General Pope 
 published "Explorations from the Red River to 
 the Rio Grande'' and "Campaigns in Virginia" 
 (1868). Died, at Sandusky, Ohio, Sept 23, 1892. 
 
 POPE COUNTT, lies on the southern border of 
 the State, and contains an area of about 360 
 
 square miles named in honor of Judge Nathaniel 
 Pope. It was erected in 1816 (two years before 
 the admission of Illinois as a State) from parts of 
 Gallatin and Johnson Counties. The county-seat 
 was first located at Sandsville, Imt later changed 
 to Golconda. Robert Lacy, Benoni Lee and 
 Thomas Ferguson were the first Commissioners ; 
 Hamlet Ferguson was chosen Sheriff; John Scott, 
 Recorder; Thomas C. Browne, Prosecuting- Attor- 
 ney, and Samuel Omelveney. Treasurer. The 
 highest land in Southern Illinois is in the north- 
 eastern part of this county, reaching an elevation 
 of 1,046 feet. The bluffs along the Ohio River are 
 bold in outline, and the ridges are surmounted by 
 a thick growth of timber, notably oak and hick- 
 ory,. Portions of the bottom lands are submerged, 
 at times, during a part of the year and are 
 covered with cypress timber. The remains of 
 Indian mounds and fortifications are found, and 
 some interesting relics have len exhumed. Sand- 
 stone is quarried in abundance, and coal is found 
 here and there. Mineral springs (with copperas 
 as the chief ingredient) are numerous. Iron is 
 found in limited quantities, among the rocks 
 toward the south, while spar and kaolin clay are 
 found in the north. The chief agricultural 
 products are potatoes, corn and tobacco. Popu- 
 lation (1890), 14,016; (UKW), 13,585. 
 
 PORT BYRON, a village of Rock Island County, 
 on the Mississippi River anil the Chicago. Mil- 
 waukee & St. Paul Railway, 16 miles above Rock 
 Island; has lime kilns, grain elevator, two banks, 
 academy, public schools, and a newspaper. Pop. 
 (1900). 732. The (Illinois) Western Hospital for 
 the Insane is located at Watertown, twelve mile-* 
 below Port Byron. 
 
 PORTER, (Rer.) .li-rrmiali, pioneer clergy- 
 man, was born at Hadley, Mass., in 1804; gradu- 
 ated from Williams College in 1S25, and studied 
 theology at both Andover and Princeton semi 
 naries, graduating from the latter in 1831. The 
 same year he made the (then) long and perilous 
 journey to Fort Brady, a military post at the 
 Sault Ste. Marie, where he began his work as a 
 missionary. In 1833 he came to Chicago, where 
 he remained for two years, organizing the First 
 Presbyterian Church of Chicago, with a member- 
 ship of twenty-six persons. Afterwards he had 
 pastoral charge of churches at Peoria and Farni- 
 ington. While in Chicago he was married to 
 Miss Eliza Chappell, one of the earliest teachers 
 in Chicago. From 1840 to '58 he was located at 
 Green Bay, Wis., accepting a call from a Chicago 
 Church in the year last named. In 1861 he was 
 commissioned Chaplain in the volunteer service 
 
430 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 by Governor Vates, and mustered out in 1865. 
 The next five years were divided between labors 
 at Brownsville, Tex., in the service of the Sani- 
 tary Commission, and a pastorate at Prairie du 
 Chien. In 1870 he was commissioned Chaplain 
 in the regular army, remaining in the service 
 (with occasional leaves of absence) until 1888, 
 when he was retired from active service on 
 account of advanced age. His closing years were 
 spent at the homes of his children in Detroit and 
 Beloit; died at the latter city, July 25, 1893, at 
 the age of 89 years. 
 
 I'OSEY, (Gen.) Thomas, Continental and 
 Revolutionary soldier, was born in Virginia, July 
 9, 1750 ; in 1774 took part in Lord Dunmore's expe- 
 dition against the Indians, and, later, in various 
 engagements of the Revolutionary War, being 
 part of the time under the immediate command 
 of Washington ; was with General Wayne in the 
 assault on Stony Point and present at CornwaluV 
 surrender at Yorktown ; also served, after the war, 
 with Wayne as a Brigadier-General in the North- 
 west Territory- Removing to Kentucky, he 
 served in the State Senate, for a time being 
 presiding officer and acting Lieutenant-Goveraor ; 
 later (1812), was elected United States Senator 
 from Louisiana, and, from 1813 to '16, served as 
 Territorial Governor of Indiana Died, at the 
 home of his son-in-law, Joseph M. Street, at 
 Shawneetown, 111. , March 18, 1818, where he lies 
 buried. At the time of his death General Posey 
 was serving as Indian Agent. 
 
 POST, Joel 8., lawyer and soldier of the Mexi- 
 can War; was born in Ontario (now Wayne) 
 County, N. Y., April 27, 1816; in 1828 removed 
 with his father to Washtenaw County, Mich., 
 remaining there until 1839, when he came to 
 Macon County, 111. The following year, he com- 
 menced the study of law with Judge Charles 
 Emmerson, of Decatur, and was admitted to the 
 bar in 1841. In 1 Mr, he enlisted in the Mexican 
 War, and served as Quartermaster of the Fourth 
 Regiment (Col. E. D. Baker's) ; in 1856 was elected 
 to the State Senate, and, at the following session, 
 was a leading supporter of the measures which 
 resulted in the establishment of the State Nor- 
 mal School at Bloomington. Capt. Post's later 
 years were spent at Decatur, where he died, 
 June 7. 1886. 
 
 POST, Philip Sidney, soldier and Congress- 
 man, was born at Florida, Orange County, N. Y., 
 March 19, 1833; at the age of 22 graduated from 
 Union College, studied law at Poughkeepsie Law 
 School, and, removing to Illinois, was admitted 
 to the bar iu 1856 At the outbreak of the Civil 
 
 War he enlisted, and was commissioned Second 
 Lieutenant in the Fifty-ninth Illinois Volunteers. 
 He was a gallant, fearless soldier, and was re- 
 peatedly promoted for bravery and meritorious 
 service, until he attained the rank of brevet 
 Brigadier-General He participated in many 
 important battles and was severely wounded at 
 Pea Ridge and Nashville. In 1865 he was in com- 
 mand in Western Texas. After the close of the 
 war he entered the diplomatic service, being 
 appointed Consul-General to Austria-Hungary 
 in 1874, but resigned in 1879, and returned to his 
 home in Galesburg. From 1882 to 1886 he was a 
 member of the Republican State Central Com- 
 mittee, and, during 1886, waa Commander of the 
 Department of Illinois, G. A. R. He was elected 
 to Congress from the Tenth District on the Repub- 
 lican ticket in 1886, serving continuously by re- 
 election until his death,' which occurred in 
 Washington, Jan. 6, 1895. 
 
 POST, Truman Ma reeling, D.D., clergyman, 
 was born at Middlebury, Vt.. June 3, 1810; gradu- 
 ated at Middlebury College in 1829, was Principal 
 of Castleton Academy for a year, and a tutor at 
 Middlebury two years, meanwhile studying law. 
 After a winter spent in Washington, listening to 
 the orators of the time in Congress and before the 
 Supreme Court, including Clay, Webster, Wirt 
 and their contemporaries, he went west in 1833, 
 first visiting St. Louis, but finally settling at 
 Jacksonville, 111., where he was admitted to the 
 bar, but soon after accepted the Professorship of 
 Classical Languages in Illinois College, and 
 later that of History; then began the study of 
 theology, was ordained in 1840, and assumed the 
 pastorship of the Congregational Church in Jack- 
 sonville. In 1847 he was called to the pastorate 
 of the -Third Presbyterian Church of St. Louis, 
 and, in 1851, to the First Congregational Church, 
 of which the former furnished the nucleus. For 
 a year or two after removing to St. Louis, he 
 continued his lectures on history at Illinois Col- 
 lege for a short period each year ; also held the 
 professorship of Ancient and Modem History in 
 Washington University, in St. Louis; in 1873-75 
 was Southworth lecturer on Congregationalism 
 in Andover Theological Seminary and, for sev- 
 eral years, Professor of Ecclesiastical History in 
 Chicago Theological Seminary. His splendid 
 diction and his noble style of oratory caused 
 him to be much sought after as a public lecturer 
 or platform speaker at college commencements, 
 while his purity of life and refinement of charac- 
 ter attracted to him all with whom he came in 
 personal contact. He received the degree of 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 431 
 
 D D. from Middlebury College in 1855; was a fre- 
 quent contributor to "The Biblical Repository" 
 and other religious publications, and, besides 
 numerous addresses, sermons and pamphlets, he 
 was the author of a volume entitled "The Skep- 
 tical Era in Modern History" (New York, 1856). 
 Be resigned his pastorate in January, 1882, but 
 continued to be a frequent speaker, either in the 
 pulpit or on the lecture platform, nearly to the 
 period of his death, which occurred in St. Louis, 
 Dec. 31, 1886. For a quarter of a century he was 
 one of the Trustees of Monticello Female Semi- 
 nary, at Godfrey, 111., being, for a considerable 
 portion of the time, President of the Board. 
 
 POTTAWATOMIES, THE, an Indian tribe, 
 one of the three subdivisions of the Ojibwas (or 
 Ojibbeways), who, in turn, constituted a numer- 
 ous family of the Algonquins. The other 
 branches were the Ottawa and the Chippewas. 
 The latter, however, retained the family name, 
 and hence some writers have regarded the "Ojib- 
 beways" and ,the "Chippewas" as essentially 
 identical. This interchanging of names has been 
 a prolific source of error. Inherently, the dis- 
 tinction was analogous to that existing between 
 genus and species, although a confusion of 
 nomenclature has naturally resulted in errors 
 more or less serious. These three tribes early 
 separated, the Pottawatomies going south from 
 Green Bay along the -western shore of Lake 
 Michigan. The meaning of the name is, "we are 
 making a fire," and the word is a translation into 
 the Pottawatomie language of the name first 
 given to the tribe by the Miamis. These Indians 
 were tall, fierce and haughty, and the tribe was 
 divided into four branches, or clans, called by 
 names which signify, respectively, the golden 
 carp, the tortoise, the crab and the frog. Accord- 
 ing to the "Jesuit Relations," the Pottawatomies 
 were first met by the French, on the north of 
 Lake Huron, in 1639-40. More than a quarter of 
 a century later (1666) Father Allouez speaks of 
 them as dwellers on the shores of Lake Michigan. 
 The same Father described them as idolatrous 
 and polygamous, yet as possessing a rude civility 
 and as being kindly disposed toward the French. 
 This friendship continued unbroken until the 
 expulsion of the latter from the Northwest. 
 About 1678 they spread southward from Green 
 Bay to the head of Lake Michigan, a portion of 
 the tribe settling in Illinois as far south as the 
 Kankakee and Illinois Rivers, crowding the 
 Winnebagoes and the Sacs and Foxes on the west, 
 and advancing, on the east, into the country of 
 the Miamis as far as the Wabash and the 
 
 Maumee. They fought on the side of the 
 French in the French and Indian War, and 
 later took part in the conspiracy of Pontiac 
 to capture and reduce the British posts, and 
 were so influenced by Tecumseh and the Prophet 
 that a considerable number of their warri- 
 ors fought against General Harrison at Tippe- 
 canoe. During the War of 1812 they actively 
 supported the British. They were also prominent 
 at the Chicago massacre. Schoolcraft says of 
 them, "They were foremost at all treaties where 
 lands were to be ceded, clamoring for the lion's 
 share of all presents and annuities, particularly 
 where these last were the price paid for the sale 
 of other lands than their own." The Pottawato- 
 mies were parties to the treaties at Chicago in 
 1832 and 1833, and were among the last of the 
 tribes to remove beyond the Mississippi, their 
 final emigration not taking place until 1838. In 
 1846 the scattered fragments of this tribe coalesced 
 with those of the Chippewas and Ottawas, and 
 formed the Pottawatomie nation. They ceded all 
 their lands, wherever located, to the United States, 
 for $850,000, agreeing to accept 576,000 acres in 
 Kansas in lieu of $87,000 of this amount. Through 
 the rapacity and trespasses of white settlers, this 
 reservation was soon dismembered, and the lands 
 passed into other hands. In 1867, under an ena- 
 bling act of Congress, 1,400 of the nation (then 
 estimated at 2,500) became citizens. Their pres- 
 ent location is in the southeastern part of Okla- 
 homa. 
 
 POWELL, John Wesley, Ph.D., LL.D., geolo- 
 gist and anthropologist, was born at Mount Morris 
 N. Y., March 24, 1834, the son of a Methodist 
 itinerant preacher, passing his early life at vari- 
 ous places in Ohio, Wisconsin and Illinois ; studied 
 for a time in Illinois College (Jacksonville), and 
 subsequently in Wheaton College, but, in 1854, 
 began a special course at Oberlin, Ohio, teaching 
 at intervals in public schools. Having a predi- 
 lection for the natural sciences, he spent much 
 time in making collections, which he placed in 
 various Illinois institutions. Entering the army 
 in 1861 as a private of the Twentieth Illinois 
 Volunteers, he later became a Captain of the 
 Second Illinois Artillery, being finally promoted 
 Major. He lost his right arm at the battle of 
 Shiloh, but returned to his regiment as soon as 
 sufficiently recovered, and continued in active 
 service to the close of the war. In 1865 he became 
 Professor of Geology and Curator of the Museum 
 in Illinois Wesleyan University at Bloomington, 
 but resigned to accept a similar position in the 
 State Normal University. In 1867 he began his 
 
432 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 greatest work in connection with science by 
 leading a class of pupils to the mountains of 
 Colorado for the study of geology, which he fol- 
 lowed, a year later, by a more thorough survey of 
 the cafion of the Colorado River than had ever 
 before been attempted. This led to provision by 
 Congress, in 1870, for a topographical and geo- 
 logical survey of the Colorado and its tributaries, 
 which was appropriately placed under his direc- 
 tion. Later, he was placed in charge of the 
 Bureau of Ethnology in connection with the 
 Smithsonian Institute, and, again in 1881. was 
 assigned to the directorship of the United States 
 ( leological Survey, later becoming Director of the 
 Bureau of Ethnology, in connection with the 
 Smithsonian Institute In Washington City, 
 where (1899) he still remains. In 1886 Major 
 Powell received the degree of Ph.D. from Heidel- 
 berg University, and that of LL.D. from Har- 
 vard the same year. He is also a member of the 
 leading scientific associations of the country, 
 while his reports and addresses fill numerous 
 volumes issued by the Government. 
 
 POWELL, William Henry, soldier and manu- 
 facturer, was born in South Wales, May 10, 1825 ; 
 came to America in 1830. was educated in the 
 common schools of Tennessee, and (1856-61) was 
 manager of a manufacturing company at Iron- 
 ton. Ohio; in 1861, became Captain of a West 
 Virginia cavalry comi>any, and was advanced 
 through the grades of Major, Lieutenant-Colonel 
 .1 ml Colonel, was wounded while leading a charge 
 at Wytheville, Va. , left on the field, captured and 
 confined in Libby Prison six months. After ex- 
 change he led a cavalry division in the Army of 
 the Shenandoah ; was made Brigadier-General in 
 October, 1864; after the war settled in West Vir- 
 ginia, and was a Republican Presidential Elector 
 in 1868. He is now at the head of a nail mill and 
 foundry in Belleville, and was Commander of the 
 Grand Army of the Republic for the Department 
 of Illinois during 1895 116. 
 
 PRAIRIE CITY, a village in McDonough 
 County, on the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy 
 Railroad, 23 miles southwest from Galesburg and 
 IT miles northeast of Macomb; has a carriage 
 factory, flour mill, elevators, lumber and stock 
 yards, a nursery, u bank, four churches and two 
 weekly papers. Pop. (1890). 812; (1900). H18. 
 
 PRAIRIE DU PONT, (in English, Bridge 
 Prairie), an early French settlement, one mile 
 south of Cahokia. It was commenced about 1760, 
 located on the banks of a creek, on which was 
 the first mill, operated by water-power, in that 
 section, having l>.-. i erected by missionaries 
 
 from St. Sulpice. in 1754. In 1765 the village 
 contained fourteen families. In 1844 it was 
 inundated and nearly destroyed. 
 
 PRAIRIE dn ROCHER, (in English. Prairie of 
 the Rock), an early French village in what is 
 now Monroe County, which began to spring up 
 near Fort Chartres (see Fort Chartres), and by 
 1T22 had grown to be a considerable settlement. 
 It stood at the foot of the Mississippi bluffs, about 
 four miles northeast of the fort. Like other 
 French villages in Illinois, it had its church and 
 priest, its common field and commons. Many of 
 the houses were picturesque cottages built of 
 limestone. The ancient village is now extinct; 
 yetyfeear the outlet of a creek which runs through 
 the bluff, may be seen the vestiges of a water mill, 
 said to have been erected by the Jesuits during 
 the days of French occupation. 
 
 PRENTICE, William S., Methodist Episcopal 
 clergyman, was born in St. Clair County, 111., in 
 1819; licensed as a Methodist preacher in 1849, 
 and filled pastorates at Paris. Danville, Carlin- 
 ville, Springfield, Jacksonville and other places 
 the latter part of his life, serving as Presiding 
 Elder ; was a delegate to the General Conference 
 of 1860, and regularly re-elected from 1872 to the 
 end of his life. During the latter part of his life 
 his home was in Springfield. Died, June 28. 1887. 
 
 I'RKM ISS. Benjamin Maj l.crry, soldier, was 
 born at Belleville, Wood County. Va.. Nov. 23, 
 1819; in 1835 accompanied his parents to Mis- 
 souri, and, in 1841, removed to Quincy, 111., where 
 he learned a trade, afterwards embarking in the 
 commission business. In 1844-45 he was Lieuten- 
 ant of a company sent against the Mormons at 
 Nauvoo, later serving as Captain of Volunteers in 
 the Mexican War. In 1860 he was an unsuccess- 
 ful Republican candidate for Congress; at the 
 outbreak of the Civil War tendered his services 
 to Governor Yates, and was commissioned Colonel 
 of the Tenth Illinois Volunteers, was almost 
 immediately promoted to Brigadier-General and 
 placed in command at Cairo, so continuing until 
 relieved by General Grant, in September, 1861. 
 At the battle of Shiloh, in April following, he 
 was captured with most of his command, after a 
 most vigorous fight with a superior rebel force, 
 but, in 1862, was exchanged and brevetted Major 
 General of Volunteers. He was a member of the 
 court-martial that tried Gen. Fitzjohn Porter, 
 and, as commander at Helena, Ark. , defeated the 
 Confederate Generals Holmes and Price on July 
 3, 1863. He resigned his commission, Oct. 28. 
 1863. In 1869 he was appointed by President 
 Grant Pension Agent at Quincy. serving four 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 433 
 
 years. At present (1898) General Prentiss" resi- 
 dence is at Bethany. Mo., where he served as 
 Postmaster, during the administration of Presi- 
 dent Benjamin Harrison, and was reappointed by 
 President McKinley. Died Feb. 8, 1901. 
 PRESIDENTIAL ELECTORS. (See Elections. ) 
 PRESBYTERIAN HOSPITAL, located at Chi- 
 cago, was organized in 1883 by a number of 
 wealthy and liberal Presbyterians, "for the pur- 
 pose of affording medical and surgical aid to sick 
 and disabled persons, and to provide them, while 
 inmates of the hospital, with the ministrations 
 of the gospel, agreeably to the doctrines and 
 forms of the Presbyterian Church." Rush Med- 
 ical College offered a portion of its ground as a site 
 (see Rush Medical College) , and through generous 
 subscriptions, a well-planned building was 
 erected, capable of accommodating about 250 
 patients. A corridor connects the college and 
 hospital buildings. The medical staff comprises 
 eighteen of Chicago's l>est known physicians and 
 surgeons. 
 
 PRESBYTERIANS, THE. The first Presby- 
 terian society in Illinois was organized by Rev. 
 James McGready, of Kentucky, in 1816. at 
 Sharon, White County. Revs. Samuel J. Mills 
 and Daniel Smith, also Presbyterians, had visited 
 the State in 1814, as representatives of the Massa- 
 rhusetts Missionary Society, but had formed no 
 society. The members of the Sharon church 
 were almost all immigrants from the South, and 
 were largely of Scotch-Irish extraction. Two 
 other churches were established in 1H19 one at 
 Shoal Creek, Bond County, and the other at 
 Edwardsville. In 1825 there were but three 
 Presbyterian ministers in Illinois Revs. Stephen 
 Bliss, John Brich and B. F. Spilman. Ten years 
 later there were 80 churches, with a membership 
 of 2,500 and 60 ministers. In 1880 the number of 
 churches had increased to 487; but, in 1890, (as 
 shown by the United States census) there were 
 less. In the latter year there were 405 ministers 
 and 52,945 members. The Synod of Illinois is the 
 highest ecclesiastical court of the denomination 
 in the State, and, under its jurisdiction, the 
 church maintains two seminaries: one (the Me 
 Cormick) at Chicago, and the other (the Black- 
 burn University) at Carlinville. The organ of 
 the denomination is "The Interior," founded by 
 Cyrus H. McConnick. and published weekly at 
 Chicago, with William C. Gray as editor. The 
 Illinois Synod embraced within its jurisdiction 
 ( 1895) eleven Presbyteries, to which were attached 
 483 churches. 464 ministers and a membership of 
 63,247. (See also Religion* Denomination*.) 
 
 I'RICK KIT, Abraham, pioneer merchant, was 
 born near Lexington. Ky. . came to Madison 
 County. Ill, in 1808; was employed for a time in 
 the drug business in St. Louis, then opened a 
 store at Edwardsville, where, in 1813, he received 
 from the first County Court of Madison County, 
 a license to retail merchandise. In 1818, he served 
 as one of the three Delegates from Madison 
 County to the Convention which framed the first 
 State Constitution, and, the same year, was 
 elected a Representative in the First General 
 Assembly; was also Postmaster of the town of 
 Edwardsville for a number of years. In 1825 he 
 removed to Adams County and laid out an addi- 
 tion to the city of Quincy; was also engaged 
 there in trade with the Indians. In 1836, while 
 engaged on a Government contract for the re- 
 moval of snags and other obstructions to the navi- 
 gation of Red River, be died at Natchitoches. La. 
 George W. (Prickett) a son of the preceding, 
 and afterwards a citizen of Chicago, is said to 
 have been the first white child born in Edwards- 
 ville. Isaac (Prickett), a brother of Abraham, 
 came to St. Louis in 1815, and to Edwardsville in 
 1818, where he was engaged in mercantile busi- 
 ness with his brother and, later, on his own 
 account. He held the offices of Postmaster, Pub- 
 lic Administrator, Quartermaster-General of 
 State Militia. Inspector of the State Penitentiary, 
 and, from 1838 to '-42. was Receiver of Public 
 Moneys at Edwardsville, dying in 1844. 
 
 PRICKETT, David, pioneer lawyer, was born 
 in Franklin County, Ga., Sept. 21. 1800; in early 
 childhood was taken by his parents to Kentucky 
 and from there to Edwardsville, 111. He gradu 
 ated from Transylvania University, and, in 1831, 
 began the practice of law ; was the first Supreme 
 Court Reporter of Illinois, Judge of the Madison 
 County Probate Court, Representative in the 
 General Assembly (1826-28), Aid-de-Camp to . 
 General Whiteside in the Black Hawk War. 
 State's Attorney for Springfield Judicial Circuit 
 (1837), Treasurer of the Board of Canal Commis- 
 sioners (1840), Director of the State Bank of Illi- 
 nois (1842). Clerk of the House of Representatives 
 for ten sessions and Assistant Clerk of the same 
 at the time of his death, March 1, 1847. 
 
 PRINCE, David, physician and surgeon, was 
 born in Brooklyne, Windham County, Conn., 
 June 21, 1816; removed with his parents to 
 Canandaigua, N. Y . and was educated in the 
 academy there ; began the study of medicine in 
 the College of Physicians and Surgeons in New 
 York, finishing at the Ohio Medical College, Cin- 
 cinnati, where he was associated, for a year and a 
 
434 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 half, with the celebrated surgeon, Dr. Huzzy. In 
 1843 he came to Jacksonville, 111., and, for two 
 years, was Professor of Anatomy in the Medical 
 Department of Illinois College; later, spent five 
 years practicing in St. Louis, and lecturing on 
 surgery in the St. Louis Medical College, when, 
 returning to Jacksonville in 1852, he established 
 himself in practice there, devoting special atten- 
 tion to surgery, in which he had already won a 
 wide reputation. During the latter part of the 
 Civil War he served, for fourteen months, as 
 Brigade Surgeon in the Army of the Potomac, 
 and, on the capture of a portion of his brigade, 
 voluntarily surrendered himself that he might 
 attend the captives of his command in Libby 
 Prison. After the close of the war he was 
 employed for some months, by the Sanitary Com- 
 mission, in writing a medical history of the war. 
 He visited Europe twice, first in 1881 as a dele- 
 gate to the International Medical Congress in 
 London, and again as a member of the Copen- 
 hagen Congress of 1884 at each visit making 
 careful inspection of the hospitals in London, 
 Paris, and Berlin. About 1867 he established a 
 Sanitarium in Jacksonville for the treatment of 
 surgical cases and chronic diseases, to which he 
 gave the closing years of his life. Thoroughly 
 devoted to his profession, liberal, public-spirited 
 and sagacious in the adoption of new methods, he 
 stood in the front rank of his profession, and his 
 death was mourned by large numbers who had 
 received the benefit of his ministrations without 
 money and without price. He was member of 
 a number of leading professional associations, 
 besides local literary and social organizations. 
 Died, at Jacksonville, Dec. 19, 1889. 
 
 PRINCE, Edward, lawyer, was born at West 
 Bloomfield, Ontario County, N. Y., Dec. 8, 1832; 
 attended school at Pay son. 111., and Illinois Col- 
 lege, Jacksonville, graduating from the latter in 
 1852 ; studied law at Quincy, and after admission 
 to the bar in 1858, began dealing in real estate. 
 In 1861 he offered his services to Governor Yates, 
 was made Captain and Drill-master of cavalry 
 and, a few months later, commissioned Lieuten- 
 ant-Colonel of the Seventh Illinois Cavalry, tak- 
 ing part, as second in command, in the celebrated 
 "Orierson raid" through Mississippi, in 1863, 
 serving until discharged with the rank of Colonel 
 of his regiment, in 1864. After the war he gave 
 considerable attention to engineering and the 
 construction of a system of water- works for the 
 city of Quincy. where he now resides. 
 
 PRINCE, Weorge W., lawyer and Congressman, 
 born in Tazewell County, 111., March 4, 1854; was 
 
 educated in the public schools and at Knoi Col- 
 lege, graduating from the latter in 1878. He 
 then studied law and was admitted to the bar in 
 1880 ; was elected City Attorney of Galesburg the 
 following year ; served as chairman of the Knoz 
 County Republican Central Committee in 1884, 
 and, in 1888, was elected Representative in the 
 General Assembly and re-elected two years later. 
 In 1893 he was the Republican nominee for 
 Attorney -General of the .State of Illinois, but was 
 defeated with the rest of the State ticket; at 
 a special election, held in April, 1895, he was 
 chosen Representative in Congress from the 
 Tenth District to fill the vacancy caused by the 
 death of Col. Philip Sidney Post, which had 
 occurred in January preceding. In common with 
 a majority of his colleagues, Mr. Prince wai* 
 re-elected in 1896, receiving a plurality of nearly 
 16,000 votes, and was elected for a third term in 
 November, 1898. 
 
 PRINCETON, a city and the county-seat of 
 Bureau County, on the Chicago, Burlington & 
 Quincy Railroad, 22 miles west-southwest of 
 Mendota, and 104 miles west-southwest of Chi- 
 cago; has a court house, gas-works, electric 
 lights, graded and high schools, numerous 
 churches, three newspapers and several banks. 
 Coal is mined five miles east, and the manufac- 
 tures include flour, carriages and farm imple- 
 ments. Pop. (1890), 3,396; (1900), 4,023. Prince- 
 ton is populated with one of the most intelligent 
 and progressive communities in the State. It 
 was the home of Owen Love joy during the greater 
 part of his life in Illinois. 
 
 PRINCETON & WESTERN RAILWAY. (See 
 Chicago <ft fforthwestern Railway. ) 
 
 PRINCETILLE, a village of Peoria County, oc 
 the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe and the Rock 
 Island & Peoria Railways, 22 miles northwest of 
 Peoria; is a trade center for a prosperous agricul- 
 tural region. Population (1890), 641; (1900), 735 
 
 PROPHETSTOWN, a town in Whiteside 
 County, on Rock River and the Fulton Branch 
 of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad, 45 
 miles northwest of Mendota; has some manu- 
 factures, three banks and two newspapers. Pop. 
 (1890), 694; (1900), 1,143. 
 
 PROPORTIONAL REPRESENTATION. (See 
 Minority Representation. ) 
 
 PROTESTANT EPISCOPAL CHURCH. The 
 pioneer Episcopal clergyman in this State was the 
 Rt. Rev. Philander Chase, who was made Bishop 
 of Illinois in 1835, and was the founder of Jubi- 
 lee College. (See Chase, Rev. Philander.) The 
 State at present is organized under the provincial 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 435 
 
 system, the province comprising the dioceses of 
 Chicago, Quincy and Springfield. At its head 
 (1898) is the Rt. Rev. William E. McLaren, Bishop 
 of Chicago. Rev. George F. Seymour of Spring- 
 field is Bishop of the Springfield Diocese, with 
 C. R. Hale, Coadjutor at Cairo, and Rev. Alex- 
 ander Burgess, Bishop of the Quincy Diocese, with 
 residence at Peoria. The numerical strength of 
 the church in Illinois is not great, although 
 between 1880 and 1890 its membership was almost 
 doubled. In 1840 there were but eighteen 
 I larishes, with thirteen clergymen and a member- 
 ship of 367. By 1880 the number of parishes had 
 increased to 89, there being 127 ministers and 
 9,842 communicants. The United States Census 
 of 1890 showed the following figures: Parishes, 
 197; clergymen, 150. membership, 18,609. Total 
 contributions (1890) for general church and mis- 
 sion work, $373,798. The chief educational insti- 
 tution of the denomination in the West is the 
 Western Theological Seminary at Chicago. (See 
 also Religious Denominations.) 
 
 PRVOR, Joseph Everett, pioneer and early 
 steamboat captain, was born in Virginia, August 
 10, 1787 the son of a non-commissioned officer of 
 the Revolution, who emigrated to Kentucky about 
 1790 and settled near Louisville, which was then 
 a fort with some twenty log cabins. In 1813 the 
 son located where Golconda, Pope County, now 
 stands, and early in life adopted the calling of a 
 boatman, which he pursued some forty years. ' 
 At this time he held a commission as a ' 'Falls 
 Pilot," and piloted the first steamer that ascended 
 the Ohio River from New Orleans. During his 
 long service no accident happened to any steamer 
 for which he was responsible, although the Mis- 
 sissippi then bristled with snags. He owned and 
 commanded the steamer Telegraph, which was 
 sunk, in 1835, by collision with the Duke of 
 Orleans on the Mississippi, but, owing to his pres- 
 ence of mind and the good discipline of his crew, 
 no lives were lost. The salient features of his 
 character were a boundless benevolence mani- 
 fested to others, and his dauntless courage, dis- 
 played not only in the face of dangers met in his 
 career as a boatman, but in his encounters with 
 robbers who then infested portions of Southern 
 Illinois. He had a reputation as a skillful pilot 
 and popular commander not excelled by any of 
 his contemporaries. He died, at his home in Pope 
 County, Oct. 5, 1851, leaving one daughter, now 
 Mrs. Cornelia P. Bozman, of Cairo, III. 
 
 PUBLIC INSTRUCTION, SUPERINTEND- 
 ENTS OF. (See Superintendents of Public 
 Instruction.) 
 
 PUGH, Isaac C., soldier, was born in Christian 
 County, Ky., Nov. 23, 1805; came to Illinois, in 
 1821, with his father, who first settled in Shelby 
 County, but, in 1829, removed to Macon County, 
 where the subject of this sketch resided until his 
 death, at Decatur, Nov. 14, 1874. General Pugh 
 served in three wars first in the Black Hawk 
 War of 1832 ; then, with the rank of Captain and 
 Field Officer in the Fourth Regiment Illinois 
 Volunteers (Col. E. D. Baker's) in the war with 
 Mexico, and, during the Civil War, entering upon 
 the latter as Colonel of the Forty-first Illinois 
 Volunteer Infantry, in September, IMlf, and 
 being mustered out with the rank of full Briga- 
 dier-General in August. 1864, when his regiment 
 was consolidated with the Fifty-third. He took 
 part with his regiment in the battles of Fort 
 Donelson and Shiloh, and in the operations 
 around Vicksburg, being wounded at the latter. 
 In the year of his retirement from the army 
 (1864) he was elected a Representative in the 
 Twenty-fourth General Assembly, and, the fol- 
 lowing year, was chosen County -Clerk of Macon 
 County, serving four years. 
 
 Pt'liH , Jonathan H.. pioneer lawyer, was born 
 in Bath County, Ky., came to Bond County, III., 
 finaUy locating at Springfield in 1823, and being 
 the second lawyer to establish himself in practice 
 in that city. He served in the Third, Fifth, 
 Sixth and Seventh General Assemblies, and was 
 defeated for Congress by Joseph Duncan (after- 
 wards Governor), in 1831. Died, in 1833. Mr. 
 Pugh is described by his contemporaries as a man 
 of brilliant parts, an able lawyer and a great wit. 
 
 PULASKI COUNTY, an extreme southern 
 county and one of the smallest in the State, 
 bordering on the Ohio River and liaving an area 
 of 190 square miles and a population (1900), of 
 14,554. It was cut off from Alexander County in 
 1843, and named in honor of a Polish patriot who 
 had aided the Americans during the Revolution. 
 The soil is generally rich, and the surface varied 
 with much low land along the Cache and the Ohio 
 Rivers. Wheat, corn and fruit are the principal 
 crops, while considerable timber is cut upon the 
 bottom lands. Mound City is the county-seat 
 and was conceded a population, by the census of 
 1890, of 2,550. Only the lowest, barren portion of 
 the carboniferous formation extends under the 
 soil, the coal measures being absent. Traces of 
 iron have been found and sulphur and copperas 
 springs abound. 
 
 PULLMAN, a former suburb (now a part of 
 the South Division) of the city of Chicago, 13.8 
 miles south of the initial station of the Illinois 
 
436 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 Central Railroad. The Pullman Palace Car Com- 
 pany began the erection of buildings here in 1880, 
 and, on the 1st of January, 1881, the first family 
 settled in the future manufacturing city. Within 
 the next few years, it became the center of the 
 largest manufacturing establishments in the 
 country, including the Pullman Car Works, the 
 Allen Paper Car Wheel Works and extensive 
 steel forging works, employing thousands of 
 mechanics. Large numbers of sleeping and din- 
 ing cars, besides ordinary passenger coaches and 
 freight cars, were manufactured here every year, 
 not only for use on the railroads of the United 
 States, but for foreign countries as well. The 
 town was named for the late George M. Pullman, 
 the founder of the car-works, and was regarded 
 as a model city, made up of comfortable homes 
 erected by the Palace Car Company for the use of 
 its employes. It was well supplied with school- 
 houses, and churches, and a public library was 
 established there and opened to the public in 
 1883. The town was annexed to the city of Chi- 
 cago in 1890. 
 
 PULLMAN, George Mortimer, founder of the 
 Pullman Palace Car Company, was born at Broc- 
 ton, N. Y., March 8, 1831, enjoyed ordinary edu- 
 cational advantages in his boyhood and, at 
 fourteen years of age, obtained employment as a 
 clerk, but a year later joined his brother in the 
 cabinet-making business at Albion. His father, 
 who was a house-builder and house-mover, hav- 
 ing died in 1853, young Pullman assumed the 
 responsibility of caring for the family and, hav- 
 ing secured a contract for raising a number of 
 buildings along the Erie Canal, made necessary 
 by the enlargement of that thoroughfare, in this 
 way acquired some capital and experience which 
 was most valuable to him in after years. Com- 
 ing to Chicago in 1850, when the work of raising 
 the grade of the streets in the business portion of 
 the city had been in progress for a year or two, 
 he found a new field for the exercise of his 
 inventive skill, achieving some marvelous trans- 
 formations in a number of the principal business 
 blocks in that part of the city. As early as 1858, 
 Mr. Pullman had had his attention turned to 
 devising some means for increasing the comforts 
 of night-travel upon railways, and, in 1859, he 
 remodeled two old day-coaches into a species of 
 sleeping-cars, which were used upon the Alton 
 Road. From 1860 to 1863 he spent in Colorado 
 devoting his engineering skill to mining; but 
 returning to Chicago the latter year, entered 
 upon his great work of developing the idea of the 
 sleeping-car into practical reality. The first 
 
 car was completed and received the name of the 
 "Pioneer." This car constituted a part of the 
 funeral train which took the remains of Abraham 
 Lincoln to Springfield, 111. , after his assassination 
 in April, 1865. The development of the "Pull- 
 man palace sleeping-car," the invention of the 
 dining-car, and of vestibule trains, and the build- 
 ing up of the great industrial town which bears 
 his name, and is now a part of the city of Chi- 
 cago, constituted a work of gradual development 
 which resulted in some of the most remarkable 
 achievements in the history of the nineteenth 
 century, both in a business sense and in promot- 
 ing the comfort and safety of the traveling pub- 
 lic, as well as in bettering the conditions of 
 workingmen. He lived to see the results of his 
 inventive genius and manufacturing skill in use 
 upon the principal railroads of the United States 
 and introduced upon a number of important lines 
 in Europe also. Mr. Pullman was identified with 
 a number of other enterprises more or less closely 
 related to the transportation business, but the 
 Pullman Palace Car Company was the one with 
 which he was most closely connected, and by 
 which he will he longest remembered. He was 
 also associated with some of the leading educa- 
 tional and benevolent enterprises about the city 
 of Chicago, to which he contributed in a liberal 
 manner during his life and in his will. His 
 death occurred suddenly, from heart disease, at 
 his home in Chicago, Oct. 19, 1897. 
 
 PURPLE, Norman II., lawyer and jurist, was 
 born in Litchfield County, Conn., read law and 
 was admitted to the bar in Tioga County, Pa., 
 settled at Peoria, 111., in 1836, and the following 
 year was appointed Prosecuting Attorney for the 
 Ninth Judicial District, which then embraced 
 the greater portion of the State east of Peoria. 
 In 1844 he was a Presidential Elector, and, in 
 1845, (iovrrimr Ford appointed him a Justice of 
 the Supreme Court, vice Jesse B. Thomas, Jr., 
 who had resigned. As required by law, he at the 
 same time served as Circuit Judge, his district 
 embracing all the counties west of Peoria, and 
 his home being at Quincy. After the adoption of 
 the Constitution of 1848 he returned to Peoria and 
 resumed practice. He compiled the Illinois 
 Statutes relating to real property, and, in 1857, 
 made a compilation of the general laws, gener- 
 ally known to the legal profession as the "Purple 
 Statutes." He subsequently undertook to com- 
 pile and arrange the laws passed from 1857 to '63, 
 and was engaged on this work when overtaken 
 by death, at Chicago, Aug 9, 1863. He was a 
 member of the Constitutional Convention of 1862, 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 437 
 
 and, during the last ten years of his life, promi- 
 nent at the Chicago bar. 
 
 PUTERBAU6H, Sabln D., judge and author, 
 was born in Miami County, Ohio, Sept. 28, 1834 ; 
 at 8 years of age removed with his parents to Taze- 
 well County, 111 ; settled in Pekin in 1853, where 
 he read law, and was admitted to the bar in 1856. 
 At the outbreak of the rebellion he was commis- 
 sioned, by Governor Yates, Major of the Eleventh 
 Illinois Cavalry, and took part in numerous 
 engagements in Western Tennessee and Missis- 
 sippi, including the battles of Shiloh and Corinth. 
 Resigning his commission in 1862, he took up his 
 residence at Peoria, where he resumed practice 
 and began the preparation of his first legal work 
 "Common Law Pleading and Practice." In 
 1864 he formed a partnership with Col. Robert G. 
 Ingersoll, which continued until 1867, when Mr. 
 Puterbaugh was elected Circuit Court Judge. 
 He retired from the bench in 1873 to resume pri- 
 vate practice and pursue his work as an author. 
 His first work, having already run through three 
 editions, was followed by "Puterbaugh's Chan- 
 cery Pleading and Practice," the first edition of 
 which appeared in 1874, and "Michigan Chancery 
 Practice," which appeared in 1881. In 1880 he 
 was chosen Presidential Elector on the Republi- 
 can ticket. Died, Sept. 25, 1892. Leslie D. 
 (Puterbaugh), a son of Judge Puterbaugh, is 
 Judge of the Circuit Court of the Peoria Circuit. 
 
 PUTNAM COUNTY, the smallest county in the 
 State, both as to area and population, containing 
 only 170 square miles; population (1900), 4,746. 
 It lies near the center of the north half of the 
 State, and was named in honor of Gen. Israel 
 Putnam. The first American to erect a cabin 
 within its limits was Gurdon S. Hubbard, who 
 was in business there, as a fur-trader, as early as 
 1825, but afterwards became a prominent citizen 
 of Chicago. The county was created by act of 
 the Legislature in 1825, although a local govern- 
 ment was not organized until some years later. 
 Since that date, Bureau, Marshall and Stark 
 Counties have been erected therefrom. It is 
 crossed and drained by the Illinois River. The 
 surface is moderately undulating and the soil 
 fertile. Corn is the chief staple, although wheat 
 and oats are extensively cultivated. Coal is 
 mined and exported. Hennepin is the county- 
 seat 
 
 (JUINCY, the principal city of Western Illinois, 
 and the county seat of Adams County. It was 
 founded in 1822 the late Gov. John Wood erect- 
 ing the first log-cabin there and was incorporated 
 
 in 1839. The site is naturally one of the most beauti- 
 ful in the State, the principal part of the city being 
 built on a limestone bluff having an elevation 
 of 125 to 150 feet, and overlooking the Mississippi 
 for a long distance. Its location is 112 miles west 
 of Springfield and 264 miles southwest of Chi- 
 cago. Besides being a principal shipping point 
 for the river trade north of St. Louis, it is the 
 converging point of several important railway 
 lines, including the Wabash, four branches of the 
 Chicago, Burlington & Quincy, and the Quincy, 
 Omaha & Kansas City, giving east and west, as 
 well as north and south, connections. At the 
 present time (1904) several important lines, or 
 extensions of railroads already constructed, are in 
 contemplation, which, when completed, will add 
 largely to the commercial importance of the city. 
 The city is regularly laid out, the streets inter- 
 secting each other at right angles, and being 
 lighted with gas and electricity. Water is 
 obtained from the Mississippi. There are several 
 electric railway lines, four public parks, a fine 
 railway bridge across the Mississippi, to which a 
 wagon bridge has been added within the past two 
 years ; two fine railway depots, and several elegant 
 public buildings, including a handsome county 
 court-house, a Government building for the use 
 of the Post-office anil the United States District 
 Court. The Illinois Soldiers' and Sailors' Home 
 is located here, embracing a large group of cot- 
 tages occupied by veterans of the Civil War. 
 besides hospital and administration buildings for 
 the use of the officers. The city has more than 
 thirty churches, three libraries (one free-public 
 and two college), with excellent schools and 
 other educational advantages. Among the 
 higher institutions of learning are the Chaddock 
 College (Methodist Episcopal) and the St. Francis 
 Solanus College (Roman Catholic). There are 
 two or three national banks, a State bank with a 
 capital of $300,000, beside two private banks, four 
 or five daily papers, with several weekly and one 
 or two monthly publications. Its advantages as a 
 shipping point by river and railroad have made it 
 one of the most important manufacturing cen- 
 ters west of Chicago. The census of 1890 showed 
 a total of 374 manufacturing establishments, 
 having an aggregate capital of $6,187,845, employ- 
 ing 5,058 persons, and turning out an annual 
 product valued at $10.160,492. The cost of 
 material used was $5,597,990, and the wages paid 
 $2,383,571. The number of different industries 
 reported aggregated seventy -six, the more impor- 
 tant being foundries, carriage and wagon fac- 
 tories, agricultural implement works, cigar and 
 
438 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 tobacco factories, flour-mills, breweries, brick- 
 yards, lime works, saddle and harness shops, 
 paper mills, furniture factories, organ works, and 
 artificial-ice factories. Population (1880), 37,268; 
 (1890), 31,494; (1900), 36,252. 
 
 QUINCY, ALTON & ST. LOUIS RAILROAD. 
 (See Chicago, Burlington <t Qitiney Railroad.) 
 
 (JUINCY & CHICAUO RAILROAD. (See Chi- 
 cago, Burlington t Quincy Railroad.) 
 
 qCINCY & TOLEDO RAILROAD. (See 
 \\~iibnsli Railroad.) 
 
 qUINCY & WARSAW RAILROAD. (See 
 Chicago, Burlington A- Qitincy Railroad.) 
 
 RAAB, Henry, ex-State Superintendent of 
 Public Instruction, was bom in Wetzlar, Rhen- 
 ish Prussia, June 20. 1837; learned the trade of a 
 currier with his father and came to the United 
 States in 1833, finally locating at Belleville, 111., 
 where, in 1857, he became a teacher in the pub- 
 lic schools; in 1873 was made Superintendent of 
 schools for that city, and. in 1882, was elected 
 State Superintendent of Public Instruction on 
 nocratic ticket, declined a renomination 
 was nominated a second time in 1890, 
 i-elected, but defeated by S. M. Inglis in 
 In the administration of his office, Pro- 
 ;Raab showed a commendable freedom from 
 IKurtisanship. After retiring from the office of 
 State Superintendent, he resumed a position in 
 connection with the public schools of Belleville. 
 
 RADISSON, Pierre Esprit, an early French 
 traveler and trader, who is said to have reached 
 the Upper Mississippi on his third voyage to the 
 West in 1658-59. The period of his explorations 
 extended from 1652 to 1684, of which he prepareil 
 a narrative which was published by the Prince 
 Society of Boston in 1885, under the title of 
 "Radisson's Voyages." He and his brother-in- 
 law, Medard Chouart, first conceived the idea of 
 planting a settlement at Hudson's Bay. (See 
 Chouart, Medard.) 
 
 RAILROAD AND WAREHOUSE COMMIS- 
 SION, a Board of three Commissioners, appointed 
 by the executive ( by and with the advice and con- 
 sent of the Senate), under authority of an act ap- 
 proved, April 13, 1871, for the enforcement of the 
 provisions of the Constitution and laws in relation 
 to railroads and warehouses. The Commission's 
 powers are partly judicial, partly executive. The 
 following is a summary of its powers and duties : 
 To establish a schedule of maximum rates, equi- 
 table to shipper and carrier alike; to require 
 yearly reports from railroads and warehouses; 
 to hear and pass upon complaints of extortion and 
 
 unjust discrimination, and (if necessary) enforce 
 prosecutions therefor; to secure the safe condi- 
 tion of railway road-beds, bridges and trestles : to 
 hear and decide all manner of complaints relative 
 to intersections and to protect grade-crossings; 
 to insure the adoption of a safe interlocking sys- 
 tem, to be approved by the Commission; to 
 enforce proper rules for the inspection and regis- 
 tration of grain throughout the State. The prin- 
 cipal offices of the Commission are at the State 
 capital, where monthly sessions are held. For 
 the purpose of properly conducting the grain 
 inspection department, monthly meetings are 
 also held at Chicago, where the offices of a Grain 
 Inspector, appointed by the Board, are located. 
 Here all business relating to this department is 
 discussed and necessary special meetings are 
 held. The inspection department has no revenue 
 outside of fees, but the latter are ample for its 
 maintenance. Fees for inspection on arrival 
 ("inspection in") are twenty-five cents per car- 
 load, ten cents per wagon-load, and forty cents 
 lr 1,000 bushels from canal-boat or vessels. For 
 inspection from store ("inspected out") the fees 
 are fifty cents per 1,000 bushels to vessels; 
 thirty-five cents per car-load, and ten cents |ier 
 wagon-load to teams. While there are never 
 wanting some cases of friction between the trims 
 portation companies and warehousemen on the 
 one hand, and the Commission on the other, 
 there can be no question that the formation of 
 the latter has been of great value to the receiv 
 ITS. shippers, forwarders and tax-payers of the 
 State generally. Similar regulations in reganl to 
 the inspection of grain in warehouses, at East St. 
 Louis and Peoria, are also in force. The (irst 
 Board, created under the act of 1871, consisted of 
 Gustavus Koerner, Ricliard P. Morgan and David 
 S. Hammond, holding office until 1873. Other 
 Boards have been as follows: 1873-77 Henry D. 
 Cook (deceased 1873, and succeeded by James 
 Steele), David A. Brown and John M. Pearson ; 
 1877-83 William M. Smith. George M. Bogue and 
 John H. Oberly (retired 1881 and succeeded by 
 William H. Robinson); 1883-85 Wm. N. Brain- 
 ard, E. C. Lewis and Charles T. Stratton ; 1885-80 
 John I. Rinaker, Benjamin F. Marsh and Wm. T. 
 Johnson (retired in 1887 and succeeded by Jason 
 Rogers); 1889-93 John R. Wheeler, Isaac N. 
 Phillips and W. S. Crim (succeeded, 1891, by John 
 R. Tanner) ; 1893-97 W. S. Cantrell, Thomas F. 
 Gahan and Charles F. Lape (succeeded, 1895, by 
 George W. Fithian) ; 1897-99 Cicero J. Lindley, 
 Charles S. Rannells and James E. Hid well (See 
 also (! ruin Inspection.) 
 
4:;.s 
 
 IIISTOUH'AL KNCY( LOI'KDIA <)F ILLINOIS. 
 
 tolKicro factories, flour-mills, breweries, brick- 
 yards, lime works, saddle and harness shops. 
 |>apci mills, furnit nre factories. or};an works, and 
 art iticial-ice factories Population (1MSU). :>7. ,!<: 
 (1H!MI). :il.4!M; (I'.tOOi, :;.>:>?. 
 
 qriNTV, AI/TOX & ST. ions RAII,KOAI>. 
 
 (See ' 'Itiftli/it. Hin-liHi/ttni iV" 1 f fnitiry Itu ilnnlil. } 
 
 OU\< V \ < IIM AI.O RAILROAD. (See <V,,- 
 rnifu. Hitrlittt/tttti (V' ( t ininfy f-ftiilrtnitl. I 
 
 <{1IN<Y \ lnl.l ]n> RAILROAD. .See 
 \\~(itmslt l!ttili'inl } 
 
 <jn>TV \ WARSAW i:\ll. l.'dMi. i See 
 t 'liii-ttffii. Iliii-ltH'flfni it' (Jitincif Ifiiitrtmd. ) 
 
 I.'VVH, llenr.v, ex-State Sujierintendent of 
 Public Instruction, was horn in Wetzlar. Klien- 
 i-.li Prussia June ,'(>. |x:!7: learned the trade of a 
 currier wit h his father and came to the I'nited 
 States in I*.V!. finally locating at Helleville. Ill 
 where, in lN."i7. lie became a teacher ill the |-nl 
 lie SC|HH>!S ; ill 1x7'! was made Superintendent of 
 schools for that city and. in INNi, was elected 
 State Superintendent of Public Instruction on 
 the Democratic ticket, declined a reiiomination 
 in l*Wi; was nominated a second time in IMM). 
 and re-elected, but defeated by S. M. IngUs in 
 1*91. In the administration of his office. I'ro- 
 i- --.I K':iah showed a commendable freedom from 
 partisanship After retiring from the office of 
 State Superintendent, he resumed a jHtsition in 
 connection with the public schools of Helleville. 
 
 KAIMSSOM, IMerre .-prit. an early French 
 traveler and trader, who is said to have reached 
 t.lie ' |'| i Mississippi on his third voyage to the 
 West in KM* ."ill The |icriod of his explorations 
 extended from Hi.V.' to ItisM. of which he prepared 
 a narrative which was published by the Prince 
 Society of Host on in IMS.-,, under the title of 
 "IJadisson's Voyages." lie and liis brother in 
 law. Medard Choiiart. lirst conceived the idea of 
 planting a settlement at Hudson's Hay (See 
 < 'liiniiirt. Meilitnl.) 
 
 I.'MI. I.-OMI \M> WAREHOUSE COMMIS- 
 SIO\ 9 a Hoard of t hrcc ' 'i>mmissioncrs. appointed 
 by t he executive ( by :ind wit h the ad \ ice and con- 
 f-ent of the Sen. iti- iimlei authority of an act ap- 
 proved, April lit, 1*71. for the enforcement of the 
 provisions of the Constitution and laws in relation 
 to railroads and warehouses The Commission 's 
 (Hiwers are partly judicial, partly executive. The 
 following is a summary ol its IKIWITS and duties: 
 To establish a schedule ol maximum rales, equi- 
 table to shipper and carrier alike: to require 
 yearly rejiorts from railroads and warehouses; 
 to hear and pa-s upon complaints of extortion and 
 
 unjust discrimination, and (if necessary) enforce 
 prosecutions therefor, to secure the safe condi- 
 tion of railway road l>eds. bri>l>;esand trestles; to 
 hear and decide all manner of complaints relative 
 to intersections and to protect j^rade-crossincs. 
 to insure the adoption of a safe interlocking syx- 
 tem. to be approved by the Commission . to 
 enforce projier rules for the inspection and re^'is 
 tration of Krai" throughout the State. The prin- 
 cipal offices of the Commission are at the Slate 
 capital, where monthly sessions are held, l-'oi 
 tin- purpose of properly conducting the jjniin 
 inspection tlepartmeiit. monthly meetings are 
 also held at Chicago, where the offices of a (Jrain 
 lns|>ector. appointed by the Hoard, are located 
 Here all business relating to this department is 
 discussed and necessary sjiecia! meetings are 
 held. The inspection department has no revenue 
 outside of fees, but the latter are ample for its 
 maintenance. Fees for insjiection on arrival 
 ("insjiection in") are twenty live cents per car- 
 load, ten cents per wa^on-load. and forty cent- 
 IKT 1,000 bushels from canal-lxiat or vessels. 1-W 
 insjiection from store ("inspected out"> the fee^ 
 are fifty cents per 1.IMHI bushels to vessels. 
 thirty-five cents per car-load, ami ten cents per 
 wa^on load to teams. While there are ne\ei 
 wanting some cases of friction U-tween the trans 
 portation companies ami warehousemen on tin- 
 one hand, and the Commission on the other 
 there can lie no question that the formation i 
 the latter has IH-CII of j^reat value to the recciv 
 ers. ship|HTs. forwarders and tax-payers of the 
 State generally. Similar regulations in regard !< 
 the inspection of ^rain in warehouses, at Kast Si 
 Louis and I'eoria. are also in force. The lirst 
 Hoard, created under the act of 1871, consisted of 
 liiistavus Koerner. Kichard P. Morgan and David 
 S Hammond, holding oflicc until |x7:i Utliei 
 Hoards have lii-eii as follows: 1N7S-77 Henry |i 
 Cook (deceased lw7;t, and succeeded by .lames 
 Steele). David A. Hrow n and .lohn M. Pearson 
 IX77-SII William M. Smith Ceor^e M. HOKUC and 
 .lohn II. <)l>erly (retired ISM| anil succeeded by 
 William H. Robinson); |ss:j.s.- ( _Wm. X. Hrain 
 aril, K. C Lewis and Charles T. St ration; isx.ys'.t 
 
 .lohn I Hinaker. Henjaniin I' Marsh and Win ! 
 .Johnson (retired in INX7 anil succeeded by .[HSOII 
 |{oers); ISNiMK! lohn If. Wheeler. Isaac N 
 Phillips and W S. Crim isiici'eeded. 1WI1, by John 
 I,' Tanner); ls!i:)-!7 W. S Cantrell. Thomas T 
 (ialian and Charles I' l.a|- (succeeded. ls!"i. by 
 (icor^'e W. Kithian): IWI7-!I!I Cicero J. Lindley, 
 Charles S. Hannells and .James E. Bidwell (See 
 also tfriitii litMjH'ctiiHi.) 
 
z 
 
 2 
 
 o 
 
 X 
 
 CA 
 
 * 
 
 a 
 
 5 
 _) 
 o 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 RAILROADS (IN GENERAL). The existing 
 railroad system of Illinois had its inception in the 
 mania for internal improvement which swept 
 over the country "in 1836-37, the basis of the plan 
 adopted in Illinois (as in the Eastern States) being 
 that the State should construct, maintain, own 
 and operate an elaborate system. Lines were to 
 be constructed from Cairo to Galena, from Alton 
 to Mount Carmel, from Peoria to Warsaw, from 
 Alton to the Central Railroad, from Belleville 
 to Mount Carmel, from Bloomington to Mack- 
 inaw Town, and from Meredosia to Springfield. 
 The experiment proved extremely unfortunate 
 to the financial interests of the State, and laid the 
 foundation of an immense debt under which it 
 staggered for many years. The Northern Cross 
 Railroad, extending from Meredosia to Spring- 
 field, was the only one so far completed as to be in 
 operation. It was sold, in 1847, to Nicholas H. 
 Ridgely, of Springfield for $21,100, he being the 
 highest bidder. This line formed a nucleus of 
 the existing Wabash system. The first road to 
 be operated by private parties (outside of a prim- 
 itive tramway in St. ( 'lair County, designed for 
 the transportation of coal to St. Louis) was the 
 Galena & Chicago Union, chartered in 1836. This 
 was the second line completed in the State, and 
 the first to run from Chicago. The subsequent 
 development of the railway system of Illinois 
 was at first gradual, then steady and finally 
 rapid. A succinct description of the various 
 lines now in operation in the State may be found 
 under appropriate headings. At present Illinois 
 leads all the States of the Union in the extent of 
 railways in operation, the total mileage (1897) of 
 main track being 10,785.43 or 19 miles for each 
 100 square miles of territory and 25 miles for each 
 10,000 inhabitants estimating the population 
 ( 1898) at four and a quarter millions. Every one 
 of the 102 counties of the State is traversed by at 
 least one railroad except three Calhoun, Hardin 
 and Pope. The entire capitalization of the 111 
 companies doing business in the State in 189C, 
 (including capital stock, funded debt and current 
 liabilities), was $2,669,164,142 equal to $67,556 
 per mile. In 1894, fifteen owned and ten leased 
 lines paid dividends of from four to eight per 
 cent on common, and from four to ten per cent 
 on preferred, stock the total amount thus paid 
 aggregating $25,321,752. The total earnings and 
 income, in Illinois, of all lines operated in the 
 State, aggregated $77,508,537, while the total 
 expenditure within the State was $71,463,367. 
 Of the 58,263,860 tons of freight carried, 11,611,- 
 798 were of agricultural products and 17,179,366 
 
 mineral products. The number of passengers 
 (earning revenue) carried during the year, was 
 83,281,655. The total number of railroad em- 
 ployes (of all classes) was 61,200. The entire 
 amount of taxes paid by railroad companies for 
 the year was $3,846,379. From 1836, when the 
 first special charter was granted for the con- 
 struction of a railroad in Illinois, until 1869 
 after which all corporations of this character 
 came under the general incorporation laws of the 
 State in accordance with the Constitution of 1870 
 293 special charters for the construction of 
 railroads were granted by the Legislature, besides 
 numerous amendments of charters already in 
 existence. (For the history of important indi- 
 vidual lines see each road under its corporate 
 name.) 
 
 RALSTON, Virgil Young, editor and soldier, 
 was born, July 16, 1828, at Vanceburg, Ky. ; was 
 a student in Illinois College one year (1846-47). 
 after which he studied law in Quincy and prac- 
 ticed for a time . also resided some time in Cali- 
 fornia; 1855-57 was one of the editors of "The 
 Quincy Whig," and represented that paper in the 
 Editorial Convention at Decatur, Feb. 22, 1856. 
 (See Anti-ytbraska Editorial Convention.) In 
 1861, he was commissioned a Captain in the Six- 
 teenth Illinois Volunteers, but soon resigned on 
 account of ill-health; later, enlisted in an Iowa 
 regiment, but died in hospital at St. Louis, from 
 wounds and exposure, April 19, 1864. 
 
 RAMSAY, Rnfog > .. State Treasurer, was born 
 on a farm in Clinton County, 111. . May 20, 1838 ; 
 received a collegiate education at Illinois and 
 McKendree Colleges, and at Indiana State Uni- 
 versity; studied law with ex-Gov. A. C. French, 
 and was admitted to the bar in 1865, but soon 
 abandoned the law for banking, in which he was 
 engaged both at Lebanon and Carlyle, limiting 
 his business to the latter place about 1890. He 
 served one term (from 1865) as County Clerk, and 
 two terms (1889 and '91) as Representative in the 
 General Assembly, and. in 1892, was nominated 
 as a Democrat and elected State Treasurer. Died 
 in office, at Carlyle, Nov. 11, 1894. 
 
 RAMSEY, a village of Fayette County, at the 
 intersection of the Illinois Central and the Toledo. 
 St. Louis & Western Railroads, 12 miles north of 
 Vandalia; the district is agricultural; lias one 
 newspaper. Pop. (1890), 598; (1900), 747. 
 
 RANDOLPH COUNTY, lies in the southwest 
 section of the State, and borders on the Missis- 
 sippi River; area 560 square miles; named for 
 Beverly Randolph. It was set off from St. Clair 
 County in 1795, being the second county organ- 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 RAILROADS IN <;E\F,RAL). The existing 
 railroad system of Illinois had its inception in the 
 mania for internal improvement which swept 
 over the country -in 1*36-87. the basis of the plan 
 adopted in Illinois (as in the Eastern States) linim 
 that the State should i-oustruct, maintain, own 
 and operate an elalmrate system Lines were to 
 l>e constructed from Cairo to Galena, from Alton 
 to Mount Carmel. from Peoria to Warsaw, from 
 Alton to the Central Itailroad. from Belleville 
 tn Mount Carmel. from Bloomingtou to Mack 
 inaw Town, and from Meredosia to Springfield. 
 The experiment proved extremely unfortunate 
 tn the financial interests of the State, and laid the 
 foundation of an immense del>t under which il 
 staggered for many years. The Northern Cross 
 Kailroad. extending from Meredosia to Spring- 
 lield. was the only one so far completed as to lie. in 
 operation. It was sold, in 1W47. to Nicholas H 
 Uidgely, of Springfield for 31.100. he being the 
 highest bidder. This line formed a nucleus ol 
 the existing \\~aliasli system The tirst road to 
 lie operated by private parties (olitside of a prim- 
 itive tramway in St Clair County, designed for 
 the transportation of coal to St. Louis) was the 
 (ialena iV Chicago Union chartered in ls:!ti. This 
 was the second line completed in the State, and 
 the lirst to run from Chicago The subsequent 
 development of the railway system of Illinois 
 was at tirst gradual, then steady and linalU 
 rapid A succinct description of the various 
 lines now in o(ieration in the Slate may lie found 
 under appropriate headings At present Illinois 
 leads all the States of the I'ninii in the extent of 
 railways in ojieration. the total mileage { |N'.t7) of 
 main track lieing 10.7*."i.4-> or II* miles for each 
 MHI square miles of territory and 2o miles for each 
 Iti IHHI inhabitants estimating the population 
 tlSilSt :ii four and a quarter millions. L'verv one 
 f the 102 counties of (he State is traversed bv at 
 least one railroad except three Calhoim. llanlin 
 and Pope The entire capitalisation of the III 
 companies doing business in the State in is'ji,. 
 I including capital stock funded debt and cnrrenl 
 liabilities), was $2.liliU. Hit. 14-' ei|iial to >n;7..Vii; 
 per mile. In 1HSM. fifteen owned and ten leased 
 lines paid dividends of from four to eight jier 
 cent on common, and from four to ten |ier cent 
 "U preferred, stock the total amount thus |iaid 
 aggregating $2.i.:!21.7.VJ The total earnings and 
 income, in Illinois, of all lines operated in the 
 State, aggregated S77.r,IIM..-,:!T. while the total 
 expenditure within the State was $71. Ili:!.:t(i7 
 Of the r,S,2fi3..%0 tons of freight carried. 11. till 
 7(IH were of agricultural products and 1T.17!I.:MM1 
 
 mineral products The number of passengers 
 (earning revenue) carried during the year, was 
 N3.2H1.II55. The total number of railroad em- 
 ployes (of all classes i was til, 20(1 The entire 
 amount of taxes paid by railroad companies for 
 the year was $J.S4fi :!7!t From 1*36, when the 
 tirst special charter was granted for the con- 
 struction of a railroad in Illinois, until IHIiH 
 after which all corporations of this character 
 came under the general incorporation laws of the 
 State in accordance with the Constitution of 1870 
 2M3 special charters for the construction of 
 railroads were granted by the Legislature, liesides 
 numerous amendments of charters already in 
 existence (For the history of important indi- 
 vidual lilies see each road under its <-or|x>rate 
 name. > 
 
 I! U TON. Virfril Young, editor and soldier, 
 was INIHI. July IB. 1S2*. at Vanceburg. Ky. ; was 
 a student iii Illinois College one year (1846-47). 
 after which he studied law in Vuincy and prac- 
 ticed for a time, also resided some time in Cali- 
 fornia. lx.V-57 was one of the editors of "The 
 Quincy Whig." and represented that paper in the 
 Editorial Convention at Decatur. Feb. 22. 185. 
 (See .t/i//-.\Wi;vr%7.vi f.V/iVorm/ f'tiin'fnfttm I In 
 isiil. he was commissioned a Captain in the Six- 
 teenth Illinois Volunteers, but soon resigned on 
 account of ill health, later, enlisted in ail Iowa 
 regiment but died in hospital at St Ixiui.s. from 
 wounds and ex|Ksure. April l!l. I**i4. 
 
 RAMSA V. Kufn* >'.. State Treasurer, was horn 
 on a farm in Clinton County III May 20, ivjs 
 received ;i collegiate education at Illinois and 
 McKendree Colleges, and at Indiana State Uni- 
 versity, studied law with ex-tiov. \. C. French, 
 and was admitted to the liar in W>'>. but soon 
 abandoned the law for banking iti which he was 
 engaged lull hat Lebanon and t'.uKle. limiting 
 his business to tlie latter place about |s!HI Hi- 
 served one term i from isii.'.i as < 'oiinly < 'lerk and 
 tw:i terms i |ssy .-mil '!M ) as Representative in the 
 lieneral Assembly, and in IMicj. was nominated 
 as a Democrat ami elected State Treasurer. Itied 
 in ullice. at Cailyle Nov II IMH 
 
 RA.MSKV. a village ot Kayette County, at the 
 intersection of the lllin is ( 'entral and the Toleilo. 
 St Louis A Westein Uailroitils. 12 miles north ot 
 V.ni.|;ili;i the ilistriel i a'_'i icnltiiral . lias one 
 ne\vs|iii|ier. Pop. il*'.'"'. "i'.is: niHIoi. Mr 
 
 K.tMMtU'H i (II N M lies in the southwest 
 section of the State, and borders on the Missis 
 sippi Itivcr: area -Mill sijuare miles, named for 
 Iteverly Randolph It was set off from St Clair 
 County in 17!l.">. l-ing the secoinl county organ- 
 
440 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 ized in the territory which now constitutes the 
 State of Illinois. From the earliest period of Illi- 
 nois history, Randolph County has been a pivotal 
 point. In the autumn of 1700 a French and 
 Indian settlement was established at KaskasHa, 
 which subsequently became the center of French 
 influence in the Mississippi Valley. In 1722 
 Prairie du Rocher was founded by the French. 
 It was in Randolph County that Fort Chartres 
 was built, in 1720, and it was here that Col. 
 George Rogers Clark's expedition for the seizure 
 of the "Illinois Country" met with success in the 
 capture of Kaskasltia. American immigration 
 began with the close of the Revolutionary War. 
 Among the early settlers were the Cranes (Icha- 
 bod and George), Gen. John Edgar, the Dodge 
 family, the Morrisons, and John Rice Jones. 
 Toward the close of the century came Shadrach 
 Bond (afterwards the first Governor of the State) 
 with his uncle of the same name, and the 
 Menards (Pierre and Hippolyte), the first of 
 whom subsequently became Lieutenant -Gov- 
 ernor. (See Bond, Shadrach; Menard, Pierre.) 
 In outline, Randolph County is triangular, while 
 its surface is diversified. Timber and building 
 stone are abundant, and coal underlies a consid- 
 erable area. Chester, the county-seat, a city of 
 3,000 inhabitants, is a place of considerable trade 
 and the seat of the Southern Illinois Penitentiary. 
 The county is crossed by several railroad lines, 
 and transportation facilities are excellent. Pop- 
 ulation (1890), 25,049; (1900), 28,001. 
 
 RANSOM, (Gen.) Thomas Edward GreenBeld, 
 soldier, was born at Norwich, Vt. , Nov. 29, 1834 ; 
 educated at Norwich University, an institution 
 under charge of his father, who was later an 
 officer of the Mexican War and killed at Chapul- 
 tepec. Having learned civil engineering, he 
 entered on his profession at Peru, 111., in 1851; 
 in 1855 became a member of the real-estate firm 
 of A. J. Galloway & Co., Chicago, soon after 
 removing to Fayette County, where he acted as 
 agent of the Illinois Central Railroad. Under 
 the first call for volunteers, in April, 1861, he 
 organized a company, which having been incor- 
 porated in the Eleventh Illinois, he was elected 
 Major, and, on the reorganization of the regiment 
 for the three-years' service, was commissioned 
 Lieutenant-Colonel, in this capacity having com- 
 mand of his regiment at Fort Donelson, where he 
 was severely wounded and won deserved pro- 
 motion to a colonelcy, as successor to Gen. W. II 
 I. Wallace, afterwards killed at Shiloh. Here 
 Colonel Ransom again distinguished himself by 
 his bravery, and though again wounded while 
 
 leading his regiment, remained in command 
 through the day. His service was recognized by 
 promotion as Brigadier - General. He bore a 
 prominent part in the siege of Vicksburg and in 
 the Red River campaign, and, later, commanded 
 the Seventh Army Corps in the operations about 
 Atlanta, but finally fell a victim to disease and 
 his numerous wounds, dying in Chicago, Oct. 29, 
 1864, having previously received the brevet rank 
 of Major-General. General Ransom was con- 
 fessedly one of the most brilliant officers contrib- 
 uted by Illinois to the War for the Union, and 
 was pronounced, by both Grant and Sherman, one 
 of the ablest volunteer generals in their com- 
 mands. 
 
 RANTOCL, a city in Champaign County, at 
 the junction of the main line of the Illinois Cen- 
 tral Railroad, with its West Lebanon and Leroy 
 branch, 14 miles north-northeast of Champaign 
 and 114 miles south by west of Chicago. It has 
 a national bank, seven churches, opera house, 
 graded school, two weekly papers, machine shops, 
 flouring and flax mills, tile factories, and many 
 handsome residences. Pop. (1900), 1,207. 
 
 RASLE, Sebastian, a Jesuit missionary, born 
 in France, in 1658; at his own request was 
 attached to the French missions in Canada in 
 1689, and, about 1691 or '92, was sent to the Illi- 
 nois Country, where he labored for two years, 
 traveling much and making a careful study of 
 the Indian dialects. He left many manuscripts 
 descriptive of his journey ings and of the mode of 
 life and character of the aborigines. From Illi- 
 nois he was transferred to Norridgewock, Maine, 
 where he prepared a dictionary of the Abenaki 
 language in three volumes, which is now pre- 
 served in the library of Harvard College. His 
 influence over his Indian parishioners was great, 
 and his use of it, during the French and Indian 
 War, so incensed the English colonists in Massa- 
 chusetts that the Governor set a price upon his 
 head. On August 12, 1724, he was slain, with 
 seven Indian chiefs who were seeking to aid his 
 escape, during a night attack upon Norridge- 
 wock by a force of English soldiers from Fort 
 Richmond, his mutilated body being interred the 
 next day by the Indians. In 1833, the citizens of 
 Norridgewock erected a monument to his mem- 
 ory on the spot where he fell. 
 
 RASTER, Herman, journalist, was born in Ger- 
 many in 1828 ; entered journalism and came to 
 America in 1851, being employed on German 
 papers in Buffalo and New York City; in 1867 
 accepted the position of editor-in-chief of "The 
 Chicago Staats Zeitung," which he continued to 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 441 
 
 fill until June, 1890, when he went to Europe for 
 the benefit of his health, dying at Dresden, July 
 24, 1891. While employed on papers in this 
 country during the Civil War, he acted as the 
 American correspondent of papers at Berlin, 
 Bremen, Vienna, and other cities of Central 
 Europe. He served as delegate to both State and 
 National Conventions of the Republican party, 
 and, in 1869, received from President Grant the 
 appointment of Collector of Internal Revenue for 
 the Chicago District, but, during the later years 
 of his life, cooperated with the Democratic 
 party. 
 
 RAUCH, John Henry, physician and sanitary 
 expert, born in Lebanon, Pa., Sept. 4, 1838, and 
 graduated in medicine at the University of Penn- 
 sylvania, in 1849. The following year he removed 
 to Iowa, settling at Burlington. He was an 
 active member of the Iowa State Medical Society, 
 and, in 1851, prepared and published a "Report 
 on the Medical and Economic Botany of Iowa," 
 and, later, made a collection of ichthyologic 
 remains of the Upper Mississippi and Missouri for 
 Professor Agassiz. From 1857 to 1860 he filled 
 the chair of Materia Medica and Medical Botany 
 at Rush Medical College, Chicago, occupying the 
 same position in 1859 in the Chicago College of 
 Pharmacy, of which he was one of the organ- 
 izers. During the Civil War he served, until 
 1864, as Assistant Medical Director, first in the 
 Army of the Potomac, and later in Louisiana, 
 being bre vetted Lieutenant-Colonel at the close of 
 the struggle. Returning to Chicago, he aided in 
 reorganizing the city's health service, and, in 
 1867, was appointed a member of the new Board 
 of Health and Sanitary Inspector, serving until 
 1876. The latter year he was chosen President of 
 the American Public Health Association, and, 
 in 1877, a member of the newly created State 
 Board of Health of Illinois, and elected its first 
 President. Later, he became Secretary, and con- 
 tinued in tliiit office during his connection with 
 the Board. In 1878-79 he devoted much attention 
 to the yellow-fever epidemic, and was instru- 
 mental in the formation of the Sanitary Council 
 of the Mississippi, and in securing the adoption 
 of a system of river inspection by the National 
 Board of Health. He was a member of many 
 scientific bodies, and the author of numerous 
 monographs and printed addresses, chiefly in the 
 domain of sanitary science and preventive med- 
 icine. Among them may be noticed "Intra- 
 mural Interments and Their Influence on Health 
 and Epidemics," "Sanitary Problems of Chi- 
 cago." "Prevention of Asiatic Cholera in North 
 
 America," and a series of reports as Secretary of 
 the State Board of Health. Died, at Lebanon. 
 Pa., March 24, 1894. 
 
 RAl'M, (Gen.) (ireen Berry, soldier and author, 
 was born at Golconda, Pope County, HI., Dec. 3. 
 1829, studied law and was admitted to the bar in 
 1853, but, three years later, removed with his 
 family to Kansas. His Free-State proclivities 
 rendering him obnoxious to the pro - slavery party 
 there, he returned to Illinois in 1857, settling at 
 Harrisburg, Saline County. Early in the Civil 
 War he was commissioned a Major in the Fifty 
 sixth Illinois Volunteers, was subsequently pro- 
 moted to a Lieutenant-Colonelcy, and. later, 
 advanced to a Brigadier-Generalship, resigning 
 his commission at the close of the war (May 6, 
 1865). He was with Rosecrans in the Mississippi 
 campaign of 1862. took a conspicuous part in the 
 battle of Corinth, participated in the siege of 
 Vicksburg and was wounded at Missionary Ridge. 
 He also rendered valuable service during the 
 Atlanta campaign, keeping lines of communi- 
 cation open, re-enforcing Resaca and repulsing an 
 attack by General Hood. He was with Sherman 
 in the "March to the Sea," and with Hancock, in 
 the Shenandoah Valley, when the war closed. In 
 1866 General Raum became President of the pro- 
 jected Cairo & Vincennes Railroad, an enterprise 
 of which he had been an active promoter. He 
 was elected to Congress in 1866 from the South- 
 ern Illinois District (then the Thirteenth), serv- 
 ing one term, and the same year presided over the 
 Republican State Convention, as he did again in 
 1876 and in 1880 was also a delegate to the 
 National Conventions at Cincinnati and Chicago 
 the last two years just mentioned. From August 
 2, 1876, to May 31, 1883, General Raum served as 
 Commissioner of Internal Revenue at Washing- 
 ton, in that time having superintended the col- 
 lection of $800,000,000 of revenue, and the 
 disbursement of $30,000,000. After retiring from 
 the Commissionership, he resumed the practice 
 of law in Washington. In 1889 he was appointed 
 Commissioner of Pensions, remaining to the 
 close of President Harrison's administration, 
 when he removed to Chicago and again engaged 
 in practice. During the various political cam- 
 paigns of the past thirty years, his services have 
 been in frequent request as a campaign speaker, 
 and he has canvassed a number of States in the 
 interest of the Republican party. Besides his 
 official reports, he is author of "The Existing 
 Conflict Between Republican Government and 
 Southern Oligarchy" (Washington, 1884), and a 
 number of magazine articles. 
 
442 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 K A 1 T M, John, pioneer and early legislator, was 
 born in Hummelstown, Pa., July 14, 1793, and 
 died at Ooloonda, 111., March 14, 1869. Having 
 received a liberal education in his native State, 
 the subject of this sketch settled at Shawneetown, 
 111., in 1823, but removed to Qolconda, Pope 
 County, in 1836. He had previously served three 
 years in the War of 1812, as First Lieutenant of 
 the Sixteenth Infantry, and, while a resident of 
 Illinois, served in the Block Hawk War of 1832 as 
 Brigade Major. He was also elected Senator 
 from the District composed of Pope and Johnson 
 Counties in the Eighth General Assembly (1833). 
 as successor to Samuel Alexander, who had 
 resigned. The following year he was appointed 
 Clerk of the Circuit Court of Pope County, and 
 was also elected Clerk of the County Court the 
 same year, holding both offices for many years, 
 and retaining the County Clerkship up to his 
 death, a period of thirty-five years. He was 
 married March 22. 1827, to Juliet C. Field, and 
 was father of Brig. -Gen. Green B. Raum, and 
 Maj. John M. Raum. both of whom served in the 
 volunteer army from Illinois during the Civil 
 War. 
 
 K AH I.I NS, John Aaron, soldier, Secretary of 
 War, was born at East Galena, Feb. 13, 1831, the 
 son of a small farmer, who was also a charcoal- 
 burner. The son. after irregular attendance on 
 the district schools and a year passed at Mount 
 Morris Academy, began the study of law. He 
 was admitted to the bar at Galena in 1854, and at 
 once began practice. In 1807 he was elected City 
 Attorney of Galena, and nominated on the Doug- 
 las electoral ticket in 1860. At the outbreak of 
 the Civil War he favored, and publicly advocated, 
 coercive measures, and it is said that it was 
 partly through his influence that General Grant 
 early tendered his services to the Government. 
 He served on the staff of the latter from the time 
 General Grant was given command of a brigade 
 until the close of the war, most of the time being 
 its chief, and rising in rank, step by step, until, 
 in 1863, he became a Brigadier-General, and, in 
 1865a Major-General. His long service on the 
 .staff of General Grunt indicates the estimation 
 in which lie was held by his chief. Promptly on 
 the assumption of the Presidency by General 
 Grant, in March, 1869. he was appointed Secre- 
 tary of War, but consumption had already 
 obtained a hold upon his constitution, and he sur- 
 vived only six months, dying in office, Sept. 6, 
 1869. 
 
 BAT, Charles II., journalist, was born at Nor- 
 wich, Chenango County. N. Y., March 12, 1821; 
 
 came west in 1843, studied medicine and began 
 practice at Muscatine, Iowa, afterwards locating 
 in Tazewell County, 111., also being associated, 
 for a time, with the publication of a temperance 
 paper at Springfield. In 1847 he removed to 
 Galena, soon after becoming editor of "The 
 Galena Jeffersonian, " a Democratic paper, with 
 which he remained until 1854. He took strong 
 ground against the Kansas-Nebraska Bill, and, at 
 the session of the Legislature of 1855, served as 
 Secretary of the Senate, also acting as corre- 
 spondent of "The New York Tribune"; a few 
 months later became associated with Joseph 
 Medill and John C. Vaughan in the purchase and 
 management of "The Chicago Tribune," Dr. Ray 
 assuming the position of editor-in-chief. Dr. 
 Ray was one of the most trenchant and powerful 
 writers ever connected with the Illinois press, 
 and his articles exerted a wide influence during 
 the period of the organization of the Republican 
 party, in which he was an influential factor. He 
 was a member of the Convention of Anti-Neb- 
 raska editors held at Decatur, Feb. 22, 1856, and 
 served as Chairman of the Committee on Reso- 
 lutions. (See Anti-Nebraska Editorial Conven- 
 tion.) At the State Republican Convention held 
 at Bloomington, in May following, he was 
 appointed a member of the State Central Com- 
 mittee for that year ; was also Canal Trustee by 
 appointment of Governor Bissell, serving from 
 1857 to 1861. In November, 1863, he severed his 
 connection with "The Tribune" and engaged in 
 oil speculations in Canada which proved finan- 
 cially disastrous. In 1865 he returned to the paper 
 as an editorial writer, remaining only for a short 
 time. In 1868 he assumed the management of 
 "The Chicago Evening Post." with which he 
 remained identified until his death. Sept. 23, 
 1870. 
 
 RAT, l.jimtn Hforlicr, ex Lieutenant-Gov- 
 ernor, was born in Crittenden County, Vt., 
 August 17, 1831; removed to Illinois in 1852, and 
 has since been engaged in mercantile business in 
 this State. After filling several local offices he 
 was elected to represent Grundy County in the 
 lower house of the Twenty-eighth General 
 Assembly (1872), and, ten years later, was chosen 
 State Senator, serving from 1883 to 1887, anil 
 being one of the recognized party leaders on the 
 floor. In 1888, he was elected Lieutenant Gov- 
 ernor on the Republican ticket, his term expiring 
 in 1893. His home is at Morris, Grundy County. 
 
 RAT, William H., Congressman, was born in 
 Dutchess County. N. Y.. Dec. 14, 1812; grew to 
 manhood in his native State, receiving a limited 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 443 
 
 education; in 1834 removed to Rushville. 111., 
 engaging in business as a merchant and, later, as 
 a banker; was a member of the first State Board 
 of Equalization (1)467-69), and, in 1872, was 
 elected to Congress as a Republican, representing 
 his District from 1873 to 1875. Died, Jan. 25, 
 1881. 
 
 RAYMOND, a village of Montgomery County, 
 on the St. Louis Division of the Wabasli Railway, 
 50 miles southwest of Decatur ; has electric lights, 
 some manufactures and a weekly paper. Con- 
 siderable coal is mined here and grain and fruit 
 grown in the surrounding country. Population 
 (1880), 543; (1890), 841; (1900), 906. 
 
 RAYMOND, (Ret.) Miner, D.D., clergyman 
 and educator, was born in New York City. 
 August 29. 1811. being descended from a family 
 of Huguenots (known by the name of "Rai- 
 monde"), who were expelled from France on 
 account of their religion. In his youth he 
 learned the trade of a shoemaker with his father, 
 at Rensselaerville, N. Y. He united with the 
 Methodist Episcopal Church at the age of 17. 
 later taking a course in the Wesleyan Academy 
 at Wilbraham, Mass.. where he afterwards 
 became a teacher. In 1838 he joined the New 
 England Conference and, three years later, began 
 pastoral work at Worcester, subsequently occu- 
 pying pulpits in Boston and Westfield. In 1848, 
 on the resignation of Dr. Robert Allyn (after- 
 wards President of McKendree College and of the 
 Southern Illinois Normal University at Carbon- 
 dale), Dr.Raymond succeeded to the principalship 
 of the Academy at Wilbraham, remaining there 
 until 1864, when he was elected to the chair of 
 systematic theology in the Garrett Biblical Insti- 
 tute at Evanston, 111., his connection with the 
 latter institution continuing until 1895, when he 
 resigned. For some three years of this period he 
 served as pastor of the First Methodist Church 
 at Evanston. His death occurred, Nov. 25, 1897. 
 
 REAVIS, Logan Uriah, journalist, was born 
 in the Sangamon Bottom, Mason County, 111.. 
 March 26, 1831 ; in 1855 entered the office of "The 
 Beardsto wn Gazette, ' ' later purchased an interest 
 in the paper and continued its publication under 
 the name of "The Central Illinoian," until 1857. 
 when he sold out and went to Nebraska. Return- 
 ing, in 1860, he repurchased his old paper and 
 conducted it until 1866. when he sold out for the 
 last time. The remainder of his life was devoted 
 chiefly to advocating the removal of the National 
 Capital to St. Louis, which he did by lectures and 
 the publication of pamphlets and books on the 
 subject; also published a "Life of Horace 
 
 Greeley." another of General Harney. and two 
 or three other volumes. Died in St. Louis, 
 April 25, 1889. 
 
 RECTOR, the name of a prominent and influ- 
 ential family who lived at Kaskaskia in Terri- 
 torial days. According to Governor Reynolds, 
 who has left the most detailed account of them in 
 his "Pioneer History of Illinois." they consisted 
 of nine brothers and four daughters, all of whom 
 were born in Fauquier County, Va.. some of 
 them emigrating to Ohio, while others came to 
 Illinois, arriving at Kaskaskia in 1806. Reynolds 
 describes them as passionate and impulsive, but 
 possessed of a high standard of integrity and a 
 chivalrous and patriotic spirit. William, the 
 oldest brother, and regarded as the head of the 
 family, became a Deputy Surveyor soon after 
 coming to Illinois, and took part in the Indian 
 campaigns between 1812 and 1814. In 1816 he 
 was appointed Surveyor-General of Illinois, Mis 
 souri and Arkansas, and afterwards removed to 
 St. Louis. Stephen, another of the brothers, 
 was a Lieutenant in Captain Moore's Company 
 of Rangers in the War of 1812, while Charles 
 commanded one of the two regiments organized 
 by Governor Edwards, in 1812, for the expedition 
 against the Indians at the head of Peoria Lake. 
 Nelson, still another brother, served in the 
 same expedition on the staff of Governor 
 Edwards. Stephen, already mentioned, was a 
 member of the expedition sent to strengthen 
 Prairie du Chien in 1814, and showed great cour- 
 age in a fight with the Indians at Rock Island. 
 During the same year Nelson Rector and Captain 
 Samuel Whiteside joined Col. Zachary Taylor 
 (afterwards President) in an expedition on the 
 Upper Mississippi, in which they came in conflict 
 with the British and Indians at Rock Island, in 
 which Captain Rector again displayed the cour- 
 age so characteristic of his family. On the 1st of 
 March. 1814, while in charge of a surveying party 
 on Saline Creek, in Gallatin County, according to 
 Reynolds, Nelson was ambushed by the Indians 
 and, though severely wounded, was carried away 
 by his horse, and recovered. F.lias. another mem- 
 ber of the family, was Governor Edwards' first 
 Adjutant-General, serving a few months in 1800, 
 when he gave place to Robert Morrison, but was 
 reappointed in 1810, serving for more than three 
 years. Thomas, one of the younger members, 
 had a duel with Joshua Barton on "Bloody 
 Island," sometime between 1812 and 1814, in 
 which he killed Ms antagonist. (See Duel*.) A 
 jxirtion of this historic family drifted into Arkan- 
 sas, where they became prominent, one of their 
 
444 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 descendants serving as Governor of that State 
 during the Civil War period. 
 
 RED HI 'II. a city in Randolph County, on the 
 Mobile & Ohio Railroad, some 37 miles south- 
 southeast of St. Louis, and 21 miles south of Belle- 
 ville: has a carriage factory and two flouring 
 mills, electric lights, a hospital, two banks, five 
 churches, a graded school and a weekly news- 
 paper. Pop. (1890), 1,176; (1900), 1,169. 
 
 REEVES, Owen T., lawyer and jurist, was 
 born in Ross County, Ohio, Dec. 18, 1829; gradu- 
 ated at the Ohio Wesleyan University, at Dela- 
 ware, in 1850, afterwards serving as a tutor in 
 that institution and as Principal of a High 
 School at Chillicothe. In 1854 he came to Bloom- 
 ington, 111., and, as a member of the School 
 Board, assisted in reorganizing the school system 
 of that city; also has served continuously, for 
 over 40 years, as one of the Trustees of the Illi- 
 nois Wesleyan University, being a part of the 
 time President of the Board. In the meantime, he 
 had begun the practice of law, served as City 
 Attorney and member of the Board of Supervis- 
 ors. July 1, 1862, he enlisted in the Seventieth 
 Illinois Volunteers (a 100-days' emergency regi- 
 ment), was elected Colonel and mustered out, 
 with his command, in October, 1862. Colonel 
 Reeves was subsequently connected with the 
 construction of the Lafayette, Bloomington & 
 Mississippi Railroad (now a part of the Illinois 
 Central), and was also one of the founders of the 
 Law Department of the Wesleyan University. 
 In 1877 he was elected to the Circuit bench, serv- 
 ing continuously, by repeated re-elections, until 
 1891 during the latter part of his incumbency 
 being upon the Appellate bench. 
 
 REEVES, Walter, Member of Congress and 
 lawyer, was born near Brownsville, Pa., Sept. 25, 
 1848 ; removed to Illinois at 8 years of age and 
 was reared on a farm; later became a teacher 
 and lawyer, following his profession at Streator ; 
 in 1894 he was nominated by the Republicans of 
 the Eleventh District for Congress, as successor to 
 the Hon. Thomas J. Henderson, and was elected, 
 receiving a majority over three competitors. 
 Mr. Reeves was re-elected in 1896, and again in 
 1898. 
 
 REFORMATORY, ILLINOIS STATE, a prison 
 for the incarceration of male offenders under 21 
 years of age, who are believed to be susceptible of 
 reformation. It is the successor of the "State 
 Reform School,'' which was created by act of 
 the Legislature of 1867, but not opened for the 
 admission of inmates until 1871. It is located at 
 Pontiac. The number olPtnmates, in 1872, was 165, 
 
 which was increased to 324 in 1890. The results, 
 while moderately successful, were not altogether 
 satisfactory. The appropriations made for con- 
 struction, maintenance, etc., were not upon a 
 scale adequate to accomplish what was desired, 
 and, in 1891, a radical change was effected. 
 Previous to that date the limit, as to age, was 16 
 years. The law establishing the present reforma- 
 tory provides for a system of indeterminate sen- 
 tences, and a release upon parole, of inmates 
 who, in the opinion of the Board of Managers, 
 may be safely granted conditional liberation. 
 The inmates are divided into two classes. (1) 
 those between the ages of 10 and 16, and(2) those 
 between 16 and 21. The Board of Managers is 
 composed of five members, not more than three of 
 whom shall be of the same party, their term of 
 office to be for ten years. The course of treat- 
 ment is educational (intellectually, morally and 
 industrially), schools being conducted, trades 
 taught, and the inmates constantly impressed 
 with the conviction that, only through genuine 
 and unmistakable evidence of improvement, can 
 they regain their freedom. The reformatory 
 influence of tho institution may be best inferred 
 from the results of one year's operation. Of 146 
 inmates paroled, 15 violated their parole and 
 became fugitives, 6 were returned to the 
 Reformatory, 1 died, and 124 remained in 
 employment and regularly reporting. Among 
 the industries carried on are painting and glaz- 
 ing, masonry and plastering, gardening, knit- 
 ting, chair-caning, broom-making, carpentering, 
 tailoring and blacksmithing. The grounds of the 
 Reformatory contain a vein of excellent coal, 
 which it is proposed to mine, utilizing the clay, 
 thus obtained, in the manufacture of brick, 
 which can be employed in the construction of 
 additional needed buildings. The average num- 
 ber of inmates is about 800, and the crimes for 
 which they are sentenced range, in gravity, from 
 simple assault, or petit larceny, to the most seri- 
 ous offenses known to the criminal code, with 
 the exception of homicide. The number of 
 inmates, at the beginning of the year 1895, was 
 812. An institution of a similar character, for 
 the confinement of juvenile female offenders, was 
 established under an act of the Legislature 
 passed at the session of 1893, and located at Gen- 
 eva, Kane County. (See Home for Juvenile 
 Female Offender*.) 
 
 RELIGIOUS DENOMINATIONS. The State 
 constitution contains the familiar guaranty of 
 absolute freedom of conscience. The chief 
 denominations have grown in like ratio with the 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 145 
 
 population, as may be seen from figures given 
 below. The earliest Christian services held were 
 conducted by Catholic missionaries, who attested 
 the sincerity of their convictions (in many 
 instances) by the sacrifice of their lives, either 
 through violence or exposure. The aborigines, 
 however, were not easily Christianized; and, 
 shortly after the cession of Illinois by France to 
 Great Britain, the Catholic missions, being gener- 
 ally withdrawn, ceased to exert much influence 
 upon the red men, although the French, who 
 remained in the ceded territory, continued to 
 adhere to their ancient faith. (See Early Mis- 
 sionaries.) One of the first Protestant sects to 
 hold service in Illinois, was the Methodist Epis- 
 copal : Rev. Joseph Lillard coming to Illinois in 
 1793, and Rev. Hosea Riggs settling in the 
 American Bottom in 1796. (For history of 
 Methodism in Illinois, see Methodist Episcopal 
 Church.) The pioneer Protestant preacher, 
 however, was a Baptist Elder James Smith 
 who came to New Design in 1787. Revs. David 
 Badgley and Joseph Chance followed him in 
 1796, and the first denominational association 
 was formed in 1807. (As to inception and growth 
 of this denomination in Illinois, see also Bap- 
 tists.) In 1814 the Massachusetts Missionary 
 Society sent two missionaries to Illinois Revs. 
 Samuel J. Mills and Daniel Smith. Two years 
 later (1816), the First Presbyterian Church was 
 organized at Sharon, by Rev. James McGready, 
 of Kentucky. (See also Presbyterians.) The 
 Congregationalists began to arrive with the tide 
 of immigration that set in from the Eastern 
 States, early in the '30's. Four churches were 
 organized in 1833, and the subsequent growth of 
 the denomination in the State, if gradual, has 
 been steady. (See Congregationalists.) About 
 the same time came the Disciples of Christ (some- 
 times railed, from their founder, "Campbellites"). 
 They encouraged free discussion, were liberal and 
 warm hearted, and did not require belief in any 
 particular creed as a condition of membership. 
 The sect grew rapidly in numerical strength. 
 (See Disciples of Christ.) The Protestant Episco- 
 palians obtained their first foothold in Illinois, in 
 1835, when Rev. Philander Chase (afterward con- 
 secrated Bishop) immigrated to the State from 
 the East. (See Protestant Episcopal Church.) 
 The Lutherans in Illinois are chiefly of German 
 or Scandinavian birth or descent, as may be 
 inferred from the fact that, out of sixty-four 
 churches in Chicago under care of the Missouri 
 Synod, only four use the English language. They 
 are the only Protestant sect maintaining (when- 
 
 ever possible) a system of parochial schools. (See 
 Lutherans. ) There are twenty -six other religious 
 bodies in the State, exclusive of the Jews, who 
 have twelve synagogues and nine rabbis. Ac- 
 cording to the census statistics of 1890, these 
 twenty-six sects, with their numerical strength, 
 number of buildings, ministers, etc., are as fol- 
 lows: Anti-Mission Baptists. 2,800 members, 78 
 churches and 63 ministers; Church of God, 1,200 
 members, 39 churches, 34 ministers; Dunkards, 
 121,000 members, 155 churches, 83 ministers: 
 Friends ("Quakers") 2,655 members, 25 churches: 
 Free Methodists, 1,805 members, 38 churches, 84 
 ministers; Free- Will Baptists. 4,694 members, 107 
 churches, 72 ministers; Evangelical Association, 
 15,904 members, 143 churches, 152 ministers; 
 Cumberland Presbyterians, 11,804 members, 198 
 churches, 149 ministers; Methodist Episcopal 
 (South) 3,927 members, 34 churches, 33 minis- 
 ters; Moravians, 720 members, 3 churches, 3 
 ministers; New Jerusalem Church (Swedenborgi- 
 ans), 662 members, 14 churches, 8 ministers: 
 Primitive Methodist, 230 members, 2 churches. 2 
 ministers; Protestant Methodist, 5,000 members. 
 91 churches, 106 ministers ; Reformed Church in 
 United States, 4,100 members, 34 churches, 19 
 ministers; Reformed Church of America, 2,200 
 members, 24 churches, 23 ministers;- Reformed 
 Episcopalians, 2,150 members, 13 churches, 11 
 ministers; Reformed Presbyterians, 1,400 mem- 
 bers, 7 churches, 6 ministers; Salvation Army. 
 1,980 members; Second Advent 1st s. 4,500 mem- 
 bers, 64 churches, 35 ministers; Seventh Day 
 Baptists, 320 members, 7 churches, 11 ministers: 
 Universalists, 3,160 members, 45 churches, 37 
 ministers; Unitarians, 1,225 members. 19 
 churches, 14 ministers; United Evangelical, 
 30,000 members, 129 churches, 108 ministers: 
 United Brethren, 16,500 members, 275 churches. 
 260 ministers ; United Presbyterians, 11, 250 mem- 
 bers, 203 churches, 199 ministers; Wesleyan 
 Methodists, 1,100 members, 16 churches. 33 min- 
 isters. (See various Churches under their proper 
 names; also Roman Catholic Church.) 
 
 REND, William Patrick, soldier, capitalist, 
 and coal-operator, was born in County Leitrim, 
 Ireland, Feb. 10, 1840. brought to Lowell. Mass.. 
 in boyhood, and graduated from the high school 
 there at 17; taught for a time near New York 
 City and later in Maryland, where he began a 
 course of classical study. The Civil War coming 
 on, he enlisted in the Fourteenth Regiment New 
 York Volunteers, serving most of the time as a 
 . non-commissioned officer, and participating in the 
 battles of the second Bull Run. Malvern Hill, 
 
44' 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 Antietam, Frederic ksburg and Chancellorsville. 
 After the war lie came to Chicago and secured 
 employment in a railway surveyor's office, later 
 acting sa foreman of the Northwestern freight 
 depot, and finally embarking in the coal business, 
 which was conducted with such success that he 
 became the owner of some of the most valuable 
 mining properties in the country. Meanwhile 
 he has taken a deep interest in the welfare of 
 miners and other classes of laborers, and has 
 
 sought to promote arbitration and conciliation 
 between employers and employed, as a means of 
 averting disastrous strikes. He was especially 
 active during the long strike of 1897, in efforts to 
 bring about an understanding between the 
 miners and the operators. For several years 
 he held a commission as Lieutenant-Colonel of 
 the Illinois National Guard until compelled, by 
 the demands of his private business, to tender 
 his resignation. 
 
 REPRESENTATIVES IN CONGRESS. 
 
 'Hi- following table presents the names, residence. Districts represented, politics (except as to earlier ones), and lenirth of 
 term or terms of service of Illinois Representatives in the lower House of Congress, from the organization of Illinois 
 as a Territory down to the present time; (D. Democrat; W, Whig; R, Republican; G-B, Greenback; P, Populist). 
 
 NAMK. 
 
 REHIDKWCIC. 
 
 DlHT. 
 
 TCMH. 
 
 REMARKS. 
 
 Hhadrach Bond 
 Benjamin Stephenson 
 
 Kaakaskia 
 Kdwardsville ... 
 
 Territory 
 Territory 
 
 1*12-14.... 
 
 IMM>; 
 
 1816-18 
 
 Made Rec'r of Pub. Moneys. 
 Made Rec'r of Pub. Moneys. 
 
 Kaakaskia 
 
 
 
 State 
 
 1818-19 
 
 Elected U. s. Senator, 1824 am) _" 
 
 Daniel P Cook 
 
 Kaskaskla 
 
 State 
 
 1819-27 
 
 
 Jacltsotkt Morgan Cos 
 Jacksonville 
 Springfield 
 Belleville 
 Belleville 
 
 
 1827-33 
 
 
 Joseph Duncan 
 William L. M **> . 1 ' 
 Charles Blade 
 
 Third 
 Third 
 First 
 
 1833-34 
 
 1834- W.... 
 1883-34 
 1834-37 
 
 Elected Governor; resigned. 
 To succeed Duncan. 
 Died; term completed by Reynolds. 
 One and one-half terms. 
 
 John Ray colds, i > 
 /i*ijnc Casey, D 
 Adam w . Snyder, D 
 
 Hellevllle 
 
 First 
 
 18*8.43 
 
 Mt. Vernoii 
 Belleville 
 
 Second 
 Pint 
 
 1838-43 
 
 
 
 
 Third 
 
 1838-43 
 
 
 John T. Stuart, O. P. 
 
 Springfield 
 
 Eighth . . . 
 
 1863-6A 
 
 
 
 First 
 
 i-i i r< 
 
 
 John A. McClernand. Ji... 
 John A . McClernand. V . . . 
 
 
 Second 
 
 1843-61 
 
 
 Springfield ... . 
 
 Sixth 
 
 1859-62 
 
 HMitfiifU. 1 >!<.. M ; succeeded by A. L. Knapp. 
 
 
 Third 
 
 1843-49 
 
 Orlando B. Flcklln, I> ,. . 
 
 
 Third 
 
 1851-53 
 
 
 
 
 
 1843-51 . . 
 
 
 John Wentworth, D 
 
 Chicago 
 
 Second 
 
 185.1-5.~> 
 
 
 
 
 1865-67 
 
 
 .Stephen A. Douglas, D 
 William A. Richardson, I > 
 William A. Rlchardfton. D. 
 Joseph P. Hoce, D 
 John J. Hardln, W 
 Kdward D. Baker, W 
 Kdward IX Bakpr, W 
 John Henry, W 
 Thomas J. Turner, D 
 Abraham Lincoln, W 
 William H. fiissell. D 
 William H.BIssell.D 
 Timothy R. Young. 1> 
 Thomas L. H arris, I) 
 Thomas L. Harris, Jl 
 Willis Allen, D 
 
 Quhicy 
 RuHhvllle andUulncy 
 
 Fifth 
 Fifth 
 Sixth 
 
 1*43-47 
 1847-56 : 
 180143 
 
 KI'dU.a Sen. ,Apr..'47;suc.byW. A. Richardson 
 ResUAug., -'..; term tilled by Jacob C. Dmvls. 
 
 Ualena 
 Jacksonville 
 airlngfield... 
 fcle:.a 
 Jacksonville 
 
 Sixth 
 Seventh 
 Seventh 
 Sixth 
 
 1843-45 
 1843-45 
 I845-4f> 
 
 Resigned, Dec., '4tt; succeeded by John Henry. 
 
 1848-01 
 
 Seventh 
 Sixth 
 
 Feb. to Mar.. 1847. 
 1847-48 
 
 Served Raker's unexplred term. 
 
 Springfield 
 Belleville 
 
 Seventh 
 Pint 
 
 1847-4'J 
 1849-53 
 
 
 Jtelleville. 
 Marshall 
 
 Eighth 
 Third 
 
 1853-.V> 
 
 
 1848-51 
 
 
 
 seventh 
 
 1849-51 
 
 
 Petersburg 
 Marlon 
 
 Sixth 
 Second 
 
 1855-5H 
 1851 -S3 
 
 Died. Nov.24. -5H; sue. by 1'hait. 1>. Hodges. 
 
 Wlllia Allen, D 
 Richard S. Maloney, l> 
 Thompson CarnuhHl, ]> 
 Richard Yates. W 
 Richard Yates. W 
 E.B. WMhburne,K.... 
 E. B. Washburoe, R 
 Jesse O. Norton. R 
 
 Marlon . . . 
 
 Ninth 
 
 1853-55 
 
 
 Belvidere 
 
 Fourth 
 
 1851-53 
 
 
 Oalena 
 
 31xth 
 
 1851-5.1 
 
 
 Jacksonville 
 Jacksonville 
 
 Seventh 
 Sixth 
 First 
 
 1851-53.... 
 1853-55 
 1853-43 
 
 I!....!! '....'. ......'..'.'..'. 
 
 Galena 
 Joliet 
 joliet 
 
 Third 
 Third 
 Slxlh 
 
 1863-39... 
 1853-57 
 
 -, ReMignd. March 9. '&* to accept French mis- 
 J slon; term rilled by H. C. Burchard. 
 
 l863-tt*>. . . 
 
 
 
 
 Fourth 
 
 1853-67 
 
 
 James C. Allen, D 
 Jam CM C. Allen. 1* 
 
 Palestine 
 
 Seventh 
 
 1853-57 
 
 
 Palestine 
 
 State-ut-large . 
 
 1863-65 
 
 
 James H. Wood worth, R.. 
 Jacob C. Davis, D 
 
 
 Second 
 
 1855-57 
 
 
 (julncy 
 
 Belleville 
 
 Fifth 
 Eighth 
 
 1856-67 
 1855 
 
 To till unexplred term of Richardson. 
 Chonen r 8. Senator; reaigned. 
 Filled Trumbull'i unexplred term. 
 
 J. L. I>. Morrison, D 
 Samuel H. Marshall, D 
 Sam i ir 1 8. Marshall. 1 > 
 SamuelS, Marshall, D 
 John F. Farnsworth. R 
 John K Farnsworth, H .... 
 OWPII Love)oy,R 
 Owen Loveloy. R 
 William Kellogg. R 
 Isaac N. Morris, U 
 CharlesD.Hodgea.lt .... 
 Aaron Shaw, D 
 
 Belleville 
 Me Leans boro 
 McLeanshoro 
 
 Eighth 
 Ninth 
 Kiev. -Hill 
 
 185W7 
 1855-59 
 1865*7.1 
 
 McLeansboro 
 Chicago 
 
 Second 
 
 1X57-61 
 
 
 1863-74 
 
 
 Princeton 
 Princeton 
 Canton 
 
 Third 
 Fifth 
 
 1857<63 
 
 
 1883-65 
 
 Died, Mar "64; term filled by E C Ingmoll 
 
 Fourth 
 Fifth 
 
 1857-63 
 1857-61.... 
 
 
 
 Rlvth .Inn (<. M:.r I'-!' . 
 
 Filled unexpired term of Thos. L. Harris. 
 
 Lawrenceville Seventh 1857-58 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 447 
 
 NAME. 
 
 Kl MPKM K. 
 
 DIST. 
 
 TEKM. 
 
 REMARK 
 
 
 
 Sixteenth 
 
 1883-K5 
 
 
 James C'. Roniuson, |i 
 James C. Robinson. l> 
 James C. Robitmon, 1 ' 
 James C. Robinson, U 
 Philip B. Fouke. D 
 John A. Logan, R 
 
 Marshall 
 
 
 1059-63 
 
 
 Marshall 
 
 
 lMtt-6.> 
 
 
 Springfield 
 
 Eighth 
 
 1871-73 
 
 
 Twelfth 
 
 1873- 7.1 
 
 
 Belleville 
 Ben ton 
 
 Carbondale 
 
 Eighth is.Vt. t::; 
 
 
 Ninth 
 
 stauj-at-large 
 Second 
 
 1859-& 
 1869-71 
 
 Res'd, Apr. VJ; term tilled by W. J. Allen. 
 < Chosen U. S. Senator, 1871; resigned, term 
 - til If i by John L. Beveridge. 
 
 Isaac N. Arnold, B 
 Isaac N. Arnold. R 
 William J.Allen, D 
 William J. Allen, D 
 
 
 ] Mil -.';.. . 
 
 
 pint 
 
 1863-65 
 
 
 Marion 
 Marion 
 Jersey ville 
 
 Ninth 
 Thirteenth.... 
 
 1862-63 
 
 1863-65 
 
 Served Logan's iincxpired term. 
 
 Fifth 
 Tenth 
 
 1861-33 Served McCta-naml's ntiexnlred term. 
 1863-65 1 
 
 
 Charles M.Harris, R 
 
 
 Fourth 
 
 1SB3.B.1 
 
 
 Ebon C. Ingersoll, R 
 John R. Eden, D 
 
 Peoria 
 Sullivan 
 
 Fifth, 11864-71 
 Seventh 1865-65 
 
 1864-'65 filled Lovpjoy'* unexplred term 
 
 
 
 
 
 John R. Eden, D 
 Lewis W Rom D 
 
 Sullivan 
 
 Seventeenth... 
 Ninth. 
 
 1885-87 
 
 18MMI9 
 
 
 William R. Morrison, D.... 
 William R. Morrison, I> ... 
 William R. Morrison, D.... 
 s. W. Moulton, R 
 
 Waterloo 
 Waterloo 
 Waterloo 
 SbelbyvUle 
 Shelbyvllle 
 
 Twelfth 
 Seventeenth... 
 
 1863-65 
 1873-83. . . . 
 
 1883-87 
 
 
 State-at-large. 
 
 1965-67 
 1881-83 
 
 aW. Moulton, D 
 Abner C. Harding. R 
 Burton (J. Cook, R 
 H. P. H. Broumell.R 
 Shelby M. Cullom, R 
 Anthony Thornton, D 
 
 Sbelbyville 
 Monmouth 
 Ottawa 
 Charleston 
 Springfield 
 Shelbyville 
 
 Seventeenth... 
 
 1883-85 
 1865-69 .. . 
 
 
 Sixth 
 
 1865-71 
 
 IS65-69 
 
 Re-elected, *7U but iWd inrun beg'ugof li-rm. 
 
 Eighth 
 Tenth, 
 
 1865-71 ' 
 1865-67 
 
 Belleville 
 
 Twelfth 
 
 Ih65-6y.. 
 
 Jehu Baker, R 
 Jehu Baker, P 
 A. J. Kuykemlall, R 
 
 Belleville 
 Belleville 
 Vienna 
 
 
 1887-89 1 * 
 
 Twenty-first .. 
 
 1897-99 
 
 First 
 
 
 A ni fj R Ti " * 
 
 
 
 
 Green B. Raum, R 
 Horatio C. Burchard, R.... 
 HoralioC. Burcbard, P..... 
 John H. Hawley, R 
 John B. Hawley, R 
 
 Metropolis 
 Freeport 
 
 Thirteenth 
 Third 
 
 18C7-69 
 1869-73 
 
 Filled unexpiml term r Washburn**. 
 
 
 
 1869-73 
 
 
 Rock Island 
 
 Sixth 
 
 1873-75 
 
 
 Jesse 11. Moore, R 
 Thomas W. McNeeley. D.. 
 
 Decatnr 
 Petersburg 
 Belleville 
 
 Ninth 
 Twelfth 
 
 1869 73 
 1869 73 
 
 
 John M. Crebs, D .. 
 John L. Beveridge, R 
 Charles B. Farwell. R 
 Charles B. Farwell, R 
 Charles B. Farwel l, R 
 
 Carmi 
 Evanston 
 
 Thirteenth 
 Slate-al-large. 
 
 1869-73 
 1871-73 
 
 Served uitexpirel u-rni . .1 l^gan. 
 
 Chicago 
 
 Third 
 Third 
 
 1873-76 
 
 May, '76, seat awarded to J. V. Le Moyne . 
 
 
 Fifth 
 
 
 
 Henry Snapp, R 
 Edward Y. Rice, D 
 John B Ric,R 
 
 Joliet 
 
 Sixth 
 Tenth 
 
 1871 73 
 1871 "3 
 
 Filled unexpired term of B. C. Cook. 
 
 Chicago 
 Chicago 
 
 First 
 First 
 Second... 
 
 187374 
 1874-77 
 1878-75. 
 
 Died Dec.. 74 : ffiicce*ded by B. U. Caulrteld. 
 From 1S74-75 served out Rice's term 
 
 
 
 Stephen A. Hurlbut, R 
 Franklin Corwin, R 
 Greenbury L. Fort, R 
 
 
 
 
 Peru 
 Lacon 
 
 Seventh 
 Eighth 
 
 1873-75 
 
 
 
 Ninth... 
 
 1873-75 
 
 
 William H. Ray. R 
 Robert M. Knapp, 1> 
 Robert M. Knapn, D 
 John MVXiilta, K 
 Joseph U. Cannon, R 
 Joseph G. Cannon, R 
 Joseph G. Cannon, R. 
 Joseph G. Cannon. R 
 
 Rushville (Tenth 
 Jersey ville Eleventh 
 Jersevville Eleventh 
 Bloomtngton Thirteenth .... 
 Tuscolaand Danville. Fourteenth.... 
 Danville Fifteenth 
 Danville Fifteenth 
 Danville 1 Twelfth 
 
 1873-75 
 1873-75 
 1877-79 
 1873-75 
 1873-83 
 
 
 
 
 1895 
 
 
 Isaac Clements, R. 
 Carter H. Harrison, J' 
 John V. Le Moyne, 1>. 
 T. J. Henderson, R 
 
 Carbondale 
 Chicago 
 Chicago 
 Princeton A Geneseo. . 
 
 
 
 
 Second 
 Third 
 Sixth 
 
 Seventh.... 
 
 1875 79 
 187677 
 1K75 83 
 (883 95 
 
 Awarded seat, vk-e Far\veli. 
 
 
 
 
 
 Richard H. Whttinf, R- . . - 
 
 John C. Baghy . I> 
 
 Peoria 
 Rush vine 
 
 Ninth 
 
 1875-77 
 
 
 
 
 
 Scott Wike, D 
 William M. Springer. IX... 
 William M. Springer, D. . 
 Adlai K. Stevenson. D 
 Adlal E. Stevenson, 1 > 
 William A J. Sparks. !>.... 
 William Hartzell.D .. .. 
 William B. Anderson, D .. 
 William Aldrlch. R 
 Carter H Harrison, 1 
 Lorenz Brentano, R 
 William Lathrop. R 
 Philip C. Hayes. R 
 Thomas A, Boyd. R 
 Benjamin F Marsh, R. .. 
 
 PittsHeld 
 
 Twelfth 
 
 1889 93 
 
 
 Twelfth 
 
 
 
 Springfield 
 Bloomington. 
 Bloomington 
 Carlyle 
 Chester 
 Mt. Vernon 
 Chicago 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Sixteenth 
 
 l-::.-- ; 
 
 '-. 
 
 
 
 First 1877-K3. 
 
 - 
 
 Chicago .Third. 
 
 1877-79 ... 
 
 
 
 Morris 
 Lewi s ion 
 Warsaw 
 
 
 1877-81 
 
 
 Ninth 
 Tenth 
 
 1877-81 
 1S77-H3. 
 
 
 
448 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 NAME. 
 
 Rcai DENG E. 
 
 DlST. 
 
 TERM. 
 
 REMARKS. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Benjamin P. Marsh. R 
 Thomas F. Tip ton, R 
 R. W. Townshend, I> 
 
 Warsaw 
 
 Fifteenth 
 
 18K 
 
 
 Shawneetown 
 
 Thirteenth.... 
 
 1877-79. 
 
 
 
 
 
 George R. I >n vi a . R. 
 Hiram Barber, B 
 John C. Sherwln, R 
 It. MA Hawk, R 
 Janieti W . Singleton. i> 
 A. P. Foray the. O. B 
 JotmR. Thomas, R 
 John R. Thomas. R 
 William Cullen.K 
 
 
 
 
 
 Chicago 
 Geneva and Elgin 
 Mt. Carroll 
 
 Third 
 
 1879-81 
 
 
 
 Fifth 
 
 1879-82. 
 1879-83 
 
 Died, '82; succeeded by R. R. Hltt. 
 
 Isabel 
 
 
 
 
 Metropolis 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1881-83 
 
 
 William Cullen, R 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Eighth . , 
 
 1881-83 
 
 
 Lewis E. Payson, R 
 John H. Lewis. R 
 Dietrich C. Smith. R 
 R W. Dunham. R 
 Jnhn F. Flnerty. R. 
 <JeorgeE. Adams. R 
 
 
 Ninth 
 
 1883-91 
 
 
 Knoxvlllf 
 Pekin 
 
 Ninth 
 
 1881-83 
 1881-83 
 
 
 
 
 First . . 
 
 1883-89 
 
 
 
 Second 
 
 1883-85 . . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Fifth . . 
 
 &82-8S. 
 
 
 Cohort R. HItt.R 
 Robert R. Hitt, R- 
 N. E. Worthington, I) 
 William H. Neece. \> 
 
 Mt. Morris 
 Mt. Morris 
 
 Sixth 
 Ninth 
 
 1882-96 
 896 
 
 Succeeded R. M. A. Hawk, deceased. 
 
 
 Tenth 
 
 1883-87 
 
 
 Macomb 
 
 Eleventh 
 
 883-87 
 
 
 Jonathan H. Rowell. R 
 
 Winchester 
 
 liloomington 
 
 Twelfth 
 
 1W*3-91.. . 
 
 
 Chicago . ftpawmH .. . 188&-B1 
 
 
 James H. Ward, I) 
 Albert J. Hopkins R 
 
 
 Third 
 
 1885-87 
 
 
 
 R-iflh . 
 
 !-.',-:.", 
 
 
 Albert J. Hopklnn. R 
 
 
 
 Ralph Plumb, R 
 
 
 MMi 
 
 
 Silas G. Landes, D 
 
 
 1886-SO 
 
 
 William E. Manon, 1C 
 
 
 Third 
 
 1887-91 | 
 
 Philip Hldney Post. R 
 William H.Gest, R 
 George A Anderson, J* 
 Edward Lane, D 
 
 Caletibiirg 
 
 Tenth 
 
 1887-96 
 1887-91 
 
 Died, Jan. 6, 1806. 
 
 
 Twelfth 
 
 1887-89. . . . 
 
 
 Hillsboro 
 
 Seventeenth... 
 First 
 
 1887-95 
 1869-93 
 
 
 A liner Taylor, R 
 
 Charles A. Bill. R 
 
 Toilet 
 
 Eighth - 
 
 1889-91 
 
 
 u 1 11mm s. Forman. It 
 James R. Williams, 1) 
 JameaR. Williams. 1> 
 George W. Smith. R 
 George W. Smith, R 
 Lawrence E. McQann. I > . 
 
 
 
 1889-95 
 
 
 
 
 1889-9i 
 
 
 
 Nineteenth.... 
 
 1899 
 
 
 Murphysboro 
 
 Twentieth 
 Twenty -sec' nd 
 second 
 
 l-vi-'i, 
 
 1895- 
 
 
 
 
 1891-95 
 
 
 
 Chicago 
 
 Third 
 
 1891-93 
 
 
 1 ,f \v w Steward, 1 nd 
 Herman W. Snow R ... 
 
 
 Eighth 
 
 ! 891 -93 
 
 
 
 Ninth 
 
 1:91-93 
 
 
 BfiijaminT. Cable. l> 
 
 
 
 1^91.93 
 
 
 Kloomington 
 I'rhana 
 
 
 1891-93 
 
 
 Samuel T. Busey, 1* 
 JolmC. Black.D 
 Andrew J. Hunter. I) 
 
 FirrH>nth .. . 
 
 1891-93 
 
 
 
 ;tJW-U5 
 
 
 Paris State-at-large. 
 
 1893-95 
 1897-99 
 
 
 
 J. Frank A Id rich. R 
 Julius Goldzler D 
 Robert A. Chllds. R 
 Hamilton K. Wheeler. R .. 
 John J. McDannold, D 
 
 
 893-97 , 
 
 
 Chicago .Fourtb 
 
 I893-W5 
 
 
 Hinsdale Kik'hili 
 
 1893-95 
 1893-95 
 
 
 
 1893-95 
 
 
 
 ..... 
 
 1893-95 
 
 
 
 
 1895 
 
 
 Hugh R. Bel knap. R Chicago 
 Charles W. Woodman. It. . Chicago 
 
 Third 
 Fourth 
 
 1895-99 
 1895-97 
 
 A warded seat after con. with 1- K McGann. 
 
 ftlward D. Cooke. R 
 George HL Foss, R 
 Of urge W. Prince, R 
 
 Chicago j&xth 
 Chicago 'Seventh 
 
 1805-98 
 1895- 
 1895 
 
 i>led, J tine 4. '98; aucU by Henry s. Boutell. 
 
 
 [895 
 
 
 Vespasian Warner, R . . . 
 J. V. Graff. R 
 Fi ills K. IX) wning, 1 > 
 James A. Connolly, R. . 
 Frederick Remann, R 
 Win. F. 1 - Had ley. R . . . 
 Benson Wood. R. 
 
 
 1895 
 
 
 
 1895 
 
 
 Virginia 
 SpriiiBlield 
 
 Sixteenth 
 Seventeenth... 
 
 1895-97 
 1895-9U 
 1895 
 
 Died; July iV/wVsuc'd.' by 'wVFVil'HJMiiey. 
 Elected to fill vacancy. 
 
 ftlwardavllle 
 
 Eighteenth 
 
 Io9o 
 
 1895-97 
 
 
 18U5-U7 
 
 
 Kverett J. Murphy, R Bant Kt. Ix>uis 
 James R. Mann, R Chicago 
 Daniel W. Mills, R Chicago,... 
 
 ThomtUI M. Jett, D. f fllnhnm 
 
 Twenty-first.. 
 First 
 
 1895-97 
 U7- 
 1897 
 
 
 
 
 1897 
 
 
 James R. Campbell, !>.... 
 George P. Foster. K 
 Thorna* Cuaack, D 
 KdgarT. Noonan. I> 
 Henry M. Jioutell. R 
 W. E. Williams. D 
 B. F. Caldwell. D 
 Joseph B. Crowley, l 
 
 McLeans boro 
 
 
 
 
 rtur.l 
 
 1899 
 
 
 Chicago Fourth 
 
 Chicago Fifth 
 Chicago iHixth 
 Pit (afield Sixteenth 
 Chatham Seventeenth . . . 
 Rohlnwin Nineteenth .... 
 
 1899 
 
 
 18V9 
 
 
 1898- 
 1899 
 1899 
 1899 
 
 Succeeded E. D. Cooke, deceased. 
 
 
 
 
HISTOBICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 REYNOLDS, John, Justice of Supreme Court 
 and fourth Governor of Illinois, was born of Irish 
 ancestry, in Montgomery County, Pa., Feb. 26, 
 1789. and brought by his parents to Kaskaskia, 
 111., in 1800, spending the first nine years of his 
 life in Illinois on a farm. After receiving a com- 
 mon school education, and a two years' course of 
 study in a college at Knoxville, Tenn. , he studied 
 law and began practice. In 1813-13 he served as 
 a scout in the campaigns against the Indians, 
 winning for himself the title, in after life, of "The 
 Old Ranger." Afterwards he removed to 
 Cahokia, where he began the practice of 
 law, and, in 1818, became Associate Justice of the 
 first Supreme Court of the new State. Retiring 
 from the bench in 1825, he served two terms in 
 the Legislature, and was elected Governor in 
 1830, in 1832 personally commanding the State 
 volunteers called for service in the Black Hawk 
 War. Two weeks before the expiration of his 
 term (1834), he resigned to accept a seat in Con- 
 gress, to which he had been elected as the suc- 
 cessor of Charles Slade, who had died in office, 
 and was again elected in 1838, always as a Demo- 
 crat. He also served as Representative in the 
 Fifteenth General Assembly, and again in the 
 Eighteenth (1852-54), being chosen Speaker of the 
 latter. In 1858 he was the administration (or 
 Buchanan) Democratic candidate for State Su- 
 |>erintendent of Public Instruction, as opposed to 
 the Republican and regular (or Douglas) Demo- 
 cratic candidates. For some years he edited a 
 daily paper called "The Eagle," which was pub- 
 lished at Belleville. While Governor Reynolds 
 acquired some reputation as a "classical scholar," 
 from the time spent in a Tennessee College at 
 that early day, this was not sustained by either 
 his colloquial or written style. He was an 
 ardent champion of slavery, and, in the early 
 days of the Rebellion, gained unfavorable notori- 
 ety in consequence of a letter written to Jefferson 
 Davis expressing sympathy with the cause of 
 "secession." Nevertheless, in spite of intense 
 prejudice and bitter partisanship on some ques- 
 tions, he possessed many amiable qualities, as 
 shown by his devotion to temperance, and his 
 popularity among persons of opposite political 
 opinions. Although at times crude in style, and 
 not always reliable in his statement of historical 
 facts and events, Governor Reynolds has rendered 
 a valuable service to posterity by his writings 
 relating to the early history of the State, espe- 
 cially those connected with his own times. His 
 Itest known works are: "Pioneer History of Illi- 
 nois" (Belleville, 1848); "A Glance at theCrystal 
 
 Palace, and Sketches of Travel" (1854); and "My 
 Life and Times" (1855). His death occurred at 
 Belleville, May 8. 1865. 
 
 REYNOLDS, John Parker, Secretary and 
 President of State Board of Agriculture, was bom 
 at Lebanon, Ohio, March 1, 1820, and graduated 
 from the Miami University at the age of 18. In 
 1840 he graduated from the Cincinnati Law 
 School, and soon afterward began practice. He 
 removed to Illinois in 1854, settling first in Win- 
 nebago County, later, successively in Marion 
 County, in Springfield and in Chicago. From 
 1860 to 1870 he was Secretary of the State Agri- 
 cultural Society, and, upon the creation of the 
 State Board of Agriculture in 1871, was elected 
 its President, filling that position until 1888, 
 when he resigned. He has also occupied numer- 
 ous other posts of honor and of trust of a public 
 or semi-public character, having been President 
 of the Illinois State Sanitary Commission during 
 the War of the Rebellion, a Commissioner to the 
 Paris Exposition of 1867, Chief Grain Inspector 
 from 1878 to 1882, and Secretary of the Inter- 
 State Industrial Exposition Company of Chicago, 
 from the date of its organization (1873) until its 
 final dissolution. His most important public 
 service, in recent years, was rendered asDirector- 
 in-Chief of the Illinois exhibit in the World's 
 Columbian Exposition of 1893. 
 
 REYNOLDS, Joseph Smith, soldier and legis- 
 lator, was born at New Lenox, 111., Dec. 3, 1839; 
 at 17 years of age went to Chicago, was educated 
 in the high school there, within a month after 
 graduation enlisting as a private in the Sixty- 
 fourth Illinois Volunteers. From the ranks he 
 rose to a colonelcy through the gradations of 
 Second-Lieutenant and Captain, and, in July, 
 1865, was brevetted Brigadier-General. He was 
 a gallant soldier, and was thrice wounded. On 
 his return home after nearly four years' service, 
 he entered the law department of the Chicago 
 University, graduating therefrom and beginning 
 practice in 1866. General Reynolds has been 
 prominent in public life, having served as a 
 member of both branches of the General Assem- 
 bly, and having been a State Commissioner to the 
 Vienna Exposition of 1873. He is a member of 
 the G. A. R., and, in 1875, was elected Senior 
 Vice-Commander of the order for the United 
 States. 
 
 REYNOLDS, William Morton, clergyman, was 
 born in Fayette County, Pa., March 4, 1812; after 
 graduating at Jefferson College, Pa., in 1832, was 
 connected with various institutions in that State, 
 as well as President of Capital University at 
 
450 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 Columbus, Ohio, ; then, coming to Illinois, was 
 President of the Illinois State University at 
 Springfield, 1857-60, after which he became Prin- 
 cipal of a female seminary in Chicago. Previ- 
 ously a Lutheran, he took orders in the Protestant 
 Episcopal Church in 1864, and served several 
 parishes until his death. In his early life he 
 founded, and, for a time, conducted several reli- 
 gious publications at Gettysburg, Pa., besides 
 issuing a number of printed addresses and other 
 published works. Died at Oak Park, near Chi- 
 cago, Sept. 5, 1876. 
 
 RHOADS, (Col.) Franklin Lawrence, soldier 
 and steamboat captain, was born in Harrisburg, 
 Pa., Oct. 11, 1824; brought to Pekin. Tazewell 
 County, 111. , in 1836, where he learned the print- 
 er's trade, and, on the breaking out of the 
 Mexican War, enlisted, serving to the close. 
 Returning home he engaged in the river trade, 
 and, for fifteen years, commanded steamboats on 
 the Illinois, Mississippi and Ohio Rivers. In 
 April, 1861. he was commissioned Captain of a 
 company of three months' men attached to the 
 Eighth Illinois Volunteer Infantry, and, on the 
 reorganization of the regiment for the three- 
 years' service, was commissioned Lieutenant- 
 Colonel, soon after being promoted to the colo- 
 nelcy, as successor to Col. Richard J. Oglesby, who 
 had been promoted Brigadier-General. After 
 serving through the spring campaign of 1862 in 
 Western Kentucky and Tennessee, he was com- 
 pelled by rapidly declining health to resign, when 
 he located in Shawneetown, retiring in 1874 to 
 his farm near that city. During the latter years 
 of his life he was a confirmed invalid, dying at 
 Shawneetown, Jan. 6, 1879. 
 
 BHOADS, Joshua, M.D., A.M., physician and 
 educator, was born in Philadelphia, Sept. 14, 
 1806; studied medicine and graduated at the 
 University of Pennsylvania with the degree of 
 M.D., also receiving the degree of A.M., from 
 Princeton ; after several years spent in practice 
 as a physician, and as Principal in some of the 
 public schools of Philadelphia, in 1839 he was 
 elected Principal of the Pennsylvania Institution 
 for the Blind, and, in 1850, took charge of the 
 State Institution for the Blind at Jacksonville, 
 111., then in its infancy. Here he remained until 
 1874, when he retired. Died, February 1, 1876. 
 
 RICE, Edward Y., lawyer and jurist, born in 
 Logan County, Ky., Feb. 8, 1820, was educated in 
 the common schools and at Shurtleff College, 
 after which he read law with John M. Palmer at 
 Carlinville, and was admitted to practice, in 1845, 
 at llilUI.ro ; in 1847 was elected County Recorder 
 
 of Montgomery County, and, in 1848, to the Six- 
 teenth General Assembly, serving one term. 
 Later he was elected County Judge of Montgom- 
 ery County, was Master in Chancery from 1853 to 
 1857, and the latter year was elected Judge of the 
 Eighteenth Circuit, being re-elected in 1861 and 
 again in 1867. He was also a member of the 
 Constitutional Convention of 1869-70, and, at the 
 election of the latter year, was chosen Repre- 
 sentative in the Forty-second Congress as a 
 Democrat. Died, April 16, 1883. 
 
 RICE, John B., theatrical manager, Mayor of 
 Chicago, and Congressman, was born at Easton, 
 Md., in 1809. By profession he was an actor, 
 and, coming to Chicago in 1847, built and opened 
 there the first theater. In 1857 he retired from 
 the stage, and, in 1865, was elected Mayor of 
 Chicago, the city of his adoption, and re-elected 
 in 1867. He was also prominent in the early 
 stages of the Civil War in the measures taken to 
 raise troops in Chicago. In 1872 he was elected 
 to the Forty-third Congress as a Republican, but, 
 before the expiration of his term, died, at Nor- 
 folk, Va., on Dec. 6, 1874. At a special election 
 to fill the vacancy, Bernard G. Caulfield was 
 chosen to succeed him. 
 
 RICHARDSON, William A., lawyer and poli- 
 tician, born in Fayette County, Ky., Oct. 11, 
 1811, was educated at Transylvania University, 
 came to the bar at .19, and settled in Schuyler 
 County, 111., becoming State's Attorney in 1835; 
 was elected to the lower branch of the Legislature 
 in 1836, to the Senate in 1838, and to the House 
 again in 1844, from Adams County the latter 
 year being also chosen Presidential Elector on 
 the Polk and Dallas ticket, and, at the succeeding 
 session of the General Assembly, serving as 
 Speaker of the House. He entered the Mexican 
 War as Captain, and won a Majority through 
 gallantry at Buena Vista. From 1847 to 1856 
 (when he resigned to become a candidate for 
 Governor), he was a Democratic Representative 
 in Congress from the Quincy District ; re-entered 
 Congress in 1861, and, in 1863, was chosen 
 United States Senator to fill the unexpired term 
 of Stephen A. Douglas. He was a delegate to the 
 National Democratic Convention of 1868, but 
 after that retired to private life, acting, for a 
 short time, as editor of "The Quincy Herald." 
 Died, at Quincy, Dec. 27, 1875. 
 
 RICHLAND COUNTY, situated in the south- 
 east quarter of the State, and lias an area of 361 
 square miles. It was organized from Edwards 
 County in 1841. Among the early pioneers may 
 be mentioned the Evans brothers. Thaddeug 
 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 451 
 
 Morebouse, Hugh Calhoun and son, Thomas 
 Gardner, James Parker, Cornelius De Long, 
 James Gilmore and Elijah Nelson. In 1820 
 there were but thirty families in the district. 
 The first frame houses the Nelson and More- 
 house homesteads were built in 1821, and, some 
 years later, James Laws erected the first brick 
 house. The pioneers traded at Vincennes, but, 
 in 1825, a store was opened at Stringtown by 
 Jacob May ; and the same year the first school was 
 opened at Watertown, taught by Isaac Chaun- 
 cey. The first church was erected by the Bap- 
 tists in 1822, and services were conducted by 
 William Martin, a Kentuckian. For a long time 
 the mails were carried on horseback by Louis 
 and James Beard, but, in 1824. Mills and Whet- 
 sell established a line of four-horse stages. The 
 principal road, known as the "trace road," lead- 
 ing from Louisville to Cahokia, followed a 
 buffalo and Indian trail about where the main 
 street of Olney now is. Olney was selected as 
 the county-seat upon the organization of the 
 county, and a Mr. Lilly built the first house 
 there. The chief branches of industry followed 
 by the inhabitants are agriculture and fruit- 
 growing. Population (1880), 15,545; (1890). 
 15,019; (1900), 16,391. 
 
 RIDGE FARM, a village of Vermillion County, 
 at junction of the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago 
 & St. Louis and the Toledo, St. Louis & Western 
 Railroads, 174 miles northeast of St. Louis; has 
 electric light plant, planing mill, elevators, bank 
 and two papers. Pop. (1900). 938; (1904), 1.300. 
 
 RIDGELY, a manufacturing and mining Mil >- 
 urb of the city of Springfield. An extensive 
 rolling mill is located there, and there are several 
 coal-shafts in the vicinity. Population(1900), 1,169. 
 
 RIDGELY, Charles, manufacturer and capi- 
 talist, born in Springfield, 111., Jan. 17. 1836; was 
 educated in private schools and at Illinois Col- 
 lege ; after leaving college spent some time as a 
 clerk in his father's bank at Springfield, finally 
 becoming a member of the firm and successively 
 Cashier and Vice-President. In 1870 he was 
 Democratic candidate for State Treasurer, but 
 later has affiliated with the Republican party. 
 About 1872 he became identified with the Spring- 
 field Iron Company, of which he has been Presi- 
 dent for many years ; has also been President of 
 the Consolidated Coal Company of St. Louis and. 
 for some time, was a Director of the Wabash Rail- 
 road. Mr. Ridgely is also one of the Trustees of 
 Illinois College. 
 
 RIDGELY, Nicholas H., early banker, was 
 born in Baltimore, Md., April 27, 1800; after 
 
 leaving school was engaged, for a time, in the 
 dry-goods trade, but, in 1829, came to St. Louis 
 to assume a clerkship in the branch of the 
 United States Bank just organized there. In 
 1835 a branch of the State Bank of Illinois was 
 established at Springfield, and Mr. Ridgely 
 became its cashier, and, when it went into liqui- 
 dation, was appointed one of the trustees to wind 
 up its affairs. He subsequently became Presi- 
 dent of the Clark's Exchange Bank in that city, 
 but this having gone into liquidation a few years 
 later, he went into the private banking business 
 as head of the "Ridgely Bank," which, in 1866, 
 became the "Ridgely National Bank," one of the 
 strongest financial institutions in the State out- 
 side of Chicago. After the collapse of the inter- 
 nal improvement scheme, Mr. Ridgely became 
 one of the purchasers of the "Northern Cross 
 Railroad" (now that part of the Wabash system 
 extending from the Illinois river to Springfield), 
 when it was sold by the State in 1847, paying 
 therefor $21,100. He was also one of the Spring- 
 field bankers to tender a loan to the State at the 
 beginning of the war in 1861. He was one of th 
 builders and principal owner of the Springfield 
 gas-light system. His business career was an 
 eminently successful one, leaving an estate at 
 his death, Jan. 31, 1888. valued at over $2,000,000. 
 
 RIDGWAY, a village of Gallatin County, on the 
 Shawneetown Division of the Baltimore A Ohio 
 Southwestern Railway, 12 miles northwest of 
 Shawneetown: has a bank and one newspaper. 
 Pop. (1890), 523; (1900), 839; (1903, est), 1,000. 
 
 RIDGWAY, Thomas S., merchant, banker and 
 politician, was born at Carmi, 111., August 30, 
 1826. His father having died when he was but 4 
 years old and his mother when he was 14, his 
 education was largely acquired through contact 
 with the world, apart from such as lie received 
 from his mother and during a year's attendance 
 at a private school. When he was 6 years of age 
 the family removed to Shawneetown. where he 
 ever afterwards made his home. In 1845 he em- 
 barked in business as a merchant, and the firm 
 of Peeples & Ridgway soon became one of the 
 most prominent in Southern Illinois. In 1865 the 
 partners closed out their business and organized 
 the first National Bank of Shawneetown. of 
 which, after the death of Mr. Peeples in 1875, 
 Mr. Ridgway was President. He was one of 
 the projectors of the Springfield & Illinois South- 
 eastern Railway, now a part of the Baltimore & 
 Ohio Southwestern system, and. from 1867 to 
 1874, served as its President. He was an ardent 
 and active Republican, and served as a delegate 
 
452 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 to every State and National Convention of his 
 !>:u-ty from 1868 to 1896. In 1874 he was elected 
 State Treasurer, the candidate for Superintendent 
 of Public Instruction on the same ticket being 
 defeated. In 1876 and 1880 he was an unsuccess- 
 ful candidate for his party's nomination for Gov- 
 ernor. Three times he consented to lead the 
 forlorn hope of the Republicans as a candidate 
 for Congress from an impregnably Democratic 
 stronghold. For several years he was a Director 
 of the McCormick Theological Seminary, at Chi- 
 cago, and, for nineteen years, was a Trustee of the 
 Southern Illinois Normal University at Carbon- 
 dale, resigning in 1893. Died, at Shawneetown, 
 Nov. 17, 1897. 
 
 K l(i(JS. James M., ex-Congressman, was born 
 in Scott County, 111., April 17, 1839, where he 
 received a common school education, supple- 
 mented by a partial collegiate course. Be is a 
 practicing lawyer of Winchester. In 1864 he was 
 elected Sheriff, serving two years. In 1871-72 he 
 represented Scott County in the lower house of 
 the Twenty-seventh General Assembly, and was 
 State's Attorney from 1872 to 1876. In 1882, and 
 again in 1884, he was the successful Democratic 
 candidate for Congress in the Twelfth Illinois 
 District. 
 
 RI6OS, Scott, pioneer, was born in North 
 Carolina about 1790: removed to Crawford 
 County, 111, early in 1815, and represented that 
 county in the First General Assembly (1818-20). 
 In 1885 he removed to Scott County, where he 
 continued to reside until his death, Feb. 24, 1872. 
 
 RINAKER, John I., lawyer and Congressman, 
 liorn in Baltimore, Md., Nov. 18, 1S:!0. Left an 
 orphan at an early age. he came to Illinois in 
 1836. and, for several years, lived on farms in 
 Siingamon and Morgan Counties; was educated 
 at Illinois and McKendree Colleges, graduating 
 from the latter in 1851 ; in 1852 began reading 
 law with John M. Palmer at Carlinville, and was 
 admitted to the bar in 1854. In August, 1862, he 
 recruited the One Hundred and Twenty-second 
 Illinois Volunteers, of which he was commis- 
 sioned Colonel. Four months later he was 
 wounded in battle, but served with his regiment 
 through the war, and was brevetted Brigadier- 
 General at its close. Returning from the war he 
 resumed the practice of his profession at Carlin- 
 ville. Since 1858 he has been an active Repub- 
 lican ; has twice (1872 and '76) served his party 
 as a Presidential Elector the latter year for the 
 State -at-large and, in 1874, accepted a nomina- 
 tion for Congress against William R. Morrison, 
 largely reducing the normal Democratic major- 
 
 ity. At the State Republican Convention of 1880 
 he was a prominent, but unsuccessful, candidate 
 for the Republican nomination for Governor. In 
 1894 he made the race as the Republican candi- 
 date for Congress in the Sixteenth District and, 
 although his opponent was awarded the certifi- 
 cate of election, on a bare majority of 60 votes on 
 the face of the returns, a re-count, ordered by the 
 Fifty-fourth Congress, showed a majority for 
 General Rinaker, and he was seated near the 
 close of the first session. He was a candidate 
 for re-election in 1896, but defeated in a strongly 
 Democratic District. 
 
 RIPLEV, Edward Paygon, Railway President, 
 was born in Dorchester (now a part of Boston), 
 Mass.. Oct. 30, 1845, being related, on his mother's 
 side, to the distinguished author, Dr. Edward 
 Payson. After receiving his education in the 
 high school of his native place, at the age of 17 
 he entered upon a commercial life, as clerk in a 
 wholesale dry-goods establishment in Boston. 
 About the time he became of age, he entered into 
 the service of the Pennsylvania Railroad as a 
 clerk in the freight department in the Boston 
 office, but,a few years later, assumed a responsible 
 position in connection with the Chicago. Burling- 
 ton & Quincy line, finally becoming General 
 Agent for the business of that road east of 
 Buffalo, though retaining his headquarters at 
 Boston. In 1878 he removed to Chicago to accept 
 the position of General Freight A gent of the Chi- 
 cago, Burlington & Quincy System, with which 
 he remained twelve years, serving successively as 
 General Traffic Manager and General Manager, 
 until June 1, 1890, when he resigned to become 
 Third Vice-President of the Chicago, Milwaukee 
 & St. Paul line. This relation was continued 
 until Jan. 1, 1896, when Mr. Ripley accepted 
 the Presidency of the Atchison, Topeka & Santa 
 Fe Railroad, which (1899) he now holds. Mr. 
 Ripley was a prominent factor in securing the 
 location of the World's Columbian Exposition at 
 Chicago, and, in April, 1891, was chosen one of 
 the Directors of the Exposition, serving on the 
 Executive Committee and the Committee of 
 Ways and Means and Transportation, being Chair- 
 man of the latter. 
 
 RIVERSIDE, a suburban town on the Des 
 Plaines River and the Chicago. Burlington & 
 Quincy Railway, 11 miles west of Chicago, has 
 handsome parks, several churches, a bank, 
 two local papers and numerous fine residences. 
 Population (1890), 1,000; (1900), 1,551. 
 
 RIVERTON, a village in Clear Creek Town- 
 ship, Sangamon County, at the crossing of the 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 Wabash Railroad over the Sangamon River. 6)4 
 miles east-northeast of Springfield. It has four 
 churches, a nursery, and two coal mines. Popu- 
 lation (1880), 705: (1890), 1,127, (1900), 1,511 ; (1903, 
 est.), about C.OOO. 
 
 BITES, John Cook, early banker and journal- 
 ist, was born in Franklin County, Va., May 24, 
 1795; in 1806 removed to Kentucky, where he 
 grew up under care of an uncle, Samuel Casey. 
 He received a good education and was a man of 
 high character and attractive manners. In his 
 early manhood he came to Illinois, and was con- 
 nected, for a time, with the Branch State Bank 
 at Edwardsville, but, about 1824, removed to 
 Shawneetown and held a position in the bank 
 there; also studied law and was admitted to 
 practice. Finally, having accepted a clerkship 
 in the Fourth Auditor's Office in Washington, 
 he removed to that city, and, in 1830, became 
 associated with Francis P. Blair, Sr., in the 
 establishment of "The Congressional Globe" .(the 
 predecessor of ''The Congressional Record"), of 
 which he finally became sole proprietor, so 
 remaining until 1864. Like his partner, Blair, 
 although a native of Virginia and a life-long 
 Democrat, he was intensely loyal, anil contrib- 
 uted liberally of his means for the equipment of 
 soldiers from the District of Columbia, and for 
 the support of their families, during the Civil 
 War. His expenditures for these objects have 
 been estimated at some $30,000. Died, in Prince 
 George's County, Md., April 10, 1864. 
 
 ROVXOKE, a village of Woodford County, on 
 the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe Railway, 28 
 miles northeast of Peoria; is in a coal district: 
 has two banks, a coal mine, and one newspaper. 
 Population (1880), 355; (1890), 831; (1900). 966. 
 
 BOBB, Thomas Patten, Sanitary Agent, was 
 born in Bath, Maine, in 1819; came to Cook 
 County, III, in 1838, and, after arriving at man- 
 hood, established the first exclusive wholesale 
 grocery house in Chicago, remaining in the busi- 
 ness until 1850. He then went to California, 
 establishing himself in mercantile business at 
 Sacramento, where he remained seven years, 
 meanwhile being elected Mayor of that city. 
 Returning to Chicago on the breaking out of the 
 war, he was appointed on the staff of Governor 
 Vates with the rank of Major, and. while serv- 
 ing in this capacity, was instrumental in giving 
 General Grant the first duty he performed in the 
 office of the Adjutant-General after his arrival 
 from Galena. Later, he was assigned to duty as 
 Inspector-General of Illinois troops with the rank 
 of Colonel, having general charge of sanitary 
 
 affairs until the close of the war, when he was 
 appointed Cotton Agent for the State of Georgia, 
 and, still later. President of the Board of Tax 
 Commissioners for that State. Other positions 
 held by him were those of Postmaster and Col- 
 lector of Customs at Savannah, Ga. ; he was also 
 one of the publishers of "The New Era," a 
 Republican paper at Atlanta, and a prominent 
 actor in reconstruction affairs. Resigning the 
 Collectorship, he was appointed by the President 
 United States Commissioner to investigate Mexi- 
 can outrages on the Rio Grande border : was sub- 
 sequently identified with Texas railroad interests 
 as the President of the Corpus Christi & Rio 
 Grande Railroad, and one of the projectors of the 
 Chicago, Texas & Mexican Central Railway, being 
 thus engaged until 1872. Later he returned to 
 California, dying near Glen wood, in that State, 
 April 10, 1895, aged 7"> years and 10 months. 
 
 BOBEBTS, William Charles, clergyman and 
 educator, was born in a small village of Wales, 
 England., Sept. 23, 1H32: received his primary 
 education in that country, but, removing to 
 America during his minority, graduated from 
 Princeton College in 1855, and from Princeton 
 Theological Seminary in 1858. After filling vari- 
 ous pastorates in Delaware, New Jersey and Ohio, 
 in 1881 he was elected Corresponding Secretary 
 of the Presbyterian Board of Foreign Missions, 
 the next year being offered the Presidency of 
 Rutgers College, which he declined. In 1887 he 
 accepted the presidency of Lake Forest Univer- 
 sity, which he still retains. From 1859 to 1*6:! 
 he was a Trustee of Lafayette College, and, in 
 1866, was elected to a trusteeship of his Alma 
 Mater. He has traveled extensively in the 
 Orient, and was a member of the first and third 
 councils of the Reformed Churches, held at Edin- 
 burgh ami Belfast. Besides occasional sermons 
 and frequent contributions to English, Ameri- 
 can, German and Welsh periodicals, Dr. Roberts 
 has published a Welsh translation of the West- 
 minster shorter catechism and a collection of 
 letters on the great preachers of Wales, which 
 appeared in Utica, 1868. He received the degree 
 of D.D., from Union College in 1872. and that of 
 LL.D.. from Princeton, in 1887. 
 
 BOBIXSO.V, an incorporated city and the 
 county -seat of Crawford County, 25 miles north- 
 west of Vincennes, Ind. , and 44 miles south of 
 Paris. 111. ; is on two lines of railroad and in the 
 heart of a fruit and agricultural region. The 
 city has water-works, electric lights, two banks 
 and three weekly newspapers Population (1890;. 
 1,387; (1900), 1,683; (1904), about 2,000. 
 
454 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 ROBINSON, James ('.. lawyer and former 
 Congressman, was born in Edgar County, 111. , in 
 1822, read law and was admitted to the bar in 
 1850. He served as a private during the Mexican 
 War, and, in 1858, was elected to Congress as a 
 Democrat, as he was again in 1860, '62, 'TO and 
 '72. In 1864 he was the Democratic nominee for 
 Governor. He was a fluent speaker, and attained 
 considerable distinction as an advocate in crimi- 
 nal practice. Died, at Springfield, Nov. 3, 1886. 
 
 ROBINSON, John M., United States Senator, 
 born in Kentucky in 1793, was liberally educated 
 and became a lawyer by profession. In early life 
 he settled at Carmi, 111., where he married. He 
 was of fine physique, of engaging manners, and 
 personally popular. Through his association 
 with the State militia he earned the title of 
 "General. " In 1830 he was elected to the United 
 States Senate, to fill the unexpired term of John 
 McLean. His immediate predecessor was David 
 Jewett Baker, appointed by Governor Edwards, 
 who served one month but failed of election by 
 the Legislature. In 1834 Mr. Robinson was re- 
 elected for a full term, which expired in 1841. 
 In 1843 he was elected to a seat upon the Illinois 
 Supreme bench, but died at Ottawa, April 27. of 
 the same year, within three months after his 
 elevation. 
 
 ROCHELLE, a city of Ogle County and an 
 intersecting point of the Chicago & Northwestern 
 and the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railways. 
 It is 75 miles west of Chicago, 27 miles south of 
 Rockford, and 23 miles east by north of Dizon. 
 It is in a rich agricultural and stock-raising 
 region, rendering Rochelle an important ship- 
 ping point. Among its industrial establish- 
 ments are water-works, electric lights, a flouring 
 mill and silk-underwear factory- The city has 
 three banks, five churches and three newspapers. 
 Pop. (1890), 1,789; (1900), 2,078; (1903), 2,500. 
 
 ROCHESTER, a village and early settlement 
 in Sangamon County, laid out in 1819; in rich 
 agricultural district, on the Baltimore & Ohio 
 Southwestern Railroad, 7> miles southeast of 
 Springfield ; has a bank, two churches, one school, 
 and a newspaper. Population (1900). 365 
 
 ROCK FALLS, a city in Whiteside County, on 
 Rock River and the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy 
 Railroad; has excellent water-power, a good 
 public school system with a high school, banks 
 and a weekly newspaper. Agricultural imple- 
 ments, barbed wire, furniture, flour and paper are 
 its chief manufactures. Water for the navigable 
 feeder of the Hennepin Canal is taken from Rock 
 River at this point. Pop. (1900), 2,176. 
 
 ROCKFORD, a flourishing manufacturing 
 city, the county -seat of Winnebago County ; lies 
 on both sides of the Rock River, 92 miles west of 
 Chicago. Four trunk lines of railroad the Chi- 
 cago, Burlington & Quincy, the Chicago & North- 
 western, the Illinois Central and the Chicago, 
 Milwaukee & St. Paul intersect here. Excellent 
 water-power is secured by a dam across the river, 
 and communication between the two divisions of 
 the city is facilitated by three railway and three 
 highway bridges. Water is provided from five 
 artesian wells, a reserve main leading to the 
 river. The city is wealthy, prosperous and pro- 
 gressive. The assessed valuation of property, in 
 1893, was 16,531,235. Churches are numerous and 
 schools, both public and private, are abundant 
 and well conducted. The census of 1890 showed 
 $7,715,069 capital invested in 246 manufacturing 
 establishments, which employed 5, 223 persons and 
 turned out an annual product valued at $8, 888,- 
 904. The principal industries are the manufac- 
 ture of agricultural implements and furniture, 
 though watches, silver-plated ware, paper, flour 
 and grape sugar are among the other products. 
 Pop. (1880), 13,129; (1890), 23,584; (1900), 31,051. 
 
 ROCKFORD COLLEGE, located at Rockford, 
 111., incorporated in 1847; in 1898 had a faculty 
 of 21 instructors with 161 pupils. The branches 
 taught include the classics, music and fine arts. 
 It has a library of 6,150 volumes, funds and en- 
 dowment aggregating $50,880 and property 
 valued at $240,880, of which $150,000 is real 
 estate. 
 
 ROCK ISLAND, the principal city and county- 
 seat of Rock Island County, on the Mississippi 
 River, 182 miles west by south from Chicago ; is 
 the converging point of five lines of railroad, and 
 the western terminus of the Hennepin Canal. 
 The name is derived from an island in the Missis- 
 sippi River, opposite the city, 3 miles long, which 
 belongs to the United States Government and 
 contains an arsenal and armory. The river 
 channel north of the island is navigable, the 
 southern channel having been dammed by the 
 Government, thereby giving great water power 
 to Rock Island and Moline. A combined railway 
 and highway bridge spans the river from Rock 
 Island to Davenport, Iowa, crossing the island, 
 while a railway bridge connects the cities a mile 
 below. The island was the site of Fort Arm- 
 strong during the Black Hawk War, and was also 
 a place for the confinement of Confederate prison- 
 ers during the Civil War. Rock Island is in a re- 
 gion of much picturesque scenery and has exten- 
 sive manufactures of lumber, agricultural imple- 
 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 455 
 
 iiii-ii ts, iron, carriages and wagons and oilcloth; 
 also five banks and three newspapers, two issuing 
 daily editions. Pop. (1890), 13,634; (1900), 19,493. 
 
 ROCK ISLAND COUNTY, in the northwestern 
 section of the State bordering upon the Missis- 
 sippi River (which constitutes its northwestern 
 boundary for more than 60 miles), and having an 
 area of 440 square miles. In 1816 the Govern- 
 ment erected a fort on Rock Island (an island in 
 the Mississippi, 3 miles long and one-half to 
 three-quarters of a mile wide), naming it Fort 
 Armstrong. It has always remained a military 
 post, and is now the seat of an extensive arsenal 
 and work-shops. In the spring of 1828, settle- 
 ments were made near Port Byron by John and 
 Thomas Kinney, Archibald Allen and George 
 Harlan. Other early settlers, near Rock Island 
 and Rapids City, were J. W. Spencer, J. W. Bar- 
 r it-Is, Benjamin F. Pike and Conrad Leak; and 
 among the pioneers were Wells and Michael Bart- 
 lett, Joel Thompson, the Simms brothers and 
 George Davenport. The country was full of 
 Indians, this being the headquarters of Black 
 Hawk and the initial point of the Black Hawk 
 War. (See Black Hawk, and Black Hawk War.) 
 By 1829 settlers were increased in number and 
 county organization was effected in 1835, Rock 
 Island (then called Stephenson) being made the 
 county-seat. Joseph Con way was the first 
 County Clerk, and Joel Wells, Sr., the first Treas- 
 urer. The first court was held at the residence 
 of John W. Barriels, in Farnhamsburg. The 
 county is irregular in shape, and the soil and 
 scenery greatly varied. Coal is abundant, the 
 water-power inexhaustible, and the county's 
 mining and manufacturing interests are very 
 extensive. Several lines of railway cross the 
 county, affording admirable transportation facili- 
 ties to both eastern and western markets. Rock 
 Island and Moline (which see) are the two prin- 
 cipal cities in the county, though there are 
 several other important points. Coal Valley is 
 the center of large mining interests, and Milan is 
 also a manufacturing center. Port Byron is one 
 of the oldest towns in the county, and has con- 
 siderable lime and lumber interests, while Water- 
 town is the seat of the Western Hospital for the 
 Insane. Population of the county (1880), 38.302; 
 (1890), 41,917; (1900), 55,249. 
 
 ROCK ISLAND & PEORIA RAILWAY, a 
 standard-guage road, laid with steel rails, extend- 
 ing from Rock Island to Peoria, 91 miles. It is 
 lessee of the Rock Island & Mercer County Rail- 
 road, running from Milan to Cable, 111., giving it 
 a total length of 118 miles with Peoria Terminal, 
 
 121.10 miles. (HISTORY.) The company is a 
 reorganization (Oct. 9, 1877) of the Peoria & 
 Rock Island Railroad Company, whose road was 
 sold under foreclosure, April 4, 1877. The latter 
 Road was the result of the consolidation, in 1869, 
 of two corporations the Rock Island & Peoria 
 and the Peoria & Rock Island Railroad Compa- 
 nies the new organization taking the latter 
 name. The road was opened through its entire 
 length, Jan. 1, 1872, its sale under foreclosure and 
 reorganization under its present name taking 
 place, as already stated, in 1877. The Cable 
 Branch was organized in 1876, as the Rock Island 
 & Mercer County Railroad, and opened in De- 
 cember of the same year, sold under foreclosure in 
 1877, and leased to the Rock Island & Peoria Rail- 
 road, July 1, 1885, for 999 years, the rental for 
 the entire period being commuted at 450,000. 
 (FINANCIAL.) The cost of the entire road and 
 equipment was $2,654,487. The capital stock 
 (1898) is $1,500.000; funded debt, $600,000; other 
 forms of indebtedness increasing the total capital 
 invested to $2, 181, 066. 
 
 ROCK RIVER, a stream which rises in Wash- 
 ington County, Wis., and flows generally in a 
 southerly direction, a part of its course being very 
 sinuous. After crossing the northern boundary 
 of Illinois, it runs southwestward, intersecting 
 the counties of Winnebago, Ogle, Lee. Whiteside 
 and Rock Island, and entering the Mississippi 
 three miles below the city of Rock Island. 
 It is about 375 miles long, but its navigation is 
 partly obstructed by rapids, which, however, 
 furnish abundant water-power. The principal 
 towns on its banks are Rockford. Dixon and 
 Sterling. Its valley is wide, and noted for its 
 beauty and fertility. 
 
 ROCKTOX, a village in Winnebago County, at 
 the junction of two branches of the Chicago, 
 Milwaukee & St. Paul Railroad, on Rock River. 
 13 miles north of Rockford ; has manufactures of 
 paper and agricultural implements, a feed mill, 
 and local paper. Pop. (1890). 892; (1900), 936. 
 
 ROE, Edward Reynolds, A. II.. M.I)., physician, 
 soldier and author, was born at Lebanon, Ohio, 
 June 22, 1813; removed with his father, in 1819, 
 to Cincinnati, and graduated at Louisville Med- 
 ical Institute in 1842 ; began practice at Anderson, 
 Ind., but soon removed to Shawneetown, III., 
 where he gave much attention to geological 
 research and made some extensive natural his- 
 tory collections. From 1848 to '52 he resided at 
 Jacksonville, lectured extensively on his favorite 
 science, wrote for the press and, for two yeans 
 (1850-52), edited "The Jacksonville Journal, " still 
 
456 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 later editing the newly established "Constitu- 
 tionalist" for a few months. During a part of 
 this period he was lecturer on natural science at 
 Shurtleff College ; also delivered a lecture before 
 the State Legislature on the geology of Illinois, 
 which was immediately followed by the passage 
 of the act establishing the State Geological 
 Department. A majority of both houses joined 
 in a request for his appointment as State Geolo- 
 gist, but it was rejected on partisan grounds 
 he, then, being a Whig. Removing to Blooming 
 ton in 1852, Dr. Roe became prominent in educa- 
 tional matters, being the first Professor of Natural 
 Science in the State Normal University, and also 
 a Trustee of the Illinois Wesleyan University. 
 Having identified himself with the Democratic 
 party at this time, he became its nominee for 
 State Superintendent of Public Instruction in 
 1860, but, on the inception of the war in 1861, he 
 promptly espoused the cause of the Union, raised 
 three companies (mostly Normal students) which 
 were attached to the Thirty-third Illinois (Nor- 
 mal) Regiment : was elected Captain and succes- 
 sively promoted to Major and Lieutenant-Colonel. 
 Having been dangerously wounded in the assault 
 at Vicksburg, on May 22, 1863, and compelled to 
 return home, he was elected Circuit Clerk by the 
 combined vote of both parties, was re-elected 
 four years later, became editor of "The Bloom- 
 ington Pantagraph" and. in 1870, was elected to 
 the Twenty-seventh General Assembly, where 
 he won distinction by a somewhat notable 
 humorous speech in opposition to removing the 
 State Capital to Peoria. In 1871 he was ap- 
 pointed Marshal for the Southern District of Illi- 
 nois, serving nine years. Dr. Roe was a somewhat 
 prolific author, having produced more than a 
 dozen works which have appeared in book form. 
 One of these, "Virginia Rose; a Tale of Illinois 
 in Early Days," first appeared as a prize serial in 
 "The Alton Courier" in 1852. Others of his more 
 noteworthy productions are : "The Gray and the 
 Blue"; "Brought to Bay"; "From the Beaten 
 Path"; "G. A. R. ; or How She Married His 
 Double"; "Dr. Caldwell; or the Trail of the 
 Serpent"; and "Prairie-Land and Other Poems." 
 He died in Chicago, Nov. 6, 1893. 
 
 ROGERS, George Clarke, soldier, was born in 
 (irafton County, N H., Nov. 22, 1838; but was 
 educated in Vermont and Illinois, having re- 
 moved to the latter State early in life. While 
 teaching he studied law and was admitted to the 
 bar in 1860; was the first, in 1861, to raise a com- 
 pany in Lake County for the war. which was 
 mustered into the Fifteenth Illinois Volunteers ; 
 
 was chosen Second-Lieutenant and later Captain 
 was wounded four times at Shiloh, but refused to 
 leave the field, and led his regiment in the final 
 charge: was promoted Lieutenant-Colonel and 
 soon after commissioned Colonel for gallantry at 
 Hatchie. At Champion Hills he received three 
 wounds, from one of which he never fully re- 
 covered ; took a prominent part in the operations 
 at Allatoona and commanded a brigade nearly 
 two years, including the Atlanta campaign, 
 retiring with the rank of brevet Brigadier-Gen- 
 eral. Since the war has practiced law in Illinois 
 and in Kansas. 
 
 ROGERS, Henry Wade, educator, lawyer and 
 author, was born in Central New York in 1853; 
 entered Hamilton College, but the following 
 year became a student in Michigan University, 
 graduating there in 1874, also receiving the 
 degree of A.M., from the same institution, in 
 1877. In 1883 he was elected to a professorship 
 in the Ann Arbor Law School, and, in 1885, was 
 made Dean of the Faculty, succeeding Judge 
 Cooley, at the age of 32. Five years later he was 
 tendered, and accepted, the Presidency of the 
 Northwestern University, at Evanston, being the 
 first layman chosen to the position, and succeed- 
 ing a long line of Bishops and divines. The same 
 year (1890), Wesleyan University conferred upon 
 him the honorary degree of LL.D. He is a mem- 
 ber of the American Bar Association, has served 
 for a number of years on its Committee on Legal 
 Education and Admission to the Bar, and was 
 the first Chairman of the Section on Legal Edu- 
 cation. President Rogers was the General Chair- 
 man of the Conference on the Future Foreign 
 Policy of the United States, held at Saratoga 
 Springs, N. V., in August, 1898. At the Con- 
 gress held in 1893, as auxiliary to the Columbian 
 Exposition, he was chosen Chairman of the Com- 
 mittee on Law Reform and Jurisprudence, ami 
 was for a time associate editor of ' "The American 
 Law Register," of Philadelphia. He is also the 
 author of a treatise on "Expert Testimony." 
 which has passed through two editions, and has 
 edited a work entitled "Illinois Citations." 
 besides doing much other valuable literary work 
 of a similar character. 
 
 ROGERS, John Gorln, jurist, was born at 
 Glasgow, Ky., Dec. 28, 1818, of English and early 
 Virginian ancestry ; was educated at Center Col- 
 lege, Danville, Ky., and at Transylvania Univer- 
 sity, graduating from the latter institution in 
 1841, with the degree of Bachelor of Laws. For 
 sixteen years he practiced in his native town, 
 and, in 1857, removed to Chicago, where he soon 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 457 
 
 attained professional prominence. In 1870 he 
 was elected a Judge of the Cook County Circuit 
 Court, continuing on the bench, through repeated 
 re-elections, until his death, which occurred 
 suddenly, Jan. 10, 1887, four years before the 
 expiration of the term for which he had been 
 elected. 
 
 ROGERS PARK, a village and suburb 9 miles 
 north of Chicago, on Lake Michigan and the 
 Chicago & Northwestern and the Chicago, Mil- 
 waukee & St. Paul Railways ; has a bank and two 
 weekly newspapers ; is reached by electric street- 
 car line from Chicago, and is a popular residence 
 suburb. Annexed to City of Chicago, 1893. 
 
 ROLL, John F., pioneer, was born in Green 
 Village, N. J., June 4, 1814; came to Illinois in 
 1830, and settled in Sangamon County. He 
 assisted Abraham Lincoln in the construction of 
 the flat-boat with which the latter descended the 
 Mississippi River to New Orleans, in 1831. Mr. 
 Roll, who was a mechanic and contractor, built 
 a number of houses in Springfield, where he has 
 since continued to reside. 
 
 ROMAN CATHOLIC CHURCH. The earliest 
 Christians to establish places of worship in Illi- 
 nois were priests of the Catholic faith. Early 
 Catholic missionaries were explorers and histori- 
 ans as well as preachers. (See Allouez; Bergier; 
 Early Missionaries; Oravier; Marquette.) The 
 church went hand in hand with the represent- 
 atives of the French Government, carrying in 
 one hand the cross and in the other the flag of 
 France, simultaneously disseminating the doc- 
 trines of Christianity and inculcating loyalty to 
 the House of Bourbon. For nearly a hundred 
 years, the self-sacrificing and devoted Catholic 
 clergy of the seventeenth and eighteenth cen- 
 turies ministered to the spiritual wants of the 
 early French settlers and the natives. They were 
 not without factional jealousies, however, and a 
 severe blow was dealt to a branch of them in the 
 order for the banishment of the Jesuits and the 
 confiscation of their property. (See Early Mis- 
 sionaries.) The subsequent occupation of the 
 country by the English, with the contemporane- 
 ous emigration of a considerable portion of the 
 French west of the Mississippi, dissipated many 
 congregations. Up to 1H30 Illinois was included 
 in the diocese of Missouri; but at that time it was 
 constituted a separate diocese, under the episco- 
 pal control of Rt. Rev. Joseph Rosatti. At that 
 date there were few, if any, priests in Illinois. 
 But Bishop Rosatti was a man of earnest purpose 
 and rare administrative ability. New parishes 
 were organized as rapidly as circumstances 
 
 would permit, and the growth of the church has 
 been steady. By 1840 there were thirty-one 
 parishes and twenty priests. In 1896 there are 
 reported 698 parishes, 764 clergymen and a 
 Catholic population exceeding 850,000. (See also 
 Religious Denominations.) 
 
 ROODHOUSE, a city in Greene County, 21 
 miles south of Jacksonville, and at junction of 
 three divisions of the Chicago & Alton Railroad ; 
 is in fertile agricultural and coal-mining region . 
 city contains a flouring mill, grain-elevator, stock- 
 yards, railway shops, water-works, electric light 
 plant, two private banks, fine opera house, good 
 school buildings, one daily and two weekly 
 papers. Pop. (1890), 2,360; (1900), 2,351. 
 
 ROODHOUSE, John, farmer and founder of 
 the town of Roodhouse, in Greene County, 111., 
 was born in Yorkshire. England, brought to 
 America in childhood, his father settling in 
 Greene County, 111., in 1831. In his early man- 
 hood he opened a farm in Tazewell County, but 
 finally returned to the paternal home in Greene 
 County, where, on the location of the Jackson- 
 ville Division of the Chicago & Alton Railroad, 
 he laid out the town of Roodhouse, at the junc- 
 tion of the Louisiana and Kansas City branch 
 with the main line. 
 
 ROOT, George Frederick, musical composer 
 and author, was born at Sheffield, Mass. , August 
 30, 1820. He was a natural musician, and, while 
 employed on his father's farm, learned to play on 
 various instruments. In 1838 he removed to Bos- 
 ton, where he began his life-work. Besides 
 teaching music in the public schools, he was 
 employed to direct the musical service in two 
 churches. From Boston he removed to New 
 York, and. in 1850, went to Paris for purposes of 
 musical study. In 1853 he made his first public 
 essay as a composer in the song. "Hazel Dell." 
 which became popular at once. From this time 
 forward his success as a song-writer was assured. 
 His music, while not of a high artistic character, 
 captivated the popular ear and appealed strongly 
 to the heart. In 1860 he took up his residence in 
 Chicago, where he conducted a musical journal 
 and wrote those "war songs" which created and 
 perpetuated his fame. Among the best known 
 are "Rally Round the Flag"; "Just Before the 
 Battle, Mother"; and "Tramp, Tramp, Tramp." 
 Other popular songs by him are "Rosalie, the 
 Prairie Flower"; "A Hundred Years Ago"; and 
 "The Old Folks are Gone." Besides songs In- 
 con? posed several cantatas and much sacred 
 music, also publishing many books of instruction 
 and numerous collections of vocal and instru- 
 
458 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 mental music. In 1872 the University of Chicago 
 conferred on him the degree of Mus. Doc. Died, 
 near Portland, Maine, August 6, 1895. 
 
 ROOTS, Benajah Guernsey, civil engineer, 
 and educator, was born in Onondaga County 
 N. Y., April 20, 1811, and educated in the schools 
 and academies of Central New York; began 
 teaching in 1827, and. after spending a year at 
 sea for the benefit of his health, took a course in 
 law and civil engineering. He was employed as 
 a civil engineer on the Western Railroad of 
 Massachusetts until 1838, when he came to Illi- 
 nois and obtained employment on the railroad 
 projected from Alton to Shawneetown, under 
 the "internal improvement system" of 1837. 
 When that was suspended in 1839, he settled on 
 a farm near the present site of Tamaroa, Perry 
 County, and soon after opened a boarding school, 
 continuing its management until 1846, when he 
 became Princijial of a seminary at Sparta. In 
 1851 he went into the service of the Illinois Cen- 
 tral Railroad, first as resident engineer in 
 charge of surveys and construction, later as land 
 agent and attorney. He was prominent in the 
 introduction of the graded school system in Illi- 
 nois and in the establishment of the State Nor- 
 mal School at Bloomington and the University of 
 Illinois at Champaign : was a member of the 
 State Board of Education from its organization, 
 and served as delegate to the National Repub- 
 lican Convention of 1868. Died, at his home in 
 Perry County, 111., May 9, 1888. Philander Keep 
 (Roots), son of the preceding, born in Tolland 
 County, Conn., June 4, 1838, brought to Illinois 
 the same year and educated in his father's school, 
 and in an academy at Carrollton and the Wes- 
 leyan University at Bloomington ; at the age of 
 17 belonged to a corps of engineers employed on 
 a Southern railroad, and, during the war, served 
 as a civil engineer in the construction and repair 
 of military roads. Later, he was Deputy Sur- 
 veyor-General of Nebraska; in 1871 became Chief 
 Engineer on the Cairo & Fulton (now a part of 
 the Iron Mountain) Railway; then engaged in 
 the banking business in Arkansas, first as cashier 
 of a bank at Fort Smith and afterwards of the 
 Merchants' National Bank at Little Rock, of 
 which his brother, Logan H., was President. 
 Logan H. (Roots), another son, born near Tama- 
 roa. Perry County, 111., March 22, 1841, was edu- 
 cated at home and at the State Normal at 
 Bloomington, meanwhile serving as principal 
 of a high school at Duquoin ; in 1802 enlisted in 
 the Eighty-first Illinois Volunteers, serving 
 through the war and acting as Chief Commissary 
 
 for General Sherman on the "March to the Sea," 
 and participating in the great review in Wash- 
 ington, in May, 1865. After the conclusion of 
 the war he was appointed Collector of Internal 
 Revenue for the First Arkansas District, was 
 elected from that State to the Fortieth and 
 Forty-first Congresses (1868 and 1870) being, at 
 the time, the youngest member in that body and 
 was appointed United States Marshal by Presi- 
 dent Grant. He finally became President of the 
 Merchants' National Bank at Little Rock, with 
 which he remained nearly twenty years. Died, 
 suddenly, of congestion of the brain, May 30, 
 1893, leaving an estate valued at nearly one and 
 a half millions, of which he gave a large share to 
 charitable purposes and to the city of Little 
 Rock, for the benefit of its hospitals and the im- 
 provement of its parks. 
 
 ROSE, James A., Secretary of State, was born 
 at Golconda, Pope County, 111., Oct. 13, 1850. 
 The foundation of his education was secured in 
 the public schools of his native place, and, after 
 a term in the Normal University at Normal, 111., 
 at the age of 18 he took charge of a country 
 school. Soon he was chosen Principal of the 
 Golconda graded schools, was later made County 
 Superintendent of Schools, and re-elected -for a 
 second term. During his second term he was 
 admitted to the bar, and, resigning the office of 
 Superintendent, was elected State's Attorney 
 without opposition, being re-elected for another 
 term. In 1889, by appointment of Governor 
 Fifer, he became one of the Trustees of the 
 Pontiac Reformatory, serving until the nest 
 year, when he was transferred to the Board of 
 Commissioners of the Southern Illinois Peniten- 
 tiary at Chester, which position he continued to 
 occupy until 1893. In 1896 he was elected Secre- 
 tary of State on the Republican ticket, his term 
 extending to January, 1901. 
 
 ROSEVILLE, a village in Warren County, on 
 the Rock Island Division of the Chicago, Burling- 
 ton & Quincy Railroad, 17 miles northwest of 
 Bushnell ; has water and electric-light plants, two 
 banks, public library and one newspaper Region 
 agricultural and coal-mining. Pop. (1900), 1,014. 
 
 ROSS, Leonard Fnlton, soldier, born in Fulton 
 County, 111., July 18, 1823; was educated in the 
 common schools and at Illinois College, Jackson- 
 ville, studied law and admitted to the bar in 1845; 
 the following year enlisted in the Fourth Illinois 
 Volunteers for the Mexican War, became First 
 Lieutenant and was commended for services at 
 Vera Cruz and Cerro Gordo ; also performed im- 
 portant service as bearer of dispatches for Gen- 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 459 
 
 eral Taylor. After the war he served six years 
 as Probate Judge. In May, 1861, he enlisted in 
 the war for the Union, and was chosen Colonel 
 of the Seventeenth Illinois Volunteers, serving 
 with it in Missouri and Kentucky ; was commis- 
 sioned Brigadier-General a few weeks after the 
 capture of Fort Donelson, and, after the evacu- 
 ation of Corinth, was assigned to the command 
 of a division with headquarters at Bolivar, Tenn. 
 He resigned in July, 1863, and, in 1867, was 
 appointed by President Johnson Collector of 
 Internal Revenue for the Ninth District; has 
 been three times a delegate to National Repub- 
 lican Conventions and twice defeated as a candi- 
 date for Congress in a Democratic District. 
 Since the war he has devoted his attention 
 largely to stock-raising, having a large stock- 
 farm in Iowa. In his later years was President 
 of a bank at Lewistown, 111. Died Jan. 17, 1901. 
 ROSS, (Col.)' William, pioneer, was born at 
 Monson, Hampden County, Mass., April 24, 1792; 
 removed with his father's family, in 1805, to 
 Pittsfield, Mass., where he remained until his 
 twentieth year, when he was commissioned an 
 Ensign in the Twenty-first Regiment United 
 States Infantry, serving through the War of 
 1812-14, and participating in the battle of Sack- 
 ett's Harbor. During the latter part of his serv- 
 ice he acted as drill-master at various points. 
 Then, returning to Pittsfield, he carried on the 
 business of blacksmithing as an employer, mean- 
 while rilling some local offices. In 1820, a com- 
 pany consisting of himself and four brothers, 
 with their families and a few others, started for 
 the West, intending to settle in Illinois. Reach- 
 ing the head-waters of the Allegheny overland, 
 they transferred their wagons, teams and other 
 property to flat-boats, descending that stream 
 and the Ohio to Shawneetown, 111. Here they 
 disembarked and, crossing the State, reached 
 Upper Alton, where they found only one house, 
 that of Maj. Charles W. Hunter. Leaving their 
 families at Upper Alton, the brothers proceeded 
 north, crossing the Illinois River near its mouth, 
 until they reached a point in the western part of 
 the present county of Pike, where the town of 
 Atlas was afterwards located. Here they 
 erected four rough log-cabins, on a beautiful 
 prairie not far from the Mississippi, removing 
 their families thither a few weeks later. They 
 suffered the usual privations incident to life in a 
 new country, not excepting sickness and deatli 
 of some of their number. At the next session of 
 the Legislature (1820-21) Pike County was estab- 
 lished, embracing all that part of the State west 
 
 and north of the Illinois, and including the 
 present cities of Galena and Chicago. The Ross 
 settlement became the nucleus of the town of 
 Atlas, laid out by Colonel Ross and his associates 
 in 1823, at an early day the rival of Quincy, and 
 becoming the second county-seat of Pike County, 
 so remaining from 1824 to 1833, when the seat of 
 justice was removed to Pittsfield. During this 
 period Colonel Ross was one of the most promi- 
 nent citizens of the county, holding, simultane- 
 ously or successively, the offices of Probate 
 Judge, Circuit and County Clerk, Justice of the 
 Peace, and others of a subordinate character. 
 As Colonel of Militia, in 1832, he was ordered by 
 Governor Reynolds to raise a company for the 
 Black Hawk War, and, in four days, reported at 
 Beardstown with twice the number of men 
 called for. In 1834 he was elected to the lower 
 branch of the General Assembly, also serving in 
 the Senate during the three following sessions, a 
 part of the time as President pro tern, of the last- 
 named body. While in the General Assembly he 
 was instrumental in securing legislation of great 
 importance relating to Military Tract lands. 
 The year following the establishment of the 
 county-seat at Pittsfield (1834) he became a citi- 
 zen of that place, which be had the privilege of 
 naming for his early home. He was a member 
 of the Republican State Convention of 1856, and a 
 delegate to the National Republican Convention 
 of 1860, which nominated Mr. Lincoln for Presi- 
 dent the first time. Beginning life poor he 
 acquired considerable property; was liberal, pub- 
 lic-spirited and patriotic, making a handsome 
 donation to the first company organized in Pike 
 County, for the suppression of the Rebellion. 
 Died, at Pittsfield. May 31, 1873. 
 
 ROSSVILLE, a village of Vermillion County, 
 on the Chicago & Eastern Illinois Railroad, 19 
 miles north of Danville ; has electric-light plant, 
 water- works, tile and brick-works, two banks and 
 two newspapers. Pop. (1890), 879; (1900), 1,435. 
 
 ROUNDS, Sterling Parker, public printer, 
 was born in Berkshire, Vt., June 27, 1828; about 
 1840 began learning the printer's trade at Ken- 
 osha, Wis., anil, in 1S4T>. was foreman of the State 
 printing office at Madison, afterward working in 
 offices in Milwaukee. Racine and Buffalo, going 
 to Chicago in 18.51. Here he finally established 
 a printer's warehouse, to which he later added an 
 electrotype foundry and the manufacture of 
 presses, also commencing the issue of "Round's 
 Printers' Cabinet," a trade-paper, which was 
 continued during his life. In 1881 he was ap- 
 pointed by President Garfield Public Printer at 
 
460 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 Washington, sen-ing until 1885, when he removed 
 to Omaha, Neb., and was identified with "The 
 Republican, " of that city, until his death, Dec. 
 17, 1887. 
 
 ROUNTREE, Hiram, County Judge, born in 
 Rutherford County, N. C., Dec. 22, 1794; was 
 brought to Kentucky in infancy, where he grew 
 to manhood and served as an Ensign in the War 
 of 1812 under General Shelby. In 1817 he re- 
 moved to Illinois Territory, first locating in 
 Hadison County, where he taught school for two 
 years near Edwardsville, but removed to Fayette 
 County about the time of the removal of the 
 State capital to Vandalia. On the organization 
 of Montgomery County, in 1821, he was appointed 
 to office there and ever afterwards resided at 
 Hillsboro. For a number of years in the early 
 history of the county, he held (at the same time) 
 the offices of Clerk of the County Commissioners 
 Court, Clerk of the Circuit Court, County 
 Recorder, Justice of the Peace, Notary Public, 
 Master in Chancery and Judge of Probate, besides 
 that of Postmaster for the town of Hillsboro. In 
 1826 he was elected Enrolling and Engrossing 
 Clerk of the Senate and re-elected in 1830 ; served 
 as Delegate in the Constitutional Convention of 
 1847, and the next year was elected to the State 
 Senate, serving in the Sixteenth and Seven- 
 teenth General Assemblies. On retiring from 
 the Senate (1852), he was elected County Judge 
 without opposition, was re-elected to the same 
 office in 1861, and again, in 1865, as the nominee 
 of the Republicans. Judge Rountree was noted 
 for his sound judgment and sterling integrity. 
 Died, at Hillsboro, March 4, 1873. 
 
 ROUTT, John L., soldier and Governor, was 
 born at Eddyville, Ky., April 23, 1826, brought 
 to Illinois in infancy and educated in the com- 
 mon schools. Soon after coming of age he was 
 elected and served one term as Sheriff of McLean 
 County ; in 1862 enlisted and became Captain of 
 Company E, Ninety-fourth Illinois Volunteers. 
 After the war he engaged in business in Bloom- 
 ington, and was apjxjinted by President Grant, 
 successively, United States Marshal for the 
 Southern District of Illinois, Second Assistant 
 Postmaster-General and Territorial Governor of 
 Colorado. On the admission of Colorado as a 
 State, he was elected the first Governor under the 
 State Government, and re-elected in 1890 serv- 
 ing, in all, three years. His home is in Denver. 
 He lias been extensively and successfully identi- 
 fied with mining enterprises in Colorado. 
 
 Utitt i:i.l.. Jonathan II., ex-Congressman, was 
 born at Haverhill, N. H., Feb. 10, 1833. He is a 
 
 graduate of Eureka College and of the Law 
 Department of the Chicago University. During 
 the War of the Rebellion he served three years as 
 company officer in the Seventeenth Illinois 
 Infantry. In 1868 he was elected State's Attor- 
 ney for the Eighth Judicial Circuit, and, in 1880, 
 was a Presidential Elector on the Republican 
 ticket. In 1882 he was elected to Congress from 
 the Fourteenth Illinois District and three times 
 re-elected, serving until March, 1891. His home 
 is at Bloomington. 
 
 ROWETT, Richard, soldier, was born in Corn- 
 wall, England, in 1830, came to the United 
 States in 1851, finally settling on a farm near 
 Carlinville, 111., and becoming a breeder of 
 thorough-bred horses. In 1861 he entered the 
 service as a Captain in the Seventh Illinois 
 Volunteers and was successively promoted 
 Major, Lieutenant-Colonel and Colonel; was 
 wounded in the battles of Shiloh, Corinth and 
 Allatoona, especially distinguishing himself at the 
 latter and being brevetted Brigadier-General for 
 gallantry. After the war lie returned to his 
 stock-farm, but later held the positions of Canal 
 Commissioner, Penitentiary Commissioner, Rep- 
 resentative in the Thirtieth General Assem- 
 bly and Collector of Internal Revenue for the 
 Fourth (Quincy) District, until its consolidation 
 with the Eighth District by President Cleveland. 
 Died, in Chicago, July 13, 1887. 
 
 RUSH MEDICAL COLLEGE, located in Chi- 
 cago; incorporated by act of March 2, 1837, the 
 charter having been prepared the previous year 
 by Drs. Daniel Brainard and Josiah C. Goodhue. 
 The extreme financial depression of the following 
 year prevented the organization of a faculty 
 until 1843. The institution was named in honor 
 of Dr. Benjamin Rush, the eminent practitioner, 
 medical author and teacher of Philadelphia in the 
 latter half of the eighteenth century. The first 
 faculty consisted of four professors, and the first 
 term opened on Dec. 4, 1843, with a class of 
 twenty-two students. Three years' study was 
 required for graduation, but only two annual 
 terms of sixteen weeks each need be attended at 
 the college itself. Instruction was given in a 
 few rooms temporarily opened for that purpose. 
 The next year a small building, costing between 
 3,000 and $4,000, was erected. This was re-ar- 
 ranged and enlarged in 1855 at a. cost of $15,000. 
 The constant and rapid growth of the college 
 necessitated the erection of a new building in 
 1867, the cost of which was S70.000. This was 
 destroyed in the fire of 1H71. and another, costing 
 $54,000, was erected in 1876 and a free dispensary 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 added. In 1844 the Presbyterian Hospital was 
 located on a portion of the college lot, and the 
 two institutions connected, thus insuring abun- 
 dant and stable facilities for clinical instruction. 
 Shortly afterwards, Rush College became the 
 medical department of Lake Forest University. 
 The present faculty (1898) consists of 95 profes- . 
 sors, adjunct professors, lecturers and instructors 
 of all grades, and over 600 students in attend- 
 ance. The length of the annual terms is six 
 months, and four years of study are required for 
 graduation, attendance upon at least three col- 
 lege terms being compulsory. 
 
 EUSHVILLE, the county-seat of Schuyler 
 County, 50 miles northeast of Quincy and 11 
 miles northwest of Beardstown ; is the southern 
 terminus of the Buda and Rush ville branch of the 
 Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad. The 
 town was selected as the county-seat in 1826, 
 the seat of justice being removed from a place 
 called Beardstown, about five miles eastward 
 (not the present Beardstown in Cass County), 
 where it had been located at the time of the 
 organization of Schuyler County, a year previous. 
 At first the new seat of justice was called Rush- 
 ton, in honor of Dr. Benjamin Rush, but after- 
 wards took its present mime. It is a coal-mining, 
 grain and fruit-growing region, and contains 
 several manufactories, including flour-mills, brick 
 and tile works; also lias two banks (State and 
 private) and a public library. Four periodicals 
 (one daily) are published here. Population 
 (1880), 1,662; (1890), 2,031; (1900), 2,292. 
 
 RUSSELL, John, pioneer teacher and author, 
 was born at Cavendish, Vt., July 31, 1793. and 
 educated in the common schools of his native 
 State and at Middlebury College, where he gradu- 
 ated in 1818 having obtained means to support 
 himself, during his college course, by teaching 
 and by the publication, before he had reached his 
 20th year, of a volume entitled "The Authentic 
 History of Vermont State Prison. " After gradu- 
 ation he taught for a short time in Georgia ; but, 
 early in the following year, joined his father on 
 the way to Missouri. The next five years he 
 spent in teaching in the "Bonhommie Bottom" 
 on the Missouri River. During this period he 
 published, anonymously, in "The St. Charles Mis- 
 sourian," a temperance allegory entitled "The 
 Venomous Worm" (or "The Worm of the Still"), 
 which gained a wide popularity and was early 
 recognized by the compilers of school-readers as 
 a sort of classic. Leaving this locality he taught 
 a year in St. Louis, when he removed to Vandalia 
 (then the capital of Illinois), after which he spent 
 
 two years teaching in the Seminary at Upper 
 Alton, which afterwards became Shurtleff College. 
 In 1828 he removed to Greene County, locating 
 at a point near the Illinois River to which he 
 gave the name of Bluffdale. Here he was li- 
 censed as a Baptist preacher, officiating in this ca- 
 pacity only occasionally, while pursuing his 
 calling as a teacher or writer for the press, to 
 which he was an almost constant contributor 
 during the last twenty-five years of his life 
 About 1837 or 1838 he was editor of a paper called 
 "The Backwoodsman" at Grafton then a part 
 of Greene County, but now in Jersey County to 
 which he afterwards continued to be a contribu 
 tor some time longer, and, in 1841-42, was editor 
 of "The Advertiser, ' at Louisville, Ky. He was 
 also, for several years. Principal of the Spring 
 Hill Academy in East Feliciana Parish, La., 
 meanwhile serving for a portion of the time as 
 Superintendent of Public Schools. He was the 
 author of a number of stories and sketches, some 
 of which went through several editions, and, at 
 the time of his death, had in preparation a his 
 toryof "The Black Hawk War," "Evidences of 
 Christianity" and a "History of Illinois." He 
 was an accomplished linguist, being able to read 
 with fluency Greek. Latin, French, Spanish and 
 Italian, besides having considerable familiarity 
 with several other modern languages. In 1862 
 he received from the University of Chicago the 
 degree of LL.D. Died, Jan. 2. 1863, and was 
 buried on the old homestead at BlufTdale 
 
 RUSSELL, Martin J., politician and journal- 
 ist, born in Chicago, Dec. 20, 1845. He was a 
 nephew of Col. James A. Mulligan (see Muttigaii, 
 James A.) and served with credit as Adjutant - 
 General on the staff of the latter in the Civil 
 War. In 1870 he became a reporter on "The 
 Chicago Evening Post," and was advanced to 
 the position of city editor. Subsequently he was 
 connected with "The Times," and "The Tele- 
 gram" ; was also a member of the Board of Edu- 
 cation of Hyde Park before the annexation of 
 that village to Chicago, and lias been one of the 
 South Park Commissioners of the city last named. 
 After the purchase of "The Chicago Times" by 
 Carter H. Harrison he remained for a time on 
 the editorial staff. In 1894 President Cleveland 
 appointed him Collector of the Port of Chicago. 
 At the expiration of his term of office he resumed 
 editorial work as editor-in-chief of "The Chron- 
 icle," the organ of the Democratic party in 
 Chicago. Died June 25. 1900. 
 
 RUTHERFORD, Friend S., lawyer and sol- 
 dier, was born in Schenectady. X. Y., Sept. 25. 
 
462 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 1820; studied law in Troy and removed to Illi- 
 nois, settling -at Edwardsville, and finally at 
 Alton; was a Republican candidate for Presi- 
 dential Elector in 18.6, and, in 1860, a member of 
 t lie National Republican Convention at Chicago, 
 which nominated Mr. Lincoln for the Presidency. 
 In September, 1862, he was commissioned Colonel 
 <>f the Ninety -seventh Illinois Volunteers, and 
 participated in the capture of Port Gibson and in 
 the operations about Vicksburg also leading in 
 t he attack on Arkansas Post, and subsequently 
 serving in Louisiana, but died as the result of 
 fatigue and exposure in the service, June 20, 
 1 H64, one week )>efore his promotion to the rank 
 of Brigadier-General. Reuben C. (Rutherford), 
 brother of the preceding, was born at Troy, N. Y. , 
 Sept. 29, 1823. but grew up in Vermont and New 
 Hampshire; received a degree in law when quite 
 young, but afterwards fitted himself as a lec- 
 turer on physiology and hygiene, upon which he 
 lectured extensively ii^ Michigan, Illinois and 
 other States after coming west in 1849. During 
 1854-55, in co-operation with Prof. J. B. Turner 
 and others, he canvassed and lectured extensively 
 throughout Illinois in support of the movement 
 which resulted in the donation of public lands, 
 by Congress, for the establishment of "Industrial 
 Colleges" in the several States. The establish- 
 ment of the University of Illinois, at Champaign, 
 was the outgrowth of this movement. In 1856 he 
 located at Quincy. where he resided some thirty 
 years; in 1861. served for several months as the 
 first Commissary of Subsistence at Cairo; was 
 later associated with the State Quartermaster's 
 Department, finally entering the secret service of 
 the War Department, in which he remained until 
 1867, retiring with the rank of brevet Brigadier- 
 General. In 1886, General Rutherford removed 
 to New York City, where he died, June 24, 1895. 
 George V. (Rutherford), another brother, was 
 liorn at Rutland, Vt, 1830; was first admitted to 
 the bar, but afterwards took charge of the con- 
 struction of telegraph lines in some of the South- 
 ern States; at the beginning of the Civil War 
 became Assistant Quartermaster-General of the 
 State of Illinois, at Springfield, under ex-Gov. 
 .lohn Wood, but subsequently entered the 
 Quartermaster's service of the General Govern- 
 ment in Washington, retiring after the war with 
 the rank of Brigadier-General. He then returned 
 to Quincy, 111. , where he resided until 1872, when 
 1 10 engaged in manufacturing business at North 
 ainpton, Mass.. but finally removed to California 
 for the benefit of his failing health. Died, at St. 
 Helena, Cal, August 28, 1872. 
 
 RUTLAND, a village of La Salle County, on 
 the Illinois Central Railroad, 25 miles south of La 
 Salle; has a bank, five churches, school, and a 
 newspaper, with coal mines in the vicinity. Pop. 
 (1890), 509; (1900), 893; (1903), 1,093. 
 
 RUTLEDtiE, (Rev.) William J., clergyman, 
 Army Chaplain, born in Augusta County, Va., 
 June 24, 1820; was converted at the age of 12 
 years and, at 21, became a member of the Illinois 
 Conference of the Methodist Episcopal Church, 
 serving various churches in the central and west- 
 ern parts of the State also acting, for a time, as 
 Agent of the Illinois Conference Female College 
 at Jacksonville. From 1861 to 1863 he was Chap- 
 lain of the Fourteenth Regiment Illinois Volun- 
 teers. Returning from the war, he served as 
 pastor of churches at Jacksonville, Bloomington, 
 Quincy, Rushville, Springfield, Griggsville and 
 other points; from 1881 to '84 was Chaplain of 
 the Illinois State Penitentiary at Joliet. Mr. 
 Rutledge was one of the founders of the Grand 
 Army of the Republic, and served for many years 
 as Chaplain of the order for the Department of 
 Illinois. In connection with the ministry, he 
 has occupied a supernumerary relation since 
 1885. Died in Jacksonville, April 14, 1900. 
 
 KIT/, Edward, State Treasurer, was born in 
 a village in the Duchy of Baden, Germany, May 
 5, 1829; came to America in 1848, locating on a 
 farm in St. Clair County, 111. ; went to California 
 in 1857, and, early in 1861, enlisted in the Third 
 United States Artillery at San Francisco, serving 
 with the Army of the Potomac until his discharge 
 in 1864, and taking part in every battle in which 
 his command was engaged. After his return in 
 1865, he located in St. Clair County, and was 
 elected County Surveyor, served three consecu- 
 tive terms as County Treasurer, and was elected 
 State Treasurer three times 1872, '76 and '80. 
 About 1892 he removed to California, where he 
 now resides. 
 
 RYAN, Edward G., early editor and jurist, 
 born at Newcastle House, County Meath, Ireland, 
 Nov. 13, 1810; was educated for the priesthood, 
 but turned his attention to law, and, in 1830, 
 came to New York and engaged in teaching 
 while prosecuting his legal studies; in 1836 re- 
 moved to Chicago, where he was admitted to the 
 bar and was, for a time, associated in practice 
 with Hugh T. Dickey. In April, 1840, Mr. Ryan 
 assumed the editorship of a weekly paper in Chi- 
 cago called "The Illinois Tribune," which he 
 conducted for over a year, and which is remem- 
 bered chiefly on account of its bitter assaults on 
 Judge John Pearson of Danville, who had 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 463 
 
 aroused the hostility of some members of the 
 Chicago bar by his rulings upon the bench. 
 About 1842 Ryan removed to Milwaukee, Wis., 
 where he was, for a time, a partner of Matthew 
 H. Carpenter (afterwards United States Senator), 
 and was connected with a number of celebrated 
 trials before the courts of that State, including 
 the Barstow-Bashford case, which ended with 
 Bashford becoming the first Republican Governor 
 of Wisconsin. In 1874 he was appointed Chief 
 Justice of Wisconsin, serving until his death, 
 which occurred at Madison, Oct. 19, 1880. He 
 was a strong partisan, and, during the Civil War, 
 was an intense opponent of the war policy of the 
 Government. In spite of infirmities of temper, 
 he appears to have been a man of much learning 
 and recognized legal ability. 
 
 RYAN, James, Roman Catholic Bishop, born 
 in Ireland in 1848 and emigrated to America in 
 childhood; was educated for the priesthood in 
 Kentucky, and, after ordination, was made a pro- 
 fessor in St. Joseph's Seminary, at Bardstown, 
 Ky. In 1878 he removed to Illinois, attaching 
 himself to the diocese of Peoria, and having 
 charge of parishes at Wataga and Danville. In 
 1881 he became rector of the Ottawa parish, 
 within the episcopal jurisdiction of the Arch- 
 bishop of Chicago. In 1888 he was made Bishop 
 of the see of Alton, the prior incumbent (Bishop 
 Baltes) having died in 1886. 
 
 SACS AND FOXES, two confederated Indian 
 tribes, who were among the most warlike and 
 powerful of the aborigines of the Illinois Country. 
 The Foxes called themselves the Musk-wah-ha- 
 kee, a name compounded of two words, signify- 
 ing "those of red earth." The French called 
 them Ou-ta-ga-mies, that being their spelling of 
 the name given them by other tribes, the mean- 
 ing of which was "Foxes," and which was 
 bestowed upon them because their totem (or 
 armorial device, as it may be called) was a fox. 
 They seem to have been driven westward from 
 the northern shore of Lake Ontario, by way of 
 Niagara and Mackinac, to the region around 
 Green Bay, Wis. Concerning their allied breth- 
 ren, the Sacs, less is known. The name is vari- 
 ously spelled in the Indian dialects Ou-sa-kies, 
 Sauks, etc. and the term Sacs is unquestionably 
 an abbreviated corruption. Black Hawk be- 
 longed to this tribe. The Foxes and Sacs formed 
 a confederation according to aboriginal tradition, 
 on what is now known as the Sac River, near 
 Green Bay. but the date of the alliance cannot 
 be determined. The origin of the Sacs is equally 
 
 uncertain. Black Hawk claimed that his tribe 
 originally dwelt around Quebec, but, as to the 
 authenticity of this claim, historical authorities 
 differ widely. Subsequent to 1670 the history of 
 the allied tribes is tolerably well defined. Their 
 characteristics, location and habits are described 
 at some length by Father Allouez, who visited 
 them in 1666-67. He says that they were numer- 
 ous and warlike, but depicts them as "penurious, 
 avaricious, thievish and quarrelsome." That 
 they were cordially detested by their neighbors 
 is certain, and Judge James Hall calls them "the 
 Ishmaelites of the lakes. " They were unfriendly 
 to the French, who attached to themselves other 
 tribes, and, through the aid of the latter, had 
 well-nigh exterminated them, when the Sacs and 
 Foxes sued for peace, which was granted on 
 terms most humiliating to the vanquished. By 
 1718, however, they were virtually in possession 
 of the region around Rock River in Illinois, and. 
 four years later, through the aid of the Mascou- 
 tins and Kickapoos, they had expelled the Illinois, 
 driving the last of that ill-fated tribe across th 
 Illinois River. They abstained from taking part 
 in the border wars that marked the close of the 
 Revolutionary War. and therefore did not par- 
 ticipate in the treaty of Greenville in 1795. At 
 that date, according to Judge Hall, they claimed 
 the country as far west as Council Bluffs, Iowa, 
 and as far north as Prairie du Chien. They 
 offered to co-operate with the United States 
 Government in the War of 1812, but this offer 
 was declined, and a portion of the tribe, under 
 the leadership of Black Hawk, enlisted on the 
 side of the British. The Black Hawk War proved 
 their political ruin. By the treaty of Rock Island 
 they ceded vast tracts of land, including a large 
 part of the eastern half of Iowa and a large body 
 of land east of the Mississippi. (See Black Hawk 
 \\'ar; Indian Treaties.) In 1842 the Government 
 divided the nation into two bands, removing both 
 to reservations in the farther West. One was 
 located on the Osage River and the other on the 
 south side of the Nee-ma-ha River, near the 
 northwest corner of Kansas. From these reser- 
 vations, there is little doubt, many of them have 
 silently emigrated toward the Rocky Mountains, 
 where the hoe might be laid aside for the rifle, 
 the net and the spear of the hunter. A few 
 years ago a part of these confederated tribes 
 were located in the eastern part of Oklahoma. 
 
 SAILOR SPRINGS, a village and health resort 
 in Clay County, 5 miles north of Clay City, has 
 an academy and a local paper. Population (1900), 
 419; (1903, est.), 550. i 
 
464 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 SALEM, an incorporated city, the county-seat 
 of Marion County, on the Baltimore & Ohio South- 
 western, the Chicago & Eastern Illinois and the 
 Illinois Southern Railroads, 71 miles east of St. 
 Louis, and 16 miles northeast of Centralia; in 
 agricultural and coal district. A leading indus- 
 try is the culture, evaporation and shipment of 
 fruit. The city has flour-mills, two banks and 
 three weekly newspapers. Pop. (1890), 1,493; 
 (1900), 1,642. 
 
 SALINE COUNTY, a southeastern county, 
 organized in 1847, having an area of 380 square 
 miles. It derives its name from the salt springs 
 which are found in every part of the county. 
 The northern portion is rolling and yields an 
 abundance of coal of a quality suitable for smith- 
 ing. The bottoms are swampy, but heavily 
 timbered, and saw-mills abound. Oak, hickory, 
 sweet gum, mulberry, locust and sassafras are 
 the prevailing varieties. Fruit and tobacco are 
 extensively cultivated. The climate is mild and 
 humid, and the vegetation varied. The soil of 
 the low lands is rich, and. when drained, makes 
 excellent farming lands. In some localities a 
 good gray sandstone, soft enough to be worked, 
 is quarried, and millstone grit is frequently found. 
 In the southern half of the county are the Eagle 
 Mountains, a line of hills having an altitude of 
 some 450 to 500 feet above the level of the Mis- 
 sissippi at Cairo, and believed by geologists to 
 have been a part of the upheaval that gave birth 
 to the Ozark Mountains in Missouri and Arkan- 
 sas. The highest land in the county is 864 feet 
 above sea-level. Tradition says that these hills 
 are rich in silver ore, but it has not been found 
 in paying quantities. Springs strongly impreg- 
 nated with sulphur are found on the slopes. The 
 county-seat was originally located at Raleigh, 
 which was platted in 1848, but it was subse- 
 quently removed to Harrisburg, which was laid 
 out in 1859. Population of the county (1880). 
 15,940; (1890), 19,342; (1900), 21,685. 
 
 SALINE RIVER, a stream formed by the con- 
 fluence of two branches, both of which flow 
 through portions of Saline County, uniting in 
 Gallatin County. The North Fork rises in Hamil- 
 ton County and runs nearly south, while the 
 South Fork drains part of Williamson County, 
 and runs east through Saline. The river (which 
 is little more than a creek), thus formed, runs 
 southeast, entering the Ohio ten miles below 
 Shawneetown. 
 
 SALT MANUFACTURE. There is evidence 
 going to show that the saline springs, in Gallatin 
 County, were utilized by the aboriginal inhabit- 
 
 ants in the making of salt, long before the advent 
 of white settlers. There have been discovered, at 
 various points, what appear to be the remains of 
 evaporating kettles, composed of hardened clay 
 and pounded shells, varying in diameter from 
 three to four feet. In 1812, with a view to en- 
 couraging the manufacture of salt from these 
 springs, Congress granted to Illinois the use of 
 36 square miles, the fee still remaining in the 
 United States. These lands were .leased by the 
 State to private parties, but the income derived 
 from them was comparatively small and fre- 
 quently difficult of collection. The workmen 
 were mostly slaves from Kentucky and Tennes- 
 see, who are especially referred to in Article VI. , 
 Section 2, of the Constitution of 1818. The salt 
 made brought |5 per 100 pounds, and was shipped 
 in keel-boats to various points on the Ohio, Mis- 
 sissippi, Tennessee and Cumberland Rivers, while 
 many purchasers came hundreds of miles on 
 horseback and carried it away on pack animals. 
 In 1827. the State treasury being empty and the 
 General Assembly having decided to erect a peni- 
 tentiary at Alton, Congress was petitioned to 
 donate these lands to the State in fee, and per- 
 mission was granted "to sell 30,000 acres of the 
 Ohio Salines in Gallatin County, and apply the 
 proceeds to such purposes as the Legislature 
 might by law direct." The sale was made, one- 
 half of the proceeds set apart for the building of 
 the penitentiary, and one-half to the improve- 
 ment of roads and rivers in the eastern part of 
 the State. The manufacture of salt was carried 
 on, however for a time by lessees and subse- 
 quently by owners until 1873, about which time 
 it was abandoned, chiefly because it had ceased 
 to be profitable on account of competition with 
 other districts possessing superior facilities. 
 Some salt was manufactured in Vermilion County 
 about 1824. The manufacture has been success- 
 fully carried on in recent years, from the product 
 of artesian wells, at St. John, in Perry County. 
 
 SANDOYAL, a village of Marion County, at 
 the crossing of the western branch of the Illinois 
 Central Railroad, and the Baltimore & Ohio 
 Southwestern. 6 miles north of Centralia. The 
 town has coal mines and some manufactures, 
 with banks and one newspaper. Population 
 (1880), 564; (1890), 834; (1900), 1,258. 
 
 SANDSTONE. The quantity of sandstone quar- 
 ried in Illinois is comparatively insignificant, its 
 value being less than one-fifth of one per cent of 
 the value of the output of the entire country. 
 In 1890 the State ranked twenty-fifth in the list 
 of States producing this mineral, the total value 
 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 465 
 
 of the stone quarried being but $17,896, repre- 
 senting 141,605 cubic feet, taken from ten quar- 
 ries, which employed forty-six hands, and had an 
 aggregate capital invested of $49,400. 
 
 SANDWICH, a city in De Kalb County, incor- 
 porated in 1873, on the Chicago, Burlington & 
 Quincy Railroad, 58 miles southwest of Chicago. 
 The principal industries are the manufacture of 
 agricultural implements, hay-presses, corn-shell- 
 ers, pumps and wind-mills. Sandwich has two 
 private banks, two weekly and one semi-weekly 
 papers. Pop. (1890), 2,516; (1900), 2,520; (1903), 
 2.865. 
 
 SANGAMON COUNTY, a central county, 
 organized under act of June 30, 1821, from parts 
 of Bond and Madison Counties, and embracing 
 the present counties of Sangamon, Cass, Menard, 
 Mason, Tazewell. Logan, and parts of Morgan, 
 McLean, Woodford, Marshall and Putnam. It 
 was named for the river flowing through it. 
 Though reduced in area somewhat, four years 
 later, it extended to the Illinois River, but was 
 reduced to its present limits by the setting apart 
 of Menard, Logan and Dane (now Christian) 
 Counties, in 1839. Henry Funderburk is believed 
 to have been the first white settler, arriving 
 there in 1817 and locating in what is now Cotton 
 Hill Township, being followed, the next year, by 
 William Drennan, Joseph Dodds, James McCoy, 
 Robert Pulliam and others. John Kelly located 
 on the present site of the city of Springfield in 
 1818, and was there at the time of the selection 
 of that place as the temporary seat of justice in 
 1821. Other settlements were made at Auburn, 
 Island Grove, and elsewhere, and population 
 began to flow in rapidly. Remnants of the Potta- 
 watotnie and Kickapoo Indians were still there, 
 but soon moved north or west. County organi- 
 zation was effected in 1821, the first Board of 
 County Commissioners being composed of Wil- 
 liam Drennan, Zachariah Peter and Samuel Lee. 
 John Reynolds (afterwards Governor) held the 
 first term of Circuit Court, with John Taylor. 
 Sheriff; Henry Starr. Prosecuting Attorney, and 
 Charles R. Matheny, Circuit Clerk. A United 
 States Land Office was established at Springfield 
 in 1823, with Pascal P. Enos as Receiver, the 
 first sale of lands taking place the same year. 
 The soil of Sangamon County is exuberantly fer- 
 tile, with rich underlying deposits of bituminous 
 coal, which is mined in large quantities. The 
 chief towns are Springfield, Auburn, Riverton, 
 Illiopolis and Pleasant Plains. The area of the 
 county is 860 square miles. Population (1880), 
 r>2,894; (1890), 61.195; (1900), 71.593. 
 
 SANGAMON RIVER, formed by the union of 
 the North and South Forks, of which the former 
 is the longer, or main branch. The North Fork 
 rises in the northern part of Champaign County, 
 whence it runs southwest to the city of Decatur, 
 thence westward through Sangamon County, 
 forming the north boundary of Christian County, 
 and empty ing into the Illinois River about 9 miles 
 above Beardstown. The Sangamon is nearly 240 
 miles long, including the North Fork. The 
 South Fork flows through Christian County, and 
 joins the North Fork about 6 miles east of 
 Springfield. In the early history of the State the 
 Sangamon was regarded as a navigable stream, 
 and its improvement was one of the measures 
 advocated by Abraham Lincoln in 1832, when he 
 was for the first time a candidate (though unsuc- 
 cessfully) for the Legislature. In the spring of 
 1832 a small steamer from Cincinnati, called the 
 "Talisman," ascended the river to a point near 
 Springfield. The event was celebrated with 
 great rejoicing by the people, but the vessel 
 encountered so much difficulty in getting out of 
 the river that the experiment was never 
 repeated. 
 
 SANGAMON & MORGAN RAILROAD. (See 
 Wabash Railroad.) 
 
 SANGER, Lorenzo P., railway and canal con- 
 tractor, was born at Littleton, N. H., March 2, 
 1809 ; brought in childhood to Livingston County, 
 N. Y., where his father became a contractor on 
 the Erie Canal, the son also being employed upon 
 the same work. The latter subsequently became 
 a contractor on the Pennsylvania Canal on his 
 own account, being known as "the boy contract- 
 or." Then, after a brief experience in mercantile 
 business, and a year spent in the construction of a 
 canal in Indiana, in 1836 he came to Illinois, and 
 soon after became an extensive contractor on the 
 Illinois & Michigan Canal, having charge of rock 
 excavation at Lockport. He was also connected 
 with the Rock River improvement scheme, and 
 interested in a line of stages between Chicago 
 and Galena, which, having been consolidated 
 with the line managed by the firm of Fink & 
 Walker, finally became the Northwestern Stage 
 Company, extending its operations throughout 
 Michigan, Indiana, Illinois, Wisconsin, Iowa 
 and Missouri Mr. Sanger having charge of the 
 Western Division, for a time, with headquarters 
 at St. Louis. In 1851 he became the head of the 
 firm of Sanger, Camp & Co., contractors for the 
 construction of the Western (or Illinois) Division 
 of the Ohio & Mississippi (now the Baltimore & 
 Ohio Southwestern) Railway, upon which he 
 
466 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 was employed for several years. Other works 
 with which he was connected were the North 
 Missouri Railroad and the construction of the 
 State Penitentiary at Joliet, as member of the 
 firm of Sanger & Casey, for a time, also lessees of 
 convict labor. In 1862 Mr. Sanger received from 
 Governor Yates, by request of President Lincoln, 
 a commission as Colonel, and was assigned to 
 staff duty in Kentucky and Tennessee. After 
 the war he became largely interested in stone 
 quarries adjacent to Joliet : also had an extensive 
 contract, from the City of Chicago, for deepening 
 the Illinois & Michigan Canal. Died, at Oakland, 
 Cal., March 23, 1875, whither he had gone for the 
 benefit of his health. James Young (Sanger), 
 brother of the preceding, was born at Sutton, 
 Vt . March 14, 1814: in boyhood spent some time 
 in a large mercantile establishment at Pittsburg, 
 Pa., later being associated with his father and 
 elder brother in contracts on the Erie Canal and 
 similar works in Pennsylvania, Ohio and Indi- 
 ana. At the age of 22 he came with his father's 
 family to St. Joseph, Mich., where they estab- 
 lished a large supply store, and engaged in 
 bridge-building and similar enterprises. At a 
 later period, in connection with his father and 
 his brother, 1. P. Sanger, he was prominently 
 connected with the construction of the Illinois & 
 Michigan Canal the aqueduct at Ottawa and 
 the locks at Peru being constructed by them. 
 About 1850 the Construction Company, of which 
 he and his brother, L. P. Sanger, were leading 
 members, undertook the construction of the Ohio 
 & Mississippi (now Baltimore & Ohio Southwest- 
 ern) Railroad, from St. Louis to Vincennes, I ml., 
 and were prominently identified with other rail- 
 road enterprises in Southern Illinois, Missouri and 
 California. Died, July 3, 1867, when consum- 
 mating arrangements for the performance of a 
 large contract on the Union Pacific Railroad. 
 
 SANITARY COMMISSION. (See Illinois San- 
 itary Commission.) 
 
 SANITARY DISTRICT OF CHICAGO. (See 
 Chicago Drainage Canal. ) 
 
 SAU6ANASH, the Indian name of a half-breed 
 known as Capt. Billy Caldwell, the son of a 
 British officer and a Pottawatomie woman, born 
 in Canada about 1780; received an education 
 from the Jesuits at Detroit, and was able to 
 speak and write English and French, besides 
 several Indian dialects ; was a friend of Tecum- 
 seh's and, during the latter part of his life, a 
 devoted friend of the whites. He took up his 
 residence in Chicago about 1820. and, in 1826, 
 was a Justice of the Peace, while nominally a 
 
 subject of Great Britain and a Chief of the Otta- 
 was and Pottawa,tomies. In 1828 the Govern- 
 ment, in consideration of his services, built for 
 him the first frame house ever erected in Chicago, 
 which he occupied until his departure with his 
 tribe for Council Bluffs in 1836. By a treaty, 
 made Jan. 2, 1830, reservations were granted by 
 the Government to Sauganash, Shabona and 
 other friendly Indians (see Shabona), and 1,240 
 acres on the North Branch of Chicago River set 
 apart for Caldwell, which he sold before leaving 
 the country. Died, at Council Bluffs, Iowa, 
 Sept. 28, 1841. 
 
 SAY AGE, George S. F., D.D., clergyman, was 
 born at Cromwell, Conn., Jan. 29, 1817; gradu- 
 ated at Yale College in 1844; studied theology at 
 Andover and New Haven, graduating in 1847; 
 was ordained a home missionary the same year 
 and spent twelve years as pastor at St. Charles. 
 111. , for four years being corresponding editor of 
 "The Prairie Herald" and "The Congregational 
 Herald." For ten years he was in the service of 
 the American Tract Society, and, during the Civil 
 War, was engaged in sanitary and religious work 
 in the army. In 1870 he was appointed Western 
 Secretary of the Congregational Publishing 
 Society, remaining two years, after which he be- 
 came Financial Secretary of the Chicago Theo- 
 logical Seminary. He has also been a Director 
 of the institution since 1854, a Trustee of Beloit 
 College since 1850, and, for several years, editor 
 and publisher of "The Congregational Review." 
 
 SAVANNA, a city in Carroll County, situated 
 on the Mississippi River and the Chicago, Bur- 
 lington & Northern and the Chicago, Milwaukee 
 & St. Paul Railways; is 10 miles west of Mount 
 Carroll and about 20 miles north of Clinton, 
 Iowa. It is an important shipping-point and con- 
 tains several manufactories of machinery, lumber, 
 flour, etc. It has two State banks, a public 
 library, churches, two graded schools, township 
 high school, and two daily and weekly news- 
 papers. Pop. (1890), 3,097; (1900), 3,825. 
 
 SAYBROOK, a village of McLean County, on 
 the Lake Erie & Western Railroad, 26 miles east 
 of Bloomington; district agricultural; county 
 fairs held here; the town has two banks and two 
 newspapers. Pop. (1890), 851 ; (1900), 879. 
 
 SCATES, Walter Bennett, jurist and soldier, 
 was born at South Boston. Halifax County, Va. , 
 Jan. 18, 1808; was taken in infancy to Hopkins- 
 ville, Ky . where he resided until 1831, having 
 meanwhile learned the printer's trade at Nash- 
 ville and studied law at Louisville. In 1831 he 
 removed to Frankfort. Franklin County, IU., 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 467 
 
 where, for a time, he was County Surveyor. In 
 1836, having been appointed Attorney-General, 
 he removed to Vandalia, then the seat of govern- 
 ment, but resigned at the close of the same year 
 to accept the judgeship of the Third Judicial 
 Circuit, and took up his residence at Shawnee- 
 town. In 1841 he was one of five new Judges 
 added to the Supreme Court bench, the others 
 being Sidney Breese, Stephen A. Douglas, 
 Thomas Ford and Samuel H. Treat. In that 
 year he removed to Mount Vernon, Jefferson 
 County, and, in January, 184T, resigned his seat 
 upon the bench to resume practice. The same 
 year he was a member of the Constitutional Con- 
 vention and Chairman of the Committee on 
 Judiciary. In June, 1854, he again took a seat 
 upon the Supreme Court bench, being chosen to 
 succeed Lyman Trumbull, but resigned in Slay, 
 1857. and resumed practice in Chicago. In 
 1862 he vo unteered in defense of the Union, 
 received a Major's commission and was assigned 
 to duty on the staff of General McClernand ; was 
 made. Assistant Adjutant-General and mustered 
 out in January, 18<><>. In July, 1866, President 
 Johnson appointed him Collector of Customs at 
 Chicago, which position he filled until July 1, 
 1869, when he was removed by President Grant, 
 during the same period, being ex-officio custodian 
 of United States funds, the office of Assistant 
 Treasurer not having been then created. Died, 
 at Evanston, Oct. 26, 1886. 
 
 SCAMMOX, Jonathan Young, lawyer and 
 banker, was born at Whitetield, Maine, July 27, 
 1812; after graduating at Waterville (now Colby) 
 University in 1831, he studied law and ^vas 
 admitted to the bar at Hallowell, in 1835 remov- 
 ing to Chicago, where he spent the remainder of 
 his life. After a year spent as deputy in the 
 office of the Circuit Clerk of Cook County, during 
 which he prepared a revision of the Illinois stat- 
 utes, he was appointed attorney for the State 
 Bank of Illinois in 183T, and, in 1839, became 
 reporter of the Supreme Court, which office he 
 held until 184.1. In the meantime, he was associ- 
 ated with several prominent lawyers, his first 
 legal firm beiug that of Scammon, McCagg & 
 Fuller, which was continued up to the fire of 
 1871. A large oj>erator in real estate and identi- 
 fied with many enterprises of a public or benevo- 
 lent character, his most important financial 
 venture was in connection with the Chicago 
 Marine & Fire Insurance Company, which con- 
 ducted an extensive banking business for many 
 years, and of which he was the President and 
 leading spirit. As a citizen lie was progressive. 
 
 public-spirited and liberal. He was one of the 
 main promoters and organizers of the old Galena 
 & Chicago Union Railway, the first railroad to 
 run west from Lake Michigan ; was also promi- 
 nently identified with the founding of the Chi- 
 cago public school system, a Trustee of the (old) 
 Chicago University, and one of the founders of 
 the Chicago Historical Society, of the Chicago 
 Academy of Sciences and the Chicago Astro- 
 nomical Society being the first President 
 of the latter body. He erected, at a cost of 
 30,000, the Fort Dearborn Observatory, in 
 which he caused to be placed the most power- 
 ful telescope which had at t hat time been brought 
 to the West. He also maintained the observatory 
 at his own expense. He was the pioneer of 
 Swedenborgianism in Chicago, and, in politics, a 
 staunch Whig, and, later, an ardent Republican. 
 In 1844 he was one of the founders of "The Chi- 
 cago American," a paper designed to advance 
 the candidacy of Henry Clay for the Presidency ; 
 and, in 1872, when "The Chicago Tribune" 
 espoused the Liberal Republican cause, he started 
 "The Inter-Ocean" as a Republican organ, being, 
 for some time, its sole proprietor and editor-in- 
 chief. He was one of the first to encourage the 
 adoption of the homeopathic system of medicine 
 in Chicago, and was prominently connected with 
 the founding of the Hahnemann Medical College 
 and the Hahnemann Hospital, being a Trustee in 
 both for many years. As a member of the Gen- 
 eral Assembly he secured the passage of many 
 important measures, among them being legisla- 
 tion looking toward the bettering of the currency 
 and the banking system. He accumulated a 
 large fortune, but lost most of it by the fire of 
 1871 and the panic of 1873. Died, in Chicago, 
 March 17, 1890. 
 
 SCAERITT, \atlian, pioneer, was born in Con- 
 necticut, came to Edwardsville, 111., in 1820, and, 
 in 1821, located in Scarritt's Prairie. Madison 
 County. His sons afterward became influential 
 in business and Methodist church circles. Died, 
 Dec. 12, 1847. 
 
 SCENERY, NATURAL. Notwithstanding the 
 i uniformity of surface which characterizes ;i 
 country containing no mountain ranges, but 
 which is made up largely of natural prairies, 
 there are a number of localities in Illinois where 
 scenery of a picturesque, and even bold and 
 rugged character, may be found. One of the 
 most striking of these features is produced by a 
 spur or low range of hills from the Ozark Moun- 
 tains of Missouri, projected across the southern 
 part of the State from the vicinity of Grand 
 
468 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 Tower in Jackson County, through the northern 
 part of Union, and through portions of William- 
 son, Johnson, Saline, Pope and Hardin Counties. 
 Grand Tower, the initial point in the western 
 part of the State, is an isolated cliff of limestone, 
 standing out in the channel of the Mississippi, 
 and forming an island nearly 100 feet above low- 
 water level. It has been a conspicuous landmark 
 for navigators ever since the discovery of the 
 Mississippi. "Fountain Bluff," a few miles 
 above Grand Tower, is another conspicuous point 
 immediately on the river bank, formed by some 
 isolated hills about three miles long by a mile 
 and a half wide, which have withstood the forces 
 that excavated the valley now occupied by the 
 Mississippi. About half a mile from the lower 
 end of this hill, with a low valley between them, 
 is a smaller eminence known as the' "Devil's 
 Bake Oven." The main chain of bluffs, known 
 as the "Back Bone," is about five miles from the 
 river, and rises to a height of nearly 700 feet 
 above low-tide in the Gulf of Mexico, or more 
 than 400 feet above the level of the river at 
 Cairo. "Bald Knob" is a very prominent inland 
 bluff promontory near Alta Pass on the line of 
 the Mobile & Ohio Railroad, in the northern part 
 of Union County, with an elevation above tide- 
 water of 985 feet. The highest point in this 
 range of hills is reached in the northeastern part 
 of Pope County the elevation at that point (as 
 ascertained by Prof. Rolfe of the State University 
 at Champaign) being 1,046 feet. There is some 
 striking scenery in the neighborhood of Grafton 
 between Alton and the mouth of the Illinois, as 
 well as some distance up the latter stream 
 though the landscape along the middle section of 
 the Illinois is generally monotonous or only 
 gently undulating, except at Peoria and a few 
 other points, where bluffs rise to a considerable 
 height. On the Upper Illinois, beginning at 
 Peru, the scenery again becomes picturesque, 
 including the celebrated "Starved Rock," the 
 site of La Salle's Fort St. Louis (which see). 
 This rock rises to a perpendicular height of 
 alxmt 125 feet from the surface of the river at the 
 ordinary stage. On the opposite side of the river, 
 about four miles below Ottawa, is "Buffalo 
 Rock," an isolated ridge of rock about two miles 
 long by forty to sixty rods wide, evidently once 
 an island at a period when the Illinois River 
 occupied the whole valley. Additional interest 
 is given to both these localities by their associ- 
 ation with early history. Deer Park, on the Ver- 
 milion River some two miles from where it 
 empties into the Illinois, just below "Starved 
 
 Rock" is a peculiar grotto-like formation, caused 
 by a ravine which enters the Vermilion at this 
 point. Ascending this ravine from its mouth, 
 for a quarter of a mile, between almost perpen- 
 dicular walls, the road terminates abruptly at a 
 dome-like overhanging rock which widens at this 
 point to about 150 feet in diameter at the base, 
 with a height of about 75 feet. A clear spring 
 of water gushes from the base of the cliff, and, at 
 certain seasons of the year, a beautiul water-fall 
 pours from the cliffs into a little lake at the bot- 
 tom of the chasm. There is much other striking 
 scenery higher up, on both the Illinois and Fox 
 Rivers. A point which arrested the attention of 
 the earliest explorers in this region was Mount 
 Joliet, near the city of that name. It is first 
 mentioned by St. Cosme in 1698, and has been 
 variously known as Monjolly, Mont Jolie, Mount 
 Juliet, and Mount Joliet. It had an elevation, in 
 early times, of about 30 feet -with a level top 
 1,300 by 225 feet. Prof. O. H. Marshall, in "The 
 American Antiquarian," expresses the opinion 
 that, originally, it was an island in the river, 
 which, at a remote period, swept down the valley 
 of the Des Plaines. Mount Joliet was a favorite 
 rallying point of Illinois Indians, who were 
 accustomed to hold their councils at its base. 
 The scenery along Rock River is not striking 
 from its boldness, but it attracted the attention 
 of early explorers by the picturesque beauty of 
 its groves, undulating plains and sheets of water. 
 The highest and most abrupt elevations are met 
 with in Jo Daviess County, near the Wisconsin 
 State line. Pilot Knob, a natural mound about 
 three miles south of Galena and two miles from 
 the Mississippi, has been a landmark well known 
 to tourists and river men ever since the Upper 
 Mississippi began to be navigated. Towering 
 above the surrounding bluffs, it reaches an alti- 
 tude of some 430 feet above the ordinary level of 
 Fever River. A chain of some half dozen of these 
 mounds extends some four or five miles in a north- 
 easterly direction from Pilot Knob, Waddel's and 
 Jackson's Mounds being conspicuous among 
 them. There are also some castellated rocks" 
 around the city of Galena which are very strik- 
 ing. Charles Mound, belonging to the system 
 already referred to, is believed to be the highest 
 elevation in the State. It stands near the Wis- 
 consin State line, and, according to Prof. Rolfe, 
 lias an altitude of 314 feet above the Illinois Cen- 
 tral Railroad at Scales' Mound Station, and, 1,257 
 feet above the Gulf of Mexico. 
 
 SCHAUMBER6, a village in Schaumberg 
 Township, Cook County. Population, ."173. 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 SCHNEIDER, George, journalist and banker, 
 was born at Pirmasens, Bavaria, Dec. 13, 1833. 
 Being sentenced to death for his participation in 
 the attempted rebellion of 1848, he escaped to 
 America in 1849, going from New York to Cleve- 
 land, and afterwards to St. Louis. There, in con- 
 nection with his brother, he established a Herman 
 daily "The New Era" which was intensely 
 anti-slavery anil exerted a decided political influ- 
 ence, especially among persons of German birth. 
 In 1851 he removed to Chicago, where he became 
 editor of "The Stoats Zeitung," in which he 
 vigorously opposed the Kansas- Nebraska bill on 
 its introduction by Senator Douglas. His attitude 
 and articles gave such offense to the partisan 
 friends of this measure, that "The Zeitung" was 
 threatened with destruction by a mob in 1855. 
 He early took advanced ground in opposition to 
 slavery, and was a member of the convention of 
 Anti-Nebraska editors, held at Decatur in 1856, 
 and of the first Republican State Convention, held 
 at Bloomington the same year, as well as of the 
 National Republican Conventions of 1856 and 
 1H60, participating in the nomination of both 
 Jolui C. Fremont and Abraham Lincoln for the 
 Presidency. In 1861 he was a member of the 
 Chicago Union Defense Committee, and was 
 appointed, by Mr. Lincoln, Consul-Geueral at 
 Elsinore, Denmark. Returning to America in 
 1H62, he disposed of his interest in "The Stoats 
 Zeitung" and was appointed the first Collector of 
 Internal Revenue for the Chicago District. On 
 retiring from this office he engaged in banking, 
 subsequently becoming President of the National 
 I tank of Illinois, with which he was associated 
 for a quarter of a century. In 1877 President 
 Hayes tendered him the ministry to Switzerland, 
 which he declined. In 1880 he was chosen Presi- 
 dential Elector for the State-at -large, also serving 
 for a number of years as a member of the Repub- 
 lican State Central Committee. 
 
 SCHOFIELD, John McAllister, Major-General, 
 was born in Chautauqua County, N. Y., Sept 29, 
 1831; brought to Bristol, Kendall County, 111., in 
 1843, and, two years later, removed to Freeport; 
 graduated from the United States Military Acad- 
 emy, in 1853, as classmate of Generals McPherson 
 and Sheridan : was assigned to the artillery ser- 
 vice and served two years in Florida, after which 
 he spent five years (1855-60) as an instructor at 
 West Point. At the beginning of the Civil War 
 lie was on leave of absence, acting as Professor 
 of Physics in Washington University at St. 
 Louis, but, waiving his leave, he at once returned 
 to duty and was appointed mustering officer; 
 
 then, by permission of the War Department, 
 entered the First Missouri Volunteers as Major, 
 serving as Chief of Staff to General Lyon in the 
 early battles in Missouri, including Wilson's 
 Creek. His subsequent career included the 
 organization of the Missouri State Militia (1862), 
 command of the Army of the Frontier in South- 
 west Missouri, command of the Department of 
 the Missouri and Ohio, participation in the 
 Atlanta campaign and co-operation with Sher- 
 man in the capture of the rebel Gen. Joseph E. 
 Johnston in North Carolina his army having 
 been transferred for this purpose, from Tennessee 
 by way of Washington. After the close of the 
 war he went on a special mission to Mexico 
 to investigate the French occupation of that 
 country ; was commander of the Department of 
 the Potomac, and served as Secretary of War, by 
 appointment of President Johnson, from June, 
 1868, to March, 1869. On retiring from the Cabi- 
 net he was commissioned a full Major-General 
 and held various Division and Department com- 
 mands until 1886, when, on the death of General 
 Sherman, he succeeded to the command of the 
 Army, with headquarters at Washington. 
 He was retired under the age limit, Sept. 29, 
 1895. His present home is in Washington. 
 
 SCHOLFIELD, John, jurist, was born in Clark 
 County, 111. , in 1834 ; acquired the rudiments of 
 an education in the common schools during boy- 
 hood, meanwhile gaining some knowledge of the 
 higher branches through toilsome application to 
 text-books without a preceptor. At the age of 
 20 he entered the law school at Louisville, Ky . 
 graduating two years later, and beginning prac- 
 tice at Marshall, 111. He defrayed his expenses 
 at the law school from the proceeds of the sale of 
 a small piece of land to which he had fallen heir. 
 In 1856 he was elected State's Attorney, and, in 
 1860, was chosen to represent his county in the 
 Legislature.. After serving one term he returned 
 to his professional career and succeeded in build- 
 ing up a profitable practice. In 1869-70 he repre- 
 sented Clark and Cumberland Counties in the 
 Constitutional Convention, and, in 1870, became 
 Solicitor for the Vandalia Railroad. In 1873 he 
 was elected to fill the vacancy on the bench of the 
 Supreme Court of the State for the Middle Grand 
 Division, caused by the resignation of Judge 
 Anthony Thornton, and re-elected without oppo- 
 sition in 1879 and 1888. Died, in office, Feb. 13, 
 1893. It lias been claimed that President Cleve- 
 land would have tendered him the Chief Justice- 
 ship of the United States Supreme Court, had he 
 not insistently declined to accept the honor. 
 
470 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OP ILLINOIS. 
 
 SCHOOL-HOUSES, EARLY. The primitive 
 school-houses of Illinois were built of logs, and 
 were extremely rude, as regards both structure 
 and furnishing. Indeed, the earliest pioneers 
 rarely erected a special building to be used as a 
 school-house. An old smoke-house, an abandoned 
 dwelling, an old block-house, or the loft or one 
 end of a settler's cabin not unf requently answered 
 the purpose, and the church and the court-house 
 were often made to accommodate the school. 
 When a school- house, as such, was to be built, the 
 men of the district gathered at the site selected, 
 bringing their axes and a few other tools, with 
 their ox-teams, and devoted four or five days to 
 constructing a house into which, perhaps, not a 
 nail was driven. Trees were cut from the public 
 lands, and, without hewing, fashioned into a 
 cabin. Sixteen feet square was usually con- 
 sidered the proper dimensions. In the walls 
 were cut two holes, one for a door to admit light 
 iind air, and the other for the open fireplace, from 
 which rose a chimney, usually built of sticks and 
 mud, on the outside. Danger of fire was averted 
 by thickly lining' the inside of the chimney with 
 clay mortar. Sometimes, but only with great 
 labor, stone was substituted for mortar made 
 from the clay soil. The chimneys were always 
 wide, seldom less than six feet, and sometimes 
 extending across one entire end of the building. 
 The fuel used was wood cut directly from the 
 forest, frequently in its green state, dragged to 
 the spot in the form of logs or entire trees to )>e 
 cut by the older pupils in lengths suited to the 
 width of the chimney. Occasionally there was 
 no chimney, the fire, in some of the most primi- 
 tive structures, being built on the earth and the 
 smoke escaping through a hole in the roof. In 
 such houses a long board was set up on the wind- 
 ward side, and shifted from side to side as the 
 wind varied. Stones or logs answered for 
 andirons, clapboards served its shovels, and no 
 one complained of the lack of tongs. Roofs were 
 made of roughly split clapl>oards, held in place 
 by "weight poles" laid on the boards, and by sup- 
 ports starting from "eaves i>oles.'' The space 
 between the logs, which constituted the walls of 
 the building, was filled in with blocks of wood 
 or "chinking," and the crevices, both exterior 
 and interior, daubed over with clay mortar, in 
 which straw was sometimes mixed to increase its 
 adhesiveness. On one side of the structure one 
 or two logs were sometimes cut out to allow the 
 admission of light; and, as glass could not always 
 be procured, rain and snow were excluded and 
 light admitted by the use of greased paper. Over 
 
 this space a board, attached to the outer wall by 
 leather hinges, was sometimes suspended to keep 
 out the storms. The placing of a glass window 
 in a country school-house at Edwardsville, in 
 1834, was considered an important event. Ordi- 
 narily the floor was of the natural earth, although 
 this was sometimes covered with a layer of clay, 
 firmly packed down. Only the more pretentious 
 school-houses had "puncheon floors"; i. e., floors 
 made of split logs roughly hewn. Few had 
 "ceilings" (so-called), the latter being usually 
 made of clapboards, sometimes of bark, on which 
 was spread earth, to keep out the cold. The 
 seats were also of puncheons (without backs) 
 supported on four legs made of pieces of ]>oles 
 inserted through augur holes. No one had a desk, 
 except the advanced pupils who were learning to 
 write. For their convenience a broader and 
 smoother puncheon was fastened into the wall 
 by wooden pins, in such a way that it would 
 slope downward toward the pupil, the front being 
 supported by a brace extending from the wall. 
 When a pupil was writing he faced the wall. 
 When he had finished this task, he "reversed him- 
 self" and faced the teacher and his schoolmates. 
 These adjuncts completed the furnishings, with 
 the exception of a split-bottomed chair for the 
 teacher (who seldom had a desk) and a pail, or 
 "piggin," of water, with a gourd for a drinking 
 cup. Rough and uncouth as these structures 
 were, they were evidences of public spirit and of 
 appreciation of the advantages of education. 
 They were built and maintained by mutual aid 
 and sacrifice, and, in them, some of the great men 
 of the State and Nation obtained that primary 
 training which formed the foundation of their 
 subsequent careers. (See Education.) 
 
 SCHUYLER COUNTY, located in the western 
 portion of the State, has an area of 4130 square 
 miles, and was named for Gen. Philip Schuyler. 
 The first American settlers arrived in 1823. ami, 
 among the earliest pioneers, were Calvin HoUirt, 
 William H. Taylor and Orris McCartney. The 
 county was organized from a portion of I'ike 
 County, in 1825, the first Commissioners being 
 Thomas Blair, Thomas McKee and Samuel Ilor- 
 ney. The Commissioners appointed to locate the 
 county-scat, selected a site in the eastern part of 
 the county about one mile west of the present 
 village of Pleasant View, to which the name of 
 Beardstown was given, and where the earliest 
 court was held, Judge John York Sawyer presid- 
 ing, with Hart Fellows as Clerk, and Orris Mc- 
 Cartney, Sheriff. This location, however, proving 
 unsatisfactory, new Commissioners were ap- 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 471 
 
 pointed, who, in the early part of 1826, selected 
 the present site of the city of Rushville, some 
 five miles west of the point originally chosen. 
 The new seat of justice was first called Rushton, 
 in honor of Dr. Benjamin Rush, but the name 
 was afterwards changed to Rushville. Ephraim 
 Eggleston was the pioneer of Rushville. The 
 surface of the county is rolling, and the region 
 contains excellent farming land, which is well 
 watered by the Illinois River and numerous 
 creeks. Population (1890), 16,013; (1900), 16,129. 
 
 SCHWATKA, Frederick, Arctic explorer, was 
 born at Galena, 111., Sept. 29, 1849; graduated 
 from the United States Military Academy in 1871, 
 and was commissioned Second Lieutenant in the 
 Third Cavalry, serving on the frontier until 1877, 
 meantime studying law and medicine, being 
 admitted to the bar in 1875, and graduating in 
 medicine in 1876. Having his interest excited by 
 reports of traces of Sir John Franklin's expedi- 
 tion, found by the Esquimaux, he obtained leave 
 of absence in 1878, and, with Win. H. Gilder as 
 second in command, sailed from New York in the 
 "Eothen," June 19, for King William's Land. 
 The party returned, Sept. 22, 1880, having found 
 and buried the skeletons of many of Franklin's 
 party, besides discovering relics which tended to 
 clear up the mystery of their fate. During this 
 period he made a sledge journey of 3,251 miles. 
 Again, in 1883, he headed an exploring expedition 
 up the Yukon River. After a brief return to 
 army duty he tendered his resignation in 1885, 
 and the next year led a special expedition to 
 Alaska, under the auspices of "The New York 
 Times,'' later making a voyage of discovery 
 among the Aleutian Islands. In 1889 he con- 
 ducted an expedition to Northern Mexico, where 
 he found many interesting relics of Aztec civili- 
 zation and of the cliff and cave-dwellers. He 
 received the Roquette Arctic Medal from the 
 Geographical Society of Paris, and a medal from 
 the Imperial Geographical Society of Russia : also 
 published several volumes relating to his re- 
 searches, under the titles, "Along Alaska's 
 Great River''; "The Franklin Search Under 
 Lieutenant Schwatka" ; "Nimrod of the North" ; 
 and "Children of the Cold." Died, at Portland, 
 Ore., Nov. 2, 1892. 
 
 SCOTT, James W., journalist, was born in 
 Walworth County, Wis., June 26, 1849, the son 
 of a printer, editor and publisher. While a boy 
 he accompanied- his father to Galena, where the 
 latter established a newspaper, and where he 
 learned the printer's trade. After graduating 
 from the Galena high school, he entered Beloit 
 
 College, but left at the end of his sophomore year. 
 Going to NewYork, he became interested in flori- 
 culture, at the same time contributing short 
 articles to horticultural periodicals. Later he 
 was a compositor in Washington. His first news- 
 paper venture was the publication of a weekry 
 newspaper in Maryland in 1872. Returning to 
 Illinois, conjointly with his father he started 
 "The Industrial Press" at Galena, but, in 1875. 
 removed to Chicago. There he purchased "The 
 Daily National Hotel Reporter," from which he 
 withdrew a few years later. In May, 1881, in 
 conjunction with others, he organized The Chi- 
 cago Herald Company, in which he ultimately 
 secured a, controlling interest. His journalistic 
 and executive capability soon brought additional 
 responsibilities. He was chosen President of the 
 American Newspaper Publishers' Association, of 
 the Chicago Press Club, and of the United Press 
 the latter being an organization for the collec- 
 tion and dissemination of telegraphic news to 
 journals throughout the United States and Can- 
 ada. He was also conspicuously connected with 
 the preliminary organization of the World's 
 Columbian Exposition, and Chairman of the 
 Press Committee. In 1893 he started an evening 
 paper at Chicago, which he named "The Post.' 1 
 Early in 1895 he purchased "The Chicago Times. " 
 intending to consolidate it with "The Herald." 
 but before the final consummation of his plans, 
 he died suddenly, while on a business visit in 
 New York, April 14. 1895. 
 
 SCOTT, John M., lawyer and jurist, was born 
 in St. Clair County, 111., August 1, 1834; his 
 father being of Scotch-Irish descent and his 
 mother a Virginian. His attendance upon dis- 
 trict schools was supplemented by private tuition, 
 and his early education was the best that the 
 comparatively new country afforded. He read 
 law at Belleville, was admitted to the bar in 
 1848, removed to McLean County, which con- 
 tinued to be his home for nearly fifty years. He 
 served as County School Commissioner from 1849 
 to 1852, and, in the latter year, was elected County 
 Judge. In 1856 he was an unsuccessful Repub- 
 lican candidate for the State Senate, frequently 
 speaking from the same platform with Abraham 
 Lincoln. In 1862 he was elected Judge of the 
 Circuit Court of the Eighth Judicial Circuit, to 
 succeed David Davis on the elevation of the 
 latter to the bench of the United States Supreme 
 Court, and was re-elected in 1867. In 1870, a 
 new judicial election being rendered necessary 
 by the adoption of the new Constitution, Judge 
 Scott was chosen Justice of the Supreme Court 
 
472 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 for a term of nine years ; was re-elected in 1879, 
 but declined a renomination in 1888. The latter 
 years of his life were devoted to his private 
 affairs. Died, at Bloomington, Jan. 21, 1898. 
 Shortly before his death Judge Scott published a 
 volume containing a History of the Illinois 
 Supreme Court, including brief sketches of the 
 early occupants of the Supreme Court bench and 
 early lawyers of the State. 
 
 SCOTT, Matthew Thompson, agriculturist 
 and real-estate operator, was born at Lexington, 
 Ky., Feb. 24, 1828; graduated at Centre College 
 in 1846, then spent several years looking after his 
 father's landed interests in Ohio, when he came 
 to Illinois and invested largely in lands for him- 
 self and others. He laid out the town of Chenoa 
 in 1856; lived in Springfield in 1870-72, when he 
 removed to Bloomington, where he organized the 
 McLean County Coal Company, remaining as its 
 head until his death; was also the founder of 
 "The Bloomington Bulletin," in 1878. Died, at 
 Bloomington, May 21, 1891. 
 
 SCOTT, Owen, journalist and ex-Congressmau, 
 was born in Jackson Township, Effingham 
 County, 111., July 6, 1848, reared on a farm, and, 
 after receiving a thorough common-school edu- 
 cation, became a teacher, and was, for eight 
 years, Superintendent of Schools for his native 
 county. In January, 1874, he was admitted to 
 the bar, but abandoned practice, ten years later, 
 to engage in newspaper work. His first publi- 
 cation was "The Effingham Democrat, " which he 
 left to become proprietor and manager of "The 
 Bloomington Bulletin." He was also publisher 
 of "The Illinois Freemason," a monthly periodi- 
 cal. Before removing to Bloomington he filled 
 the offices of City Attorney and Mayor of Effing- 
 ham, and also served as Deputy Collector of 
 Internal Revenue. In 1890 he was elected as a 
 Democrat from the Fourteenth Illinois District 
 to the Fifty-second Congress. In 1892 he was a 
 candidate for re-election, but was defeated by his 
 Republican opponent, Benjamin F. Funk. Dur- 
 ing the past few years, Mr. Scott has been editor 
 of "The Bloomington Leader." 
 
 SCOTT COUNTY, lies in the western part of 
 the State adjoining the Illinois River, and has an 
 area of 248 square miles. The region was origi- 
 nally owned by the Kickapoo Indians, who 
 ceded it to the Government by the treaty of 
 Edwardsville, July 30, 1819. Six months later 
 (in January, 1820) a party of Kentuckians settled 
 near Lynnville (now in Morgan County), their 
 names being Thomas Stevens, James Scott, 
 Alfred Miller, Thomas Allen, John Scott and 
 
 Adam Miller. Allen erected the first house in the 
 county, John Scott the second and Adam Miller 
 the third. About the same time came Stephen 
 M. Umpstead, whose wife was the first white 
 woman in the county. Other pioneers were 
 Jedediah Webster, Stephen Pierce, Joseph Dens- 
 more, Jesse Roberts, and Samuel Bogard. The 
 country was rough and the conveniences of civi- 
 lization few and remote. Settlers took their corn 
 to Edwardsville to be ground, and went to Alton 
 for their mail. Turbulence early showed itself, 
 and, in 1822, a band of "Regulators" was organized 
 from the best citizens, who meted out a rough 
 and ready sort of justice, until 1830, occasionally 
 shooting a desperado at his cabin door. Scott 
 County was cut off from Morgan and organized 
 in 1839. It contains good farming land, much of 
 it being originally timbered, and it is well 
 watered by the Illinois River and numerous 
 small streams. Winchester is the county-seat. 
 Population of the county (1880), 10,741; (1890), 
 10,304; (1900), 10,455. 
 
 SCRIPPS, John L., journalist, was born near 
 Cape Girardeau, Mo., Feb. 18, 1818; was taken to 
 Rushville. Ill, in childhood, and educated at 
 McKendree College; studied law and came to 
 Chicago in 1847, with the intention of practicing, 
 but, a year or so later, bought a third interest in 
 "The Chicago Tribune," which had been estab- 
 lished during the previous year. In 1852 he 
 withdrew from "The Tribune," and, in conjunc- 
 tion with William Bross (afterwards Lieuten- 
 ant-Go vernor), established "The Daily Demo- 
 cratic Press." which was consolidated with "The 
 Tribune" in July, 1858, under the name of "The 
 Press and Tribune," Mr. Scripps remaining one 
 of the editors of the new concern. IB 1861 he 
 was appointed, by Mr. Lincoln, Postmaster of the 
 city of Chicago, serving until 1865, when, having 
 sold his interest in "The Tribune," he engaged in 
 the banking business as a member of the firm of 
 Scripps, Preston & Kean. His health, however, 
 soon showed signs of failure, and he died, Sept. 
 21, 1866, at Minneaiwlis, Minn., whither he had 
 gone in hopes of restoration. Mr. Scripps was a 
 finished and able writer who did much to elevate 
 the standard of Chicago journalism. 
 
 SCROGGS, George, journalist, was born at 
 Wilmington, Clinton, County, Ohio, Oct. 7, 1842 
 the son of Dr. John W. Scroggs, who came to 
 Champaign County, 111., in 1851, and, in 1858, 
 took charge of "The Central Illinois Gazette." In 
 1866-67 Dr. Scroggs was active in securing the 
 location of the State University at Champaign, 
 afterwards serving as a member of the first Board 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 473 
 
 of Trustees of that institution. The son, at the 
 age of 15, became an apprentice in his father's 
 printing office, continuing until 1862, when he 
 enlisted as a private in the One Hundred and 
 Twenty-fifth Illinois Volunteer Infantry, being 
 promoted through the positions of Sergeant-Major 
 and Second Lieutenant, and finally serving on 
 the staffs of Gen. Jeff. C. Davis and Gen. James 
 D. Morgan, but declining a commission as Adju- 
 tant of the Sixtieth Illinois. He participated in 
 the battles of Perry ville, Chickamauga, Mission 
 Ridge and the march with Sherman to the sea, in 
 the latter being severely wounded at Bentonville, 
 N. C. He remained in the service until July, 
 1865, when he resigned; then entered the Uni- 
 rersity at Champaign, later studied law, mean- 
 while writing for "The Champaign Gazette and 
 Union," of which he finally became sole propri- 
 etor. In 1877 he was appointed an Aid-de-Camp 
 on the staff of Governor Cullom. and, the follow- 
 ing year, was elected to the Thirty-first General 
 Assembly, but, before the close of the session 
 (1879), received the appointment of United States 
 Consul to Hamburg, Germany. He was com- 
 pelled to surrender this position, a year later, on 
 account of ill-health, and, returning home, died, 
 Oct. 15, 1880. 
 
 SEATONVILLE, a village in Hall Township. 
 Bureau County. Population (1900), 909. 
 , SECRETARIES OF STATE. The following is 
 a list of the Secretaries of State of Illinois from 
 its admission into the Union down to the present 
 time (1899), with the date and duration of the 
 term of each incumbent: Elias Kent Kane, 
 1818-22; Samuel D. Lockwood. 1822-23: David 
 Blackwell, 1823-24; Morris Birkbeck, October, 
 1824 to January, 1825 (failed of confirmation by 
 the Senate); George Forquer, 1825-28; Alexander 
 Pope Field, 1828-40; Stephen A. Douglas, 1840-41 
 (served three months resigned to take a seat on 
 the Supreme bench); Lyman Trumbull, 1841-43; 
 Thompson Campbell, 1843-46; Horace S. Cooley, 
 1846-50; David L. Gregg, 1850-53; Alexander 
 Star iif. 1853-57 : Ozias M. Hatch, 1857-65 ; Sharon 
 Tyndale, 1865-69; Edward Rummel, 1869-73; 
 George H. Harlow, 1873-81; Henry D. Dement, 
 1881-89; Isaac N. Pearson. 1889-93; William H. 
 
 Hinrichsen, 1893-97; James A. Rose, 1897 . 
 
 Nathaniel Pope and Joseph Phillips were the only 
 Secretaries of Illinois during the Territorial 
 period, the former serving from 1809 to 1816, and 
 the latter from 1816 to 1818. Under the first Con- 
 stitution (1818) the office of the Secretary of 
 State was filled by appointment by the Governor, 
 by and with the advice and consent of the 
 
 Senate, but without limitation as to term of 
 office. By the Constitution of 1848, and again by 
 that of 1870, that officer was made elective by 
 the people at the same time as the Governor, for 
 a term of four years. 
 
 SECRET TREASONABLE SOCIETIES. Early 
 in the War of the Rebellion there sprang up, at 
 various points in the Northwest, organizations of 
 persons disaffected toward the National Govern- 
 ment. They were most numerous in Ohio, Indi- 
 ana, Illinois, Kentucky and Missouri. At first 
 they were known by such titles as "Circles of 
 Honor," "Mutual Protective Associations," etc. 
 But they had kindred aims and their members 
 were soon united in one organization, styled 
 "Knights of the Golden Circle." Its secrets 
 having been partially disclosed, this body ceased 
 to exist or, it would be more correct to say, 
 changed its name being soon succeeded (1863) 
 by an organization of similar character, called 
 the "American Knights." These societies, as 
 first formed, were rather political than military. 
 The "American Knights" had more forcible 
 aims, but this, in turn, was also exposed, and the 
 order was re-organized under the name of "Sons 
 of Liberty." The last named order started in 
 Indiana, and, owing to its more perfect organ i 
 zation, rapidly spread over the Northwest, 
 acquiring much more strength and influence than 
 its predecessors had done. The ultimate author- 
 ity of the organization was vested in a Supreme 
 Council, whose officers were a "supreme com- 
 mander," "secretary of state, "and "treasurer" 
 Each State represented formed a division, under a 
 "deputy grand commander." States were divided 
 into military districts, under "major-general,. " 
 County lodges were termed "temples." The 
 order was virtually an officered army, and its 
 aims were aggressive. It had its conuuauder-in- 
 chief. its brigades and its regiments. Three 
 degrees were recognized, and the oaths of secrecy 
 taken at each initiation surpassed, in binding 
 force, either the oath of allegiance or an oath 
 taken in a court of justice. The maintenance of 
 slavery, and forcible opposition to a coercive 
 policy by the Government in dealing with seces- 
 sion, were the pivotal doctrines of the order. Its 
 methods and purposes were to discourage enlist- 
 ments and resist a draft; to aid and protect 
 deserters: to disseminate treasonable literature; 
 to aid the Confederates in destroying Government 
 property. Clement L. Vallandigham, the expat- 
 riated traitor, was at its head, and, in 1864, 
 claimed that it had a numerical strength of 400,- 
 000, of whom 65,000 were in Illinois. Many overt 
 
474 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 acts were committed, but the organization, hav- 
 ing been exposed and defeated in its objects, dis- 
 banded in 1865. (See Camp Douglas Conspiracy. ) 
 SELKY, Paul, editor, was born in Pickaway 
 County, Ohio, July 20, 1825; removed with his 
 parents, in 1837. to Van Buren County, Iowa, but, 
 at the age of 19, went to Southern Illinois, where 
 he spent four years teaching, chiefly in Madison 
 County. In 1848 he entered the preparatory 
 department of Illinois College at Jacksonville, 
 but left the institution during his junior year to 
 assume the editorship of 'The Morgan Journal," 
 at Jacksonville, with which he remained until 
 the fall of 1858, covering the period of the 
 organization of the Republican party, in which 
 "The Journal" took an active part. He was a 
 member of the Anti-Nebraska (afterwards known 
 as Republican) State Convention, which met at 
 Springfield, in October. 1854 (the first ever held in 
 the State), and, on Feb. 22, 1856, attended and 
 presided over a conference of Anti-Nebraska 
 editors of the State at Decatur, called to devise a 
 line of policy for the newly organizing Repub- 
 lican party. (See Anti-A'ebrtiska Editorial 
 Convention.) This body appointed the first 
 Republican State Central Committee and desig- 
 nated the date of the Bloomington Convention 
 of May 29, following, which put in nomination 
 the first Republican State ticket ever named in 
 Illinois, which ticket was elected in the following 
 November (See Bloomington Convention.) In 
 1859 he prepared a pamphlet giving a history of 
 the celebrated Canal scrip fraud, which was 
 widely circulated. (See Canal Scrip Fraud. ) 
 Going South in the fall of 1859, he was engaged 
 in teaching in the State of Louisiana until the 
 last of June, 1801. Just two weeks before the 
 fall of Fort Sumter he was denounced to his 
 Southern neighbors as an "abolitionist" and 
 falsely cliarged with having been connected with 
 the "underground railroad," in letters from 
 secession sympathizers in the North, whose per- 
 sonal and political enmity he had incurred while 
 conducting a Republican paper in Illinois, some 
 of whom referred to Jefferson Davis, Senator 
 Slidell, of Louisiana, and other Southern leaders 
 as vouchers for their characters. He at once 
 invited an investigation by the Board of Trus- 
 tees of the institution, of which he was the 
 Principal, when that body although composed, 
 for the most part, of Southern men on the basis 
 of testimonials from prominent citizens of Jack 
 sonville, and other evidence, adopted resolutions 
 declaring the charges prompted by personal hos- 
 tility, and delivered the letters of his accusers into 
 
 his hands. Returning North with his family in 
 July, 1861, he spent some nine months in the com- 
 missary and transportation branches of the ser- 
 vice at Cairo and at Paducah, Ky. In July, 1862, 
 he became associate editor of "The Illinois State 
 Journal" at Springfield, remaining until Novem- 
 ber, 1865. The next six months were spent as 
 Assistant Deputy Collector in the Custom House 
 at New Orleans, but, returning North in June, 
 1866, he soon after became identified with the 
 Chicago press, serving, first upon the staff of "The 
 Evening Journal" and, later, on "The Repub- 
 lican." In May, 1868, he assumed the editorship 
 of "The Quincy Whig," ultimately becoming 
 part proprietor of that paper, but, in January. 
 1874, resumed his old place on "The State Jour 
 nal," four years later becoming one of its propri- 
 etors. In 1880 he was appointed by President 
 Hayes Postmaster of Springfield, was reappointed 
 by Arthur in 1884, but resigned in 1886. Mean 
 while he had sold his interest in "The Journal," 
 but the following year organized a new company 
 for its purchase, when he resumed his former 
 position as editor. In 1889 he disposed of his 
 holding in "The Journal," finally removing to 
 Chicago, where he has been employed in literary 
 work. In all he has been engaged in editorial 
 work over thirty-five years, of which eighteen 
 were spent upon "The State Journal." In 1860 
 Mr. Selby was complimented by his Alma Mater 
 with the honorary degree of A. M. He has been 
 twice married, first to Miss Erra Post, of Spring- 
 field, who died in November. 1865, leaving two 
 daughters, and, in 1870, to Mrs. Mary J. Hitch- 
 cock, of Quincy, by whom he had two children. 
 i >t h of whom died in infancy. 
 
 SEMPLE, James, United States Senator, was 
 born in Green County, Ky . , Jan. 5, 1798, of Scotch 
 descent ; after learning the tanner's trade, studied 
 law and emigrated to Illinois in 1818, removing 
 to Missouri four years later, where he was ad- 
 mitted to the bar. Returning to Illinois in 1828. 
 lie began practice at Edwardsville. but later 
 became a citizen of Alton. During the Black 
 Hawk War he served as Brigadier-General. He 
 was thrice elected to the lower house of the 
 Legislature (1832, '34 and 36). and was Speaker 
 during the last two terms. In 1833 he was 
 elected Attorney-General by the Legislature, but 
 served only until the following year, and, in 
 1837, was appointed Minister to Granada, South 
 America. In 1843 he was appointed, and after- 
 wards elected. United States Senator to fill the 
 unexpired term of Samuel McRoberts, at the 
 expiration of his term (1847) retiring to private 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 475 
 
 life. He laid out the town of Elsah, in Jersey 
 County, just south of which lie owned a large 
 estate on the Mississippi bluffs, where he died. 
 Dec. 20, 1866. 
 
 SENECA (formerly Crotty). a village of La 
 Salle County, situated on the Illinois River, the 
 Illinois & Michigan Canal and the Chicago, Rock 
 Island & Pacific and the Cleveland, Cincinnati, 
 Chicago & St. Louis Railways, 13 miles east of 
 Ottawa. It has a graded school, several 
 churches, a bank, some manufactures, grain 
 warehouses, coal mines, telephone system and 
 one newspaper. Pop. (1890), 1,190; (1900), 1,036. 
 
 SK\\. (Dr.) Nicholas, physican and surgeon, 
 was born in the Canton of St. Gaul. Switzerland, 
 Oct. 31. 1844; was brought to America at 8 years 
 of age, his parents settling at Washington, Wis. 
 He received a grammar school education at Fond 
 du Lac, and, in 1864. began the study of medi- 
 cine, graduating at the Chicago Medical College 
 in 1868. After some eighteen months spent as 
 resident physician in the Cook County Hospital. 
 he began practice at Ashford, Wis., but removed 
 to Milwaukee in 1874, where he became attending 
 physician of the Milwaukee Hospital. In 18TT he 
 visited Europe, graduated the following year from 
 the University of Munich, and. on his return, 
 became Professor of the Principles of Surgery 
 and Surgical Pathology in Rusli Medical College 
 in Chicago also has held the chair of the Prac- 
 tice of Surgery in the same institution. Dr. 
 Senn has achieved great success and won an 
 international reputation in the treatment of 
 difficult cases of abdominal surgery. He is the 
 author of a number of volumes on different 
 branches of surgery which are recognized as 
 standard authorities. A few years ago he pur- 
 chased the extensive library of the late Dr. Will- 
 iam Baum, Professor of Surgery in the University 
 of Gottingen, which he presented to the New- 
 berry Library of Chicago. In 1H9U, Dr. Senn was 
 appointed Surgeon -General of the Illinois 
 National Guard, and has also lieen President of 
 the Association of Military Surgeons of the 
 National Guard of the United States, besides 
 being identified with various other medical 
 bodies. Soon after the beginning of the Spanish- 
 American War. he was appointed, by President 
 McKinley, a Surgeon of Volunteers with the rank 
 of Colonel, and rendered most efficient aid in the 
 military branch of the service at Cump Chicka- 
 mauga and in the Santiago campaign. 
 
 SEXTON, (Col.) James A., Commander-in- 
 Chief of Grand Army of the Republic, was born 
 in the city of Chicago, Jan. 5, 1844; in April. 
 
 1861. being then only a little over IT, enlisted as a 
 private soldier under the first call for troops 
 issued by President Lincoln ; at the close of his 
 term was appointed a Sergeant, with authority to 
 recruit a company which afterwards was attached 
 to the Fifty -first Volunteer Infantry. Later, he 
 was transferred to the Sixty -seventh with the 
 rank of Lieuteuant, and, a few months after, to 
 the Seventy -second with a commission as Captain 
 of Company I), which he had recruited. As com- 
 mander of his regiment, then constituting a part 
 of the Seventeenth Army Corps, he participated 
 in the battles of Columbia. Duck Creek, Spring 
 Hill, Franklin and Nashville, and in the Nash 
 ville campaign. Both at Nashville and Franklin 
 he was wounded, and again, at Spanish Fort, by a 
 piece of shell which broke his leg. His regiment 
 took part in seven battles and eleven skirmishes, 
 and. while it went out 907 strong in officers and 
 men. it returned with only 332. all told, although 
 it had been recruited by 234 men. He was known 
 as "The boy Captain," being only 18 years old 
 when he received his first commission, and 21 
 when, after participating in the Mobile cam- 
 paign, he was mustered out with the rank of 
 Lieutenant-Colonel. After the close of the war 
 he engaged in planting in the South, purchasing 
 a plantation in Lowndes County. Ala., but. in 
 1867, returned to Chicago, where he became a 
 member of the firm of Cribben. Sexton & Co., 
 stove manufacturers, from which he retired in 
 1898. In 1884 he served as Presidential Elector 
 on the Republican ticket for the Fourth District, 
 and. in 1889, was appointed, by President Harrison. 
 Postmaster of the city of Chicago, serving over 
 five years. In 1888 he was chosen Department 
 Commander of the Grand Army of the Republic 
 for the State of Illinois, and. ten years later, to 
 the position of Commander-in-Chief of the order, 
 which he held- at the time of his death. He had 
 also been, for a number of years, one of the Trus- 
 tees of the Soldiers' and Sailors' Home at Quincy, 
 and, during most of the time, President of the 
 Board. Towards the close of the year 1898, he 
 was appointed by President McKinley a member 
 of the Commission to investigate the conduct of 
 the Spanish-American War, but. before the Com- 
 mission had concluded its labors, was taken with 
 "the grip." which developed into pneumonia, 
 from which he died in Washington, Feb. 5, 189ft. 
 SEYMOUR, Weorge Franklin, Protestant Epis- 
 copal Bishop, was born in New York City, Jan. 5. 
 1829; graduated from Columbia College in 1850, 
 and from the General Theological Seminary 
 (New York) in 1854. He received both minor 
 
47G 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 and major orders at the hands of Bishop Potter, 
 being made deacon in 1854 and ordained priest in 
 1855. For several years he was engaged in mis- 
 sionary work. During this period he was promi- 
 nently identified with the founding of St. 
 Stephen's College. After serving as rector in 
 various parishes, in 1865 he was made Professor 
 of Ecclesiastical History in the New York Semi- 
 nary, and, ten years later, was chosen Dean of 
 the institution, still retaining his professorship. 
 Racine College conferred upon him the degree of 
 S.T.D., in 1867, and Columbia that of LL.D. in 
 1878. In 1874 he was elected Bishop of Illinois, 
 but failed of confirmation in the House of Depu- 
 ties. Upon the erection of the new diocese of 
 Springfield (1877) he accepted and was conse- 
 crated Bishop at .Trinity Church, N. Y., June 11, 
 1878. He was a prominent member of the Third 
 Pan-Anglican Council (London, 1885), and has 
 done much to foster the growth and extend the 
 influence of his church in his diocese. 
 
 SHABBONA, a village of De Kalb County, on 
 the Iowa Division of the Chicago, Burlington & 
 Quincy Railroad, 25 miles west of Aurora. 
 Population (1890), 502; (1900), 587. 
 
 Sll AHOV.V (or Shabbona), an Ottawa Chief, 
 was born near the Maumee River, in Ohio, about 
 1775, and served under Tecumseh from 1807 to 
 the battle of the Thames in 1813. In 1810 he 
 accompanied Tecumseh and Capt. Billy Caldwell 
 (see Sauganasti) to the homes of the Pottawato- 
 mies and other tribes within the present limits of 
 Illinois and Wisconsin, to secure their co-oper- 
 ation in driving the white settlers out of the 
 country. At the battle of the Thames, he was by 
 the side of Tecumseh when he fell, and both he 
 and Caldwell, losing faith in their British allies, 
 soon after submitted to the United States through 
 General Cass at Detroit. Shabona was opposed 
 to Black Hawk in 1832. and did much to thwart 
 the plans of the latter and aid the whites. Hav- 
 ing married a daughter of a Pottawatomie chief, 
 who had a village on the Illinois River east of 
 the present city of Ottawa, he lived there for 
 some time, but finally removed 25 miles north to 
 Shabona's Grove in De Kalb County. Here lie 
 remained till 1837, when he removed to Western 
 Missouri. Black Hawk's followers having a 
 reservation near by, hostilities began between 
 them, in which a son and nephew of Shabona 
 were killed. He finally returned to his old home 
 in Illinois, but found it occupied by whites, who 
 drove him from the grove that bore his name. 
 Some friends then bought for him twenty acres 
 of land on Mazon Creek, near Morris, where he 
 
 died, July 27, 1859. He is described as a noble 
 specimen of his race. A life of him has been 
 published by N. Matson (Chicago, 1878). 
 
 SHANNON, a village of Carroll County, on the 
 Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railway, 18 miles 
 southwest of Freeport. It is an important trade 
 center, has a bank and one newspaper. Popu- 
 lation (1890), 591; (1900), 678. 
 
 SHAW, Aaron, former Congressman, born in 
 Orange County, N. Y., in 1811; was educated at 
 the Montgomery Academy, studied law and was 
 admitted to the bar at Goshen in that State. In 
 1833 he removed to Lawrence County, 111. He 
 has held various important public offices. He 
 was a member of the first Internal Improvement 
 Convention of the State; was chosen State's 
 Attorney by the Legislature, in which body he 
 served two terms; served four years as Judge of 
 the Twenty-fifth Judicial Circuit; was elected to 
 the Thirty-fifth Congress in 1856, and to the 
 Forty-eighth in 1882, as a Democrat. 
 
 SHAW, James, lawyer, jurist, was born in Ire- 
 land, May 3, 1832, brought to this country in in- 
 fancy and grew up on a farm in Cass County, 111. : 
 graduated from Illinois College in 1857, and. after 
 admission to the bar, began practice at Mount 
 Carroll. In 1870 he was elected to the lower 
 house of the General Assembly, being re-elected 
 in 1872, '76 and '78. He was Speaker of the 
 House during the session of 1877, and one of the 
 Republican leaders on the floor during the suc- 
 ceeding session. In 1872 he was chosen a Presi- 
 dential Elector, and, in 1891, to a seat on the 
 Circuit bench from the Thirteenth Circuit, 
 and, in 1897 was re-elected for the Fifteenth 
 Circuit. 
 
 SHAWNEETOWN, a city and the county-seat 
 of Gallatin County, on the Ohio River 120 miles 
 from its mouth and at the terminus of the Shaw- 
 neetown Divisions of the Baltimore & Ohio South- 
 western and the Louisville & Nashville Railroads; 
 is one of the oldest towns in the State, having 
 been laid out in 1808, and noted for the number 
 of prominent men who resided there at an early 
 day. Coal is extensively mined in that section, 
 and Shawneetown is one of the largest shipping 
 points for lumber, coal and farm products 
 between Cairo and Louisville, navigation being 
 open the year round. Some manufacturing is 
 done here; the city has several mills, a foundry 
 and machine shop, two or three banks, several 
 churches, good schools and two weekly papers. 
 Since the disastrous floods of 1884 and 1898, Shaw- 
 neetown has reconstructed its levee system on a 
 substantial scale, which is now believed to furnish 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 477 
 
 ample protection against the recurrence of similar 
 disaster. Pop. (1900), 1,698; (1903, est.), 2,200. 
 
 Ml K A II A \, James W., journalist, was born in 
 Baltimore. Md., spent his early life, after reaching 
 manhood, in Washington City as a Congressional 
 Reporter, and, in 1847. reported the proceedings 
 of the Illinois State Constitutional Convention at 
 Springfield. Through the influence of Senator 
 Douglas he was induced, in 1854. to accept the 
 editorship of "The Young America" newspaper 
 at Chicago, which was soon after changed to 
 "The Chicago Times." Here he remained until 
 the fall of I860, when, "The Times" having been 
 sold and consolidated with "The Herald," a 
 Buchanan-Breckenridge organ, he established a 
 new paper called "The Morning Post." This he 
 made representative of the views of the "War 
 Democrats" as against "The Times," which was 
 opposed to the war. In May, 1865, he sold the 
 plant of "The Post" and it became "The Chicago 
 Republican" now "Inter Ocean." A few 
 months later. Mr. Sheahan accepted a position as 
 chief writer on the editorial staff of "The Chicago 
 Tribune," which he retained until his death, 
 June 17, 1883. 
 
 SHEFFIELD, a prosperous village of Bureau 
 County, on the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific 
 Railroad, 44 miles east of Rock Island ; has valu- 
 able coal mines, a bank and one newspaper. 
 Population (1890), 993; (1900), 1,265. 
 
 SHELBY COUNTY, lies south of the center of 
 the State, and contains an area of 776 square 
 miles. The tide of immigration to this county 
 was at first from Kentucky, Tennessee and North 
 Carolina, although later it began to set in from 
 the Northern States. The first cabin in the 
 county was built by Simeon Wakefield on what is 
 now the site of Williamsburg, first called Cold 
 Spring. Joseph Daniel was the earliest settler in 
 what is now Shelbyville, pre-empting ten acres, 
 which he soon afterward sold to Joseph Oliver, 
 the pioneer merchant of the county, and father 
 of the first white child born within its limits. 
 Other pioneers were Shimei Wakefield, Levi 
 Casey and Samuel Hall. In lieu of hats the early 
 settlers wore caps made of squirrel or coon skin, 
 with the tails dangling at the backs, and he was 
 regarded as well dressed who boasted a fringed 
 buckskin shirt and trousers, with moccasins. 
 The county was formed in 1827, and Shelbyville 
 made the county-seat. Both county and town 
 are named in honor of Governor Shelby, of Ken- 
 tucky. County Judge Joseph Oliver held the 
 first court in the cabin of Burnett Bone, and 
 Judge Theophilus W. Smith presided over the 
 
 first Circuit Court in 1828. Coal is abundant, 
 and limestone and sandstone are also found. The 
 surface is somewhat rolling and well wooded. 
 The Little Wabash and Kaskaskia Rivers flow 
 through the central and southeastern portions. 
 The county lies in the very heart of the great 
 corn belt of the State, and has excellent transpor- 
 tation facilities, being penetrated by four lines of 
 railway. Population (1880), 30,270; (1890), 31,- 
 191; (1900), 32,126. 
 
 SHELBYVILLE, the county-seat and an incor- 
 porated city of Shelby County, on the Kaskaskia 
 River and two lines of railway, 32 miles southeast 
 of Decatur. Agriculture is carried on exten- 
 sively, and there is considerable coal mining in 
 the immediate vicinity. The city has two flour- 
 ing mills, a handle factory, a creamery, one 
 National and one State bank, one daily and four 
 weekly papers and one monthly periodical, an 
 Orphans' Home, ten churches, two graded 
 schools, and a public library. Population (1890), 
 3,162; (1900), 3,546. 
 
 SHELDON, a village of Iroquois County, at the 
 intersection of the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago 
 & St. Louis and the Toledo, Peoria & Western 
 Railways, 9 miles east of Watseka ; has two banks 
 and a newspaper. The region is agricultural. 
 Pop. (1890), 910; (1900), 1,103. 
 
 SHELDON, Benjamin R., jurist, was born in 
 Massachusetts in 1813, graduated from Williams 
 College in 1831, studied law at the Yale Law 
 School, and was admitted to practice in 1836. 
 Emigrating to Illinois, he located temporarily at 
 Hennepin, Putnam County, but soon removed to 
 Galena, and finally to Rockford. In 1848 he was 
 elected Circuit Judge of the Sixth Circuit, which 
 afterwards being divided, he was assigned to the 
 Fourteenth Circuit, remaining until 1870, when 
 he was elected a Justice of the Supreme Court, 
 presiding as Chief Justice in 1877. He was re- 
 elected in 1879, but retired in 1888, being suc- 
 ceeded by the late Justice Bailey. Died, April 
 13, 1897. 
 
 SHEPPARD, Nathan, author and lecturer, was 
 born in Baltimore, Md., Nov. 9. 1834; graduated 
 at Rochester Theological Seminary in 1859; dur- 
 ing the Civil War was special correspondent of 
 "The New York World" and "The Chicago Jour- 
 nal" and "Tribune," and, during the Franco- 
 German War, of "The Cincinnati Gazette;" also 
 served as special American correspondent of 
 "The London Times," and was a contributor to 
 "Frazer's Magazine" and "Temple Bar." In 1873 
 he became a lecturer on Modern English Liter- 
 ature and Rhetoric in Chicago University and. 
 
476 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 four years later, accepted a similar position in 
 Allegheny College; also spent four years in 
 Europe, lecturing in the principal towns of Great 
 Britain and Ireland. In 1884 he founded the 
 "Athenaeum" at Saratoga Springs, N. Y., of 
 which he was President until his death, early in 
 1888. "The Dickens Reader," "Character Read- 
 ings from George Eliot" and "Essays of George 
 Eliot" were among the volumes issued by him 
 between 1881 and 1887. Died in New York City, 
 Jan. 24, 1888. 
 
 SHERMAN, Alston Smith, early Chicago Mayor, 
 was born at Barre. Vt, April 21, 1811. remaining 
 there until 1836, when he came to Chicago and 
 began business as a contractor and builder. Sev- 
 eral years later he opened the first stone quarries 
 at Lemont, 111. Mr. Sherman spent many years 
 in the service of Chicago as a public official. 
 From 1840 to 1842 he was Captain of a company 
 of militia; for two years served as Chief of the 
 Fire Department, and was elected Alderman in 
 1842, serving again in 1846. In 1844, he was 
 chosen Mayor, his administration being marked 
 by the first extensive public improvements made 
 in Chicago. After his term as Mayor he did 
 much to secure a better water supply for the 
 city. He was especially interested in promoting 
 common school education, being for several years 
 u member of the City School Board. He was 
 Vice-President of the tirst Board of Trustees of 
 Northwestern University. Retired from active 
 pursuits, Mr. Sherman is now ( 18991 spending a 
 serene old age at Waukegan. 111. Oren (Sherman) 
 brother of the preceding and early Chicago mer- 
 chant, was born at Barre, Vt. , March 5, 1816. 
 After spending several years in a mercantile 
 house in Montpelier. Vt., at the age of twenty he 
 came west, first to $Jew Buffalo, Mich., and, in 
 1836, to Chicago, opening a dry-goods store there 
 the next spring. iWith various partners Mr. 
 Sherman continued Tn a general mercantile busi- 
 ness until 1853, at the same time being extensively 
 engaged in the provision trade, one-half the entire 
 transactions in pork in the city passing through 
 Lis hands. Next he engaged in developing stone 
 quarries at Lemont, 111. ; also became extensively 
 interested in the marble business, continuing in 
 this until a few years after the panic of 187*!, 
 when he retired in consequence of a shock of 
 paralysis. Died, in Chicago, Dec. 15, 1898. 
 
 SHERMAN, Elijah I!., lawyer, was born at 
 Fairfield, Vt., June 18, 1832 his family being 
 distantly related to Roger Sherman, a signer of 
 the Declaration of Independence, and the late 
 Gen. \V. T. Sherman; gained his education in the 
 
 common schools and at Middlebury College, 
 where he graduated in 1860 ; began teaching, but 
 soon after enlisted as a private in the war for the 
 Union ; received a Lieutenant's commission, and 
 served until captured on the eve of the battle at 
 Antietam, when he was paroled and sent to Camp 
 Douglas, Chicago, awaiting exchange. During 
 this period he commenced reading law and, hav 
 ing resigned his commission, graduated from the 
 law department of Chicago University in 1864 
 In 1876 he was elected Representative in the 
 General Assembly from Cook County, and re- 
 elected in 1878, and the following year appointed 
 Master in Chancery of the United States District 
 Court, a position which he still occupies He has 
 repeatedly been called upon to deliver addresses 
 on political, literary and patriotic occasions, one 
 of these being before the alumni of his alma 
 mater, in 1884, when he was complimented with 
 the degree of LL.D. 
 
 SHIELDS, James, soldier and United States 
 Senator, was born in Ireland in 1810, emigrated 
 to the United States at the age of sixteen, and 
 began the practice of law at Kaskaskia in 1832. 
 He was elected to the Legislature in 1836, and 
 State Auditor in 1839. In 1843 he became a 
 Judge of the Supreme Court of the State, and, in 
 1845, was made Commiasioner of the General 
 Land Office. In July, 1846, he was commissioned 
 Brigadier-General in the Mexican War gaining 
 the brevet of Major-General at Cerro-Gordo, 
 where he was severely wounded. He was again 
 wounded at Chapultepec, and mustered out in 
 1848. The same year he was appointed Governor 
 of Oregon Territory. In 1849 the Democrats iu 
 the Illinois Legislature elected him Senator, anil 
 he resigned his office in Oregon. In 1856 he 
 removed to Minnesota, and, in 1858, was chosen 
 United States Senator from that State, his term 
 expiring in 1859, when he established a residence 
 in California. At the outbreak of the Civil War 
 (1861) he was superintending a mine in Mexico, 
 but at once hastened to Washington to tender bin 
 services to the Governmnet. He was commis 
 sioned Brigadier-General, and served with dis- 
 tinction until March. 1863, when the effect of 
 numerous wounds caused him to resign. He sub- 
 sequently removed to Missouri, practicing law at 
 Carrollton and serving in the Legislature of that 
 State in 1874 and 1879. In the latter year he was 
 elected United States Senator to fill out the une \ 
 pired term of Senator Bogy, who had died in 
 office serving only six weeks, but being the only 
 man in the history of the country who filled the 
 office of United States Senator from three differ- 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 47'J 
 
 ent States. Died, at Ottumwa, Iowa, June 1, 
 1879. 
 
 SHIPMAN, a town of Macoupin County, on the 
 Chicago & Alton Railway, 19 miles north-north- 
 east of Alton and 14 miles southwest of Carlin- 
 ville. Population (1890), 410; (1900), 396. 
 
 Sll I I'M A V, George E., M.D., physician and 
 philanthropist, born in New York City, March 4, 
 1820; graduated at the University of New York 
 in 1839, and took a course in the College of Phy- 
 sicians and Surgeons; practiced for a time at 
 Peoria, 111., but, in 1846, located in Chicago, where 
 he assisted in organizing the first Homeopathic 
 Hospital in that city, and, in 1855, was one of the 
 first Trustees of Hahnemann College. In 1871 he 
 established, in Chicago, the Foundlings' Home at 
 his own expense, giving to it the latter years of 
 his life. Died. Jan. 20, 1893. 
 
 SHOREY, Daniel Lewis, lawyer and philan- 
 thropist, was born at Jonesborough, Washington 
 County, Maine, Jan. 31, 1824; educated at Phil- 
 lips Academy, Andover, Mass., and at Dartmouth 
 College, graduating from the latter in 1851; 
 taught two years in Washington City, meanwhile 
 reading law, afterwards taking a course at Dane 
 Law School, Cambridge; was admitted to the bar 
 in Boston in 1854, the next year locating at 
 Davenport, Iowa, where he remained ten years. 
 In 1865 he removed to Chicago, where he prose- 
 cuted his profession until 1890, when he retired. 
 Mr. Shorey was prominent in the establishment 
 of the Chicago Public Library, and a member of 
 the first Library Board; was also a prominent 
 member of the Chicago Literary Club, and was a 
 Director in the new University of Chicago and 
 deeply interested in its prosperity. Died, in Chi- 
 cago, March 4, 1899. 
 
 SHORT, (Rev.) William F., clergyman and 
 educator, was born in Ohio in 1829, brought to 
 Morgan County, 111., in childhood, and lived upon 
 a farm until 20 years of age, when he entered 
 McKendree College, spending his senior year, 
 however, at Wesleyan University, Bloomington, 
 where he graduated in 1854. He had meanwhile 
 accepted a call to the Missouri Conference Semi- 
 nary at Jackson. Mo. ; where he remained three 
 years, when he returned to Illinois, serving 
 churches at Jacksonville and elsewhere, for a 
 part of the time being Presiding Elder of the 
 Jacksonville District. In 1875 he was elected 
 President of Illinois Female College at Jackson- 
 ville, continuing in that position until 1893, when 
 lie was appointed Superintendent of the Illinois 
 State Institution for the Blind at the same place, 
 but resigned early in 1897. Dr. Short received 
 
 the degree of D.D., conferred upon him by Ohio 
 Wesleyan University. 
 
 SHOUP, tteorge L., United States Senator, 
 was born at Kittanning, Pa., June 15, 1836; came 
 to Illinois in 1852, his father locating on a stock- 
 farm near Galesburg; in 1859 removed to Colo- 
 rado, where he engaged in mining and mercantile 
 business until 1861, when he enlisted in a com- 
 pany of scouts, being advanced from the rank of 
 First Lieutenant to the Colonelcy of the Third 
 Colorado Cavalry, meanwhile serving as Delegate 
 to the State Constitutional Convention of 1864. 
 Retiring to private life, he again engaged in mer- 
 cantile and mining business, first in Nevada and 
 then in Idaho; served two terms in the Terri- 
 torial Legislature of the latter, was appointed 
 Territorial Governor in 1889 and, in 1890, was 
 chosen the first Governor of the State, in October 
 of the same year being elected to the United 
 States Senate, and re-elected in 1895 for a second 
 term, which ends in 1901. Senator Shoup is one 
 of the few Western Senators who remained faith- 
 ful to the regular Republican organization, during 
 the political campaign of 1896. 
 
 SHOWALTER, John W., jurist, was born in 
 Mason County, Ky., Feb. 8, 1844; resided some 
 years in Scott County in that State, and was 
 educated in the local schools, at Maysville and 
 Ohio University, finally graduating at Yale Col- 
 lege in 1H67; came to Chicago in 1869, studied 
 law and was admitted to the bar in 1870. He 
 returned to Kentucky after the fire of 1871, but, 
 in 1872, again came to Chicago and entered the 
 employment of the firm of Moore & Caulfield. 
 with whom he had been before the fire. In 1H7!) 
 he became a member of the firm of Abbott, 
 Oliver & Showalter (later, Oliver & Showalter), 
 where he remained until his appointment as 
 United States Circuit Judge, in March, 189r>. 
 Died, in Chicago, Dec. 12, 1898. 
 
 SHl'.M A N, Andrew, journalist and Lieutenant- 
 Governor, was born at Manor. Lancaster County, 
 Pa., Nov. 8, 1830. His father dying in 1837. he 
 was reared by an uncle. At the age of 15 he 
 became an apprentice in the office of "The Lan- 
 caster Union and Sentinel." A year later he ac- 
 companied his employer to Auburn, N. Y., working 
 for two years on "The Daily Advertiser" of tliat 
 city, then known as Governor Seward's "home 
 organ." At the age of 18 he edited, published 
 and distributed during his leisure hours a 
 small weekly paper called "The Auburnian." At 
 the conclusion of his apprenticeship he was em- 
 ployed, for a year or two. in editing and publish- 
 ing "The Cayuga Chief. " a temperance journal. 
 
480 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 In 1851 he entered Hamilton College, but, before 
 the completion of his junior year, consented, at 
 the solicitation of friends of William H. Seward, 
 to assume editorial control of "The Syracuse 
 Daily Journal." In July, 1856, he came to Chi- 
 cago, to accept an editorial position on "The 
 Evening Journal" of that city, later becoming 
 editor-in-chief and President of the Journal Com- 
 pany. From 1865 to 18TO (first by executive 
 appointment and afterward by popular election) 
 he was a Commissioner of the Illinois State Peni- 
 tentiary at Joliet, resigning the office four years 
 before the expiration of his term. In 1876 he 
 was elected Lieutenant-Governor on the Repub- 
 lican ticket. Owing to declining health, he 
 abandoned active journalistic work in 1888, 
 dying in Chicago, May 5, 1890. His home during 
 the latter years of his life was at Evanston. 
 Governor Shuman was author of a romance 
 entitled "Loves of a Lawyer," besides numerous 
 addresses before literary, commercial and scien- 
 tific associations. 
 
 SHUMWAY, Dorice Dnight, merchant, was 
 born at Williamsburg, Worcester County, Mass. , 
 Sept. 28, 1813, descended from French Huguenot 
 ancestry; came to Zanesville, Ohio, in 1837, and 
 to Montgomery County, 111., in 1841; married a 
 daughter of Hiram Rountree, an early resident 
 <>f Hillsboro, and, in 1843, located in Christian 
 County ; was engaged for a time in merchandis- 
 ing at Taylorville. but retired in 1858, thereafter 
 giving his attention to a large landed estate. In 
 1 846 he was chosen Representative in the General 
 Assembly, served in the Constitutional Conven- 
 tion of 1847, and four years as County Judge of 
 Christian County. Died, May 9, 1870. Hiram 
 P. (Shumway), eldest son of the preceding, was 
 born in Montgomery County, 111.. June, 1842; 
 spent his boyhood on a farm in Christian County 
 and in his father's store at Taylorville; took an 
 academy course and, in 1864, engaged in mercan- 
 tile business; was Representative in the Twenty- 
 eighth General Assembly and Senator in the 
 Thirty-sixth and Thirty-seventh, afterwards 
 removing to Springfield, where he engaged in 
 the stone business. 
 
 SHURTLEFF COLLEGE, an institution 
 located at Upper Alton, and the third estab- 
 lished in Illinois. It was originally incorporated 
 as the "Alton College" in 1831, under a special 
 charter which was not accepted, but re-incorpo- 
 rated in 1835, in an "omnibus bill" with Illi- 
 nois and McKendree Colleges. (See Early Col- 
 leges.) Its primal origin was a school at Rock 
 Spring in St. Clair County, founded about 1824, 
 
 by Rev. John M. Peck. This became the "Rock 
 Spring Seminary" in 1827, and, about 1831, was 
 united with an academy at Upper Alton. This 
 was the nucleus of "Alton" (afterward "Shurt- 
 leff") College. As far as its denominational 
 control is concerned, it has always been domi- 
 nated by Baptist influence. Dr. Peck's original 
 idea was to found a school for teaching theology 
 and Biblical literature, but this project was at 
 first inhibited by the State. Hubbard Loomis 
 and John Russell were among the first instruc- 
 tors. Later, Dr. Benjamin Shurtleff donated the 
 college $10,000, and the institution was named in 
 his honor. College classes were not organized 
 until 1840, and several years elapsed before a class 
 graduated. Its endowment in 1898 was over 
 $126,000, in addition to $125,000 worth of real and 
 personal property. About 255 students were in 
 attendance. Besides preparatory and collegiate 
 departments, the college also maintains a theo- 
 logical school. It has a faculty of twenty 
 instructors and is co-educational. 
 
 SIBLET, a village of Ford County, on the Chi- 
 cago Division of the Wabash Railway, 105 miles 
 south-southwest of Chicago; has banks and a 
 weekly newspaper. The district is agricultural. 
 Population (1890), 404; (1900), 444 
 
 SIBLET, Joseph, lawyer and jurist, was born 
 at Westfield, Mass., in 1818; learned the trade of 
 a whip-maker and afterwards engaged in mer- 
 chandising. In 1843 he began the study of law 
 at Syracuse, N. Y., and, upon admission to the 
 bar, came west, finally settling at Nauvoo, Han- 
 cock County. He maintained a neutral attitude 
 during the Mormon troubles, thus giving offense 
 to a section of the community. In 1847 he was 
 an unsuccessful candidate for the Legislature, 
 but was elected in 1850, and re-elected in 1852. 
 In 1853 he removed to Warsaw, and, in 1855, was 
 elected Judge of the Circuit Court, and re-elected 
 in 1861, '67 and '73, being assigned to the bench 
 of the Appellate Court of the Second District, in 
 1877. His residence, after 1865. was at Quincy, 
 where he died, June 18, 1897. 
 
 SIDELL, a village of Vermillion County, on the 
 Chicago & Eastern Illinois and Cincinnati, Hamil- 
 ton & Dayton Railroads; has a bank, electric 
 light plant and a newspaper. Pop. (1900), 776. 
 
 SIDNEY, a village of Champaign County, on 
 the main line of the Wabash Railway, at the junc- 
 tion of a branch to Champaign, 48 miles east-north- 
 east of Decatur. It is in a farming district; has a 
 bank and a newspaper. Population, (1900), 564. 
 
 SIM, (Dr.) 'William, pioneer physician, was 
 born at Aberdeen, Scotland, in 1795, came to 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 481 
 
 America in early manhood, and was the first phy- 
 sician to settle at Golconda, in Pope County, 
 which he represented in the Fourth and Fifth 
 General Assemblies (1824 and '28). He married 
 a Miss Elizabeth Jack of Philadelphia, making 
 the journey from Golconda to Philadelphia for 
 that purpose on horseback. He had a family of 
 five children, one son, Dr. Francis L. Sim, rising 
 to distinction as a physician, and, for a time, 
 being President of a Medical College at Memphis, 
 Tenn. The elder Dr. Sim died at Golconda, in 
 1868. 
 
 M MS, James, early legislator and Methodist 
 preacher, was a native of South Carolina, but 
 removed to Kentucky in early manhood, thence 
 to St. Clair County. 111., and, in 1820, to Sanga- 
 mon County, where he was elected, in 1822, as the 
 first Representative from that county in the 
 Third General Assembly. At the succeeding ses- 
 sion of the Legislature, he was one of those who 
 voted against the Convention resolution designed 
 t prepare the way for making Illinois a slave 
 State. Mr. Sims resided for a time in Menard 
 County, but finally removed to Morgan. 
 
 SINGER, Horace M., capitalist, was born in 
 Schnectady. N. Y., Oct. 1, 1823; came to Chicago 
 in 1836 and found employment on the Illinois & 
 Michigan Canal, serving as superintendent of 
 repairs upon the Canal until 1853. While thus 
 employed he became one of the proprietors of 
 the stone-quarries at Lemont. managed by the 
 firm of Singer & Talcott until about 1890. when 
 they became the property of the Western Stone 
 Company. Originally a Democrat, he became a 
 Republican during the Civil War, and served as a 
 member of the Twenty-fifth General Assembly 
 (1867) for Cook County, was elected County Com- 
 missioner in 1870, and was Chairman of the 
 Republican County Central Committee in 1880. 
 He was also associated with several financial 
 institutions, being a director of the First National 
 Bank and of the Auditorium Company of Chi- 
 cago, and a member of the Union League and 
 Calumet Clubs. Died, at Pasadena, Cal., Dec. 
 2H, 1896. 
 
 SINGLETON, James W., Congressman, born 
 at Paxton, Va., Nov. 23, 1811; was educated at 
 the Winchester (Va. ) Academy, and removed to 
 Illinois in 1833, settling first at Mount Sterling, 
 Brown County, and, some twenty years later, 
 near Quincy. By profession he was a lawyer, 
 and was prominent in political and commercial 
 affairs. In his later years he devoted consider- 
 able attention to stock-raising. He was elected 
 Brigadier-General of the Illinois militia in 1844, 
 
 being identified to some extent with the ' 'Mor- 
 mon War" ; was a member of the Constitutional 
 Conventions of 1847 and 1862, served six terms in 
 the Legislature, and was elected, on the Demo- 
 cratic ticket, to Congress in 1878, and again in 
 1880. In 1882 he ran as an independent Demo- 
 crat, but was defeated by the regular nominee of 
 his party. James M. Riggs. During the War of 
 the Rebellion he was one of the most conspicuous 
 leaders of the "peace party." He constructed 
 the Quincy & Toledo (now part of the Wabash) 
 and the Quincy, Alton & St. Louis (now part of 
 the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy) Railways, 
 being President of both companies. His death 
 occurred at Baltimore, Md., April 4. 1892. 
 
 SIN NET, John S.. pioneer, was born at Lex- 
 ington, Ky. , March 10, 1796 ; at three years of age, 
 taken by his parents to Missouri : enlisted in the 
 War of 1H12, but. soon after the war, came to 
 Illinois, and, about 1818, settled in what is now 
 Christian County, locating on land constituting 
 a part of the present city of Taylorville. In 1840 
 he removed to Tazewell County, dying there. Jan. 
 13, 1872. 
 
 SKINNER, Mark, jurist, was born at Manches- 
 ter, Vt.. Sept. 13, 1813; graduated from Middle- 
 bury College in 1833, studied law, and, in 1836. 
 came to Chicago; was admitted to the bar in 
 1839, became City Attorney in 1840, later Master 
 in Chancery for Cook County, and finally United 
 States District Attorney under President Tyler. 
 As member of the House Finance Committee in 
 the Fifteenth General Assembly (1846-48), he 
 aided influentially in securing the adoption of 
 measures for refunding and paying the State 
 debt. In 1851 he was elected Judge of the Court 
 of Common Pleas (now Superior Court ) of Cook 
 County, but declined a re-election in 1853. Origi- 
 nally a Democrat, Judge Skinner was an ardent 
 opponent of the Kansas-Nebraska Bill and a 
 liberal supporter of the Government policy dur- 
 ing the rebellion. He liberally aided the United 
 States Sanitary Commission and was identified 
 with all the leading charities of the city. 
 Among the great business enterprises with which 
 he was officially associated were the Galena & Chi- 
 cago Union and the Chicago. Burlington & Quincy 
 Railways (in each of which he was a Director), 
 the Chicago Marine & Fire Insurance Company, 
 the Gas-Light and Coke Company and others. 
 Died, Sept. 16. 1887. Judge Skinner's only sur- 
 viving son was killed in the trenches before 
 Petersburg, the last year of the Civil War. 
 
 SKINNER, Otis Ainsworth, clergyman and 
 author, was born at Royalton, Vt., July 3. 1807: 
 
482 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 taught for some time, became a Universalist 
 minister, serving churches in Baltimore, Boston 
 and New York between 1831 and 1857; then 
 came to Elgin, 111., was elected President of Lom- 
 bard University at Galesburg, but the following 
 year took charge of a church at Joliet. Died, at 
 Naperville, Sept. 18, 1861. He wrote several vol- 
 umes on religious topics, and, at different times, 
 edited religious periodicals at Baltimore, Haver- 
 hill. Mass., and Boston. 
 
 SKINNER, Ozias C., lawyer and jurist, was 
 born at Floyd, Oneida County, N. Y., in 1817; in 
 1836, removed to Illinois, settling in Peoria 
 County, where he engaged in farming. In 1838 
 he began the study of law at Greenville, Ohio, 
 and was admitted to the bar of that State in 1840. 
 Eighteen months later he returned to Illinois, 
 and began practice at Carthage, Hancock County, 
 removing to Quincy in 1844. During the "Mor- 
 mon War" he served as Aid-de-camp to Governor 
 Ford. In 1848 he was elected to the lower house 
 of the Sixteenth General Assembly, and, for a 
 short time, served as Prosecuting Attorney for 
 the district including Adams and Brown Coun- 
 ties. In 1851 he was elected Judge of the (then) 
 Fifteenth Judicial Circuit, and, in 1855, suc- 
 ceeded Judge S. H. Treat on the Supreme bench, 
 resigning this position in April, 1858, two months 
 before the expiration of his term. He was a 
 large land owner and had extensive agricultural 
 interests. He built, and was the first President 
 of the Carthage & Quincy Railroad, now a part 
 of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy system. He 
 was a prominent member of the Constitutional 
 Convention of 1869, serving as Chairman of the 
 Committee on Judiciary. Died in 1877. 
 
 SLADE, Charles, early Congressman; his early 
 history, including date and place of birth, are 
 unknown. In 1820 he was elected Representative 
 from Washington County in the Second General 
 Assembly, and, in 1826, was re-elected to the 
 same body for Clinton and Washington. In 1832 
 he was elected one of the three Congressmen 
 from Illinois, representing the First District. 
 After attending the first session of the Twenty- 
 third Congress, while on his way home, he was 
 attacked with cholera, dying near Vincennes, 
 Ind., July 11, 1834. 
 
 SLADE, James P., ex-State Superintendent of 
 Public Instruction, was born at Westerlo, Albany 
 County, N. Y., Feb. 9, 1837, and spent his boy- 
 hood with his parents on a farm, except while 
 absent at school; in 1856 removed to Belleville, 
 111., where he soon became connected with the 
 public schools, serving for a number of years as 
 
 Principal of the Belleville High School. While 
 connected with the Belleville schools, he was 
 elected County Superintendent, remaining in 
 office some ten years ; later had charge of Almira 
 College at Greenville, Bond County, served six 
 years as Superintendent of Schools at East St. 
 Louis and, in 1878, was elected State Superintend- 
 ent of Public Instruction as the nominee of the 
 Republican party. On retirement from the 
 office of State Superintendent, he resumed his 
 place at the head of Almira College, but, for the 
 past few years, has been Superintendent of 
 Schools at East St. Louis. 
 
 SLAVERY AGITATION OF 1823-24. (See 
 Slavery and Slave Laws.) 
 
 SLAVERY AND SLAVE LAWS. African slaves 
 were first brought into the Illinois country by a 
 Frenchman named Pierre F. Renault, about 
 1732. At that time the present State formed a 
 part of Louisiana?' and the traffic in slaves was 
 regulated by French royal edicts. When Great 
 Britain acquired the territory, at the close of the 
 French and Indian War, the former subjects of 
 France were guaranteed security for their per- 
 sons "and effects," and no interference with 
 slavery was attempted. Upon the conquest of 
 Illinois by Virginia (see Chirk, George Rogers), 
 the French very gentjrally professed allegiance to 
 that commonwealth, and. in her deed of cession 
 to the United States, Virginia expressly stipulated 
 for the protection of the "rights and liberties" 
 of the French citizens. This was construed as 
 recognizing the right of property in negro 
 slaves. Even the Ordinance of 1787, while pro- 
 hibiting slavery in the Northwest Territory, pre- 
 served to the settlers (reference being especially 
 made to the French and Canadians) "of the Kas- 
 kaskias, St. Vincents and neighboring villages, 
 their laws and customs, now (then) in force, 
 relative to the descent and conveyance of prop- 
 erty. ' ' A conservative construction of this clause 
 was, that while it prohibited the extension of 
 slavery and the importation of slaves, the status 
 of those who were at that time in involuntary 
 servitude, and of their descendants, was left un- 
 changed. There were those, however, who denied 
 the constitutionality of the Ordinance in toto, 
 on the ground that Congress had exceeded its 
 powers in its passage. There was also a party 
 which claimed that all children of slaves, born 
 after 1787, were free from birth. In 1794 a con- 
 vention was held at Vincennes, pursuant to a call 
 from Governor Harrison, and a memorial to Con- 
 gress was adopted, praying for the repeal or, at 
 least a modification of the sixth clause of the 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 483 
 
 Ordinance of 1787. The first Congressional Com- 
 mittee, to which this petition was referred, 
 reported adversely upon it ; but a second commit- 
 tee recommended the suspension of the operation 
 of the clause in question for ten years. But no 
 action was taken by the National Legislature, 
 and, in 1807, a counter petition, extensively 
 signed, was forwarded to that body, and Congress 
 left the matter in statu quo. It is worthy of note 
 that some of the most earnest opponents of the 
 measure were Representatives from Southern 
 Slave States, John Randolph, of Virginia, being 
 one of them. The pro-slavery party in the State 
 then prepared what is popularly known as the 
 "Indenture Law," which was one of the first acts 
 adopted by Governor Edwards and his Council, 
 and was re-enacted by the first Territorial Legis- 
 lature in 1812. It was entitled, "An Act relating 
 to the Introduction of Negroes and Mulattoes into 
 this Territory," and gave permission to bring 
 slaves above 15 years of age into the State, when 
 they might be registered and kept in servitude 
 within certain limitations. Slaves under that 
 age might also be brought in, registered, and held 
 in bondage until they reached the age of 35, if 
 males, and 30, if females. The issue of registered 
 slaves were to serve their mother's master until 
 the age of 30 or 28, according to sex. The effect 
 of this legislation was rapidly to increase the 
 number of slaves. The Constitution of 1818 pro- 
 hibited the introduction of slavery thereafter 
 that is to say, after its adoption. In 1822 the 
 slave-holding party, with their supporters, began 
 to agitate the question of so amending the 
 organic law as to make Illinois a slave State. To 
 effect such a change the calling of a convention 
 was necessary, and, for eighteen months, the 
 struggle between "conventionists" and their 
 opponents was bitter and fierce. The question 
 was submitted to a popular vote on August 2, 
 1824, the result of the count showing 4,972 votes 
 for such convention and 6,640 against. This 
 decisive result settled the question of slave-hold- 
 ing in Illinois for all future time, though the 
 existence of slavery in the State continued to be 
 recognized by the National Census until 1840. 
 The number, according to the census of 1810, was 
 168; in 1820 they had increased to 917. Then 
 the number began to diminish, being reduced in 
 1830 to 747, and, in 1840 (the last census which 
 shows any portion of the population held in 
 bondage), it was 331. 
 
 Hooper Warren who has been mentioned else- 
 where as editor of "The Edwardsville Spectator," 
 and a leading factor in securing the defeat of the 
 
 scheme to make Illinois a slave State in 1822 in 
 an article in the first number of "The Genius of 
 Liberty" (January, 1841), speaking of that con- 
 test, says there were, at its beginning, only three 
 papers in the State "The Intelligencer" at Van- 
 dalia, "The Gazette" at Shawneetown, and "The 
 Spectator" at Edwardsville. The first two of 
 these, at the outset, favored the Convention 
 scheme, while "The Spectator" opposed it. The 
 management of the campaign on the part of the 
 pro-slavery party was assigned to Emanuel J. 
 West, Theophilus W. Smith and Oliver L. Kelly, 
 and a paper was established by the name of "The 
 Illinois Republican," with Smith as editor. 
 Among the active opponents of the measure were 
 George Churchill. Thomas Lippincott, Samuel D. 
 Lockwood, Henry Starr (afterwards of Cincin 
 nati). Rev. John M. Peck and Rev. James 
 Lemen, of St. Clair County. Others who con- 
 tributed to the cause were Daniel P. Cook, Morris 
 
 Birkbeck, Dr. Hugh Steel and Burton of 
 
 Jackson County, Dr. Henry Perrine of Bond; 
 William Leggett of Edwardsville (afterwards 
 editor of "The New York Evening Post"), Ben- 
 jamin Lundy (then of Missouri), David Black well 
 and Rev. John Dew, of St. Clair County. Still 
 others were Nathaniel Pope (Judge of the United 
 States District Court), William B. Archer, Wil- 
 liam H. Brown and Benjamin Mills (of Vandal ia 
 John Tillson, Dr. Horatio Newhall, George For- 
 quer, Col. Thomas Mather. Thomas Ford, Juil^'c 
 David J. Baker, Charles W. Hunter and Henry II 
 Snow (of Alton). This testimony is of interest 
 as coming from one who probably had more to d<> 
 with defeating the scheme, with the exception of 
 Gov. Edward Coles. Outside of the more elabor- 
 ate Histories of Illinois, the most accurate ami 
 detailed accounts of this particular period are to 
 be found in "Sketch of Edward Coles" by the latf 
 E. B. Washburne, and "Early Movement in Illi- 
 nois for the Legalization of Slavery," an ad- 
 dress before the Chicago Historical Society 
 (1864), by Hon. William H. Brown, of Chicago. 
 (See also, Coles, Edward; Warren, Hooper; Brown. 
 William H.; Churchill, George; lAppincott, 
 Tliomas; and Newspapers, Early, elsewhere in this 
 volume. ) 
 
 SLOAN, Wesley, legislator and jurist, was 
 born in Dorchester County, Md., Feb. 20,, 1806. 
 At the age of 17, having received a fair academic 
 education, he accompanied his parents to Phila- 
 delphia, where, for a year, he was employed in a 
 wholesale grocery. His father dying, he returned 
 to Maryland and engaged in teaching, at the 
 same time studying law, and being admitted to 
 
UISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 the bar in 1831. He came to Illinois in 1838. 
 ^oing first to Chicago, and afterward to Kaskas 
 kia, finally settling at Golconda in 1839, which 
 continued to be his home the remainder of his 
 life. In 1848 he was elected to the Legislature, 
 iind re-elected in 1850, '52, and '56, serving three 
 times as Chairman of the Judiciary Committee. 
 He was one of the members of the first State 
 Board of Education, created by Act of Feb. 18, 
 1857, and took a prominent part in the founding 
 and organization of the State educational insti- 
 tutions. In 1857 he was elected to the bench of 
 the Nineteenth Judicial Circuit, and re-elected in 
 1861, but declined a re-election for a third term. 
 Died, Jan. 15, 1887. 
 
 SMITH, Ahncr, jurist, was born at Orange, 
 Franklin County, Mass., August 4, 1843, of an 
 old New England family, whose ancestors came 
 to Massachusetts Colony about 1630; was edu- 
 cated in the public schools and at Middlebury 
 College, Vt . graduating from the latter in 1866. 
 After graduation he spent a year as a teacher in 
 Newton Academy, at Shoreham, Vt., coming to 
 Chicago in 1867, and entering upon the study of 
 law, being admitted to the bar in 1868. The next 
 twenty-five years were spent in the practice of 
 his profession in Chicago, within that time serv- 
 ing as the attorney of several important corpo- 
 rations. In 1893 he was elected a Judge of the 
 Circuit Court of Cook County, and re-elected 
 in 1897, his term of service continuing until 
 1903. 
 
 SMITH, (Dr.) Charles << i Iniuu, physician, was 
 liorn at Exeter, N. H., Jan. 4, 1828, received his 
 early education at Phillips Academy, in his native 
 place, finally graduating from Harvard Univer- 
 sity in 1847. He soon after commenced the study 
 < if medicine in the Harvard Medical School, but 
 completed his course at the University of Penn- 
 sylvania in 1831. After two years spent as 
 attending physician of the Alms House in South 
 Boston, Mass., in 1853 he came to Chicago, where 
 he soon acquired an extensive practice. During 
 the Civil War he was one of six physicians 
 employed by the Government for the treatment 
 of prisoners of war in hospital at Camp Douglas. 
 In 1868 he visited Europe for the purpose of 
 observing the management of hospitals in Ger- 
 many, France and England, on his return being 
 invited to lecture in the Woman's Medical College 
 in Chicago, and also becoming consulting phy- 
 sician in the Women's and Children's Hospital, 
 as well as in the Presbyterian Hospital a position 
 which he continued to occupy for the remainder 
 of his life, gaining a wide reputation in the treat- 
 
 ment of women's and children's diseases. Died, 
 Jan. 10, 1894. 
 
 SMITH, David Allen, lawyer, was born near 
 Richmond, Va., June 18, 1809; removed with his 
 father, at an early day, to Pulaski, Tenn. ; at 17 
 went to Courtland, Lawrence County, Ala., 
 where he studied law with Judge Bramlette and 
 began practice. His father, dying about 1831, left 
 him the owner of a number of slaves whom, in 
 1837, he brought to Carlinville, 111., and emanci- 
 pated, giving bond that they should not become 
 a charge to the State. In 1839 he removed to 
 Jacksonville, where he practiced law until hi* 
 death. Col. John J. Hardiu was his partner at 
 the time of his death on the battle-field of Buena 
 Vista. Mr. Smith was a Trustee and generous 
 patron of Illinois College, for a quarter of a cen- 
 tury, but never held any political office. As a 
 lawyer he was conscientious and faithful to the 
 interests of his clients ; as a citizen, liberal, pub- 
 lic-spirited and patriotic. He contributed liber- 
 ally to the support of the Government dur- 
 ing the war for the Union. Died, at Anoka, 
 Minn., July 13, 1865, where he had gone to 
 accompany an invalid son. Thomas William 
 (Smith), eldest son of the preceding, born at 
 Courtland, Ala., Sept. 27, 1832; died at Clear 
 water, Minn., Oct. 29, 1865. He graduated at 
 Illinois College in 1852, studied law and served 
 as Captain in the Tenth Illinois Volunteers, 
 until, broken in health, he returned home to 
 die. 
 
 SMITH, Dietrich C., ex-Congressman, was 
 born at Ostfriesland, Hanover, April 4, 1840, in 
 boyhood came to the United States, and, since 
 1849, has been a resident of Pekin, Tazewell 
 County. In 1861 he enlisted in the Eighth Illi- 
 nois Volunteers, was promoted to a Lieutenancy, 
 and, while so serving, was severely wounded at 
 Shiloh. Later, he was attached to the One Hun- 
 dred and Thirty-ninth Illinois Infantry, and was 
 mustered out of service as Captain of Company C 
 of that regiment. His business is that of banker 
 and manufacturer, besides which he has had con- 
 siderable experience in the construction and 
 management of railroads. He was a member of 
 the Thirtieth General Assembly, and, in 1880, was 
 elected Representative iu Congress from what 
 was then the Thirteenth District, on the Repub- 
 lican ticket, defeating Adlai E. Stevenson, after- 
 wards Vice-President. In 1882, his county (Taze- 
 well) having been attached to the district for 
 many years represented by Wm. M. Springer, he 
 was defeated by the latter as a candidate for re- 
 election. 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 485 
 
 SMITH, George, one of Chicago's pioneers and 
 early bankers, was born in Aberdeenshire, Scot- 
 land, March 8, 1808. It was his early intention 
 to study medicine, and he entered Aberdeen Col- 
 lege with this end in view, but was forced to quit 
 the institution at the end of two years, because 
 of impaired vision. In 1833 he came to America, 
 and, in 1834, settled in Chicago, where he resided 
 until 1861, meanwhile spending one year in Scot- 
 land. He invested largely in real estate in Chi- 
 cago and Wisconsin, at one time owning a 
 considerable portion of the present site of Mil- 
 waukee. In 1837 he secured the charter for the 
 Wisconsin Marine and Fire Insurance Company, 
 whose headquarters were at Milwaukee. He was 
 really the owner of the company, although Alex- 
 ander Mitchell, of Milwaukee, was its Secretary. 
 Under this charter Mr. Smith was able to issue 
 $1.500,000 in certificates, which circulated freely 
 as currency. In 1839 he founded Chicago's first 
 private banking house. About 1843 he was inter- 
 ested in a storage and commission business in 
 - Chicago, with a Mr. Webster as partner. He 
 was a Director in the old Galena & Chicago 
 Union Railroad (now a part of the Chicago & 
 Northwestern), and aided it, while in course of 
 construction, by loans of money; was also a 
 charter member of the Chicago Board of Trade, 
 organized in 1848. In 1854, the State of Wiscon- 
 sin having prohibited the circulation of the Wis- 
 consin Marine and Fire Insurance certificates 
 above mentioned. Mr. Smith solil out the com- 
 pany to his partner. Mitchell, and bought two 
 Georgia bank charters, which, together, em- 
 powered him to issue $3.000,000 in currency. The 
 notes were duly issued in Georgia, and put into 
 circulation in Illinois, over the counter of George 
 Smith & Co.'s Chicago bank. About 18ri6 Mr. 
 Smith begun winding up his affairs in Chicago, 
 meanwhile spending most of his time in Scotland, 
 but, returning in 1860. made extensive invest- 
 ments in railroad and other American securities, 
 which netted him large profits. The amount of 
 capital which he is reputed to have taken with 
 him to his native land has been estimated at 
 $10,000,000, though he retained considerable 
 tracts of valuable lands in Wisconsin and about 
 Chicago. Among those who were associated 
 with him in business, either as employes or 
 otherwise, and who have since been prominently 
 identified with Chicago business affairs, were 
 Hon. Charles B. Farwell, E. I. Tinkham (after- 
 wards a prominent banker of Chicago), E. W. 
 Willard, now of Newport, R. I., and others. Mr. 
 Smith made several visits, during the last forty 
 
 years, to the United States, but divided his time 
 chiefly between Scotland (where he was the 
 owner of a castle) and London. Died Oct. 7, 1899. 
 
 SMITH, (Jeorge W., soldier, lawyer and State 
 Treasurer, was born in Brooklyn, N. Y., Jan 
 8, 1837. It was his intention to acquire a col- 
 legiate education, but his father's business 
 embarrassments having compelled the abandon- 
 ment of his studies, at 17 of years age he went 
 to Arkansas and taught school for two years. In 
 1856 he returned to Albany and began the study 
 of law, graduating from the law school in 1858. 
 In October of that year he removed to Chicago, 
 where he remained continuously in practice, with 
 the exception of the years 1862-65, when he was 
 serving in the Union army, and 1867-68, when he 
 filled the office of State Treasurer. He was mus- 
 tered into service, August 27, 1862, as a Captain in 
 the Eighty -eighth 1 Hindis Infantry the second 
 Board of Trade regiment. At Stone River, he 
 was seriously wounded and captured After 
 four days' confinement, he was aided by a negro 
 to escape He made his way to the Union lines 
 but was granted leave of absence, being incapaci 
 tuted for service. On his return to duty he 
 joined his regiment in the Chattanooga cam- 
 paign, and was officially complimented for his 
 bravery at Gordon's Mills. At Mission Ridge he 
 was again severely wounded, and was once more 
 l>ersonally complimented in the official report 
 At Kenesaw Mountain (June 27. 1864), Capt 
 Smith commanded the regiment after the killing 
 of Lieutenant-Colonel Chandler, and was pro 
 moted to a Lieutenant-Colonelcy for bravery on 
 the field. He led the charge at Franklin, and 
 was brevetted Colonel, and thanked by the com- 
 mander for his gallant service. In the spring of 
 1SG5 lie was brevetted Brigadier General, and, in 
 June following, was mustered out. Returning 
 to Chicago, he resumed the practice of his pro- 
 fession, and gained a prominent position at the 
 bar. In Iffifi he was elected State Treasurer, and. 
 after the expiration of his term, in January. 
 1869. held no public office. General Smith was, 
 for many years, a Trustee of the Chicago Histor- 
 ical Society, and Vice-President of the Board. 
 Died, in Chicago, Sept. 16, 1898. 
 
 SMITH, George W., lawyer and Congressman, 
 was born in Putnam County. Ohio, August 18, 
 1846. When he was four years old, his father 
 removed to Wayne County. 111., settling on a 
 farm. He attended the common schools and 
 graduated from the literary department of M<- 
 Kendree College, at Lebanon, in 1S68. In hU 
 youth he learned the trade of a blacksmith, Init 
 
486 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 later determined to study law. After reading for 
 a time at Fair field. 111., he entered the Law 
 Department of the Bloomington (Ind.) Univer- 
 sity, graduating there in 1870. The same year he 
 was admitted to the bar in Illinois, and has since 
 practiced at Murphysboro. In 1880 he was a 
 Republican Presidential Elector, and, in 1888, was 
 elected a Republican Representative to Congress 
 from the Twentieth Illinois District, and has 
 been continuously re-elected, now ( 1899) serving 
 his sixth consecutive term as Representative 
 from the Twenty-second District. 
 
 SMITH, Giles Alexander, soldier, and Assist- 
 ant Postmaster-General, was born in Jefferson 
 County, N. Y., Sept. 29, 1829; engaged in dry- 
 goods business in Cincinnati and Bloomington, 
 111 . in 1861 being proprietor of a hotel in the 
 latter place; became a Captain in the Eighth 
 Missouri Volunteers, was engaged at Forts Henry 
 and Donelson, Shiloh and Corinth, and promoted 
 Lieutenant-Colonel and Colonel in 1862; led his 
 regiment on the first attack on Vicksburg, and 
 was severely wounded at Arkansas Post ; was pro- 
 moted Brigadier-General in August, 1863, for 
 gallant and meritorious conduct; led a brigade 
 of the Fifteenth Army Corps at Chattanooga and 
 Missionary Ridge, as also in the Atlanta cam 
 paign, and a division of the Seventeenth Corps in 
 the "March to the Sea. " After the surrender of 
 Lee he was transferred to the Twenty-fifth Army 
 Corps, became Major-General in 1865, and 
 resigned in 1866, having declined a commission 
 as Colonel in the regular army ; about 1869 was 
 appointed, by President Grant. Second Assistant 
 Postmaster-General, but resigned on account of 
 failing health in 1H72. Died, at Bloomington, 
 Nov. 8, 1876. General Smith was one of the 
 founders of the Society of the Army of the 
 Tennessee. 
 
 SMITH, (Justavns Adolphns, soldier, was born 
 in Philadelphia, Dec. 26, 1820; at 16 joined two 
 brothers who had located at Springfield, Ohio, 
 where he learned the trade of a carriage-maker. 
 In December, 1837, he arrived at Decatur, 111., 
 but soon after located at Springfield, where lie 
 resided some six years. Then, returning to 
 Decatur, lie devoted his attention to carriage 
 manufacture, doing a large business with the 
 South, but losing heavily as the result of the 
 war. An original Whig, he became a Democrat 
 on the dissolution of the Whig party, but early 
 took ground in favor of the Union after the firing 
 on Fort Sumter; was offered and accepted the 
 colonelcy of the Thirty-fifth Regiment Illinois 
 Volunteers, at the same time assisting Governor 
 
 Yates in the selection of Camp Butler as a camp 
 of recruiting and instruction. Having been 
 assigned to duty in Missouri, in the summer of 
 1861, he proceeded to Jefferson City, joined Fre- 
 mont at Carthage in that State, and made a 
 forced march to Springfield, afterwards taking 
 part in the campaign in Arkansas and in the 
 battle of Pea Ridge, where he had a horse shot 
 under him and was severely (and, it was supposed, 
 fatally) wounded, not recovering until 1868. 
 Being compelled to return home, he received 
 authority to raise an independent brigade, but 
 was unable to accompany it to the field. In Sep- 
 tember, 1862, he was commissioned a Brigadier- 
 General by President Lincoln, "for meritorious 
 conduct," but was unable to enter into active 
 service on account of his wound. Later, he was 
 assigned to the command of a convalescent camp 
 at Murfreesboro, Tenn., under Gen. George H. 
 Thomas. In 1864 he took part in securing the 
 second election of President Lincoln, and, in the 
 early part of 1865, was commissioned by Gov- 
 ernor Oglesby Colonel of a new regiment (the 
 One Hundred and Fifty-fifth Illinois), but, on 
 account of his wounds, was assigned to court- 
 martial duty, remaining in the service until 
 January, 1866, when he was mustered out with 
 the brevet rank of Brigadier-General. During 
 the second year of his service he was presented 
 with a magnificent sword by the rank and file of 
 his regiment (the Thirty-fifth), for brave and gal- 
 lant conduct at Pea Ridge. After retiring from 
 the army, he engaged in cotton planting in Ala- 
 bama, but was not successful ; in 1868, canvassed 
 Alabama for General Grant for President, but 
 declined a nomination in his own favor for Con- 
 gress. In 1870 he was appointed, by General 
 Grant, United States Collection and Disbursing 
 Agent for the District of New Mexico, where he 
 continued to reside. 
 
 SMITH, John Corson, soldier, ex-Lieutenant - 
 Governor and ex-State Treasurer, was born in 
 Philadelphia, Feb. 13, 1832. At the age of 16 he 
 was apprenticed to a carpenter and builder. In 
 1854 he came to Chicago, and worked at his trade, 
 for a time, but soon removed to Galena, where he 
 finally engaged in business as a contractor. In 
 1862 he enlisted as a private in the Seventy-fourth 
 Illinois Volunteers, but, having received author- 
 ity from Governor Yates, raised a company, of 
 which he was chosen Captain, and which was 
 incorporated in the Ninety-sixth Illinois Infan- 
 try. Of this regiment he was soon elected Major. 
 After a short service about Cincinnati, Ohio, 
 and Covington and Newport, Ky., the Ninety- 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 487 
 
 sixth was sent to the front, and took part (among 
 other battles) in the second engagement at Fort 
 Donelson and in the bloody fight at Franklin, 
 Tenn. Later, Major Smith was assigned to staff 
 duty under Generals Baird and Steedman, serv- 
 ing through the Tullahoma campaign, and par- 
 ticipating in the battles of Chickamauga, Lookout 
 Mountain and Missionary Ridge. Being promoted 
 to a Lieutenant-Colonelcy, he rejoined his regi- 
 ment, and was given command of a brigade. In 
 the Atlanta campaign he served gallantly, tak- 
 ing a conspicuous part in its long series of bloody 
 engagements, and being severely wounded at 
 Kenesaw Mountain. In February, 1865, he was 
 1 irevetted Colonel, and, in June, 1865, Brigadier- 
 General. Soon after his return to Galena he was 
 appointed Assistant Assessor of Internal Revenue, 
 but was legislated out of office in 1873. In 1873 
 he removed to Chicago and embarked in business. 
 In 1874-76 he was a member (and Secretary) of 
 the Illinois Board of Commissioners to the Cen- 
 tennial Exposition at Philadelphia. In 1875 he 
 was appointed Chief Grain-Inspector at Chicago, 
 and held the office for several years. In 1873 and 
 '76 he was a delegate to the National Republican 
 Conventions of those years, and, in 1878, was 
 elected State Treasurer, as he was again in 1882. 
 In 1884 he was elected Lieutenant-Governor, serv- 
 ing until 1889. He is a prominent Mason, Knight 
 Templar and Odd Fellow, as well as a distin- 
 guished member of the Order of Nobles of the 
 Mystic Shrine, and was prominently connected 
 with the erection of the "Masonic Temple Build- 
 ing" in Chicago. 
 
 SMITH, John Eugene, soldier, was born in 
 Switzerland, August 3, 1816, the son of an officer 
 who had served under Napoleon, and after the 
 downfall of the latter, emigrated to Philadelphia. 
 The subject of this sketch received an academic 
 education and became a jeweler : in 1861 entered 
 the volunteer service as Colonel of the Forty-fifth 
 Illinois Infantry; took part in the capture of 
 Forts Henry and Donelson, in the battle of Shiloh 
 and siege of Corinth ; was promoted a Brigadier- 
 General in November, 1862, and placed in com- 
 mand of a division in the Sixteenth Army Corps; 
 led the Third Division of the Seventeenth Army 
 Corps in the Vicksburg campaign, later being 
 transferred to the Fifteenth, and taking part in 
 the battle of Missionary Ridge and the Atlanta 
 and Carolina campaigns of 1864-65. He received 
 the brevet rank of Major-General of Volunteers 
 in January, 1865, and, on his muster-out from the 
 volunteer service, became Colonel of the Twenty- 
 seventh United States Infantry, being transferred. 
 
 in 1870, to the Fourteenth. In 1867 his service* 
 at Vicksburg and Savannah were further recog- 
 nized by conferring upon him the brevets of Brig- 
 adier and Major-General in the regular army. 
 In May, 1881, he was retired, afterwards residing 
 in Chicago, where he died, Jan. 29, 1897. 
 
 SMITH, Joseph, the founder of the Mormon 
 sect, was born at Sharon, Vt. , Dec. 23, 1805. In 
 1815 his parents removed to Palmyra, N. Y., and 
 still later to Manchester. He early showed a 
 dreamy mental cast, and claimed to be able to 
 locate stolen articles by means of a magic stone. 
 In 1820 he claimed to have seen a vision, but his 
 pretensions were ridiculed by his acquaintances. 
 His story of the revelation of the golden plates 
 by the angel Moroni, and of the latter 's instruc- 
 tions to him, is well known. With the aid of 
 Martin Harris and Oliver Cowdery he prepared 
 the "Book of Mormon," alleging that he had 
 deciphered it from heaven-sent characters, 
 through the aid of miraculous spectacles. This 
 was published in 1830. In later years Smith 
 claimed to have received supplementary reve- 
 lations, which so taxed the credulity of his fol- 
 lowers that some of them apostatized. He also 
 claimed supernatural power, such as exorcism, 
 etc. He soon gained followers in considerable 
 numbers, whom, in 1832, he led west, a part 
 settling at Kirtland, Ohio, and the remainder in 
 Jackson County, Mo. Driven out of Ohio five 
 years later, the bulk of the sect found the way to 
 their friends in Missouri, whence they were 
 finally expelled after many conflicts with the 
 authorities. Smith, with the other refugees, fled 
 to Hancock County, 111., founding the city of 
 Nauvoo, which was incorporated in 1840. Here 
 was begun, in the following year, the erection of a 
 great temple, but again he aroused the hostility 
 of the authorities, although soon wielding con- 
 siderable political power. After various unsuc- 
 cessful attempts to arrest him in 1844, Smith and 
 a number of his followers were induced to sur- 
 render themselves under the promise of protection 
 from violence and a fair trial. Having been 
 taken to Carthage, the county -seat, all were dis- 
 charged under recognizance to appear at court 
 except Smith and his brother Hyrum, who were 
 held under the new charge of "treason," and were 
 placed in jail. So intense had been the feeling 
 against the Mormons, that Governor Ford called 
 out the militia to preserve the peace; but it is 
 evident that the feeling among the latter was in 
 sympathy with that of the populace. Most of 
 the militia were disbanded after Smith's arrest, 
 one company being left on duty at Carthage. 
 
488 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 from whom only eight men were detailed to 
 guard the jail. In this condition of affairs a mob 
 of 150 disguised men, alleged to be from Warsaw, 
 appeared before the jail on the evening of June 
 27, and, forcing the guards who made only a 
 feeble resistance. Joseph Smith and his brother 
 Hyrum were both shot down, while a friend, who 
 had remained with them, was wounded. The fate 
 of Smith undoubtedly went far to win for him 
 the reputation of martyr, and give a new impulse 
 to the Mormon faith. (See Mormons; Nauvoo. ) 
 
 SMITH, .In-tin Almerin, D.D., clergyman 
 and editor, was born at Ticonderoga, X. Y., Dec. 
 29, 1819, educated at New Hampton Literary and 
 Theological Institute and Union College, gradu- 
 ating from the latter in 1848 ; served a year as 
 Principal of the Union Academy at Bennington, 
 Vt., followed by four years of pastoral work, 
 when he assumed the pastorate of the First Bap- 
 tist church at Rochester, N. Y., where he 
 remained five years. Then (1853) he removed to 
 Chicago to assume the editorship of "The Chris- 
 tian Times" (now "The Standard"), with which 
 he was associated for the remainder of his life. 
 Meanwhile he assisted in organizing three Baptist 
 churches in Chicago, serving two of them as 
 l>astor for a considerable period; made an ex- 
 tended tour of Europe in 1869, attending the 
 Vatican Council at Rome; was a Trustee and 
 one of the founders of the old Chicago Univer- 
 sity, and Trustee and Lecturer of the Baptist 
 Theological Seminary; was also the author of 
 several religious works. Died, at Morgan Park, 
 near Chicago, Feb. 4, 1896. 
 
 SMITH, Perry II., lawyer and politician, was 
 born in Augusta, Oneida County, N. Y., March 
 18, 1828; entered Hamilton College at the age of 
 14 and graduated, second in his class, at 18 ; began 
 reading law and was admitted to the bar on com- 
 ing of age in 1849. Then, removing to Appleton. 
 Wis., when 23 years of age he was elected a 
 Judge, served later in both branches of the 
 Legislature, and, in 1857, became Vice-President 
 of the Chicago, St. Paul & Fond du Lac Railway, 
 retaining the same position in the reorganized 
 corporation when it became the Chicago & 
 Northwestern. In 1856 Mr. Smith came to Chi- 
 cago and resided there till his death, on Palm 
 Sunday of 1885. He was prominent in railway 
 circles and in the councils of the Democratic 
 party, being the recognized representative of Mr. 
 Tilden's interests in the Northwest in the cam- 
 paign of 1876. 
 
 SMITH, Robert, Congressman and lawyer, 
 was born at Petersborough, N. H., June 12, 1802; 
 
 was educated and admitted to the bar in his 
 native town, settled at Alton, 111., in 1832, and 
 engaged in practice. In 1836 he was elected to 
 the General Assembly from Madison County, 
 and re-elected in 1838. In 1842 he was elected to 
 the Twenty -eighth Congress, and twice re-elected, 
 serving three successive terms. During the Civil 
 War he was commissioned Paymaster, with the 
 rank of Major, and was stationed at St. Louis. 
 He was largely interested in the construction of 
 water power at Minneapolis, Minn., and also in 
 railroad enterprises in Illinois. He was a promi- 
 nent Mason and a public-spirited citizen. Died, 
 at Alton, Dec. 20, 1867. 
 
 SMITH, Samuel Lisle, lawyer, was born in 
 Philadelphia, Pa., in 1817, and. belonging to a 
 wealthy family, enjoyed superior educational 
 advantages, taking a course in the Yale Law 
 School at an age too early to admit of his receiv- 
 ing a degree. In 1836 he came to Illinois, to look 
 after some lauded interests of his father's in the 
 vicinity of Peru. Returning east within the next 
 two years, he obtained his diploma, and, again 
 coming west, located in Chicago in 1838, and. 
 for a time, occupied an office with the well-known 
 law firm of Butterfield & Collins. In 1839 he was 
 elected City Attorney and, at the great Whig 
 meeting at Springfield, in June, 1840, was one of 
 the principal speakers, establishing a reputation 
 as one of the most brilliant campaign orators in 
 the West. As an admirer of Henry Clay, he was 
 active in the Presidential campaign of 1844. anil 
 was also a prominent speaker at the River and 
 Harbor Convention at Chicago, in 1847. With a 
 keen sense of humor, brilliant, witty and a mas- 
 ter of repartee and invective, he achieved popu- 
 larity, both at the bar and on the lecture 
 platform, and had the promise of future success, 
 which was unfortunately marred by his convivial 
 habits. Died of cholera, in Chicago, July 30, IRVl. 
 Mr. Smith married the daughter of Dr. Potts, of 
 Philadelphia, an eminent clergyman of the 
 Episcopal Church. 
 
 SMITH, Sidney, jurist, was born in WashinK- 
 ton County, N. Y., May 12, 1829; studied law and 
 was admitted to the bar at Albion, in that State, 
 in 1851 ; came to Chicago in 1856 and entered 
 into partnership with Grant Goodrich and Will- 
 iam W. Farwell, both of whom were afterwards 
 elected to places on the bench the first in the 
 Superior, and the latter in the Circuit Court. In 
 1879 Judge Smith was elected to the Superior 
 Court of Cook County, serving until 1885. when 
 he became the attorney of the Chicago IJoanl of 
 Trade. He was the Republican candidate for 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 489 
 
 Mayor, in opposition to Carter H. Harrison, in 
 1885, and is believed by many to have been 
 honestly elected, though defeated on the face of 
 the returns. A recount was ordered by the court, 
 but so much delay was incurred and so many 
 obstacles placed in the way of carrying the order 
 into effect, that Judge Smith abandoned the con- 
 test in disgust, although making material gains 
 as far as it had gone. During his professional 
 career he was connected, as counsel, with some of 
 the most important trials before the Chicago 
 courts; was also one of the Directors of the Chi- 
 cago Public Library, on its organization in 1871. 
 Died suddenly, in Chicago, Oct. 6, 1898. 
 
 SMITH, Theophllns Washington, Judge and 
 |K>litician, was born in New York City, Sept. 28, 
 1784, served for a time in the United States navy, 
 was a law student in the office of Aaron Burr, 
 was admitted to the bar in his native State in 
 1805, and, in 1816, came west, finally locating at 
 Edwardsville, where he soon became a prominent 
 figure in early State history. In 1820 he was an 
 unsuccessful candidate before the Legislature for 
 the office of Attorney -General, being defeated by 
 Samuel D. Lockwood, but was elected to the 
 State Senate in 1822, serving four years. In 1823 
 he was one of the leaders of the "Conventionist" 
 party, whose aim was to adopt a new Constitution 
 which would legalize slavery in Illinois, during 
 this period being the editor of the leading organ 
 of the pro-slavery party. In 1825 he was elected 
 one of the Associate Justices of the Supreme 
 Court, but resigned, Dec. 26, 1842. He was im- 
 peached in 1832 on charges alleging oppressive 
 conduct, corruption, and other high misdemean- 
 ors in office, but secured a negative acquittal, a 
 two-thirds vote being necessary to conviction. 
 The vote in the Senate stood twelve for convic- 
 tion (on a part of the charges) to ten for acquittal, 
 four being excused from voting. During the 
 Black Hawk War lie served as Quartermaster- 
 General on the Governor's staff. As a jurist, he 
 was charged by his political opponents with 
 being unable to divest himself of his partisan 
 bias, and even with privately advising counsel, in 
 political causes, of defects in the record, which 
 they (the counsel) had not discovered. He was 
 also a member of the first Board of Commission- 
 ers of the Illinois & Michigan Canal, appointed in 
 1823. Died, in Chicago, May 6, 1846. 
 
 SMITH, William Henry, journalist. Associ- 
 ated Press Manager, was born in Columbia 
 County, N. Y., Dec. 1, 1833; at three years of age 
 was taken by his parents to Ohio, where he 
 enjoyed the best educational advantages that 
 
 State at the time afforded. After completing his 
 school course he began teaching, and, for a time, 
 served as tutor in a Western college, but soon 
 turned his attention to journalism, at first as 
 assistant editor of a weekly publication at Cincin- 
 nati, still later becoming its editor, and, in 1855. 
 city editor of "The Cincinnati Gazette," with 
 which he was connected in a more responsible 
 position at the beginning of the war, incidentally 
 doing work upon "The Literary Review." His 
 connection with a leading paper enabled him to 
 exert a strong influence in support of the Govern- 
 ment. This he used most faithfully in assisting 
 to raise troops in the first years of the war, and. 
 in 1863, in bringing forward and securing the 
 election of John Brough as a Union candidate for 
 Governor in opposition to Clement L. Vallandi 
 gham, the Democratic candidate. In 1864 he was 
 nominated and elected Secretary of State, being 
 re-elected two years later. After retiring from 
 office he returned to journalism at Cincinnati, as 
 editor of "The Evening Chronicle," from which 
 he retired in 1870 to become Agent of the West - 
 ern Associated Press, with headquarters, at first 
 at Cleveland, but later at Chicago. His success 
 in this line was demonstrated by the final union 
 of the New York and Western Associated Press 
 organizations under his management, continuing 
 until 1893, when he retired. Mr. Smith was .-. 
 strong personal friend of President Hayes, by 
 whom he was appointed Collector of the Port of 
 Chicago in 1877. While engaged in official duties 
 he found time to do considerable literary work, 
 liaving published, several years ago, "TheSt. Clair 
 Papers," in two volumes, and a life of Charles 
 Hammond, besides contributions to periodicals. 
 After retiring from the management of the 
 Associated Press, he was engaged upon a "His- 
 tory of American Politics" and a "Life of Ruther- 
 ford B. Hayes," which are said to have been well 
 advanced at the time of his death, which took 
 place at his home, at Lake Forest. 111., July '-7. 
 1896. 
 
 SMITH, William M., merchant, stock-breeder 
 and politician, was born near Frankfort, K\ 
 May 23, 1827; in 1846 accompanied his father's 
 family to Lexington, McLean County, 111. , where 
 they settled. A few years later he bought forty 
 acres of government land, finally increasing his 
 holdings to 800 acres, and becoming a breeder of 
 fine stock. Still later he added to his agricultural 
 pursuits the business of a merchant. Having 
 early identified himself with the Republican 
 party, he remained a firm adherent of its prin- 
 ciples during the Civil War. and, while declining 
 
490 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 a commission tendered him by Governor Yates, 
 devoted his time and means liberally to the re- 
 cruiting and organization of regiments for serv- 
 ice in the field, and procuring supplies for the 
 sick and wounded. In 1866 he was elected to the 
 lower house of the Legislature, and was re-elected 
 in 1868 and '70, serving, during his last term, as 
 Speaker. In 1877 he was appointed by Governor 
 Cullom a member of the Railroad and Warehouse 
 Commission, of which body he served as President 
 until 1883. He was a man of remarkably genial 
 temperament, liberal impulses, and wide popu- 
 larity. Died, March 25, 1886. 
 
 SMITH, William Sooy, soldier and civil engi- 
 neer, was born at Tarlton, Pickaway County, 
 Ohio, July 22, 1830 ; graduated at Ohio University 
 in 1849, and, at the United States Military Acad- 
 emy, in 1853, having among his classmates, at the 
 latter, Generals McPherson, Schofield and Sheri- 
 dan. Coming to Chicago the following year, he 
 first found employment as an engineer on the 
 Illinois Central Railroad, but later became assist- 
 ant of Lieutenant-Colonel Graham in engineer 
 service on the lakes ; a year later took charge of 
 a select school in Buffalo; in 1857 made the first 
 surveys for the International Bridge at Niagara 
 Falls, then went into the service of extensive 
 h it -11111(111 vi- and bridge- works at Trenton, N. J. . 
 in their interest making a visit to Cuba, and also 
 superintending the construction of a bridge 
 across the Savannah River. The war intervening, 
 he returned North and was appointed Lieutenant- 
 Colonel and assigned to duty as Assistant Adju- 
 tant-General at Camp Denison, Ohio, but, in 
 June, 1862, was commissioned Colonel of the 
 Thirteenth Ohio Volunteers, participating in the 
 West Virginia campaigns, and later, at Shiloh and 
 Perryville. In April, 1862, he was promoted 
 Brigadier-General of volunteers, commanding 
 divisions in the Army of the Ohio until the fall 
 of 1863, when he joined Grant and took part in 
 the Vicksburg campaign, as commander of the 
 First Division of the Sixteenth Army Corps. 
 Subsequently he was made Chief of the Cavalry 
 Department, serving on the staffs of Grant and 
 Sherman, until compelled to resign, in 1864, on 
 account of impaired health. During the war 
 General Smith rendered valuable service to the 
 Union cause in great emergencies, by his knowl- 
 edge of engineering. On retiring to private life 
 he resumed his profession at Chicago, and since 
 has been employed by the Government on some 
 nf its most stupendous works on the lakes, and 
 lias also planned several of the most important 
 railroad bridges across the Missouri and other 
 
 streams. He has been much consulted in refer- 
 ence to municipal engineering, and his name is 
 connected with a number of the gigantic edifices 
 in Chicago. 
 
 SMITHBORO, a village and railroad junction 
 in Bond County, 3 miles east of Greenville. 
 Population, 393; (1900), 314. 
 
 SJiAPP, Henry, Congressman, born in Livings- 
 ton County, N. Y., June 30, 1822, came to Illinois 
 with his father when 11 years old, and, having 
 read law at Joliet, was admitted to the bar in 
 1847. He practiced in Will County for twenty 
 years before entering public life. In 1868 he was 
 elected to the State Senate and occupied a seat in 
 that body until his election, in 1871, to the Forty- 
 second Congress, by the Republicans of the (then) 
 Sixth Illinois District, as successor to B. C. Cook, 
 who had resigned. Died, at Joliet, Nov. 23, 1895. 
 
 SNOW, Herman W., ex-Congressman, was born 
 in La Porte County, Ind., July 3. 1836, but was 
 reared in Kentucky, working upon a farm for 
 five years, while yet in his minority becoming a 
 resident of Illinois. For several years he was a 
 school teacher, meanwhile studying law and 
 being admitted to the bar. Early in the war he 
 enlisted as a private in the One Hundred and 
 Thirty-ninth Illinois Volunteers, rising to the 
 rank of Captain. His term of service having 
 expired, he re-enlisted in the One Hundred and 
 Fifty-first Illinois, and was mustered out with 
 the rank of Lieutenant-Colonel. After the close 
 of the war he resumed teaching at the Chicago 
 High School, and later served in the General 
 Assembly (1873-74) as Representative from Wood- 
 ford County. In 1890 he was elected, as a Demo- 
 crat, to represent the Ninth Illinois District in 
 Congress, but was defeated by his Republican 
 opponent in 1892. 
 
 SNOWHOOK, William B., first Collector of 
 Customs at Chicago, was born in Ireland in 1804; 
 at the age of eight years was brought to New 
 York, where he learned the printer's trade, 
 and worked for some time in the same office 
 with Horace Greeley. At 16 he went back to 
 Ireland, remaining two years, but, returning to 
 the United States, began the study of law ; was 
 also employed on the Passaic Canal; in 1836. 
 came to Chicago, and was soon after associated 
 with William B. Ogden in a contract on the Illi- 
 nois & Michigan Canal, which lasted until 1841. 
 As early as 1840 he became prominent as a leader 
 in the Democratic party, and, in 1846, received 
 from President Polk an appointment as first Col- 
 lector of Customs for Chicago (having previously 
 served as Special Surveyor of the Port, while 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 491 
 
 attached to the District of Detroit) ; in 1853, was 
 re-appointed to the Collectorship by President 
 Pierce, serving two years. During the "Mormon 
 War" (1844) he organized and equipped, at his 
 own expense, the Montgomery Guards, and was 
 commissioned Colonel, but the disturbances were 
 brought to an end before the order to march. 
 From 1856 he devoted his attention chiefly to his 
 practice, but, in 1862, was one of the Democrats 
 of Chicago who took part in a movement to sus- 
 tain the Government by stimulating enlistments; 
 was also a member of the Convention which 
 nominated Mr. Greeley for President in 1872. 
 Died, in Chicago, May 5, 1882. 
 
 SNYDER, Adam Wilson, pioneer lawyer, and 
 early Congressman, was born at Connellsville, 
 Pa., Oct. 6, 1799. In early life he followed the 
 occupation of wool-curling for a livelihood, 
 attending school in the winter. In 1815, he emi- 
 grated to Columbus, Ohio, and afterwards settled 
 in Ridge Prairie, St. Clair County, 111. Being 
 offered a situation in a wool-curling and fulling 
 mill at Cahokia, he removed thither in 1817. He 
 formed the friendship of Judge Jesse B. Thomas, 
 and, through the latter's encouragement and aid, 
 studied law and gained a solid professional, poli- 
 tical, social and financial position. In 1830 he 
 was elected State Senator from St. Clair County, 
 and re-elected for two successive terms. He 
 served through the Black Hawk War as private, 
 Adjutant and Captain. In 1833 he removed to 
 Belleville, and, in 1834, was defeated for Congress 
 by Governor Reynolds, whom he, in turn, defeated 
 in 1836. Two years later Reynolds again defeated 
 him for the same position, and, in 1840, he was 
 elected State Senator. In 1841 he was the Demo- 
 cratic nominee for Governor. The election was 
 held in August, 1842, but, in May preceding, he 
 died at his home in Belleville. His place on the 
 ticket was filled by Thomas Ford, who was 
 elected. William H. (Snyder), son of the pre- 
 ceding, was born in St. Clair County, 111., July 
 12, 1825 ; educated at McKendree College, studied 
 law with Lieutenant-Governor Koerner, and was 
 admitted to practice in 1845; also served for a 
 time as Postmaster of the city of Belleville, and, 
 during the Mexican War, as First-Lieutenant and 
 Adjutant of the Fifth Illinois Volunteers. From 
 1850 to '54 he represented his county in the Legis- 
 lature; in 1855 was appointed, by Governor Mat- 
 teson, State's Attorney, which position he filled 
 for two years. He was an unsuccessful candidate 
 for the office of Secretary of State in 1856, and, 
 in 1857, was elected a Judge of the Twenty- 
 fourth Circuit, was re-elected for the Third Cir- 
 
 cuit in '73, '79 and '85. He was also a member of 
 the Constitutional Convention of 1869-70. Died. 
 at Belleville, Dec. 24, 1892. 
 
 SOLDIERS' AXD SAILORS' HOME, a State 
 charitable institution, founded by act of the 
 Legislature in 1885, and located at Quincy, 
 Adams County. The object of its establish- 
 ment was to provide a comfortable home for 
 such disabled or dependent veterans of the 
 United States land or naval forces as had 
 honorably served during the Civil War. It 
 was opened for the reception of veterans on 
 March 3, 1887, the first cost of site and build- 
 ings having been about $350,000. The total num- 
 ber of inmates admitted up to June 30, 1894, was 
 2,813; the number in attendance during the two 
 previous years 988, and the whole number present 
 on Nov. 10, 1894, 1,088. The value of property at 
 that time was $393,636.08. Considerable appro- 
 priations have been made for additions to the 
 buildings at subsequent sessions of the Legisla- 
 ture. The General Government pays to the State 
 $100 per year for each veteran supported at the 
 Home. 
 
 SOLDIERS' ORPHANS' HOME, ILLINOIS, an 
 institution, created by act of 1865, for the main- 
 tenance and education of children of deceased 
 soldiers of the Civil War. An eighty-acre tract, 
 one mile north of Normal, was selected as the 
 site, and the first principal building was com- 
 pleted and opened for the admission of benefici 
 -aries on June 1, 1869. Its first cost was $135,000. 
 the site having been donated. Repairs and the 
 construction of new buildings, from time to 
 time, have considerably increased this sum. In 
 1875 the benefits of the institution were extended, 
 by legislative enactment, to the children of sol- 
 diers who had died after the close of the war. 
 The aggregate number of inmates, in 1894, was 
 572, of whom 323 were males and 249 females. 
 
 SOLDIERS' WIDOWS' HOME. Provision was 
 made for the establishment of this institution by 
 the Thirty-ninth General Assembly, in an act. 
 approved, June 13, 1895, appropriating $20,000 for 
 the purchase of a site, the erection of buildings 
 and furnishing the same. It is designed for the 
 reception and care of the mothers, wives, widows 
 and daughters of such honorably discharged 
 soldiers or sailors, in the United States service, as 
 may have died, or may be physically or men- 
 tally unable to provide for the families natu- 
 rally dependent on them, provided that such 
 persons have been residents of the State for 
 at least one year previous to admission, and 
 are without means or ability for self-support. 
 
492 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 The affairs of the Home are managed by a 
 board of five trustees, of whom two are men and 
 three women, the former to be members of the 
 Grand Army of the Republic and of different 
 political parties, and the latter members of the 
 Women's Relief Corps of this State. The institu- 
 tion was located at Wilmington, occupying a 
 site of seventeen acres, where it was formally 
 opened in a house of eighteen rooms, March 11, 
 1800, with twenty-six applications for admit- 
 tance. The plan contemplates an early enlarge- 
 ment by the erection of additional cottages. 
 
 SORENTO, a village of Bond County, at the 
 intersection of the Jacksonville & St. Louis and 
 the Toledo, St. Louis & Western Railways, 14 
 miles southeast of Lilchfield; lias a bank and a 
 newspaper. Its interests are agricultural and 
 mining. Pop. (1890), 538; (1900), 1,000. 
 
 SOULARD, James (iaston, pioneer, born of 
 French ancestry in St. Louis, Mo., July 13, 1798; 
 resided there until 1821, when, having married 
 the daughter of a soldier of the Revolution, he 
 received an appointment at Fort Snelling, near 
 the present city of St. Paul, then under command 
 of Col. Snelling, who was his wife's brother-in- 
 law. The Fort was reached after a tedious jour- 
 ney by flat-boat and overland, late in the fall of 
 1821, his wife accompanying him. Three years 
 later they returned to St. Louis, where, being an 
 engineer, he was engaged for several years in 
 surveying. In 1827 he removed with his family 
 to Galena, for the next six years had charge of a 
 store of the Gratiot Brothers, early business men 
 of that locality. Towards the close of this period 
 he received the appointment of County Recorder, 
 also holding the position of County Surveyor and 
 Postmaster of Galena at the same time. His 
 later years were devoted to farming and horti- 
 culture, his death taking place, Sept. 17, 1878. 
 Mr. Soulard was probably the first man to engage 
 in freighting between Galena and Chicago. 
 "The Galena Advertiser'' of Sept. 14, 1829, makes 
 mention of a wagon-load of lead sent by him to 
 Chicago, his team taking back a load of salt, the 
 paper remarking: "This is the first wagon that 
 lias ever passed from the Mississippi River to 
 Chicago." Great results were predicted from 
 the exchange of commodities between the lake 
 and the lead mine district. Mrs. Eliza M. 
 Hunt (Soulard), wife of the preceding, was l>orn 
 at Detroit, Dec. 18, 1804, her father being Col. 
 Thomas A. Hunt, who had taken part in the 
 Battle of Bunker Hill and remained in the army 
 until his death, at St. Louis, in 1807. His descend- 
 ants have maintained their connection with the 
 
 army ever since, a son being a prominent artillery 
 officer at the Battle of Gettysburg. Mrs. Soular 
 was married at St. Louis, in 1820, and survive 
 her husband some sixteen years, dying at Galena 
 August 11, 1894. She had resided in Galen.- 
 nearly seventy years, and at the date of her 
 death, in the 90th year of her age, she was that 
 city's oldest resident. 
 
 SOUTH CHICAGO & WESTERN INDIANA 
 RAILROAD. (See Chicago A- Western Indiana 
 Railroad.) 
 
 SOUTH DANVILLE, a suburb of the city of 
 Danville, Vermilion County. Population (1890), 
 799; (1900), 898. 
 
 SOUTHEAST & ST. LOUIS RAILWAY. (See 
 Loiiimnlle & Nashville Railroad.) 
 
 SOUTH ELGIN, a village of Kane County, 
 near the city of Elgin. Population (1900), 515. 
 
 SOUTHERN COLLEGIATE INSTITUTE, 
 located at Albion, Edwards County, incorporated 
 in 1891 ; had a faculty of ten teachers with 219 
 pupils (1897-98) about equally male and female. 
 Besides classical, scientific, normal, music and 
 fine arts departments, instruction is given in pre- 
 paratory studies and business education. Its 
 property is valued at 916,500. 
 
 SOUTHERN HOSPITAL FOR THE INSANE, 
 located at Anna, Union County, founded by act 
 of the Legislature in 1869. The original site com- 
 prised 290 acres and cost a little more than 
 22,000, of which one-fourth was donated by citi- 
 zens of the county. The construction of builil- 
 ings was begun in 1869, but it was not until 
 March, 1875, that the north wing (the first com- 
 pleted) was ready for occupancy. Other portions 
 were completed a year later. The Trustees pur- 
 chased 160 additional acres in 1883. The first 
 cost (up to September, 1876) was nearly $635,000. 
 In 1881 one wing of the main building was de- 
 stroyed by fire, and was subsequently rebuilt ; the 
 patients being, meanwhile, cared for in temporary 
 wooden barracks. The total value of lands and 
 buildings belonging to the State, June 30, 1894, 
 was estimated at $738,580, and, of property of all 
 sorts, at $833,700. The wooden barracks were 
 later converted into a permanent ward, additions 
 made to the main buildings, a detached building 
 for the accommodation of 300 patients erected, 
 numerous outbuildings put up and general im- 
 provements made. A second fire on the night of 
 Jan. 3, 1895, destroyed a large part of the main 
 building, inflicting a loss upon the State of 
 $175,000. Provision was made for rebuilding by 
 the Legislature of that year. The institution has 
 capacity for about 750 patients. 
 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 Thr affairs n( the Ilimir are managed by a 
 board of five trustees, of whom two are men and 
 three women, the former to be members of the 
 Grand Army of the Kcpublic ami of different 
 ].' 'iic.il parties an<l tin- latter members of the 
 Women's Kelicl Corps of this State The institu- 
 tion was located at Wilmington, occupying a 
 .site of seventeen acres, where it was formally 
 opened in a liu.-e of eighteen room.s. March 11. 
 I MM!, with twenty--i.\ applications for admit- 
 tance. The plan contemplates an early enlarge- 
 ment bv the erect ion of additional cottages. 
 
 SOKKNTO, a village of lioinl County, at the 
 intersection of the Juckson\ ille ( V St. Louis ami 
 the Toledo, St. Louis >V \Ve-iern I'ailwavs. 14 
 miles southeast of Lilchlield; 'ias a hank alula 
 news|Ktper. Its interests are agricultuial aiul 
 mining. i'up. (IMin,. .V!S; (I'.KMn, l.ono. 
 
 S(ri.\i:i>. .lam.- <.a-lim. pi Imrn of 
 
 French ancestry in St. Louis. Mo.. .Inly l"i 17!is ; 
 resided there until I- 1 .'!, when, having marrieil 
 the daughter of a soldier of the Revolution he 
 received an ap|>inlment at Fort Snolling near 
 tlie present city of St. 1'anl. then under command 
 of Col Snelling. " I'o "'is bis wife's brother-in- 
 law. The r'ort was reached after a tedious .jour- 
 ney by Hat-boat and overland, late in the fall of 
 1821. bis wife a mpanyiiig him. Three year- 
 later they returned to St. Louis, where. being an 
 engineer, he was engaged for .several year- in 
 survey ing. In |s-_'7 hi' removed with hi- family 
 to (ialena. for the next six vcars had charge of a 
 store of theGratiot Hrothers. early business men 
 of that locality. Towards I he close of this period 
 lie leeched the appoint inent of County llccordcr 
 also holding the position of County Surveyor an. I 
 Postmaster of (ialena at the same time. Hi- 
 later years were devoted to farming and horti- 
 culture, bis death taking place Sept 17. ls> 
 Mr Sonlard was probably the first man t<> eriua-e 
 in freight ing between (ialena and Chicago 
 "Tbe (ialena Advertise]" ..T Sept II, |s-.".i, makes 
 mention of a wagon-load of lead sent by him to 
 Chicago his team taking back a load of .salt. t he 
 |ia|T remarking: "This i- the lirst wagon that 
 has ever passed from I lie Mississippi l.'ivcr to 
 Chicago." Great results were predicted from 
 the exchange of commodities between the lake 
 and the lead mine district. Mr*. Kli*a M. 
 Hunt: (Soiilardl, \\'ife of tin- preceding, wa- t.orn 
 at Detroit Dec. Is. |sn|, her father 1 ing C.,1 
 !i..'i.: i A Hunt, who bad taken pan in the 
 Kittle of Hunker Hill ami remained in the arm \ 
 until his death, at St. Louis, in |sli7. 11 is descend- 
 ants ba<e maintained their connection with the 
 
 army ever since, a son being a prominent artillery 
 officer at the liattleof Gettysburg. Mrs. Soular 
 was married at St. Louis, in 1*'J(>. and survive 
 her husband some sixteen years, dying at < ialen.i 
 August 11, 1S!M. She bad resided in Galen:' 
 nearly seventy years, and at the date of her 
 death, in the '."It h year of her a-^e. she was that 
 city's oldest resident. 
 SOI Til i UK M. it A. WKSTKKX IM)IAY\ 
 
 I. 1 \ll.l:im>. (See (V./cn;/., ,V ll'c.v/.-ril l,,,li<l,,,l 
 
 Hiiilroiiil.) 
 
 SIH'TII IIANVILI.K, a suburb of the city of 
 Danville Vermilion County. Population (ismii, 
 7!l!l; ( I'.'iioj. yits. 
 
 sorriiKAST A ST. Lons UAILWAY. ^ee 
 
 Ij.iiixrilli- <( \iixln-illi' Itiiilnnitl.) 
 
 SOI'TII I I i. IN. a village of Kane Couniy. 
 near the city of Elgin, ropulation (I'Jddi. o|.". 
 
 SOl'THKKX COM.KIilATK IXSTITl'TK. 
 
 located at Albion. I'.d wards County, incorporated 
 in 1X!(1 ; had a faculty of ten teachers with -l!l 
 pupils (1SH7-JIS) aUiut equally male and female 
 llesidi's cdassical, scientilic. normal, music ai.d 
 line arts departments, instruction is given in pre- 
 paratory studies and business education. It.s 
 property is valued at SHi.."inn. 
 
 SOl'TIIKItN IIOSI'ITAL HR TIIK I\SA\K, 
 L.cali'd at Anna, t'nion County, founded by act. 
 of the Legislature in l*'!!l. The original site com 
 prised '-Mid acres and co-t a little more than 
 s-.'-Minn. ,,f which ..m-fourth was donated by eili 
 
 /ens of tb mty. The construction <if bnil.i- 
 
 iiiL-s was begun in lsr,!l, but it was not imtil 
 March. Is7.".. that the north wing (the lirst rom- 
 (ileledi was r.'ady for occiiiiancy Other porti'.i -s 
 wer mipleted a year later. The Trustees pur- 
 chased |i;ii a.l.litional acres in |ss;|. Tin- lirst 
 co-t (up |o Sepii-mber. I s 7iii was nearly Sl!:i.'i.nnn 
 In |ss| one w ing of the main building was .ie- 
 strove.! by lire, and was siihse|iicnt ly rebuilt ; the 
 pal ieuts being meaiiw bile, cared for in tem|H>rar\ 
 wooden barracks. The total value of lands ana 
 buildings belonging to the State, .lime :;n ls;i| 
 was estimated at ST:ts.."i.sd. and. of properly of all 
 soils, at *s:;::. ;nd. The wooden barrai-ks were 
 later converted intoa permanent ward, addition- 
 made to the main building-, a detached hnildini: 
 for the accommodation of :inn patients erected, 
 numerous outbuildings put up and general im- 
 I roveiueiils madi'. A second lire on the night of 
 .Ian :j. \*-'.ir> destroyed a large part of the main 
 building, inllicting a loss upon the Slate i.f 
 SI i.l.nnd. 1'rovision was made for rebuilding by 
 the Legislaturi' of that year. The institution b.i< 
 i-apaeity for aliout 7"iU jiatients 
 
 
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HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 493 
 
 SOUTHERN ILLINOIS NORMAL UNIYER- 
 SITT, established in 1869, and located, after 
 competitive bidding, at Carbondale, which offered 
 lands and bonds at first estimated to be of the 
 value of $329,000, but which later depreciated, 
 through shrinkage, to 175,000. Construction was 
 commenced in May, 1870, and the first or main 
 building was completed and appropriately dedi- 
 cated in July, 1874. Its cost was $265,000, but it 
 was destroyed by fire, Nov. 26, 1883. In Febru- 
 ary, 1887, a new structure was completed at a cost 
 of $150,000. Two normal courses of instruction 
 are given classical and scientific each extend, 
 ing over a period of four years. The conditions 
 of admission require that the pupil shall be 16 
 years of age, and shall possess the qualifications 
 enabling him to pass examination for a second- 
 grade teacher's certificate. Those unable to do so 
 may enter a preparatory department for six 
 months. Pupils who pledge themselves to teach 
 in the public schools, not less than half the time 
 of their attendance at the University, receive 
 free tuition with a small charge for incidentals, 
 while others pay a tuition fee. The number of 
 students in attendance for the year 1897-98 was 
 720, coming from forty-seven counties, chiefly in 
 the southern half of the State, with represent- 
 atives from eight other States. The teaching 
 faculty for the same year consisted, besides the 
 President, of sixteen instructors in the various 
 departments, of whom five were ladies and 
 eleven gentlemen. 
 
 SOUTHERN PENITENTIARY, THE, located 
 near Chester, on the Mississippi River. Its erec- 
 tion was rendered necessary by the overcrowding 
 of the Northern Penitentiary. (See Northern 
 Penitentiary.) The law providing for its estab- 
 lishment required the Commissioners to select a 
 site convenient of access, adjacent to stone and 
 timber, and having a high elevation, with a never 
 failing supply of water. In 1877, 122 acres were 
 purchased at Chester, and the erection of build- 
 ings commenced. The first appropriation was of 
 $200,000, and $300,000 was added in 1879. By 
 March, 1878, 200 convicts were received, and 
 their labor was utilized in the completion of the 
 buildings, which are constructed upon approved 
 modern principles. The prison receives convicts 
 sent from the southern portion of the State, and 
 has accommodation for some 1,200 prisoners. In 
 connection with this penitentiary is an asylum 
 for insane convicts, the erection of which was 
 provided for by the Legislature in 1889. 
 
 SOUTH GROYE, a village of De Kalb County. 
 Population (1890), 730. 
 
 SPALDING, Jesse, manufacturer. Collector of 
 Customs and Street Railway President, was born 
 at Athens, Bradford County, Pa., April 15, 1833; 
 early commenced lumbering on the Susquehanna. 
 and, at 23, began dealing on his own account. In 
 1857 he removed to Chicago, and soon after bought 
 the property of the New York Lumber Company 
 at the mouth of the Menominee River in Wiscon- 
 sin, where, with different partners, and finally 
 practically alone, lie has carried on the business 
 of lumber manufacture on a large scale ever 
 since. In 1881 he was appointed, by President 
 Arthur, Collector of the Port of Chicago, and, in 
 1889, received from President Harrison an 
 appointment as one of the Government Directors 
 of the Union Pacific Railway. Mr. Spalding was 
 a zealous supporter of the Government during 
 the War of the Rebellion and rendered valuable 
 aid in the construction and equipment of Camp 
 Douglas and the barracks at Chicago for the 
 returning soldiers, receiving Auditor's warrants 
 in payment, when no funds in the State treasury 
 were available for the purpose. He was associ- 
 ated with William B. Ogden and others in the 
 project for connecting Green Bay and Sturgeon 
 Bay by a ship canal, which was completed in 
 1882, and, on the death of Mr. Ogden, succeeded 
 to the Presidency of the Canal Company, serving 
 until 1893, when the canal was turned over to the 
 General Government. He has also been identified 
 with many other public enterprises intimately 
 connected with the development and prosperity 
 of Chicago, and, in July, 1899, became President 
 of the Chicago Union Traction Company, having 
 control of the North and West Chicago Street 
 Railway Systems. 
 
 SPALDIMJ, John Lancaster, Catholic Bishop, 
 was born in Lebanon, Ky., June 2, 1840; educated 
 in the United States and in Europe, ordained a 
 priest in the Catholic Church in 1863, and there- 
 upon attached to the cathedral at Louisville, as 
 assistant. In 1869 he organized a congregation 
 of colored people, and built for their use the 
 Church of St. Augustine, having been assigned 
 to that parish as pastor. Soon afterwards he was 
 appointed Secretary to the Bishop and made 
 Chancellor of the Diocese. In 1873 he was trans- 
 ferred from Louisville to New York, where he 
 was attached to the missionary parish of St. 
 Michael's. He had, by this time, achieved no little 
 fame as a pulpit orator and lecturer. When 
 the diocese of Peoria, 111., was created, in 1877, tin- 
 choice of the Pope fell upon him for the new see, 
 and lie was consecrated Bishop, on May 1 of that 
 year, by Cardinal McCloskey at New York. His 
 

 
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HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 SOUTHERN' ILLINOIS NORMAL IMVKH- 
 
 SITV, established iu 1S!, and located, after 
 competitive bidding, at ( "arUmdale. which offered 
 lands ami lionds at lirst estimated to lie of the 
 value of S22!I.OOO. hut which later depreciated, 
 through shrinkage, to 75,WIU. I 'mist ruction was 
 commenced iu May, 1*70, and the first or main 
 building was completed and appropriately dedi- 
 cated in July, 1374. Its cost was ?2C3,0iO, hut it 
 was destroyed liy fire, Nov. 26, 18*:!. In Fehru- 
 ary, 1*^7. a new structure was completed at a cost 
 of Sl."iO.(MH. Two luirmal courses of instruction 
 are given cla-ssic-al and scientilic each extend, 
 ing over a ]icriod of four years. The condition.* 
 of admission reimire that the pupil shall lw Hi 
 years of age, and shall possess the qualific*tSonn 
 enabling him to IKISS examination for a second- 
 grade teacher's cert itieate Tliosc unable to do so 
 1 may enter a preparatory department for six 
 months. 1'npils w In. pledge themselves to teach 
 in the public sehools, nol less than half the time 
 of their altendance at tlie 1'niversity. receive 
 free luitioti with -,( small charge for incidt ntaK. 
 
 wllile olhers pav a tuition fee. The number of 
 
 students in altendjinre f.irthe year 1>!7 *.t s ' was 
 ?*<!. coining from loriv -seven counties, chielly in 
 tin uthein hall of the State, witli represent- 
 atives from eight other States. The teaching 
 facu.ty tor t he same year consisted. liesides the 
 1'resident of sixteen hist metors in the various 
 departments ,,( whom live \\-ere la. lies an. I 
 
 eleven L'elll leinen 
 
 SOlTlli:i!\ I'KMTKYHAIiV. T1IK, located 
 near I 'hotter -.11 I h" Mississippi 1,'iver llserec- 
 
 lion was rendered IH ssary by the overcrowding 
 
 of the Northern I'enileiiliary. (Sei- .\nrtln-rn 
 1','iiiti iitiin-i/ I The law providing for its estaK 
 lishinriit required the I 'ommissioiiers to select a 
 
 siti nvi-i.ii tit of access, adjacent to stone and 
 
 timlx-r. and ha\ nrj a lii.L'h elevation, with a never 
 failing supply of water. In. 1*77, li'J acres were 
 purchased at Chester, and the erection of hiiild- 
 in^s commence.l. The lirst appropriation was of 
 .X->00,<I<>. and .<i::iin.niHi was added in 1*7:1 |; v 
 
 March. 1*7*. '.'nil viets were received, and 
 
 their lalHir was utili/ed in the completion ot the 
 I<ui1din^rs. which are const rncted U{HIII approved 
 niodern principles The prison reei'ives convicts 
 sent from the southern portion of the State, and 
 has accommodation for some l.'.'tm prisoners. In 
 eonnectioii with this penitentiary is an asylum 
 for insane convicts, the erection of which was 
 provided for liy the Legislature in iss'j. 
 
 SOITII <il!OVK. a village, of I >e Kail. Coimty 
 1'opuhition (IS'.Mii, ;:in 
 
 SI'ALIIN(il, .lesse, manufacturer. Collector of 
 Customs and Street Railway resident, was Imrn 
 at Athens, Bradford County. 1'a , Ajiril 15, I*:;::; 
 early commenced lumlierin;; on the Suscjuehanna 
 and, at 8, began dealing on his own a<-count In 
 1S57 he removed to Chicago, and soon after lion^ht 
 the property of the New York I.uml>er Comjuiny 
 at the mouth of the Menominee Kiver in Wiscon- 
 sin, where, with different jtartiM-rs, and linallv 
 practically alomv he has carried on the business 
 of lumlxT mamilactnre on a lar;_-e scale ever 
 since In Is*! he was appointed, liy President 
 Arthur. Collector of the 1'oit of Chicago and in 
 Issit, received from 1'rcsideni Harrison an 
 appointment as om <>f the <Iovernment Kirei'tors 
 of thel'nion 1'acilic KViilway. .Air SpaUiBg Kitff 
 a zealous supporter of the (Government during 
 the \Var ot the KeUdlion and rendered valuable 
 aid in the construction and equipment of Camp 
 Douglas and 1 he !urraek~ .it < hicairo tor the 
 returning soldiers, receiving Auditor'* warrant* 
 in payment, vv hen no funds in the State trcasnrv 
 were available for the pur|>ose He was :i.**-i 
 ated uiih William H. t )gden and others i:i tin- 
 project for connecting (Ini'ii I'.av and Slnrgi-.a 
 I Say by a ship canal, which a* coinpleteil IK 
 iss,'. and. on the death of Mr. Ou'dcn, sutvet-de.l 
 to the I'lesiileiicy of the ('anal ( '<>in[Kiny. serving 
 until l*!i::. when the canal wa* turned over to lln- 
 (General ( lovernmenl. lie has al*o lieen idem i tie. i 
 with many other public enterprises intimaleiv 
 
 ilillllei'led vv ilh the development and pros|Hlilv 
 
 of Chicago, and. in July, l*'.i!i. U-caine l'resi,l..ni 
 of the Chicago I'm. .n Traction c..mpai.v havinir 
 control of the North and West Chicago Sire.-! 
 Kailway Systems. 
 Sl'AI.IIIMi. Jlin Lanea*ler. i aiholic l:isl:..|. 
 
 wa* Imrn in Lebanon |\\ .li '.' i*l(li educate.! 
 
 in tin' 1'niled States and in I ;; ..|- ordaine.i , 
 priest in tin- Catholic Chnn-li in Isc;.:. and then- 
 ii|in altaehed to the cathedra! at Louisville, as 
 assistant. In |sii!i he organi/i-i a congregation 
 
 ot* cot<i!'ed |.|...|,1. and built tor their Use f he 
 
 church of St. \ugiisi ine liavii.L- l--u aigneii 
 t<> that parish as pastor. Soon afterwards In wa- 
 ap|Hiinled Secretary to the );,-in.p and maile 
 Chancellor of rlic Diocese In 1*7:: he was trans- 
 ferred from Louisville to New York, where he 
 was attache. 1 to the missionary parish <! si 
 Michael's, lie had. by I his tin ,e achieved no lit: I. 
 fame as a pulpit orator and lecturer. \Vln-i. 
 the diocese of I'eoria. 111.. \v as created, in 1 V 77. ; In 
 choice of the !'..[. i fell u|...[i him fur the n. - - . 
 and he was consecrated P.ishop on May 1 of that 
 vear bv Cardinal M.-Closkev ai New York Hi- 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 administration has been characterized by both 
 energy and success. He has devoted much atten- 
 tion to the subject of emigration, and has brought 
 about the founding of many new settlements in 
 the far West. He was also largely instrumental 
 in bringing about the founding of the Catholic 
 University at Washington. He is a frequent 
 contributor to the reviews, and the author of a 
 number of religious works. 
 
 SPANISH INVASION OP ILLINOIS. In the 
 month of June, 1TT9, soon after the declaration 
 of war between Spain and Great Britain, an expe- 
 dition was organized in Canada, to attack the 
 Spanish posts along the Mississippi. Simultane- 
 ously, a force was to be dispatched from Pensa- 
 cola against New Orleans, then commanded by 
 a young Spanish Colonel, Don Bernardo de 
 (Jalvez. Secret instructions had been sent to 
 British Commandants, all through the Western 
 country, to co-operate with both expeditions. De 
 (ialvez, having learned of the scheme through 
 intercepted letters, resolved to forestall the attack 
 by becoming the assailant. At the head of a 
 force of 670 men, lie set out and captured Baton 
 Rouge, Fort Manchac and Natchez, almost with- 
 out opposition. The British in Canada, being 
 ignorant of what had been going on in the South, 
 in February following dispatched a force from 
 Mackinac to support the expedition from Pensa- 
 eola, and, incidentally, to subdue the American 
 rebels while en route. Cahokia and Kaskaskia 
 were contemplated points of attack, as well as 
 the Spanish forts at St. Louis and St. Oenevieve. 
 This movement was planned by Capt. Patrick 
 Sinclair, commandant at Mackinac, but Captain 
 Hesse was placed in charge of the expedition, 
 which numbered some 750 men, including a force 
 of Indians led by a chief named Wabasha. The 
 British arrived before St. Louis, early on the 
 morning of May 26, 1780, taking the Spaniards 
 by surprise. Meanwhile Col. George Rogers 
 Clark, having been apprised of the project, 
 arrived at Cahokia from the falls of the Ohio, 
 twenty-four hours in advance of the attack, his 
 presence and readiness to co-operate with the 
 Spanish, no doubt, contributing to the defeat of 
 the expedition. The accounts of what followed 
 are conflicting, the number of killed on the St. 
 Louis shore being variously estimated from seven 
 or eight to sixty -eight the last being the esti- 
 mate of Capt. Sinclair in his official report. All 
 agree, however, that the invading party was 
 forced to retreat in great haste. Colonel Mont- 
 gomery, who had been in command at Cahokia, 
 with a force of 350 and a party of Spanish allies, 
 
 pursued the retreating invaders as far as the 
 Rock River, destroying many Indian villages on 
 the way. This movement on the part of the 
 British served as a pretext for an attempted re- 
 prisal, undertaken by the Spaniards, with the aid 
 of a number of Cahokians, early in 1781. Starting 
 early in January, this latter expedition crossed 
 Illinois, with the design of attacking Fort St. 
 Joseph, at the head of Lake Michigan, which had 
 been captured from the English by Thomas Brady 
 and afterwards retaken. The Spaniards were com- 
 manded by Don Eugenio Pourre, and supported 
 by a force of Cahokians and Indians. The fort 
 was easily taken and the British flag replaced by 
 the ensign of Spain. The affair was regarded as 
 of but little moment, at the time, the post being 
 evacuated in a few days, and the Spaniards 
 returning to St. Louis. Yet it led to serious 
 international complications, and the "conquest" 
 was seriously urged by the Spanish ministry as 
 giving that country a right to the territory trav- 
 ersed. This claim was supported by France 
 before the signing of the Treaty of Paris, but 
 was defeated, through the combined efforts of 
 Messrs. Jay, Franklin and Adams, the American 
 Commissioners in charge of the peace negoti- 
 ations with England. 
 
 SPARKS, (Capt.) David R., manufacturer and 
 legislator, was born near Lanesville, 1ml., in 
 1823; in 1836, removed with his parents to Ma- 
 coupin County, 111. ; in 1847, enlisted for the 
 Mexican War, crossing the plains to Santa Fe, 
 New Mexico. In 1850 he made the overland trip 
 to California, returning the next year by the 
 Isthmus of Panama. In 1855 he engaged in the 
 milling business at Staunton, Macoupin County, 
 but, in 1860, made a third trip across the plains 
 in search of gold, taking a quartz-mill which was 
 erected near where Central City, Colo., now is, 
 and which was the second steam-engine in that 
 region. He returned home in time to vote for 
 Stephen A. Douglas for President, the same year, 
 but became a stalwart Republican, two weeks 
 later, when the advocates of secession began to 
 develop their policy after the election of Lincoln. 
 In 1861 he enlisted, under the call for 500, 000 vol- 
 unteers following the first battle of Bull Run, and 
 was commissioned a Captain in the Third Illinois 
 Cavalry (Col. Eugene A. Carr), serving two and a 
 half years, during which time he took part in 
 several hard-fought battles, and being present at 
 the fall of Vicksburg. At the end of his service 
 he became associated with his former partner in 
 the erection of a large flouring mill at Litchfield, 
 but, in 1869, the firm bought an extensive flour- 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 495 
 
 ing mill at Alton, of which he became the princi- 
 pal owner in 1881, and which has since been 
 greatly enlarged and improved, until it is now one 
 of the most extensive establishments of its kind 
 in the State. Capt. Sparks was elected to the 
 House of Representatives in 1888, and to the State 
 Senate in 1894, serving in the sessions of 1895 and 
 '97; was also strongly supported as a candidate 
 for the Republican nomination for Congress in 
 1896. 
 
 SPARES, William A. J., ex-Congressman, was 
 born near New Albany, Ind., Nov. 19, 1828, at 8 
 years of age was brought by his parents to Illi- 
 nois, and shortly afterwards left an orphan. 
 Thrown on his own resources, he found work 
 upon a farm, his attendance at the district 
 schools being limited to the winter months. 
 Later, he passed through McKendree College, 
 supporting himself, meanwhile, by teaching, 
 graduating in 1850. He read law with Judge 
 Sidney Breese, and was admitted to the bar in 
 1851. His first public office was that of Receiver 
 of the Land Office at Edwardsville, to which he 
 was appointed by President Pierce in 1853, re- 
 maining until 185G, when he was chosen Presi- 
 dential Elector on the Democratic ticket. The 
 same year he was elected to the lower house of 
 the General Assembly, and, in 1863-64, served in 
 the State Senate for the unexpired term of James 
 11. Rodgers. deceased. He was a delegate to the 
 National Democratic Convention in 1868, and a 
 Democratic Representative in Congress from 1875 
 to 1883. In 1885 he was appointed, by President 
 Cleveland, Commissioner of the General Land 
 Office in Washington, retiring, by resignation, in 
 1887. His home is at Carlyle. 
 
 SPARTA & ST. 6ENEVIEYE RAILROAD. 
 (See Centralia & Chester Railroad.) 
 
 SPEED, Joshua Fry, merchant, and intimate 
 friend of Abraham Lincoln ; was educated in the 
 local schools and at St. Joseph's College, Bards- 
 town, Ky., after which he spent some time in a 
 wholesale mercantile establishment in Louisville. 
 About 1835 he came to Springfield, 111., where he 
 engaged in the mercantile business, later becom- 
 ing the intimate friend and associate of Abraham 
 Lincoln, to whom he offered the privilege of 
 sharing a room over his store, when Mr. Lincoln 
 removed from New Salem to Springfield, in 1836. 
 Mr. Speed returned to Kentucky in 1842, but the 
 friendship with Mr. Lincoln, which was of a 
 most devoted character, continued until the 
 death of the latter. Having located in Jefferson 
 County, Ky . , Mr. Speed was elected to the Legis- 
 lature in 1848, but was never again willing to 
 
 accept office, though often solicited to do so. In 
 1851 he removed to Louisville, where he acquired 
 a handsome fortune in the real-estate business. 
 On the breaking out of the rebellion in 1861, he 
 heartily embraced the cause of the Union, and. 
 during the war, was entrusted with many deli- 
 cate and important duties in the interest of the 
 Government, by Mr. Lincoln, whom he frequently 
 visited in Washington. His death occurred at 
 Louisville, May 29, 1882. James (Speed), an 
 older brother of the preceding, was a prominent 
 Unionist of Kentucky, and, after the war, a 
 leading Republican of that State, serving as dele- 
 gate to the National Republican Conventions of 
 1872 and 1876. In 1864 he was appointed Attor- 
 ney-General by Mr. Lincoln and served until 1866. 
 when he resigned on account of disagreement 
 with President Johnson. He died in 1887, at the 
 age of 75 years. 
 
 SPOON RIVER, rises in Bureau County, flows 
 southward through Stark County into Peoria, 
 thence southwest through Knox . and to the south 
 and southeast, through Fulton County, entering 
 the Illinois River opposite Havana. It is about 
 150 miles long. 
 
 SPRINGER, (Rev.) Francis, DJK, educator 
 and Army Chaplain, born in Franklin County, 
 Pa., March 19, 1810; was left an orphan at an 
 early age, and educated at Pennsylvania College, 
 Gettysburg; entered the Lutheran ministry in 
 1836, and, in 1839, removed to Springfield, III., 
 where he preached and taught school; in 1847 
 became President of Hillsboro College, which, in 
 1852, was removed to Springfield and became Illi 
 nois State University, now known as Concordia 
 Seminary. Later, he served for a time as Super- 
 intendent of Schools for the city of Springfield, 
 but, in September. 1861, resigned to accept the 
 Chaplaincy of the Tenth Illinois Cavalry ; by suc- 
 cessive resignations and appointments, held the 
 positions of Chaplain of the First Arkansas Infan- 
 try (1863-64) and Post Chaplain at Fort Smith, 
 Ark., serving in the latter position until April. 
 1867, when he was commissioned Chaplain of the 
 United States Army. This position he resigned 
 while stationed at Fort Harker, Kan., August 23. 
 1867. During a considerable part of his incum- 
 bency as Chaplain at Fort Smith, he acted as 
 Agent of the Bureau of Refugees and Freedmen. 
 performing important service in caring for non- 
 combatants rendered homeless by the vicissitudes 
 of war. After the war he served, for a time, as 
 Superintendent of Schools for Montgomery 
 County, 111. ; was instrumental in the founding 
 of Carthage (111.) College, and was a member of 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 its Board of Control at the time of his death. He 
 was elected Chaplain of the Illinois House of 
 Representatives at the session of the Thirty-fifth 
 General Assembly (1887), and Chaplain of the 
 ( i rand Lodge of Free and Accepted Masons of 
 Illinois for two consecutive terms (1890-'92). 
 He was also member of the Stephenson Post, 
 No. 30, G. A. R. . at Springfield, and served as its 
 Cliaplain from January, 1884, to his death, which 
 occurred at Springfield, Oct. 21, 1882. 
 
 SPRINGER, William McKendree, ex -Congress- 
 man, Justice of United States Court, was born in 
 Sullivan County. Ind. . May 30, 1836. In 1848 he 
 removed with his parents to Jacksonville, 111., 
 was fitted for college in the public high school at 
 Jacksonville, under the tuition of the late Dr. 
 Bateman, entered Illinois College, remaining 
 three years, when he removed to the Indiana 
 State University, graduating there in 1858. The 
 following year he was admitted to the bar ami 
 commenced practice in Logan County, but soou 
 after removed to Springfield. He entered public 
 life as Secretary of the Constitutional Convention 
 of 1862. In 1871-72 he represented Sangamon 
 County in the Legislature, and, in 1874, was 
 elected to Congress from the Thirteenth Illinois 
 District as a Democrat. From that time until 
 the close of the Fifty-third Congress (1895), he 
 served in Congress continuously, and was recog- 
 nized as one of the leaders of his party on the 
 floor, being at the head of many important com- 
 mittees when that party was in the ascendancy, 
 and a candidate for the Democratic caucus nomi- 
 nation for S]..-ak.'i in 189:). In 1894 he was the 
 candidate of his party for Congress for the 
 eleventh time, but was defeated by his Repub- 
 lican opponent. James A. Connolly. In 1895 
 President Cleveland appointed him United 
 States District Judge for Indian Territory. 
 
 SPRINGFIELD, the State capital, and the 
 county-seat of Sangamon County, situated five 
 miles south of the Sangamon River and 185 miles 
 southwest of Chicago; is an important railway 
 center. The tirst settlement on the site of the 
 present city was made by John Kelly in 1819. 
 On April 10, 1821, it was selected, by the first 
 Hoard of County Commissioners, as the tem|K>rary 
 rounty-seat of Sangamon County, the organi- 
 zation of which had been authorized by act of 
 the Legislature in January previous, ami the 
 name Springfield was given to it. Iii 1823 the 
 selection was made permanent. The latter year 
 the first sale of lands took place, the original site 
 being entered by Pascal P. Enos. Elijah lies and 
 Thomas Cox. The town was platted about the 
 
 same time, and the name "Calhoun" was given to 
 a section in the northwest quarter of the present 
 city this being the "hey-day" of the South 
 Carolina statesman's greatest popularity but 
 the change was not popularly accepted, and the 
 new name was soon dropped. It was incorpo- 
 rated as a town, April 2, 1832, and as a city, April 
 6, 1840; and re-incorporated, under the general, 
 law in 1882. It was made the State capital by 
 act of the Legislature, passed at the session of 
 1837, which went into effect, July 4, 1839, and the 
 Legislature first convened there in December of 
 the latter year. The general surface is flat, 
 though there is rolling ground to the west. The 
 city has excellent water-works, a paid fire-depart- 
 ment, six banks, electric street railways, gas and 
 electric lighting, commodious hotels, fine 
 churches, numerous handsome residences, beauti- 
 ful parks, thorough sewerage, and is one of the 
 best paved and handsomest cities in the State. 
 The city proper, in 1890, contained an area of four 
 square miles, but has since been enlarged by the 
 annexation of the following suburbs: North 
 Springfield, April 7, 1891 ; West Springfield, Jan. 
 4, 1898; and South Springfield and the village of 
 Laurel, April 5, 1898. These additions give to 
 the present city an area of 5.84 square miles. 
 The population of the original city, according to 
 the census of 1880, was 19,743, and, in 1890, 24,903, 
 while t hut of the annexed suburbs, at the last 
 census, was 2, 109 making a total of 29,072. The 
 latest school census (1898) showed a total popu- 
 lation of 33,375 population by census (1900), 
 34,159. Besides the State House, the city has a 
 handsome United States Government Building 
 for United States Court and post-office purposes, 
 a county courthouse (the former State capitol). 
 a city hall and (State) Executive Mansion. 
 Springfield was the home of Abraham Lincoln. 
 His former residence has been donated to the 
 State, and bis tomb and monument are in the 
 beautiful Oak Ridge cemetery, adjoining the 
 city. Springfield is an important coal-mining 
 center, and has many important industries, 
 notably a watch factory, rolling mills, and exten- 
 sive manufactories of agricultural implements 
 and furniture. It is also the permanent location 
 of the State Fairs, for which extensive buildings 
 have been erected on the Fair Grounds north of 
 the city. There are three daily papers two morn- 
 ing and one evening published here, besides 
 various other publications. Pop. (1900), 34,159. 
 
 SPRINGFIELD, EFFINGHAM & SOUTH- 
 EASTERN RAILROAD. (See fit. Lmii*. Indian- 
 Eastern Railroad. ) 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 497 
 
 SPRINGFIELD >v ILLINOIS SOUTHEAST- 
 ERN RAILROAD. (See Baltimore & Ohio 
 Southwestern Railroad. ) 
 
 SPRINGFIELD & NORTHWESTERN RAIL- 
 ROAD. (See Chicago, Peoria & St Louis 
 Railroad of Illinois.) 
 
 SPRING VALLEY, an incorporated city in 
 Bureau Count}-, at intersection of the Chicago i 
 Northwestern, the Chicago, Rock Island it Pacific, 
 the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy, and the 
 Toluca, Marquette & Northern Railways, 100 
 miles southwest of Chicago. It lies in a coal- 
 mining region and has important manufacturing 
 interests as well. It has two banks, electric 
 street and interurban railways, and two news- 
 papers. Population (1890), 3,837; (1900), 6,214. 
 
 ST. AGATHA'S SCHOOL, an institution for 
 young ladies, at Springfield, under the patronage 
 of the Bishop of the Episcopal Church, incorpo- 
 rated in 1889. It has a faculty of eight teachers 
 giving instruction in the preparatory and higher 
 branches, including music and fine arts. It 
 reported fifty-five pupils in 1894, and real estate 
 valued at $15,000. 
 
 ST. ALBAN'S ACADEMY, a boys' and young 
 men's school at Knoxville, III., incorporated in 
 1896 under the auspices of the Episcopal Church ; 
 in 1898 had a faculty of seven teachers, with 
 forty-five pupils, and property valued at $61,100, 
 of which $54,000 was real estate. Instruction is 
 given in the classical and scientific branches, 
 besides music and preparatory studies. 
 
 ST. ANXE, a village of Kankakee County, 
 at the crossing of the Chicago & Eastern Illinois 
 and the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago <fc St. 
 Louis Railways, 60 miles south of Chicago. The 
 town has two banks, tile and brick factory, and a 
 weekly newspaper. Pop. (1900), 1,000. 
 
 ST. CHARLES, a city in Kane County, on both 
 sides of Fox River, at intersection of the Chicago 
 <t Northwestern and the Chicago Great Western 
 Railways; 88 miles west of Chicago and 10 miles 
 south of Elgin. The river furnishes excellent 
 water-power, which is being utilized by a number 
 of important manufacturing enterprises. The 
 city is connected with Chicago and many towns 
 in the Fox River valley by interurlv.n electric 
 trolley lines; is also the seat of the State Home 
 for Boys. Pop. (1890), 1,690; (1900). 2,675. 
 
 ST. CLAIR, Arthur, first Governor of the 
 Northwest Territory, was born of titled ancestry 
 at Thurso, Scotland, in 1734 ; came to America in 
 1757 as an ensign, having purchased his commis- 
 sion, participated in the capture of Louisburg. 
 Canada, in 1758, and fought under Wolfe at 
 
 Quebec. In 1764 i,e settled in Pennsylvania, 
 where he amassed a moderate fortune, and be- 
 came prominent in public affairs. He served with 
 distinction during the Revolutionary War, rising 
 to the rank of Major-General, and succeeding 
 General Gates in command at Ticonderoga, but, 
 later, was censured by Washington for his hasty 
 evacuation of the post, though finally vindicated 
 by a military court. His Revolutionary record, 
 however, was generally good, and even distin- 
 guished. He represented Pennsylvania in the 
 Continental Congress, and presided over that 
 body in 1787. He served as Governor of the 
 Northwest Territory (including the present State 
 of Illinois) from 1789 to 1802. As an executive 
 he was not successful, being unpopular because 
 of his arbitrariness. In November, 1791, he 
 suffered a serious defeat by the Indians in the 
 valley between the Miami and the Wabash. In 
 this campaign he was badly crippled by the gout, 
 and had to be carried on a litter ; he was again 
 vindicated by a Congressional investigation. His 
 first visit to the Illinois Country was made in 
 1790, when he organized St. Clair County, which 
 was named in his honor. In 1802 President Jef- 
 ferson removed him from the governorship of 
 Ohio Territory, of which he had continued to be 
 the Governor after its separation from Indiana 
 and Illinois. The remainder of his life was 
 spent in comparative penury. Shortly before his 
 decease, he was granted an annuity by the Penn- 
 sylvania Legislature and by Congress. Died, at 
 Greensburg, Pa., August 31, 1818. 
 
 ST. CLAIR COUNTY, the first county organ- 
 ized within the territory comprised in the pres- 
 ent State of Illinois the whole region west 
 of the Ohio River having been first placed under 
 civil jurisdiction, under the name of "Illinois 
 County," by an act of the Virginia House of 
 Delegates, passed in October, 1778, a few months 
 after the capture of Kaskaskia by Col. George 
 Rogers Clark. (See Illinois; also Clark, George 
 Rogers.) St. Clair County was finally set off 
 by an order ef Gov. Arthur St Clair, on occa- 
 sion of his first visit to the "Illinois Country," 
 in April, 1790 more tlian two years after his 
 assumption of the duties of Governor of the 
 Northwest Territory, which then comprehended 
 the "Illinois Country" as well as the whole 
 region within the present States of Ohio, Indiana. 
 Michigan and Wisconsin. Governor St. Clair's 
 order, which l>ears date. April 27. 1790, defines 
 the boundaries of the new county which took 
 his own name as follows: "Beginning at the 
 mouth of the Little Michillimackanack River, 
 
498 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 running thence southerly in a direct line to the 
 mouth of the little river above Fort Massac upon 
 the Ohio River ; thence with the said river to its 
 junction with the Mississippi; thence up the 
 Mississippi to the mouth of the Illinois, and so up 
 the Illinois River to the place of beginning, with 
 all the adjacent islands of said rivers, Illinois and 
 Mississippi." The "Little Michillimackanack, " 
 the initial point mentioned in this description 
 also variously spelled "Makina" and "Macki- 
 naw," the latter being the name by which the 
 stream is now known empties into the Illinois 
 River on the south side a few miles below 
 Pekin, in Tazewell County. The boundaries 
 of St. Clair County, as given by Gov. St. Clair, 
 indicate the imperfect knowledge of the topog- 
 raphy of the "Illinois Country" existing in 
 that day, as a line drawn south from the mouth 
 of the Mackinaw River, instead of reaching the 
 Ohio "above Fort Massac," would have followed 
 the longitude of the present city of Springfield, 
 striking the Mississippi about the northwestern 
 corner of Jackson County, twenty -five miles west 
 of the mouth of the Ohio. The object of Gov- 
 ernor St. Clair's order was, of course, to include 
 the settled portions of the Illinois Country in the 
 new county ; and, if it had had the effect intended, 
 the eastern border of the county would have fol- 
 lowed a line some fifty miles farther eastward, 
 along the eastern border of Marion, Jefferson, 
 Franklin, Williamson and Johnson Counties, 
 reaching the Ohio River about the present site uf 
 Metropolis City in Massac County, and embracing 
 about one-half of the area of the present State of 
 Illinois. For all practical purposes it embraced 
 all the Illinois Country, as it included that por- 
 tion in which the white settlements were locateil. 
 (See St. Clair, Arthur; also Illinois Country.) 
 The early records of St. Clair County are in the 
 French language ; its first settlers and its early 
 civilization were French, and the first church to 
 inculcate the doctrine of Christianity was the 
 Roman Catholic. The first proceedings in court 
 under the common law were had in 1796. The 
 first Justices of the Peace were appointed in 1K07, 
 and, as there was no penitentiary, the whipping- 
 post and pillory played an important part in the 
 code of penalties, these punishments being im- 
 partially meted out as late as the time of Judge 
 (afterwards Governor) Reynolds, to "the lame, the 
 halt and the blind," for such offenses as the lar- 
 ceny of a silk handkerchief. At first three 
 places Cahokia, Prairie du Rocher and Kaskas- 
 kia were named as county -seats by Governor St. 
 Clair ; but Randolph County having been set off 
 
 in 1895, Cahokia became the county-seat of the 
 older county, so remaining until 1813, when 
 Belleville was selected as the seat of justice. At 
 that time it was a mere cornfield owned by 
 George Blair, although settlements had previously 
 been established in Ridge Prairie and at Badgley. 
 Judge Jesse B. Thomas held his first court in :L 
 log-cabin, but a rude court house was erected in 
 1814, and, the same year, George E. Blair estab- 
 lished a hostelry, Joseph Kerr opened a store, 
 and, in 1817, additional improvements were 
 inaugurated by Daniel Murray and others, from 
 Baltimore. John H. Dennis and the Mitchells 
 and Wests (from Virginia) settled soon after- 
 ward, becoming farmers and mechanics. Belle- 
 ville was incorporated in 1819. In 1825 Governor 
 Edwards bought the large landed interests of 
 Etienne Persoueau, a large French land-owner, 
 ordered a new survey of the town and infused fresh 
 life into its development. Settlers began to arrive 
 in large numbers, mainly Virginians, who brought 
 with them their slaves, the right to hold which 
 was, for many years, a fruitful and perennial 
 source of strife. Emigrants from Germany 
 began to arrive at an early day, and now a large 
 proportion of the population of Belleville and St. 
 Clair County is made up of that nationality. The 
 county, as at present organized, lies on the west- 
 ern border of the south half of the State, immedi- 
 ately opposite St. Louis, and comprises some 680 
 square miles. Three-fourths of it are underlaid 
 by a vein of coal, six to eight feet thick, and 
 about one hundred feet below the surface. Con- 
 siderable wheat is raised. The principal towns 
 are Belleville, East St. Louis, Lebanon and Mas- 
 coutah. Population of the county (1880), 61,806; 
 (1890), 66,571; (1900), 86,685. 
 
 ST. JOHN, an incorporated village of Perry 
 County, on the Illinois Central Railway, one mile 
 north of Duquoin. Coal is mined and salt manu- 
 factured here. Population about 500. 
 
 ST. JOSEPH, a village of Champaign County, 
 on the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis 
 Railway, 10 miles east of Champaign ; has inter- 
 urban railroad connection. Pop. (1900), 637. 
 
 ST. JOSEPH'S HOSPITAL, (Chicago), founded 
 in 1860, by the Sisters of Charity. Having been de- 
 stroyed in the fire of 1871, it was rebuilt in the 
 following year. In 1892 it was reconstructed, en- 
 larged and made thoroughly modern in its appoint- 
 ments. It can accommodate about 250 patients. 
 The Sisters attend to the nursing, and conduct the 
 domestic and financial affairs. The medical staff 
 comprises ten physicans and surgeons, among 
 whom are some of the most eminent in Chicago. 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 4U5 
 
 ST. l.or IS. ALTON & CHICAGO RAILROAD. 
 
 (See Chicago & Alton Railroad. ) 
 
 ST. LOUIS, ALTON & SPRINGFIELD RAIL- 
 ROAD. (See St. Louis, Chicago <fc St. Paul 
 Railroad. ) 
 
 ST. LOUIS, ALTON & TERRE HAUTE 
 RAILOAD, a corporation formerly operating an 
 extensive system of railroads in Illinois. The Terre 
 Haute & Alton Railroad Company (the original 
 corporation) was chartered in January, 1851, 
 work begun in 1852, and the main line from 
 Terre Haute to Alton (172.5 miles) completed, 
 March 1, 1856. The Belleville & Illinoistown 
 branch (from Belleville to East St. Louis) was 
 cliartered in 1852, and completed between the 
 points named in the title, in the fall of 1854. 
 This corporation secured authority to construct 
 an extension from Illinoistown (now East St. 
 Louis) to Alton, which was completed in October, 
 1856, giving the first railroad connection between 
 Alton & St. Louis. Simultaneously with this, 
 these two roads (the Terre Haute & Alton and 
 the Belleville & Illinoistown) were consolidated 
 under a single charter by special act of the Legis- 
 lature in February, 1854, the consolidated line 
 taking the name of the Terre Haute, Alton & St. 
 Louis Railroad. Subsequently the road became 
 financially embarassed, was sold under foreclosure 
 and reorganized, in 1862, under the name of the 
 St. Louis, Alton & Terre Haute Railroad. June 
 1, 1867, the main line (from Terre Haute to St. 
 Louis) was leased for niety-nine years to the 
 Indianapolis & St. Louis Railway Company (an 
 Indiana corporation) guaranteed by certain other 
 lines, but the lease was subsequently broken by 
 the insolvency of the lessee and some of the 
 guarantors. The Indianapolis & St. Louis went 
 into the hands of a receiver in 1882, and was sold 
 under foreclosure, in July of the same year, its 
 interest being absorbed by the Cleveland, Cin- 
 cinnati, Chicago & St. Louis Railway, by which 
 the main line is now operated. The properties 
 officially reported as remaining in the hands of 
 the St. Louis, Alton & Terre Haute Railroad, 
 June 30, 1895, beside the Belleville Branch (14.40 
 miles), included the following leased and subsidi- 
 ary lines: Belleville & Southern Illinois "Cairo 
 Short Line" (56.40 miles) ; Belleville & Eldorado, 
 (50.20 miles); Belleville & Carondelet (17.30 
 miles); St. Louis Southern and branches (47.27 
 miles), and Chicago, St. Louis & Paducah Rail- 
 way (53.50 miles). All these have been leased, 
 since the close of the fiscal year 1895, to the Illi- 
 nois Central. (For sketches of these several 
 roads see headings of each. ) 
 
 ST. LOUIS, CHICAGO & ST. PAUL RAIL. 
 ROAD, (Bluff Line), a line running from Spring- 
 field to Granite City, 111., (opposite St. .Louis), 
 102.1 miles, with a branch from Lock Haven to 
 Graf ton, 111., 8.4 miles total length of line in 
 Illinois, 110.5 miles. The track is of standard 
 gauge, laid with 56 to 70-pound steel rails. (His- 
 TORY.) The road was originally incorporated 
 under the name of the St. Louis, Jersey villr & 
 Springfield Railroad, built from Bates to Grafton 
 in 1882, and absorbed by the Wabash, St. Louis & 
 Pacific Railway Company ; was surrendered by the 
 receivers of the latter in 1886, and passed under 
 the control of the bond-holders, by whom it was 
 transferred to a corporation known as the St. 
 Louis & Central Illinois Railroad Company. In 
 June, 1887, the St. Louis, Alton & Springfield 
 Railroad Company was organized, with power to 
 build extensions from Newbern to Alton, and 
 from Bates to Springfield, which was done. In 
 October, 1890, a receiver was appointed, followed 
 by a reorganization under the present name (St. 
 Louis, Chicago & St. Paul). Default was made 
 on the interest and, in June following, it was 
 again placed in the hands of receivers, by whom 
 it was operated until 1898. The total earnings 
 and income for the fiscal year 1897-98 were 
 1318,815, operating expenses, $373,270; total 
 capitalization, $4,853,526, of which, $1,500,000 
 was in the form of stock and $1,235 000 in income 
 bonds. 
 
 ST. LOUIS, INDIANAPOLIS EASTERN 
 RAILROAD, a railroad line 90 miles in length, 
 extending from Switz City, I ml., to Effingliam. 
 111. 56 miles being within the State of Illinois. 
 It is of standard gauge and the track laid chiefly 
 with iron rails. (HisTOEV.) The orginal corpo- 
 ration was chartered in 1869 as the Springfield. 
 Effingliam & Quincy Railway Company. It was 
 built as a narrow-gauge line by the Cincinnati. 
 Effiu^ham & Quincy Construction Company 
 which went into the hands of a receiver in 1- > 
 The road was completed by the receiver in 1HNU, 
 and, in 1885, restored to the Construction Com- 
 pany by the discliarge of the receiver. For a 
 short time it was operated in connection with 
 the Bloomfield Railroad of Indiana, but was 
 reorganized in 1886 as the Indiana & Illinois 
 Southern Railroad, and the gauge changed to 
 standard in 1887. Having made default in the 
 payment of interest, it was sold under foreclosure 
 in 1890 and purchased in the interest of the bond- 
 holders, by whom it was conveyed to the St. 
 Louis, Indianapolis & Eastern Railroad Company, 
 in whose name the line is operated. Its business 
 
500 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 is limited, and chiefly local. The total earnings 
 in 1X98 were $65,583 and the expenditures $69,112. 
 Its capital stock was $740,000; bonded debt, 
 $978,000, other indebtedness increasing the total 
 capital investment to $1,816,736. 
 
 ST. LOUIS, JACKSONVILLE & CHICAGO 
 RAILROAD. (See Chicago <t- Alton Railroad.) 
 
 ST. LOUIS, JERSEYVILLE & SPRINGFIELD 
 KAILROAD. (See St. Louis, Chicago <t St. Paul 
 Railroad.) 
 
 ST. LOUIS, MOUNT CARMEL & NEW AL- 
 BANY RAILROAD. (See Louisville, Evansi-ilte 
 dt St. Louis (Consolidated) Railroad.) 
 
 ST. LOUIS, PEORIA & NORTHERN RAIL- 
 WAY, known as "Peoria Short Line," a corpo- 
 ration organized, Feb. 29, 1896, to take over and 
 unite the properties of the St. Louis & Eastern, 
 the St. Louis & Peoria and the North and South 
 Railways, and to extend the same due north 
 from Springfield to Peoria (60 miles), and thence 
 to Fulton or East Clinton, 111., on the Upper Mis- 
 sissippi. The line extends from Springfield to 
 Glen Carbon (84.46 miles), with trackage facilities 
 over the Chicago, Peoria & St. Louis Railroad 
 and the Merchants' Terminal Bridge (18 miles) 
 to St. Louis. (HISTORY.) This road has been 
 made up of three sections or divisions. (1) The 
 initial section of the line was constructed under 
 the name of the St. Louis & Chicago Railroad of 
 Illinois, incorporated in 1885, and opened from 
 Mount Olive to Alhambra in 1887. It passed 
 into the hands of a receiver, was sold under fore- 
 closure in 1889, and reorganized, in 1890, as the St. 
 Louis & Peoria Railroad. The St. Louis & East- 
 ern, chartered in 1889, built the line from Glen 
 Carbon to Marine, which was opened in 1893; the 
 following year, bought the St. Louis & Peoria 
 line, and, in 1895, constructed the link (8 miles) 
 between Alhambra and Marine. (3) The North 
 & South Railroad Company of Illinois, organized 
 in 1890, as successor to the St. Louis & Chicago 
 Railway Company, proceeded in the construction 
 of the line (50.46 miles) from Mt. Olive to Spring- 
 Held, which was subsequently leased to the Chi- 
 cago, Peoria & St. Louis, then under the 
 management of the Jacksonville, Louisville & St. 
 Louis Railway. The latter corporation having 
 defaulted, the property passed into the hands of 
 a receiver. By expiration of the lease in Decem- 
 ber, 1896, the property reverted to the proprietary 
 Company, which took possession, Jan. 1, 1896. 
 The St. Louis & Southeastern then bought the 
 line outright, and it was incorporated as a part of 
 the new organization uniler tlie name of the St. 
 Louis, Peoria & Northern Kaihvay, the North 
 
 & South Railroad going out of existence. In 
 May, 1899, the St. Louis, Peoria & Northern was 
 sold to the reorganized Chicago & Alton Railroad 
 Company, to be operated as a short line between 
 Peoria & St. Louis. 
 
 ST. LOUIS, ROCK ISLAND & CHICAGO 
 RAILROAD. (See Chicago, Burlington & Quincy 
 Railroad.) 
 
 ST. LOUIS SOUTHERN RAILROAD, a line 
 running from Pinckneyville, 111., via Murphys- 
 lx>ro, to Carbondale. The company is also the 
 lessee of the Carbondale & Shawneetown Rail- 
 road, extending from Carbondale to Marion, 17.5 
 miles total, 50.5 miles. The track is of standard 
 gauge and laid with 56 and 60-pound steel rails. 
 The company was organized in August, 1886, to 
 succeed to the property of the St. Louis Coal Rail- 
 road (organized in 1879) and the St. Louis Central 
 Railway ; and was leased for 980 years from Dec. 
 1, 1886, to the St. Louis, Alton & Terre Haute 
 Railroad Company, at an annual rental equal te 
 thirty per cent of the gross earnings, with a mini- 
 mum guarantee of $32,000, which is sufficient 
 to pay the interest on the first mortgage bonds. 
 During the year 1896 this line passed under lease 
 from the St. Louis, Alton & Terre Haute Rail- 
 road Company, into the hands of the Illinois 
 Central Railroad Company. 
 
 ST. LOUIS, SPRINGFIELD & TINCENNES 
 RAILROAD COMPANY, a corporation organized 
 in July, 1899, to take over the property of the 
 Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern Railway in the 
 State of Illinois, known as the Ohio & Mississippi 
 and the Springfield & Illinois Southeastern 
 Railways the former extending from Vin- 
 cennes, I ml., to East St. Louis, and the latter 
 from Beardstown to Shawneetown. The prop- 
 erty was sold under foreclosure, at Cincinnati, 
 July 10, 1899, and transferred, for purposes of 
 reorganization, into the hands of the new cor- 
 poration, July 28, 1899. (For history of the 
 several lines see Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern 
 Railway.) 
 
 ST. LOUIS, YANDALIA & TERRE HAUTE 
 RAILROAD. This line extends from East St. 
 Louis eastward across the State, to the Indiana 
 State line, a distance of 158.3 miles. The Terre 
 Haute & Indianapolis Railroad Company is the 
 lessee. The track is single, of standard gauge, 
 and laid with steel rails. The outstanding capi- 
 tal stock, in 1898, was $3,924,058, the bonded debt, 
 $4,496,000, and the floating debt, $218.480. (HIS- 
 TORY ) The St. Louis, Vandalia & Terre Haute 
 Railroad was chartered in 1865, opened in 1870 
 and leased to the Terre Haute & Indianapolis 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 501 
 
 Railroad, for itself and the Pittsburg, Cincinnati, 
 Chicago & St. Louis Railroad. 
 
 ST. LOUIS & CAIRO RAILROAD, extends 
 from East St. Louis to Cairo, 111., 151.6 miles, with 
 a branch from Hillstadt Junction to High Prairie, 
 !> miles. The track is of standard gauge and laid 
 mainly with steel rails. (HISTORY.) The origi- 
 nal charter was granted to the Cairo & St. Louis 
 Railroad Company, Feb. 16, 1865, and the road 
 opened, March 1, 1875. Subsequently it passed 
 into the hands of a receiver, was sold under fore- 
 closure, July 14, 1881, and was taken charge of 
 by a new company under its present name, Feb. 
 1, 1882. On Feb. 1, 1886, it was leased to the 
 Mobile & Ohio Railroad Company for forty-five 
 years, and now constitutes the Illinois Division 
 of that line, giving it a connection with St. 
 Louis. (See Mobile & Ohio Railway. ) 
 
 ST. LOUIS & CENTRAL ILLINOIS RAIL- 
 BOAD. (See St. Louis, Chicago & St. Paul 
 Railroad. ) 
 
 ST. LOUIS & CHICAGO RAILROAD (of 
 Illinois). (See St. Louis, Peoria & Northern 
 Railway.) 
 
 ST. LOUIS & EASTERN RAILROAD. (See 
 St. Louis, Peoria & Northern Railway.) 
 
 ST. LOUIS & PEORIA RAILWAY. (See 
 St. Louis, Peoria & Northern Railway. ) 
 
 ST. LUKE'S HOSPITAL, located in Chicago. 
 It was chartered in 1865, its incorporators, in 
 their initial statement, substantially declaring 
 their object to be the establishment of a free hos- 
 pital under the control of the Protestant Epis- 
 copal Church, which should be open to the 
 afflicted poor, without distinction of race or 
 creed. The hospital was opened on a small scale, 
 but steadily increased until 1879, when re-incor- 
 jmration was effected under the general law. In 
 1885 a new building was erected on land donated 
 for that purpose, at a cost exceeding $150,000, 
 exclusive of $20,000 for furnishing. While its 
 primary object has been to afford accommoda- 
 tion, with medical and surgical care, gratuitously, 
 to the needy poor, the institution also provides a 
 considerable number of comfortable, well-fur- 
 nished private rooms for patients who are able 
 and willing to pay for the same. It contains an 
 amphitheater for surgical operations and clinics, 
 and has a free dispensary for out-patients. Dur- 
 ing the past few years important additions 
 have been made, the number of beds increased, 
 and provision made for a training school for 
 nurses. The medical staff (1896) consists of 
 thirteen physicians and surgeons and two 
 pathologist*. 
 
 ST. MARY'S SCHOOL, a young ladies' semi 
 nary, under the patronage of the Episcopal 
 Church, at Knoxville, Knox County, 111. ; was 
 incorporated in 1858, in 1898 had a faculty of four- 
 teen teachers, giving instruction to 113 pupils. 
 The brandies taught include the classics, the 
 sciences, fine arts, music and preparatory studies. 
 The institution has a library of 2,200 volumes, 
 and owns property valued at 130,500, of which 
 $100,000 is real estate. 
 
 STAGER, Anson, soldier and Telegraph Super- 
 intendent, was born in Ontario County, N. Y.. 
 April 20, 1825 ; at 16 years of age entered the serv- 
 ice of Henry O'Reilly, a printer who afterwards 
 became a pioneer in building telegraph lines, and 
 with whom he became associated in various enter- 
 prises of this character. Having introduced 
 several improvements in the construction of bat- 
 teries and the arrangement of wires, he was, in 
 1852, made General Superintendent of the princi- 
 pal lines in the West, and, on the organization of 
 the Western Union Company, was retained in 
 this position. Early in the Civil War he was 
 entrusted with the management of telegraph 
 lines in Southern Ohio and along the Virginia 
 border, and, in October following, was appointed 
 General Superintendent of Government tele- 
 graphs, remaining in this position until Septem- 
 ber, 1868, his services being recognized in his 
 promotion to a brevet Brigadier-Generalship of 
 Volunteers. In 1869 General Stager returned to 
 Chicago and, in addition to his duties as General 
 Superintendent, engaged in the promotion of a 
 number of enterprises connected with the manu- 
 facture of electrical appliances and other 
 branches of the business. One of these was the 
 consolidation of the telephone companies, of 
 which he became President, as also of the West- 
 ern Edison Electric Light Company, besides being 
 a Director in several other corporations. Died, 
 in Chicago, March 26, 1885. 
 
 ST A N DISH, John Tan Ness, a lineal descendant 
 of Capt. Miles Standish, the Pilgrim leader, was 
 born at Woodstock, Vt., Feb. 26, 1825. His early 
 years were spent on a farm, but a love of knowl- 
 edge and books became his ruling passion, and he 
 devoted several years to study, in the "Liberal 
 Institute" at Lebanon, N. H., finally graduating, 
 with the degree of A. B., at Norwich University 
 in the class of 1847. Later, he received the 
 degree of A.M., in due course, from his Alma 
 Mater in 1855; that of Ph.D. from Knox College, 
 in 1883, of LL.DfromSt. Lawrence University 
 in 1893, and from Norwich, in 1898. Dr. Standish 
 chose the profession of a teacher, and has spent 
 
502 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 over fifty years in its pursuit in connection with 
 private and public schools and the College, of 
 which more than forty years were as Professor and 
 President of Iximbard University at Galeshurg. 
 He has also lectured and conducted Teachers' 
 Institutes all over the State, and, in ISTii), was 
 elected President of the State Teachers' Associ- 
 ation. He made three visits to the Old World 
 in 1879, '82-83, and '91-92 and, during his second 
 trip, traveled over 40,000 miles, visiting nearly 
 every country of Europe, including the "Land of 
 the Midnight Sun," besides Northern Africa 
 from the Mediterranean to the Desert of Sahara, 
 Egypt, Palestine, Syria and Asia Minor. A lover 
 of art, he has visited nearly all the principal 
 museums and picture galleries of the world. In 
 jx>litics he is a Republican, and, in opposition to 
 many college men, a firm believer in the doctrine 
 of protection. In religion, he is a Universalist. 
 
 STA IT, James T. B., State Auditor, was born 
 in Woodford County, Ky., April 13, 1804; at the 
 age of 12 accompanied his widowed mother to 
 Kaskaskia, 111. , where she settled ; before he was 
 20 years old, was employed as a clerk in the office 
 of the State Auditor, and, upon the resignation of 
 that officer, was appointed his successor, being 
 twice thereafter elected by the Legislature, serv- 
 ing nearly five years. He resigned the auditor- 
 ship to accept the Presidency of the State Bank 
 at Vandalia, which post he filled for thirteen 
 years; acted as Aid-de-camp on Governor Rey- 
 nolds staff in the Black Hawk War, and served 
 as Adjutant of the Third Illinois Volunteers dur- 
 ing the war with Mexico. President Taylor 
 appointed Mr. Stapp Receiver of the United 
 States Land Office at Vandalia, which office he 
 held during the Fillmore administration, resign- 
 ing in 1855. Two years later he removed to 
 Decatur, where he continued to reside until his 
 death in 1876. A handsome Methodist chapel, 
 erected by him in that city, bears bis name. 
 
 STARK COUNTY, an interior county in the 
 northern half of the State, lying west of the Illi- 
 nois River; has an area of 290 square miles. It 
 has a rich, alluvial soil, well watered by numer- 
 ous small streams. The principal industries are 
 agriculture and stock-raising, and the chief 
 towns are Toulon and Wyoming. The county 
 was erected from Putnam and Knox in 1839, and 
 named in honor of General Stark, of Revolution- 
 ary fame. The earliest settler was Isaac B. 
 Essex, who built a cabin on Spoon River, in 1828, 
 and gave his name to a township. Of other pio- 
 neer families, the Buswells, Smiths, Spencers and 
 
 Eastmans came from New England; the Thom- 
 ases, Moores, Holgates, Fullers and Whittakers 
 from Pennsylvania; the Coxes from Ohio, the 
 Perrys and Parkers froin Virginia; the McClanu- 
 hans from Kentucky ; the Hendersons from Ten- 
 nessee ; the Lees and Hazens from New Jersey ; 
 the Halls from England, and the TurnbulLs and 
 Olivers from Scotland. The pioneer church was 
 the Congregational at Toulon. Population U8HO), 
 11,207; (1890), 9,982; (1900), 10,186. 
 
 STARTED ROCK, a celebrated rock or cliff on 
 the south side of Illinois River, in La Salle 
 County, upon which the French explorer, I-a 
 Salle, and his lieutenant, Tonty, erected a fort in 
 1682, which they named Fort St. Louis. It was 
 one mile north of the supposed location of the 
 Indian village of La Vantum, the metropolis, so 
 to speak, of the Illinois Indians about the time of 
 the arrival of the first French explorers. The 
 population of this village, in 1680, according to 
 Father Membre, was some seven or eight thou- 
 sand. Both La Vantum and Fort St. Louis were 
 repeatedly attacked by the Iroquois. The Illinois 
 were temporarily driven from La Vantum, but 
 the French, for the time being, successfully 
 defended their fortification. In 1702 the fort was 
 abandoned as a military post, but continued t< > 
 lie used as a French trading-post until 171 S. 
 when it was burned by Indians. The Illinois 
 were not again molested until 1722, when the 
 Foxes made an unsuccessful attack upon them. 
 The larger portion of the tribe, however, resolved 
 to cast in their fortunes with other tribes on the 
 Mississippi River. Those who remained fell an 
 easy prey to the foes by whom they were sur- 
 rounded. In 1769 they were attacked from the 
 north by tribes who desired to avenge the murder 
 of Pontiac. Finding themselves hard pressed. 
 they betook themselves to the bluff where Fort 
 St. Louis had formerly stood. Here they were 
 besieged for twelve days, when, destitute of food 
 or water, they made a gallant but hopeless sortie. 
 According to a tradition handed down among the 
 Indians, all were massacred by the besiegers in 
 an attempt to escape by night, except one halt - 
 breed, who succeeded in evading his pursuers. 
 This sanguinary catastrophe has given the rock 
 its popular name. Elmer Baldwin, in his History 
 of Lu SalleCounty (1877), says: "The bones of 
 the victims lay scattered about the cliff in pro- 
 fusion after the settlement by the whites, ami 
 are still found mingled plentifully with the soil. " 
 (See La Salle, Robert Carelier; Tonty; Fort Nt. 
 Louis.) 
 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OK ILLINOIS. 
 
 STARJfE, Alexander, Secretary of State and 
 State Treasurer, was born in Philadelphia. Pa., 
 Nov. 21, 1813; in the spring of 1836 removed to 
 Illinois, settling at Griggsville, Pike County, 
 where he opened a general store. From 1839 to 
 '4'- he served as Commissioner of Pike County, 
 ami, in the latter year, was elected to the lower 
 house of the General Assembly, and re-elected in 
 1H44. Having, in the meanwhile, disposed of his 
 store at Griggsville and removed to Pittsfield, he 
 was appointed, by Judge Purple, Clerk of the 
 Circuit Court, and elected to the same office for 
 four years, when it was made elective. In 1852 
 he was elected Secretary of State, when he 
 removed to Springfield, returning to Griggsville 
 at the expiration of his term in 185T, to assume 
 the Presidency of the old Hannibal and Naples 
 Railroad (now a part of the Wabash system). 
 He represented Pike and Brown Counties in the 
 Constitutional Convention of 1862, and the same 
 year was elected State Treasurer. He thereupon 
 again removed to Springfield, where he resided 
 until his death, being, with his sons, extensively 
 engaged in coal mining. In 1870, and again iu 
 1873, he was elected State Senator from San- 
 gamon County. He died at Springfield, March 
 81, 1886. 
 
 STATE BANK OF ILLINOIS. The first legis- 
 lation, having for its object the establishment of 
 a bank within the territory which now consti- 
 tutes the State of Illinois, was the passage, by 
 the Territorial Legislature of 1816, of an act 
 incorporating the "Bank of Illinois at Shawnee- 
 town, with branches at Edwardsville and Kas- 
 kaskia." In the Second General Assembly of 
 the State (1820) an act was passed, over the 
 Governor's veto and in defiance of the adverse 
 judgment of the Council of Revision, establish- 
 ing a State Bank at Vandalia with branches at 
 Shawneetown, Edwardsville, and Brownsville in 
 Jackson County. This was, in effect, a recharter- 
 ing of the banks at Shawneetown and Edwards- 
 ville. So far as the former is concerned, it seems 
 to have been well managed; but the official 
 i -i induct of the officers of the latter, on the basis 
 of charges made by Governor Edwards in 1826. 
 was made the subject of a legislative investiga- 
 tion, which (although it resulted in nothing) 
 seems to have had some basis of fact, in view of 
 the losses finally sustained in winding up its 
 affairs that of the General Government amount- 
 ing to $54,000. Grave charges were made in this 
 connection against men who were then, or 
 afterwards became, prominent in State affairs, 
 including one Justice of the Supreme Court and 
 one (still later) a United States Senator. The 
 
 experiment was disastrous, as, ten years later 
 (1831), it was found necessary for the State t<> 
 incur a debt of $100,000 to redeem the outstaml 
 ing circulation. Influenced, however, by the 
 popular demand for an increase in the "circu- 
 lating medium," the State continued its experi- 
 ment of becoming a stockholder in banks 
 managed by its citizens, and accordingly we find 
 it, in 1835, legislating in the same direction for 
 the establishing of a central "Bank of Illinois" 
 at Springfield, with branches at other points as 
 might be required, not to exceed six in number. 
 One of these branches was established at Van- 
 dalia and another at Chicago, furnishing the first 
 banking institution of the latter city. Two 
 years later, when the State was entering upon 
 its scheme of internal improvement, laws were 
 enacted increasing the capital stock of these 
 banks to $4,000,000 in the aggregate. Following 
 the example of similar institutions elsewhere, 
 they suspended specie payments a few months 
 later, but were protected by "stay laws" and 
 other devices until 1842, when the internal 
 improvement scheme having been finally aban- 
 doned, they fell in general collapse. The State 
 ceased to be a stock-holder in 1843. and the banks 
 were put in course of liquidation, though it 
 required several years to complete the work. 
 
 STATE CAPITALS. The first State capital of 
 1 Hinois was Kaskaskia, where the first Territorial 
 Legislature convened, Nov. 25, 1812. At that 
 time there were but five counties in the State 
 St. Clair and Randolph being the most important, 
 and Kaskaskia being the county-seat of the 
 latter. Illinois was admitted into the Union as a 
 State in 1818, and the first Constitution provided 
 that the seat of government should remain at 
 Kaskaskia until removed by legislative enact- 
 ment. That instrument, however, made it obli- 
 gatory upon the Legislature, at its first session, 
 to itition Congress for a grant of not more than 
 four sections of land, on which should be erected 
 a town, which should remain the seat of govern- 
 ment for twenty years. The petition was duly 
 presented and granted ; and, in accordance with 
 the power granted by the Constitution, a Board 
 of five Commissioners selected the site of the 
 present city of Vandalia, then a point in the 
 wilderness twenty miles north of any settle 
 inent. But so great was the faith of speculators 
 in the future of the proposed city, that town lots 
 were soon selling at $100 to $780 each. The Com- 
 missioners, in obedience to law, erected a plain 
 two-story frame building scarcely more than a 
 commodious shanty to which the State offices 
 were removed in December, 1820. This building 
 
504 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 was burned, Dec. 9, 1833, and a brick structure 
 erected in its place. Later, when the question of 
 a second removal of the capital began to be agi- 
 tated, the citizens of Vandalia assumed the risk 
 <>f erecting a new, brick State House, costing 
 $16,000. Of this amount $6,000 was reimbursed 
 by the Governor from the contingent fund, and 
 the balance ($10,000) was appropriated in 1837, 
 when the seat of government was removed to 
 Springfield, by vote of the Tenth General Assem- 
 bly on the fourth ballot. The other places receiv- 
 ing the principal vote at the time of the removal 
 to Springfield, were Jacksonville, Vandalia, 
 Peoria, Alton and Illiopolis Springfield receiv- 
 ing the largest vote at each ballot. The law 
 removing the capital appropriated $50,000 from 
 the State Treasury, provided that a like amount 
 should be raised by private subscription and 
 guaranteed by bond, and that at least two acres 
 of land should be donated as a site. Two State 
 Houses have been erected at Springfield, the first 
 cost of the present one (including furnishing) 
 having been a little in excess of $4,000,000. 
 Abraham Lincoln, who was a member of the 
 Legislature from Sangamon County at the time, 
 was an influential factor in securing the removal 
 of the capital to Springfield. 
 
 STATE DEBT. The State debt, which proved 
 so formidable a burden upon the State of Illinois 
 for a generation, and, for a part of that period, 
 seriously checked its prosperity, was the direct 
 outgrowth of the internal improvement scheme 
 entered upon in 1837. (See Internal Improvement 
 Policy. ) At the time this enterprise was under- 
 taken the aggregate debt of the State was less 
 than $400,000 accumulated within the preceding 
 six years. Two years later (1838) it had increased 
 to over $6,500,000, while the total valuation of 
 real and personal property, for the purposes of 
 taxation, was less than $60, 000, 000, and the aggre- 
 gate receipts of the State treasury, for the same 
 year, amounted to less than $150,000. At the 
 same time, the disbursements, for the support of 
 the State Government alone, had grown to more 
 than twice the receipts. This disparity continued 
 until the declining credit of the State forced upon 
 the managers of public affairs an involuntary 
 economy, when the means could no longer be 
 secured for more lavish expenditures. The first 
 bonds issued at the inception of the internal 
 improvement scheme sold at a premium of 5 per 
 rent, but rapidly declined until they were hawked 
 in the markets of New York and London &t a dis- 
 count, in some cases falling into the hands of 
 brokers who failed before completing their con- 
 
 tracts, thus causing a direct loss to the State. If 
 the internal improvement scheme was ill-advised, 
 the time chosen to carry it into effect was most 
 unfortunate, as it came simultaneously with the 
 panic of 1837, rendering the disaster all the more 
 complete. Of the various works undertaken by 
 the State, only the Illinois & Michigan Canal 
 brought a return, all the others resulting in more 
 or less complete loss. The internal improvement 
 scheme was abandoned in 1839-40, but not until 
 State bonds exceeding $13,000,000 had been 
 issued. For two years longer the State struggled 
 with its embarrassments, increased by the failure 
 of the State Bank in February, 1842, and, by that 
 of the Bank of Illinois at Shawneetown, a few 
 months later, with the proceeds of more than two 
 and a half millions of the State's bonds in their 
 possession. Thus left without credit, or means 
 even of paying the accruing interest, there were 
 those who regarded the State as hopelessly bank 
 nipt, and advocated repudiation as the only 
 means of escape. Better counsels prevailed, how- 
 ever ; the Constitution of 1848 put the State on a 
 basis of strict economy in the matter of salaries 
 and general expenditures, with restrictions upon 
 the Legislature in reference to incurring in- 
 debtedness, while the beneficent "two-mill tax" 
 gave assurance to its creditors that its debts 
 would be paid. While the growth of the State, 
 in wealth and population, had previously been 
 checked by the fear of excessive taxation, it now 
 entered upon a new career of prosperity, in spite 
 of its burdens its increase in population, be- 
 tween 1850 and 1860, amounting to over 100 per 
 cent. The movement of the State debt after 1H40 
 when the internal improvement scheme was 
 abandoned chiefly by accretions of unpaid inter- 
 est, has been estimated as follows: 1842, $15,- 
 637,950; 1844, $14,633,969; 1846, $16,389,817; 1848, 
 $16,661,795. It reached its maximum in 1853 
 the first year of Governor Matteson's administra- 
 tion when it was officially reported at $16,724,- 
 177. At this time the work of extinguishment 
 began, and was prosecuted under successive 
 administrations, except during the war, when 
 the vast expense incurred in sending troops to 
 the field caused an increase. During Governor 
 Bissell's administration, the reduction amounted 
 to over $3,000,000; during Oglesby's, to over five 
 and a quarter million, besides two and a quarter 
 million paid on interest. In 1880 the debt hail 
 been reduced to $281,059.11, and, before the close 
 of 1882, it had been entirely extinguished, except 
 a balance of $18,500 in bonds, which, having been 
 called in years previously and never presented for 
 
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5(14 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA <]' ILLINOIS. 
 
 was burneil. Dec. !i. IN',''!, and a brick structure 
 erected in its place. Later, when tin- question of 
 a second removal of the capital began to be agi- 
 tated, tlie citizens of Vaiulalia assumed the risk 
 
 >f erecting a new brick State House, costing 
 SH;,IMPO. Of this aimiiint *l>.il(> was reiinburse.l 
 liy the (lovernor from the contingent fund, and 
 the balance (Sl(i.lilHl) was appropriated in 1:!7. 
 when the seat of government was removed ti> 
 Springfield, by vote of the Tenth fiencral Assem- 
 bly on tlie fourth ballot The other places receiv 
 in;; the principal vote at the time of the removal 
 to Springfield, were Jacksonville, Vandalia. 
 1'eoria Alton and Illiopolis Springfield recch 
 in;; the largest vote at each ballot The law 
 removing the capital appropriated $50,000 from 
 the State Treasury, provided that .1 like amount 
 should IK- raised by private subscription and 
 guaranteed by bond and that at least two acres 
 of land should be donated as a site Two State 
 Houses have lieen erected at Springfield, the first 
 
 ost of the present one (including furnishing) 
 having been n little in excess of $4.000.000. 
 \hraham Lincoln, who was a member of the 
 Legislature from Sangainoii County at the time, 
 was an influential factor in securing the removal 
 of the capital to Springfield 
 
 STATK IIKHT. The Stale debt, which proved 
 so formidable a burden UJHUI the State of Illinois 
 for a generation ami. for a (art of that |-riod 
 seriously checked its prosperity was the direct 
 outgrowth of the internal improvement scheme 
 entered ujion in l*:17 (See hitt i-nnl Itnjtntft-ittt iif 
 I'ulii-if. I At the time this enterprise was under 
 taken the aggregate debt of the State was less 
 than S400 (Mill accumulated within the preceding 
 six years Two years later ( |s::s> it bad increased 
 to over SO. .IIIO MM P. while the total valuation of 
 real and personal property, for the purposes of 
 taxation, was less than 860.000.000, and the aggre- 
 gate receipts of the State treasury, for the same 
 year, amounted to less than SI.IO.OOO At the 
 same lime the disbursements, for the support of 
 the State Government alone, had grown to more 
 t hun twice t he receipts. This disparit y continued 
 until the declining credit of I he State forced upon 
 the managers of public affairs an involuntary 
 economy, when the means could no longer he 
 secured for more lavish cx|ictiditiires The first 
 bonds issued at the inception of the internal 
 improvement scheme sold at a premium of > per 
 cent but rapidly declined until they were hawked 
 in the markets of New York and London at a dis- 
 count in some cases falling into the liiinds of 
 broker- \\ ho failed before completing their con- 
 
 tracts, thus causing a direct loss to the State. II 
 the internal improvement scheme was ill-advised, 
 the time chosen to carry it into effect was most 
 unfortunate, as it came simultaneously with the 
 panic of lx:!7. rendering the disaster all the more 
 complete. Of the various works undertaken by 
 the State, only the Illinois & Michigan Canal 
 brought a return, all the others resulting in more 
 or less complete loss. The internal improvement 
 scheme was abandoned in |s:!!)-40, but not until 
 State lionds exceeding Si:t. (100.000 had lieen 
 issued. For two years longer the State struggled 
 with its embarrassments, increased by the failure 
 f the State Rank in February. IS-I'J. and. by that 
 of the Rank of Illinois at Shawneetown, a few 
 months later, with the proceeds of more than two 
 and a half millions of tin- St.it.- 1 bonds in their 
 (Missession. Thus left without credit, or mean*- 
 even of paying the accruing interest, there were 
 those who regarded the State as ho|>cless!y hank 
 nipt, and advocated repudiation as the only 
 means of escape Retter counsels prevailed, how- 
 ever the Constitution of l*|s put the Stale mi :i 
 basis of strict economy in the matter of saluric* 
 and general expenditures, with restrictions II|HI 
 the Legislature in reference to incurring in 
 debtedness. while the beneficent "two-mill tax" 
 gave assurance to its creditors that its debt- 
 would be paid While the growth of the Stale, 
 in wealth and population, had previously lieen 
 checked by the fear of excessive taxation, it now 
 entered upon a new career of prosperity, in spite 
 ..I its burdens its increase in giopulation. be- 
 tween 1*50 and 1*60, amounting to over HIM per 
 cent The movement of the State debt after 1*1" 
 when the internal improvement scheme wa~ 
 abandoned chiefly by accretions of unpaid inter- 
 est, has licen estimated as follows: 1S4','. X].-, . 
 fi:i7.!r>o. |s||. xi.|,i;:::!.!;!l; |s.|o. ifl.::so.siT; l^K 
 siu.Cidl 7!i.~, It reached its maximum in 1W: 
 the first year of (Governor Matteson's administra 
 lion when it w'as oflicially reported at lli 7'.'l. 
 177 At this time the work of extinguishment 
 licgaii and was prosecuted under successive 
 :nluiinist rations, except during tin- war. v\ IM-K 
 the vast expense incurred in sending troops It, 
 the field caused an increase During (iovernor 
 l:i i-ll - administration, the reduction amounted 
 to over s:t (Kio.ddli; during OglcsbyX to over live 
 and a ijuarter million, besides two and a quarter 
 million paid on interest In |ss<) the debt had 
 lieen reduced to S2K|,O.V.. 1 1. and In-fore tlie clo-i 
 of fss-.' it had lieen entirely extinguished, except 
 a balance of sis r,(i() j n Ixmds which, having bed. 
 called in year* previously and never presented fur 
 
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HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 ol>5 
 
 payment, are supposed to liave been lost. (See 
 Macalister and Stebbins Bonds. ) 
 
 STATE GUARDIANS FOB GIRLS, a bureau 
 organized for the care of female juvenile delin- 
 quents, by act of June 2, 1893. The Board consists 
 of seven members, nominated by the Executive 
 and confirmed by the Senate, and who consti- 
 tute a body politic and corporate. Not more than 
 two of the members may reside in the same Con- 
 gressional District and, of the seven members, 
 four must be women. (See also Home for Female 
 Juvenile Offenders.) The term of office is six 
 years. 
 
 STATE HOUSE, located at Springfield. Its 
 construction was begun under an act passed by 
 the Legislature in February, 1867, and completed 
 in 1887. It stands in a park of about eight acres, 
 donated to the State by the citizens of Spring- 
 field. A provision of the State Constitution of 
 1870 prohibited the expenditure of any sum in 
 excess of $3,500,000 in the erection and furnishing 
 of the building, without previous approval of such 
 additional expenditure by the people. This 
 amount proving insufficient, the Legislature, at 
 its session of 1885, passed an act making an addi- 
 tional appropriation of $531,712, which liaving 
 been approved by popular vote at the general 
 election of 1886, the expenditure was made and 
 the capitol completed during the following year, 
 thus raising the total cost of construction and fur- 
 nishing to a little in excess of $4,000,000. The 
 building is cruciform as to its ground plan, and 
 classic in its style of architecture : its extreme 
 dimensions (including porticoes), from north Jto 
 south, being 379 feet, and, from east to west, 286 
 feet. The walls are of dressed Joliet limestone, 
 while the porticoes, which are spacious and 
 lofty, are of sandstone, supported by polished 
 columns of gray granite. The three stories of 
 the building are surmounted by a Mansard roof, 
 with two turrets and a central dome of stately 
 dimensions. Its extreme height, to the top of 
 the iron flag-staff, which rises from a lantern 
 springing from the dome, is 364 feet. 
 
 STATE NORMAL UNIVERSITY, an institu- 
 tion for the education of teachers, organized 
 under an act of the General Assembly, passed 
 Feb. 18, 1857. This act placed the work of 
 organization in the hands of a board of fifteen 
 persons, which was styled "The Board of Educa- 
 tion of the State of Illinois, " and was constituted 
 as follows: C. B. Denio of Jo Daviess County, 
 Simeon Wright of Lee; Daniel Wilkins of Mc- 
 Lean; Charles E. Hovey of Peoria; George P. Rex 
 of Pike; Samuel W. Moulton of Shelby; John 
 
 Gillespie of Jasper ; George Bunsen of St. Clair; 
 Wesley Sloan of Pope; Ninian W. Edwards of 
 Sangamon; John R. Eden of Moultrie: Flavel 
 Moseley and William Wells of Cook ; Albert R. 
 Shannon of White; and the Superintendent oV 
 Public Instruction, ex-officio. The object of the 
 University, as defined in the organizing law, is 
 to qualify teachers for the public schools of the 
 State, and the course of instruction to be given 
 embraces "the art of teaching, and all branches 
 which pertain to a common-school education ; in 
 the elements of the natural sciences, including 
 agricultural chemistry, animal and vegetable 
 physiology, in the fundamental laws of the 
 United States and of the State of Illinois iii 
 regard to the rights and duties of citizens, and 
 such other studies as the Board of Education may, 
 from time to time, prescribe." Various cities 
 competed for the location of the institution. 
 Bloomington being finally selected, its bid, in- 
 cluding 160 acres of land, being estimated as 
 equivalent to $141,725. The corner-stone was 
 laid on September 29, 1857, and the first building 
 was ready for permanent occupancy in Septem- 
 ber, 1860. Previously, however, it had lieen 
 sufficiently advanced to permit of its being used, 
 and the first commencement exercises were held 
 on June 29 of the latter year. Three years 
 earlier, the academic department had been organ- 
 ized under the charge of Charles E. Hovey. The 
 first cost, including furniture, etc., was not far 
 from $200,000. Gratuitous instruction is given to 
 two pupils from each county, and to three from 
 each Senatorial District. The departments are : 
 Grammar school, high school, normal department 
 and model school, all of which are overcrowded. 
 The whole number of students in attendance on 
 the institution during the school year, 1897-HH. 
 was 1,197, of whom 891 were in the normal 
 department and 306 in the practice school depart- 
 ment, including representatives from 86 coun- 
 ties of the State, with a few pupils from other 
 States on the payment of tuition. The teaching 
 faculty (including the President and Librarian 
 for the same year, was made up of twenty-six 
 members twelve ladies and fourteen gentlemen. 
 The expenditures for the year 1897-98 aggregated 
 $47,626.92, against 866,528.69 for 1896-97. Nearly 
 $22.000 of the amount expended during the latter 
 year was on account of the construction of a 
 gymnasium building. 
 
 STATE PROPERTY. The United States Cen 
 sus of 1890 gave the value of real and personal 
 property belonging to the State as follows : Pub 
 lie lands, $328,000; buildings. $22,164,000; mis- 
 
ISTOIJH'AL i:.\(Y( Lol'KIMA OF Il.l.l\ii|>. 
 
 payment, art 1 supjiosed to have l>een lost <See 
 J/(/ca//.s/cr <im/ Xtt hhiitx llimilx. ) 
 
 STATK <il AUW.VXS I'M: <.IIM x. a bureau 
 organized for the care of female jiiveniU 1 delin 
 ijiients. liy act of June 2, is'.t:!. The Hoard consists 
 of seven members, nominated by the Executive 
 ami confirmed by the Senate. and \vlio eonsti 
 lute a body jioliticaiid corporate. Not more than 
 two of the memliers may reside in the same Con- 
 gressional District and. of the seven members, 
 four must IH' women (See also IIiinn 'fur fr null' 
 J H rui ill' Offi-wli-rs.) The term of otliee is si\ 
 years. 
 
 STATK HOl'SK, located at Springlidd. Its 
 construction was liegun under an act passed liy 
 the legislature in February. ISIIT. and completed 
 in |sx7. It stands in a park of alioiit eight acres, 
 donated to the State by the citizens of Spring 
 field A provision of the State Constitution of 
 I S 7( prohibited the expenditure of any sum in 
 excess of *:;.."i<MMKIO in the erection and furnishing 
 of the I'lni.liiiL- without previous approval ol such 
 additional expenditure by the people This 
 amount proving insufficient, the Legislature, al 
 its session of 1SS5. passed an act making an addi- 
 tional appropriation of SSM.Tl'J. which having 
 lieeii approveil by popular vote at the general 
 election of ixsfi, the expenditure was made and 
 (he capitol completeil during the following year, 
 thus raising Ihetotalcost of construction and fur- 
 nishing to a little in excess of SI.IMIU.IKMI The 
 building is cruciform as to its ground plan, and 
 classic in its style of architecture, its extreme 
 dimensions (including portic<iesi, from north 'to 
 south, being :!7!l feet, and. from east to west, '.'Mi 
 feet. The walls are of dressed Juliet limestone, 
 while ihe porticoes, which are spacious and 
 lofty, are of sandstone, supported by jMilished 
 columns of gray granite The three stories ol 
 the building are surmounted by a Mansard roof, 
 with two turrets and a central dome of stalely 
 dimensions Its extreme height, to the top of 
 the iron tlag-stalf. which rises from a lantern 
 springing from the' dome, is ::iil feet 
 
 STATK VOIiMAI. I'XIVKKSITY, an instil,, 
 lion fur the education of teachers, organi/.ed 
 under an act of the (leneral Assembly passed 
 Teh IK, ls.77 This acl placed the work ol 
 organization in the hands of a lioard of lifieen 
 persons, which was styled "The Hoard of Kduca 
 lion of the State of Illinois." and was constituted 
 as follows: C R Denio of Jo Oaviess County. 
 Simeon Wright of I,ee: Kaniol YVilkins of Me 
 Lean : Charles K llovey of Peoria: (Jeorge I' Itex 
 of Pike; Samuel W Moulton of Shelbv Jolm 
 
 (iillespieof Jasper. (Jeorge lluns<-ii of St Clair; 
 Wesley Sloan of l'o|>e. Ninian W Kdwards ot 
 Sang-amon . John 1,' Kden of Moultrie I'lavel 
 M.iseley and William \\Vllsof C.n.k : AlU-rtK. 
 Shannon of White: and the Sn|icrinlei!dcnl o'. 
 I'ublic Instruction, ex oliicio Tln> olijefl ol lite 
 University, as dclined in the organi/.iii}; law. is 
 to <|uaiify teachers for the public schools of I In- 
 state, and the course of instruction to lc gi\oh 
 embraces "(he art of teaching and all bran, h.-- 
 which perlain to a common schiHil education: in 
 the 4'lemeiits of the natural sciences, im-l, !::_ 
 agricultural c-hemisiry . animal and vegetable 
 phvsiolug\ . in the fundamental laws of the 
 Cnited States and of the Stale of lllinoi-. n. 
 regard to the rights and duties of citizens, and 
 such other studies as the Hoard of l-'diiealion i,..i; 
 from time to time, prescriU- " Variou- <:i:e- 
 om|ieled for the lo<'ati<m ol the institnt ion 
 liloomington being finally selected, its bid 
 eluding Kin acres of land, U-ing estimated a- 
 ei|uivaletit to S|.||.7'.'."i The corner-stone w a- 
 laid on Sf-plembei 'J!i Is'iT. and the lirst buildii^ 
 was ready for permanent occii|iancy in Si'pi- in 
 lier, |sro. l're\ inisly, however, it ha i I*-<'|: 
 siilh'i'ienlly advanced to permit of its lieing n-ed 
 and Ihe lirst commencement exercises were lielii 
 on June 'J!l of the latter \ ear Three years 
 earlier, the academic depart iiienl had !,':,,' 
 i/,ed nndi-r the charge, of Charles K. llovey. T'I* 
 lirst cost, including furniture, etc. w;i.s not :..< 
 from$'Jllli.iiiHi (iratuilous instruction is given : 
 two pupils from each county, and to three li- , 
 each Senatorial I >ist riel The d**|i;trtmeiits a. 
 (Grammar seliool. high school, normal departiii' 1.1 
 ami model schmd. all of which arc overcrowd. . 
 The whole number of students in attendance >i, 
 the institution during the school year. I S '.'T ''" 
 was I.IH7. ol whom Mtl were in the normal 
 department and ''(> in the practice school dep.n 
 ment, including representatives from >*C> cinn. 
 lU-s of the Stall' with a few pupils from oth. i 
 Stall's on the [laymenl ot tuition The teaehin. 
 faculty lini'lnding Ihe ('resident :mi| Liliranai 
 for the same \ear. was made up of twenty -si\ 
 memlicrs - twelve ladlesand fourteen gelitlemel. 
 The ex|M'iidilnres for the year I*!I7 !rs aggregaU'd 
 si; il'.'ii Hi. against si;r,.:,is (Hi for |s'.Hi-!7 Nearlv 
 .s-.'-J.IHMI ot the amount ,-x|pended during the lattei 
 year was on account ol the construction of .1 
 gv mnasiiim luiilding 
 
 STATK I'KUI'KKTV. The L nitod SUtes Cei, 
 siis of IsOll gave the value of real and |>crsoiial 
 pro|M'rlv Udoiigiiig to t lu- State as follows I'ul. 
 lie lands S:;-JS.IMHI buildings .S'.'i Ilil.iKMi. uu> 
 
5 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 oellaneous property, $2,650,000 total, $25,143,000. 
 The land may be subdivided thus: Camp-grounds 
 of the Illinois National Guard near Springfield 
 (donated), $40,000; Illinois and Michigan Canal, 
 $168,000; Illinois University lands, in Illinois 
 (donated by the General Government), $41,000, in 
 Minnesota (similarly donated), 879,000. The 
 buildings comprise those connected with the 
 cliaritable, penal and educational institutions of 
 the State, besides the State Arsenal, two build- 
 ings for the use of the Appellate Courts (at 
 Ottawa and Mount Vernon), the State House, 
 the Executive Mansion, and locks and dams 
 erected at Henry and Copperas Creek. Of the 
 miscellaneous property, $120,000 represents the 
 equipment of the Illinois National Guard ; $1,959,- 
 000 the value of the movable property of public 
 buildings; $550,000 the endowment fund of the 
 University of Illinois; and $21,000 the movable 
 property of the Illinois & Michigan Canal. The 
 figures given relative to the value of the public 
 buildings include only the first appropriations 
 for their erection. Considerable sums have 
 since been expended upon some of them in repairs, 
 enlargements and improvements. 
 
 STATE TREASURERS. The only Treasurer 
 of Illinois during the Territorial period was John 
 Thomas, who served from 1812 to 1818, and 
 became the first incumbent under the State 
 Government. Under the Constitution of 1818 
 the Treasurer was elected, biennially, by joint vote 
 of the two Houses of the General Assembly ; by 
 the Constitution of 1848, this officer was made 
 elective by the people for the same period, with- 
 out limitations as to number of terms ; under the 
 Constitution of 1870, the manner of election and 
 duration of term are unchanged, but the incum- 
 bent is ineligible to re-election, for two years 
 from expiration of the term for which he may 
 have been chosen. The following is a list of the 
 State Treasurers, from the date of the admission 
 of the State into the Union down to the present 
 time (1899), with the date and duration of the 
 term of each: John Thomas, 1818-19; Robert K. 
 McLaughlin, 1819-23; Abner Field, 182327; 
 James Hall, 1827-31; John Dement, 1831-36; 
 Charles Gregory, 1836-37; John D. Whiteside, 
 1H37-41; Milton Carpenter, 1841-48; John Moore, 
 1848-57; James Miller, 1857-59; William Butler, 
 1859-63; Alexander Starne, 1863-65; James H. 
 Beveridge, 1865-67; George W. Smith, 1867-69; 
 Erastus N. Bates, 1869-73; Edward Rutz, 1873-75; 
 Thomas S. Ridgway, 1875-77; Edward Rutz, 
 1877-79; John C. Smith, 1879-81; Edward Rutz. 
 1881-83; John C. Smith, 1883-85; Jacob Gross, 
 
 1885-87; John R. Tanner, 1887-89; Charles 
 Becker, 1889-91; Edward S. Wilson, 1891-98; 
 Rufus N. Ramsay, 1893-95; Henry Wulff, 1895-97; 
 Henry L. Hertz, 1897-99; Floyd K. Whittemore, 
 1899- . 
 
 STAUNTON, a village in the southeast corner 
 of Macoupin County, on the Chicago, Peoria & 
 St. Louis and the Wabash Railways; is 36 miles 
 northeast of St. Louis, and 14 miles southwest of 
 Litchfield. Agriculture and coal-mining are the 
 industries of the surrounding region. Staunton 
 has two banks, eight churches and a weekly 
 newspaper. Population (1880), 1,358 ; (1890), 8,209 ; 
 (1900), 2,786. 
 
 STEEL PRODUCTION. In the manufacture 
 of steel, Illinois has long ranked as the second 
 State in the Union in the amount of its output, 
 and, during the period between 1880 and 1890, 
 the increase in production was 241 per cent. In 
 1880 there were but six steel works in the State: 
 in 1890 these had increased to fourteen; and the 
 production of steel of all kinds (in tons of 2,000 
 pounds) had risen from 254,569 tons to 868,250. 
 Of the 3,837,039 tons of Bessemer steel ingots, or 
 direct castings, produced in the United States in 
 1890, 22 per cent were turned out in Illinois, 
 nearly all the steel produced in the State being 
 made by that process. From the tonnage of 
 ingots, as given above, Illinois produced 622,260 
 pounds of steel rails, more than 30 per cent of 
 the aggregate for the entire country. This fact 
 is noteworthy, inasmuch as the competition in 
 the manufacture of Bessemer steel rails, since 
 1880, has been so great that many rail mills have 
 converted their steel into forms other than rails, 
 experience having proved their production to 
 any considerable extent, during the past few 
 years, unprofitable except in works favorably 
 located for obtaining cheap raw material, or 
 operated under the latest and most approved 
 methods of manufacture. Open-hearth steel is 
 no longer made in Illinois, but the manufacture 
 of crucible steel is slightly increasing, the out- 
 put in 1890 being 445 tons, as against 130 in 1880. 
 For purposes requiring special grades of steel the 
 product of the crucible process will be always 
 in demand, but the high cost of manufacture 
 prevents it, in a majority of instances, from 
 successfully competing in price with the other 
 processes mentioned. 
 
 STEPHENSON, Benjamin, pioneer and early 
 politician, came to Illinois from Kentucky in 
 1809, and was appointed the first Sheriff of 
 Randolph County by Governor Edwards under 
 the Territorial Government; afterwards served 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 507 
 
 as a. Colonel of Illinois militia during the War of 
 1813; represented Illinois Territory as Delegate 
 in Congress, 1814-16, and, on his retirement from 
 Congress, became Register of the Land Office at 
 Edwardsville, finally dying at Edwardsville Col. 
 James W. (Stephenson) , a son of the preceding, 
 was a soldier during the Black Hawk War, after- 
 wards became a prominent politician in the north- 
 western part of the State, served as Register of 
 the Land Office at Galena and, in 1838, received 
 the Democratic nomination for Governor, but 
 withdrew before the election. 
 
 STEPHENSON, (Dr.) Benjamin Franklin, 
 physician and soldier, was born in Wayne 
 County, ,111., Oct. 30, 1822, and accompanied his 
 parents, in 1825, to Sangamon County, where the 
 family settled. His early educational advantages 
 were meager, and he did not study his profession 
 (medicine) until after reaching his majority, 
 graduating from Rush Medical College, Chicago, 
 in 1850. He began practice at Petersburg, but, 
 in April, 1862, was mustered into the volunteer 
 army as Surgeon of the Fourteenth Illinois 
 Infantry. After a little over two years service he 
 was mustered out in June, 1864, when he took up 
 his residence in Springfield, and, for a year, wax 
 engaged in the drug business there. In 1865 he 
 resumed professional practice. He lacked tenac- 
 ity of purpose, however, was indifferent to money, 
 and always willing to give his own services and 
 orders for medicine to the poor. Hence, his prac- 
 tice was not lucrative. He was one of the leaders 
 in the organization of the Grand Army of the 
 Republic (which see), in connection with which 
 he is most widely known ; but his services in its 
 cause failed to receive, during his lifetime, the 
 recognition which they deserved, nor did the 
 organization promptly flourish, as he had hoped. 
 He finally returned with his family to Peters- 
 burg. Died, at Rock Creek, Menard, County, 111. , 
 August 30, 1871. 
 
 STEPHENSON COUNTY, a northwestern 
 county, with an area of 560 square miles. The 
 soil is rich, productive and well timbered. Fruit- 
 culture and stock-raising are among the chief 
 industries. Not until 1827 did the aborigines quit 
 the locality, and the county was organized, ten 
 years later, and named for Gen. Benjamin 
 Stephenson. A man named Kirker, who had 
 been in the employment of Colonel Gratiot as a 
 lead-miner, near Galena, is said to have built the 
 first cabin within the present limits of what was 
 called Burr Oak Grove, and set himself up as an 
 Indian-trader in 1820, but only remained a short 
 time. He was followed, the next year, by Oliver 
 
 W. Kellogg, who took Kirker s place, built a 
 more pretentious dwelling and became the first 
 permanent settler. Later came William Wad- 
 dams, the Montagues, Baker, Kilpatriek, Preston 
 the Goddards, and others whose names are linked 
 with the county's early history. The first house 
 in Freeport was built by William Baker. Organi- 
 zation was effected in 1837. the total poll being 
 eighty-four votes. The earliest teacher was Nel- 
 son Martin, who is said to have taught a school 
 of some twelve pupils, in a house which stood on 
 the site of the present city of Freeport. Popula- 
 tion (1880), 31,963; (1890), 31,338; (1900). 34,933. 
 
 STERLING, a flourishing city on the north 
 bank of Rock River, in Whiteside County, 10 
 miles west of Chicago, 39 miles east of Clinton, 
 Iowa, and 52 miles east-northeast of Rock Island. 
 It has ample railway facilities, furnished by the 
 Chicago, Burlington & Quincy, the Sterling & 
 Peoria, and the Chicago & Northwestern Rail- 
 roads. It contains fourteen churches, an opera 
 house, high and grade schools, Carnegie library, 
 Government postoffice building, three banks, 
 electric street and interurban car lines, electric 
 and gas lighting, water-works, paved streets and 
 sidewalks, lire department and four newspaper 
 offices, two issuing daily editions. It has fine 
 water-power, and is an important manufacturing 
 center, its works turning out agricultural imple- 
 ments, carriages, paper, barbed-wire, school furni- 
 ture, burial caskets, pumps, sash, doors, etc. It 
 also has the Sterling Iron Works, besides foundries 
 and machine shops. The river here flows through 
 charming scenery. Pop. (1890), 5,834; (1900), 6,309. 
 
 STEVENS, Bradford R., ex-Congressman, was 
 born at Boscawen (afterwards Webster), N. H.. 
 Jan. 3, 1813. After attending schools in New 
 Hampshire and at Montreal, he entered Dart- 
 mouth College, graduating therefrom in 1835. 
 During the six years following, he devoted him- 
 self to teaching, at Hopkinsville. Ky., and New 
 York City. In 1843 he removed to Bureau 
 County, 111., where he became a merchant and 
 farmer. In 1868 he was chairman of the Board 
 of Supervisors, and. in 1870, was elected to Con- 
 gress, as an Independent Democrat, for the Fifth 
 District. 
 
 STEVENSON, Adlat E., ex-Vice-President of 
 the United States, was born in Christian County. 
 Ky., Oct. 23, 1835. In 1852 he removed with his 
 parents to Bloomington. McLean County, 111., 
 where the family settled; was educated at the 
 Illinois Wesleyan University and at Centre Col- 
 lege. Ky.. was admitted to the bar in IRIS and 
 began practice at Metamora. Woodford County, 
 
608 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 where he was Master in Chancery, 1861-65, and 
 State's Attorney, 1865-69. In 1864 he was candi- 
 date for Presidential Elector on the Democratic 
 ticket. In 1869 he returned to Bloomington, 
 where he has since resided. In 1874, and again 
 in 1876, he was an unsuccessful candidate of his 
 party for Congress, but was elected as a Green- 
 back Democrat in 1878, though defeated in 1880 
 and 1882. In 1877 he was appointed by President 
 Hayes a member of the Board of Visitors to 
 West Point. During the first administration of 
 President Cleveland (1885-89) he was First Assist- 
 ant Postmaster General; was a member of the 
 National Democratic Conventions of 1884 and 
 1893, being Chairman of the Illinois delegation 
 the latter year. In 1892 he received his party's 
 nomination for the Vice-Presidency, and "was 
 elected to that office, serving until 1897. Since 
 retiring from office he has resumed his residence 
 at Bloomington. 
 
 STEWARD, Lewis, manufacturer and former 
 Congressman, was born in Wayne County, Pa., 
 Nov. 20, 1824, and received a common school 
 education. At the age of 14 he accompanied his 
 parents to Kendall County, 111., where he after- 
 wards resided, being engaged in farming and the 
 manufacture of agricultural implements at 
 Piano. He studied law but never practiced. In 
 1876 he was an unsuccessful candidate for Gov- 
 ernor on the Democratic ticket, being defeated 
 by Shelby M. Cullom. In 1890 the Democrats of 
 the Eighth Illinois District elected him to Con- 
 gress. In 1892 he was again a candidate, but was 
 defeated by his Republican opponent, Robert A. 
 Childs, by the narrow margin of 27 votes, and, 
 in 1894, was again defeated, this time being pitted 
 against Albert J. Hopkins. Mr. Steward died at 
 liis home at Piano, August 26, 1896. 
 
 STEWARDSON, a town of Shelby County, at 
 the intersection of the Toledo, St. Louis & Kan- 
 sas City Railway with the Altamont branch of 
 the Wabash, 12 miles southeast of Shelby ville; 
 is in a grain and lumber region; has a bank and 
 a weekly paper. Population, (1900), 677. 
 
 STICKNEY, William II., pioneer lawyer, was 
 born in Baltimore, Md., Nov. 9, 1809, studied law 
 and was admitted to the bar at Cincinnati in 
 1831, and, in Illinois in 1834, being at that time a 
 resident of Shawneetown ; was elected State's 
 Attorney by the Legislature, in 1839, for the cir- 
 cuit embracing some fourteen counties in the 
 southern and southeastern part of the State ; for 
 a time also, about 1835-36, officiated as editor of 
 "The Gallatin Democrat," and "The Illinois 
 Advertiser," published at Shawneetowu. In 1846 
 
 Mr. Stickney was elected to the lower branch of 
 the General Assembly from Gallatin County, and, 
 twenty-eight years later having come to Chi- 
 cago in 1848 to the same body from Cook 
 County, serving in the somewhat famous Twenty- 
 ninth Assembly. He also held the office of 
 Police Justice for some thirteen years, from 1860 
 onward. He lived to an advanced age, dying in 
 Chicago, Feb. 14, 1898, being at the time the 
 oldest surviving member of the Chicago bar. 
 
 STILES, Isaac Newton, lawyer and soldier, 
 born at Suffield, Conn., July 16, 1833; was ad- 
 mitted to the bar at Lafayette, Ind., in 1855, 
 became Prosecuting Attorney, a member of the 
 Legislature and an effective speaker in the Fre- 
 mont campaign of 1856; enlisted as a private sol- 
 dier at the beginning of the war, went to the 
 field as Adjutant, was captured at Malvern Hill, 
 and, after six weeks' confinement in Libby 
 prison, exchanged and returned to duty; was 
 promoted Major, Lieutenant-Colonel and Colonel, 
 and brevetted Brigadier-General for meritorious 
 service. After the war he practiced his profes- 
 sion in Chicago, though almost totally blind. 
 Died, Jan. 18, 1895. 
 
 STILLMAX, Stephen, first State Senator from 
 Sangamon County, 111. , was a native of Massachu- 
 setts who came, with his widowed mother, to 
 Sangamon County inyl820, and settled near 
 Williamsville, where he became the first Post- 
 master in the first postoffice in the State north of 
 the Sangamon River. In 1822, Mr. Stillman was 
 elected as the first State Senator from Sangamon 
 County, serving four years, and, at his first session, 
 lieing one of the opponents of the pro-slavery 
 Convention resolution. He died, in Peoria, some- 
 where between 1835 and 1840. 
 
 STILLMAN VALLEY, village in Ogle County, 
 on Chicago Great Western and the Chicago, Mil- 
 waukee & St. Paul Railways; site of first battle 
 Black Hawk War; has graded schools, four 
 churches, a bank and a newspaper. Pop. , 475. 
 
 STITES, Samuel, pioneer, was born near 
 Mount Bethel, Somerset County, N. J., Oct. 31, 
 1776; died, August 16, 1839, on his farm, which 
 subsequently became the site of the city of Tren- 
 ton, in Clinton County, 111. He was descended 
 from John Stites, M.D., who was born in Em; 
 land in 1595, emigrated to America, and died at 
 Hempstead, L. I., in 1717. at the age of 122 years. 
 The family removed to New Jersey in the latter 
 part of the seventeenth century. Samuel was a 
 cousin of Benjamin Stites, the first white man to 
 settle within the present limits of Cincinnati, and 
 various members of the family were prominent in 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 509 
 
 the settlement of the upper Ohio Valley as early 
 as 1788. Samuel Stites married, Sept. 14, 1794, 
 Martha Martin, daughter of Ephraim Martin, 
 and grand- daughter of Col. Ephraim Martin, both 
 soldiers of the New Jersey line during the Revo- 
 lutionary War with the last named of whom 
 lie had (in connection with John Cleves Symmes) 
 been intimately associated in the purchase and 
 settlement of the Miami Valley. In 1800 he 
 removed to Hamilton County, Ohio, in 1803 to 
 Greene County, and, in 1818, in company with his 
 son-in-law. Anthony Wayne C'asacl, to St. Glair 
 County, 111., settling near Union Grove Later, he 
 removed to O'Fallon. and, still later, to Clinton 
 County. He left a large family, several members 
 of which became prominent pioneers in the 
 movements toward Minnesota and Kansas. 
 
 STOLBRAND, Carlos John Mueller, soldier, 
 was born in Sweden, May 11, 1821 ; at the age of 
 18, enlisted in the Royal Artillery of his native 
 land, serving through the campaign of Schleswig- 
 Holstein (1848) ; came to the United States soon 
 after, and, m 1861, enlisted in the first battalion 
 of Illinois Light Artillery, finally becoming Chief 
 of Artillery under Gen. John A. Logan. When 
 the latter became commander of the Fifteenth 
 Army Corps, Col. Stolbrand was placed at the 
 head of the artillery brigade ; in February, 1865, 
 was made Brigadier-General, and mustered out 
 in January, 1866. After the war he went South, 
 and was Secretary of the South Carolina Consti- 
 tutional Convention of 1868. The same year he 
 was a delegate to the Republican National Con- 
 vention at Chicago, and a Presidential Elector. 
 He was an inventor and patented various im- 
 provements in steam engines and boilers; was 
 also Superintendent of Public Buildings at 
 Charleston, S. C., under President Harrison. 
 Died, at Charleston, Feb. 3, 1894. 
 
 STONE, Daniel, early lawyer and legislator, 
 was a native of Vermont and graduate of Middle- 
 bury College; became a member of the Spring- 
 field (111.) bar in 1833, and, in 1836, was elected 
 to the General Assembly being one of the cele- 
 brated "Long Nine" from Sangamon County, and 
 joining Abraham Lincoln in his protest against 
 a series of pro-slavery resolutions which had been 
 adopted by the House. In 1837 he was a Circuit 
 Court Judge and, being assigned to the north- 
 western part of the State, removed to Galena, 
 but was legislated out of office, when he left the 
 State, dying a few years later, in Essex County, 
 N. J. 
 
 STONE, Horatio 0., pioneer, was born in 
 Ontario (now Monroe) County, N. Y., Jan. 2, 
 
 1811 ; in boyhood learned the trade of shoemaker, 
 and later acted as overseer of laborers on the 
 Lackawanna Canal. In 1831, having located in 
 Wayne County, Mich., he was drafted for the 
 Black Hawk War, serving twenty-two days under 
 Gen. Jacob Brown. In January, 1835, he came 
 to Chicago and, having made a fortunate specu- 
 lation in real estate in that early day, a few 
 months later entered upon the grocery and pro- 
 vision trade, which he afterwards extended to 
 grain ; finally giving his chief attention to real 
 estate, in which he was remarkably successful, 
 leaving a large fortune at his death, which 
 occurred in Chicago, June 20, 1877. 
 
 STONE, (Rev.) Luther, Baptist clergyman, 
 was born in the town of Oxford, Worcester 
 County, Mass., Sept. 26, 1815, and spent his boy- 
 hood on a farm. After acquiring a common 
 school education, he prepared for college at Lei- 
 cester Academy, and, in 1835, entered Brown 
 University, graduating in the class of 1839. He 
 then spent three years at the Theological Insti- 
 tute at Newton, Mass. ; was ordained to the 
 ministry at Oxford, in 1843, but, coming west the 
 next year, entered upon evangelical work in 
 Rock Island, Davenport, Burlington and neigh- 
 boring towns. Later, he was pastor of the First 
 Baptist Church at Rockford, 111. In 1847 Mr 
 Stone came to Chicago and established "The 
 Watchman of the Prairies," which survives to- 
 day under the name of "The Standard," and has 
 become the leading Baptist organ in the West. 
 After six years of editorial work, he took up 
 evangelistic work in Chicago, among the poor 
 and criminal classes. During the Civil War he 
 conducted religious services at Camp Douglas, 
 Soldiers' Rest and the Marine Hospital. He was 
 associated in the conduct and promotion of many 
 educational and charitable institutions. He did 
 much for the First Baptist Church of Chicago, 
 and, during the latter years of his life, was 
 attached to the Immanuel Baptist Church, 
 which he labored to establish. Died, in Julv, 
 1890. 
 
 STONE, Melville ., journalist, banker, Man- 
 ager ot Associated Press, born at Hudson, 111., 
 August 18, 1848. Coming to Chicago in 1880, he 
 graduated from the local high school in 1867, 
 and, in 1870, acquired the sole proprietorship of 
 a foundry and machine shop. Finding himself 
 without resources after the great fire of 1871, he 
 embarked in journalism, rising, through the suc- 
 cessive grades of reporter, city editor, assistant 
 editor and Washington correspondent, to the 
 position of editor-in-chief of his own journal. 
 
510 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 He was connected with various Chicago dailies 
 between 1871 and 1875, and, on Christinas Day 
 of the latter year, issued the first number of ' 'The 
 Chicago Daily News." He gradually disposed of 
 his interest in this journal, entirely severing 
 his connection therewith in 1888. Since that 
 date he has been engaged in banking in the city 
 of Chicago, and is also General Manager of the 
 Associated Press. 
 
 STONE, Samuel, philanthropist, was born at 
 Chesterfield, Mass., Dec. 6, 1798; left an orphan 
 at seven years of age, after a short tenn in Lei- 
 cester Academy, and several years in a wholesale 
 store in Boston, at the age of 19 removed to 
 Rochester, N. V. . to take charge of interests in 
 the "Holland Purchase," belonging to his father's 
 estate; in 1843-49. was a resident of ^Detroit ami 
 interested in some of the early railroad enter- 
 prises centering there, but the latter year re- 
 moved to Milwaukee, being there associated with 
 Ezra Cornell in telegraph construction. In 1859 
 he became a citizen of Chicago, where he was 
 one of the founders of the Chicago Historical 
 Society, and a liberal patron of many enterprises 
 of a public and benevolent character. Died, May 
 4, 1876. 
 
 STONE FORT, a village in the counties of 
 Saline and Williamson. It is situated on the Cairo 
 Division of the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & 
 St. Louis Railway, 57 miles northeast of Cairo. 
 Population (1900), 479. 
 
 STOREY, Wilbur I'., journalist and news- 
 paper publisher, was born at Salisbury, Vt., Dec. 
 19, 1819. He liegan to learn the printer's trade 
 at 12, and, before he was 19, was part owner of a 
 Democratic paper called "The Herald," published 
 at La Porte, Ind. Later, he either edited or con- 
 trolled journals published at Mishawaka, Ind., 
 and Jackson an<i Detroit, Mich. In January, 
 1861, he became the principal owner of "The 
 Chicago Times." then the leading Democratic 
 organ of Chicago. His |ia|*-r soon came to be 
 regarded as the organ of the anti-war party 
 throughout the Northwest, and, in June, 1863, 
 was suppressed by a military order issued by 
 (Seneral Burnside, which was subsequently 
 revoked by President Lincoln. The net result 
 was an increase in "The Times' " notoriety and 
 circulation. Other charges, of an equally grave 
 nature, relating to its sources of income, its char- 
 acter as a family newspaper, etc., were repeatedly 
 made, but to all these Mr. Storey turned a deaf 
 ear. He lost heavily in the fire of 1871, but, in 
 1872, appeareil as the editor of "The Times," 
 then destitute of i>o!itical ties. About 1X76 his 
 
 health began to decline. Medical aid failed to 
 afford relief, and, in August, 1884, he was ad- 
 judged to be of unsound mind, and his estate was 
 placed in the hands of a conservator. On the 
 27th of the following October (1884), he died at 
 his home in Chicago. 
 
 STORKS, Emery Alexander, lawyer, was born 
 at Hinsdale, Cattaraugus County, N. Y., August 
 12, 1835; began the study of law with his father, 
 later pursued a legal course at Buffalo, and, in 
 1853, was admitted to the bar; spent two years 
 (1857-59) in New York City, the latter year 're- 
 moving to Chicago, where he attained great 
 prominence as an advocate at the bar, as well as 
 an orator on other occasions. Politically a 
 Republican, he took an active part in Presidential 
 campaigns, being a delegate-at-large from Illinois 
 to the National Republican Conventions of 1868, 
 '72, and '80, and serving as one of the Vice-Presi- 
 dents in 1872. Erratic in habits and a master of 
 epigram and repartee, many of his speeches are 
 quoted with relish and appreciation by those who 
 were his contemporaries at the Chicago bar. 
 Died suddenly, while in attendance on the Su- 
 preme Court at Ottawa, Sept. 12, 1885. 
 
 STRAWN, Jacob, agriculturist and stock- 
 dealer, born in Somerset County, Pa., May 30, 
 1800 ; removed to Licking County, Ohio, in 1817, 
 and to Illinois, in 1831, settling four miles south- 
 west of Jacksonville. He was one of the first to 
 demonstrate the possibilities of Illinois as a live- 
 stock state. Unpretentious and despising mere 
 show, he illustrated the virtues of industry, fru- 
 gality and honesty. At his death which occurred 
 August 23, 1865 he left an estate estimated in 
 value at about $1,000,000, acquired by industry 
 and business enterprise. He was a zealous 
 Unionist during the war, at one time contributing 
 $10,000 to the Christian Commission. 
 
 STREATOR, a city (laid out in 1868 and incor- 
 porated in 1882) in the southern part of La Salic 
 County, 93 miles southwest of Chicago; situated 
 on the Vermilion River and a central jxnnt for 
 five railroads. It is surrounded by a rich agri- 
 cultural i-i mm r\ . and is underlaid by coal seams 
 (two of which are worked) and by shale and 
 various clay products of value, adapted to the 
 manufacture of fire and building-brick, drain- 
 pipe, etc. The city is thoroughly modern, having 
 gas, electric lighting, street railways, water- 
 works, a good tire-department, and a large, im- 
 proved public ]>ark. Churches and schools are 
 numerous, as are also fine public and private 
 buildings. One of the chief industries is the 
 manufacture of glass, including rolled-plate, 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 511 
 
 window-glass, flint and Bohemian ware and glass 
 bottles. Other successful industries are foundries 
 and machine shops, flour mills, and clay working 
 establishments. There are several banks, and 
 three daily and weekly papers are published here. 
 The estimated property valuation, in 1884, was 
 $12,000,000. Streator boasts some handsome 
 public buildings, especially the Government post- 
 office and the Carnegie public library building, 
 both of which have been erected within the past 
 few years. Pop. (1890). 11,414; (1900), 14,079. 
 
 STREET, Joseph M., pioneer and early politi- 
 cian, settled at Shawneetown about 1812, coming 
 from Kentucky, though believed to have been a 
 native of Eastern Virginia. In 1827 he was a 
 Brigadier-General of militia, and appears to have 
 been prominent in the affairs of that section of 
 the State. His correspondence with Governor 
 Edwards, about this time, shows him to have been 
 a man of far more than ordinary education, with 
 a good opinion of his merits and capabilities. He 
 was a most persistent applicant for office, making 
 urgent appeals to Governor Edwards, Henry Clay 
 and other politicians in Kentucky, Virginia and 
 Washington, on the ground of his poverty and 
 large family. In 1827 he received the offer of 
 the clerkship of the new county of Peoria, but, 
 on visiting that region, was disgusted with the 
 prospect; returning to Shawneetown, bought a 
 farm in Sangamon County, but, before the close 
 of the year, was appointed Indian Agent at 
 Prairie du Chien. This was during the difficul- 
 ties with the Winnebago Indians, upon which he 
 made voluminous reports to the Secretary of 
 War. Mr. Street was a son-in-law of Gen. 
 Thomas Posey, a Revolutionary soldier, who was 
 prominent in the early history of Indiana and its 
 last Territorial Governor. (See Posey, (Gen.) 
 Thomas.) 
 
 STREETER, Alson J., farmer and politician, 
 was born in Eensselaer County, N. Y., in 1823; 
 at the age of two years accompanied his father to 
 Illinois, the family settling at Dixon, Lee County, 
 He attended Knox College for three years, and, 
 in 1849, went to California, where he spent two 
 years in gold mining. Returning to Illinois, he 
 purchased a farm of 240 acres near New Windsor, 
 Mercer County, to which he has since added sev- 
 eral thousand acres. In 1872 he was elected to 
 the lower house of the Twenty-eighth General 
 Assembly as a Democrat, but, in 1873, allied him- 
 self with the Greenback party, whose candidate 
 for Congress he was in 1878, and for Governor in 
 1880, when he received nearly 3,000 votes more 
 than his party's Presidential nominee, in Illinois. 
 
 In 1884 he was elected State Senator by a coali- 
 tion of Greenbackers and Democrats in the 
 Twenty-fourth Senatorial District, but acted as 
 an independent throughout his entire term. 
 
 STRONG, William Emerson, soldier, was born 
 at Granville, N. Y., in 1840; from 13 years of age. 
 spent his early life in Wisconsin, studied law and 
 was admitted to the bar at Racine in 1861. The 
 same year he enlisted under the first call for 
 troops, took part, as Captain of a Wisconsin Com- 
 pany, in the first battle of Bull Run; was 
 afterwards promoted and assigned to duty as 
 Inspector-General in the West, participated in 
 the Vicksburg and Atlanta campaigns, being 
 finally advanced to the rank of Brigadier-Gen- 
 eral. After some fifteen months spent in the 
 position of Inspector-General of the Freedmen's 
 Bureau (1865-66), he located in Chicago, and 
 became connected with several important busi- 
 ness enterprises, besides assisting, as an officer on 
 the staff of Governor Cullom, in the organization 
 of the Illinois National Guard. He was elected 
 on the first Board of Directors of the World's 
 Columbian Exposition, and, while making a tour 
 of Europe in the interest of that enterprise, died, 
 at Florence, Italy, April 10, 1891. 
 
 STUART, John Todd, lawyer and Congress- 
 man, born near Lexington. Ky., Nov. 10, 1807 
 the son of Robert Stuart, a Presbyterian minister 
 and Professor of Languages in Transylvania 
 University, and related, on the maternal side, to 
 the Todd family, of whom Mrs. Abraham Lincoln 
 was a member. He graduated at Centre College. 
 Danville, in 1826, and, after studying law. re- 
 moved to Springfield, 111., in 1828, and began 
 practice. In 1832 he was elected Representative 
 in the General Assembly, re-elected in 1834, and. 
 in 1836, defeated, as the Whig candidate for Con- 
 gress, by Wm. L. May, though elected, two years 
 later, over Stephen A. Douglas, and again in 184(1. 
 In 1837, Abraham Lincoln, who had been 
 studying law under Mr. Stuart's advice and 
 instruction, became his partner, the relation- 
 ship continuing until 1841. He served in the 
 State Senate, 1849-53, was the Bell-Everett 
 candidate for Governor in 1860, and was 
 elected to Congress, as a Democrat, for a third 
 time, in 1862, but, in 1864, was defeated by 
 Shelby M. Cullom, his former pupil. During the 
 latter years of his life, Mr. Stuart was head of the 
 law firm of Stuart, Edwards & Brown. Died, at 
 Springfield, Nov. 28, 1885. 
 
 STURGES, Solomon, merchant and banker, 
 was born at Fairfield, Conn.. April 21, 1796. parly 
 manifested a passion for the sea and. in 1810, 
 
512 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 made a voyage, on a vessel of which his brother 
 was captain, from New York to Georgetown, 
 D. C., intending to continue it to Lisbon. At 
 Georgetown he was induced to accept a position 
 as clerk with a Mr. Williams, where he was 
 associated with two other youths, as fellow-em- 
 ployes, who became eminent bankers and 
 capitalists W. W. Corcoran, afterwards the 
 well-known banker of Washington, and George 
 W. Peabody, who had a successful banking career 
 in England, and won a name as one of the most 
 liberal and public-spirited of philanthropists. 
 During the War of 1812 young Sturges joined a 
 volunteer infantry company, where he had, for 
 comrades, George W. Peabody and Francis S. Key, 
 tin- latter author of the popular national song, 
 "The Star Spangled Banner." In 1814 Mr. 
 Sturges accepted a clerkship in the store of his 
 brother-in-law, Ebenezer Buckingham, at Put- 
 nam, Muskingum County, Ohio, two years later 
 becoming a partner in the concern, where he 
 developed that business capacity which laid the 
 foundation for his future wealth. Before steam- 
 ers navigated the waters of the Ohio and Missis- 
 sippi Rivers, he piloted flat-boats, loaded with 
 produce and merchandise, to New Orleans, return- 
 ing overland. During one of his visits to that 
 <-ity, he witnessed the arrival of the "Washing- 
 ton," the first steamer to descend the Mississippi, 
 as, in 1817, he saw the arrival of the "Walk-in- 
 the- Water" at Detroit, the first steamer to arrive 
 from Buffalo the occasion of his visit to Detroit 
 lieing to carry funds to General Cass to pay off 
 the United States troops. About 1849 he was 
 associated with the construction of the Wabash 
 & Erie Canal, from the Ohio River to Terre Haute, 
 Ind., advancing money for the prosecution of the 
 work, for which was reimbursed by the State. In 
 1854 he came to Chicago, and, in partnership 
 with his brothers-in-law, C. P. and Alvah Buck- 
 ingham, erected the first large grain-elevator in 
 that city, on land leased from the Illinois Central 
 Railroad Company, following it, two years later, 
 by another of equal capacity. For a time, sub- 
 stantially all the grain coming into Chicago, by 
 railroad, passed into these elevators. In 1857 he 
 established the private banking house of Solomon 
 Sturges & Sons, which, shortly after his death, 
 under the management of his son, George Stur- 
 ;,'<, became the Northwestern National Bank of 
 Chicago. He was intensely patriotic and, on the 
 breaking out of the War of the Rebellion, used 
 i if his means freely in support of the Govern- 
 ment, equipping the Sturges Rifles, an independ- 
 uiit company, at a cost of $20,000. He was also a 
 
 subscriber to the first loan made by the Govern- 
 ment, during this period, taking $100,000 in 
 Government bonds. While devoted to his busi- 
 ness, he was a hater of shams and corruption, and 
 contributed freely to Christian and benevolent 
 enterprises. Died, at the home of a daughter, at 
 Zanesville, Ohio, Oct. 14, 1864, leaving a large 
 fortune acquired by legitimate trade. 
 
 MT im V AM , Julian MIIIIS.UI. D.D., I, !..!>.. 
 clergyman and educator, was born at Warren, 
 Litchfield County, Conn., July 26, 1805; spent his 
 youth in Summit County, Ohio, meanwhile pre- 
 paring for college ; in 1822, entered Yale College 
 as the classmate of the celebrated Klizur Wright, 
 graduating in 1826. After two years as Princi- 
 pal of an academy at Canaan, Conn., he entered 
 Yale Divinity School, graduating there in 1829; 
 then came west, and, after spending a year in 
 superintending the erection of buildings, in De- 
 cember, 1830, as sole tutor, began instruction to ,. 
 class of nine pupils in what is now Illinois Col- 
 lege, at Jacksonville. Having been joined, the 
 following year, by Dr. Edward Beecher as Presi- 
 dent, Mr. Sturtevant assumed the chair of Mathe- 
 matics, Natural Philosophy and Astronomy, 
 which he retained until 1844, when, by the 
 retirement of Dr. Beecher, he succeeded to the 
 offices of President and Professor of Intellectual 
 and Moral Philosophy. Here he labored, inces- 
 santly and unselfishly, as a teacher during term 
 time, and, as financial agent during vacations, 
 in the interest of the institution of which he liad 
 been one of the chief founders, serving until 1876, 
 when he resigned the Presidency, giving his 
 attention, for the next ten years, to the duties of 
 Professor of Mental Science and Science of Gov- 
 ernment, which he had discharged from 1870. 
 In 1886 he retired from the institution entirely, 
 having given to its service fifty-six years of his 
 life. In 1863, Dr. Sturtevant visited Europe in 
 the interest of the Union cause, delivering effec- 
 tive addresses at a number of points in England. 
 He was a frequent contributor to the weekly 
 religious and periodical press, and was the author 
 of "Economics, or the Science of Wealth" (1876) 
 a text-book on political economy, and "Keys 
 of Sect, or the Church of the New Testament" 
 (1879), besides frequently occupying the pulpits 
 of local and distant churches having been early 
 ordained a Congregational minister. He received 
 the degree of D.D. from the University of Mis- 
 souri and that of LL.D. from Iowa University. 
 Died, in Jacksonville, Feb. 11, 1886. Julian M. 
 (Sturtevant), Jr., son of the preceding, was born 
 at Jacksonville, III. Feb. 2, 1834; fitted for col- 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 513 
 
 lege in the preparatory department of Illinois 
 College and graduated from the college (proper) 
 in 1854. After leaving college he served as 
 teacher in the Jacksonville public schools one 
 year, then spent a year as tutor in Illinois Col- 
 lege, when he began the study of theology at 
 Andover Theological Seminary, graduating there 
 in 1859, meanwhile having discharged the duties 
 of Chaplain of the Connecticut State's prison in 
 185* He was ordained a minister of the Con- 
 gregational Church at Hannibal, Mo., in 1860, 
 remaining as pastor in that city nine years. He 
 has since been engaged in pastoral work in New 
 York City (1869-70), Ottawa, 111., (1870-73) ; Den- 
 ver, Cola, (1873-77); Grinnell, Iowa, (1877-84); 
 Cleveland, Ohio, (1884-90); Galesburg, 111., 
 (1890-93), and Aurora, (1893-97). Since leaving 
 the Congregational church at Aurora, Dr. Sturte- 
 vant has been engaged in pastoral work in Chi- 
 cago. He was also editor of "The Congrega- 
 tionalist" of Iowa (1881-84), and, at different 
 periods, has served as Trustee of Colorado, 
 Marietta and Knox Colleges; being still an 
 honored member of the Knox College Board. 
 He received the degree of D.D. from Illinois 
 College, in 1879. 
 
 SUBLETTE, a station and village on the Illi- 
 nois Central Railroad, in Lee County, 8 miles 
 northwest of Mendota. Population, (1900), 306. 
 
 SUFFRAGE, in general, the right or privilege 
 t>f voting. The qualifications of electors (or 
 voters), in the choice of public officers in Illinois, 
 are fixed by the State Constitution (Art. VII.), 
 except as to school officers, which are prescribed 
 by law. Under the State Constitution the exer- 
 cise of the right to vote is limited to persons who 
 were electors at the time of the adoption of the 
 Constitution of 1848, or who are native or natu- 
 ralized male citizens of the United States, of the 
 age of 21 years or over, who have been residents 
 of the State one year, of the county ninety days, 
 and of the district (or precinct) in which they 
 offer to vote, 30 days. Under an act passed in 
 1891, women, of 21 years of age and upwards, are 
 entitled to vote for school officers, and are also 
 eligible to such offices under the same conditions, 
 as to age and residence, as male citizens. (See 
 Elections; Australian Ballot. ) 
 
 SULLIVAN, a city and county -seat of Moultrie 
 County, 25 miles southeast of Decatur and 14 
 miles northwest of Mattoon ; is on three lines of 
 railway. It is in an agricultural and stock-rais- 
 ing region; contains two State banks and four 
 weekly newspapers. Population (1880), 1,305; 
 (1890), 1,468; (1900), 2,399; (1900, est), 3,100. 
 
 SULLIVAN, William K., journalist, was born 
 at Waterford, Ireland, Nov. 10, 1843 ; educated at 
 the Waterford Model School and in Dublin ; came 
 to the United States in 1863, and, after teaching 
 for a time in Kane County, in 1864 enlisted in the 
 One Hundred and Forty-first Regiment Illinois 
 Volunteers. Then, after a brief season spent in 
 teaching and on a visit to his native land, he 
 began work as a reporter on New York papers, 
 later being employed on "The Chicago Tribune" 
 and "The Evening Journal," on the latter, at 
 different times, holding the position of city edi- 
 tor, managing editor and correspondent. He 
 was also a Representative from Cook County in 
 the Twenty-seventh General Assembly, for three 
 years a member of the Chicago Board of Edu- 
 cation, and appointed United States Consul to the 
 Bermudas by President Harrison, resigning in 
 1892. Died, in Chicago, January 17, 1899. 
 
 Sl'LI.IV A\T. Michael Lucas, agriculturist, 
 was born at Franklinton (a suburb of Columbus, 
 Ohio), August 6, 1807; was educated at Ohio 
 University and Centre College, Ky., and after 
 being engaged in the improvement of an immense 
 tract of land inherited from his father near his 
 birth-place, devoting much attention, meanwhile, 
 to the raising of improved stock in 1854 sold his 
 Ohio lands and bought 80,000 acres, chiefly in 
 Champaign and Piatt Counties, 111., where he 
 began farming on a larger scale than before. The 
 enterprise proved a financial failure, and he was 
 finally compelled to sell a considerable portion of 
 his estate in Champaign County, known as Broad 
 Lands, to John T. Alexander (see Alexander, 
 John T.), retiring to a farm of 40,000 acres at 
 Burr Oaks, 111. He died, at Henderson, Ky., Jan. 
 29, 1879. 
 
 SUM MER FIELD, a village of St. Clair County, 
 on the Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern Railway, 
 27 miles east of St. Louis ; was the home of Gen. 
 Fred. Hecker. Population (1900), 360. 
 
 SUMNER, a city of Lawrence County, on the 
 Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern Railroad, 19 miles 
 west of Vincennes, Ind. ; has a fine school house, 
 four churches, two banks, two flour mills, tele- 
 phones, and one weekly newspaper. Pop. (1890), 
 1,037; (1900), 1,268. 
 
 SUPERINTENDENTS OF PUBLIC INSTRUC- 
 TION. The office of State Superintendent of 
 Public Instruction was created by act of the 
 Legislature, at a special session held in 1854, its 
 duties previous to that time, from 1845, having 
 been discharged by the Secretary of State as 
 Superintendent, ex-officio. The following is a list 
 of the incumbents from the date of the formal 
 
514 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 creation of the office down to the present time 
 i :-'.>!!:, with the date anil duration of the term of 
 fjirli. Ninian W. Edwards (by appointment of 
 the Governor), 1854-57; William H. Powell (by 
 election), 1857-59; Newton Bateman, 1859-63; 
 John P. Brooks, 1863-65; Newton Bateman, 
 1865-75; Samuel W. Etter, 1875-79; James P. 
 Slade, 1879-83; Henry Raab, 1883-87; Richard 
 Edwards, 1887-91; Henry Raab, 1891-95; Samuel 
 M. Inglis, 1895-98; James H. Freeman, June, 
 1898, to January, 1899 (by appointment of the 
 Governor, to fill the unexpired term of Prof. 
 Inglis, who died in office, June 1, 1898) ; Alfred 
 Baylis, 1899. 
 
 Previous to 1870 the tenure of the office was 
 two years, but, by the Constitution adopted that 
 year, it was extended to four years, the elections 
 occurring on the even years between those for 
 Governor and other State officers except State 
 Treasurer. 
 
 SUPREME COURT, JUDGES OF THE. The 
 following is a list of Justices of the Supreme 
 Court of Illinois who have held office since the 
 organization of the State Government, with the 
 period of their respective incumbencies: Joseph 
 Phillips, 1818-22 (resigned); Thomas C. Browne, 
 1818 48 (term expired on adoption of new Con- 
 stitution); William P. Foster, Oct. 9, 1818, to 
 July 7, 1819 (resigned), John Reynolds, 1818-25; 
 Thomas Reynolds (vice Phillips), 1822-25; Wil- 
 liam Wilson (vice Foster) 1819-48 (term expired 
 on adoption of new Constitution) ; Samuel D 
 Lockwood, 1825-48 (term expired on adoption of 
 new Constitution) ; Theophilus W. Smith, 1825-42 
 (resigned); Thomas Ford, Feb. 15, 1841, to Au- 
 gust 1, 1842 (resigned) ; Sidney Breese, Feb. 15, 
 1841, to Dec. 19, 1842 (resigned) also (by re-elec- 
 tions), 1857-78 (died in office) ; Walter B. Scates, 
 1841-47 (resigned) also (vice Trumbull), 1854-57 
 (resigned); Samuel H. Treat, 1841-55 (resigned); 
 Stephen A. Douglas, 1841-42 (resigned) ; John D. 
 Caton (vice Ford) August, 1842, to March, 1843 
 also (vice Robinson and by successive re-elec- 
 tions), May, 1843 to January, 1864 (resigned); 
 James Semple (vice Breese), Jan. 14, 1843, to 
 April 16, 1843 (resigned) ; Richard M. Young (vice 
 Smith), 1843-47 (resigned); John M. Robinson 
 (vice Ford), Jan. 14, 1843, to April 27, 1843 (died 
 in office); Jesse B. Thomas, Jr., (vice Douglas), 
 1843-45 (resigned) also (vice Young), 1847-48; 
 James Shields (vice Semple), 1843-45 (resigned); 
 Norman H. Purple (vice Thomas), 1843-48 (retired 
 under Constitution of 1848) ; Gustavus Koerner 
 (vice Shields), 1845-48 (retired by Constitution); 
 William A. Denning (vice Scales), 1847-48 (re- 
 
 tired by Constitution) ; Lyman Trumbull, 1848-53 
 (resigned); Ozias C. Skinner (vice Treat), 1855-58 
 (resigned); Pinkney H. Walker (vice Skinner), 
 1858-85 (deceased); Corydon Beckwith (by ap- 
 pointment, vice Caton), Jan. 7, 1864, to June 6. 
 1864; Charles B. Lawrence (one term), 1864-73; 
 Anthony Thornton, 1870-73 (resigned); John M. 
 Scott (two terms), 1870-88; Benjamin R. Sheldon 
 (two terms), 1870-88; William K. McAllister, 
 1870-75 (resigned) ; John Scholfield (vice Thorn- 
 ton), 187393 (died); T. Lyle Dickey (vice 
 McAllister), 1875-85 (died) ; David J. Baker (ap- 
 pointed, vice Breese), July 9, 1878, to June 2, 
 1879 also, 1888-97; John H. Mulkey, 1879-88; 
 Damon G. Tunnicliffe (appointed, vice Walker), 
 Feb. 15, 1885, to June 1, 1885; Simeon P. Shope, 
 1885-94; Joseph M. Bailey, 1888-95 (died in office). 
 The Supreme Court, as at present constituted 
 (1899), is as follows: Carroll C. Boggs, elected, 
 1897; Jesse J. Phillips (vice Scholfield, deceased) 
 elected, 1893, and re-elected, 1897; Jacob W. Wil- 
 kin, elected, 1888, and re-elected, 1897; Joseph 
 N. Carter, elected, 1894; Alfred M. Craig, elec- 
 ted, 1873, and re-elected, 1882 and '91 ; James H. 
 Cartwright (vice Bailey), elected, 1895, and re- 
 elected, 1897; Benjamin D. Magruder (vice 
 Dickey), elected, 1885, '88 and '97. The terms of 
 Justices Boggs, Phillips, Wilkin, Cartwright and 
 Magruder expire in 1906 ; that of Justice Carter 
 on 1903; and Justice Craig's, in 1900. Under the 
 Constitution of 1818, the Justices of the Supreme 
 Court were chosen by joint ballot of the Legisla- 
 ture, but, under the Constitutions of 1848 and 
 1870, by popular vote for terms of nine years 
 each. (See Judicial System; also sketches of 
 individual members of the Supreme Court under 
 their proper names.) 
 
 SURVEYS, EARLY GOVERNMENT. The first 
 United States law passed on the subject of Gov- 
 ernment surveys was dated. May 20, 1785. After 
 reserving certain lands to be allotted by way of 
 pensions and to be donated for school purposes, 
 it provided for the division of the remaining pub- 
 lic lands among the original thirteen States. 
 This, however, was, in effect, repealed by the Ordi- 
 nance of 1788. The latter provided for a rectan- 
 gular system of surveys which, with but little 
 modification, has remained in force ever since. 
 Briefly outlined, the system is as follows: Town- 
 ships, six miles square, are laid out from principal 
 bases, each township containing thirty-six sec- 
 tions of one square mile, numbered consecutively, 
 the numeration to commence at the upper right 
 hand corner of the township. The first principal 
 meridian (84' 51' west of Greenwich), coincided 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 515 
 
 with the line dividing Indiana and Ohio. The 
 second (1 37' farther west) had direct relation 
 to surveys in Eastern Illinois. The third (89 KV 
 80" west of Greenwich) and the fourth (90 29' 
 68" west) governed the remainder of Illinois sur- 
 veys. The first Public Surveyor was Thomas 
 Hutchins, who was called "the geographer." 
 (See Hutching, Thomas.) 
 
 SWEET, (Gen.) Benjamin J., soldier, was 
 born at Kirkland, Oneida County, N. Y., April 
 24, 1832 ; came with his father, in 1848, to Sheboy- 
 gan, Wis., studied law, was elected to the State 
 Senate in 1859, and, in 1861, enlisted in the Sixth 
 Wisconsin Volunteers, being commissioned Major 
 in 1862. Later, he resigned and, returning home, 
 assisted in the organization of the Twenty -first 
 and Twenty-second regiments, being elected 
 Colonel of the former; and with it taking part in 
 the campaign in Western Kentucky and Tennes- 
 see. In 1863 he was assigned to command at 
 Camp Douglas, and was there on the exposure, 
 in November, 1864, of the conspiracy to release 
 the rebel prisoners. (See Camp Douglas Conspir- 
 acy.) The service which he rendered in the 
 defeat of this bold and dangerous conspiracy 
 evinced his courage and sagacity, and was of 
 inestimable value to the country. After the 
 war. General Sweet located at Lombard, near 
 Chicago, was appointed Pension Agent at Chi- 
 cago, afterwards served as Supervisor of Internal 
 Revenue, and, in 1872, became Deputy Commis- 
 sioner of Internal Revenue at Washington. Died, 
 in Washington, Jan. 1, 1874 Miss Ada C. 
 (Sweet), for eight years (1874-82) the efficient 
 Pension Agent at Chicago, is General Sweet's 
 daughter. 
 
 SWEETSER, A. C., soldier and Department 
 Commander G. A. R., was born in Oxford County, 
 Maine, in 1839; came to Bloomington, 111., in 
 1857; enlisted at the beginning of the Civil War 
 in the Eighth Illinois Volunteers and, later, in the 
 Thirty-ninth; at the battle of Wierbottom 
 Church, Va., in June, 1864, was shot through 
 both legs, necessitating the amputation of one of 
 them. After the war he held several offices of 
 trust, including those of City Collector of Bloom- 
 ington and Deputy Collector of Internal Revenue 
 for the Springfield District; in 1887 was elected 
 Department Commander of the Grand Army of 
 the Republic for Illinois. Died, at Bloomington, 
 March 23, 1896. 
 
 SWETT, Leonard, lawyer, was born near 
 Turner, Maine, August 11, 1825; was educated at 
 Waterville College (now Colby University), but 
 left before graduation; read law in Portland, and, 
 
 while seeking a location in the West, enlisted in 
 an Indiana regiment for the Mexican War, being 
 attacked by climatic fever, was discharged before 
 completing his term of enlistment. He soon 
 after came to Bloomington, 111., where he became 
 the intimate friend of Abraham Lincoln and 
 David Davis, traveling the circuit with them for 
 a number of years. He early became active in 
 State politics, waa a member of the Republican 
 State Convention of 1856, was elected to the 
 lower house of the General Assembly in 1858, 
 and, in 1860, was a zealous supporter of Mr. Lin- 
 coln as a Presidential Elector for the State-at- 
 large. In 1862 he received the Republican 
 nomination for Congress in his District, but WM 
 defeated. Removing to Chicago in 1865, he 
 gained increased distinction as a lawyer, espe- 
 cially in the management of criminal cases. In 
 1872 he was a supporter of Horace Greeley for 
 President, but later returned to the Republican 
 party, and, in the National Republican Conven- 
 tion of 1888, presented the name of Judge 
 Gresham for nomination for the Presidency. 
 Died, June 8, 1889. 
 
 SWI6ERT, Charles Philip, ex- Auditor of Pub- 
 lic Accounts, was born in the Province of Baden, 
 Germany, Nov. 27, 1843, brought by his parents 
 to Chicago, 111., in childhood, and, in his boy- 
 hood, attended the Scammon School in that city. 
 In 1854 his family removed to a farm in Kanka- 
 kee County, where, between the ages of 12 and 
 18, he assisted his father in "breaking" between 
 400 and 500 acres of prairie land. On the break- 
 ing out of the war, in 1861, although scarcely 18 
 years of age, he enlisted as a private in the Forty- 
 second Illinois Volunteer Infantry, and, in April, 
 1862, was one of twenty heroic volunteers who 
 ran the blockade, on the gunboat Carondelet, at 
 Island No. 10, assisting materially in the reduc- 
 tion of that rebel stronghold, which resulted in 
 the capture of 7,000 prisoners. At the battle of 
 Farmington, Miss., during the siege of Corinth, 
 in May, 1862, he had his right arm torn from its 
 socket by a six-pound cannon-ball, compelling his 
 retirement from the army. Returning home, 
 after many weeks spent in hospital at Jefferson 
 Barracks and Quincy, 111., he received his final 
 discharge, Dec. 21, 1862, spent a year in school, 
 also took a course in Bryant & Stratum's Com- 
 mercial College in Chicago, and having learne I 
 to write with his left hand, taught for a time in 
 Kankakee County ; served as letter-carrier in Chi- 
 cago, and for a year as Deputy County Clerk of 
 Kankakee County, followed by two terms (1867- 
 69) as a student in the Soldiers' College at Fulton. 
 
516 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 111. The latter year he entered upon the duties 
 of Treasurer of Kankakee County, serving, by 
 successive re-elections, until 1880, when he re- 
 signed to take the position of State Auditor, to 
 which he was elected a second time in 1884. In 
 all these positions Mr. Swigert has proved him- 
 self an upright, capable and high-minded public 
 official. Of late years his residence has been in 
 Chicago. 
 
 SWING, (Rev.) David, clergyman and pulpit 
 orator, was born of German ancestry, at Cincin- 
 nati, Ohio, August 23, 1836. After 1837 (his 
 father dying about this time), the family resided 
 for a time at Reedsburgh, and, later, on a farm 
 near Williamsburgh, in Clerrnont County, in the 
 same State. In 1 <>-. liaving graduated from the 
 Miami (Ohio) University, he commenced the 
 study of theology, but, in 1854, accepted the 
 position of Professor of Languages in his Alma 
 Mater, which he continued to fill for thirteen 
 years. His first pastorate was in connection with 
 the Westminster Presbyterian Church of Chi- 
 cago, which he assumed in 1866. His church 
 edifice was destroyed in the great Chicago fire, 
 but was later rebuilt. As a preacher he was 
 popular ; but, in April, 1874, he was placed on trial, 
 before n ecclesiastical rourt of his own denomi- 
 nation, on charges (if heresy. He was acquitted 
 by the trial court, but, l>efore the appeal taken by 
 the prosecution could be heard, he personally 
 withdrew from affiliation with the denomination. 
 Shortly afterward he became jiastor of an inde- 
 pendent religious organization known as the 
 "Central Church," preaching, first at McVicker's 
 Theatre and. afterward, at Centnil Music Hall, 
 Chicago. He was a fluent and popular speaker 
 on all themes, a frequent and valued contributor 
 to numerous magazines, us well as the author of 
 several volumes. Among his best known books 
 are "Motives of Life,'' "Truths for To-day," and 
 "Club Essays." Died, in Chicago, Oct. 3, 1894. 
 
 SYCAMORE, the county-seat of De Kalb 
 County (founded in 1836), 56 miles west of Chi- 
 cago, at the intersection of the Chicago & North- 
 western and the Chicago (ireat Western Rail- 
 roads; lies in a region devoted to agriculture, 
 dairying and stock-raising. The city itself con- 
 tains several factories, the principal products 
 being agricultural implements, flour, insulated 
 wire, brick, tile, varnish, furniture, soap and 
 carriages and wagons. There are also works for 
 canning vegetables and fruit, besides two creamer- 
 ies. The town is lighted by electricity, and has 
 high-pressure water-works. There are eleven 
 churches, three graded public schools and a 
 
 young ladies' seminary. Population (1880), 
 3,028; (1890), 2,987; (1900). 3,653. 
 
 TAFT, Lorado, sculptor, was born at Elmwood, 
 Peoria County, 111., April 29, 1860; at an early 
 age evinced a predilection for sculpture and 
 began modeling; graduated at the University of 
 Illinois- in 1880, then went to Paris and studied 
 sculpture in the famous Ecole des Beaux Arts 
 until 1885. The following year he settled in Chi 
 cago, finally becoming associated with the Chi- 
 cago Art Institute. He lias been a lecturer on 
 art in the Chicago University. Mr. Taft fur- 
 nished the decorations of the Horticultural Build- 
 ing on the World's Fair Grounds, in 1893. 
 
 TALCOTT, Mancel, business man, was bora 
 in Rome, N. Y., Oct. 12, 1817; attended the com- 
 mon schools until 17 years of age, when he set 
 out for the West, traveling on foot from Detroit 
 to Chicago, and thence to Park Ridge, where he 
 worked at farming until 1850. Then, having 
 followed the occupation of a miner for some time, 
 in California, with some success, he united with 
 Horace M. Singer in establishing the firm of 
 Singer & Talcott, stone-dealers, which lasted dur- 
 ing most of his life. He served as a member of 
 the Chicago City Council, on the Board of County 
 Commissioners, as a member of the Police Board, 
 and was one of the founders of the First National 
 Bank, and President, for several years, of the 
 Stock Yards National Bank. Liberal and public- 
 spirited, he contributed freely to works of 
 charity. Died, June 5, 1878. 
 
 TALCOTT, (Capt.) William, soldier of the 
 War of 1812 and pioneer, was born in Gilead, 
 Conn., March 6, 1774; emigrated to Rome, Oneida 
 County, N. Y., in 1H10, and engaged in farming; 
 served as a Lieutenant in the Oneida County 
 militia during the War of 1812-14, being stationed 
 at Sackett's Harbor under the command of Gen. 
 Winfield Scott. In 1835, in company with his 
 eldest son, Thomas B. Talcott, he made an ex- 
 tended tour through the West, finally selecting a 
 location in Illinois at the junction of Rock River 
 tind the Pecatonica, where the town of Rockton 
 now stands there being only two white families, 
 at that time, within the present limits of Winne- 
 bago County. Two years later (1837), he brought 
 his family to this point, with his sons took up a 
 considerable body of Government land and 
 erected two mills, to which customers came 
 from a long distance. In 1838 Captain Talcott 
 took part in the organization of the first Congre- 
 gational Church in that section of the State. A 
 zealous anti-slavery man. he supported James 6. 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 517 
 
 Birney (the Liberty candidate for President) in 
 1844, continuing to act with that party until the 
 organization of the Republican party in 1856; 
 was deeply interested in the War for the Union, 
 but died before its conclusion, Sept. 2, 1864. 
 Maj. Thomas B. (Talcott), oldest son of the pre- 
 ceding, was born at Hebron, Conn , April 17, 
 i806; was taken to Rome, N. Y., by his father in 
 nfancy, and, after reaching maturity, engaged 
 in mercantile business with his brother in Che- 
 mung County ; in 1835 accompanied his father in 
 a tour through the West, finally locating at 
 Rockton, where he engaged in agriculture. On 
 the organization of Winnebago County, in 1836, 
 he was elected one of the first County Commis- 
 sioners, and, in 1850, to the State Senate, serving 
 four years. He also held various local offices. 
 Died, Sept. 30, 1894. Hon. Wait (Talcott), second 
 son of Capt. William Talcott, was born at He- 
 bron, Conn., Oct. 17, 1807, and taken to Rome, 
 N. Y., where lie remained until his 19th year, 
 when he engaged in business at Booneville and, 
 still later, in Utica; in 1838, removed to Illinois 
 and joined his father at Rockton, finally 
 becoming a citizen of Rockford, where, in his 
 later years, he was extensively engaged in manu- 
 facturing, having become, in 1854, with his 
 brother Sylvester, a partner of the firm of J. H. 
 Manny & Co., in the manufacture of the Manny 
 reaper and mower. He was an original anti- 
 slavery man and, at one time.a Free-Soil candidate 
 for Congress, but became a zealous Republican 
 and ardent friend of Abraham Lincoln, whom he 
 employed as an attorney in the famous suit of 
 McCormick vs. the Manny Reaper Company for 
 infringement of patent. In 1854 he was elected 
 to the State Senate, succeeding his brother, 
 Thomas B., and was the first Collector of Internal 
 Revenue in the Second District, appointed by Mr. 
 Lincoln in 1862, and continuing in office some 
 five years. Though too old for active service in 
 the field, during the Civil War, he voluntarily 
 hired a substitute to take his place. Mr. Talcott 
 was one of the original incorporators and Trus- 
 tees of Beloit College, and a founder of Rockford 
 Female Seminary, remaining a trustee of each 
 for many years. Died, June 7, 1890. SylTester 
 (Talcott), third son of William Talcott, born at 
 Rome, N. Y., Oct. 14, 1810; when of age, engaged 
 in mercantile business in Chemung County; in 
 1837 removed, with other members of the family, 
 to Winnebago County, 111., where he joined his 
 father in the entry of Government lands and the 
 erection of mills, as already detailed. He became 
 one of the first Justices of the Peace in Winne- 
 
 County, also served as Supervisor for a 
 number of years and. although a farmer, became 
 interested, in 1854, with his brother Wait, 
 in the Manny Reaper Company at Rockford. 
 He also followed the example of liis brother, 
 just named, in furnishing a substitute for the 
 War of the Rebellion, though too old for service 
 himself. Died, June 19, 1885. Henry Walter 
 (Talcott), fourth son of William Talcott, was 
 born at Rome, N. Y., Feb. 13, 1814; came with 
 his father to Winnebago County, 111., in 1835, and 
 was connected with his father and brothers in busi- 
 ness. Died, Dec. 9, 1870. Dwight Lewis (Tal- 
 cott). oldest son of Henry Walter Talcott, bom 
 in Winnebago County; at the age of 17 years 
 enlisted at Belvidere, in January, 1864, as a soldier 
 in the Ninth Illinois Volunteer Infantry ; served 
 as provost guard some two months at Fort Picker- 
 ing, near Memphis, and later took part in many 
 of the important battles of that j-ear in Missis- 
 sippi and Tennessee. Having been captured at 
 Campl>ellsville, Tenn., he was taken to Anderson- 
 ville, Ga., where he suffered all the horrors of 
 that famous prison-pen, until March, 1865, when 
 lie was released, arriving at home a helpless 
 skeleton, the day after Abraham Lincoln's assas- 
 sination. Mr. Talcott sulwequently settled in 
 Muscatine County, Iowa. 
 
 TALLl'LA, a prosperous village of Menanl 
 County, on the Jacksonville branch of the Chi- 
 cago A: Alton Railway, 24 miles northeast of 
 Jacksonville; is in the midst of a grain, coal- 
 mining, and stock-growing region ; has a local 
 bank and newspaper. Pop. (1890), 445 ; (1900), 639. 
 
 TAMAROA, a village in Perry County, situated 
 at the junction of the Illinois Central with the 
 Wabash, Chester \- Western Railroad. 8 miles 
 north of Dui[Uoin. and 57 miles east-southeast of 
 Belleville. It has a bank, a newspaper office, a 
 large public school, five churches and two flour- 
 ing mills. Coal is mined here and exported in 
 large quantities. Pop. (1900). 853. 
 
 TAMAROA A: MOUNT VERXON RAILROAD. 
 (See \\~abash, Cltcstcr & Western Railroad.) 
 
 TANNER, Edward Allen, clergyman and edu- 
 cator, was born of New England ancestry, at 
 Waverly, III., Nov. 29. 1837 being the first child 
 who could claim nativity there; was educated 
 in the local schools and at Illinois College, 
 graduating from the latter in 1857; spent four 
 years teaching in his native place and at Jack- 
 sonville; then accepted the Professorship of 
 Latin in Pacific University at Portland. Oregon, 
 remaining four years, when he returned to his 
 Alma Mater (1865), aanming there the chair of 
 
518 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 Latin and Rhetoric. In 1881 he was appointed 
 financial agent of the latter institution, and, in 
 1882, its President. While in Oregon he had 
 been ordained a minister of the Congregational 
 Church, and, for a considerable period during 
 his connection with Illinois College, officiated as 
 Chaplain of the Central Hospital for the Insane 
 at Jacksonville, besides supplying local and 
 other pulpits. He labored earnestly for the 
 benefit of the institution under his charge, and, 
 during his incumbency, added materially to its 
 endowment and resources. Died, at Jackson- 
 ville, Feb. 8, 1892. 
 
 TANNER, John R., Governor, was born in 
 Warrick County, Ind., April 4, 1844, and brought 
 to Southern Illinois in boyhood, where he grew 
 up on a farm in the vicinity of Carbondale, 
 enjoying only such educational advantages as 
 were afforded by the common school; in 1868, at 
 the age of 19, enlisted in the Ninety-eighth Illi- 
 nois Volunteers, serving until June, 1865, when 
 he was transferred to the Sixty-first, and finally 
 mustered out in September following. All the 
 male members of Governor Tanner's family were 
 soldiers of the late war, his father dying in a 
 rebel prison at Columbus, Miss. , one of his bro- 
 thers suffering the same fate from wounds at Nash- 
 ville, Tenn. , and another brother dying in hospital 
 at Pine Bluff, Ark. Only one of this patriotic 
 family, besides Governor Tanner, still survives 
 Mr. J. M. Tanner of Clay County, who left the 
 service with the rank of Lieutenant of the Thir- 
 teenth Illinois Cavalry. Returning from the 
 war, Mr. Tanner established himself in business 
 as a farmer in Clay County, later engaging suc- 
 cessfully in the milling and lumber business as 
 the partner of his brother. The public positions 
 held by him, since the war, include those of 
 Sheriff of Clay County (1870-72), Clerk of the Cir- 
 cuit Court (1872-76), and State Senator (1880-83). 
 During the latter year he received the appoint- 
 ment of United States Marshal for tbe Southern 
 District of Illinois, serving until after the acces- 
 sion of President Cleveland in 1885. In 1886, he 
 was the Republican nominee for State Treasurer 
 and was elected by an unusually large majority ; 
 in 1891 was appointed, by Governor Fifer, a 
 member of the Railroad and Warehouse Commis- 
 sion, but, in 1892, received the appointment of 
 Assistant United States Treasurer at Chicago, 
 continuing in the latter office until December, 
 1893. For ten years (1874-84) he was a member 
 of the Republican State Central Committee, re- 
 turning to that body in 1894, when he was chosen 
 Chairman and conducted the campaign which 
 
 resulted in the unprecedented Republican suc- 
 cesses of that year. In 1896 he received the 
 nomination of his party for Governor, and was 
 elected over Gov. John P. Altgeld, his Demo- 
 cratic opponent, by a plurality of over 113,000, 
 and a majority, over all, of nearly 90,000 votes. 
 
 TANNER, Tazewell B., jurist, was born in 
 Henry County, Va., and came to Jefferson 
 County, III, about 1846 or '47, at first taking a 
 position as teacher and Superintendent of Public 
 Schools. Later, he was connected with "The 
 Jeffersonian," a Democratic paper at Mount Ver- 
 non, and, in 1849, went to the gold regions of 
 California, meeting with reasonable success as a 
 miner. Returning in a year or two, he was 
 elected Clerk of the Circuit Court, and, while in 
 the discharge of his duties, prosecuted the study 
 of law, finally, on admission to the bar, entering 
 into partnership with the late Col. Thomas S. 
 Casey. In 1854 he was elected Representative in 
 the Nineteenth General Assembly, and was in- 
 strumental in securing the appropriation for the 
 erection of a Supreme Court building at Mount 
 Vernon. In 1862 he served as a Delegate to the 
 State Constitutional Convention of that year ; was 
 elected Circuit Judge in 1873, and, in 1877, was 
 assigned to duty on the Appellate bench, but, at 
 the expiration of his term, declined a re-election 
 and resumed the practice of his profession at 
 Mount Vernon. Died, March 25, 1880. 
 
 TAXATION, in its legal sense, the mode of 
 raising revenue. In its general sense its purposes 
 are the support of the State and local govern- 
 ments, the promotion of the public good by 
 fostering education and works of public improve- 
 ment, the protection of society by the preser- 
 vation of order and the punishment of crime, and 
 the support of the helpless and destitute. In 
 practice, and as prescribed by the Constitution, 
 the raising of revenue is required to be done "by 
 levying a tax by valuation, so that every person 
 and corporation shall pay a tax in proportion to 
 the value of his, her or its property such value 
 to be ascertained by some person or persons, to be 
 elected or appointed in such manner as the Gen- 
 eral Assembly shall direct, and not otherwise." 
 (State Constitution, 1870 Art. Revenue, Sec. 1.) 
 The person selected under the law to make this 
 valuation is the Assessor of the county or the 
 township (in counties under township organiza- 
 tion), and he is required to make a return to the 
 County Board at its July meeting each year the 
 latter having authority to hear complaints of tax- 
 payers and adjust inequalities when found to 
 exist. It is made the duty of the Assessor to 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 519 
 
 include in his return, as real-estate, all lands and 
 the buildings or other improvements erected 
 thereon; and, under the head of personal prop- 
 erty, all tangible effects, besides moneys, credits, 
 bonds or stocks, shares of stock of companies or 
 corporations, investments, annuities, franchises, 
 royalties, etc. Property used for school, church 
 or cemetery purposes, as well as public buildings 
 and other property belonging to the State and 
 General Government, municipalities, public 
 charities, public libraries, agricultural and scien- 
 tific societies, are declared exempt. Nominally, 
 all property subject to taxation is required to be 
 assessed at its cash valuation ; but, in reality, the 
 valuation, of late years, has been on a basis of 
 twenty-five to thirty-three per cent of its esti- 
 mated cash value. In the larger cities, however, 
 the valuation is often much lower than this, 
 while very large amounts escape assessment 
 altogether. The Revenue Act, passed at the 
 special session of the Fortieth General Assembly 
 (1898), requires the Assessor to make a return of 
 all property subject to taxation in his district, at 
 its cash valuation, upon which a Board of Review 
 fixes a tax on the basis of twenty per cent of 
 such cash valuation. An abstract of the property 
 assessment of each county goes before the State 
 Board of Equalization, at its annual meeting in 
 August, for the purpose of comparison and equal- 
 izing valuations between counties, but the Board 
 has no power to modify the assessments of indi- 
 vidual tax-payers. (See State Board of Equali- 
 zation. ) This Board has exclusive power to fix 
 the valuation for purposes of taxation of the 
 capital stock or franchises of companies (except 
 certain specified manufacturing corporations) , in- 
 corporated under the State laws, together with the 
 "railroad track" and "rolling stock" of railroads, 
 and the capital stock of railroads and telegraph 
 lines, and to fix the distribution of the latter 
 between counties in which they lie. The Consti- 
 tution of 1848 empowered the Legislature to 
 impose a capitation tax, of not less than fifty 
 cents nor more than one dollar, upon each free 
 white male citizen entitled to the right of suf- 
 frage, between the ages of 21 and 60 years, but the 
 Constitution of 1870 grants no such power, 
 though it authorizes the extension of the "objects 
 and subjects of taxation" in accordance with the 
 principle contained in the first section of the 
 Revenue Article. Special assessments in cities, 
 for the construction of sewers, pavements, etc., 
 being local and in the form of benefits, cannot 
 be said to come under the head of general tax- 
 ation. The same is to be said of revenue derived 
 
 from fines and penalties, which are forms of 
 punishment for specific offenses, and go to the 
 benefit of certain specified funds. 
 
 TAYLOR, Abner, ex-Congressman, is a native 
 of Maine, and a resident of Chicago. He has been 
 in active business all his life as contractor, builder 
 and merchant, and, for some time, a member of 
 the wholesale dry-goods firm of J. V. Farwell & 
 Co. , of Chicago. He was a member of the Thirty- 
 fourth General Assembly, a delegate to the 
 National Republican Convention of 1884, and 
 represented the First Illinois District in the Fifty- 
 first and Fifty -second Congresses, 1889 to 1893. 
 Mr. Taylor was one of the contractors for the 
 erection of the new State Capitol of Texas. 
 
 TAYLOR, Benjamin Franklin, journalist, poet 
 and lecturer, was born at Lowville, N. Y., July 
 19, 1819; graduated at Madison University in 
 1839, the next year becoming literary and dra- 
 matic critic of "The Chicago Evening Journal." 
 Here, in a few years, he acquired a wide reputa- 
 tion as a journalist and poet, and was much in 
 demand as a lecturer on literary topics. His 
 letters from the field during the Rebellion, as 
 war correspondent of "The Evening Journal," 
 won for him even a greater popularity, and were 
 complimented by translation into more than one 
 European language. After the war, he gave his 
 attention more unreservedly to literature, his 
 principal works appearing after that date. His 
 publications in book form, including both prose 
 and poetry, comprise the following: "Attractions 
 of Language" (1845) ; "January and June" 
 (1853); "Pictures in Camp and Field" (1871); 
 "The World on Wheels" (1873); "Old Time Pic- 
 tures and Sheaves of Rhyme" (1874); "Songs of 
 Yesterday" (1877); "Summer Savory Gleaned 
 from Rural Nooks" (1879) ; "Between the Gates" 
 pictures of California life (1881) ; "Dulce 
 Domum, the Burden of Song" (1884), and "Theo- 
 philus Trent, or Old Times in the Oak Openings," 
 a novel (1887). The last was in the hands of the 
 publishers at his death, Feb. 27, 1887. Among 
 his most popular poems are "The Isle of the Long 
 Ago," "The Old Village Choir," and "Rhymes of 
 the River." "The London Times" complimented 
 Mr. Taylor with the title of "The Oliver Gold- 
 smith of America." 
 
 TAYLOR, Edmund Dick, early Indian-trader 
 and legislator, was born at Fairfield C. H., Va., 
 Oct. 18, 1802 the son of a commissary in the 
 army of the Revolution, under General Greene, 
 and a cousin of General (later, President) Zacharj 
 Taylor; left his native State in his youth and, at 
 an early day, came to Springfield, 111., where he 
 
520 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 opened an Indian-trading post and general store : 
 was elected from Sangamon County to the lower 
 branch of the Seventh General Assembly (1830) 
 and re-elected in 1832 the latter year being a 
 competitor of Abraham Lincoln, whom he 
 defeated. In 1834 he was elected to the State 
 Senate and, at .the next session of the Legislature, 
 was one of the celebrated "Long Nine" who 
 secured the removal of the State Capital to 
 Springfield. He resigned before the close of his 
 term to accept, from President Jackson, the ap- 
 pointment of Receiver of Public Moneys at Chi- 
 cago. Here he became one of the promoters of 
 the Galena & Chicago Union Railroad (1837), 
 serving as one of the Commissioners to secure 
 subscriptions of stock, and was also active in 
 advocating the construction of the Illinois & 
 Michigan Canal. The title of "Colonel," by 
 which he was known during most of his life, was 
 acquired by service, with that rank, on the staff 
 of Gov. John Reynolds, during the Black Hawk 
 War of 1832. After coming to Chicago, Colonel 
 Taylor became one of the Trustees of the Chicago 
 branch of the State Bank, and was later identified 
 with various banking enterprises, as also a some- 
 what extensive operator in real estate. An active 
 Democrat in the early part of his career in Illi- 
 nois, Colonel Taylor was one of the members of 
 his party to take ground against the Kansas-Neb- 
 raska bill in 1854, and advocated the election of 
 General Bissell to the governorship in 1856. In 
 1860 he was again in line with his party in sup- 
 port of Senator Douglas for the Presidency, and 
 was an opponent of the war policy of the Govern- 
 ment still later, as shown by his participation in 
 the celebrated "Peace Convention" at Spring- 
 field, of June 17, 1863. In the latter years of his 
 life he became extensively interested in coal 
 lands in La Salle and adjoining counties, and, 
 for a considerable time, served as President of the 
 Northern Illinois Coal & Mining Company, his 
 home, during a part of this period, being at 
 Mendota. Died, in Chicago, Deo. 4, 1891. 
 
 TAYLORVILLE, a city and county-seat of 
 Christian County, on the South Fork of the Sanga- 
 mon River and on the Wabash Railway at its 
 point of intersection with the Springfield Division 
 of the Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern. It is 
 about 27 miles southeast of Springfield, and 
 28 miles southwest of Decatur. It has several 
 banks, flour mills, paper mill, electric light and 
 gas plants, water-works, two coal mines, carriage 
 and wagon shops, a manufactory of farming 
 implements, two daily and weekly papers, nine 
 churches and five graded and township high 
 
 schools. Much coal is mined in this vicinity. 
 Pop. (1890), 2,839; (1900), 4,248. 
 
 TAZEWELL COUNTY, a central county on 
 the Illinois River ; was first settled in 1823 and 
 organized in 1827 ; has an area of 650 square miles 
 was named for Governor Tazewell of Virginia. 
 It is drained by the Illinois and Mackinaw Rivers 
 and traversed by several lines of railway. The 
 surface is generally level, the soil alluvial and 
 rich, but, requiring drainage, especially on the 
 river bottoms. Gravel, coal and sandstone are 
 found, but, generally speaking, Tazewell is an 
 agricultural county. The cereals are extensively 
 cultivated; wool is also clipped, and there are 
 dairy interests of some importance. Distilling is 
 extensively conducted at Pekin. the county -seat, 
 which is also the seat of other mechanical indus- 
 tries. (See also Pekin.) Population of the 
 county (1880), 29,666; (1890), 29,556; (1900), 33,221. 
 
 TEMPLE, John Taylor, M.D., early Chicago 
 physician, born in Virginia in 1804, graduated in 
 medicine at Middlebury College, Vt., in 1830, and, 
 in 1833, arrived in Chicago. At this time he had 
 a contract for carrying the United States mail 
 from Chicago to Fort Howard, near Green Bay, 
 and the following year undertook a similar con- 
 tract between Chicago and Ottawa. Having sold 
 these out three years later, he devoted his atten- 
 tion to the practice of his profession, though 
 interested, for a time, in contracts for the con- 
 struction of the Illinois & Michigan Canal. Dr. 
 Temple was instrumental in erecting the first 
 house (after Rev. Jesse Walker's missionary 
 station at Wolf Point), for public religious 
 worship in Chicago, and, although himself a 
 Baptist, it was used in common by Protestant 
 denominations. He was a member of the first 
 Board of Trustees of Rush Medical College, 
 though he later became a convert to homeopathy, 
 and finally, removing to St. Louis, assisted in 
 founding the St. Louis School of Homeopathy, 
 dying there, Feb. 24, 1877. 
 
 TENURE OF OFFICE. (See Elections.) 
 
 TERRE HAUTE, ALTON & ST. LOUIS 
 RAILROAD. (See St. 01/1.1, Alton & Terre 
 Haute Railroad.) 
 
 TERRE HAUTE & ALTON RAILROAD (See 
 St. Louis, Alton & Terre Haute Railroad. ) 
 
 TERRE HAUTE & INDIANAPOLIS RAIL- 
 ROAD, a corporation operating no line of its own 
 within the State, but the lessee and operator of 
 the following lines (which see): St. Louis, 
 Vandalia & Terre Haute, 158.3 miles; Terre 
 Haute & Peoria, 145.12 miles; East St. Louis 
 & Carondelet, 12.74 miles total length of leased 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 521 
 
 lines in Illinois, 316.16 miles. The Terre Haute 
 & Indianapolis Railroad was incorporated in 
 Indiana in 1847, as the Terre Haute & Rich- 
 mond, completed a line between the points 
 named in the title, in 1852, and took its present 
 name in 1866. The Pennsylrania Railroad Com- 
 pany purchased a controlling interest in its stock 
 in 1893. 
 
 TERRE HAUTE A PEORIA RAILROAD, 
 (Vandalia Line), a line of road extending from 
 Terre Haute, Ind., to Peoria. 111., 145.12 miles, 
 with 28. 78 miles of trackage, making in all 173.9 
 miles in operation, all being in Illinois operated 
 by the Terre Haute & Indianapolis Railroad Com- 
 pany. The gauge is standard, and the rails are 
 steel. (HISTORY.) It was organized Feb. 7, 1887, 
 successor to the Illinois Midland Railroad. The 
 latter was made up by the consolidation (Nov. 4, 
 1874) of three lines: (1) The Peoria, Atlanta & 
 Decatur Railroad, chartered in 1869 and opened iu 
 1874; (2) the Paris & Decatur Railroad, chartered 
 in 1861 and opened in December, 1872; and (3) the 
 Paris & Terre Haute Railroad, chartered in 1873 
 and opened in 1874 the consolidated lines 
 assuming the name of the Illinois Midland Rail- 
 road. In 1886 the Illinois Midland was sold under 
 foreclosure and, in February, 1887, reorganized 
 as the Terre Haute & Peoria Railroad. In 1892 
 it was leased for ninety-nine years to the Terre 
 Haute & Indianapolis Railroad Company, and is 
 operated as a part of the "Vandalia System.'' 
 The capital stock (1898) was $3,764,200; funded 
 debt, $2,230,000, total capital invested, $6,227,- 
 481. 
 
 TEUTOPOLIS, a village of Effingham County, 
 on the Terre Haute & Indianapolis Railroad, 4 
 miles east of Effingham; was originally settled 
 by a colony of Germans from Cincinnati. Popu- 
 lation (1900), 498. 
 
 THOMAS, Horace H., lawyer and legislator, 
 was born in Vermont, Dec. 18, 1831, graduated at 
 Middlebury College, and, after admission to the 
 bar, removed to Chicago, where he commenced 
 practice. At the outbreak of the rebellion he 
 enlisted and was commissioned Assistant Adju- 
 tant-General of the Army of the Ohio. At the 
 close of the war he took up his residence in Ten- 
 nessee, serving as Quartermaster upon the staff 
 of Governor Brownlow. In 1867 he returned to 
 Chicago and resumed practice. He was elected 
 a Representative in the Legislature in 1878 and 
 re-elected in 1880, being chosen Speaker of the 
 House during his latter term. In 1888 he was 
 elected State Senator from the Sixth District, 
 serving during the sessions of the Thirty-sixth 
 
 and Thirty-seventh General Assemblies. In 
 1897, General Thomas was appointed United 
 States Appraiser in connection with the Custom 
 House in Chicago. 
 
 THOMAS, Jessie Burgess, jurist and United 
 States Senator, was born at Hagerstown, Mil . 
 claiming direct descent from Lord Baltimore. 
 Taken west in childhood, he grew to manhood 
 and settled at Lawrenceburg, Indiana Territory, 
 in 1803; in 1805 was Speaker of the Territorial 
 Legislature and. later, represented the Territory 
 as Delegate in Congress. On the organization of 
 Illinois Territory (which he had favored), he 
 removed to Kaskaskia, was appointed one of the 
 first Judges for the new Territory, and, in 1818, 
 as Delegate from St. Clair County, presided over 
 the first State Constitutional Convention, and, on 
 the admission of the State, became one of the 
 first United States Senators Governor Edwards 
 being his colleague. Though an avowed advo- 
 cate of slavery, he gained no little prominence 
 as the author of the celebrated "Missouri Com- 
 promise," adopted in 1820. He was re-elected to 
 the Senate in 1823, serving until 1829. He sub- 
 sequently removed to Mount Vernon, Ohio, where 
 he died by suicide, May 4, 1853. Jesse Burgess 
 (Thomas). Jr., nephew of the United States Sena- 
 tor of the same name, was born at Lebanon, Ohio, 
 July 31, 1806, was educated at Transylvania 
 University, and, being admitted to the bar, 
 located at Edwardsville, 111. He first appeared 
 in connection with public affairs as Secretary of 
 the State Senate in 1830, being re-elected iu 1832 ; 
 in 1834 was elected Representative in the General 
 Assembly from Madison County, but, in Febru- 
 ary following, was appointed Attorney-General, 
 serving only one year. He afterwards held the 
 position of Circuit Judge (1837-39), his home being 
 then in Springfield; in 1843 he became Associ- 
 ate Justice of the Supreme Court, by appointment 
 of the Governor, as successor to Stephen A. Doug- 
 las, and was afterwards elected to the same 
 office by the Legislature, remaining until 1848. 
 During a part of his professional career he was 
 the partner of David Prickett and William L. 
 May, at Springfield, and afterwards a member of 
 the Galena bar, finally removing to Chicago, 
 where he died, Feb. 21, ISSO.-Jesse B. (Thomas) 
 third, clergyman and son of the last named ; born 
 at Edwardsville, III., July 29, 1832; educated at 
 Kenyon College, Ohio, and Rochester (N. Y.) 
 Theological Seminary ; practiced law for a time 
 in Chicago, but finally entered the Baptist minis- 
 try, serving churches at Waukegan, 111., Brook, 
 lyn, N. Y., and San Francisco (1862-69). Ha 
 
522 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 then became pastor of the Michigan Avenue Bap- 
 tist Church, in Chicago, remaining until 1874, 
 when he returned to Brooklyn. In 1887 he 
 became Professor of Biblical History in the 
 Theological Seminary at Newton, Mass., where he 
 has since resided. He is the author of several 
 volumes, and, in 1866, received the degree of D.D. 
 from the old University of Chicago. 
 
 THOMAS, John, pioneer and soldier of the 
 Black Hawk War, was born in Wythe County, 
 Va., Jan. 11, 1800. At the age of 18 he accom- 
 panied his parents to St. Clair County, 111. , where 
 the family located in what was then called the 
 Alexander settlement, near the present site of 
 Sliiloli When he was 22 he rented a farm 
 (although he had not enough money to buy a 
 horse) and married. Six years later he bought 
 and stocked a farm, and, from that time forward, 
 rapidly accumulated real property, until he 
 became one of the most extensive owners of farm- 
 ing land in St. Clair County. In early life he 
 was fond of military exercise, holding various 
 offices in local organizations and serving as a 
 Colonel in the Black Hawk War. In 1824 he was 
 one of the leaders of the party opposed to the 
 amendment of the State Constitution to sanction 
 slavery, was a zealous opponent of the Kansas- 
 Nebraska bill in 1854, and a firm supporter of the 
 Republican party from the date of its formation. 
 He was elected to the lower house of the General 
 Assembly in 1838, '62, '64, '72 and '74; and to the 
 State Senate in 1878, serving four years in the 
 latter body. Died, at Belleville, Dec. 16, 1894, in 
 the 05th year of his age. 
 
 THOMAS, John I!., ex-Congressman, was born 
 at Mount Vernon, 111., Oct. 11, 1846. He served 
 in the Union Army during the War of the Rebel- 
 lion, rising from the ranks to a captaincy. After 
 his return home he studied law, and was admit- 
 ted to the bar in 1869. From 1872 to 1876 he was 
 State's Attorney, and, from 1879 to 1889, repre- 
 sented his District in Congress. In 1897, Mr. 
 Thomas was appointed by President McKinley 
 an additional United States District Judge for 
 Indian Territory. His home is now at Vanita, 
 in that Territory. 
 
 THOMAS, William, pioneer lawyer and legis- 
 lator, was born in what is now Allen County, 
 Ky., Nov. 23, 1802; received a rudimentary edu- 
 cation, and served as deputy of his father (who 
 was Sheriff), and afterwards of the County Clerk ; 
 studied law and was admitted to the bar in 1823; 
 in 1826 removed to Jacksonville, 111., where he 
 taught school, served as a private in the Winne- 
 hago War (1827), and at the session of 1828-29, 
 
 reported the proceedings of the General Assem- 
 bly for "The Vandalia Intelligencer" ; was State's 
 Attorney and School Commissioner of Morgan 
 County; served as Quartermaster and Commis- 
 sary in the Black Hawk War (1831-32), first under 
 Gen. Joseph Duncan and, a year later, under 
 General Whiteside ; in 1839 was appointed Circuit 
 Judge, but legislated out of oilier two years later. 
 It was as a member of the Legislature, however, 
 that he gained the greatest prominence, first as 
 State Senator in 1834-40, and Representative in 
 1846-48 and 1850-58, when he was especially influ- 
 ential in the legislation which resulted in estab- 
 lishing the institutions for the Deaf and Dumb 
 and the Blind, and the Hospital for the Insane 
 (the first in the State) at Jacksonville serving, 
 for a time, as a member of the Board of Trustees 
 of the latter. He was also prominent in connec- 
 tion with many enterprises of a local character, 
 including the establishment of the Illinois Female 
 College, to which, although without children of 
 his own, he was a liberal contributor. During 
 the first year of the war he was a member of the 
 Board of Army Auditors by appointment of Gov- 
 ernor Yates. Died, at Jacksonville, August 22, 
 1889. 
 
 THORNTON, Anthony, jurist, was born in 
 Bourbon County. Ky., Nov. 9, 1814 being 
 descended from a Virginia family. After the 
 usual primary instruction in the common schools, 
 he spent two years in a high school at Gallatin, 
 Tenn., when he entered Centre College at Dan- 
 ville, Ky., afterwards continuing his studies at 
 Miami University, Ohio, where he graduated in 
 1834. Having studied law with an uncle at 
 Paris, ICy., he was licensed to practice in 1836, 
 when he left his native State with a view to set- 
 tling in Missouri, but, visiting his uncle, Gen. 
 William F. Thornton, at Shelby ville, 111., was 
 induced to establish himself in practice there. 
 He served as a member of the State Constitutional 
 Conventions of 1847 and 1862, and as Represent- 
 ative in the Seventeenth General Assembly 
 (1850-52) for Shelby County. In 1864 he was 
 elected to the Thirty-ninth Congress, and, in 
 1870, to the Illinois Supreme Court, but served 
 only until 1873, when he resigned. In 1879 
 Judge Thornton removed to Decatur, III., but 
 subsequently returned to Shelbyville, where 
 (1898) he now resides. 
 
 THORNTON, William Fitzhngh, Commissioner 
 of the Illinois & Michigan Canal, was bora in 
 Hanover County, Va., Oct. 4, 1789; in 1806. went 
 to Alexandria, Va., where he conducted a drug 
 business for a time, also acting as associate 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 523 
 
 editor of "The Alexandria Gazette." Subse- 
 quently removing to Washington City, he con- 
 ducted a paper there in the interest of John 
 Quincy Adams for the Presidency. During the 
 War of 1812-14 he served as a Captain of cavalry, 
 and, for a time, as staff -officer of General Winder. 
 On occasion of the visit of Marquis La Fayette to 
 America (1824-25) he accompanied the distin- 
 guished Frenchman from Baltimore to Rich- 
 mond. In 1829 he removed to Kentucky, and, 
 in 1833, to Shelbyville, 111., where he soon after 
 engaged in mercantile business, to which he 
 added a banking and brokerage business in 1859, 
 with which he was actively associated until his 
 death. In 1836, he was appointed, by Governor 
 Duncan, one of the Commissioners of the Illinois 
 & Michigan Canal, serving as President of the 
 Board until 1842. In 1840, he made a visit to 
 London, as financial agent of the State, in the 
 interest of the Canal, and succeeded in making a 
 sale of bonds to the amount of $1,000,000 on what 
 were then considered favorable terms. General 
 Thornton was an ardent Whig until the organi- 
 zation of the Republican party, when he became 
 a Democrat. Died, at Shelbyville, Oct. 21, 
 1873. 
 
 TILLSON, John, pioneer, was born at Halifax, 
 Mass., March 13, 1796; came to Illinois in 1819, 
 locating at Hillsboro, Montgomery County, where 
 he became a prominent and enterprising operator 
 in real estate, doing a large business for eastern 
 parties ; was one of the founders of Hillsboro 
 Academy and an influential and liberal friend of 
 Illinois College, being a Trustee of the latter 
 from its establishment until his death ; was sup- 
 ported in the Legislature of 1827 for State Treas- 
 urer, but defeated by James Hall. Died, at 
 Peoria, May 11, 1853. -^Christiana Holmes (Till- 
 son), wife of the preceding, was born at Kingston, 
 Mass., Oct. 10, 1798; married to John Tillson in 
 1822, and immediately came to Illinois to reside; 
 was a woman of rare culture and refinement, and 
 deeply interested in benevolent enterprises. 
 Died, in New York City, May 29, 1872. Charles 
 Holmes (Tillson), son of John and Christiana 
 Holmes Tillson, was born at Hillsboro, 111. , Sept. 
 15. 1823; educated at Hillsboro Academy and 
 Illinois College, graduating from the latter in 
 1844; studied law in St. Louis and at Transyl- 
 vania University, was admitted to the bar in St. 
 Louis and practiced there some years also served 
 several terms in the City Council, and was a 
 member of the National Guard of Missouri in the 
 War of the Rebellion. Died, Nov. 25, 1865. 
 John (Tillson), Jr., another son, was born at 
 
 Hillsboro, 111., Oct. 12, 1825; educated at Hills- 
 boro Academy and Illinois College, but did not 
 graduate from the latter; graduated from Tran- 
 sylvania Law School, Ky., in 1847, and was 
 admitted to the bar at Quincy, III., the same 
 year; practiced two years at Galena, when he 
 returned to Quincy. In 1861 he enlisted in the 
 Tenth Regiment Illinois Volunteers, became its 
 Lieutenant-Colonel, on the promotion of Col. J. D. 
 Morgan to Brigadier-General, was advanced to 
 the colonelcy, and, in July, 1865, was mustered 
 out with the rank of brevet Brigadier-General ; 
 for two years later held a commission as Captain 
 in the regular army. During a portion of 1869-70 
 he was editor of "The Quincy Whig"; in 1873 
 was elected Representative in the Twenty-eighth 
 General Assembly to succeed Nehemiah Bushnell, 
 who had died in office, and, during the same year, 
 was appointed Collector of Internal Revenue for 
 the Quincy District, serving until 1881. Died, 
 August 6, 1892. 
 
 TILLSON, Robert, pioneer, was born in Hali- 
 fax County, Mass., August 12, 1800; came to Illi- 
 nois in 1822, and was employed, for several years, 
 as a clerk in the land agency of his brother, John 
 Tillson, at Hillsboro. In 1826 he engaged in the 
 mercantile business with Charles Holmes, Jr., in 
 St. Louis, but, in 1828, removed to Quincy, III., 
 where he opened the first general store in that 
 city; also served as Postmaster for some ten 
 years. During this period he built the first two- 
 story frame building erected in Quincy, up to 
 that date. Retiring from the mercantile business 
 in 1840 he engaged in real estate, ultimately 
 becoming the proprietor of considerable property 
 of this character ; was also a contractor for fur- 
 nishing cavalry accouterments to the Government 
 during the war. Soon after the war he erected 
 one of the handsomest business blocks existing 
 in the city at that time. Died, in Quincy, Dec. 
 27, 1892. 
 
 II M II KK. John 1... banker, was born in Ken- 
 tucky in 1821 ; brought by his parents to Vermil- 
 ion County, Ind., in 1829, and left an orphan at 
 17; attended school in Coles County, 111., and 
 was employed as clerk in a store at Danville, 
 1843-53. He then became a member of the firm 
 of Tincher & English, merchants, later establish- 
 ing a bank, which became the First National 
 Bank of Danville. In 1864 Mr. Tincher was 
 elected Representative in the Twenty-fourth 
 General Assembly and, two years later, to the 
 Senate, being re-elected in 1870. He was also a 
 member of the State Constitutional Convention 
 of 1869-70. Died, in Springfield. Dec. 17, 1871, 
 
524 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 while in attendance on the adjourned session of 
 that year. 
 
 TIPTON, Thomas F., lawyer and jurist, was 
 born in Franklin County, Ohio, August 29, 1833; 
 has been a resident of McLean County, 111., from 
 the age of 10 years, his present home being at 
 Bloomington. He was admitted to the bar in 
 1857, and, from January, 18G7, to December, 1868, 
 was State's Attorney for the Eighth Judicial 
 Circuit. In 1870 he was elected Judge of the 
 same circuit, and under the new Constitution, 
 was chosen Judge of the new Fourteenth Circuit. 
 From 1877 to 1879 he represented the (then) 
 Thirteenth Illinois District in Congress, but, in 
 1878, was defeated by Adlai E. Stevenson, the 
 Democratic nominee. In 1891 he was re-elected 
 to a seat on the Circuit bench for the Bloomington 
 Circuit, but resumed practice at the expiration 
 of his term in 1897. 
 
 T1SKILWA, a village of Bureau County, on the 
 Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific Railway, 7 miles 
 southwest of Princeton ; has creameries and 
 cheese factories, churches, school, library, water- 
 works, bank and a newspaper. Pop. (1900), 965. 
 
 TODD, (Col.) John, soldier, was born in Mont- 
 gomery County, Pa., in 1750; took part in the 
 battle of Point Pleasant, Va., in 1774, as Adju- 
 tant-General of General Lewis; settled as a 
 lawyer at Fincastle, Va., and, in 1775, removed 
 to Fayette County, Ky., the next year locating 
 near Lexington. He was one of the first two 
 Delegates from Kentucky County to the Virginia 
 House of Burgesses, and, in 1778, accompanied 
 Col. George Rogers Clark on his expedition 
 against Kaskaskia and Vincennes. In Decem- 
 ber, 1778, he was appointed by Gov. Patrick 
 Henry, Lieutenant -Commandant of Illinois 
 County, embracing the region northwest of the 
 Ohio River, serving two years; in 1780, was again 
 a member of the Virginia Legislature, where he 
 procured grants of land for public schools and 
 introduced a bill for negro-emancipation. He 
 was killed by Indians, at the battle of Blue 
 Licks, Ky., August 19, 1782. 
 
 TODD, (Dr.) John, physician, born near Lex- 
 ington, Ky., April 27, 1787, was one of the earli- 
 est graduates of Transylvania University, also 
 graduating at the Medical University of Phila- 
 delphia; was appointed Surgeon -General of Ken- 
 tucky troops in the War of 1812, and captured at 
 tne battle of River Raisin. Returning to Lex- 
 ington after his release, he practiced there and 
 at Bardstown, removed to Edwardsville, 111., in 
 1817, and, in 1827, to Springfield, where he had 
 been appointed Register of the Laud Office by 
 
 President John Quincy Adams, but was removed 
 by Jackson in 1829. Dr. Todd continued to reside 
 at Springfield until his death, which occurred, 
 Jan. 9, 1865. He was a grandson of John Todd, 
 who was appointed Commandant of Illinois 
 County by Gov. Patrick Henry in 1778, and an 
 uncle of Mrs. Abraham Lincoln. John Itlair 
 Smith (Todd), son of the preceding, was born at 
 Lexington, Ky., April 4, 1814; came with his 
 father to Illinois in 1817 ; graduated at the United 
 States Military Academy in 1837, serving after- 
 wards in tin 1 Florida and Mexican wars and on 
 the frontier; resigned, and was an Indian-trader 
 in Dakota, 1856-61 ; the latter year, took his 
 seat as a Delegate in Congress from Dakota, 
 then served as Brigadier-General of Volun- 
 teers, 1861-62; was again Delegate in Congress 
 in 1863-65, Speaker of the Dakota Legislature 
 in 1867, and Governor of the Territory, 1869-71. 
 Died, at Yankton City, Jan. 5, 1872. 
 
 TOLEDO, a village and the county-seat of 
 Cumberland County, on the Illinois Central Rail- 
 road ; founded in 1854 ; has five churches, a graded 
 school, two banks, creamery, flour mill, elevator, 
 and two weekly newspapers. There are no manu- 
 factories, the leading industry in the surrounding 
 country being agriculture. Pop. (1890), 676; 
 (1900), 818. 
 
 TOLEDO, CINCINNATI & ST. LOUIS RAIL- 
 ROAD. (See Toledo, St. Louis & Kansas Citg 
 Railroad. ) 
 
 TOLEDO, PEORIA k WARSAW RAILROAD. 
 (See Toledo, Peoria & Western Railway.) 
 
 TOLEDO, PEORIA & WESTERN RAILROAD. 
 (See Toledo, Peoria < Western Railicay.) 
 
 TOLEDO, PEORIA & WESTERN RAILWAY, 
 a line of railroad wholly within the State of Illi- 
 nois, extending from Effner, at the Indiana State 
 line, west to the Mississippi River at Warsaw. 
 The length of the whole line is 230.7 miles, owned 
 entirely by the company. It is made up of a 
 division from Effner to Peoria (110.9 miles) 
 which is practically an air-line throughout nearly 
 its entire length and the Peoria and Warsaw 
 Division (108.8 miles) with branches from La 
 Harpe to Iowa Junction (10.4 miles) and 0.6 of a 
 mile connecting with the Keokuk bridge at 
 Hamilton. (HISTORY.) The original charter for 
 this line was granted, in 1863, under the name of 
 the Toledo, Peoria & Warsaw Railroad ; the main 
 line was completed in 1868, and the La Harpe & 
 Iowa Junction branch in 1873. Default was 
 made in 1873, the road sold under foreclosure, in 
 1880, and reorganized as the Toledo, Peoria & 
 Western Railroad, and the line leased for 4!) ' 4 ' 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 525 
 
 years to the Wabash, St. Louis & Pacific Railway 
 Company. The latter defaulted in July, 1884, 
 and, a year later, the Toledo, Peoria & Western 
 was transferred to trustees for the first mortgage 
 bond-holders, was sold under foreclosure in 
 October, 1886, and, in March, 1887, the present 
 company, under the name of the Toledo, Peoria 
 & Western Railway Company, was organized for 
 the purpose of taking over the property. In 1893 
 the Pennsylvania Railroad Company obtained a 
 controlling interest in the stock, and, in 1894, an 
 agreement, for joint ownership and management, 
 was entered into between that corporation and 
 the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad Com- 
 pany. The total capitalization, in 1898, was 
 $9,712,433, of which $4,076,900 was in stock and 
 $4, 895,000 in bonds. 
 
 TOLEDO, ST. LOUIS & KANSAS CITY KAIL- 
 ROAD. This line crosses the State in a northeast 
 direction from East St. Louis to Humrick, near 
 the Indiana State line, with Toledo as its eastern 
 terminus. The length of the entire line is 450.72 
 miles, of which 179% miles are operated in Illi- 
 nois. (HISTORY.) The Illinois portion of the 
 line grew out of the union of charters granted to 
 the Tuscola, Charleston & Vincennes and the 
 Charleston, Neoga & St. Louis Railroad Com- 
 panies, which were consolidated in 1881 with 
 certain Indiana lines under the name of the 
 Toledo, Cincinnati & St. Louis Railroad. During 
 1882 a narrow-gauge road was constructed from 
 Ridge Farm, in Vermilion County, to East St. 
 Louis (172 miles). In 1885 this was sold under 
 foreclosure and, in June, 1886, consolidated with 
 the main line under the name of the Toledo, St. 
 Louis & Kansas City Railroad. The whole line 
 was changed to standard gauge in 1887-89, and 
 otherwise materially improved, but, in 1893, 
 went into the hands of receivers. Plans of re- 
 organization have been under consideration, but 
 the receivers were still in control in 1898. 
 
 TOLEDO, WABASH & WESTERN RAIL- 
 ROAD. (See Wabash Railroad.) 
 
 TOLONO, a city in Champaign County, situ- 
 ated at the intersection of the Wabash and the 
 Illinois Central Railroads. 9 miles south of Cham- 
 paign and 37 miles east-northeast of Decatur. It 
 is the business center of a prosperous agricultural 
 region. The town has five churches, a graded 
 school, a bank, a button factory, and a weekly 
 newspaper. Population (1880), 905; (1890), 902 
 (1900), 845. 
 
 TONICA, a village of La Salle County, on the 
 Illinois Central Railway, 9 miles south of La Salle ; 
 the district is agricultural, but the place has some 
 
 manufactures and a newspaper. Population 
 (1890), 473; (1900), 497. 
 
 TONTY, Chevalier Henry de, explorer and sol 
 dier, born at Gaeta. Italy, about 1650 What is 
 now known as the Tontine system of insurance 
 undoubtedly originated with his father. The 
 younger Tonty was adventurous, and, even as a 
 youth, took part in numerous land and naval 
 encounters. In the course of his experience he 
 lost a hand, which was replaced by an iron or 
 copper substitute. He embarked with La Salle 
 in 1678, and aided in the construction of a fort at 
 Niagara. He advanced into the country of the 
 Illinois and established friendly relations with 
 them, only to witness the defeat of his putative 
 savage allies by the Iroquois. After various 
 encounters (chiefly under the direction of La 
 Salle) with the Indians in Illinois, he returned 
 to Green Bay in 1681. The same year under La 
 Salle's orders he began the erection of Fort St. 
 Louis, on what is now called "Starved Rock" in 
 La Salle County. In 1682 he descended the Mis- 
 sissippi to its mouth, with La Salle, but was 
 ordered back to Mackinaw for assistance. In 
 1684 he returned to Illinois and successfully 
 repulsed the Iroquois from Fort St. Louis. In 
 1686 he again descended the Mississippi in search 
 of La Salle. Disheartened by the death of his 
 commander and the loss of his early comrades, 
 he took up his residence with the Illinois Indians. 
 Among them he was found by Iberville in 1700, 
 as a hunter and fur-trader. He died, in Mobile, 
 in September, 1704. He was La Salle's most effi- 
 cient coadjutor, and next to his ill-fated leader, 
 did more than any other of the early French 
 explorers to make Illinois known to the civilized 
 world. 
 
 TOPOGRAPHY. Illinois is, generally speak- 
 ing, an elevated table-land. If low water at 
 Cairo be adopted as the maximum depression, and 
 the summits of the two ridges hereinafter men- 
 tioned as the highest points of elevation, the alti- 
 tude of this table land above the sea-level varies 
 from 300 to 850 feet, the mean elevation being 
 about 600 feet. The State has no mountain 
 chains, and its few hills are probably the result 
 of unequal denudation during the drift epoch. 
 In some localities, particularly in the valley of 
 the upper Mississippi, the streams have cut 
 channels from 200 to 300 feet deep through the 
 nearly horizontal strata, and here are found pre- 
 cipitous scarps, but. for the most part, the 
 fundamental rocks are covered by a thick layer 
 of detrital material. In the northwest there is a 
 broken tract of uneven ground ; the central por- 
 
526 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 
 tion of the State is almost wholly flat prairie, 
 and, in the alluvial lands in the State, there are 
 many deep valleys, eroded by the action of 
 streams. The' surface generally slopes toward 
 the south and southwest, but the uniformity is 
 broken by two ridges, which cross the State, one 
 in either extremity. The northern ridge crosses 
 the Rock River at Grand Detour and the Illinois 
 At Split Rock, with an extreme altitude of 800 to 
 450 feet above sea-level, though the altitude of 
 Mount Morris, in Ogle County, exceeds 900 feet. 
 That in the south consists of a range of hills in 
 the latitude of Jonesboro, and extending from 
 Shawneetown to Grand Tower. These hills are 
 also about 800 feet above the level of the ocean. 
 The highest point in the State is in Jo Daviess. 
 County, just south of the Wisconsin State line 
 (near Scale's Mound) reaching an elevation of 
 1,257 feet above sea-level, while the highest in 
 the south is in the northeast corner of Pope 
 County 1,046 feet a spur of the Ozark moun- 
 tains. The following statistics regarding eleva- 
 tions are taken from a report of Prof. C. W. 
 Rolfe, of the University of Illinois, based on 
 observations made under the auspices of the Illi- 
 nois Board of World's Fair Commissioners: The 
 lowest gauge of the Ohio river, at its mouth 
 (above sea-level), is 268.58 feet, and the mean 
 level of Lake Michigan at Chicago 581.28 feet. 
 The altitudes of a few prominent points are as 
 follows: Highest point in Jackson County, 695 
 feet; "Bald Knob" in Union County, 985; high- 
 est point in Cook County (Barrington), 818; in La 
 Salle County (Mendota), 747; in Livingston 
 (Strawn), 770; in Will (Monee), 804; in Pike 
 (Arden), 790; in Lake (Lake Zurich), 880; in 
 Bureau, 910; in Boone, 1,010; in Lee (Carnahan), 
 1,017; in Stephenson (Waddam's Grove), 1,018; 
 in Kane (Briar Hill), 974; in Winnebago, 985. 
 The elevations of important towns are: Peoria, 
 465; Jacksonville, 602; Springfield, 596; Gales- 
 burg, 755; Joliet, 537; Rockford, 728; Blooming- 
 ton, 821. Outside of the immediate valleys of 
 the streams, and a few isolated groves or copses, 
 little timber is found in the northern and central 
 portions of the State, and such growth as there 
 is. lacks the thriftiness characteristic of the for- 
 ests in the Ohio valley. These forests cover a 
 belt extending some sixty miles north of Cairo, 
 and, while they generally include few coniferous 
 trees, they abound in various species of oak, 
 black and white walnut, white and yellow pop- 
 lar, ash, elm, sugar-maple, linden, honey locust, 
 "ottonwood, mulberry, sycamore, pecan, persim- 
 mon, and (in the immediate valley of the Ohio) 
 
 the cypress. From a commercial point of view, 
 Illinois loses nothing through the lack of timber 
 over three-fourths of the State's area. Chicago 
 is an accessible market for the product of the 
 forests of the upper lakes, so that the supply of 
 lumber is ample, while extensive coal-fields sup- 
 ply abundant fuel. The rich soil of the prairies, 
 with its abundance of organic matter (see Geo- 
 logical Formations), more than compensates for 
 the want of pine forests, whose soil is ill adapted 
 to agriculture. About two-thirds of the entire 
 boundary of the State consists of navigable 
 waters. These, with their tributary streams, 
 ensure sufficient drainage. 
 
 TORRENS LAND TITLE SYSTEM. A system 
 for the registration of titles to, and incumbrances 
 upon, land, as well as transfers thereof, intended 
 to remove all unnecessary obstructions to the 
 cheap, simple and safe sale, acquisition and 
 transfer of realty. The system has been in suc- 
 cessful operation in Canada, Australia, New Zea- 
 land and British Columbia for many years, and 
 it is also in force in some States in the American 
 Union. An act providing for its introduction 
 into Illinois was first passed by the Twenty- 
 ninth General Assembly, and approved, June 13, 
 1895. The final legislation in reference thereto 
 was enacted by the succeeding Legislature, and 
 was approved, May 1, 1897. It is far more elabo- 
 rate in its consideration of details, and is believed 
 to be, in many respects, much better adapted to 
 accomplish the ends in view, than was the origi- 
 nal act of 1895. The law is applicable only to 
 counties of the first and second class, and can be 
 adopted in no county except by a vote of a 
 majority of the qualified voters of the same the 
 vote "for" or "against" to be taken at either the 
 November or April elections, or at an election 
 for the choice of Judges. Thus far the only 
 county to adopt the system has been Cook, and 
 there it encountered strong opposition on the 
 part of certain parties of influence and wealth. 
 After its adoption, a test case was brought, rais- 
 ing the question of the constitutionality of the 
 act. The issue was taken to the Supreme Court, 
 which tribunal finally upheld the law. The 
 Torrens system substitutes a certificate of regis- 
 tration and of transfer for the more elaborate 
 deeds and mortgages in use for centuries. Under 
 it there can be no actual transfer of a title until 
 the same is entered upon the public land regis- 
 ter, kept in the office of the Registrar, in which 
 case the deed or mortgage becomes a mere power 
 of attorney to authorize the transfer to be made, 
 upon the principle of an ordinary stock transfer, 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 52? 
 
 or of the registration of a United States bond, 
 the actual transfer and public notice thereof 
 being simultaneous. A brief synopsis of the pro- 
 visions of the Illinois statute is given below. 
 Recorders of deeds are made Registrars, and 
 required to give bonds of either $50,000 or $200,- 
 000, according to the population of the county. 
 Any person or corporation, having an interest in 
 land, may make application to any court having 
 chancery jurisdiction, to have his title thereto 
 registered. Such application must be in writ- 
 ing, signed and verified by oath, and must con- 
 form, in matters of specification and detail, with 
 the requirements of the act. The court may refer 
 the application to one of the standing examiners 
 appointed by the Registrar, who are required to 
 be competent attorneys and to give bond to ex- 
 amine into the title, as well as the truth of the 
 applicant's statements. Immediately upon the 
 filing of the application, notice thereof is given 
 by the clerk, through publication and the issuance 
 of a summons to be served, as in other proceed- 
 ings in chancery, against all persons mentioned 
 in the petition as having or claiming any inter- 
 est in the property described. Any person inter- 
 ested, whether named as a defendant or not, may 
 enter an appearance within the time allowed. A 
 failure to enter an appearance is regarded as a 
 confession by default. The court, in passing 
 upon the application, is in no case bound by the 
 examiner's report, but may require other and 
 further proof ; and, in its final adjudication, passes 
 upon all questions of title and incumbrance, 
 directing the Registrar to register the title in the 
 party in whom it is .to be vested, and making 
 provision as to the manner and order in which 
 incumbrances thereon shall appear upon the 
 certificate to be issued. An appeal may be 
 allowed to the Supreme Court, if prayed at the 
 time of entering the decree, upon like terms as 
 in other cases in chancery ; and a writ of error 
 may be sued out from that tribunal within two 
 years after the entry of the order or decree. 
 The period last mentioned may be said to be the 
 statutory period of limitation, after which the 
 decree of the court must be regarded as final, 
 although safeguards are provided for those who 
 may have been defrauded, and for a few other 
 classes of persons. Upon the filing of the order 
 or decree of the court, it becomes the duty of the 
 Registrar to issue a certificate of title, the form 
 of which is prescribed by the act, making such 
 notations at the end as shall show and preserve 
 the priorities of all estates, mortgages, incum- 
 brances and changes to which the owner's title is 
 
 subject. For the purpose of preserving evidence 
 of the owner's handwriting, a receipt for the 
 certificate, duly witnessed or acknowledged, is 
 required of him, which is preserved in the Regis- 
 trar's office. In case any registered owner 
 should desire to transfer the whole or any part of 
 his estate, or any interest therein, he is required 
 to execute a conveyance to the transferee, which, 
 together with the certificate of title last issued, 
 must be surrendered to the Registrar. That 
 official thereupon issues a new certificate, stamp- 
 ing the word "cancelled" across the surrendered 
 certificate, as well as upon the corresponding 
 entry in his books of record. When land is first 
 brought within the operation of the act, the 
 receiver of the certificate of title is required to 
 pay to the Registrar one-tenth of one per cent of 
 the value of the land, the aggregate so received 
 to be deposited with and invested by the County 
 Treasurer, and reserved as an indemnity fund 
 for the reimbursement of persons sustaining any 
 loss through any omission, mistake or malfea- 
 sance of the Registrar or his subordinates. The 
 advantage claimed for the Torrens system is, 
 chiefly, that titles registered thereunder can be 
 dealt with more safely, quickly and inexpensively 
 than under the old system ; it being possible to 
 close the entire transaction within an hour or 
 two, without the need of an abstract of title, 
 while (as the law is administered in Cook County) 
 the cost of transfer is only $3. It is asserted that 
 a title, once registered, can be dealt with almost 
 as quickly and cheaply, and quite as safely, as 
 shares of stock or registered bonds. 
 
 TOULON, the county-seat of Stark County, on 
 the Peoria & Rock Island Railroad. 37 miles north- 
 northwest of Peoria, and 11 miles southeast of 
 Galva. Besides the county court-house, the town 
 has five churches and a high school, an academy, 
 steam granite works, two banks, and two weekly 
 papers. Population (1880), 967; (1890), 945; (1900), 
 1,057. 
 
 TOWER HILL, a village of Shelby County, on 
 the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis 
 and the Baltimore & Ohio Southwestern Rail- 
 roads, 7 miles east of Pana; has bank, grain ele- 
 vators, and coal mine. Pop. (1900), 615. 
 
 TOWNSHEND, Richard W., lawyer and Con- 
 gressman, was born in Prince George's County, 
 Md., April 30, 1840. Between the ages of 10 
 and 18 he attended public and private schools 
 at Washington, D. C. In 1858 he came to 
 Illinois, where he began teaching, at the same 
 time reading law with S. S. Marshall, at Mc- 
 Leansboro, where he was admitted to the bar 
 
528 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 in 1862, and where he began practice. From 186!! 
 to 1868 he was Circuit Clerk of Hamilton County, 
 and, from 1868 to 1872, Prosecuting Attorney for 
 the Twelfth Judicial Circuit. In 1873 he removed 
 to Shawneetown, where lie became an officer of 
 the Oallatiii National Bank. From 1C64 to 1875 
 lie was a member of the Democratic State Cen- 
 tral Committee, and a delegate to the National 
 Democratic Convention at Baltimore, in 1872. 
 For twelve years (1877 to 1889) he represented 
 his District in Congress; was re-elected in 1888, 
 but died, March 9, 1889, a few days after the 
 beginning of his seventh term. 
 
 TRACY, John .fl., artist, was born in Illinois 
 about 1842 ; served in an Illinois regiment during 
 the Civil War; studied painting in Paris in 
 1866-76; established himself as a portrait painter 
 in St. Louis and, later, won a high reputation as 
 a painter of animals, being regarded as an author- 
 ity on the anatomy of the horse and the dog. 
 Died, at Ocean Springs, Miss., March 20, 1893. 
 
 TREASURERS. (See State Treasurers. ) 
 
 TREAT, Samuel Hnbbel, lawyer and jurist, 
 was born at Plainfield, Otsego County, N. Y. . 
 June 21. 1811, worked on his father's farm and 
 studied law at Richfield, where he was admitted 
 to practice. In 1834 lie came to Springfield, 111., 
 traveling most of the way on foot. Here he 
 formed a partnership with (ieorge Forquer, who 
 had held the offices of Secretary of State and 
 Attorney-General. In 1839 lie was appointed a 
 Circuit Judge, and, on the reorganization of the 
 Supreme Court in 1841, was elevated to the 
 Supreme bench, being acting Chief Justice at the 
 time of the adoption of the Constitution of 1H4S. 
 Having l*en elected to the Supreme bench under 
 the new Constitution, he remained in office until 
 March, 1855, when lie resigned to take the )x>si- 
 tion of Judge of the United States District Court 
 for the Southern District of Illinois, to which he 
 had been appointed by President Pierce. This 
 position he continued to occupy until his death, 
 which occurred at Springfield, March 27, 1887. 
 Judge Treat's judicial career was one of the long- 
 est in the history of the State, covering a period 
 of forty-eight years, of which fourteen were 
 spent upon the Supreme bench, and thirty-two 
 in the position of Judge of the United States Dis- 
 trict Court. 
 
 TREATIES. (See Greenville, Treaty of: Indian 
 Treaties.) 
 
 TREE, Lambert, jurist, diplomat and ex-Con- 
 gressman, was born in Washington, D. C. , Nov. 
 29, 1832, of an ancestry distinguished in the War 
 of the Revolution. He received a superior clas- 
 
 sical and professional education, and was admit- 
 ted to the bar, at Washington, in October, 1855. 
 Removing to Chicago soon afterward, his profes- 
 sional career has been chiefly connected with 
 that city. In 1864 he was^ chosen President of 
 the Law Institute, and served as Judge of the 
 Circuit Court of Cook County, from 1870 to 1875, 
 when he resigned. The three following years he 
 spent in foreign travel, returning to Chicago in 
 1878. In that year, and again in 1880, he was 
 the Democratic candidate for Congress from the 
 Fourth Illinois District, but was defeated by his 
 Republican opponent. In 1885 he was the candi- 
 date of his party for United States Senator, but 
 was defeated by John A. Logan, by one vote. In 
 1884 he was a member of the National Democratic 
 Convention which first nominated Grover Cleve- 
 land, and, in July, 1885, President Cleveland 
 appointed him Minister to Belgium, conferring 
 the Russian mission upon him in September, 1888. 
 On March 3. 1889. he resigned this post and 
 returned home. In 1890 he was appointed by 
 President Harrison a Commissioner to the Inter- 
 national Monetary Conference at Washington. 
 The year before he had attended (although not as 
 a delegate) the International Conference, at Brus- 
 sels, looking to the suppression of the slave-trade, 
 where he exerted all his influence on the side of 
 humanity. In 1802 Belgium conferred upon him 
 the distinction of "Councillor of Honor" upon its 
 commission to the World's Columbian Exposi 
 tion. In 1896 Judge Tree was one of the most 
 earnest opponents of the free-silver policy, and, 
 after the Spanish- American War, a zealous advo- 
 cate of the policy of retaining the territory 
 acquired from Spain. 
 
 TREMONT,a town of Tazewell County, on the 
 Peoria Division of the Cleveland, Cincinnati, 
 Chicago <$: St. Louis Railway, 9 miles southeast 
 of Pekin; has two banks, two telephone 
 exchanges, and one newspaper. Pop. (1900), 768. 
 
 TRENTON, a town of Clinton County, on the 
 Baltimore & Ohio South western Railway, 31 miles 
 east of St. Louis: in agricultural district; has 
 creamery, milk condensery, two coal mines, six 
 churches, a public school and one newspaper. 
 Pop. (1890), 1,384; (1900), 1,706; (1904). about 2,000. 
 
 TROY, a village of Madison County, on the 
 Terre Haute & Indianapolis railroad, 21 miles 
 northeast of St. l.oui- . has churches, a bank and 
 a newspaper. Pop. (1900), 1,080. 
 
 TRUITT, James Madison, lawyer and soldier, 
 a native of Trimble County, Ky., was born Feb. 
 12, 1842, but lived in Illinois since 1843, his father 
 having settled near Carrollton that year; wag 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 529 
 
 educated at Hillsboro and at McEendree College : 
 enlisted in the One Hundred and Seventeenth 
 Illinois Volunteers in 1862, and was promoted 
 from the ranks to Lieutenant. After the war he 
 studied law with Jesse J. Phillips, now of the 
 Supreme Court, and, in 1872, was elected to the 
 Twenty -eighth General Assembly, and, in 1888, a 
 Presidential Elector on the Republican ticket. 
 Mr. Truitt has been twice a prominent but unsuc- 
 cessful candidate for the Republican nomination 
 for Attorney-General. His home is at Hillsboro, 
 where he is engaged in the practice of his profes- 
 sion. Died July 26, 1900. 
 
 TRl'MBl'LL, l.nnan, statesman, was born at 
 Colchester, Conn., Oct. 12, 1813, descended from 
 a historical family, being a grand-nephew of 
 Gov. Jonathan Trumbull, of Connecticut, from 
 whom the name "Brother Jonathan" was derived 
 as an appellation for Americans. Having received 
 an academic education in his native town, at the 
 age of 16 he began teaching a district school near 
 his home, went South four years later, and en- 
 gaged in teaching at Greenville, Ga. Here he 
 studied law with Judge Hiram Warner, after- 
 wards of the Supreme Court, and was admitted to 
 the bar in 1837. Leaving Georgia the same year, he 
 came to Illinois on horseback, visiting Vandalia. 
 Belleville, Jacksonville, Springfield, Tremont and 
 La Salle, and finally reaching Chicago, then a 
 village of four or five thousand inhabitants. At 
 Jacksonville he obtained a license to practice 
 from Judge Lockwood, and, after visiting Michi- 
 gan and his native State, he settled at Belleville, 
 which continued to be his home for twenty years. 
 His entrance into public life began with his elec- 
 tion as Representative in the General Assembly 
 in 1840. This was followed, in February, 1841, 
 by his appointment by Governor Carlin, Secre- 
 tary of State, as the successor of Stephen A. 
 Douglas, who, after holding the position only two 
 months, had resigned to accept a seat on the 
 Supreme bench. Here he remained two years, 
 when he was removed by Governor Ford, March 
 4, 1843, but, five years later (1848), waselected a 
 Justice of the Supreme Court, was re-elected in 
 1852, but resigned in 1853 on account of impaired 
 health. A year later (1854) he was elected to 
 Congress from the Belleville District as an anti- 
 Nebraska Democrat, but, before taking his seat, 
 was promoted to the United States Senate, as the 
 successor of General Shields in the memorable con- 
 test of 1855, which resulted in the defeat of Abra- 
 liam Lincoln. Senator Trumbull's career of 
 eighteen years in the United States Senate (being 
 re-elected in 1861 and 1867) is one of the most 
 
 memorable in the history of that body, covering, 
 as it does, the whole history of the war for the 
 Union, and the period of reconstruction which 
 followed it. During this period, as Chairman of 
 the Senate Committee on Judiciary, he had more 
 to do in shaping legislation on war and recon- 
 struction measures than any other single member 
 of that body. While he disagreed with a large 
 majority of his Republican associates on the ques- 
 tion of Andrew Johnson's impeachment, he was 
 always found in sympathy with them on the vital 
 questions affecting the war and restoration of the 
 Union. The Civil Rights Bill and Freedmen's 
 Bureau Bills were shaped by his hand. In 1872 
 he joined in the ''Liberal Republican" movement 
 and afterwards co-operated with the Democratic 
 party, being their candidate for Governor in 
 1880. From 1863 his home was in Chicago, 
 where, after retiring from the Senate, he con- 
 tinued in the practice of his profession until his 
 death, which occurred in that city, June 25, 1896. 
 
 TUG MILLS. These were a sort of primitive 
 machine used in grinding corn in Territorial and 
 early State days. The mechanism consisted of an 
 upright shaft, into the upper end of which were 
 fastened bars, resembling those in the capstan of 
 a ship. Into the outer end of each of these bars 
 was driven a pin. A belt, made of a broad strip 
 of ox-hide, twisted into a sort of rope, was 
 stretched around these pins and wrapped twice 
 around a circular piece of wood called a trundle 
 head, through which passed a perpendicular flat 
 bar of iron, which turned the mill-stone, usually 
 about eighteen inches in diameter. From the 
 upright shaft projected a beam, to which were 
 hitched one or two horses, which furnished the 
 motive power. Oxen were sometimes employed 
 as motive power in lieu of horses. These rudi- 
 mentary contrivances were capable of grinding 
 about twelve bushels of corn, each, per day. 
 
 TFLEY, Murray Floyd, lawyer and jurist, was 
 born at Louisville, Ky., March 4. 1827, of English 
 extraction and descended from the early settlers 
 of Virginia. His father died in 1832, and, eleven 
 years later, his mother, having married Col. 
 Richard J. Hamilton, for many years a prominent 
 lawyer of Chicago, removed with her family to 
 that city. Young Tuley began reading law with 
 his step-father and completed his studies at the 
 Louisville Law Institute in 1847, the same year 
 being admitted to the bar in Chicago. About the 
 same time he enlisted in the Fifth Illinois Volun- 
 teers for service in the Mexican War, and was 
 commissioned First Lieutenant. The war having 
 ended, he settled at Santa Fe, N. M., where he 
 
530 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 practiced law, also served as Attorney-General 
 and in the Territorial Legislature. Returning to 
 Chicago in 1854, he was associated in practice, 
 successively, with Andrew Harvie, Judge Gary 
 and J. N. Barker, and finally as head of the firm 
 of Tuley, Stiles & Lewis. From 1869 to 1873 he 
 was Corporation Counsel, and during this time 
 framed the General Incorporation Act for Cities, 
 under which the City of Chicago was reincor- 
 porated. In 1879 he was elevated to the bench 
 of the Circuit Court of Cook County, and re- 
 elected every six years thereafter, his last election 
 being in 1897. He is now serving his fourth 
 term, some ten years of his incumbency having 
 been spent in the capacity of Chief Justice. 
 
 TT N MCI.1PKK, Damon 6., lawyer and jurist, 
 was born in Herkimer County, N. Y., August 20, 
 1829; at the age of 20, emigrated to Illinois, set- 
 tling in Vermont, Fulton County, where, for a 
 time, he was engaged in mercantile pursuits. He 
 subsequently studied law, and was admitted to 
 the bar in 1853. In 1854 he established himself 
 at Macomb, McDonough County, where he built 
 up a large and lucrative practice. In 1868 he 
 was chosen Presidential Elector on the Repub- 
 lican ticket, and, from February to June, 1885, 
 by appointment of Governor Oglesby, occupied a 
 seat on the bench of the Supreme Court, vice 
 Pinkney H. Walker, deceased, who had been one 
 of his first professional preceptors. 
 
 TURCHIN, John Basil (Ivan Vasilevitch Tur- 
 chinoff), soldier, engineer and author, was born 
 in Russia, Jan. 30, 1822. He graduated from the 
 artillery school at St. Petersburg, in 1841, and 
 was commissioned ensign; participated in the 
 Hungarian campaign of 1849, and, in 1852, was 
 assigned to the staff of the Imperial Guards; 
 served through the Crimean War, rising to the 
 rank of Colonel, and being made senior staff 
 officer of the active corps. In 1856 he came to 
 this country, settling in Chicago, and, for five 
 years, was in the service of the Illinois Central 
 Railway Company as topographical engineer. In 
 1861 he was commissioned Colonel of the Nine- 
 teenth Illinois Volunteers, and, after leading his 
 regiment in Missouri, Kentucky and Alabama, 
 was, on July 7, 1862, promoted to a Brigadier- 
 Generalship, being attached to the Army of the 
 Cumberland until 1864, when he resigned. After 
 the war he was, for six years, solicitor of patents 
 at Chicago, but, in 1873, returned to engineering. 
 In 1879 he established a Polish colony at Radom, 
 in Washington County, in this State, and settled 
 as a farmer. He is an occasional contributor to 
 the press, writing usually on military or scientific 
 
 subjects, and is the author of the "Campaign and 
 Battle of Chickamauga" (Chicago, 1888). 
 
 TURNER (now WEST CHICAGO), a town and 
 manufacturing center in Winfield Township, Du 
 Page County, 30 miles west of Chicago, at the 
 junction of two divisions of the Chicago, Burling- 
 ton & Quincy, the Elgin, Joliet & Eastern and the 
 Chicago & Northwestern Railroads. The town 
 has a rolling-mill, manufactories of wagons and 
 pumps, and railroad repair shops. It also has five 
 churches, a graded school, and two newspapers. 
 Pop. (1900), 1,877; with suburb, 2,270. 
 
 TURNER, (Col.) Henry L., soldier and real- 
 estate operator, was born at Oberlin, Ohio, 
 August 26, 1845, and received a part of his edu- 
 cation in the college there. During the Civil 
 War he served as First Lieutenant in the One 
 Hundred and Fiftieth Ohio Volunteers, and 
 later, with the same rank in a colored regiment, 
 taking part in the operations about Richmond, 
 the capture of Fort Fisher, of Wilmington and of 
 Gen. Joe Johnston's army. Coming to Chi- 
 cago after the close of the war, he became con- 
 nected with the business office of ' The Advance, " 
 but later was employed in the banking house of 
 Jay Cooke & Co. , in Philadelphia. On the failure 
 of that concern, in 1872, he returned to Chicago 
 and bought "The Advance," which he conducted 
 some two years, when he sold out and engaged in 
 the real estate business, with which he has since 
 been identified being President of the Chicago 
 Real Estate Board in 1888. He has also been 
 President of the Western Publishing Company 
 and a Trustee of Oberlin College. Colonel Turner 
 is an enthusiastic member of the Illinois National 
 Guard and, on the declaration of war between the 
 United States and Spain, in April, 1898, promptly 
 resumed his connection with the First Regiment 
 of the Guard, and finally led it to Santiago de 
 Cuba during the fighting there his regiment 
 being the only one from Illinois to see actual serv- 
 ice in the field during the progress of the war. 
 Colonel Turner won the admiration of his com- 
 mand and the entire nation by the manner in 
 which he discharged his duty. The regiment 
 was mustered out at Chicago, Nov. 17, 1898, when 
 he retired to private life. 
 
 TURNER, John Bice, Railway President, was 
 born at Colchester, Delaware County, N. Y. , Jan. 
 14, 1799; after a brief business career in his 
 native State, he became identified with the con- 
 struction and operation of railroads. Among the 
 works with which he was thus connected, were 
 the Delaware Division of the New York & Erie 
 and the Troy & Schenectady Roads. In 1843 he 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 531 
 
 came to Chicago, having previously purchased a 
 large body of land at Blue Island. In 1847 he 
 joined with W. B. Ogden and others, in resusci- 
 tating the Galena & Chicago Union Railway, 
 which had been incorporated in 1836. He became 
 President of the Company in 1850, and assisted in 
 constructing various sections of road in Northern 
 Illinois and Wisconsin, which have since become 
 portions of the Chicago & Northwestern system. 
 He was also one of the original Directors of the 
 North Side Street Railway Company, organized 
 in 1859. Died, Feb. 26, 1871. 
 
 TURNER, Jonathan Baldwin, educator and 
 agriculturist, was born in Templeton, Mass., Dec. 
 7, 1805; grew up on a farm and, before reaching 
 his majority, began teaching in a country school. 
 After spending a short time in an academy at 
 Salem, in 1827 he entered the preparatory depart- 
 ment of Yale College, supporting himself, in part, 
 by manual labor and teaching in a gymnasium. 
 In 1829 he matriculated in the classical depart- 
 ment at Yale, graduated in 1833, and the same 
 year accepted a position as tutor in Illinois Col- 
 lege at Jacksonville, 111., which had been opened, 
 three years previous, by the late Dr. J. M. Sturte- 
 vant. In the next fourteen years he gave in- 
 struction in nearly every branch embraced in the 
 college curriculum, though holding, during most 
 of this period, the chair of Rhetoric and English 
 Literature. In 1847 he retired from college 
 duties to give attention to scientific agriculture, 
 in which he had always manifested a deep inter- 
 est. The cultivation and sale of the Osage orange 
 as a hedge-plant now occupied his attention for 
 many years, and its successful introduction in 
 Illinois and other Western States where the 
 absence of timber rendered some substitute a 
 necessity for fencing purposes was largely due 
 to his efforts. At the same time he took a deep 
 interest in the cause of practical scientific edu- 
 cation for the industrial classes, and, about 1850, 
 began formulating that system of industrial edu- 
 cation which, after twelve years of labor and 
 agitation, he had the satisfaction of seeing 
 recognized in the act adopted by Congress, and 
 approved by President Lincoln, in July, 1862, 
 making liberal donations of public lands for the 
 establishment of "Industrial Colleges" in the 
 several States, out of which grew the University 
 of Illinois at Champaign. While Professor Tur- 
 ner had zealous colaborers in this field, in Illinois 
 and elsewhere, to him, more than to any other 
 single man in the Nation, belongs the credit for 
 this magnificent achievement. (See Education, 
 and University of Illinois.) He was also one of 
 
 the chief factors in founding and building up 
 the Illinois State Teachers' Association, and the 
 State Agricultural and Horticultural Societies. 
 His address on "The Millennium of Labor," 
 delivered at the first State Agricultural Fair at 
 Springfield, in 1853, is still remembered as mark- 
 ing an era in industrial progress in Illinois. A 
 zealous champion of free thought, in both political 
 and religious affairs, he long bore the reproach 
 which attached to the radical Abolitionist, only 
 to enjoy, in later years, the respect universally 
 accorded to those who had the courage and 
 independence to avow their honest convictions. 
 Prof. Turner was twice an unsuccessful candidate 
 for Congress once as a Republican and once as 
 an "Independent" and wrote much on political, 
 religious and educational topics. The evening of 
 an honored and useful life was spent among 
 friends in Jacksonville, which was his home for 
 more than sixty years, his death taking place in 
 that city, Jan. 10, 1899, at the advanced age of 
 93 years. Mrs. Mary Turner Carriel, at the pres- 
 ent time (1899) one of the Trustees of the Univer- 
 sity of Illinois, is Prof. Turner's only daughter. 
 
 TURNER, Thomas J., lawyer and Congress 
 man, born in Trumbull County, Ohio, April 5, 
 1815. Leaving home at the age of 18, he spent 
 three years in Indiana and in the mining dis- 
 tricts about Galena and in Southern Wisconsin, 
 locating in Stephenson County, in 1836, where he 
 was admitted to the bar in 1840, and elected 
 Probate Judge in 1841. Soon afterwards Gov- 
 ernor Ford appointed him Prosecuting Attorney, 
 in which capacity he secured the conviction and 
 punishment of the murderers of Colonel Daven- 
 port. In 1846 he was elected to Congress as a 
 Democrat, and, the following year, founded "The 
 Prairie Democrat" (afterward "The Freeport 
 Bulletin"), the first newspaper published in the 
 county. Elected to the Legislature in 1854, he 
 was chosen Speaker of the House, the next year 
 becoming the first Mayor of Freeport. He was a 
 member of the Peace Conference of 1861, and, in 
 May of that year, was commissioned, by Governor 
 Yates, Colonel of the Fifteenth Illinois Volun- 
 teers, but resigned in 1862. He served as a mem- 
 ber of the Constitutional Convention of 1869-70, 
 and, in 1871, was again elected to the Legisla- 
 ture, where he received the Democratic caucus 
 nomination for United States Senator against 
 General Logan. In 1871 he removed to Chicago, 
 and was twice an unsuccessful candidate for the 
 office of State's Attorney. In February, 1874, he 
 went to Hot Springs, Ark. , for medical treatment, 
 and died there, April 3 following. 
 
532 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 TUSCOLA, a city and the county-seat of 
 Douglas County, located at the intersection of the 
 Illinois Central and two other trunk lines of rail - 
 way, 22 miles south of Champaign, and 36 miles 
 east of Decatur. Besides a brick court-house it 
 has five churches, a graded school, a national 
 bank, two weekly newspapers and two establish- 
 ments for the manufacture of carriages and 
 wagons. Population (1880), 1,457; (1890), 1,897; 
 (1900), 2,569. 
 
 TUSCOLA, CHARLESTON & VINCENNES 
 RAILROAD. (See Toledo, St. Louis & Kansas 
 City Railroad.) 
 
 TUTHILL, Richard Stanley, jurist, was born 
 at Vergennes, Jackson County, 111., Nov. 10, 1841. 
 After passing through the common schools of his 
 native county, he took a preparatory course in a 
 high school at St. Louis and in Illinois College, 
 Jacksonville, when he entered Middlebury Col- 
 lege, Vt . graduating there in 1863. Immediately 
 thereafter he joined the Federal army at Vicks- 
 burg, and, after serving for some time in a com- 
 pany of scouts attached to General Logan's 
 command, was commissioned a Lieutenant in the 
 First Michigan Light Artillery, with which lie 
 served until the close of the war, meanwhile 
 being twice promoted. During this time he was 
 with General Sherman in the march to Meridian, 
 and in the Atlanta campaign, also took part with 
 General Thomas in the operations against the 
 rebel General Hood in Tennessee, and in the 
 battle of Nashville. Having resigned his com- 
 mission in May, 1865, he took up the study of 
 law. which he had prosecuted as he had opportu- 
 nity while in the army, and was admitted to the 
 bar at Nashville in 1866, afterwards serving for 
 a time as Prosecuting Attorney on the Nashville 
 circuit. In 1873 he removed to Chicago, two 
 years later was elected City Attorney and re- 
 elected in 1877 ; was a delegate to the Republican 
 National Convention of 1880 and, in 1884, was 
 appointed United States District Attorney for 
 the Northern District, serving until 1886. In 
 1887 he was elected Judge of the Circuit Court of 
 Cook County to fill the vacancy caused by the 
 death of Judge Rogers, was re-elected for a full 
 term in 1891, and again in 1897. 
 
 TYNDALE, Sharon, Secretary of State, born in 
 Philadelphia, Pa., Jan. 19, 1816; at the age of 17 
 came to Belleville, 111., and was engaged for a 
 time in mercantile business, later being employed 
 in a surveyor's corps under the internal improve- 
 ment system of 1837. Having married in 1839, 
 he returned soon after to Philadelphia, where he 
 engaged in mercantile business with his father ; 
 
 then came to Illinois, a second time, in 1845, spend- 
 ing a year or two in business at Peoria. About 
 1847 he returned to Belleville and entered upon a 
 course of mathematical study, with a view to 
 fitting himself more thoroughly for the profession 
 of a civil engineer. In 1851 he graduated in 
 engineering at Cambridge, Mass., after which he 
 was employed for a time on the Sunbury & Erie 
 Railroad, and later on certain Illinois railroads. 
 In 1857 he was elected County Surveyor of St. 
 Clair County, and, in 1861, by appointment of 
 President Lincoln, became Postmaster of the city 
 of Belleville. He held this position until 1864, 
 when he received the Republican nomination for 
 Secretary of State and was elected, remaining in 
 office four years. He was an earnest advocate, 
 and virtually author, of the first act for the regis- 
 tration of voters in Illinois, passed at the session 
 of 1865. After retiring from office in 1869, he 
 continued to reside in Springfield, and was em- 
 ployed for a time in the survey of the Gilman, 
 Clinton & Springfield Railway now the Spring- 
 field Division of the Illinois Central. At an early 
 hour on the morning of April 29, 1871, while 
 going from his home to the railroad station at 
 Springfield, to take the train for St. Louis, he was 
 assassinated upon the street by shooting, as sup- 
 posed for the purpose of robbery his dead body 
 being found a few hours later at the scene of tha 
 tragedy. Mr. Tyndale was a brother of Gen. 
 Hector Tyndale of Pennsylvania, who won a 
 high reputation by his services during the war. 
 His second wife, who survived him, was a 
 daughter of Sliadrach Penn, an editor of con- 
 siderable reputation who was the contemporary 
 and rival of George D. Prentice at Louisville, for 
 some years. 
 
 "UNDERGROUND RAILROAD," THE. A 
 history of Illinois would be incomplete without 
 reference to the unique system which existed 
 there, as in other Northern States, from forty to 
 seventy years ago, known by the somewhat mys- 
 terious title of "The Underground Railroad." 
 The origin of the term has been traced (probably 
 in a spirit of facetiousness) to the expression of 
 a Kentucky planter who, having pursued a fugi- 
 tive slave across the Ohio River, was so surprised 
 by his sudden disappearance, as soon as he had 
 reached the opposite shore, that he was led to 
 remark, "The nigger must have gone off on an 
 underground road." From "underground road" 
 to "underground railroad," the transition would 
 appear to have been easy, especially in view of 
 the increased facility with which the work was 
 performed when railroads came into use. For 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 readers of the present generation, it may be well 
 to explain what "The Underground Eailroad" 
 really was. It may be defined as the figurative 
 appellation for a spontaneous movement in the 
 free States extending, sometimes, into the 
 slave States themselves to assist slaves in their 
 efforts to escape from bondage to freedom. The 
 movement dates back to a period close to the 
 Revolutionary War, long before it received a 
 definite name. Assistance given to fugitives 
 from one State by citizens of another, became a 
 cause of complaint almost as soon as the Govern- 
 ment was organized. In fact, the first President 
 himself lost a slave who took refuge at Ports- 
 mouth, N. H., where the public sentiment was 
 so strong against his return, that the patriotic 
 and philosophic "Father of his Country" chose 
 to let him remain unmolested, rather than "excite 
 a, mob or riot, or even uneasy sensations, in the 
 minds of well-disposed citizens. " That the mat- 
 ter was already one of concern in the minds of 
 slaveholders, is shown by the fact that a provision 
 was inserted in the Constitution for their concili- 
 ation, guaranteeing the return of fugitives from 
 labor, as well as from justice, from one State to 
 another. 
 
 In 1793 Congress passed the first Fugitive Slave 
 Law, which was signed by President Washing- 
 ton. This law provided that the owner, his 
 agent or attorney, might follow the slave into 
 any State or Territory, and, upon oath or affi- 
 davit before a court or magistrate, be entitled 
 to a warrant for his return. Any person who 
 should hinder the arrest of the fugitive, or who 
 should harbor, aid or assist him, knowing him 
 to be such, was subject to a fine of $500 for each 
 offense. In 1830, fifty -seven years later, the first 
 act having proved inefficacious, or conditions 
 having changed, a second and more stringent 
 law was enacted. This is the one usually referred 
 to in discussions of the subject. It provided for 
 an increased fine, not to exceed $1,000, and im- 
 prisonment not exceeding six months, with 
 liability for civil damages to the party injured. 
 No proof of ownership was required beyond the 
 statement of a claimant, and the accused was not 
 permitted to testify for himself. The fee of the 
 United States Commissioner, before whom the 
 case was tried, was ten dollars if he found for 
 the claimant: if not, five dollars. This seemed 
 to many an indirect form of bribery ; clearly, it 
 made it to the Judge's pecuniary advantage to 
 decide in favor of the claimant. The law made 
 it possible and easy for a white man to arrest, 
 and carry into slavery, any free negro who could 
 
 not immediately prove, by other witnesses, that 
 he was born free, or had purchased his freedom. 
 
 Instead of discouraging the disposition, on 
 the part of the opponents of slavery, to aid fugi- 
 tives in their efforts to reach a region where 
 they would be secure in their freedom, the effect 
 of the Fugitive Slave Law of 1850 (as that of 1793 
 had been in a smaller degree) was the very oppo- 
 site of that intended by its authors unless, 
 indeed, they meant to make matters worse. The 
 provisions of the act seemed, to many people, so 
 unfair, so one-sided, that they rebelled in spirit 
 and refused to be made parties to its enforce- 
 ment. The law aroused the anti-slavery senti- 
 ment of the North, and stimulated the active 
 friends of the fugitives to take greater risks in 
 their behalf. New efforts on the part of the 
 slaveholders were met by a determination to 
 evade, hinder and nullify the law. 
 
 And here a strange anomaly is presented. The 
 slaveholder, in attempting to recover his slave, 
 was acting within his constitutional and legal 
 rights. The slave was his property in law. He 
 had purchased or inherited his bondman on the 
 same plane with his horse or his land, and, apart 
 from the right to hold a human being in bond- 
 age, regarded his legal rights to the one as good 
 as the other. From a legal standpoint his posi- 
 tion was impregnable. The slave was his, repre- 
 senting so much of money value, and whoever 
 was instrumental in the loss of that slave was, 
 both theoretically and technically, a partner in 
 robbery. Therefore he looked on "The Under- 
 ground Railway" as the work of thieves, and en- 
 tertained bitter hatred toward all concerned in its 
 operation. Oh the other hand, men who were, 
 in all other respects, good citizens often relig- 
 iously devout and pillars of the church became 
 bold and flagrant violators of the law in relation 
 to this sort of property. They set at nought a 
 plain provision of the Constitution and the act of 
 Congress for its enforcement. Without hope of 
 personal gain or reward, at the risk of fine and 
 imprisonment, with the certainty of social ostra- 
 cism and bitter opposition, they harbored the 
 fugitive and helped him forward on evert' 
 occasion. And why? Because they saw in him 
 a man. with the same inherent right to "life. 
 liberty and the pursuit of happiness" that they 
 themselves possessed. To them this was a higher 
 law than any Legislature, State or National, could 
 enact. They denied that there could be truly 
 such a thing as property in man. Believing that 
 the law violated human rights, they justified 
 themselves in rendering it null and void. 
 
534 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 For the most part, the "Underground Rail- 
 road" operators and promoters were plain, 
 obscure men, without hope of fame or desire for 
 notoriety. Yet there were some whose names 
 are conspicuous in history, such as Wendell 
 Phillips, Thomas Wentworth Higginson and 
 Theodore Parker of Massachusetts; Gerrit Smith 
 and Thurlow Weed of New York; Joshua R. 
 Giddings of Ohio, and Owen Love joy of Illinois. 
 These had their followers and sympathizers in 
 all the Northern States, and even in some por- 
 tions of the South. It is a curious fact, that 
 some of the most active spirits connected with 
 the "Underground Railroad" were natives of the 
 South, or had resided there long enough to 
 become thoroughly acquainted with the "insti- 
 tution." Levi Coffin, who had the reputation of 
 being the "President of the Underground Rail- 
 road" at least so far as the region west of the 
 Ohio was concerned was an active operator on 
 the line in North Carolina before his removal 
 from that State to Indiana in 1826. Indeed, as a 
 system, it is claimed to have had its origin at 
 Guilford College, in the "Old North State" in 
 1819, though the evidence of this may not be 
 conclusive. 
 
 Owing to the peculiar nature of their business, 
 no official reports were made, no lists of officers, 
 conductors, station agents or operators preserved, 
 and few records kept which are now accessible. 
 Consequently, we are dependent chiefly upon the 
 personal recollection of individual operators for 
 a history of their transactions. Each station on 
 the road was the house of a "friend" and it is 
 significant, in this connection, that in every 
 settlement of Friends, or Quakers, there was 
 sure to be a house of refuge for the slave. For 
 this reason it was, perhaps, that one of the most 
 frequently traveled lines extended from Vir- 
 ginia and Maryland through Eastern Pennsyl- 
 vania, and then on towards New York or directly 
 to Canada. From the proximity of Ohio to 
 Virginia and Kentucky, and the fact that it 
 offered the shortest route through free soil to 
 Canada, it was traversed by more lines than any 
 other State, although Indiana was pretty 
 thoroughly "grid-ironed" by roads to freedom. 
 In all, however, the routes were irregular, often 
 zigzag, for purposes of security, and the "con- 
 ductor" was any one who conveyed fugitives from 
 one station to another The "train" was some- 
 times a farm-wagon, loaded with produce for 
 market at some town (or depot) on the line, fre- 
 quently a closed carriage, and it is related that 
 once, in Ohio, a number of carriages conveying 
 
 a large party, were made to represent a funeral 
 procession. Occasionally the train ran on foot, 
 for convenience of side-tracking into the woods 
 or a cornfield, in case of pursuit by a wild loco- 
 motive. 
 
 Then.-again, there were not wanting lawyers 
 who, in case the operator, conductor or station 
 agent got into trouble, were ready, without fee or 
 reward, to defend either him or his human 
 freight in the courts. These included such 
 names of national repute as Salmon P. Chase, 
 Thaddeus Stevens, Charles Sunmer, William H. 
 Seward, Rutherford B. Hayes, Richard H. Dana, 
 and Isaac N. Arnold, while, taking the whole 
 country over, their "name was legion." Ami 
 there were a few men of wealth, like Thomas 
 Garrett of Delaware, willing to contribute money 
 by thousands to their assistance. Although 
 technically acting in violation of law or, as 
 claimed by themselves, in obedience to a "higher 
 law" the time has already come when there is a 
 disposition to look upon the actors as, in a certain 
 sense, heroes, and their deeds as fitly belonging 
 to the field of romance. 
 
 The most comprehensive collection of material 
 relating to the history of this movement has 
 been furnished in a recent volume entitled, "The 
 Underground Railroad from Slavery to Free- 
 dom," by Prof. Wilbur H. Siebert, of Ohio State 
 University ; and, while it is not wholly free from 
 errors, both as to individual names and facts, it 
 will probably remain as the best compilation of 
 history bearing on this subject especially as the 
 principal actors are fast passing away. One of 
 the interesting features of Prof. Siebert's book is 
 a map purporting to give the principal routes 
 and stations in the States northwest of the Ohio, 
 yet the accuracy of this, as well as the correct- 
 ness of personal names given, has been questioned 
 by some best informed on the subject. Aa 
 might be expected from its geographical position 
 between two slave States Kentucky and Mis- 
 souri on the one hand, and the lakes offering a 
 highway to Canada on the other, it is naturally 
 to be assumed that Illinois would be an attract- 
 ive field, both for the fugitive and his sympa- 
 thizer. 
 
 The period of greatest activity of the system in 
 this State was between 1840 and 1861 the latter 
 being the year when the pro-slavery party in the 
 South, by their attempt forcibly to dissolve the 
 Union, took the business out of the hands of the 
 secret agents of the "Underground Railroad," 
 and in a certain sense placed it in the hands 
 of the Union armies. It was in 1841 that Abra- 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 ham Lincoln then a conservative opponent of 
 the extension of slavery on an appeal from a 
 judgment, rendered by the Circuit Court in Taze- 
 well County, in favor of the holder of a note 
 given for the service of the indentured slave- 
 girl "Nance," obtained a decision from the 
 Supreme Court of Illinois upholding the doctrine 
 that the girl was free under the Ordinance of 
 1787 and the State Constitution, and that the 
 note, given to the person who claimed to be her 
 owner, was void. And it is a somewhat curious 
 coincidence that the same Abraham Lincoln, as 
 President of the United States, in the second 
 year of the War of the Rebellion, issued the 
 Proclamation of Emancipation which finally 
 resulted in striking the shackles from the limbs 
 of every slave in the Union. 
 
 In the practical operation of aiding fugitives 
 in Illinois, it was natural that the towns along 
 the border upon the Ohio and Mississippi Rivers, 
 should have served as a sort of entrepots, or 
 initial stations, for the reception of this class of 
 freight especially if adjacent to some anti- 
 slavery community. This was the case at Ches- 
 ter, from which access was easy to Sparta, where 
 a colony of Covenanters, or Seceders, was 
 located, and whence a route extended, by way of 
 Oakdale, Nashville and Centralist, in the direction 
 of Chicago. Alton offered convenient access to 
 Bond County, where there was a community of 
 anti-slavery people at an early day, or the fugi- 
 tives could be forwarded northward by way of 
 Jerseyville, Waverly and Jacksonville, about 
 each of which there was a strong anti-slavery 
 sentiment. Quincy, in spite of an intense hos- 
 tility among the mass of the community to any- 
 thing savoring of abolitionism, became the 
 theater of great activity on the part of the 
 opponents of the institution, especially after the 
 advent there of Dr. David Nelson and Dr. Rich- 
 ard Eells, both of whom had rendered themselves 
 obnoxious to the people of Missouri by extending 
 aid to fugitives. The former was a practical 
 abolitionist who, having freed his slaves in his 
 native State of Virginia, removed to Missouri and 
 attempted to establish Marion College, a few miles 
 from Palmyra, but was soon driven to Illinois. 
 Locating near Quincy, he founded the "Mission 
 Institute" there, at which he continued to dis- 
 seminate his anti-slavery views, while educating 
 young men for missionary work. The "Insti- 
 tute" was finally burned by emissaries from Mis- 
 souri, while three young men who had been 
 connected with it, having been caught in Mis- 
 souri, were condemned to twelve years' confine- 
 
 ment in the penitentiary of that State partly on 
 the testimony of a negro, although a negro was 
 not t lien a legal witness in the courts against a 
 white man. Dr. Eells was prosecuted before 
 Stephen A. Douglas (then a Judge of the Circuit 
 Court), and fined for aiding a fugitive to escape, 
 and the judgment against him was finally con- 
 firmed by the Supreme Court after his death, in 
 1832, ten years after the original indictment. 
 
 A map in Professor Siebert's book, showing the 
 routes aud principal stations of the "Undergound 
 Railroad," makes mention of the following places 
 in Illinois, in addition to those already referred 
 to: Carlinville, in Macoupin County; Pay son 
 and Mendon, in Adams; Washington, in Taze- 
 well ; Metamora, in Woodford ; Magnolia, in Put- 
 nam; Galesburg, in Knox; Princeton (the home 
 of Owen Lovejoy and the Bryants), in Bureau; 
 and many more. Ottawa appears to have been 
 the meeting ]>oint of a number of lines, as well 
 as the home of a strong colony of practical abo- 
 litionists. Cairo also became an iinjmrtaiit 
 transfer station for fugitives arriving by river, 
 after the completion of the Illinois Central Rail- 
 road, especially as it offered the speediest way of 
 reaching Chicago, towards which nearly all the 
 lines converged. It was here that the fugitives 
 could be most safely disposed of by placing them 
 upon vessels, which, without stopping at inter- 
 mediate ports, could soon land them on Canadian 
 soil. 
 
 As to methods, these differed according to cir- 
 cumstances, the emergencies of the occasion, or 
 the taste, convenience or resources of the oper- 
 ator. Deacon Levi Morse, of Woodford County, 
 near Metamoia, had a route towards Magnolia. 
 Putnam County, and his favorite "car" was a 
 farm wagon in which there was a double bottom. 
 The passengers were snugly placed below, and 
 grain sacks,tilled with bran or other light material, 
 were laid over, so that the whole presented the 
 appearance of an ordinary load of grain on its 
 way to market. The same was true as to stations 
 and routes. One, who was an operator, says: 
 "Wherever an abolitionist happened on a fugi- 
 tive, or the converse, there was a station, for the 
 time, and the route was to the next anti-slavery 
 man to the east or the north. As a general rule, 
 the agent preferred not to know anything beyond 
 the operation of his own immediate section of the 
 road. If he knew nothing about the operations 
 of another, and the other knew nothing of his. 
 they could not be witnesses in court. 
 
 We have it on the authority of Judge Harvey B. 
 Kurd, of Chicago, that runaways were usually 
 
536 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 
 forwarded from that city to Canada by way of the 
 Lakes, there being several steamers available for 
 that purpose. On one occasion thirteen were 
 put aboard a vessel under the eyes of a United 
 States Marshal and his deputies. The fugitives, 
 secreted in a woodshed, one by one took the 
 places of colored stevedores carrying wood 
 aboard the ship. Possibly the term, "There's a 
 nigger in the woodpile," may have originated in 
 this incident. Thirteen was an "unlucky num- 
 ber" in this instance for the masters. 
 
 Among the notable trials for assisting runaways 
 in violation of tha Fugitive Slave Law, in addi- 
 tion to the case of Dr. Eells, already mentioned, 
 were those of Owen Lovejoy of Princeton, and 
 Deacon Gushing of Will County, both of whom 
 were defended by Judge James Collins of Chi- 
 cago. John Hossack and Dr. Joseph Stout of 
 Ottawa, with some half-dozen of their neighbors 
 and friends, were tried at Ottawa, in 1859, for 
 assisting a fugitive and acquitted on a techni- 
 cality. A strong array of attorneys, afterwards 
 widely known through the northern part of the 
 State, appeared for the defense, including Isaac 
 N. Arnold, Joseph Knox, B. C. Cook, J. V. Eus- 
 tace, Edward S. Leland arid E. C. Lamed. Joseph 
 T. Morse, of Woodford County, was also arrested, 
 taken to Peoria and committed to jail, but 
 acquitted on trial. 
 
 Another noteworthy case was that of Dr. 
 Samuel Willard (now of Chicago) and his father, 
 Julius A. Willard, charged with assisting in the 
 escape of a fugitive at Jacksonville, in 1843, when 
 the Doctor was a student in Illinois College. 
 "The National Corporation Reporter," a few 
 years ago, gave an account of this affair, together 
 with a letter from Dr. Willard, in which he states 
 that, after protracted litigation, during which 
 the case was carried to the Supreme Court, it was 
 ended by his pleading guilty before Judge Samuel 
 D. Lockwood, when he was fined one dollar and 
 costs the latter amounting to twenty dollars. 
 The Doctor frankly adds: "My father, as well 
 as myself, helped many fugitives afterwards." 
 It did not always happen, however, that offenders 
 escaped so easily. 
 
 Judge Harvey B. Hurd, already referred to, 
 and an active anti-slavery man in the days of the 
 Fugitive Slave Law, relates the following : Once, 
 when the trial of a fugitive was going on before 
 Justice Kercheval, in a room on the second floor 
 of a two-story frame building on Clark Street in 
 the city of Chicago, the crowd in attendance 
 filled the room, the stairway and the adjoining 
 sidewalk. In some way the prisoner got mixed 
 
 in with the audience, and passed down over the 
 heads of those on the stairs, where the officers 
 were unable to follow. 
 
 In another case, tried before United States 
 Commissioner Geo. W. Meeker, the result was 
 made to hinge upon a point in the indictment to 
 the effect that the fugitive was "copper-colored. " 
 The Commissioner, as the story goes, being in- 
 clined to favor public sentiment, called for a large 
 copper cent, that he might make comparison. 
 The decision was, that the prisoner was "off 
 color," so to speak, and he was hustled out of the 
 room before the officers could re-arrest him, as 
 they had been instructed to do. 
 
 Dr. Samuel Willard, in a review of Professor 
 Siebert's book, published in "The Dial" of Chi 
 cago, makes mention of Henry Irving and Will- 
 iam Chauncey Carter as among his active allies 
 at Jacksonville, with Rev. Bilious Pond and 
 Deacon Lyman of Farmington (near the present 
 village of Farmingdale in Sangamon County), 
 Luther Ransom of Springfield, Andrew Borders 
 of Randolph County, Joseph Gerrish of Jersey 
 and William T. Allan of Henry, as their coadju- 
 tors in other parts of the State. Other active 
 agents or promoters, in the same field, included 
 such names as Dr. Charles V. Dyer, Philo Carpen- 
 ter, Calvin De Wolf, L. C. P. Freer, Zebina East- 
 man, James H. Collins, Harvey B. Hurd, J. Young 
 Scammon, Col. J. F. Farnsworth and others of 
 Chicago, whose names have already been men- 
 tioned ; Rev. Asa Turner, Deacon Ballard, J. K. 
 Van Dorn and Erastus Benton, of Quincy and 
 Adams County; President Rufus Blanchard of 
 Knox College, Galesburg; John Leeper of Bond; 
 the late Prof. J. B. Turner and Elihu Wolcott of 
 Jacksonville; Capt. Parker Morse and his four 
 sons Joseph T., Levi P., Parker, Jr., and Mark 
 of Woodford County ; Rev. William Sloane of 
 Randolph ; William Strawn of La Salic, besides a 
 host who were willing to aid their fellow men in 
 their aspirations to freedom, without advertising 
 their own exploits. 
 
 Among the incidents of "Underground Rail- 
 road" in Illinois is one which had some importance 
 politically, having for its climax a dramatic scene 
 in Congress, but of which, so far as known, no 
 full account has ever been written. About 1855, 
 Ephraim Lombard, a Mississippi planter, but a 
 New Englander by birth, purchased a large body 
 of prairie land in the northeastern part of Stark 
 County, and, taking up his residence temporarily 
 in the village of Bradford, began its improve- 
 ment. He had brought with him from Mississippi 
 a negro, gray-haired and bent with age, a slave 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 537 
 
 of probably no great value. "Old Mose," as he 
 was called, soon came to be well known and a 
 favorite in the neighborhood. Lombard boldly 
 stated that he had brought him there as a slave ; 
 that, by virtue of the Dred Scott decision (then 
 of recent date), he had a constitutional right to 
 take his slaves wherever he pleased, and that 
 "Old Mose" was just as much his property in 
 Illinois as in Mississippi. It soon became evident 
 to some, that his bringing of the negro to Illinois 
 was an experiment to test the law and the feel- 
 ings of the Northern people. This being the case, 
 a shrewd play would have been to let him have 
 his way till other slaves should have been 
 brought to stock the new plantation. But this 
 was too slow a process for the abolitionists, to 
 whom the holding of a slave in the free State of 
 Illinois appeared an unbearable outrage. It was 
 feared that he might take the old negro back to 
 Mississippi and fail to bring any others. It was 
 reported, also, that "Old Mose'' was ill-treated; 
 that he was given only the coarsest food in a 
 back shed, as if he were a horse or a dog, instead 
 of being permitted to eat at table with the family. 
 The prairie citizen of that time was very par- 
 ticular upon this point of etiquette. The hired 
 man or woman, debarred from the table of his or 
 her employer, would not have remained a day. 
 A quiet consultation with "Old Mose" revealed 
 the fact that he would hail the gift of freedom 
 joyously. Accordingly, one Peter Risedorf, and 
 another equally daring, met him by the light of 
 the stars and, before morning, he was placed in 
 the care of Owen Lovejoy, at Princeton, twenty 
 miles away. From there he was speedily 
 "franked" by the member of Congress to friends 
 in Canada. 
 
 There was a great commotion in Bradford over 
 the "stealing" of "Old Mose." Lombard and his 
 friends denounced the act in terms bitter and 
 profane, and threatened vengeance upon the per- 
 petrators. The conductors were known only to a 
 few, and they kept their secret well. Lovejoy's 
 part in the affair, however, soon leaked out. 
 Lombard returned to Mississippi, where he 
 related his experiences to Mr. Singleton, the 
 Representative in Congress from his district. 
 During the next session of Congress, Singleton 
 took occasion, in a speech, to sneer at Lovejoy as a 
 "nigger-stealer," citing the case of "Old Mose." 
 Mr. Lovejoy replied in his usual fervid and 
 dramatic style, making a speech which ensured 
 his election to Congress for life "Is it desired to 
 call attention to this fact of my assisting fugitive 
 slaves'!" he said. "Owen Lovejoy lives at Prince- 
 
 ton, 111., three-quarters of a mile east of the 
 village, and he aids every slave that comes to his 
 door and asks it. Thou invisible Demon of 
 Slavery, dost thou think to cross my humble 
 threshold and forbid me to give bread to the 
 hungry and shelter to the homeless? I bid you 
 defiance, in the name of my God I" 
 
 With another incident of an amusing charac- 
 ter this article may be closed: Hon. J. Young 
 Scammon, of Chicago, being accused of conniving 
 at the escape of a slave from officers of the law. 
 was asked by the court what he would do if sum- 
 moned as one of a posse to pursue and capture a 
 fugitive. "I would certainly obey the summons," 
 he replied, "but I should probably stub my toe 
 and fall down before I reached him." 
 
 NOTI. Those who wish to pursue the subject of the 
 "Underground Railroad" In Illinois further, are referred 
 to the work of Dr. Siebert, already meotioDed. and to the 
 various County Histories which hare been Issued and may 
 be found in the public libraries; also for Interesting Inci- 
 dents, to " Reminiscences of Levl nitim." Johnson's 
 "From Dixie to Canada," Petifs Sketches. "Still. Under- 
 ground Railroad," and a pamphlet of the same title by 
 James H. Faircluld, ex-President of Oberlin College. 
 
 UNDERWOOD, William H., lawyer, legislator 
 and jurist, was born at Schoharie Court House, 
 N. Y., Feb. 21. 1818, and, after admission to the 
 bar, removed to Belleville, 111., where he began 
 practice in 1840. The following year he was 
 elected State's Attorney, and re-elected in 1843. 
 In 1846 he was chosen a member of the lower 
 house of the General Assembly, and, in 1848-54, 
 sat as Judge of the Second Circuit. During this 
 period he declined a nomination to Congress, 
 although equivalent to an election. In 1856 he 
 was elected State Senator, and re-elected in 1860. 
 He was a member of the Constitutional Conven- 
 tion of 1869-70, and, in 1870, was again elected to 
 the Senate, retiring to private life in 1872. Died, 
 Sept. 23. 1875. 
 
 UNION COUNTY, one of the fifteen counties 
 into which Illinois was divided at the time of its 
 admission as a State having been organized, 
 under the Territorial Government, in January, 
 1818. It is situated in the southern division of 
 the State, bounded on the west by the Mississippi 
 River, and has an area of 400 square miles. The 
 eastern and interior portions are drained by the 
 Cache River and Clear Creek. The western part 
 of the county comprises the broad, rich bottom 
 lands lying along the Mississippi, but is subject 
 to frequent overflow, while the eastern portion is 
 hilly, and most of its area originally heavily tim- 
 bered. The county is especially rich in minerals. 
 Iron-ore, lead, bituminous coal, chalk, alum and 
 
538 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 potter's clay are found in considerable abun- 
 dance. Several lines of railway (the most impor- 
 tant being the Illinois Central) either cross or 
 tap the county. The chief occupation is agri- 
 culture, although manufacturing is carried on to 
 a limited extent. Fruit is extensively cultivated. 
 Jonesboro is the county-seat, and Cobden and 
 Anna important shipping stations. The latter is 
 the location of the Southern Hospital for the 
 Insane. The population of the county, in 1890, 
 was 31,539. Being next to St. Clair, Randolph 
 and Gallatin, one of the earliest settled counties 
 in the State, many prominent men found their 
 first home, on coming into the State, at Jones- 
 boro, and this region, for a time, exerted a strong 
 influence in public affairs. Pop. (1900), 22,610. 
 
 UNION LEAGUE OF AMERICA, a secret polit- 
 ical and patriotic order whicli had its origin 
 early in the late Civil War, for the avowed pur- 
 pose of sustaining the cause of the Union and 
 counteracting the machinations of the secret 
 organizations designed to promote the success of 
 the Rebellion. The first regular Council of the 
 order was organized at Pekin, Tazewell County, 
 June 35, 1863, consisting of eleven members, as 
 follows: John W. Glasgow, Dr. D. A. Cheever, 
 Hart Montgomery, Maj. Richard N. Cullom 
 (father of Senator Cullom), Alexander Small, 
 Rev. J. W. II. Vernon, George H. Harlow (after- 
 ward Secretary of State), Charles Turner, Col. 
 Jonathan Merriam, Henry Pratt and L. F. Gar- 
 rett. One of the number was a Union refugee 
 from Tennessee, who dictated the first oath from 
 memory, as administered to members of a some- 
 what similar order which had been organized 
 uiuong the Unionists of his own State. It sol- 
 emnly pledged the taker. (1) to preserve invio- 
 late the secrets and business of the order; (3) to 
 "support, maintain, protect and defend the civil 
 liberties of the Union of these United States 
 against all enemies, either domestic or foreign, 
 at all times aud under all circumstances, " even 
 "if necessary, to the sacrifice of life"; (3) to aid 
 in electing only true Union men to offices of 
 trust in the town, county, State and General 
 Government; (4) to assist, protect and defend 
 any member of the order who might be in peril 
 from his connection with the order, and (5) to 
 obey all laws, rules or regulations of any Council 
 to which the taker of the oath might be attached. 
 The oath was taken upon the Bible, the Decla- 
 ration of Independence and Constitution of the 
 United States, the taker pledging his sacred 
 honor to its fulfillment. A special reason for the 
 organization existed in the activity, about this 
 
 time, of the "Knights of the Golden Circle," a 
 disloyal organization which had been introduced 
 from the South, and which afterwards took the 
 name, in the North, of "American Knights" and 
 ' 'Sons of Liberty. ' ' (See Secret Treasonable Soci- 
 eties.) Three months later, the organization had 
 extended to a number of other counties of the 
 State and, on the 35th of September following, 
 the first State Council met at Bloomington 
 twelve counties being represented and a State 
 organization was effected. At this meeting the 
 following general officers were chosen: Grand 
 President Judge Mark Bangs, of Marshall 
 County (now of Chicago); Grand Vice-President 
 Prof. Daniel Wilkin, of McLean ; Grand Secre- 
 tary George H. Harlow. of Tazewell; Grand 
 Treasurer H. S. Austin, of Peoria, Grand Mar- 
 shal J. R. Gorin, of Macon; Grand Herald 
 A. Gould, of Henry; Grand Sentinel John E. 
 Rosette, of Sangamon. An Executive Committee 
 was also appointed, consisting of Joseph Medill 
 of "The Chicago Tribune"; Dr. A. J. McFar- 
 land, of Morgan County; J. K. Warren, of Macon; 
 Rev. J. C. Rybolt, of La Salle; the President, 
 Judge Bangs; Enoch Emery, of Peoria; and 
 John E. Rosette. Under the direction of this 
 Committee, with Mr. Medill as its Chairman, 
 the constitution and by-laws were thoroughly 
 revised and a new ritual adopted, which materi- 
 ally changed the phraseology and removed some 
 of the crudities of the original obligation, as well 
 as increased the beauty and impressiveness of 
 the initiatory ceremonies. New signs, grips and 
 l>ass-words were also adopted, which were finally 
 accepted by the various organizations of the 
 order throughout the Union, which, by this time, 
 included many soldiers in the army, as well as 
 civilians. The second Grand (or State) Council 
 was held at Springfield, January 14, 1863, with 
 only seven counties represented. The limited 
 representation was discouraging, but the mem- 
 bers took heart from the inspiring words of Gov- 
 ernor Yates. addressed to a committee of the 
 order who waited upon him. At a special ses- 
 sion of the Executive Committee, held at Peoria, 
 six days later, a vigorous campaign was 
 mapped out, under which agents were sent 
 into nearly every county in the State. In Oc- 
 tober, 1863, the strength of the order in Illi- 
 nois was estimated at three to five thousand; 
 a few months later, the number of enrolled 
 members had increased to 50,000 so rapid 
 had been the growth of the order. On March 
 2">, 18GU, a Grand Council met in Chicago 
 404 Councils in Illinois being represented, with 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 539 
 
 a number from Ohio, Indiana, Michigan, Wiscon- 
 sin, Iowa and Minnesota. At this meeting a 
 Committee was appointed to prepare a plan of 
 organization for a National Grand Council, which 
 was carried out at Cleveland, Ohio, on the 20th 
 of May following the constitution, ritual and 
 signs of the Illinois organization being adopted 
 with slight modifications. The evised obligation 
 taken upon the Bible, the Declaration of Inde- 
 pendence and the Constitution of the United 
 States bound members of the League to "sup- 
 port, protect and defend the Government of the 
 United States and the flag thereof, against all 
 enemies, foreign and domestic," and to"beartrue 
 faith and allegiance to the same"; to "defend 
 the State against invasion or insurrection"; to 
 support only "true and reliable men" for offices 
 of trust and profit; to protect and defend 
 worthy members, and to preserve inviolate the 
 secrets of the order. The address to new mem- 
 bers was a model of impress! veness and a powerful 
 appeal to their patriotism. The organization 
 extended rapidly, not only throughout the North- 
 west, but in the South also, especially in the 
 army. In 1864 the number of Councils in Illinois 
 was estimated at 1,300, with a membership of 
 175,000; and it is estimated that the total mem- 
 bership, throughout the Union, was 2,000,000. 
 The influence of the silent, but zealous and effect- 
 ive, operations of the organization, was shown, 
 not only in the stimulus given to enlistments and 
 support of the war policy of the Government, 
 but in the raising of supplies for the sick and 
 wounded soldiers in the field. Within a few 
 weeks before the fall of Vicksburg, over $25,000 in 
 cash, besides large quantities of stores, were sent 
 to Col. John Williams (then in charge of the 
 Sanitary Bureau at Springfield), as the direct 
 result of appeals made through circulars sent out 
 by the officers of the "League." Large contri- 
 butions of money and supplies also reached the 
 sick and wounded in hospital through the medium 
 of the Sanitary Commission in Chicago. Zealous 
 efforts were made by the opposition to get at the 
 secrets of the order, and, in one case, a complete 
 copy of the ritual was published by one of their 
 organs ; but the effect was so far the reverse of 
 wliat was anticipated, that this line of attack was 
 not continued. During the stormy session of the 
 Legislature in 1863, the League is said to have 
 rendered effective service in protecting Gov- 
 ernor Yates from threatened assassination. It 
 Continued its silent but effective operations until 
 the complete overthrow of the rebellion, when it 
 ceased to exist as a political organization. 
 
 UNITED STATES SENATORS. The follow- 
 ing is a list of United States senators from Illinois, 
 from the date of the admission of the State into 
 the Union until 1899, with the date and duration 
 of the term of each: Ninian Edwards, 1818-84; 
 Jesse B. Thomas, Sr., 1818-29; John McLean, 
 1884-25 and 1829-30; Elias Kent Kane, 1825-35; 
 David Jewett Baker, Nov. 12 to Dec. 11, 1830; 
 John M. Robinson, 1830-41 ; William L. D. Ewing, 
 1835-37; Richard M. Young, 1837-43; Samuel Mc- 
 Roberts, 1841-43; Sidney Breese, 1843-49; James 
 Semple. 1843-47; Stephen A. Douglas, 1847-61; 
 James Shields, 1849-55; Lyman Trumbull, 1855-78; 
 Orville H. Browning, 1861-63; William A. Rich- 
 ardson, 1863-65; Richard Yates, 1865-71; John A. 
 Logan, 1871-77 and 1879-86; Richard J. Oglesby, 
 1873-79; David Davis, 1877-83; Shelby M. Cullom, 
 first elected in 1883, and re-elected in '89 and '95, 
 his third term expiring in 1901 ; Charles B. Far- 
 well, 1887-91; John McAuley Palmer, 1891-97; 
 William E. Mason, elected in 1897, for the term 
 expiring, March 4, 1903. 
 
 UNIVERSITY OF CHICAUO (The New). One 
 of the leading educational institutions of the 
 country, located at Chicago. It is the outgrowth 
 of an attempt, put forth by the American Educa- 
 tional Society (organized at Washington in 1888). 
 to supply the place which the original institution 
 of the same name had been designed to fill. (See 
 University of Clticago Tlie Old.) The following 
 year, Mr. John D. Rockefeller of New York ten- 
 dered a contribution of $600,000 toward the endow 
 ment of the enterprise, conditioned upon securing 
 additional pledges to the amount of $400,000 by 
 June 1, 1890. The offer was accepted, and the 
 sum promptly raised. In addition, a site, covering 
 four blocks of land in the city of Chicago, was 
 secured two and one-lialf blocks being acquired 
 by purclxase for 5282,500, and one and one- half 
 (valued at 8135.000) donated by Mr. Marshall 
 Field. A charter was secured and an organiza- 
 tion effected. Sept. 10, 1890. The Presidency of 
 the institution was tendered to, and accepted by. 
 Dr. William R. Harper. Since that time the 
 University lias been the recipient of other gener- 
 ous benefactions by Mr. Rockefeller and others, 
 until the aggregate donations (1898) exceed $10,- 
 000,000. Of this amount over one-lialf lias been 
 contributed by Mr. Rockefeller, while he has 
 pledged himself to make additional contributions 
 of 2,000,000. conditioned upon the raising of a 
 like sum, from other donors, by Jan. 1, 1900. The 
 buildings erected on the campus, prior to 189C. 
 include a chemical laboratory costing $182,000 : a 
 lecture hall, $150,000; a physical laboratory 
 
540 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 $150,000; a museum, $100,000; an academy dor- 
 mitory, $30,000; three dormitories for women, 
 150,000; two dormitories for men, $100,000, to 
 which several important additions were made 
 during 1896 and 97. The faculty embraces over 
 150 instructors, selected with reference to their 
 fitness for their respective departments from 
 among the most eminent scholars in America and 
 Europe. Women are admitted as students and 
 graduated upon an equality with men. The work 
 of practical instruction began in October, 1892, 
 with 589 registered students, coming from nearly 
 every Northern State, and including 250 gradu- 
 ates from other institutions, to which accessions 
 were made, during the year, raising the aggregate 
 to over 900. The second year the number ex- 
 ceeded 1,100; the third, it rose to 1,750, and the 
 fourth (1895-96), to some 2,000, including repre- 
 sentatives from every State of the Union, besides 
 many from foreign countries. Special features 
 of the institution include the admission of gradu- 
 ates from other institutions to a post-graduate 
 course, and the University Extension Division, 
 which is conducted largely by means of lecture 
 courses, in other cities, or through lecture centers 
 in the vicinity of the University, non-resident 
 students having the privilege of written exami- 
 nations. The various libraries embrace over 
 300,000 volumes, of which nearly 60,000 belong 
 to what are called the "Departmental Libraries," 
 besides a large and valuable collection of maps 
 and pamphlets. 
 
 UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO (The Old), an 
 educational institution at Chicago, under the 
 care of the Baptist denomination, for some years 
 known as the Douglas University. Senator 
 Stephen A. Douglas offered, in 1854, to donate ten 
 acres of land, in what was then near the southern 
 border of the city of Chicago, as a site for an 
 institution of learning, provided buildings cost- 
 ing $100,000, be erected thereon within a stipu- 
 lated time. The corner-stone of the main building 
 was laid, July 4, 1857, but the financial panic of 
 that year prevented its completion, and Mr. Doug- 
 las extended the time, and finally deeded the 
 land to the trustees without reserve. For eighteen 
 years the institution led a precarious existence, 
 struggling under a heavy debt. By 1885, mort- 
 gages to the amount of $320,000 having accumu- 
 lated, the trustees abandoned further effort, and 
 acquiesced in the sale of the property under fore- 
 closure proceedings. The original plan of the 
 institution contemplated preparatory and col- 
 legiate departments, together with a college of 
 law and a theological school. 
 
 UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS, the leading edu- 
 cational institution under control of the State, 
 located at Urbana and adjoining the city of 
 Champaign. The Legislature at the session of 1863 
 accepted a grant of 480,000 acres of land under 
 Act of Congress, approved July 2, 1862, making an 
 appropriation of public lands to States 30,000 
 acres for each Senator and each Representative in 
 Congress establishing colleges for teaching agri- 
 culture and the mechanic arts, though not to the 
 exclusion of classical and scientific studies. Land- 
 scrip under this grant was issued and placed in 
 the hands of Governor Yates, and a Board of 
 Trustees appointed under the State law was organ- 
 ized in March, 1867, the institution being located 
 the same year. Departments and courses of study 
 were established, and Dr. John M. Gregory, of 
 Michigan, was chosen Regent (President). The 
 landscrip issued to Illinois was sold at an early 
 day for what it wonld bring in open market, 
 except 25.000 acres, which was located in Ne- 
 braska and Minnesota. This has recently been 
 sold, realizing a larger sum than was received 
 for all the scrip otherwise disposed of. The entire 
 sum thus secured for permanent endowment ag- 
 gregates $613,026. The University revenues were 
 further increased by donations from Congress to 
 each institution organized under the Act of 1862, 
 of $15,000 per annum for the maintenance of an 
 Agricultural Experiment Station, and, in 1890, of 
 a similar amount for instruction the latter to be 
 increased $1,000 annually until it should reach 
 $25,000. A mechanical building was erected in 
 f871, and this is claimed to have been the first of 
 its kind in America intended for strictly educa- 
 tional purposes. What was called "the main 
 building" was formally opened in December, 
 1873. Other buildings em brace a "Science Hall," 
 opened in 1892; a new "Engineering Hall," 1894; 
 a fine Library Building, 1897. Eleven other prin- 
 cipal structures and a number of smaller ones 
 have been erected as conditions required. The 
 value of property aggregates nearly $2,500,000, and 
 appropriations from the State, for all purposes, 
 previous to 1904, foot up 85,123,517.90. Since 
 1871 the institution has been open to women. 
 The courses of study embrace agriculture, chem- 
 istry, polytechnics, military tactics, natural and 
 general sciences, languages and literature, eco- 
 nomics, household science, trade and commerce. 
 The Graduate School dates from 1891. In 1896 
 the Chicago College of Pharmacy was connected 
 with the University: a College of Law and a 
 Library School were opened in 1897, and the same 
 year the Chicago College of Physicians and |Sur- 
 
5-1" 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA <>F ILLINOIS. 
 
 si.'iii.iMIM; a museum. SIOM.INHP; an academy dor- 
 mitory. SoO.ooo, three dormitories for women. 
 s|:,ii. IIIKI. two dormitories for men. S.IIPII.MOM, to 
 wliicli several important additions were made 
 ilin in.L- 1 S '.H> ami SlT. Tin- faculty embraces over 
 l"i( I instructors, selected with reference to their 
 Illness for their res|-etive department* from 
 among tlie most eminent seliolars in America an>l 
 I'.urope. Women are ailmitteil as students and 
 graduated II|HUI an equality \vitli men. The work 
 ol practical instruction liepin in Octolicr. IN'.K.', 
 witli,V-il registered students, coming from nearly 
 every Northern State, and including ','."iO gradu- 
 ates from other institutions. 1<. which accession^ 
 were made, during the year, raising the a^re^ale 
 to over '.Hill. The second year the immlicr ex- 
 ceeded I. lull; the third, it rose to l,?."iO, and the 
 fourth (|s!I.V!Mi), to some .'.(PIMP, including repre- 
 sentative* from every State of the Union, liesides 
 many from foreign countries. S[>ccial feature-^ 
 of the institution include the admission of gradu- 
 ates from other institutions to a post -graduate 
 course, and the University Kxtension Division, 
 which is conducted largely liy means of lecture 
 courses, ill other cities, or through lecture centers 
 in the vicinity of the University, lion resident 
 students having the privilege of written exami- 
 nations The various lihraries emlirace over 
 oiHi.Miio \oluiiics. of which nearly (in. nun iVlun;.- 
 to what are called the " Departmental Libraries." 
 liesides a larne and valuable collection of maps 
 and pamphlets. 
 
 I MVKKSITV OK i IIH M. (> (The oldi. an 
 eilucational institution at Chicago, under the 
 care of the R-iptist denomination, for some years 
 known a- the Douglas I'niversity. Senator 
 Stephen A. Douglas offered, in 1 *">), to donate lei, 
 acres of land, in what was then near the southern 
 border of the city of Chicago, as a site for an 
 institution of learning, provided building* cost 
 inn Slim, Olio, he erected thereon within a stipn 
 lated time The corner-stone of the main huildin- 
 was laid. July I. 1X-TT hut the financial panic of 
 that year prevented its completion, and Mr Ilou^ 
 las extended the time, and finally deeded tin- 
 land to tin- trustees without reserve. For eighteen 
 years the institution led a precarious existence, 
 strn^lin;; under a heavy del it. Hy ' ss ~'. moil 
 ^a^c-s to the amount of S:!'20,OO() having acciimu 
 lated. the trustees ahaiidoneil further effort, ami 
 acquiesced in the sale of the jiro|>crty under fore 
 closure proceedings The original plan of Jhe 
 institution contemplatecl pre|iaratory and col- 
 legiate depart nls, together with a college of 
 
 law and a theological school. 
 
 f.MVKRSITY OF ILLINOIS, the leading edu- 
 cational institution under control of the State, 
 located at L'rhana and adjoining the city of 
 C'hampai^n. The Legislature at tlie session of IMi:; 
 accepted arrant of IHUWM) acres of land under 
 Act of Congress, approved July '-, lMi'.J, inaUin_- .11, 
 appropriation of public lands to States HO.ooo 
 acres for ea<'h Senator and each Representative in 
 Congress estahlishin^ colleges for teaching agri- 
 culture and the mechanic arts, though not to the 
 exclusion of classical and scientilic studies. I.and- 
 scrip under this j;raiit was issued and placed iu 
 the hands of (iovernor Yates, and a Board of 
 Trustees ap| minted under the State law wa.s organ- 
 ized in March. l*t>7. the institution liein;; located 
 the same year. Departments and courses of study 
 were established, and Dr. John M. Gregory, ol 
 Michigan, was chosen Recent (President). The 
 landscrip issued to Illinois was sold at an early 
 day for what it wonld brin^c in ojien market, 
 except O'I.OIKI acres, which was located in Ne- 
 braska and Minnesota. This has recently been 
 sold, realix.iiu; a larger sum than was recehed 
 i or all the scrip otherwise disposed of. The entire 
 sum thus secured for permanent endowment a^- 
 greKatea 8618,096. The University revenues were 
 further increased by donations from Congress to 
 each institution organized under the Act of 1*ii'..'. 
 of sl.'i OOO per annum for the maintenance of an 
 Agricultural Experiment Station, and. in 1X90, of 
 ,i similar amount for instruction the latter to l*s 
 increased si. (Mil ( annually until it should reach 
 ?','.i.iKHl. A mechanical building was erected ill 
 1*71, and this is claimed to have been the lirst of 
 its kind in America intended for strictly educa- 
 tional purposes. What was called "the main 
 building'* was formally opened in Decemlier, 
 IN?:!. Other buildings embrace a "Science Hall.''' 
 ojiened in 1N9'-'; anew "Engineering Hall,*' IMH; 
 a line Library I'.-nMn. is'.i;. Kleveii other prin- 
 cipal structures and a number <if smaller ones 
 have been erected as conditions required. The 
 value of pro|n;rt.y aggregate* neaply83> 000,000, and 
 appropriations from the State, for all pur|Kjses, 
 previous to I'.MM. fKit u]i sri,li:!,517.!)l). Since. 
 1>*71 the institution has been open to women. 
 The courses of study embrace agriculture, chem- 
 istry, polytechnics, military tactics, natural ami 
 general sciences. laiiKiiaKes and literature, eco- 
 nomics, household science, trade and commerce. 
 The (iraduate School dates from isill. Ill 1WM 
 the Chicago College of I'liarinufy was connected 
 with the University: a College of Ijiw and a 
 Library School were opened in 1MI7, and tlie same 
 year the Chicago College of I'liysiciaiis and |Sur- 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 541 
 
 geons was affiliated as the College of Medicine a 
 School of Dentistry being added to the latter in 
 1901. In 1885 the State Laboratory of Natural 
 History was transferred from Normal, 111., and an 
 Agricultural Experiment Station entablished in 
 1888, from which bulletins are sent to farmers 
 throughout the State who may desire them. The 
 first name of the Institution was "Illinois Indus- 
 trial University," but, in 1885, this was changed 
 to "University of Illinois." In 1887 the Trustees 
 (of whom there are nine) were made elective by 
 popular vote three being elected every two 
 years, each holding office six years. Dr. Gregory, 
 having resigned the office of Regent in 1880, was 
 succeeded by Dr. Selim H. Peabody, who had 
 been Professor of Mechanical and Civil Engineer- 
 ing. Dr. Peabody resigned in 1891. The duties 
 of Regent were then discharged by Prof. Thomas 
 J. Burrill until August, 1894, when Dr. Andrew 
 Sloan Draper, former State Superintendent of 
 Public Instruction of the State of New York, was 
 installed as President, serving until 1904. The 
 corps of instruction (1904) includes over 100 Pro- 
 fessors, 60 Associate and Assistant Professors and 
 200 Instructors and Assistants, besides special 
 lecturers, demonstrators and clerks. The num- 
 ber of students has increased rapidly in recent 
 years, as shown by the following totals for suc- 
 cessive years from 1890-91 to 1903-04, inclusive: 
 519; 583; 714; 743; 810; 852; 1,076; 1,582; 1,824; 
 2,234; 2,505; 2,932; 3,289; 3,589. Of the last num- 
 ber, 2,271 were men and 718 women. During 
 1903-04 there were in all departments at Urbana, 
 2,547 students (256 being in the Preparatory Aca- 
 demy) ; and in the three Professional Departments 
 in Chicago, 1,042, of whom 694 were in the Col- 
 lege of Medicine, 185 in the School of Pharmacy, 
 and 163 in the School of Dentistry. The Univer- 
 sity Library contains 63,700 volumes and 14,500 
 pamphlets, not including 5,350 volumes and 
 15,850 pamphlets in the State Laboratory of Nat- 
 ural History. The University occupies a con- 
 spicuous and attractive site, embracing 220 acres 
 adjacent to the line between Urbana and Cham- 
 paign, and near the residence portion of the two 
 cities. The athletic field of 11 acres, on which 
 stand the gymnasium and armory, is enclosed 
 with an ornamental iron fence. The campus, 
 otherwise, is an open and beautiful park with 
 fine landscape effects. 
 
 UNORGANIZED COUNTIES. In addition to 
 the 102 counties into which Illinois is divided, 
 acts were passed by the General Assembly, 
 at different times, providing for the organiza- 
 tion of a number of others, a few of which 
 
 were subsequently organized under different 
 names, but the majority of which were never 
 organized at all the proposition for such or- 
 ganization being rejected by vote of the people 
 within the proposed boundaries, or allowed to 
 lapse by non-action. These unorganized coun- 
 ties, with the date of the several acts authorizing 
 them, and the territory which they were in- 
 tended to include, were as follows: Allen 
 County (1841) comprising portions of Sanga- 
 mon, Morgan and Macoupin Counties; Audobon 
 (Audubon) County (1843) from portions of Mont- 
 gomery, Fayette and Shelby; Benton County 
 (1843) from Morgan, Greene and Macoupin; 
 Coffee County (1837) with substantially the 
 same territory now comprised within the bound- 
 aries of Stark County, authorized two years 
 later; Dane County (1839) name changed to 
 Christian in 1840; Harrison County (1855) 
 from McLean, Champaign and Vermilion, com- 
 prising territory since partially incorporated 
 in Ford County; Holmes County (1857) from 
 Champaign and Vermilion; Marquette County 
 (1843), changed (1847) to Highland compris- 
 ing the northern portion of Adams, (this act 
 was accepted, with Columbus as the county- 
 seat, but organization finally vacated) ; Michi- 
 gan County (1837) from a part of Cook; Milton 
 County (1843) from the south part of Vermil- 
 ion; Okaw County (1841) comprising substan- 
 tially the same territory as Moultrie, organized 
 under act of 1843; Oregon County (1851) from 
 parts of Sangamon, Morgan and Macoupin Coun- 
 ties, and covering substantially the same terri- 
 tory as proposed to be incorporated in Allen 
 County ten years earlier. The last act of this 
 character was passed in 1867, when an attempt 
 was made to organize Lincoln County out ol 
 parts of Champaign and Vermilion, but which 
 failed for want of an affirmative vote. 
 
 UPPER ALTON, a city of Madison County, 
 situated on the Chicago & Alton Railroad, about 
 1 J miles northeast of Alton laid out in 1816. It 
 has several churches, and is the seat of Shurtleff 
 College and the Western Military Academy, the 
 former founded about 1831, and controlled by the 
 Baptist denomination. Beds of excellent clay are 
 found in the vicinity and utilized in pottery 
 manufacture. Pop. (1890), 1,803: (1900), 2,373. 
 
 UPTON, George Putnam, journalist, was born 
 at Roxbury, Mass., Oct. 25, 1834; graduated from 
 Brown University in 1854, removed to Chicago 
 in 1855, and began newspaper work on "The 
 Native American," the following year taking 
 the place of city editor of "The Evening Jour- 
 
X. _ 
 
 L 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA UK ILLINOIS. 
 
 VII 
 
 Seems was affiliated Jis the College of Medicine it 
 School of Dentistry being sulileil to the Litter in 
 1901. In 1885 the State Lalxjratory of Natural 
 History was transferred from Normal, 111., and an 
 Agricultural Experiment Station entahlished in 
 1888, from which bulletins are sent to fanners 
 throughout the State who may desire them. The 
 first name of the Institution was "Illinois Indus- 
 trial University." but. in iss;i. this was change.! 
 to "University of Illinois." In 1887 the Trustee 
 (of whom there are nine) were made elective l>y 
 popular vote three being elected every tv.-o 
 years, each holding otlire six years. Dr. (Jregory. 
 having resigned the otlice of Regent in I8sn, was 
 .succeeded by Dr. Selim II. Peabody, who had 
 l>een Professor of Mechanical and Civil Engineer- 
 ing. Dr. Peabody resigned in 1*01. The duties 
 of Regent were then discharged by Prof. Thomas 
 J. Burrill until August, 1*94, when Dr. Andrew 
 Sloan Draper, former State Superintendent of 
 Public Instruction of the State of New York, was 
 installed as President, serving until 1904. The 
 corps of instruction (1904) includes over 100 Pro- 
 fessors, 60 Associate and Assistant Professors and 
 2(10 Instructors and Assistants, besides special 
 lecturers, demonstrators and clerks. The num- 
 ber of students has increased rapidly iu recent 
 years, as shown by the following totals for suc- 
 cessive years from 1890-91 to 1903-04. inclusive: 
 519; , r ,s:t; 714; 713; 810; 852; 1,075: 1,582; 1,824: 
 2.234; 2.503; 2,932; 3,2*9; 3.589. Of the last num- 
 ber, 2.271 were men and 718 women. During 
 1903-04 there were in all departments at Urbana. 
 2.547 students (25(5 being in the Preparatory Aca- 
 demy); and in the three Professional Departments 
 in Chicago, 1.012. of whom 694 were in the Col- 
 lege of Medicine, 185 in the School of Pharmacy, 
 and 163 in the School of Dentistry. The Univer- 
 sity Library contains (i3.700 volumes and 14.50(1 
 pamphlets, not including 5.350 volumes and 
 15,850 pamphlets in the State Laboratory of Nat- 
 ural History. The University occupies a con- 
 spicuous and attractive site, embracing 220 acres 
 adjacent to the line lietwetn Uibanu and Cham- 
 paign, and near the residence portion of the two 
 cities. The athletic field of 11 acres, on which 
 stand the gymnasium and armory, is enclosed 
 with an ornamental iron fence. The campus, 
 otherwise, is an open and beautiful park with 
 fine landscajie effects. 
 
 UN01UiAM/KI) COUM'IKS. In addition to 
 the 102 counties into which Illinois is divided, 
 acts were passed by the lieneral Assembly, 
 at different times, providing for the organiza- 
 tion f ., muni" i of others, a few of which 
 
 were snl>se.|iientl\ organized under dillep -nt. 
 names, but the majority of which were ne\er 
 organized at all the pro]i-ition lor Mich or- 
 ganization being rejected by vote of the |i>ple 
 within the proposed boundaries, or allowed in 
 lapse, by non-action. These uliorgani/.cd coun- 
 ties, wit h^Mic date of Ihe several act- authorizing 
 them. ..inl the territory which liny were in- 
 tended lo include, were us follow-: Allen 
 County (lsfl< comprising jtortions of S.utg;i- 
 inoii. Morgan and Macoiipin Counties; Audolxm 
 (Audu I ton i County (I8|:j) (com portions of Mont 
 goni'-ry. Favdte and Shelby, Itcnton County 
 (18|:!t from Morgan. <!recnc and Macoiipin. 
 Coffee Comity (18:i7) with substantial!} the 
 same territory now comprised within the bound- 
 aries of Stark County, authorized two years 
 later: I lane County (I8:!9| name changed to 
 Christian in 1MO; Harrison County (1855) 
 from McLean. Champaign and Vermilion, <*mi- 
 prising territory since partialh incor|raii-<i 
 in Kord Connt\ ; Holmes County (1857) from 
 < 'ham{>aign and Vermilion ; Marijuette County 
 (18-1:!). changed il*47i to Highland compris 
 ing the northern portion of Adams, (this art 
 was accepted, with Columbus as the countv- 
 seat, but organization linally vacated). Michi- 
 gan County i|s:!7i from a |>art of Cook; Milton 
 County (184;!; from the south part of Vermil 
 ion; Okaw County (1811) comprising suhstan- 
 tially the same territory as Moultrie, organized 
 under ad of |s.|:: ; Oregon County (1851) from 
 parts ol Sangamon. Morgan and Macoiipin Conn 
 ties, and covering substantially the same terri 
 lory a- proposed to lie incorporated in Allen 
 County ten years earlier The last, act of this 
 character was passed in ]sii7. when an attempt 
 was made to organize Lincoln County out 
 parts of Champaign anil Vermilion but \\hirit 
 failed for want of an affirmative Mile 
 
 t'PI'EK ALTON, a city of Madison County, 
 situated on the Chicago .V- Alton Uailroad. about 
 ! J miles northeast of Alton laid out in I8|ii It 
 ha-s several churches, ami is the sent of Shurtleil 
 College and the Western Military Academy, the 
 former founded about 18,'ti. and controlled by the 
 Haptist denomination. Beds of excellent clay are 
 found in the vicinity and utilized in pottery 
 manufacture. Pop. (1H9O). 1,913 ; (J90O). 237:! 
 
 I'PTOX, (Jeorer Putnam, .journalist, was burn 
 at Koxbiiry. Mass., Oct. 25, ]s:!4. gnuluatml from 
 Hnwn I'niversity in 1854. removed to Chicago 
 in 1855. and licgan newspaper work on "The 
 Native American." the following year taking 
 the place of city editor of "The Evening Jour- 
 
542 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 nal." In 1862, Mr. Upton became musical critic 
 on "The Chicago Tribune," serving for a time 
 also as its war correspondent in the field, later 
 (about 1881) taking a place on the general edi- 
 torial staff, which he still retains. He is regarded 
 as an authority on musical and dramatic topics. 
 Mr. Upton is also a stockholder in, and, for sev- 
 eral years, has been Vice- President of the "Trib- 
 une" Company. Besides numerous contributions 
 to magazines, his works include: "Letters of 
 Peregrine Pickle" (1869) ; "Memories, a Story of 
 German Love," translated from the German of 
 Max Muller (1879); "Woman in Music" (1880); 
 "Lives of German Composers" (3 vols. 1883-84); 
 1 lesides four volumes of standard operas, oratorios, 
 cantatas, and symphonies (1885-88). 
 
 CRBANA, a flourishing city, the county-seat 
 of Champaign County, on the "Big Fou," the 
 Illinois Central and the Wabash Railways: 130 
 miles south of Chicago and 31 miles west of Dan- 
 ville; in agricultural and coal-mining region. 
 The mechanical industries include extensive rail- 
 road shops, manufacture of brick, suspenders and 
 lawn-mowers. The Cunningham Deaconesses' 
 Home and Orphanage is located here. The city 
 has water-works, gas and electric light plants, 
 electric car-lines (local and interurban), superior 
 schools, nine churches, three banks and three 
 newspapers. Urbana is the seat of the University 
 of Illinois. Pop. (1890), 3,511; (1900), 5,738. 
 
 USREY, William .1., editor and soldier, was 
 born at Washington (near Natchez), Miss., May 
 16. 1827; was educated at Natchez, and, before 
 reaching manhood, came to Macon County, 111., 
 where he engaged in teaching until 1846, when 
 lie enlisted as a private in Company C, Fourth 
 Illinois Volunteers, for tyie Mexican War. In 
 1855, he joined with a Mr. Wingate in the estab- 
 lishment, at Decatur, of "The Illinois State Chron- 
 icle," of which he soon after took sole charge, 
 conducting the paper until 1861, when he enlisted 
 in the Thirty-fifth Illinois Volunteers and was 
 ap)K>inted Adjutant. Although born and edu- 
 cated in a slave State, Mr. Usrey was an earnest 
 opponent of slavery, as proved by the attitude of 
 his paper in opposition to the Kansas-Nebraska 
 Bill. He was one of the most zealous endorsers 
 of the proposition for a conference of the Anti- 
 Nebraska editors of the State of Illinois, to agree 
 upon a line of policy in opposition to the further 
 extension of slavery, and, when that body met at 
 Decatur, on Feb. 22, 1856, he served as its Secre- 
 tary, thus taking a prominent part in the initial 
 steps which resulted in the organization of the 
 Republican ]>arty in Illinois. (See Anti-Xfbranka 
 
 Editorial Convention.) After returning from 
 the war he resumed his place as editor of "The 
 Chronicle," but finally retired from newspaper 
 work in 1871. He was twice Postmaster of the 
 city of Decatur, first previous to 1850, and again 
 under the administration of President Grant; 
 served also as a member of the City Council and 
 was a member of the local Post of the G. A. R. , 
 and Secretary of the Macon County Association 
 of Mexican War Veterans. Died, at Decatur, 
 Jan. 20, 1894. 
 
 UTICA, (also called North Utica), a village of 
 La Salle County, on the Illinois & Michigan 
 Canal and the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific 
 Railway, 10 miles west of Ottawa, situated on the 
 Illinois River opposite "Starved Rock," also 
 believed to stand on the site of the Kaskaskia 
 village found by the French Explorer, La Salle, 
 when he first visited Illinois. "Utica cement" is 
 produced here; it also has several factories or 
 mills, besides banks and a weekly paper. Popu- 
 lation (1880), 767; (1890), 1.094; (1900), 1,150. 
 
 VAX ARNAM, John, lawyer and soldier, was 
 Iwrn at Plattsburg, N. Y., March 3, 1820. Hav- 
 ing lost his father at five years of age, he went to 
 live with a farmer, but ran away in his boyhood ; 
 later, began teaching, studied law, and was ad- 
 mitted to the bar in New York City, beginning 
 practice at Marshall, Mich. In 1858 he removed 
 to Chicago, and, as a member of the firm of 
 Walker, Van Arnam & Dexter, became promi- 
 nent as a criminal lawyer and railroad attorney, 
 be/ing for a time Solicitor of the Chicago, Burling- 
 ton & Quincy Railroad. In 1862 he assisted in 
 organizing the One Hundred and Twenty-seventh 
 Illinois Volunteer Infantry and was commissioned 
 its Colonel, but was compelled to resign on 
 account of illness. After spending some time in 
 California, he resumed practice in Chicago in 
 1865. His later years were spent in California, 
 dying at San Diego, in that State, April 6, 1890. 
 
 V A M> A l;l A , the principal city and county -seat 
 of Fayette County. It is situated on the Kas- 
 kaskia River, 30 miles north of Centralia, 62 
 miles south by west of Decatur, and 68 miles 
 east-northeast of St. Louis. It is an intersecting 
 point for the Illinois Central and the St. Louis, 
 Vandalia and Terre Haute Railroads. It was the 
 capital of the State from 1820 to 1839, the seat of 
 government being removed to Springfield, the 
 latter year, in accordance with act of the General 
 Assembly passed at the session of 1837. It con- 
 tains a court house (old State Capitol building), 
 six churches, two banks, three weekly papers, a 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 543 
 
 graded school, flour, saw and paper mills, foundry, 
 stave and heading mill, carriage and wagon 
 and brick works. Pop. (1890), 8,144; (1900), 2,665. 
 
 YANDEYEER, Horatio >!.. pioneer lawyer, 
 was born in Washington County, Ind., March 1, 
 1816; came with his family to Illinois at an early 
 age, settling ou Clear Creek, now in Christian 
 County; taught school and studied law, using 
 books borrowed from the late Hon. John T. Stuart 
 of Springfield ; was elected first County Recorder 
 of Christian County and, soon after, appointed 
 Circuit Clerk, tilling both offices three years. 
 He also held the office of County Judge from 1848 
 to 1857 ; was twice chosen Representative in the 
 General Assembly (1842 and 1850) and once to the 
 State Senate (1862); in 1846. enlisted and was 
 chosen Captain of a company for the Mexican 
 War, but, having been rejected on account of the 
 quota being full, was appointed Assistant-Quarter- 
 master, in this capacity serving on the staff of 
 General Taylor at the battle of Buena Vista. 
 Among other offices held by Mr. Vandeveer, were 
 those of Postmaster of Taylorville, Master in 
 Chancery, Presidential Elector (1848), Delegate 
 to the Constitutional Convention of 1862, and 
 Judge of the Circuit Court (1870-79). In 1868 
 Judge Vandeveer established the private banking 
 firm of H. M. Vandeveer & Co., at Taylorville, 
 which, in conjunction with his sons, he continued 
 successfully during the remainder of his life. 
 Died, March 12, 1894. 
 
 YAN HORNE, William ('., Railway Manager 
 and President, was born in Will County, 111., 
 February, 1848; began his career as a telegraph 
 operator on the Illinois Central Railroad in 1856, 
 was attached to the Michigan Central and Chi- 
 cago & Alton Railroads (1858-72), later being 
 General Manager or General Superintendent of 
 various other lines (1872-79). He next served as 
 General Superintendent of the Chicago, Milwau- 
 kee & St. Paul, but soon after became General 
 Manager of the Canadian Pacific, which he 
 assisted to construct to the Pacific Coast; was 
 elected Vice-President of the line in 1884, and its 
 President in 1888. His services have been recog- 
 nized by conferring upon him the order of 
 knighthood by the British Government. 
 
 VASSEUR, Noel C., pioneer Indian-trader, was 
 born of French parentage in Canada, Dec. 25, 
 1799; at the age of 17 made a trip with a trading 
 party to the West, crossing Wisconsin by way of 
 the Fox and Wisconsin Rivers, the route pursued 
 by Joliet and Marquette in 1673 ; later, was associ- 
 ated with Gurdon S. Hubbard in the service of 
 the American Fur Company, in 1820 visiting the 
 
 region now embraced in Iroquois County, where 
 he and Hubbard subsequently established a trad- 
 ing post among the Pottawatomie Indians, 
 believed to have been the site of the present town 
 of Iroquois. The way of reaching their station 
 from Chicago was by the Chicago and Des 
 Plaines Rivers to the Kankakee, and ascending 
 the latter and the Iroquois. Here Vasseur re- 
 mained in trade until the removal of the Indians 
 west of the Mississippi, in which he served as 
 agent of the Government. While in the Iroquois 
 region he married Watseka, a somewhat famous 
 Pottawatomie woman, for whom the town of 
 Watseka was named, and who had previously 
 been the Indian wife of a fellow-trader. His 
 later years- were spent at Hour bonuais Grove, in 
 Kankakee County, where he died, Dec. 12, 1879. 
 
 YENICE, a city of Madison County, on the 
 Mississippi River opposite St. Louis and 2 miles 
 north of East St. Louis; is touched by six trunk 
 lines of railroad, and at the eastern approach to 
 the new "Merchants' Bridge," with its round- 
 house, has two ferries to St. Louis, street car line, 
 electric lights, water-works, some manufactures 
 and a newspaper. Pop. (1890), 932; (1900). 2,450. 
 
 YENICE & CARONDELET RAILROAD. (See 
 Louisville, Evctuiville <t St. Louis (Consolidate' I) 
 Railroad. ) 
 
 VERMILION COUNTY, an eastern county, 
 bordering on the Indiana State line, and drained 
 by the Vermilion and Little Vermilion Rivers, 
 from which it takes its name. It was originally 
 organized in 1826, when it extended north to 
 Lake Michigan. Its present area is 926 square 
 miles. The discovery of salt springs, in 1819. 
 aided in attracting immigration to this region, 
 but the manufacture of salt was abandoned 
 many years ago. Early settlers were Seymour 
 Treat, James Butler, Henry Johnston. Harvey 
 Lidington, Gurdon S. Hubbard and Daniel W. 
 Beckwith. James Butler and Achilles Morgan 
 were the first County Commissioners. Many 
 interesting fossil remains have been found, 
 among them the skeleton of a mastodon (18681. 
 Fire clay is found in large quantities, and two 
 coal seams cross the county. The surface is level 
 and the soil fertile. Corn is the chief agricultural 
 product, although oats, wheat, rye, and potatoes 
 are extensively cultivated. Stock-raising ami 
 wool-growing are important industries. There 
 are also several manufactories, chiefly at Dan- 
 ville, which is the county-seat. Coal mining 
 is carried on extensively, especially in the vicin- 
 ity of Danville. Population (1880), 41,588; (1890>. 
 49,905; (1900), 65,635. 
 
544 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 VERMILION RIVER, a tributary of the Illi- 
 nois; rises in Ford and the northern part of 
 McLean County, and, running northwestward 
 through Livingston and the southern part of 
 La Salle Counties, enters the Illinois River 
 nearly opposite the city of La Salle ; has a length 
 of about 80 miles. 
 
 VERMILION RIVER, an affluent of the Wa- 
 bash, formed by the union of the North, Middle 
 and South Forks, which rise in Illinois, and 
 come together near DanvUle in this State. It 
 flows southeastward, and enters the Wabash in 
 Vermilion County, Ind. The main stream is 
 about 88 miles long. The South Fork, however, 
 which rises in Champaign County and runs east- 
 ward, has a length of nearly 75 miles. The 
 Little Vermilion River enters the Wabash about 
 7 or 8 miles below the Vermilion, which is some- 
 times called the Big Vermilion, by way of 
 distinction. 
 
 VERMONT, a village in Fulton County, at 
 junction of Galesburg and St. Louis Division of 
 the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad, 24 
 miles north of Beardstown ; has a carriage manu- 
 factory, flour and saw-mills, brick and tile works, 
 electric light plant, besides two banks, four 
 churches, two graded schools, and one weekly 
 newspaper. An artesian well has been sunk here 
 to the depth of 2 600 feet Pop. (1900), 1,195. 
 
 VERSAILLES, a town of Brown County, on 
 the Wabash Railway, 48 miles east of Quincy; is 
 in a timber and agricultural district ; has a bank 
 and weekly newspaper. Population (1900), 524. 
 
 VIENNA, the county-seat of Johnson County, 
 situated on the Cairo and Vinoennes branch of 
 the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis 
 Railroad, 36 miles north-northwest of Cairo. It 
 has a court house, several churches, a graded 
 school, banks and two weekly newspapers. 
 Population (1880), 494; (1890), 888; (1900). 1,817. 
 
 VIGO, Francois, pioneer and early Indian- 
 trader, was born at Mondovi, Sardinia (Western 
 Italy), in 1747, served as a private soldier, first at 
 Havana and afterwards at New Orleans. When 
 he left the Spanish army he came to St. Louis, 
 then the military headquarters of Spain for Upper 
 Louisiana, where he became a partner of Com- 
 mandant de Leba, and was extensively engaged 
 in the fur-trade among the Indians on the Ohio 
 and Mississippi Rivers. On the occupation of 
 Kaskaskia by Col. George Rogers Clark in 1778. 
 he rendered valuable aid to the Americans, turn- 
 ing out supplies to feed Clark's destitute soldiers, 
 and accepting Virginia Continental money, at 
 par, in payment, incurring liabilities in excess of 
 
 $20,000. This, followed by the confiscation policy 
 of the British Colonel Hamilton, at Vincennes, 
 where Vigo had considerable property, reduced 
 him to extreme penury. H. W. Beckwith says 
 that, towards the close of his life, he lived on his 
 little homestead near Vincennes, in great poverty 
 but cheerful to the last He was never recom- 
 pensed during his life for his sacrifices in behalf 
 of the American cause, though a tardy restitution 
 was attempted, after his death, by the United 
 States Government, for the benefit of his heirs. 
 He died, at a ripe old age, at Vincennes, Ind., 
 March 22, 1835. 
 
 VILLA RIIHJE, a village of Pulaski County, 
 on the Illinois Central Railway, 10 miles north of 
 Cairo. Population, 500. 
 
 VINCENNES, Jean Baptiste Bissot, a Canadian 
 explorer, born at Quebec, January, 1688, of aris- 
 tocratic and wealthy ancestry. He was closely 
 connected with Louis Joliet probably his 
 brother-in-law, although some historians say that 
 he was the tatter's nephew. He entered the 
 Canadian army as ensign in 1701. and had a long 
 and varied experience as an Indian fighter. 
 About 1725 he took up his residence on wliat is 
 now the site of the present city of Vincennes, 
 Ind., which is named in his honor. Here he 
 erected an earth fort and established a trading- 
 post. In 1726. under orders, he co-operated with 
 D'Artaguiette (then the French Governor of Illi- 
 nois) in an expedition against the Chickasaws. 
 The expedition resulted disastrously. Vincennes 
 and D'Artaguiette were captured and burned 
 ;(t the stake, together with Father Senat (a 
 Jesuit priest) and others of the command. 
 (See also D'Artaguiette; French Governors of 
 Illinois. ) 
 
 VI It DEN, a city of Macoupin County, on the 
 Chicago & Alton and the Chicago, Burlington & 
 Quincy Railroads, 21 miles south by west from 
 Springfield, and 31 miles east-southeast of Jack- 
 sonville. It has five churches, two banks, two 
 newspapers, telephone service, electric lights, 
 grain elevators, machine shop, and extensive coal 
 mines. Pop.(1900), 2,280 ; (school censusl908),8,651. 
 
 VIRGINIA, an incorporated city, the county- 
 seat of Cass County, situated at the intersection of 
 the Chicago, Peoria & St. Louis, with the Spring- 
 field Division of the Baltimore & Ohio South- 
 western Railroad, 15 miles north of Jacksonville, 
 and 33 miles west-northwest of Springfield. It 
 lies in the heart of a rich agricultural region. 
 There is a flouring mill here, besides manu- 
 factories of wagons and cigars. The city has two 
 National and one State bank, five churches, a 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 545 
 
 high school, and two weekly papers. Pop. (1890), 
 1,602; (1900), 1,600. 
 
 \ OCKE, William, lawyer, was born at Min- 
 den, Westphalia (Germany), in 1839, the son of a 
 Government Secretary in the Prussian service. 
 Having lost his father at an early age, he emi- 
 grated to America in 1856, and, after a short 
 stuy in New York, came to Chicago, where he 
 found employment as a paper-carrier for "The 
 Staats-Zeitung," meanwhile giving his attention 
 to the study of law. Later, he became associated 
 with a real-estate firm; on the commencement 
 of the Civil War, enlisted as a private in a 
 three months' regiment, and, finally, in the 
 Twenty-fourth Illinois (the first Hecker regi- 
 ment), in which lie rose to the rank of Captain. 
 Returning from the army, he was employed as 
 city editor of "The Staats-Zeitung," but, in 
 1865, became Clerk of the Chicago Police Court, 
 serving until 1869. Meanwhile he had been 
 admitted to the bar, and, on retirement from 
 office, began practice, but, in 1870, was elected 
 Representative in the Twenty-seventh General 
 Assembly, in which he bore a leading part in 
 framing "the burnt record act'' made necessary 
 by the fire of 1871. He has since been engaged 
 in the practice of his profession, having been, 
 for a number of years, attorney for the German 
 Consulate at Chicago, also serving, for several 
 years, on the Chicago Board of Education. Mr. 
 Vocke is a man of high literary tastes, as shown 
 by his publication, in 1869, of a volume of poems 
 translated from the German, which lias been 
 highly commended, besides a legal work on 
 "The Administration of Justice in the United 
 States, and a Synopsis of the Mode of Procedure 
 in our Federal and State Courts and All Federal 
 and State Laws relating to Subjects of Interest 
 to Aliens," which has been published in the Ger- 
 man Language, and is highly valued by German 
 lawyers and business men. Mr. Vocke was a 
 member of the Republican National Convention 
 of 1872 at Philadelphia, which nominated General 
 Grant for the Presidency a second time. 
 
 VOLK, Leonard Wells, a distinguished Illinois 
 sculptor, born at Wellstown (afterwards Wells), 
 N. Y., Nov. 7, 1828. Later, his father, who was 
 a marble cutter, removed to Pittsfield, Mass., 
 and, at the age of 16, Leonard began work in his 
 shop. In 1848 he came west and began model- 
 ing in clay and drawing at St. Louis, being only 
 self-taught. He married a cousin of Stephen A. 
 Douglas, and the latter, in 1855, aided him in 
 the prosecution of his art studies in Italy. Two 
 years afterward he settled in Chicago, where he 
 
 modeled the first portrait bust ever made in the 
 city, having for his subject his first patron the 
 "Little Giant." The next year (1858) he made a 
 life-size marble statue of Douglas. In 1860 he 
 made a portrait bust of Abraham Lincoln, which 
 passed into the possession of the Chicago His- 
 torical Society and was destroyed in the great fire 
 of 1871. In 1868-69, and again in 1871-72, he 
 revisited Italy for purposes of study. In 1867 he 
 was elected academician of the Chicago Academy, 
 and was its President for eight years. He was 
 genial, companionable and charitable, and always 
 ready to assist his younger and less fortunate pro- 
 fessional brethren. His best known works are the 
 Douglas Monument, in Chicago, several soldiers' 
 monuments in different parts of the country, 
 the statuary for the Henry Keep mausoleum at 
 Watertown, N. Y. , life-size statues of Lincoln 
 and Douglas, in the State House at Springfield, 
 and numerous portrait busts of men eminent 
 in political, ecclesiastical and commercial life. 
 Died, at Osceola, Wis., August 18, 1895. 
 
 TOSS, Arno, journalist, lawyer and soldier, 
 born in Prussia, April 16, 1821 ; emigrated to the 
 United States and was admitted to the bar in 
 Chicago, in 1848, the same year becoming editor 
 of "The Staats-Zeitung"; was elected City 
 Attorney in 1852, and again in laW; in 1861 
 became Major of the Sixth Illinois Cavalry, but 
 afterwards assisted in organizing the Twelfth 
 Cavalry, of which he was commissioned Colonel, 
 still later serving with his command in Vir- 
 ginia. He was at Harper's Ferry at the time of 
 the capture of tliat place in September, 1862, but 
 succeeded in cutting liis way, with his command, 
 through the rebel lines, escaping into Pennsyl- 
 vania. Compelled by ill-health to leave the serr- 
 ice in 1863, he retired to a farm in Will County, 
 but, in 1869, returned to Chicago, where lie served 
 as Master in Chancery and was elected to the 
 lower branch of the General Assembly in 1876. 
 but declined a re-election in 1878. Died, in Chi- 
 cago, March 23, 1888. 
 
 WABASH, CHESTER & WESTERN BAIL- 
 ROAD, a railway running from Chester to Mount 
 Vernon, 111., 63.33 miles, with a branch extend- 
 ing from Chester to Menard. 1.5 miles; total 
 mileage, 64.83. It is of standard gauge, and 
 almost entirely laid with 60-pound steel rails. 
 (HISTORY.) It was organized, Feb. 20, 1878. as 
 successor to the Iron Mountain, Chester & East- 
 ern Railroad. During the fiscal year 1893-94 the 
 Company purchased the Tain arc >a & Mount Ver- 
 non Railroad, extending from Mount Vemon to 
 
546 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 Tanmroa, 22.5 miles. Capital stock (1898), $1,- 
 250,000; bonded indebtedness, $690,000; total 
 capitalization, $2,028,573. 
 
 W A HASH COUNTY, situated in the southeast 
 corner of the State ; area 220 square miles. The 
 county was carved out from Edwards in 1824, 
 and the first court house built at Centerville, in 
 May, 1826. Later, Mount Carmel was made the 
 county-seat. (See Mount Carmel.) The Wabash 
 River drains the county on the east; other 
 streams are the Bon Pas, Coffee and Crawfish 
 Creeks. The surface is undulating with a fair 
 growth of timber. The chief industries are the 
 raising of live-stock and the cultivation of cere- 
 als. The wool-crop is likewise valuable. The 
 county is crossed by the Louisville, Evansville & 
 St. Louis and the Cairo and Viucenues Division 
 of the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. 
 Louis Railroads. Population (1880), 4,945; (1890), 
 11,866; (1900), 12,583. 
 
 WABASH RAILROAD, an extensive railroad 
 system connecting the cities of Detroit and 
 Toledo, on the east, with Kansas City and Council 
 Bluffs on the west, with branches to Chicago, St. 
 Louis, Quincy and A 1 turnout. 111., and to Keokuk 
 and Des Moines, Iowa. The total mileage (1898) 
 is 1,874.96 miles, of which 677.4 miles are in Illi- 
 nois all of the latter being the property of the 
 company, besides 176.7 miles of yard-tracks, sid- 
 ings and spurs. The company has trackage 
 privileges over the Toledo, Peoria & Western (6.5 
 miles) between Elvaston and Keokuk bridge, and 
 over the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy (21.8 
 miles) between Camp Point and Quincy. (IIis- 
 TORY.) A considerable portion of this road in 
 Illinois is constructed on the line upon which the 
 Northern Cross Railroad was projected, in the 
 "internal improvement" scheme adopted in 1837, 
 and embraces the only section of road completed 
 under that scheme that between the Illinois 
 River and Springfield. (1) The construction of 
 this section was begun by the State, May 11, 
 1837, the first rail laid, May 9, 1838, the road 
 completed to Jacksonville, Jan. 1, 1840, and to 
 Springfield, May 13, 1842. It was operated for a 
 time by "mule power," but the income was in- 
 sufficient to keep the line in repair and it was 
 finally abandoned. In 1847 the line was sold for 
 $21,100 toN. H. Ridgelyand Thomas Mather of 
 Springfield, and by them transferred to New 
 York capitalists, who organized the Sangamon & 
 Morgan Railroad Company, reconstructed the 
 road from Springfield to Naples and opened it for 
 business in 1849. (2) In 1853 two corporations 
 were organized in Ohio and Indiana, respectively, 
 
 under the name of the Toledo & Illinois Railroad 
 and the Lake Erie, Wabash & St. Louis Railroad, 
 which were consolidated as the Toledo, Wabash 
 & Western Railroad, June 25, 1856. In 1858 
 these lines were sold separately under foreclo- 
 sure, and finally reorganized, under a special char- 
 ter granted by the Illinois Legislature, under the 
 name of the Great Western Railroad Company. 
 (3) The Quincy & Toledo Railroad, extending 
 from Camp Point to the Illinois River opposite 
 Meredosia, was constructed in 1858-59, and that, 
 with the Illinois & Southern Iowa (from Clay- 
 ton to Keokuk), was united, July 1, 1865, with 
 the eastern divisions extending to Toledo, the 
 new organization taking the name of the main 
 line, (Toledo, Wabash & Western). (4) The 
 Hannibal & Naples Division (49.6 miles), from 
 Bluffs to Hannibal, Mo., was chartered in 186:), 
 opened for business in 1870 and leased to the 
 Toledo, Wabash & Western. The latter defaulted 
 on its interest iu 1875, was placed in the hands 
 of a receiver and, in 1877, was turned over to a 
 new company under the name of the Wabash 
 Railway Company. (5) In 1868 the company, 
 as it then existed, promoted and secured the con- 
 struction, and afterwards acquired the owner- 
 ship, of a line extending from Decatur to East St. 
 Louis (llO.o miles) under the name of the Deca- 
 tur & East St. Louis Railroad. (6) The Eel River 
 Railroad, from Butler to Logansport, Ind., was 
 acquired in 1877, and afterwards extended to 
 Detroit under the name of the Detroit, Butler & 
 St. Louis Railroad, completing the connection 
 from Logansport to Detroit. In November, 1879, 
 the Wabash, St. Louis & Pacific Railway Com- 
 pany was organized, took the property and con- 
 solidated it with certain lines west of the 
 Mississippi, of which the chief was the St. Louis, 
 Kansas City & Northern. A line had been pro- 
 jected from Decatur to Chicago as early as 187U, 
 but, not having been constructed in 1881, the 
 Wabash, St. Louis & Pacific purchased what was 
 known as the Chicago & Paducah Railroad, 
 uniting with the main line at Bement, and (by 
 way of the Decatur and St. Louis Division) giv- 
 ing a direct line between Chicago and St. Louis. 
 At this time the Wabash, St. Louis & Pacific was 
 operating the following additional leased lines: 
 Pekin, Lincoln & Decatur (67.2 miles) ; Hannibal 
 & Central Missouri (70.2 miles) ; Lafayette, Mun- 
 cie & Bloomington (36. 7 miles), and the Lafayette 
 Bloomington & Muncie (80 miles). A connection 
 between Chicago on the west and Toledo and 
 Detroit on the east was established over the 
 Grand Trunk road in 1882, but, in 1890, the com- 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 547 
 
 pany constructed a line from Hontpelier, Ohio, to 
 Clark, Ind. (149.7 miles), thence by track lease 
 to Chicago (17.5 miles), giving an independent 
 line between Chicago and Detroit by what is 
 known to investors as the Detroit & Chicago 
 Division. 
 
 The total mileage of the Wabash, St. Louis & 
 Pacific system, in 1884, amounted to over 3,600 
 miles; but, in May of that year, default having 
 been made in the payment of interest, the work 
 of disintegration began. The main line east of 
 the Mississippi and that on the west were sepa- 
 rated, the latter taking the name of the "Wabash 
 Western." The Eastern Division was placed in 
 the hands of a receiver, so remaining until May, 
 1889, when the two divisions, having been 
 bought in by a purchasing committee, were 
 consolidated under the present name. The total 
 earnings and income of the road in Illinois, for 
 the fiscal year 1898, were $4,402,621, and the 
 expenses $4,836,110. The total capital invested 
 (1898) was $139,889,643, including capital stock 
 of $52,000,000 and bonds to the amount of $81,- 
 534,000. 
 
 WABASH BITER, rises in northwestern Ohio, 
 passes into Indiana, and runs northwest to Hun- 
 tington. It then flows nearly due west to Logans- 
 port, thence southwest to Covington, finally 
 turning southward to Terre Haute, a few miles 
 below which it strikes the western boundary of 
 Indiana. It forms the boundary between Illinois 
 and Indiana (taking into account its numerous 
 windings) for some 200 miles. Below Vincennes 
 it runs in a south-southwesterly direction, and 
 enters the Ohio at the south-west extremity of 
 Indiana, near latitude 37 49' north. Its length 
 is estimated at 557 miles. 
 
 WABASH & MISSISSIPPI RAILROAD. 
 (See Illinois Central Railroad. ) 
 
 WABASH, ST. LOUIS & PACIFIC RAIL- 
 ROAD. (See Wabaxh Railroad.) 
 
 WABASH it WESTERN RAILROAD. (See 
 Wabask Railroad.) 
 
 WAIT, William Smith, pioneer, and original 
 .suggestor of the Illinois Central Railroad, was 
 born in Portland, Maine, March 5, 1789, and edu- 
 cated in the public schools of his native place. 
 In his youth he entered a book-publishing house 
 in which his father was a partner, and was for a 
 time associated with the publication of a weekly 
 l>aper. Later the business was conducted at 
 Boston, ami extended over the Eastern, Middle, 
 iind Southern States, the subject of this sketch 
 making extensive tours in the interest of the 
 firm. In 1817 he made a tour to the West, 
 
 reaching St. Louis, and, early in the following 
 year, visited Bond County, 111., where he made 
 his first entry of land from the Government. 
 Returning to Boston a few months later, he con- 
 tinued in the service of the publishing firm until 
 
 1820, when he again came to Illinois, and, in 
 
 1821, began farming in Ripley Township, Bond 
 County. Returning East in 1824, he spent tin- 
 next ten years in the employment of the publish- 
 ing firm, with occasional visits to Illinois. In 
 1835 he located permanently near Greenville. 
 Bond County, and engaged extensively in farm- 
 ing and fruit-raising, planting one of the largest 
 apple orchards in the State at that early day. In 
 1845 he presided as chairman over the National 
 Industrial Convention in New York, and, in 
 1848, was nominated as the candidate of the 
 National Reform Association for Vice-President 
 on the ticket with Gerrit Smith of New York, 
 but declined. He was also prominent in County 
 and State Agricultural Societies. Mr Wait has 
 been credited with being one of the first (if not 
 the very first) to suggest the construction of the 
 Illinois Central Railroad, which he did as early 
 as 1835 ; was also one of the prime movers in the 
 construction of the Mississippi & Atlantic Rail- 
 road now the "Vandalia Line" giving much 
 time to the latter enterprise from 1846 for many 
 years, and was one of the original iucorporati <rs 
 of the St. Louis & Illinois Bridge Company. 
 Died, July 17, 1865. 
 
 WALKER, Cyrns, pioneer, lawyer, born in 
 Rockbridge County, Va., May 14, 1791 ; was taken 
 while an infant to Adair County, Ky., and came 
 to Macomb, 111. , in 1833, being the second lawyer 
 to locate in McDonough County. He had a wide 
 reputation as a successful advocate, especially in 
 criminal cases, and practiced extensively in tin- 
 courts of Western Illinois and also in Iowa. Died. 
 Dec. 1, 1873. Mr. Walker was uncle of the late 
 Pinkney H. Walker of the Supreme Court, who 
 studied law with him. He was Whig candidate 
 for Presidential Elector for the State-at-large in 
 1840. 
 
 WALKER, .lame* Barr, clergyman, was born 
 in Philadelphia, July 29, 1805; in his youth 
 served as errand-boy in a country store near 
 Pittsburg and spent four years in a printing 
 office; then became clerk in the office of Mordecai 
 M. Noah, in New York, studied law and gradu- 
 ated from Western Reserve College, Ohio; editeil 
 various religious papers, including "The Watcli- 
 man of the Prairies" (now "The Advance") of 
 Chicago, was licensed to preach by the Presbytery 
 of Chicago, and for some time was lecturer on 
 
548 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 "Harmony between Science and Revealed Reli- 
 gion" at Oberlin College and Chicago Theological 
 Seminary. He was author of several volumes, 
 one of which "The Philosophy of the Plan of 
 Salvation," published anonymously under the 
 editorship of Prof. Calvin E. Stowe (1855) ran 
 through several editions and was translated into 
 five different languages, including Hindustanee. 
 Died, at Wheaton, 111., March 6, 1887. 
 
 WALKEB, James Monroe, corporation lawyer 
 and Railway President, was born at Claremont, 
 N. H. , Feb. 14, 1820. At fifteen he removed with 
 his parents to a farm in Michigan ; was educated 
 at Oberlin, Ohio, and at the University of Michi- 
 gan, Ann Arbor, graduating from the latter in 
 1849. He then entered a law office as clerk and 
 student, was admitted to the bar the next year, 
 and soon after elected Prosecuting Attorney of 
 Washtenaw County ; was also local attorney for 
 the Michigan Central Railway, for which, after 
 his removal to Chicago in 1853, he became Gen- 
 eral Solicitor. Two years later the firm of Sedg- 
 wick & Walker, which had been organized in 
 Michigan, became attorneys for the Chicago, 
 Burlington & Quincy Railroad, and, until his 
 death, Mr. Walker was associated with this com- 
 pany, either as General Solicitor, General Counsel 
 or President, filling the latter position from 1870 
 to 1875. Mr. Walker organized both the Chicago 
 and Kansas City stock-yards, and was President 
 of these corporations, as also of the Wilmington 
 Coal Company, down to the time of his death, 
 which occurred on Jan. 22, 1881, as a result of 
 heart disease. 
 
 WALKER, (Ber.) Jesse, Methodist Episcopal 
 missionary, was born in Rockingham County, 
 Va., June 9, 1766; in 1800 removed to Tennessee, 
 became a traveling preacher in 1802, and, in 
 1806, came to Illinois under the presiding-elder- 
 ship of Rev. William McKendree (afterwards 
 Bishop), locating first at Turkey Hill, St. Clair 
 County. In 1807 he held a camp meeting near 
 Edwardsville the first on Illinois soil. Later, 
 he transferred his labors to Northern Illinois; 
 was at Peoria in 1824; at Ottawa in 1825, and 
 devoted much time to missionary work among 
 the Pottawatomies, maintaining a school among 
 them for a time. He visited Chicago in 1826, and 
 there is evidence that he was a prominent resident 
 there for several years, occupying a log house, 
 which he used as a church and living-room, on 
 "Wolf Point" at the junction of the North and 
 South Branches of the Chicago River. While 
 acting as superintendent of the Fox River mis- 
 sion, his residence appears to have been at Plain- 
 
 field, in the northern part of Will County. Died, 
 Oct. 5, 1835. 
 
 WALKER, Pinkney H., lawyer and jurist, 
 was born in Adair County, Ky., June 18, 1815. 
 His boyhood was chiefly passed in farm work and 
 as clerk in a general store ; in 1834 he came to Illi- 
 nois, settling at Rushville, where he worked in a 
 store for four years. In 1838 he removed to 
 Macomb, where he began attendance at an acad- 
 emy and the study of law with his uncle, Cyrus 
 Walker, a leading lawyer of his time. He was 
 admitted to the bar in 1839, practicing at Macomb 
 until, 1848, when he returned to Rushville. In 
 1853 &e was elected Judge of the Fifth Judicial 
 Circuit, to fill a vacancy, and re-elected in 1855. 
 This position he resigned in 1858, having been 
 appointed, by Governor Bissell, to 611 the vacancy 
 on the bench of the Supreme Court occasioned by 
 the resignation of Judge Skinner. Two months 
 later he was elected to the same position, and 
 re-elected in 1867 and '76. He presided as Chief 
 Justice from January, 1864, to June, '67, and 
 again from June, 1874, to June, '75. Before the 
 expiration of his last term he died, Feb. 7, 1885. 
 
 WALL, George Wlllard, lawyer, politician and 
 Judge, was born at Chillicothe, Ohio, April 22, 
 1839; brought to Perry County, 111., in infancy, 
 and received his preparatory education at McKen. 
 dree College, finally graduating from the Uni- 
 versity of Michigan in 1858, and from the 
 Cincinnati Law School in 1859, when he began 
 practice at Duquoin, 111. He was a member of 
 the Constitutional Convention of 1862, and, from 
 1864 to '68, served as State's Attorney for the 
 Third Judicial District ; was also a Delegate to the 
 State Constitutional Convention of 1869-70. In 
 1872 he was an unsuccessful Democratic candi- 
 date for Congress, although running ahead of his 
 ticket. In 1877 he was elected to the bench of 
 the Third Circuit, and re-elected in '79, '85 and 
 '91, much of the time since 1877 being on duty 
 upon the Appellate bench. His home is at 
 Duquoin. 
 
 WALLACE, (Rev.) Peter, D.D., clergyman 
 and soldier; was born in Mason County, Ky., 
 April 11, 1813; taken in infancy to Brown 
 County, Ohio, where he grew up on a farm until 
 15 years of age, when he was apprenticed to a 
 carpenter; at the age of 20 came to Illinois, 
 where he became a contractor and builder, fol- 
 lowing this occupation for a number of yean. He 
 was converted in 1835 at Springfield, 111., and, 
 some years later, having decided to enter the 
 ministry, was admitted to the Illinois Conference 
 as a deacon by Bishop E. S. Janes in 1855, and 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 549 
 
 placed in charge of the Danville Circuit. Two 
 years later he was ordained by Bishop Scott, and, 
 in the next few years, held pastorates at various 
 places in the central and eastern parts of the 
 State. From 1867 to 1874 he was Presiding Elder 
 of the Mattoon and Quincy Districts, and, for six 
 years, held the position of President of the Board 
 of Trustees of Chaddock College at Quincy, from 
 which he received the degree of D.D. in 1881. 
 In the second year of the Civil War he raised a 
 company in Sangamon County, was chosen 
 its Captain and assigned to the Seventy-third 
 Illinois Volunteers, known as the "preachers' 
 regiment" all of its officers being ministers. In 
 1864 he was compelled by ill-health to resign his 
 commission. While pastor of the church at Say- 
 brook, 111., he was offered the position of Post- 
 master of that place, which he decided to accept, 
 and was allowed to retire from the active minis- 
 try. On retirement from office, in 1884, he 
 removed to Chicago. In 1889 he was appointed 
 by Governor Fifer the first Chaplain of the Sol- 
 diers' and Sailors' Home at Quincy, but retired 
 some four years afterward, when he returned to 
 Chicago. Dr. Wallace was an eloquent and 
 effective preacher and continued to preach, at 
 intervals, until within a short time of his decease, 
 which occurred in Chicago, Feb. 21, 1897, in his 
 84th year. A zealous patriot, he frequently 
 spoke very effectively upon the political rostrum. 
 Originally a Whig, he became a Republican on 
 the organization of that party, and took pride in 
 the fact that the first vote he ever cast was for 
 Abraham Lincoln, for Representative in the Legis- 
 lature, in 1834 He was a Knight Templar, Vice- 
 President of the Tippecanoe Club of Chicago, 
 and, at his death, Chaplain of America Post, No. 
 708, G. A. R 
 
 WALLACE, William Henry Lamb, lawyer and 
 soldier, was born at Urbana, Ohio, July 8, 1821 . 
 brought to Illinois in 1833, his father settling 
 near La Salle and, afterwards, at Mount Morris, 
 Ogle County, where young Wallace attended the 
 Rock River Seminary ; was admitted to the bar in 
 1845 ; in 1846 enlisted as a private in the First Illi- 
 nois Volunteers (Col. John J. Hardin's regiment), 
 for the Mexican War, rising to the rank of Adju- 
 tant and participting in the battle of Buena Vista 
 (where his commander was killed), and in other 
 engagements. Returning to his profession at 
 Ottawa, he served as District Attorney (1852-56), 
 then became partner of his father-in-law, CoL 
 T. Lyle Dickey, afterwards of the Supreme Court. 
 In April, 1861, he was one of the first to answer 
 the call for troops by enlisting, and became Colo- 
 
 nel of the Eleventh Illinois (three-months' 
 men), afterwards re-enlisting for three years. 
 As commander of a brigade he participated in 
 the capture of Forts Henry and Donelson, in Feb- 
 ruary, 1862, receiving promotion as Brigadier- 
 General for gallantry. At Pittsburg Landing 
 (Shilohj, as commander of Gen. C. F. Smith's 
 Division, devolving on him on account of the 
 illness of his superior officer, he showed great 
 courage, but fell mortally wounded, dying at 
 Charleston, Tenn., April 10, 1862. His career 
 promised great brilliancy and his loss was greatly 
 deplored. Martin R. M. ( Wallace), brother of 
 the preceding, was born at Urbana, Ohio, Sept. 
 29, 1829, came to La Salle County, 111., with his 
 father's family and was educated in the local 
 schools and at Rock River Seminary ; studied law 
 at Ottawa, and was admitted to the bar in 1856, 
 soon after locating in Chicago. In 1861 he 
 assisted in organizing the Fourth Regiment Illi- 
 nois Cavalry, of which he became Lieutenant- 
 Colonel, and was complimented, in 1865, with the 
 rank of brevet Brigadier-General. After the 
 war he served as Assessor of Internal Revenue 
 (1866-69); County Judge (1869-77); Prosecuting 
 Attorney (1884); and, for many years past, has 
 been one of the Justices of the Peace of the city 
 of Chicago. 
 
 WALNUT, a town of Bureau County, on the 
 Mendota and Fulton branch of the Chicago, Bur- 
 lington & Quincy Railroad, 26 miles west of 
 Mendota; is in a farming and stock-raising dis- 
 trict; has two banks and two newspapers. Popu- 
 lation (1890), 605; (1900), 791. 
 
 WAR OF 1812. Upon the declaration of war 
 by Congress, in June, 1812, the Pottawatomies, 
 and most 'of the other tribes of Indians in the 
 Territory of Illinois, strongly sympathized with 
 the British. The savages had been hostile and 
 restless for some time previous, and blockhouses 
 and family forts had been erected at a number 
 of points, especially in the settlements most 
 exposed to the incursions of the savages. Gov- 
 ernor Edwards, becoming apprehensive of an 
 outbreak, constructed Fort Russell, a few miles 
 from Edwardsville. Taking the field in person, 
 he made this his headquarters, and collected 
 force of 250 mounted volunteers, who were later 
 reinforced by two companies of rangers, under 
 Col. William Russell, numbering about 100 men. 
 An independent company of twenty -one spies, of 
 which John Reynolds afterwards Governor- 
 was a member, was also formed and led by Capt. 
 Samuel Judy. The Governor organized his little 
 army into two regiments under Colonels Rector 
 
550 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 and Stephenson, Colonel Russell serving as 
 second to the commander-in-chief, other mem- 
 bers of his staff being Secretary Nathaniel Pope 
 and Robert K. McLaughlin. On Oct. 18, 1812, 
 Governor Edwards, with his men, set out for 
 Peoria, where it was expected that their force 
 would meet that of General Hopkins, who had 
 been sent from Kentucky with a force of 2,000 
 men. En route, two Kickapoo villages were 
 burned, and a number of Indians unnecessarily 
 slain by Edwards' party. Hopkins had orders to 
 disperse the Indians on the Illinois and Wabash 
 Rivers, and destroy their villages. He deter- 
 mined, however, on reaching the headwaters of 
 the Vermilion to proceed no farther. Governor 
 Edwards reached the head of Peoria Lake, but, 
 failing to meet Hopkins, returned to Fort Russell. 
 About the same time Capt. Thomas E. Craig led 
 a party, in two boats, up the Illinois River to 
 Peoria. His boats, as he alleged, having been 
 fired upon in the night by Indians, who were har- 
 bored and protected by the French citizens of 
 Peoria, he burned the greater part of the village, 
 and capturing the population, carried them down 
 the river, putting them on shore, in the early part 
 of the winter, just below Alton. Other desultory 
 expeditions marked the campaigns of 1813 and 
 1814. The Indians meanwhile gaining courage, 
 remote settlements were continually harassed 
 by marauding bands. Later in 1814, an expedi- 
 tion, led by Major (afterwards President) Zachary 
 Taylor, ascended the Mississippi as far as Rock 
 Island, where he found a large force of Indians, 
 supported by British regulars with artillery. 
 Finding himself unable to cope with so formida- 
 ble a foe, Major Taylor retreated down the river. 
 On the site of the present town of Warsaw he 
 threw up fortifications, which he named Fort 
 Edwards, from which point he was subsequently 
 compelled to retreat. The same year the British, 
 with their Indian allies, descended from Macki- 
 nac, captured Prairie du Chien, and burned Forts 
 Madison and Johnston, after which they retired 
 to Cap au Gris. The treaty of Ghent, signed 
 Dec. 24, 1814, closed the war, although no formal 
 treaties were made with the tribes until the year 
 following. 
 
 WAR OF THE REBELLION. At the outbreak 
 of the Civil War, the executive <'hair. in Illinois, 
 was occupied by Gov. Richard Yates. Immedi- 
 ately upon the issuance of President Lincoln's 
 first call for troops (April 15, 1861), the Governor 
 issued his proclamation summoning the Legisla- 
 ture together in special session and, the same 
 day, issued a call for "six regiments of militia," 
 
 the quota assigned to the State under call of the 
 President. Public excitement was at fever heat, 
 and dormant patriotism in both sexes was 
 aroused as never before. Party lines were 
 broken down and, with comparatively few excep- 
 tions, the mass of the people were actuated by a 
 common sentiment of patriotism. On April 19, 
 Governor Yates was instructed, by the Secretary 
 of War, to take possession of Cairo as an important 
 strategic point. At that time, the State militia 
 organizations were few in number and poorly 
 equipped, consisting chiefly of independent com- 
 panies in the larger cities. The Governor acted 
 with great promptitude, and, on April 21, seven 
 companies, numbering 595 men, commanded by 
 Gen. Richard K. Swift of Chicago, were en route 
 to Cairo. The first volunteer company to tender 
 its services, in response to Governor Yates' proc- 
 lamation, on April 16, was the Zouave Grays of 
 Springfield. Eleven other companies were ten- 
 dered the same day, and, by the evening of the 
 18th, the number had been increased to fifty. 
 Simultaneously with these proceedings, Chicago 
 bankers tendered to the Governor a war loan of 
 $500,000, and those of Springfield, $100,000. The 
 Legislature, at its special session, passed acts in- 
 creasing the efficiency of the militia law, and 
 provided for the creation of a war fund of 82,- 
 000,000. Besides the six regiments already called 
 for, the raising of ten additional volunteer regi- 
 ments and one battery of light artillery was 
 authorized. The last of the six regiments, 
 apportioned to Illinois under the first presidential 
 call, was dispatched to Cairo early in May. The 
 six regiments were numbered the Seventh to 
 Twelfth, inclusive the earlier numbers, First to 
 Sixth, being conceded to the six regiments which 
 had served in the war with Mexico. The regi- 
 ments were commanded, respectively, by Colonels 
 John Cook, Richard J. Oglesby, Eleazer A. Paine, 
 James D. Morgan, William H. L. Wallace, and 
 John McArthur, constituting the "First Brigade 
 of Illinois Volunteers." Benjamin M. Prentiss, 
 having been chosen Brigadier-General on arrival 
 at Cairo, assumed command, relieving General 
 Swift. The quota under the second call, consist- 
 ing of ten regiments, was mustered into service 
 within sixty days, 200 companies being tendered 
 immediately. Many more volunteered than could 
 be accepted, and large numbers crossed to Mis- 
 souri and enlisted in regiments forming in that 
 State. During June and July the Secretary of 
 War authorized Governor Yates to recruit twenty- 
 two additional regiments (seventeen infantry and 
 five cavalry), which were promptly raised. On 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 551 
 
 July 22, the day following the defeat of the Union 
 army at Bull Run, President Lincoln called for 
 500,000 more volunteers. Governor Yates im- 
 mediately responded with an offer to the War 
 Department of sixteen more regiments (thirteen 
 of infantry and three of cavalry), and a battalion 
 of artillery, adding, that the State claimed it as 
 her right, to do her full share toward the preser- 
 vation of the Union. Under supplemental author- 
 ity, received from the Secretary of War in 
 August, 1861, twelve additional regiments of in- 
 fantry and five of cavalry were raised, and, by De- 
 cember, 1861, the State had 43,000 volunteers in 
 the field and 17,000 in camps of instruction. 
 Other calls were made in July and August, 1802, 
 each for 300,000 men. Illinois' quota, under both 
 calls, was over 52,000 men, no regard being paid 
 to the fact that the State had already furnished 
 16.000 troops in excess of its quotas under previ- 
 ous calls. Unless this number of volunteers was 
 raised by September 1, a draft would be ordered. 
 The tax was a severe one, inasmuch as it would 
 fall chiefly upon the prosperous citizens, the float- 
 ing population, the idle and the extremely poor 
 having already followed the army's march, either 
 as soldiers or as camp-followers. But recruiting 
 was actively carried on, and, aided by liberal 
 bounties in many of the counties, in less than a 
 fortnight the 52,000 new troops were secured, the 
 volunteers coming largely from the substantial 
 classes agricultural, mercantile, artisan and 
 professional. By the end of December, fifty -nine 
 regiments and four batteries had been dispatched 
 to the front, besides a considerable number to fill 
 up regiments already in the field, which had suf- 
 fered severely from battle, exposure and disease. 
 At this time, Illinois had an aggregate of over 
 135.000 enlisted men in the field. The issue of 
 President Lincoln's preliminary proclamation of 
 emancipation, in September, 1862, was met by a 
 storm of hostile criticism from his political 
 opponents, who aided by the absence of so 
 large a proportion of the loyal population of the 
 State in the field were able to carry the elec- 
 tions of that year. Consequently, when the 
 Twenty-third General Assembly convened in 
 regular session at Springfield, on Jan. 5, 1863, a 
 large majority of that body was not only opposed 
 to both the National and State administrations, 
 but avowedly opposed to the further prosecution 
 of the war under the existing policy. The Leg- 
 islature reconvened in June, but was prorogued 
 by Governor Yates Between Oct. 1, 1863, and 
 July 1, 1864, 16,000 veterans re-enlisted and 
 S7.000 new volunteers were enrolled ; and, by the 
 
 date last mentioned. Illinois had furnished to the 
 Union army 344,496 men, being 14,596 in ex- 
 cess of the allotted quotas, constituting fifteen 
 per cent of the entire population. These were 
 comprised in 151 regiments of infantry, 17 of 
 cavalry and two complete regiments of artillery, 
 besides twelve independent batteries. The total 
 losses of Illinois organizations, during the war, 
 has been reported at 34,834, of which 5,874 were 
 killed in battle, 4,020 died from wounds, 22,786 
 from disease and 2, 154 from other causes being 
 a total of thirteen per cent of the entire force of 
 the State in the service. The part which Illinois 
 played in the contest was conspicuous for patriot- 
 ism, promptness in response to every call, and 
 the bravery and efficiency of its troops in the 
 field reflecting honor upon the State and its his- 
 tory. Nor were its loyal citizens who, while 
 staying at home, furnished moral and material 
 support to the men at the front less worthy of 
 praise than those who volunteered. By uphold- 
 ing the Government National and State and 
 by their zeal and energy in collecting and sending 
 forward immense quantities of supplies surgical, 
 medical and other often at no little sacrifice, 
 they contributed much to the success of the 
 Union arms. (See also Camp Douglas; Camp 
 Douglas Conspiracy; Secret Treasonable Soci- 
 eties. ) 
 
 WAR OF THE REBELLION (HISTORY OF ILLI- 
 NOIS REGIMENTS). The following is a list of the 
 various military organizations mustered into the 
 service during the Civil War (1861-65), with the 
 terms of service and a summary of the more 
 important events in the history of each, while 
 in the field : 
 
 SEVENTH INFANTRY. Illinois having sent six 
 regiments to the Mexican War, by courtesy the 
 numbering of the regiments which took part in 
 the war for the Union began with number 
 Seven. A number of regiments which responded 
 to the first call of the President, claimed the right 
 to be recognized as the first regiment in the 
 field, but the honor was finally accorded to that 
 organized at Springfield by Col. John Cook, and 
 hence his regiment was numbered Seventh. It 
 was mustered into the service, April 25, 1861. and 
 remained at Mound City during the three months' 
 service, the period of its first enlistment. It was 
 subsequently reorganized and mustered for the 
 three years' service, July 25, 1861, and was 
 engaged in the battles of Fort Donelson, Shiloh, 
 Corinth, Cherokee, Allatoona Pass, Salkahatchie 
 Swamp, Bentonville and Columbia. The regi- 
 ment re-enlisted as veterans at Pulaski, Tenn., 
 
552 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 Deo. 22, 1863; was mustered out at Louisville, 
 July 9, 1865, and paid off and discharged at 
 Springfield, July 11. 
 
 EIGHTH INFANTRY. Organized at Springfield, 
 and mustered in for three mouths' service, April 
 26, 1861, Richard J. Oglesby of Decatur, being 
 appointed Colonel. It remained at Cairo during 
 its term of service, when it was mustered out. 
 July 25, 1861, it was reorganized and mustered in 
 for three years' service. It participated in the 
 battles of Fort Donelson, Shiloh, Port Gibson, 
 Thompson Hill, Raymond, Champion Hill, Vicks- 
 burg, Brownsville, and Spanish Fort; re-enlisted 
 as veterans, March 24, 1864 ; was mustered out at 
 Baton Rouge, May 4, 1866, paid off and dis- 
 charged, May 13, having served five years. 
 
 NINTH INFANTRY. Mustered into the service 
 at Springfield, April 26, 1861. for the term of 
 three months, under Col. Eleazer A. Paine. It 
 was reorganized at Cairo, in August, for three 
 years, being composed of companies from St. 
 Clair, Madison, Montgomery, Pulaski, Alexander 
 and Mercer Counties ; was engaged at Fort Donel- 
 son, Shiloh, Jackson (Tenn.), Meed Creek 
 Swamps, Salem, Wyatt, Florence, Montezuma, 
 Athens and Grenada. The regiment was mounted, 
 March 15, 1863, and so continued during the 
 remainder of its service. Mustered out at Louis- 
 ville, July 9, 1865. 
 
 TENTH INFANTRY. Organized and mustered 
 into the service for three months, on April 29, 
 1861, at Cairo, and on July 29, 1861, was mustered 
 into the service for three years, with Col. James 
 D. Morgan in command. It was engaged at 
 Sykeston, New Madrid, Corinth, Missionary 
 Ridge, Buzzard's Roost, Resaca, Rome, Kenesaw, 
 Chattahoochie, Savannah and Bentonville. Re- 
 enlisted as veterans, Jan. 1, 1864, and mustered 
 out of service, July 4, 1865, at Louisville, and 
 received final discharge and pay, July 11, 1865, 
 at Chicago. 
 
 ELEVENTH INFANTRY. Organized at Spring- 
 field and mustered into service, April 30, 1861, 
 for three months. July 30, the regiment was 
 mustered out, and re-enlisted for three years' 
 service. It was engaged at Fort Donelson, 
 Shiloh, Corinth, Tallahatchie, Vicksburg, Liver- 
 pool Heights, Yazoo City, Spanish Fort and 
 Fort Blakely. W. H. L. Wallace, afterwards 
 Brigadier-General and killed at Shiloh, was its 
 first Colonel. Mustered out of service, at Baton 
 Rouge, July 14, 1865; paid off and discharged at 
 Springfield. 
 
 TWELFTH INFANTRY. Mustered into service 
 for three years, August 1, 1861 ; was engaged at 
 
 Columbus, Fort Donelson, Shiloh, Corinth, Lay's 
 Ferry, Rome Cross Roads, Dallas, Kenesaw, 
 Nickajack Creek, Bald Knob, Decatur, Ezra 
 Church, Atlanta, Allatoona and Goldsboro. On 
 Jan. 16, 1864, the regiment re-enlisted as veter- 
 ans. John Me 1 Arthur was its first Colonel, suc- 
 ceeded by Augustus L. Chetlain, both being 
 promoted to Brigadier-Generalships. Mustered 
 out of service at Louisville, Ky., July 10, 1865, 
 and received final pay and discharge, at Spring- 
 field, July 18. 
 
 THIRTEENTH INFANTRY. One of the regiments 
 organized under the act known as the "Ten Regi- 
 ment Bill" ; was mustered into service on May 24, 
 1861, for three years, at Dizon, with John B. 
 Wyman as Colonel; was engaged at Chickasaw 
 Bayou, Arkansas Post, Vicksburg, Jackson, Mis- 
 sionary Ridge, Rossville and Ringgold Gap. 
 Mustered out at Springfield, June 18, 1864, hav- 
 ing served three years and two months. 
 
 FOURTEENTH INFANTRY. One of the regiments 
 raised under the "Ten Regiment Bill," which 
 anticipated the requirements of the General 
 Government by organizing, equipping and dril- 
 ling a regiment in each Congressional District in 
 the State for thirty days, unless sooner required 
 for service by the United States. It was mustered 
 in at Jacksonville for three years, May 25, 1861, 
 under command of John M. Palmer as its first 
 Colonel; was engaged at Shiloh, Corinth, Meta- 
 mora, Vicksburg, Jackson, Fort Beauregard and 
 Meridian ; consolidated with the Fifteenth Infan- 
 try, as a veteran battalion (both regiments hav- 
 ing enlisted as veterans), on July 1, 1864. In 
 October, 1864, the major part of the battalion 
 was captured by General Hood and sent to 
 Andersonville. The remainder participated in 
 the "March to the Sea," and through the cam- 
 paign in the Carolinas. In the spring of 1865 the 
 battalion organization was discontinued, both 
 regiments having been filled up by recruits. The 
 regiment was mustered out at Fort Leaven- 
 worth, Kan., Sept. 16, 1865; and arrived at 
 Springfield. 111., Sept. 22, 2865, where it received 
 final payment and discharge. The aggregate 
 number of men who belonged to this organization 
 was 1,980, and the aggregate mustered out at 
 Fort Leavenworth, 480. During its four years 
 and four months of service, the regiment 
 marched 4,490 miles, traveled by rail, 2,330 miles, 
 and, by river, 4,490 miles making an aggregate 
 of 11,670 miles. 
 
 FIFTEENTH INFANTRY. Raised under the "Ten 
 Regiment Act," in the (then) First Congressional 
 District; was organized at Freeport, and mus- 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 553 
 
 tered into service, May 24, 1861. It was engaged 
 at Sedalia, Shiloh, Corinth, Metamora Hill, 
 Vicksburg, Fort Beauregard, Champion Hill, 
 Allatoona and Bentonville. In March. 1864, the 
 regiment re-enlisted as veterans, and, in July, 
 
 1864, was consolidated with the Fourteenth Infan- 
 try as a Veteran Battalion. At Big Shanty and 
 Ackworth a large portion of the battalion was 
 captured by General Hood. At Raleigh the 
 Veteran Battalion was discontinued and the 
 Fifteenth reorganized. From July 1, to Sept. 1, 
 
 1865, the regiment was stationed at Forts Leaven- 
 worth and Kearney. Having been mustered out 
 at Fort Leavenworth, it was sent to Springfield 
 for final payment and discharge having served 
 four years and four months. Miles marched, 
 4,299; miles by rail, 2,403, miles by steamer, 
 4,310; men enlisted from date of organization, 
 1,963; strength at date of muster-out, 640. 
 
 SIXTEENTH INFANTRY. Organized and mus- 
 tered into service at Quincy under the "Ten- Regi- 
 ment Act." May 24, 1861. The regiment was 
 engaged at New Madrid, Tiptonville, Corinth, 
 Buzzards' Roost, Resaca, Rome, Kenesaw Moun- 
 tain, Chattahoochie River, Peach Tree Creek, 
 Atlanta, Savannah, Columbia, Fayetteville, 
 Averysboro and Bentonville. In December, 
 1864, the regiment re-enlisted as veterans; was 
 mustered out at Louisville, Ky., July 8, 1865, 
 after a term of service of four years and three 
 months, and, a week later, arrived at Spring- 
 field, where it received its final pay and discharge 
 papers. 
 
 SEVENTEENTH INFANTRY. Mustered into the 
 service at Peoria, 111., on May 24, 1861; was 
 engaged at Fredericktown (Mo.), Greenfield 
 (Ark.), Shiloh, Corinth, Hatchie and Vicksburg. 
 In May, 1864, the term of enlistment having 
 expired, the regiment was ordered to Springfield 
 for pay and discharge. Those men and officers 
 who re-enlisted, and those whose term had not 
 expired, were consolidated with the Eighth Infan- 
 try, which was mustered out in the spring of 1866. 
 
 EIGHTEENTH INFANTRY. Organized under the 
 provisions of the "Ten Regiment Bill," at Anna, 
 and mustered into the service on May 28, 1861, 
 the term of enlistment being for three years. 
 The regiment participated in the capture of Fort 
 McHenry, and was actively engaged at Fort 
 Donelson, Shiloh and Corinth. It was mustered 
 out at Little Rock, Dec. 16, 1865, and Dec. 31, 
 thereafter, arrived at Springfield, 111., for pay- 
 ment and discharge. The aggregate enlistments 
 in the regiment, from its organization to date of 
 discharge (rank and file), numbered 2,043. 
 
 NINETEENTH INFANTRY. Mustered into the 
 United States service for three years, June 17, 
 1861, at Chicago, embracing four companies 
 which had been accepted under the call for three 
 months' men; participated in the battle of 
 Stone River and in the Tullahoma and Chatta- 
 nooga campaigns; was also engaged at Davis' 
 Cross Roads, Cbickamauga, Missionary Ridge and 
 Resaca. It was mustered out of service on July 
 9, 1864, at Chicago. Originally consisting of 
 nearly 1,000 men, besides a large number of 
 recruits received during the war, its strength at 
 the final muster-out was less than 350. 
 
 TWENTIETH INFANTRY. Organized, May 14, 
 1861, at Joliet, and June 13, 1861, and mustered 
 into the service for a term of three years. It 
 participated in the following engagements, bat- 
 tles, sieges, etc.: Fredericktown (Mo.), Fort 
 Donelson, Shiloh, Corinth, Thompson's Planta- 
 tion, Champion Hills, Big Black River, Vicks- 
 burg, Kenesaw Mountain and Atlanta. After 
 marching through the Carolinas, the regiment 
 was finally ordered to Louisville, where it was 
 mustered out, July 16, 1865. receiving its final 
 discharge at Chicago, on July 24. 
 
 TWENTY- FIRST INFANTRY. Organized under 
 the "Ten Regiment Bill," from the (then) Sev- 
 enth Congressional District, at Mattoon, and 
 mustered into service for three years, June 28, 
 1861. Its first Colonel was U. S. Grant, who was 
 in command until August 7, when he was com- 
 missioned Brigadier-General. It was engaged 
 at Fredericktown (Mo.), Corinth, Perryville, Mur- 
 freesboro, Liberty Gap, Cbickamauga, Jonesboro, 
 Franklin and Nashville. The regiment re-enlisted 
 as veterans, at Chattanooga, in February, 1864. 
 From June, 1864, to December, 1865, it was on 
 duty in Texas. Mustered out at San Antonio, 
 Dec. 10, 1865, and paid off and discharged at 
 Springfield, Jan. 18, 1866. 
 
 TWENTY-SECOND INFANTRY. Organized at 
 Belleville, and mustered into service, for three 
 years, at Caseyville, 111., June 25, 1861; was 
 engaged at Belmont, Charleston (Mo. ), Sikestown, 
 Tiptonville, Farmingtou, Corinth, Stone River, 
 Chickamauga, Missionary Ridge, Resaca, New 
 Hope Church, and all the battles of the Atlanta 
 campaign, except Rocky Face Ridge. It was 
 mustered out at Springfield, July 7, 1864, the vet 
 erans and recruits, whose term of service had not 
 expired, being consolidated with the Forty -second 
 Regiment Illinois Infantry Volunteers. 
 
 TWENTY-THIRD INFANTRY. The organization 
 of the Twenty-third Infantry Volunteers com- 
 menced, at Chicago, under the popular name of 
 
554 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 the "Irish Brigade," immediately upon the 
 opening of hostilities at Sumter. The formal 
 muster of the regiment, under the command of 
 Col. James A. Mulligan, was made, June 15, 1861, 
 at Chicago, when it was occupying barracks 
 known as Kane's brewery near the river on 
 West Polk Street. It was early ordered to North- 
 ern Missouri, and was doing garrison duty at 
 Lexington, when, in September, 1861, it surren- 
 dered with the rest of the garrison, to the forces 
 under the rebel General Price, and was paroled. 
 From Oct. 8, 1861, to June 14, 1862, it was detailed 
 to guard prisoners at Camp Douglas. Thereafter 
 it participated in engagements in the Virginias. 
 as follows: at South Fork, Greenland Gap, Phi- 
 Uppi, Hedgeville, Leetown, Maryland Heights. 
 Snicker's Gap, Kernstown, Cedar Creek, Win- 
 chester, Charlestown, Berryville, Opequan Creek, 
 Fisher's Hill, Harrisonburg, Hatcher's Run and 
 Petersburg. It also took part in the siege of 
 Richmond and the pursuit of Lee, being present 
 at the surrender at Appomattox. In January 
 and February, 1864, the regiment re-enlisted as 
 veterans, at Greenland Gap, W. Va. In August, 
 1864, the ten companies of the Regiment, then 
 numbering 440, were consolidated into five com- 
 panies and designated. "Battalion, Twenty-third 
 Regiment, Illinois Veteran Volunteer Infantry." 
 The regiment was thanked by Congress for its 
 part at Lexington, and was authorized to inscribe 
 Lexington upon its colors. (See also Mulligan, 
 James A.) 
 
 TWENTY-FOURTH INFANTRY, (known as the 
 First Hecker Regiment). Organized at Chicago, 
 with two companies to-wit: the Union Cadets 
 and the Lincoln Rifles from the three months' 
 service, in June, 1861, and mustered in, July 8, 
 1861. It participated in the battles of Perry ville, 
 Murfreesboro, Chickamauga, Resaca, Kenesaw 
 Mountain and other engagements in the Atlanta 
 <'iimpaign. It was mustered out of service at 
 Chicago. August 6, 1864. A fraction of the regi- 
 ment, which had been recruited in the field, and 
 whose term of service had not expired at the date 
 of muster-out, was organized into one company 
 and attached to the Third Brigade, First Divi- 
 sion, Fourteenth Army Corps, and mustered out 
 at Camp Butler, August 1, 1865. 
 
 TWENTY-FIFTH INFANTRY. Organized from 
 the counties of Kankakee, Iroquois, Ford, Vermil- 
 ion, Douglas, Coles, Champaign and Edgar, and 
 mustered into service at St. Louis, August 4, 1861. 
 It participated in the battles of Pea Ridge, Stone 
 River, Chickamauga, Missionary Ridge, in the 
 siege of Corinth, the battle of Kenesaw Moun- 
 
 tain, the siege of Atlanta, and innumerable skir- 
 mishes ; was mustered out at Springfield, Sept. 5, 
 1864. During its three years' service the regi- 
 ment traveled 4,963 miles, of which 3,352 were on 
 foot, the remainder by steamboat and railroad. 
 
 TWENTY-SIXTH INFANTRY. Mustered into serv- 
 ice, consisting of seven companies, at Springfield, 
 August 31, 1861. On Jan. 1, 1864, the regiment 
 re-enlisted as veterans. It was authorized by the 
 commanding General to inscribe upon its ban- 
 ners "New Madrid" ; "Island No. 10;" "Farming- 
 ton;" "Siege of Corinth;" "luka:" "Corinth 
 3d and 4th, 1862;" "Resaca;" "Kenesaw;" "Ezra 
 Church;" "Atlanta;" "Jonesboro;" "Griswold- 
 ville;" "McAllister;" "Savannah;" "Columbia," 
 and "Bentonville." It was mustered out at 
 Louisville, July 20, 1865, and paid off and 
 discharged, at Springfield, July 28 the regiment 
 having marched, during its four years of service, 
 6,931 miles, and fought twenty-eight hard battles, 
 besides innumerable skirmishes. 
 
 TWENTY-SEVENTH INFANTRY. First organized, 
 with only seven companies, at Springfield, 
 August 10, 1861, and organization completed by 
 the addition of three more companies, at Cairo, 
 on September 1. It took part in the battle of Bel- 
 inont, the siege of IsUnd No. 10, and the battles 
 of Farmington, Nashville, Murfreesboro, Chicka- 
 mauga, Missionary Ridge, Rocky Face Ridge, 
 Resaca, Calhoun, Adairsville, Dallas, Pine Top 
 Mountain and Kenesaw Mountain, as well as in 
 the investment of Atlanta; was relieved from 
 duty, August 25, 1864, while at the front, and 
 mustered out at Springfield, September 20. Its 
 veterans, with the recruits whose term of serv- 
 ice had not expired, were consolidated with the 
 Ninth Infantry. 
 
 TWENTY-EIGHTH INFANTRY. Composed of 
 companies from Pike, Fulton, Schuyler, Mason, 
 Scott and Menard Counties; was organized at 
 Springfield, August 15, 1861, and mustered into 
 service for three years. It participated in the 
 battles of Shiloh and Metamora, the siege of 
 Vicksburg and the battles of Jackson, Mississippi, 
 and Fort Beauregard, and in the capture of 
 Spanish Fort, Fort Blakely and Mobile. From 
 June, 1864, to March, 1866, it was stationed in 
 Texas, and was mustered out at Brownsville, in 
 that State, March 15, 1866, having served four 
 years and seven months. It was discharged, at 
 Springfield, May 13, 1866. 
 
 TWENTY-NINTH INFANTRY. Mustered into serv- 
 ice at Springfield, August 19, 1861, and was 
 engaged at Fort Donelson and Shiloh, and in the 
 sieges of Corinth, Vicksburg and Mobile. Eight 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 555 
 
 companies were detailed for duty at Holly Springs, 
 and were there captured by General Van Dorn, 
 in December. 1863, but were exchanged, six 
 months later. In January, 1864, the regiment 
 re-enlisted as veterans, and, from June, 1864, to 
 November, 1865, was on duty in Texas. It was 
 mustered out of service in that State, Nov. 6, 
 1865, and received final discharge on November 28. 
 
 THIRTIETH INFANTRY. Organized at Spring- 
 Beld, August 38, 1861 ; was engaged at Belmont, 
 Fort Donelson, the siege of Corinth, Medan 
 Station, Raymond, Champion Hills, the sieges of 
 Vicksburg and Jackson, Big Shanty, Atlanta. 
 Savannah, Pocotaligo, Orangeburg, Columbia, 
 Cheraw, and Fayetteville ; mustered out, July 
 17, 1865, and received final payment and discharge 
 at Springfield, July 27, 1865. 
 
 THIRTY-FIRST INFANTRY. Organized at Cairo, 
 and there mustered into service on Sept. 18, 
 1861; was engaged at Belmont, Fort Donelson. 
 Shiloh, in the two expeditions against Vicks- 
 burg, at Thompson's Hill, Ingram Heights, Ray- 
 mond, Jackson. Champion Hill, Big Shanty, 
 Kenesaw Mountain, Atlanta, Lovejoy Station and 
 Jonesboro; also participated in the "March to 
 the Sea" and took part in the battles and skir- 
 mishes at Columbia, Cheraw, Fayetteville and 
 Bentonville. A majority of the regiment re- 
 enlisted as veterans in March, 1864. It was 
 mustered out at Louisville, July 19, 1865, and 
 finally discharged at Springfield, July 23. 
 
 THIRTY-SECOND INFANTRY. Organized at 
 Springfield and mustered into service, Dec. 31, 
 1861. By special authority from the War Depart- 
 ment, it originally consisted of ten companies of 
 infantry, one of cavalry, and a battery. It was 
 engaged at Fort Donelson, Shiloh, in the sieges 
 of Corinth and Vicksburg, and in the battles of 
 La Grange, Grand Junction, Metamora, Harrison- 
 burg, Kenesaw Mountain, Nickajack Creek. 
 Allatoona, Savannah, Columbia, Cheraw and 
 Bentonville. In January, 1864, the regiment 
 re-enlisted as veterans, and, in June, 1865, was 
 ordered to Fort Leavenworth. Mustered out 
 there, Sept. 16, 1865, and finally discharged at 
 Springfield. 
 
 THIRTY-THIRD INFANTRY. Organized and mus- 
 tered into service at Springfield in September, 
 1861; was engaged at Fredericktown (Mo.), Port 
 Gibson, Champion Hills, Black River Bridge, the 
 assault and siege of Vicksburg. siege of Jackson, 
 Fort Esperanza. and in the expedition against 
 Mobile. The regiment veteranized at Vicksburg. 
 Jan. 1, 18G4 ; was mustered out, at the same point, 
 Nov. 24, 1865, and finally discharged at Spring- 
 
 field. Dec. 6 and 7. 1865. The aggregate enroll- 
 ment of the regiment was between 1,900 and 
 2,000. 
 
 THIRTY-FOURTH INFANTRY. Organized at 
 Springfield. Sept. 7, 1861 ; was engaged at Shiloh. 
 Corinth. Murfreesboro, Rocky Face Ridge, Ee- 
 saca. Big Shanty, Kenesaw Mountain, Atlanta. 
 Jonesboro. and, after participating in the "March 
 to the Sea" Mini through the Carolinas, took part 
 in the lit t lc of Bentonville. After the surrender 
 of Johnston, the regiment went with Sherman's 
 Army to Washington, D. C., and took part in the 
 grand review. May 24, 1865; left Washington. 
 June 12, and arrived at Louisville, Ky., June 18, 
 where it was mustered out, on July 12 ; was dis- 
 charged and paid at Chicago. July 17. 1865. 
 
 THIRTY-FIFTH INFANTRY. Organized at De- 
 eatur on July 3, 1861. and its services tendered to 
 the President, being accepted by the Secretary of 
 War as "Col. G. A. Smith's Independent Regi- 
 ment of Illinois Volunteers." on July 23, and 
 mustered into service at St Louis, August 12. It 
 was engaged at Pea Ridge and in the siege of 
 Corinth, also participated in the battles of Perry- 
 ville. Stone River, Chickamauga, Missionary 
 Ridge, Rocky Face Ridge, Resaca. Dallas and 
 Kenesaw. Its final muster-out took place at 
 Springfield, Sept. 27, 1864, the regiment having 
 marched (exclusive of railroad and steamboat 
 transportation) 3,056 miles. 
 
 THIRTY-SIXTH INFANTRY. Organized at Camp 
 Hammond, near Aurora, 111., and mustered into 
 service, Sept. 23, 1861, for a term of three years. 
 The regiment, at its organization, numbered 965 
 officers and enlisted men, and had two companies 
 of Cavalry ("A" and "B"), 186 officers and 
 men. It was engaged at Leetown, Pea Ridge, 
 Perryville. Stone River, Chickamauga. the siege 
 of Chattanooga. Missionary Ridge. Rocky Face 
 Ridge. Resaca, Adairsville, New Hope Church. 
 Kenesaw Mountain. Peach Tree Creek. Jones- 
 boro, Franklin and Nashville. Mustered out. 
 Oct. 8. 1865, and disbanded, at Springfield, Oct. 
 27, having marched and been transported, during 
 its term of service, more than 10,000 miles. 
 
 THIRTY-SEVENTH INFANTRY. Familiarly known 
 as "Fremont Rifles"; organized in August, 1861. 
 and mustered into service, Sept. 18. The regi- 
 ment was presented with battle-flags by the Chi- 
 cago Board of Trade. It participated in the 
 battles of Pea Ridge, Neosho, Prairie Grove and 
 Chalk Bluffs, the siege of Vicksburg, and in the 
 battles of Yazoo City and Morgan's Bend. In 
 October, 1863, it was ordered to the defense of the 
 frontier along the Rio Grande; re-enlisted as 
 
556 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 veterans in February, 1864; took part in the 
 siege and storming of Fort Blakely and the cap- 
 ture of Mobile; from July, 1865, to May, 1866, 
 was again on duty in Texas ; was mustered out 
 at Houston, May 15, 1866, and finally discharged 
 at Springfield, May 31, having traveled some 
 17,000 miles, of which nearly 3,300 were by 
 inarching. 
 
 THIRTY-EIGHTH INFANTRY. Organized at 
 Springfield, in September, 1861. The regiment 
 was engaged in the battles of Fredericktown, 
 Perryville, Knob Gap, Stone River, Liberty Gap, 
 Chickamauga, Pine Top, Kenesaw Mountain, 
 Atlanta, Jonesboro, Franklin and Nashville; 
 re-enlisted as veterans in February, 1864; from 
 June to December, 1865, was on duty in Louisi- 
 ana and Texas; was mustered out at Victoria, 
 Texas, Dec. 31, 1865, and received final discharge 
 at Springfield. 
 
 THIRTY-NINTH INFANTRY. The organization of 
 this Regiment was commenced as soon as the 
 news of the firing on Fort Sumter reached Chi- 
 cago. General Thomas O. Osborne was one of its 
 contemplated field officers, and labored zealously 
 to get it accepted under the first call for troops, 
 but did not accomplish his object. The regiment 
 had already assumed the name of the "Yates 
 Phalanx" in honor of Governor Yates. It was 
 accepted by the War Department on the day 
 succeeding the first Bull Run disaster (July 22, 
 1861), and Austin Light, of Chicago, was appointed 
 Colonel. Under his direction the organization was 
 completed, and the regiment left Camp Mather, 
 Chicago, on the morning of Oct. 13, 1861. It par- 
 ticipated in the battles of Winchester, Malvern 
 Hill (the second), Morris Island, Fort Wagner, 
 Drury's Bluff, and in numerous engagements 
 before Petersburg and Richmond, including the 
 capture of Fort Gregg, and was present at Lee's 
 surrender at Appomattox. In the meantime the 
 regiment re-enlisted as veterans, at Hilton Head, 
 S. C., in September, 1863. It was mustered out 
 at Norfolk, Dec. 6, 1865, and received final dis- 
 charge at Chicago, December 16. 
 
 FORTIETH INFANTRY. Enlisted from the coun- 
 ties of Franklin, Hamilton, Wayne, White, 
 Wabash, Marion, Clay and Fayette, and mustered 
 into service for three years at Springfield, 
 August 10, 1861. It was engaged at Shiloh, in 
 the siege of Corinth, at Jackson (Miss.), in the 
 siege of Vicksburg, at Missionary Ridge, New 
 Hope Church, Black Jack Knob, Kenesaw Moun- 
 tain. Atlanta, Jonesboro, Ezra Chapel, Gris- 
 wol.lv ill.-, siege of Savannah, Columbia (S. C.), 
 and Bentonville. It re-enlisted, as veterans, at 
 
 Scottsboro, Ala., Jan. 1, 1864, and was mustered 
 out at Louisville, July 24, 1865, receiving final 
 discharge at Springfield. 
 
 FORTY-FIRST INFANTRY. Organized at Decatur 
 during July and August, 1861, and was mustered 
 into service, August 5. It was engaged at Fort 
 Donelson, Shiloh, the siege of Corinth, the second 
 battle of Corinth, the siege of Vicksburg and 
 Jackson, in the Red River campaign, at Guntown, 
 Kenesaw Mountain and Allatoona, and partici- 
 pated in the "March to the Sea." It re-enlisted, 
 as veterans, March 17, 1864, at Vicksburg, and 
 was consolidated with the Fifty-third Infantry. 
 Jan. 4, 1865, forming Companies Q and H. 
 
 FORTY-SECOND INFANTRY. Organized at Chi- 
 cago, July 22, 1861 ; was engaged at Island No. 10, 
 the siege of Corinth, battles of Farmington. 
 Columbia (Tenn.), was besieged at Nashville, 
 engaged at Stone River, in the Tullahoma cam 
 paign, at Chickamauga, Missionary Ridge, Rocky 
 Face Ridge, Resaca, Adairsville, New Hope 
 Church. Pine and Kenesaw Mountains, Peach 
 Tree Creek, Atlanta, Jonesboro, Lovejoy Station, 
 Spring Hill, Franklin and Nashville. It re- 
 enlisted, as veterans, Jan. 1, 1864; was stationed 
 in Texas from July to December, 1865; was mus- 
 tered out at Indianola, in that State, Dec. 18. 
 1865, and finally discharged, at Springfield, Jan. 
 12, 1866. 
 
 FORTY-THIRD INFANTRY. Organized at Spring- 
 field in September, 1861, and mustered into 
 service on Oct. 12. The regiment took part in 
 the battles of Fort Donelson, Shiloh and in the 
 campaigns in West Tennessee, Mississippi and 
 Arkansas; was mustered out at Little Rock. 
 Nov. 30, 1865, and returned to Springfield for 
 final pay and discharge, Dec. 14, 1865. 
 
 FORTY-FOURTH INFANTRY. Organized in Au- 
 gust, 1861, at Chicago, and mustered into service. 
 Sept. 13, 1861; was engaged at Pea Ridge. 
 Perryville, Stone River, Hoover's Gap, Shelby- 
 ville, Tullahoma, Chickamauga, Missionary 
 Ridge, Buzzard's Roost, Rocky Face Ridge, 
 Adairsville. Dallas, New Hope Church, Kene- 
 saw Mountain. Gulp's Farm, Chattahoochie 
 River, Peach Tree Creek, Atlanta, Jonesboro. 
 Franklin and Nashville. The regiment re-enlisted 
 as veterans in Tennessee, in -January. 1864. 
 From June to September, 1865, it was stationed 
 in Louisiana and Texas, was mustered out at 
 Port Lavaca, Sept. 25, 1865, and received final 
 discharge, at Springfield, three weeks later. 
 
 FORTY-FIFTH INFANTRY. Originally called 
 the "Washburne Lead Mine Regiment"; was 
 organized at Galena, July 23, 1861, and mustered 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 557 
 
 into service at Chicago, Dec. 25, 1861. It was 
 engaged at Fort Donelson, Shiloh, the siege of 
 Corinth, battle of Medan, the campaign against 
 Vicksburg, the Meridian raid, the Atlanta cam- 
 paign, the "March to the Sea," and the advance 
 through the Carolinas. The regiment veteran- 
 ized in January, 1864; was mustered out of serv- 
 ice at Louisville, Ky., July 13, 1865, and arrived 
 in Chicago, July 15, 1865, for final pay and dis- 
 charge. Distance marched in four years, 1,750 
 miles. 
 
 FORTY-SIXTH INFANTRY. Organized at Spring- 
 field, Dec. 28, 1861 ; was engaged at Fort Donel- 
 son, Shiloh, the siege of Corinth, battle of 
 Metamora, siege of Vicksburg (where five com- 
 panies of the regiment were captured), in the 
 reduction of Spanish Fort and Fort Blakeley, 
 and the capture of Mobile. It was mustered in 
 as a veteran regiment, Jan. 4, 1864. From May, 
 
 1865, to January, 1866, it was on duty in Louisi- 
 ana ; was mustered out at Baton Rouge, Jan. 20, 
 
 1866, and, on Feb. 1, 1866, finally paid and dis- 
 charged at Springfield. 
 
 FORTY-SEVENTH INFANTRY. Organized and 
 mustered into service at Peoria, 111., on August 
 16, 1861. The regiment took part in the expe- 
 dition against New Madrid and Island No. 10; 
 also participated in the battles of Farmington, 
 luka, the second battle of Corinth, the capture 
 of Jackson, the siege of Vicksburg, the Red 
 River expedition and the battle of Pleasant Hill, 
 and in the struggle at Lake Chicot. It was 
 ordered to Chicago to assist in quelling an antici- 
 pated riot, in 1864, but, returning to the front, 
 took part in the reduction of Spanish Fort and 
 the capture of Mobile; was mustered out, Jan. 
 21, 1866, at Selma, Ala., and ordered to Spring- 
 field, where it received final pay and discharge. 
 Those members of the regiment who did not re-en- 
 list as veterans were mustered out, Oct. 11, 1864. 
 
 FORTY-EIGHTH INFANTRY. Organized at Spring- 
 field, September, 1861, and participated in battles 
 and sieges as follows: Fort Henry and Fort 
 Donelson, Shiloh, Corinth (siege of), Vicksburg 
 (first expedition against), Missionary Ridge, as 
 well as in the Atlanta campaign and the "March 
 to the Sea." The regiment re-enlisted as veter- 
 ans, at Scottsboro, Ala., Jan. 1, 1864; was mus- 
 tered out, August 15, 1865, at Little Rock, Ark. , 
 and ordered to Springfield for final discharge, 
 arriving, August 21, 1865. The distance marched 
 was 3, 000 miles; moved by water, 5,000; by rail- 
 road, 8,450 total, 11,450. 
 
 FORTY-NINTH INFANTRY. Organized at Spring- 
 field, 111., Dec. 31, 1861; was engaged at Fort 
 
 Donelson, Shiloh and Little Rock; took part in 
 the campaign against Meridian and in the Red 
 River expedition, being in the battle of Pleasant 
 Hill, Jan. 15, 1864 ; three-fourths of the regiment 
 re-enlisted and were mustered in as veterans, 
 returning to Illinois on furlough. The non- 
 veterans took part in the battle of Tupelo. The 
 regiment participated in the battle of Nashville, 
 and was mustered out, Sept. 9, 1865, at Paducah. 
 Ky., and arrived at Springfield, Sept, 15, 1865, 
 for final payment and discharge. 
 
 FIFTIETH INFANTRY. Organized at Quincy, in 
 August, 1861, and mustered into service, Sept. 12. 
 1861 ; was engaged at Fort Donelson, Shiloh, the 
 siege of Corinth, the second battle of Corinth. 
 Allatoona and Bentonville, besides many minor 
 engagements. The regiment was mounted. Nov. 
 17, 1863; re-enlisted as veterans, Jan. 1, 1864, was 
 mustered out at Louisville, July 13, 1865, and 
 reached Springfield, the following day. for final 
 pay and discharge. 
 
 FIFTY-FIRST INFANTRY. Organized at Chi- 
 cago, Dec. 24, 1861 ; was engaged at New Madrid, 
 Island No. 10, Farmington, the siege of Corinth, 
 Stone River, Chickamauga, Missionary Ridg*. 
 Rocky Face Ridge, Resaca, Dallas, Kenesaw 
 Mountain, Peach Tree Creek, Atlanta, Jones- 
 boro, Spring Hill, Franklin and Nashville. The 
 regiment was mustered in as veterans, Feb. 16. 
 1864 ; from July to September, 1865, was on duty 
 in Texas, and mustered out, Sept. 25. 1865, at 
 Camp Irwin, Texas, arriving at Springfield, 111., 
 Oct. 15, 1865, for final payment and discharge. 
 
 FIFTY-SECOND INFANTRY. Organized at Ge- 
 neva in November, 1861, and mustered into serv 
 ice, Nov. 19. The regiment participated in the 
 following battles, sieges and expeditions : Shiloh. 
 Corinth (siege and second battle of), luka, Town 
 Creek, Snake Creek Gap, Resaca, Lay's Ferry. 
 Rome Cross Roads, Dallas, Kenesaw Mountain. 
 Nickajack Creek, Decatur, Atlanta, Jonesboro 
 and Bentonville. It veteranized, Jan. 9, 1864 
 was mustered out at Louisville, July 4, 1865. 
 and received final payment and discharge at 
 Springfield, July 12. 
 
 FIFTY-THIRD INFANTRY. Organized at Ottawa 
 in the winter of 1861-62, and ordered to Chicago. 
 Feb 27. 1862, to complete its organization. It 
 took part in the siege of Corinth, and was engaged 
 at Davis' Bridge, the siege of Vicksburg, in the 
 Meridian campaign, at Jackson, the siege of 
 Atlanta, the "March to the Sea," the capture of 
 Savannah and the campaign in the Carolinas. 
 including the battle of Bentonville. The regi- 
 ment was mustered out of service at Louisville. 
 
558 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 July 22, 1865, and received final discharge, at 
 I'liicago, July 28. It inarched 2,855 miles, and 
 was transported by boat and cars. 4,168 miles. 
 Over 1,800 officers and men belonged to the regi- 
 ment during its term of service. 
 
 FIFTY-FOURTH INFANTRY. Organized at Anna, 
 in November, 1861, as a part of the "Kentucky 
 Brigade," and was mustered into service, Feb. 
 18, 1868. No complete history of the regiment 
 can be given, owing to the loss of its official 
 records. It served mainly in Kentucky, Tennes- 
 see, Mississippi and Arkansas, and always effect- 
 ively. Three-fourths of the men re-enlisted as 
 veterans, in January, 1864. Six companies were 
 captured by the rebel General Shelby, in August, 
 1H64, and were exchanged, the following De- 
 cember. The regiment was mustered out at 
 Little Rock, Oct. 15, 1865; arrived at Springfield, 
 Oct. 26, and was discharged. During its organi- 
 zation, the regiment had 1,342 enlisted men and 
 71 commissioned officers. 
 
 FIFTY-FIFTH INFANTRY. Organized at Chi- 
 cago, and mustered into service, Oct. 81, 1861. 
 The regiment originally formed a part of the 
 "Douglas Brigade." being chiefly recruited from 
 the young farmers of Fulton, McDonough, 
 Orundy, La Salle, De Kalb, Kane and Winnebago 
 Counties. It participated in the battles of Shiloh 
 and Corinth, and in the Tallabatchie campaign; 
 in the battles of Chickasaw Bayou, Arkansas 
 1'ost, around Vicksburg. and at Missionary Ridge; 
 was in the Atlanta campaign, notably in the 
 battles of Kenesaw Mountain and Jonesboro. In 
 all, it was engaged in thirty -one battles, and was 
 128 days under fire. The total mileage traveled 
 amounted to 11,965, of which 3,240 miles were 
 actually marched. Re-enlisted as veterans, while 
 ;it Larkinsville, Tenn. , was mustered out at Little 
 Rock, August 14, 1865, receiving final discharge 
 at Chicago, the same month. 
 
 FIFTY-SIXTH INFANTRY. Organized with com- 
 panies principally enlisted from the counties of 
 Massac, Pope, Gallatin, Saline, White, Hamilton, 
 Franklin and Wayne, and mustered in at Camp 
 Mather, near Shawneetown. The regiment par- 
 ticipated in the siege, and second battle, of 
 C'orinth, the Yazoo expedition, the siege of 
 Vicksburg being engaged at Champion Hills, 
 : 11 ul in numerous assaults ; also took part in the 
 buttles of Missionary Ridge and Resaca, and in 
 the campaign in the Carolinas, including the 
 battle of Bentonville. Some 200 members of the 
 regiment perished in a wreck off Cape Hatteras, 
 March 31, 1865. It was mustered out in Arkan- 
 sas, August 12, 1865. 
 
 FIFTY-SEVENTH INFANTRY. Mustered into serv- 
 ice, Dec. 26, 1861, at Chicago; took part in the 
 battles of Fort Donelson and Shiloh, the siege of 
 Corinth, and the second battle at that point ; was 
 also engaged at Resaca, Rome Cross Roads and 
 Allatoona; participated in the investment and 
 capture of Savannah, and the campaign through 
 the Carolinas, including the battle of Benton- 
 ville. It was mustered out at Louisville, July 7, 
 1865, and received final discharge at Chicago, 
 July 14. 
 
 FIFTY-EIGHTH INFANTRY. Recruited at Chi- 
 cago, Feb. 11, 1862; participated in the battles of 
 Fort Donelson and Shiloh, a large number of the 
 regiment being captured during the latter engage- 
 ment, but subsequently exchanged. It took part 
 in the siege of Corinth and the battle of luka, 
 after which detachments were sent to Springfield 
 for recruiting and for guarding prisoners. 
 Returning to the front, the regiment was engaged 
 in the capture of Meridian, the Red River cam- 
 paign, the taking of Fort de Russey, and in many- 
 minor battles in Louisiana. It was mustered out 
 at Montgomery, Ala., April 1, 1866, and ordered 
 to Springfield for final payment and discharge. 
 
 FIFTY-NINTH INFANTRY. Originally known as 
 the Ninth Missouri Infantry, although wholly 
 recruited in Illinois. It was organized at St. 
 Louis, Sept. 18, 1861, the name being changed to 
 the Fifty-ninth Illinois, Feb. 12, 1862, by order of 
 the War Department. It was engaged at Pea 
 Ridge, formed part of the reserve at Farmington, 
 took part at Perryville, Nolansville, Knob Gap 
 and Murfreesboro, in the Tullahoma campaign 
 and the siege of Chattanooga, in the battles of 
 Missionary Ridge, Resaca, Adairsville, Kingston, 
 Dallas, Ackworth, Pine Top, Kenesaw Mountain, 
 Smyrna, Atlanta, Spring Hill, Franklin and 
 Nashville. Having re-enlisted as veterans, the 
 regiment was ordered to Texas, in June, 1865, 
 where it was mustered out, December, 1865, 
 receiving its final discharge at Springfield. 
 
 SIXTIETH INFANTRY. Organized at Anna, 111., 
 Feb. 17, 1862; took part in the siege of Corinth 
 and was besieged at Nashville. The regiment 
 re-enlisted as veterans while at the front, in 
 January, 1864; participated in the battles of 
 Buzzard's Roost, Ringgold, Dalton, Resaca, 
 Rome, Dallas, New Hope Church, Kenesaw 
 Mountain, Nickajack, Peach Tree Creek, Atlanta, 
 Jonesboro, Averysboro and Bentonville; was 
 mustered out at Louisville, July 31, 1865, and 
 received final discharge at Springfield. 
 
 SIXTY-FIRST INFANTRY. Organized at Carroll- 
 ton, 111., three full companies being mustered 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 559 
 
 in, Feb. 5, 1863. On February 31, the regiment, 
 being still incomplete, moved to Benton Bar- 
 racks, Mo. , where a sufficient number of recruits 
 joined to make nine full companies. The regiment 
 was engaged at Shiloh and Bolivar, took part 
 in the Yazoo expedition, and re-enlisted as veter- 
 ans early in 1864. Later, it took part in the battle 
 of Wilkinson's Pike (near Murfreesboro), and 
 other engagements near that point ; was mustered 
 out at Nashville, Tenn., Sept. 8, 1865, and paid 
 off and discharged at Springfield, Septem- 
 ber 27. 
 
 SIXTY-SECOND INFANTRY. Organized at Anna, 
 111., April 10, 1862; after being engaged in several 
 skirmishes, the regiment sustained a loss of 170 
 men, who were captured and paroled at Holly 
 Springs, Hiss., by the rebel General Van Dorn, 
 where the regimental records were destroyed. 
 The regiment took part in forcing the evacuation 
 of Little Rock ; re-enlisted, as veterans, Jan. 9, 
 1864 ; was mustered out at Little Rock, March 6. 
 1866, and ordered to Springfield for final payment 
 and discharge. 
 
 SIXTY-THIRD INFANTRY. Organized at Anna, 
 in December. 1861, and mustered into service, 
 April 10, 1862. It participated in the first invest- 
 ment of Vicksburg, the capture of Richmond 
 Hill, La. , and in the battle of Missionary Ridge. 
 On Jan. 1, 1864, 272 men re-enlisted as veterans. 
 It took part in the capture of Savannah and in 
 Sherman's march through the Carolinas, partici- 
 pating in its important battles and skirmishes; 
 was mustered out at Louisville, July 13, 1865, 
 reaching Springfield, July 16. The total distance 
 traveled was 6,453 miles, of which 2,250 was on 
 the march. 
 
 SIXTY-FOURTH INFANTRY. Organized at Spring- 
 field, December, 1861, as the "First Battalion of 
 Yates Sharp Shooters." The last company was 
 mustered in, Dec. 31, 1861. The regiment was 
 engaged at New Madrid, the siege of Corinth, 
 Chambers' Creek, the second battle of Corinth, 
 Resaca, Dallas, Kenesaw Mountain, Decatur, the 
 siege of Atlanta, the investment of Savannah and 
 the battle of Bentonville ; re-enlisted as veterans, 
 in January, 1864 ; was mustered out at Louisville, 
 July 11, 1865, and finally discharged, at Chicago. 
 July 18. 
 
 SIXTY-FIFTH INFANTRY. Originally known as 
 the "Scotch Regiment"; was organized at Chi- 
 cago, and mustered in, May 1, 1862. It was cap- 
 tured and paroled at Harper's Ferry, and ordered 
 to Chicago ; was exchanged in April, 1863 ; took 
 part in Burnside's defense of Knoxville; re-en- 
 listed as veterans in March, 1864, and participated 
 
 in the Atlanta campaign and the "March to tli 
 Sea." It was engaged in battles at Columbia 
 (Tenn.), Franklin and Nashville, and later, near 
 Federal Point and Smithtown, N. C., being mus 
 tered out, July 13, 1865, and receiving final pay- 
 ment and discharge at Chicago, July 26, 1865. 
 
 SIXTY-SIXTH INFANTRY. Organized at Benton 
 Barracks, near St. Louis, Mo., during September 
 and October, 1861 being designed as a regiment 
 of "Western Sharp Shooters" from Illinois, Mis- 
 souri, Wisconsin, Iowa, Minnesota, Indiana and 
 Ohio. It was mustered in, Nov. 23, 1861, was 
 engaged at Mount Zion (Mo.), Fort Donelson, 
 Shiloh, the siege of Corinth, luka, the second 
 battle of Corinth, in the Atlanta campaign, the 
 "March to the Sea" and the campaign through 
 the Carolinas. The regiment was variously 
 known as the Fourteenth Missouri Volunteers. 
 Birge's Western Sharpshooters, and the Sixty- 
 sixth I'linois Infantry. The latter (and final; 
 name was conferred by the Secretary of War, 
 Nov. 20, 1862. It re-enlisted (for the veteran 
 service), in December, 1863, was mustered out at 
 Camp Logan, Ky., July 7, 1865, and paid off and 
 discharged at Springfield, July 15. 
 
 SIXTY-SEVENTH INFANTRY. Organized at Chi- 
 cago, June 13, 1862, for three months' service, in 
 response to an urgent call for the defense of 
 Washington. The Sixty-seventh, by doing guard 
 duty at the camps at Chicago and Springfield, 
 relieved the veterans, who were sent to the front. 
 
 SIXTY-EIGHTH INFANTRY. Enlisted in response 
 to a call made by the Governor, early in the sum- 
 mer of 1862, for State troops to serve for three 
 months as State Militia, and was mustered in 
 early in June, 1862. It was afterwards mustered 
 into the United States service as Illinois Volun- 
 teers, by petition of the men, and received 
 marching orders, July 5, 1862 ; mustered out, at 
 Springfield, Sept. 26, 1862 many of the men re- 
 enlisting in other regiments. 
 
 SIXTY-NINTH INFANTRY. Organized at Camp 
 Douglas, Chicago, and mustered into service for 
 three months, June 14, 1862. It remained on 
 duty at Camp Douglas, guarding the camp anil 
 rebel prisoners. 
 
 SEVENTIETH INFANTRY. Organized at Camp 
 Butler, near Springfield, and mustered in, July 4, 
 1862. It remained at Camp Butler doing guard 
 duty. Its term of service was three months. 
 
 SEVENTY-FIRST INFANTRY. Mustered into serv- 
 ice, July 26, 1862, at Chicago, for three months. 
 Its service was confined to garrison duty in Illi- 
 nois and Kentucky, being mustered out at Chi- 
 cago. Oct. 29, 1862. 
 
560 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 SEVENTY-SECOND INFANTRY. Organized at Chi- 
 cago, as the First Regiment of the Chicago Board 
 of Trade, and mustered into service for three 
 years, August 33, 1862. It was engaged at Cham- 
 pion Hill, Vicksburg, Natchez, Franklin, Nash- 
 ville, Spanish Fort and Fort Blakely; mustered 
 out of service, at Vicksburg, August 6, 1865, and 
 discharged at Chicago. 
 
 SEVENTY-THIRD INFANTRY. Recruited from 
 the counties of Adams, Champaign, Christian, 
 Hancock, Jackson, Logan, Piatt, Pike, Sanga- 
 niDii. Tazewell and Vermilion, and mustered into 
 .service at Springfield, August 31, 1862, 900 strong. 
 It participated in the battles of Stone River, 
 Perryville, Chickamauga, Missionary Ridge, 
 Resaca, Adairsville, Burnt Hickory, Pine and 
 Lost Mountains, New Hope Church, Kenesaw 
 Mountain, Peach Tree Creek, Spring Hill, Frank- 
 lin and Nashville; was mustered out at Nashville, 
 June 13, 1865, and, a few days later, -vent to 
 Springfield to receive pay and final discharge. 
 
 SEVENTY-FOURTH INFANTRY. Organized at 
 Rockford, in August, 1862, and mustered into 
 service September 4. It was recruited fromWin- 
 nebago, Ogle and Stephenson Counties. This regi- 
 ment was engaged at Perryville, Murfreesboro 
 and Nolansville, took part in the Tullahoma 
 campaign, and the battles of Missionary Ridge, 
 Resaca, Adairsville, Dallas, Kenesaw Mountain, 
 Tunnel Hill, and Rocky Face Ridge, the siege of 
 Atlanta, and the battles of Spring Hill, Franklin 
 and Nashville. It was mustered out at Nashville, 
 June 10. 1865, with 343 officers and men, the 
 aggregate number enrolled having been 1,001. 
 
 SEVENTY-FIFTH INFANTRY. Organized at 
 I lixciti and mustered into service, Sept. 2, 1862. 
 The regiment participated in the battles of Perry- 
 ville, Nolansville, Stone River, Lookout Mountain, 
 Dalton, Resaca, Marietta, Kenesaw, Franklin and 
 Nashville; was mustered out at Nashville, June 
 13, 1865, and finally discharged at Chicago, July 
 1, following. 
 
 SEVENTY-SIXTH INFANTRY. Organized at Kan- 
 kakee, 111., in August, 1862, and mustered into the 
 service, August 22, 1862; took part in the siege of 
 Vicksburg, the engagement at Jackson, the cam- 
 paign against Meridian, the expedition to Yazoo 
 City, and the capture of Mobile, was ordered to 
 Texas in June, 1865, and mustered out at Galves- 
 ton, July 33, 1865, being paid off and disbanded 
 at Chicago, August 4, 1865 having traveled 
 10,000 miles. 
 
 SEVENTY-SKVFJTTR INFANTRY. Organized and 
 mustered into service, Sept. 3, 1862, at Peoria; 
 was engaged in the battles of Chickasaw Bayou, 
 
 Arkansas Post, the siege of Vicksburg (including 
 the battle of Champion Hills), the capture of 
 Jackson, the Red River expedition, and the bat- 
 tles of Sabine Cross Roads and Pleasant Hill; the 
 reduction of Forts Gaines and Morgan, and the 
 capture of Spanish Fort, Fort Blakely and Mobile. 
 It was mustered out of service at Mobile, July 
 10, 1865, and ordered to Springfield for final pay- 
 mentand discharge, where it arrived, July 33, 1865, 
 having participated in sixteen battles and sieges. 
 
 SEVENTY-EIGHTH INFANTRY. Organized at 
 Quincy, and mustered into service, Sept. 1, 1863; 
 participated in the battles of Chickamauga, Mis- 
 sionary Ridge, Buzzard's Roost, Resaca, Rome, 
 New Hope Church, Kenesaw Mountain, Peach 
 Tree Creek, Atlanta, Jonesboro, Averysboro and 
 Bentonville ; was mustered out, June 7, 1865, and 
 sent to Chicago, where it was paid off and dis- 
 charged, June 13, 1865. 
 
 SEVENTY-NINTH INFANTRY. Organized at Mat- 
 toon, in August, 1863, and mustered into service, 
 August 28, 1862; participated in the battles of 
 Stone River, Liberty Gap, Chickamauga, Mis- 
 sionary Ridge, Rocky Face Ridge, Resaca, Kene- 
 saw Mountain, Dallas, Peach Tree Creek, Atlanta, 
 Jonesboro, Love joy, Franklin and Nashville ; was 
 mustered out, June 13, 1865; arrived at Camp 
 Butler. June 15, and, on June 33, received final 
 pay and discharge. 
 
 EIGHTIETH INFANTRY. Organized at Centralia, 
 111., in August, 1863, and mustered into service, 
 August 25, 1862. It was engaged at Perryville, 
 Dug's Gap, Sand Mountain and Blunt's Farm, 
 surrendering to Forrest at the latter point. After 
 being exchanged, it participated in the battles of 
 Wauhatchie, Missionary Ridge, Dalton, Resaca, 
 Adairsville, Cassville, Dallas, Pine Mountain, 
 Kenesaw Mountain, Marietta, Peach Tree Creek, 
 Atlanta, Jonesboro, Lovejoy Station and Nash- 
 ville. The regiment traveled 6,000 miles and 
 participated in more than twenty engagements. 
 It was mustered out of service, June 10, 1865, and 
 proceeded to Camp Butler for final pay and 
 discharge. 
 
 EIGHTY-FIRST INFANTRY. Recruited from the 
 counties of Perry, Franklin, Williamson, Jack- 
 son, Union, Pulaski and Alexander, and mustered 
 into service at Anna, August 36, 1863. It partici- 
 pated in the battles of Port Gibson, Raymond, 
 Jackson, Champion Hill, Black River Bridge, and 
 in the siege and capture of Vicksburg. Later, 
 the regiment was engaged at Fort de Russey, 
 Alexandria, Guntown and Nashville, besides 
 assisting in the investment of Mobile. It was 
 mustered out at Chicago, August 5, 1864. 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 561 
 
 EIGHTY-SECOND INFANTRY. Sometimes called 
 the "Second Becker Regiment," in honor of Col- 
 onel Frederick Hecker, its first Colonel, and for 
 nierly Colonel of the Twenty-fourth Illinois 
 Infantry being chiefly composed of German 
 members of Chicago. It was organized at Spring- 
 field, Sept. 26, 1862, and mustered into service, 
 Oct. 33, 1862; participated in the battles of 
 Fredericksburg, Gettysburg, Wauhatchie, Or- 
 chard Knob, Missionary Ridge, Resaca, New 
 Hope Church, Dallas, Marietta, Pine Mountain, 
 Peach Tree Creek, Atlanta and Bentonville; was 
 mustered out of service, June 9, 1865, and 
 returned to Chicago, June 16 having marched, 
 during its time of service, 2,503 miles. 
 
 EIGHTY-THIRD INFANTRY. Organized at Mon- 
 mouth in August, 1862, and mustered into serv- 
 ice, August 21. It participated in repelling the 
 rebel attack on Fort Donelson, and in numerous 
 hard fought skirmishes in Tennessee, but was 
 chiefly engaged in the performance of heavy 
 guard duty and in protecting lines of communi- 
 cation. The regiment was mustered out at Nash- 
 ville, June 26, 1865, and finally paid off and 
 discharged at Chicago, July 4. following. 
 
 EIGHTY-FOURTH INFANTRY. Organized at 
 Quincy, in August, 1862, and mustered into serv- 
 ice, Sept. 1, 1862, with 939 men and officers. The 
 regiment was authorized to inscribe upon its 
 battle-flag the names of Perryville, Stone River, 
 "\Voodbury, Chickamauga, Lookout Mountain, 
 Missionary Ridge, Ringgold, Dalton, Buzzard's 
 Roost, Resaca, Burnt Hickory, Kenesaw Moun- 
 tain, Smyrna, Atlanta, Jonesboro, Love joy Sta- 
 tion, Franklin, and Nashville. It was mustered 
 out, June 8, 1865. 
 
 EIGHTY-FIFTH INFANTRY. Organized at Peoria, 
 about Sept. 1, 1862, and ordered to Louisville. It 
 took part in the battles of Perryville, Stone River, 
 Chickamauga, Knoiville, Dalton, Rocky-Face 
 Ridge, Resaca, Rome, Dallas, Kenesaw, Peach 
 Tree Creek, Atlanta, Jonesboro, Savannah, Ben- 
 tonville, Goldsboro and Raleigh; was mustered 
 out at Washington, D. C., June 5, 1865, and 
 sent to Springfield, where the regiment was 
 paid off and discharged on the 20th of the same 
 month. 
 
 EIGHTY -SIXTH INFANTRY. Mustered into serv- 
 ice, August 27, 1862, at Peoria, at which time it 
 numbered 923 men, rank and file. It took part 
 in the battles of Perryville, Chickamauga, Mis- 
 sionary Ridge, Buzzard's Roost, Resaca, Rome, 
 Dallai, Knesaw, Peach Tree Creek, Jonesboro, 
 Averyiboro and Bentonville; was mustered out 
 on June 6, 1865, at Washington, D. C., arriving 
 
 on June 11, at Chicago, where, ten days later, the 
 men received their pay and final discharge. 
 
 EIGHTY-SEVENTH INFANTRY. Enlisted in Au- 
 gust, 1862; was composed of companies from 
 Hamilton, Edwards, Wayne and White Counties; 
 was organized in the latter part of August, 1862, 
 at Shawneetown ; mustered in, Oct. 3, 1862, the 
 muster to take effect from August 2. It took 
 part in the siege and capture of Warrenton and 
 Jackson, and in the entire campaign through 
 Louisiana and Southern Mississippi, participating 
 in the battle of Sabine Cross Roads and in numer- 
 ous skirmishes among the bayous, being mustered 
 out, June 16, 1865, and ordered to Springfield, 
 where it arrived, June 24, 1865, and was paid off 
 and disbanded at Camp Butler, on July 2. 
 
 EIGHTY-EIGHTH INFANTRY. Organized at Chi- 
 cago, in September, 1862, and known as the 
 "Second Board of Trade Regiment." It was 
 mustered in, Sept. 4, 1862 ; was engaged at Perry- 
 ville, Stone River, Chickamauga, Missionary 
 Ridge. Rocky Face Ridge, Resaca, Adairsville, 
 New Hope Church, Pine Mountain, Mud Creek, 
 Kenesaw Mountain, Smyrna Camp Ground, 
 Atlanta. Jonesboro, Lovejoy Station, Franklin 
 and Nashville; was mustered out, June 9, 1865. 
 at Nashville, Tenn., and arrived at Chicago, 
 June 13, 1865, where it received final pay and 
 discharge, June 22, 1865. 
 
 EIGHTY-NINTH INFANTRY. Called the "Rail- 
 road Regiment" ; was organized by the railroad 
 companies of Illinois, at Chicago, in August. 
 1862, and mustered into service on the 27th of 
 that month. It fought at Stone River, Chicka- 
 mauga, Missionary Ridge, Knoxville, Resaca, 
 Rocky Face Ridge, Pickett's Mills, Kenesaw 
 Mountain. Peach Tree Creek, Atlanta, Jonesboro, 
 Lovejoy 's Station, Spring Hill, Columbia, Frank- 
 lin and Nashville; was mustered out, June 10, 
 1865, in the field near Nashville, Tenn. : arrived 
 at Chicago two days later, and was finally dis- 
 charged, June 24, after a service of two years, 
 nine months and twenty -seven days. 
 
 NINETIETH INFANTRY. Mustered into service 
 at Chicago, Sept. 7, 1862; participated in the siege 
 of Vicksburg and the campaign against Jackson, 
 and was engaged at Missionary Ridge, Resaca, 
 Dallas, New Hope Church, Big Shanty, Kenesaw 
 Mountain, Marietta, Nickajack Creek, Rosswell, 
 Atlanta, Jonesboro and Fort McAllister. After 
 the review at Washington, the regiment was 
 mustered out, June 6, and returned to Chicago, 
 June 9, 1865, where it was finally discharged. 
 
 NINETY-FIRST INFANTRY. Organized at Camp 
 Butler, near Springfield, in August. 1862, and 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 mustered in on Sept. 8, 1862; participated in the 
 campaigns against Vicksburg and New Orleans, 
 and all along the southwestern frontier in 
 Louisiana and Texas, as well as in the investiture 
 and capture of Mobile. It was mustered out at 
 Mobile, July 12, 1865, starting for home the same 
 Jay, and being finally paid off and discharged on 
 July 28, following. 
 
 NINETY-SECOND INFANTRY (Mounted). Organ- 
 ized and mustered into service, Sept. 4, 1862, 
 being recruited from Ogle, Stephenson and Car- 
 roll Counties. During its term of service, the 
 Ninety-second was in more than sixty battles and 
 skirmishes, including Ringgold, Chickamauga, 
 and the numerous engagements on the "March 
 to the Sea," and during the pursuit of Johnston 
 through the Carolinas. It was mustered out at 
 Concord, N. C'., and paid and discharged from the 
 service at Chicago, July 10, 1865. 
 
 NINETY-THIRD INFANTRY. Organized at Chi- 
 cago, in September, 1862, and mustered in, Oct. 
 13, 998 strong. It participated in the movements 
 against Jackson and Vicksburg, and was engaged 
 at Champion Hills and at Fort Fisher ; also was 
 engaged in the battles of Missionary Ridge, 
 Dallas, Resaca, and many minor engagements, 
 following Sherman in his campaign though the 
 Carolinas. Mustered out of service, June 23, 
 1865, and, on the 25th, arrived at Chicago, receiv- 
 ing final payment and discharge, July 7, 1865, the 
 regiment having marched 2,554 miles, traveled 
 by water, 2,296 miles, and, by railroad, 1,237 
 miles total, 6,087 miles. 
 
 NINETY-FOURTH INFANTRY. Organized at 
 Bloomington in August, 1862, and enlisted wholly 
 in McLean County. After some warm experi 
 ence in Southwest Missouri, the regiment took 
 part in the siege and capture of Vicksburg, and 
 was, later, actively engaged in the campaigns in 
 Louisiana and Texas. It participated in the cap- 
 ture of Mobile, leading the final assault. After 
 several months of garrison duty, the regiment was 
 mustered out at Galveston, Texas, on July 17, 
 1865, reaching Bloomington on August 9, follow- 
 ing, having served just three years, marched 1,200 
 miles, traveled by railroad 610 miles, and, by 
 steamer, 6,000 miles, and taken part in nine bat- 
 tles, sieges and skirmishes. 
 
 NINETY-FIFTH INFANTRY. Organized at Rock- 
 ford and mustered into service, Sept. 4, 1862. It 
 was recruited from the counties of McHenry anil 
 Boone three companies from the latter and 
 seven from the former. It took part in the cam- 
 paigns in Northern Mississippi and against Vicks- 
 burg. in the Red River expedition, the campaigns 
 
 against Price in Missouri and Arkansas, against 
 Mobile and around Atlanta. Among the battles 
 in which the regiment was engaged were those 
 of the Tallahatchie River, Grand Gulf, Raymond, 
 Champion Hills, Fort de Russey, Old River, 
 Cloutierville, Mansura, Yellow Bayou, Guntown, 
 Nashville, Spanish Fort, Fort Blakely, Kenesaw 
 Mountain, Chattahoochie River, Atlanta, Ezra 
 Church, Jonesboro, Lovejoy Station and Nash- 
 ville. The distance traveled by the regiment, 
 while in the service, was 9,960 miles. It was 
 transferred to the Forty-seventh Illinois Infan- 
 try, August 25, 1865. 
 
 NINETY-SIXTH INFANTRY. Recruited during 
 the months of July and August, 1862, and mus- 
 tered into service, as a regiment, Sept. 6, 1862. 
 The battles engaged in included Fort Donelson. 
 Spring Hill, Franklin, Triune, Liberty Gap, 
 Shelbyville, Chickamauga, Wauhatchie, Lookout 
 Mountain, Buzzard's Roost, Rocky Face Ridge, 
 Resaca, Kingston, New Hope Church, Dallas. 
 Pine Mountain, Kenesaw Mountain, Smyrna 
 Camp Ground, Peach Tree Creek, Atlanta, Rough 
 and Ready, Jonesboro, Lovejoy 's Station, Frank- 
 lin and Nashville. Its date of final pay and dis- 
 charge was June 30, 1865. 
 
 NINETY-SEVENTH INFANTRY. Organized in 
 August and September, 1862, and mustered in on 
 Sept. 16 ; participated in the battles of Chickasaw 
 Bluffs, Arkansas Post, Port Gibson, Champion 
 Hills, Black River, Vicksburg, Jackson and 
 Mobile. On July 29, 1865, it was mustered out 
 andi proceeded homeward, reaching Springfield. 
 August 10, after an absence of three years, less a 
 few days. 
 
 NINETY-EIGHTH INFANTRY. Organized at Cen- 
 tralia, September, 1862, and mustered in, Sept. ".; 
 took part in engagements at Chickamauga, Mr- 
 Minnville, Farmington and Selma, besides many 
 others of less note. It was mustered out, June 
 27, 1865, the recruits being transferred to the 
 Sixty-first Illinois Volunteers. The regiment 
 arrived at Springfield, June 30, and received final 
 |M Miu-iit and discharge, July 7, 1865. 
 
 NINETY-NINTH INFANTRY. Organized in Pike 
 County and mustered in at Florence, August 23. 
 1862; participated in the following battles and 
 skirmishes: Beaver Creek, Hartsville, Magnolia 
 Hills, Raymond, Champion Hills, Black River. 
 Vicksburg, Jackson, Fort Esperanza, Grand 
 Coteau, Fish River, Spanish Fort and Blakely: 
 days under fire, 62; miles traveled, 5,900; men 
 killed in battle, 38; men died of wounds and 
 disease. 149; men discharged for disability, 127; 
 men deserted, 35; officers killed in battle. 3; 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 563 
 
 officers died, 2; officers resigned, 26. The regi- 
 ment was mustered out at Baton Rouge, July 31, 
 1865, and paid off and discharged, August 9, 
 following. 
 
 ONE HUNDREDTH INFANTRY. Organized at 
 Joliet, in August, 1862, and mustered in, August 
 30. The entire regiment was recruited in Will 
 County. It was engaged at Bardstown, Stone 
 River, Lookout Mountain, Missionary Ridge, and 
 Nashville; was mustered out of service, June 12, 
 1865, at Nashville, Tenn., and arrived at Chicago, 
 June 15, where it received final payment and 
 discharge. 
 
 ONE HUNDRED AND FIRST INFANTRY. Organ- 
 ized at Jacksonville during the latter part of the 
 month of August, 1862, and, on Sept. 2, 1862, 
 was mustered in. It participated in the battles 
 of Wauhatchie, Chattanooga, Resaca, New Hope 
 Church, Kenesaw and Pine Mountains, Peach 
 Tree Creek, Atlanta, Averysboro and Bentonville. 
 On Dec. 20, 1862, five companies were captured 
 at Holly Springs, Miss., paroled and sent to 
 Jefferson Barracks, Mo. , and formally exchanged 
 in June, 1863. On the 7th of June, 1865, it was 
 mustered out, and started for Springfield, where, 
 on the 21st of June, it was paid off and disbanded. 
 
 ONE HUNDRED AND SECOND INFANTRY. Organ- 
 ized at Knoxville, in August, 1862, and mustered 
 in, September 1 and 2. It was engaged at Resaca, 
 Camp Creek, Burnt Hickory, Big Shanty, Peach 
 Tree Creek and Averysboro; mustered out of 
 service June 6, 1865, and started home, arriving 
 at Chicago on the 9th, and, June 14, received 
 final payment and discharge. 
 
 ONE HUNDRED AND THIRD INFANTRY. Re- 
 cruited wholly in Fulton County, and mustered 
 into the service, Oct. 2, 1862. It took part in 
 the Grierson raid, the sieges of Vicksburg, Jack- 
 son, Atlanta and Savannah, and the battles of 
 Missionary Ridge, Buzzard's Roost, Resaca, Dal- 
 las, Kenesaw Mountain and Griswoldsville ; was 
 also in the campaign through the Carolinas. 
 The regiment was mustered out at Louisville, 
 June 21, and received final discharge at Chi- 
 cago, July 9, 1865. The original strength of 
 the regiment was 808, and 84 recruits were 
 enlisted. 
 
 ONE HUNDRED AND FOURTH INFANTRY. Organ- 
 ized at Ottawa, in August, 1862, and composed 
 almost entirely of La Salle County men. The 
 regiment was engaged in the battles of Harts- 
 ville, Chickamauga, Lookout Mountain, Mission- 
 ary Ridge, Resaca, Peach Tree Creek, Utoy 
 Creek, Jonesboro and Bentonville, besides many 
 severe skirmishes ; was mustered out at Washing- 
 
 ton, D. C., June 6, 1865, and, a few days later, 
 received final discharge at Chicago. 
 
 ONE HUNDRED AND FIFTH INFANTRY. Mus- 
 tered into service, Sept. 2, 1862, at Dizon, and 
 participated in the Atlanta campaign, being 
 engaged at Resaca, Peach Tree Creek and 
 Atlanta, and almost constantly skirmishing; 
 also took part in the "March to the Sea" and the 
 campaign in the Carolinas, including the siege of 
 Savannah and the battles of Averysboro and 
 Bentonville. It was mustered out at Washing- 
 ton, D. C., June 7, 1865, and paid off and dis- 
 charged at Chicago, June 17. 
 
 ONE HUNDRED AND SIXTH INFANTRY. Mus- 
 tered into service at Lincoln, Sept. 18, 1862, 
 eight of the ten companies having been recruited 
 in Logan County, the other two being from San- 
 garuon and Menard Counties. It aided in the 
 defense of Jackson, Tenn., where Company "C" 
 was captured and paroled, being exchanged in 
 the summer of 1863; took part in the siege of 
 Vicksburg, the Yazoo expedition, the capture of 
 Little Rock, the battle of Clarendon, and per- 
 formed service at various points in Arkansas. It 
 was mustered out, July 12, 1865, at Pine Bluff. 
 Ark. , and arrived at Springfield, July 24, 1865, 
 where it received final payment and discharge 
 
 ONE HUNDRED AND SEVENTH INFANTRY. Mus- 
 tered into service at Springfield, Sept. 4, 1862; 
 was composed of six companies from DeWitt and 
 four companies from Piatt Count}'. It was 
 engaged at Campbell's Station, Dandridge, 
 Rocky- Face Ridge, Resaca, Kenesaw Mountain, 
 Atlanta, Spring Hill, Franklin, Nashville and 
 Fort Anderson, and mustered out, June 21, 1865, 
 at Salisbury, N. C., reaching Springfield, for 
 final payment and discharge, July 2, 1865. 
 
 ONE HUNDRED AND EIGHTH INFANTRY. Organ- 
 ized at Peoria, and mustered into service, August 
 28, 1862; took part in the first expedition against 
 Vicksburg and in the battles of Arkansas Post 
 (Fort Hindman), Port Gibson and Champion 
 Hills ; in the capture of Vicksburg, the battle of 
 Guntown. the reduction of Spanish Fort, and the 
 capture of Mobile. It was mustered out at Vicks- 
 burg, August 5, 1865, and received final discharge 
 at Chicago, August 11. 
 
 ONE HUNDRED AND NINTH INFANTRY. Re- 
 cruited from Union and Pulaski Counties and 
 mustered into the service, Sept. 11, 1862. Owing 
 to its number being greatly reduced, it was con- 
 solidated with the Eleventh Infantry in April, 
 1863. (See Eleventh Infantry.) 
 
 ONE HUNDRED AND TENTH INFANTRY. Organ- 
 ized at Anna and mustered in, Sept. 11, 1862 ; was 
 
564 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 engaged at Stone River, Woodbury, and in 
 numerous skirmishes in Kentucky and Tennessee. 
 In May, 1863, the regiment was consolidated, its 
 numbers having been greatly reduced. Subse- 
 quently it participated in the battles of Chicka- 
 mauga and Missionary Ridge, the battles around 
 Atlanta and the campaign through the Carolinas, 
 being present at Johnston's surrender. The regi- 
 ment was mustered out at Washington, D. C., 
 June 5, 1865, and received final discharge at 
 Chicago, June 15. The enlisted men whose term 
 of service had not expired at date of muster-out, 
 were consolidated into four companies and trans- 
 ferred to the Sixtieth Illinois Veteran Volunteer 
 Infantry. 
 
 ONE HUNDRED AND ELEVENTH INFANTRY. Re- 
 cruited from Marion, Clay, Washington, Clinton 
 and Wayne Counties, and mustered into the serv- 
 ice at Salem, Sept. 18, 1862. The regiment aided 
 in the capture of Decatur, Ala. ; took part in the 
 Atlanta campaign, being engaged at Resaca, 
 Dallas, Kenesaw, Atlanta and Jonesboro : partici- 
 pated in the "March to the Sea" and the cam- 
 paign in the Carolinas, taking part in the battles 
 of Fort McAllister and Bentonville. It was mus- 
 tered out at Washington, D. C., June 7, 1865. 
 receiving final discharge at Springfield. June 27, 
 having traveled 3,736 miles, of which 1,836 was 
 on the march. 
 
 ONE HUNDRED AND TWELFTH INFANTRY. Mus- 
 tered into service at Peoria, Sept. 20 and 22, 
 1862 ; participated in the campaign in East Ten- 
 nessee, under Burnside, and in that against 
 Atlanta, under Sherman; was also engaged in 
 the battles of Columbia, Franklin and Nashville, 
 and the capture of Fort Anderson and Wilming- 
 ton. It was mustered out at Ooldsboro, N. C., 
 June 20, 1865, and finally discharged at Chicago, 
 July 7, 1865. 
 
 ONE HUNDRED AND THIRTEENTH INFANTRY. 
 Left Camp Hancock (near Chicago) for the front, 
 Nov. 6, 1862; was engaged in the Tallahatchie 
 expedition, participated in the battle of Chicka- 
 saw Bayou, and was sent North to guard prison- 
 ers and recruit. The regiment also took part in 
 the siege and capture of Vicksburg, was mustered 
 out, June 20, 1865, and finally discharged at Chi- 
 cago, five days later. 
 
 ONE HUNDRED AND FOURTEENTH INFANTRY. 
 Organized in July and August, 1862, and mustered 
 in at Springfield, Sept. 18, being recruited from 
 Cass, Menard and Sangamon Counties. The regi- 
 ment participated in the battle of Jackson (Miss. ), 
 the siege and capture of Vicksburg, and in the 
 battles of Quntown and Harrisville, the pursuit 
 
 of Price through Missouri, the battle of Nash- 
 ville, and the capture of Mobile. It was mustered 
 out at Vicksburg, August 3, 1865, receiving final 
 payment and discharge at Springfield. August 15, 
 1865. 
 
 ONE HUNDRED AND FIFTEENTH INFANTRY. 
 Ordered to the front from Springfield, Oct. 4, 
 1862 ; was engaged at Chickamauga, Chattanooga, 
 Missionary Ridge, Tunnel Hill, Resaca and in all 
 the principal battles of the Atlanta campaign, 
 and in the defense of Nashville and pursuit of 
 Hood; was mustered out of service, June 11, 
 1865, and received final pay and discharge, June 
 23, 1865, at Springfield. 
 
 ONE HUNDRED AND SIXTEENTH INFANTRY. 
 Recruited almost wholly from Macon County, 
 numbering 980 officers and men when it started 
 from Decatur for the front on Nov. 8, 1862. It 
 participated in the battles of Chickasaw Bayou, 
 Arkansas Post, Champion Hills, Black River 
 Bridge, Missionary Ridge, Resaca, Dallas, Big 
 Shanty, Kenesaw Mountain, Stone Mountain, 
 Atlanta, Fort McAllister and Bentonville, and 
 was mustered out, June 7, 1865, near Washington, 
 D. C. 
 
 ONE HUNDRED AND SEVENTEENTH INFANTRY. 
 Organized at Springfield, and mustered in, Sept. 
 19, 1862; participated in the Meridian campaign, 
 the Red River expedition (assisting in the cap- 
 ture of Fort de Russey), and in the battles of 
 Pleasant Hill, Yellow Bayou, Tupelo, Franklin, 
 Nashville, Spanish Fort and Fort Blakely. It 
 was mustered out at Springfield, August 5, 1865, 
 having traveled 9,276 miles, 2,307 of which were 
 marched. 
 
 ONE HUNDRED AND EIGHTEENTH INFANTRY. 
 Organized and mustered into the service at 
 Springfield, Nov. 7, 1862; was engaged at Chicka- 
 saw Bluffs, Arkansas Post, Port Gibson, Cham- 
 pion Hills, Black River Bridge, Jackson (Miss.), 
 Grand Coteau, Jackson (La.), and Amite River. 
 The regiment was mounted, Oct. 11, 1863, and 
 dismounted, May 22, 1865. Oct. 1, 1865, it was 
 mustered out, and finally discharged, Oct. 13. 
 At the date of the muster-in, the regiment inun- 
 bered 820 men and officers, received 283 recruits, 
 making a total of 1,103; at muster-out it num- 
 bered 523. Distance marched, 2,000 miles; total 
 distance traveled, 5,700 miles. 
 
 ONE HUNDRED AND NINETEENTH INFANTRY. 
 Organized at Quincy, in September, 1862, and 
 was mustered into the United States service, 
 October 10; was engaged in the Red River cam- 
 paign and in the battles of Shreveport, Yellow 
 Bayou, Tupelo, Nashville, Spanish Fort and Fort 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 565 
 
 Blakely. Its final muster-out took place at 
 Mobile, August 26, 1865, and its discharge at 
 Springfield. 
 
 ONE HUNDRED AND TWENTIETY INFANTRY. 
 Mustered into the service, Oct. 28, 1862, at Spring- 
 field ; was mustered out, Sept. 7, 1865, and received 
 final payment and discharge, September 10, at 
 Springfield. 
 
 ONE HUNDRED AND TWENTY-FIRST INFAN- 
 TRY. (The organization of this regiment was not 
 completed.) 
 
 ONE HUNDRED AND TWENTY-SECOND INFAN- 
 TRY. Organized at Carlinville, in August, 1862, 
 and mustered into the service, Sept. 4, with 960 
 enlisted men. It participated in the battles of 
 Tupelo and Nashville, and in the capture of 
 Spanish Fort and Fort Blakely, and was mustered 
 out, July 15, 1865, at Mobile, and finally dis- 
 c-barged at Springfield, August 4. 
 
 ONE HUNDRED AND TWENTY-THIRD INFAN- 
 TRY. Mustered into service at Mattoon, Sept. 6, 
 1862; participated in the battles of Perry ville, 
 Milton, Hoover's Gap, and Farmington; also took 
 part in the entire Atlanta campaign, marching 
 as cavalry and fighting as infantry. Later, it 
 served as mounted infantry in Kentucky, Tennes- 
 see and Alabama, taking a prominent part in the 
 capture of Selma. The regiment was discharged 
 at Springfield, July 11, 1865 the recruits, whose 
 terms had not expired, being transferred to the 
 Sixty-first Volunteer Infantry. 
 
 ONE HUNDRED AND TWENTY-FOURTH INFAN- 
 TRY. Mustered into the service, Sept. 10, 1862, at 
 Springfield ; took part in the Vicksburg campaign 
 and in the battles of Port Gibson, Raymond and 
 Champion Hills, the siege of Vicksburg, the 
 Meridian raid, the Yazoo expedition, and the 
 capture of Mobile. On the 16th of August, 1865, 
 eleven days less than three years after the first 
 company went into camp at Springfield, the regi- 
 ment was mustered out at Chicago. Colonel 
 Howe's history of the battle-flag of the regiment, 
 stated that it had been borne 4, 100 miles, in four- 
 teen skirimishes, ten battles and two sieges of 
 forty-seven days and nights, and thirteen days 
 and nights, respectively. 
 
 ONE HUNDRED AND TWENTY-FIFTH INFAN- 
 TRY. Mustered into service, Sept. 3, 1862; par- 
 ticipated in the battles of Perryville, Chicka- 
 mauga, Missionary Ridge, Kenesaw Mountain, 
 Peach Tree Creek, Atlanta and Jonesboro, and in 
 the "Man'h to the Sea" and the Carolina cam- 
 paign, being engaged at Averysboro and Benton- 
 ville. It was mustered out at Washington, D. C. , 
 June 9, 1865, and finally discharged at Chicago. 
 
 ONE HUNDRED AND TWENTY-STXTH INFAU- 
 TRY. Organized at Alton and mustered in, Sept. 4, 
 1862, and participated in the siege of Vicksburg. 
 Six companies were engaged in skirmish line, near 
 Humboldt, Tenn., and the regiment took part in 
 the capture of Little Rock and in the fight at 
 Clarendon, Ark. It was mustered out July 12, 1865. 
 
 ONE HUNDRED AND TWENTY-SEVENTH INFAN- 
 TRY. Mustered into service at Chicago, Sept. 6, 
 1862; took part in the first campaign against 
 Vicksburg, and in the battle of Arkansas Post, 
 the siege of Vicksburg under Grant, the capture 
 of Jackson (Miss.), the battles of Missionary 
 Ridge and Lookout Mountain, the Meridian raid, 
 and in the fighting at Resaca, Dallas, Kenesaw 
 Mountain, Atlanta and Jonesboro; also accom- 
 panied Sherman in his march through Georgia 
 and the Carolinas, taking part in the battle of 
 Bentonville ; was mustered out at Chicago. June 
 17, 1865. 
 
 ONE HUNDRED AND TWENTY-EIGHTH INFAN- 
 TRY. Mustered in, Dec. 18, 1862, but remained 
 in service less than five months, when, its num- 
 ber of officers and men having been reduced from 
 860 to 161 (largely by desertions), a number of 
 officers were dismissed, and the few remaining 
 officers and men were formed into a detachment, 
 and transferred to another Illinois regiment. 
 
 ONE HUNDRED AND TWENTY-NINTH INFAN- 
 TRY. Organized at Pontiac, in August, 1862, and 
 mustered into the service Sept. 8. Prior to May, 
 1864, the regiment was chiefly engaged in garri- 
 son duty. It marched with Sherman in the 
 Atlanta campaign and through Georgia and the 
 Carolinas, and took part in the battles of Resaca, 
 Buzzard's Roost, Lost Mountain, Dallas, Peach 
 Tree Creek, Atlanta, Averysboro and Benton- 
 ville. It received final pay and discharge at Chi- 
 ca"o, June 10, 1865. 
 
 ONE HUNDRED AND THIRTIETH INFANTRY. 
 Organized at Springfield and mustered into 
 service, Oct. 25, 1862 ; was engaged at Port Gib- 
 son, Champion Hills, Black River Bridge, Vicks- 
 burg, Jackson (Miss.), and in the Red River 
 expedition. While on this expedition almost the 
 entire regiment was captured at the battle of 
 Mansfield, and not paroled until near the close of 
 the war. The remaining officers and men were 
 consolidated with the Seventy-seventh Infantry 
 in January, 1865, and participated in the capture 
 of Mobile. Six months later its regimental re- 
 organization, as the One Hundred and Thirtieth, 
 was ordered. It was mustered out at New 
 Orleans, August 15, 1865, and discharged at 
 Springfield, August 31. 
 
56ti 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 ONE HUNDRED AND THIRTY-FIRST INFAN- 
 TRY. Organized in September, 18C2, and mus- 
 tered into the service, Nov. 13, with 815 men, 
 exclusive of officers. In October, 1863, it was 
 consolidated with the Twenty-ninth Infantry, 
 and ceased to exist as a separate organization. 
 Up to that time the regiment had been in but a 
 few conflicts and in no pitched battle. 
 
 ONE HUNDRED AND THIRTY-SECOND INFAN- 
 TRY. Organized at Chicago and mustered in for 
 100 days from June 1, 1864. The regiment re- 
 mained on duty at Paducah until the expiration 
 of its service, when it moved to Chicago, and 
 was mustered out, Oct. 17, 1864. 
 
 ONE HUNDRED AND THIRTY-THIRD INFAN- 
 TRY. Organized ut Springfield, and mustered in 
 for one hundred days, May 31, 1864; was engaged 
 during its term of service in guarding prisoners 
 of war at Rock Island ; was mustered out, Sept. 
 4, 1804, at Camp Butler. 
 
 ONE HUNDRED AND THIRTY-FOURTH INFAN- 
 TRY. Organized at Chicago and mustered in. 
 May 31, 1864, for 100 days; was assigned to 
 garrison duty at Columbus, Ky., and mustered 
 out of service, Oct. 25, 1864, at Chicago. 
 
 ONE HUNDRED AND THIRTY-FIFTH INFAN- 
 TRY. Mustered in for 100-days' service at Mat- 
 toon, June 6, 18G4, having a strength of 852 men. 
 It was chiefly engaged, during its term of service, 
 in doing garrison duty and guarding railroads. 
 It was mustered out at Springfield, Sept. 28, 1864. 
 
 ONE HUNDRED AND THIRTY-SIXTH INFAN- 
 TRY. Enlisted about the first of May, 1864, for 
 100 days, and went into camp at Centralia, 111., 
 but was not mustered into service until June 1, 
 following. Its principal service was garrison 
 duty, with occasional scouts and raids amongst 
 guerrillas. At the end of its term of service the 
 regiment re-enlisted for fifteen days; was mus- 
 tered out at Springfield, Oct. 22, 1864, and dis- 
 charged eight days later 
 
 ONE HUNDRED AND THIRTY-SEVENTH INFAN- 
 TRY. Organized at Quincy, with ex-Gov. John 
 Wood as its Colonel, and mustered in, June 5, 
 1864, for 100 days. Was on duty at Memphis, 
 Tenn , and mustered out of service at Spring- 
 field. 111.. Sept. 4, 1864. 
 
 ONE HUNDRED AND THIRTY-EIGHTH INFAN- 
 TRY Organized at Quincy, and mustered in, 
 June 21, 1864, for 100 days; was assigned to garri- 
 son duty at Fort Leavenworth, Kan., and in 
 Western Missouri. It was mustered out of serv- 
 ice at Springfield, 111., Oct. 14, 1864. 
 
 ONE HUNDRED AND THIRTY-NINTH INFAN- 
 TRY. Mustered into service as a 100-day's regi- 
 
 ment, at Peoria, June 1, 1864; was engaged in 
 garrison duty at Columbus and Cairo, in making 
 reprisals for guerrilla raids, and in the pursuit of 
 the Confederate General Price in Missouri. The 
 latter service was rendered, at the President's 
 request, after the term of enlistment had expired. 
 It was mustered out at Peoria, Oct. 25, 1864, hav- 
 ing been in the service nearly five months. 
 
 ONE HUNDRED AND FOURTIETH INFANTRY. 
 Organized as a 100-days' regiment, at Springfield, 
 June 18, 1864, and mustered into service on that 
 date. The regiment was engaged in guarding 
 railroads between Memphis and Holly Springs,and 
 in garrison duty at Memphis. After the term of 
 enlistment had expired and the regiment had 
 been mustered out, it aided in the pursuit of 
 General Price through Missouri; was finally dis- 
 charged at Chicago, after serving about five 
 months 
 
 O.\E HUNDRED AND FORTY-FIRST INFAN- 
 TRY. Mustered into service as a 100-days' regi- 
 ment, at Elgin, June 16, 1864 strength, 842 men; 
 departed for the field, June 27, 1864; was mus- 
 tered out at Chicago, Oct. 10, 1864. 
 
 ONE HUNDRED AND FORTY-SECOND INFAN- 
 TRY. Organized at Freeport as a battalion of 
 eight companies, and sent to Camp Butler, where 
 two companies were added and the regiment 
 mustered into service for 100 days, June 18, 1864. 
 It was ordered to Memphis, Tenn., five days later, 
 and assigned to duty at White's Station, eleven 
 miles from that city, where it was employed in 
 guarding the Memphis & Charleston railroad. 
 It was mustered out at Chicago, on Oct. 27, 1864, 
 the men having voluntarily served one month 
 beyond their term of enlistment. 
 
 ONE HUNDRED AND FORTY-THIRD INFAN- 
 TRY. Organized at Mattoon, and mustered in, 
 June 11, 1864, for 100 days. It was assigned to 
 garrison duty, and mustered out at Mattoou, 
 Sept 26, 1864. 
 
 ONE HUNDRED AND FORTY-FOURTH INFAN- 
 TRY. Organized at Alton, in 1864, as a one-year 
 regiment; was mustered into the service, Oct. 21, 
 its strength being 1,159 men. It was mustered 
 out, July 14, 186.J. 
 
 ONE HUNDRED AND FORTY-FIFTH INFAN- 
 TRY. Mustered into service at Springfield, June 
 9, 1864; strength, 880 men. It departed for the 
 field, June 12, 1864 ; was mustered out, Sept. 23, 
 1864. 
 
 ONE HUNDRED AND FORTY-SIXTH INFAN- 
 TRY. Organized at Springfield, Sept. 18, 18C4. for 
 one year. Was assigned to the duty of guarding 
 drafted men at Brighton, Quincy, Jacksonville 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 and Springfield, and mustered out at Springfield. 
 July 5, 1865. 
 
 ONE HUNDRED AND FORTY-SEVENTH INFAN- 
 TRY. Organized at Chicago, and mustered into 
 service for one year, Feb. 18 and 19, 1865; was 
 engaged chiefly on guard or garrison duty, in 
 scouting and in skirmishing with guerrillas. 
 Mustered out at Nashville, Jan. 22, 1866, and 
 received final discharge at Springfield, Feb. 4. 
 
 ONE HUNDRED AND FORTY-EIGHTH INFAN- 
 TRY. Organized at Springfield, Feb. 21, 1865, for 
 the term of one year ; was assigned to garrison 
 and guard duty and mustered out, Sept. 5, Isii-V 
 at Nashville, Tenn ; arrived at Springfield, Sept. 
 '. ' . 1865, where it was paid off and discharged. 
 
 ONE HUNDRED AND FORTY-NINTH INFAN- 
 TRY. Organized at Springfield, Feb. 11, 1865. 
 and mustered in for one year; was engaged in 
 garrison and guard duty ; mustered out, Jan. 27, 
 1866, at Dalton, Ga. , and ordered to Springfield, 
 where it received final payment and discharge. 
 
 ONE HUNDRED AND FIFTIETH INFANTRY. 
 Organizedat Springfield, and mustered in, Feb. 14. 
 1865, for one year; was on duty in Tennessee and 
 Georgia, guarding railroads and garrisoning 
 towns. It was mustered out, Jan. 16, 1866, at 
 Atlanta, Ga., and ordered to Springfield, where it 
 received final payment and discharge. 
 
 ONE HUNDRED AND FIFTY-FIRST INFANTRY. 
 This regiment was organized at Quincy, 111., 
 and mustered into the United States service. 
 Feb. 23, 1865, and was composed of companies 
 from various parts of the State, recruited, under 
 the call of Dec. 19, 1864. It was engaged in 
 guard duty, with a few guerrilla skirmishes, and 
 \vas present at the surrender of General War- 
 ford's army, at Kingston, Ga. ; was mustered out 
 at i 'ol ami ins. Ga., Jan. 24, 1866, and ordered to 
 Springfield, where it received final payment and 
 discharge, Feb. 8, 1866. 
 
 ONE HUNDRED AND FIFTY-SECOND INFAN- 
 TRY. Organized at Springfield and mustered in. 
 Feb. 18, 1865, for one year; was mustered out of 
 service, to date Sept. 11, at Memphis, Tenn., and 
 arrived at Camp Butler. Sept. 9, 1865, where it 
 received final payment and discharge. 
 
 ONE HUNDRED AND FIFTY-THIRD INFAN- 
 TRY. Organized at Chicago, and mustered in. 
 Feb. 27, 1865, for one year; was not engaged in 
 any battles. It was mustered out, Sept. 15, 1865. 
 and moved to Springfield, 111., and. Sept. 24. 
 received final pay and discharge. 
 
 ONE HUNDRED AND FIFTY-FOURTH INFAN- 
 TRY. Organized at Springfield, Feb. 21, 1865. 
 for one year. Sept. 18. 1865, the regiment was 
 
 mustered out at Nashville, Tenn., and ordered to 
 Springfield for final payment and discharge, 
 where it arrived, Sept. 22; was paid oft and dis- 
 charged at Camp Butler, Sept. 29. 
 
 ONE HUNDRED AND FIFTY-FIFTH ISFAS- 
 TRY. Organized at Springfield and mustered in 
 Feb. 28, 1865, for one year, 904 strong. On Sept. 
 4, 1865, it was mustered out of service, and moved 
 to Camp Butler, where it received final pay and 
 discharge. 
 
 ONE HUNDRED AND FIFTY-SIXTH INFAN- 
 TRY. Organized and mustered in during the 
 months of February and March, 1865, from the 
 northern counties of the State, for the term of 
 one year. The officers of the regiment have left 
 no written record of its history, but its service 
 seems to have been rendered chiefly in Tennessee 
 in the neighborhood of Memphis. Nashville and 
 Chattanooga. Judging by the muster-rolls of 
 the Adjutant-General, the regiment would appear 
 to have been greatly depleted by desertions and 
 otherwise, the remnant being finally mustered 
 out, Sept. 20, 1865. 
 
 FIRST CAVALRY. Organized consisting of 
 seven companies, A, B, C, D, E, F and G at 
 Alton, in 1861, and mustered into the United 
 States service, July 3. After' some service in 
 Missouri, the regiment participated in the battle 
 of Lexington, in that State, and was surrendered, 
 with the remainder of the garrison, Sept. 20, 1861 
 The officers were paroled, and the men sworn not 
 to take up arms again until discharged. No ex- 
 change having been effected in November, the 
 non-commissioned officers and privates were 
 ordered to Springfield and discharged. In June. 
 1862, the regiment was reorganized at Benton 
 Barracks, Mo., being afterwards employed in 
 guarding supply trains and supply depots at 
 various points. Mustered out, at Benton Bar- 
 racks, July 14. 1862. 
 
 SECOND CAVALRY. Organized at Springfield 
 and mustered into service, August 12, 1861, with 
 Company M (which joined the regiment some 
 months later), numbering 47 commissioned offi- 
 cers and 1,040 enlisted men. This number was in- 
 creased by recruits and re-enlistments, during its 
 four and a half year's term of service, to 2,236 
 enlisted men and 145 commissioned officers. It 
 was engaged at Belmout; a portion of the regi- 
 ment took part in the battles at Fort Henry. 
 Fort Donelson and Sluloh, another portion at 
 Merriweather's Ferry, Bolivar and Holly Springs, 
 and participated in the investment of Vicksburg. 
 In January, 1864. the major part of the regiment 
 re-enlisted as veterans, later, participating in the 
 
368 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 Bed River expedition and the investment of Fort 
 Blakely. It was mustered out at San Antonio, 
 Tex., Nov. 23, 1865, and finally paid and dis- 
 charged at Springfield, Jan. 3, 1866. 
 
 THIRD CAVALRY. Composed of twelve com- 
 panies, from various localities in the State, the 
 grand total of company officers and enlisted men, 
 tinder the first organization, being 1,433. It was 
 organized at Springfield, in August, 1861 ; partici- 
 pated in the battles of Pea Ridge, Haines' Bluff, 
 Arkansas Post, Port Gibson, Champion Hills, 
 Black River Bridge, and the siege of Vicksburg. 
 In July, 1864, a large portion of the regiment re- 
 enlisted as veterans. The remainder were mus- 
 tered out, Sept. 5, 1864. The veterans participated 
 in the repulse of Forrest, at Memphis, and in the 
 battles of Lawrenceburg, Spring Hill, Campbells- 
 Tille and Franklin. From May to October, 1865, 
 engaged in service against the Indians in the 
 Northwest The regiment was mustered out at 
 Springfield, Oct. 18, 1865. 
 
 FOURTH CAVALRY. Mustered into service, 
 Sept. 26, 1861, and participated in the battles of 
 Fort Henry, Fort Donelson, and Shiloh; in the 
 siege of Corinth, and in many engagements of 
 less historic note ; was mustered out at Springfield 
 in November, 1864. By order of the War Depart- 
 ment, of June 18, 1803, the members of the 
 regiment whose terms had not expired, were con- 
 solidated with the Twelfth Illinois Cavalry. 
 
 FIFTH CAVALRY. Organized at Camp Butler, 
 in November, 18U1 ; took part in the Meridian 
 raid and the expedition against Jackson, Miss., 
 and in numerous minor expeditions, doing effect- 
 ive work at Canton, Grenada, Woodville, and 
 other points. On Jan. 1, 1864, a large portion of 
 the regiment re-enlisted as veterans. Its final 
 muster-out took place, Oct. 27, 1865, and it re- 
 ceived final payment and discharge, October 30. 
 
 SIXTH CAVALRY. Organized at Springfield, 
 Nov. 19, 1861 ; participated in Sherman's advance 
 upon Grenada; in the Grierson raid through Mis- 
 sissippi and Louisiana, the siege of Port Hudson, 
 the battles of Moscow (Tenn), West Point (Miss.), 
 Franklin and Nashville; re-enlisted as veterans, 
 March 30, 1864; was mustered out at Selma, Ala., 
 Nov. 5, 1865, and received discharge, November 
 20, at Springfield. 
 
 SEVENTH CAVALRY. Organized at Springfield, 
 and was mustered into service, Oct. 13, 1861. It 
 participated in the battles of Farmington, luka, 
 Corinth (second battle); in Grierson's raid 
 through Mississippi and Louisiana; in the en- 
 gagement at Plain's Store (La.), and the invest- 
 ment of Port Hudson. In March, 1864, 288 
 
 officers and men re-enlisted as veterans. The 
 non- veterans were engaged at Guntown, and the 
 entire regiment took part in the battle of Frank- 
 lin. After the close of hostilities, it was stationed 
 in Alabama and Mississippi, until the latter part 
 of October, 1865; was mustered out at Nashville, 
 and finally discharged at Springfield, NOT. 17, 
 1865. 
 
 EIOOTH CAVALRY. Organized at St. Charles, 
 111., and mustered in, Sept. 18, 1861. The regi- 
 ment was ordered to Virginia, and participated 
 in the general advance on Manassas in March, 
 1862; was engaged at Mechanicsville, Games' 
 Hill, Malvern Hill, Sugar Loaf Mountain, Middle- 
 town, South Mountain, Antietam, Fredericks- 
 burg, Sulphur Springs, Warrenton, Rapidan 
 Station, Northern Neck, Gettysburg, Williams- 
 burg, Funkstown, Falling Water, Chester Gap. 
 Sandy Hook, Culpepper, Brandy Station, and in 
 many raids and skirmishes. It was mustered 
 out of service at Benton Barracks, Mo., July 17, 
 1865, and ordered to Chicago, where it received 
 final payment and discharge. 
 
 NINTH CAVALRY Organized at Chicago, in 
 the autumn of 1861, and mustered in, November 
 30 ; was engaged at Coldwater, Grenada, Wyatt, 
 Saulsbury, Moscow, Guntown, Pontotoc, Tupelo, 
 Old Town CreeU, Hurricane Creek, Lawrence- 
 burg, Campellsville, Franklin and Nashville. 
 The regiment re-enlisted as veterans, March 16, 
 1864; was mustered out of sen-ice at Selma, Ala., 
 Oct. 31, 1865, and ordered to Springfield, where 
 the men received final payment and discharge. 
 
 TENTH CAVALRY. Organized at Springfield in 
 the latter part of September, 1861, and mustered 
 into service, Nov. 25, 1861 ; was engaged at Prairie 
 Grove, Cotton Plant, Arkansas Post, in the 
 Yazoo Pass expedition, at Richmond (La.), 
 Brownsville, Bayou Metoe, Bayou La Fourche 
 and Little Rock. In February, 1864, a large 
 portion of the regiment re-enlisted as veter- 
 ans, the non-veterans accompanying General 
 Banks in his Red River expedition. On Jan. 27, 
 1865, the veterans, and recruits were consolidated 
 with the Fifteenth Cavalry, and all reorganized 
 under the name of the Tenth Illinois Veteran 
 Volunteer Cavalry. Mustered out of service at 
 San Antonio, Texas, Nov. 22, 1865, and received 
 final discharge at Springfield, Jan. 6, 1866. 
 
 ELEVENTH CAVALRY. Robert G. Ingersoll of 
 Peoria, and Basil D. Meeks, of Woodford County, 
 obtained permission to raise a regiment of 
 cavalry, and recruiting commenced in October, 
 1861. The regiment was recruited from the 
 counties of Peoria, Fulton, Tazewell, Woodford. 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 569 
 
 Marshall, Stark, Knox, Henderson and Warren; 
 was mustered into the service at Peoria, Dec. 20, 
 1861, and was first under fire at Shiloh. It also 
 took part in the raid in the rear of Corinth, and 
 in the battles of Bolivar, Corinth (second battle), 
 luka, Lexington and Jackson (Term.); in Mc- 
 Pherson's expedition to Canton and Sherman's 
 Meridian raid, in the relief of Yazoo City, and in 
 numerous less important raids and skirmishes. 
 Most of the regiment re-enlisted as veterans in 
 December, 1863; the non-veterans being mus- 
 tered out at Memphis, in the autumn of 1864. The 
 veterans were mustered out at the same place, 
 Sept. 30, 1865, and discharged at Springfield, 
 October 20. 
 
 TWELFTH CAVALRY. Organized at Springfield, 
 in February, 1862, and remained there guarding 
 rebel prisoners until June 25, when it was 
 mounted and sent to Martinsburg, Va. It was 
 engaged at Fredericksburg, Williamsport, Falling 
 Waters, the Rapidan and Stevensburg. On Nov. 
 26, 1863, the regiment was relieved from service 
 and ordered home to reorganize as veterans. 
 Subsequently it joined Banks in the Red River 
 expedition and in Davidson's expedition against 
 Mobile. While at Memphis the Twelfth Cavalry 
 was consolidated into an eight-company organi- 
 zation, and the Fourth Cavalry, having previously 
 been consolidated into a battalion of five com- 
 panies, was consolidated with the Twelfth. The 
 consolidated regiment was mustered out at 
 Houston, Texas, May 29, 1866, and, on June 18, 
 received final pay and discharge at Springfield. 
 
 THIRTEENTH CAVALRY. Organized at Chicago, 
 in December, 1861; moved to the front from 
 Benton Barracks, Mo., in February, 1862, and 
 was engaged in the following battles and skir- 
 mishes (all in Missouri and Arkansas) : Putnam's 
 Ferry, Cotton Plant, Union City (twice), Camp 
 Pillow, Bloomfield (first and second battles), Van 
 Buren, Allen, Eleven Point River, Jackson, 
 White River, Chalk Bluff, Busby Creek, near 
 Helena. Grand Prairie, White River, Deadman's 
 Lake, Brownsville, Bayou Metoe, Austin, Little 
 Rock, Benton, Batesville, Pine Bluff, Arkadel- 
 phia, Okolona, Little Missouri River, Prairie du 
 Anne, Camden, Jenkins' Ferry, Cross Roads, 
 Mount Elba, Douglas Landing and Monticello. 
 The regiment was mustered out, August 31, 1865, 
 and received final pay and discharge at Spring- 
 field, Sept. 13, 1865. 
 
 FOURTEENTH CAVALRY. Mustered into service 
 at Peoria, in January and February, 1863; par- 
 ticipated in the battle of Cumberland Gap, in the 
 defense of Knoxville and the pursuit of Long- 
 
 street, in the engagements at Bean Station and 
 Dandridge, in the Macon raid, and in the cavalry 
 battle at Sunshine Church. In the latter Gen- 
 eral Stoneman surrendered, but the Fourteenth 
 cut its way out. On their retreat the men were 
 betrayed by a guide and the regiment badly cat 
 up and scattered, those escaping being hunted by 
 soldiers with bloodhounds. Later, it was engaged 
 at Waynesboro and in the battles of Franklin and 
 Nashville, and was mustered out at Nashville, 
 July 31, 1865, having marched over 10,000 miles, 
 exclusive of duty done by detachments. 
 
 FIFTEENTH CAVALRY. Composed of companies 
 originally independent, attached to infantry regi- 
 ments and acting as such; participated in the 
 battles of Fort Donekon and Shiloh, and in the 
 siege anil capture of Corinth. Regimental or- 
 ganization was effected in the spring of 1863, and 
 thereafter it was engaged chiefly in scouting and 
 post duty. It was mustered out at Springfield, 
 August 25, 1864, the recruits (whose term of 
 service had not expired) being consolidated with 
 the Tenth Cavalry. 
 
 SIXTEENTH CAVALRY. Composed principally 
 of Chicago men Thieleman's and Schambeck's 
 Cavalry Companies, raised at the outset of the 
 war, forming the nucleus of the regiment. The 
 former served as General Sherman's body-guard 
 for some time. Captain Thieleman was made a 
 Major and authorized to raise a battalion, the 
 two companies named thenceforth being known 
 as Thieleman's Battalion. In September, 1862, 
 the War Department authorized the extension of 
 the battalion to a regiment, and, on the llth of 
 June, 1863, the regimental organization was com- 
 pleted. It took part in the East Tennessee cam- 
 paign, a portion of the regiment aiding in the 
 defense of Knoxville, a part garrisoning Cumber- 
 ami Gap, and one battalion being captured by 
 Longstreet. The regiment also participated in 
 the battles of Rocky Face Ridge, Buzzard's 
 Roost, Resaca, Kingston, Cassville, Carterville, 
 Allatoona, Kenesaw, Lost Mountain, Mines 
 Ridge, Powder Springs, Chattahoochie, Atlanta, 
 Jonesboro, Franklin and Nashville. It arrived 
 in Chicago, August 23, 1865, for final payment 
 and discharge, having marched about 5,000 miles 
 and engaged in thirty-one battles, besides numer- 
 ous skirmishes. 
 
 SEVENTEENTH CAVALRY. Mustered into serv- 
 ice in January and February, 1864; aided in the 
 repulse of Price at Jefferson City, Mo., and was 
 engaged at Booneville, Independence, Mine 
 Creek, and Fort Scott, besides doing garrison 
 duty, scouting and raiding. It was mustered 
 
570 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 out in November and December, 1865, at Leaven- 
 worth, Kan. Gov. John i .. Beveridge, who had 
 previously been a Captain and Major of the 
 Eighth Cavalry, was the Colonel of this regi- 
 ment. 
 
 FIRST LIGHT ARTILLERY. Consisted of ten 
 batteries. Battery A was organized under the 
 first call for State troops, April 21, 1861, but not 
 mustered into the three years' service until July 
 16; was engaged at Fort Donelson, Shiloh, 
 Chickasaw Bayou, Arkansas Post, the sieges of 
 Vicksburg and Jackson, and in the Atlanta cam- 
 l>aign; was in reserve at Champion Hills and 
 Xashville, and mustered out July 3, 1865. at 
 Chicago. 
 
 Battery B was organized in April, 1861, en- 
 gaged at Belmont. Fort Donelson, Shiloh, in the 
 siege of Corinth and at La Grange, Holly Springs, 
 Memphis, Chickasaw Bayou, Arkansas Post, the 
 siege of Vicksburg, Mechanicsburg, Richmond 
 (La.), the Atlanta campaign and the battle of 
 Nashville. The Battery was reorganized by con- 
 solidation with Battery A, and mustered out at 
 Chicago, July 2, 1865. 
 
 Battery D was organized at Cairo, Sept. 2, 1861 ; 
 was engaged at Fort Donelson and at Shiloh. 
 and mustered out, July 28, 1865, at Chicago. 
 
 Battery was organized at Camp Douglas and 
 mustered into service, Dec. 19, 1861 ; was engaged 
 at Shiloh, Corinth, Jackson, Vicksburg, Gun- 
 town, Pontotoc, Tupelo and Nashville, and mus- 
 tered out at Louisville, Dec. 24, 1864. 
 
 Battery F was recruited at Dixon and mus- 
 tered in at Springfield, Feb. 25, 1862. It took 
 part in the siege of Corinth and the Yocona 
 expedition, and was consolidated with the other 
 butteries in the regiment, March 7, 1865. 
 
 Battery G was organized at Cairo and mus- 
 tered in Sept. 28, 1861 ; was engaged in the siege 
 and the second battle of Corinth, and mustered 
 out at Springfield, July 24, 1865. 
 
 Battery H was recruited in and about Chicago, 
 during January and February, 1862 ; participated 
 in the battle of Shiloh, siege of Vicksburg, and 
 in the Atlanta campaign, the "March to the 
 Sea," and through the Carolinas with Sherman. 
 
 Battery I was organized at Camp Douglas and 
 mustered in, Feb. 10, 1862; was engaged at 
 Shiloh, in the Tallahatchie raid, the sieges of 
 Vicksburg and Jackson, and in the battles of 
 Chattanooga and Vicksburg It veteranized, 
 March 17, 1864, and was mustered out. July 26, 
 1*65. 
 
 Battery K was organ ized at Shawneetown and 
 mustered in, Jan. 9. 1862. participated in Bum- 
 
 side's campaign in Tennessee, and in the capture 
 of Knoxville. Part of the men were mustered 
 out at Springfield in June, 1865, and the re 
 manider at Chicago in July. 
 
 Battery M was organized at Camp Douglas and 
 mustered into the service, August 12, 1862, for 
 three years. It served through the Chickamauga 
 campaign, being engaged at Chickamauga; also 
 was engaged at Missionary Ridge, was besieged 
 at Chattanooga, and took part in all the impor- 
 tant battles of the Atlanta campaign. It was 
 mustered out at Chicago, July 24, 1864, having 
 traveled 3,102 miles and been under fire 178 days. 
 
 SECOND LIGHT ARTILLERY. Consisted of nine 
 batteries. Battery A was organized at Peoria, 
 and mustered into service, May 23, 1861 ; served 
 in Missouri and Arkansas, doing brilliant work 
 at Pea Ridge. It was mustered out of service at 
 Springfield, July 27, 1865. 
 
 Battery D was organized at Cairo, and mustered 
 into service in December, 1861 ; was engaged at 
 Fort Donelson, Shiloh, Vicksburg, Jackson, 
 Meridian and Decatur, and mustered out at 
 Louisville, Nov. 21, 1864. 
 
 Battery E was organized at St. Louis, Mo., in 
 August, 1861, and mustered into service, August 
 20, at that point. It was engaged at Fort Donel- 
 son and Shiloh, and in the siege of Corinth and 
 the Yocona expedition was consolidated with 
 Battery A. 
 
 Battery F was organized at Cape Girardeau, 
 Mo., and mustered in, Dec. 11, 1861; was engaged 
 at Shiloh, in the siege and second battle of 
 Corinth, and the Meridian campaign; also 
 at Kenesaw. Atlanta and Jonesboro. It was 
 mustered out, July 27, 1865. at Springfield. 
 
 Battery H was organized at Springfield, De- 
 cember, 1861, and mustered in. Dec. 31, 1861 ; was 
 engaged at Fort Donelson and in the siege of 
 Fort Pillow; veteranized, Jan. 1, 1864, was 
 mounted as cavalry the following summer, and 
 mustered out at Springfield, July 29, 18C5. 
 
 Battery I was recruited in Will County, and 
 mustered into service at Camp Butler, Dec. 31, 
 1861. It participated in the siege of Island No. 
 10. in the advance upon Cornith, and in the 
 battles of Perryville, Chickamauga, Lookout 
 Mountain, Missionary Ridge and Chattanooga. 
 It veteranized, Jan. 1, 1864, marched with Sher- 
 man to Atlanta, and thence to Savannah and 
 through the Carolinas, and was mustered out at 
 Springfield. 
 
 Battery K was organized at Springfield and 
 mustered in Dec. 31, 1863; was engaged at Fort 
 Pillow, the capture of Clarkston, Mo., and the 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OK ILLINOIS. 
 
 571 
 
 siege of Vicksburg. It was mustered out, July 
 14. 1865, at Chicago. 
 
 Battery L was organized at Chicago and mus- 
 tered in, Feb. 28. 1862; participated in the ad- 
 vance on Corinth, the battle of Hatchie and the 
 advance on the Tallahatchie, and was mustered 
 out at Chicago, August 9, 1865. 
 
 Battery M was organized at Chicago, and mus- 
 tered in at Springfield, June, 1862 ; was engaged 
 at Jonesboro, Blue Spring, Blountsville and 
 Rogersville, being finally consolidated with 
 other batteries of the regiment. 
 
 CHICAGO BOARD OP TRADE BATTERY. Organ- 
 ized through the efforts of the Chicago Board of 
 Trade, which raised $15,000 for its equipment, 
 within forty-eight hours. It was mustered into 
 service, August 1, 1862, was engaged at Law- 
 renceburg, Murfreesboro, Stone River, Chicka- 
 mauga, Farmington, Decatur (Ga.), Atlanta, 
 Tx>vejoy Station, Nashville, Selma and Columbus 
 (Ga. ) It was mustered out at Chicago, June 30, 
 1865, and paid in full, July 3, having marched 
 5.268 miles and traveled by rail 1,231 miles. The 
 lattery was in eleven of the hardest battles 
 fought in the West, and in twenty-six minor 
 battles, being in action forty-two times while on 
 scouts, reconnoissances or outpost duty. 
 
 CHICAGO MERCANTILE BATTERY. Recruited 
 and organized under the auspices of the Mercan- 
 tile Association, an association of prominent and 
 patriotic merchants of the City of Chicago. It 
 was mustered into service, August 29, 1862, at 
 Camp Douglas, participated in the Tallahatchie 
 and Tazoo expeditions, the first attack upon 
 Vicksburg, the battle of Arkansas Post, the siege 
 of Vicksburg, the battles of Magnolia Hills, 
 Champion Hills, Black River Bridge and Jackson 
 (Miss.); also took part in Banks' Red River ex- 
 pedition; was mustered out at Chicago, and 
 received final payment, July 10, 1865, having 
 traveled, by river, sea and land, over 11,000 
 miles. 
 
 SPRINGFIELD LIGHT ARTILLERY. Recruited 
 principally from the cities of Springfield, Belle- 
 ville and Wenona, and mustered into service at 
 Springfield, for the term of three years, August 
 21, 1862. numbering 199 men and officers. It 
 participated in the capture of Little Rock and in 
 the Red River expedition, and was mustered out 
 at Springfield, 114 strong, June 30, 1865. 
 
 COGSWELL'S BATTERY, LIGHT ARTILLERY. 
 Organized at Ottawa, 111., and mustered in, Nov. 
 11, 1861, as Company A (Artillery) Fifty-third 
 Illinois Volunteers, Colonel Cushman command- 
 ing the regiment. It participated in the 
 
 advance on Corinth, the siege of Vicksburg, the 
 battle of Missionary Ridge, and the capture of 
 Spanish Fort and Fort Blakely, near Mobile. The 
 regiment was mustered out at Springfield, August 
 14, 1865, having served three years and nine 
 months, marched over 7,500 miles, and partici- 
 pated in seven sieges and battles. 
 
 STURGES RIFLES. An independent company, 
 organized at Chicago, armed, equipped and sub- 
 sisted for nearly two months, by the patriotic 
 generosity of Mr. Solomon Sturges; was mustered 
 into sen-ice, May 6, 1861 ; in June following, was 
 ordered to West Virginia, serving as body- 
 guard of General McClellan; was engaged at 
 Rich Mountain, in the siege of Yorktown, and in 
 the seven days' battle of the Chickahominy. A 
 portion of the company was at Antietam, the 
 remainder having been detached as foragers, 
 scouts, etc. It was mustered out at Washington, 
 Nov. 25, 1862. 
 
 WAR, THE SPANISH - AMERICAS. The 
 oppressions and misrule which had character- 
 ized the administration of affairs by the Spanish 
 Government and its agents for generations, in the 
 Island of Cuba, culminated, in April, 1898, in 
 mutual declarations of war between Spain and 
 the United States. The causes leading up to this 
 result were the injurious effects upon American 
 commerce and the interests of American citizens 
 owning property in Cuba, as well as the constant 
 expense imposed upon the Government of the 
 United States in the maintenance of a large navy 
 along the South Atlantic coast to suppress fili- 
 bustering, superadded to the friction and unrest 
 produced among the people of this country by the 
 long continuance of disorders and abuses so near 
 to our own shores, which aroused the sympathy 
 and indignation of the entire civilized world. 
 For three years a large proportion of the Cuban 
 population had been in open rebellion against the 
 Spanish Government, and, while the latter had 
 imported a large army to the island and sub- 
 jected the insurgents and their families and 
 sympathizers to the grossest cruelties, not even 
 excepting torture and starvation itself, their 
 policy had failed to bring the insurgents into 
 subjection or to restore order. In this condition 
 of affairs the United States Government had 
 endeavored, through negotiation, to secure a miti- 
 gation of the evils complained of, by a modifica- 
 tion of the Spanish policy of government in the 
 island ; but all suggestions in this direction had 
 either been resented by Spain as unwarrantable 
 interference in her affairs, or promises of reform, 
 when made, had been as invariably broken. 
 
572 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 In the meantime an increasing sentiment had 
 been growing up in the United States in favor of 
 conceding belligerent rights to the Cuban insur- 
 gents, or the recognition of their independence, 
 which found expression in measures proposed in 
 Congress all offers of friendly intervention by 
 the United States having been rejected by Spain 
 with evidences of indignation. Compelled, at 
 last, to recognize its inability to subdue the insur- 
 rection, the Spanish Government, in November, 
 1897, made a pretense of tendering autonomy to 
 the Cuban people, with the privilege of amnesty 
 to the insurgents on laying down their arms. 
 The long duration of the war and the outrages 
 perpetrated upon the helpless "reconcentrados," 
 coupled with the increased confidence of the 
 insurgents in the final triumph of their cause, 
 rendered this movement even if intended to be 
 carried out to the letter of no avail. The 
 proffer came too late, and was promptly rejected. 
 
 In this condition of affairs and with a view to 
 greater security for American interests, the 
 American battleship Maine was ordered to 
 Havana, on Jan. 24. 1898. It arrived in Havana 
 Harbor the following day, and was anchored at a 
 point designated by the Spanish commander. On 
 the night of February 15, following, it was blown 
 up and destroyed by some force, as shown by after 
 investigation, applied from without. Of a crew 
 of 354 men belonging to the vessel at the time, 
 266 were either killed outright by the explosion, 
 or died from their wounds. Not only the Ameri- 
 can people, but the entire civilized world, was 
 hocked by the catastrophe. An act of horrible 
 treachery had been perpetrated against an 
 American vessel and its crew on a peaceful mis- 
 sion in the harbor of a professedly friendly na- 
 tion. 
 
 The successive steps leading to actual hostili- 
 ties were rapid and eventful. One of the earliest 
 and must significant of these was the passage, by 
 a unanimous vote of both houses of Congress, on 
 March 9, of an appropriation placing $50,000,000 
 in the hands of the President as an emergency 
 fund for purposes of national defense. This was 
 followed, two days later, by an order for the 
 mobilization of the army. The more important 
 events following this step were : An order, under 
 date of April 5, withdrawing American consuls 
 from Spanish stations: the departure, on April 9, 
 of Consul-General Fitzhugh Lee from Havana; 
 April 19, the adoption by Congress of concurrent 
 resolutions declaring Cuba independent and 
 directing the President to use the land and naval 
 forces of the United States to put an end to 
 
 Spanish authority in the island; April 20, the 
 sending to the Spanish Government, by the Presi- 
 dent, of an ultimatum in accordance with this 
 act ; April 21, the delivery to Minister Woodford, 
 at Madrid, of his passports without waiting for 
 the presentation of the ultimatum, with the 
 departure of the Spanish Minister from Washing- 
 ton; April 23, the issue of a call by the President 
 for 125,000 volunters; April 24, the final declara- 
 tion of war by Spain ; April 25, the adoption by 
 Congress of a resolution declaring that war had 
 existed from April 21 ; on the same date an order 
 to Admiral Dewey, in command of the Asiatic 
 Squadron at Hongkong, to sail for Manila with a 
 view to investing that city and blockading 
 Philippine ports. 
 
 The chief events subsequent to the declaration 
 of war embraced the following: May 1, the 
 destruction by Admiral Dewey's squadron of the 
 Spanish fleet in the harbor of Manila; May 19, 
 the arrival of the Spanish Admiral Cervera's fleet 
 at Santiago de Cuba; May 25, a second call by 
 the President for 75,000 volunteers; July 3, the 
 attempt of Cervera's fleet to escape, and its 
 destruction off Santiago; July 17, the surrender 
 of Santiago to the forces under General Shafter; 
 July 30, the statement by the President, through 
 the French Ambassador at Washington, of the 
 terms on which the United States would consent 
 to make peace ; August 9, acceptance of the peace 
 terms by Spain, followed, three days later, by the 
 signing of the peace protocol ; September 9, the 
 appointment by the President of Peace Commis- 
 sioners on the part of the United States ; Sept. 18, 
 the announcement of the Peace Commissioners 
 selected by Spain; October 1, the beginning of the 
 Peace Conference by the representatives of the 
 two powers, at Paris, and the formal signing, on 
 December 10, of the peace treaty, including the 
 recognition by Spain of the freedom of Cuba, 
 with the transfer to the United States of Porto 
 Rico and her other West India islands, together 
 with the surrender of the Philippines for a con- 
 sideration of $20,000,000. 
 
 Seldom, if ever, in the history of nations have 
 such vast and far-reaching results been accom- 
 plished within so short a period. The war, 
 which practically began with the destruction of 
 the Spanish fleet in Manila Harbor an event 
 which aroused the enthusiasm of the whole 
 American people, and won the respect and 
 admiration of other nations was practically 
 ended by the surrender of Santiago and the 
 declaration by the President of the conditions of 
 peace just three months later. Succeeding 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 573 
 
 events, up to the formal signing of the peace 
 treaty, were merely the recognition of results 
 previously determined. 
 
 HISTORY OP ILLINOIS REGIMENTS. The part 
 played by Illinois in connection with these events 
 may be briefly summarized in the history of Illi- 
 nois regiments and other organizations. Under 
 the first call of the President for 125, 000 volun- 
 teers, eight regiments seven of infantry and one 
 of cavalry were assigned to Illinois, to which 
 was subsequently added, on application through 
 Governor Tanner, one battery of light artil- 
 lery. The infantry regiments were made up 
 of the Illinois National Guard, numbered 
 consecutively from one to seven, and were 
 practically mobilized at their home stations 
 within forty-eight hours from the receipt of the 
 call, and began to arrive at Camp Tanner, near 
 Springfield, the place of rendezvous, on April 26, 
 the day after the issue of the Governor's call. 
 The record of Illinois troops is conspicuous for 
 the promptness of their response and the com- 
 pleteness of their organization in this respect 
 being unsurpassed by those of any other State. 
 Under the call of May 25 for an additional force 
 of 75,000 men, the quota assigned to Illinois was 
 two regiments, which were promptly furnished, 
 taking the names of tlie Eighth and Ninth. The 
 first of these belonged to the Illinois National 
 Guard, as the regiments mustered in under the 
 first call had done, while the Ninth was one of a 
 number of "Provisional Regiments" which had 
 tendered their services to the Government. Some 
 twenty-five other regiments of this class, more or 
 less complete, stood ready to perfect their organi- 
 zations should there be occasion for their serv- 
 ices. The aggregate strength of Illinois organi- 
 zations at date of muster out from the United 
 States service was 12,28011,789 men and 491 
 officers. 
 
 FIRST REGIMENT ILLINOIS VOLUNTEERS (orig- 
 inally Illinois National Guard) was organized at 
 Chicago, and mustered into the United States 
 service at Camp Tanner (Springfield), under the 
 command of Col. Henry L. Turner, May 13, 1898; 
 left Springfield for Camp Thomas (Chickamauga) 
 Hay 17; assigned to First Brigade, Third 
 Division, of the First Army Corps; started for 
 Tampa, Fla., June 2, but soon after arrival there 
 was transferred to Picnic Island, and assigned to 
 provost duty in place of the First United States 
 Infantry. On June 30 the bulk of the regiment 
 embarked for Cuba, but was detained in the har- 
 bor at Key West until July 5, when the vessel 
 sailed for Santiago, arriving in Guantanamo Bay 
 
 on the evening of the 8th. Disembarking on 
 the 10th, the whole regiment arrived on the 
 firing line on the llth, spent several days and 
 nights in the trenches before Santiago, and 
 were present at the surrender of that city 
 on the 17th. Two companies had previously 
 been detached for the scarcely less perilous duty 
 of service in the fever hospitals and in caring 
 for their wounded comrades. The next month 
 was spent on guard duty in the captured city, 
 until August 25, when, depleted in numbers and 
 weakened by fever, the bulk of the regiment was 
 transferred by hospital boats to Camp Wikoff, on 
 Montauk Point, L. I. The members of the regi- 
 ment able to travel left Camp Wikoff, September 
 8, for Chicago, arriving two days later, where they 
 met an enthusiastic reception and were mustered 
 out. November 17, 1,235 strong (rank and file) a 
 considerable number of recruits having joined the 
 regiment just before leaving Tampa. The record 
 of the First was conspicuous by the fact that it 
 was the only Illinois regiment to see service in 
 Cuba during the progress of actual hostilities. 
 Before leaving Tampa some eighty members of the 
 regiment were detailed for engineering duty in 
 Porto Rico, sailed for that island on July 12. and 
 were among the first to perform service there. 
 The First suffered severely from yellow fever 
 while in Cuba, but, as a regiment, while in the 
 service, made a brilliant record, which was highly 
 complimented in the official reports of its com- 
 manding officers. 
 
 SECOND REGIMENT ILLINOIS VOLUNTEER IN- 
 FANTRY (originally Second L N. G.). This regi- 
 ment, also from Chicago, began to arrive at 
 Springfield, April 27, 1898 at that time number- 
 ing 1,202 men and 47 officers, under command of 
 CoL George M. Moulton; was mustered in 
 between May 4 and May 15 ; on May 17 started 
 for Tampa, Fla., but en route its destination was 
 changed to Jacksonville, where, as a part of the 
 Seventh Army Corps, under command of Gen. 
 Fitzhugh Lee, it assisted in the dedication of 
 Camp Cuba Libre. October 25 it was transferred 
 to Savannah, Ga. , remaining at "Camp Lee" until 
 December 8, when two battalions embarked for 
 Havana, landing on the 15th, being followed, a 
 few days later, by the Third Battalion, and sta- 
 tioned at Camp Columbia. From Dec. 17 to Jan. 
 11, 1899, Colonel Moulton served as Chief of 
 Police for the city of Havana. On March 28 to 80 
 the regiment left Camp Columbia in detach- 
 ments for Augusta, Ga., where it arrived April 
 5, and was mustered out, April 26, 1,051 strong 
 (rank and file), and returned to Chicago. Dur- 
 
574 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 ing its stay in Cuba the regiment did not lose a 
 man. A history of this regiment has been 
 written by Rev. H. W. Bolton, its late Chaplain. 
 
 THIRD REGIMENT ILLINOIS VOLUNTEER IN- 
 FANTRY, composed of companies of the Illinois 
 National Guard from the counties of La Salle. 
 Livingston, Kane, Kankakee, McHeiiry, Ogle, 
 Will, and Winnebago, under command of Col. 
 Fred Bennitt, reported at Springfield, with 1,170 
 men and 50 officers, on April 27 ; was mustered 
 in May 7, 1898; transferred from Springfield to 
 Camp Thomas (Chickamauga), May 14; on July 
 22 left Chickamauga for Porto Rico; on the 28th 
 sailed from Newport News, on the liner St. Louis, 
 arriving at Ponce, Porto Rico, on July 31 ; soon 
 after disembarking captured Arroyo, and assisted 
 in the capture of Guayama, which was the 
 beginning of General Brooke's advance across 
 the island to San Juan, when intelligence was 
 received of the signing of the peace protocol by 
 Spain. From August 13 to October 1 the Third 
 Continued in the performance of guard duty in 
 Porto Rico; on October 22, 986 men and 39 offi- 
 cers took transport for home by way of New York, 
 arriving in Chicago, November 11, the several 
 companies being mustered out at their respective 
 home stations. Its strength at final muster-out 
 was 1,273 men and officers. This regiment had 
 the distinction of being one of the first to see 
 service in Porto Rico, but suffered severely from 
 fever and other diseases during the three months 
 of its stay in the island. 
 
 FOURTH ILLINOIS VOLUNTEER INFANTRY, com- 
 posed of companies from Champaign, Coles, 
 Douglas, Edgar, Effingham, Fayette, Jackson, 
 Jefferson, Montgomery, Richland, and St. Clair 
 counties; mustered into the service at Spring- 
 field, May 20, under command of Col. Casimer 
 Andel; started immediately for Tampa, Fla., but 
 en route its destination was changed to Jackson- 
 ville, where it was stationed at Camp Cuba Libre 
 as a part of the Seventh Corps under command of 
 Gen. Fitzhugh Lee; in October was transferred 
 to Savannah, Ga., remaining at Camp Onward 
 until about the first of January, when the regi- 
 ment took ship for Havana. Here the regiment 
 was stationed at Camp Columbia until April 4, 
 1899, when it returned to Augusta, Ga., and was 
 mustered out at Camp Mackenzie (Augusta). May 
 2, the companies returning to their respective 
 home stations. During a part of its stay at 
 Jacksonville, and again at Savannah, the regi- 
 ment was employed on guard duty. While at 
 Jacksonville Colonel Andel was suspended by 
 court-martial, and finally tendered his resigna- 
 
 tion, his place being supplied by Lieut. -Col. Eton 
 Swift, of the Ninth. 
 
 FIFTH REGIMENT ILLINOIS VOLUNTEER IN- 
 FANTRY was the first regiment to report, and was 
 mustered in at Springfield, May 7, 1898, under 
 command of Col. James S. Culver, being finally 
 composed of twelve companies from Pike, Chris- 
 tian, Sangamon, McLean, Montgomery, Adams, 
 Tazewell, Macon, Morgan, Peoria, and Fulton 
 counties; on May 14 left Springfield for Camp 
 Thomas (Chickamauga, Ga.), being assigned to 
 the command of General Brooke; Augusts left 
 Chickamauga for Newport News, Va., with the 
 expectation of embarking for Porto Rico a 
 previous order of July 26 to the same purport 
 having been countermanded; at Newport News 
 embarked on the transport Obdam, but again the 
 order was rescinded, and, after remaining on 
 board thirty-six hours, the regiment was disem- 
 barked. The next move was made to Lexington 
 Ky., where the regiment having lost hope of 
 reaching "the front" remained until Sept. 5, 
 when it returned to Springfield for final muster- 
 out. This regiment was composed of some of the 
 l>est material in the State, and anxious for active 
 service, but after a succession of disappoint- 
 ments, was compelled to return to its home sta- 
 tion without meeting the enemy. After its arrival 
 at Springfield the regiment was furloughed for 
 thirty days and finally mustered out, October 16, 
 numbering 1,213 men and 47 officers. 
 , SIXTH REGIMENT ILLINOIS VOLUNTEER IN- 
 FANTRY, consisting of twelve companies from the 
 counties of Rock Island, Knox, Whiteside, Lee, 
 Carroll, Stephenson, Henry, Warren, Bureau, and 
 Jo Daviess, was mustered in May 11, 1898, under 
 command of Col. D. Jack Foster; on May 17 left 
 Springfield for Camp Alger, Va. ; July 5 the 
 regiment moved to Charleston, S. C., where a 
 part embarked for Siboney, Cuba, but the whole 
 regiment was soon after united in General 
 Miles' expedition for the invasion of Porto Rico, 
 landing at Gunmen on July 25, and advancing 
 into the interior as far as Adjunta and Utuado. 
 After several weeks' service in the interior, the 
 regiment returned to Ponce, and on September 7 
 took transport for the return home, arrived at 
 Springfield a week later, and was mustered out 
 November 25, the regiment at that time consist- 
 ing of 1,239 men and 49 officers. 
 
 SEVENTH ILLINOIS VOLUNTEER INFANTRY 
 (known as the "Hibernian Rifles"). Two 
 battalion? of this regiment reported at Spring, 
 field, April 27, with 33 officers and 765 enlisted 
 men, being afterwards increased to the maxi- 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 575 
 
 i nun i ; was mustered into the United States serv- 
 ice, under command of Col. Marcus Kavanagh, 
 May 18, 1898; on May 38 started for Camp Alger, 
 Vs. ; was afterwards encamped at Thoroughfare 
 Gap and Camp Meade ; on September 9 returned 
 to Springfield, was furloughed for thirty days, 
 and mustered out, October 20, numbering 1,260 
 men and 49 officers. Like the Fifth, the Seventh 
 saw no actual service in the field. 
 
 EIGHTH ILLINOIS VOLUNTEER INFANTRY (col- 
 ored regiment), mustered into the service at 
 Springfield under the second call of the Presi- 
 dent, July 23, 1898, being composed wholly of 
 Afro- Americans under officers of their own race, 
 with Col. John R. Marshall in command, the 
 muster-roll showing 1,195 men and 76 officers. 
 The six companies, from A to F, were from Chi- 
 cago, the other five being, respectively, from 
 Bloomington, Springfield, Quincy, Ldtchfield, 
 Mound City and Metropolis, and Cairo. The 
 regiment having tendered their services to 
 relieve the First Illinois on duty at Santiago de 
 Cuba, it started for Cuba, August 8, by way of 
 New York ; immediately on arrival at Santiago, 
 a week later, was assigned to duty, but subse- 
 quently transferred to San Luis, where Colone ( 
 Marshall was made military governor. The 
 major part of the regiment remained here until 
 ordered home early in March, 1899, arrived at 
 Chicago, March 15, and was mustered out, April 
 3, 1,226 strong, rank and file, having been in 
 service nine months and six days. 
 
 NINTH ILLINOIS VOLUNTEER INFANTRY was 
 organized from the counties of Southern Illinois, 
 and mustered in at Springfield under the second 
 call of the President, July 4-11, 1898, under com- 
 mand of Col. James R. Campbell; arrived at 
 Camp Cuba Libre (Jacksonville, Fla.), August 9; 
 two months later was transferred to Savannah, 
 Ga. ; was moved to Havana in December, where 
 it remained until May, 1899, when it returned to 
 Augusta, Ga., and was mustered out there, May 
 20, 1899, at that time consisting of 1,095 men and 
 46 officers. From Augusta the several companies 
 returned to their respective home stations. The 
 Ninth was the only "Provisional Regiment" from 
 Illinois mustered into the service during the 
 war, the other regiments all belonging to the 
 National Guard. 
 
 FIRST ILLINOIS CAVALRY was organized at Chi- 
 cago immediately after the President's first call, 
 seven companies being recruited from Chicago, 
 two from Bloomington, and one each from 
 Springfield, Elkhart, and Lacon ; was mustered in 
 at Springfield, May 21, 1898, under command of 
 
 Col. Edward C. Young; left Springfield for Camp 
 Thomas, Ga., May 30, remaining there until 
 August 24, when it returned to Fort Sheridan, 
 near Chicago, where it was stationed until October 
 11, when it was mustered out, at that time con- 
 sisting of 1,158 men and 50 officers. Although 
 the regiment saw no active service in the field, it 
 established an excellent record for itself in respect 
 to discipline. 
 
 FIRST ENGINEERING CORPS, consisting of 80 
 men detailed from the First Illinois Volunteers, 
 were among the first Illinois soldiers to see serv- 
 ice in Porto Rico, accompanying General Miles' 
 expedition in the latter part of July, and being 
 engaged for a time in the construction of bridges 
 in aid of the intended advance across the island. 
 On September 8 they embarked for the return 
 home, arrived at Chicago, September 17, and 
 were mustered out November 20. 
 
 BATTERY A (I. N. G.), from Danville, 111., was 
 mustered in under a special order of the War 
 Department, May 12, 1898, under command of 
 Capt. Oscar P. Yaeger, consisting of 118 men; 
 left Springfield for Camp Thomas, Ga., May 19, 
 and, two months later, joined in General Miles' 
 Porto Rico expedition, landing at Guanico on 
 August 3, and taking part in the affair at Gua- 
 yama on the 12th. News of peace having been 
 received, the Battery returned to Ponce, where 
 it remained until September 7, when it started 
 on the return home by way of New York, arrived 
 at Danville, September 17, was furloughed for 
 sixty days, and mustered out November 25. The 
 Battery was equipped with modern breech-load- 
 ing rapid-firing guns, operated by practical artil- 
 lerists and prepared for effective service. 
 
 NAVAL RESERVES. One of the earliest steps 
 taken by the Government after it became ap- 
 parent that hostilities could not be averted, was 
 to begin preparation for strengthening the naval 
 arm of the service. The existence of the "Naval 
 Militia," first organized in 1893, placed Illinois in 
 an exceptionally favorable position for making a 
 prompt response to the call of the Government, as 
 well as furnishing a superior class of men for 
 service a fact evidenced during the operations 
 in the West Indies. Gen. John McNulta, as head 
 of the local committee, was active in calling the 
 attention of the Navy Department to the value of 
 the service to be rendered by this organization, 
 which resulted in its being enlisted practically as 
 a body, taking the name of "Naval Reserves" 
 all but eighty-eight of the number passing the 
 physical examination, the places of these being 
 promptly filled by new recruits. The first de- 
 
576 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 tachment of over 200 left Chicago May 2, under 
 the command of Lieut. -Com. John M. Hawley, 
 followed soon after by the remainder of the First 
 Battalion, making the whole number from Chi- 
 cago 400, with 267, constituting the Second Bat- 
 talion, from other towns of the State. The latter 
 was made up of 147 men from Moline, 58 from 
 Quincy, and 62 from Alton making a total from 
 the State of 667. This does not include others, 
 not belonging to this organization, who enlisted 
 for service in the navy during the war, which 
 raised the whole number for the State over 1,000. 
 The Reserves enlisted from Illinois occupied a 
 different relation to the Government from that 
 of the "naval militia" of other States, which 
 retained their State organizations, while those 
 from Illinois were regularly mustered into the 
 United States service. The recruits from Illinois 
 were embarked at Key West, Norfolk and New 
 York, and distributed among fifty-two different 
 vessels, including nearly every vessel belonging 
 to the North Atlantic Squadron. They saw serv- 
 ice in nearly every department from the position 
 of stokers in the hold to that of gunners in the 
 turrets of the big battleships, the largest number 
 (60) being assigned to the famous battleship Ore- 
 gon, while the cruiser Yale followed with 47 ; the 
 Harvard with 35; Cincinnati, 27; Yankton, 19; 
 Franklin, 18; Montgomery and Indiana, each, 17; 
 Hector, 14 ; Marietta, 1 1 ; Wilmington and Lan- 
 caster, 10 each, and others down to one each. 
 Illinois sailors thus had the privilege of partici- 
 pating in the brilliant affair of July 3, which 
 resulted in the destruction of Cervera's fleet off 
 Santiago, as also in nearly every other event in 
 the West Indies of less importance, without the 
 loss of a man while in the service, although 
 among the most exposed. They were mustered 
 out at different times, as they could be spared 
 from the service, or the vessels to which they 
 were attached went out of commission, a portion 
 serving out their full term of one year. The 
 Reserves from Chicago retain their organization 
 under the name of "Naval Reserve Veterans," 
 with headquarters in the Masonic Temple Build- 
 ing, Chicago. 
 
 W A ltl>, James H., ex-Congressman, was born 
 in Chicago, Nov. 30, 1853, and educated in the 
 Chicago public schools and at the University of 
 Notre Dame, graduating from the latter in 1873. 
 Three years later he graduated from the Union 
 College of Law, Chicago, and was admitted to 
 the bar. Since then he has continued to practice 
 his profession in his native city. In 1879 he was 
 elected Supervisor of the town of West Chicago, 
 
 and, in 1884, was a candidate for Presidential 
 Elector on the Democratic ticket, and the same 
 year, was the successful candidate of his party 
 for Congress in the Third Illinois District, serv- 
 ing one term. 
 
 WINNEBAGO INDIANS, a tribe of the Da- 
 cota, or Sioux, stock, which at one time occupied 
 a part of Northern Illinois. The word Winne- 
 bago is a corruption of the French Ouinebe- 
 goutz, Ouimbegouc, etc., the diphthong "ou" 
 taking the place of the consonant "w," which is 
 wanting in the French alphabet. These were, 
 in turn, French misspellings of an Algonquin 
 term meaning "fetid," which the latter tribe 
 applied to the Winnebagoes because they had 
 come from the western ocean the salt (or 
 "fetid") water. In their advance towards the 
 East the Winnebagoes early invaded the country 
 of the Illinois, but were finally driven north- 
 ward by the latter, who surpassed them in num- 
 bers rather than in bravery. The invaders 
 settled in Wisconsin, near the Fox River, and 
 here they were first visited by the Jesuit Fathers 
 in the seventeenth century. (See Jesuit Rela- 
 tions.) The Winnebagoes are commonly re- 
 garded as a Wisconsin tribe; yet, that they 
 claimed territorial rights in Illinois is shown by 
 the fact that the treaty of Prairia du Chien 
 (August 1, 1829), alludes to a Winnebago village 
 located in what is now Jo Daviess County, near 
 the mouth of the Pecatonica River. While, as a 
 rule, the tribe, if left to itself, was disposed to 
 live > in amity with the whites, it was carried 
 away by the eloquence and diplomacy of 
 Tecumseh and the cajoleries of "The Prophet. " 
 General Harrison especially alludes to the brav- 
 ery of the Winnebago warriors at Tippecanoe' 
 which he attributees in part, however, to a super- 
 stitious faith in "The Prophet." In June or 
 July, 1827, an unprovoked and brutal outrage by 
 the whites upon an unoffending and practically 
 defenseless party of Winnebagoes, near Prairie 
 du Chien brought on what is known as the 
 'Winnebago War." (See Winnebago War.) 
 The tribe took no part in the Black Hawk War, 
 largely because of the great influence and shrewd 
 tactic of their chief, Naw-caw. By treaties 
 executed in 1832 and 1837 the Winnebagoes ceded 
 to the United States all their lands lying east of 
 the Mississippi. They were finally removed west 
 of that river, and, after many shiftings of loca- 
 tion, were placed upon the Omaha Reservation in 
 Eastern Nebraska, where their industry, thrift 
 and peaceable disposition elicited high praise 
 from Government officials. 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 577 
 
 WARNER, Vespasian, lawyer and Member of 
 Congress, was born in De Witt County, 111., April 
 23, 1842, and has lived all his life in his native 
 county his present residence being Clinton. 
 After a short course in Lombard University, 
 while studying law in the office of Hon. Law- 
 rence Weldon, at Clinton, he enlisted as a private 
 soldier of the Twentieth Illinois Volunteers, in 
 June, 1861, serving until July, 1866, when he was 
 mustered out with the rank of Captain and 
 brevet Major. He received a gunshot wound at 
 Sbiloh, but continued to serve in the Army of 
 the Tennessee until the evacuation of Atlanta, 
 when he was ordered North on account of dis- 
 ability. His last service was in fighting Indians 
 on the plains. After the war he completed his 
 law studies at Harvard University, graduating in 
 1868, when he entered into a law partnership 
 with Clifton H. Moore of Clinton. He served as 
 Judge- Advocate General of the Illinois National 
 Guard for several years, with the rank of Colonel, 
 under the administrations of Governors Hamil- 
 ton, Oglesby and Fifer, and, in 1894, was nomi- 
 nated and elected, as a Republican, to the 
 Fifty-fourth Congress for the Thirteenth District, 
 being re-elected in 1896, and again in 1898. In 
 the Fifty-fifth Congress, Mr. Warner was mem- 
 ber of the Committees on Agriculture and Invalid 
 Pensions, and Chairman of the Committee on 
 Revision of the Laws. 
 
 WARREN, a village in Jo Daviess County, at 
 intersection of the Illinois Central and the Chi- 
 cago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railways. 36 miles 
 west-northwest of Freeport and 27 miles east by 
 north of Galena. The surrounding region is 
 agricultural and stock-raising ; there are also lead 
 mines in the vicinity. Tobacco is grown to some 
 extent. Warren has a flouring mill, tin factory, 
 creamery and stone quarries, a State bank, water 
 supply from artesian wells, fire department, gas 
 plant, two weekly newspapers, five churches, a 
 high school, an academy and a public library. 
 Pop. (1890), 1,172; (1900), 1,327. 
 
 WARREN, Calvin A., lawyer, was born in 
 Essex County, N. Y., June 3, 1807; in his youth, 
 worked for a time, as a typographer, in the office 
 of "The Northern Spectator," at Poultney, Vt., 
 side by side with Horace Greeley, afterwards the 
 founder of "The New York Tribune." Later, he 
 became one of the publishers of "The Palladium" 
 at Ballston, N. Y., but, in 1832, removed to 
 Hamilton County, Ohio, where he began the 
 study of law, completing his course at Transyl- 
 vania University. Ky., in 1834, and beginning 
 practice at. Batavia, Ohio, as the partner of 
 
 Thomas Morris, then a United States Senator 
 from Ohio, whose daughter he married, thereby 
 becoming the brother-in-law of the late Isaac N. 
 Morris, of Quincy, 111. In 1836, Mr. Warren 
 came to Quincy, Adams County, 111., but soon 
 after removed to Warsaw in Hancock County, 
 where he resided until 1839, when he returned to 
 Quincy. Here he continued in practice, either 
 alone or as a partner, at different times, of sev- 
 eral of the leading attorneys of that city. 
 Although be held no office except that of Master 
 in Chancery, which he occupied for some sixteen 
 years, the possession of an inexhaustible fund of 
 humor, with strong practical sense and decided 
 ability as a speaker, gave him great popularity 
 at the bar and upon the stump, and made him a 
 recognized leader in the ranks of the Democratic 
 party, of which he was a life-long member. He 
 served as Presidential Elector on the Pierce 
 ticket in 1852, and was the nominee of his party 
 for the same position on one or two other occa- 
 sions. Died, at Quincy, Feb. 22, 1881. 
 
 WARREN, Hooper, pioneer journalist, was 
 born at Walpole, N. H., in 1790; learned the print- 
 er's trade on the Rutland (Vt.) "Herald"; in 
 1814 went to Delaware, whence, three years later, 
 he emigrated to Kentucky, working for a time 
 on a paper at Frankfort. In 1818 lie came to St. 
 Louis and worked in the office of the old "Mis- 
 souri Gazette" (the predecessor of "The Repub- 
 lican"), and also acted as the agent of a lumber 
 company at Cairo, 111., when the whole popula- 
 tion of that place consisted of one family domi- 
 ciled on a grounded flat-boat. In March, 1819, 
 he established, at Edwardsville, the third paper 
 in Illinois, its predecessors being "The Illinois 
 Intelligencer," at Kaskaskia, and "The Illinois 
 Emigrant," at Shawneetown. The name given 
 to the new paper was "The Spectator," and the 
 contest over the effort to introduce a pro-slavery 
 clause in the State Constitution soon brought it 
 into prominence. Backed by Governor Coles, 
 Congressman Daniel P. Cook, Judge S. D. Lock- 
 wood, Rev. Thomas Lippincott, Judge Wm. H. 
 Brown (afterwards of Chicago), George Churchill 
 and other opponents of slavery, "The Spectator" 
 made a sturdy fight in opposition to the scheme, 
 which ended in' defeat of the measure by the 
 rejection at the polls, in 1834, of the proposition 
 for a Constitutional Convention. Warren left 
 the Edwardsville paper in 1825, and was, for a 
 time, associated with "The National Crisis," an 
 anti-slavery paper at Cincinnati, but soon re- 
 turned to Illinois and established "The Sangamon 
 Spectator" the first paper ever published at the 
 
578 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 present State capital. This he sold out in 1829, 
 and, for the next three years, was connected 
 with "The Advertiser and Upper Mississippi Her- 
 ald," at Galena. Abandoning this field in 1832, 
 he removed to Hennepin, where, within the next 
 five years, he held the offices of Clerk of the Cir- 
 cuit and County Commissioners' Courts and ex- 
 officio Recorder of Deeds. In 1836 he began the 
 publication of the third paper in Chicago "The 
 Commercial Advertiser" (a weekly) which was 
 continued a little more than a year, when it was 
 abandoned, and he settled on a farm at Henry, 
 Marshall County. His further newspaper ven- 
 tures were, as the associate of Zebina Eastman, in 
 the publication of "The Genius of Liberty," at 
 Lowell, La Salle County, and "The Western 
 Citizen" afterwards "The Free West" in Chi- 
 cago. (See Eastman, Zebina, and Lundy, Ben- 
 jamin.) On the discontinuance of "The Free 
 West" in 1856, he again retired to his farm at 
 Henry, where he spent the remainder of his days. 
 While returning home from a visit to Chicago, 
 in August, 1864, he was taken ill at Mendota, 
 dying there on the 22d of the month. 
 
 WARREN, John Esaias, diplomatist and real- 
 estate operator, was born in Troy, N. Y., in 1826, 
 graduated at Union College and was connected 
 with the American Legation to Spain during the 
 administration of President Pierce; in 1859-60 
 was a member of the Minnesota Legislature and, 
 in 1861-62, Mayor of St. Paul; in 1867, came to 
 Chicago, where, while engaged in real-estate 
 business, he became known to the press as the 
 author of a series of articles entitled "Topics of 
 the Time." In 1886 he took up his residence in 
 Brussels, Belgium, where he died, July 6, 1896. 
 Mr. Warren was author of several volumes of 
 travel, of which "An Attache in Spain" and 
 "Para" are most important. 
 
 WARREN COUNTY. A western county, 
 created by act of the Legislature, in 1825, but 
 not fully organized until 1830, having at that time 
 about 350 inhabitants , has an area of 540 square 
 miles, and was named for Gen. Joseph Warren. 
 It is drained by the Henderson River and its 
 affluents, and is traversed by the Chicago, Bur- 
 lington & Quincy (two divisions), the Iowa 
 Central and the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe 
 Railroads. Bituminous coal is mined and lime- 
 stone is quarried in large quantities. The county's 
 early development was retarded in consequence 
 of having become the "seat of war," during the 
 Black Hawk War. The principal products are 
 grain and live-stock, although manufacturing is 
 carried on to some extent. The county-seat and 
 
 chief city is Monmouth (which see). Roseville 
 is a shipping point. Population (1880), 22,933. 
 (1890), 21,281; (1900), 23,163. 
 
 WARRENSBUR6, a town of Macon County, 
 on Peoria Division 111. Cent. Railway, 9 miles 
 northwest of Decatur; has elevators, canning 
 factory, a bank and newspaper. Pop. (1900), 503. 
 
 WARSAW, the largest town in Hancock 
 County, and admirably situated for trade. It 
 stands on a bluff on the Mississippi River, some 
 three miles below Keokuk, and about 40 miles 
 above Quincy. It is the western terminus of the 
 Toledo, Peoria & Western Railway, and lies 116 
 miles west-southwest of Peoria. Old Fort 
 Edwards, established by Gen. Zachary Taylor, 
 during the War of 1812, was located within the 
 limits of the present city of Warsaw, opposite the 
 mouth of the Des Moines River. An iron 
 foundry, a large woolen mill, a plow factory 
 and cooperage works are its principal manufac- 
 turing establishments. The channel of the Missis- 
 sippi admits of the passage of the largest steamers 
 up to this point. Warsaw has eight churches, :. 
 system of common schools comprising one high 
 and three grammar schools, a National bank and 
 two weekly newspapers. Population (1880), 3,10.<; 
 (1890), 2,721; (1900), 2,335. 
 
 WASHBUBN, a village of Woodford County, on 
 a branch of the Chicago & Alton Railway 25 
 miles northeast of Peoria; has banks and . 
 weekly paper ; the district is agricultural. Popu- 
 lation (1890), 598; (1900), 703. 
 i WASHBURNE, Ellhu Benjamin, Congressman 
 and diplomatist, was born at Livermore, Maine. 
 Sept. 23, 1816 ; in early life learned the trade of a 
 printer, but graduated from Harvard Law School 
 and was admitted to the bar in 1840. Coming 
 west, he settled at Galena, forming a partnership 
 with Charles S. Hempstead, for the practice of 
 law, in 1841. He was a stalwart Whig, and, as 
 such, was elected to Congress in 1852. He con- 
 tinued to represent his District until 1869, taking 
 a prominent position, as a Republican, on the 
 organization of that party. On account of his 
 long service he was known as the "Father of the 
 House," administering the Speaker's oath three 
 times to Schuyler Colfax and once to James (i. 
 Blaine. He was appointed Secretary of State by 
 General Grant in 1869, but surrendered his port- 
 folio to become Envoy to France, in which ca 
 pacity he achieved great distinction. He was the 
 only official representative of a foreign govern 
 ment who remained in Paris, during the siege of 
 that city by the Germans (1870-71) and the reign 
 of the ''Commune." For his conduct he was 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 honored by the Governments of France and Ger- 
 many alike. On his return to the United States. 
 he made his home in Chicago, where he devoted 
 his latter years chiefly to literary labor, and 
 where he died, Oct. 22, 1887. He was strongly 
 favored as a candidate for the Presidency in 1880. 
 
 WASHINGTON, a city in Tazewell County, 
 situated at the intersection of the Chicago & 
 Alton, the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe, and the 
 Toledo, Peoria * Western Railroads. It is 21 
 miles west of El Paso, and 12 miles east of Peoria. 
 Carriages, plows and farming implements con- 
 stitute the manufactured output. It is also an 
 important shipping-point for farm products. It 
 has electric light and water- works plants, eight 
 churches, a graded school, two banks and two 
 newspapers. Pop. (1890), 1,301; (1900), 1,451. 
 
 WASHINGTON COUNTY, an interior county of 
 Southern Illinois, east of St. Louis; is drained by 
 the Kaskaskia River and the Elkhorn, Beaucoup 
 and Muddy Creeks; was organized in 1818, and 
 has an area of 540 square miles. The surface is 
 diversified, well watered and timbered. The 
 soil is of variable fertility. Corn, wheat and 
 oats are the chief agricultural products. Manu- 
 facturing is carried onto some extent, among 
 the products being agricultural implements, 
 flour, carriages and wagons. The most impor- 
 tant town is Nashville, which is also the county- 
 seat. Population (1890), 19,262; (1900), 19,526. 
 Washington was one of the fifteen counties into 
 which Illinois was divided at the organization of 
 the State Government, being one of the last 
 three created during the Territorial period the 
 other two being Franklin and Union. 
 
 WASHINGTON HEIGHTS, a village of Cook 
 County, on the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific 
 and the Pittsburg, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. 
 Louis Railways, 12 miles southwest of Chicago; 
 has a graded school, female seminary, military 
 school, a car factory, several churches and a 
 newspaper. Annexed to City of Chicago, 1890. 
 
 WATAGA, a village of Knox County, on the 
 Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad, 8 miles 
 northeast of Galesburg. Population (1900), 545. 
 
 WATERLOO, the county-seat and chief town 
 of Monroe County, on the Illinois Division of the 
 Mobile & Ohio Railroad, 24 miles east of south 
 from St. Louis. The region is chiefly agricultural, 
 but underlaid with coal. Its industries embrace 
 two flour mills, a plow factory, distillery, cream- 
 ery, two ice plants, and some minor concerns. 
 The city has municipal water and electric light 
 plants, four churches, a graded school and two 
 newspapers. Pop. (1890), 1,860; (1900). 2,114. 
 
 W A TERM AX, Arba Nelson, lawyer and jurist. 
 was born at Greensboro, Orleans County, Vt. . 
 Feb. 3, 1836. After receiving an academic edu- 
 cation and teaching for a time, he read law at 
 Montpelier and, later, passed through the Albany 
 Law School. In 1861 he was admitted to the 
 bar, removed to Joliet, 111., and opened an office. 
 In 1862 he enlisted as a private in the One Hun- 
 dredth Illinois Volunteers, serving with the 
 Army of the Cumberland for two years, anil 
 being mustered out in August, 184, with the 
 rank of Lieutenant-Colonel. On leaving the 
 army, Colonel Waterman commenced practice in 
 Chicago. In 1873-74 he represented the Eleventh 
 Ward in the City Council In 1887 he was elected 
 to the bench of the Cook County Circuit Court. 
 and was re-elected in 1891 and, again, in 1897. In 
 1890 he was assigned as one of the Judges of the 
 Appellate Court. 
 
 WATSEKA, the county-seat of Iroquois County, 
 situated on the Iroquois River, at the mouth of 
 Sugar Creek, and at the intersection of the Chi- 
 cago .v Eastern Illinois and the Toledo, Peoria & 
 Western Railroads, 77 miles south of Chicago, 4f> 
 miles north of Danville and 14 miles east ol 
 Gilman. It has flour-mills, brick and tile work.- 
 and foundries, besides several churches, banks, a 
 graded school and three weekly newspapers- 
 Artesian well water is obtained by boring to the 
 depth of 100 to 160 feet, and some forty flowing 
 streams from these shafts are in the place. Popu- 
 lation (1890), 2,017; (1900), 2,505. 
 
 WATTS, Amos, jurist, was born in St. Clair 
 County, 111., Oct. 25, 1821, but removed to Wash- 
 ington County in boyhood, and was elected County 
 Clerk in 1847, '49 and '53, and State's Attorney 
 for the Second Judicial District in 1856 and '60; 
 then became editor and proprietor of a news- 
 paper, later resuming the practice of law, and, in 
 1873, was elected Circuit Judge, remaining in 
 office until his death, at Nashville. Ill Dec. C, 
 1888. 
 
 WAUKEGAN, the county-seat and principal 
 city of Lake County, situated on the shore of 
 Lake Michigan and on the Chicago & North 
 western Railroad, about 36 miles north by west 
 from Chicago, and 50 miles south of Milwaukee 
 is also the northern terminus of the Elgin, Joliet 
 & Eastern Railroad and connected by electric 
 lines with Chicago and Fox Lake. Lake Michigan 
 is about 80 miles wide opposite this point. 
 Waukegan was first known as "Little Fort,'' 
 from the remains of an old fort that stood on its 
 site. The principal part of the city is built on a 
 bluff, which rises abruptly to the height of about 
 
580 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 fifty feet. Between the bluff and the shore is a 
 flat tract about 400 yards wide which is occupied 
 by gardens, dwellings, warehouses and manu- 
 factories. The manufactures include steel-wire, 
 refined sugar, scales, agricultural implements, 
 brass and iron products, sash, doors and blinds, 
 leather, beer, etc. ; the city has paved streets, gas 
 and electric light plants, three banks, eight or 
 ten churches, graded and high schools and two 
 newspapers. A large trade in grain, lumber, coal 
 and dairy products is carried on. Pop. (1890), 
 4,915; (1900), 9,426. 
 
 WAUKEGAN & SOUTHWESTERN RAIL- 
 WAY. (See Elgin, Joliet & Eastern Railway.) 
 
 WAVERLY, a city in Morgan County, 18 miles 
 southeast of Jacksonville, on the Jacksonville iV 
 St. Louis and the Chicago, Peoria & St. Louis 
 Railroads. It was originally settled by enter- 
 prising emigrants from New England, whose 
 descendants constitute a large proportion of the 
 population. It is the center of a rich agricultural 
 region, has a fine graded school, six or seven 
 churches, two banks, two newspapers and tile 
 works. Population (1880), 1,134; (1890), 1,337; 
 (1900), 1,573. 
 
 WAYNE, (Gen.) Anthony, soldier, was born in 
 Chester County, Pa., Jan. 1, 1745, of Anglo-Irish 
 descent, graduated as a Surveyor, and first prac- 
 ticed his profession in Nova Scotia. During the 
 years immediately antecedent to the Revolution 
 he was prominent in the colonial councils of his 
 native State, to which he had returned in 1767, 
 where he became a member of the "Committee of 
 Safety." On June 3, 1776, he was commissioned 
 Colonel of the Fourth Regiment of Pennsylvania 
 troops in the Continental army, and, during the 
 War of the Revolution, was conspicuous for his 
 courage and ability as a leader. One of his most 
 daring and successful achievements was the cap- 
 ture of Stony Point, in 1779, when the works 
 having been carried and Wayne having received, 
 what was supposed to be, his death-wound he 
 entered the fort, supported by his aids. For this 
 service he was awarded a gold medal by Con- 
 gress. He also took a conspicuous part in the 
 investiture and capture of Yorktown. In October. 
 1783, he was brevetted Major-General. In 1784 
 he was elected to the Pennsylvania Legislature. 
 A few years later he settled in (ieorgia, which 
 State he represented in Congress for seven 
 months, when his seat was declared vacant after 
 contest. In April, 1792, lie was confirmed as 
 General-in-Chief of the United States Army on 
 nomination of President Washington. His con 
 nection with Illinois history began shortly after 
 
 St. Cluir's defeat, when he led a force into Ohio 
 (1783) and erected a stockade at Greenville, 
 which he named Fort Recovery ; his object being 
 to subdue the hostile savage tribes. In this he 
 was eminently successful and, on August 3, 
 1793, after a victorious campaign, negotiated the 
 Treaty of Greenville, as broad in its provisions as 
 it was far-reaching in its influence. He was a 
 daring fighter, and although Washington called 
 him "prudent," his dauntlessness earned for him 
 the sobriquet of "Mad Anthony." In matters of 
 dress he was punctilious, and, on this account, 
 he was sometimes dubbed "Dandy Wayne." He 
 was one of the few white officers whom all the 
 Western Indian tribes at once feared and re- 
 spected. They named him "Black Snake" and 
 "Tornado." He died at Presque Isle near Erie, 
 Dec. 15, 1796. Thirteen years afterward his 
 remains were removed by one of his sons, and 
 interred in Badnor churchyard, in his native 
 county. The Pennsylvania Historical Society 
 erected a marble monument over his grave, and 
 appropriately dedicated it on July 4 of the same 
 year. 
 
 WAYNE COUNTY, in the southeast quarter of 
 the State; has an area of 720 square miles; wa 
 organized in 1819, and named for Gen. Anthony 
 Wayne. The county is watered and drained by 
 the Little Wabash and its branches, notably the 
 Skillet Fork. At the first election held in the 
 county, only fifteen votes were cast. Early life 
 was exceedingly primitive, the first settler* 
 pounding corn into meal with a wooden pestle, 
 a hollowed stump being used as a mortar. The 
 first mill erected (of the antique South Carolina 
 pattern) charged 25 cents per bushel for grinding. 
 Prairie and woodland make up the surface, and 
 the soil is fertile. Railroad facilities are furnished 
 by the Louisville, Evansville & St. Louis and the 
 Baltimore & Ohio (Southwestern) Railroads. 
 Corn, oats, tobacco, wheat, hay and wool are the 
 chief agricultural products. Saw mills are numer- 
 ous and there are also carriage and wagon facto- 
 ries. Fairfield is the county -seat. Population 
 (1880), 21,291; (1890), 23,806; (1900). 27,626. 
 
 WEAK, THE, a branch of the Miami tribe of 
 Indians. They called themselves "We-wee- 
 hahs," anil were spoken of by the French as "Oui- 
 at-a-nons" and "Oui-as. " Other corruptions of 
 the name were common among the British and 
 American colonists. In 1718 they had a village 
 at Chicago, but abandoned it through fear of 
 their hostile neighbors, the Chippewaa and Potta- 
 watomies. The Weas were, at one time, brave 
 and warlike; but their numliprs were reduced by 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 constant warfare and disease, and, in the end, 
 debauchery enervated and demoralized them. 
 They were removed west of the Mississippi and 
 given a reservation in Miami County, Kan. This 
 they ultimately sold, and, under the leadership 
 of Baptiste Feoria, united with their few remain- 
 ing brethren of the Miamis and with the remnant 
 of the Ill-i-ni under the title of the "confederated 
 tribes, " and settled in Indian Territory. (See also 
 Uiamin: Piankeshaws.) 
 
 WEBB, Edwin B., early lawyer and politician, 
 was born about 1802, came to the vicinity of 
 Carmi, White County, 111, about 1828 to 1830, 
 and, still later, studied law at Transylvania Uni- 
 versity. He held the office of Prosecuting 
 Attorney of White County, and, in 1834, was 
 elected to the lower branch of the General 
 Assembly, serving, by successive re-elections, 
 until 1842, and, in the Senate, from 1842 to '46. 
 During his service in the House he was a col- 
 league and political and personal friend of 
 Abraham Lincoln. He opposed the internal 
 improvement scheme of 1837, predicting many 
 of the disasters which were actually realized a 
 few years later. He was a candidate for Presi- 
 dential Elector on the Whig ticket, in 1844 and 
 '48, and, in 1852, received the nomination for 
 Governor as the opponent of Joel A. Matteson, 
 two years later, being an unsuccessful candidate 
 for Justice of the Supreme Court in opposition to 
 Judge W. B. Scates. While practicing law at 
 Ormi, he was also a partner of his brother in 
 the mercantile business. Died, Oct. 14, 1858, in 
 the 56th year of his age. 
 
 WEBB, Henry Livingston, soldier and pioneer 
 (an elder brother of James Watson Webb, a noted 
 New York journalist), was born at Claverack, 
 N. Y., Feb. 6, 1795; served as a soldier in the 
 War of 1812, came to Southern Illinois in 1817, 
 and became one of the founders of the town of 
 America near the mouth of the Ohio; was Repre- 
 sentative in the Fourth and Eleventh General 
 Assemblies, a Major in the Black Hawk War and 
 Captain of volunteers and, afterwards, Colonel of 
 regulars, in the Mexican War. In 1860 he went 
 to Texas and served, for a time, in a semi -mili- 
 tary capacity under the Confederate Govern- 
 ment; returned to Illinois in 1869, and died, at 
 Makanda. Oct. 5, 1876. 
 
 WEBSTER, Fletcher, lawyer and soldier, was 
 born at Portsmouth, N. H., July 23, 1813; gradu- 
 ated at Harvard in 1833, and studied law with 
 his father (Daniel Webster) ; in 1837, located at 
 Peru, 111., where he practiced three years. His 
 father having been appointed Secretary of State 
 
 in 1841, the son became his private secretary, 
 was also Secretary of Legation to Caleb Gushing 
 (Minister to China) in 1843, a member of the 
 Massachusetts Legislature in 1847, and Surveyor 
 of the Port of Boston, 1850-61; the latter year 
 became Colonel of the Twelfth Massachusetts 
 Volunteers, and was killed in the second battle 
 bf Bull Run, August 30, 1862. 
 
 WEBSTER, Joseph Dana, civil engineer and 
 soldier, was born at Old Hampton, N. H.. 
 August 25, 1811. He graduated from Dart- 
 mouth College in 1832, and afterwards read 
 law at Newburyport, Mass. His natural incli- 
 nation was for engineering, and, after serv- 
 ing for a time in the Engineer and War offices, 
 at Washington, was made a United States civil 
 engineer (1835) and, on July 7, 1838, entered the 
 army as Second Lieutenant of Topographical 
 Engineers. He served through the Mexican 
 War, was made First Lieutenant in 1849, and 
 promoted to a captaincy, in March, 1853. Thir- 
 teen months later he resigned, removing to Chi- 
 cago, where he made his permanent home, and 
 soon after was identified, for a time, with the 
 proprietorship of "The Chicago Tribune." He 
 was President of the commission that perfected 
 the Chicago sewerage system, and designed and 
 executed the raising of the grade of a large por- 
 tion of the city from two to eight feet, whole 
 blocks of buildings being raised by jack screws, 
 while new foundations were inserted. At the 
 outbreak of the Civil War he tendered his serv- 
 ices to the Government and superintended the 
 erection of the fortifications at Cairo, 111., and 
 Paducah, Ky. On April 7. 1861, he was com- 
 missioned Paymaster of Volunteers, with the 
 rank of Major, and, in February, 1862, Colonel of 
 the First Illinois Artillery. For several months 
 he was chief of General Grant's staff, participat- 
 ing in the capture of Forts Donelson and Henry, 
 and in the battle of Shiloh, in the latter as Chief 
 of Artillery. In October, 1862, the War Depart- 
 ment detailed him to make a survey of the Illi- 
 nois & Michigan Canal, and, the following month, 
 he was commissioned Brigadier-General of 
 Volunteers, serving as Military Governor of Mem- 
 phis and Superintendent of military railroads. 
 He was again chief of staff to General Grant 
 during the Vicksburg campaign, and, from 1864 
 until the close of the war, occupied the same 
 relation to General Sherman. He was brevetted 
 Major-General of Volunteers, March 13. 1865, but, 
 resigning Nov. 6, following, returned to Chicago, 
 where he spent the remainder of his life. From 
 1869 to 1872 he was Assessor of Internal Revenue 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 there, and, later, Assistant United States Treas- 
 urer, and, in July, 1873, was appointed Collector 
 of Internal Revenue. Died, at Chicago, March 
 12, 1876. 
 
 WELCH, William R., lawyer and jurist, was 
 born in Jessamine County, Ky., Jan. 22, 1828, 
 educated at Transylvania University, Lexington, 
 graduating from the academic department in 
 1847, and, from the law school, in 1851. In 1864 he 
 removed to Carlinville, Macoupin County, 111., 
 which place he made his permanent home. In 
 1877 he was elected to the bench of the Fifth 
 Circuit, and re-elected in 1879 and '85. In 1884 
 he was assigned to the bench of the Appellate 
 Court for the Second District. Died, Sept. 1, 
 1888. 
 
 WELDON, Lawrence, one of the Judges of the 
 United States Court of Claims, Washington, 
 D. C., was born in Muskingum County, Ohio, in 
 1829; while a child, removed with his parents to 
 Madison County, and was educated in the com- 
 mon schools, the local academy and at Wittenberg 
 College, Springfield, in the same State; read law 
 with Hon. R. A. Harrison, a prominent member 
 of the Ohio bar, and was admitted to practice in 
 1854, meanwhile, in 1852-53, having served as a 
 clerk in the office of the Secretary of State at 
 Columbus. In 1854 he removed to Illinois, locat- 
 ing at Clinton, DeWitt County, where he engaged 
 in practice; in 1860 was elected a Representative 
 in the Twenty-second General Assembly, was 
 also chosen a Presidential Elector the same year, 
 and assisted in the first election of Abraham 
 Lincoln to the Presidency. Early in 1861 he 
 resigned his seat in the Legislature to accept the 
 position of United States District Attorney for 
 the Southern District of Illinois, tendered him by 
 President Lincoln, but resigned the latter office 
 in 1866 and, the following year, removed to 
 Bloomington, where he continued the practice of 
 his profession until 1883, when he was appointed, 
 by President Arthur, an Associate Justice of the 
 United States Court of Claims at Washington 
 a position which he still (1899) continues to fill. 
 Judge Weldon is among the remaining few who 
 rode the circuit and practiced law with Mr. Lin- 
 coln. From the time of coming to the State in 
 1854 to 1860, he was one of Mr. Lincoln's most 
 intimate traveling companions in the old 
 Eighth Circuit, which extended from Sangamon 
 County on the west to Vermilion on the east, and 
 of which Judge David Davis, afterwards of the 
 Supreme Court of the United States and United 
 States Senator, was the presiding Justice. The 
 Judge holds in his memory many pleasant remi- 
 
 niscences of that day, especially of the eastern 
 portion of the District, where he was accustomed 
 to meet the late Senator Voorhees, Senator Mc- 
 Donald and other leading lawyers of Indiana, as 
 well as the historic men whom he met at the 
 State capital. 
 
 WELLS, Albert W., lawyer and legislator, was 
 born at Woodstock, Conn., May 9, 1839, and 
 enjoyed only such educational and other advan- 
 tages as belonged to the average New England 
 boy of that period. During his boyhood his 
 family removed to New Jersey, where he attended 
 an academy, later, graduating from Columbia 
 College and Law School in New York City, and 
 began practice with State Senator Robert Allen 
 at Red Bank, N. J. During the Civil War he 
 enlisted in a New Jersey regiment and took part 
 in the battle of Gettysburg, resuming his profes- 
 sion at the close of the war. Coming west in 
 1870, he settled in Quincy, III, where he con- 
 tinued practice. In 1886 he was elected to the 
 House of Representatives from Adams County, 
 as a Democrat, and re-elected two years later. 
 In 1890 he was advanced to the Senate, where, 
 by re-election in 1894, he served continuously 
 until his death in office, March 5, 1897. His 
 abilities and long service covering the sessions 
 of the Thirty-fifth to the Fortieth General Assem- 
 blies placed him at the head of the Democratic 
 side of the Senate during the latter part of his 
 legislative career. 
 
 WELLS, William, soldier and victim of the 
 Fort Dearborn massacre, was born in Kentucky, 
 about 1770. When a boy of 12, he was captured 
 by the Miami Indians, whose chief. Little Turtle, 
 adopted him, giving him his daughter in mar- 
 riage when he grew to manhood. He was highly 
 esteemed by the tribe as a warrior, and, in 1790, 
 was present at the battle where Gen. Arthur St. 
 Clair was defeated. He then realized that he 
 was fighting against his own race, and informed 
 his father-in-law that he intended to ally himself 
 with the whites. Leaving the Miamis, he made 
 his way to General Wayne, who made him Cap- 
 tain of a company of scouts. After the treaty of 
 Greenville (1795) he settled on a farm near Fort 
 Wayne, where he was joined by his Indian wife. 
 Here he acted as Indian Agent and Justice of the 
 Peace. In 1812 he learned of the contemplated 
 evacuation of Fort Dearborn, and, at the head of 
 thirty Miamis, he set out for the post, his inten- 
 tion being to furnish a body-guard to the non- 
 combatants on their proposed march to Fort 
 Wayne. On August 13, he marched out of the 
 fort with fifteen of his dusky warriors behind 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 683 
 
 him, the remainder bringing up the rear. Before 
 a mile and a half had been traveled, the party fell 
 into an Indian ambuscade, and an indiscrimi- 
 nate massacre followed. (See Fort Dearborn.) 
 The Miamis fled, and Captain Wells' body was 
 riddled with bullets, his head cut off and his 
 heart taken out. He was an uncle of Mrs. Heald, 
 wife of the commander of Fort Dearborn. 
 
 WELLS, William Harvey, educator, was born 
 in Tolland, Conn., Feb. 27, 1812; lived on a farm 
 until 17 years old, attending school irregularly, 
 but made such progress that he became succes- 
 sively a teacher in the Teachers' Seminary at 
 Andover and Newburyport, and, finally, Principal 
 of the State Normal School at Westfield, Mass. 
 In 1856 he accepted the position of Superintend- 
 ent of Public Schools for the city of Chicago, 
 serving till 1864, when he resigned. He was an 
 organizer of the Massachusetts State Teachers' 
 Association, one of the first editors of "The 
 Massachusetts Teacher" and prominently con- 
 nected with various benevolent, educational and 
 learned societies ; was also author of several text- 
 books, and assisted in the revision of "Webster's 
 Unabridged Dictionary." Died, Jan. 21, 1885. 
 
 WENOX A, city on the eastern border of Mar- 
 shall County, 20 miles south of La Salle, has 
 zinc works, public and parochial schools, a 
 weekly paper, two banks, and five churches. A 
 good quality of soft coal is mined here. Popu- 
 lation (1880), 911; (1890), 1,053; (1900), 1,486. 
 
 WENTWORTH, John, early journalist and 
 Congressman, was born at Sandwich, N. H., 
 March 5, 1815, graduated from Dartmouth Col- 
 lege in 1836, and came to Chicago the same year, 
 where he became editor of "The Chicago Demo- 
 crat," which had been established by John Cal- 
 houn three years previous. He soon after became 
 proprietor of "The Democrat," of which he con- 
 tinued to be the publisher until it was merged 
 into "The Chicago Tribune," July 24, 1864. He 
 also studied law, and was admitted to the Illinois 
 bar in 1841. He served in Congress as a Demo- 
 crat from 1843 to 1851, and again from 1853 to 
 1855, but left the Democratic party on the repeal 
 of the Missouri Compromise. He was elected 
 Mayor of Chicago in 1857, and again in 1860, 
 during his incumbency introducing a number of 
 important municipal reforms ; was a member of 
 the Constitutional Convention of 1862, and twice 
 served on the Board of Education. He again 
 represented Illinois in Congress as a Republican 
 from 1865 to 1867 making fourteen years of 
 service in that body. In 1872 he joined in the 
 Greeley movement, but later renewed his alle- 
 
 giance to the Republican party. In 1871 xfr. Went- 
 worth published an elaborate genealogical work 
 in three volumes, entitled "History of the Went- 
 worth Family." A volume of "Congressional 
 Reminiscences" and two by him on "Early Chi- 
 cago," published in connection with the Fergus 
 Historical Series, contain some valuable informa- 
 tion on early local and national history. On 
 account of his extraordinary height he received 
 the sobriquet of "Long John," by which lie was 
 familiarly known throughout the State. Died, 
 in Chicago, Oct. 16, 1888. 
 
 WEST, Edward H., merchant and banker, was 
 born in Virginia, May 2, 1814; came with his 
 father to Illinois in 1818 ; in 1829 became a clerk 
 in the Recorder's office at Edwardsville, also 
 served as deputy postmaster, and, in 1833, took a 
 position in the United States Land Office there. 
 Two years later he engaged in mercantile busi- 
 ness, which he prosecuted over thirty years 
 meanwhile filling the office of County Treasurer, 
 ex-oflicio Superintendent of Schools, and Delegate 
 to the Constitutional Convention of 1847. In 1867, 
 in conjunction with W. R. Prickett, he established 
 a bank at Edwardsville, with which he was con- 
 nected until his death, Oct. 31, 1887. Mr. West 
 officiated frequently as a "local preacher" of the 
 Methodist Church, in which capacity he showed 
 much ability as a public speaker. 
 
 WEST, Mary Allen, educator and philanthro- 
 pist, was born at Galesburg, 111., July 31, 1837; 
 graduated at Knox Seminary in 1854 and taught 
 until 1873, when she was elected County Super- 
 intendent of Schools, serving nine years. She 
 took an active and influential interest in educa- 
 tional and reformatory movements, wa& for two 
 years editor of "Our Home Monthly," in Phila- 
 delphia, and also a contributor to other journals, 
 besides being editor-in-chief of "The Union Sig- 
 nal," Chicago, the organ of the Woman's Chris- 
 tian Temperance Union in which she held the 
 position of President ; was also President, in the 
 latter days of her life, of the Illinois Woman's 
 Press Association of Chicago, that city having 
 become her home in 1885. In 1892, Miss West 
 started on a tour of the world for the benefit of 
 her health, but died at Tokio, Japan. Dec. 1. 1892. 
 WESTERN HOSPITAL FOR THE INSANE, 
 an institution for the treatment of the insane, 
 located at Watertown, Rock Island County, in 
 accordance with an act of the General Assembly, 
 approved, May 22, 1895. The Thirty-ninth Gen- 
 eral Assembly made an appropriation of $100,000 
 for the erection of fire-proof buildings, while 
 Rock Island County donated a tract of 400 acroe 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 of land valued at |40, 000. The site selected by the 
 Commissioners, is a commanding one overlooking 
 the Mississippi River, eight miles above Rock 
 Island, and five and a half miles from Holine, and 
 the buildings are of the most modern style of con- 
 struction. Watertown is reached by two lines of 
 railroad the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul and 
 the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy besides the 
 Mississippi River. The erection of buildings was 
 begun in 1896, and they were opened for the 
 reception of patients in 1898. They have a ca- 
 pacity for 800 patients. 
 
 WESTERN MILITARY ACADEMY, an insti- 
 tution located at Upper Alton, Madison County, 
 incorporated in 1893; has a faculty of eight mem- 
 bers and reports eighty pupils for 1897-98, with 
 property valued at $70,000. The institution gives 
 instruction in literary and scientific branches, 
 besides preparatory and business courses. 
 
 WESTERN NORMAL COLLEGE, located at 
 Bushnell, McDonnugh County; incorporated in 
 1888. It is co-educational, has a corps of twelve 
 instructors and reported 500 pupils for 1897-98, 
 300 males and 200 females. 
 
 WESTERN SPRINGS, a village of Cook 
 County, and residence suburb of the city of Chi- 
 cago, on the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Rail- 
 road, 15 miles west of the initial station. 
 Population (1890), 451; (li.OO), 662. 
 
 WESTERN THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY, 
 located in Chicago and controlled by the Protes- 
 tant Episcopal Church. It was founded in 1883 
 through the munificence of Dr. Tolman Wheeler, 
 and was opened for students two years later. It 
 has two buildings, of a superior order of archi- 
 tecture one including the school and lecture 
 rooms .and the other a dormitory. A hospital 
 and gymnasium are attached to the latter, and a 
 school for boys is conducted on the first floor of 
 the main building, which is known as Wheeler 
 Hall. The institution is under the general super- 
 vision of Rt. Rev. William E. McLaren, Protes- 
 tant Episcopal Bishop of the Diocese of Illinois. 
 
 WESTFIBLD, village of Clark County, on Cin., 
 Ham. & Dayton R. R., 10 m. s.-e. of Charleston; 
 seat of West field College; has a bank, five 
 churches and two newspapers. Pop. (1900). 820. 
 
 WEST SALEM, a town of Edwards County, on 
 the Peoria-Evansville Div. 111. Cent. R. R., 12 
 miles northeast of Albion; has a bank and a 
 weekly paper. Pop. (1890), 476; (1900). 700. 
 
 WETHERELL, Emma Abbott, vocalist, was 
 born in Chicago, Do. 9, 1849; in her childhood 
 attracted attention while singing with her father 
 (a poor musician) in hotels and on the streets in 
 
 Chicago, Peoria and elsewhere; at 18 years of 
 age, went to New York to study, earning her way 
 by giving concerts en route, and receiving aid 
 and encouragement from Clara Louisa Kellogg : 
 in New York was patronized by Henry Ward 
 Beecher and others, and aided in securing the 
 training of European masters. Compelled to sur- 
 mount many obstacles from poverty and other 
 causes, her after success in her profession was 
 phenomenal. Died, during a professional tour, 
 at Salt Lake City, Jan. 5, 1891. Miss Abbott 
 married her manager, Eugene Wetherell, who 
 died before her. 
 
 WH EATON, a city and the county-seat of Du 
 Page County, situated on the Chicago & North- 
 western Railway, 25 miles west of Chicago. Agri- 
 culture and stock-raising are the chief industries 
 in the surrounding region. The city owns a new 
 water- works plant (costing $60,000) and has a 
 public library valued at $75.000, the gift of a 
 resident, Mr. John Quincy Adams; has a court 
 house, electric light plant, sewerage and drainage 
 system, seven churches, three graded schools, 
 four weekly newspapers and a State bank. 
 Wheaton is the seat of Wheaton College (which 
 nee). Population (1880), 1,160; (1890), 1.622; 
 (1900), 2.345. 
 
 WHEATON COLLEGE, an educational insti- 
 tution located at Wheaton, Du Page County, and 
 under Congregational control. It was founded 
 in 1853, as the Illinois Institute, and was char- 
 tered under its present name in 1860. Its early 
 existence was one of struggle, but of late years it 
 has been established on a better foundation, in 
 1898 having $54,000 invested in productive funds, 
 and property aggregating $136.000. The faculty 
 comprises fifteen professors, and, in 1898, there 
 were 321 students in attendance. It is co-edu- 
 cational and instruction is given in business and 
 preparatory studies, as well as the fine arts, 
 music and classical literature. 
 
 WHEELER, David Hilton, D.D., LL.D., clergy- 
 man, was born at Ithaca, N. Y , Nov. 19, 1829; 
 graduated at Rock River Seminary, Mount 
 Morris, in 1851; edited "The Carroll County 
 Republican" and held a professorship in Cornell 
 College, Iowa, (1*57-61) ; was United States Con- 
 sul at Geneva, Switzerland, (1861-66) ; Professor of 
 English Literature in Northwestern University 
 (1867-75); edited "The Methodist" in New York, 
 seven years, and was President of Allegheny 
 College (1883-87); received the degree of D.D. 
 from Cornell College in 1867, and that of LL.D. 
 from the Northwestern University in 1881. He 
 is the author of "Brigandage in South Italy" 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 685 
 
 (two volumes, 1864) and "By-Ways of Literature'' 
 (1883), besides some translations. 
 
 WHEELER, Hamilton K., ex-Congressman, 
 was born at Ballston, N. Y., August 5, 1848, but 
 emigrated with his parents to Illinois in 1852; 
 remained on a farm until 19 years of age, his 
 educational advantages being limited to three 
 months' attendance upon a district school each 
 year. In 1871, he was admitted to the bar at 
 Kankakee, where he has since continued to prac- 
 tice. In 1884 he was elected to represent the Six- 
 teenth District in the State Senate, where he 
 served on many important committees, being 
 Chairman of that on the Judicial Department. 
 In 1892 he was elected Representative in Con- 
 gress from the Ninth Illinois District, on the 
 Republican ticket. 
 
 WHEELING, a town on the northern border of 
 Cook County, on the Wisconsin Central Railway. 
 Population (1890), 811; (1900), 331. 
 
 WHISTLER, (MaJ.) John, soldier and builder 
 of the first Fort Dearborn, was born in Ulster, Ire- 
 land, about 1756 ; served under Burgoyne in the 
 Revolution, and was with the force surrendered 
 by that officer at Saratoga, in 1777. After the 
 peace he returned to the United States, settled at 
 Hagerstown, Md., and entered the United States 
 Army, serving at first in the ranks and being 
 severely wounded in the disastrous Indian cam- 
 paigns of 1791. Later, he was promoted to a 
 captaincy and, in the summer of 1803, sent with 
 his company, to the head of Lake Michigan, 
 where he constructed the first Fort Dearborn 
 within the limits of the present city of Chicago, 
 remaining in command until 1811, when he was 
 succeeded by Captain Heald. He received the 
 brevet rank of Major, in 1815 was appointed 
 military store-keeper at Newport, Ky., and after- 
 wards at Jefferson Barracks, near St. Louis, 
 where he died, Sept. 3, 1829. Lieut. William 
 Whistler, his son, who was with his father, for a 
 time, in old Fort Dearborn but transferred, in 
 1809, to Fort Wayne was of the force included 
 in Hull's surrender at Detroit in 1812. After 
 his exchange he was promoted to a captaincy, to 
 the rank of Major in 1826 and to a Lieutenant-Colo- 
 nelcy in 1845, dying at Newport, Ky., in 1863. 
 James Abbott McNiel Whistler, the celebrated, 
 but eccentric artist of that name, is a grandson 
 of the first Major Whistler. 
 
 WHITE, George E., ex-Congressman, was born 
 in Massachusetts in 1848; after graduating, at the 
 age of 16, he enlisted as a private in the Fifty- 
 seventh Massachusetts Veteran Volunteers, serv- 
 ing under General Grant in the campaign 
 
 against Richmond from the battle of the Wilder- 
 ness until the surrender of Lee. Having taken a 
 course in a commercial college at Worcester, 
 Mass., in 1867 he came to Chicago, securing em- 
 ployment in a lumber yard, but a year later 
 began business on his own account, which he has 
 successfully conducted. In 1878 he was elected 
 to the State Senate, as a Republican, from one of 
 the Chicago Districts, and re-elected four years 
 later, serving in that body eight years. He 
 declined a nomination for Congress in 1884, but 
 accepted in 1894, and was elected for the Fifth 
 District, as he was again in 1896, but was 
 defeated, in 1898, by Edward T. Noonan, Demo- 
 crat. 
 
 WHITE, Horace, journalist, was born at Cole- 
 brook, N. H., August 10, 1834; in 1853 graduated 
 at Beloit College, Wis., whither his father had 
 removed in 1837 ; engaged in journalism as city 
 editor of "The Chicago Evening Journal," later 
 becoming agent of the Associated Press, and, in 
 1857, an editorial writer on "The Chicago Trib- 
 une," during a part of the war acting as its 
 Washington correspondent. He also served, in 
 1856, as Assistant Secretary of the Kansas 
 National Committee, and, later, as Secretary of 
 the Republican State Central Committee. In 
 1864 he purchased an interest in "The Tribune," 
 a year or so later becoming editor-in-chief, but 
 retired in October, 1874. After a protracted 
 European tour, he united with Carl Schurz and 
 E. L. Godkin of "The Nation," in the purchase 
 and reorganization of "The New York Evening 
 Post," of which he is now editor-in-chief. 
 
 WHITE, Julius, soldier, was born in Cazen- 
 ovia, N. Y., Sept. 29, 1816; removed to Illinois 
 in 1836, residing there and in Wisconsin, where 
 he was a member of the Legislature of 1849; in 
 1861 was made Collector of Customs at Chicago, 
 but resigned to assume the colonelcy of the 
 Thirty-seventh Illinois Volunteers, which he 
 commanded on the Fremont expedition to South- 
 west Missouri. He afterwards served with Gen- 
 eral Curtiss in Arkansas, participated in the 
 battle of Pea Ridge and was promoted to the 
 rank of Brigadier-General. He was subsequently 
 assigned to the Department of the Shenandoah, 
 but finding his position at Martinsburg, W. Va., 
 untenable, retired to Harper's Ferry, voluntarily 
 serving under Colonel Miles, his inferior in com- 
 mand. When this post was surrendered (Sept. 
 15, 1862), he was made a prisoner, but released 
 under parole ; was tried by a court of inquiry at 
 his own request, and acquitted, the court finding 
 that he had acted with courage and capability. 
 
686 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 He resigned in 1864, and, in March, 1865, was 
 brevetted Major-General of Volunteers. Died, 
 at Evanston, May 12, 1890. 
 
 WHITE COUNTY, situated in the southeastern 
 quarter of the State, and bounded on the east by 
 the Wabash River; was organized in 1816, being 
 the tenth county organized during the Territorial 
 period: area, 500 square miles. The county is 
 crossed by three railroads and drained by the 
 Wabash and Little Wabash Rivers. The surface 
 consists of prairie and woodland, and the soil is, 
 for the most part, highly productive. The princi- 
 pal agricultural products are corn, wheat, oats, 
 potatoes, tobacco, fruit, butter, sorghum and 
 wool. The principal industrial establishments 
 are carriage factories, saw mills and flour mills. 
 Carmi is the county-seat. Other towns are En- 
 field, Orayville and Norris City. Population 
 (1880), 23.087; (1890), 25,005; (1900), 25,386. 
 
 WHITEHALL, a city in Greene County, at the 
 intersection of the Chicago & Alton and the 
 Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroads. 65 miles 
 north of St. Louis and 24 miles south-southwest 
 of Jacksonville; in rich farming region; has 
 stoneware and sewer-pipe factories, foundry and 
 machine shop, flour mill, elevators, wagon shops, 
 creamery, water system, sanitarium, heating, 
 electric light and power system, nurseries and 
 fruit-supply houses, and two poultry packing 
 douses; also lias five churches, a graded school, 
 two banks an J three newspapers one daily. Pop- 
 ulation (1890), 1,961; (1900), 2.030. 
 
 H II ITKIIOl M:, Henry John, Protestant Epis- 
 copal Bishop, was born in New York City, August 
 19, 1803; graduated from Columbia College in 
 1821, and from the (New York) General Theolog- 
 ical Seminary in 1824. After ordination he was 
 rector of various parishes in Pennsylvania and 
 New York until 1851, when he was chosen Assist- 
 ant Bishop of Illinois, succeeding Bishop Chase 
 in 1852. In 1867, by invitation of the Archbishop 
 of Canterbury, he delivered the opening sermon 
 before the Pan-Anglican Conference held in 
 England. During this visit he received the 
 degree of D.D. from Oxford University, and that 
 of LL.D. from Cambridge. His rigid views as a 
 churchman and a disciplinarian, were illustrated 
 in his prosecution of Rev. Charles Edward 
 Cheney, which resulted in the formation of the 
 Reformed Episcopal Church. He was a brilliant 
 orator and a trenchant and unyielding controver- 
 sialist. Died, in Chicago. August 10, 1874. 
 
 WHITESIDE COUNTV, in the northwestern 
 portion of the State bordering on the Mississippi 
 River; created by act of the Legislature passed in 
 
 1836, and named for Capt. Samuel Whiteside, a 
 noted Indian fighter; area, 700 square miles. The 
 surface is level, diversified by prairies and wood- 
 land, and the soil is extremely fertile. The 
 county-seat was first fixed at Lyndon, then at 
 Sterling, and finally at Morrison, its present 
 location. The Rock River crosses the county 
 and furnishes abundant water power for numer- 
 ous factories, turning out agricultural imple- 
 ments, carriages and wagons, furniture, woolen 
 goods, flour and wrapping paper. There are also 
 distilling and brewing interests, besides saw and 
 planing mills. Corn is the staple agricultural 
 product, although all the leading cereals are 
 extensively grown. The principal towns are 
 Morrison, Sterling, Fulton and Rock Falls. Popu- 
 lation (1880). 30,885; (1890), 30 854; (1900), 34.710. 
 
 WHITESIDE, William, pioneer and soldier of 
 the Revolution, emigrated from the frontier of 
 North Carolina to Kentucky, and thence, in 1793, 
 to the present limits of Monroe County, 111., 
 erecting a fort between Cahokia and Kaskaskia, 
 which became widely known as "Whiteside 
 Station." He served as a Justice of the Peace, 
 and was active in organizing the militia during 
 the War of 1812-14, dying at the old Station in 
 1815. John (Whiteside), a brother of the preced- 
 ing, and also a Revolutionary soldier, came to 
 Illinois at the same time, as also did William B. 
 and Samuel, sons of the two brothers, respec- 
 tively. All of them became famous as Indian 
 fighters. The two latter served as Captains of 
 companies of "Rangers" in the War of 1812, 
 Samuel taking part in the battle of Rock Island 
 in 1814, and contributing greatly to the success 
 of the day. During the Black Hawk War (1832) 
 he attained the rank of Brigadier-General. 
 Whiteside County was named in his honor. He 
 made one of the earliest improvements in Ridge 
 Prairie, a rich section of Madison County, and 
 represented that county in the First General 
 Assembly. William B. served as Sheriff of Madi- 
 son County for a number of years. John D. 
 (Whiteside), another member of this historic 
 family, became very prominent, serving in the 
 lower House of the Seventh, Eighth, Ninth and 
 Fourteenth General Assemblies, and in the Sen- 
 ate of the Tenth, from Monroe County; was a 
 Presidential Elector in 1836, State Treasurer 
 (1837-41) and a member of the State Constitu- 
 tional Convention of 1847. General Whiteside, as 
 he was known, was the second of James Shields 
 in the famous Shields and Lincoln duel (so-called) 
 in 1842. and, as such, carried the challenge of the 
 former to Mr. Lincoln. (See Duels. ) 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 587 
 
 WHITING, Lorenzo I)., legislator, was born 
 in Wayne County, N. Y., Nov. 17, 1819; came to 
 Illinois in 1838, but did not settle there perma- 
 nently until 1849, when he located in Bureau 
 County. He was a Representative from that 
 county in the Twenty-sixth General Assembly 
 1869), and a member of the Senate continuously 
 from 1871 to 1887, serving in the latter through 
 eight General Assemblies. Died at his home 
 near Tiskilwa, Bureau County, 111., Oct. 10, 
 1889. 
 
 WHITING, Richard H., Congressman, was 
 born at West Hartford, Conn., June 17, 1826, and 
 received a common school education. In 1862 he 
 was commissioned Paymaster in the Volunteer 
 Army of the Union, and resigned in 1866. Hav- 
 ing removed to Illinois, he was appointed Assist- 
 ant Assessor of Internal Revenue for the Fifth 
 Illinois District, in February, 1870, and so contin- 
 ued until the abolition of the office in 1873. On 
 retiring from the Assessorship he was appointed 
 Collector of Internal Revenue, and served until 
 March 4, 1875, when he resigned to take his seat 
 as Republican Representative in Congress from 
 the Feoria District, to which he had been elected 
 in November, 1874. After the expiration of his 
 term he held no public office, but was a member 
 of the Republican National Convention of 1884. 
 Died, at the Continental Hotel, in New York 
 City, May 24, 1888. 
 
 WHITNEY, James W., pioneer lawyer and 
 early teacher, known by the nickname of "Lord 
 Coke" ; came to Illinois in Territorial days (be- 
 lieved to have been about 1800) ; resided for some 
 time at or near Edwardsville, then became a 
 teacher at Atlas, Pike County, and, still later, the 
 first Circuit and County Clerk of that county. 
 Though nominally a lawyer, he had little if any 
 practice. He acquired the title, by which he was 
 popularly known for a quarter of a century, by 
 his custom of visiting the State Capital, during 
 the sessions of the General Assembly, when 
 he would organize the lobbyists and visit- 
 ors about the capital of which there were an 
 unusual number in those days into what was 
 called the "Third House." Having been regu- 
 larly chosen to preside under the name of 
 "Speaker of the Lobby," he would deliver a mes- 
 sage full of practical hits and jokes, aimed at 
 members of the two houses and others, which 
 would be received with cheers and laughter. 
 The meetings of the "Third House." being held 
 in the evening, were attended by many members 
 and visitors in lieu of other forms of entertain- 
 ment. Mr. Whitney's home, in his latter years, 
 
 was at Pittsfield. He resided for a time at 
 Quincy. Died, Dec. 13, 1860, aged over 80 years. 
 
 WHITTEMOKE, Floyd K., State Treasurer, is 
 a native of New York, came at an early age, with 
 his parents, to Sycamore, 111., where he was edu- 
 cated in the high school there. He purposed 
 becoming a lawyer, but, on the election of the 
 late James H.' Beveridge State Treasurer, in 1864, 
 accepted the position of clerk in the office. 
 Later, he was employed as a clerk in the banking 
 house of Jacob Bunn in Springfield, and, on the 
 organization of the State National Bank, was 
 chosen cashier of that Institution, retaining the 
 position some twenty years. After the appoint- 
 ment of Hon. John R. Tanner to the position of 
 Assistant Treasurer of the United States, at Chi- 
 cago, in 1892, Mr. Whittemore became cashier in 
 that office, and, in 1865, Assistant State Treas- 
 rure under the administration of State Treasurer 
 Henry Wulff. In 1898 he was elected State 
 Treasurer, receiving a plurality of 43,450 over 
 his Democratic opponent. 
 
 WICKERSHAM, (Col.) Dudley, soldier and 
 merchant, was bom in Woodford County, Ky., 
 Nov. 22, 1819; came to Springfield, 111., in 1843. 
 and served as a member of the Fourth Regiment 
 Illinois Volunteers (Col. E. D. Baker's) through 
 the Mexican War. On the return of peace he 
 engaged in the dry-goods trade in Springfield, 
 until 1861, when he enlisted in the Tenth Regi- 
 ment Illinois Cavalry, serving, first as Lieutenant- 
 Colonel and then as Colonel, until May, 1864. 
 when, his regiment having been consolidated 
 with the Fifteenth Cavalry, he resigned. After 
 the war, he held the office of Assessor of Internal 
 Revenue for several years, after which he en- 
 gaged in the grocery trade. Died, in Springfield, 
 August 8, 1898. 
 
 WIDEN, Raphael, pioneer and early legislator, 
 was a native of Sweden, who, having been taken 
 to France at eight years of age, was educated for 
 a Catholic priest. Coming to the United States 
 in 1815, he was at Cahokia, IIL, in 1818, where, 
 during the same year, he married into a French 
 family of that place. He served in the House of 
 Representatives from Randolph County, in the 
 Second and Third General Assemblies (1820 24), 
 and as Senator in the Fourth and Fifth (1824-28). 
 During his last term in the House, he was one of 
 those who voted against the pro-slavery Con- 
 vention resolution. He died of cholera, at Kas- 
 kaskia, in 1833. 
 
 WIEE, Scott, lawyer and ex-Congressman, was 
 born at Meadville, Pa., April 6, 1834; at 4 years 
 of age removed with his parents to Quincy, III , 
 
688 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 and, in 1844, to Pike County. Having graduated 
 from Lombard University, Galesburg, in 1857, he 
 began reading law with Judge O. C. Skinner of 
 Quincy. He was admitted to the bar in 1858, 
 but, before commencing practice, spent a year at 
 Harvard Law School, graduating there in 1859. 
 Immediately thereafter he opened an office at 
 Pittsfield, 111., and has resided there ever since. 
 In politics he has always been a strong Democrat. 
 He served two terms in the Legislature (1863-67) 
 and, in 1874, was chosen Representative from his 
 District in Congress, being re-elected in 1888 and, 
 again, in 1890. In 1893 he was appointed by 
 President Cleveland Third Assistant Secretary 
 of the Treasury, which position he continued 
 to fill until March, 1897, when he resumed the 
 practice of law at Pittsfield. Died Jan. 15, 1901. 
 WILEY, (Col.) Benjamin Ladd, soldier, was 
 born in Smithneld, Jefferson County, Ohio, 
 March 25, 1821, came to Illinois in 1845 and began 
 life at Vienna, Johnson County, as a teacher. 
 In 1846 he enlisted for the Mexican War, as a 
 member of the Fifth (Colonel Newby's) Regiment 
 Illinois Volunteers, serving chiefly in New 
 Mexico until mustered out in 1848. A year later 
 he removed to Jonesboro, where he spent some 
 time at the carpenter's trade, after which he 
 became clerk in a store, meanwhile assisting to 
 edit "The Jonesboro Gazette" until 1853; then 
 became traveling salesman for a St. Louis firm, 
 but later engaged in the hardware trade at 
 Jonesboro, in which he continued for several 
 years. In 1856 he was the Republican candidate 
 for Congress for the Ninth District, receiving 
 4,000 votes, while Fremont, the Republican can- 
 didate for President, received only 825 in the 
 same district. In 1857 he opened a real estate 
 office in Jonesboro in conjunction with David L. 
 Phillips and Col. J. W. Ashley, with which he 
 was connected until 1860, when he removed to 
 Makanda, Jackson County. In September, 1861, 
 he was mustered in as Lieutenant-Colonel of the 
 Fifth Illinois Cavalry, later serving in Missouri 
 and Arkansas under Generals Steele and Curtis-,, 
 being, a part of the time, in command of the First 
 Brigade of Cavalry, and. in the advance on Vicks- 
 burg, having command of the right wing of 
 General Grant's cavalry. Being disabled by 
 rheumatism at the end of the siege, he tendered 
 his resignation, and was immediately appointed 
 Enrolling Officer at Cairo, serving in this capac- 
 ity until May, 1865, when he was mustered out. 
 In 1869 he was appointed by Governor Palmer 
 one of the Commissioners to locate the Southern 
 Illinois Hospital for the Insane, and served as 
 
 Secretary of the Board until the institution was 
 opened at Anna, in May, 1871. In 1869 he was 
 defeated as a candidate for County Judge of 
 Jackson County, and, in 1872, for the State Sen- 
 ate, by a small majority in a strongly Democratic 
 District; in 1876 was the Republican candidate 
 for Congress, in the Eighteenth District, against 
 William Hartzell, but was defeated by only 
 twenty votes, while carrying six out of the ten 
 counties comprising the District. In the latter 
 years of his life, Colonel Wiley was engaged quite 
 extensively in fruit-growing at Makanda, Jack- 
 son County, where he died, March 22, 1890. 
 
 WILKIE, Franc Bangs, journalist, was born 
 in Saratoga County, N. Y., July 2, 1830; took a 
 partial course at Union College, after which he 
 edited papers at Scbenectady, N. Y., Elgin, 111., 
 and Davenport and Dubuque, Iowa; also serving, 
 during a part of the Civil War, as the western 
 war correspondent of "The New York Times.'' 
 In 1863 he became an editorial writer on "The 
 Chicago Times," remaining with that paper, 
 with the exception of a brief interval, until 1888 
 a part of the time as its European correspond- 
 ent. He was the author of a series of sketches 
 over the nom de plume of "Poliuto," and of a 
 volume of reminiscences under the title. 
 "Thirty-five Years of Journalism," published 
 shortly before his death, which took place, April 
 13, 1892. 
 
 WILKIN, Jacob W., Justice of the Supreme 
 Court, was born in Licking County, Ohio, June 
 7, 1837; removed with his parents to Illinois, at 
 12 years of age, and was educated at McKendree 
 College ; served three years in the War for the 
 Union; studied law with Judge Scholfield and 
 was admitted to the bar in 1866. In 1872, he was 
 chosen Presidential Elector on the Republican 
 ticket, and, in 1879, elected Judge of the Circuit 
 Court and re-elected in 1885 the latter year 
 being assigned to the Appellate bench for the 
 Fourth District, where he remained until his 
 election to the Supreme bench in 1888, being 
 re-elected to the latter office in 1897. His home 
 is at Danville. 
 
 WILKINSON, Ira 0., lawyer and Judge, was 
 born in Virginia in 1822, and accompanied his 
 father to Jacksonville (1835), where he was edu- 
 cated. During a short sen-ice as Deputy Clerk of 
 Morgan County, he conceived a fondness for the 
 profession of the law, and, after a course of study 
 under Judge William Thomas, was admitted to 
 practice in 1847. Richard Yates (afterwards Gov- 
 ernor and Senator) was his first partner. In 1845 
 he removed to Rock Island, and, six years later, 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 589 
 
 was elected a Circuit Judge, being again closen 
 to the same position in 1861. At the expiration 
 of his second term he removed to Chicago. 
 Died, at Jacksonville, August 24, 1894. 
 
 WILKINSON, John P., early merchant, was 
 born, Dec. 14, 1790, in New Kent County, Va., 
 emigrated first to Kentucky, and, in 1838, settled 
 in Jacksonville, 111., where he engaged in mer- 
 cantile business. Mr. Wilkinson was a liberal 
 friend of Illinois College and Jacksonville Female 
 Academy, of each of which he was a Trustee 
 from their origin until his death, which occurred, 
 during a business visit to St. Louis, in December, 
 1841. 
 
 WILL, Conrad, pioneer physician and early 
 legislator, was born in Philadelphia, June 4, 1778 ; 
 about 1804 removed to Somerset County Pa., and, 
 in 1813, to Kaskaskia, 111. He was a physician 
 by profession, but having leased the saline lands 
 on the Big Muddy, in the vicinity of what after- 
 wards became the town of Brownsville, he 
 engaged in the manufacture of salt, removing 
 thither in 1815, and becoming one of the founders 
 of Brownsville, afterwards the first county-seat 
 of Jackson County. On the organization of 
 Jackson County, in 1816, he became a member of 
 the first Board of County Commissioners, and, in 
 1818, served as Delegate from that county in the 
 Convention which framed the first State Consti- 
 tution. Thereafter he served continuously as a 
 member of the Legislature from 1818 to '34 first 
 as Senator in the First General Assembly, then 
 as Representative in the Second, Third, Fourth 
 and Fifth, and again as Senator in the Sixth, 
 Seventh, Eighth and Ninth his career being 
 conspicuous for long service. He died in office, 
 June 11, 1834. Dr. Will was short of stature, 
 fleshy, of jovial disposition and fond of playing 
 practical jokes upon his associates, but very 
 popular, as shown by his successive elections to 
 the Legislature. He has been called "The Father 
 of Jackson County." Will County, organized by 
 act of the Legislature two years after his death, 
 was named in his honor. 
 
 WILL COUNTY, a northeastern county, em- 
 bracing 850 square miles, named in honor of Dr. 
 Conrad Will, an early politician and legislator. 
 Early explorations of the territory were made 
 in 1829, when white settlers were few. The bluff 
 west of Joliet is said to have been first occupied 
 by David and Benjamin Maggard. Joseph 
 Smith, the Mormon "apostle," expounded his 
 peculiar doctrines at "the Point" in 1831. Sev- 
 eral of the early settlers fled from the country 
 during (or after) a raid by the Sac Indians. 
 
 There is a legend, seemingly well supported, to 
 the effect that the first lumber, sawed to build 
 the first frame house in Chicago (that of P. F. W. 
 Peck), was sawed at Plainfield. Will County, 
 originally a part of Cook, was separately erected 
 in 1836, Joliet being made the county-seat 
 Agriculture, quarrying and manufacturing are 
 the chief industries. Joliet, Lockport and Wil- 
 mington are the principal towns. Population 
 (1880), 53,422; (1890), 62,007; (1900), 74,764. 
 
 WILLABD, Frances Elizabeth, teacher and 
 reformer, was born at Churchville, N. Y., Sept. 
 28, 1839, graduated from the Northwesters 
 Female College at Evanston, 111., in 1859, and, in 
 1862, accepted the Professorship of Natural 
 Sciences in that institution. During 1866-67 she 
 was the Principal of the Genessee Wesleyan 
 Seminary. The next two years she devoted to 
 travel and study abroad, meanwhile contribut- 
 ing to various periodicals. From 1871 to 1874 ah* 
 was Professor of Esthetics in the Northwester* 
 University and dean of the Woman's College. 
 She was always an enthusiastic champion of 
 temperance, and, in 1874, abandoned her profes- 
 sion to identify herself with the Woman's Chris- 
 tian Temperance Union. For five years she was 
 Corresponding Secretary of the national body, 
 and, from 1879, its President. While Secretary 
 she organized the Home Protective Association, 
 and prepared a petition to the Illinois Legislature, 
 to which nearly 200,000 names were attached, 
 asking for the granting to women of the right to 
 vote on the license question. In 1878 she suc- 
 ceeded her brother, Oliver A. Willard (who had 
 died), as editor of "The Chicago Evening Post," 
 but, a few months later, withdrew, and, in 1882, 
 was elected as a member of the executive com- 
 mittee of the National Prohibition party. IB 
 1886 she became leader of the White Cross Move- 
 ment for the protection of women, and succeeded 
 in securing favorable legislation, in this direc- 
 tion, in twelve States. In 1883 she founded the 
 World's Christian Temperance Union, and, in 
 1888, was chosen its President, as also President 
 of the International Council of Women. The 
 latter years of her life were spent chiefly abroad, 
 much of the time as the guest and co-worker of 
 Lady Henry Somerset, of England, during which 
 she devoted much attention to investigating the 
 condition of women in the Orient. Miss Willard 
 was a prolific and highly valued contributor to 
 the magazines, and (besides numerous pamphlets) 
 published several volumes, including "Nineteen 
 Beautiful Years" (a tribute to her sister): 
 "Woman in Temperance"; "How to Win," "* 
 
690 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 "Woman in the Pulpit." Died, in New York, 
 Feb. 18, 1898. 
 
 WILLARD, Sanmel, A.M., M.D., LL.D., phy- 
 sician and educator, was born in Lunenberg, 
 Vt. ( Dec. 30, 1821 the lineal descendant of Maj. 
 Simon Willard, one of the founders of Concord, 
 Mass., and prominent in "King Philip's War." 
 and of his son, Rev. Dr. Samuel Willard, of the 
 Old South Church, Boston, and seventh President 
 of Harvard College. The subject of this sketch 
 was taken in his infancy to Boston, and, in 1831, 
 to Car roll t..n, 111., where his father pursued the 
 avocation of a druggist. After a preparatory 
 course at Shurtleff College, Upper Alton, in 1838 
 he entered the freshman class in Illinois College 
 at Jacksonville, but withdrew the following year, 
 re-entering college in 1840 and graduating in the 
 class of 1843, as a classmate of Dr. Newton Bate- 
 man, afterwards State Superintendent of Public 
 Instruction and President of Knoz College, and 
 Rev. Thomas K. Beecher, now of Elmira, N. Y. 
 The next year he spent as Tutor in Illinois Col- 
 lege, when he began the study of medicine at 
 Quincy, graduating from the Medical Department 
 of Illinois College in 1848. During a part of the 
 latter year he edited a Free-Soil campaign paper 
 ("The Tribune") at Quincy, and, later, "The 
 Western Temperance Magazine" at the same 
 place. In 1849 he began the practice of his pro- 
 fession at St. Louis, but the next year removed 
 toCollinsville, III, remaining until 1857, when he 
 took charge of the Department of Languages in 
 the newly organized State Normal University at 
 Normal. The second year of the Civil War (1862) 
 he enlisted as a private in the Ninety -seventh 
 Illinois Volunteer Infantry, but was soon after 
 commissioned as Surgeon with the rank of Major, 
 participating in the campaigns in Tennessee and 
 in the first attack upon Vicksburg. Being dis- 
 abled by an attack of paralysis, in February, 1863, 
 he was compelled to resign, when he had suffici- 
 ently recovered accepting a position in the office 
 of Provost Marshal General Oakes, at Spring- 
 field, where he remained until the close of the 
 war. He then became Grand Secretary of the 
 Independent Order of Odd-Fellows for the State 
 of Illinois a position which he had held from 
 1856 to 1862 remaining under his second appoint- 
 ment from 1865 to '69. The next year he served 
 as Superintendent of Schools at Springfield, 
 meanwhile assisting in founding the Springfield 
 public library, and serving as its first librarian. 
 In 1870 he accepted the professorship of History 
 in the West Side High School of Chicago, 
 which, with the exception of two years (1884-86), 
 
 he continued to occupy for more than twenty- 
 five years, retiring in 1898. In the meantime, 
 Dr. Willard has been a laborious literary worker, 
 having been, for a considerable period, editor, or 
 assistant-editor, of "The Illinois Teacher," a con- 
 tributor to "The Century Magazine" and "The 
 Dial" of Chicago, besides having published a 
 "Digest of the Laws of Odd Fellowship" in six- 
 teen volumes, begun while he was Grand Secre- 
 tary of the Order in 1864, and continued in 1872 
 and '82; a "Synopsis of History and Historical 
 Chart," covering the period from B. C. 800 
 to A. D. 1876 of which he has had a second 
 edition in course of preparation. Of late years 
 he has been engaged upon a "Historical Diction- 
 ary of Names and Places," which will include 
 some 12,000 topics, and which promises to be the 
 most important work of his life. Previous to the 
 war he was an avowed Abolitionist and operator 
 on the "Underground Railroad," who made no 
 concealment of his opinions, and, on one or two 
 occasions, was called to answer for them in 
 prosecutions under the "Fugitive Slave Act." 
 (See "Underground Railroad.") His friend 
 and classmate, the late Dr. Bateman, says of 
 him: "Dr. Willard is a sound thinker; a clear 
 and forcible writer; of broad and accurate 
 scholarship; conscientious, genial and kindly, 
 and a most estimable gentleman." 
 
 WILLIAMS, Archibald, lawyer and jurist, 
 was born in Montgomery County, Ky., June 10, 
 1801; with moderate advantages but natural 
 fondness for study, he chose the profession of 
 law, and was admitted to the bar in Tennessee 
 in 1828, coming to Quincy, 111., the following 
 year. He was elected to the General Assembly 
 three times serving in the Senate in 1832-36, and 
 in the House, 1836-40 ; was United States District 
 Attorney for the Southern District of Illinois, by 
 appointment of President Taylor, 1849-53; wan 
 twice the candidate of his party (the Whig) for 
 United States Senator, and appointed by Presi- 
 dent Lincoln, in 1861, United States District 
 Judge for the State of Kansas. His abilities and 
 high character were widely recognized. Died, 
 in Quincy, Sept. 21, 1863 His son, John II., an 
 attorney at Quincy, served as Judge of the Cir- 
 cuit Court 1879-85. Another son, Abraham Lin- 
 coln, was twice elected Attorney -General of 
 Kansas. 
 
 WILLIAMS, Erastns Smith, lawyer and ju- 
 rist, was bom at Salem, N. Y., May 22, 1821. In 
 1842 he removed to Chicago, where, after reading 
 law, he was admitted to the bar in 1844. In 1854 
 he was appointed Master in Chancery, which 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 591 
 
 office he filled until 1863, when he was elected a 
 Judge of the Circuit Court of Cook County. 
 After re-election in 1870 he became Chief Justice, 
 and, at the same time, heard most of the cases on 
 the equity side of the court. In 1879 he was a 
 candidate for re-election as a Republican, but 
 was defeated with the party ticket. After his 
 retirement from the bench he resumed private 
 practice. Died, Feb. 24, 1884. 
 
 WILLIAMS, James R., Congressman, was 
 born in White County, 111., Dec. 27, 1850, at the 
 age of 25 graduated from the Indiana State Uni- 
 versity, at Bloomington, and, in 1876, from the 
 Union College of Law. Chicago, since then being 
 an active and successful practitioner at Canni. 
 In 1880 he was appointed Master in Chancery and 
 served two years. From 1882 to 1886 he was 
 County Judge. In 1892 he was a nominee on 
 the Democratic ticket for Presidential Elector. 
 He was elected to represent the Nineteenth Illi- 
 nois District in the Fifty-first Congress at a 
 special election held to fill the vacancy occasioned 
 by the death of R. W. Townshend, was re-elected 
 in 1890 and 1892, but defeated by Orlando Burrell 
 (Republican) for re-election in the newly organ- 
 ized Twentieth District in 1894. In 1898 he was 
 again a candidate and elected to the Fifty -sixth 
 Congress. 
 
 WILLIAMS, John, pioneer merchant, was 
 born in Bath County, Ky., Sept. 11, 1808; be- 
 tween 14 and 16 years of age was clerk in a store 
 in his native State; then, joining his parents, 
 who had settled on a tract of land in a part of 
 Sangamon (now Menard) County, 111., he found 
 employment as clerk in the store of Major Elijah 
 lies, at Springfield, whom he succeeded in busi- 
 ness at the age of 22, continuing it without inter- 
 ruption until 1880. In 1856 Mr. Williams was 
 the Republican candidate for Congress in the 
 Springfield District, and, in 1861, was appointed 
 Commissary-General for the State, rendering 
 valuable service in furnishing supplies for State 
 troops, in camps of instruction and while proceed- 
 ing to the field, in the first years of the war ; was 
 also chief officer of the Illinois Sanitary Commis- 
 sion for two years, and, as one of the intimate 
 persona) friends of Mr. Lincoln, was chosen to 
 accompany the remains of the martyred President, 
 from Washington to Springfield, for burial. 
 Liberal, enterprising and public-spirited, his name 
 was associated with nearly every public enter- 
 prise of importance in Springfield during his 
 business career being one of the founders, and, 
 for eleven years President, of the First National 
 Bank; a chief promoter in the construction of 
 
 what is now the Springfield Division of the Illi- 
 nois Central Railroad, and the Springfield and 
 Peoria line; a Director of the Springfield Iron 
 Company; one of the Commissioners who con- 
 structed the Springfield water-works, and an 
 officer of the Lincoln Monument Association, 
 from 18C5 to his death, May 29, 1890. 
 
 WILLIAMS, Norman, lawyer, was born at 
 Woodstock, Vt., Feb. 1, 1833, being related, on 
 both the paternal and maternal sides, to some of 
 the most prominent families of New England. 
 He fitted for college at Union Academy, Meriden, 
 and graduated from the University of Vermont 
 in the class of 1855. After taking a course in 
 the Albany Law School and with a law firm in 
 his native town, he was admitted to practice in 
 both New York and Vermont, removed to Chi- 
 cago in 1858, and, in 1860, became a member of 
 the firm of King, Kales & Williams, still later 
 forming a partnership with Gen. John L. Thomp- 
 son, which ended with the death of the latter in 
 1888. In a professional capacity he assisted in 
 the organization of the Pullman Palace Car Com- 
 pany, and was a member of its Board of Directors ; 
 also assisted in organizing the Western Electric 
 Company, and was prominently identified with 
 the Chicago Telephone Company and the Western 
 Union Telegraph Company. In 1881 he served as 
 the United States Commissioner to the Electrical 
 Exposition at Paris. In conjunction with his 
 brother (Edward H. Williams) he assisted in 
 founding the public library at Woodstock, Vt, 
 which, in honor of his father, received the name 
 of "The Norman Williams Public Library.'' 
 With Col. Huntington W. Jackson and J. Mc- 
 Gregor Adams, Mr. Williams was named, in the 
 will of the late John Crerar, as an executor of the 
 Crerar estate and one of the Trustees of the 
 Crerar Public Library, and became its first Presi- 
 dent; was also a Director of the Chicago Pub- 
 lic Library, and trustee of a number of large 
 estates. Mr. Williams was a son-in-law of the 
 late Judge John D. Caton, and his oldest daughter 
 became the wife of Major-General Wesley Mer- 
 ritt, a few months before his death, which oc- 
 curred at Hampton Beach, X. H., June 19, 1899 
 his remains being interred in his native town 
 of Woodstock, Vt. 
 
 WILLIAMS, Robert Ebenezer, lawyer, born 
 Dec. 3, 1825, at Clarksville, Pa., his grandfathers 
 on both sides being soldiers of the Revolutionary 
 War. In 1830 his parents removed to Washing- 
 ton in the same State, where in boyhood he 
 worked as a mechanic in his father's shop, 
 attending a common school in the winter until 
 
693 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 he reached the age of 17 years, when he entered 
 Washington College, remaining for more than a 
 year. He then began teaching, and, in 1845 
 went to Kentucky, where he pursued the business 
 of a teacher for four years. Then he entered 
 Bethany College in West Virginia, at the same 
 time prosecuting his law studies, but left at the 
 close of his junior year, when, having been 
 licensed to practice, he removed to Clinton, 
 Texas. Here he accepted, from a retired lawyer, 
 the loan of a law library, which he afterwards 
 purchased ; served for two years as State's Attor- 
 ney, and, in 1856, came to Bloomington, 111., 
 where he spent the remainder of his life in the 
 practice of his profession. Much of his time was 
 devoted to practice as a railroad attorney, espe- 
 cially in connection with the Chicago & Alton and 
 the Illinois Central Railroads, in which he 
 acquired prominence and wealth. He was a life- 
 long Democrat and, in 1868, was the unsuccessful 
 candidate of his party for Attorney-General of 
 the State. The last three years of his life he had 
 been in bad health, dying at Bloomington, Feb. 
 15. 1899. 
 
 WILLIAMS. Samuel, Bank President, was born 
 in Adams County, Ohio, July 11, 1820; came to 
 Winnebago County, 111., in 1835, and, in 1842. 
 removed to Iroquois County, where he held vari- 
 ous local offices, including that of County Judge, 
 to which he was elected in 1861. During his 
 later years he had been President of the Watseka 
 Citizens' Bank. Died, June 16, 1896. 
 
 WILLIAMSON, Rollln Samuel, legislator and 
 jurist, was born at Cornwall, Vt., May 23, 1839. 
 At the age of 14 he went to Boston, where he 
 began life as a telegraph messenger boy. In 
 two years he had become a skillful operator, and, 
 as such, was employed in various offices in New 
 England and New York. In 1857 he came to 
 Chicago seeking employment and, through the 
 fortunate correction of an error on the part of 
 the receiver of a message, secured the position of 
 operator and station agent at Palatine, Cook 
 County. Here he read law during his leisure 
 time without a preceptor, and, in 1870, was 
 admitted to the bar. The same year he was 
 elected to the lower House of the General 
 Assembly and, in 1872, to the Senate. In 1880 he 
 waa elected to the bench of the Superior Court of 
 Cook County, and, in 1887, was chosen a Judge 
 of the Cook County Circuit Court. Died, Au- 
 gust 10, 1889. 
 
 WILLIAMSON COUNTY, in the southern'part 
 of the State, originally set off from Franklin and 
 organized in 1839. The county is well watered, 
 
 the principal streams being the Big Muddy and 
 the South Fork of the Saline. The surface is 
 undulating and the soil fertile. The region was 
 originally well covered with forests. All the 
 cereals (as well as potatoes) are cultivated, and 
 rich meadows encourage stock-raising. Coal and 
 sandstone underlie the entire county. Area, 440 
 square miles; population (1880), 19,324: (1890) 
 22,226; (1900), 27,796. 
 
 WILLIAMSTILLE, village of Sangamon Coun- 
 ty, on Chicago & Alton Railroad, 12 miles north 
 of Springfield; has a bank, elevator. 3 churches, 
 a newspaper and coal-mines. Pop. (1900), 573. 
 
 WILLIS, Jonathan Clay, soldier and former 
 Railroad and Warehouse Commissioner, was born 
 in Sumner County, Tenn. , June 27, 1826; brought 
 to c ;il lut in County, 111., in 1834, and settled at 
 Golconda in 1843; was elected Sheriff of Pops 
 County in 1856, removed to Metropolis in 1859, 
 and engaged in the wharf -boat and commission 
 business. He entered the service as Quarter- 
 master of the Forty-eighth Illinois Volunteers in 
 1861, but was compelled to resign on account of 
 injuries, in 1863; was elected Representative ir 
 the Twenty-sixth General Assembly (1868). 
 appointed Collector of Internal Revenue in 1869, 
 and Railway and Warehouse Commissioner in 
 1892, as the successor of John R. Tanner, serving 
 until 1893. 
 
 WILMETTE, a village in Cook County, 14 miles 
 north of Chicago, on the Chicago & Northwestern 
 Railroad , a handsome suburb of Chicago on the 
 shore of Lake Michigan ; principal streets paved 
 and shaded with fine forest trees; has public 
 library and good schools. Pop. (1900), 2,300. 
 
 WILMINGTON, a city of Will County, on the 
 Kankakee River and the Chicago & Alton Rail- 
 road, 53 miles from Chicago and 15 south-south- 
 west of Joliet; has considerable manufactures, 
 two National banks, a graded school, churches 
 and one newspaper. Wilmington is the location 
 of the Illinois Soldiers' Widows' Home. Popu- 
 lation (1890), 1,576; (1900), 1,430. 
 
 WILSON, Charles Lush, journalist, was bom 
 in Fairfield County, Conn., Oct. 10, 1818, edu- 
 cated in the common schools and at an academy 
 in his native State, and, in 1835, removed to Chi- 
 cago, entering the employment of his older 
 brothers, who were connected with the construc- 
 tion of the Illinois & Michigan Canal at Joliet. 
 His brother, Richard L., having assumed charge 
 of "The Chicago Daily Journal" (the successor 
 of "The Chicago American"), in',1844, Charles L. 
 took a position in the office, ultimately securing 
 a 'partnership, which continued until the death 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 of his brother in 1856, when he succeeded to the 
 ownership of the paper. Mr. Wilson was an 
 ardent friend and supporter of Abraham Lincoln 
 for the United States Senate in 1858, but, in 1860, 
 favored the nomination of Mr. Seward for the 
 Presidency, though earnestly supporting Mr. Lin- 
 coln after his nomination. In 1861 he was 
 appointed Secretary of the American Legation at 
 London, serving with the late Minister Charles 
 Francis Adams, until 1864, when he resigned and 
 resumed his connection with "The Journal." In 
 1875 his health began to fail, and three years 
 later, having gone to San Antonio, Tex., in the 
 hope of receiving benefit from a change of cli- 
 mate, he died in that city, March 9, 1878. 
 Richard Lnsh (Wilson), an older brother of the 
 preceding, the first editor and publisher of "The 
 Chicago Evening Journal," the oldest paper of 
 consecutive publication in Chicago, was a native 
 of New York. Coming to Chicago with his 
 brother John L. , in 1834, they soon after estab- 
 lished themselves in business on the Illinois & 
 Michigan Canal, then in course of construction. 
 In 1844 he took charge of "The Chicago Daily 
 Journal" for a publishing committee which had 
 purchased the material of "The Chicago Ameri- 
 can," but soon after became principal proprietor. 
 In April, 1847, while firing a salute in honor of 
 the victory of Buena Vista, he lost an arm and 
 was otherwise injured by the explosion of the can- 
 non. Early in 1849, he was appointed, by Presi- 
 dent Taylor, Postmaster of the city of Chicago, 
 but, having failed of confirmation, was compelled 
 to retire in favor of a successor appointed by 
 Millard Fillmore, eleven months later. Mr. 
 Wilson published a little volume in 1842 entitled 
 "A Trip to Santa Fe," and, a few years later, 
 a story of travel under the title, "Short Ravel- 
 lings from a Long Yarn." Died, December, 1856. 
 John Lush (Wilson), another brother, also a 
 native of New York, came to Illinois in 1834, was 
 afterwards associated with his brothers in busi- 
 ness, being for a time business manager of "The 
 Chicago Journal;" also served one term as Sher- 
 iff of Cook County. Died, in Chicago, April 13, 
 1888. 
 
 WILSON, Isaac Grant, jurist, was born at 
 Middlebury, N. Y., April 26, 1817, graduated 
 from Brown University in 1838, and the same 
 year came to Chicago, whither his father's 
 family had preceded him in 1835. After reading 
 law for two years, he entered the senior class at 
 Cambridge (Mass.) Law School, graduating in 
 1841. In August of that year he opened an 
 office at Elgin, and. for ten years "rode the cir- 
 
 cuit." In 1851 he was elected to the bench of 
 the Thirteenth Judicial Circuit to fill a vacancy, 
 and re-elected for a full terra in 1855, and again 
 in '61. In November of the latter year he was 
 commissioned the first Colonel of the Fifty- 
 second Illinois Volunteer Infantry, but resigned, 
 a few weeks later, and resumed his place upon 
 the bench. From 1867 to 1879 he devoted him- 
 self to private practice, which was largely in 
 the Federal Courts. In 1879 he resumed his seat 
 upon the bench (this time for the Twelfth Cir- 
 cuit), and was at once designated as one of the 
 Judges of the Appellate Court at Chicago, of 
 which tribunal he became Chief Justice in 1881. 
 In 1885 he was re-elected Circuit Judge, but died, 
 about the close of his term, at Geneva, June 8. 
 1891. 
 
 WILSON, James (jrant, soldier and author, 
 was born at Edinburgh, Scotland, April 28, 1832, 
 and, when only a year old, was brought by his 
 father, William Wilson, to America. The family 
 settled at Poughkeepsie, N. Y., where Jarnes 
 Grant was educated at College Hill and under 
 private teachers. After finishing his studies he 
 became his father's partner in business, but, in 
 1855, went abroad, and, shortly after his return, 
 removed to Chicago, where he founded the first 
 literary paper established in the Northwest. At 
 the outbreak of the Civil War, he disposed of his 
 journal to enlist in the Fifteenth Illinois Cavalry, 
 of which he was commissioned Major and after- 
 wards promoted to the colonelcy. In August. 
 1863, while at New Orleans, by advice of General 
 Grant, he accepted a commission as Colonel of 
 the Fourth Regiment United States Colored 
 Cavalry, and was assigned, as Aid-de-camp, to 
 the staff of the Commander of the Department of 
 the Gulf, filling this post until April, 1865. 
 When General Banks was relieved, Colonel Wil- 
 son was brevetted Brigadier-General and placed 
 in command at Port Hudson, resigning in July. 
 1865, since which time his home has been in New 
 York. He is best known as an author, having 
 published numerous addresses, and being a fre- 
 quent contributor to American and European 
 magazines. Among larger works which he has 
 written or edited are "Biographical Sketches of 
 Illinois Officers"; "Love in Letters"; "Life of 
 General U. S. Grant"; "Life and Letters of 
 Fitz Greene Halleck"; "Poets and Poetry of 
 Scotland"; "Bryant and His Friends", and 
 "Appleton's Cyclopedia of American Biography." 
 
 WILSON, James Harrison, soldier and mili- 
 tary engineer, was bom near Shawneetown, 111. , 
 Sept. 2. 1837. His grandfather. Alexander Wil- 
 
594 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 son, was one of the pioneers of Illinois, and 
 his father (Harrison Wilson) was an ensign dur- 
 ing the War of 1812 and a Captain in the Black 
 Hawk War. His brother (Bluford Wilson) 
 served as Assistant Adjutant-General of Volun- 
 teers during the Civil War, and as Solicitor of the 
 United States Treasury during the "whisky ring" 
 prosecutions. James H. was educated in the 
 common schools, at McKendree College, and 
 the United States Military Academy at West 
 Point, graduating from the latter in 1860, and 
 being assigned to the Topographical Engineer 
 Corps. In September, 1861, he was promoted to 
 a First Lieutenancy, then served as Chief Topo- 
 graphical Engineer of the Port Royal expedition 
 until March, 1862; was afterwards attached to 
 the Department of the South, being present at 
 the bombardment of Fort Pulaski; was Aid-de- 
 camp to McClellan, and participated in the bat- 
 tles of South Mountain and Antietum ; was made 
 Lieutenant-Colonel of Volunteers in November, 
 1862; was Chief Topographical Engineer and 
 Inspector-General of the Army of the Tennessee 
 until October, 1863, being actively engaged in 
 the operations around Vicksburg; was made 
 Captain of Engineers in May, 1863, and Brigadier- 
 General of Volunteers, Oct. 31, following. He 
 also conducted operations preliminary to the 
 battle of Chattanooga and Missionary Ridge, and 
 for the relief of Knoxville. Later, he was placed 
 in command of the Third Division of the cavalry 
 corps of the Army of the Potomac, serving from 
 May to August, 1864, under General Sheridan. 
 Subsequently he was transferred to the Depart- 
 ment of the Mississippi, where he so distinguished 
 himself that, on April 20, 1865,' he was made 
 Major-General of Volunteers. In twenty-eight 
 days he captured five fortified cities, twenty- 
 three stands of colors. 288 guns and 6,820 prison- 
 ers among the latter being Jefferson Davis. He 
 was mustered out of the volunteer service in 
 January, 1866, and, on July 28, following, was 
 commissioned Lieutenant-Colonel of the Thirty- 
 fifth United States Infantry, being also brevetted 
 Major-General in the regular army. On Dec. 31, 
 1870, he returned to civil life, and was afterwards 
 largely engaged in railroad and engineering oper- 
 ations, especially in West Virginia. Promptly 
 after the declaration of war with Spain (1898) 
 General Wilson was appointed, by the President, 
 Major-General of Volunteers, serving until its 
 close. He is the author of "China: Travels and 
 Investigations in the Middle Kingdom" ; "Life of 
 Andrew J. Alexander"; and the "Life of Gen. 
 U. 8. Grant," in conjunction with Charles A. 
 
 Dana. His home, in recent years, has been in 
 New York. 
 
 WILSON, John M., lawyer and jurist, was 
 born in New Hampshire in 1802, graduated at 
 Bowdoin College in 1824 the classmate of Frank- 
 lin Pierce and Nathaniel Hawthorne; studied law 
 in New Hampshire and came to Illinois in 1835, 
 locating at Joliet; removed to Chicago in 1841, 
 where he was the partner of Norman B. Judd, 
 serving, at different periods, as attorney of the 
 Chicago & Rock Island, the Lake Shore & Michi- 
 gan Southern and the Chicago & Northwestern 
 Railways; was Judge of the Court of Common 
 Pleas of Cook County, 1853-59, when he became 
 Presiding Judge of the Superior Court of Chicago, 
 serving until 1868. Died, Dec. 7, 1883. 
 
 WILSON, John P., lawyer, was born in White- 
 side County, 111., July 3, 1844; educated in the 
 common schools and at Knox College, Galesburg. 
 graduating from the latter in 1865; two years 
 later was admitted to the bar in Chicago, and 
 speedily attained prominence in his profession. 
 During the World's Fair period he was retained 
 as counsel by the Committee on Grounds and 
 Buildings, and was prominently connected, as 
 counsel for the city, with the Lake Front litiga- 
 tion. 
 
 WILSON, Robert I ... early legislator, was born 
 in Washington County, Pa., Sept. 11, 1805, taken 
 to Zanesville, Ohio, in 1810, graduated at Frank- 
 lin College in 1831, studied law and, in 1833. 
 removed to Athens (now in Menard County), 111. ; 
 was elected Representative in 1836, and was one 
 of the members from Sangamon County, known 
 as the "Long Nine," who assisted in securing the 
 removal of the State Capital to Springfield. Mr. 
 Wilson removed to Sterling, Whiteside County, 
 in 1840, was elected five times Circuit Clerk and 
 served eight years as Probate Judge. Immedi- 
 ately after the fall of Fort Sumter, he enlisted as 
 private in a battalion in Washington City under 
 command of Cassias M. Clay, for guard duty 
 until the arrival of the Seventh New York Regi- 
 ment. He subsequently assisted in raising 
 troops in Illinois, was appointed Paymaster by 
 Lincoln, serving at Washington, St. Louis, and, 
 after the fall of Vicksburg, at Springfield being 
 mustered out in November, 1865. Died, in White- 
 side County, 1880. 
 
 WILSON, Robert S., lawyer and jurist, was 
 born at Mont rose, Susquehanna County, Pa., Nov. 
 6, 1M-: learned the printer's art, then studied 
 law and was admitted to the bar in Allegheny 
 County, about 1833; in 1836 removed to Ann 
 Arbor, Mich., where he served as Probate Judge 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 and State Senator; in 1850 came to Chicago, was 
 elected Judge of the Recorder's Court in 1853, 
 and re-elected in 1858, serving ten years, and 
 proving "a terror to evil-doers." Died, at Law- 
 rence, Mich., Dec. 23, 1882. 
 
 WILSON, William, early jurist, was born in 
 Loudoun County, Va., April 27, 1794; studied law 
 with Hon. John Cook, a distinguished lawyer, 
 and minister to France in the early part of the 
 century ; in 1817 removed to Kentucky, soon after 
 came to Illinois, two years later locating in White 
 County, near Carmi, which continued to be his 
 home during the remainder of his life. In 1819 
 he was appointed Associate Justice of the 
 Supreme Court as successor to William P. 
 Foster, who is described by Governor Ford as 
 "a great rascal and no lawyer," and who held 
 office only about nine months. Judge Wilson 
 was re-elected to the Supreme bench, as Chief- 
 Justice, in 1825, being then only a little over 30 
 years old, and held office until the reorganization 
 of the Supreme Court under the Constitution of 
 1843 a period of over twenty-nine years, and, 
 with the exception of Judge Browne's, the long- 
 est term of service in the history of the court. 
 He died at his home in White County, April 29, 
 1857. A Whig in early life, he allied himself 
 with the Democratic party on the dissolution of 
 the former. Hon. James C. Conkling, of Spring- 
 field, says of him, "as a writer, his style was clear 
 and distinct; as a lawyer, his judgment was 
 sound and discriminating," 
 
 WINCHESTER, a city and county-seat of Scott 
 County, founded in 1839, situated on Big Sandy 
 Creek and on the line of the Chicago, Burlington 
 & Quincy Railroad, 29 miles south of Beardstown 
 and 84 miles north by west of St. Louis. While 
 the surrounding region is agricultural and largely 
 devoted to wheat growing, there is some coal 
 mining. Winchester is an important shipping- 
 point, having three grain elevators, two flouring 
 mills, and a coal mine employing fifty miners. 
 There are four Protestant and one Catholic 
 church, a court house, a high school, a graded 
 school building, two banks and two weekly news- 
 papers. Population (1880), 1,626; (1890), 1,542; 
 (1900). 1,711. 
 
 WINDSOR, a. city of Shelby County at the cross- 
 ing of the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. 
 Louis and the Wabash Railways, 11 miles north- 
 east of Shelbyville. Population (1880), 768; 
 (1890), 888; (1900), 866. 
 
 WINES, Frederick Howard, clergyman and 
 sociologist, was born in Philadelphia, Pa., April 
 0, 1838, graduated at Washington (Pa. ) College 
 
 in 1857, and, after serving as tutor there for a 
 short time, entered Princeton Theological Semi- 
 nary, but was compelled temporarily to discon- 
 tinue his studies on account of a weakness of 
 the eyes. The Presbytery of St. Louis licensed 
 him to preach in 1860, and, in 1862, he was com- 
 missioned Hospital Chaplain in the Union army. 
 During 1862-64 he was stationed at Springfield. 
 Mo., participating in the battle of Springfield on 
 Jan. 8, 1863, and being personally mentioned for 
 bravery on the field in the official report. Re- 
 entering the seminary at Princeton in 1864, he 
 graduated in 1865, and at once accepted a call to 
 the pulpit of the First Presbyterian Church of 
 Springfield, 111., which he filled for four years. 
 In 1869 he was appointed Secretary of the newly 
 created Board of Commissioners of Public Chari- 
 ties of Illinois, in which capacity he continued 
 until 1893, when he resigned For the next four 
 years he was chiefly engaged in literary work, in 
 lecturing before universities on topics connected 
 with social science, in aiding in the organization 
 of charitable work, and in the conduct of a 
 thorough investigation into the relations between 
 liquor legislation and crime. At an early period 
 he took a prominent part in organizing the 
 various Boards of Public Charities of the United 
 States into an organization known as the National 
 Conference of Charities and Corrections, and, at 
 the Louisville meeting (1883), was elected its 
 President. At the International Penitentiary 
 Congress at Stockholm (1878) he was the official 
 delegate from Illinois. On his return, as a result 
 of his observations while abroad, he submitted 
 to the Legislature a report strongly advocating 
 the construction of the Kankakee Hospital for 
 the Insane, then about to be built, upon the 
 "detached ward" or "village" plan, a departure 
 from then existing methods, which marks an era 
 in the treatment of insane in the United States. 
 Mr. Wines conducted the investigation into the 
 condition and number of the defective, depend- 
 ent and delinquent classes throughout the coun- 
 try, his report constituting a separate volume 
 under the "Tenth Census," and rendered a simi- 
 lar service in connection with the eleventh 
 census (1890). In 1887 he was elected Secretary 
 of the National Prison Association, succeeding to 
 the post formerly held by his father, Enoch Cobb 
 Wines, D.D., LL.D. After the inauguration of 
 Governor Tanner in 1897, he resumed his former 
 position of Secretary of the Board of Public 
 Charities, remaining until 1899, when he again 
 tendered his resignation, having received the 
 appointment to the position of Assistant Director 
 
696 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 of the Twelfth Census, which he now holds. He 
 is the author of "Crime and Reformation" (1895); 
 of a voluminous series of reports; also of numer- 
 oun pamphlets and brochures, among which may 
 be mentioned "The County Jail System; An 
 Argument for its Abolition" (1878) ; "The Kanka- 
 kee Hospital" (1883); "Provision for the Insane 
 in the United States" (1885); "Conditional 
 Liberation, or the Paroling of Prisoners" (1886), 
 and "American Prisons in the Tenth Census" 
 (1888). 
 
 WINES, Walter B., lawyer (brother of Freder- 
 ick H. Wines), was born in Boston, Mass., Oct. 
 10, 1848, received his primary education at Willis- 
 ton Academy, East Hamilton, Mass. , after which 
 he entered Middlebury College, Vt., taking a 
 classical course and graduating there. He after- 
 wards became a student in the law department 
 of Columbia College, N. Y., graduating in 1871, 
 being admitted to the bar the same year and 
 commencing practice in New York City. In 1879 
 he came to Springfield, 111. , and was, for a time, 
 identified with the bar of that city. Later, he 
 removed to Chicago, where he has been engaged 
 in literary and journalistic work. 
 
 WINNEBAGO COUNTY, situated in the 
 "northern tier," bordering on the Wisconsin 
 State line; was organized, under an act passed in 
 1836, from La Salle and Jo Daviess Counties, and 
 has an area of 553 square miles. The county is 
 drained by the Rock and Pecatonica Rivers. 
 The surface is rolling prairie and the soil fertile. 
 The geology is simple, the quaternary deposits 
 being underlaid by the Galena blue and buff 
 limestone, adapted for building purposes. All 
 the cereals are raised in abundance, the chief 
 product being corn. The Winnebago Indians 
 (who gave name to the county) formerly lived 
 on the west side of the Rock River, and the Potta- 
 watomies on the east, but both tribes removed 
 westward in 18:!5. (As to manufacturing inter- 
 ests see Rockford.) Population (1880), 30,505; 
 (1890), 39,938; (1900), 47,845 
 
 WINNEBAGO WAR. The name given to an 
 Indian disturbance which had its origin in 1837, 
 during the administration of Gov. Ninian 
 Edwards. The Indians had been quiet since the 
 conclusion of the War of 1813, but a few isolated 
 outrages were sufficient to start terrified "run- 
 ners'' in all directions. In the northern portion 
 of the State, from Galena to Chicago (then Fort 
 Dearborn) the alarm was intense. The meagre 
 militia force of the State was summoned and 
 volunteers were called for. Meanwhile, 600 
 United States Regular Infantry, under command 
 
 of Gen. Henry Atkinson, put in an appearance. 
 Besides the infantry, Atkinson had at his disposal 
 some 130 mounted sharpshooters. The origin of 
 the disturbance was as follows: The Winne- 
 bagoes attacked a band of Chippewas, who were 
 (by treaty) under Government potection, several 
 of the latter being killed. For participation in 
 this offense, four Wiunebago Indians were sum- 
 marily apprehended, surrendered to the Chippe- 
 was and shot. Meanwhile, some dispute had 
 arisen as to the title of the lands, claimed by the 
 Winnebagoes in the vicinity of Gale'ia, which 
 had been occupied by white miners. Repeated 
 acts of hostility and of reprisal, along the Upper 
 Mississippi, intensified mutual distrust. A gather- 
 ing of the Indians around two keel-boats, laden 
 with supplies for Fort Snelling, which had 
 anchored near Prairie du Chien and opposite a 
 Winnebago camp, was regarded by the whites as 
 a hostile act. Liquor was freely distributed, and 
 there is historical evidence that a half-dozen 
 drunken squaws were carried off and shamefully 
 maltreated. Several hundred warriors assembled 
 to avenge the deception which had been practiced 
 upon them. They laid in ambush for the boats 
 on their return trip. The first passed too rapidly 
 to be successfully assailed, but the second 
 grounded and was savagely, yet unsuccessfully, 
 attacked. The presence of General Atkinson's 
 forces prevented an actual outbreak, and, on his 
 demand, the great Winnebago Chief. Red Bird, 
 with six other leading men of the tribe, sur- 
 rendered themselves as hostages to save their 
 nation from extermination. A majority of these 
 were, after trial, acquitted. Red Bird, however, 
 unable to endure confinement, literally pined to 
 death in prison, dying on Feb. 16, 1838. He is 
 described as having been a savage of superior 
 intelligence and noble character. A treaty of 
 peace was concluded with the Winnebagoes in a 
 council held at Prairie du Chien, a few months 
 later, but the affair seems to have produced as 
 much alarm among the Indians as it did among 
 the whites. (For Winnebago Indians see page 576. ) 
 
 WINNETKA, a village of Cook County, on the 
 Chicago & Northwestern Railway, 16'/4 miles 
 north of Chicago. It stands eighty feet above 
 the level of Lake Michigan, has good schools 
 (being the seat of the Winnetka Institute), sev- 
 eral churches, and is a popular residence town. 
 Population (1880). 584; (1890), 1,079; (1900), 1,833. 
 
 WINSTON, Frederick Hampton, lawyer, was 
 born in Liberty County, Ga., Nov. 20, 1830, was 
 brought to Woodford County, Ky., in 1835, left 
 an orphan at 13, and attended the common 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 597 
 
 schools until 18, when, returning to Georgia, he 
 engaged in cotton manufacture. He finally 
 began the study of law with United States Sena- 
 tor W. C. Dawson, and graduated from Harvard 
 Law School in 1852 ; spent some time in the office 
 of W. M. Evarts in New York, was admitted to 
 the bar and came to Chicago in 1853, where he 
 formed a partnership with Norman B. Judd, 
 afterwards being associated with Judge Henry 
 W. Blodgett; served as general solicitor of the 
 Lake Shore and Michigan Southern, the Chicago, 
 Rock Island & Pacific and the Pittsburgh, Fort 
 Wayne & Chicago Railways remaining with the 
 latter twenty years. In 1885 he was appointed, 
 by President Cleveland, Minister to Persia, but 
 resigned the following year, and traveled exten- 
 sively in Russia, Scandinavia and other foreign 
 countries. Mr. Winston was a delegate to the 
 Democratic National Conventions of 1868, '76 and 
 'S4; first President of the Stock Yards at Jersey 
 City, for twelve years President of the Lincoln 
 Park Commission, and a Director of the Lincoln 
 National Bank. 
 
 WISCONSIN CENTRAL LINES. The Wiscon- 
 sin Central Company was organized, June 17, 
 1887, and subsequently acquired the Minnesota, 
 St. Croix & Wisconsin, the Wisconsin & Minne- 
 sota, the Chippewa Falls & Western, the St. 
 Paul & St. Croix Falls, the Wisconsin Central, the 
 Penokee, and the Packwaukee & Montebello Rail- 
 roads, and assumed the leases of the Milwaukee 
 & Lake Wionebago and the Wisconsin & Minne- 
 sota Roads. On July 1, 1888, the company began 
 to operate the entire Wisconsin Central system, 
 with the exception of the Wisconsin Central 
 Railroad and the leased Milwaukee & Lake Win- 
 nebago. which remained in charge of the Wis- 
 consin Central Railroad mortgage trustees until 
 Nov. 1, 1889, when these, too, passed under the 
 control of the Wisconsin Central Company. The 
 Wisconsin Central Railroad Company is a re- 
 organization (Oct. 1, 1879) of a company formed 
 Jan. 1, 1871. The Wisconsin Central and the 
 Wisconsin Central Railroad Companies, though 
 differing in name, are a financial unit; the 
 former holding most of the first mortgage bonds 
 of the latter, and substantially all its notes, stocks 
 and income bonds, but, for legal reasons (such as 
 the protection of land titles), it is necessary that 
 separate corporations be maintained. On April 
 1, 1890, the Wisconsin Central Company executed 
 a lease to the Northern Pacific Railroad, but this 
 was set aside by the courts, on Sept. 27, 1893, for 
 non-payment of rent, and was finally canceled. 
 On the same day receivers were appointed to 
 
 insure the protection of all interests. The total 
 mileage is 415.46 miles, of which the Company 
 owns 258.90 only .10 of a mile in Illinois. A 
 line, 58.10 miles in length, with 8.44 miles of 
 side-track (total, 66.54 miles), lying wholly within 
 the State of Illinois, is operated by the Chicago & 
 Wisconsin and furnishes the allied line an en- 
 trance into Chicago. 
 
 WITHROW, Thomas F., lawyer, was born in 
 Virginia in March, 1833, removed with his parents 
 to Ohio in childhood, attended the Western 
 Reserve College, and, after the death of his 
 father, taught school and worked as a printer, 
 later, editing a paper at Mount Vernon. In 1855 
 he removed to Janesville, Wis., where he again 
 engaged in journalistic work, studied law, was 
 admitted to the bar in Iowa in 1857, settled at 
 Des Moines and served as private secretary of 
 Governors Lowe and Kirkwood. In 1860 he 
 became Supreme Court Reporter; served as 
 Chairman of the Republican State Central Com- 
 mittee in 1863 and, in 1866, became associated 
 with the Rock Island Railroad in the capacity of 
 local attorney, was made chief law officer of the 
 Company in 1873, and removed to Chicago, and, 
 in 1890, was promoted to the position of General 
 Counsel. Died, in Chicago, Feb. 3, 1893. 
 
 WOLCOTT, (Dr.) Alexander, early Indian 
 Agent, was born at East Windsor, Conn., Feb. 
 14, 1790; graduated from Yale College in 1809, 
 and, after a course in medicine, was commis- 
 sioned, in 1812, Surgeon's Mate in the United 
 States Army. In 1820 he was appointed Indian 
 Agent at Fort Dearborn (now Chicago), as suc- 
 cessor to Charles Jouett the first Agent who 
 had been appointed a United States Judge in 
 Arkansas. The same year he accompanied Gen- 
 eral Lewis Cass and Henry Schoolcraft on their 
 tour among the Indians of the Northwest; was 
 married in 1823 to Ellen Marion Kinzie, a 
 daughter of Col. John Kinzie, the first perma- 
 nent settler of Chicago; in 1825 was appointed a 
 Justice of the Peace for Peoria County, which 
 then included Cook County; was a Judge of 
 Election in 1830, and one of the purchasers of a 
 block of ground in the heart of the present city 
 of Chicago, at the first sale of lots, held Sept. 27, 
 1830, but died before the close of the year. Dr. 
 Wolcott appears to have been a high-minded and 
 honorable man, as well as far in advance of the 
 mass of pioneers in point of education and intel- 
 ligence. 
 
 WOMAN'S MEDICAL COLLEGE OF CHI- 
 CAGO. (See Northwestern University Woman's 
 Medical School.) 
 
098 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 WOMAN SUFFRAGE. (See Suffrage.) 
 
 WOOD, Benson, lawyer and Congressman, was 
 born in Susquehanna County, Fa., in 1839; re- 
 ceived a common school and academic education ; 
 at the age of 20 came to Illinois, and, for two 
 years, taught school in Lee County. He then 
 enlisted as a soldier in an Illinois regiment, 
 attaining the rank of Captain of Infantry ; after 
 the war, graduated from the Law Department of 
 the old Chicago University, and has since been 
 engaged in the practice of his profession. He 
 was elected a member of the Twenty-eighth Gen- 
 eral Assembly (1872) and was a delegate to the 
 Republican National Conventions of 1876 and 
 1888 ; also served as Mayor of the city of Effing- 
 ham, where he now resides. In 1894 he was 
 elected to the Fifty-fourth Congress by the 
 Republicans of the Nineteenth District, which lias 
 uniformly returned a Democrat, and, in office, 
 proved himself a most industrious and efficient 
 member. Mr. Wood was defeated as a candidate 
 for re-election in 1896. 
 
 WOOD, John, pioneer, Lieutenant-Governor 
 and Governor, was born at Moravia, N. Y. , Dec. 
 20, 1798 his father being a Revolutionary soldier 
 who had served as Surgeon and Captain in the 
 army. At the age of 21 years young Wood re- 
 moved to Illinois, settling in what is now Adams 
 County, and building the first log-cabin on the site 
 of the present city of Quincy. He was a member 
 of the upper house of the Seventeenth and Eight- 
 eenth General Assemblies, and was elected Lieu- 
 tenant-Governor in 1859 on tha same ticket with 
 Governor Bissell, and served out the unexpired 
 term of the latter, who died in office. (See Bis- 
 sell, William II. ) He was succeeded by Richard 
 Yates in 1861. In February of that year he was 
 appointed one of the five Commissioners from 
 Illinois to the "Peace Conference" at Wash- 
 ington, to consider methods for averting 
 civil war. The following May he was appointed 
 Quartermaster-General for the State by Governor 
 Yates, and assisted most efficiently in fitting out 
 the troops for the field. In June, 1864, he was 
 commissioned Colonel of the One Hundred and 
 Thirty-seventh Illinois Volunteers (100-days' men) 
 and mustered out of service the following Sep- 
 tember. Died, at Quincy, June 11, 1880. He 
 was liberal, patriotic and public-spirited. His 
 fellow-citizens of Quincy erected a monument to 
 his memory, which was appropriately dedicated, 
 July 4, 1883. 
 
 WOODFORD COUNTY, situated a little north 
 of the center of the State, bounded on the west 
 by the Illinois River; organized in 1841; area. 
 
 540 square miles. The surface is generally level, 
 except along the Illinois River, the soil fertile 
 and well watered. The county lies in the north- 
 ern section of the great coal field of the State. 
 Eureka is the county-seat. Other thriving cities 
 and towns are Metamora, Minonk, El Paso anil 
 Roanoke. Corn, oats, wheat, potatoes and barley 
 are 'the principal crops. The chief mechanical 
 industries are flour manufacture, carriage and 
 wagon-making, and saddlery and harness work. 
 Population (1890), 21,429; (1900), 21,822. 
 
 WOODHDLL, a village of Henry County, on 
 Keithsburg branch Chicago, Burlington & Quincy 
 Railroad, 15 miles west of Galva; has a bank, 
 electric lights, water works, brick and tile works, 
 six churches and weekly paper. Pop. (1900), 774. 
 
 WOODMAN, Charles W., lawyer and Congress- 
 man, was born in Aalborg, Denmark. March 11, 
 1844; received his early education in the schools 
 of his native country, but took to the sea in 1860, 
 following the life of a sailor until 1863, when, 
 coming to Philadelphia, he enlisted in the Gulf 
 Squadron of the United States. After the war 
 he came to Chicago, and, after reading law for 
 some time in the office of James L. High, gradu- 
 ated from the Law Department of the Chicago 
 University in 1871. Some years later he was 
 appointed Prosecuting Attorney for some of tlie 
 lower courts, and. in 1881, was nominated by the 
 Judges of Cook County as one of the Justices of 
 the Peace for the city of Chicago. In 1894 he 
 became the Republican candidate for Congress 
 from the Fourth District and was elected, but 
 failed to secure a renomination in 1896. Died, in 
 Elgin Asylum for the Insane, March 18. 1898. 
 
 WOODS, Robert Mann, was born at Greenville. 
 Pa., April 17, 1840; came with his parents to Illi- 
 nois in 1842, the family settling at Barry, Pike. 
 County, but subsequently residing at Pittsfield. 
 Canton and Galesburg. He was educated at 
 Knox College in the latter place, which was his 
 home from 1849 to '58; later, taught school in 
 Iowa and Missouri until 1861, when he went to 
 Springfield and began the study of law with 
 Milton Hay and Shelby M. Cullom. His law 
 studies having been interrupted by the Civil 
 War, after spending some time in the mustering 
 and disbursing office, he was promoted by Gov- 
 ernor Yates to a place in the executive office, 
 from which . he went to the field as Adjutant of 
 the Sixty-fourth Illinois Infantry, known as the 
 "Yates Sharp-Shooters." After participating, 
 with the Army of the Tennessee, in the Atlanta 
 campaign, he took part in the "March to the 
 Sea," and the campaign in the Carolinas. includ- 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 699 
 
 ing the siege of Savannah and the forcing of the 
 Salkahatchie, where he distinguished himself, as 
 also in the taking of Columbia, Fayetteville, 
 Cheraw, Raleigh and Bentonville. At the latter 
 place he had a horse shot under him and won the 
 brevet rank of Major for gallantry in the field, 
 having previously been commissioned Captain of 
 Company A of his regiment. He also served on 
 the staffs of Gens. Giles A. Smith, Benjamin F. 
 Potts, and William W. Belknap, and was the last 
 mustering officer in General Sherman's army. 
 In 1867 Major Woods removed to Chicago, where 
 lie was in business for a number of years, serving 
 as chief clerk of Custom House construction 
 from 1872 to 1877. In 1879 he purchased "The 
 Daily Republican" at Joliet, which he conducted 
 successfully for fifteen years. While connected 
 with "The Republican," he served as Secretary of 
 the Illinois Republican Press Association and in 
 various other positions. 
 
 Major Woods was one of the founders of the 
 Grand Army of the Republic, whose birth-place 
 was in Illinois. (See Grand Army of the Repub- 
 lic; also Stephenson, Dr. B. F.) When Dr. 
 Stephenson (who had been Surgeon of the Four- 
 teenth Illinois Infantry), conceived the idea of 
 founding such an order, he called to his assist- 
 ance Major Woods, who was then engaged in 
 writing the histories of Illinois regiments for the 
 Adjutant-General's Report. The Major wrote 
 the Constitution and By-laws of the Order, the 
 charter blanks for all the reports, etc. The first 
 official order bears his name as the first Adjutant- 
 General of the Order, as follows: 
 
 HEADQUARTERS DKPABTMKNT op ILLINOIS 
 GRAND AKMV or THE REPUBLIC. 
 
 SPRINGFIELD. ILL.. AI>KJL 1, 1866. 
 (JKKERAL ORDERS I 
 
 No. 1. & Tlie following named officers are hereby 
 
 appointed and assigned to duty at these headquarters. They 
 will be obeyed and respected accordingly: 
 
 Colonel Jules C. Webber. A.D.C. and Chler of Stair. 
 
 Colonel John M. Snyder, Quartermaster-General. 
 
 Major Ki.lx.Tt M. Woods. Adjutant-General. 
 
 Captain John A. Llghtfoot, Assistant Adjutant-General. 
 
 Captain Jobn 8. Pbelps. Ald-de-C'amp. 
 
 By order of B. F. stepbenson, Department Commander. 
 
 KOBKRT M. WOODS, 
 
 Adjutant-General. 
 
 Major Woods afterwards organized the various 
 Departments in the West, and it has been con- 
 ceded that he furnished the money necessary to 
 carry on the work during the first six months of 
 the existence of the Order. He has never 
 accepted a nomination or run for any political 
 office, but is now engaged in financial business in 
 Joliet and Chicago, with his residence in the 
 former place. 
 
 WOODSOK, David Meade, lawyer and jurist, 
 was born in Jessamine County, Ky., May 18, 
 1806; was educated in private schools and at 
 Transylvania University, and read law with his 
 father. He served a term in the Kentucky Legis- 
 lature in 1832, and, in 1834, removed to Illinois, 
 settling at Carrollton, Greene County. In 1830 
 he was elected State's Attorney and, in 1840, a 
 member of the lower house of the Legislature, 
 being elected a second time in 1868. In 1843 he 
 was the Whig candidate for Congress in the 
 Fifth District, but was defeated by Stephen A. 
 Douglas. He was a member of the Constitutional 
 Conventions of 1847 and 1869-70. In 1848 he was 
 elected a Judge of the First Judicial Circuit, 
 remaining in office until 1867. Died, in 1877. 
 
 WOODSTOCK, the county-seat of McHenry 
 County, situated on the Chicago & Northwestern 
 Railway, about 51 miles northwest of Chicago 
 and 32 miles east of Rockford. It contains a 
 court house, eight churches, four banks, three 
 newspaper offices, foundry and machine shops, 
 planing mills, canning works, pickle, cheese and 
 butter factories. The Oliver Typewriter Factory 
 is located here: the town is also the seat of the 
 Todd Seminary for boys. Population (1890), 
 1,683; (1900), 2,502. 
 
 WORCESTER, Linns E., State Senator, was 
 born in Windsor, Vt., Dec. 5, 1811, was educated 
 in the common schools of his native State and at 
 Chester Academy, came to Illinois in 1836, and. 
 after teaching three years, entered a dry-goods 
 store at Whitehall as clerk, later becoming a 
 partner. He was also engaged in various other 
 branches of business at different times, including 
 the drug, hardware, grocery, agricultural imple- 
 ment and lumber business. In 1843 he was 
 appointed Postmaster at Whitehall, serving 
 twelve years ; was a member of the Constitutional 
 Convention of 1847, served as County Judge for 
 six years from 1853, and as Trustee of the Insti- 
 tution for the Deaf and Dumb, at Jacksonville, 
 from 1859, by successive reappointments, for 
 twelve years. In 1856 he was elected, as a Demo- 
 crat, to the State Senate, to succeed John M. 
 Palmer, resigned ; was re-elected in 1860, and, at 
 the session of 1865, was one of the five Demo- 
 cratic members of that body who voted for the 
 ratification of the Emancipation Amendment of 
 the National Constitution. He was elected 
 County Judge a second time, in 1863, and re- 
 elected in 1867, served as delegate to the Demo- 
 cratic National Convention of 1876, and, for more 
 than thirty years, was one of the Directors of the 
 Jacksonville branch of the Chicago & Alton 
 
600 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 Railroad, serving from the organization of the 
 corporation until his death, which occurred Oct. 
 19, 1891. 
 
 W OIMtF.N, a village of Madison County, on the 
 Wabash and the Jacksonville, Louisville & St. 
 Louis Railways, 32 miles northeast of St. Louis. 
 Population (1890), 522; (1900), 544 
 
 WORLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. An 
 exhibition of the scientific, liberal and mechan- 
 ical arts of all nations, held at Chicago, between 
 May 1 and Oct. 31, 1893. The project had its 
 inception in November, 1885, in a resolution 
 adopted by the directorate of the Chicago Inter- 
 State Exposition Company. On July 6, 1888, the 
 first well defined action was taken, the Iroquois 
 Club, of Chicago, inviting the co-operation of six 
 other leading clubs of that city in "securing the 
 location of an international celebration at Chi- 
 cago of the 400th anniversary of the discovery of 
 America by Columbus." In July, 1889, a decisive 
 step was taken in the appointment by Mayor 
 Cregier, under resolution of the City Council, of 
 a committee of 100 (afterwards increased to 256) 
 citizens, who were charged with the duty of 
 promoting the selection of Chicago as the site for 
 the Exposition. New York, Washington and St. 
 Louis were competing points, but the choice of 
 Congress fell upon Chicago, and the act establish- 
 ing the World's Fair at that city was signed by 
 President Harrison on April 25, 1890. Under the 
 requirements of the law, the President appointed 
 eight Commissioners-at-large, with two Commis- 
 sioners and two alternates from each State and 
 Territory and the District of Columbia. Col. 
 George R. Davis, of Chicago, was elected Direc- 
 tor-General by the body thus constituted. Ex- 
 Senator Thomas M. Palmer, of Michigan, was 
 chosen President of the Commission and John T. 
 Dickinson, of Texas, Secretary. This Commis- 
 sion delegated much of its power to a Board of 
 Reference and Control, who were instructed to 
 act with a similar number appointed by the 
 World's Columbian Exposition. The latter 
 organization was an incorporation, with a direc- 
 torate of forty-five members, elected annually by 
 the stockholders. Lyman J. Gage, of Chicago, 
 was the first President of the corporation, and 
 was succeeded by W. T. Baker and Harlow N. 
 Higinbotham. 
 
 In addition to these bodies, certain powers were 
 vested in a Board of Lady Managers, composed 
 of two members, with alternates, from each 
 State and Territory, besides nine from the city 
 of Chicago. Mrs. Potter Palmer was chosen 
 President of the latter. This Board was particu- 
 
 larly charged with supervision of women's par- 
 ticipation in the Exposition, and of the exhibits 
 of women's work. 
 
 The supreme executive power was vested in 
 the Joint Board of Control. The site selected 
 was Jackson Park, in the South Division of Chi- 
 cago, with a strip connecting Jackson and 
 Washington Parks, known as the "Midway 
 Plaisance," which was surrendered to "conces- 
 sionaires" who purchased the privilege of giving 
 exhibitions, or conducting restaurants or selling- 
 booths thereon. The total area of the site was 
 633 acres, and that of the buildings not reckon- 
 ing those erected by States other than Illinois, 
 and by foreign governments was about 200 
 acres. When to this is added the acreage of the 
 foreign and State buildings, the total space 
 under roof approximated 250 acres. These fig- 
 ures do not include the buildings erected by 
 private exhibitors, caterers and venders, which 
 would add a small percentage to the grand total. 
 Forty-seven foreign Governments made appropri- 
 ations for the erection of their own buildings and 
 other expenses connected with official represen- 
 tation, and there were exhibitors from eighty -six 
 nations. The United States Government erected 
 its own building, and appropriated $500,000 to 
 defray the expenses of a national exhibit, besides 
 $2,500,000 toward the general cost of the Exposi- 
 tion. The appropriations by foreign Governments 
 aggregated about $6,500.000, and those by the 
 States ana Territories, 6,120,000 that of Illinois 
 being $800,000. The entire outlay of the World's 
 Columbian Exposition Company, up to March 31, 
 1894, including the cost of preliminary organiza- 
 tion, construction, operating and post-Exposition 
 expenses, was $27,151,800. This is, of course, 
 exclusive of foreign and State expenditures, 
 which would swell the aggregate cost to nearly 
 $45,000.000. Citizens of Chicago subscribed 
 $5,608,206 toward the capital stock of the Exposi- 
 tion Company, and the municipality, $5,000,000, 
 which was raised by the sale of bonds. (See 
 Thirty-sixth General Assembly.) 
 
 The site, while admirably adapted to the pur- 
 pose, was, when chosen, a marshy flat, crossed 
 by low sand ridges, upon which stood occasional 
 clumps of stunted scrub oaks. Before the gates 
 of the great fair were opened to the public, the 
 entire area had been transformed into a dream of 
 beauty. Marshes had been drained, filled in and 
 sodded; driveways and broad walks constructed; 
 artificial ponds and lagoons dug and embanked, 
 and all the highest skill of the landscape garden- 
 er's art had been called into play to produce 
 
MAP OP 
 
 THE GROUNDS OF THE 
 
 bulk far: 
 
 Stat.on 
 
 EXJO^IJIO ; N 
 
 AT 
 
 Jackson Park 
 
 showing the General Arrangement 
 
 4-UUU 
 
600 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA Of ILLINOIS. 
 
 Railroad, serving from the organization of the 
 corporation until his death, which occurred Oct. 
 1. IMJ1. 
 
 WOIfKKN.il village of Madison County, on the 
 Wahash anil the Jacksonville. l.oui-\illc \ St. 
 Ixmis Itailways l!i miles northeast of St. l.onis. 
 Population (|S!Mii, :,,','; il'.um>. "> 1 1 
 
 \Milli ll's I 01 I Mill \N EXPOSITION. An 
 exhibition of the scientitie. liberal and meehan- 
 ieal arts of all nations, held al Chicago, between 
 May 1 ainl Oct :il. IsJKJ. The project had its 
 inception in November. IS.-Oi, in :\ resolution 
 .adopted hy the directorate of the L'hi< airo Idler- 
 State Kxposition Company. On .Inly I!. Isss. tl,,. 
 first well dcliiifd action was taken, the IIOIMIOI- 
 Club, of Chicago, inviting the co-operation of si\ 
 other leading clubs of that cit\ in "si-curing tin- 
 location of an inteniation.il celehralion at Chi- 
 cago of the )< >f i|| i anniversary of the discovery of 
 America hy i 'olnmlms. " In .July. ISMI, a decisive 
 step was taken in the appointment hy Mayor 
 Cretrier, under resolution of the City Council of 
 a committee of Inn {afterwards increased to '.'."iiv, 
 citi/i us. who were charged with the duty of 
 
 promol ill^ t he select ion of ( 'hica^o a-' t he site tor 
 
 tile Imposition. New York, Washington and St. 
 I.i ,1 were competing point.s. hut the choice . 
 Congress fell upon < 'hicax", and tin 1 act establish- 
 ing the World's l-'airat I hat city was signed In. 
 President 1 farrison on April il. 1 S !HI. 1'nder the 
 
 n .pon niciil -! the law. the ('resident appointed 
 
 ei^ht Commissioners-at-lar^e, with two Commis- 
 sioners and two alternates Imm each State and 
 Territory and the District of Columbia. Col 
 (ieorp' IJ. l)avis. of Chicago, was elected l)iree- 
 
 tor-( ieneral hy the hi.dy t hlis const i I Illed. K.\- 
 
 S.-n:itov 'rii-Miia^ M. I'ahnec. of Micliii:an. \\as 
 i-ho-i-i: :'..'... M ol the I 'ommission and .lolm T. 
 IlicUinsini. of Texas, Secri'tary, This Commis 
 siuii ilele^'ati'd much of its (Kiwer to a Hoard of 
 IJelelelice and Control, who were instructed to 
 act win. a similar numlx-r appointed hy the 
 World's Columbian Kxpositinii. The latter 
 orxanixation was an incorporation, with a direc- 
 torate uf lorty-live memlHTs elected annually by 
 the stoekliolders. l.yman .1. (ia^'c>. of Chii'a^'o 
 was the lirsl ('resident (d' the corporation, and 
 was snccei'dcil by W. T. lijiker and Ilarlow N. 
 
 Hif;inbotliam. 
 
 In addit ion to these Uulies. certain powers w ere 
 vosted in a Hoard of I.ady Managers. com|Kisi'd 
 ot two memltcrs, with alternatt's. from each 
 State ami Territory, besides nine from the city 
 of Chicago Mrs Potter Palmer was choseu 
 President of the latter. This Hoard was particu- 
 
 larly churned with supervision of women's par 
 ticipation ia the Exposition, and of the exhibit* 
 
 of women's work. 
 
 The supreme e.xecntivc power was vested in 
 the Joint Hoard of Control. The site selected 
 was Jackson 1'arlc. in the South I)i\isi,m of Ciii 
 rajjo. with a strip connect iny; Jackson an>: 
 \Vashinj;ton Parks, known as the "Midway 
 Plaisance," which was surrendi-reil to ''<-once:, 
 sionaires" w no purchased the priv|Ipj3> of giving 
 exhibitions, or conducting i\>tama!iis or selling 
 biKiths thereon. The total area of th" site w;.. 
 r,:;:! acres, and that of the buildings not reckon- 
 ing those erected by States oth< r than Illinois, 
 ami by foreign .governments w:is abi.nl ','"'> 
 
 acres. When to this is added liit aciiitU' of tlif 
 
 foreign ami State buildings, the total space 
 under roof approximated L'.'il) acn->. These lij; 
 ures do not include 1 the buildings erected liy 
 prii'ate exhibiii irs. cati-rers an-l \eiulcrs. whi-h 
 wcnild add a small percentage to the .land total 
 Forty-seven i'.irei^n (iovernmeiits made appropri- 
 ations lor t ile erect ion of their o\\ n ii:lil.lii.- s atld 
 
 other i \pensi-s connected with ullicial represei 
 tation. and there were (.-xhibitors I'n.ni eighty six 
 nations. The L'niled Stall's (Mivernnn nt erecteii 
 its own building, and appropriated S"iii nnip t,, 
 defray the i xpenses of a national exiiihii. beside 
 -<-'. ."inn. (inn toward tin- ^'eniTal cost ,,i tin- I'.xposj 
 lion. The appropriations by foreign Coveinments 
 aj^'rc^ated about *r,..10(l.ll(lfl. and tliose by I h< 
 Stales ami Tei riiufios, sii, |-,Mt,niK( thai of Illiimi 
 bein^r ssiiii.iinn. The entire outlay of the World's 
 Columbian Kxpositi,,n Company, up to March :!l. 
 l s !ll including thecosi ,,i preliminary 01 ^iini/.a- 
 tion. construction, opera! in;; and |n.-t K.\posiiinn 
 expenses, was S'j;. l.'il.MUI. This is, ol coin si 
 
 exclusive of foreign and State i pellditllles 
 
 which would swell the ii^jjrofsitu eo,l to nearly 
 si.'i.iHMi.mm. Citixeiis of Chicago snbscrilH-ii 
 s'l.tiilN.-.Mir, toward the capital stock of the' K.\i>o.si 
 lion ("oni|iiiny. and the municipality. s."i.iK>.liiK> 
 which was raised by the sale of bonds. (See 
 
 Tllift If xi.rtll (llHI'I'tll Axxi'Httittf ) 
 
 The site, while admirably adapt*- I to the pur- 
 IMISC. was. wln-n chosen, a marshy llat. crossed 
 by low sand ridges. U|KIN which sl.n d occasional 
 clumps of stunted scrub oaks. Hi Ion tlie j;ates 
 ol the ;rreat fair were oficned to tlie public, the 
 
 entire area had been transfori 1 into a dream of 
 
 boanty. Marshes h.id been ilriiined. lilled in anil 
 sodded: ilrivcways and broad walk- constructed. 
 artificial ponds and lagoons du^' and embank<>d. 
 and all the highest skill of the landsc;i|ie garden- 
 ers iirt hid been called into play to produce 
 
MAP or 
 
 THE GROUNDS OF THE 
 
 AT 
 
 Jackson Park 
 
 g the General Arrangement 
 
 of 
 
 Iclings and Grounds 
 1893. 
 
 cz:--:-: t : i ^ r , ^ j - , 
 
 c~~ ^3 r;. i r -~ sTiQCK - n ; r - 
 
 LJJLJJULJJLJ 
 
 MIIMTAY 1'l.tlSAXK 
 
 n [Moor, sli ; Turlosti| 
 
 -j ^H Palace . . Village j 
 
 niitri 
 
 / 
 
z 
 
 o 
 
 IT. 
 
 c 
 
 X 
 
 D 
 J 
 
 U 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 X 
 
 s: 
 
 t/5 
 t/5 
 
 O 
 X 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 601 
 
 varied and striking effects. But the task had 
 been a Herculean one. There were seventeen 
 principal for, as they may be called, depart- 
 mental) buildings, all of beautiful and ornate 
 design, and all of vast size. They were known 
 as the Manufacturers' and Liberal Arts, the 
 Machinery, Electrical, Transportation, Woman's, 
 Horticultural, Mines and Mining, Anthropolog- 
 ical, Administration, Art Galleries, Agricultural, 
 Art Institute, Fisheries, Live Stock, Dairy and 
 Forestry buildings, and the Music Hall and Ca- 
 sino. Several of these had large annexes. The 
 Manufacturers' Building was the largest. It was 
 rectangular (1687x 787 feet), having a ground 
 area of 31 acres and a floor and gallery area of 
 44 acres. Its central chamber was 1280x380 
 feet, with a nave 107 feet wide, both hall and 
 nave being surrounded by a gallery 50 feet wide. 
 It was four times as large as the Roman Coliseum 
 and three times as large as St. Peter's at Rome ; 
 17,000,000 feet of lumber, 13,000,000 pounds of 
 steel, and 2,000,000 pounds of iron had been used 
 in its construction, involving a cost of 81, 800,000. 
 
 It was originally intended to open the Exposi- 
 tion, formally, on Oct. 21, 1892, the quadri-centen- 
 nial of Columbus' discovery of land on the 
 Western Hemisphere, but the magnitude of the 
 undertaking rendered this impracticable. Con- 
 sequently, while dedicatory ceremonies were held 
 on t hat day, preceded by a monster procession and 
 followed by elaborate pyrotechnic displays at 
 night, May 1, 1893, was fixed as the opening day 
 the machinery and fountains being put in oper- 
 ation, at the touch of an electric button by Presi- 
 dent Cleveland, at the close of a short address. 
 The total number of admissions from that date 
 to Oct. 31, was 27,530,460 the largest for any 
 single day being on Oct. 9 (Chicago Day) amount- 
 ing to 761,944. The total receipts from all sources 
 (including National and State appropriations, 
 subscriptions, etc.), amounted to $28,151,168.75, 
 of which $10.626,330.76 was from the sale of tick- 
 ets, and $3,699,581.43 from concessions. The 
 aggregate attendance fell short of that at the 
 Paris Exposition of 1889 by about 500,000, while 
 the receipts from the sale of tickets and con- 
 cessions exceeded the latter by nearly $5,800,000. 
 Subscribers to the Exposition stock received a 
 return of ten per cent on the same. 
 
 The Illinois building was the first of the State 
 buildings to be completed. It was also the 
 largest find most costly, but was severely criti- 
 cised from an architectural standpoint. The 
 exhibits showed the internal resources of the 
 State, as well as the development of its govern- 
 
 mental system, and its progress in civilization 
 from the days of the first pioneers. The entire 
 Illinois exhibit in the State building was under 
 charge of the State Board of Agriculture, who 
 devoted one-tenth of the appropriation, and a like 
 proportion of floor space, to the exhibition of the 
 work of Illinois women as scientists, authors, 
 artists, decorators, etc. Among special features 
 of the Illinois exhibit were: State trophies and 
 relics, kept in a fire-proof memorial hall; the dis- 
 play of grains and minerals, and an immense 
 topographical map (prepared at a cost of $15,000), 
 drafted on a scale of two miles to the inch, show- 
 ing the character and resources of the State, and 
 correcting many serious cartographical errors 
 previously undiscovered. 
 
 WOBTHEN, Amos Henry, scientist and State 
 Geologist, was born at Bradford, Vt., Oct. 31, 
 1813, emigrated to Kent -icky in 1834, and, in 1838, 
 removed to Illinois, locating at Warsaw. Teach- 
 ing, surveying and mercantile business were his 
 pursuits until 1842, when he returned to the 
 East, spending two years in Boston, but return- 
 ing to Warsaw in 1844. His natural predilections 
 were toward the natural sciences, and, after 
 coming west, he devoted most of his leisure time 
 to the collection and study of specimens of 
 mineralogy, geology and conchology. On the 
 organization of the geological survey of Illinois 
 in 1851, he was appointed assistant to Dr. J. G. 
 Norwood, then State Geologist, and, in 1858, suc- 
 ceeded to the office, having meanwhile spent 
 three years as Assistant Geologist in the first Iowa 
 survey. As State Geologist he published seven 
 volumes of reports, and was engaged upon the 
 eighth when overtaken by death. May 6, 1888. 
 These reports, which are as comprehensive as 
 they are voluminous, have been reviewed and 
 warmly commended by the leading scientific 
 periodicals of this country and Europe. In 1877 
 field work was discontinued, and the State His- 
 torical Library and Natural History Museum were 
 established, Professor Worthen being placed in 
 charge as curator. He was the author of various 
 valuable scientific papers and member of numer- 
 ous scientific societies in this country and in 
 Europe. 
 
 WORTHI\GTOJT, Nicholas Ellsworth, ex-Con- 
 gressman, was born in Brooke County, W. Va., 
 March 30, 1S36, and completed his education at 
 Allegheny College, Pa. , studied Law at Morgan- 
 town, Va., and was admitted to the bar in 1860. 
 He is a resident of Peoria, and, by profession, a 
 lawyer; was County Superintendent of Schools 
 of Peoria County from 1868 to 1872, and 
 
jr. 
 
 X 
 
 y. 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 OOi 
 
 varied and striking ell'ecls. But tin- task had 
 been a Herculean one There were seven', i -> -n 
 principal <or. as they may lie called, depart- 
 mental buildings, all of beauliiiil ami ornate 
 design, and all ol vast .sl/.e. They wen- known 
 as the Manufacturers' anil Liberal Ail-, the 
 Machinery. Klccirieal. Transportation, Woman -. 
 Ilurtii'iillural. Mine-, ami Miiiii.^. .\mliro;i..loi; 
 ical, Adiaini.str.itiiiu. Art Gallei ii . Agricultural. 
 Art Institute, rishci-;.-. l.ixe St,,<-l< Dairy an. I 
 Forestry buildings, ami the Music Hall ami ('a 
 siuo. Several of these had UII-L_O ai'iiexes. Tii 
 Manufacturers' Buildinc; was. the largest. It u;.s 
 rectanu'iiai- l H'>s7 .\ 7>7 feel). lia'in;; .i uround 
 ,-trt-a of ->\ acres ami a Moor ami xallc'y :.iv:: ol 
 44 acres lii central eham'.icr was I'.'Mix:!. 1 -!) 
 fei t wiih a n:ivc l7 lee! wide. l;i/!li 'nail an.! 
 nave 1 1. ITU surrounded by ., L_'all.-i-y "HI I'IT! wide. 
 It was four time- as larvrc as the 1,'on'an I' ' 
 ah<l lliri-i- times as lalije a*- St. i'eler'sal iit-ln. 
 
 IT.mlll.lHM) f,vl nl Illllllii-r. |:,.ITI'."IIII j,..i;.. ( ; , ; 
 
 tiled :iii i C.IIIIII.IMIII |i,nimls nf iron i::M I..--M ii-.-.l 
 in ii> i -on si ruction. iu\nl\ iii',- s; i ! ' si..-im .IMM. 
 
 It "as originally inteml.'il to open Hie l'!\j.,.-i 
 tiim. fonnally. on I lei. '.'I Is'.r.', ;l:i' i|tiailri c. :,ien- 
 nial ci ( '.iliinilins' iliM-nvei-y ol laml 01 ll:e 
 \\VMrrn lleinis|iliere lull the nia.^nit mle ol ihe 
 umlertaUin^ ivmlenil this ini[>r,u'ti(-.il>lc. Coii- 
 M-ijiieiit \\ . while ileiiicatory ceremonies \\eri' lie!. I 
 on tliat -lav', precede-! li\ a mon-iter jiroi-fssion ani 
 follow rd liy elaliorate |iyri>tecliiiic dis|ilay> ui 
 flight, .May I, l.s'.^S. was lixed as t he ojienin^ day 
 the machinery ami fountains l-in^ put in oper- 
 ation, at the touch of an eleelrie tuition liy IVesi- 
 ileni Cli'Velaml at the close of a short addle-. 
 The loial niiinlier of admissions from that da:< 
 t*i Del. :!1. "as iT..V!il. Ilio -the lar-est for an\ 
 single day lieinj; on ( )el 11 1( 'liica.^o Day I aniotinl 
 iii to ; ill. !i II. The total receipts from all souri . . 
 iiiM-ln.iii.L- National and stale appropriations^ 
 Kiibscriplions. etc . i, amounteil to s-,'s. l.")1.1(is.7">. 
 of which S10 li;>i:.:;:!i). Tli was from the sale of tick 
 ets, and s:;, (Kill. .~il. -1:1 from concessions. Tlio 
 a^'grejiate attendance fell short of that at the 
 Paris i:.\|Hi.sitioii of ISSH liy alit .VKI.IMKI, while 
 the receipts from the sale of tickets and con- 
 cessions exceeded the latter liy nearly S.'i.MiHI.IMMI. 
 SubscriU'l's to the Exposition stock received a 
 return of ten per cent on tho same 
 
 The Illinois liuiMin^ was the first of the State 
 buildings to tie completed. It was also the 
 largest ami most costly, but was severely criti- 
 cised from an architectural standjHiint. The 
 exhibits showed the internal resources of the 
 State, aw well as the development of its govern- 
 
 mental system, and its progress in rivili/atiot, 
 from the da\- -; tin lirst piori'-.-r- Theenlin 
 Illinois exhii'i: i-. :- Siale buil.iini; \V:LS uiulei 
 < bar^e of li- Slal ii. aid of \: 'culture, win 
 ilevoted otie tOMtliul i he appmpr' n .. MI. and a lik< 
 pro|Mirt ioii of ill.... r~ t .,:<. to the < \iiiiiit ion ol tli. 
 work if Illli. -i. s \\oim-n as sci..ntists atitbors 
 i'- ts. -' i- i'.- Amor;. sj.,i;al featimf 
 
 ' : the i . were: St.. . u'opbies ami 
 
 relics. !.-;.: in :i l,if-,.iof i i-lai j.ali; tile di- 
 
 piay i-l -.:-.i;i.s .-.. : minera). ;;:. an immetis. 
 pare ! a! .-; . , <il Sl'i.lHHi), 
 
 draf:.-.: on i >-vo mil, i'li-li. show 
 
 solin . Stale, am: 
 
 cor.-ectil - :ii.i:;\ ..Kills c;.| 'i.i.lH-ill I.TroIT 
 
 pivvioi; : . lllldi.s -,.., -ri -d. 
 
 Vt'OJM !II..\, A:i.!s licnrj. and Siaii 
 
 (iixiUiKisl. ivii-; Uirn ai lirao 1 ... .:. \;. D.t. ::i 
 
 M::. i-:;-i T, : - to i.. i--ickyia - ..:,<!. in |S:M; 
 
 ri -in:.\ ,-i :o !!!iiiois I'.calin;,' :.: \. :::-.iw. Teach 
 
 ..:i. I !! re.intile .1-1 . -s were hi:^ 
 
 I iiiw un::i ; :. when :,. urni -I t-i the 
 
 I- : ?: : tin Iwo ; . ai-s ju ( , :,,,t i turn 
 
 l-t His tlM|u . -i- .lileclion: 
 
 ivrii li -...I . .:,. i..tiual s , and. altei 
 
 : I.. .:, -Voted most , . ',-l.sliri' tillK. 
 
 [In ' ;:nd si i,,jv . ,,. ciiitens of 
 
 n.:i;er..l.i;_-y. p.,._, and c,,- . y DM the 
 
 IXUtiOn ul lll< .-' oio-ie: : i - . .. . of Ilii-lioL' 
 ill is.,i. I.,. \-. .,-. :ii>|io;n|e,l ;.- . t I >r. J. 4; 
 
 '.i! IheaSia'c Ceoloirist. . ,. .11 1(S.",S, sue 
 
 lee.J.-d [.- ' h. < :iit ,-. having i hile S|K'III. 
 
 1 "'i.'- . lirst Iowa 
 
 Mirie\. l ,s M:,|,. l.-olo^jsl ii, ;.,; :;s!:ed seven 
 volumes oi re|iii,-i-.. and was , :, d upon tin 
 ci-Jilh wiien ..-. .-riaKeii l.y dea'.o, M.iy , 1KSH. 
 Thi-s.- re|K,rls Inch are as . ! i.siv<- av 
 
 the\ are voluniiiioiis. have lice' ;-\iew . : 
 warmly commended by tin- 1. ; .icntilii. 
 
 periodicals of li.i ntrvan-l . .... ,- In 1ST". 
 
 field work was .ii-> ontinue,! an. I l! Stale His 
 torieal Library ami Natural History M iiseiiin were 
 established. 1'rofi-ssor U'ortheii l.< i :y jil.iceil iu 
 char_-e as curator. lie was the author of various 
 valuable scientific p-i|icisand men l-r of niiiner- 
 oiis scientific societies in this cei}ii(ry and in 
 Europe. 
 
 WOKTIIIXUTOV. M.-liolas KINn.irlh, ex-Con- 
 ^'r<'ssman was IHHH in Brooke i'ouuty, \V. Va., 
 March :ill ISIMi and coiiijileied his education at 
 Allegheny College. Pa studied l.-iv. at Morgan- 
 town. Va.. and was admitlcd to the Uir in tSIK) 
 He is a resident of IVoria. ami, by prolessmn. a 
 lawyer: was Ponnty Superinlen-lent of ScliooLs 
 of Peoria County from 1S<OH to 1S7-*. and a uieiu- 
 
602 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 her of the State Board of Education from 1869 to 
 1872. In 1882 he was elected to Congress, as a 
 Democrat, from the Tenth Congressional District, 
 and re-elected in 1884. In 1886 he was again a 
 candidate, but was defeated by his Republican 
 opponent, Philip Sidney Post. He was elected 
 Circuit Judge of the Tenth Judicial District in 
 1891. and re-elected in 1897. In 1894 he served 
 upon a commission appointed by President Cleve- 
 land, to investigate the labor strikes of that year 
 it Chicago. 
 
 WKKJHT, John Stephen, manufacturer, was 
 born at Sheffield, Mass., July 16, 1815; came to 
 Chicago in 1832, with his father, who opened a 
 .store in that city . in 1837, at his own expense, 
 built the first school building in Chicago; in 1840 
 established "The Prairie Farmer," which he con- 
 ilucted for many years in the interest of popular 
 education and progressive agriculture. In 1852 
 he engaged in the manufacture of Atkins' self- 
 raking reaper and mower, was one of the pro- 
 moters of the Galena & Chicago Union and the 
 Illinois Central Railways, and wrote a volume 
 entitled, "Chicago: Past, Present and Future," 
 published in 1870. Died, in Chicago. Sept. 26, 1874. 
 
 WULFF, Henry, ex-State Treasurer, was born 
 in Meldorf, Germany, August 24, 1854; came to 
 Chicago in 1863, aud began his political career as 
 a Trustee of the town of Jefferson. In 1866 he 
 was elected County Clerk of Cook County, and 
 re-elected in 1890; in 1894 became the Republican 
 nominee for State Treasurer, receiving, at the 
 November election of that year, the unprece- 
 dented plurality of 133.427 votes over his Demo- 
 cratic opponent. 
 
 WYANET, a town of Bureau County, at the 
 intersection of the Chicago, Burlington & Quincy 
 and the Chicago. Rock Island & Pacific Railways, 
 ~ miles southwest of Princeton. Population 
 (1890), 670; (1900), 902. 
 
 WYLIE, (Rev.) Samuel, domestic missionary, 
 born in Ireland and came to America in boyhood ; 
 was educated at the University of Pennsylvania 
 and the Theological Seminary of the Reformed 
 Presbyterian Church, and ordained in 1818. 
 Soon after this he came west as a domestic mis- 
 sionary and, in 1820, became pastor of a church 
 at Sparta, 111. , where he remained until his death, 
 March 20, 1872, after a pastorate of 52 years. 
 During his pastorate the church sent out a dozen 
 colonies to form new church organizations else- 
 where. He is described as able, eloquent and 
 scholarly. 
 
 WYMAN, (Col.) John H., soldier, was born in 
 Massachusetts, July 12, 1817, and educated in the 
 
 schools of that State until 14 years of age, when 
 he became a clerk in a clothing store in his native 
 town of Shrewsbury, later being associated with 
 mercantile establishments in Cincinnati, and 
 again in his native State. From 1846 to 1850 he 
 was employed successively as a clerk in the car 
 and machine shops at Springfield, Mass., then as 
 Superintendent of Construction, and, later, as con- 
 ductor on the New York & New Haven Railroad, 
 finally, in 1850, becoming Superintendent of the 
 Connecticut River Railroad. In 1852 he entered 
 the service of the Illinois Central Railroad Com- 
 pany, assisting in the survey and construction of 
 the line under Col. R. B. Mason, the Chief Engi- 
 neer, and finally becoming Assistant Superin- 
 tendent of the Northern Division. He was one 
 of the original proprietors of the town of Amboy, 
 in Lee County, and its first Mayor, also serving 
 a second term. Having a fondness for military 
 affairs, he was usually connected with some mili- 
 tary organization while in Cincinnati being 
 attached to a company, of which Prof. O. M. 
 Mitchell, the celebrated astronomer (afterwards 
 Major-General Mitchell), was Captain. After 
 coming to Illinois he became Captain of the Chi- 
 cago Light Guards. Having lef* the employ of 
 the Railroad in 1858, he was in private business 
 at Amboy at the beginning of the Civil War in 
 1861 . As Assistant- Ad jutant General, by appoint- 
 ment of Governor Yates, he rendered valuable 
 service in the early weeks of the war in securing 
 arms from Jefferson Barracks and in the organi- 
 zation of the three-months' regiments. Then, 
 having organized the Thirteenth Illinois Volun- 
 teer Infantry the first organized in the State 
 for the three years' service he was commis- 
 sioned its Colonel, and, in July following, entered 
 upon the duty of guarding the railroad lines in 
 Southwest Missouri and Arkansas. The follow- 
 ing year his regiment was attached to General 
 Sherman's command in the first campaign 
 against Vicksburg. On the second day of the 
 Battle of Chickasaw Bayou, he fell mortally 
 wounded, dying on the field, Dec. 28, 1862. Colo- 
 nel Wyman was one of the most accomplished 
 and promising of the volunteer soldiers sent to 
 the field from Illinois, of whom so many were 
 former employes of the Illinois Central Rail- 
 road. 
 
 WYOMING, a town of Stark County, 31 miles 
 north-northwest from Peoria, at the junction of 
 the Peoria branch Rock Island & Pacific and the 
 Rushville branch of the Chicago, Burlington A 
 Quincy Railway ; has two high schools, churches, 
 two banks, flour mills, water-works, machine 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 COS 
 
 shop, and two weekly newspapers. Coal is mined 
 here. Pop. (1890), 1,116; (1900). 1,277. 
 
 XENIA, a village of Clay County, on the Balti- 
 more & Ohio Southwestern Railroad, 87 miles 
 east of St. Louis. Population (1900), 800. 
 
 YATES CITY, a village of Knox County, at the 
 junction of the Peoria Division of the Chicago, 
 Burlington & Quincy Railroad, with the Rushville 
 branch, 23 miles southeast of Galesburg. The 
 town has banks, a coal mine, telephone exchange, 
 school, churches and a newspaper. Pop. (1890), 
 687; (1900), 650. 
 
 YATES, Henry, pioneer, was born in Caroline 
 County, Va., Oct. 29, 1786 being a grand-nephew 
 of Chief Justice John Marshall; removed to Fa- 
 yette County, Ky., where he located and laid out 
 the town of Warsaw, which afterwards became 
 the county-seat of Gallatin County. In 1831 he 
 removed to Sangamon County, 111., and, in 1832, 
 settled at the site of the present town of Berlin, 
 which he laid out the following year, also laying 
 out the town of New Berlin, a few years later, on 
 the line of the Wabash Railway. He was father 
 of Gov. Richard Yates. Died, Sept. 13, 1865. 
 Henry (Yates), Jr., son of the preceding, was born 
 at Berlin, 111. , March 7, 1835 ; engaged in merchan- 
 dising at New Berlin; in 1862, raised a company 
 of volunteers for the One Hundred and Sixth 
 Regiment Illinois Infantry, was appointed Lieu- 
 tenant-Colonel and brevetted Colonel and Briga- 
 dier-General. He was accidentally shot in 1863, 
 and suffered sun-stroke at Little Rock, from 
 which he never fully recovered. Died, August 
 3, 1871. 
 
 YATES, Richard, former Governor and United 
 States Senator, was born at Warsaw, Ky., Jan. 
 18, 1815, of English descent. In 1831 he accom- 
 panied his father to Illinois, the family settling 
 first at Springfield and later at Berlin, Sangamon 
 County. He soon after entered Illinois College, 
 from which he graduated in 1835, and 3ubse- 
 quently read law with Col. John J. Hardin, at 
 Jacksonville, which thereafter became his home. 
 In 1842 he was elected Representative in the Gen- 
 eral Assembly from Morgan County, and was 
 re-elected in 1844, and again in 1848. In 1850 he 
 was a candidate for Congress from the Seventh 
 District and elected over Maj. Thomas L. Harris, 
 the previous incumbent, being the only Whig 
 Representative in the Thirty-second Congress 
 from Illinois. Two years later he was re-elected 
 over John Calhoun, but was defeated, in 1854, 
 by his old opponent, Harris. He was one of the 
 
 most vigorous opponents of the Kansas- Nebraska 
 Bill in the Thirty-third Congress, and an early 
 participant in the movement for the organization 
 of the Republican party to resist the further 
 extension of slavery, being a prominent speaker, 
 on the same platform with Lincoln, before the 
 first Republican State Convention held at Bloom 
 ington, in May, 1856, and serving as one of the 
 Vioe-Presidents of that body. In 1860 he was 
 elected to the executive chair on the ticket 
 headed by Abraham Lincoln for the Presidency, 
 and, by his energetic support of the National 
 administration in its measures for the suppression 
 of the Rebellion, won the sobriquet of "the Illi- 
 nois War-Governor." In 1865 he was elected 
 United States Senator, serving until 1871. He 
 died suddenly, at St. Louis, Nov. 27, 1873, while 
 returning from Arkansas, whither he had gone, 
 as a United States Commissioner, by appointment 
 of President Grant, to inspect a land-subsidy 
 railroad. He was a man of rare ability, earnest- 
 ness of purpose and extraordinary personal mag- 
 netism, as well as of a lofty order of patriotism. 
 His faults were those of a nature generous, 
 impulsive and warm-hearted. 
 
 YORETILLE, the county-seat of Kendall 
 County, on Fox River and Streator Division of 
 Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad, 12 miles 
 southwest of Aurora; on interurban electric line; 
 has water-power, electric lights, a bank, churches 
 and weekly newspaper. Pop.(1890) 375; (1900),413. 
 
 YOUNG, Brigham, Mormon leader, was born 
 at Whittingham, Vt., June 1, 1801, joined the 
 Mormons in 1831 and, the next year, became asso- 
 ciated with Joseph Smith, at Kirtland, Ohio, and, 
 in 1835, an "apostle." He accompanied a con- 
 siderable body of that sect to Independence, Mo. . 
 but was driven out with them in 1S37, settling 
 fora short time at Quincy, III., but later remov- 
 ing to Nauvoo, of which he was one of the foun- 
 ders. On the assassination of Smith, in 1844, he 
 became the successor of the latter, as head of the 
 Mormon Church, and, the following year, headed 
 the exodus from Illinois, which finally resulted in 
 the Mormon settlement in Utah. His subsequent 
 career there, where he was appointed Governor 
 by President Fillmore. and, for a time, success- 
 fully defied national authority, is a matter of 
 national rather than State history. He remained 
 at the head of the Mormon Church until his 
 death at Salt Lake City, August 29, 1877. 
 
 YOUNG, Blchard Montgomery, United States 
 Senator, was born in Kentucky in 1796, studied 
 law and removed to Jonesboro, 111. , where be was 
 admitted to the bar in 1817; served in the Second 
 
604 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 General Assembly (1830-22) as Representative 
 from Union County ; was a Circuit Judge, 1825-27 ; 
 Presidential Elector in 1828; Circuit Judge again, 
 1829-37 ; elected United States Senator in 1837 as 
 successor to W. L. D. Ewing, serving until 1843, 
 when he was commissioned Justice of the Su- 
 preme Court, but resigned in 1847 to become 
 Commissioner of the General Land Office at 
 Washington. During the session of 1850-51, he 
 served as Clerk of the National House of Repre- 
 sentatives. Died, in an insane asylum, in Wash- 
 ington, in 1853. 
 
 YOUNtt MEN'S CHRISTIAN ASSOCIATION, 
 first permanently organized at Chicago, in 1858, 
 although desultory movements of a kindred char- 
 acter had previously been started at Peoria, 
 Quincy, Chicago and Springfield, some as early 
 as 1854. From 1858 to 1872, various associations 
 were formed at different points throughout the 
 State, which were entirely independent of each 
 other. The first effort looking to union and 
 mutual aid, was made in 1872, when Robert 
 Weidensall, on behalf of the International Com- 
 mittee, called a convention, to meet at Blooming- 
 ton, November 6-9. State conventions have been 
 held annually since 1872. In that of 1875, steps 
 were taken looking to the appointment of a 
 State Secretary, and, in 1876, Charles M. Morton 
 assumed the office. Much evangelistic work was 
 done, and new associations formed, the total 
 number reported at the Champaign Convention, 
 in 1877, being sixty-two. After one year's work 
 Mr. Morton resigned the secretaryship, the office 
 remaining vacant for three years. The question 
 of the appointment of a successor was discussed 
 at the Decatur Convention in 1879, and, in April, 
 1880, I. B. Brown was made State Secretary, and 
 has occupied the position to the present time 
 (1899). At the date of his appointment the 
 official figures showed sixteen associations in Illi- 
 nois, with a total membership of 2,443, and prop- 
 erty valued at $126, 500, including building funds, 
 the associations at Chicago and Aurora owning 
 buildings. Thirteen officers were employed, 
 none of them being in Chicago. Since 1880 the 
 work has steadily grown, so that five Assistant 
 State Secretaries are now employed. In 1886, a 
 plan for arranging the State work under depart- 
 mental administration was devised, but not put 
 in operation until 1890. The present six depart- 
 ments of supervision are: General Supervision, 
 in charge of the State Secretary and his Assist- 
 ants; railroad and city work; counties and 
 towns; work among students; corresponding 
 membership department, and office work. The 
 
 two last named are under one executive head, 
 but each of the others in charge of an Assistant 
 Secretary, who is responsible for its development. 
 The entire work is under the supervision of a 
 State Executive Committee of twenty-seven 
 members, one-third of whom are elected annually. 
 Willis H. Herrick of Chicago has been its chair- 
 man for several years. This body is appointed 
 by a State convention composed of delegates 
 from the local Associations. Of these there were, 
 in October, 1898, 116, with a membership of 
 15,888. The value of the property owned was 
 $2,500,000. Twenty-two occupy their own build- 
 ings, of which five are for railroad men and one 
 for students. Weekly gatherings for young men 
 numbered 248, and there are now representatives 
 or correspondents in 665 communities where no 
 organization has been effected. Scientific phys- 
 ical culture is made a feature by 40 associations, 
 and educational work has been largely developed. 
 The enrollment in evening classes, during 1898-99, 
 was 978. The building of the Chicago- branch 
 (erected in 1893) is the finest of its class in the 
 world. Recently a successful association has 
 been formed among coal miners, and another 
 among the first grade boys of the Illinois State 
 Reformatory, while an extensive work has been 
 conducted at the camps of the Illinois National 
 Guard. 
 
 ZANE, Charles S., lawyer and jurist, was born 
 in Cumberland County, N. J., March 2, 1831, of 
 English and New England stock. At the age of 
 19 he emigrated to Sangamon County, 111., fora 
 time working on a farm and at brick-making. 
 From 1852 to '55 he attended McKendree College, 
 but did not graduate, and, on leaving college, 
 engaged in teaching, at the same time reading 
 law. In 1857 he was admitted to the bar and 
 commenced practice at Springfield. The follow- 
 ing year he was elected City Attorney. He had 
 for partners, at different times, William H. 
 Herndon (once a partner of Abraham Lincoln) 
 and Senator Shelby M. Cullom. In 1873 he was 
 elected a Judge of the Circuit Court for the Fifth 
 Judicial Circuit, and was re-elected in 1879. In 
 1883 President Arthur appointed him Chief Jus- 
 tice of Utah, where he has since resided, though 
 superseded by the appointment of a successor by 
 President Cleveland. At the first State elec- 
 tion in Utah, held in November, 1895, he was 
 chosen one of the Judges of the Supreme Court 
 of the new Commonwealth, but was defeated 
 for re-election, by his Democratic opponent, in 
 1898. 
 
SCENES IN SOUTH PARK. 
 
604 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OK ILLINOIS. 
 
 General Assembly (ISUU-'J'J) ;is Kepresentalive 
 from C'niou County; wits a Circuit Judge. IS'J.VCT; 
 Presidential laectorin l 1 ^*: Circuit Judge again, 
 
 1S1!U-:!T: elected United Stiit i.". Senator in IVi; ;i.s 
 successor to W. L. I). Ev.in.;. serving until |s|:t, 
 when ho \v;is commissioned Justice of the Su- 
 preme Court, hut resigned in is (7 to l.ecome 
 Commissioner of tin: (it m-ral Ijmd Oliico at 
 Washington. Dtiriutf tin 1 session of is.lii-.~i I, he 
 served as Clerk ol tin: National ll< >- of K< i e- 
 sentatives. Died, in an in^ai;- ;.-. ;..ni. in AVash- 
 in^ton, i'l l s ">-' 
 
 101'Ml MK.VN niltlS'llAX ASSOriATHiN, 
 lirst |>erinanuntly organized at t ;..c.c.;o. in lv",s. 
 although desi.!;i.;-y movcmi nts uf ;i kindled char- 
 acter had previously Iwen started :it I'eori;;. 
 Quinoy. Ci,-ca_'o and Spring-held, some as earix 
 .is ls.1l. From l-.is m I>7'J, various a-soe:..!i.,n~ 
 >vi re formed at. ilillVreiit points t liroii/liout tin) 
 Stall-, xvl.icli V..-H- entirely inil<>penilei:l of each 
 otiier. "flic lirst ell'ort looUin^r to union ami 
 mutual ai-i. was mailc in Is?'.'. x\ hi n ifoln-rl 
 \V> i iensalt. on ln'iialf of ll> Intel-national ( '0111- 
 mitti-e. e.-illi I a ronxeiitioii. t" mi- I ai lilnoiiiiii^'- 
 ton Nim ini.er (i-!i. Slate conventions liaxt- l-i-u 
 helil anmiaii\ MI.I-I' I--7','. In that of ls7.1. st"|is 
 tt-eri- l:ik":i I'K.i.in^ to the iip|M>ilitlliCIl1 <il a 
 Slat'.' > '.' iar\. an. I. in |s7'i. t 'liarl.-- M. Mort'Hi 
 iUisiiiueil I in' oliicc. IMui'h 'exaii^eliMic xvnrli was. 
 'lorn ati>) nexv a-soi-iat ions I'l.rnn.i. tin- i,.;..l 
 nuni'n-r !';. ortcil al the ( 'lianipau'n < 'onv.-nt !on. 
 in 1 S 77. ln'!n^ MMv two. Afleron year's xxorl; 
 Mr. Morion re-i^nei| the secrelaryshi|i. Hie oiliei; 
 romainin'.: \a<-ant for three \ears. Tin- <jn svion 
 of t he a |i|n,!nl ;ii<'til of a successor u'as iliscuss.-ii 
 at the I >ecalur < 'oiivent ion in 1*7'.', an>l. in Apnl. 
 I SMI. I. if I'.ioun \\asinaile Slati' S cn-tary. ai; ! 
 has oi-riipieil II.- position lo the r,i, -.-:ii tim< 
 (IWKii. At the ilale of hi.s appoint rneiil tin 
 ollicial liirures si;oxx-cil sixteen associations in Illi- 
 nois, with a total membership of ',', 1 1:;. ami prop- 
 erty x-alueil at .s I .'i ; .11 n i. i'.. la.hn_- liiiihlinx I'umls. 
 the assoi'i.'i ion ,it (Miica^n ami Aurora owning 
 Imililin^s. Tniriei'ii ollicers xvi-re employ >vl. 
 none of them li'-in^ in C'hica^o. Sinet- Issn tin- 
 work has stcatlily ^roxx'n. so- thai live Assistant 
 Slate Sccretari"* are now employeil. Ill ISM>. a 
 plan for arran^in^' the State work umler ih-part- 
 mental administration was ileviseil. hut not put 
 fat Operation until Is'JO. The present six ilepart- 
 monls of supervision are: (ieneral Supervision, 
 in charge of the State Secretary ami his Assist- 
 ants; railroail anil city work: counties ami 
 towns: work unions students: corres|imlinn 
 mmiuersuip ilepartment. and ollici- work. The 
 
 txvo last iinmod aro wndor one rxerutive head. 
 hut i-acli of the others in charge of an Assistant 
 Secretary, xvho" is res|>onsihle for its development . 
 
 The entire xvork is under the suiiervision of a 
 State Kxecutix'e Committee of twenty-sevei. 
 inemlters one- third of \v horn are elected annually 
 U'illis II. llerrii-k of Chicago has hei'n its chair 
 man for several year~. This liody is appointed 
 lv a State convention composed of delegate* 
 from the local Associations, of ti ;i --i- there \\en 
 it. i i, -toiler. IVis. Hi;, with :; i.:.-ni!.ei-shi|i o! 
 |.1>-s The value f the properly owned xxa.- 
 > .',1 n 1 1 u n i. Tweiily-two occupy ln-.r own huilii 
 iri^s. of which H\e are for railroad men and one 
 for -indents. \Ve-.-kly ^atherin^s for yoiiti^ mei. 
 numiiereil -J|s. and there are now K ;.rcseiitatives 
 or correspond' nts in 005 communities where n 
 organization lioa In '-n elFeeted. .-:iii,iilir phys- 
 iral i-ultni'i' is made a feature hy ,' as-m-iat ions. 
 and education:;! xvork has been largely ileveloped. 
 Theeiirilline!.; in e\. nin^' class,. s. ..mih_' l-!(s.iii. 
 xvas !>7s. Th" i.uii'i.iL,' of tlie i '!.i :a^<> hrancli 
 (eri'cted in ls;i:;j i : . ; the finest of ill- < lass in tin 
 xv rid. Ile.-enily a sueeessl'nl a--oi'i:ilion has 
 o.-(-:i lorin.'d aiii"i:_' <-oal minef. a:!-! another 
 :i!i.i'i:iT l'i.' iir.-l J;T,-nl'.' hoys of the Illinois Stale 
 
 Reformatory, while an extensive work has heei, 
 conducted at tin- i amps of the Illi::oi- National 
 (JUiird. 
 
 /AM!; Charles >., laxvyer and .jtirist, xv;i_s I 
 in Ciliulieriaml Connly. N. .1.. March :.' |s':;|.of 
 Kir.lish and Nev. lin^land stock. .\; the a^' 1 of 
 HI lie emi^'rateil ic. S.m^anion <''.iiiily. 111., for a 
 lime working on a farm and ai In n-i, -making 
 l-'rom l-'i'.' to '.'.."i !.eat;endi-d M. !<< n.iiee College, 
 lult did not ^'raduale. and. on lei\he_- college 
 I'lixaxed ii. tea. Inn;;, at the saint lime reading 
 law. In ls.17 In. was admitted l the liar ami 
 commenced pracliceat Sprin^liel-i. The follow- 
 ing year he wa> elected City Attorney. He had 
 f'ir partners, at inherent times, William II. 
 llermlon (once a partner of Ahiai.:im Lincoln) 
 ami Senator Shelln M. Ciillom. in Is7o lie xvas 
 elected a .Iml^e of the f'ircuit Court for the Fifth 
 .ludicial Circuit, and xvas re-elected in ls7'J. In 
 |ss;i President Arthur appointed loin Chief Jus- 
 tice of ('tail, xvhere he has since re-,.1. d. though 
 superseded hy the aplHiintmenl of a successor liy 
 President Cleveland. At the first Slate elec- 
 tion in I'tah. held in November, lsit-1. ho xx - as 
 chosen one of the .luil^es of the Supreme Court 
 of the new Commonwealth, hut was defeated 
 for re-election, hy his Democratic opponent, in 
 
 IK'JH. 
 
SCI.M S IN SOI Til I'AKK 
 
WORLD'S FAIR BUILDINGS. 
 
 The Peristyle. (ierman Bulldlog, 
 
 Administration I'.mldini:. The Fisheries. 
 
SUPPLEMENT. 
 
 The following matter, received too late for Insertion In the body of this work, is added In the form of a supplement. 
 
 COGHLAN, (Capt.) Joseph Bullock, naval 
 officer, was born in Kentucky, and, at the age of 
 15 years, came to Illinois, living on a farm for a 
 time near Carlyle, in Clinton County. In 1860 he 
 was appointed by his uncle, Hon. Philip B. 
 Fouke then a Representative in Congress from 
 the Belleville District to the Naval Academy at 
 Annapolis, graduating in 1863, and being pro- 
 moted through the successive grades of Ensign, 
 Master, Lieutenant, Lieutenant-Commander, and 
 Commander, and serving upon various vessels 
 until Nov. 18, 1893, when he was commissioned 
 Captain and, in 1897, assigned to the command 
 Of the battleship Raleigh, on the Asiatic Station. 
 He was thus connected with Admiral Dewey's 
 squadron at the beginning of the Spanish- Ameri- 
 can War, and took a conspicuous and brilliant part 
 in the affair in Manila Bay. on May 1, 1898, which 
 resulted in the destruction of the Spanish fleet. 
 Captain Coghlan's connection with subsequent 
 events in the Philippines was in the highest 
 degree creditable to himself and the country. 
 His vessel (the Raleigh) was the first of Admiral 
 Dewey's squadron to return home, coming by 
 way of the Suez Canal, in the summer of 1899, he 
 and his crew receiving an immense ovation on 
 their arrival in New York harbor. 
 
 CRANE, (Ber.) Junes Lyons, clergyman, 
 army chaplain, was born at Mt. Eaton, Wayne 
 County. Ohio, August 30, 1823, united with the 
 Methodist Episcopal Church at Cincinnati in 
 
 1841, and, coming to Edgar County. Illinois, in 
 
 1842, attended a seminary at Paris some three 
 years. He joined the Illinois Conference in 1846, 
 and was assigned to the Danville circuit, after- 
 wards presiding over charges at Grand vie w. Hills- 
 boro, Alton, Jacksonville, and Springfield at the 
 last two points being stationed two or more 
 times, besides serving as Presiding Elder of the 
 Paris, Danville, and Springfield Districts. The 
 importance of the stations which he filled during 
 bis itinerant career served as evidence of his 
 recognized ability and popularity as a preacher. 
 
 In July, 1861, he was appointed Chaplain of the 
 Twenty-first Regiment Illinois Volunteers, at 
 that time commanded by Ulysses S. Grant at 
 Colonel, and, although he remained with the 
 regiment only a few months, the friendship then 
 established between him and the future com- 
 mander of the armies of the Union lasted through 
 their lives. This was shown by his appointment 
 by President Grant, in 1869, to the position of 
 Postmaster of the city of Springfield, which came 
 to him as a personal compliment, being re- 
 appointed four years afterwards and continuing 
 in office eight years. After retiring from tho 
 Springfield postoffice, he occupied charges at 
 Island Grove and Shelby ville, his death occurring 
 at the latter place, July 29, 1879. as the result of 
 an attack of paralysis some two weeks previous, 
 Mr Crane was married in 1847 to Miss Elizabeth 
 Mayo, daughter of CoL J Mayo a prominent 
 citizen of Edgar County, at an early day his 
 wife surviving him some twenty years. Rev. 
 Charles A Crane and Rev Frank Crane, pastors 
 of prominent Methodist churches in Boston and 
 Chicago, are eons of the subject of this sketch 
 
 DA WES, Charles Gates, Comptroller of the 
 Treasury, was born at Marietta, Ohio, August 27. 
 1865; graduated from Marietta College in 1884, 
 and from the Cincinnati Law School in 1886; 
 worked at civil engineering during his vacations, 
 finally becoming Chief Engineer of the Toledo ft 
 Ohio Railroad. Between 1887 and 1894 he wac 
 engaged in the practice of law at Lincoln, Neb., 
 but afterwards became interested in the gas busi- 
 ness in various cities, including Evanston, I1L. 
 which became his home. In 1896 he took a lead- 
 ing part in securing instructions by the Republi- 
 can State Convention at Springfield in favor of 
 the nomination of Mr McKinley for the Presi- 
 dency, and during the succeeding campaign 
 served as a member of the National Republican 
 Committee for the State of Illinois. Soon after 
 the accession of President McKinley, he wa 
 appointed Comptroller of the Treasury, a position 
 
 805 
 
i ill }-:i in J ii i iiiw;ii ^ 
 
 UnKI.ICS FAIR 111 II.HIN'.S. 
 
 '""' lvrM >' ll- - A.iniiiiistr:it ;uii.iniK. nfru* 
 
SUPPLEMENT. 
 
 The following matter, received too lato for insertion in the body of this work, is :i<Med In the for:;i 
 
 COUHLAX, (Capt.) Joseph Bullock, nav.J 
 
 ollicer, was born iu Kentucky, and, at the age of 
 13 years, came to Illinois, living ou a farm fur a 
 time noar Carlylo. in Clinton County. In Ifiiti he 
 was ap|)ointed by his uncle, Hon. Philip 1!. 
 Fuukc then a Representative in Congress fnuu 
 the Belleville District to the Naval Academy at 
 Annapolis, graduating in Ib(i3, and being pro- 
 moted through the successive grades of Ensign, 
 Master. Lieutenant, Lieutenant-Commander, at.d 
 Commander, and serving upon various vessels 
 until Nov 18, 189.1, when he was commissioned 
 Captain and. in 1SU7, assigned to the command 
 Of the battleship IJaleigh, on the Asiatic Station. 
 He V.MS thus connected with Admiral Devvey's 
 squadron at the beginning of the Spanish-Ameri- 
 can War. and took a conspicuous ami brilliant part 
 in tho alfair iu Manila Hay. on May 1. lb!is. which 
 resulted in the destruction of the Spanish fleet. 
 Captain Coghlan's connection with subsequent 
 events in the Philippines was in the highest 
 degree creditable to himself and the count rv 
 His vessel (the lialeigh) was the tirst of Admiral 
 Devvey's squadron to return home, coming by 
 way of the Suez Canal, in the summer of IWI'.I. he 
 and his ereu* receiving an immense ovation on 
 their arrival in New York harbor. 
 
 CHAM-:, (Rev.) Jumps Lyons, clergyman, 
 army chaplain, was l>orn at Mt. Eaton, Wayne 
 County Ohio, August :!0. 182a, united with tho 
 Methodist Episcopal Church at Cincinnati in 
 
 1841, and, coming to Edgar County. Illinois, in 
 
 1842. attended a seminary at Paris some three 
 years, lie joined the Illinois Conference in It-lii, 
 and was assigned to the Danville circuit, after- 
 wards presiding over charges at Grandview. Ilills- 
 boro, Alton. Jacksonville, and Springfield at tho 
 last two points being stationed two or more 
 times, besides serving as Presiding Elder of the 
 Paris, Danville, and Springfield Districts. Tho 
 importance of the stations which he filled during 
 his itinerant carper server! as evidence of his 
 recognized ability and popularity as a preacher 
 
 In July, IsGl, ho V>MS npp' ink i Chaplain of tho 
 Twenty-first Kcgimcnt Kiini'.s Volunteers, at 
 that timo commanded by Cij >~.-s S. Uraut as 
 Colonel, and, although he remained with the 
 regiment only a few months, the friendship ther. 
 established between him an ! the fist ';ie coin- 
 niaiiderof tho armies of tho Ui'.Km lasted through 
 their lives. This was shown by his appointment 
 by President Giant in 1SCI), to t"e p<>siti<ni of 
 Post master of the city of Springfield, which came 
 to him as a personal comiuiiueut, U'itig re- 
 appointed four \ cars afterwards and continuing 
 in office eight years. After retiring from tliO 
 Spriuglield postiulicc, lie occupied fhargi-s a* 
 Island tirove and Shclbyvillo. his death occurring 
 at the latter plate. July -0. IsT'.i. as tix result of 
 mi attack of paralysis some two weeks previous. 
 Mr Crane was married in 1S1? lo Miss U'i::-::ibclh 
 Mayo, daughter of Col. J Slayo a prominent 
 citizen of Edgar County, at aa early day bis 
 wife surviving him some twenty ye: 1 vs. Ilev. 
 Charles A Crane and Rev IY..I.'; Crane, pastors 
 of prominent Methodist churches in Boston and 
 Chi. -ago. are sous of the subject of this sketch 
 
 DAWKS, Charles <;alcs, Comptroller of the 
 Treasury, was lx>rn at Marietta, Ohio, August 27, 
 isir,. graduated from Marietta College i:i 1"!. 
 and from the Cincinnati Law School ill 1SSG; 
 worked at civil engineering during his vacations, 
 finally becoming Chief Engineer of the Toledo & 
 Ohio Railroad. Between ISs? and 1S91 he wa 
 engaged iu the practice of law at Lincoln. N.-h.. 
 hut afterwards became interested in the gas busi- 
 ness in various cities, including Evanston. IlL. 
 which became his homo. In 18!H'> ho took a Ic.ul- 
 ing part in securing instructions uy the Republi- 
 can State Convention at Springfield in favor of 
 the nomination of Mr McKinley for the Presi- 
 dency, and during the succeeding campaign 
 served as a memlierof the National Republican 
 Committee for the State of Illinois. Soon after 
 the accession of President McKinley. he was 
 
 appointed Comptroller of the Treasury, a position 
 
 605 
 
606 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OP ILLINOIS. 
 
 which he now holds. Mr. Dawes is the son of 
 R. B. Dawes, a former Congressman from Ohio, 
 and the great-grandson of Manasseh Cutler, who 
 was an influential factor in the early history of 
 the Northwest Territory, and has beeii credited 
 with exerting a strong influence in shaping and 
 securing the adoption of the Ordinance of 1787. 
 
 JUSTIN, (CoL) William L., former Depart- 
 ment Commander of Grand Army of the Repub- 
 lic for the State of Illinois, was born at 
 Cincinnati, Ohio, Feb. 9, 1843, his father being of 
 English descent, while his maternal grandfather 
 was a Colonel of the Polish Lancers in the army 
 of the first Napoleon, who, after the exile of his 
 leader, came to America, settling in Indiana. 
 The father of the subject of this sketch settled at 
 Keokuk, Iowa, where the son grew to manhood 
 and in February, 1863, enlisted as a private in the 
 Seventeenth Iowa Infantry, having been twice 
 rejected previously on account of physical ail- 
 ment. Soon after enlistment he was detailed for 
 provost-marshal duty, but later took part with 
 his regiment in the campaign in Alabama. He 
 served for a time in the Fifteenth Army Corps, 
 under Gen. John A. Logan, was subsequently 
 detailed for duty on the Staff of General Raum, 
 and participated in the battles of Resaca and 
 Tilton, Ga. Having been captured in the latter, 
 he was imprisoned successively at Jacksonville 
 (Ga.), Montgomery, Savannah, and finally at 
 Andersonville. From the latter he succeeded in 
 effecting his escape, but was recaptured and 
 returned to that famous prison-pen. Having 
 escaped a second time by assuming the name of 
 a dead man and bribing the guard, he was again 
 captured and imprisoned at various points in Mis- 
 sissippi until exchanged about the time of the 
 assassination of President Lincoln. He was then 
 so weakened by his long confinement and scanty 
 fare that he had to lie carried on board the 
 steamer on a stretcher. At this time he narrowly 
 escaped being on board the steamer Sultana, 
 which was blown up below Cairo, with 2,100 
 .soldiers on board, u large proportion of whom lost 
 their lives. After being mustered out at Daven- 
 port, Iowa, June 28, 186,'}, he was employed for a 
 time on the Des Moines Valley Railroad, and as a 
 messenger and route agent of the United States 
 Express Company. In 1872 he established him- 
 self in business in Quincy, 111 , in which he 
 proved very successful. Here he became prom- 
 inent in local Grand Army circles, anil, in 1890, 
 was unanimously elected Commander of the 
 Department of Illinois. Previous to this he had 
 been an officer of the Illinois National Guard, and 
 
 served as Aid-de-Camp, with the rank of 
 Colonel, on the staff of Governors Hamilton, 
 Oglesby and Fifer. In 1897 Colonel Distin was 
 appointed by President McKinley Surveyor-Gen- 
 eral for the Territory of Alaska, a position which 
 (1899) he still holds. 
 
 DUMMER, Henry ., lawyer, was born at 
 Hallowell. Maine, April 9, 1808, was educated in 
 Bowdoin College, graduating there in the class of 
 1827, after which he took a course in law at Cam- 
 bridge Law School, and was soon after admitted 
 to the bar. Then, having spent some two years 
 in his native State, in 1832 he removed to Illinois, 
 settling first in Springfield, where he remained six 
 years, being for a part of the time a partner of 
 John T. Stuart, who afterwards became the first 
 partner in law of Abraham Lincoln. Mr. Dum- 
 mer had a brother, Richard William Dummer, 
 who had preceded him to Illinois, living for a 
 time in Jacksonville. In 1838 he removed to 
 Beardstown, Cass County, which continued to be 
 his home for more than a quarter of a century. 
 During his residence there he served as Alder- 
 man, City Attorney and Judge of Probate for 
 Cass County . also represented Cass County in the 
 Constitutional Convention of 1847, and, in 1860, 
 was elected State Senator in the Twenty-second 
 General Assembly, serving four years. Mr. 
 Dummer was an earnest Republican, and served 
 that party as a delegate for the State-at-large to 
 the Convention of 1864, at Baltimore, which 
 nominated Abraham Lincoln for the Presidency a 
 second time. In 1864 he removed to Jackson- 
 ville, and for the next year was the law partner 
 of David A. Smith, until the death of the latter 
 in 1865. In the summer of 1878 Mr. Dummer 
 went to Mackinac, Mich. , in search of health, but 
 died there August 12 of that year. 
 
 ECKELS, James H.* ex-Comptroller of the 
 Currency, was born of Scotch-Irish parentage at 
 Princeton, 111., Nov. 22, 1858, was educated in 
 the common schools and the high school of his 
 native town, graduated from the Law School at 
 Albany, N. Y., in 1881, and the following year 
 began practice at Ottawa, 111. Here he con- 
 tinued in active practice until 1893, when he was 
 appointed by President Cleveland Comptroller of 
 the Currency, serving until May 1, 1898, when he 
 resigned to accept the presidency of the Com- 
 mercial 'National Bank of Chicago. Mr. Eckels 
 manifested such distinguished ability in the dis- 
 charge of his duties as Comptroller that he 
 received the notable compliment of being 
 retained in office by a Republican administration 
 more than a year after the retirement of Presi- 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 607 
 
 dent Cleveland, while his selection for a place at 
 the head of one of the leading banking institu- 
 tions of Chicago was a no less marked recognition 
 of his abilities as a financier. He was a Delegate 
 from the Eleventh District to the National 
 Democratic Convention at Chicago in 1892, and 
 repiesented the same district in the Gold Demo- 
 cratic Convention at Indianapolis in 1896, and 
 assisted in framing the platform there adopted 
 which indicated his views on the financial ques- 
 tions involved in the campaign of that year. 
 
 FIELD, Daniel, early merchant, was born in 
 Jefferson County, Kentucky, Nov. 30, 1790, and 
 settled at Golconda, 111., in 1818, dying there in 
 1865. He was a man of great enterprise, engaged 
 in merchandising, and became a large land- 
 holder, farmer and stock-grower, and an extensive 
 shipper of stock and produce to lower Mississippi 
 markets. He married Elizabeth Dailey of 
 Charleston, Ind., and raised a large family of 
 children, one of whom, Philip D., became Sheriff. 
 while another, John, was County Judge of Pope 
 County. His daughter, Maria, married Gen. 
 Green B. Itnuin, who became prominent as a 
 soldier during the Civil War and, later, as a mem- 
 ber of Congress and Commissioner of Internal 
 Revenue and Pension Commissioner in Wash- 
 ington. 
 
 FIELD, Green B., member of a pioneer family, 
 was born within the present limits of the State of 
 Indiana in 1787, served as a Lieutenant in the 
 War of 1812, was married in Bourbon County, 
 Kentucky, to Miss Mary E. Cogswell, the 
 daughter of Dr. Joseph Cogswell, a soldier of the 
 Revolutionary War, and, in 1817, removed to 
 Pope County, Illinois, where he laid off the town 
 of Golconda, which became the county-seat. He 
 served as a Representative from Pope County in 
 the First General Assembly (1818-20), and was 
 the father of Juliet C. Field, who became the 
 wife of John Raum ; of Edna Field, the wife of 
 Dr. Tarlton Dunn, and of Green B. Field, who 
 was a Lieutenant in Third Regiment Illinois 
 Volunteers during the Mexican War. Mr. Field 
 was the grandfather of Gen. Green B. Raum, 
 mentioned in the preceding paragraph. He died 
 of yellow fever in Louisiana in 1823. 
 
 GALE, Stephen Francis, first Chicago book- 
 seller and a railway promoter, was born at 
 Exeter, N. H.. March 8, 1812; at 15 years of age 
 became clerk in a leading book-store in Boston; 
 came to Chicago in 1835, and soon afterwards 
 opened the first book and stationery establish- 
 ment in that city, which, in after years, gained 
 an extensive trade. In 1842 the firm of S. F. 
 
 Gale & Co. was organized, but Mr. Gale, having 
 become head of the Chicago Fire Department, 
 retired from business in 184"> As early as 1840 
 he was associated with W m. B. Ogden and John 
 B. Turner in the steps then being taken to revive 
 the Galena & Chicago Union Railroad (now a 
 part of the Chicago & Northwestern), and, in 
 conjunction with these gentlemen, becamo 
 responsible for the means to purcliase the charter 
 and assets of the road from the Eastern bond- 
 holders. Later, he engaged iu the construction 
 of the branch road from Turner Junction to 
 Aurora, became President of the line and ex- 
 tended it to Mendota to connect with the Illinois 
 Central at that Point. Tlie.se roads afterwards 
 became a part of the Chicago, Burlington & 
 Quincy line. A number of years ago Mr. Gale 
 returned to his old home in New Hampshire, 
 where he has since resided. 
 
 HAY, John, early settler, came to the region of 
 Kaskaskia between 1790 and 1800, and became a 
 prominent citizen of St. (.'lair County. He was 
 selected as a member of the First Legislative 
 Council of Indiana Territory for St. Clair County 
 in 1805. In 1809 he was appointed Clerk of the 
 Common Pleas Court of St. Clair County, and 
 was continued in office after the organization of 
 the State Government, serving until his death at 
 Belleville in 1845. 
 
 HAYS, John, pioneer settler of Northwest Ter- 
 ritory, was a native of New York, who came to 
 Cahokia, in the "Illinois Country," in 1793, and 
 lived there the remainder of his life. His early 
 life had been spent in the fur-trade about Macki- 
 nac, in the Lake of the Woods region and about 
 the sources of the Mississippi. During the War 
 of 1812 he was able to furnish Governor Edwards 
 valuable information in reference to the Indians 
 in the Northwest. He filled the office of Post- 
 master at Caliokia for a number of years, and was 
 Sheriff of St. Clair County from 1798 to 1818. 
 
 JKOCLTON, (Col.) George M., soldier and 
 building contractor, was born at Readsburg, Vt.. 
 March 15, 1851, came early in life to Chicago, and 
 was educated in the schools of that city. By pro- 
 fession he is a contractor and builder, the firm of 
 which he is a member having been connected 
 with the construction of a number of large build- 
 ings, including some extensive grain elevators. 
 Colonel Moulton became a member of the Second 
 Regiment Illinois National Guard in June, 1884. 
 being elected to the office of Major, which he 
 retained until January, 1893, when he was 
 appointed Inspector of Rifle Practice on the staff 
 of General Wheeler. A year later he was con> 
 
608 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 missioned Colonel of the regiment, a position 
 which he occupied at the time of the call by the 
 President for troops to serve in the Spanish- 
 American War in April, 1898. He promptly 
 answered the call, and was sworn into the United 
 States service at the head of his regiment early 
 in May. The regiment was almost immediately 
 ordered to Jacksonville, Fla., remaining there 
 And at Savannah, Ga., until early in December, 
 when it was transferred to Havana, Cuba. Here 
 he was soon after appointed Chief of Police for 
 the city of Havana, remaining in office until the 
 middle of January, 1899, when he returned to his 
 regiment, then stationed at Camp Columbia, near 
 the city of Havana. In the latter part of March 
 he returned with his regiment to Augusta, Ga., 
 where it was mustered out, April 26, 1899, one 
 year from the date of its arrival at Springfield. 
 After leaving the service Colonel Moulton 
 resumed his business as a contractor. 
 
 SHERMAN, Lawrence V., legislator and 
 Speaker of the Forty-first General Assembly, was 
 born in Miami County, Ohio, Nov. 6, 1858; at 3 
 years of age came to Illinois, his parents settling 
 at Industry, McDonough County. When he had 
 reached the age of- 10 years he went to Jasper 
 County, where he grew to manhood, received his 
 education in the common schools and in the law- 
 
 department of McKendree College, graduating 
 from the latter, and, in 1881, located at Macomb, 
 McDonough County. Here he began his career 
 by driving a team upon the street in order to 
 accumulate means enabling him to devote his 
 entire attention to his chosen profession of law. 
 He soon took an active interest in politics, was 
 elected County Judge in 1886, and, at the expire-' 
 tion of his term, formed a partnership with 
 George D. Tunnicliffe and D. G. Tunnicliffe, 
 ex-Justice of the Supreme Court. In 1894 he was 
 a candidate for the Republican nomination for 
 Representative in the General Assembly, but 
 withdrew to prevent a split in the party; was 
 nominated and elected in 1896, and re-elected in 
 1898. and, at the succeeding session of the 
 Forty-first General Assembly, was nominated 
 by the Republican caucus and elected Speaker, 
 as he was again of the Forty-second in 1901. 
 
 VINYARD, Philip, early legislator, was born 
 in Pennsylvania in 1800. came to Illinois at an 
 early day, and settled in Pope County, which he 
 represented in the lower branch of the Thirteenth 
 and Fourteenth General Assemblies. He married 
 Miss Matilda McCoy, the daughter of a prominent 
 Illinois pioneer, and served as Sheriff of Pope 
 County for a number of years. Died, at Got 
 conda,' in 1862. 
 
 SUPPLEMENT NO. II. 
 
 BLACK HAWK WAR, THE. The episode 
 known in history under the name of ' 'The Black 
 Hawk War," was the most formidable conflict 
 between the whites and Indians, as well as the 
 most far-reaching in its results, that ever oc- 
 curred upon the soil of Illinois. It takes its 
 name from the Indian Chief, of the Sac tribe, 
 Black Hawk (Indian name, Makatai Meshekia- 
 kiak, meaning "Black Sparrow Hawk"), who 
 was the leader of the hostile Indian band and a 
 principal factor in the struggle. Black Hawk 
 had been an ally of the British during the War 
 of 1812 15, served with Tecumseh when the lat- 
 ter fell at the battle of the Thames in 1813, and, 
 after the war, continued to maintain friendly re- 
 lations with his "British father." The outbreak 
 
 in Illinois had its origin in the construction 
 put upon the treaty negotiated by Gen. William 
 Henry Harrison with the Sac and Fox Indians 
 on behalf of the United States Government, No- 
 vember 3, 1804, under which the Indians trans- 
 ferred to the Government nearly 15,000,000 acres 
 of land comprising the region lying between the 
 Wisconsin River on the north. Fox River of Illi- 
 nois on the east and southeast, and the Mississippi 
 on the west, for which the Government agreed to 
 pay to the confederated tribes less than $2,500 in 
 goods and the insignificant sum of $1,000 per an- 
 num in perpetuity. While the validity of the 
 treaty was denied on the part of the Indians on the 
 ground that it had originally been entered into by 
 their chiefs under duress, while held as prisoners 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 601 
 
 under a charge of murder at Jefferson Barracks, 
 during which they had been kept in a state of con- 
 stant intoxication, it had been repeatedly reaf- 
 firmed by parts or all of the tribe, especially iu 
 1815, in 1816, in 1822 and in 1823, and finally recog- 
 nized by Black Hawk himself in i831. The part of 
 the treaty of 1804 which was the immediate cause 
 of the disagreement was that which stipulated 
 that, so long as the lands ceded under it remained 
 the property of the United States (that is, should 
 not be transferred to private owners), "the Indians 
 belonging to the said tribes shall enjoy the priv- 
 ilege of living or hunting upon them." Al- 
 though these lands had not been put upon the 
 market, or even surveyed, as "squatters" multi- 
 plied in this region little respect was paid to the 
 treaty rights of the Indians, particularly with 
 reference to those localities where, by reason of 
 fertility of the soil or some other natural advan- 
 tage, the Indians had established something like 
 permanent homes and introduced a sort of crude 
 cultivation. This was especially the case with 
 reference to the Sac village of "Saukenuk" on 
 the north bank of Rock River near its mouth, 
 where the Indians, when not absent on the chase, 
 had lived for over a century, had cultivated 
 fields of corn and vegetables and had buried their 
 dead. In the early part of the last century, it is 
 estimated that some five hundred families had 
 been accustomed to congregate here, making it 
 the largest Indian village in the West. As early 
 as 1823 the encroachments of squatters on the 
 rights claimed by the Indians under the treaty 
 of 1804 began ; their fields were taken possession 
 of by the intruders, their lodges burned and their 
 women and children whipped and driven away 
 during the absence of the men on their annual 
 hunts. The dangers resulting from these con- 
 flicts led Governor Edwards, as early as 1828, to 
 demand of the General Government the expul- 
 sion of the Indians from Illinois, which resulted 
 in an order from President Jackson in 1829 for 
 their removal west of the Mississippi. On appli- 
 cation of Col. George Davenport, a trader of 
 much influence with the Indians, the time was 
 extended to April 1, 1830. During the preceding 
 year Colonel Davenport and the firm of Davenport 
 and Fan i ham bought from the United States Gov- 
 ernment most of the lands on Rock River occupied 
 by Black Hawk's band, with the intention, as has 
 been claimed, of permitting the Indians to remain. 
 This was not so understood by Black Hawk, who 
 was greatly incensed, although Davenport offered 
 to take other lands from the Government in ex- 
 change or cancel the sale an arrangement to 
 
 which President Jackson would not consent. OB 
 their return in the spring of 1830, the Indians 
 found whites in possession of their village. Pre- 
 vented from cultivating their fields, and their 
 annual hunt proving unsuccessful, the following 
 winter proved for them one of great hardship. 
 Black Hawk, having made a visit to his " British 
 father " (the British Agent) at Maiden, Canada, 
 claimed to have received words of sympathy and 
 encouragement, which induced him to determine 
 to regain possession of their fields. In this he 
 was encouraged by Neapope, his second in com- 
 mand, and by assurance of support from White 
 Cloud, a half Sac and half Winnebago known 
 also as " The Prophet " whose village (Prophet's 
 Town) was some forty miles from the mouth 
 of Rock River, and through whom Black Hawk 
 claimed to have leceived promises of aid in guns, 
 ammunition and provisions from the British. 
 The reappearance of Black Hawk's band in the 
 vicinity of his old haunts, in the spring of 1831, 
 produced a wild panic among the frontier settlers. 
 Messages were hurried to Governor Reynolds, 
 who had succeeded Governor Edwards in De- 
 cember previous, appealing for protection against 
 the savages. The Governor issued a call for 700 
 volunteers " to remove the band of Sac Indians" 
 at Rock Island beyond the Mississippi. Al- 
 though Gen. E. P. Gaines of the regular army, 
 commanding the military district, thought the 
 regulars sufficiently strong to cope with the situa- 
 tion, the Governor's proclamation was responded 
 to by more than twice the number called for. 
 The volunteers assembled early in June, 1831, at 
 Beardstown, the place of rendezvous named in 
 the call, and having been organized into two regi- 
 ments under command of Col. James D. Henrj and 
 Col. Daniel Laeb, with a spy battalion under Gen. 
 Joseph Duncan, marched across the country and, 
 after effecting a junction with General Gaines' 
 regulars, appeared before Black Hawk's village OB 
 the 25th of June. In the meantime General 
 Gaines, having learned that the Pottawatomies, 
 Winnebagos and Kickapoos had promised to join 
 the Sacs in their uprising, asked the assistance of 
 the battalion of mounted men previously offered 
 by Governor Reynolds. The combined armies 
 amounted to 2.500 men, while the fighting force 
 of the Indians was 300. Finding himself over- 
 whelmingly outnumbered. Black Hawk withdrew 
 under cover of night to the west side of the Missis- 
 sippi After burning the village, General Gainee 
 notified Black Hawk of his intention to pursue 
 and attack his band, which had the effect to 
 bring the fugitive chief to the General's 
 
610 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 quarters, where, on June 30, a new treaty was 
 entered into by which he bound himself and his 
 people to remain west of the Mississippi unless 
 permitted to return by the United States. This 
 ended the campaign, and the volunteers returned 
 to their homes, although the affair had produced 
 an intense excitement along the whole frontier, 
 and involved a heavy expense. 
 
 The next winter was spent by Black Hawk and 
 his band on the site of old Fort Madison, in the 
 present State of Iowa. Dissatisfied and humil- 
 iated by his repulse of the previous year, in disre- 
 gard of his pledge to General Games, on April 6, 
 1832, at the head of 500 warriors and their fam- 
 ilies, he again crossed the Mississippi at Yel- 
 low Banks about the site of the present city of 
 Oquawka, fifty miles below Rock Island, with the 
 intention, as claimed, if not permitted to stop at 
 his old village, to proceed to the Prophet's Town 
 and raise a crop with the Winnebagoes. Here he 
 was met by The Prophet with renewed assurances 
 of aid from the Winnebagoes, which was still 
 further strengthened by promises from the Brit- 
 ish Agent received through a visit by Neapope to 
 Maiden the previous autumn. An incident of this 
 invasion was the effective warning given to the 
 white settlers by Shabona, a friendly Ottawa 
 chief, which probably had the effect to prevent 
 a widespread massacre. Besides the towns of 
 Galena and Chicago, the settlements in Illinois 
 north of Fort Clark (Peoria) were limited to some 
 thirty families on Bureau Creek with a few 
 cabins at Hennepin, Peru, LaSalle, Ottawa, In- 
 dian Creek, Dixon, Kellogg's Grove, Apple Creek, 
 and a few other points. Gen. Henry Atkinson, 
 commanding the regulars at Fort Armstrong 
 (Rock Island), having learned of the arrival of 
 Black Hawk a week after he crossed the Missis- 
 sippi, at once took steps to notify Governor Rey- 
 nolds of the situation with a requisition for an 
 adequate force of militia to cooperate with the 
 regulars. Under date of April 16, 1832, the Gov- 
 ernor issued his call for "a strong detachment of 
 militia," to meet by April 22, Beardstown again 
 being named as a place of rendezvous. The call 
 resulted in the assembling of a force which was 
 organized into four regiments under command of 
 Cols. John DeWitt, Jacob Fry, John Thomas and 
 Samuel M. Thompson, together with a spy bat- 
 talion under Maj. James D. Henry, an odd bat- 
 talion under Maj. Thomas James and a foot 
 battalion under Maj. Thomas Long. To these were 
 subsequently added two independent battalions 
 of mounted men, under command of Majors 
 Isaiah Stillman and David Bailey, which were 
 
 finally consolidated as the Fifth Regiment under 
 command of Col. James Johnson. The organiza- 
 tion of the first four regiments at Beardstown 
 was completed by April 27, and the force under 
 command of Brigadier-General Whiteeide (but 
 accompanied by Governor Reynolds, who was 
 allowed pay as Major General by the General 
 Government) began its march to Fort Armstrong, 
 arriving there May 7 and being mustered into the 
 United States service. Among others accompany- 
 ing the expedition who were then, or afterwards 
 became, noted citizens of the State, were Vital 
 Jarrot, Adjutant-General; Cyrus Edwards, Ord- 
 nance Officer; Murray McConnel, Staff Officer, 
 and Abraham Lincoln, Captain of a company of 
 volunteers from Sangamon County in the Fourth 
 Regiment. Col. Zachary Taylor, then commander 
 of a regiment of regulars, arrived at Fort Arm- 
 strong about the same time with reinforcements 
 from Fort Leavenworth and Fort Crawford. The 
 total force of militia amounted to 1,935 men, anil 
 of regulars about 1,000. An interesting story is 
 told concerning a speech delivered to the volun- 
 teers by Colonel Taylor about this time. After 
 reminding them of their duty to obey an order 
 promptly, the future hero of the Mexican War 
 added: "The safety of all depends upon the obe- 
 dience and courage of all. You are citizen sol- 
 diers; some of you may fill high offices, or even be 
 Presidents some day but not if you refuse to do 
 your duty. Forward, march!" A curious com- 
 mentary upon this speech is furnished in the fact 
 that, while Taylor himself afterwards became 
 President, at least one of his hearers a volunteer 
 who probably then had no aspiration to that dis- 
 tinction (Abraham Lincoln) reached the same 
 position during the most dramatic period in the 
 nation's history. 
 
 Two days after the arrival at Fort Armstrong, 
 the advance up Rock River began, the main force 
 of the volunteers proceeding by land under Gen- 
 eral Whiteside, while General Atkinson, with 
 400 regular and 300 volunteer foot soldiers, pro- 
 ceeded by boat, carrying with him the artillery, 
 provisions and bulk of the baggage. Whiteside. 
 advancing by the east bank of the river, was the 
 first to arrive at the Prophet's Town, which, 
 finding deserted, he pushed on to Dixon's Ferry 
 (now Dixon), where he arrived May 12. Here he 
 found the independent battalions of Stillman and 
 Bailey with ammunition and supplies of which 
 Whiteside stood in need. The mounted battalions 
 under command of Major Stillman, having been 
 sent forward by Whiteside as a scouting party, 
 left Dixon on the 13th and, on the afternoon of 
 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 611 
 
 the next day, went into camp in a strong position 
 near the mouth of Sycamore Creek. As soon dis- 
 covered, Black Hawk was in camp at the same 
 time, as he afterwards claimed, with about forty 
 of hia braves, on Sycamore Creek, three miles 
 distant, while the greater part of his band were en- 
 camped with the more war-like faction of the Pot - 
 taw-atomies some seven miles farther north on the 
 Kishwaukee River. As claimed by Black Hawk 
 in his autobiography, having been disappointed in 
 his expectation of forming an alliance with the 
 Winnebagoes and the Pottawatomies, he had at 
 this juncture determined to return to the west 
 side of the Mississippi. Hearing of the arrival of 
 Stillman's command in the vicinity, and taking 
 it for granted that this was the whole of Atkin- 
 son's command, he sent out three of his young 
 men with a white flag, to arrange a parley and 
 convey to Atkinson his offer to meet the latter in 
 council. These were captured by some of Still- 
 man's band regardless of their flag of truce, while 
 a party of five other braves who followed to ob- 
 serve the treatment received by the flagbearers, 
 were attacked and two of their number killed, the 
 the other three escaping to their camp. Black 
 Hawk learning the fate of his truce party was 
 aroused to the fiercest indignation. Tearing the 
 flag to pieces with which he had intended to go 
 into council with the whites, and appealing to his 
 followers to avenge the murder of their comrades, 
 he prepared for the attack. The rangers num- 
 bered 275 men, while Black Hawk's band has been 
 estimated at less than forty. As the rangers 
 caught sight of the Indians, they rushed forward 
 in pell-mell fashion. Retiring behind a fringe 
 of bushes, the Indians awaited the attack. As 
 the rangers approached, Black Hawk and his 
 party rose up with a war whoop, at the same time 
 opening fire on their assailants. The further 
 history of the affair was as much of a disgrace to 
 Stillman's command as had been their desecra- 
 tion of the flag of truce. Thrown into panic by 
 their reception by Black Hawk's little band, the 
 rangers turned and, without firing a shot, began 
 the retreat, dashing through their own camp and 
 abandoning every thing, which fell into the hands 
 of the Indians. An attempt was made by one or 
 two officers and a few of their men to check the 
 retreat, but without success, the bulk of the fu- 
 gitives continuing their mad rush for safety 
 through the night until they reached Dixon, 
 twenty-five miles distant, while many never 
 stopped until they reached their homes, forty 
 or fifty miles distant. The casualties to the 
 rangers amounted to eleven killed and two 
 
 wounded, while the Indian loss consisted of two 
 spies and one of the flag-bearers, treacherously 
 killed near Stillman's camp, 'ihis ill-starred af- 
 fair, which has passed into history 38 "Stillman - 
 defeat," produced a general panic alon-j the fron- 
 tier by inducing an exaggerated estimate of the 
 strength of the Indian force, while it led 1 lack 
 Hawk to form a poor opinion of the courage f 
 the white troops at the same time that it led to 
 an exalted estimate of the prowess of his own 
 little band thus becoming an important factor 
 in prolonging the war and in the bloody massacres 
 which followed. Whiteside, with his force of 
 1,400 men, advanced to the scene of the defeat 
 the next day and buried the dead, while on the 
 19th, Atkinson, with his force of regulars, pro- 
 ceeded up Rock River, leaving the remnant of 
 Stillman's force to guard the wounded and sup- 
 plies at Dixon. No sooner had he left than the 
 demoralized fugitives of a few days before de 
 serted their post for their homes, compelling At- 
 kinson to return for the protection of his base of 
 supplies, while Whiteside was ordered to follow 
 the trail of Black Hawk who had started up the 
 Kishwaukee for the swamps about Lake Kosh- 
 konong, nearly west of Milwaukee within the 
 present State of Wisconsin. 
 
 At this point the really active stage of the 
 campaign began. Black Hawk, leaving the 
 women and children of his band in the fastnesses 
 of the swamps, divided his followers into two 
 bands, retaining about 200 under his own com- 
 mand, while the notorious half-breed, Mike Girty , 
 ledaband of one hundred renegadePottawatomies. 
 Returning to the vicinity of Rock Island, he 
 gathered some recruits from the Pottawatomies 
 and Winnebagoes, and the work of rapine and 
 massacre among the frontier settlers began. One 
 of the most notable of these was the Indian 
 Creek Massacre in LaSalle County, about twelve 
 miles north of Ottawa, on May 21, when sixteen 
 persons were killed at the Home of William 
 Davis, and two young girls Sylvia and Rachel 
 Hall, aged, respectively, 17 and 15 years were 
 carried away captives. The girls were subse- 
 quently released, having been ransomed for $2,000 
 in horses and trinkets through a Winnebago 
 Chief and surrendered to sub-agent Henry 
 Gratiot. Great as was the emergency at this 
 juncture, the volunteers began to manifest evi- 
 dence of dissatisfaction and, claiming that they 
 had served out their term of enlistment, refused 
 to follow the Indians into the swamps of Wis- 
 consin. As the result of a council of war, the 
 volunteers were ordered to Ottawa, where they 
 
HISTOKICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 were mustered out on May 28, by Lieut. Robt. 
 Anderson, afterwards General Anderson of Fort 
 Sumter fame. Meanwhile Governor Reynolds had 
 issued his call (with that of 1831 the third,) for 
 9,000 men to serve during the war. Gen. 
 Winfield Scott was also ordered from the East 
 with 1,000 regulars although, owing to cholera 
 breaking out among the troops, they did not 
 arrive in time to take part in the campaign. The 
 rank and file of volunteers responding under the 
 new call was 3,148, with recruits and regulars 
 then in Illinois making an army of 4,000. Pend- 
 ing the arrival of the troops under the new call, 
 and to meet an immediate emergency, 300 men 
 were enlisted from the disbanded rangers for a 
 period of twenty days, and organized into a 
 regiment under command of Col. Jacob Fry, 
 with James D. Henry as Lieutenant Colonel and 
 John Thomas as Major. Among those who en- 
 listed as privates in this regiment were Brig.- 
 Gen. Whiteside and Capt. Abraham Lincoln. A 
 regiment of five companies, numbering 195 men, 
 from Putnam County under command of Col. 
 John Strawn, and another of eight companies 
 from Vermilion County under Col. Isaac R. 
 Moore, were organized and assigned to guard 
 duty for a period of twenty days. 
 
 The new volunteers were rendezvoused at Fort 
 Wilbourn, nearly opposite Peru, June 15, and 
 organized into three brigades, each consisting of 
 three regiments and a spy battalion. The First 
 Brigade (915 strong) was placed under command 
 of Brig. -Gen. Alexander Posey. the Second 
 under Gen. Milton K. Alexander, and the third 
 under Gen. James D. Henry. Others who served 
 as officers in some of these several organizations, 
 and afterwards became prominent in State his- 
 tory, were Lieut. -Col. Gurdon S. Hubbard of the 
 Vermilion County regiment ; John A. Modern - 
 and, on the staff of General Posey ; Maj. John 
 Dement ; then State Treasurer ; Stinson H. Ander- 
 son, afterwards Lieutenant-Governor; Lieut. - 
 GOT. Zadoc Casey; Maj., William McHenry; 
 Sidney Breese (afterwards Judge of the State 
 Supreme Court and United States Senator) : W. 
 L. D. Ewing (as Major of a spy battalion, after- 
 wards United States Senator and State Auditor) ; 
 Alexander W. Jenkins (afterwards Lieutenant- 
 Governor) ; James W. Semple (afterwards United 
 States Senator) ; and William Weather ford (after- 
 wards a Colonel in the Mexican War), and many 
 more. Of the Illinois troops, Posey 's brigade 
 was assigned to the duty of dispersing the Indians 
 between Galena and Rock River, Alexander's sent 
 to intercept Black Hawk up the Rock River, 
 
 while Henry's remained with Gen. Atkinson at 
 Dixon. During the next two weeks engage- 
 ments of a more or less serious character were 
 had on the Pecatonica on the southern border of 
 the present State of Wisconsin; at Apple River 
 Fort fourteen miles east of Galena, which was 
 successfully defended against a force under Black 
 Hawk himself, and at Kellogg's Grove the next 
 day (June 25), when the same band ambushed 
 Maj. Dement 's spy battalion, and rani'! near in- 
 flicting a defeat, which was prevented by 
 Dement's coolness and the timely arrival of re- 
 inforcements. In the latter engagement the 
 whites lost five killed besides 47 horses which had 
 been tethered outside their lines, the loss of tha 
 Indians being sixteen killed. Skirmishes also 
 occurred with varying results, at Plum River 
 Fort, Burr Oak Grove, Sinsiniwa and Blue 
 Mounds the last two within the present State of 
 Wisconsin. 
 
 Believing the bulk of the Indians to be camped 
 in the vicinity of Lake Koshkonong, General 
 Atkinson left Dixon June 27 with a combined 
 force of regulars and volunteers numbering 2,600 
 men the volunteers being under the command 
 of General Henry. They reached the outlet of the 
 Lake July 2, but found no Indians, being joined 
 two days later by General Alexander'sbrigade.and 
 on the 6th by Gen. Posey's. From here the com- 
 mands of Generals Henry and Alexander were 
 sent for supplies to Fort Winnebago, at the Port- 
 age of the Wisconsin ; Colonel Ewing, with the 
 Second Regiment of Posey's brigade descending 
 Rock River to Dixon, Posey with the remainder, 
 going to Fort Hamilton for the protection of 
 settlers in the lead-mining region, while Atkin- 
 son, advancing with the regulars up Lake Koshko- 
 nong, began the erection of temporary fortifica- 
 tions on Bark River near the site of the present 
 village of Fort Atkinson. At Fort Winnebago 
 Alexander and Henry obtained evidence of the 
 actual location of Black Hawk's camp through 
 Pierre Poquette, a half-breed scout and trader 
 in the employ of the American Fur Company, 
 whom they employed with a number of Winne 
 bagos to act as guides. From this point Alex- 
 ander's command returned to General Atkinson's 
 headquarters, carrying with them twelve day's 
 provisions for the main army, while General 
 Henry 's (600 strong), with Major Dodge's battalion 
 numbering 150, with an equal quantity of supplies 
 for themselves, started under the guidance of 
 Poquette and his Winnebago aids to find Black 
 Hawk's camp. Arriving on the 18th at the 
 Winnebago village on Rock River where Black 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 613 
 
 Hawk and his band had been located, their camp 
 was found deserted, the Winnebagos insisting 
 that they had gone to Cranberry ( now Horicon) 
 Lake, a half-day's inarch up the river. Messen- 
 gers were immediately dispatched to Atkinson's 
 headquarters, thirty-five miles distant, to ap- 
 prise him of this fact. When they had proceeded 
 about half the distance, they struck a broad, 
 fresh trail, which proved to be that of Black 
 Hawk's band headed westward toward the Mis- 
 sissippi. The guide having deserted them in 
 order to warn his tribesmen that further dis- 
 sembling to deceive the whites as to 
 the whereabouts of the Sacs was use- 
 less, the messengers were compelled to follow 
 him to General Henry's camp. The discovery pro- 
 duced the wildest enthusiasm among the volun- 
 teers, and from this time-events followed in rapid 
 succession. Leaving as far as possible all incum- 
 brances behind, the pursuit of the fu uives was 
 begun without delay, the troops wading through 
 swamps sometimes in water to their armpits. 
 Soon evidence of the character of the flight the 
 Indians were making, in the shape of exhausted 
 horses, blankets, and camp equipage cast aside 
 along the trail, began to appear, and straggling 
 bands of Winnebagos, who had now begun to 
 desert Black Hawk, gave information that the 
 Indians were only a few miles in advance. On 
 the evening of the 20th of July Henry's forces 
 encamped at "The Four Lakes," the present 
 site of the city of Madison, Wis. , Black Hawk's 
 force lying in ambush the same night seven or 
 eight miles distant. During the next afternoon 
 the rear-guard of the Indians under Neapope was 
 overtaken and skirmishing continued until the 
 bluffs of the Wisconsin were reached. Black 
 Hawk's avowed object was to protect the passage 
 of the main body of his people across the stream. 
 The loss of the Indians in these skirmishes has 
 been estimated at 40 to 68, while Black Hawk 
 claimed that it was only six killed, the loss of 
 the whites being one killed and eight wounded. 
 During the night Black Hawk succeeded in 
 placing a considerable number of the women and 
 children and old men on a raft and in canoes 
 obtained from the Winnebagos, and sent them 
 down the river, believing that, as non-combat- 
 ants, they would be permitted by the regulars 
 to pass Fort Crawford, at the mouth of the Wis- 
 consin, undisturbed. In this he was mistaken. 
 A force sent from the fort under Colonel Ritner to 
 intercept them, fired mercilessly upon the help- 
 less fugitives, killing fifteen of their number, 
 while about fifty were drowned and thirty-two 
 
 women and children made prisoners. The re- 
 mainder, escaping into the woods, with few ex- 
 ceptions died from starvation and exposure, or 
 were massacred by their enemies, the Henomi- 
 nees, acting under white officers. During the 
 night after the battle of Wisconsin Heights, a 
 loud, shrill voice of some one speaking in an un- 
 known tongue was heard in the direction where 
 Black Hawk's band was supposed to be. This 
 caused something of a panic in Henry's camp, as 
 it was supposed to come from some one giving 
 orders for un attack. It was afterwards learned 
 that the speaker was Neapope speaking in the 
 Winnebago language in the hope that he might 
 be heard by Poquette and the Winnebago guides. 
 He was describing the helpless condition of his 
 people, claiming that the war had been forced 
 upon them, that their women and children were 
 starving, and that, if permitted peacefully to re- 
 cross the Mississippi, they would give no further 
 trouble. Unfortunately Poquette and the other 
 guides had left for Fort Winnebago, so that no 
 one was there to translate Neapope's appeal and 
 it failed of its object. 
 
 General Henry's force having discovered that the 
 Indians had escaped Black Hawk heading with 
 the bulk of his warriors towards the Mississippi 
 spent the next and day night on the field, but on 
 the following day (July 23) started to meet General 
 Atkinson, who had, in the meantime, been noti- 
 fied of the pursuit. The head of their columns 
 met at Blue Mounds, the same evening, a com- 
 plete junction between the regulars and the 
 volunteers being effected at Helena, a deserted 
 village on the Wisconsin. Here by using the 
 logs of the deserted cabins for rafts, -the army 
 crossed the river on the 27th and the 28th and the 
 pursuit of black Hawk's fugitive band was re- 
 newed. Evidence of their famishing condition 
 was found in the trees stripped of bark for food, 
 the carcasses of dead ponies, with here and there 
 the dead body of an Indian. 
 
 On August 1, Black Hawk's depleted and famish- 
 ing band reached the Mississippi two miles below 
 the mouth of the Bad Ax, an insignificant 
 stream, and immediately began trying to cross 
 the river ; but having only two or three canoes, 
 the work was slow. About the middle of the 
 afternoon the steam transport, " Warrior," ap- 
 peared on the scene, having on board a score of 
 regulars and volunteers, returning from a visit 
 to the village of the Sioux Chief, Wabasha, to 
 notify him that his old enemies, the Sacs, were 
 headed in that direction. Black Hawk raised the 
 white flag in token of surrender, but the officer 
 
614 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 in command claiming that he feared treachery or 
 an ambush, demanded that Black Hawk should 
 come on board. This he was unable to do, as he 
 had no canoe. After waiting a few minutes a 
 murderous fire of canister and musketry was 
 opened from the steamer on the few Indians on 
 shore, who made such feeble resistance as they 
 were able. The result was the lulling of one 
 white man and twenty -three Indians. After this 
 exploit the "Warrior" proceeded to Prairie du 
 Chien, twelve or fifteen miles distant, for fuel. 
 During the night a few more of the Indians 
 crossed the river, but Black Hawk, seeing the 
 hopelessness of further resistance, accompanied 
 by the Prophet, and taking with him a party of 
 ten warriors and thirty-five squaws and children, 
 fled in the direction of " the dells " of the Wis- 
 oonsin. On the momingof the 2d General Atkinson 
 arrived within four or five miles of the Sac 
 position. Disposing his forces with the regulars 
 and Colonel Dodge's rangers in the center.the brig- 
 ades of Posey and Alexander on the right and 
 Henry's on the left, he began the pursuit, but 
 was drawn by the Indian decoys up the river 
 from the place where the main body of the 
 Indians were trying to cross the stream. This 
 had the effect of leaving General Henry in the rear 
 practically without orders, but it became the 
 means of making his command the prime factors 
 in the climax which followed. Some of the spies 
 attached to Henry's command having accidental- 
 ly discovered the trail of the main body of the fu- 
 gitives, he began the pursuit without waiting for 
 orders and soon found himself engaged with some 
 300 savages, a force nearly equal to his own. It 
 was here that the only thing like a regular battle 
 occurred. The savages fought with the fury of 
 despair, while Henry's force was no doubt nerved 
 to greater deeds of courage by the insult which 
 they conceived had been put upon them by Gen- 
 eral Atkinson. Atkinson, hearing the battle in 
 progress and discovering that he was being led 
 off on a false scent, soon joined Henry's force 
 with his main army, and the steamer " Warrior," 
 arriving from Prairie du Chien, opened a fire of 
 canister upon the pent-up Indians. The battle 
 soon degenerated into a massacre. In the course 
 of the three hours through which it lasted, it is es- 
 timated that 150 Indians were killed by fire from 
 the troops, an equal number of both sexes and 
 all ages drowned while attempting to cross the 
 river or by being driven into it, while about 50 
 (chiefly women and children^ were made prison- 
 ers. The loss of the whites was 20 killed and 13 
 wounded. When the "battle" was nearing its 
 
 close it is said that Black Hawk, having repented 
 the abandonment of his people, returned within 
 sight of the battle-ground, but seeing the slaugh- 
 ter in progress which he was powerless to avert, he 
 turned and, with a howl of. rage and horror, fled 
 into the forest. About 300 Indians (mostly non- 
 combatants) succeeded in crossing the river in a 
 condition of exhaustion from hunger and fatigue, 
 but these were set upon by the Sioux under Chief 
 Wabasha, through the suggestion and agency of 
 General Atkinson, and nearly one-half their num- 
 ber exterminated. Of the remainder many died 
 from wounds and exhaustion, while still others 
 perished while attempting to reach Keokuk's band 
 who had refused to join in Black Hawk's desper- 
 ate venture. Of one thousand who crossed to the 
 east side of the river with Black Hawk in April, 
 it is estimated that not more than 150 survived 
 the tragic events of the next four months. 
 
 General Scott, having arrived at Prairie du Chien 
 early in August, assumed command and, on 
 August 15, mustered out the volunteers at Dixon, 
 111. After witnessing the bloody climax at the 
 Bad Axe of his ill-starred invasion. Black Hawk 
 fled to the dells of the Wisconsin, where he and 
 the Prophet surrendered themselves to the Win. 
 nebagos, by whom they were delivered to the 
 Indian Agent at Prairie du Chien. Having been 
 taken to Fort Armstrong on September 21, he 
 there signed a treaty of peace. Later he was 
 taken to Jefferson Barracks (near St. Louis) in 
 the custody of Jefferson Davis, then a Lieutenant 
 in the regular army, where he was held a captive 
 during the following winter. The connection of 
 Davis with the Black Hawk War, mentioned by 
 many historians, seems to have been confined to 
 this act. In April, 1833, with the Prophet and 
 Neapope, he was taken to Washington and then 
 to Fortress Monroe, where they were detained as 
 prisoners of war until June 4, when they were 
 released. Black Hawk, after being taken to many 
 principal cities in order to impress him with the 
 strength of the American nation, was brought to 
 Fort Armstrong, and there committed to the 
 guardianship of his rival, Keokuk, but survived 
 this humiliation only a few years, dying on a 
 small reservation set apart for him in Davis 
 County, Iowa, October 3, 1838. 
 
 Such is the story of the Black Hawk War, the 
 most notable struggle with the aborigines in Illi- 
 nois history. At its beginning both the State 
 and national authorities were grossly misled by 
 an exaggerated estimate of the strength of Black 
 Hawk's force as to numbers and his plans for 
 recovering the site of his old village, while 
 
HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 616 
 
 Black Hawk had conceived a low estimate of the 
 numbers and courage of his white enemies, es- 
 pecially after the Stillman defeat. The cost of 
 the war to the State and nation in money has been 
 estimated at $3,000,000, and in sacrifice of life 
 on both sides at not less than 1,200. The loss of 
 life by the troops in irregular skirmishes, and in 
 massacres of settlers by the Indians, aggregated 
 about 250, while an equal number of regulars 
 perished from a visitation of cholera at the 
 various stations within the district affected by 
 the war, especially at Detroit, Chicago, Fort 
 Armstrong and Galena. Yet it is the judgment 
 of later historians that nearly all this sacrifice of 
 life and treasure might have been avoided, but 
 for a series of blunders due to the blind or un- 
 scrupulous policy of officials or interloping squat- 
 ters upon lands which the Indians had occupied 
 under the treaty of 1804. A conspicious blunder- 
 to call it by no harsher name was 
 the violation by Stillman 's command of the 
 rules of civilized warfare in the attack made 
 upon Black Hawk's messengers, sent under 
 flag of truce to request a conference to settle 
 terms under which he might return to the west 
 side of the Mississippi an act which resulted in 
 a humiliating and disgraceful defeat for its 
 authors and proved the first step in actual war. 
 Another misfortune was the failure to understand 
 Neapope's appeal for peace and permission for his 
 people to pass beyond the Mississippi the night 
 after the battle of Wisconsin Heights; and the 
 third and most inexcusable blunder of all, was 
 the refusal of the officer in command of the 
 " Warrior " to respect Black Hawk's flag of truce 
 and request for a conference just before the 
 bloody massacre which has gone into history 
 under the name of the " battle of the Bad Axe." 
 Kither of these events, properly availed of, would 
 have prevented much of the butchery of that 
 bloody episode which has left a stain upon the 
 page of history, although this statement implies 
 in disposition to detract from the patriotism and 
 courage of some of the leading actors upon whom 
 the responsibility was placed of protecting the 
 frontier settler from outrage and massacre. One 
 of the features of the war was the bitter jealousy 
 engendered by the unwise policy pursued by 
 General Atkinson towards some of the volun- 
 teers especially the treatment of General James 
 D. Henry, who, although subjected to repeated 
 slights and insults, is regarded by Governor Ford 
 and others as the real hero of the war. Too 
 brave a soldier to shirk any responsibility and 
 too modest to exploit his own deeds, he felt 
 
 deeply the studied purpose of his superior to 
 ignore him in the conduct of the campaign a 
 purpose which, as in the affair at the Bad Axe, 
 was defeated by accident or by General Henry's 
 soldierly sagacity and attention to duty, although 
 he gave out to the public no utterance of com- 
 plaint. Broken in health by the hardships and 
 exposures of the campaign, he went South soon 
 after the war and died of consumption, unknown 
 and almost alone, in the city of New Orleans, less 
 two years later. 
 
 Aside from contemporaneous newspaper ac- 
 counts, monographs, and manuscripts on file 
 in public libraries relating to this epoch in State 
 history, the most comprehensive records of the 
 Black Hawk War are to be found in the " Life of 
 Black Hawk," dictated by himself (1834) ; Wake- 
 field's " History of the War between the United 
 States and the Sac and Fox Nations" (1834); 
 Drake's" Life of Black Hawk" (1854); Ford's 
 "History of Illinois" (1854); Reynolds' "Pio- 
 neer History of Illinois; and " My Own Times"; 
 Davidson & Stuve's and Moses' Histories of Illi- 
 nois; Blanchard's "The Northwest and Chicago"; 
 Armstrong's " The Sauks and the Black Hawk 
 War," and Reuben G. Thwaite's "Story of the 
 Black Hawk War " (1892.) 
 
 CHICAGO HEIGHTS, a village in the southern 
 part of Cook County, twenty-eight miles south of 
 the central part of Chicago, on the Chicago & 
 Eastern Illinois, the Elgin, Joliet & Eastern and 
 the Michigan Central Railroads; is located in an 
 agricultural region, but has some manufactures 
 as well as good schools also has one newspaper. 
 Population (1900), 5,100. 
 
 GRANITE, a city of Madison County, located 
 five miles north of St. Louis on the lines of the 
 Burlington; the Chicago & Alton; Cleveland, 
 Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis; Chicago, Peoria 
 & St. Louis (Illinois), and the Wabash Railways. 
 It is adjacent to the Merchants' Terminal Bridge 
 across the Mississippi and has considerable manu- 
 facturing and grain-storage business; has two 
 newspapers. Population (1900), 3,122. 
 
 HARLEM, a village of Proviso Township, Cook 
 County, and suburb of Chicago, on the line of the 
 Chicago & Northwestern Railroad, nine miles 
 west of the terminal station at Chicago. Harlem 
 originally embraced the village of Oak Park, now 
 a part of the city of Chicago, but, in 1884, was set 
 off and incorporated as a village. Considerable 
 manufacturing is done here. Population (1900), 
 4,085. 
 
 HARTET, a city of Cook County, and an im- 
 portant manufacturing suburbof the city of Chi- 
 
616 
 
 HISTORICAL ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ILLINOIS. 
 
 cago, three miles southwest of the southern city 
 limits. It is on the line of the Illinois Central 
 and the Chicago & Grand Trunk Railways, and 
 has extensive manufactures of harvesting, street 
 and (team railway machinery, gasoline stoves, 
 enameled ware, etc. ; also has one newspaper and 
 ample school facilities. Population (1900), 5,395. 
 
 IOWA CENTRAL RAILWAY, a railway line 
 having its principal termini at Peoria, 111., and 
 Manly Junction, nine miles north of Mason City, 
 Iowa, with several lateral branches making con- 
 nections with Centerville, Newton, State Center, 
 Story City, Algona and Northwood in the latter 
 State. The total length of line owned, leased 
 and operated by the Company, officially reported 
 in 1899, was 508.98 miles, of which 89.76 miles- 
 including 3.5 miles trackage facilities on the 
 Peoria & Pekin Union between Iowa Junction 
 and Peoria were in Illinois. The Illinois divi- 
 sion extends from Keithsburg where it enters 
 the State at the crossing of the Mississippi to 
 Peoria. (HISTORY.) The Iowa Central Railway 
 Company WAS originally chartered as the Central 
 Railroad Company of Iowa and the road com- 
 pleted in October, 1871. In 1873 it passed into 
 the hands of a receiver and, on June 4, 1879, was 
 reorganized under the name of the Central Iowa 
 Railway Company. In May, 1883, this company 
 purchased the Peoria & Farmington Railroad, 
 which was incorporated into the main line, but 
 defaulted and passed into the hands of a receiver 
 December 1, 1886; the line was sold under fore- 
 closure in 1887 and 1888, to the Iowa Central 
 Railway Company, which had effected a new 
 organization on the basis of $11, 000,000 common 
 stock, $6,000,000 preferred stock and $1,379,625 
 temporary debt certificates convertible into pre- 
 ferred stock, and $7,500,000 first mortgage bonds. 
 The transaction was completed, the receiver dis- 
 charged and the road turned over to the new 
 company, May 15, 1889. (FINANCIAL). The total 
 capitalization of the road in 1899 was $21,337,558, 
 of which $14,159,180 was in stock, $6,650,095 in 
 bonds and $528, 283 in other forms of indebtedness. 
 The total earnings and income of the line in Illi- 
 nois for the same year were $532,568, and the ex- 
 penditures $566,333. 
 
 SPARTA, a city of Randolph County, situated 
 on the Centralia & Chester and the Mobile & 
 Ohio Railroads, twenty miles northwest of Ches- 
 ter and fifty miles southeast of St. Louis. It has 
 
 a number of manufacturing establishments, in- 
 cluding plow factories, a woolen mill, a cannery 
 and creameries; also has natural gas. The first 
 settler was James McClurken, from South Caro- 
 lina, who settled here in 1818. He was joined by 
 James Armour a few years later, who bought 
 land of McClurken, and together they laid out 
 a village, which first received the name of Co- 
 lumbus. About the same time Robert O. Shan- 
 non, who had been conducting a mercantile busi- 
 ness in the vicinity, located in the town and 
 became the first Postmaster. In 1839 the name 
 of the town was changed to Sparta. Mr. McClur- 
 ken, its earliest settler, appears to have been a 
 man of considerable enterprise, as he is credited 
 with having built the first cotton gin in this vi- 
 cinity, besides still later, erecting saw and flour 
 mills and a woolen mill Sparta was incorporated 
 as a village in 1837 and in 1859 as a city. A col- 
 ony of members of the Reformed Presbyterian 
 Church (Covenanters or "Seceders") established 
 at Eden, a beautiful site about a mile from 
 Sparta, about 1822, cut an important figure in 
 the history of the latter place, as it became the 
 means of attracting here an industrious and 
 thriving population. At a later period it became 
 one of the most important stations of the "Under- 
 ground Railroad" (so called) in Illinois (which 
 see). The population of Sparta (1890) waa 1,979: 
 (1900), 2,041. 
 
 TOLUCA, a city of Marshall County situated 
 on the line of the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Ft- 
 Railroad, 18 miles southwest of Streator. It is in 
 the center of a rich agricultural district ; has the 
 usual church and educational facilities of cities 
 of its rank, and two newspapers. Population 
 (1900), 2,629. 
 
 WEST HAMMOND, a village situated in the 
 northeast corner of Thornton Township, Cook 
 County, adjacent to Hammond, 1ml., from which 
 it is separated by the Indiana State line. It is on 
 the Michigan Central Railroad, one mile south of 
 the Chicago City limits, and has convenient ac- 
 cess to several other lines, including the Chicago 
 & Erie; New York, Chicago & St. Louis, and 
 Western Indiana Railroads. Like its Indiana 
 neighbor, it is a manufacturing center of much 
 importance, was incorporated as a village in 
 1892, and has grown rapidly within the last few- 
 years, having a. population, according to the cen- 
 sus of 1900, of 2,935. 
 
'LI B R, 
 
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 U N I VERSITY 
 OF ILLINOIS 
 
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 LI611I41 
 
LIBRARY 
 
 OF I HE 
 
 yutVtRSIiY OF ILLINOIS 
 
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 HISTORICAL 
 
 -.'' - - ".' ' 
 
 ENCYCLOPEDIA 
 
 OF 
 
 ILLINOIS 
 
 EDITED BY 
 
 NEWTON BATEMAN, LL. D. PAI L SKLBY, A. M. 
 
 AND HISTORY OF 
 
 EVANSTON 
 
 EDITED BY 
 
 HARVEY B. HUKD, LL.D. ROIJKRT D. SIIKIM'AKD, D.D. 
 
 VOLUME II 
 
 ILLUSTRATED 
 
 CH ICAGO: 
 
 MUNSELL PUBLISHING COMPANY 
 PUBLISHERS. 
 
 1906. 
 
Entered according to Art of Centre**. 
 In the jettre 18M, 1899. llWO anil 1306 by 
 
 WILLIAM W. M U N S E L L . 
 
 hi the office of ttie Librarian of Cointreau 
 
 WASHINGTON 
 

 PREKACB 
 
 An analysis of the motives which have induced Evanstonians to join in the fur- 
 nishing of material for this record of local history would afford evidence, not only of a 
 feeling of obligation to the past and present, but also to future generations ; and this, it 
 is but just to say, has been the impelling force in the conception and preparation of this 
 volume. 
 
 Book-making is an expensive undertaking, and the limited sale which a work treat- 
 ing of a small community would obtain, would inevitably involve heavy financial re- 
 sponsibilities. The publishers of that excellent work, "The Historical Encyclopedia of 
 Illinois," have deemed it practicable to produce a special Evanston edition of that 
 work embracing, as a feature of added interest and value, a supplemental volume 
 largely devoted to Evanston history, prepared and edited by Evanstonians. The busi- 
 ness management of the enterprise rests with the publishers who have had a long and 
 successful experience in the publication of works of this character, and to whom 
 great credit is due for successfully financing the cost of production and carrying to 
 a faithful completion this important work. 
 
 This history has been written in the belief that it is needed ; that man's immor- 
 tal instincts revolt at the thought of the good of the past being buried in oblivion 
 that the fruitage of lives which have accomplished results, epitomized in the word "his- 
 tory," should be forgotten that lessons of faithful doing, accompanied by self-sacri- 
 fice, zealous faith and daring courage little short of the heroic, should fail of their 
 highest accomplishment by inspiration and example, because no one has recorded them 
 that present and future generations should be deprived of these teachings, examples 
 and educational forces, simply for the want of a proper and available published record 
 of many facts now having an existence only in the memory of individuals who cannot 
 long remain, and whose passing away will place the foundation facts of our history 
 beyond the reach of those who come after them. 
 
 Hence this history, with the imperfections and shortcomings always incident to 
 human authorship, yet the results of the best thought and intelligent efforts of many 
 
 accomplished writers and contributors who have produced, in concise but comprehen- 
 
 i 
 
 I 375229 
 
sive form, a carefully prepared and faithful record of facts and events relating to the 
 various topics assigned to them. Without attempting to enumerate all of them by name, 
 I here wish to express my personal obligation to Robert D. Sheppard, D. D., as my 
 Editorial Associate, and to each author for the faithful and intelligent service ren- 
 dered in the preparation of this work, as well as the lasting debt of gratitude due 
 to them from the home-loving and Evanston-loving people of to-day and the future. 
 
 The conception that our city's history, together with the memoirs of its founders 
 and builders, was deserving of record, received its first practical suggestion in the 
 organization, about seven years ago, of the Evanston Historical Society, which is do- 
 ing such noble work in its chosen field of research and collection of historical material. 
 To the influence and labors of this association is due, not only the conception of the 
 need of an authoritative published History of Evanston, but, in a large degree 
 through the labors and co-operation of its members, the success which has attended 
 the preparation of such a work. Believing that it will have a permanent value, not 
 only to citizens of Evanston and Cook County, but to many others interested in State 
 history, I herewith bring my labors in connection with the volume to a close, with 
 thanks to my associates and co-laborers and hope that it will meet the expectation of its 
 patrons and have for them an interest corresponding with the labor required in its 
 preparation. 
 
FOREWORD 
 
 The preface to this work, written by the late Hon. Harvey B. Hurd, after the vari- 
 ous manuscripts furnished by the many contributors were well in hand, quite fully 
 sets forth the inception of this undertaking and the potent influences leading thereto. 
 It is self-evident that the preparation of so extended a history of Evanston was a more 
 formidable task than originally contemplated, and unavoidable delays were experi- 
 enced incident to receiving the completed manuscripts from some of our friends con- 
 tributing the same, and still further delays were occasioned by the sending to each 
 author a copy of the printer's proof of his or her portion of the work. To do this was 
 thought important in order, first, that each writer might thus have a last opportunity 
 to correct and make more complete his or her department ; and, second, that each chap- 
 ter might, by this means, receive any necessary additions extending its scope to a more 
 recent period. 
 
 Credit is due to the publishers for the pecuniary outlay which they necessarily 
 have borne, and for the great care evidently taken by them in the preparation of the 
 whole work and in placing it in completed form before its readers. 
 
 I have every reason to believe that the various chapters, furnished by about forty 
 special contributors to the city's history, have been prepared with great care ; that 
 the completed work will constitute a valued addition to the library of all Evanstonians, 
 and will be accorded a prominent place in the historical collections of Illinois. 
 
INDEX 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 INTRODUCTORY. 
 The Evanston of 1905 Seat of Learning and Gem Suburb of a Great Me- 
 tropolis Results Accomplished by Fifty Years of Development 
 Contrast Between Past and Present First Township Organization 
 Under Name of Ridgeville Evanston Township Organized in 1857 
 The Village Platted in 1854 Later Changes in Township and 
 Municipal Organization Old Name of Ridgeville Township Re- 
 sumed in 1903, with Boundaries Identical with City of Evanston 
 Garrett Biblical Institute Precedes the University City Govern- 
 ment Organized in 1892 Early Evanston Homes and Their Occu- 
 pants Advent of the First Railroad Career of Dr. John Evans 
 
 15-20 
 
 CHAPTER II. 
 
 OUR INDIAN PREDECESSORS. 
 The First Evanstonians Indian Relics Stone Implements and What 
 They Indicate Early Explorers Joliet, Marquette, La Salle and 
 Tonty Early Indian Tribes The Iroquois, Illinois, and Pottawat- 
 omies Ouilmette Reservation and Family The Fort Dearborn 
 Massacre Home of the Ouilmettes Treaty of Prairie du Chien 
 Indian Trails and Trees on the North Shore Aboriginal Camps 
 and Villages Indian Mounds and Graves Reminiscences of Ear- 
 ly Settlers Important Treaties An Englishman's Story of 
 the Treaty of Chicago in 1833 
 
 CHAPTER III. 
 
 NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY. 
 
 The Beginning First Meeting of the Founders of the University Prime 
 Movers in the Enterprise Resolutions and Draft of Charter Adopt- 
 ed The Legislature Acts First Board of Trustees Organization 
 Effected Search for a Site for the New Institution The Present 
 Location at Evanston Finally Selected Acquisition of Lands Val- 
 uable Real Estate in Chicago Retained as Part of the Endowment 
 Election of a President is Decided Upon 
 
 21-52 
 
 53-3* 
 
CHAPTER IV. 
 
 INSTITUTION IN DEVELOPMENT. 
 
 Dr. Clark T. Hinman Chosen First President Sale of Scholarships Begins 
 Career of the New President Cut Short by His Early Death 
 Town Site Platted and Named in Honor of Dr. John Evans Gar- 
 rett Biblical Institute Established First Corps of College Profes- 
 sors Elected University Assets in 1854 Four-Mile Anti-Liquor 
 District Established by Act of the Legislature Teaching Force of 
 the University Increased Dr. Evans' Land Policy The Institution 
 is Opened for Pupils Some of the First Students 61-66 
 
 CHAPTER V. 
 
 CONDITIONS IN 1856-1860. 
 
 Trustees Meet in First University Building Dr. R. S. Foster Elected the 
 Second President The Faculty Enlarged Absorption of Rush 
 Medical College Projected Competitors Enter the Field Professor 
 Jones' "Fern. Sem." President Foster Visits the L T niversity, but 
 Obtains a Year's Leave of Absence He Joins the Faculty in 1857 
 The Assets of the Institution Increased to Nearly $316,000 Re- 
 inforcement of the Faculty First Graduated Class in 1859 Dr. 
 Foster Resigns the Presidency and is succeeded by Dr. E. O. 
 Haven 67-72 
 
 CHAPTER VI. 
 
 PERIODS OF DEPRESSION AND GROWTH. 
 
 Changes of Faculty Charter Amendments Adopted Effect of the Civil 
 War on Number of Students Accessions to the Faculty Univer- 
 sity Land Debt is Liquidated Orrington Lunt Land Donation for 
 Benefit of Library University Hall Projected Accession of Stu- 
 dents and Teaching Force Following the War Period New Prizes 
 Serve as a Stimulus to the Students First Honorary Degrees Con- 
 ferred Corporate N'ame is Changed Professors' Salaries Increased 
 and Erection of University Hall Prosecuted A "Gold Brick" Dona- 
 tion Encouraging Financial Development Death of Acting Pres- . 
 ident Noyes 73-7$ 
 
 CHAPTER VII. 
 A DECADE OF CHANGE. 
 
 Chicago Medical College Merged in the University A "Town and Gown" 
 Contest Dr. Erastus O. Haven Enters L'pon the Presidency 
 Women Admitted to College Classes Addition to the Faculty 
 Greenleaf Library Advent of College Journalism -- Another 
 
Change in the Presidency Dr. Haven Succeeded by Dr. C. H. 
 Fowler Increase of Students and Growth of College Catalogue 
 Co-Education Established and Miss Frances E. Willard Joins the 
 Faculty Gymnasium Erected Financial Embarrassment Presi- 
 dent Fowler Retires and Dr. Oliver H. Marcy Becomes Acting 
 President The University Wins on the Taxation Issue Life-Sav- 
 ing Station Established 79-8$ 
 
 CHAPTER VIII. 
 AN ERA OF PROGRESS. 
 Dr. Joseph Cummings, the Nestor of Eastern Educators, Succeeds to the 
 Presidency Indebtedness Wiped Out and the Institution Enters 
 Upon a More Prosperous Era Munificent Gifts and Improvements 
 Changes in Faculty and Trustees Illinois School of Pharmacy 
 and School of Dentistry Added Celebration of University Day 
 Inaugurated President Cummings' Successful Career and His 
 Taking Away Dr. Marcy Temporarily Assumes the Position of 
 Acting President Dr. Henry Wade Rogers Succeeds to the Pres- 
 idency in 1890 Other Changes and Improvements Department 
 Schools and Colleges Real Estate Investments 87-91 
 
 CHAPTER IX. 
 SOME SIDE ISSUES. 
 Athletics and College Societies Women's Educational Associations 
 "The Settlement" and the University Guild Dr. Rogers Resigns 
 the Presidency in 1899. and is Succeeded by Dr. Bonbright as Act- 
 ing President Long List of Notable Friends of the University 
 Who Have Passed Away Tribute to Their Memory Dr. Edmund 
 J. James' Two Years' Administration He is Succeeded by Dr. 
 Abram W. Harris 93-98 
 
 CHAPTER X. 
 
 NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY MEDICAL SCHOOL. 
 Object of its Organization Early Conditions and Methods of Medical 
 Education Dr. N. S. Davis Begins the Agitation for Graded In- 
 struction and Longer Courses Lind University Established in 1859 
 Institution Affiliated with Northwestern University in 1869 
 Changes of Name and Location Growth, Present Conditions and 
 Methods of Instruction South Side Free Dispensary Hospitals : 
 Mercy, Wesley, St. Luke's and Provident Clinical and other Ad- 
 vantages Influence of the Founders of the School Shown in its 
 Growth and Character of its Graduates Positions Won by its 
 Alumni 99- IO 3 
 
CHAPTER XI. 
 
 NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY LAW SCHOOL. 
 Historical Sketch Law School Founded in 1859 Hon. Thomas Hoyne 
 Leads in Endowment of First Chair Only Three Law Schools then 
 West of the Alleghenies First Faculty Notable Faculty Members 
 of Later Date Union College of Law Result of Combination of 
 Northwestern and University of Chicago First Board of Mana- 
 gers and First Faculty Under New Arrangement University of 
 Chicago Suspended in 1866 Northwestern Assumes Control of 
 Law School in 1891 Subsequent History Changes in Require- 
 ments of Supreme Court as to Law Course Present Home and 
 Conditions Acquisition of Gary Collection Present Outlook 105-108 
 
 CHAPTER XII. 
 
 NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY DENTAL SCHOOL. 
 Dental Education as a Distinct Branch of Professional Training First 
 Dental School Established in 1839 Development Due to State Leg- 
 islation Dental Schools in Eastern Cities Chicago College of Den- 
 tal Surgery Graduates its First Class in 1885 Dr. Thomas L. Gil- 
 mer Leads Movement for Establishment of Northwestern Univer- 
 sity Dental School Consolidation with American College of Dental 
 Surgery Dr. Theodore Menges Chief Promoter First Faculty of 
 the Consolidated School Present Condition Finds a Permanent 
 Home in Historic Tremont House Building 109-1 15 
 
 CHAPTER XIII. 
 
 UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF PHARMACY. 
 
 Founding of School of Pharmacy in Connection with Northwestern Uni- 
 versity Promoters of the Movement School Opened in 1886 Its 
 Extensive ' Equipment Instruction Rooms and Laboratories Num- 
 ber of Students in Eighteen Years They are Drawn from Practi- 
 cally All the States and Territories Present Location of the Institu- 
 tion Library and Value of Equipment Annual Expenditures 
 Faculty of 1905 117-118 
 
 CHAPTER XIV. 
 
 THE WOMAN'S MEDICAL SCHOOL. 
 
 Demand for Higher Education for Women First Steps in Founding 
 Woman's Medical College Promoters of Movement in Chicago 
 "Woman's Hospital Medical College" Founded in 1870 First Fac- 
 ulty Story of "The Little Barn" Career of Dr. Mary H. Thomp- 
 son, Drs. Byford, Dyas and Others Some Notable Graduates A 
 
Period of Struggle Institution Reorganized in 1877 as Woman's 
 Medical College President Byford Dies in 1890 Institution Affil- 
 iated with Northwestern University Is Discontinued in 1902 
 Graduates in Foreign Missionary and Other Fields Alumnae Or- 
 ganization 1 19-129 
 
 CHAPTER XV. 
 
 UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MUSIC. 
 Sphere of Music in Higher Institutions Its Influence on Character and as 
 the Hand-Maid of Religion Higher Aspects of the Art Its 
 Growth in the Universities History of its Connection with Ev- 
 anston Educational Institutions Northwestern Female College 
 Merged into Evanston College for Ladies in 1871 The Latter Be- 
 comes a Part of Northwestern University in 1873 Struggles, 
 Changes and Growth of Later Years Some Notable Teachers In- 
 crease in Roll of Pupils Need of Ampler Buildings Music Fes- 
 tivals 131-148 
 
 . 
 CHAPTER XVI. 
 
 UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF ORATORY. 
 
 Professor Cumnock as Founder Growth and Standing Due to his Labors 
 First Class Graduated in 1881 Its Aim and Branches Taught 
 Building Erected Is Dedicated in 1895 Location and Description 
 Advantage over Private Institutions of Like Character Training 
 in English Composition and Rhetoric Enrollment According to 
 Last Catalogue Promising Outlook for the Future 149-150 
 
 CHAPTER XVII. 
 UNIVERSITY ATHLETICS. 
 
 Evanston Life-Saving Crew Tragic Fate of the Steamer "Lady Elgin" 
 Leads to Its Organization Its First Members List of Notable 
 Rescues Service Rewarded by Issue of Medals to the Crew by Act 
 of Congress Baseball History The Old Gymnasium Tug of War 
 Teams-: Football Records Athletic Field and Grand Stand Track 
 Athletics and Tennis Games 151-162 
 
 CHAPTER XVIII. 
 GARRETT BIBLICAL INSTITUTE. 
 
 Historical Sketch Origin of the Institute Due to the Munificence of Mrs. 
 Augustus Garrett Building Erected in 1855 and Institute Opened 
 in 1856 Additional Buildings Erected in 1867 and 1887 The Re- 
 
publican "Wigwam" of 1860 Becomes the Property of the Institute 
 Reverse Caused by Fire of 1871 Disaster Averted in 1897 
 Growth of the Institute Personal History Large Number of the 
 Alumni in Missionary and Other Fields Members of the Faculty 
 and Board of Trustees. 163-167 
 
 CHAPTER XIX. 
 EARLY DRAINAGE. 
 
 First Steps in Organization of a Drainage System for Evanston Natural 
 Conditions Early Legislation of 1855 The Late Harvey B. Hurd 
 Member and Secretary of First Board of Commissioners Construc- 
 tion of Ditches Begun Drainage Amendment of the Present Con- 
 stitution Adopted in 1878 Extension of the System Local Opposi- 
 tion A Tax Collector's Experience A Flood Converts the Oppo- 
 nents of the System 169-172 
 
 CHAPTER XX. 
 PUBLIC UTILITIES. 
 
 Area and Topography of the City of Evanston The Drainage Problem 
 A Period of Evolution Municipal Development Electric Light 
 System Installed Street Improvements Parks and Boulevards 
 The Transportation Problem Steam and Inter-urban Railway 
 Connections Heating System Telephone Service Evanston as a 
 Residence City 173-180 
 
 CHAPTER XXI. 
 
 WATER SUPPLY LIGHTING SYSTEM. 
 
 Conditions Prior to 1874 First Movement to Secure an Adequate Water 
 Supply Charles J. Gilbert Its Leader Holly Engines Installed in 
 1874 and 1886 Annexation of South Evanston The Consolidated 
 City Incorporated in 1892 Increase in the Water Supply in 1897 
 Source of Supply Revenue Extent of System Street Lighting 
 by Gas Introduced in 1871 Introduction of Electric Lighting in 
 1890 Installation of the Evanston- Yaryan Light and Heating Sys- 
 tem 181-185 
 
 CHAPTER XXII. 
 
 EDUCATION. 
 
 The Public Schools of Evanston Day of the Log School House Early 
 Schools and their Teachers Sacrifice of School Lands Present ' 
 School Buildings Township High School Preliminary History 
 
School Opened in September, 1883 Prof. Boltwood its First Princi- 
 pal Present School Building Manual Training A Moot Presi- 
 dential Election Drawing Department List of Trustees 187-200 
 
 CHAPTER XXIII. 
 EVANSTON AUTHORS. 
 Establishment of Northwestern University the Beginning of Evanston Lit- 
 erary Life Effect of the Gathering of Professors, Instructors and 
 Students Growth of Literary Activity Some Notable Authors 
 Edward Eggleston and Frances E. Willard Begin their Careers in 
 Evanston Miss Willard's "A Classic Town" Miss Simpson's Cata- 
 logue of Evanston Authors for 1900 Growth of Nine Years Al- 
 phabetical List of Authors with Bibliography and Biographical Rec- 
 ords 201-215 
 
 CHAPTER XXIV. 
 LIBRARIES PUBLIC AND PRIVATE. 
 
 Evanston's First Library Major Mulford the "Gentleman Pioneer of 
 Evanston" Some Specimens of His Library First Sunday School 
 Library Private Libraries of Today Unique Collection of Curios 
 History of Evanston Free Public Library Edward Eggleston 
 Prime Mover in Its Founding First Step in Organization Later 
 History and Growth Roll of Librarians and Other Officers Cata- 
 loguing and Library Extension Internal Management and Condi- 
 tions Site for a Library Building Secured in 1904 Carnegie Gift 
 of $50.000 Erection of New Building Commenced in June, 1906. . . 217-231 
 
 CHAPTER XXV. 
 UNIVERSITY LIBRARY. 
 
 First Step in the Organization of a University Library President Foster's 
 Gift Advance of Fifty Years The Greenleaf Library University 
 Library is Made a Depository for Government Publications Re- 
 cent Notable Donations Orrington Lunt Library Building is Dedi- 
 cated in 1894 The Orrington Lunt Library Fund Internal Ad- 
 ministration List of Those Who Have Served as Librarians 
 Libraries of Garrett Biblical Institute and Professional Schools. . . . 233-236 
 
 CHAPTER XXVI. 
 EVANSTON NEWSPAPERS. 
 
 The Newspaper as a Necessity Introduction and Growth of Local Jour- 
 nals The "Suburban Idea," The "Evanston Index" and Other 
 
Early Papers Story of the "Evanston Press" Advent of the 
 Daily Effect of the Chicago Printer's Strike of 1898 Temper- 
 ance Organ College Journals A "Frat." and "Barb." Advertising 
 Contest Quarterly and Monthly Publications High Standard of 
 Evanston Journalism 237-243 
 
 CHAPTER XXVII. 
 
 MEDICAL HISTORY. 
 
 (REGULAR.) 
 
 Primitive Sanitary Conditions Freedom from Malarial Diseases Some 
 Old-Time Physicians Sketch of Dr. John Evans Drs. Lud- 
 lam, Weller and Blaney Dr. N. S. Davis the Nestor of Medical 
 Education An Early Drug Store Sketches of Later Day Phy- 
 sicians Drs. Webster, Bannister, Burchmore, Brayton, Bond, 
 Phillips, Haven, Hemenway, Kaufman, and others Evanston 
 Physicians' Club 245-254 
 
 CHAPTER XXVIII. 
 
 MEDICAL HISTORY. 
 
 (HOMOEOPATHIC.) 
 
 First Case of Homoeopathic Treatment in Evanston Successful Results 
 Early Homoeopathic Physicians Dr. I lawkes First Local Prac- 
 titioner He is Followed by Dr. C. D. Fairbanks Sketch of 
 Dr. Oscar H. Mann His Prominence in Local Educational, Of- 
 ficial and Social Relations Founding of the Evanston Hospital 
 Doctors Marcy, Clapp and Fuller Roll of the Later Physicians and 
 Surgeons 255-260 
 
 CHAPTER XXIX. 
 EVANSTON HOSPITAL. 
 
 The Evanston Benevolent Society First Steps in Founding a Hospital 
 Organization is Effected in 1891 First Board of Officers 
 Medical Staff Fund and Building Campaign Enlargement of 
 the Institution Projected Munificent Gift of Mrs. Cable Other 
 Donations The Endowment Reaches $50,000 Hospital of the 
 Present and the Future Internal Arrangement and Official Ad- 
 ministration List of Principal Donors Present Officers 261-2/4 
 
 CHAPTER XXX. 
 
 LOCAL MUSICAL ORGANIZATIONS. 
 
 Evanston as it Existed in 1856 Primitive Church Music War Songs 
 A Commencement Concert The Hutchinson Family Jules 
 
Lumbard O. H. Merwin Becomes a Choir Leader Other 
 Notable Musicians Evanston's First Musical Club Some Fa- 
 mous Teachers and Performers Thomas Concert Class Organized 
 Mrs. Edward Wyman Musical Department of Evanston Wo- 
 man's Club Women's Clubs as a Factor in Musical Training 
 Evanston Musical Club Maennerchor Organized Programs 
 Officers 275-287 
 
 CHAPTER XXXI. 
 EVANSTON BANKS. 
 
 History of Evanston Banking Enterprises Effect of the Chicago Fire 
 First Private Bank Established in 1874 Incorporated as a State 
 Bank in 1892 First Officers of the New Institution Growth of 
 Deposits It Successfully Withstands the Panic of 1893 Pres- 
 ent Officers ( 1906) A First National Bank Venture The Panic 
 of 1893 Results in Disaster The City National Bank of Evanston 
 Established in 1900 First Officers and Leading Stockholders 
 Its Prosperous Career Condition in 1906 289-293 
 
 CHAPTER XXXII. 
 EVANSTON REAL ESTATE. 
 
 Primary Geological Conditions Early Roads The Indian Trail A 
 Period of Growth "The Path the Calf Made" Influence of 
 the University Evanston Over-boomed Effect of the Chicago 
 Fire Local Real Estate Rivalries Notable Residences The 
 Transportation Problem The Park System Taxation Ev- 
 anston Homes Real Estate Values 295-302 
 
 CHAPTER XXXIII. 
 EVANSTON ARCHITECTURE. 
 
 Historic Progress Influence of the Architect on the City's Growth 
 The "Georgian" Style Follows the Log and Grout Houses 
 Churches and Private Residences Advent of the Victorian Gothic 
 Style University Hall and Union Park Congregational Church 
 Architect G. P. Randall the Designer Asa Lyons Evanston's 
 First Resident Architect Others who followed him Descrip- 
 tion of Some Notable Buildings and their Designers Public Li- 
 brary Enumeration of Principal Private and Public Buildings. . 303-309 
 
CHAPTER XXXIV. 
 STREET NOMENCLATURE. 
 
 Origin of Street and Avenue Names in Evanston Milage Platted in 
 1853 and Named for Dr. John Evans Postoffice Previous- 
 ly Known as Ridgeville, and Still Earlier as Gross Point Ev- 
 anston Postoffice Established in 1855 Street Names Derived 
 from Prominent Methodists, Early Residents or Noted Statesmen 
 History and Biography thus Incorporated in Street Nomencla- 
 ture System of Street and Avenue Numbering List of Princi- 
 pal Streets and Persons for Whom Named 311-316 
 
 CHAPTER XXXV. 
 THE FOUR-MILE LIMIT. 
 
 Act Incorporating Northwestern University Amended Prohibition Dis- 
 trict Established Sale of Spirituous Liquors Within Four Miles 
 of the University Prohibited Local Sentiment in Favor of the 
 Law Violations and Anti-Saloon Litigation Citizens' League 
 Organized Supreme Court Decisions 317-321 
 
 CHAPTER XXXVI. 
 
 HOMES AND HOME-MAKERS 1846-1870. 
 
 Some of the Early Homes of Evanston Men and Women Who Have 
 Left Their Impress on the City's History - What Evanston 
 Owes to Its Early Home Builders Historic Names on the City 
 Map Abraham Lincoln and other Distinguished Visitors The 
 Willard and Eggleston Families Notable Workers in the Field 
 of Religion, Education, Literature and the Arts 3 2 3~339 
 
 CHAPTER XXXVII. 
 EVANSTON CHURCH HISTORY. 
 
 Early Methodist Services in Grosse Point District First Methodist Epis- 
 copal Church Organized Some of the Pioneer Preachers Influ- 
 ence of the Coming of Garrett Biblical Institute and Northwestern 
 University Notable Ministers of a Later Date Central M. E. 
 Church List of Pastors Norwegian-Danish and Swedish M. E. 
 Churches Hemenway, Wheadon and Emmanuel Churches 
 First Baptist Church Its Founders and List of Pastors History 
 of Presbyterianism First and Second Presbyterian Churches 
 Pastors and Auxiliary Societies St. Mark's Episcopal Church 
 List of Pastors St. Matthew's Mission St. Mary's Catholic 
 Church, Schools and Related Associations Congregational Church 
 
and Auxiliary Organizations Bethlehem German Evangelical, 
 Norwegian-Danish and Swedish Lutheran Churches Evanston 
 Christian Church and Its History Church of Christ (Scientist) . . 341-389 
 
 CHAPTER XXXVIII. 
 YOUNG MEN'S CHRISTIAN ASSOCIATION. 
 
 Evanston Young Men's Christian Association Organization Effected in 
 1885 First Board of Officers General History Association 
 Building Erected and Dedicated in 1898 Gymnasium and Nata- 
 torium Constructed List of Former and Present Officers 39!"393 
 
 CHAPTER XXXIX. 
 
 WOMAN'S CHRISTIAN TEMPERANCE UNIONS. 
 Women's Temperance Alliance Evanston Woman's Christian Temper- 
 ance Union Organized in 1875 Working Departments Enforce- 
 ment of Four-Mile Limit Law Industrial School Children's 
 Organization Loyal Temperance Legion and Gospel Temper- 
 ance Meetings Miss Frances E. Willard and Other Noted 
 Leaders Manual Training School The Evanston W. C. T. U. 
 Reiley and South Evanston Unions Young Woman's Organiza- 
 tion 395-404 
 
 CHAPTER XL. 
 
 CHARITABLE ASSOCIATIONS. 
 Evanston Benevolent Society Organized Names of Its Founders and 
 First Officers Hospital Projected New Society Takes the 
 Name "Associated Charities" Auxiliary Organizations Moth- 
 ers' Sewing School St. Vincent de Paul Society Needle Work 
 Guild Mothers' Club Visiting Nurse Association King's 
 Daughters Camp Good Will Its Service in Behalf of Poor 
 Mothers and Children Receipts and Expenditures 405-423 
 
 
 CHAPTER XLI. 
 
 SOCIAL LIFE IN A UNIVERSITY TOWN. 
 
 Transitions of a Half Century Social Life as It Existed in Early Days 
 The Building up of a Great Christian Institution as Its 
 Dominant Motive Reminiscences of Some of Its Early Factors 
 Influence of Hospitality on Student Life and Character Some of 
 Those Who Were Influential in Establishing Evanston's Reputa- 
 tion as a Hospitable Center 425-431 
 
CHAPTER XLII. 
 
 SOCIAL AND LITERARY CLUBS. 
 
 A Reminiscence of Noah's Ark Social Instincts of Evanstonians 
 Philosophical Association Its Founders and Their Favorite Top- 
 ics The "O. R. Circle" Blossoms Out as the "Legensia" Bry- 
 ant Circle Pierian Club Woman's Clubs The Fortnightly 
 Succeeds the "Woman's Reading Circle" Its Service in the Field 
 of Charity and Philanthropy The Coterie Twentieth Century 
 and Present Day Clubs 433-442 
 
 CHAPTER XLIII. 
 
 THE EVANSTON WOMAN'S CLUB. 
 
 Origin of Evanston Woman's Club Julia Ward Howe's Advice Or- 
 ganization and First Officers Club Programs Auxiliary Or- 
 ganizations Work of the Traveling Library Committee Field 
 Day at Lake Geneva Object of the Club Defined in Its Constitu- 
 tion Club Motto 443-447 
 
 CHAPTER XLIV. 
 
 THE EVANSTON CLUB. 
 
 Promoters and Organizers of "The Greenwood Club" First Members 
 and Officers Name Changed to "The Evanston Club" Club 
 Building Erected First Reception Changes in By-Laws and 
 Membership Value of Club Property List of Officers 449-452 
 
 CHAPTER XLV. 
 EVANSTON COUNTRY CLUB. 
 First Steps and Motives Prompting Organization Names of Projectors 
 
 Organization Effected in May, 1888 The Xew Club Finds a 
 Home Memories of the "Old Shelter" and Its First Occupants 
 
 The Club Formally Incorporated First Board of Directors 
 New Quarters Dedicated in October, 1902 New Year's Recep- 
 tions and Children's Day Chief Functions Lady Directors Pro- 
 motion of Branch Associations Dramatic, Cycling, Musical 
 Equestrian and Polo Branches Banjo and Mandolin Association 
 
 Former and Present Officers Present Membership 800 
 
 List of Life Members 453-461 
 
PORTRAITS AND ILLUSTRATIONS 
 
 Bassett, Jared 106 
 
 Boutelle, Joshua P 114 
 
 Bragdon, Merritt C 123 
 
 Canfield, William J 134 
 
 Carson, Oliver M 140 
 
 City Hall 174 
 
 Clark Alexander 146 
 
 Comstock, Charles 154 
 
 Condict, Wallace R 160 
 
 Grain, Charles 188 
 
 Cummings, Joseph 194 
 
 Currey, J. Seymour 200 
 
 Dawes, Charles G 206 
 
 Dyche, William A 212 
 
 
 
 Evans, John 218 
 
 Evanston Hospital 262 
 
 Farwcll, Simeon 224 
 
 First Methodist Episcopal Church 342 
 
 Foster, John J 230 
 
 Foster, Volney W 238 
 
 Gross Point Lighthouse 182 
 
 Grover, Frank R 242 
 
 Hinman, Clark T 266 
 
 Hurd, Harvey B 15 
 
 Isbester, Tunis 280 
 
 Jenks, Chancellor L 286 
 
 Jones, William H 292 
 
 Kedzie, John H 300 
 
 Kirk, John B 306 
 
 Kline, George R 312 
 
 Kline, Simon V 318 
 
Little, Charles J 324 
 
 Lunt, Orrington 330 
 
 Lyons, Joseph M 350 
 
 Map City of Evanston Facing Title Page 
 
 Map Ridgeville Township, 1851 1*8 
 
 Mark, Anson 356 
 
 Northwestern Female College 80 
 
 Orrington Lunt Home 336 
 
 Orrington Lunt Library 234 
 
 Orrington Lunt Library ( Floor Plans) 234 
 
 Pitner, Levi C '. 362 
 
 Pool on the Campus 6S 
 
 Poole, Isaac 368 
 
 Poppenhusen, Conrad H 374 
 
 President Roosevelt's Visit 94 
 
 Raymond, Miner 380 
 
 Residence of Aaron O. Auten 100 
 
 Residence of Abraham C. Bird 110 
 
 Residence of William L. Brown 12S 
 
 Residence of Mrs. Wallace R. Condict 116 
 
 Residence of Lawrence G. Hallberg 246 
 
 Residence of Francis A. Hardy 256 
 
 Residence of the late Harvey B. Hurd 273 
 
 Residence of Mrs. Charles H. Rowe 39S 
 
 Residence of Robert D. Sheppard 416 
 
 Residence of Parke E. Simmons 456 
 
 Residence of Charles A. Ward 434 
 
 Ridgaway, Henry B 3S6 
 
 Sargent, George M 404 
 
 Schwall, Andrew 410 
 
 South End of the Campus 62 
 
 Stockton, William E 422 
 
 The Old Oak 74 
 
 Townsend, Adam F 428 
 
 University Hall 54 
 
 White, Hugh A 438 
 
 Willard, Frances E 444 
 
 Williams, John M 450 
 
 Y. M. C. A. Building 392 
 
BIOGRAPHICAL 
 
 Ahlberg, August 620 
 
 Anderson, Frank Herbert 579 
 
 Andrews, Wilbur J 643 
 
 Anthony, Elliott 500 
 
 Balderston, Stephen V 621 
 
 Banks, Alexander F 620 
 
 Barker, John T 635 
 
 Barlow, Charles W 590 
 
 Barnes, James Milton 580 
 
 Bass, Myron H 584 
 
 Bassett, Asahel 592 
 
 Bassett, Jared 497 
 
 Bates, Thomas 615 
 
 Beebe, Thomas H 623 
 
 Black, Carl Ellsworth 595 
 
 Blake, Edgar Ovet 599 
 
 Boltwood, Henry Leonidas 540 
 
 Boring, Ezra March 641 
 
 Borton, Frank Lynn 608 
 
 Boutelle, Joshua P 517 
 
 Bragdon, Charles C 606 
 
 Bragdon, Merritt C : . . 510 
 
 Brainard, William Newell 596 
 
 Brayton, Sarah H 580 
 
 Bristol, Lewis Tabor 632 
 
 Brown, Andrew J 565 
 
 Brown, Walter Lee 640 
 
 Brown, William Liston 543 
 
 Browne, Vernelle Freeland 633 
 
 Buntain, Cassius M. C 611 
 
 Burns, Peter Thomas 613 
 
 Butler, Henry 634 
 
 Byrne, John G 624 
 
 Calligan, John Brenton 610 
 
 Camden, William J 614 
 
 Canfield, William J 519 
 
 Carney, John 609 
 
 Carpenter. William Montelle 585 
 
 Carson, Oliver M : 519 
 
 Catlin. Franklin Sexton 606 
 
 Cennak, Jerome J 645 
 
 Clark, Alexander 495 
 
 Coe, George Albert 576 
 
 Coe, Sadie Knowland 576 
 
 Comstock, Charles 484 
 
 Condict, Wallace Reynolds 518 
 
 Crain, Charles 538 
 
 Cummings, Joseph 489 
 
 Cumnock, Robert McLean 530 
 
 Currey, Josiah Seymour 530 
 
 Damsel, William Hudson 627 
 
 Davis, Nathan Smith, Jr 603 
 
 Dawes, Charles Gates 509 
 
 Deering, William 483 
 
 Dixon, George William 617 
 
 Dodds, Robert 611 
 
 Dyche David R 608 
 
 Elliot, Frank M 563 
 
 Kiting, Philip E 646 
 
 Eversz, Ernest Hammond 643 
 
 Farwell, Simeon 507 
 
 Filer, Alanson 583 
 
 Flinn, John J 625 
 
 Follansbee, Mitchell Davis 627 
 
 Forrey, Frank Myer 626 
 
 Foster, John J 537 
 
 Foster, Volney W 503 
 
 Fox, George Thomas 645 
 
Gallup, Walter L 589 
 
 Garland, James A 618 
 
 Gerould, Frank Wheelock 629 
 
 Gibson, John W 636 
 
 Gooch, George E 636 
 
 Greene, Benjamin Allen 563 
 
 Griswold, William Morse 585 
 
 Grover, Aldin J 525 
 
 Grover, Frank Reed 526 
 
 Hall, Winfield Scott 591 
 
 Mainline, John H 553 
 
 Hamline, Leonidas P 552 
 
 Harbert, Elizabeth Boynton 559 
 
 Harbert, William S 558 
 
 Helm, Walter B 647 
 
 Hemenway, Henry B 564 
 
 Hempstead, Edward 616 
 
 Herben, Stephen Joseph 546 
 
 Herdien, Elmer Forrest 633 
 
 Hcrdien, Walter Laurance 633 
 
 Hinsdale, Henry W 622 
 
 Hitt, Isaac R., Jr 594 
 
 Hoag, Thomas C 555 
 
 Hoag, William Gale 556 
 
 Hoffman, John Raymond 650 
 
 Holmes, Raynor Elmore 615 
 
 Hoover, Judson Wilkes 617 
 
 Hotch, Louis Grant 646 
 
 Hungate, John H 588 
 
 Hurd, Harvey B 474 
 
 1 de, George Osman 628 
 
 Isbester, Tunis 537 
 
 Jenks, Chancellor Livingston 486 
 
 Johnson, Richard R 618 
 
 Jones, Albert R 550 
 
 Jones, William Hugh 508 
 
 Kedzie, John Hume 488 
 
 Kimball, Dorr Augustine 573 
 
 Kingsley, Homer Hitchcock 549 
 
 Kirk, John B 506 
 
 Kirkbride, Charles Neville 617 
 
 Kline, Charles Gaffield 536 
 
 Kline, George Romyne 535 
 
 Kline, Simon Veder 535 
 
 Knight, Newell Clark 549 
 
 Lake Richard Conover 570 
 
 Learned, Edward W 571 
 
 Leonhardt, Susan 631 
 
 Lindsay, Mary Boyd 599 
 
 Little, Arthur W 544 
 
 Loba, Jean Frederic 557 
 
 Logan, Charles Lyford 645 
 
 Loomis, Mason B 588 
 
 Lorimer, Joseph M 582 
 
 Lunt, Orrington 463 
 
 Lutkin, Peter Christian 566 
 
 Lyons, Joseph McGee 539 
 
 Mann, Oscar H 578 
 
 Marcy, Elizabeth Eunice 604 
 
 Mark, Anson 548 
 
 Mayo, Charles H 614 
 
 Maxson, Orrin T 629 
 
 McCallin, Sidney G 646 
 
 McCleary, Wilbur Wallace 587 
 
 Merrick, George Peck 547 
 
 Meyer, Sidney Bachrach 585 
 
 Miller, Humphry's H. C 521 
 
 Moore, George Henry 638 
 
 Murphy, Edward J 638 
 
 Murphy, John C 637 
 
 Nesbitt, George W 648 
 
 Nichols, Roscoe Townley 613 
 
 Oldberg, Prof. Oscar 596 
 
 Parkes, William Beckley 630 
 
 Persons, Albert D 647 
 
 Piper, Charles Edward 644 
 
 Pitner, Levi Carroll 511 
 
 Plummer, Samuel Craig 646 
 
 Poole, Charles Clarence 639 
 
 Poppenhusen, Conrad Herman 534 
 
 Raddin, Charles S 639 
 
 Raymond, Frederick D 516 
 
Raymond, James Henry 601 
 
 Raymond, Miner 513 
 
 Remy, Curtis H 554 
 
 Richards, Charles L 614 
 
 Ridgaway, Henry Bascom 498 
 
 Sargent, George Myrick 493 
 
 Schwall, Andrew 538 
 
 Sheppard, Robert Dickinson 477 
 
 Sluitterly, Eugene E 601 
 
 Sluitterly, John Jay 600 
 
 Smith, Amos A. L 618 
 
 Smyth, Hugh P 604 
 
 Solcnberger, Amos R 649 
 
 Spencer, Claudius B 555 
 
 Stevens, William Leon 648 
 
 Stockton, William Eichbaun 527 
 
 Stow, Nelson Lloyd 550 
 
 Stringfield, C. Pruyn 619 
 
 Sweet, Alanson 577 
 
 Synnestvedt, Paul 648 
 
 Tallmadge, Lewis Cass 574 
 
 Terry. Milton S 545 
 
 Townsend, Adam Fries 520 
 
 Trowbridge, Lucius A 572 
 
 Tuttle, Ole Hansen 649 
 
 Van Arsdale, John R 572 
 
 Voje, John H 590 
 
 Volz, George P. K. 641 
 
 Walcott, Chester P 568 
 
 Waldberg, Benjamin 649 
 
 Walworth, Nathan H 568 
 
 Watson, Thomas H 593 
 
 Way, Charles 'L'yman 581 
 
 Webster, Edward H 641 
 
 White, Hugh Alexander 485 
 
 Whitefield, George W 607 
 
 Willard, Frances E 47S 
 
 Williams, John Marshall 522 
 
 Winslow, Rollin Curtis 627 
 
 Woodbridge, John R 598 
 
 Work, Joseph Waters 631 
 
 Young, Aaron Nelson 548 
 
 Zipperman, Solomon W 613 
 
OF THE 
 "WVERSITY OF ILLINOIS 
 
CHAPTER I. 
 
 HISTORY OF EVANSTON 
 
 INTRODUCTORY. 
 
 The Evanston of 1905 Gem Suburb of a 
 Great Metropolis and Seat of Learning 
 Results Accomplished by Fifty Years 
 of Development Contrast Between Past 
 and Present First Township Organiza- 
 tion Under Name of Ridgeville Evans- 
 ton Township Organised in 1857 The 
 Village Platted in 1854 Later Changes 
 in Township and Municipal Organisation 
 Old Name of Ridgeville Township Re- 
 sumed in /poj, with Boundaries Identical 
 with City of Evanston Garrett Biblical 
 Institute Precedes the University City 
 Government Organized in 1892 Early 
 Evanston Homes and Their Occupants 
 Adz-ent of the First Railroad The Ca- 
 reer of Dr. John Evans. 
 
 The Evanston of 1905 is justification of 
 an effort to unfold the story of its planting 
 and its development. Gem of suburbs as it 
 is, lying contiguous to the greatest of west- 
 ern cities and the home of many of its 
 most active men of affairs, it also occupies 
 a commanding position as a seat of intel- 
 ligence and learning. It has crowded into 
 its short career so much of human interest, 
 it has been the source of so many wide 
 spreading and helpful influences, it is so 
 
 endeared to the people who have found in it 
 a home, that the narration of its fifty years 
 of progress must be told. Like many an- 
 other American city closely associated with 
 a metropolis, it has attained its present 
 proud position within the memory of men 
 now living, among whom is included the 
 general editor of the present work. It pos- 
 sesses no ruins and no ivy-covered walls. 
 Its oldest buildings bear the marks of re- 
 cent construction, and its well paved streets 
 have but lately passed from the hands of 
 the contractor. Unlike some of the his- 
 toric towns of the United States, whose 
 history has been written covering two cen- 
 turies or more, and which reflect the growth 
 and history of the American people, this 
 tidy suburban town has developed quickly 
 within itself all the forces that make up our 
 active, advanced American life, of schools 
 and churches, of clubs and cabals; in re- 
 ligion, society, politics, philanthropy and 
 pleasure it is an epitome of distinctly mod- 
 ern progress. Numerous helpful hands have 
 been employed to draw the composite pic- 
 ture that is meant to convey a lasting im- 
 pression of the facts and forces that make 
 up the idea of Evanston, and placing them 
 side by side, or mingling them in one's 
 
If, 
 
 INTRODUCTORY 
 
 thought, we have the resultant of as wide- 
 awake, up-to-date, eager, intelligent, inter- 
 esting and hopeful a community of men, 
 women and youth as the world can furnish. 
 
 Perhaps you have at some time paused 
 to listen to the mingled din of a great city 
 and, with a quick ear, analyzed the indi- 
 vidual sounds that make up the hum of the 
 city's life. That task has been ours. The 
 hum is well nigh deafening to the ear, 
 sensitized by attention even in a town which 
 boasts few noises of factories or traffic. 
 But its hum is not less real, of activities 
 which employ the finer faculties of men and 
 women. It will be told otherwheres how 
 the particular region that now bears the 
 name of Evanston came to be selected as 
 the site of a college town. Delving into 
 the political conditions that antedate the 
 modern city, we find that Cook County, 111., 
 in which Evanston is located, was, previous 
 to 1849, under what is known in this State 
 as County Government ; that is, the county 
 affairs were managed by a Board of Com- 
 missioners, who supervised the community 
 business of the neighborhoods that had not 
 yet emerged into local government. Many 
 of these were designated by a name which 
 might later attach to a township, but there 
 was no township government, though there 
 were townships indicated in the United 
 States Survey, and designated by numbers, 
 which were used before 1849, ar >d nave 
 been since used in connection with school 
 purposes, as illustrating this condition. 
 
 It is interesting to note that the records 
 of Township 41 in which Evanston is 
 located now in possession of the Evanston 
 Historical Society, were begun in 1846, 
 and that they record the election of Town- 
 ship Trustees for school purposes four 
 years before the first election of officers of 
 the town of Ridgeville, which included 
 Evanston; and, as throwing a little light 
 upon the onerous duties of these early 
 
 Trustees, we read from the minutes of their 
 third meeting, held May 20, 1846, at the 
 Ridge Road House : "It was ordered that 
 we proceed to hire Miss Cornelia Wheadon 
 to teach our school the present season, at 
 one dollar and twenty-five cents a week. 
 Also, it was ordered that the school house 
 should be repaired as soon as possible, and 
 furnished with a water-pail and dipper." 
 
 Evidently Township 41 had enjoyed the 
 blessing of a school house long enough for 
 it to get out of repair, probably under the 
 regime of County Commissioners. In the 
 Code of By-Laws of the School Trustees, 
 it was provided that, in case a patron of 
 the school refused, or was not in position 
 at the appointed time, to receive the teacher 
 the required number of days, the teacher 
 should select his or her own boarding place, 
 and the board bill should be taxed with 
 such patron's tuition bill. From such germs 
 has Evanston's splendid school system de- 
 veloped. 
 
 Township Organization. By the Con- 
 stitution of 1848 the Legislature was re- 
 quired to provide by general law for town- 
 ship organization, which it did by Act of 
 February 12, 1849. By tn ' s act the people 
 were permitted to divide their counties into 
 towns or townships, which were to conform 
 as nearly as might be with the congressional 
 townships. Commissioners were appointed 
 for the purpose of dividing the county, and 
 the people were permitted to select the 
 names of the townships. When they could 
 not agree, the Commissioners were author- 
 ized to select the names for them. The 
 people of fractional Town 41 North, Range 
 14 East, chose the name of Ridgeville. This 
 continued to be the name of the town until 
 by act of the Legislature of February 15, 
 1857, it was changed to Evanston, and the 
 township was enlarged by the addition of 
 a tier of sections taken from Niles Town- 
 ship on the west and the Archange Reser- 
 
HISTORY OF EVAXSTOX 
 
 vation and several sections in Township 42, 
 taken from New Trier on the north. The 
 language of the act reads: "The name of 
 Ridgeville shall be changed to Evanston, 
 and the Town of Evanston shall comprise 
 all of fractional Township 41 North, Range 
 14 East, Sections 12, 13, 24, 25 'and 36, 
 Township 41 North, Range 13 East, the 
 Archange Reservation and fractional Sec- 
 tions 22, 26 and 27, Township 42 North, 
 Range 14 East, and the same shall form and 
 constitute a township for school purposes 
 and be known as Town 41 North, Range 
 14 East." 
 
 Dreary reading perhaps, dry as dust 
 but thrilling none the loss, because it is the 
 record of a creative act of great importance. 
 Under an enabling act, approved May 23, 
 1877, and amended May 15, 1903, the ter- 
 ritory embraced within the present limits 
 of the city of Evanston has been formed 
 into a township under the old name of 
 Ridgeville, which makes the boundaries of 
 the city and the new township identical and 
 in effect consolidates the township and city 
 governments. The new township as now 
 constituted embraces what previously 
 formed the southern part of New Trier 
 Township and a small section from the 
 northeast corner of Niles Township. The 
 remainder of the former Township of 
 Evanston now constitutes the northern por- 
 tion of the City of Chicago, with a small 
 section south of the Chicago city limits and 
 west of the southern portion of Evanston, 
 these two sections remaining under the old 
 name of Evanston Township, though not 
 embracing any part of the city of that 
 name. 
 
 Village and City Organization. Such 
 are Evanston's present geographical and 
 political relations to the county and the 
 State. Under the loose system of county 
 and township government it subsisted till 
 1863. It had been platted as a town in 
 
 1854, and outstripping all other sections 
 of the township, and taking on exclusive- 
 ness and individuality, it demanded a nar- 
 rower and more intensive government of 
 its platted territory. The agitation cul- 
 minated in a meeting of voters on De- 
 cember 29, 1863, when it was decided, in 
 accordance with the law on the subject, to 
 organize an incorporated town, and the 
 decision was consummated by the election 
 of five Trustees, January 6, 1864. The new 
 town was bounded by Lake Michigan on 
 the east, Wesley Avenue on the west, Crain 
 and Hamilton Streets on the south, and 
 Foster Street on the north. In 1869 a 
 special act of the Legislature permitted the 
 incorporation of the City of Evanston, but 
 content with their simple form of gov- 
 ernment, the citizens decided against its 
 adoption by a vote of 197 to 82. Yet with- 
 in three years they organized under the 
 Act of 1872 for Cities and Villages, but 
 continued their village form of government 
 by Trustees selected from the village at 
 large instead of by Aldermen from wards, 
 with a Village President instead of Mayor. 
 In 1872 new territory was annexed to the 
 town on petition of property owners of 
 the district lying north of Foster Street 
 and east of Wesley and Asbury Avenues, 
 and extending to the present limits of the 
 city. On October 19, 1872, village or- 
 ganization was adopted under the general 
 City and Village Incorporation Act of 
 April to, 1872, and the first village election 
 took place April 15, 1873. Further in- 
 crease of territory was made January 7, 
 1873, by the annexation, on petition, of the 
 region bounded on the north by Grant 
 Street, on the south by Church and Foster 
 Streets, on the east by Wesley and Asbury 
 Avenues, and on the west by Dodge Street. 
 Then followed, during the same month, 
 the accession of the region bounded on 
 the north by Grant and Simpson Streets, 
 
i8 
 
 INTRODUCTORY 
 
 on the south by Church Street, on the east 
 by Dodge Street, and on the west by Hart- 
 irey and McDaniel Avenues. April 21, 
 1874, the Village of North Evanston suc- 
 cumbed to the acquisitive mood of its larger 
 neighbor, and, in September of the same 
 year, the territory lying between Hamilton 
 and Greenleaf Streets, with the lake on 
 the east and Chicago Avenue on the west, 
 was included by petition. In April, 1886, 
 the territory bounded by Church Street, 
 Wesley Avenue, Crain Street and McDaniel 
 Avenue, was likewise annexed on petition. 
 Finally, on February 20, 1892, the important 
 question of the annexation of South Evan- 
 ston was submitted to the vote of both vil- 
 lages and approved by a small majority. 
 
 Thus the chapter of territorial expansion 
 for Evanston was closed for the time be- 
 ing. It had now outgrown the swaddling 
 clothes of village government and de- 
 manded the habiliments of a city. The 
 question of the adoption of city organiza- 
 tion was submitted to the people on March 
 29, 1892, and was adopted by a vote of 784 
 to 26. The first city election took place 
 April 19, 1892, when Dr. Oscar H. Mann 
 became the first Mayor of the city. 
 
 Physical Characteristics. The physical 
 characteristics of Evanston have changed 
 but little in the progress of the years. Its 
 main features, north and south, were the 
 Lake Shore on the east, more wooded than 
 now. with two ridges, one called the East 
 Ridge, comprising the land purchased by 
 the University, and the other the West 
 Ridge, comprising the lands of Brown and 
 Hurd, which were a part of the first town- 
 plat. The latter ridge was some forty-five 
 feet above the lake level. Between the 
 ridges was a level valley, receptacle of the 
 drainage of the ridges, often giving the 
 impression of a swamp, but easily suscept- 
 ible of being drained to the north or by 
 ditches to the Lake. The trend of these 
 
 ridges constrained the surveyors in the 
 platting of the town, so that the streets 
 running north and south paralleled the 
 ridge roads, and the east and west bound 
 streets crossed the former at right angles. 
 The original plat comprised three hundred 
 and fifty acres, purchased by the Trustees 
 of the University from John H. Foster, in 
 1853, and nearly two hundred and fifty 
 acres, purchased about the same time, by 
 Andrew J. Brown and Harvey B. Hurd, 
 from James Carney. The tract was well 
 wooded, especially along the shore of the 
 Lake, chiefly with oaks, some few of which 
 remain to give a hint of the noble forest of 
 which they formed a part. The plat, which 
 perished in the Chicago fire, bore the names 
 of streets that kept fresh in memory some 
 of the active spirits who were associated 
 with the early days of the enterprise, such 
 as Dempster, Hinman, Judson, Benson, 
 Sherman, Davis, Orrington and Clark ; 
 while to the west, such names of streets as 
 Oak, Maple Grove and Ridge were a 
 tribute to the conditions that then pre- 
 vailed, and help the late-comers to picture 
 the leafy shade, overlooked by the old-time 
 thoroughfare that crowned the ridge; and 
 still farther west, Wesley and Asbury 
 Avenues flanked the town, testifying to 
 the loyal Methodism of the settlers who 
 dwelt within it. 
 
 The Town Platted. The purchases of 
 the land were made in 1853, and, during 
 that year, the town was staked out and 
 streets thrown up, but the plat was not 
 acknowledged till 1854, in which year a 
 number of lots were sold, houses built and 
 families settled. The plat made by the 
 Northwestern University provided gener- 
 ously, in its portion of the town, for public 
 parks such as now beautify the town. The 
 streets were spacious, and a constituency 
 was appealed to such as might be attracted 
 to an educational center. This was the 
 
HISTORY OF EVANSTON 
 
 chief magnet. The idea of the suburban 
 residence had not yet emerged. The fam- 
 ilies who came were chiefly those that 
 were attracted by the idea of residence in a 
 college town. Garrett Biblical Institute 
 preceded the University on university 
 ground, and John Dempster, at Old Demp- 
 ster Hall, realized to the early students of 
 the Institute, as Mark Hopkins did to the 
 students of Williams College, how a very 
 few facilities in the hands of such a master 
 will serve to develop the minds and hearts 
 of men eager for an education. Obadiah 
 Huse early ministered to the physical wants 
 of students at Dempster Hall in such man- 
 ner that their slender purses might provide 
 for a not too luxurious existence. Philo 
 Judson was the advance guard of the Uni- 
 versity, selling lots, vending scholarships, 
 drumming up settlers and promoting the 
 town. Hurd, Brown, Beveridge, Pearsons, 
 Judson, Evans, Clifford and Ludlam were 
 among the people who picked their way 
 over the newly made thoroughfares of the 
 new town to their new homes, with wet and 
 muddy feet ofttimes, during the years 1854 
 and 1855. And, until the summer of 1855, 
 if they went to Chicago, they must do so 
 by their own private conveyance. They 
 were sturdy people ; practical, religious, 
 neighborly, genuine pioneers who could 
 curry a horse, build a house, lead a class- 
 meeting and finance a town and two in- 
 stitutions of learning. On the West Ridge 
 Road lived the Huntoons, the Grains and 
 the McDaniels and Carneys, the Pratts and 
 the Garfields, antedating the town. The 
 home of John L. Beveridge was on Chicago 
 Avenue, near Clark Street ; of John A. 
 Pearsons on Grove Street, near Chicago 
 Avenue ; of Philo Judson at Ridge Avenue 
 aftid Davis Street; of Judge H. B. Hurd 
 in the same vicinity ; of G. W. Reynolds 
 where the Avenue House now stands ; and 
 Dempster Hall and the home of Dr. John 
 
 Dempster on the .Lake Shore north of 
 Simpson Street. The Snyders home was 
 on Chicago Avenue, near Dempster Street. 
 
 These were the scattered centers of life 
 in the ambitious hamlet. They were soon 
 reinforced by the families of the Professors 
 of the University and Institute, and such 
 families as the Willards, from which was 
 destined to proceed that bright and shining 
 light in philanthropy and temperance re- 
 form, Frances E. Willard, probably the best 
 known product of Evanston life, its his- 
 torian in "A Classic Town," an orator and 
 writer of rare power. George F. Foster soon 
 took up his home on Chicago Avenue near 
 Church Street a shouting Methodist and 
 social to his finger tips, whose house was 
 a seat of hospitality and elegance. George 
 W. Reynolds was on Davis Street, near to 
 the corner of Chicago Avenue, on which 
 corner the Reynolds House, still a part of 
 the Avenue House, was built. We take ex- 
 ception to him as a builder, for on one occa- 
 sion at a caucus, or neighborhood meeting, 
 the floor of his house suddenly collapsed, 
 precipitating the company into the cellar, 
 and the same performance was re-enacted 
 at the house of George F. Foster, also built 
 by Mr. Reynolds. There was no "Index" 
 or "Press" in those days to note these 
 happenings, but the survivors tell the tale 
 with more laughter than they then ex- 
 perienced. 
 
 Church Street took its name from the 
 donated site of what was to be the Cathedral 
 Church of the town, the center of the relig- 
 ious and social life of this God-fearing com- 
 munity, chiefly of the Methodist persuasion, 
 but broad-minded enough to welcome those 
 of other communions in their worship, and 
 disposed, when the time of separation 
 should come, to give them a site on which to 
 raise their own roof-tree, as the title deeds 
 from the University to Trustees of the older 
 churches of Evanston will testify consid- 
 
20 
 
 INTRODUCTORY 
 
 eration one dollar and other valuable bene- 
 fits, such as good will and gladness at their 
 coming, their loyalty and their prosperity. 
 
 Advent of the First Railroad. The 
 Chicago and Milwaukee Railroad was be- 
 ing located in 1853, and the Trustees of the 
 University, by resolution of October 26, 
 1853, requested the company to locate their 
 road through the land of the University so 
 as to strike the center, or within thirty-five 
 rods south of the center of Section 19 of 
 Township 41 North, Range 1 8, and offer- 
 ing to donate the right of way. and one acre 
 of land for a depot, providing the railroad 
 company would make such location and 
 agree not to allow any establishment for 
 the sale of liquor or gambling houses, or 
 other nuisance, to be placed on such right 
 of way or depot ground. March 28, 1854, 
 the Trustees passed another resolution re- 
 questing the railroad company to locate its 
 station on a line west of Davis Street 
 which terminated at Sherman Avenue on 
 a small ridge on the Carney farm, or as 
 near as may be expedient in the judgment 
 of the agent, providing the owner of the 
 Carney farm lay off suitable streets for the 
 same. Mr. A. J. Brown, who held the title 
 of the Carney tract for himself and others, 
 conveyed the right of way and depot ground 
 to the railroad company about the date of 
 the resolution referred to, and it appears on 
 the plat of the town. It was not, however, 
 till the summer of 1855 that trains began 
 running through the town. Two through 
 trains and one accommodation train were 
 all the facilities that were offered. Evan- 
 ston seldom filled the single passenger car 
 of the accommodation (or "Waukegan") 
 train, as it was most familiarly known, 
 and the grumbling railroad authorities 
 threatened to take off the train, declaring 
 that it did not pay and gave no promise 
 
 of ever paying. But they took it out in 
 grumbling. It did pay, and was destined to 
 be their best paying piece of road through 
 its suburban traffic, as a prosperous com- 
 munity grew around the cheerful, hos- 
 pitable nucleus that had grouped itself near 
 to the Northwestern University and Garrett 
 Biblical Institute. 
 
 Such are some of Evanston's beginnings 
 with which we introduce the reader to the 
 more elaborate story, as told in detail by 
 those familiar with it. One word more we 
 cannot refrain from saying concerning Dr. 
 John Evans, the man whose chief monument 
 (though he has many others) is the 
 Classic Town; in whose brain was chiefly 
 conceived the thought of this educational 
 and home center, and by whose skill and 
 suggestions and influence the plans were 
 chiefly made to compass the acquisition of 
 the land that should be the Northwestern 
 University's chief source of endowment, 
 and by whom the enterprise was financed 
 for all the coming years. Close to him 
 wrought Orrington Lunt, imbibing his zeal 
 and supplementing his labors by his unsel- 
 fish devotion and tireless energy. John 
 Evans was as far-seeing a man as ever 
 wrought in the formative days of cities or 
 States ; a plain man who dreamed of large 
 things, and whose heart kept pace with 
 his swift moving intellect. The sphere of 
 his activity was changed all too soon from 
 the region that bears his name to a distant 
 State, where he built railroads, planned 
 Titanic enterprises, supervised the beginning 
 of a great commonwealth and helped to 
 found another University in the Far West. 
 Evanston is honored in her name, as she 
 honors the name of her founder. 
 
 Kind reader, if you have read thus far, 
 read on. 
 
CHAPTER II'. 
 
 OUR INDIAN PREDECESSORS. 
 
 (Bj FRANK R. GROVKR. Vjce-Prwiilent Kvanrton Hietorlcal Society.) 
 
 The First Evans/onions Indian Relics 
 Stone Implements and What They Indi- 
 cate Early Explorers Joliet, Mar- 
 quettc. La Salic and Tonty First ll'hite 
 Visitors Indian Tribes The Iroquois, 
 Illinois and Pottawatomies Ouilmette 
 Reservation and Family The Fort Dear- 
 born Massacre Home of the Otiil- 
 mettes Treaty of Prairie du Chien In- 
 dian Trails and Trees on North Shore 
 Aboriginal Camps and Villages Indian 
 Mounds and Graves Reminiscenses of 
 Early Settlers Important Treaties An 
 Englishman's Story of the Treaty of Chi- 
 cago in 1833. 
 
 Since the discovery of this continent the 
 North American Indian has ever been the 
 subject of constant study, discussion and 
 contention. His origin, his traditions, his 
 character, his manners and customs, his 
 superstitions, his eloquence, the wars in 
 which he has engaged, his tribal relations, 
 his certain destiny, the wrongs he has done 
 and those that he has suffered have, for four 
 centuries, been favorite themes for the his- 
 torian, the poet, the philanthropist, the eth- 
 nologist. And yet, with all the countless 
 books that have been written upon the SUb- 
 
 'Compiled from two papers ; (1). "Our Indian 
 Predecessors The First Kvanstonians," read before the 
 Eyanston Historical Society, November 2, 1901 ; and (2) 
 "Some Indian Land Marks of the North Shore," read be- 
 fore the Chicago Historical Society, February 21, liX(5, 
 with some supplemental notations by the writer. 
 
 ject, there is still room for inquiry, for 
 speculation, for historical research. 
 
 Every political division of this country, 
 from state to hamlet, has a mine of untold 
 facts, which must ever remain undisclosed. 
 Still, the diligent and the curious can, with 
 all due regard to the limitations to truth 
 put upon the honest historian, gather old 
 facts that will in the aggregate be of inter- 
 est as -local history. With that end in view 
 I wish to tell you what I have been able 
 to learn of our Indian predecessors the 
 first Evanstonians. 
 
 Stone Implements Found in This Vi- 
 cinity and What They Indicate. There 
 is no more interesting field for historical re- 
 search than that of the implements and 
 weapons of the prehistoric Indian. There is. 
 too, a later time of which there is no writ- 
 ten history, before the coining of the Jesuit 
 Missionary and his early successor, the In- 
 dian Trader, who was the first vendor of 
 steel hatchets and arrow points, that is of 
 no less interest. 
 
 Much of the Indian history of those times 
 must of necessity remain forever undis- 
 closed. Some of it has been gathered from 
 credible traditions, some of it distorted by 
 the frailty of human recollection and by the 
 fragile partition that oft divides memory 
 from imagination, and truthfulness from 
 the inclination to boast of the prowess of 
 Indian ancestrv. All of these factors, of 
 
OUR INDIAN PREDECESSORS 
 
 course, result in endless confusion, and 
 what the exact truth is must be left, for the 
 most part, to uncertainty and speculation. 
 But a portion of that history, as applied to 
 the North Shore, is told as simply and 
 plainly by the stone implements and weap- 
 ons as though written in words on monu- 
 ment or obelisk. The entrance to this field 
 of inquiry opens, of course, more easily 
 and widely to the man of science the 
 archaeologist but the merest novice, if 
 he be curious and diligent, will there find a 
 mine of historic facts that are both interest- 
 ing and reliable. 
 
 One of the greatest orators of modern 
 times has entertained thousands of his 
 hearers and readers with the topic, "The 
 man of imagination what does he see?" 
 And so the student, whether he has great 
 learning or that next best substitute in- 
 dustry when he finds the chippings of 
 flint, chert or cobble-stone left in the work- 
 shop of the ancient artisan of the North 
 Shore, or when he sees the many finish- 
 ing wares that have been worn and used 
 and lost by the ancient customers of this 
 ancient artisan, and then found again, can 
 reproduce a reasonably accurate picture of 
 the red man, who sat ages ago on the West 
 Shore of old Lake Michigan, and, with un- 
 told labor and deftness, prepared the ar- 
 rows and spear-heads that his red brothers, 
 in due time, hurled at deer, or buffalo or 
 dusky foe; and this student can, in fair 
 and truthful speculation, follow these red 
 brothers in all they saw and did through 
 the forest and across the broad prairies, in 
 the hunt and in the chase, to the wigwam 
 and to the camp fire, on the war path and in 
 their idle roamings from place to place. 
 
 These implements may, for convenience 
 in this discussion, be divided into two 
 classes : first, those found along the lake 
 shore near the beach, which are often im- 
 perfect in form, consisting of "rejects" 
 
 and chippings, and found in the aboriginal 
 quarries and shops; and, second, the per- 
 fect forms found farther from the lake, 
 where they were in use. I will refer to them 
 in the order named. 
 
 It must be borne in mind that, from Wil- . 
 mette to Waukegan, there are high bluffs, 
 reaching to the beach, so that in that locali- 
 ty the remains of these shops or chipping 
 stations have, to some extent at least, been 
 obliterated by the waves. But, both north 
 and south of these high bluffs, many of 
 these shops have been located and clearly in- 
 dicate that the Lake Shore, with its ready 
 material among the gravel constantly 
 thrown up by the waves, not only furnished 
 an inexhaustible supply of material ready 
 for use and easily accessible, but that it 
 was resorted to in preference to the more 
 laborious method of seeking and mining 
 materials to the West. Indeed, it is quite 
 probable, and a plausible theory, that the 
 Indian population, for many miles to the 
 west and for untold centuries, used the 
 Lake Shore almost exclusively for the 
 manufacture of stone implements and weap- 
 ons. These shops, or chipping stations, 
 have generally been found in the sand 
 dunes or ridges immediately adjacent to 
 the beach, where there was shelter from 
 the wind and waves. Many, of course, have 
 long since disappeared by the action of the 
 lake ; but at least four of them were located 
 along the shore at Edgewater and Rogers 
 Park, one immediately south of the Indian 
 boundary line at the city limits. In the early 
 days of Evanston and, to my personal 
 knowledge, even as late as 1870, the chip- 
 pings, rejects and broken arrow-heads, in- 
 dicating one of the largest of these shops, 
 could easily be found in Evanston extend- 
 ing from what is now Main Street to 
 Greenleaf Street, and about on a line from 
 the Industrial School to the present Evans- 
 ton residences of Messrs. John C. Spry, 
 
HISTORY OF EVANSTON 
 
 Charles E. Graves and Milton H. Wilson. 
 This particular shop was not only the re- 
 sort of the idle school boy in his quest for 
 arrow points, but was, in the year 1884, the 
 subject of scientific investigation by Dr. 
 William A. Phillips, a member of the Ev- 
 anston Historical Society (Science, Vol. 3, 
 page 273, 1884), who made a collection at 
 that time of the chert refuse, "illustrating 
 the successive stages of the chipping or 
 flaking work, beginning with the water- 
 worn pebble from the beach and ending 
 with the nearly completed, but broken, im- 
 plement," which collection is now in the 
 Museum of the Northwestern University at 
 Evanston (Rep. Curator N. W. University 
 Museum, 1884, Smithsonian Report, 1897 
 1161, pp. 587-600). 
 
 At the present site of the Dearborn Ob- 
 servatory, on the campus of the North- 
 western University, was another of these 
 shops, although a smaller one, which was 
 partially obliterated in the construction of 
 that building, and several others have been 
 located at different times along the lake 
 front of Rogers Park and Evanston. 
 
 Indeed, the various collections of these 
 implements, chippings and also of broken 
 pottery would indicate not only an unusual 
 Indian population, but that this industry 
 was general along the lake shore, and much 
 nearer the Chicago river than the sites just 
 described. This situation can easily be dem- 
 onstrated by the merest glance at the collec- 
 tion of the late Karl A. Dilg, in possession 
 of the Chicago Historical Society. 
 
 Immediately north of Waukegan, east of 
 the Northwestern Railway, and extending 
 nearly to the Kenosha city limits, and be- 
 tween the bluff that was formerly the shore 
 line and the present lake front, are some 
 1,200 to 1,300 acres of low sand dunes, all 
 of which have, from time to time, consti- 
 tuted the shore of the receding lake. This 
 district is replete with shops and stations of 
 
 this character, especially so at what was for- 
 merly Benton, and now Beach Station, and 
 extending from there north, a distance of 
 about five miles, through Doctor Dowie's 
 "City of Zion" to the state line. As early 
 as 1853 this locality was also the subject of 
 scientific investigation on this subject. 
 (Prof. I. A. Lapham, Antiquities-of Wis- 
 consin, Smithsonian Contributions to 
 Knowledge, Vol. 7, page 6, 1885). 
 
 These investigations have been further 
 pursued by Dr. Phillips, assisted by Messrs. 
 W. C. Wyrnan and E. F. Wyman, of Ev- 
 anston, and by Mr. F. H. Lyman, of Ke- 
 nosha. In the district between Beach Sta- 
 tion and the State line no less than thirty- 
 two sites were located, and a new group or 
 variety of implements found, viz.: weapons 
 and utensils in endless variety, made of 
 trap rock or cobble-stone, and which are 
 now designated, "The Trap Flake Series." 
 A very entertaining and instructive des- 
 cription of this locality and these imple- 
 ments, their uses and the method employed 
 in flaking them, with plates and pictures, 
 will be found in the Smithsonian Report 
 for 1897, pages 587-600, in an able paper by 
 Dr. Phillips, under the title, "A New Group 
 of Stone Implements from the Southern 
 Shores of Lake Michigan." 
 
 The implements and weapons, made in 
 these localities along the shore from the 
 Chicago River to Kenosha, represent almost 
 unlimited varieties, from the ordinary ar- 
 rowhead and the net weight or stone 
 sinker used by the Pottawatomie fisher- 
 man, or his ancient predecessor, to the 
 finest of polished hatchets, spear-heads 
 and drills. 
 
 It is not within the scope of this discus- 
 sion to go further into the details of this 
 lost art, in showing how these implements 
 were made and for what they were used 
 that inquiry should be left to more able 
 hands ; but the field for exploration is as 
 
OUR INDIAN PREDECESSORS 
 
 boundless and unlimited as the enthusiasm 
 of the archaeologist, and is full of interest 
 even to the layman. 
 
 The second class, in this subdivision of 
 these implements, are the finished weapons 
 and utensils that, in the long ago, left the 
 work-shop of the artisan, on the beach and 
 elsewhere, were placed in the hands of his 
 warrior customer and have been scattered, 
 used and lost on the land which we have 
 designated the North Shore. Generally 
 speaking, these implements are found in 
 about the same variety and number as in 
 any ordinary Indian country, with one or 
 two remarkable exceptions that will re- 
 ceive special attention. The materials used 
 in their manufacture indicate the presence 
 of Indians from remote parts of the con- 
 tinent, or barter and exchange with remote 
 tribes. They also indicate that the North 
 Shore especially for from- three to six 
 miles from the lake was not only a great 
 hunting ground, but that the western shore 
 of the lake has been the scene of many 
 a bloody battle between these red warriors 
 of the olden time. They also further indi- 
 cate, in one or two localities that will be 
 mentioned, an extended Indian population 
 during a long period of time. I am told by 
 members of the Academy of Sciences and 
 others, who have the best means of infor- 
 mation, that it is hard to distinguish the 
 particular peoples by these relics, as there is 
 great similarity in manufacture among re- 
 spective tribes the distinguishing marks 
 being more especially in the wooden handles 
 or hafts, which, of course, cannot be found 
 and that some of these implements are of 
 prehistoric origin. 
 
 The nearest locality where these imple- 
 ments are found in the greatest variety and 
 number is what was formerly known as 
 Rowmanville being the vicinity of Rose 
 Hill Cemetery and extending from there to 
 the North Branch of the Chicago River and 
 
 throughout the territory north of there, ex- 
 tending to Forest Glen, Niles Center and 
 High Ridge, where they have been found 
 in such abundance that a great ancient vil- 
 lage and probably several such villages in 
 that district, is a certainty all of which will 
 receive later mention when we consider the 
 sites of the Indian villages. The locality 
 west of Evanston, in the town of Niles, 
 which is now a gardening district, has sup- 
 plied many excellent specimens ploughed 
 up by the farm hands, and it has been an 
 easy matter, with a little patience and at- 
 tention, to secure a good collection in these 
 localities ; and there are many of them 
 notably the collection of William A. Peter- 
 son, of the Peterson Nursery Company, 
 gathered largely from the lands of that 
 company at Rose Hill, the collection of Dr. 
 A. S. Alexander, formerly of Evanston, 
 gathered very largely in Evanston and the 
 township of Niles ; also the interesting col- 
 lection of Karl A. Dilg, already referred 
 to, and that of Adolph Miller at Bowman- 
 ville. Still another locality is the neighbor- 
 hood of the Indian Village at Waukegan, 
 and from there north to the State line, in 
 the 'locality investigated and described by 
 Dr. Phillips in his paper. 
 
 These land marks these bits of clay, 
 and flint and cobble-stone to which has 
 been made but very scant and imperfect ref- 
 erence, tell, as they have ever told, a per- 
 fect, and yet an imperfect, story ; perfect, 
 because we know from that, in some far 
 off day, the North Shore was, as it is now, 
 a favorite abiding place ; perfect, too, be- 
 cause the man of science can tell us in 
 some measure of how these people lived 
 and what they did ; imperfect, because we 
 must rely to some extent upon theory and 
 speculation and cannot open wide the door 
 with what is understood by the term writ- 
 ten history. 
 
HISTORY OF EVANSTON 
 
 The Early Explorers. All the writers 
 upon the early history of the Northwest, 
 of necessity describe, in more or less de- 
 tail, the expeditions, exploits and adven- 
 tures of the explorers and Jesuit mission- 
 aries, who first saw the Indians, who were 
 the first white men in Illinois, and who 
 have been the greatest contributors to the 
 history of the Indians of the Northern 
 States. Among these the names of James 
 Marquette, Louis Joliet, La Salle, Henry 
 de Tonty, Hennepin and Claude Allouez 
 are so prominent that the youngest student, 
 who has read even the average school his- 
 tory of the day, can give, with reasonable 
 accuracy, an outline of where they went, 
 what they saw and what they did. 
 
 In most of their travels they were ac- 
 companied by friendly Indians as guides 
 and assistants, to whose fidelity and atten- 
 tion we owe quite as much as to the ex- 
 plorers themselves. Reference to the ex- 
 tended travels of these daring and hardy 
 men would be useless repetition, but it cer- 
 tainly is of interest to know that such 
 famous voyagers as Father Marquette, 
 Joliet, La Salle, Tonty, and Fathers Hen- 
 nepin and Allouez, with their Indian 
 friends, all in their day and in their turn, 
 visited the site of Evanston or coasted its 
 shores in their canoes. To the circum- 
 stances of some of these early visits to thit, 
 locality, I briefly direct your attention. 
 
 It was the month of June, 1673, over 
 two hundred years ago, when Louis Joliet 
 educated as a priest, but with more love 
 for exploration and adventure and James 
 Marquette who longed to see and trace 
 the course of the great river that De Soto 
 had discovered over one hundred years be- 
 fore, and who, godly man that he was, loved 
 still more to carry the tidings of the Christ 
 to the red man of the prairies with five 
 French companions in two canoes, started 
 upon that long and toilsome journey through 
 
 Green Bay, up the Fox River of Wiscon- 
 sin, from thence into and down the Wis- 
 consin and the Mississippi, and up the then 
 nameless river to the Indian village of the 
 Illinois, where they arrived late in the sum- 
 mer and tarried until September. 
 
 The first visit of a white man to Evans- 
 ton, in September, 1673, is thus described 
 by Francis Parkman in his life of La Salle 
 and the "Discovery of the Great West": 
 "An Illinois chief, with a band of young 
 warriors, offered to guide them to the Lake 
 of the Illinois, that is to say, Lake Michi- 
 gan ; thither they repaired," via the Illi- 
 nois, Desplaines and Chicago rivers, "and, 
 coasting the shores of the lake, reached 
 Green Bay at the end of September." 
 
 The month of November the following 
 year ( 1674) found Marquette again coast- 
 ing the western shores of Lake Michigan, 
 accompanied by two white men, "Pierre 
 
 Porteret and Jacques " (Marquette's 
 
 diary ) , a band of Pottawatomies and another 
 band of Illinois ten canoes in all on his 
 way from Green Bay to his beloved mission 
 of the Illinois, to which he had promised 
 the Indians surely to return. Frail and 
 sick in body, but strong and rich in energy 
 and religious fervor, he made this, his last 
 voyage, from which there proved to be no 
 return for him. Parkman ( La Salle, pp. 67, 
 68) describes the journey : "November had 
 come ; the bright hues of the autumn foliage 
 was changed to rusty brown. The shore 
 wag desolate and the lake was stormy. 
 They were more than a month in coasting 
 its western border." 
 
 Marquette's diary (brought to light 
 nearly two centuries later) gives an inter- 
 esting account of this journey, describing 
 the land, the forest, the prairie, the buffalo, 
 the deer and other game; the Indians they 
 met, their camp fires at night on shore and 
 their battles with the waves by day, and 
 tells the story of their arrival at the Chicago 
 
OUR INDIAN PREDECESSORS 
 
 River on December 4, 1674, and finding it 
 frozen over; but what is of special interest 
 to us, his diary shows almost conclusively 
 that, on December 3, the day before, the 
 party landed somewhere near the light- 
 house within our present city limits. His 
 notation is as follows: 
 
 "December 3, having said holy mass and 
 embarked, we were compelled to make a 
 point and land on account of floating 
 masses of ice." 
 
 The only point of land within the day's 
 journey shown upon our present maps, and 
 even the maps of those days, including 
 that of Marquette, is what is known to-day 
 by the sailors as "Gross Point," where the 
 Evanston light-house stands. 
 
 Father Allouez made the same journey 
 in the winter of 1676 and 1677, on his way 
 with two companions to the Illinois coun- 
 try, to take the place of Father Marquette 
 in the Illinois mission. They encountered 
 untold hardships, dragging their canoes for 
 many weary miles over the ice-floes of the 
 lake and the snow along its shores. 
 
 Two years later is the date when white 
 men were next here (November, 1679), 
 when La Salle, Father Hennepin (the his- 
 torian of the expedition), a Mohegan In- 
 dian (La Salle's faithful servant and hunt- 
 er), and fourteen Frenchmen in four large 
 canoes deeply laden with merchandise, 
 tools and guns, made the same voyage 
 from Green Bay and to St. Joseph, Mich., 
 then called Miami, on their way to the Illi- 
 nois country, to build a fort and to further 
 establish the trade and colonies of New 
 France. They skirted the entire western 
 and southern shores of the lake, while Ton- 
 ty proceeded by the eastern shore. 
 
 An interesting account of their adven- 
 tures, hardships and meetings with both 
 hostile and friendly Indians, can be found 
 in Parkman's Life of La Salle (pp. 142- 
 150). As the author says : 
 
 "This was no journey of pleasure. The 
 lake was ruffled with almost ceaseless 
 storms ; clouds big with rain above, a tur- 
 moil of gray and gloomy waves beneath. 
 Every night the canoes must be shouldered 
 through the breakers and dragged up the 
 steep banks. . . . 
 
 * "The men paddled all day with no other 
 food than a handful of Indian corn. They 
 were spent with toil and sick with the wild 
 berries which they ravenously devoured and 
 dejected at the prospects before them." 
 
 That they, too, may have camped at night 
 or rested by noonday within the limits of 
 our present city is entirely probable. 
 
 "As they approached the head of the lake 
 game grew abundant." Marquette verifies 
 this latter statement, for in his diary (entry 
 of December 4, 1674), he says: "Deer 
 hunting is pretty good as you get away 
 from the Pottawatomies." And his next 
 entry (December 12), made after arriving 
 at Chicago, is further verification. He says : 
 
 "Pierre and Jacques killed three cattle 
 (buffalo) and four deer, one of which ran 
 quite a distance with his heart cut in two. 
 They contented themselves with killing 
 three or four turkeys of the many that were 
 around our cabin. Jacques brought in a 
 partridge he had killed, in every way re- 
 sembling those of France." 
 
 It was winter time a year later 1680. 
 La Salle had not returned from his memo- 
 rable and heroic tramp from the Illinois back 
 to Canada. His men had deserted ; his goods 
 had been destroyed by mutineers and In- 
 dians ; Hennepin was on the Mississippi. 
 The Iroquois had dispersed and all but de- 
 stroyed the Illinois, and all that remained of 
 La Salle's party was his faithful lieutenant 
 and friend, Henry de Tonty, and two fol- 
 lowers Membre and Boissondet. Tonty 
 had failed to pacify the Iroquois, had been 
 seriously- wounded in battle by them, and 
 he and his two surviving companions, 
 
HISTORY OF EVANSTON 
 
 without food or shelter, fled for their lives. 
 Sick, wounded and maimed, he reached the 
 shores of Lake Michigan at Chicago, and he 
 and his companions began their long 
 northward journey on foot, along the dreary 
 and ice-bound shores of the lake to old 
 Michilimackinac. Parkman ("Life of La 
 Salle," p. 220) thus describes their journey: 
 "The cold was intense and it was no easy 
 task to grub up wild onions from the frozen 
 ground, to save themselves from starving. 
 Tonty fell ill of a fever and swelling of the 
 limbs, which disabled him from traveling, 
 and hence ensued a long delay. At length 
 they reached Green Bay, where they would 
 have starved had they not gleaned a few 
 ears of corn and frozen squashes in the 
 fields of an empty Indian town." 
 
 A volume could easily be written describ- 
 ing the exploits of the later but still early 
 white and Indian visitors to these shores. 
 The western shore of the lake was the 
 great highway between the Chicago port- 
 age and Green Bay and Mackinac. We need 
 not depend upon imagination to paint the 
 picture of the white voyageur and his In- 
 dian companion plying the paddle with 
 steady stroke, keeping time to the notes of 
 his boat song, while their birch bark ca- 
 noes skimmed the surface of the lake, for 
 the "Jesuit Relations" of those early days 
 will supply the facts. 
 
 [These travels along the shore of the 
 lake call to mind the early maps, tracing 
 the shore lines made by these explorers, 
 and a fact of local interest is, that in all 
 probability the shore line here at Evanston, 
 in the seventeenth century, extended much 
 farther into the lake how much cannot be 
 told from the maps, as they were not drawn 
 to scale. This fact appears from a large 
 bay shown on the maps immediately north 
 of the site of our city, indicating that the 
 shore to the south has since been washed 
 away. The maps referred to are (i) one 
 
 called Marquette's map, Hist, of Ills., by 
 Sidney Breese, p. 78; (2) map copied by 
 Parkman found in the "Archives of the Ma- 
 rine" at Paris, dated 1683 "may, in fact, 
 have been one drawn by Joliet from recol- 
 lection"; (3) Joliet 's earliest map (1673- 
 74), "Windsor's Geographical Discoveries 
 in the Interior of North America" ; (4) 
 Haines' "American Indian," p. 344. 
 
 On the map first mentioned Marquette 
 locates a copper mine near Evanston. This 
 was probably done from tales of the In- 
 dians describing such mines as being to the 
 north, and Marquette misunderstanding the 
 distance.] 
 
 Indian Tribes. For two hundred 
 years preceding the advent of the white 
 man to Illinois and for how much longer 
 we do not know the territory lying be- 
 tween the Mississippi and the Atlantic, and 
 from the Carolinas to Hudson Bay, was oc- 
 cupied by two great families of Indian 
 tribes, distinguished by their languages. All 
 this vast wilderness, with the exception of 
 New York, a part of Ohio and part of 
 Canada, was the country of the tribes 
 speaking the Algonquin language and H ; <t- 
 lects. "Like a great island in the midst of 
 the Algonquins lay the country of the Iro- 
 quois." The true Iroquois, or Five Nations, 
 often called the Six Nations, occupied Cen- 
 tral and Western New York, and the re- 
 mainder of this linguistic group contiguous 
 territory to the west, in Ohio and Lower 
 Canada. (The only exception to this gen- 
 eral statement is the Winnebagoes of Dah- 
 cotah stock, who were at Green Bay and 
 in Southern Wisconsin, and a few scatter- 
 ing bands of the Dahcotahs, who were at 
 times on the eastern banks of the Missis- 
 sippi.) 
 
 All the Indians who have held and occu- 
 pied this part of Illinois as their homes, so 
 far back as history tells us, or can be ascer- 
 tained during the past four .hundred years, 
 
OUR INDIAN PREDECESSORS 
 
 were of the Algonquin family ; and while 
 scattering bands of the Sacs and Foxes 
 (Outagamies), Miamis, Ottawas and other 
 Algonquin tribes, and also the Kickapoos, 
 Shawaneese. Sioux and Winnebagoes, have 
 at times, roamed over and. perhaps, for very 
 brief periods, in roving bands occupied the 
 lands lying along the western shores of 
 Lake Michigan in this locality, the Indian 
 ownership, as indicated by extended occu- 
 pancy, was confined almost, if not entirely, 
 to the tribes of the Illinois and the Potta- 
 watomies. Therefore, to those two tribes 
 and their eastern enemies, the Iroquois, 
 who at times paid unwelcome visits to their 
 western neighbors, I direct your attention. 
 
 It must be borne in mind that Chicago 
 was as important a point to the Indian as 
 it has since been to the white man, partly 
 on account of the portage leading to the 
 Desplaines River, and, as the lake was the 
 great water highway, so also was its west- 
 ern shore an important highway for these 
 Indian tribes when they traveled by land. 
 
 (The early explorers and missionaries 
 often mention a tribe called by them the 
 "Mascoutins," and on some of the very 
 early maps of this locality appears the name 
 of such a tribe as occupying parts of north- 
 ern Illinois. The better opinion is, there 
 never was in fact such a tribe of Indians. 
 This word "Mascoutins" in the Algon- 
 quin language means people of the prairie 
 or meadow country, and it was applied, it 
 seems, indiscriminately to indicate the lo- 
 cality from which the Indians it was ap- 
 plied to had emigrated or were located. 
 Haines' "American Indian," p. 151.] 
 
 It is claimed by several reliable writers 
 that, from 1700 or 1702 to 1770, the coun- 
 try about Chicago had no fixed Indian pop- 
 ulation, but that the only Indian residents 
 were roving bands of Iroquois and "North- 
 ern Indians." (See Andreas' "Hist, of Chi- 
 cago," Mason's "Illinois.") 
 
 The Iroquois. The Iroquois have re- 
 ceived the enthusiastic admiration of 
 many writers ; the best, and some of the 
 worst, traits of Indian character found its 
 highest development among them ; they are 
 designated by one enthusiast as "the In- 
 dians of Indians." And they are well 
 worthy of mention in our local history, for, 
 after exterminating and subduing their 
 nearest neighbors, including the Hurons, 
 the Eries and other tribes speaking the 
 same language, their thirst for conquest 
 led them westward from their far away 
 eastern homes ; their war parties penetrated 
 the intervening wilderness of forest and 
 plain, navigated the western rivers and 
 great lakes, and destroyed or drove their 
 enemies in terror before them across the 
 prairies, of Illinois and along the western 
 shore of Lake Michigan. Distance, hard- 
 ships, winter and time expended in travel, 
 presented no obstacles to them, and they 
 scattered, and all but destroyed, the great 
 and powerful Algonquin tribes of the Illi- 
 nois, from which our State takes its name ; 
 and, as early as 1660, they were known to 
 have pursued their ancient enemies, the 
 Hurons or Wyandots, across our State. 
 (Mason's "Land of the Illinois," p. 4.) 
 
 The Iroquois are thus described by Park- 
 man ("Conspiracy of Pontiac," p. 7) : 
 "Foremost in war, foremost in eloquence, 
 foremost in their savage arts of policy, 
 . . . they extended their conquests and 
 their depredations from Quebec to the 
 Carolinas, and from the western prairies to 
 the forests of Maine. . . . On the west 
 they exterminated the Eries, and Andastes, 
 and spread havoc and dismay among the 
 tribes of the Illinois. . . . The Indians 
 of New England fled at the first peal of the 
 Mohawk war cry. . . and all Canada 
 shook with the fury of their onset. . . . 
 The blood besmeared conquerors roamed 
 like wolves among the burning settlements, 
 
HISTORY OF EVANSTOX 
 
 and the colony trembled on the brink of 
 ruin. . . Few tribes could match them in 
 prowess, constancy, moral energy or intel- 
 lectual vigor." They, in turn, and within 
 a quarter of a century (1650-1672), exter- 
 minated four powerful tribes, the Wyan- 
 dots, the Neutral Nation, the Andastes and 
 the Eries, and reduced the ancient and pow- 
 erful Hurons, from whom the great lake 
 takes its name, to a small band of terror- 
 stricken fugitives; their ferocity and tor- 
 ture of captives were revolting traits in 
 their character ; they were the worst of con- 
 querors and their lust of blood and do- 
 minion is without parallel in Indian history. 
 
 Mr. Mason says of them ("Land of the 
 Illinois," pp. 113,114): "Though number- 
 ing but 2,500 warriors, their superior weap- 
 ons and experience in warfare had enabled 
 them to defeat and finally exterminate al 1 
 their neighbors. . . . They destroyed 
 more than thirty nations ; caused the death 
 of more than 600,000 persons within eighty 
 years, and rendered the country about the 
 great lakes a desert" and Mr. Mason's 
 statement had ample corroboration. 
 
 Such were the Indians who were often 
 transient residents of this locality before 
 the coming of the white man, and their 
 depredations furnish the basis for much 
 of the historical references to the process 
 of self-extermination of the Indian, by the 
 wars among themselves in progress when 
 the white man first saw the American In- 
 dian. 
 
 The French were never successful in gain- 
 ing the friendship of the Iroquois tribes, 
 as they were with almost all the other In- 
 dians of the North and Northwest ; but the 
 Iroquois were the friends of the English 
 and Dutch. 
 
 In Colden's "History of the Five Na- 
 tions," printed in the old English style of 
 that day (1750), the author, in describing 
 one of the campaigns between the French 
 
 and English, in 1693, where Peter Schuyler, 
 a Major of the New York Militia, was in 
 charge of the English and their Indian al- 
 lies, the Iroquois, says : 
 
 "It is true that the English were in great 
 want of Provisions at that time. . . . 
 The Indians eat the Bodies of the French 
 that they found. Col. Schuyler (as he told 
 me himself) going among the Indians at 
 that Time was invited to eat broth with 
 them, which some of them had ready boiled, 
 which he did, till they, putting the Ladle 
 deep into the Kettle to take out more, 
 brought out a French Man's Hand, which 
 put an end to his Appetite." 
 
 The quaint humor in this record of an 
 Englishman eating such French broth in 
 the seventeenth century, or at any subse- 
 quent time, for that matter, and losing his 
 appetite, needs no comment ; the author 
 may unconsciously have offered a fair ex- 
 planation of this circumstance, for he says 
 in another connection, "Schuyler was brave, 
 but he was no Soldier." 
 
 The Illinois. In the year 1615, five 
 years before the landing of the Mayflower. 
 Champlain reached Lake Huron. Upon his 
 crude map of New France appears indica- 
 tions that he then heard and knew of the 
 far-away prairie land, in which dwelt the 
 tribes of the Illinois the land of the Buf- 
 falo. (Mason, supra.) Jean Xicolet saw or 
 heard of the Illinois again in 1638 and two 
 young French explorers again in 1655 (Ma- 
 son, Id.) October i, 1665, ten years later. 
 the Illinois sent a delegation to attend 
 an Indian Council at the Great Chippewa 
 (Ojibway) Village, on Lake Superior, with 
 reference to war with the Sioux, which 
 Claude Allouez attended and there ad- 
 dressed the many Northern tribes assembled 
 in council, assuring them of the friendship 
 and protection of the French, who would 
 "smooth the path between the Chippewas 
 and Quebec, brush the pirate canoes from 
 
NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY 
 
 the intervening rivers and leave the Iro- 
 quois no alternative but death and destruc- 
 tion." (Brown's "History of Illinois," p. 
 115.) There is abundant evidence to show 
 that, during the preceding years, the Illi- 
 nois had suffered greatly by wars with the 
 Sioux from the West and with the Iroquois 
 from the East. 
 
 In 1673 Joliet and Marquette found the 
 Illinois on the western bank of the Missis- 
 sippi and on the Illinois River, where there 
 were many villages ; one village found by 
 these explorers consisting of seventy-four 
 cabins, each . containing several families. 
 In 1675 Marquette paid his second visit to 
 the same locality and "summoned them to 
 a grand council on the Great Meadow be- 
 tween the Illinois River and the modern 
 village of Utica. Here five hundred chiefs 
 and old men were seated in a ring; behind 
 stood 1,500 youths and warriors and, be- 
 hind them, all the women and children of 
 the village. Marquette standing in the 
 midst," told them the story of Christ and the 
 Virgin (Parkman's "La Salle," 69) ; Al- 
 louez visited them again in 1677. 
 
 In 1680 Tonty and Hennepin found the 
 lodges of the great Indian town, 460 in 
 number, constructed of poles "in shape like 
 the arched tops of a baggage wagon," cov- 
 ered with mats of rushes, closely inter- 
 woven ; each contained three or four fires ; 
 the greater part served for two families. 
 The population has been variously esti- 
 mated at 2,400 families, 1,200 warriors and 
 6,000 souls. "The lodges were built along 
 the river bank for the distance of a mile, 
 sometimes far more." (Parkman's "La 
 Salle." 156.) 
 
 Among the varying estimates as to pop- 
 ulation of the Illinois tribes (none of them 
 very accurate), one early Jesuit writer 
 ( 1658) describes their number at "about 
 100,000 souls, with sixty villages and quite 
 20,000 warriors." (Mason, Id., 4.) "Their 
 
 great Metropolis, near Utica, in La Salle 
 County, was the largest city ever built by 
 northern natives." (Caton, "The Last of 
 the Illinois.") Mr. Mason locates the vil- 
 lage four miles below the present city of 
 Ottawa. ("Land of the Illinois," p. 44.) 
 
 These facts indicate not only a powerful 
 and populous nation, but their cemeteries, 
 traditions, implements and cultivated fields, 
 a long residence in the same locality how 
 many the years or how many the centuries 
 can never be known. 
 
 Their most permanent homes were along 
 the Illinois River, but they seem to have had 
 entire control of all the northeastern por- 
 tion of Illinois, as far back as any record 
 can be found and to the time of the occupa- 
 tion by the Pottawatomies. The Chicago 
 portage seems to have been a frequent and 
 popular rendezvous, and they were so iden- 
 tified with this locality that Lake Michigan 
 was generally known to the early explorers 
 as the "Lake of the Illinois." 
 
 The Illinois were a kindly people; hos- 
 pitable, affable and humane ; and it was said 
 of them by one of the Jesuit missionaries, 
 "When they meet a stranger they utter a 
 cry of joy, caress him and give him every 
 proof of friendship." They lived by hunt- 
 ing and tilling of the soil, raising great 
 crops of Indian corn and storing away a 
 surplus for future use ; they were great 
 travelers by land, but, unlike most northern 
 Indian tribes, used canoes but little; they 
 had permanent dwellings, as well as port- 
 able lodges; they roamed many months of 
 the year among the prairies and forests of 
 their great country, to return again and 
 join in the feasts and merry-making, when 
 their whole population gathered in the vil- 
 lages. These habits of travel indicate that 
 they were frequently along the western 
 shore of the lake. 
 
 In September, 1680, soon after La Salle 
 and Tonty reached the Illinois country, 
 
HISTORY OF EVANSTON 
 
 and while Tonty was still there, the Iro- 
 quois from New York again attacked the 
 Illinois. "With great slaughter they defeat- 
 ed this hitherto invincible people; laid 
 waste their great city and scattered them 
 in broken bands over their wide domain. 
 From this terrible blow the Illinois never 
 recovered." (Caton, "Last of the Illinois"; 
 Mason, Id., pp. 99-103.) 
 
 During the succeeding century the Illi- 
 nois lovers of peace, who had welcomed 
 the explorer and the missionary broken in 
 spirit, their courage gone, decimated by 
 drink and disease and scattered by their 
 enemies, struggled with waning fortunes, 
 ending their existence in the historic trag- 
 edy of Starved Rock, about the year 1770, 
 from which but eleven of their number 
 escaped. 
 
 An Indian boy a Pottawatomie saw 
 the last remnant of this once proud and 
 powerful nation, brave warriors, their wo- 
 men and little children, huddled together 
 upon the half acre of ground that crowns 
 the summit of Starved Rock ; saw the fierce 
 and war-like Pottawatomies and Ottawas 
 swarm for days around them, and perform 
 by the torture of siege and starvation what 
 they could not do by force of arms. When 
 the little stock of food was gone, and de- 
 spair drove the Illinois to make the last 
 brave dash for liberty in the darkness of 
 the stormy night, he heard the yells and 
 clash of the righting warriors and the dying 
 shrieks of the helpless women and children. 
 Years afterward, when this Indian lad 
 (Meachelle) had grown to be the principal 
 chief of the Pottawatomies, he related these 
 incidents to Judge Caton. Let him who 
 cares for tragedy read what the learned 
 Judge says of this the last of the Illinois. 
 
 The Pottawatomies. The Pottawato- 
 mies were of the Algonquin tribes. Their 
 power was severely felt by the British 
 when at war with the French and in the 
 
 later Indian war led by Pontiac. When 
 Allouez and the other Jesuit Fathers first 
 visited Green Bay, in 1670, the Pottawato- 
 mies were living along its shores, and these 
 Jesuits are probably the first white men who 
 saw them in their homes. Green Bay at 
 that time was their permanent abode, 
 though they roamed far away and extended 
 their visits over much of the territory 
 around Lake Superior, where delegations 
 of them were seen as early as 1665, and in 
 1670, '7 1 and '7 2 ty tne Jesuit Fathers, 
 whom they frequently visited and invited 
 to their homes at Green Bay. In those days 
 they were not known in this locality, for 
 Joliet and Marquette, returning from the 
 Mississippi and the Illinois country in 1674, 
 met none of the Pottawatomies in this re- 
 gion. 
 
 The date when they left Green Bay is not 
 certain, or whether they emigrated from 
 there as a whole or in. parties, but it is a. 
 matter of history that, early in the eigh- 
 teenth century (authorities differ as to the 
 date), they scattered to the south and east 
 and, thereafter, occupied the Southern 
 Peninsula of Michigan, Northeastern Illi- 
 nois and the northern part of Indiana. 
 Their advance into Illinois was sometimes 
 accomplished with good-natured tolerance 
 on the part of the Illinois tribes, and some- 
 times by actual violence. This emigration 
 divided the tribe into two rather distinct 
 classes, so that we often find, even in re- 
 cent Government reports, the Pottawato- 
 mies of Michigan and Indiana designated 
 as those of the Woods, and those of Illinois 
 as those of the Prairie, or "The Prairie 
 Band." 
 
 The exclusive possession of this territory 
 by the Pottawatomies dates from the siege 
 of Starved Rock and the extinction of the 
 Illinois. The Pottawatomies and Ottawas 
 supposed that the Illinois were accessory to 
 the murder of Pontiac, who was killed in 
 
OUR INDIAN PREDECESSORS 
 
 1769 by an Illinois Indian, bribed for the 
 deed with a barrel of whiskey. They loved 
 and obeyed this great Indian chieftain of 
 the Oattawas and wreaked dire vengeance 
 for his death upon the luckless Illinois, and 
 the date of the massacre at Starved Rock 
 and their permanent occupation of this ter- 
 ritory is generally fixed as soon after Pon- 
 tiac's death. No record of their permanent 
 residence at Green Bay succeeds this date. 
 
 The Pottawatomies were of commanding 
 importance in this locality thereafter, and 
 even before, for in 1763 they sent a delega- 
 tion of 450 warriors to the Algonquin Con- 
 ference at Niagara Falls, and, as we all 
 know, they were the last Indians to yield 
 their place in this State to the inevitable 
 westward march of the white man, when 
 the tomahawk gave way forever to the 
 plowshare. 
 
 As already stated, the Pottawatomies of 
 the Woods became, -in time, a different peo- 
 ple than their western brothers ; they were 
 susceptible to the influence of civilization 
 and rjeligion ; took kindly to agriculture to 
 supplement the fruits of the chase. 
 
 It was very different, however, with the 
 Illinois Pottawatomies the prairie In- 
 dians. Judge Caton says of them: "They 
 despised the cultivation of the soil as too 
 mean even for their women and children, 
 and deemed the captures of the chase the 
 only fit food for a valorous people." They 
 paid little attention to the religion of the 
 white man. 
 
 "If they understood something of the 
 principles of the Christian religion which 
 were told them, they listened to it as a 
 sort of theory which might be well adapted 
 to the white man's condition, but was not 
 fitted for them, nor they for it. They en- 
 joyed the wild, roving life of the prairie, 
 and, in common with most all other native 
 Americans, were vain of their prowess and 
 manhood, both in war and in the chase. 
 
 They did not settle down for a great length 
 of time in a given place, but roamed across 
 the broad prairies, from one grove or belt 
 of timber to another, either in single fami- 
 lies or in small bands, packing their few 
 effects, their children, and infirm on their 
 little Indian ponies. They always traveled 
 in Indian file upon well-beaten trails, con- 
 necting, by the most direct routes, promi- 
 nent trading posts. These native highways 
 served as guides to our early settlers, who 
 followed them with as much confidence as 
 we now do the roads laid out and worked 
 by civilized man." 
 
 Schoolcraft says they were tall of stature, 
 fierce and haughty. 
 
 The portable wigwams of the Pottawato- 
 mies were made of flags or rushes, woven 
 and lapped ingeniously together. This ma- 
 terial was wound around a framework of 
 poles, meeting at the top. Through a hole 
 in the apex of the roof, left for the purpose, 
 the smoke escaped from the fire in the cen 
 ter ; the floor was generally of mats of tlie 
 same material spread around the fire. Their 
 beds were of buffalo robes and deer skins 
 thrown over the mats. The door consisted 
 of a simple opening covered with a mat or 
 robe. 
 
 Chicago was an important rendezvous 
 for them, as it had previously been for the 
 Illinois. There they signed an important 
 treaty with the United States in 1821, ced- 
 ing some 5,000,000 acres in Michigan and 
 other treaties, which will receive later men- 
 tion, and here they held, in 1835. immedi- 
 ately preceding their removal to the West, 
 their last grand council and war dance in 
 the presence of the early settlers of Chica- 
 go and 5,000 of their tribe. 
 
 The Ottawas were the firm allies of the 
 Pottawatomies, as were also the Chippevvas 
 (Ojibways) and all three tribes were close- 
 ly related, not only as friends and allies, but 
 by ties of blood and kinship, and they gen- 
 
HISTORY OF EVANSTON 
 
 33 
 
 erally joined in signing treaties ; some 
 writers assert that they were formerly one 
 nation. 
 
 In the war of 1812 the Pottawatomies, 
 at least in part, were against the United 
 States, although they fought the British 
 under Pontiac in 1763. In the Black Hawk 
 War of 1832 they remained true to our 
 Government, although it was with difficulty 
 that some of their young warriors were re- 
 strained from joining the Sacs and Foxes. 
 They participated in the Battle of Tippeca- 
 noe, and stamped their names forever upon 
 the history of Chicago by the Fort Dear- 
 born massacre. They were not only actively 
 concerned in all the warlike transactions of 
 their time, but among their numbers were 
 some of the most noted orators of history. 
 
 Ouilmette Reservation and Family. 
 The Ouilmette reservation and its for- 
 mer occupants and owners have been the 
 subject of much solicitude and investiga- 
 tion, not entirely for historical purposes, 
 but more especially that the white man 
 might know that he had a good, white 
 man's title to the Indian's land. The south- 
 ern boundary was Central Street, or a line 
 due west from the light-house; the eastern 
 boundary the lake; the northern boundary 
 a little south of Kenilworth, and the west- 
 ern boundary a little west of the western 
 terminus of the present street-car line on 
 Central Street, from which it will be seen 
 that some 300 acres of the Reservation falls 
 within the city limits of Evanston, while the 
 remainder includes almost the whole of our 
 nearest neighbor to the north the Village 
 of Wilmette. 
 
 The reservation takes its name from its 
 original owner, Archange Ouilmette, wife 
 of Antoine Ouilmette, described in the or- 
 iginal Treaty and Patent from the United 
 States as a Pottawatomie woman. The 
 name given the village Wilmette origi- 
 nates from the phonetic spelling of the 
 French name "O-u-i-1-m-e-t-t-e." 
 
 There are many interesting facts regard- 
 ing Ouilmette and his family, some of which 
 I will mention: Antoine, the husband, was 
 a Frenchman, who, like many of his coun- 
 trymen, came to the West in early days and 
 married an Indian wife. He was one of the 
 first white residents of Chicago; some of 
 the authorities say that, with the exception 
 of Marquette, he was the very first. He 
 was born at a place called Lahndrayh, near 
 Montreal, Canada, in the year 1760. His 
 first employment was with the American 
 Fur Company, in Canada, and he came to 
 Chicago in the employ of that company in 
 the year 1790. 
 
 This striking figure in Our local history 
 is sadly neglected in most, if not all, the his- 
 torical writings. Almost every one knows 
 that the Village of Wilmette was named 
 after its former owner; many misinformed 
 persons speak of him as an Indian chief; 
 a few of the writers merely mention his 
 name as one of the early settlers of Chi- 
 cago. And that has been the beginning and 
 the end of his written history. 
 
 Ouilmette's occupation cannot be more 
 definitely stated than to say that, at one 
 time, he was an employe of John Kinzie, 
 and in turn Indian trader, hunter and farm- 
 er. He was a type of the early French 
 voyageurs, who lived and died among their 
 Indian friends, loving more the hardships 
 and excitement of the Western frontier 
 than the easier life of Eastern civilization. 
 
 If a detailed account of all he saw and 
 did could be written we would have a com- 
 plete history of Chicago, Evanston and all 
 the North Shore during the eventful fifty 
 years intervening between 1790 and 1840. 
 
 It appears from a letter signed with "his 
 mark," written and witnessed by one James 
 Moore, dated at Racine, June I, 1839, that 
 he came to Chicago in July, 1790. A fac- 
 simile of this letter, which is addressed to 
 Mr. John H. Kinzie, appears in Blanchard's 
 History of Chicago (p. 574), and contains 
 
34 
 
 OUR INDIAN PREDECESSORS 
 
 some interesting facts, both historical and 
 personal. He says: 
 
 "I cairn into Chicago in the year 1790 in July 
 witness old Mr. Veaux . . . and Mr Griano 
 . . . These men ware living in the country Be- 
 fore the war with the winnebagoes. Trading with 
 them I saw the Indians Brake open the Door of 
 my house and also the Door of Mr. Kinzie's 
 House. At first there was only three Indians come. 
 They told me there was Forty more coming and 
 they told me to run. i Did So. in nine days all I 
 found left of my things was the feathers of my 
 beds scattered about The floor, the amount Dis- 
 troyed By them at that time was about Eight 
 hundred Dollars. Besides your fathar and me 
 Had about four hundred hogs Distroyed by the 
 Saim Indians and nearly at the Saim time, fur- 
 ther particulars when I See you. I wish you to 
 write me whether it is best for me to come thare 
 or for you to come hear and how son it must be 
 Done" 
 
 "Yours with Respect" 
 
 his 
 Antone X Ouilmette" 
 
 "Jas. Moore" mark 
 
 Ouilmette owned and occupied one of 
 the four cabins that constituted the settle- 
 ment of Chicago in 1803. The other resi- 
 dents were Kinzie, Burns and Lee (Kirk- 
 land's "Story of Chicago," "Andreas' His- 
 tory of Chicago," Mrs. William Whistler's 
 letter, written in 1875.) 
 
 Ouilmette had eight children, four sons 
 and four daughters, viz.: Joseph, Louis, 
 Francis, Mitchell, Elizabeth, Archange, Jos- 
 ette and Sophia ; also an adopted daughter, 
 Archange Trombla, who, on August 3, 
 1830, married John Mann, who in early 
 times ran a ferry at Calumet. (Authority 
 John Wentworth and Sophia Martell, the 
 only surviving daughter of Antoine Ouil- 
 mette.) 
 
 Ouilmette was in Chicago at the time of 
 the massacre of the garrison of Old Fort 
 Dearborn in 1812 by the Pottawatomies, 
 and his family was instrumental, at that 
 time, in saving the lives of at least two 
 whites. Mrs. John H. Kinzie in her book, 
 "Wau-bun" (the early day), describes the 
 circumstances : 
 
 "The next day after Black Partridge, the Pot- 
 tawatomie Chief, had saved the life of Mrs. Helm 
 in the massacre on the lake shore (commemorated 
 
 by the monument recently erected at the place), a 
 band of "the most hostile and implacable of all the 
 tribes of the Pottawatomies" arrived at Chicago 
 and, disappointed at their failure to participate in 
 the massacre and plunder, were ready to wreak 
 vengeance on the survivors, including Mrs. Helm 
 and other members of Mr. Kinzie's family. Mrs. 
 Kinzie says ("Wau-bun" pages 235, 240) : 
 
 "Black Partridge had watched their approach, 
 and his fears were particularly awakened for the 
 safety of Mrs. Helm (Mr. Kinzie's step-daughter). 
 By his advice she was made to assume the ordi- 
 nary dress of a French woman of the country. . 
 
 "In this disguise she was conducted by Black 
 Partridge himself to the house of Ouilmette, a 
 Frenchman with a half-breed wife, who formed 
 a part of the establishment of Mr. Kinzie, and 
 whose dwelling was close at hand. . . It so 
 happened that the Indians came first to this house 
 in their search for prisoners. As they approached, 
 the inmates, fearful that the fair complexion and 
 general appearance of Mrs. Helm might betray 
 her for an American, raised a large feather bed 
 and placed her under the edge of it, upon the 
 bedstead, with her face to the- wall. Mrs. Bison, 
 the sister of Ouilmette's wife, then seated herself 
 with her sewing upon the foot of the bed." 
 
 It was a hot day in August and Mrs. 
 Helm suffered so much from her position 
 and was so nearly suffocated that she en- 
 treated to be released and given up to the 
 Indians. "I can but die," said she; "let them 
 put an end to my misery at once." When 
 they assured her that her discovery would 
 be the death of all of them, she remained 
 quiet. 
 
 "The Indians entered and she could occasion- 
 ally see them from her hiding place, gliding about 
 and stealthily inspecting every part of the room, 
 though without making any ostensible search, un- 
 til apparently satisfied that there was no one con- 
 cealed, they left the house. . . All this time 
 Mrs. Bison had kept her seat upon the side of the 
 bed, calmly sorting and arranging the patch work 
 of the quilt on which she was then engaged and 
 preserving the appearance of the utmost tranquil- 
 lity, although she knew not but the next moment 
 she might receive a tomahawk in her brain. Her 
 self command unquestionably saved the lives of 
 all present. . . From Ouilmette's house the 
 party proceeded to the dwelling of Mr. Kinzie." 
 
 The Indians had just left Ouilmette's 
 house when one Griffin, a non-commis- 
 sioned officer, who had escaped and had 
 been concealed among the currant bushes of 
 Ouilmette's garden, climbed into Ouil- 
 mette's house through a window to hide 
 from the Indians. "The family stripped him 
 
HISTORY OF EVANSTON 
 
 35 
 
 of his uniform and arrayed him in a suit of 
 deer skin, with belt, moccasins and pipe, 
 like a French engage," in which disguise he 
 also escaped. 
 
 After the massacre, when John Kinzie 
 and all the other white settlers and their 
 families fled from the place, Ouilmette and 
 his family remained, and he was the only 
 white resident of Chicago for the following 
 four years, 1812 to 1816. (Kirkland's "Story 
 of Chicago"; Hurlbut's "Chicago Antiqui- 
 ties.") 
 
 In 1814 Alexander Robinson (afterwards 
 chief of the Pottawatomies) came to Chi- 
 cago, and he and Ouilmette cultivated the 
 field formerly used as the garden of old 
 Fort Dearborn; they raised good crops of 
 corn and sold the crop of 1816 to Captain 
 Bradley, after his arrival at Chicago to re- 
 build the fort. (Andreas' "History of Chi- 
 cago.") 
 
 He was still in Chicago in 1821. (An- 
 dreas', Id. ; Kirkland, Id.) 
 
 He had horses and oxen and other stock 
 in abundance. In early days he kept a 
 small store in Chicago and used to tow 
 boats into the Chicago River with his ox 
 teams. He also furnished the Fort Dear- 
 born garrison with meat and fuel and car- 
 ried on trading operations with the Indians 
 along the North Shore and in Canada, 
 where he frequently went. (Authority, 
 Sophia Martell.) 
 
 Mrs. Archibald Clybourne says that Ouil- 
 mette raised sheep when he lived in Chica- 
 go, and that her mother, Mrs. Galloway, 
 used to purchase the wool of him with 
 which she spun yarn and knit stockings for 
 the Fort Dearborn soldiers. 
 
 Ouilmette was a thrifty Frenchman. In 
 1825 he was one of the principal taxpayers 
 in Chicago and paid $4.00 taxes that year 
 upon property valued at $400, as appears 
 by an old tax roll, dated July 25th of that 
 year (Blanchard's "History of Chicago," p. 
 
 517), from which rate of taxation it would 
 seem that the burden of "taxing bodies," of 
 which we hear so much in these days, began 
 very early in Chicago's history. With one 
 exception, none of the fourteen taxpayers 
 of that year owned property in excess of 
 $1,000. John Kinzie's holdings appear on 
 the same roll as worth $500, while those of 
 John B. Beaubien are set down at $1,000; 
 the lowest man on the list is Joseph La 
 Framboise, who paid fifty cents on property 
 valued at $50, and Ouilmette's taxes appear 
 considerably above the average in amount. 
 He also appears as a voter upon the poll 
 book of an election held at Chicago on 
 August 7, 1826, at which election it is said 
 he voted for John Quincy Adams for Pres- 
 ident (Blanchard, Id., p. 519), which is the 
 last record I have been able to find of his 
 residence in Chicago. 
 
 The Treaty of Prairie du Chien, in de- 
 scribing the boundaries of .a part of the 
 lands ceded by the Indians, and dated July 
 29, 1829, begins the description as follows: 
 "Beginning on the western shore of Lake 
 Michigan, at the northeast corner of the 
 field of Antoine Ouilmette, who lives near 
 Gross Point, about twelve (12) miles north 
 from Chicago, thence due west to the Rock 
 River," which is the first evidence I have 
 found of Ouilmette's residence in this vi- 
 cinity, although he was married to Arch- 
 ange in 1796 or 1797 at "Gross Point," or 
 what is now Wilmette Village, this being 
 the first North Shore wedding of which 
 there is any history. (Authority, Sophia 
 Martell.) 
 
 Ouilmette was a Roman Catholic. In 
 April, 1833, he joined with Alexander Rob- 
 inson, Billy Caldwell, several of the Beau- 
 biens and others, in a petition to the Bishop 
 of the diocese of Missouri, at St. Louis, 
 asking for the establishment of the first 
 Catholic Church in Chicago. The petition 
 (written in French) says: "A priest should 
 
OUR INDIAN PREDECESSORS 
 
 be sent there before other sects obtain the 
 upper hand, which very likely they will try 
 to do." The early enterprise of the church 
 is demonstrated by the fact that the peti- 
 tion was received on April i6th and grant- 
 ed the next day. (Andreas' "History of 
 Chicago.") 
 
 From the foregoing facts it is evident 
 that Ouilmette located in Chicago in l~f>o, 
 and lived there for over thirty-six years, 
 and that ?nr - c 'w~" hc've^i 1826 and 1829 
 he located within the present limits of Ev- 
 anston or Wilmette Village, and certainly 
 within the Reservation. 
 
 Mrs. Kinzie took Ouilmette 's daughter 
 Josette with her to the Indian Agency, of 
 which her husband was in charge at Old 
 Fort Winnebago in Wisconsin, on her re- 
 turn from Chicago in 1831. She describes 
 her ("Wau-bun," 300) as " a little bound 
 girl, a bright, pretty child of ten years of 
 age. She had been at the Saint Joseph's 
 Mission School." Mrs. Kinzie, at the time 
 of the Black Hawk war (1832) fled from 
 Fort Winnebago to Green Bay in a canoe 
 and took this same little Josette Ouilmette 
 with her ("Wau-bun," 426). 
 
 That Josette was a protege of the Kinzie 
 family, and that they took a lively interest 
 in her welfare, further appears from the 
 treaty of 1833 with the Pottawatomies at 
 Chicago. She is personally provided for. 
 probably at the demand of the Kinzies, in 
 the following words : "To Josette Ouil- 
 mette (John H. Kinzie, Trustee), $200." 
 The other children did not fare so well, for 
 the Treaty further provides, "To Antoine 
 Ouilmette's children, $300." 
 
 Archange Ouilmette, wife of Antoine, 
 was a squaw of the Pottawatomie tribe, be- 
 longing to a band of that tribe locate'.! at 
 the time she was married at what is now 
 Wilmette Village, although the band were 
 constant rovers over what is now Illinois, 
 Michigan, Indiana and Wisconsin. While 
 
 Archange was of the Pottawatomie tribe her 
 father was a white man, a trader in the em- 
 ploy of the American Fur Company, a 
 Frenchman, bearing the rather striking 
 name of Francois Chevallier. Archange 
 was born at Sugar Creek, Michigan, about 
 1764 and died at Council Bluffs, Iowa, in 
 1840. (Authority, Sophia Martell, daugh- 
 ter, and Israel Martell. grandson of An- 
 toine.) 
 
 John Wentworth says in his reminis- 
 cences that Ouilmette's daughter, Eliza- 
 beth, married for her first husband en May 
 ii, 1830, Michael Welch, "the first Irish- 
 man in Chicago." 
 
 This wedding, with the son of Erin 
 groom and the Pottawatomie bride, was 
 celebrated in an old log cabin that stood 
 until some two years ago (1903) on the 
 east side of Sheridan Road, at Kenilworth, 
 and about two blocks north of the Kenil- 
 worth water tower. I secured a kodak pic- 
 ture of this log cabin shortly before it was 
 removed, copy of which appears on an 
 adjoining page. This cabin was built 
 by one John Doyle, who, considering his 
 name and date of residence, may be safely 
 designated "the first Irishman of the North 
 Shore," for I am sure there are few who 
 can successfully dispute my statement, nor 
 do I see any reason why the North Shore 
 should not have its "first Irishman" as well 
 as Chicago. 
 
 My authority as to this being the house 
 where the wedding was celebrated is Mr. 
 Charles S. Raddin, of Evanston, who se- 
 cured the information some years ago from 
 Mrs. Archibald Clybourne, who may have 
 been present at the wedding, although Mr. 
 Raddin neglected to ask her. Mr. Raddin 
 was further neglectful in failing to get the 
 name of the best man and the maid of hon- 
 or, and whether they were Irish or Potta- 
 watomie. The ceremony was performed by 
 John B. Beaubien, a Justice of the Peace, as 
 
HISTORY OF EVANSTON 
 
 37 
 
 is shown beyond question by the records of 
 Peoria County. 
 
 Ouilmette and his family lived in this 
 cabin at the time of this wedding, and for 
 some time thereafter (authority, Sophia 
 Martell, who also corroborates Mr. Raddin 
 regarding her sister's marriage), although 
 their most permanent abode was about a 
 mile south of there, as will be shown later. 
 
 The Treaty of Prairie du Chien with the 
 Chippewas, Ottawas and Pottawatomies, by 
 which the Reservation was ceded to Ouil- 
 mette's wife, was concluded July 29, 1829. 
 Among other provisions of land for In- 
 dians and others, Article 4 of the Treaty 
 provides as follows: "To Archange Ouil- 
 mette. a Pottawatomie woman, wife of An- 
 toine, two sections for herself and her chil- 
 dren on Lake Michigan, south of and ad- 
 joining the northern boundary of the ces- 
 sion herein made by the Indians aforesaid 
 to the United States. . . . The tracts 
 of land herein stipulated to be granted shall 
 never be leased or conveyed by the grantees, 
 or their heirs, to any person whatever, with- 
 out the permission of the President of the 
 United States." 
 
 The land was surveyed by the Govern- 
 ment surveyors in 1842, and the patent 
 therefor was issued October 2gth of the 
 same year. 
 
 Site of Evanston Lands Acquired 
 From the Indians. This treaty is of 
 special historical interest. By it the United 
 States acquired title from the Indians to all 
 of the land within the city limits of Evans- 
 ton and great tracts to the west, bounded 
 as follows : Beginning at the north line of 
 Ouilmette's reservation, or a little south of 
 Kenilworth on the Lake Shore, due west 
 to the Rock River, thence down the 
 river and east of it to the Indian 
 boundary line on Fox River, estab- 
 lished by the treaty of 1816; thence 
 northeasterly on that line to Lake Michi- 
 
 gan, thence north along the lake shore to 
 the place of beginning. (The line men- 
 tioned as running "northeasterly to Lake 
 Michigan" is the center of the street in 
 Rogers Park, known for many years and 
 in our records as the "Indian Boundary 
 Road." now unfortunately changed by di- 
 rection of the City Council of Chicago to 
 "Rogers Avenue." It is about half way 
 between Calvary Cemetery and the Rog- 
 ers Park depot ; crosses Clark Street or 
 Chicago Avenue at the site of the old toll- 
 gate and Justice Murphy's birthplace on 
 the opposite corner). 
 
 There should be active co-operation in 
 restoring the name "Indian Boundary" to 
 this highway. I am informed that the name 
 was changed at the solicitation of Mr. Rog- 
 ers' family. He was, no doubt, a worthy 
 pioneer, but his name seems to have been 
 sufficiently perpetuated by the name Rog- 
 ers' Park, which was the former village 
 now annexed to Chicago. There is, too, a 
 railroad station there of that name, and 
 many real estate subdivisions also bearing 
 his name. This Indian Boundary line is 
 not only a great land mark, but the treaty 
 which fixed it had great historical signif- 
 icance in the development of Illinois. This 
 line is referred to in many maps, surveys, 
 deeds and conveyances, is in part the divid- 
 ing line between the cities of Chicago and 
 Evanston, runs in a southwesterly direc- 
 tion, intersecting other roads and streets 
 in such manner as to make it an important 
 and distinctive highway, the importance of 
 which will grow more and more as the 
 years go by. The disinclination of the 
 City Council to disturb historical land- 
 marks by changing the names of old high- 
 ways should surely have been exercised in 
 this instance, and one of the aldermen of 
 that ward, Mr. W. P. Dunn, assures me 
 that he agrees with this sentiment. 
 
 This treaty also included a vast terri- 
 
OUR INDIAN PREDECESSORS 
 
 tory lying between the Mississippi and 
 Rock rivers in Illinois and Wisconsin, and 
 was planned, it is said, with reference to 
 the succeeding Treaty of Chicago in 1833, 
 to finally clear Western Illinois and South- 
 ern Wisconsin of the Indians. "By its pro- 
 visions the Indians became completely 
 hemmed in or surrounded. To use a com- 
 mon saying in playing checkers, the In- 
 dians were driven into the 'single corner' 
 before they were aware of it." Haines, p 
 
 554-) 
 
 This treaty was the entering wedge, de- 
 signed, as above stated, to eventually oust 
 the Pottawatomies and other tribes from 
 Illinois and Wisconsin, and the manner in 
 which its execution was secured reflects 
 no credit upon our nation. If the writers 
 who have investigated the subject can be 
 relied upon, hardly any treaty with the In- 
 dians ever made is subject to more just 
 criticism. 
 
 Story of the Ouilmette Reservation. 
 It is claimed by Elijah M. Haines, au- 
 thor of "The American Indian," that the 
 two sections of land constituting the Ouil- 
 mette Reservation, were given to Ouil- 
 mette's wife and children as a bribe for the 
 husband's influence in securing the execu- 
 tion of this treaty. Mr. Haines, late of 
 Waukegan, was for some years Speaker of 
 the Illinois House of Representatives, and 
 spent a portion of each year, for many 
 years, among the Indians. In his book he 
 devotes some ten pages (550-560) to "the 
 ingenious work in overreaching the In- 
 dians in procuring the execution of this 
 treaty," from which it appears, if Mr. 
 Haines is correct, that plans were laid in 
 advance by the Government's agents to 
 carry it through by electing chiefs to fill 
 vacancies in the Pottawatomie tribe, who 
 were not only friendly to the whites, but 
 who were parties to a prior conspiracy to 
 dupe the Indians. As the author says, "the 
 
 jury being thus successfully packed, the 
 verdict was awaited as a matter of form." 
 Mr. Haines seems to have reached this con- 
 clusion after careful investigation, includ- 
 ing personal interviews with some of the 
 principals, among whom was Alexander 
 Robinson, one of the chiefs who was elected 
 at the very time the treaty was signed. Mr. 
 Haines sets out a personal interview be- 
 tween himself and Robinson on the sub- 
 ject, which is as follows: 
 
 "Mr. Robinson, when and how did you become 
 a chief?" 
 
 "Me made chief at the treaty of Prairie du 
 Chien." 
 
 "How did you happen to be made chief?" 
 
 "Old Wilmette, he come to me one day and 
 he say: Dr. Wolcott" (then Indian agent at Chi- 
 cago, who Mr. Haines says, planned the deal) 
 "want me and Billy Caldwell to be chief. He 
 ask me if I will. Me say yes, if Dr. Wolcott want 
 me to be." 
 
 "After the Indians had met together at Prairie 
 du Chien for the Treaty, what was the first thing 
 done ?" 
 
 "The first thing they do they make me and Billy 
 Caldwell chiefs; then we be chiefs . . . then 
 we all go and make the treaty." 
 
 Chiefs Robinson and Caldwell were hand- 
 somely taken care of, both -in this treaty 
 and -subsequent ones, in the way of an- 
 nuities, cash and lands, as were also their 
 friends. Archange Ouilmette, Indian wife 
 of the man designated by Chief Robinson 
 as "Old Wilmette," and her children thus, 
 according to Mr. Haines, secured the two 
 sections of land constituting the Reserva- 
 tion under discussion, and which seems to 
 show that Ouilmette was, indeed, as al- 
 ready stated, a thrifty Frenchman. 
 
 There is ample ground, however, for 
 disagreement with Mr. Haines in his volun- 
 tary criticism of Ouilmette in this trans- 
 action. It must be borne in mind that 
 Ouilmette and his family were not only 
 friendly to the whites during the stirring 
 and perilous times at Chicago in the War 
 of 1812, but they themselves had suffered 
 depredations at the hands of the Indians, 
 as shown by Ouilmette's letter to John H. 
 
HISTORY OF EVANSTON 
 
 39 
 
 Kinzie. Then, too, he was occupying this 
 very land, then of little value, and consid- 
 ering his fidelity to the Government, not- 
 withstanding his marriage to a Pottawato- 
 mie wife, it would seem that this cession of 
 these two sections of land, under the cir- 
 cumstances, was entirely right and prob- 
 ably very small compensation for his 
 friendly services. Then, too, it must be re- 
 membered that he did not get the land, but 
 it went to his Pottawatomie wife and her 
 children. 
 
 Mr. Haines says of this transaction and 
 of Dr. Wolcott's and Ouilmette's connec- 
 tion with it (p. 557) : "In aid of 
 this purpose, it seems he secured the 
 services of Antoine Wilmette, a French- 
 man, who had married an Indian 
 wife of the Pottawatomie tribe, one 
 of the oldest residents of Chicago, and a 
 man of much influence with the Indians 
 and a particular friend of Robinson's." 
 
 It is fair to say that Mr. Haines excuses 
 both Robinson and Caldwell for their action 
 in the matter, on the ground that they had 
 long been friendly to the whites and were 
 misled into believing that the integrity of 
 their white friends was as lasting as their 
 own (p. 556). It is to be regretted that 
 Mr. Haines did not express the same views 
 as to Ouilmette, for history clearly demon- 
 strates that he was richly entitled to it. 
 
 Ouilmette was also on hand when the 
 Treaty of Chicago (1833) was negotiated, 
 as he was at Prairie du Chien, for the 
 treaty not only provides for the donations 
 already mentioned to Chiefs Robinson and 
 Caldwell, to Ouilmette's children and 
 others, but he secured $800 for himself, as 
 the treaty shows. Whether this was com- 
 pensation for his hogs that had been "dis- 
 troyed" some thirty years before by the In- 
 dians, or as further compensation for his 
 prior services at Prairie du Chien or at 
 Chicago in 1812, is not disclosed, but it cer- 
 
 tainly is evidence of his desire to see that 
 his finances should not suffer in deals made 
 with his wife's relations. 
 
 Joseph Fountain, late of Evanston, now 
 deceased, father-in-law of ex-Alderman 
 Carroll, says in an affidavit dated in 1871, 
 "that when he first came here he lived with 
 Antoine Ouilmette; that at that time he 
 (Antoine) was an old man, about 70 years 
 of age, and was living upon the Reservation 
 with his nephew, Archange, his wife, being 
 then absent. . . . That within a year or 
 two thereafter the children returned and 
 lived with their father upon the Reservation 
 The children went away again and return- 
 ed again in 1844. They were then all over 
 lawful age, had usual and ordinary intelli- 
 gence of white people and were competent 
 to manage and sell their property. . . . 
 
 That he was intimate with the children 
 and their father and after their return as- 
 sisted them in building a house to live in on 
 the Reservation. That during the last 
 twenty (20) years the Indian heirs have 
 not been back there. . . . That in the 
 years 1852 and 1853 the land was not worth 
 over $3,00 per acre." 
 
 I find by inquiry of Mary Fountain, Jo- 
 seph Fountain's widow, a very old lady, in 
 Evanston, still living in 1901", and by like 
 inquiry of Mr. Benjamin F. Hill 2 and 
 others, that the house just mentioned was 
 built of logs, situated on the high bluffs on 
 the lake shore, opposite, or a little north of 
 Lake Avenue, in the Village of Wilmette, 
 and that the former site of the house has 
 long since, and within the memory of old 
 residents been washed into the lake, many 
 acres of land having been thus washed 
 away. Mr. Hill says that this house was 
 at one time occupied by Joel Stebbins, who 
 used it as a tavern. 
 
 JMrs. Fountain died in Evanston February 17. 190. 
 ^Benjamin F. Hill died in Milwaukee. Wisconsin. Oc- 
 tober 7, 1!X>5 his residence up to that time, hoocver. 
 
 having been in Evanston. 
 
4 o 
 
 OUR INDIAN PREDECESSORS 
 
 The affidavit of Mr. Fountain indicates 
 that Ouilmette lived on the Reservation un- 
 til 1838. His letter of 1839 indicates a 
 residence at Racine, at which place he had 
 a farm for several prior years, and while 
 living in Chicago, or at least a tract of 
 land where he frequently went. (Author- 
 ity, Sophia Martell.) 
 
 Mr. Benjamin F. Hill says that he knew 
 him about the year 1838; that he was then 
 a very old man, rather small of stature, 
 dark skinned and bowed with age ; that 
 about that year he went away. He died 
 at Council Bluffs. December I, 1841. 
 
 Mr. Hill says that Mr. Fountain omits 
 in his affidavit one item concerning the 
 acquaintance between Ouilmette and Foun- 
 tain, viz. : a lawsuit, in which Ouilmette 
 prosecuted Fountain and others for tres- 
 passing upon the Reservation by cutting 
 timber, which resulted unfavorably to Ouil- 
 mette ; that there was a large bill of court 
 costs which Fountain's lawyer collected by- 
 having the Sheriff levy upon and sell a pair 
 of fine Indian ponies belonging to Ouil- 
 mette, which were his special pride, and 
 that it was immediately after this incident 
 that Ouilmette left the Reservation never 
 to return. 
 
 (The value of the timber probably ac- 
 counts for the selection of this land by 
 Ouilmette when the treaty was drawn.) 
 
 There are many other interesting remin- 
 iscences among old settlers of Evanston re- 
 garding Ouilmette. One from William 
 Carney, former Chief of Police of Evans- 
 ton and for many years a Cook County 
 Deputy Sheriff, who was born in Evanston, 
 is to the effect that Ouilmette often went 
 through Evanston, along the old Ridge 
 trail on which the Carneys lived, on foot 
 and always carrying a bag over his shoul- 
 der ; that the children were afraid of him, 
 and that Carney's mother, when he was a 
 small bov, used to threaten him with the 
 
 punishment for misconduct of giving him to 
 "Old Ouilmette," who would put him in the 
 bag and carry young Carney home to his 
 squaw. Mr. Carney says, "Then I used to 
 be good" ; and it is local history that, in 
 later years, my youthful associates used to 
 say something to the same effect about be- 
 ing good after an interview with Mr. Car- 
 ney himself, when he had grown to man- 
 hood and become the first Chief of Police 
 of Evanston, his brother John constituting 
 the remainder of the force. In those days, 
 too, "Carney will get you if you don't look 
 out!" was a common parental threat in 
 Evanston. 
 
 As already shown, neither Archange 
 Ouilmette nor her children could, under the 
 treaty and patent, sell any of the land with- 
 out the consent of the President of the 
 United States. Consequently there is 
 much data respecting the family, both in 
 the Recorder's office of this county, in the 
 form of affidavits and in the office of the 
 Interior Department at Washington, es- 
 pecially in the General Land Office and the 
 office of Indian Affairs. To some of these 
 documents I refer : 
 
 By a petition dated February 22, 1844, 
 to the President of the United States, 
 signed by seven of the children of Ouil- 
 mette (all except Joseph), it appears that 
 Archange Ouilmette, the mother, died at 
 Council Bluffs on November 25, 1840; that 
 six of the children signing the petition then 
 resided at Council Bluffs, and one (prob- 
 ably the former little Josette) at Fort Win- 
 nebago, Wisconsin Territory; that in con- 
 sequence of their living at a remote dis- 
 tance, the land is deteriorating in value "by 
 having much of its timber, which con- 
 stitutes its chief worth, cut off and stolen 
 by various individuals living near by," 
 which would seem to indicate that people 
 were not so good in those days in Evans- 
 ton as they have been reputed to be in some 
 
HISTORY OF EVANSTOX 
 
 later days, if the Chicago newspapers can 
 be believed in this respect. The petition 
 further says : 
 
 "The home of your petitioners, with one 
 exception, is at Council Bluffs, with the 
 Pottawatomie tribe of Indians, with whom 
 we are connected by blood, and that your 
 petitioners cannot, with due regard to their 
 feelings and interests, reside away from 
 their tribe on said Reserve" ; also that 
 they have been put to expense in em- 
 ploying agents, whose employment has not 
 been beneficial. 
 
 The petition then asks leave to sell or 
 lease the land, and the prayer concludes 
 in the following words: 
 
 "Or, that your Excellency will cause the 
 Government of the United States to pur- 
 chase back from us said Reserve of land, 
 and pay us one dollar and twenty-five cents 
 per acre therefor." 
 
 "And your petitioners further show that 
 they are now at Chicago on expense, wait- 
 ing for the termination of this petition, and 
 anxious to return home as soon as possible," 
 and request action "without delay." 
 
 As the result of this petition and subse- 
 quent ones, Henry W. Clarke was ap- 
 pointed a Special Indian Agent to make 
 sale of the Reservation, or rather that part 
 of it owned by the seven petitioners, so 
 that a fair price could be obtained, and sale 
 was made to real estate speculators during 
 the years 1844 and 1845. ^ n tne corre- 
 spondence between the various departments 
 of the Government with reference to the 
 sale, appear the signatures of John H. Kin- 
 zie. John Went worth (then member of 
 Congress), William Wilkins, Secretary of 
 War, President John Tyler, W. L. Marcy, 
 Secretary of War; also the signatures of 
 Presidents James K. Polk and U. S. 
 Grant. 1 ' 
 
 tpor copies of these documents pee "Historical Col- 
 lections," Kvanston Historical Society. 
 
 The south half of the Reservation, in- 
 cluding all that is in Evanston (640 acres), 
 sold for $1,000, or a little over $1.50 per 
 acre. The north section was sold in sep- 
 arate parcels for a larger sum. The cor- 
 respondence tends to show that the seven 
 Ouilmette children carried their money 
 home with them, but as the Special Indian 
 Agent had no compensation from the Gov- 
 ernment and there were several lawyers en- 
 gaged in the transaction, the amount that 
 the Indians carried back to Council Bluffs 
 can be better imagined than described. 
 
 Joseph Ouilmette in the year 1844 took 
 his share of the Reservation in severally, 
 deeding the remainder of the Reservation 
 to his brothers and sisters, and they in turn 
 deeding his share to him. The share that 
 he took was in the northeastern part of the 
 Reservation; he secured the best price in 
 making a sale and seemed inclined, not only 
 to separate his property interests from his 
 brothers and sisters, but to be more of a 
 white man than an Indian, as he did not 
 follow the family and the Pottawatomie 
 tribe to the West for several years, but 
 adopted the life of a Wisconsin farmer, re- 
 moving later to the Pottawatomie Reserva- 
 tion in Kansas. 
 
 An affidavit made by Norman Clark, 
 May 25, 1871, states that Joseph Ouilmette 
 was in 1853 a farmer, residing on his farm 
 in Marathon county, Wis., "about 300 miles 
 from Racine," and that the $460 he re- 
 ceived for his share of the Reservation 
 "was used in and about the improvement of 
 his farm," upon which he lived for about 
 seven years, and that he was capable of 
 managing his affairs "as ordinary, full- 
 blooded white farmers are" ; that from 
 1850 to 1853 he carried on a farm within 
 two miles of Racine, presumably on the 
 land formerly owned by his father, An- 
 toine. 
 
 It appears from various recorded affi- 
 
OUR INDIAN PREDECESSORS 
 
 davits that all of the children of Ouil- 
 mette are now dead. Such affidavits must 
 have been made from hearsay and with a 
 view of extinguishing upon the face of the 
 records all possible adverese claims, for I 
 find by investigation that a daughter of 
 Ouilmette (Sophia Martell) is still (1905) 
 living on the Pottawatomie Reservation in 
 Kansas, at a very advanced age, but with a 
 good memory that has served a useful 
 purpose in supplying the writer with a few 
 of the facts here noted. With this excep- 
 tion, all of the children are dead, but many 
 of their descendants are still living on this 
 same Reservation, and several of them are 
 people of intelligence and education, priz- 
 ing highly the history of their ancestors. 
 
 Mitchell Ouilmette, on May 2, 1832, (as 
 John Went worth says) enlisted in the first 
 "militia of the town of Chicago until all 
 apprehension of danger from the Indians 
 may have subsided" probably referring to 
 the Black Hawk War. Mr. Went worth's 
 authority is a copy of the enlistment roll, 
 where, in transacting the copy, his name 
 is stated as "Michael," an evident mistake 
 in transcribing from the original signa- 
 ture. 
 
 While it is true that Captain Heald, of 
 Fort Dearborn, was notified on August 7 or 
 9, 1812, of the declaration of war against 
 England by a message carried by the 
 Pottawatomie chief Win-a-mac, or Win- 
 nemeg (the Catfish), from General Hull at 
 Detroit, warning Captain Heald that the 
 Post and Island of Mackinac had fallen 
 into the hands of the British, of the conse- 
 quent danger to the Chicago garrison, and 
 the probable necessity of retiring to Fort 
 Wayne, still it is stated upon good author- 
 ity that Louis Ouilmette, son of Antoint, 
 learned the same facts from a band of In- 
 dians on the North Shore, who had come 
 either from Mackinac or from that vicin- 
 ity, and at once carried the information to 
 
 the garrison several days before the arrival 
 of Win-a-mac. (Authority, data in hands 
 of C. S. Raddin.) 
 
 The only relic of Antoine Ouilmette in 
 the hands of the Evanston Historical So- 
 ciety is an old chisel, or tapping gouge, 
 used by him in tapping maple trees in making 
 maple sugar on the Reservation, at a point 
 a little west and some two blocks north of the 
 present Wilmette station of the Northwest- 
 ern Railway, immediately west of Dr. B. C. 
 Stolp's residence. This chisel, or gouge, 
 was secured by Mr. Benjamin F. Hill in 
 this sugar bush soon after Ouilmette went 
 away, and there is not the slightest doubt 
 of its being the former property of Ouil- 
 mette ; for Mr. Hill, who has been quoted 
 frequently in this paper, is not only the 
 John Wentworth of Evanston in the mat- 
 ter of being an early settler (1836), with a 
 great fund of authentic information, but 
 he is a man of force and intelligence, of ex- 
 cellent memory, unquestionable integrity, 
 and always interested in historical sub- 
 jects, as his many valuable contributions 
 to the Evanston Historical Society abun- 
 dantly show. 
 
 Convincing evidence of the shortness 
 of the span between the wigwam, the log 
 cabin and the modern home, is presented 
 when we consider that there are many liv- 
 in Evanstonians who knew the Ouilmette 
 family, and who saw their North Shore 
 Reservation in all the primeval beauty of 
 its ancient forest and towering elms. 
 
 Indian Trails of the North Shore. 
 "Red Men's Roads" have of late been the 
 subject of much investigation. Passing 
 reference, therefore, to some of the Indian 
 Trails of the North Shore will not be 
 out of place here. My information is con- 
 fined largely to Evanston and that imme- 
 diate vicinity. For over a quarter of a 
 century the Northwestern Railway has 
 operated what the North Shore residents 
 
HISTORY OF EVANSTOX 
 
 43 
 
 call "The Green Bay Train." A quarter of 
 a century before that the white pioneer 
 went to "Little Fort" or Waukegan on the 
 "Green Bay Road," and before that 
 old settlers say it was the "Green Bay In- 
 dian Trail." Along this trail, in the 
 year 1680, fled the wounded Henri de 
 Tonty and his two or three follow- 
 ers, in their historic flight from the 
 blood-thirsty Iroquois, who time and 
 again had also chased their red enemies in 
 terror before them along this same Indian 
 trail, and, in the later days, the white pio- 
 neer saw, in the same trail, the tracks of 
 many moccasined feet and of many Indian 
 ponies wending their way to and from the 
 treaty making councils at Fort Dearborn. 
 Evanston historians have long been at 
 loggerheads as to the location of this 
 Green Bay Road. They all agree that it 
 followed the line of Clark Street north, to a 
 point opposite the north line of Rose Hill 
 Cemetery, and there the trouble begins. 
 Some insist that it went due north, follow- 
 ing Clark Street and its Evanston exten- 
 sion called there Chicago Avenue to a 
 point a little north of the Evanston light- 
 house, there reaching "the Ridge." Others 
 claim that its divergence to 'the Ridge" was 
 at the point of difference. Probably Both 
 are right, each route being used, accord- 
 ing to the wetness or dryness of the sea- 
 son. At all events, there is no doubt for 
 old settlers all agree, from Benjamin F. Hill, 
 who came to Evanston in 1836, to Frances 
 E. Willard, author of "The Classic Town" 
 in 1892 that through Evanston there were 
 at least two well-defined north and south 
 Indian trails, one following "the Ridge" 
 or the high ground that extends from the 
 terminus of Lincoln Avenue at Bowman- 
 ville, or Rose Hill, on the south, to the high 
 bluff on the lake front to the north of 
 Evanston, and the other trail was right on 
 the bank of the lake shore. This latter 
 
 trail, however, there is reason to believe, 
 was a very ancient trail, leading to the 
 chipping stations or shops already de- 
 scribed; and, in the later days, when the 
 settlers began to arrive, and when weapons 
 were purchased of traders and, therefore, 
 no further use for the primitive article 
 this latter trail was used only in following 
 the game that also used it. "The Ridge" 
 trail ran to the south, along the high 
 ground, through Rose Hill Cemetery, 
 reaching both the ancient and the modern 
 Indian Village somewhere in that vicinity 
 probably at or near the western limits of 
 the cemetery or on the North Branch. 
 There is abundant evidence to show that 
 north of Evanston, this trail, which reaches 
 the Lake Shore in the north part of Evans- 
 ton, led to Milwaukee and even north of 
 that, following generally the present line of 
 Sheridan Road with a branch around the 
 south end of "The Skokie," reaching the 
 North Branch of the Chicago River at or 
 near its source, and in turn the Desplaines 
 River and the Lake region to the north- 
 west. One authority places the "Little 
 Fort (Waukegan) Trail" six miles west of 
 Evanston, on one of the sand ridges there. 
 As these ridges (of which there are sev- 
 eral) lie generally alongside low, marshy 
 places between the ridges, and as these 
 ridges extend north and south, it is no 
 doubt true, considering the Indian popula- 
 tion and the important points both north 
 and south, that there were well denned In- 
 dian trails on all of them, with branches in 
 varying directions, that would lead to Lit- 
 tle Fort; but whatever may have been the 
 name of this western trail, the most direct 
 ones from Chicago to Little Fort were 
 through Evanston. 
 
 The existence and location of these 
 Evanston trails is not left in doubt, for 
 there are several living witnesses, both in 
 Chicago and Evanston, who have seen them 
 
44 
 
 OUR INDIAN PREDECESSORS 
 
 and have traveled them. The Ridge Trail 
 had been in such constant use that the path 
 was worn more than a foot into the ground 
 from constant travel. Major Mulford, one 
 of Evanston's pioneers, had his home ad- 
 joining his trail, immediately west of the 
 present site of Calvary Cemetery, and was 
 frequently visited there by his Chicago 
 friends, among them Fernando Jones. The 
 site of this trail is known as Ridge Boule- 
 vard, in Evanston, and upon it live many of 
 Chicago's leading citizens. 
 
 Mr. B. F. Hill, in describing the Ridge 
 Trail, says: "On each side of the Ridge 
 and close to it, were two Indian ' trails, 
 where the Indians traveled north and south'. 
 One was about where Ridge Avenue now 
 is, and the other in the neighborhood of As- 
 bury Avenue, or perhaps a little west of 
 that. These trails were so much used that 
 the path was worn more than a foot into 
 the ground from the constant travel, show- 
 ing that these trails had been used for 
 many years." 
 
 Indian Trees of the North Shore. 
 There are, at various places along the 
 North Shore, and following closely the line 
 of several of the old Indian trails, some 
 curious trees that apparently have been 
 broken, or rather bent and tied down while 
 saplings by Indians to mark these trails ; 
 that custom has been followed in other lo- 
 calities, among which, it is said, is the Brad- 
 dock trail, several localities near Fox Lake, 
 111., also in the vicinity of Mackinac, and it 
 is entirely probable here. The trees are in- 
 variably large and. if this convenient and 
 plausible theory is correct, some of this work 
 of so marking the trails must have been 
 done a century and more ago, for many of 
 the trees are white oaks of considerable size. 
 These trees, and this theory, present also a 
 most interesting field for inquiry and specu- 
 lation. Photographs of some of these trees 
 were taken by Mr. A. W. Watriss of Rog- 
 
 ers Park, who, as well as Mr. C. S. Rad- 
 din of the Evanston Historical Society and 
 Vice-President of the Chicago Academy of 
 Sciences, have taken great interest in this 
 subject. One of these trees is located on 
 the county line, beside the railroad tracks 
 of the Northwestern Railroad at the south- 
 west corner of the Highland Park Ceme- 
 tery, and can easily be seen from passing 
 trains; and another at Calvary Cemetery, 
 west of the railroad, can also be so seen; 
 and one of them long stood in the dooryard, 
 at Davis Street and Hinman Avenue, of the 
 late Dr. Miner Raymond, of Evanston, 
 father of Messrs. Samuel, James and Fred 
 D. Raymond. 
 
 But some six years ago there were eleven 
 of these trees in perfect alignment, leading 
 from the site of the old Indian Village at 
 Highland Park in a northwesterly direc* 
 tion for several miles. Most of them are 
 still standing and can be easily identified ; 
 anil what is particularly of interest is the 
 fact that all of these trees are white oaks, 
 while another old trail farther to the south, 
 near Wilmette, are without exception 
 white elms, indicating system in the selec- 
 tion. Those in the City of Evanston were 
 oaks, and supposed by the supporters of 
 this theory to lead to the chipping stations 
 or shops on the lake shore. Two or three 
 of these trees were also located on the 
 North Branch of the Chicago River, near 
 the Glen View Golf Club, probably mark- 
 ing the trail to one of the near-by villages. 
 Another circumstance that gives color to 
 this contention is, that where those trees are 
 found was once a dense and heavy forest, 
 where it is probable that an Indian trail 
 would be marked, if marked at all. 
 
 There is still another theory to the ef- 
 fect that these trees were bent down when 
 young saplings, and used in the construction 
 of wigwams by covering them with mats a 
 common method among the Algonquins ; 
 
HISTORY OF EVANSTOX 
 
 45 
 
 but as these trees generally stand alone, 
 with no near-by duplicates, there seems to 
 be little to warrant this contention. 
 
 Another North Shore tree that has be- 
 come historic on account of the attention of 
 the modern newspaper reporter, is what 
 was known as "the Pottawatomie tree," lo- 
 cated about three miles west of Wilmette, 
 on the farm of M. A. Kloepfer, who se- 
 cures quite a revenue from its exhibition. 
 This was a remarkable tree, but is now 
 dead, having been partially destroyed by 
 fire and cut off some thirty feet from the 
 ground. It was said to be the largest 
 tree in Illinois, a cottonwood, 160 feet high 
 and eighteen feet in diameter, with a hol- 
 low trunk that would hold thirty-one people. 
 All sorts of Indian traditions, of the im- 
 promptu variety, have been related with ref- 
 erence to its Indian history, most of them be- 
 ing about as reliable as the average historical 
 novel, or the relation of an old settler in his 
 dotage, who sometimes has been found to 
 know many things that were not so. Still, 
 it may be true that such a tree, towering so 
 high above the surrounding forest, may, on 
 account of being such a conspicuous land- 
 mark, have been a place of Indian rendez- 
 vous. 
 
 Indian Camps and Villages. A picture 
 of an Indian country would be sadly dis- 
 appointing and deficient without the In- 
 dian camps and villages, and, therefore. I 
 direct your attention to the sites of such 
 camps an.l villages as I have been able 
 to locate in Evanston and vicinity. 
 
 The village near Bowmanville, already 
 referred to, was designated by the late Karl 
 Dilg, in an article published in "The Lake 
 View Independent," as "Chicago's Great- 
 est Indian Village," and it is quite certain 
 that there is every reason for giving it that 
 name. The vast number and variety of the 
 weapons, utensils, chippings, bits of pottery 
 and litter of many descriptions not only in- 
 
 dicate an unusual population, but extended 
 residence for a very long space of time. 
 Some of these utensils are claimed to be 
 pre-historic and very ancient, and the area 
 covered by them, extending practically 
 over the territory from Rose Hill Cemetery 
 to the Xorth Branch of the Chicago River, 
 with like finds as far north as High Ridge, 
 would indicate a very extensive village. 
 Another populous village is said to have 
 been at Xiles Center, one at Forest Glen, 
 or Edgebrook, and still another on the 
 North Branch of the Chicago River, near 
 the Glen View golf-grounds. One of these 
 villages is, in all probability, the one re- 
 ferred to in Marquette's diary as being six 
 leagues (or some 18 miles) to the north. 
 These locations by Mr. Dilg are further 
 corroborated by Mr. Albert F. Scharf, who 
 has made extensive personal examination 
 of the ground, and has shown many of the 
 locations upon a map. which not only seems 
 to have been prepared with great care, but 
 which is, in many instances that I could 
 name, entirely corroborated by other inde- 
 pendent investigations. Mr. Dilg locates 
 also another village on the Ridge Trail at 
 Rogers Park, which he says is practically 
 a continuation of this Bowmanville village, 
 "as there are chips everywhere" in this vi- 
 cinity indicating this fact and such inhabi- 
 tants to the Evanston City Limits on "the 
 Ridge" ; and further claims that these vil- 
 lages are of great antiquity, reaching back 
 to the time of the Mound Builders, and cor- 
 roborated, he says, by tht utensils found, 
 some of copper, and by the further fact 
 that there is no written history concerning 
 any such population as must have lived for 
 a long space of time in this locality. 
 
 Whether Mr. Dilg be right or wrong in 
 these conclusions, it is certain that these 
 were populous villages in times of which 
 there is no written history of this vicinity, 
 and these same localities were in later times 
 
4 6 
 
 OUR INDIAN PREDECESSORS 
 
 favorite camping grounds and smaller vil- 
 lage sites for the Pottawatomies, as is 
 abundantly shown by the testimony of 
 many early pioneers who saw them here 
 along the North Branch of the Chicago 
 River. 
 
 Mr. Budlong, proprietor of the present 
 extensive truck farm, or garden, at Bow- 
 manville, very recently (1904) in excavat- 
 ing a gravel-pit, unexpectedly opened and 
 exposed to view an Indian grave of more 
 than ordinary interest. The grave con- 
 tained fourteen skeletons buried in a 
 circle, the feet without exception pointing 
 toward the center. Although apparently 
 well preserved when uncovered, they soon 
 crumbled to pieces after being exposed to 
 the air. The site of this grave is about ten 
 rods north of Foster Avenue, and of the 
 center of Section 12 ; and, when California 
 Avenue is opened, the site of these graves 
 will be in that highway (authority, Wil- 
 liam A. Peterson, who pointed out the lo- 
 cation to the writer.) It is reasonable to 
 suppose that these fourteen mute tenants 
 of Mr. Budlong's gravel-pit were Potta- 
 watomies, who were some of the later res- 
 idents of the Bowmanville Indian Village. 
 
 Two small villages are said to have been 
 located at Rogers Park, on the Indian 
 boundary line, and between Clark Street 
 and the Lake, one of them within the pres- 
 ent limits of Evanston (authority, Albert F. 
 Scharf's map). The same authority lo- 
 cates a small village at the foot of Demp- 
 ster Street, in Evanston, which must have 
 been done by the litter of a temporary vil- 
 lage or camp that was there about the year 
 1840, during the summer season, and oc- 
 cupied by a small roving band of Potta- 
 watomie fishermen, described by an Evans- 
 ton pioneer, James Carney, who visited them. 
 Still another small village was on the north 
 side of Hill Street, in Wilmette, about 300 
 feet east of Sheridan Road, on the north 
 
 boundary of the Evanston golf-grounds, 
 and one also at Gross Point, I am informed. 
 
 In 1835, when the Carney family first 
 came to Evanston, there was, at about the 
 southwest corner of Davis Street and Wes- 
 ley Avenue, in Evanston, a log hut, with 
 roof of straw, that is said to have been 
 constructed by Indians, and that was, in 
 fact, inhabited by them (one or two fam- 
 ilies), for quite a time while hunting in 
 the vicinity. 
 
 Immediately north of Sheridan Road, 
 where it turns to the west, some two or 
 three blocks north of the Evanston light- 
 house, fronting the lake shore and on the 
 property belonging to Mr. Charles Deering, 
 was another Indian Village consisting of 
 from fifteen to twenty wigwams. It must 
 have been quite a permanent place of abode, 
 for they had a cornfield there, and the 
 mounds showing where the corn grew 
 in rows could be seen but a few years 
 ago. Mr. James Carney, of Evanston, vis- 
 ited this village when a small boy, and has 
 a vivid recollection of the wigwams built 
 of rushes and mats, the Indians, their 
 squaws, the children, the dogs, and espe- 
 cially of five or six of the Indians who fol- 
 lowed him home after one of his visits to 
 secure a certain black pup to which they 
 took a fancy, which Mrs. Carney, his 
 mother, gave them, much to his disappoint- 
 ment, for he, too, was fond of the dog. This 
 was done while James was in hiding in a 
 hay stack back of the house. 
 
 In 1852 Dr. Henry M. Bannister and a 
 companion, while hunting on the Lake 
 Shore discovered the site of an Indian vil- 
 lage immediately south of what is now 
 Greenleaf Street and east of the present 
 Sheridan Road and lying east of the shop 
 or chipping station before described. The 
 site was well defined, not only by the fire 
 places, but by the litter of many kinds, in- 
 cluding broken utensils and pottery. This 
 
HISTORY OF EVANSTON 
 
 47 
 
 discovery of Dr. Bannister's has received 
 ample corroboration by other investiga- 
 tions. 
 
 Still another village is thus described by 
 Mr. B. F. Hill, of Evanston : 
 
 "The Indians had winter quarters at Wil- 
 mette and lived in wigwams made of poles 
 and mats of rushes. The village was 
 where the Westerfield place used to be, 
 near the present intersection of Lake Ave- 
 nue and Sheridan Road. It was their cus- 
 tom to come there late in the fall and stay 
 for the winter." (This village was com- 
 posed, not only of Indians, but French and 
 half-breeds, the Ouilmettes and some of the 
 Beaubiens are said to have lived with them 
 part of the time). 
 
 A part of the same interview with Mr. 
 Hill is also of interest in this connection. I 
 quote from it as follows: "Evanston was 
 quite a hunting ground for the Indians on 
 account of the deer being plenty there. 
 During the early years of my residence here 
 Indians were coming and going all the 
 time, traveling north and south from 
 Chicago, Green Bay and other points, in- 
 cluding the winter village at Wilmette, and 
 to and from the lake on hunting expedi- 
 tions. The last band that I remember of 
 seeing was some time in the early for- 
 ties ; they were camping temporarily on the 
 side of the road and at about what is now 
 the intersection of Lake Avenue and Eighth 
 Street in Wilmette. 
 
 "I remember seeing John Kinzie Clark, 
 who had a ranch in Northfield, where he 
 raised ponies, on one occasion, coming 
 along through the Wilmette woods with 
 three or four Indian ponies. He was a 
 great hunter, and, on this occasion, had three 
 or four deer tied onto the backs of the pon- 
 ies. He was riding one pony and the pony 
 to the rear had his bridle tied to the tail of 
 the pony Clark was riding, and the whole 
 string was thus tied together, Indian file or 
 tandem fashion. 
 
 "The Indians I have described were all 
 Pottawatomies. Roaming bands frequent- 
 ly camped near my father's house and 
 would call and trade." ("Our Indian Pre- 
 decessors," 23.) 
 
 The wigwams of all these North Shore 
 camps and villages have, like their builders, 
 disappeared forever from the earth, but it 
 is a pleasing reverie to think of them and 
 of the forests and the ridges and the North 
 Shore, as in those olden days they used to 
 be. 
 
 The Indian Mounds and Graves of the 
 North Shore are also most interesting land 
 marks. Indian graves have been found in 
 Evanston in many localities along the lake 
 front, one on the property of Dr. Robert D. 
 Sheppard. by Mr. C. S. Raddin and Dr. 
 William A. Phillips, two by my father, Al- 
 din J. Grover, in the year 1866, in laying 
 the foundation for "Heck Hall," the first 
 building constructed on the Northwestern 
 University campus ; two more about a block 
 north of Mr. Charles Deering's residence, 
 on the bank of the lake ; another in the ex- 
 cavation for the foundation of James 
 Rood's building on Davis Street, some ten 
 years ago. 
 
 The emblematic or totemic mound, in the 
 form of a huge lizard that was under the 
 present site of the Wellington Street Sta- 
 tion of the Northwestern Elevated Rail- 
 road, may well be classed among the North 
 Shore landmarks, and I was informed its 
 existence has been fully authenticated. An- 
 other one used for burial purposes, and 
 now also obliterated, was located near the 
 Saint Paul Railway viaduct, at the intersec- 
 tion of Ridge Boulevard in Evanston. This 
 mound was excavated some fifty years ago 
 by Evanston pioneers, Joel Stebbins, Paul 
 Pratt and James Colvin, who found a col- 
 lection of "war instruments and skeletons." 
 (Authority, James Carney, of Evanston.) 
 
 Another landmark that may well be 
 classed under this heading is across the ra- 
 
OUR INDIAN PREDECESSORS 
 
 vine from the residence and on the premises 
 of the late McGregor Adams, at Highland 
 Park, which is circular in form, and about 
 thirty feet in diameter, with a round eleva- 
 tion in the center, and is said to have been 
 the site of a huge wigwam used as a "coun- 
 cil house," with trails leading to it from 
 the west, marked by the trees elsewhere de- 
 scribed. 
 
 But to return to Evanston : there was an 
 Indian cemetery beside the Green Bay or 
 Ridge Avenue trail, some four or five 
 blocks northwest of the Evanston light- 
 house, and extending from the Evanston 
 Hospital north to the lake, terminating 
 about at the property now owned by Mr. P. 
 W. Gates, and extending across the eastern 
 edge of the Evanston golf-grounds. The 
 last burial there is fully described in 
 Frances E. VVillard's history of Evanston, 
 "The Classic Town" (page 21). The last 
 burial in this cemetery is well authenticated 
 by old settlers. 
 
 "This Indian's coffin was made of poles 
 or saplings, laid up like a log house and 
 bound together at the corners with withes 
 of bark, and the top was also of poles fas- 
 tened in like manner. With him was bu- 
 ried his gun and tomahawk and his dog. 
 He was buried in a sitting posture, above 
 ground, and facing the east." (See Mr. 
 Hill's account of this in Miss Willard's 
 "Classic Town.") 
 
 Some old settlers (then boys) were kept 
 awake many nights by visions of the grin- 
 ning skeleton, which they saw by peeping 
 through the cracks between the poles, 
 which immediately preceded their flight in 
 terror to their home. The tomahawk bu- 
 ried with this Indian was found on the 
 site of the grave of this identical Indian in 
 1875, and is now the property of the Evans- 
 ton Historical Society. The exact site of 
 this burial is on the west side of Ridge 
 Boulevard, a little north of the intersection 
 
 of Sheridan Road and thirty to forty feet 
 south of Joseph Nellessen's house, and it 
 may be of interest to Evanston golf en- 
 thusiasts, who pursue the game until the 
 shadows of evening fall, to know that Hole 
 or Green No. 9, of the Evanston Golf Club's 
 course, is within less than fifty feet of this 
 former sepulcher. (Authority. 'B. F. Hill, 
 who saw, when a boy, the grave, procured 
 the tomahawk and presented it to the Ev- 
 anston Society, and who has described to 
 the writer the exact location as deter- 
 mined by the modern landmarks just 
 mentioned.) 
 
 The many burials, so wildly scattered 
 over Evanston, have an important signifi- 
 cance in the respect that they indicate more 
 than the ordinary scattering Indian popu- 
 lation. 
 
 Recollections of Later Settlers. In 
 later years and. even as late as 1870, single 
 Indians and very small bands or families, 
 came through Evanston, traveling to and 
 from the north and Chicago, following the 
 railroad and the lake. I have personal rec- 
 ollection of such visitors on two or three 
 occasions between 1866 and 1870, when 
 they would camp and spend the night un- 
 der the oaks at the northeast corner of 
 Sherman Avenue and Lake Street ; but 
 these were not the wild prairie Indians of 
 the olden time, and their character may be 
 illustrated by an anecdote. A year or two 
 ago I was visiting the summer home of a 
 Kentucky gentleman on Lake Huron. His 
 family had a colored cook "Aunt Caro- 
 line" who had never before been in the 
 North. My friend had in his employ, about 
 his grounds, several half-breed Chippewas 
 (Ojilnvays). The next morning, after 
 "Aunt Caroline's" arrival, one of the chil- 
 dren of the family tried to alarm her by 
 saying that the Indians were apt to scalp 
 her. to which she replied: "Law no. honey! 
 them's pet Indians." 
 
HISTORY OF EVANSTON 
 
 49 
 
 Five Great Treaties Removal of the 
 Pottawatomies. Five important treaties 
 preceded and were effective in divesting the 
 Pottawatomies of their title to this part of 
 the land of the Illinois. The first was the 
 treaty of Greenville, effected by William H. 
 Harrison, as aid-de-camp to Major-General 
 Anthony Wayne, August 3, 1795, by which 
 the Indians ceded "one piece of land six 
 miles square at the mouth of the Chikago 
 River, emptying into the southwest end of 
 Lake Michigan, where a fort formerly 
 stood." 
 
 The second was the treaty of Saint Louis, 
 concluded August 24, 1816, and negotiated 
 by Gov. N'in inn Edwards, by which the In- 
 dians ceded twenty miles of lake front, di- 
 rectly south of Evanston, and a great ad- 
 jacent territory lying to the west and south. 
 The northern boundary of this cession (ten 
 miles north of the Chicago River) is what 
 has been known by Ridgeville and Evans- 
 ton citizens, for some fifty years, as "the 
 Indian Boundary line" and "Indian Boun- 
 dary Road," above referred to. The south- 
 ern boundary of the land ceded by this 
 treaty began on the lake shore, ten miles 
 south of the Chicago River. The Indians 
 retained by the provisions of this treaty 
 the right to hunt and fish, within the tract 
 of land ceded, "so long as it may continue 
 to be the property of the United States." 
 The object of the Government in securing 
 this land, was said to be "to construct a 
 military road to facilitate the building of 
 the proposed ship canal." (Blanchard, 
 supra, 419.) 
 
 The third of the treaties referred to was 
 the Treaty of Chicago, concluded August 
 29, 1821, by which the Pottawatomies ceded 
 some 5,000,000 acres of land in Michigan, 
 and thus began the most important cessions 
 of their large domain. It was at Chicago 
 at this time that the Pottawatomie Chief 
 Me-te-a made his eloquent and historical 
 
 speech, so often quoted by Indian histori- 
 ans. It is of interest to show the feeling of 
 the Pottawatomies in regard to parting 
 with their lands. The following quotations 
 are from Samuel G. Drake's "Book of the 
 Indians": 
 
 "You know that we first came to this country 
 a long time ago, and when we sat ourselves down 
 upon it, we met with a great many hardships and 
 difficulties. Our country was then very large ; but 
 it has dwindled away to a small spot, and you 
 wish to purchase that. . . . We have brought all 
 the warriors and the young men and women of 
 our tribe that one part may not do what the oth- 
 ers object to. ... Our country was given to us 
 by the Great Spirit, who gave it to us to hunt 
 upon, to make our cornfields upon, to live upon, 
 and to make our beds upon when we die, and He 
 would never forgive us should we bargain it 
 away. When you first spoke to us of lands at St. 
 Mary's we said we had a little and agreed to sell 
 you a piece of it ; but we told you we could spare 
 no more. Now you ask us again. You are never 
 satisfied. We have sold you a great tract of land 
 already, but it is not enough. . . . You are grad- 
 ually taking away our hunting grounds. Your 
 children are driving us before them. We are 
 growing uneasy. What lands you have you can 
 retain forever, but we shall sell no more. You 
 think, perhaps, that I speak in passion, but my 
 heart is good towards you. I speak like one of 
 your own children. I am an Indian, a red-skin, 
 and live by hunting and fishing, but my country is 
 already too small, and I do not know how to bring 
 up my children if I give it all away. . . . We 
 speak to you with a good heart and the feelings of 
 a friend. You are acquainted with this piece of 
 land the country we live in. Shall we give it 
 up? Take notice it is a small piece of land, and 
 if we give it away what will become of us? . . . 
 If we had more land, you should get more, but 
 our land has been wasting away ever since the 
 white people became our neighbors and we now 
 have hardly enough left to cover the bones of our 
 tribe. You are in the midst of your red children. 
 We all shake hands with you. Behold our war- 
 riors, our women and children. Take pity on 
 us and on our words." 
 
 The fourth of the treaties in question was 
 that of Prairie du Chien, concluded July 29, 
 1829, ceding the lake front from Kenilworth 
 to Rogers Park, including Wilmette and 
 Evanston and lands to the west, fully men- 
 tioned in references to Ouilmette, his fam- 
 ily and Reservation. 
 
 The fifth of the treaties mentioned was 
 the final treaty of Chicago, concluded Sep- 
 tember 26, 1833, by which the Pottawato- 
 mies ceded to the United States all that 
 
OUR INDIAN PREDECESSORS 
 
 remained of their lands in Illinois and Wis- 
 consin ("supposed to contain," the treaty 
 says, "about five million acres"), and which 
 provided for and resulted in their removal 
 from Illinois and west of the Mississippi. 
 
 There is a very numerous class of Ameri- 
 can writers who have little or no sympa- 
 thy with the Indian or his supposed rights ; 
 they look upon him and the land he has oc- 
 cupied as not only the inevitable, but the 
 just spoil of advancing civilization. It must, 
 however, be a man with a heart of stone 
 that could view, without some feeling of 
 sentiment, this once proud and powerful na- 
 tion, compelled by circumstance to which 
 they had made no contribution, to desert the 
 land of their fathers and terminate a resi- 
 dence of more than a century and a half, at 
 the demand of more powerful masters. 
 
 Chicago in 1833 was an insignificant 
 frontier village : but it was then the scene 
 of a great and historic drama, both pictur- 
 esque and pathetic. At the time the treaty 
 was concluded an English writer, a gentle- 
 man of learning Charles J. Latrobe was 
 making a tour of this country, and was in 
 Chicago. In a book dedicated to Washing- 
 ton Irving, entitled "Rambler," printed in 
 London in 1835, he describes the scene from 
 which I quote: 
 
 "When within five miles of Chicago we came to 
 the first Indian encampment ; five thousand Indians 
 were said to be collected around this little upstart 
 village. 
 
 "We found the village on our arrival crowded 
 to excess, and we procured with great difficulty a 
 small apartment, comfortless and noisy from its 
 close proximity to others, but quite as good as we 
 could have hoped for. The Pottawatomies were 
 encamped on all sides on the wide level prairie 
 beyond the scattered village, beneath the shelter 
 of the low woods on the side of the small river, 
 or to the leeward of the sand hills near the beach 
 of the lake. They consisted of three principal 
 tribes with certain adjuncts from smaller tribes. 
 The main divisions are, the Pottawatomies of the 
 prairie and those of the forest, and these are sub- 
 divided into distinct villages under their several 
 chiefs. . . . 
 
 "A preliminary council had been held with the 
 chiefs some days before our arrival. The princi- 
 pal commissioner had opened it, as we learned, by 
 
 stating that, 'as their great father in Washington 
 had heard that they wished to sell their land, he 
 had sent Commissioners to treat with them.' The 
 Indians promptly answered by their organ 'that 
 their great father in Washington must have seen a 
 bad bird which had told him a lie, for that, far 
 from wishing to sell their land, they wished to 
 keep it.' The commissioner, nothing daunted, re- 
 plied : 'That nevertheless, as they had come to- 
 gether for a council, they must take the matter 
 into consideration.' He then explained to them 
 promptly the wishes and intentions of their great 
 father, and asked their opinion thereon. Thus 
 pressed, they looked at the sky, saw a few wander- 
 ing clouds, and straightway adjourned sine die, 
 as the weather is not clear enough for so solemn 
 a council. 
 
 "However, as the treaty had been opened, pro- 
 vision was supplied to them by regular rations; 
 and the same night they had great rejoicing 
 danced the war dance, and kept the eyes and ears 
 of all open by running and howling about the 
 village. 
 
 "Such was the state of affairs on our arrival. 
 Companies of old warriors might be seen sitting 
 smoking under every bush, arguing, palavering or 
 'pow-wowing' with great earnestness; but there 
 seemed no possibility of bringing them to another 
 council in a hurry. . . 
 
 "Next in rank to the officers and commissioners, 
 may be noticed certain store-keepers and mer- 
 chants here; looking either to the influx of new 
 settlers establishing themselves in the neighbor- 
 hood, or those passing yet further to the westward, 
 for custom and profit ; not to forget the chance of 
 extraordinary occasions like the present. Add to 
 these a doctor or two, two or three lawyers, a 
 land agent, and five or six hotel-keepers. These 
 may be considered as stationary, and proprietors 
 of the half a hundred clap-board houses around 
 you. 
 
 "Then, for the birds of passage exclusive 
 of the Pottawatomies, of whom more anon and 
 emigrants and land speculators as numerous as the 
 sands. You will find horse-dealers and horse- 
 stealers; rogues of every description, white, black, 
 brown, and red ; half-breeds, quarter-breeds, and 
 men of no breed at all; dealers in pigs, poultry 
 and potatoes; men pursuing Indian claims, some 
 for tracts of land, others, like our friend Snipe 
 (one of his stage coach companions on the way), 
 for pigs which wolves had eaten, creditors of the 
 tribes or of particular Indians, who know that they 
 have no chance of getting their money, if they do 
 not get it from the government agents sharpers 
 of every degree; peddlers, grog-sellers, Indian 
 agents and Indian traders of every description, 
 and contractors to supply the Pottawatomies with 
 food. The little village was in an uproar from 
 morning to night, and from night to morning ; for, 
 during the hours of darkness, when the housed 
 portion of the population of Chicago strove to ob- 
 tain repose in the crowded plank edifices of the 
 village, the Indians howled, sang, wept, yelled and 
 whooped in their various encampments. 
 
 "I loved to stroll out toward sunset across the 
 river, and gaze upon the level horizon, stretching 
 
HISTORY OF EVANSTON 
 
 to the northwest over the surface of the prairie, 
 dotted with innumerable objects far and near. 
 Not far from the river lay many groups of tents 
 constructed of coarse canvas, blankets and mats, 
 and surmounted by poles supporting meat, moc- 
 casins and rags. Their vicinity was always en- 
 livened by various painted Indian figures, dressed 
 in the most gaudy attire. The interior of the hov- 
 els generally displayed a confined area, perhaps 
 covered with a few half-rotten mats or shavings, 
 upon which men, women, children and baggage 
 were heaped pell-mell. 
 
 "Far and wide the grassy prairie teemed with 
 figures ; warriors mounted or on foot, squaws and 
 horses; here a race between three or four Indian 
 ponies, each carrying a double rider, whooping and 
 yelling like fiends ; there a solitary horseman with 
 a long spear, turbaned like an Arab, scouring 
 along at full speed ; groups of hobbled horses, In- 
 dian dogs and children, or a grave conclave of 
 gray chiefs seated on the grass in consultation. 
 
 "It was amusing to wind silently from group to 
 group here noting the raised knife, the sudden 
 drunken brawl, quashed by the good-natured and 
 even playful interference of the neighbors; there 
 a party breaking up their encampment, and falling 
 with their little train of loaded ponies and wolfish 
 dogs into the deep, black narrow trail running to 
 the north. You peep into a wigwam and see a 
 domestic feud ; the chief sitting in dogged silence 
 on the mat, while the women, of which there were 
 commonly two or three in every dwelling, and who 
 appeared every evening more elevated with the 
 fumes of whisky than the males, read him a lect- 
 ure. From another tent a constant voice of 
 wrangling and weeping would proceed, when sud- 
 denly an offended fair one would draw the mat 
 aside, and taking a youth standing without by the 
 hand, lead him apart and sitting down on the 
 grass, set up the most indescriable whine as she 
 told her grief. Then forward comes an Indian, 
 staggering with his chum from a debauch; he is 
 met by his squaw, with her child dangling in a 
 fold of her blanket behind, and the sobbing and 
 weeping which accompanies her whining appeal to 
 him, as she hangs to his hand, would melt your 
 heart, if you did not see that she was quite as tipsy 
 as himself. . . . 
 
 "It is a grievous thing that the government is 
 not strong-handed enough to put a stop to the 
 shameful and scandalous sale of whisky to those 
 poor, miserable wretches. But here lie casks of 
 it for sale under the very eyes of the Commis- 
 sioners, met together for purposes which demand 
 that sobriety should be maintained, were it only 
 that no one should be able to lay at their door an 
 accusation of unfair dealing, and of having taken 
 advantage of the helpless Indian in a bargain, 
 whereby the people of the United States were to 
 be so greatly the gainers. . . . 
 
 "Day after day passed. It was in vain that the 
 signal gun from the fort gave notice of an as- 
 semblage of chiefs at the council fire. Reasons 
 were always found for its delay. One day an in- 
 fluential chief was not in the way; another, the 
 sky looked cloudy, and the Indian never performs 
 an important business except the sky be clear. At 
 
 length, on September 21st, the Pottawatomies re- 
 solved to meet the Commissioners. We were 
 politely invited to be present. 
 
 "The council fire was lighted under a spacious 
 open shed on the green meadow, on the opposite 
 side of the river from that on which the fort 
 stood. From the difficulty of getting all together, 
 i: was late in the afternoon when they assembled. 
 There might be twenty or thirty chiefs present, 
 seated at the lower end of the enclosure, while the 
 commissioners, interpreters, etc., were at the up- 
 per. The palaver was opened by the principal 
 Commissioner. . . . 
 
 "The relative positions of the Commissioners 
 and the whites before the council fire, and that of 
 the red children of the forest and prairie, were to 
 me strikingly impressive. The glorious light of 
 the setting sun streaming in under the low roof of 
 the council house, fell full on the countenances of 
 the former as they faced the west while the pale 
 light of the east hardly lighted up the dark and 
 painted lineaments of the poor Indians, whose 
 souls evidently clave to their birthright in that 
 quarter. Even though convinced of the necessity 
 of their removal, my heart bled for them in their 
 desolation and decline. Ignorant and degraded 
 as they may have been in their original state, their 
 degradation is now ten-fold, after years of inter- 
 course with the whites; and their speedy disap- 
 pearance from the earth appears as certain as 
 though it were already sealed and accomplished. 
 
 "Your own reflections will lead you to form the 
 conclusion and it will be a just one that even 
 if he had the will, the power would be wanting for 
 the Indian to keep his territory, and that the busi- 
 ness of arranging the terms of an Indian treaty 
 whatever it might have been two hundred years 
 ago, while the Indian tribes had not, as now, 
 thrown aside the rude but vigorous intellectual 
 character which distinguished many among them 
 now lies chiefly between the various traders, 
 agents, creditors and balf-breeds of the tribes, 
 on whom custom and necessity have made the de- 
 graded chiefs dependent, and the Government 
 agents. When the former have seen matters so 
 far arranged their self-interests and various 
 schemes and claims are likely to be fulfilled and 
 allowed to their hearts' content, the silent acqui- 
 escence of the Indian follows of course; and till 
 this is the case, the treaty can never be amicably 
 effected. In fine, before we quitted Chicago on 
 the 25th. three or four days later, the treaty with 
 the Pottawatomies was concluded the Commis- 
 sioners putting their hands, and the assembled 
 chief their paws, to the same." 
 
 Thus, as so ably described by the English 
 writer, was consummated the transfer by 
 which Illinois ceased to be the land of the 
 Indian. The Indians received as compensa- 
 tion for this vast grant $100,000 "to satisfy 
 sundry individuals in behalf of whom res- 
 ervations were asked, which the Commis- 
 sioners refused to grant"; $175,000 to "sat- 
 
OUR INDIAN PREDECESSORS 
 
 isfy the claims made against" the Indians ; 
 $100,000 to be paid in goods and provisions ; 
 $280,000 to be paid in an annuity of $14,000 
 each year for twenty years; $150,000 "to 
 be applied to the erection of mills, farm 
 houses, Indian houses, blacksmith shops, ag- 
 ricultural improvements," etc., and $70,000 
 "for purposes of education and the encour- 
 agement of the domestic arts." 
 
 One remarkable feature of this treaty is 
 the fact that, by its provisions, some five 
 hundred to one thousand persons, most of 
 them with no Indian blood in their veins, 
 derived personal gain from the transaction ; 
 the allowance and payment of individual 
 claims ranging in amount from a few dol- 
 lars to many thousands, and, as already 
 noted, about one-third of the cash consider- 
 ation was thus disbursed. Among the in- 
 dividual beneficiaries also appear the follow- 
 ing: Alexander Robinson, $10,000 cash 
 and $300 annuity, "in addition to annuities 
 already granted" ; Billy Caldwell, $10,000 
 cash and $400 annuity, "in addition to an- 
 nuities already granted" ; John Kinzie 
 Clark, $400; allowances to Ouilmette and 
 his family, already noted ; "John K. Clark's 
 Indian children $400" (John Kinzie Clark 
 see B. F. Hill's interview supra), and 
 various allowances to the Kinzie family. 
 
 The mere reading of the treaty demon- 
 strates that the "birds of pasage," "land 
 speculators," "men pursuing Indian claims," 
 "creditors of the tribe," "sharpers of every 
 degree," and "Indian traders of every 
 description," so graphically described by 
 the English tourist, constituted no small 
 
 minority of the assembly at Chicago on this 
 occasion, or of those who had to do with 
 framing that part of the treaty that pro- 
 vided for the payment of individual claims. 
 
 Three years after the signing of this last 
 treaty and in the years 1835 and 1836, the 
 Pottawatomies or at least the most of 
 them then some 5,000 in number, were re- 
 moved west of the Mississippi, into Mis- 
 souri, near Fort Leavenworth. They re- 
 mained there but a year or two on account 
 of the hostility of the frontier settlers, and 
 were again removed to Council Bluffs, and 
 in a few years again to a reservation in 
 Kansas, where three or four hundred of 
 their number still exist, while others are in 
 the Indian Territory. Their history since 
 leaving Illinois has been in the main that 
 of all the Indian tribes a steady dwindling, 
 until less than what was one-fourth of 
 their numbers in 1836 now remain. 
 
 These transactions are all within the 
 memory of many living citizens. A little 
 more than half a century has rolled by since 
 these children of the prairie and of the for- 
 est took their farewell look at old Lake 
 Michigan and crossed, for the last time, in 
 their westward journey, the plains and 
 woods and streams of the land of the Illi- 
 nois. Their fathers entered here with strong 
 and bloody hands; peacably, yet by still 
 stronger hands, have they gone the way of 
 all their race. They have caused the white 
 man to hear and to speak of the last of the 
 Illinois ; and soon too soon will the white 
 man also hear of the last of the Pottawa- 
 tomies. 
 
CHAPTER III. 
 
 NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY 
 
 The Beginning First Meeting of fhe 
 Founders Prime Movers in the Enter- 
 prise Resolutions and Draft of Charter 
 Adopted The Legislature Acts First 
 Board of Trustees Organisation Ef- 
 fected Search for a Site for the New 
 Institution The Present Location at Ev- 
 anston Finally Selected Acquisition of 
 Lands Valuable Real Estate in Chicago 
 Retained as Part of the Endowment 
 Election of a President is Decided Upon. 
 
 Most American Universities that have 
 attained to a position of strength and wide 
 usefulness have had humble beginnings, 
 and have gathered volume and momentum 
 through a long period of years. They have 
 acquired, too, in that time, a style and a 
 spirit, all their own, which it is difficult to 
 portray in words. It needs the experience 
 and interest of an alumnus to give life to 
 what would be the dreary details of its 
 progress ; yet these details are what we call 
 history. They are the footprints of its for- 
 ward march. What Northwestern Univer- 
 sity is now, is to most of us the thing 
 that makes the story of interest. This will 
 be hinted at in the progress of this narra- 
 tion, and will be told more fully by other 
 writers. The period of the existence of 
 Northwestern University has been under 
 the close observation of men now living. 
 One of its original founders then a young 
 
 man, now full of years still tarries among 
 us, and some of its earliest graduates are 
 still in the vigor of life. Its records are all 
 accessible, unfaded as if written only yes- 
 terday. Its growth coincides with that of 
 the town in which it is located and the 
 neighboring city. It is a perilous task to 
 deal with names so familiar as the names of 
 the men who have chiefly wrought out its 
 fortunes, or with events so recent We can 
 deal more bravely, and perhaps more freely, 
 with men and events of a few centuries 
 gone. 
 
 First Meeting of the Founders. It was 
 on May 31, 1850, that a little company of 
 men gathered by appointment in the dingy 
 law office of Grant Goodrich, on Lake 
 Street, between Clark and Dearborn, in the 
 City of Chicago, over the hardware store 
 of Jabez K. Botsford. That region was 
 then the very heart of the business life of 
 Chicago. These men were convened for 
 the ambitious purpose of establishing a uni- 
 versity at what they considered the Center 
 of Influence in the Northwest, under the 
 patronage and government of the Methodist 
 Episcopal Church. Chicago then had three 
 Methodist Churches: Clark Street, the 
 munificent Mother of Chicago Methodism, 
 on the South Side; Canal Street on the 
 West Side; and Indiana Street Chapel on 
 the North Side. The men present were 
 representatives of those churches. The 
 
 53 
 
54 
 
 NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY 
 
 most positive and aggressive among them 
 were Grant Goodrich and John Evans. The 
 latter was most likely the leader, for he was 
 a man who dreamed great dreams, and then 
 set to work to realize them. The roll of the 
 founders who disposed themselves in the law 
 office that day were: Rev. Richard Haney, 
 then pastor of Clark Street Church; Rev. 
 R. K. Blanchard, Pastor of Canal Street 
 Church; Rev. Zadok Hall, Pastor of In- 
 diana Street Church ; Grant Goodrich, An- 
 drew J. Brown, John Evans, Orrington 
 Lunt, Jabez K. Botsford and Henry W. 
 Clark ; three ministers of the gospel, three 
 attorneys, one physician and two mer- 
 chants evidenced that the future would 
 not neglect the departments of Theology, 
 Medicine, Law and, possibly, Commerce. 
 These were devoted men, men of zeal, en- 
 thusiastic Methodist Christians who had 
 faith in the future and wished their church, 
 in its educational work, to share in the op- 
 portunities they believed the future had in 
 store. There was, at that time, no institu- 
 tion of college rank nearer than Galesburg, 
 Illinois, where Knox College was situated. 
 The only other colleges in the State at that 
 time were Illinois College at Jacksonville. 
 Shurtleff at Alton, and McKendree at 
 Lebanon ; and inasmuch as Chicago was to 
 be the metropolis of the Northwest and a 
 great center of population, it should also 
 be a seat of learning. 
 
 The chair was taken by Grant Goodrich. 
 The work of the meeting had been cut and 
 dried. Brother Goodrich had a little paper 
 in his pocket which he was prepared to read, 
 explaining the purpose of their gathering. 
 He was the Methodist attorney of Chicago. 
 There were other Methodist lawyers in 
 Chicago, but he over-topped them ; he was 
 earlier in the field ; keen, combative, per- 
 sistent, devoted to his clients and of stain- 
 less honor, a man who wanted his own way 
 and fought for it. There were men in 
 
 that company who would give Brother 
 Goodrich good battle if he left any weak 
 points exposed, notably Dr. Evans, who had 
 a mind of his own and no hesitancy or lack 
 of skill in expressing it. The scheme of 
 Northwestern University bears the marks 
 of his far-seeing mind, whose plans were 
 uniformly bold and full of faith, and which, 
 with the added element of time, have, in 
 almost every scheme with which he was 
 connected, achieved a splendid result. 
 
 Steps Taken for Founding the Univer- 
 sity. The purpose of the meeting was 
 briefly explained. Andrew J. Brown was 
 made Secretary, and then the paper was 
 produced the first formal step in the 
 establishment of the University. That 
 paper read as follows : 
 
 "\\"HEREAS, The interests of sanctified learning 
 require the immediate establishment of a univer- 
 sity in the Northwest, under the patronage of 
 the Methodist Episcopal Church : 
 
 "Resolved, That a committee of five be appointed 
 to prepare a draft of a charter to incorporate a 
 literary university, to be located at Chicago, to 
 be under the control and patronage of the Meth- 
 odist Episcopal Church, to be submitted to the 
 next General Assembly of the State of Illinois. 
 
 "Retailed, That said committee memorialize 
 the Rock River, Wisconsin, Michigan and North 
 Indiana Conferences of the Methodist Episcopal 
 Church, to mutually take part in the government 
 and patronage of said university. 
 
 "Resolved, That a committee of three be ap- 
 pointed to ascertain what amount can be obtained 
 for the erection and endowment of said institu- 
 tion." 
 
 These resolutions were spoken to by 
 Rev. Richard Haney, the foremost preacher 
 in Rock River Conference, at that early 
 day pastor of its leading pulpit, a man of 
 commanding presence and persuasive 
 speech, and very loyal to his church and all 
 her agencies, against whom posterity has no 
 charge to make that he did not labor tire- 
 lessly or wisely, or plan broadly for the 
 coming years, and a man who was destined 
 
w 
 
 5 
 
\( iRTIIVv KSTKKX L'XI\ T.RSITY 
 
 most positive and aggressive among them 
 were Grant Goodrich and John Evans. The 
 latter was most likely the leader, for he was 
 a man who dreamed great dreams, and then 
 set to work to realize them. The roll of the 
 founders who disposed themselves in the law 
 office that day were: Rev. Richard Haney, 
 then pastor of Clark Street Church ; Rev. 
 R. K. IJlanchard, Pastor of Canal Street 
 Church: Rev. Zadok Hall, Pastor of In- 
 diana Street Church: Grant Goodrich. An- 
 drew J. Brown. John Evans, Orrington 
 Lunt, Jabez K. Botsford and Henry \V. 
 Clark; three ministers of the gospel, three 
 attorneys, one physician and two mer- 
 chants evidenced that the future would 
 not neglect the departments of Theology, 
 Medicine, Law and, possibly. Commerce. 
 These were devoted men, men of zeal, en- 
 thusiastic Methodist Christians who had 
 faith in the future and wished their church, 
 in its educational work, to share in the op- 
 portunities they believed the future had in 
 store. There was, at that time, no institu- 
 tion of college rank nearer than Galesburg. 
 Illinois, where Knox College was situated. 
 The only other colleges in the State at that 
 time were Illinois College at Jacksonville. 
 ShurtlerT at Alton, and McKendrec at 
 Lebanon : and inasmuch as Chicago was to 
 be the metropolis of the Northwest and a 
 great center of population, it should also 
 be a seat of learning. 
 
 The chair was taken by ( Irani Goodrich. 
 The work of the meeting had been cut and 
 dried. Brother Goodrich had a little paper 
 in his pocket which he was prepared to read. 
 explaining the purpose of their gathering. 
 He was the Methodist attorney of Chicago. 
 There were other Methodist lawyers in 
 Chicago, but he over-topped them : he was 
 earlier in the field ; keen, combative, per- 
 sistent, devoted to his clients and of stain- 
 less honor, a man who wanted his own way 
 and fought for it. There were men in 
 
 that companv \\lio would give Brother 
 Goodrich good battle if he left any weak 
 points exposed, notably Dr. Evans, who had 
 a mind of his own and no hcsitancv or lack 
 of skill in expressing it. The scheme of 
 Northwestern University bears the marks 
 of his far-seeing mind, whose plans were 
 uniformly bold and full of faith, and which, 
 with the added element of time. have, in 
 almost every scheme with uhich he wa.-. 
 connected, achieved a splendid result. 
 
 Steps Taken for Founding the Univer- 
 sity. The purpose of the meeting was 
 briefly explained. Andrew J. Brown was 
 made Secretary, and then the paper was 
 produced the first formal step in the 
 establishment of the I'niversity. That 
 paper read as follows : 
 
 "\\UIREAS. Tin- interests of sanctified learnini; 
 require the immediate establishment of a univer- 
 sity in the Northwest, under the patronage of 
 the Methodist Episcopal Church : 
 
 "Resolved, That a committee of five be appointed 
 to prepare a draft of a ciiarter to incorporate a 
 literary university, to be located at Chicago, to 
 be under the control and patronage of the Meth- 
 odist Episcopal Church, to be submitted to the 
 next General Assembly of the State of Illinois 
 
 "Retailed, That said committee mcmoriah/e 
 the Rock River. Wisconsin. Michigan and North 
 Indiana Conferences of the Methodist Episcopal 
 Church, to mutually take part in the government 
 and patronage of said university. 
 
 "Resolved, That a committee of three lie ap 
 pointed to ascertain what amount can be obtained 
 for the erection and endowment of said institu- 
 tion." 
 
 These resolutions were spoken to bv 
 Rev. Richard I fancy, the foremost preacher 
 in Rock River Conference, at that early 
 day pastor of its leading pulpit, a man of 
 commanding presence and persuasive 
 speech, and very loyal to his church and all 
 her agencies, against whom posterity has no 
 charge to make that he did not labor tire- 
 lessly or wisely, or plan broadlv for the 
 coming years, and a man who wa> destined 
 
LIBRARY 
 
 OF THE 
 
 UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS 
 
HISTORY OF EVANSTON 
 
 55 
 
 to be associated with Northwestern Univer- 
 sity, as a Trustee, till his death, and who, 
 during that time, never missed an annual 
 meeting of its Board of Trustees, save one, 
 when sickness interfered. 
 
 Then Dr. Evans spoke, with kindling eye 
 and with the fervid speech of a great pro- 
 moter. He saw the future in the instant. 
 He would associate the cause of education 
 with the inevitable growth of Chicago and 
 the increase of values of property. Let 
 men sacrifice something now, and the com- 
 ing peoples would pay tribute to their de- 
 votion and sagacity, was the burden of his 
 speech. 
 
 The resolutions were unanimously 
 adopted. The two committees suggested 
 were appointed: First, On the Charter 
 John Evans, A. J. Brown, E. G. Meek, A. 
 S. Sherman and Grant Goodrich ; Second, 
 On Co-operation of Northwest Conferences 
 Rev. R. Haney, Rev. R. H. Blanchard 
 and Dr. John Evans. They were requested 
 to report in two weeks from that date, at 
 three o'clock p. m., at the Clark Street 
 parsonage. They meant business, and the 
 committees went immediately about their 
 work. Promptly at three o'clock of the 
 day appointed, the brethren gathered in the 
 parlor of Brother Haney's parsonage on 
 Clark Street, in the rear of the First Church. 
 Dr. Evans reported for his committee the 
 draft of a charter as follows: 
 
 Form of Charter Proposed. 
 
 Section I. Be it enacted by the people of the 
 State of Illinois, represented in the General As- 
 sembly : That Richard Haney, Philo Judson, S. P. 
 Keyes and A. E. Phelps, and such persons as shall 
 be appointed by the Rock River Annual Confer- 
 ence of the Methodist Episcopal Church to suc- 
 ceed them in the said office; Henry Summers, 
 Elihu Springer, David Brooks and Elmore Yo- 
 cum, and such persons as shall be appointed by 
 the Wisconsin Annual Conference of said Church 
 to succeed them ; four individuals, if chosen, and 
 such persons as shall be appointed to succeed 
 them by the Michigan Annual Conference of said 
 
 Church; four individuals, if chosen, and such 
 persons as shall be appointed to succeed them by 
 the North Indiana Annual Conference of said 
 Church; H. W. Reed, I. I. Stewart, D. N. Smith 
 and George M. Teas, and such persons as shall be 
 appointed to succeed them by the Iowa Annual 
 Conference of said Church; four individuals, if 
 chosen, and such persons as shall be appointed to 
 succeed them by the Illinois Annual Conference of 
 said Church ; A. S. Sherman, Grant Goodrich, 
 Andrew J. Brown, John Evans, Orrington Lunt, 
 J. K. Botsford, Joseph Kettlestrings, George F. 
 Foster, Eri Reynolds, John M. Arnold, Absalom 
 Funk and E. B. Kingsley, and such persons, citi- 
 zens of Chicago or its vicinity, as shall be ap- 
 pointed by the Board of Trustees hereby consti- 
 tuted to succeed them ; be and they are hereby 
 created and constituted a body politic and corpor- 
 ate, under the name and tide of the Trustees of the 
 Northwestern University, and henceforth shall be 
 styled and known by that name, and by name and 
 style to remain and have perpetual succession, with 
 power to sue and to be sued, plead and be implead- 
 ed, to acquire, hold and convey property, real, per- 
 sonal or mixed, in all lawful ways ; to have and to 
 use a common seal and to alter the same at pleas- 
 ure ; to make and alter, from time to time, such by- 
 laws as they may deem necessary for the govern- 
 ment of said institution, its officers and servants, 
 provided such by-laws are not inconsistent with 
 the Constitution and laws of this State and of the 
 United States, and to confer on such persons as 
 may be considered worthy such academical or hon- 
 orary degrees as are usually conveyed by similar 
 institutions. 
 
 Section 2. The term of office of said Trustees 
 shall be four years, but that of one member of the 
 Board for each Conference enjoying the appoint- 
 ing power by this act, and (the) term of three of 
 the members whose successors are to be ap- 
 pointed by the Board hereby constituted, shall ex- 
 pire annually, the term of each member of the 
 Board herein named to be fixed by lot at the first 
 meeting of said Board, which Board shall, in 
 manner above specified, have perpetual succession, 
 and shall hold the property of said institution sole- 
 ly for the purposes of education, and not as a 
 stock for the individual benefit of themselves or 
 any contributor to the endowment of the same; 
 and no particular religious faith shall be required 
 of those who become students of the institution. 
 Nine members shall constitute a quorum for the 
 transaction of any business of the Board, except 
 the appointment of President or Professor, or tho 
 
NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY 
 
 establishment of chairs in said institution, and the 
 enactment of by-laws for its government, for which 
 the presence of a majority of the Board shall be 
 necessary. 
 
 Section 3. Said Annual Conference of the 
 Methodist Episcopal Church, under whose con- 
 trol and patronage said University is placed, shall 
 each also have the right to appoint annually two 
 suitable persons, members of their own body, 
 visitors to said University, who shall attend the 
 examination of students, and be entitled to par- 
 ticipate in the deliberations of the Board of 
 Trustees and enjoy all the privileges of members 
 of said Board, except the right to vote. 
 
 Section 4. Said institution shall remain located 
 in or near the City of Chicago, Cook County, and 
 the corporators and their successors shall be com- 
 petent in law or equity to take to themselves, in 
 their said corporate name, real, personal or mixed 
 estate, by gift, grant, bargain and sale, conveyance, 
 will, devise or bequest of any person or persons 
 whomsoever; and the same estate, whether real, 
 personal or mixed, to grant, bargain, sell, convey, 
 devise, let, place out at interest, or otherwise dis- 
 pose of the same for the use of said institution in 
 such manner as to them shall seem most beneficial 
 to said institution. Said corporation shall faith- 
 fully apply all the funds collected, or the proceeds 
 of the property belonging to the said institution, 
 according to their best judgment, in erecting and 
 completing suitable buildings, supporting necessary 
 officers, instructors and servants, and procuring 
 books, maps, charts, globes and philosophical, 
 chemical and other apparatus necessary to the 
 success of the institution, and do all other acts 
 usually performed by similar institutions that may 
 be deemed necessary or useful to the success of 
 said institution, under the restrictions herein im- 
 posed : Provided, nevertheless, that in case any 
 donation, devise or bequest shall be made for par- 
 ticular purposes, accordant with the design of the 
 institution, and the corporation shall accept the 
 same, every such donation, devise or bequest shall 
 be applied in conformity with the express condi- 
 tions of the donor or. devisor: provided, further, 
 that said corporation shall not be allowed to hold 
 more than two thousand acres of land at any one 
 time, unless the said corporation shall have re- 
 ceived the same gift, grant or devise; and in such 
 case they shall be required to sell or dispose of the 
 same within ten years from the time they shall 
 acquire such title; and, on failure to do so, such 
 lands, over and above the before-named two thou- 
 
 sand acres, shall revert to the original donor, 
 grantor, devisor or their heirs. 
 
 Section 5. The Treasurer of the institution, 
 and all other agents when required, before entering 
 upon the duties of their appointment, shall give 
 bond for the security of the corporation in such 
 penal sums, and with such securities as the cor- 
 poration shall approve, and all process against the 
 corporation shall be by summons, and the service 
 of the same shall be by leaving an attested copy 
 thereof with the Treasurer, at least sixty days be- 
 fore the return day thereof. 
 
 Section 6. The corporation shall have power to 
 employ and appoint a President or Principal for 
 said institution, and all such professors or teachers 
 and all such servants as shall be necessary, and 
 shall have power to displace any or such of them 
 as the interest of the institution shall require, to 
 fill vacancies which may happen by death, resig- 
 nation or otherwise, among said officers and ser- 
 vants, and to prescribe and direct the course of 
 studies to be pursued in said institution. 
 
 Section 7. The corporation shall have power to 
 establish departments for the study of any and all 
 the learned and liberal professions in the same, to 
 confer the degree of doctor in the learned arts and 
 sciences and belles-lettres, and to confer such other 
 academical degrees as are usually conferred by the 
 most learned institutions. 
 
 Section 8. Said institution shall have the power 
 to institute a board of competent persons, always 
 including the faculty, who shall examine such in- 
 dividuals as shall apply, and if such applicants are 
 found to possess such knowledge pursued in said 
 institution as, in the judgment of said Board, ren- 
 ders them worthy, they may be considered gradu- 
 ates in course, and shall be entitled to diplomas ac- 
 cordingly on paying such fee as the corporation 
 shall affix, which fee, however, shall in no case 
 exceed the tuition bills of the full course of studies 
 in said institution. Said Examination Board 
 may not exceed the number of ten, three of whom 
 may transact business, provided one be of the 
 faculty. 
 
 Section 9. Should the corporation at any time 
 act contrary to the provisions of this charter, or 
 fail to comply with the same, upon complaint 
 being made to the Circuit Court of Cook County, a 
 scire facias shall issue, and the Circuit Attorney 
 shall prosecute, on behalf of the people of this 
 State, for the forfeiture of this charter. 
 
 This act shall be a public act, and shall be con- 
 strued liberally in all courts, for the purpose 
 herein expressed. 
 
HISTORY OF EVANSTON 
 
 57 
 
 The draft of the charter was approved 
 as read, and it was agreed that the Legis- 
 lature, at its ensuing session, should be 
 asked to enact it into law. A memorial 
 was framed at the same meeting to the dif- 
 ferent conferences in the region of the 
 Northwest, asking their participation. Min- 
 nesota, Nebraska and the Dakotas were then 
 unknown quantities in their conception of 
 the Northwest, and were not included in 
 the memorial. 
 
 Organization is Effected. The charter 
 became a law at the ensuing session of the 
 Legislature, the act being signed by Sidney 
 Breese, Speaker of the House, and Lieuten- 
 ant-Governor William McMurtry, as Presi- 
 dent of the Senate, and received the approval 
 of Gov. A. C. French, January 28, 1851. On 
 the I4th of June, next ensuing, the first 
 meeting of the corporation was held for 
 purposes of organization, and their first 
 formal action was the election of Dr. N. S. 
 Davis as Trustee, to succeed Eri Reynolds, 
 one of the charter members, who had died. 
 They accepted the act of the Legislature, 
 divided the members into classes by lot, and 
 adopted a plan of operations for the estab- 
 lishment of the College of Liberal Arts, 
 with a President who should be Professor 
 of Moral and Intellectual Philosophy, a 
 Professor of Mathematics, one of Natural 
 Sciences, and another of Modern Lan- 
 guages. A Preparatory School was like- 
 wise contemplated in the City of Chicago, 
 where there was not, at that time, even a 
 high school, and steps were taken to raise 
 money for these purposes. Beginning at 
 the bottom, their thought was, first, to set 
 the Preparatory School in operation. For 
 this purpose twenty-five thousand dollars 
 was needed. It was firmly resolved, "that 
 no debts should be contracted or money ex- 
 pended, without the means be first pro- 
 vided," and Congress was to be memorial- 
 ized for a grant of lands to the Northwest- 
 
 ern L^niversity. Nothing ever resulted from 
 this memorial, but the Trustees were not 
 idle in other directions. They organized 
 by the election of Dr. John Evans, the 
 master spirit among them, as President ; 
 A. S. Sherman as Vice-President ; Andrew 
 J. Brown as Secretary; and Jabez K. 
 Botsford as Treasurer. These, with Grant 
 Goodrich, George F. Foster and Dr. N. S. 
 Davis, constituted the Executive Commit- 
 tee of the Board. 
 
 Seeking a Site. The Committee on Site 
 for the Preparatory School reported 
 August 4, 1852, recommending the purchase 
 of the property of the First Universalist 
 Society in Chicago, which had a frontage 
 of eighty feet on Washington Street, about 
 the middle of the block east of the Clark 
 Street Methodist Episcopal Church, at a 
 cost of four thousand dollars, one-half cash 
 and the balance in three years, at six per 
 cent interest. On August 28th they raised 
 their bid on this property to forty-eight 
 hundred dollars, and started a subscription 
 for the purpose of securing funds. Evi- 
 dently there was a hitch in the negotiations, 
 for the Board appointed Dr. Evans and 
 Orrington Lunt to view other lots for the 
 same purpose. That committee turned aside 
 from the Universalist Church property, and 
 recommended the purchase of a lot about 
 two hundred feet square at the corner of 
 LaSalle and Jackson Streets, from P. F. W. 
 Peck. This situation was thought to be 
 a little remote, but, the lot being larger, it 
 was deemed more desirable for the pro- 
 posed Preparatory School, and the purchase 
 was consummated a thousand dollars be- 
 ing paid down, contributed by a few of the 
 brethren. The title was taken in the name 
 of John Evans, to be later transferred to 
 the Trustees of Northwestern University. 
 The consideration was eight thousand dol- 
 lars. 
 
NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY 
 
 Erection of Building Authorized. On 
 September 22, 1852, the erection of a build- 
 ing upon this property was authorized, to 
 accommodate three hundred students, and, 
 on the same date a committee was ap- 
 pointed, consisting of S. P. Keyes, N. S. 
 Davis and Orrington Lunt, to recommend 
 a site for the Collegiate Department. The 
 ambition and scope of these early founders 
 is seen in a series of resolutions adopted 
 at this meeting, appealing to the Methodist 
 people of the Northwest not to multiply 
 higher institutions of learning, but to con- 
 centrate their effort upon a single institu- 
 tion, viz., the Northwestern University, 
 and to make it an institution of the highest 
 order of excellence, complete in all its 
 parts; and, further, they resolved to ask 
 from the Legislature power to establish pre- 
 paratory schools in different sections of the 
 Northwest, and to affiliate preparatory in- 
 stitutions already in existence. 
 
 In the following October Rev. Philo Jud- 
 son was appointed to solicit subscriptions 
 for the new enterprise. He had been pastor 
 of the Clark Street Church, was an accom- 
 plished and influential preacher and a man 
 of affairs, with just the make-up to 
 appeal to the constituency of the new 
 institution. His first duty was to obtain 
 funds for the Preparatory School on La- 
 Salle Street. 
 
 Site for Collegiate Department Sought. 
 But the developments with reference to 
 the site of the Collegiate Department were 
 destined to turn the Trustees away from 
 Chicago. The Committee on Site con- 
 sidered a location at Rose Hill, strongly 
 commended by William B. Ogden ; a farm 
 near Jefferson was looked upon with favor ; 
 then the Lake Shore in the region of Win- 
 netka and Lake Forest. The region contig- 
 uous to Chicago on the north, because it 
 was swampy, was usually avoided in going 
 
 north by taking what was known as the 
 "Old Sand Road." This road veered to 
 the northwest at a point half a mile west 
 of the northern limit of Lincoln Park at 
 that time an old Chicago Cemetery and 
 struck the Ridge Road just north of what 
 is now Rose Hill Cemetery, then known as 
 Rose's Ridge. Thus, to the ordinary 
 traveler, the region north of Lincoln Park, 
 adjoining the lake, was a terra incognita. 
 Orrington Lunt had casually visited that 
 region and demanded, before a location was 
 settled upon, that the Lake Shore be ex- 
 plored. He delayed a decision upon the 
 Jefferson property and arranged a tour of 
 inspection of the Lake Shore. Andrew J. 
 Brown recalls it as of the Fourth of July, 
 1853. Disposed in various vehicles, the 
 Trustees took the Sand Road, stopped for 
 lunch at the Rose's Ridge Tavern, and 
 pursued their way along the Ridge Road 
 to what is the corner of Ridge Avenue and 
 Clark Street ; thence following an old cow 
 path easterly, over the slough in the region of 
 Davis Street and Sherman Avenue, they 
 found themselves in a splendid oak forest 
 skirting the Lake Shore, the remains of 
 which will help us to recall that scene of ex- 
 ploration for a university site fifty years 
 ago. To see it was to desire it. 
 Three hundred and eighty acres lay 
 in a single tract, owned by Dr. J. 
 H. Foster. The price asked was twenty- 
 five thousand dollars far in excess of its 
 'value, as values were then estimated. The 
 terms were easy ; one thousand dollars 
 down, the balance in ten years at six per 
 cent interest. Releases might be given from 
 time to time on payment of one hundred 
 dollars per acre. The purchase was con- 
 summated, and the college site and college 
 town, made up of forest and swamp, was 
 permanently located. 
 
HISTORY OF EVANSTON 59 
 
 It was decided that it was "inexpedient Bank, would furnish valuable endowment 
 
 to erect a Preparatory School in the City for the fledgling college, 
 
 of Chicago at the present time" ; the chosen The Trustees decided likewise to elect a 
 
 site for that building, however, was good President of the institution, whose first duty 
 
 enough to keep, and, in the years to come, should be to procure subscriptions and plan 
 
 as the site of the Grand Pacific Hotel, and for the establishment of an endowment for 
 
 later, of the Illinois Trust and Savings the University. 
 
CHAPTER IV. 
 
 INSTITUTION IN DEVELOPMENT 
 
 Dr. Hinman Chosen First President Sale 
 of Scholarships Begins Career of the 
 New President Cut Short by His Early 
 Death Town Platted and Named in 
 Honor of Dr. John Evans Garrett Bib- 
 lical Institute Established First Corps 
 of College Professors Elected Universi- 
 ty Assets in 1854 Four-Mile Anti- 
 Liquor District Established by Act of the 
 Legislature The Teaching Force In- 
 creased Dr. Evans' Land Policy The 
 Institution is Opened for Pupils Some 
 of the First Students. 
 
 At the meeting of June 23, 1853, Dr. 
 Clark T. Hinman was unanimously elected 
 the first President of the University. He 
 was thirty-six years of age, a Trustee from 
 Michigan Conference and principal of Al- 
 bion Seminary. He was a graduate of 
 Wesleyan University, Connecticut, and had 
 been principal of Newbury Seminary, in 
 Vermont. He was a man of zeal and 
 method. He laid hands upon one and an- 
 other of the Trustees, and took them out 
 among their business acquaintances to give 
 him an opportunity to present his cause. 
 The scheme of raising money, which was 
 adopted, and which Dr. Hinman was 
 especially to present, was by the sale of 
 scholarships. Perpetual scholarships were 
 issued, which were to entitle to tuition the 
 purchaser, his son or grandson and other 
 
 descendants by will, and were sold for one 
 hundred dollars ; transferable scholarships 
 were sold for one hundred dollars, entitling 
 the holder to five hundred dollars in tuition ; 
 and scholarships were sold for fifty dollars, 
 entitling the holder to two hundred dollars 
 in tuition. A bond was issued on the first 
 payment, and the scholarship was to be 
 issued on the completion of payments with- 
 in an allotted time. One-half of the funds 
 from these sales was to be used for pur- 
 poses of instruction, and the other half for 
 the purchase of lands, not to exceed twelve 
 hundred acres, as a site for the University 
 and for the erection of buildings. The 
 Trustees evidently thought that some tan- 
 gible equivalent must be tendered for 
 money spent for education in that early 
 da) r . Scholarships certainly proved market- 
 able ; and, if the same zeal had been exer- 
 cised in the careful collection of the 
 amounts pledged for them as was shown in 
 their sale, the growth of the institution 
 would have been more rapid ; for Dr. Hin- 
 man disposed of them with great success 
 among all sorts and conditions of men on 
 Water Street, among commission men and 
 grain dealers ; on Canal Street, to the lum- 
 ber men ; in town, to the merchants ; and 
 in the country, to the farmers. In the short 
 period of his service he sold scholarships 
 to the amount of $64.600, while others, under 
 the stimulus of his activity, sold $37,000 
 
NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY 
 
 worth. He was dreaming, meanwhile, of 
 the institution whose financial foundations 
 he sought to lay, but death overtook him 
 ere his dream had been realized. He died 
 in 1854, one year before the formal open- 
 ing of the institution in which he hoped to 
 teach as Professor of Moral and Intellectual 
 Philosophy. 
 
 Town Platted and Named Public Parks. 
 In the meantime, the land purchased by 
 the Trustees from Dr. Foster, and some 
 two hundred and forty-eight acres adjoining 
 it on the west, which had been purchased 
 by Andrew J. Brown and Harvey B. Hurd, 
 was laid out into lots and blocks, and platted 
 and named Evanston. in honor of Dr. John 
 Evans. The University's part was bounded 
 on the west by Sherman Avenue. What lay 
 west of Sherman Avenue was in the Brown 
 and Hurd tract. Many of the avenues and 
 streets bear the names of the favorite 
 friends of the University as ( )rrington 
 Avenue, named for Orrington Lunt : Sher- 
 man Avenue, for A. S. Sherman : Hinman 
 Avenue, for Dr. Hinman, the first President ; 
 Judson Avenue, for Rev. Philo Judson ; 
 Davis Street, in honor of Dr. N. S. Davis. 
 Six public parks were included in the 
 plan to beautify the future Evanston, and 
 the Lake Shore, from Davis Street to Uni- 
 versity Place, east of Michigan Avenue, 
 was dedicateil to the same purpose. The 
 contemplated campus extended from the 
 projection eastward of the south line of 
 Foster Street to the north line of University- 
 Place a beautiful and spacious campus, 
 respected Founders, but hardly enough for 
 a university of so ambitious a title as yours. 
 But Block I. to Simpson Street so they 
 thought might be used as a campus in an 
 emergency, and they still held lands to 
 the north, unplatted, which might be used 
 for the same purpose, but which, in their 
 wildest dreams, they did not fancy would be 
 needed for the campus of the institution 
 they were founding. 
 
 Garrett Biblical Institute Founded. 
 The scheme of a Biblical Institute had 
 been started in Chicago by the same found- 
 ers, and Eliza Garrett, by her will, had ar- 
 ranged for the endowment of such an insti- 
 tution ; but the beginnings of the institution 
 were had in February, 1854. To them the 
 Trustees of the University offered a site at 
 a nominal rent. The offer was accepted 
 and an institution established on the campus 
 that was destined to make splendid history 
 in theological education. Streets were 
 graded in the growing town ; transporta- 
 tion was furnished by the Chicago & Mil- 
 waukee Railroad now the Milwaukee di- 
 vision of the Chicago Northwestern the 
 right of way for which was given by Brown 
 & Hurd. It is notable that this gift was 
 coupled with the agreement that all pas- 
 senger trains should stop at Evanston an 
 agreement that it would be difficult for the 
 road to fulfill. 
 
 Not content with their three hundred 
 acres of ground, the Billings farm (con- 
 tiguous to their first purchase) was bought, 
 consisting of twenty-eight acres, for three 
 thousand dollars. They chose to forget, for 
 the time being, one of their earlier resolu- 
 tions, viz. : "Resolved, That no debts shall 
 be contracted or money expended without 
 the means be first provided.'' It was a 
 purchase on time, and time, they believed, 
 was on their side. Values of their sub- 
 divided property were advancing. They 
 could soon open their school, possibly in 
 1855. To this end they elected a small 
 corps of professors in June, 1854: Henry 
 S. Noyes, Professor of Mathematics; W. 
 D. Godman, Professor of Greek ; and Abel 
 Stevens, Professor of Literature. 
 
 When the Treasurer made his report in 
 1854, the assets of the University, in land, 
 notes and subscriptions, were estimated at 
 $281,915, with liabilities of $32.255.04. The 
 Foster purchase had increased in value from 
 $25,000 to $102,000; the Billings farm from 
 
V, 
 
 c 
 
 w 
 z 
 o 
 
 Jj 
 
 a 
 
worth. He was dreaming, meanwhile, of 
 tin- institution whose financial foundations 
 he sought to lay. but death overtook him 
 f-n- his tin-am had been realized. !li- died 
 in 18:54. one year before the formal open- 
 ing of the institution in which he hoped to 
 teach as Professor of Moral and Intellectual 
 Philosophy. 
 
 Town Platted and Named Public Parks. 
 In the meantime, the land purchased by 
 the Trustees from Dr. Foster, and -ome 
 tuo hundred and forty-eight acres adjoining 
 it on the west, which had been purchased 
 by Andrew J. Ilrown and 1 larve\ 11. ! iurd. 
 wa- laid out into lots and blocks, and platted 
 and named Lvanston. in honor of Dr. John 
 Evans. The I'nivcrsity's pan was bounded 
 on the wist by Sherman Avenue. What lay 
 west of Sherman Avenue was in the Ilrown 
 and llur.l tract. Many of the avuv.u- and 
 streets bear the names of the favorite 
 friend- !' ihe l'imer-it\ a- < >rnnut"ii 
 Avenue, named for Orrington l.unt: Sher- 
 man .\\eiuu-. for A. S. Sherman: ilinman 
 Avenue, fin- Dr. Uinman, the first i're-ident: 
 Indson Avenue, for Rev. 1'hiln Jud-on: 
 Davis Street, in honor of Dr. \. S. Davi-. 
 Six public park- were included in the 
 plan to beautify the future L\an-to:i. and 
 the Lake Shore, from Davi- Street 1" I'ni- 
 versity I 'lace, ea-t of Michigan Avenue, 
 was dedicated to the -ame p:irpo-e. The 
 Contl'illJ>latt'd campus exteiideil irom the 
 projection ea-t ward of the -outh line of 
 Footer Street to tlie north line of I 'niversity 
 Place a beautiful and -pacious campus, 
 re-pected Founders, but hardly enough for 
 a univer-i'.v of so ambitious a title :t- \ours. 
 I'ut Iliock i. to Simp-on Street -o they 
 thought might be u-ed a- a camp'.:- in an 
 emergency, and I!HA -till held l::n ':- to 
 the north, unplatted, which might !" u-ed 
 for the same purpose, but which, in their 
 uilde-t dream-, thev did not fanc\ would be 
 needed for the campus of the iii-titutioil 
 thev were founding. 
 
 r.\i\ KKSITY 
 
 Garrett Biblical Institute Founded. 
 The scheme of a Biblical Institute had 
 been started in Chicago by the same found- 
 ers, and F.liza I iarrett. by her will, had ar- 
 ranged lor the endowment of such an insti- 
 tution : but the beginnings of the institution 
 were had in February. 1854. To them the 
 Trustees of the University offered a site at 
 a nominal rent. The offer was accepted 
 and an institution established on the campus 
 that was destined to make splendid history 
 in theological education. Streets were 
 graded in the growing town: transporta- 
 tion was furnished by the Chicago & Mil- 
 waukee Railroad now the Milwaukee di- 
 vision of the I hicago Northwestern the 
 right of wax for which was given by Ilrown 
 & I Iurd. It is notable that this gift was 
 coupled with the agreement that all pas- 
 senger trains should -top at Kvanston an 
 agreement that it would be difficult for the 
 road to fulfill. 
 
 N'ot content with their three hundred 
 acres of ground, the Hillings farm (con- 
 tiguous to their first purchase I was bought, 
 consisting of twenty-eight acres, for three 
 thousand dollar-. Thev chose to forget, for 
 the time being, one of their earlier resolu- 
 tions, viz. : "Resolved, That no debts -hall 
 he contracted or money expended without 
 the means be first provided." It was a 
 purchase on time, and time, they believed, 
 was on their siile. Values of their Mih- 
 divided property were advancing. They 
 could soon open their school , possihlv in 
 1855. To this end they elected a small 
 corps of professor* in June. 1854: Henry 
 S. Noves. Professor of Mathematics: W. 
 D. ( iodman. I'rofe-sor of < ireek : and Abel 
 Sleven-. I'rofe-sor of Literature. 
 
 When the Treasurer made his report in 
 1854. the asset- of the I 'niversity, in land, 
 note- and subscription-, were estimated at 
 $.281.1115. with liahilitie- of $.}_'. -255.04. The 
 Foster purchase had increased in value from 
 8j5.Ki to Sioj.ooo : the Hilling- farm from 
 
LIBRARY 
 
 OF THE 
 
 UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS 
 
HISTORY OF EVANSTON 
 
 $3,000 to $4,200; and the Peck purchase, 
 from $8.000 to $43,400. Subscriptions to 
 scholarships made up the remainder of the 
 estimated wealth. 
 
 Site of the University Described. 
 It was probably at the annual meeting in 
 June, 1854, that the hopeful feeling and 
 aggressive spirit of the Trustees of the 
 institution were voiced in a report which 
 was of the nature of a proclamation and 
 formulation of their plans, as thus far de- 
 veloped. They offered devout praise to 
 God and their sincere thanks to the found- 
 ers for the present success and the future 
 prospects of the University. They described 
 the location at Evanston in glowing terms, 
 stating that, "On the shore of Lake Michi- 
 gan, eleven miles north of the City of Chi- 
 cago and on the line of the Chicago & 
 Milwaukee Railroad the site being large, 
 beautiful and healthful, including some four 
 hundred and forty acres of land, sufficiently 
 elevated above the lake and the surrounding 
 country to afford an extensive view of each, 
 extending nearly two miles along the shore 
 aiid about one-half of it covered with a 
 young and thrifty forest in its natural state, 
 affording the lovers of good taste every 
 facility desirable for the most lovely resi- 
 dence in the country a town has been laid 
 out and named Evanston. The University 
 buildings will occupy the latitudinal center 
 of the town and the highest point of land, 
 covered with a beautiful grove, and inclin- 
 ing at an angle of some thirty degrees 
 toward the lake shore." They add that, 
 "In respect of the motive in selecting the 
 site of the University and establishing the 
 institution, neither local prejudice nor a 
 spirit of opposition to kindred institutions 
 has had any place in the hearts of its 
 friends, but rather a desire to meet ad- 
 equately the growing need in the Northwest 
 of a university of the highest grade, adapted 
 to the country, to its increasing prosperity 
 
 and the advanced state of learning in the 
 present age. Its location makes it central 
 for the entire Northwest ; and the magni- 
 tude of the enterprise, by developing the 
 educational resources of the country on a 
 large scale, and by stimulating a spirit of 
 noble, generous rivalry, will benefit institu- 
 tions of every grade. We very frankly, and 
 we hope not ostentatiously, aver our design 
 of making it an institution second to none, 
 and worthy of the country in which it is 
 located and its name, 'The Northwestern 
 University.' " 
 
 Teaching Features of the University. 
 They then proceed to state its distinctive 
 features : Undergraduate courses of in- 
 struction ; Post-Graduate courses ; a Med- 
 ical Department in the near future ; a Law 
 School. But immediate attention was to be 
 given to the College of Literature, Science 
 and the Arts, with a classical course of four 
 years, a scientific course and an elective 
 course of the same duration. The condi- 
 tions of admission were to be the same as 
 those of other colleges of the country, not 
 excepting Yale or Harvard. The scheme 
 of contemplated professorships numbered 
 fourteen, among which were some not yet 
 realized; as a Professorship of the Fine 
 Arts and Arts of Design, a Professorship 
 of Didactics, of Physical Education and 
 Hygiene. Young men were had in mind for 
 these various chairs, some of whom were to 
 increase their efficiency by devoting a year 
 or more to travel in Europe and to study in 
 the best Eastern Universities, comparing 
 their own modes of instruction and profiting 
 by the society of the ripest scholars of the 
 age. Abel Stevens, William D. Godman 
 and Henry S. Noyes had been selected for 
 Literature, Greek and Mathematics. The 
 merits of these men were set forth in a 
 manner that showed their confidence, as, for 
 instance: "To speak of their qualifications 
 is superfluous"; and then, speaking of 
 
NORTHWESTERN* UNIVERSITY 
 
 Abel Stevens, they say: "As a rhetorician 
 and finished scholar in English Literature, 
 Abel Stevens stands beside the finest writ- 
 ers of the nation, and as a preacher, and 
 particularly a platform speaker, is unsur- 
 passed in America." The commendation 
 was doubtless merited ; but their expres- 
 sions lead us to say, verily those founders 
 knew how to blow the Northwestern trum- 
 pet. 
 
 They hoped to fill the remaining chairs, 
 or such as were needed, at the subsequent 
 session. They presented a tabulation of 
 their net assets, showing the estimate of their 
 resources in land and promises at $250,000, 
 to which they proposed to add $150,000 by 
 the sale of scholarships, and $100,000 by 
 donations the last for the purpose of erect- 
 ing suitable buildings, including an observa- 
 tory, and purchasing a library, cabinet, ap- 
 paratus and other university fixtures. This 
 report, or proclamation, was signed by 
 Grant Goodrich, Chairman of the Commit- 
 tee, attorney and special pleader for the in- 
 fant University, and bears date July 4, 1854 
 the spirit of the day, no doubt, giving 
 color to his rhetoric and a touch of ex- 
 travagance to the document. But he was in 
 earnest, and so were they all. 
 
 When the Board met in June, 1855, Dr. 
 Hinman, was no longer with them. That 
 eager spirit had succumbed to the burden of 
 his labors. He had undertaken to increase 
 the endowment from the sale of scholar- 
 ships to $250,000, and to secure the needed 
 $100.000 for the erection of buildings. 
 There is every probability that, with his 
 rare faculty for influencing men, he would 
 have accomplished even more than he 1 had 
 undertaken had time permitted. Fitting 
 resolutions were passed, recounting the ser- 
 vice which this gifted young man had 
 rendered and the hopes that were enter- 
 tained of him. Those inadequate resolu- 
 tions have perished ; at least, they are not 
 
 of record. His monument is in the insti- 
 tution he helped to found ; and, while it 
 lives, his name and his service will not be 
 forgotten. They sought two years later to 
 perpetuate his memory by some monument 
 on the college grounds. It is, perhaps, well 
 that they failed in this, for he partakes, with 
 others, in the monumental character of the 
 entire University enterprise to the devotion 
 and sacrifice of its founders. 
 
 At this session of the Board the liberal 
 policy of the institution was signalized by 
 the grant of a large lot for the Evanston 
 public schools, and it was decided that the 
 formal opening of the University should 
 take place on November 1st of the same 
 year. A building was in course of erection, 
 at the southeast corner of Block 20, on 
 Davis Street, near Hinman Avenue, in 
 which to house the infant college. Sub- 
 scriptions, running through three years had 
 been taken for this purpose. That building 
 is with us still : the "Old College" on the 
 campus, a building about fifty feet in width 
 and forty feet in depth, of three stories in 
 height with an attic and a belfry. It con- 
 tained six class-rooms, a chapel, a small 
 museum and halls for two literary societies, 
 with three rooms in the attic, where, with 
 a little oat-meal for food, a few aspiring 
 students might board themselves and com- 
 pensate the University for their rent by 
 ringing the college bell. The chapel fur- 
 nished the meeting place of the Society of 
 the First Methodist Church until they 
 erected a church edifice of their own. 
 Other meetings, political and social, were 
 also held there. 
 
 The liberal spirit of the founders was 
 further evidenced at this meeting by the 
 adoption of the report of the Committee on 
 Professorships, which declared that, "In 
 the election of Professors of Northwestern 
 University, the Board of Trustees will have 
 reference to character and qualifications 
 
HISTORY OF EVANSTOX 
 
 alone: that is to say, that a professor need 
 not necessarily be a Methodist." 
 
 The Anti-Liquor Limit Established. 
 It was at this meeting that an amend- 
 ment to their charter, enacted at the last 
 session of the Legislature, was accepted, 
 two sections of which were fraught with 
 tremendous issues for the future institution. 
 Section II provided that, ( "No spirituous, 
 vinous or fermented liquors shall be sold, 
 under .license or otherwise, within four 
 miles of the location of said University, ex- 
 cept for medicinal, mechanical or sacra- 
 mental purposes, under a penalty of twenty- 
 five dollars for each offense, to be re- 
 covered before any Justice of the Peace in 
 said County of Cook; provided, that so 
 much of this act as relates to the sale of 
 intoxicating drinks within four miles may 
 be repealed by the General Assembly when- 
 ever they think proper." This created a 
 prohibition district, ostensibly for the pro- 
 tection of the students against the tempta- 
 tions of the saloon, and incidentally protect- 
 ing the city that should grow up about the 
 University from the evils of the liquor traf- 
 fic ; and against this prohibition, the arts 
 and persistence of the traffic in ardent 
 spirits were to be continuously exerted. 
 The third section of the amendment or- 
 ganized the University into a Trust Com- 
 pany, presumably for its own benefit, but 
 its language was broader than that. It 
 said, "The said corporation shall have 
 power to take, hold, use and manage, lease 
 and dispose of all such property, as may in 
 any manner come to said corporation, 
 charged with any trust or trusts, in con- 
 formity with such trusts and direction, and 
 to execute all such trusts as may be confided 
 to it." Section 4 conceded the public value 
 of such an institution as the Northwestern 
 University, and ordained, "That all prop- 
 erty, of whatever kind or description, be- 
 longing to or owned by said corporation. 
 
 shall be forever free from taxation for 
 any and all purposes. This act shall be 
 public and take effect from and after its 
 passage." It was signed by the Speaker 
 of the House and President of the Senate, 
 and approved by Joel A. Matteson, Gover- 
 nor, February 14, 1855. 
 
 On June I5th the chosen corps of teach- 
 ers was sought to be increased by the ad- 
 dition of Dr. J. V. Z. Blaney, to the pros- 
 pective faculty, as Professor of Chemistry, 
 of whom similar high praise could be given, 
 as to fitness for the work upon which 
 he was expected to enter, as to his colleagues 
 in the notable prommciamento of July 4. 
 1854; but it was discovered that there was 
 not a sufficient number of Trustees present 
 to constitute a quorum for the election of 
 professors, so the election was declared 
 void, but, in 1857, he was duly elected to 
 the chair of Natural Science. 
 
 It was now apparent that it would be 
 difficult to hold the entire territory of the 
 Northwest to the policy of a single institu- 
 tion, for the Trustees were requested to 
 permit cancelling of notes taken in Iowa for 
 the sale of scholarships, or to allow the 
 notes and subscriptions to be transferred 
 to the Iowa Wesleyan University. The 
 request was not granted, but it gave evi- 
 dence of a tendency which was sadly noted 
 to localize interests in the matter of educa- 
 tion in portions of the district, which had 
 been chosen as the field for the University. 
 
 In July, 1855, a movement was started 
 by Dr. Evans, and strongly advocated by 
 him, seeking to fasten upon the Trustees 
 the policy of withholding its property from 
 sale and reserving it exclusively for pur- 
 poses of lease. That far-sighted man saw 
 clearly the value of the property for pur- 
 pose of endowment, but overlooked the 
 practical difficulty of successfully maintain- 
 ing possession of a large body of land 
 within the limits of a corporation such as 
 
NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY 
 
 Evanston was destined to be, on such a 
 basis. With their usual sagacity, the 
 Trustees laid his resolution on the table, 
 even though Dr. Evans urged it with his 
 usual vigor and persistence. 
 
 University Opened First Students. 
 
 The frame building on Davis Street was 
 completed for occupancy by November, 
 1855, and circulars had been sent out in- 
 viting the Northwestern students to as- 
 semble. Professor Noyes was on hand to 
 teach mathematics, and Professor Godman, 
 likewise, to teach the classics. Professor 
 Abel Stevens did not appear ; nor was he 
 greatly needed, for there were only ten 
 students in all, and their requirements could 
 be easily met by two instructors. Indeed, 
 though Professor Stevens was announced 
 for the following year, he did not even then 
 appear ; and the name of Abel Stevens, the 
 gifted historian of Methodism, is connected 
 with the fortunes of Northwestern only 
 as a "Might have Been." The roll of pupils 
 for that year will always be of interest, 
 as the advance guard of that great com- 
 pany that, in time, should be permanently 
 enrolled as students of the University. 
 There were Thomas E. Annis, Winchester 
 E. Clifford, Samuel L. Eastman, J. Marshall 
 Godman, Horace A. Goodrich, C. F. Staf- 
 
 ford, Hart L. Stewart, Albert Lamb and 
 Elhanon Q. Searle. There is one name 
 lacking, but history has often to bewail that 
 there are blanks that cannot easily be filled. 
 These were, somehow, grouped in a Fresh- 
 man Class an awkward squad, I warrant, 
 of unequal preparation; but the professors 
 had time to spend on individual cases, so 
 that the awkward squad were drilled into 
 the uniformity of a Freshman Class. A lit- 
 erary society was organized and named in 
 honor of the lamented Dr. Hinman. It 
 inherited his library as a part of its equip- 
 ment, and was assigned a room for its 
 sessions in the northeast corner of the third 
 story of the college building. Greek, Latin 
 and Mathematics, with declamations on 
 Saturday, formed the program of instruc- 
 tion. Permits must be secured for absence 
 from town, and church services must be 
 religiously attended on Sunday; such was 
 the routine of that first college year. 
 Tuition, when not covered by a scholarship, 
 was forty-five dollars per annum, with 
 other fees amounting to nine dollars. The 
 price of board was from two dollars and a 
 half to three dollars and a half per week, in 
 homes of the early settlers. The college bell 
 tolled out the hours of recitation and de- 
 votion, and the beginnings of college life 
 in Evanston were laid. 
 
CHAPTER V. 
 
 CONDITIONS IN 1856-1860 
 
 Trustees Meet in Their Own Building 
 Dr. R. S. Foster Elected the Second Pres- 
 ident The Faculty Enlarged Absorp- 
 tion of Rush Medical College Projected 
 Competitors Enter the Field Professor 
 Jones' "Fern. Sem." President Foster 
 Visits the University, but Obtains a 
 Year's Leave of Absence He Joins the 
 Faculty in 1857 The Assets of the In- 
 stitution Increased to Nearly $316,000 
 Reinforcement of the Faculty First 
 Graduated Class in 1850 Dr. Foster Re- 
 signs the Presidency and Dr. E. O. Haven 
 Becomes His Successor. 
 
 In June of 1856 the Trustees met under 
 their own roof in the little chapel of the 
 University Building. They had made a be- 
 ginning. Two professors had been at work 
 at salaries of fifteen hundred dollars per 
 annum. An agent had been busy in the sale 
 of lots and scholarships. Their land was 
 assuming the character of a settlement. 
 The frogs were still croaking in the low 
 places, but drainage had been started by 
 "The Drainage Committee," and the frogs 
 were given notice to quit or, at least, to go 
 as far south as Dempster Street. 
 
 Dr. Foster Elected Second President. 
 The Board of Trustees thought they re- 
 quired a President soon, to give direction 
 and leadership and help them in acquiring 
 the resources needful for their work. Two 
 
 names were especially canvassed : Those of 
 Randolph S. Foster and E. Otis Haven, 
 both rising men of unusual talent. The 
 election resulted in fifteen votes for Dr. 
 R. S. Foster and nine for Dr. E. O. Haven. 
 The election of Dr. Foster was made unani- 
 mous, with but one dissenting vote. He was 
 thirty-six years of age and had already 
 acquired a brilliant reputation as a pulpit 
 orator, and was then serving a prominent 
 church in New York. He was to fill the 
 chair of Intellectual and Moral Philosophy 
 in connection with the Presidency. His 
 salary was to be two thousand dollars a 
 year. A thousand dollars was appropriated 
 for books. The chair of Latin Language 
 and Literature was filled by the election of 
 Daniel Bonbright, a young man of great 
 promise, then a tutor in Yale College. His 
 service was not to begin at once, but he was 
 to be allowed a year's absence in Europe be- 
 fore taking up the work. 
 
 Tentative steps were taken at this meet- 
 ing to carry out the university idea, to 
 which the Trustees tenaciously held, by 
 requesting Rush Medical College, which 
 was now in its infancy, and Garrett Biblical 
 Institute, to unite with them in a University 
 organization for the purpose of conferring 
 degrees; but the doctors and theologians 
 preferred their single blessedness, at least 
 for the present. They were willing to occupy 
 a sisterly relation, but nothing more. There 
 
68 
 
 NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY 
 
 was little use for a seal as yet on diplomas, 
 but one was desirable in the execution of 
 scholarships and real estate instruments of 
 the corporation. For this purpose a design 
 was chosen, consisting of an open book with 
 radiating rays of light encircled by the 
 words, "Northwestern University." This 
 was to give place, later, to a somewhat 
 more ornate design; but it was destined to 
 do duty for many years in the authorization 
 of titles to land and scholarships, and upon 
 the parchments of the early graduates. 
 
 The minds of the brethren were deeply 
 stirred over an incident that was brought to 
 their notice at this time. They could not 
 easily understand why Iowa Wesleyan 
 University should spring up within their 
 territory, but the matter was brought very 
 close to them when Rev. W. P. Jones se- 
 cured a charter for the Northwestern Fe- 
 male College and Male Preparatory School, 
 and flung out his banners within easy hail 
 of the building where they were assembled. 
 He had appropriated their name and func- 
 tion ; he was aggressive and purposeful. 
 They appointed a committee, on which was 
 the shrewd attorney. Grant Goodrich, and 
 the saintly Hooper Crews, to dissuade him. 
 But neither the law nor the gospel were 
 effective to divert the professor from his 
 chosen name or purpose. Threats of prose- 
 cution from the lawyer and persuasion from 
 the preacher were alike futile. He even had 
 the temerity to appear, later, before the 
 Trustees and request the use of their build- 
 ing until such time as his quarters should 
 be ready for occupancy. It does not require 
 historical or other imagination to picture 
 the promptness with which Professor Jones 
 was shown the door. However, the estab- 
 lishment of what was known as the "Fern. 
 Sem." was not similarly hailed by the 
 students of the college. It was counted a 
 boon, and often, I doubt not. when the as- 
 siduous attention of college students by day 
 
 and by night made life a burden to the said 
 professor, he was led to wonder if, indeed, 
 he had not committed an error in invading 
 the territory of Northwestern University 
 with his Northwestern Female College. 
 However, it lived on, doing good work 
 until it was merged in the institution whose 
 Trustees it at first defied. 
 
 In July, 1856, the President-elect ap- 
 peared to look over his heritage and exhort 
 the Trustees to larger undertakings. New 
 and appropriate buildings he evidently 
 thought necessary, for the Board immedi- 
 ately resolved to prepare plans for perma- 
 nent structures. He asked them to excuse 
 him from entering upon his office for the 
 period of one year, so that he might con- 
 tinue for that time in the service of Trinity 
 Methodist Episcopal Church of New York. 
 His request was granted and the funds that 
 otherwise would have been devoted to his 
 salary were appropriated to the enrichment 
 of the library. Evidently Dr. Foster came 
 again in September to the opening of the 
 college year, for the first recorded minutes 
 of the faculty bear date, September 16, 
 1856. It took place in the study of Pro- 
 fessor Noyes. There were present: Ran- 
 dolph S. Foster, President; Henry S. 
 Noyes, Professor of Mathematics ; and 
 William D. Godman, Professor of Greek. 
 It was agreed that, in the absence of the 
 President for the ensuing year, the duties 
 of the faculty should be divided as follows : 
 Professor Noyes should assume the admin- 
 istration of discipline and act as Treasurer ; 
 Professor Godman should be Secretary 
 and Librarian. One other item of business 
 is recorded: "Resolved, That a Bible class 
 be formed and taught on the Sabbath day. 
 Professor Noyes to teach it." The next 
 meeting took place October 13, 1856, and 
 its record is as follows: 
 
 "In Faculty assembled. Resolved, That 
 a student whose credit in recitations falls 
 
o 
 
 X 
 
f-S 
 
 RTII WESTERN UNIVERSITY 
 
 was little use for a seal as yet on diplomas, 
 but one was desirable in the execution of 
 scholarships and real estate instruments of 
 the corporation. For this purpose a design 
 was chosen, consisting; of an open book with 
 radiating rays of light encircled by the 
 words, "Northwestern University." This 
 was to give place, later, to a somewhat 
 more ornate design : but it was destined to 
 do dutv for many years in the authorization 
 of titles to land and scholarships, and upon 
 the parchments of tile early graduates. 
 
 The minds of the brethren were deeply 
 stirred over an incident that was brought to 
 their notice at this time. They could not 
 easilv understand wh\ Iowa \\eslevan 
 University should spring up within their 
 territory, but the matter was brought very 
 close to them when Rev. \Y. I'. Junes se- 
 cured a charter for the Northwestern Fe- 
 male College and Male Preparatory School, 
 and thing out hi- banner- within easv hail 
 of the building where thev were assembled. 
 He had appropriated their name and tuiie- 
 tion ; lie was aggressive and purposeful. 
 They appointed a committee, on which was 
 the shrewd attorney, ('.rant < ioodrich. and 
 the saintlv Ilooper Crews, to dissuade him. 
 Hut neither the la\\ nor the gospel were 
 effective to divert the professor from his 
 chosen name or purpose. Threats of pro-e- 
 cution from the lawver and persuasion from 
 the preacher were alike futile. I le even had 
 the temerity to appear, later, before the 
 Trustees and request the Use of their build- 
 ing until such time as his i|iiarters should 
 he ready for occupancy. It doe- not require 
 historical or other imagination to picture 
 the promptness with which l'rofe--or Junes 
 was shown the door. However, the estab- 
 lishment of what was known as the "Feni. 
 Sem." was not similarly hailed by the 
 students of the college. It was counted a 
 boon, and often, 1 doubt not. when the as- 
 siduous attention of college students by day 
 
 and by night made life a burden to the said 
 professor, he was led to wonder if, indeed, 
 he had not committed an error in invading 
 the territory of Northwestern University 
 with his Northwestern Female College. 
 However, it lived on. doing good work 
 until it was merged in the institution whose 
 Trustees it at first defied. 
 
 In July. 1856. the President-elect ap- 
 peared to look over his heritage and exhort 
 the Trustees to larger undertakings. New 
 and appropriate buildings he evidentl) 
 thought necessary, for the Board immedi- 
 ately resolved to prepare plans for perma- 
 nent structures. He asked them to excuse 
 him from entering upon his office for tin- 
 period of one vear. so that he might con- 
 tinue for that time in the service of Trinit\ 
 Methodist Episcopal Church of New York. 
 His request was granted ami the funds that 
 otherwi-e would have been devoted to his 
 salary were appropriated to the enrichment 
 of the library. Evidently Dr. Foster came 
 again in September to the opening of the 
 college year, for the first recorded minutes 
 of the faculty bear date, September id, 
 1X5(1. It took place in the study of Pro- 
 fessor Noyes. There were present: Ran- 
 dolph S. Foster. President: Henry S. 
 Noyes. Professor of Mathematics: and 
 William I), (iodman. Professor of (ireek. 
 It was agreed that, in the absence of the 
 President for the ensuing year, the duties 
 of the faculty should be divider! as follows: 
 Professor Noyes should assume the admi 11 - 
 istration of discipline and act as Treasurer; 
 Professor (iodman should be Secretary 
 and Librarian. One other item of business 
 i- recorded: "Resolved. That a I'.ible class 
 be formed and taught on the Sabbath day. 
 Professor Noyes to teach it." The next 
 meeting took place October 13, 1856. and 
 its record is as follows: 
 
 "In Faculty assembled. Resolved. That 
 a student whose credit in recitations falls 
 
LIBRARY 
 
 OF THE 
 
 UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS 
 
HISTORY OF EVANSTON 
 
 69 
 
 below the average for the term, shall fall 
 out of his class to the next lower; if a 
 Freshman, his recitations are postponed for 
 the year. W. D. GODMAN, Sec'y." 
 
 Thus these two, in faculty assembled, 
 carried on the interior legislation of the 
 infant University during that year, col- 
 lecting fees, attending to the library, doing 
 all but the janitor work, which was dis- 
 charged by some embryo statesmen who 
 lived in the attic, at the munificent compen- 
 sation of two dollars a week. 
 
 Dr. Foster appeared on the 5th of June, 
 1857, and then there were three. They were 
 not so lonesome. They even held two 
 faculty meetings in a month, and the records 
 lengthen to a page and bristle with sug- 
 gestions to the Trustees as to what should 
 be done to push the fortunes of the little 
 college. There had been twenty-two 
 students in attendance during the year a 
 gain of over one hundred per cent. Among 
 them I note the familiar names of Henry 
 M. Kidder, W. A. Spencer, A. C. Linn, 
 Homer A. Plympton, James W. Haney and 
 I. McCaskey. There were two classes now. 
 The library had grown to two thousand 
 volumes. The museum had been begun 
 under the enthusiastic labors of Robert Ken- 
 nicott. They issued a circular in the sum- 
 mer of 1857, promising three classes for 
 the ensuing year, and a fourth, if students 
 with advanced standing should make appli- 
 cation; also an academic school, which 
 should be a private enterprise where pre- 
 paratory branches of study would be taught, 
 students, partially prepared for college, be- 
 ing permitted to spend a part of their time 
 in college, the rest in the academy. They 
 hesitated about the establishment of an 
 academy under university auspices. They 
 had not issued a catalogue as yet. Professor 
 Bonbright was given permission to remain 
 abroad another year, and the working force 
 of the college was to be reinforced by the 
 
 arrival of Dr. J. V. Z. Blaney, Professor 
 of Natural Science, and the sum of one 
 thousand dollars was appropriated for the 
 purchase of philosophical and chemical ap- 
 paratus. 
 
 Financial Conditions During 1857. 
 The sessions of the Trustees for 1857 
 give out no sign of the embarrassment that 
 was prevailing in the business world. They 
 took careful account of their assets in va- 
 rious schedules, and reported them as 
 $315,845.30 in excess of their liabilities. 
 The jubilant Financial Agent, in his fourth 
 annual report, says: "Seldom, if ever, has 
 it been the good fortune of an institution, 
 unless endowed by very liberal bequests, to 
 present in its infancy such a pecuniary 
 basis as is shown by the exhibit herewith 
 submitted. Four years since this institution 
 was an experiment, and, by many, thought 
 to be a visionary one. The entire capital 
 consisted in whatever of profit or advantage 
 might accrue from the ownership of six- 
 teen lots in Chicago, which were held by 
 Dr. Evans, and upon which a few in- 
 dividuals had made advances of one 
 thousand dollars, with the intention of plac- 
 ing the investment to the account of the 
 University. During that and the ensuing 
 year, subscriptions to the amount of 
 $22,440, payable in four equal annual in- 
 stallments, were obtained. The site of the 
 institution and that part of the now flourish- 
 ing city of Evanston, constituting the 
 original purchase about three hundred and 
 eighty acres was bought of Dr. John H. 
 Foster for $25,000, which sum, less one 
 thousand dollars, was to remain for ten 
 years at six per cent interest. This pur- 
 chase, and the sixteen lots in Chicago 
 which were subsequently conveyed to the 
 Trustees at the original cost of $8,000 and 
 expenses, together with two parcels of land 
 since purchased and sold at an advance, 
 constitute the principal sources from which 
 
NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY 
 
 the present capital of the University has 
 been derived. To the amount thus obtained 
 add the proceeds of scholarships sold, and 
 you have the assets above indicated." 
 
 It is small wonder that Brother Judson 
 was jubilant, and, with the rapid settlement 
 of Evanston and sale of lots, could meet 
 the hard times with a smile. The schedule 
 of expenses shows to some extent the rough 
 work that the University was called upon 
 to do in order to provide for its educational 
 plant. It is largely made up of items, such 
 as surveying and platting, grading, clearing 
 streets, ditching, chopping, fencing, bridg- 
 ing, draining, grubbing, building break- 
 waters indeed, the whole vocabulary of 
 the pioneer was taxed to describe their op- 
 erations. Meantime, while the Trustees 
 were grubbing and chopping their way to 
 the material enrichment of their institution, 
 students and teachers were grubbing and 
 chopping their way, under disadvantages, 
 to the accomplishment of their ideals. One 
 of the reported schedules of this year gives 
 the names of purchasers of homesteads in 
 Evanston some eighty-five in number, all 
 well known Methodist names who were to 
 make up the members left of the delightful 
 company of old settlers, whose neighborli- 
 ness and hospitality, whose simple kindliness 
 and approachability, made Evanston a good 
 place for a homesick boy to happen into. 
 Most of these people purchased in blocks 
 contiguous to University Place, usually a 
 hundred feet front, and at prices ranging 
 from five to ten dollars a foot. The cat- 
 alogue of 1859 announced that there were 
 twelve hundred inhabitants in Evanston. 
 The desert and the solitary place were being 
 made glad by habitation. The hard times 
 were somewhat reflected in the financial re- 
 port of the following year, when a gain of 
 only about three thousand dollars was re- 
 ported; and, though the purchase money 
 on Evanston lands was not due until 1863, 
 
 they passed a resolution setting aside fifty 
 thousand dollars in securities, for the pay- 
 ment of that debt and for the erection of 
 buildings, provided no other resources were 
 received for those purposes. 
 
 Professor Bonbright was notified to ap- 
 pear in Evanston and take up his work in 
 1858. More students were expected that 
 year, and arrangements were made to in- 
 sure for them board with G. W. Reynolds, 
 at $2.50 per week, including washing, light, 
 fuel and room, and he was loaned five 
 hundred dollars to assist in carrying out 
 the difficult project. Surveying and leveling 
 instruments were furnished Professor 
 Noyes in connection with his work, which 
 were to be procured "with the least possible 
 outlay of funds." If the Trustees had 
 known what good use he would make of 
 them, and how much he would save them as 
 a practical surveyor, they would not have 
 been so niggardly in their grant. 
 
 The year 1857 passed uneventfully in 
 the little college. The faculty was reinforced 
 by the service of a tutor, S. L. Eastman, 
 whose duty it was to assist in preparatory 
 classes. The library was increased and the 
 foundations of the museum were growing, 
 in the Northwestern class-room, under the 
 skillful hands of Robert Kennicott. Thus, 
 another year rolled round with Dr. Foster 
 as President. There were twenty-nine 
 students in all, and they were on the eve 
 of sending out the first graduating class. 
 On recommendation of the faculty, the de- 
 gree of Bachelor of Arts was conferred 
 upon Thomas E. Annis, Winchester E. 
 Clifford, Samuel L. Eastman and Elhanpn 
 Q. Searles, and the degree of Bachelor of 
 Philosophy upon Henry M. Kidder. These 
 were to be the advance guard of the army 
 of Northwestern graduates. In June of 
 1859 the members of this class made their 
 graduating orations and departed from the 
 scenes of their scholastic training. These 
 
HISTORY OF EVANSTON 
 
 early graduating exercises were events in 
 Evanston, when the men who had developed 
 under the eye of the community took their 
 leave of scenes that had become familiar. 
 The people were interested in them, and 
 thronged the little church to hear their 
 orations. The farewell of the President was 
 touching and personal, for he knew these 
 men, had interested himself in them person- 
 ally, and regarded their going away as a 
 father regards the departure of his sons 
 from the old home. The coming years 
 might add the dignity of numbers to com- 
 mencement occasions, but they would lack 
 the sweet flavor of personal acquaintance 
 and the inspiration of departure amid the 
 regrets and tender farewells of a commu- 
 nity who would watch the careers of the 
 departing students with solicitude and hope. 
 
 The Financial Agent, Rev. Philo Judson, 
 had now resigned and Prof. Henry S. 
 Noyes, in addition to his duties as professor, 
 was appointed Agent of the University. 
 He had previously looked after the financial 
 affairs incidental to college expenses, tu- 
 ition, etc., and now, in the most painstaking 
 way, he was to carry, for a time, the burden 
 of property management and business detail 
 that was so vital to the institution. Though 
 an excellent scholar and thorough mathe- 
 matician, he was a man of affairs. He knew 
 men and things as well as books, and was 
 not niggardly of service of any sort that 
 might advance the work that was dear to 
 him. 
 
 The Trustees were a little alarmed lest 
 the expenses of the growing college should 
 outstrip the receipts, and their alarm took 
 the form of a resolution instructing the 
 Executive Committee to bring the expenses 
 of the institution within the available in- 
 come. The budget showed expenses of 
 five thousand dollars a year in excess of the 
 income. It was truly alarming. They 
 raised a subscription to lessen the deficit and 
 
 arranged to pay teachers in land when other 
 resources failed. 
 
 Dr. Haven Succeeds to the Presidency. 
 By June. 1860, Dr. Foster had resigned 
 the presidency; his library was added to 
 the University library, and he returned to 
 what was, to him, the more attractive work 
 of the pastorate in New York City, leaving 
 behind him memories of his genial and 
 helpful presence and his inspiring eloquence 
 that graced any occasion when he was the 
 orator. Dr. E. O. Haven was elected in 
 his place. His name had been turned down 
 at the previous election ; this time the 
 Trustees were turned down, and that all- 
 round, indefatigable, and adaptable pro- 
 fessor, Henry S. Noyes, was made Yice- 
 President. Dr. Foster's departure was signal- 
 ized by a resolution which voiced the deep 
 regret over his going: "Resolved, That 
 the intercourse of Dr. Foster with the Board 
 has been that of the Christian minister and 
 the Christian gentleman, and that his con- 
 nection with the University has manifested 
 his intelligence and earnest devotion to the 
 cause of education, and that his influence of 
 the members of the University was such as 
 endears his memory to all the friends of 
 the institution, and that the best wishes of 
 the Board attend him to the avocation of the 
 Christian ministry." They were still under 
 the spell of his charming presence and en- 
 gaging speech when they wrote that. And 
 what opportunities those Trustees and 
 students had in those days, to sit under the 
 preaching of such men as Foster and 
 Simpson and Dempster! giants whom the 
 moderns have hardly duplicated. But there 
 were serviceable men to come. Professor 
 Noyes, if not showy, was substantial and 
 useful beyond many more brilliant men. 
 In matters of discipline he was kind. 
 Mischievous fellows used to hyphenate his 
 name and called him Professor No-ves. But 
 
NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY 
 
 they found to their sorrow that, when oc- 
 casion demanded it, in matters of discipline, 
 his Yes was Yea, and his No, Nay and 
 there was no appeal. He met the in-coming 
 student with a warm greeting that dissi- 
 pated his homesickness, and his lovely wife 
 supplemented his labors with such graceful 
 kindness as made the new-comer feel that 
 Evanston was all right as long as these 
 people were in town. 
 
 There were thirty students in 1859-60, 
 and the ranks of the graduates were in- 
 creased by the names of A. C. Linn, W. A. 
 Lord, H. A. Plympton, E. Q. Searles, M. 
 C. Spaulding, B. A. Springer and H. L. 
 Stewart, who received the degree of A. B., 
 and W. H. H. Raleigh who received the de- 
 gree of Ph. B. The Academy was now duly 
 organized, with a principal of its own. War- 
 ren Taplin being first called to that office. 
 
CHAPTER VI. 
 
 PERIODS OF DEPRESSIOX AND GROWTH 
 
 Changes of Faculty Charter Amendments 
 Adopted Effect of the Civil War on 
 Number of Students Accessions to the 
 Faculty University Land Debt is Liqui- 
 dated Orrington Lunt Land Donation 
 for Benefit of Library University Hall 
 Projected Accession of Students and 
 Teaching Force Following the War 
 Period New Prises Serve as a Stimulus 
 to the Students First Honorary Degrees 
 Conferred Corporate Name is Changed 
 . Professors' Salaries Increased and 
 Erection of University Hall Prosecuted 
 A "Gold Brick" Donation Encourag- 
 ing Financial Development -Death of 
 Acting President Noyes. 
 
 In 1860-61 there had been forty-three 
 students in College and forty-nine in the 
 Academy, the library had been increased to 
 over three thousand volumes, and the cur- 
 riculum had remained the same, with its 
 emphasis on Latin, Greek and Mathematics. 
 Dr. Godnian resigned his chair in Greek in 
 1860, thereby reducing the teaching force 
 of the college. The presumption is, that the 
 burden of his work fell on the broad 
 shoulders of Professor Noyes, who was al- 
 ready carrying Mathematics and the Acting 
 Presidency, besides acting as Secretary of 
 the Board of Trustees and Financial Agent ; 
 and, in view of his responsibilities, six 
 hundred dollars was added to his salary 
 
 over that of the other professors. It was 
 an efficient and economical arrangement; 
 but how about the not too strong Professor ? 
 He is weaving his life into his work with- 
 out stint. 
 
 A formal transfer of assets was now 
 made to J. G. Hamilton, as Trustee, to the 
 extent of $37,949, to meet approaching in- 
 debtedness, and, as a result, he was ready 
 to meet Dr. Foster, the mortgagee of the 
 Evanston lands, when he called for pay- 
 ment in 1863. Dr. Bonbright now takes his 
 place as Secretary of the faculty, to keep 
 its records almost continuously till 1873. 
 
 In 1861 amendments were added to the 
 charter, regulating the number and work 
 of Trustees appointed by the Annual Con- 
 ferences, and providing that any chartered 
 institution of learning may become a de- 
 partment of this University, by agreement 
 between the Boards of Trustees of both 
 institutions. They are still coquetting with 
 Rush Medical College and Garrett Biblical 
 Institute, and have serious intentions as to 
 a Law School. They had made some in- 
 vestment in the property of Rock River 
 Seminary at Mt. Morris, Illinois, probably 
 in the neighborhood of five thousand dol- 
 lars. A creditor had seized upon it and it 
 was liable to be alienated. They were will- 
 ing to relinquish their claim if it could be 
 saved by local friends, but it passed from 
 under Methodist control, and the first of 
 
 73 
 
74 
 
 NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY 
 
 their ventures in affiliated preparatory 
 schools, as provided for by their charter, 
 was a failure. 
 
 The Civil War Financial Conditions. 
 The existence of the War of the Rebel- 
 lion was reflected in college life in 1862, 
 in the resignation by Dr. J. V. Z. Blaney, 
 of the Chair of Natural Science. He was 
 parted with sadly, and the best wishes of 
 the little college followed him in the patriotic 
 service in which he engaged. Many of the 
 students followed him in the service, among 
 them being Plympton, McCaskey, Spencer 
 and Haney, H. A. Pearsons, O. C. Foster, 
 Charles F. Smith and M. C. Springer, and 
 many others whose names are lost to us; 
 and, from time to time, the Recruiting Ser- 
 geant, with his fife and drum, found Evan- 
 ston and its students a fruitful field for re- 
 cruiting operations, seriously thinning the 
 ranks and causing the faculty to invoke the 
 authority of the distant parents as to 
 whether or not their boys should be per- 
 mitted to enlist. 
 
 In consequence of the depletion of the 
 faculty, Drs. Dempster and Bannister were 
 called to assist in the work of instruction. 
 Clark Street Methodist Episcopal Church 
 offered in 1862 to open its church doors in 
 Chicago for the commencement exercises 
 a proposition which was declined on the 
 ground of the smallness of the class; so 
 that, on that occasion, the rafters of the 
 Methodist Episcopal Church at Evanston 
 resounded with the eloquence of Robert 
 Bentley, Isaac McCaskey, William T. Rose. 
 David Sterrit and Bennett B. Botsford 
 The number of students, all told, that year, 
 had dwindled to eighty-nine. The Senior 
 class of 1862-63 was reduced by enlistments 
 to two persons, and one of these had no 
 sooner doffed his scholastic gown than he 
 put on the soldier's uniform and marched 
 away to his country's service. Still, there 
 was a gain of preparatory students that 
 
 year, and the aggregate number on the col- 
 lege roll was slightly increased. 
 
 June 18, 1862, Oliver Marcy was elected 
 to the Chair of Natural Science and 
 Physics, to succeed Dr. Blaney, who was 
 made Professor Emeritus. Professor 
 Marcy had been teaching at Wilbraham, 
 Mass. He was an enthusiast in his work 
 and a most genial and painstaking teacher, 
 who was destined to a long and honorable 
 service in his new relations. Rev. N. H. 
 Axtell, later an honored member of Rock 
 River Conference, was likewise added to 
 the teaching force during the year as Prin- 
 cipal of the Academy, assisted by A. C. 
 Linn, a graduate of the class of 1860, as 
 Tutor in Mathematics and Latin a sturdy, 
 thorough-going teacher who was soon to 
 enter the service of his country and lay 
 down his life in her cause. 
 
 The income of the University was now 
 estimated by a judicious committee, con- 
 sisting of Bishop Simpson, J. G. Hamilton 
 and Prof. H. S. Noyes, at $5,594, and its 
 whole property was valued at $225,000. 
 Evidently there had been a great shrink- 
 age from former valuations, or a strong 
 desire to stimulate donations by putting an 
 exceedingly conservative estimate upon the 
 property. At any rate, the pressure was 
 upon the Trustees to provide better build- 
 ings and better boarding accommodations, 
 in order to appeal to new students and to 
 hold those already in attendance. From time 
 to time the matter was earnestly discussed 
 by the Trustees. A building known as the 
 Club House, now located on Orrington 
 Avenue, near Clark Street, capable of ac- 
 commodating about twenty students, was 
 the result of this agitation the first experi- 
 ment of the University in the matter of dor- 
 mitories. Fifteen thousand dollars worth 
 of scholarship notes was likewise set apart 
 as a building fund, besides ten thousand 
 
a 
 w 
 
 o 
 c 
 
74 
 
 X( )KTII\\ ESTERX I'XIVERSITY 
 
 tlicir ventures in affiliated preparatory 
 schools, as provided for by their charter, 
 was a failure. 
 
 The Civil War Financial Conditions. 
 The existence of the \\'ar of the. Rebel- 
 lion was reflected in college life in 1862. 
 in the resignation by Dr. J. V. Z. Blaney, 
 of the Chair of Natural Science. He was 
 parted with sadly, and the best wishes of 
 the little college followed him in the patriotic 
 service in which he engaged. Many of the 
 students followed him in the service, among 
 them being Plympton, McCaskey, Spencer 
 and Haney. H. A. Pearsons. (). C. Foster, 
 Charles F. Smith and M. C. Springer, and 
 many others whose names are lost to us; 
 and. from time to time, the Recruiting Ser- 
 geant, with his fife and drum, found Evan- 
 ston and its students a fruitful field for re- 
 cruiting operations, seriously thinning the 
 ranks an.l causing the faculty to invoke the 
 authority of the distant parents as to 
 whether or not their boys should be per- 
 mitted to enlist. 
 
 In consequence of the depletion of the 
 faculty. Drs. Dempster and Bannister were 
 called to assist in the work of instruction. 
 Clark Street Methodist Episcopal Church 
 offered in 1862 to open its church doors in 
 Chicago for the commencement exercises 
 a proposition which was declined on the 
 ground of the smallness of the class; so 
 that, on that occasion, the rafters of the 
 Methodist Episcopal Church at Evanston 
 resounded with the eloquence of Robert 
 Bentley. Isaac .McCaskey. U'illiam T. Rose. 
 David Sterrit and Bennett 11. Botsford 
 The number of students, all told, that year, 
 had dwindled to eighty-nine. The Senior 
 class of 1862-63 was reduced by enlistments 
 in iwo persons, and one of these had no 
 -OOIHT doffed his scholastic gown than he 
 put on the soldier's uniform anil marched 
 awa\ to his omntn's service. Still, there 
 was a gain of preparatory students that 
 
 year, and the aggregate number on the col- 
 lege roll was slightly increased. 
 
 June 18. 1862, Oliver Marcy was elected 
 to the Chair of Xatural Science and 
 Physics, to succeed Dr. Blaney, who was 
 made Professor Emeritus. Professor 
 Marcy had been teaching at Wilbraham, 
 Mass. He was an enthusiast in his work 
 and a most genial and painstaking teacher, 
 who was destined to a long and honorable 
 service in his new relations. Rev. X. H. 
 Axtell, later an honored member of Rock 
 River Conference, was likewise added to 
 the teaching force during the year as Prin- 
 cipal of the Academy, assisted by A. C. 
 Linn, a graduate of the class of r8f>o. as 
 Tutor in Mathematics and Latin a sturdv. 
 thorough-going teacher who was soon to 
 enter the service of his country and lay 
 down his life in her cause. 
 
 The income of the University was now 
 estimated by a judicious committee, con- 
 sisting of Bishop Simpson. J. (i. Hamilton 
 and Prof. H. S. \oyes, at $5,50,4. all( l ' ts 
 whole property was valued at $225. (xxj. 
 Evidently there had been a great shrink- 
 age from former valuations, or a strong 
 desire to stimulate donations by putting an 
 exceedingly conservative estimate upon the 
 property. At any rate, the pressure was 
 upon the Trustees to provide better build- 
 ings and better boarding accommodations, 
 in order to appeal to new students and to 
 hold those already in attendance. From time 
 to time the matter was earnestly discussed 
 by the Trustees. A building known as the 
 Club House, now located on ( )rrington 
 Avenue, near Clark Street, capable of ac- 
 commodating about twenty students, \\a> 
 the result of this agitation the first experi- 
 ment of the University in the matter of dor- 
 mitories. Fifteen thousand dollars worth 
 of scholarship notes was likewise set apart 
 as a building fund, besides ten thousand 
 
LIBRARY 
 
 OF THE 
 
 UNIVERSITY OF I 
 
HISTORY OF EVANSTON' 
 
 75 
 
 dollars from prospective sales of University 
 lands. The rest must wait upon donations. 
 
 In November, 1863, James G. Hamilton, 
 the University Treasurer, announced the 
 fulfilment of his trust in the matter of the 
 payment of the University debt, for which 
 $39,000 of assets had been put in his hands. 
 It was a happy consummation. It realized 
 the forethought of the fathers and nerved 
 them to still larger undertakings. A definite 
 plan for locating upon the campus the build- 
 ings that were sure to come with the prog- 
 ress of time was now devised ; and the 
 services of the eloquent Dr. Tiffany were 
 secured, as Financial Agent, to see if his 
 powers of persuasion could not unlock the 
 pursestrings of numerous patrons to the 
 extent of providing funds for the projected 
 buildings. The cost of the main building 
 was to be one hundred thousand dollars, 
 and some were sanguine enough to believe 
 that, in the space of a few months, that 
 silver-tongued orator could coin his speech 
 into the needed amount. But the task was 
 too difficult : few contributions were secured 
 by the gifted agent, and Rev. S. A. W. 
 Jewett took up the task with little better 
 success. 
 
 Accessions to the Teaching Force. 
 In 1865 the name of Rev. Louis Kistler 
 appears as a temporary appointment to the 
 Chair of Greek and Principal of the Pre- 
 paratory Department. This appointment 
 was made permanent the following year. 
 He was an animated instructor, full of ac- 
 tion, and knew his subject well. His eccen- 
 tricities were such as-to interest his students 
 and give rise to those mischievous pranks 
 that students are wont to play where there is 
 opportunity. He had his favorite pupils ; 
 among them a young Scot, fresh from the 
 farm in Lake County, appealed to his 
 partiality by his conscientious devotion to 
 his work and his uniform excellence in his 
 classes Robert Baird, who was destined to 
 
 write after his name, "Professor of Greek 
 Language and Literature." Those of us 
 who sat under Prof. Kistler will readily con- 
 cede to him that, in the class-room, he put 
 a spirit and fire into Homer's heroic lines 
 that we were unable to acquire in the ordi- 
 nary use of our lexicons. 
 
 It was during the year 1865 that Orring- 
 ton Lunt, upon whose heart rested heavily 
 the educational work of the church, donated 
 a tract of one hundred and fifty-seven acres 
 of land in George Smith's Sub-division, ad- 
 joining Wilmette, which was to be applied 
 to library endowment. The conditions of 
 this donation involved a few financial obli- 
 gations on the part of the University, which 
 were gladh met in view of the prospective 
 value of this library endowment, and, stimu- 
 lated by the gift, the Trustees set themselves 
 afresh to the task of college buildings. They 
 employed an architect G. P. Randall, of 
 Chicago who designed the building that is 
 now known as University Hall. It was 
 a fascinating thing, when drawn on paper 
 as it would be when drawn in stone, dom- 
 inating the campus and sounding out the 
 hours from its watch-tower to the genera- 
 tions of coming students. But how to 
 build it was the question which still re- 
 mained unanswered. 
 
 In 1865 and 1866 we note the name of 
 George Strobridge as Principal of the 
 Academy. He had returned from the war 
 to the peaceful pursuit of pedagogy, and 
 John Poucher was his assistant. 
 
 In 1866 a new name was added to the 
 corps of instructors that of David H. 
 Wheeler, Professor of History and English 
 Literature a genial and accomplished 
 scholar and elegant writer, who had seen 
 much of the world and was destined to 
 make a marked impression while he re- 
 mained in this corner of it. 
 
 The items of Trustee business of these 
 years are somewhat dreary reading made 
 
NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY 
 
 up, as they were, of transactions concerning 
 the property of the University, of repairs 
 and improvements of one sort or anotlur, 
 the discussion of the problem of shore pro- 
 tection, and of various ways and means for 
 the enlargement of property interests and 
 the raising of funds. But all this is of 
 exceeding importance, in order that the 
 professors may be supported in their work 
 and the students kept at their tasks with 
 the increasing facilities that they require. 
 And the work goes on. Evans, Lunt, Bots- 
 ford, Hamilton, Cook, Noyes and Hoag 
 as the Executive Committee did the busi- 
 ness that must be done, held things together 
 and hoped for improvement and growth. 
 
 The increase of college students was not 
 rapid, but the academy numbers had 
 reached one hundred and five in 1866, with a 
 roll of seven teachers, among them being the 
 new names of John Ellis and Edmund W. 
 Burke the Judge Burke, that is to be, 
 though, to be honest, we did not then 
 suspect it. The catalogue of that year blos- 
 soms out unexpectedly with the announce- 
 ment of the Lunt Prize in Philology, the 
 Haskin Prize in Mathematics, the Hurd 
 Prize in Physical Science, the Kedzie Prize 
 in Declamation and the Hamilton Prize in 
 Composition and Reading. These prizes 
 gave a marvelous stimulus to things. It all 
 came out of the effort of John A. Copeland 
 to start a prize declamation contest, a few 
 years before, when a petition was presented 
 to the faculty, which was duly discussed and 
 about which there was much hesitation, 
 though the petition was granted that a prize 
 declamation contest be permitted. Tom 
 Strobridge won the first prize and Will 
 Comstock the second. The occasion aroused 
 an interest such as the University had rarely 
 known. The contestants had raised the 
 funds for their prizes, but thereafter, as it 
 appeared, kind friends would furnish them. 
 
 One incident of 1866 shows how difficult 
 
 it was for the Trustees to anticipate the 
 future requirements of the University. A 
 deed was given to the heirs of John Demp- 
 ster for what was known as Dempster's 
 Sub-division, which cut the campus in twain 
 in the region of the deep ditch which runs 
 from Sheridan Road to the Lake, north of 
 Cook Street. This was the result of a pre- 
 vious contract, executed at a time when the 
 Trustees might have been forgiven for 
 their lack of foresight. The Garrett Bibli- 
 cal Institute had been located on the campus 
 just south of the property described; and, 
 to imagine that the remainder of the cam- 
 pus would suffice for the needs of the grow- 
 ing institution, was a fallacy that it required 
 but little time to prove. In the same year 
 the Presbyterians were given a site for a 
 church. The Baptists and Congregational- 
 ists were similarly treated, and when they 
 had no house of worship, they were wel- 
 come to the College Chapel. During the 
 same year the corporate name of the Uni- 
 versity was changed from "Trustees of the 
 Northwestern University" to "Northwestern 
 University." Other names were suggested, 
 but the Trustees clung tenaciously to the 
 idea with which they started, of a univer- 
 sity for the Northwest. The Treasurer's 
 report for that year showed assets to the 
 amount of $419,751.50 and subscriptions 
 to the University Hall amounting to 
 $48,000. 
 
 The first honorary degrees given by the 
 University were bestowed in 1866, when 
 George W. Quereau, George M. Steele, and 
 George S. Hare were given the degree of 
 Doctor of Divinity, and, upon Randolph S. 
 Foster and Joseph Cummings were con- 
 ferred the degree of Doctor of Laws. 
 
 Professor Bonbright continued to act as 
 Secretary of the Faculty till 1869, when 
 Professor Marcy relieved him for a number 
 of years. During this period the faculty re- 
 mained unchanged. 
 
HISTORY OF EVANSTOX 
 
 77 
 
 Increase in Salaries and Assets. 
 A strong desire was manifested in 1867 
 to see the erection of University Hall 
 pushed to completion. Matters were look- 
 ing much more hopeful. The income from 
 endowment had been found sufficient to 
 warrant increasing the salaries of the pro- 
 fessors from $1,500 to $2,000 per annum, 
 and within a year the assets had increased 
 over $40,000. The building was now under- 
 taken in a very cautious manner. It was to 
 be constructed of Athens stone, and, with 
 the discreetness that always characterized 
 them, the Trustees proposed to stop and 
 roof the building over when it reached a 
 point beyond which their available funds 
 would not enable them to proceed. H. B. 
 Hurd proposed in this emergency and the 
 proposition carried that the building be 
 completed to the roof and enclosed before 
 halting in the enterprise. Their hearts were 
 gladdened by the announcement made 
 by Prof. Louis Kistler, that one William 
 Walker, of Kankakee, proposed to give the 
 munificent sum of thirty thousand dollars 
 for the completion of the building. It was a 
 cruel disappointment when the discovery 
 was made that Lord Walker's specialty was 
 subscribing to various benevolent enter- 
 prises. His benefactions, however, were of 
 the "gold-brick" variety. The Trustees of 
 Garrett Biblical Institute were treated to a 
 similar experience at the dedication of Heck 
 Hall. But there were those who promised 
 and performed ; and in an emergency, a 
 loan could be safely made, so the University 
 Hall was assured. The building went on, 
 giving marvelous stimulus to the work of 
 the college, as voiced in the last report of 
 Professor Noyes as Secretary and Financial 
 Agent, made in June, 1868, in which he 
 says : "The work of the new college build- 
 ing is progressing with gratifying rapidity. 
 Its erection has greatly inspired public con- 
 fidence in the permanent growth of Evan- 
 
 ston, and had a marked influence in en- 
 hancing the prices of University property. 
 It can no longer be doubted that the resolu- 
 tion adopted at the last meeting of the 
 Board, to proceed at once with the building, 
 was a wise and prudent measure. The 
 early completion of the edifice will hasten 
 the day of its more complete and generous 
 endowment." 
 
 He reported the assets of the institution 
 at $703,706.08, with a net income of nearly 
 seventeen thousand dollars during 1866. 
 The Snyder farm had been purchased, 
 south of Dempster Street, running from 
 Chicago Avenue to the lake, at a cost of 
 $26,623.12, and, by June roth, sales and 
 leases of that property, were made by Pro- 
 fessor Xoyes, amounting to $42,445, leav- 
 ing a profit above the original investment 
 of $15.821.88, to which should be added, as 
 a conservative estimate, lots unsold to the 
 value of $74,470, and all within the space 
 of two years. Verily, if subscriptions to 
 the new building were not forthcoming, 
 they could turn aside to their old procedure 
 of building up the L'niversity on the in- 
 crease of land values. This transaction 
 Professor Noyes carried through; sur- 
 veyed and sub-divided the grounds, mar- 
 keted the property up to 1868, and it has 
 since proved one of the choicest of the 
 University's holdings. His work was nearly 
 done. His strength, never great, was break- 
 ing under the load that he had carried and 
 he needed rest and change. The Trustees 
 complimented him for his fidelity as he laid 
 down his tasks all but his teaching and 
 secretaryship of the Board. Miss Willard 
 has well said of him: "Xo one ever con- 
 nected with the institution has placed upon 
 it a more skillful hand, or at a time when 
 it was more plastic to his touch. To the 
 last syllable of recorded time, his name 
 should be associated with the Xorthwestern 
 
NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY 
 
 University, and doubtless it will some day 
 be permanently connected with some build- 
 ing of the growing group upon the College 
 campus." He relinquished his work in 1869 
 and his secretaryship in 1870, and was ten- 
 derly laid to rest, at Rosehill Cemetery, in 
 1872. Professor D. H. Wheeler succeeded 
 him in the Acting Presidency of the insti- 
 
 tution. T. C. Hoag, the former Treasurer 
 of the University, now succeeded to the du- 
 ties of Agent, bringing to the task a large 
 business experience and orderly habits in the 
 conduct of affairs. For more than twenty- 
 five years he was to continue in the dis- 
 charge of that office or of the treasurership, 
 giving good account of his stewardship. 
 
CHAPTER VII. 
 
 A DECADE OF CHANGE 
 
 Chicago Medical College Merged in the 
 University A "Town and Gown" Con- 
 test Dr. Erastus O. Haven Enters 
 Upon the Presidency Women Admitted 
 to College Classes Addition to the Fac- 
 ulty Greenleaf Library College Jour- 
 nals Dr. Haven is Succeeded in the 
 Presidency by Dr. C. H. Fowler In- 
 crease of Students and Growth of College 
 Catalogue Coeducation Established and 
 Miss Frances E. Willard Joins the Fac- 
 ulty Gymnasium Erected Financial 
 Embarrassment President Fowler Re- 
 tires and Dr. Oliver H. Marcy Becomes 
 Acting President The University Wins 
 on the Taxation Issue Life-Saving Sta- 
 tion Established. 
 
 The Chicago Medical College had now 
 become an integral part of Northwestern 
 University, located on the corner of Prairie 
 Avenue and Twenty-sixth Street, Chicago, 
 in close conjunction with Mercy Hospital. 
 The University aided in the erection of its 
 building and felt great pride in the new 
 connection, which was largely brought 
 about through the agency of Dr. N. S. 
 Davis, an early Trustee of the University 
 and deeply interested in the cause of medi- 
 cal education. The income of the Univer- 
 sity had now been enhanced by returns from 
 the La Salle Street lots, which had been 
 
 leased to the Grand Pacific Hotel corpora- 
 tion, and the future looked brighter. 
 
 In the catalogue of 1868-69 there appears, 
 for the first time, the name of Robert M. 
 Cumnock, Instructor in Elocution, with 
 the modest compensation of three dollars a 
 week. His time as an instructor would 
 command that much an hour a few years 
 later. His services proved so acceptable 
 that he was paid three hundred dollars the 
 following year for such services as he ren- 
 dered in connection with the College 
 students. He was a rising man and has 
 risen to be one of the fixed stars in the 
 firmament of the University. The name of 
 Robert Baird now appears, too, as Instruc- 
 tor in Greek in the Academy. He, too, was 
 a rising man, on his way to become a fixed 
 star, so to speak, in the University constel- 
 lation, but died deeply regretted during 
 the year 19x55. 
 
 Town and Gown Contest New Build- 
 ings. Most colleges have had their town 
 and gown experiences and, growing up, as 
 the Town of Evanston has done, under the 
 shadow of the University, it would almost 
 seem that experiences of hostility would be 
 avoided; but the student body was con- 
 stantly discovering that they were regarded 
 as an element that had few rights at the 
 hands of the native-born, and more than 
 once they had rough treatment at the hands 
 of the town boys. Nor is it to be wondered 
 
 79 
 
NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY 
 
 at that the owners of melon patches, to the 
 south and on the ridge, regarded the student 
 community with some suspicion during the 
 period when the juicy melon ripens on its 
 vine. But the Trustees, too, had their 
 troubles in 1869, when the Town vs. Gown 
 spirit was manifested by a visitation of vil- 
 lagers to the Trustees' Board on the subject 
 of taxation. They were respectfully heard 
 and were told that the Trustees had troubles 
 of their own in maintaining an institution 
 that would be a credit to all concerned, even 
 with the subsidy given by the State in the 
 form of exemption from general taxation; 
 and, then, Grant Goodrich took the floor 
 and informed the visitors as to what the 
 University had done for the town, was do- 
 ing and would continue to do, and what 
 were its rights under its charter, and how 
 the scheme of mutual benefits ought at once 
 and forever to quiet the incipient murmur- 
 ings on the subject of tax-burdens because 
 of University exemption. He did not fully 
 lay the ghost. It has since walked abroad 
 and, perhaps, will never down, for there 
 never yet was a college town but had its 
 war 'twixt "town and gown." 
 
 The lease of part of the campus to Gar- 
 rett Biblical Institute was put in form, as 
 it now exists, after long and tedious con- 
 ferences indeed, after Heck Hall had been 
 erected and the mutual relations were so 
 adjusted that they might live ever after 
 happily and helpfully, side by side. 
 
 University Hall was now well-nigh com- 
 plete and the formal dedication and occupa- 
 tion was designed for 1870. It was con- 
 sidered desirable that a President should be 
 elected to begin service simultaneously with 
 the occupation of this Hall, and thought 
 turned again to Dr. Erastus O. Haven. He 
 was then President of the University of 
 Michigan a man whose coming would give 
 new dignity and prominence to the Univer- 
 sity. 
 
 Dr. Haven Assumes the Presidency. 
 
 The Trustees fixed his salary uiirabile 
 dictu! at $4.500 per annum, and elected 
 him without a dissenting vote. President 
 Haven was then forty-nine years of age. 
 He had graduated from Wesleyan Univer- 
 sity in 1842 ; had been Principal of Amenia 
 Seminary ; had been Professor of Latin in 
 Michigan University, and later of English 
 Language, Literature and History ; had 
 been editor of "Zion's Herald"; a member 
 of the Massachusetts State Senate, and 
 Overseer of Harvard University ; then 
 President of the University of Michigan 
 for six years before accepting the Presi- 
 dency of Northwestern. He was a clear, 
 earnest and logical speaker, and his long 
 experience and eminent qualifications 
 strongly commended him in his new re- 
 lations. His first year was signalized by 
 the admission of women to the college 
 classes almost a new departure among 
 colleges in the United States, but a move- 
 ment that he had championed and concern- 
 ing which he had assurances before coming 
 to Evanston. The working union with the 
 Chicago Medical College was consummated 
 in his first year, and there were added to 
 the roll of University instructors the con- 
 spicuous names of Davis, Andrews, John- 
 son, Byford, Isham, Hollister, Roler and 
 Bevan, with N. S. Davis then in his prime 
 Dean of the Medical School. The sum- 
 mary of names of University students 
 counted three hundred and thirty-seven, of 
 which two hundred and sixty-two were in 
 Evanston. The curriculum had been greatly 
 enriched. Julius F. Kellogg had entered 
 the College Faculty as Professor of Civil 
 Engineering a splendid mathematician, an 
 excellent teacher and well beloved. 
 
 The north end of the third story of 
 University Hall had been set apart as a 
 library, in which the accumulated treasures 
 of twenty years were installed, and to which 
 
XORTHXVKSTKRX FKMAI.K COI.LEGE 
 
So 
 
 .\<>KTII\\ KSTKKX UNIVERSITY 
 
 at that the owners of nit-Ion patches, to the 
 south and on the ridge, regarded the student 
 community with some suspicion during the 
 period when the juicy melon ripens on its 
 vine. But the Trustees, too, had their 
 troubles in 1869. when the Town vs. Gown 
 spirit was manifested by a visitation of vil- 
 lagers to the Trustees' Board on the subject 
 of taxation. They were respectfully heard 
 and were told that the Trustees had troubles 
 of their own in maintaining an institution 
 that would be a credit to all concerned, even 
 with the subsidy given by the State in the 
 form of exemption from general taxation ; 
 and. then, Grant Goodrich took the floor 
 and informed the visitors as to what the 
 University had done for the town, was do- 
 ing and would continue to do. and what 
 were its rights under its charter, and how 
 tile scheme of mutual benefits ought at once 
 and forever to quiet the incipient murmur- 
 ings on the subject of tax-burdens because 
 of University exemption. He did not fully 
 lay the ghost. It has since walked abroad 
 and, perhaps, will never down, for there 
 never \et wa> a college town but had it> 
 war 'twixt "town and gown." 
 
 The lease of part of the campus to Gar- 
 rett Biblical Institute was put in form, as 
 it now exists, after long and tedious con- 
 ferences indeed, after Heck Hall had been 
 erected and the mutual relations were so 
 Adjusted that they might live ever after 
 happily anil helpfully, side by side. 
 
 University Hall was now well-nigh com- 
 plete anil the formal dedication and occupa- 
 tion was designed for 1870. It was con- 
 sidered desirable that a I 'resident should be 
 elected to begin service simultaneously with 
 the occupation of this Hall, and thought 
 turned again to Dr. Erastus ( ). I laven. 1 le 
 was then Pre>ident of the University of 
 Michigan a man whose coming would give 
 new dignity and prominence to the I'niver- 
 sitv. 
 
 Dr. Haven Assumes the Presidency. 
 
 The Tru-tee- fixed his -alary iiiimhilc 
 i/iclii.' at 84.51 x) l"-' r annum, and elected 
 
 him without a dissenting vote. President 
 Haven was then forty-nine years of age. 
 He had graduated from \Vesleyan Univer- 
 sity in 1842: had been Principal of Amenia 
 Seminary : had been Professor of Latin in 
 Michigan University, and later of English 
 Language. Literature and History; had 
 been editor of "Zion's Herald"; a member 
 of the Massachusetts State Senate, and 
 Overseer of Harvard University: then 
 President of the University of Michigan 
 for six years before accepting the Presi- 
 dency of Northwestern. He was a clear, 
 earnest and logical speaker, and his long 
 experience and eminent qualifications 
 -troiiglx 1 commended him in hi- ue\\ re- 
 lations. His first year was signalized by 
 the admission of women to the college 
 clas-e- alniii-t a new departure ami ing 
 colleges in the L'nited States, but a move- 
 ment that he had championed and concern- 
 ing which he had assurances before coming 
 to Evanston. The working union with the 
 Chicago Medical College was consummated 
 in his first year, and there were added to 
 the roll of University instructors the con- 
 spicuous names of Davis. Andrews, John- 
 son, liyford, Isham. Hollister. Roler and 
 Ilevan, with N. S. Davis then in his prime 
 Dean of the Medical School. The sum- 
 mary of names of University students 
 counted three hundred and thirty-seven, of 
 which two hundred and sixty-two were in 
 Evan-ton. The curriculum had been greatly 
 enriched. Julius F. Kellogg had entered 
 the College Faculty as Professor of Civil 
 Engineering a splendid mathematician, an 
 excellent teacher and well beloved. 
 
 The north end of the third story of 
 University Hall had been set apart as a 
 library, in which the accumulated treasures 
 of twentv vears were installed, and to which 
 
M iKTiiu I>TI:KN I ; I-:M u.r. ci >i. i.i-:< '.i 
 
LIBRARY 
 
 OF THE 
 
 UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS 
 
HISTORY OF EVANSTON 
 
 81 
 
 was added the Greenleaf Library of twenty 
 thousand volumes, rich in classics, in phil- 
 osophy, in art and education, the private 
 library of Dr. John Schulze, Minister of 
 Education in Prussia. The funds for this 
 rich and timely purchase were the gift of 
 Luther L. Greenleaf, one of Evanston's 
 large-hearted and well-disposed citizens, a 
 friend and a Trustee of the University. 
 
 The Advent of College Journalism. 
 College journalism began during the 
 presidency of Dr. Haven, with the issue of 
 "The Tripod" a serious and well edited 
 publication, whose columns represented the 
 College and the Medical School. A rival 
 entered the field in 1878, and, for three 
 years, made matters interesting, as only 
 rival papers with an inadequate constituency 
 can. These papers were combined in 1881 
 in the "Northwestern," the present college 
 paper, which has held the field alone, ex- 
 cept during a single year, when the "Barbs," 
 who concluded that they were discrimi- 
 nated against in the make-up of the editorial 
 staff, entered the field of college journal- 
 ism, in which Sidney P. Johnston won his 
 newspaper spurs. The "Evanston Press," 
 too, was an outgrowth of college journal- 
 ism, bringing out the latent talent of Robert 
 Vandercook and giving direction to the 
 bent of Edwin L. Shuman, afterwards the 
 accomplished literary editor of the "Chicago 
 Tribune," and still later of the "Record- 
 Herald." And what shall we say of the 
 numerous reporters who have reported 
 Evanston news for the Chicago press? 
 Eager for news, they have sometimes 
 created it, and very often magnified some 
 trivial incident into a harmful sensation. 
 Many of them have graduated into jour- 
 nalism, however, and given a good account 
 of themselves. For many years James W. 
 Scott, of the "Chicago Herald," maintained 
 the Herald Scholarship and Mr. H. H. 
 Kohlsaat has continued it. A publication 
 
 that has reflected much of the spirit of 
 college life was the "Pandora," issued in 
 
 1884 and published by the senior class. In 
 
 1885 the name was changed to "Syllabus," 
 and its publication was assumed by the 
 fraternities. In 1893 the publication was 
 undertaken by the junior class and so con- 
 tinues. 
 
 "Sketches in Purple" is a most creditable 
 exhibit of literary work done in the classes 
 of Prof. J. S. Clark, first published in 
 1901, with hope of an annual appearing. 
 
 The list of prizes as stimulants to all sorts 
 of intellectual activity had been increased by 
 the addition of prizes for excellence in liter- 
 ary composition, leading up to the Blan- 
 chard Prize of one hundred dollars for the 
 best English oration, and sundry prizes for 
 excellence in debate and elocution. 
 
 The Catalogue of 1869-70 is the most 
 attractive issue of that periodical thus far 
 published, and it impressed the founders 
 that their hopes of Northwestern were 
 reaching some fruitage. A cut of the new 
 University Hall adorns its pages, giving the 
 impression of amplitude of accommodation 
 in which to do the college work. The joy 
 of teachers and students in the spacious 
 quarters, which contrasted so strongly with 
 the stuffy quarters on Davis Street, 
 amounted almost to intoxication. Then, 
 too, the freedom of the splendid campus, 
 with its oak-tree shade, its outlook on the 
 open lake, were means of intellectual 
 growth and culture that could not be over- 
 rated. The museum, that was growing to 
 splendid proportions under the loving care 
 of Professor Marcy, was given spacious 
 quarters in the lofty upper story of the 
 building. The Preparatory School was 
 given the cast-off garment of the College on 
 Davis Street; and it, too, took on new 
 dignity and importance, with its little cam- 
 pus all its own, where Preps, would no 
 longer be over awed by the lordly airs of 
 
82 
 
 NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY 
 
 college men. Amos W. Patten, and Charles 
 W. Pearson and E. P. Shrader, names that 
 will figure more prominently by and by, 
 were added to the teaching force of the 
 Academy. Through Dr. Haven's efforts, 
 the hospitality of the College was extended 
 to the Evanston College for Ladies, and an 
 opening made for the co-operation of the 
 Scandinavians in the work of the College. 
 Prof. H. S. Carhart, fresh from Middle- 
 town, was added to the faculty in the Chair 
 of Civil Engineering, while Professor Kel- 
 logg assumed the Chair of Mathematics. 
 Professor Carhart likewise took up the du- 
 ties of Secretary of the Faculty, which Pro- 
 fessor Marcy and Professor Bonbright had 
 carried. Few colleges were then better 
 equipped with bright, earnest men, or had 
 a better share of hope and the stimulus of 
 manifest progression. 
 
 Another Change of Administration. 
 The administration of Dr. Haven was 
 all too short. His ambitions were, no doubt, 
 ecclesiastical. The General Conference 
 called him away to the Secretaryship of 
 the Board of Education, and he inclined to 
 the summons. Gentle, loving persuasion 
 was of no avail to divert him from this 
 public call. In October, 1872, Dr. C. H. 
 Fowler was elected President of the Uni- 
 versity for the second time, he having de- 
 clined an earlier election. His career, since 
 1861, when he graduated from Garrett 
 Biblical Institute, had been in the adjacent 
 City of Chicago, where he had acquired 
 the reputation of a pulpit orator of the 
 highest rank. His brilliant parts and large 
 influence promised well for a splendid 
 career at Evanston. He magnified his work 
 and made it honorable and, with the stim- 
 ulus of youth, he planned for large things 
 in connection with his charge. He planned 
 a School of Technology. A School of 
 Music was established. The Evanston Col- 
 lege for Ladies was merged in the Uni- 
 
 versity, and a Law School was established in 
 conjunction with the University of Chicago, 
 which was destined to become exclusively 
 the Northwestern University Law School. 
 The catalogue, never larger than eighty 
 pages in any previous issue, now became 
 an imposing document of one hundred and 
 eighty pages, with broadened curriculum, 
 lists of professional schools and affiliated 
 preparatory schools, and an enrollment of 
 eight hundred and sixty-six students, to- 
 gether with a double-page engraving of the 
 campus and its buildings and the adjacent 
 lake enough to fire the prospective student 
 with an eager desire to be a part of such 
 a school. The succeeding catalogue is less 
 ambitious, composed of one hundred and 
 twelve pages, of lighter paper and smaller 
 type. The President had doubtless heard 
 from the business office as to the cost of 
 printing and the matter of postage ; but the 
 roll of students had increased to eight hun- 
 dred ninety-one. 
 
 Organization of Teaching Force. 
 Frances E. Willard had become asso- 
 ciated with the University, as Professor of 
 Esthetics, on the merging of the Evanston 
 College for Ladies in the University. Her 
 students came with her and the roll of the 
 graduates of the Northwestern Female Col- 
 lege, to which the Evanston College for 
 Ladies succeeded, was included among the 
 alumni of Northwestern University. That 
 brilliant woman did not tarry long in educa- 
 tional work. She was calculated for leader- 
 ship rather than for service in the ranks. She 
 chafed under the restraints of a conservative 
 Board of Trustees. Her career was to be 
 world-wide. As the President of the Wo- 
 man's Christian Temperance Union she 
 found her sphere ; she wielded her pen with 
 the most polished grace, and she spoke as 
 one inspired, when her theme involved the 
 welfare of men and women. The College was 
 proud of her, of her genius and of the sacri- 
 
HISTORY OF EVANSTON 
 
 fice and devotion with which she applied it. 
 Her successor, as Dean of the Woman's 
 College, was Miss Ellen Soule, who be- 
 came Mrs. Professor Carhart, and gave 
 place, in turn, to Miss Jane M. Bancroft. 
 With the merging of the College for Ladies 
 a new element was introduced in the Board 
 of Government by the election of three lady 
 Trustees, one of whom, for a time, served 
 on the Executive Committee Mrs. Emily 
 Huntington Miller having the distinction to 
 be the first woman to take her place in the 
 "Seats of the Mighty." 
 
 A much needed improvement on the cam- 
 pus was made in 1876 by the building of 
 the Gymnasium by a stock company of 
 students, with a bowling alley in the base- 
 ment and a large room for exercise above, 
 in size about forty feet by eighty. It was 
 not adequate to the needs of the institu- 
 tion, but it would do as a step towards bet- 
 ter things, a long step, perhaps, ere the 
 new Gymnasium is to be erected but the 
 need was so great that students took hold of 
 the enterprise, managing it by a Board of 
 Directors. 
 
 New names appear in 1876 as donors of 
 prizes to stimulate various sorts of effort: 
 the Easter Prize displacing the Blanchard, 
 the Gage Prizes, the Mann Prize, the Phil- 
 lips Prize, and others given by the Uni- 
 versity. 
 
 Prof. Herbert F. Fisk came to the Pre- 
 paratory School in 1875, with the rank of 
 Professor, and later became Professor of 
 Pedagogics in the College. He had grad- 
 uated early from Wesleyan University, and 
 since his graduation had taught contin- 
 uously in academies in the East. He was 
 destined now to find a field of continuous 
 labor, and to make a record as teacher and 
 disciplinarian. The Old College Building 
 had been enlarged and moved to the cam- 
 pus, to serve, for a long series of years, as 
 the scene of his labors where he should 
 
 preside, a terror to evil-doers and a praise 
 to them that do well. The discipline of 
 that end of the campus was safe while Dr. 
 Fisk was in town. 
 
 Financial Situation New Burdens. 
 It has already been indicated that 
 President Fowler had started things at a 
 more rapid pace than they had previously 
 been going. Such movements require 
 money. The absorption of the Ladies' Col- 
 lege increased the debt and a dangerous 
 deficit was piling up. One large subscription 
 of twenty-five thousand dollars proved to 
 be of the Walker variety and the Trustees 
 were greatly disturbed. Some advocated 
 the rapid sale of property and its use to 
 diminish the debt and to defray the ex- 
 penses upon which they had entered, rather 
 than take a backward step. The records of 
 1875 fairly reflect the earnestness of the 
 controversy over the question of the policy 
 to be pursued by the University with refer- 
 ence to unproductive property. In the com- 
 munications of Governor Evans, of T. C. 
 Hoag, of W. H. Lunt and of Rev. Philo 
 Judson on this subject, almost the last word 
 was spoken on behalf of the respective pol- 
 icies of holding for lease or selling out the 
 residence property of the University, at go- 
 ing prices to actual settlers, and investing 
 the resultant funds. When this discussion 
 again arises as arise it will from 
 time to time the minutes of 1875 will 
 prove an armory of weapons to the con- 
 testants. Governor Evans wrote as one 
 deeply interested in the institution, as hav- 
 ing given to it with generous liberality and 
 having put it under restraint to withhold 
 from sale a certain portion of its property. 
 Philo Judson wrote as one who met the 
 actual situation in his work as Land Agent, 
 and reached a height of eloquence and ar- 
 gument in his plea for generous and un- 
 restricted sales that seems unanswerable. 
 If he or Governor Evans had never written 
 
8 4 
 
 NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY 
 
 anything else than these two papers, these 
 recorded documents of two of the founders 
 of the institution would reveal to us of a 
 later generation that they were men of 
 keen intellectuality and good fighters. 
 
 So far as the policy with reference to the 
 sale of property is concerned, this discus- 
 sion was without practical result. The lim- 
 itations which Governor Evans placed upon 
 the sale of property, by conditional grants 
 to the University of sundry pieces of Chi- 
 cago property, were revoked by a later in- 
 strument. Indeed, the limitations agreed to 
 by the Executive Committee in receiving 
 gifts from Governor Evans were not ap- 
 proved by the Board of Trustees, and the 
 whole question of the sale of property, with 
 a view to limitations, was referred to a com- 
 mittee of three, in 1871, the report from 
 whom has never been called up. Rev. Philo 
 Judson's communication on this subject was 
 his last word to the University, and it is 
 indeed a heritage. He died a few months 
 later and a feeling tribute graces the record, 
 describing him as "one of the founders of 
 the institution" ; as "the first and, for many 
 years Business Manager and Financial 
 Agent, and later Trustee and Executive 
 Officer, who has rendered long and efficient 
 service to the University. To his intel- 
 lectual force, sagacity, wisdom, integrity, 
 unselfishness and fidelity, the cause of edu- 
 cation is lastingly indebted." And much 
 more to the same effect, which was inspired 
 by a genuine appreciation of a man of most 
 sterling and serviceable qualities. 
 
 The Board started out upon the year 
 1876 with a discouraging budget, showing 
 a probable deficit of nearly sixteen thousand 
 dollars ; but the end of the year was reached 
 with a somewhat better showing, though, 
 on the whole, not entirely satisfactory. A 
 judicious Committee on Ways and Means 
 was appointed to look matters in the face, 
 and see if some remedy could not be devised 
 
 to avoid a crisis. They could only figure 
 out a probable deficit of $23,750 per annum. 
 They reminded their brethren that, in their 
 great desire for rapid development, they had 
 forgotten the old adage, "Make haste slow- 
 ly," and they recommended a return to the 
 old ways of making no appropriations for 
 salaries or other expenses in advance of cur- 
 rent income. This policy, said they, must 
 be adhered to rigidly, in the future, for we 
 cannot afford to mortgage the future use- 
 fulness of the institution. 
 
 Dr. Fowler having been elected editor of 
 the "Christian Advocate" in New York, in 
 May of that year, resigned his position, to 
 the great regret of the Board, who passed 
 resolutions of warm commendation of his 
 work and his influence. The Chairs of 
 English Literature and Chemistry were 
 likewise vacated and the work distributed. 
 Thus the ship was lightened and proceeded 
 on its voyage with a better prospect of 
 reaching port. Dr. Oliver Marcy was made 
 Acting President a work which, although 
 not at all to his taste, he took up and admin- 
 istered with the same fidelity and zeal that 
 he gave to his own department, winning re- 
 spect and confidence at every step and ad- 
 ministering government and discipline 
 with an even hand. 
 
 A new menace came in 1876 to try the 
 patience of the Trustees who were heroically 
 struggling with the problem of finance, in 
 the listing of their property by the assess- 
 ors for taxation. The expense of testing 
 the legality of the claim was appalling, and 
 the possibly unfavorable outcome of litiga- 
 tion was even more discouraging. But 
 they stood firmly upon their chartered 
 rights. The contest in the lower court of 
 the State was adverse, as was expected. 
 The decision in the State Supreme Court 
 was similarly adverse, but not unanimous, 
 there being two dissenting Justices. The 
 case then went to Washington, with Grant 
 
HISTORY OF EVAXSTOX 
 
 Goodrich, Wirt Dexter and Senator M. H. 
 Carpenter as attorneys for the University, 
 and their efforts were crowned with the 
 happy result of a reversal of the decision of 
 the State Courts. The contention of the 
 tax-collector was that, though the property 
 of the University was exempted from tax- 
 ation by the amendment to the charter in 
 1855, a subsequent statute of 1872 limited 
 this exemption to land and other property 
 in immediate use by the school. The 
 Supreme Court of the United States con- 
 strued the charter in harmony with the 
 powers granted to the Legislature under 
 the Constitution of 1848, and, therefore, not 
 limited by the new Constitution of 1870. 
 We cannot say if any bonfires blazed on 
 the campus when the decision was made 
 known. It is quite certain that a new light 
 gleamed from the faces of the surviving 
 founders, and especially from the face of 
 the surviving attorney, Grant Goodrich, 
 who drew the charter amendment that had 
 been controverted and which meant so 
 much to the institution. 
 
 Life Saving Station is Established. 
 During 1876 the Life Saving Station of 
 the United States was established on the 
 campus, manned by students and presided 
 over by Captain Larson, an "old salt" who 
 is the soul of discipline and fidelity, as de- 
 vout as he is brave, whose influence upon 
 his boys has been the very best. The work 
 of life-saving at the station has been a 
 
 source of honest joy and pride to the friends 
 of the University. The lease of University 
 grounds for this purpose was for twenty 
 years, and in 1896 was renewed for fifty 
 years, so that it has a future in connection 
 with the institution. 
 
 Without serious diminution in numbers, 
 but on a more even keel, the University 
 kept on its course under the wise admin- 
 istration of Dr. Marcy, till 1881. Prof. 
 Kistler had retired and his old-time pupil 
 was made instructor in Greek. Charles W. 
 Pearson, too, had risen to an instructorship 
 in English Literature in place of D. H. 
 Wheeler. New names were appearing in 
 instructorships which will afterwards figure 
 in connection with professorships in the in- 
 stitution. The financial burden that had 
 been much relieved was still oppressing, 
 and the heroic method of reduction of sal- 
 aries was applied, with the hope that it 
 would not be for long. 
 
 George F. Foster, one of the charter 
 members of the Board of Trustees, passed 
 away in 1878 and was memorialized in the 
 records of the Trustees. He was a man of 
 zeal and generous liberality ; a shouting 
 Methodist, ardent in his temperament, 
 earnest and persistent in the discharge of 
 what he believed to be his duty. He was a 
 warm and devoted friend, an open and hon- 
 orable opponent. William Wheeler, too, 
 had gone, and the ranks of the early Trus- 
 tees were sadly thinning. 
 
CHAPTBR VIII. 
 
 AN ERA OF PROGRESS 
 
 Dr. Joseph Cummings, the Nestor of East- 
 ern Educators, Succeeds to the Presiden- 
 cy Indebtedness Wiped Out and the In- 
 stitution Enters Upon a Afore Prosper- 
 ous Era Munificent Gifts and Improve- 
 ments Changes in Faculty and Trustees 
 Illinois School of Pharmacy and School 
 of Dentistry Added Celebration of Uni- 
 versity Day Inaugurated President 
 Cummings' Successful Career and His 
 Taking Away Dr. Marcy Temporarily 
 Assumes the Position of Acting Presi- 
 dent Dr. Henry IVade Rogers Suc- 
 ceeds to the Presidency in 1890 Other 
 Changes and Improvements Depart- 
 ment Schools and Colleges Real Estate 
 Investments. 
 
 Dr. Marcy was becoming weary of tasks 
 that took him from his class-room and his 
 beloved museum, and, in June, 1881, Joseph 
 Cummings, the Nestor of educators in the 
 Methodist Episcopal Church, long-time 
 President of Wesleyan University, an old 
 man but full of vigor, was chosen for the 
 Presidency. He was coming to his own ; 
 for, had not the Northwestern, for years, 
 paid tribute to Middletown in the filling of 
 its chairs? There were Marcy, and Fisk, 
 and Carhart, and Cumnock, and Morse, and 
 there were others coming. Surely, the grand 
 old man might take up his work with no 
 sense of novelty in his new situation. He 
 
 was a man of noble parts, full of dignity 
 but full of gentleness, as devoted to his 
 work as is the sun to shining. He was an 
 ideal College President of the old school ; 
 great in the recitation room, great as a 
 disciplinarian, strong in administration, a 
 financier, an economist, a mighty man in 
 the pulpit or on the rostrum, able to do 
 great things and small, considerate of his 
 colleagues, no tyrant, but a believer in 
 faculty government and, without coercion 
 of their opinion, willing to abide by it. What 
 a mighty man he seemed on commencement 
 days, in his square Doctor's cap and silk 
 gown, bidding candidates "ascendat," and 
 conferring degrees in Latin without a slip, a 
 task over which his successors stumbled. 
 Before his work was done, two hundred 
 thousand dollars of indebtedness from for- 
 mer years had been cleared off. Governor 
 Evans helped nobly : William Deering bore 
 the lion's share ; and one and another lifted, 
 under the persuasive power of Dr. Cum- 
 mings or Dr. Hatfield, till the work of liqui- 
 dation of indebtedness was wrought, and 
 then, relieved of burden, the college work 
 went on more hopefully. New professors 
 were secured, development took place in 
 the line of true, logical growth under the 
 hand of a master. His annual reports were 
 and are still the strongest and most helpful 
 papers ever submitted to the Board of Trus- 
 tees, full of stimulus and suggestions. The 
 
NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY 
 
 Fayerweather Hall of Science was secured, 
 the gift, for a long time, of an unknown 
 donor into whose ear Dr. Hatfield, at a time- 
 ly moment, had dropped a word concerning 
 Northwestern, and it resulted in this 
 anonymous gift and would result in more 
 when his will should be opened that helped 
 mightily in the development of the work in 
 Chemistry and Physics. Professor Carhart 
 was tempted away to Michigan University 
 just as he was about to enter into his 
 heritage of the new building, to carry on 
 the brilliant career of a physicist, which he 
 had so well begun at Northwestern. 
 
 Organization of New Departments. 
 Then, too, on the north campus arose the 
 graceful pile of Dearborn Observatory, the 
 gift of James B. Hobbs, equipped with the 
 splendid instruments that were formerly in 
 the old Dearborn Observatory at the rear of 
 Chicago University. The gift was made 
 without ostentation, after the manner of the 
 princely giver that he is, and there was 
 installed Prof. George W. Hough as astron- 
 omer, to keep up his vigil over Jupiter, 
 with whom he is so well acquainted, and to 
 increase the list of double stars whose hid- 
 ings he has such facility in finding out. 
 
 Then, as a result of Dr. Hatfield 's efforts, 
 a dormitory was erected on Cook Street to 
 house thirty young men, the second experi- 
 ment of the University in that direction. 
 
 The death of Robert F. Queal was chron- 
 icled in 1883, one of the later most valuable 
 Trustees of the institution, a man of grace 
 and tact, and loyal to the core. In 1886 
 James S. Kirk, a stalwart, useful member of 
 the Board was taken away ; and, in 1887, 
 Philip R. Shumway, who had given great 
 promise of valuable aid in the counsels of 
 the Executive Committee. 
 
 In 1884 the Illinois School of Pharmacy 
 became the property of the University, 
 thereafter to be known as the Northwestern 
 School of Pharmacy this through the 
 
 labors of Dr. D. R. Dyche, one of the most 
 self -forgetful, public-spirited Trustees -that 
 ever helped to carry the burdens of the in- 
 stitution. The School of Dentistry was like- 
 wise taken on, to become one of the most 
 flourishing departments by and by. 
 
 The celebration of University Day was 
 begun February 22, 1886, by the assembling 
 of all departments in Evanston, who 
 marched through the streets to the strains 
 of martial music, and were addressed by 
 representatives of the University culminat- 
 ing in a collation and a reception at Willard 
 Hall. This happy custom was continued 
 into the administration of President Rogers, 
 and fell at last into innocuous desuetude. 
 
 The Passing away of Dr. Cummings. 
 For almost ten years, in the ripeness of 
 his wisdom and powers, without dimness of 
 vision or abatement of natural vigor, Dr. 
 Cummings kept on his way as President of 
 the University, with a broadening curricu- 
 lum and increasing number of students, 
 large graduating classes and a splendid fac- 
 ulty that were harmonious and enthusiastic 
 and united in honoring their chief and fol- 
 lowing his leadership. Though disease was 
 preying upon him, he gave out no sign of 
 weakness. He called the regular meeting of 
 the faculty to assemble in his room when 
 the hand of death was upon him, and passed 
 away as a soldier in battle, with his armor 
 on. His name and character is a heritage 
 to those of us who knew him well, stimu- 
 lating to duty. Not less useful, on the social 
 side of college life, in that eminently suc- 
 cessful administration, was the influence of 
 the queenly woman who presided in the 
 home of the President. She was a woman 
 of striking presence, of tact and sprightli- 
 ness, with a keen eye to take in difficult 
 situations and a skillful hand to relieve all 
 embarrassments. These two were a mar- 
 velous combination in a college community. 
 I do. not wonder that Middletown students 
 
HISTORY OF EVAXSTON 
 
 are ready to bow down at the mention of 
 . their names. Northwestern students, be- 
 tween 1880 and 1890, are ready to do like- 
 wise. Dr. Cummings' last appearance in 
 chapel was a scene long to be remembered. 
 He would not be relieved of his accustomed 
 task of leading the devotions, though his 
 breath came quick and his utterance was 
 choked. He read the hymn, 
 "My Jesus, as thou wilt, 
 
 Tho' seen through many a tear, 
 Let not my star of hope 
 
 Grow dim or disappear." 
 A solemn stillness pervaded the little 
 chapel. The broken voice that led the de- 
 votions was speaking for the last time 
 among us, and it spoke out in prayer and 
 Scripture and hymn, as if conscious that it 
 was a farewell, the keynote of a life attuned 
 to duty, "My Lord, thy will be done." 
 Cheerful and serene, though feeble from 
 acute disease, he left the chapel that day 
 amid faces sad with fear and eager with 
 sympathy, and went home to die as brave- 
 ly as he went to work. We carried him to 
 his final rest a few days later, and enshrined 
 him in our hearts as one of the few great 
 men that we had known. He was not a 
 writer of dreary pamphlets or a seeker after 
 notoriety. He felt called of God to do the 
 work of a Christian educator by character, 
 example, precept and wise and prayerful 
 administration, and he did it well, and 
 thereon rests his abiding fame. 
 
 Then Dr. Marcy was called once more 
 to take up the task of administration till 
 some new man could be found, with youth 
 and strength and scope of vision, fit to take 
 up the work that had developed somewhat 
 after the hope of the founders. 
 
 A new appraisal had taken place of the 
 property on La Salle Street that had been 
 clung to tenaciously during the vicissitudes 
 of forty years, which resulted in an increase 
 of income of more than fiftv thousand dol- 
 
 lars per annum. It meant the accomplish- 
 ment of much that had been dreamed of, 
 and the long hoped for development. 
 
 Dr. Rogers Called to the Presidency. 
 In September. 1890, Dr. Henry Wade 
 Rogers was called to the Presidency of the 
 institution. He had been Dean of the Law 
 School of the University of Michigan, and 
 entered most auspiciously upon his work at 
 the most fortunate moment in the career of 
 the University. 
 
 In June, 1892, T. C. Hoag. having de- 
 clined to serve longer as Treasurer and 
 Business Agent, retired from the arduous 
 duties of his office with an enviable record 
 for fidelity and skill in the conduct of the 
 affairs of the University, and Prof. R. D. 
 Sheppard was invited to assume the busi- 
 ness cares of the institution, in addition to 
 his college work. The work of the decade 
 was to be one of development on the mate- 
 rial side, far in excess of any similar period 
 in the history of the University, as the an- 
 nual reports of receipts and expenditures 
 will show. The spacious buildings on 
 Dearborn Street, near Twenty-fourth, were 
 erected for the proper housing of the Medi- 
 cal School and School of Pharmacy, on 
 land that had been purchased largely by 
 the gift for that purpose of William Deer- 
 ing, and an adjacent lot had been purchased 
 for the prospective occupancy of Wesley 
 Hospital. The Woman's Medical College 
 on Lincoln Street, Chicago, was purchased 
 at a cost of twenty-five thousand dollars, 
 and it became an integral part of the Uni- 
 versity, with a goodly list of alumnae and an 
 eminent faculty. 
 
 In 1892 the American College of Dental 
 Surgery was combined with the North- 
 western Dental School, with a student at- 
 tendance of over five hundred and an equip- 
 ment unsurpassed, over which presided 
 Theodore Menges, a phenomenon of energy 
 and tact in the organization and manage- 
 
NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY 
 
 ment of such an institution, whose untimely 
 death, a few years since, left that school 
 sadly orphaned but still vigorous and a 
 monument to his energy and devotion. 
 
 The Law School was reorganized and 
 made one of the best of its kind, with better 
 quarters and with an enriched curriculum. 
 
 Orrington Lunt Library Dedicated. 
 On the campus the new Orrington Lunt 
 Library was erected and named in honor 
 of its principal benefactor, the genial, saint- 
 ly Orrington Lunt, who walked among us 
 in the evening of his days as the spirit of 
 peace and benediction. Justin Winsor came 
 on the dedication and spoke a splendid mes- 
 sage, but the charming address of the 
 founder of the library who, for so long 
 had believed in books as a prime requisite 
 of a student community, and who had 
 manifested his faith by his works, was the 
 great event of that dedicatory occasion. 
 
 Then, too, the School of Music was 
 housed in its own quarters, with a hall for 
 recitals and rooms for instruction and prac- 
 tice, presided over by Prof. P. C. Lutkin, 
 whose skill and devotion have made it one 
 of the important features of the University 
 work. 
 
 Then, too, in this favored time arose the 
 Annie May Swift Hall, devoted to elocu- 
 tion and oratory, the gift chiefly of 
 Gustavus F. Swift, in honor of his 
 daughter, who died during her career in 
 college. It was the graceful tribute of the 
 bereaved parent to a beautiful girl. Others 
 contributed to this building at the solicita- 
 tion of Professor Cumnock, but Mr. Swift's 
 gift made it possible, and there its enthusi- 
 astic Director has made a school unique in 
 its character and unsurpassed anywhere. 
 
 At last the Fayerweather bequest of 
 one hundred thousand dollars came to hand, 
 the result of Dr. Hatfield's timely sugges- 
 tion to the generous leather merchant whose 
 benefactions to American colleges have been 
 
 one of the phenomenal things in the history 
 of those institutions. 
 
 Then Fisk Hall was constructed the 
 dream of Dr. Fisk for twenty years 
 crowning the labors of his devoted life. 
 William Deering built it with a capacity to 
 care for six or seven hundred students, with 
 a chapel that is the best auditorium on the 
 campus, and with all the appointments and 
 equipment of an academy of the first rank. 
 
 Woman's Hall was enlarged by the same 
 generous giver, so that its capacity was 
 almost doubled. 
 
 Then the campus was fenced and the 
 gateways were built, giving an air of indi- 
 viduality and dignity to the college en- 
 closure. William Deering did that ; and 
 one quiet afternoon, on his way to town, he 
 left at the business office a package of 
 papers that the dazed Business Manager 
 found, on inspection, to consist of over two 
 hundred thousand dollars worth of securi- 
 ties; and, a little later, when Wesley Hos- 
 pital was needed, not only for the charity 
 work of the Methodist Episcopal Church, 
 but also an adjunct to the work of the 
 Medical School, he dazed the same easily 
 dazable Business Manager by the offer 
 of fifty thousand dollars for that purpose, 
 and property worth one hundred thousand 
 dollars for the future endowment. Yet 
 this was not all; for, when Onarga Semi- 
 nary was to be saved from loss and made 
 an affiliated academy of Northwestern Uni- 
 versity, Mr. Deering gave five thousand 
 dollars to help that enterprise to a consum- 
 mation ; and, again, when the Tremont 
 House was under consideration, his gift 
 of twenty-five thousand dollars helped to 
 acquire that splendid property. The chapter 
 of his gracious deeds on behalf of the Uni- 
 versity might be prolonged, but the histor- 
 ian is not permitted to dwell over-much on 
 the deeds of living men. Of the records 
 and events of the last ten years its men 
 
HISTORY OF EVANSTON 
 
 and its transactions he feels compelled to 
 speak with cautious reserve. But these 
 have been years of progress. 
 
 Early in Dr. Rogers' administration, on 
 the suggestion of David Swing, the annual 
 commencement exercises were taken to Chi- 
 cago and held in the Auditorium, where 
 an oration was delivered by some orator 
 of note before a magnificent assembly. Men 
 like Theodore Roosevelt, Ex-Governor 
 Chamberlain, Bishops Warren and Gallo- 
 way, Drs. Northrup, Canfield, Day and 
 Buckley have been numbered among the 
 orators, and thousands of Northwestern 
 graduates have ascended the stage and re- 
 ceived their diplomas at the hands of the 
 President of the University. Formerly all 
 honorary degrees had been given on the 
 recommendation of the Faculty of the Col- 
 lege of Liberal Arts, and now that service 
 was rendered by a University Council, con- 
 sisting of representatives of the different 
 departments, who, in addition to this func- 
 tion, might recommend to the Trustees 
 action upon such matters as were of general 
 University interest. 
 
 On the La Salle Street property of the 
 University was erected a building, un- 
 rivaled among the bank buildings of the 
 world, for the use of one of the strongest 
 institutions in the West, and leased for one 
 hundred years at a rental that will be one 
 of the principal supports of the University 
 in beneficent work during that long period. 
 It has improved the property on Kinzie 
 Street, Chicago, donated by William Deer- 
 ing, and leased it for fifty years to a strong 
 corporation at a very satisfactory rental. 
 It has acquired the Tremont House at a 
 cost of five hundred thousand dollars, as 
 the future home of the Law School, the 
 Dental School and the School of Pharmacy, 
 devoting to these schools a space as great as 
 that comprised by any three of the buildings 
 on the college campus, and has still re- 
 served the old parlor floor of the Tremont 
 House for general University purposes, of- 
 fices, parlors, alumni headquarters, and a 
 small assembly hall, while still retaining 
 the first floor as a source of revenue. 
 
CHARTER IX. 
 
 SOME SIDE ISSUES 
 
 Athletics and College Societies Wo- 
 men's Educational Associations "The 
 Settlement" and the University Guild 
 Dr. Rogers Resigns the Presidency in 
 1899, and is Succeeded by Dr. Bonbright 
 as Acting President A Long List of 
 Notable Friends of the University Who 
 Have Passed Away Tribute to Their 
 Memory Dr. E. J. James' Two Years' 
 Administration He is succeeded by Dr. 
 Abram W. Harris. 
 
 And what shall we say of College Athlet- 
 ics that have flourished during these ten 
 years, in spite of the fact that the expected 
 donor of a great gymnasium has not come 
 to view ? The old "Gym." has done a noble 
 work, but it is confessedly a back number. 
 Still, the students have made good use of 
 it and the Athletic Field on the north cam- 
 pus has been the scene of vigorous sport 
 and rare athletic performances. It is largely 
 within the last ten years that athletic sports 
 have formed a prominent feature in the life 
 of Western colleges, and during that period, 
 Northwestern has often ranked with the 
 best, and, even when defeated, has been 
 undiscouraged ; and, in the trials of forensic 
 and dialectic skill with the great institu- 
 tions of the West, she has proved herself a 
 foeman not to be despised. 
 
 Y. M. and Y. W- C. A. Other Societies. 
 In the religious work of the college, its 
 
 general conduct in these later years has been 
 in the hands of the Young Men's and the 
 Young Woman's Christian Associations. 
 The responsibility has been largely on the 
 students, with the sympathetic aid of mem- 
 bers of the faculty. A house has been occu- 
 pied by the young men as an Association 
 headquarters; secretaries have been em- 
 ployed, with University aid, by both Asso- 
 ciations ; and the evangelistic spirit with 
 marked results has attended both these 
 associations. 
 
 Greek Letter Societies have taken deep 
 root in the University and detracted some- 
 what from the vigor of the old debating 
 societies that were of such educational 
 value in the early history of the University. 
 "Phi Kappa Psi" was founded in 1864, and 
 the "Alpha Phi" in 1881. Now there are 
 numerous other organizations, with their 
 cliques and politics, and other redeeming 
 features of good fellowship, that are among 
 the pleasant recollections of college life. 
 
 For a few years, beginning in 1893, the 
 "University Record" was published, with a 
 compendium of information of interest to 
 the alumni and the public. Professor Cald- 
 well and Professor Gray were editors, and 
 performed their task well. The last issue 
 was of June, 1895. The scheme will bear 
 resurrection when some fit man with ade- 
 quate support can give it attention. 
 
 Collateral with the work of the Univer- 
 
 93 
 
94 
 
 NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY 
 
 sity, and springing out of it, has been the 
 work of the Woman's Educational Aid 
 Association, of which, for many years, Mrs. 
 J. A. Pearsons has been President, and with 
 whom have been associated such elect ladies 
 as Mrs. Cummings, Mrs. Morse, Mrs. Gage, 
 Mrs. Townsend, Mrs. Clifford and others, 
 in an effort to furnish a home for young 
 women during their college life, where they 
 can board cheaply, assisting in the work, 
 and yet be provided with the comforts and 
 elegances that are so desirable from an 
 educational point of view. With the aid of 
 Dr. Pearsons they have sustained the Col- 
 lege Cottage for many years, which has been 
 once enlarged ; and now, by the timely gift 
 of thirty thousand dollars from the same 
 philanthropic source, they have under their 
 charge the new Chapin Hall, which was 
 dedicated in the fall of 1901 by its generous 
 donor, and where sixty young women are 
 housed as a happy family in elegance and 
 comfort. 
 
 Another collateral institution has been 
 that of "The Settlement," started and pre- 
 sided over during her presence in Evanston 
 by Mrs. Henry Wade Rogers, to minister, 
 as such institutions do, to the life of the 
 neglected poor in the Northwestern section 
 of Chicago. There University graduates 
 are in residence and University students 
 help to carry on the various forms of life 
 and service peculiar to the settlement. To 
 carry on this work and erect their com- 
 modious building, Mr. Milton Wilson gave 
 the munificent sum of twenty-five thousand 
 dollars, and the finished structure with 
 its perfect appointments, the property of 
 Northwestern University stands as a mon- 
 ument of his interest in the welfare of his 
 fellowmen. 
 
 Another collateral institution founded by 
 Mrs. Rogers was the University Guild, an 
 association of women whose pursuit has 
 been culture, and who, in a few years, have 
 
 gathered together a beautiful collection of 
 art treasures which are deposited in Lunt 
 Library. These are now the property of the 
 University, and may serve as the nucleus 
 of an Art Museum, when these treasures, 
 and those which Dr. Marcy gathered dur- 
 ing his long career, are fitly housed. 
 
 Resignation of President Rogers. 
 In 1899 Dr. Rogers resigned the Presi- 
 dency of the University and returned to a 
 law professorship at Yale University, and 
 Dr. Bonbright was persuaded to take up the 
 Acting Presidency during a brief inter- 
 regnum, while the quest for a new presi- 
 dent went on. The period ended in January, 
 1902. It is not often in American life that 
 a man is planted in a community to grow 
 as a tree grows, from the sapling period 
 to the period of advanced maturity, be- 
 coming a landmark and a source of benefit 
 to all passers-by. But all this is true of the 
 Professor of Latin, Acting President of 
 Northwestern University. Seized upon as 
 a stripling tutor, rounded out in culture and 
 methods by foreign study and observation, 
 he has spent an ordinary lifetime in his 
 chair ; devoted as a lover to a single love ; 
 doing his part with a wisdom, thoroughness 
 and grace that has left nothing to be desired 
 as a teacher, gentleman, friend and inspirer 
 of youth. 
 
 From the very first date of graduations at 
 Evanston he has seen the stream of students 
 go by ; has known them all and taken a 
 place in their memories as an integral part 
 of their culture, their character and ideals. 
 He has noted every step of progress, every 
 movement of whatever sort that has gone to 
 make up the traditions of Northwestern 
 University, so that his were safe hands in 
 which to entrust for any length of time 
 the discipline, the growth, the care of the 
 institution, with the assurance that the ad- 
 ministration would be without caprice or 
 doubtful experiment. Eager to escape pub- 
 
PRESIOKXT ROOSKVKLTS VISIT IN 1<03 
 
'4 
 
 \< "RTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY 
 
 sity, and springing out of it, has been the 
 work of the Woman's Educational Aid 
 Association, of which, for many years, Mrs. 
 J. A. Pearsons has been President, and with 
 whom have been associated such elect ladies 
 as Mrs. Cummings. Mrs. Morse, Mrs. Gage. 
 Mrs. Townsend. Mrs. Clifford and others, 
 in an effort to furnish a home for young 
 women during their college life, where they 
 can hoard cheaply, assisting in the work, 
 and yet be provided with the comforts and 
 elegances that are MI desirable from an 
 educational point of view. With the aid of 
 Dr. Pearsons they have sustained the Col- 
 lege Cottage for many years, which has been 
 once enlarged; and now. by the timely gift 
 of thirty thousand dollars from the same 
 phil.inthropic source, they have under their 
 charge the new Chapin Hall, which was 
 dedicated in the fall of Kpl by its generous 
 donor, and where sixty young women are 
 housed as a happy family in elegance and 
 comfort. 
 
 Another collateral institution has been 
 that of "The Settlement." started and pre- 
 sided over during her presence in Evanston 
 by Mrs. Henry Wade Rogers, to minister, 
 as such institutions do, to the life of the 
 neglected poor in the Northwestern section 
 of Chicago. There University graduates 
 are in residence and University students 
 help to carry pn the various forms of life 
 and service peculiar to the settlement. To 
 carry on this work and erect their com- 
 modious building. Mr. Milton Wilson gave 
 the munificent sum of twenty-five thousand 
 dollars, and the finished structure with 
 its jierfei't appointments, the property of 
 Northwestern University stands as a mon- 
 ument of his interest in the welfare of his 
 fellowmen. 
 
 Another collateral institution founded by 
 Mrs. Rogers was the University Guild, an 
 association of women whose pursuit has 
 been culture, and who. in a few vears. have 
 
 gathered together a beautiful collection of 
 art treasures which are deposited in Lunt 
 Library. These are now the property of the 
 University, and may serve as the nucleus 
 of an Art Museum, when these treasures, 
 and those which Dr. Marcy gathered dur- 
 ing his long career, are fitly housed. 
 
 Resignation of President Rogers. 
 In iS'ii) Dr. Kngers resigned the Presi- 
 dency of the University and returned to a 
 law professorship at Yale University, and 
 Dr. Donbright was persuaded to take up the 
 Acting Presidency during a brief inter- 
 regnum, while the quest for a new presi- 
 dent went on. The period ended in January, 
 KJO.J. It is not often in American life that 
 a man is planted in a community to grow 
 as a tree grows, from the sapling period 
 to the period of advanced maturity, be- 
 coming a landmark and a source of benefit 
 to all passers-by. I'ut all this is true of the 
 Professor of Latin, Acting President of 
 Northwestern University. Seized upon as 
 a stripling tutor, rounded out in culture and 
 methods by foreign study and observation. 
 hi 1 has >pent an ordinarv lifetime in his 
 chair ; devoted as a lover to a single love ; 
 doing his part with a wisdom, thoroughness 
 and grace that has left nothing to be desired 
 as a teacher, gentleman, friend and inspirer 
 of youth. 
 
 From the very first date of graduations at 
 Evanston he has seen the stream of students 
 go by ; has known them all ami taken a 
 place in their memories as an integral part 
 of their culture, their character and ideals. 
 He has noted every step of progress, every 
 movement of whatever sort that has gone to 
 make up the traditions of Northwestern 
 University, so that his were safe hands in 
 which to entrust for any length of time 
 the discipline, the growth, the care of the 
 institution, with the assurance that the ad- 
 ministration would be without caprice or 
 doubtful experiment. Eager to escape pub- 
 
rivi:sini-:\T K<MIM:\ KI.TS VISIT IN r^ 
 
LIBRARY 
 
 OF THE 
 
 UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS 
 
HISTORY OF EVAXSTON 
 
 95 
 
 licity and diffident under public gaze, he 
 took up his public cares with the easy grace 
 of one born to the purple ; and, when pub- 
 lic utterance was needed, he spoke with the 
 charm of one accustomed to public address, 
 with a play of fancy and with such aptness 
 of illustration and vigorous marshalling of 
 ideas, that we were made to wonder that 
 these talents had been so long concealed. 
 With all the honors that Northwestern 
 could confer upon him, after the term of his 
 Acting Presidency, he quietly returned to 
 his class-room to preside with the same sim- 
 ple dignity as of old, as if nothing unusual 
 had happened in his career. 
 
 Passing Away of University Founders. 
 The past ten years has been a time of 
 harvesting of the ripened grain among the 
 surviving toilers in the early years of Uni- 
 versity history. John Evans, the first Presi- 
 dent of the Board, at a ripe old age passed 
 away in the distant State of Colorado, of 
 which he had been Governor, and where he 
 displayed the same enterprise and leader- 
 ship in affairs that characterized him in 
 Chicago and Evanston. He had been one 
 of the University's chief benefactors, and at 
 a time when gifts were most acceptable. 
 Two principal professorships were named in 
 his honor ; and while he was in Evanston, 
 the weight of his judgment was well-nigh 
 preponderating in University counsels. He 
 aided in founding another university in 
 Denver, but the University at Evanston was 
 the child of his youth and the pride of his 
 old age. 
 
 J. K. Botsford, too, passed away in this 
 decade the quiet hardware merchant on 
 Lake Street, over whose store the meeting 
 was held that launched the infant Univer- 
 sity. An unobtrusive man who built up a 
 good competence in honorable trade ; who 
 loved the Church and all her enterprises ; 
 who talked little and thought much ; who 
 sat quietly in Trustee meetings, made no 
 
 long speeches, and always voted right. He 
 was the soul of honor, a good man for 
 Treasurer and serviceable in any situation 
 that required prompt action, integrity and 
 discreetness. 
 
 J. G. Hamilton was another of the old- 
 time Trustees whose name was added to the 
 death roll : Treasurer, Agent, Secretary of 
 the Board, a prosperous and useful man in 
 his time so useful that, when misfortune 
 and feebleness seized upon him, and he was 
 left alone in the world and without re- 
 sources, his fellow Trustees pensioned him, 
 and gave him the honorable consideration 
 that was due to the valuable and unselfish 
 service he had rendered to the cause of 
 education. 
 
 Richard Haney was another who came to 
 the councils of the Trustees with each re- 
 curring year, till he could come no longer. 
 A giant in stature, with the heart of a child 
 under his eye the institution had grown 
 for nearly fifty years. Children whom he had 
 baptized in infancy were filling important 
 chairs in the University and, like a fond 
 father, he smiled with joyful benignity upon 
 the large heritage that had come to him and 
 his comrades, most of whom had gone be- 
 fore him to their reward. It was one of 
 the features of the Trustee meetings of 
 later years to listen to his opening prayer 
 for that was his assigned part and, when 
 the meeting closed, it was with his benedic- 
 tion and with a farewell word that spoke of 
 the joy of his heart over what God had 
 wrought at the hands of his servants, and 
 the assurance to his brethren that he could 
 not expect to meet with them often in the 
 future, perhaps never. He was waiting daily 
 for his summons to ascend. Such incidents 
 pertain to a distinctly Christian institution. 
 They lift the business side of education out 
 of the region of ordinary business, and in- 
 spire those who toil therein with the thought 
 that they are doing a God-like work in the 
 
NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY 
 
 world that will beget sweet memories, such 
 as kindled in the heart of the old founder 
 when he looked back on his own labors and 
 saw the work still going on, larger in vol- 
 ume and with a far-reaching influence such 
 as he had never dreamed it would attain. 
 Then, too, Orrington Lunt, who suc- 
 ceeded to John Evans as President of the 
 Board, was another of the surviving group 
 of founders that passed away, than whom 
 no single man connected with the institution 
 had given to the University more of his 
 thought and attention, or sacrificed more for 
 it. The library was his darling project, 
 and to it, as already noted, he gave an 
 endowment and a building. Without Or- 
 rington Lunt, we cannot say what would 
 have been done; but true it is, that the 
 Trustees took no step in which he did not 
 actively participate. No important com- 
 mittee was complete without him. No dif- 
 ficult negotiation could be carried on with- 
 out his help. Wise, forceful, gentle, de- 
 voted as he was, his colleagues caught his 
 spirit and were braced by his example to a 
 like fidelity and devotion. When disease 
 prevented his meeting with them, they took 
 their meetings to his home; and when the 
 end came he summoned them, one by one, 
 to a sunny farewell. He loved them in the 
 bonds of a common labor of love. Verily, 
 when wo speak of the endowment of the 
 University, though the things that might 
 seem most important may be lands and 
 buildings and securities, wt must not over- 
 look, among its chief assets, the undying in- 
 vestment of the prayers, and love and labor ' 
 of such choice spirits as are reckoned among 
 the men whose names adorn our history, 
 among whom there was no whiter soul than 
 Orrington Lunt. 
 
 Then there was another Trustee, who 
 does not rank with the founders, but who 
 took his place naturally among the later 
 Trustees who efficiently labored in the up- 
 
 building of the institution Robert M. Hat- 
 field. In his time, a peerless pulpit orator, 
 with a diction unsurpassed, an intensity and 
 fervor that enthralled and possessed men, 
 and a mastery of scorn and invective that 
 was a terror to all shams, injustice and de- 
 ceit, his forceful speech and influence meant 
 much for the University endowment. 
 
 And there was David R. Dyche, who 
 could drop his business cares any time to 
 talk and plan for the University's good; 
 who carried the burden of the four-mile 
 limit on his heart ; who gave generously of 
 his substance, as of his time and influence, 
 and by his wisdom and his gentleness helped 
 on the march of progress. 
 
 And in March, 1899, Oliver Marcy, the 
 grand old man who had been connected 
 with the University for nearly forty years, 
 finished his work. He had been twice Act- 
 ing President; had taught an immense 
 range of subjects, and had become the most 
 striking figure in connection with the in- 
 stitution. He did not grow old. His body 
 failed, but his keen intellect retained its 
 edge ; his love for the things of nature 
 never failed ; he wrought to the last in his 
 dear museum, fondling his specimens as of 
 old. They spoke to him of the mighty 
 universe of which they were a part. They 
 disclosed chapters of flood and fire that 
 ordinary vision could not see in them, and 
 which he delighted to reveal to any in- 
 terested listener. His daily walk made us 
 love him and the things he loved. It spoke 
 to us of duty and devotion and joy in learn- 
 ing. He was called of God to be an educa- 
 tor, and he fulfilled his calling. His career 
 is a part of the University's richest endow- 
 ment. 
 
 Julius F. Kellogg, too, long time Profes- 
 sor of Mathematics, faded away in this de- 
 cade, and was borne to rest by the loving 
 hands of his old comrades, who knew him 
 as a thorough mathematician, an excellent 
 
HISTORY OF EVAXSTON 
 
 97 
 
 teacher and a simple hearted Christian. 
 But I have played the role of Old Mortality 
 long enough. These, and others of similar 
 spirit, have served the University well, have 
 gone to their reward and others have taken 
 up their work. 
 
 It would be difficult to reach an exact 
 statement of the number of young men and 
 women who have shared the educational 
 opportunities furnished by the University 
 since its organization. Like a stream rising 
 in the mountains a rivulet at first, then a 
 river, with increasing tributaries and en- 
 larging volume so the stream of students 
 has enlarged, from ten in number in 1855, 
 to nearly three thousand in 1901. Very 
 many, of course, have attended the insti- 
 tution for a longer or a shorter course with- 
 out graduating. Of those who have grad- 
 uated, fifteen hundred have been from the 
 College of Liberal Arts ; eighteen hundred 
 and forty-four from the Medical School; 
 five hundred and fifty-nine from the 
 Woman's Medical School ; eleven hundred 
 and eighty-six from the School of Phar- 
 macy; sixteen hundred and five from the 
 Law School ; and fifteen hundred and thirty- 
 one from the Dental School in all, eight 
 thousand, two hundred and twenty -five men 
 and women, who have given a good account 
 of themselves in the varied walks in life, 
 and some of whom have attained to conspic- 
 uous positions and shed luster on their Alma 
 Mater. 
 
 College Administration of Today. 
 Little has been said of the labors of living 
 men in connection with the history of the 
 University, either in the faculty or the board 
 of government. This much ought to be 
 stated, however: that the body of teachers 
 in the College of Liberal Arts are a de- 
 voted, harmonious body of men and women, 
 devoted chiefly to under-graduate work, and 
 are hence confined largely to the work of 
 instruction, though they do find time, now 
 
 and then, to publish a volume in connection 
 with their various specialties. 
 
 In the large faculty of the College nearly 
 every study that would be selected as a 
 culture study is represented by a specialist 
 who knows his work ; and, when they meet 
 "in faculty assembled," according to the 
 phrase adopted from Professor Godman of 
 an early date, they are a distinguished body 
 of men and women, keen in debate, deferen- 
 tial to each other, and with a single eye to 
 the interests ot the youth committed to their 
 care. 
 
 And it is with unusual restraint that I 
 refrain from writing of the labors of the 
 men who have cared for the material in- 
 terests of the institution, and who still carry 
 on that work ; men as conspicuous, able and 
 devoted as any who have toiled in former 
 generations, and who have finished their 
 work and gone to their reward. When Or- 
 rington Lunt ascended, William Deering 
 took his place as primus inter pares, ad- 
 ministering his office with a dignity and dis- 
 creetness that commends him to the con- 
 fidence and affection of his colleagues, and 
 with such a knowledge of the situation, such 
 solicitude for progress, and such generous 
 liberality as to constitute him easily the 
 chief patron in our history. Beside him 
 are eminent men who take up his work when 
 absence or illness interferes. 
 
 And the able Secretary and Auditor, 
 Frank P. Crandon, who has carried for- 
 ward the work of the secretaryship since 
 J. G. Hamilton laid down his pen, has put 
 the University under a debt of obligation 
 for service which it can never adequately 
 reward. The volume of University busi- 
 ness has become so great and its tran- 
 sactions so important all of which pass 
 through a central office and must be scru- 
 tinized from week to week that it makes 
 demands upon this officer that few appre- 
 ciate as do those nearest his work, but to 
 
NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY 
 
 which he addresses himself with a constancy 
 and painstaking fidelity that are beyond 
 praise. I have referred to endowments that 
 are not expressed in lands and buildings or 
 notes of hand ; such labors as his enter into 
 this list, and swell the wealth of the favored 
 institution that has commanded such ser- 
 vices as his without fee or reward. 
 
 The Executive Committee are busy men 
 of large private interests, but they are al- 
 ways about the Trustees' table when called ; 
 and they are regularly and irregularly 
 called, and, without haste and after full 
 discussion, they give all the time that is 
 needful, in committee and out of committee, 
 to carrying on their trust, with generous 
 gifts of valuable time and other resources 
 as they are able. 
 
 Dr. James Two Years' Administration. 
 From small beginnings, by careful man- 
 agement and timely benefactions, the Uni- 
 versity has acquired a property conserva- 
 tively valued at six million dollars, and has 
 done its work for fifty years with increasing 
 vigor and enlargement as the years have 
 advanced. In the summer of 1902, Dr. 
 Edmund J. James was selected to fill the 
 vacant Presidency, and for two years car- 
 ried on the work with great vigor and 
 promise, infusing fresh life into all depart- 
 ments of the institution. But in 1904, the 
 claims of the Illinois State University upon 
 him were too strong for him to resist, and 
 he resigned to be succeeded by Prof. 
 Thomas F. Holgate, as Acting President. 
 
 The service of Professor Holgate as Dean 
 of the College of Liberal Arts has fitted him 
 well for the duties that have been thrust 
 upon him, while his familiarity with the 
 history and traditions of the University 
 justify the belief that, under his guiding 
 hand, the institution will maintain its steady 
 and healthy progress, growing as the tree 
 grows, nourished by the kindly care of the 
 men and women who stand forth as its rep- 
 resentatives its Trustees, its Professors, 
 its Alumni, and the great Church in whose 
 name it was founded, and whose zeal for 
 Christian culture it expresses. 
 
 The University Finds a New President 
 On February 1, 1906, the Trustees of 
 Northwestern University closed their 
 long quest for a successor to President 
 James, by the election of Abram W. 
 Harris. LL.D., of Tome Institute, Mary- 
 land, to the Presidency. Dr. Harris was 
 born in Philadelphia, November 7, 1858, 
 graduated from the Wesleyan University, 
 at Middletown, Conn., in 1880, and has 
 followed an educational career since that 
 time, except for a few years when he was 
 in government service. His experience 
 in University work and the secondary 
 schools gives promise of great usefulness 
 in his new field. His term of service was 
 designated to commence July 1, 1006, un- 
 til which time the interests of the Univer- 
 sity are presided over by Acting President 
 Holgate, who has borne well the burdens 
 and responsibilities of his office for near- 
 ly two years past. 
 
CHAPTBR X. 
 
 NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY MEDICAL SCHOOL 
 
 (Bj N. S. DAVIS. JB.. A. M., M. D.) 
 
 Object of its Organisation Early Condi- 
 tions and Methods of Medical Education 
 Dr. X. S. Davis Beginsthe Agitation/or 
 Graded Instruction and Longer Courses 
 Lind University Established in 1859 
 Institution affiliated ivith N orthn'cstern 
 University in 1869 Changes of Xante 
 and Location Growth, Present Condi- 
 tions and Methods of Instruction South 
 Side Free Dispensary Hospitals: Mercy, 
 Wesley, St. Luke's and Provident 
 Clinical and other Advantages Influence 
 of the Founders of the School Shovjn in 
 its Groivth and Character of its Grad- 
 uates Positions Won by its Alumni. 
 
 Northwestern University Medical School 
 was founded to demonstrate the practica- 
 bility of what were admitted to be good 
 methods of teaching the art and science of 
 medicine. So long as this country was 
 sparsely settled and means of rapid transit 
 were wanting, it was difficult for physicians 
 educated abroad to find communities of suf- 
 ficient size or of such character as to tempt 
 them to settle here. It was equally difficult 
 for those of our own people inclined to study 
 medicine to obtain suitable opportunities. 
 For many years most practitioners of med- 
 icine received their training from others 
 to whom they were apprenticed. For half 
 a century after the Revolutionary War the 
 medical colleges, which were established, 
 
 were regarded as not essential to the mak- 
 ing of physicians and surgeons, but as use- 
 ful places for the review of studies pursued 
 under a preceptor and for the prosecution 
 of practical studies in anatomy. The annual 
 course in these schools was from four to 
 five months in duration. During this time 
 all the students attended all the lectures. 
 These courses they repeated a second year, 
 when they were granted a diploma. It is 
 evident that such schools in no sense sup- 
 planted the work of preceptors or general 
 practitioners who received apprentices, but 
 supplemented it. The colleges contained no 
 laboratories, and few were connected with 
 hospitals or attempted clinical teaching. 
 During the next twenty-five years a gradual 
 evolution took place ; clinics were estab- 
 lished in most schools and a better quality 
 of teaching was done. By both practition- 
 ers and laymen colleges were regarded as 
 of more importance for the acquisition of 
 the knowledge which medical men must 
 have. 
 
 In the second decade of the last century 
 Dr. N. S. Davis began to agitate the need 
 of graded instruction in medical schools 
 and of longer courses. This he did in med- 
 ical societies and by writing a small treatise 
 upon medical education. Later, in order to 
 further this end, he induced the leading 
 teachers and practitioners of various States 
 to assemble to form a National Medical So- 
 
 99 
 
IOO 
 
 NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY 
 
 ciety. He hoped that, by agitating the sub- 
 ject in such a body, reforms might be in- 
 augurated simultaneously in all the States. 
 Although medical societies by numerous 
 resolutions urged such reforms upon the 
 colleges, they were not made. In 1859 a 
 group of men, most of whom had been 
 teachers in Rush College, Chicago, estab- 
 lished a new school in that city, which was 
 to demonstrate the feasibility of some of 
 these long-needed reforms. Minimum re- 
 quirements for entrance to the school were 
 made ; three years of study, at least two of 
 which must have been in a medical college, 
 were demanded for graduation, and the 
 studies were graded so that the most ele- 
 mentary were taught first and the others 
 followed in logical order. Clinical teaching 
 was made a prominent feature of the in- 
 struction from the beginning. Surprising 
 as it seems, considering the evident need of 
 these changes, it was nearly ten years before 
 any other college in the country followed its 
 example, and many more before it was 
 followed by all. 
 
 Originally this college was not a depart- 
 ment of Northwestern University. In 1859 
 Lind University was established and Doc- 
 tors Hosmer A. Johnson, David Rutter, 
 Edmund Andrews, and Ralph Isham or- 
 ganized a medical department of it. N. S. 
 Davis, William H. Byford and numerous 
 other leading physicians of this small city 
 were invited to form its faculty. Lind Uni- 
 versity soon went out of existence for want 
 of sufficient financial support, but the med- 
 ical school was re-organized under a charter 
 of its own and was called Chicago Medical 
 College. Under this name it made a per- 
 manent reputation. In 1869 it was affiliated 
 with Northwestern University, because it 
 was thought that a university connection 
 would enable it to stimulate students to pre- 
 pare better for college and to maintain a 
 higher grade of instruction itself. From 
 
 this time until 1890 the institution was 
 known as "Chicago Medical College" the 
 Medical Department of Northwestern Uni- 
 versity. In the latter year a close union 
 with the University was effected, and the 
 name was again changed, this time to 
 Northwestern University Medical School. 
 
 With each of these changes of title a 
 change of location was made. Originally 
 the college was housed in the Lind Block 
 in the heart of the city ; later it moved into 
 a building of its own on State Street near 
 Twenty-second. In 1870 it was compelled 
 to move, as its home was destroyed in the 
 process of widening State Street. It then 
 built anew at the corner of Twenty-sixth 
 and Prairie Avenue, immediately adjoin- 
 ing Mercy Hospital. Here it remained 
 twenty years ; but the growth of the hos- 
 pital in time necessitated abandonment of 
 this site. New and entirely modern build- 
 ings were constructed for its accommoda- 
 tion in 1890 on Dearborn Street, between 
 Twenty-fourth and Twenty-fifth Streets ; 
 and, in 1901, Wesley Hospital was built 
 beside it. 
 
 While in material possessions the insti- 
 tution has grown, it has also steadily ad- 
 vanced, and even led, in most of the re- 
 forms in teaching which have taken place. 
 In 1868 it demanded attendance upon three 
 annual courses of instruction in the college 
 for graduation, and lengthened each course 
 to six months. By 1870 the number of de- 
 partments of instruction had been increased 
 from eleven to thirteen, and, during the 
 next twenty years, to eighteen. In 1890 
 the annual term was lengthened to seven 
 months, and four years of study in college 
 were required for graduation. For several 
 years before these changes were made a 
 fourth year was offered but not required. 
 In 1894 the annual term was made eight 
 months. In 1892 Latin and physics were 
 added to the entrance requirements and, 
 
LICUARY 
 
 OF THE 
 
 HWVERSirir OF ILLINOIS 
 
HISTORY OF EVANSTOX 
 
 101 
 
 three years later, algebra, and in 1896 sev- 
 eral other branches of a high school course. 
 A year later the requirements for entrance 
 to the medical school were made the same as 
 those of the College of Liberal Arts. 
 
 Laboratory and clinical teaching were 
 conspicuous elements of instruction from 
 the inception of this college. When it was 
 established, the only laboratory teaching 
 done in medical schools was in chemistry 
 and anatomy. Some years later a labora- 
 tory of histology was opened. In 1886 lab- 
 oratory instruction was given to all students 
 in pathology. Bacteriology was taught for 
 several years as an optional study, but work 
 was required of all students in the bacterio- 
 logical laboratory in 1891. In 1894 lab- 
 oratories of experimental physiology and 
 pharmacology were opened, although for 
 several years prior to this, instruction had 
 been given in physiological chemistry ; still 
 more recently those of clinical pathology 
 were established. This kind of practical 
 teaching has so grown that it now consti- 
 tutes the largest part of the work done by 
 students in their first two years of medical 
 study. The development of this kind of 
 teaching, which is largely individual, has 
 necessitated the employment of numerous 
 teachers who devote their entire time to the 
 school. In the earlier history of this insti- 
 tution, these branches were taught by prac- 
 titioners of medicine who devoted only a 
 few hours per week to the work, a practice 
 which is still continued by many colleges. 
 
 Clinical teaching bears to the studies of 
 the last two years the same relationship that 
 laboratory teaching does to the first. It 
 practically illustrates all instruction in the 
 various departments of medicine, surgery 
 and the specialties, and brings students in 
 personal contact with patients and teacher. 
 As laboratories have multiplied so have 
 clinics, and in each the amount of teaching 
 has been increased and improved. A few 
 
 clinics are introduced into the second year 
 course to illustrate methods of examina- 
 tion, a subject taught at that time in order 
 to prepare students for the study of disease 
 which completely occupies their attention 
 during the junior and senior years. The 
 senior year is given up almost exclusively 
 to clinical teaching. Northwestern Univer- 
 sity offers its students much more clinical 
 instruction than most other schools do, and 
 especially a large amount of bedside instruc- 
 tion to small groups of them. The clinical 
 laboratory enables students to apply all 
 kinds of scientific methods of research to 
 the examination of patients. In it they 
 make blood examinations, sputa examina- 
 tions and analyze the other secretions and 
 excretions of the body. The aim of this 
 school is not simply to afford students an 
 opportunity to learn what is known of dis- 
 ease, but to become intimately acquainted 
 with it by contact with patients, to obtain 
 experience by watching the course of dis- 
 ease and the effect of remedial procedures. 
 The unusual clinical facilities of this col- 
 lege are made possible by the South Side 
 Free Dispensary which is in Davis Hall, 
 one of the University buildings by Mercy 
 Hospital. St. Luke's Hospital, and by Wes- 
 ley and Provident Hospitals. These hospi- 
 tals together accommodate from eight hun- 
 dred to one thousand patients. In the South 
 Side Free Dispensary twenty-five thousand 
 patients are prescribed for annually, and are 
 treated, in many cases, by the best physi- 
 cians, surgeons and specialists of the city. 
 Rooms are arranged for the proper ex- 
 amination and care of eye and ear. nose and 
 throat, gynecological, skin, nervous, surgi- 
 cal and medical cases, as well as of children. 
 Trained nurses assist in several of these de- 
 partments. This dispensary is not only an 
 important educational institution, but one 
 of the best philanthropies in Chicago. 
 Davis Hall, in which the dispensary is 
 
102 
 
 NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY 
 
 housed, was constructed for its accommo- 
 dation. The building is a well planned and 
 commodious out-patient hospital. 
 
 Mercy Hospital, which is the oldest and 
 one of the largest public hospitals in the 
 city, has been intimately associated with 
 this school ever since its founding. The 
 hospital consists of a series of buildings, 
 with a total length of six hundred feet. 
 It is located on the corner of Twenty-sixth 
 Street and Calumet Avenue, and covers 
 nearly half a block of land. It owns prop- 
 erty adjoining its present buildings, which 
 will enable it to grow and ultimately to 
 cover nearly a square of land. A part of 
 this vacant property is an attractive garden, 
 which is much frequented by convalescent 
 patients during the summer. 
 
 There has recently been completed an ad- 
 dition to the hospital devoted to a large oper- 
 ating and clinic hall, which will accommo- 
 date four hundred students. This is one of 
 the most attractive and perfect operating 
 rooms in the city. In connection with this 
 are numerous small rooms for private opera- 
 tions, for the care of instruments and sur- 
 gical supplies, for preparing patients and 
 for preparing operators and their assistants. 
 These rooms are of the most modern and 
 approved construction and contain the 
 best equipment known. 
 
 Mercy Hospital has also one of the best 
 training schools for nurses in the city. In- 
 struction and training is given them in the 
 hospital by the staff, as well as by regular 
 teachers devoting their time to the school. 
 
 The attending staff of physicians and 
 surgeons is selected from the Faculty of 
 Northwestern University Medical School. 
 Eight resident physicians and surgeons are 
 chosen annually from the graduating class 
 of the college, and serve for eighteen 
 months in the hospital. During the college 
 year from one to four clinics are given 
 dailv in this institution. 
 
 The most notable recent addition to the 
 equipment of the Medical School is Wesley 
 Hospital. It is located beside the college 
 building, and is connected with Davis Hall 
 by an enclosed bridge. Neither expense nor 
 time has been spared to make this one of the 
 best equipped hospitals in the world. It is 
 the last built in Chicago and contains all of 
 the newest improvements in hospital con- 
 struction. 
 
 With its laboratories for sterilizing and 
 preparing dressings and instruments, its 
 amphitheatre, its clinical and pathological 
 laboratories, drug-room and morgue ; with 
 its sun-baths and suites of private roo.iis. 
 and with its commodious, light and well 
 ventilated wards, this institution would seem 
 to have reached the highest mark in hospital 
 construction and equipment. The staff of 
 this hospital is also selected from the faculty 
 of the college. Four resident physicians 
 and surgeons are chosen annually from the 
 graduating class. It also has an excellent 
 training school for nurses. 
 
 The instruction given to the students 
 in Wesley Hospital makes a very important 
 portion of their clinical course. This is 
 naturally consequent upon the close relation 
 of the two institutions the hospital stand- 
 ing beside the College Building and con- 
 nected with it by corridors. 
 
 St. Luke's Hospital is situated on Indiana 
 Avenue, near Fourteenth street. Owing to 
 its central location, it receives a large num- 
 ber of accident cases, and its surgical clinic 
 is, consequently, an extensive one. Clinics 
 are given regularly in Medicine, Nervous 
 Diseases, Surgery, Gynecology, and Diseases 
 of the Eye and Ear. The clinics and autop- 
 sies of St. Luke's Hospital are attended 
 principally by the third year students. 
 
 Provident Hospital, located at the corner 
 of Thirty-sixth and Dearborn streets, has 
 recently been much enlarged. Besides its 
 100 beds, which can accommodate 800 to 
 
HISTORY OF EVAXSTON 
 
 103 
 
 1,000 patients annually, there is a large dis- 
 pensary in which about 6,000 ambulatory 
 patients receive treatment each year. 
 
 The students of the Northwestern Uni- 
 versity Medical School have an opportunity 
 to attend clinics by the Medical Staff and 
 operations by the Surgical Staff, and are 
 assigned, in small classes, to ward visits in 
 Surgery and Gynecology. 
 
 The college possesses, in addition to the 
 equipment of its laboratories and clinics, 
 a fine collection of pathological and anatom- 
 ical specimens. Its present museum is 
 crowded and more space is needed. It also 
 has an excellent reference library, which 
 is in constant use by the students. This is 
 in charge of a librarian who devotes her en- 
 tire time to it. 
 
 The inspiration which its founders gave 
 thit school, to maintain in it the most thor- 
 ough and complete instruction possible, has 
 never been lost. Its success is shown by its 
 growth and, best of all, by the character of 
 its graduates. For a number of years past 
 from one-third to one-half of each grad- 
 uating class has received hospital appoint- 
 ments, in which they obtain from a year to 
 eighteen months of practical post-graduate 
 training. Many of its alumni are filling im- 
 portant professorships in colleges from the 
 Atlantic to the Pacific coasts. They are 
 found leaders in the communities in which 
 they live and in the societies of their pro- 
 fession. 
 
CHAPTER XI. 
 
 NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY LAW SCHOOL 
 
 (By F. B. CROSSLEY. l.L B.) 
 
 Historical Sketch Law School Founded in 
 1859 Hon. Thomas Hoyne Leads in 
 Endowment of First Chair Only Three 
 Law Schools then West of the Alleghen- 
 ies First Faculty Notable Members of 
 Faculty of Later Date Union College of 
 Law Result of Combination of North- 
 western and University of Chicago 
 First Board of Managers and First 
 Faculty Under Netv Arrangement Uni- 
 versity of Chicago Suspended in 1866 
 and Northwestern Assumed Entire Con- 
 trol of Law School in 1891 Subsequent 
 History Changes in Requirements of 
 Supreme Court as to Law Course 
 Present Home and Conditions Acquisi- 
 tion of Gar\ Collection Present Out- 
 look. 
 
 The present Northwestern University 
 Law School was founded in 1859 through 
 the generosity of the Hon. Thomas Hoyne, 
 who contributed five thousand dollars to the 
 original University of Chicago to endow 
 a "chair of International and Constitutional 
 Law" which contribution enabled the Uni- 
 versity to establish a Law Department. 
 
 At that time there were but three other 
 law schools west of the Allegheny Moun- 
 tains, and the need of an institution that 
 could offer a better legal training than could 
 be obtained in a law office, was becoming 
 
 more and more apparent with the growth 
 of the city. 
 
 The School was first opened for instruc- 
 tion in 1860, with Honorable Henry Booth 
 and Judges -John M. Wilson and Grant 
 Goodrich as professors. Dr. Booth was 
 the first to be called as a professor and to 
 serve as Dean, and continued in that joint 
 capacity for thirty-two years, retiring as 
 Dean Emeritus in 1892. The inauguration 
 ceremonies of the School took place in Met- 
 ropolitan Hall, the chief address being made 
 by the Hon. David Dudley Field, of New 
 York; the Chief Justice of the Supreme 
 Court of Illinois, Sidney Breese, and sev- 
 eral other Judges of prominence being 
 present and assisting. 
 
 The School was conducted continuously 
 by the University of Chicago until 1873, 
 becoming better known throughout the 
 United States each year for the thorough 
 character of its instruction and the high 
 standard of scholarship set for its grad- 
 uates; and though the dominating control 
 of the School has changed several times 
 from the date of its organization, the policy 
 outlined by Dean Booth and his co-work- 
 ers has been followed, and at no time has 
 the School lost in influence or prestige 
 through any attempt by the different in- 
 terests to lower the quality of its instruction 
 or the standard of its scholarship. The 
 
 105 
 
io6 
 
 NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY 
 
 faith of these different interests in the pol- 
 icy of its first Dean and his fellow-labor- 
 ers is illustrated by the long tenure of 
 office and the service on the Faculty of 
 one of Evanston's best known citizens, the 
 Hon. Harvey B. Hurd, who became a Pro- 
 fessor in the Law School in 1862, and re- 
 mained in active service until May 23, 1902. 
 when he retired as Emeritus Professor of 
 Law. 
 
 In 1873, for the purpose of strengthening 
 the School and adding a department of law, 
 Northwestern University entered into an 
 agreement with the University of Chicago 
 whereby the Law School came under the 
 joint control of the two Universities. By 
 the terms of this agreement the School was 
 placed under the direct management of a 
 "Joint Board," "comprising an equal num- 
 ber of persons from the Board of Trustees 
 of each University," the announcement of 
 the change setting forth that "it should not 
 be overlooked by any of the graduates of 
 the Law School of the University of Chi- 
 cago, that this School is a legitimate off- 
 spring and successor to its claims, and, as 
 such, is entitled to receive all the honors 
 and support of the large number of those, 
 fast rising into professional eminence, who 
 acquired the rudiments of their legal learn- 
 ing within the walls of this School." The 
 joint agreement provided that the School 
 should be known as the Law Department of 
 both Universities, "with full right to each to 
 publish the same in all catalogues and cir- 
 culars, as its law department; that diplo- 
 mas should be signed by the President and 
 Secretary of both Universities, under the 
 seal of each, and that, "as far as practicable, 
 the graduating exercises of the law classes 
 shall be held in the name of, and attended 
 by, the Trustees, officers and Faculties of 
 both Universities"; that, "for the purpose 
 of placing said Law School upon a sure and 
 
 substantial financial basis," each University 
 should pay annually towards its support not 
 less than two thousand dollars and, in case 
 of default for six months, the party in de- 
 fault should forfeit its interest and control 
 in the School. 
 
 Northwestern University was represented 
 on the first Board of Management, as 
 above provided for, by Hon. Grant Good- 
 rich, Wirt Dexter, Esq., Robert F. Queal, 
 and Rev. Charles H. Fowler, President of 
 the University. 
 
 The first Faculty under joint control of 
 the two Universities was composed as fol- 
 lows: Hon. Henry Booth, Dean and Pro- 
 fessor of the law of Property and of Plead- 
 ing ; Hon. Lyman Trumbull, Professor of 
 Constitutional Law, Statute Law, and Prac- 
 tice in the United States Courts ; Hon. James 
 R. Doolittle, Professor of Equity Jurispru- 
 dence, Pleading and Evidence ; Van Buren 
 Denslow, Esq., Professor of Contracts and 
 Civil and Criminal Practice ; Philip Myers, 
 Esq., Professor of Commercial Law ; Hon. 
 James B. Hradwell, Lecturer on Wills and 
 Probate : Dr. Nathan S. Davis, Lecturer on 
 Medical Jurisprudence. 
 
 The School was now known as the Union 
 College of Law, and was located at this 
 time ( 1873) in the Superior Block, fronting 
 the Court-House. Sixty regular students 
 were registered .during the year 1872-73 
 and, after three years of joint management, 
 one hundred and thirty students were en- 
 rolled in one year. The requirements for ad- 
 mission at this time were low in all law 
 schools, this School requiring merely a com- 
 mon school education, but recommending a 
 college training, and during the year 1876 
 or three years after Northwestern Univer- 
 sity assumed partial control almost one- 
 third of the students in the Law School pos- 
 sessed academic degrees. The course, as in 
 nearly all the better schools, covered a pe- 
 
LIBRARY 
 
 OF THE 
 UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS 
 
HISTORY OF EVAXSTOX 
 
 107 
 
 riod of two years and the diploma of the 
 School admitted to the bar of Illinois. 
 
 The joint management was continued 
 until 1886, when the original University of 
 Chicago ceased to exist actively, and later 
 surrendered its charter. For a period of 
 about five years (1886 to 1891) the control 
 of the Law School was still exercised by a 
 "Joint Board," but in 1891 Xorthwestern 
 University assumed entire control and the 
 School received its present name. The 
 agreement under which the Xorthwestern 
 University assumed exclusive control of the 
 Law School was made July i, 1891, with 
 the L'nion College of Law represented by 
 Hon. Oliver H. Horton and William V. 
 Farwell ; Northwestern University being 
 represented by Orrington Lunt, its Yice- 
 President. This agreement, among other 
 provisions, set forth that the School should 
 thereafter be known as Xorthwestern Uni- 
 versity Law School, with the privilege to 
 continue the name "Union College of Law" 
 in brackets, and that "all persons who are 
 alumni of Union College of Law are hereby 
 made alumni of Northwestern University 
 Law School." 
 
 Since Xorthwestern University obtained 
 sole control of the Law School, its position 
 among the foremost in the country has been 
 maintained and the School has led in all 
 attempts to raise the standard of legal edu- 
 cation and of the legal profession in the 
 West. An academic training equivalent to 
 that of a graduate of a high school was soon 
 made a requirement for admission, and, in 
 1897, the required period of study in the 
 School of all candidates for a degree was 
 extended to three years, although at that 
 time the Supreme Court of Illinois required 
 but two years' study for admission to prac- 
 tice within its jurisdiction. This change in 
 the requirements for graduation was soon 
 followed by a new rule of the Supreme 
 Court of Illinois, governing admission to 
 
 the bar and requiring an academic training 
 equivalent to that of a high school graduate, 
 and three years' study of law of all appli- 
 cants for admission to practice. A change 
 was also made in the Law School in the 
 method of instruction by the adoption of 
 the case system instead of the text, the 
 curriculum was greatly enlarged and the 
 Faculty increased. 
 
 The policy of the University toward the 
 Law School has been, at all times since its 
 assumption of executive control, one of 
 commendable liberality, and because of it 
 the School has been able to keep up its 
 progress and maintain its prestige. To do 
 this, because of the large gifts of money 
 contributed in recent years to Universities 
 throughout the country other than Xorth- 
 western, and the consequent increase in 
 efficiency and equipment of their various 
 departments, the University found it neces- 
 sary, in 1902, to increase very largely its 
 annual financial contribution to the Law 
 School, and this was done by adding there- 
 to the income from a quarter of a million 
 dollars and, in addition, an appropriation 
 of ten thousand dollars for the im- 
 mediate increase of the library ; so 
 that, when the School ceased its mi- 
 gratory career and moved into its 
 present permanent home in Xorthwest- 
 ern University Building, purchased and 
 equipped at a cost of nearly one million 
 dollars by the L'niversity, as a home for its 
 professional Schools other than Medical, it 
 possessed a Faculty of six professors giving 
 the whole or the substance of their time to 
 the School, besides an excellent staff of in- 
 structors and lecturers, and a library of over 
 12,000 volumes. The present home of 
 the School, in what was widely known for 
 more than half a century as the "Tremont 
 House," is well adapted to its needs. It 
 occupies the entire third floor of Xorth- 
 western University Building, in the heart of 
 
io8 
 
 NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY 
 
 the business section of Chicago. The 
 twenty-three thousand square feet of floor 
 space is divided into well equipped library, 
 lecture, study and court rooms, and offices. 
 The library reading room will accommodate 
 450 students at its tables. The students' 
 assembly room provides pleasant quarters 
 for rest and conversation. The walls of the 
 School are hung with an interesting collec- 
 tion of portraits of prominent Judges, and 
 legal writers, teachers, and lawyers of all 
 countries a collection that is probably not 
 equaled in the United States. The equip- 
 ment throughout, aside from the library, 
 was made possible by generous money 
 contributions from alumni, Trustees and 
 other friends of the School upon its removal 
 to its permanent home. 
 
 Through the generosity of Hon. Elbert 
 H. Gary, '67, the School in 1903 acquired 
 the Gary Collection of Continental Juris- 
 prudence. This Collection, the most com- 
 plete of its kind this side the Atlantic, 
 comprises an extensive collection of the laws 
 and jurisprudence of all the countries of 
 
 Continental Europe. It is of incalculable 
 practical value to Chicago and the North- 
 west, and to students of the law in this coun- 
 try interested in the study of comparative 
 laws. Judge Gary has also made it possible 
 for the School to greatly increase its collec- 
 tion of English and American laws and 
 treatises, and placed it (1905) in a position 
 for the first time to compare favorably in 
 this respect with the best law school 
 libraries in the country. 
 
 After forty-six years of existence the 
 Law School stands for the best in legal 
 training. During the past it has occupied 
 constantly a high place as one of the best 
 law schools, although greatly handicapped 
 by lack of proper equipment and insuffi- 
 cient financial support. Today, with its 
 large body of alumni, many of whom are 
 of State and National reputation, scattered 
 over thirty-five States and Territories, with 
 its excellent equipment and its increased 
 financial support, the future of this depart- 
 ment seems almost assured. 
 
CHAPTER XII. 
 
 NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY DENTAL SCHOOL 
 
 (By O. V. BLACK. M. D.. D. D. S., IX. D.) 
 
 Dental Education as a Distinct Branch of 
 Professional Training First Dental 
 School Established in 1839 Development 
 Due to State Legislation Dental Schools 
 in Eastern Cities Chicago College of 
 
 Dental Surgery Graduates its First Class 
 in 1885 Dr. Thomas L. Gilmer Leads 
 Movement for Establishment of North- 
 western University Dental School Con- 
 solidation with American College of 
 Dental Surgery Dr. Theodore M cages 
 Chief Promoter First Faculty of the 
 Consolidated S-chool Present Condi- 
 tion It Finds a Permanent Home in 
 Historic Trcinont House Building. 
 
 In order to understand the conditions in- 
 fluencing the growth of the Northwestern 
 University Dental School, it seems necessary 
 to intermingle with the more direct account 
 of it, a brief explanation of some of the gen- 
 eral conditions peculiar to dental education 
 which have had so large an influence on its 
 development. 
 
 Dental education, as a distinct branch of 
 activity in the development of science and 
 art, began in 1839, when Dr. Chapin Harris 
 and his colleagues, who had been teaching 
 oral surgery in a medical school in Balti- 
 more, withdrew and founded an independent 
 school of dentistry, establishing the degree 
 of Doctor of Dental Surgery as earned by a 
 definite course of study. The effort was so 
 
 successful that since that time dental edu- 
 cation in America has been on a separate 
 basis from general medical education. Yet 
 it has always been regarded as a branch of 
 the healing art, having much in common 
 with general medicine, and especially as 
 requiring similar preparation in the funda- 
 mental branches, viz : anatomy, physiology, 
 histology, pathology and chemistry. Dental 
 schools made slow progress, however, in the 
 earlier years of their existence. It had 
 been the custom that one desiring to engage 
 in the practice of dentistry became a student 
 in the office of a practitioner, and, when 
 considered sufficiently proficient, entered 
 upon the practice independently without 
 question. So firmly fixed was this practice 
 that, for a time, few students entered the 
 dental schools ; though from year to year 
 they increased in numbers and new schools 
 were organized and operated successfully in 
 several of the larger cities. 
 
 About 1870 there was a general move- 
 ment for the better education of dentists. 
 The need for the better education of phy- 
 sicians was being urged, and laws for the 
 regulation of the practice of medicine, and 
 incidentally requiring improvement in edu- 
 cational qualification, were being enacted 
 by the different State Legislatures. Den- 
 tistry followed, and laws were also rapidly 
 adopted regulating the practice of den- 
 tistry. These laws have been sustained by 
 
 109 
 
no 
 
 NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY 
 
 the sentiment of the people for whose bene- 
 fit they were drawn, by the profession and 
 by the courts of law. Those entering upon 
 the practice of dentistry then found that 
 the easier way to obtain an education that 
 would satisfy the State Boards of Dental 
 Examiners, was by attending the dental 
 schools. This brought about a very rapid 
 increase in the number of students, and also 
 a similar increase in the number of dental 
 schools. In 1870 there were eight dental 
 schools in operation, from which were 
 graduated 140 students. This, with the con- 
 ditions of graduation then prevailing, would 
 indicate a total attendance of but little over 
 200 students. In 1901 there were fifty-four 
 dental schools and from these about 2,300 
 students were graduated. This would indi- 
 cate a total attendance of about 7,000 stu- 
 dents. 
 
 This seemingly extreme educational activ- 
 ity in dentistry was also accompanied by a 
 similar activity in the development of den- 
 tal science and practice. Many active men 
 were coming forward with new facts and 
 with new thought for the betterment of the 
 treatment of dental diseases. The people 
 were gaining confidence in dental opera- 
 tions and making larger demands on the 
 dental profession, and increased numbers of 
 dentists were required to satisfy these de- 
 mands, thus giving substantial support to 
 the educational impulse. Baltimore and 
 Philadelphia were the earlier seats of dental 
 educational work, though successful dental 
 schools were being developed in other cities. 
 In Chicago the first dental school in actual 
 operation (some charters for dental schools 
 were obtained earlier) was Chicago College 
 of Dental Surgery, which graduated its 
 first class in 1885. In the activity of the 
 time many efforts failed, or were imperfect- 
 ly organized and continued but a short 
 time. 
 
 Dr. Thomas L. Gilmer inaugurated, and 
 
 was principally instrumental in carrying 
 through, the initial movement which result- 
 ed in the organization of the present North- 
 western University Dental School. In 1890 
 there were a number of men in Chicago 
 who had obtained some prominence as 
 teachers in dentistry who were not then en- 
 gaged in teaching. Having noted this, and 
 having carefully studied the conditions, Dr. 
 Gilmer gave a dinner at the Leland Hotel, 
 to which Drs. George H. Gushing, Edgar D. 
 Swain, Edmund Noyes and W. V-B. Ames 
 were invited, and to whom he opened the 
 subject of the organization of a new dental 
 school. There were at the time several den- 
 tal schools in the city that were not doing 
 well, and the question of the reorganization 
 of some one of these was discussed, with 
 the result that Dr. Gilmer was authorized 
 to investigate the advisability of the pur- 
 chase of the American College of Dental 
 Surgery, then under the control of Dr. 
 Clendenen. At a subsequent meeting Dr. 
 Gilmer reported adversely to the purchase 
 of that school. Chicago University was 
 then in process of organization, and an in- 
 terview was had with President Harper 
 with reference to the organization of a 
 dental school as a department of that uni- 
 versity, but at the time they were not ready 
 for such an undertaking. The discussion 
 of various schemes continued from time to 
 time until the resignation of the faculty of 
 the University Dental College seemed to 
 create an opening in that direction. 
 
 The University Dental College was 
 finally organized under a charter grant- 
 ed from the State of Illinois in 1887. 
 The first session was held in the win- 
 ter of 1887-88, with a class of six students, 
 the dental faculty consisting of W. W. All- 
 port (Emeritus), L. P. Haskell, R. F. Lud- 
 wig, John S. Marshall (Dean), A. E. Bald- 
 win, Charles P. Pruyn, R. C. Baker and 
 Arthur B. Freeman. An agreement was 
 
Lib!'. Art Y 
 
 OF THE 
 
 NMVERSIIY OF ILLINOIS 
 
HISTORY OF EVANSTON 
 
 in 
 
 effected between President Cummings of 
 Northwestern University, Nathan S. Davis, 
 Dean of Chicago Medical College, and the 
 faculty of the new Dental College, by 
 which the students should take lectures in 
 anatomy, physiology, histology, materia 
 medica, pathology and surgery with the 
 medical classes ; but this agreement in- 
 volved no further connection with the Med- 
 ical College. Also the connection with 
 Northwestern University was nominal and 
 prospective only, the University assuming 
 no responsibility for the Dental College. 
 
 The new college was located on Twenty- 
 sixth Street, Chicago, near the Medical Col- 
 lege. The students were required to take a 
 course of three years, of seven months 
 each, before graduation. This was the first 
 dental college to make this requirement, and 
 this fact operated very much against its suc- 
 cess in obtaining students ; so that its 
 classes remained very small. There were 
 only eleven students at the end of the sec- 
 ond year. At the beginning of the third 
 year the three-year course was made op- 
 tional, and the students were allowed to 
 elect to take a two years' course. At the 
 end of the fourth year the class numbered 
 nineteen. The college could not continue to 
 meet its expenses on the income derived 
 from this number of students and, at the 
 end of the year, the Faculty resigned, as has 
 been noted above. 
 
 At that time Dr. Henry Wade Rogers 
 had recently become President of North- 
 western University, and was actively en- 
 gaged in bringing the professional schools, 
 which had previously but a nominal connec- 
 tion with the University at Evanston. into a 
 closer relationship. He was seen by Dr. 
 Gilmer with regard to the reorganization of 
 this college, and he actively favored it. 
 After a number of conferences between the 
 parties interested, which included especially 
 Drs. Chas. P. Pruyn, I. A. Freeman, A. B. 
 
 Freeman and A. E. Matteson, of the old 
 faculty, the officers of Chicago Medical Col- 
 lege, and Drs. T. L. Gilmer, E. D. Swain, 
 Geo. H. Cushing, Edmund Noyes, W. V-B. 
 Ames and others, an organization was ef- 
 fected under the charter of Northwestern 
 University, and the charter of the Univer- 
 sity Dental College from the State allowed 
 to lapse. In making this change the word 
 college was dropped and the word school 
 substituted, in accord with a policy of the 
 University, in which the teaching organiza- 
 tions under its jurisdiction are called 
 "schools" rather than colleges. The new 
 school took the name Northwestern Univer- 
 sity Dental School. The Chicago Medical 
 College also came into closer relationship 
 with the University and took the name 
 Northwestern University Medical School. 
 The new dental faculty was composed of 
 Edgar D. Swain, Dean ; Edmund Noyes, 
 Secretary ; G. V. Black, George H. Cush- 
 ing, J. S. Marshall, Charles P. Pruyn, Isaac 
 A. Freeman, Thomas L. Gilmer, Arthur B. 
 Freeman, B. S. Palmer, W. V-B. Ames, 
 Arthur E. Matteson, E. L. Clifford, G. W. 
 Haskins, D. M. Cattell and H. P. Smith. 
 Arrangements were made with the medical 
 school by which the dental students took 
 lectures on the fundamental subjects with 
 the medical classes. The school was re- 
 moved to more commodious quarters on 
 Twenty-second Street, but near enough to 
 he convenient to the Medical School, which 
 was also moved to new quarters on Dear- 
 born Street, near Twenty-fourth. In the 
 summer of 1891 the National Association of 
 Dental Faculties passed an order which re- 
 quired all schools affiliated with it to ex- 
 tend the course of study to three terms of 
 not less than six months each, in separate 
 years before graduation. This order was 
 complied with at once, and the new organi- 
 zation began its first session with a class of 
 fifty-three students, only six of whom came 
 from the old school. 
 
112 
 
 NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY 
 
 The National Association of Dental Fac- 
 ulties was formed in 1884, having as its ob- 
 ject the improvement of the methods of den- 
 tal education and harmony of action among 
 the separate schools. The National Associa- 
 tion of Dental Examiners had been formed 
 a year earlier, having for its object the pro- 
 motion of harmony of action among the 
 separate Examining Boards of the different 
 States. These associations, while remain- 
 ing distinct, have, for the most part, 
 worked in unison, both having for their 
 prime object the better education and pro- 
 fessional qualification of young men for the 
 practice of dentistry, and their influence has 
 been too important to be passed without 
 some consideration. It must be understood 
 that, before this time, dental schools were 
 without law or rule other than such as each 
 might adopt at will, and there was little 
 harmony of action among them. Some were 
 graduating students on a single course of 
 six months. There was no standard of edu- 
 cational requirement for matriculation, etc. 
 The object of the Faculties Association was 
 to bring about harmony and establish rules 
 regarding all such matters. 
 
 Perhaps the best definition of the objects 
 and purposes of this organization will be 
 expressed in its first official acts. It was 
 agreed by the association at its first meeting 
 thaf, after the close of the sessions of 1884- 
 85, each college belonging to the Associa- 
 tion would refuse to allow a candidate to 
 come up for final examination who had not 
 attended two full courses of lectures, the 
 last of which should have been spent in the 
 college where the candidate for graduation 
 proposed to take the degree. A preliminary 
 examination of all students not possessing 
 an academic or high school education was 
 also ordered to go into effect at the same 
 time. It was ordered that an examination of 
 junior students should take place at the end 
 of their first course, and that certificates 
 
 should be issued showing their fitness to en- 
 ter the senior class of any one of the chain 
 of colleges, and that no college belonging to 
 the Association would allow a student to 
 enter the senior class who did not exhibit 
 such a certificate of qualification, and this 
 class of legislation has since been continued. 
 This organization quickly gathered into its 
 membership all of the dental schools re- 
 garded as reputable ; and, although a purely 
 voluntary organization, it has attained such 
 power through the general support of the 
 dental profession that its edicts have the 
 force of law. 
 
 It was under these general conditions that 
 the new school began its work. After two 
 years in its location on Twenty-second 
 Street, the school was moved into new build- 
 ings erected on Dearborn Street, between 
 Twenty-fourth and Twenty-fifth Streets, 
 and was housed with the Medical School ; 
 each, however, having its own rooms, clinic- 
 al outfits and laboratories. In this location, 
 and with these arrangements, the school 
 was fairly prosperous and the number of 
 students increased so that, in the fall of 
 1895, the whole number was one hundred 
 and twenty-eight. With this number in the 
 Dental School and the continued increase 
 in the Medical School, the space was over- 
 crowded, so that it became necessary to 
 procure additional buildings outside for a 
 portion of the laboratories of the Dental 
 School. This arrangement proved very un- 
 satisfactory, as it required much running to 
 and fro, and it became clear that something 
 else must be done in order to accommodate 
 the increasing demands. The extension of 
 the course to three years instead of two, as 
 had been the former custom, had not served 
 materially to diminish the number of appli- 
 cants for matriculation. 
 
 In the meantime the American College of 
 Dental Surgery, previously mentioned, had 
 been purchased bv Dr. Theodore Menges 
 
HISTORY OF EVAXSTOX 
 
 and others, its equipment had been im- 
 proved, it was being put in better condition 
 for giving instruction and its classes were 
 rapidly increasing in numbers. Dr. Menges, 
 who was showing much energy and tact, 
 especially in gaining students, proposed in 
 the winter of 1895-96 the consolidation of 
 these two schools. After numerous confer- 
 ences usual in such proceedings, this was 
 effected during the following spring on 
 terms which, for the time, left the principal 
 management of the school in the hands of 
 Dr. Menges, but provided for the ultimate 
 complete ownership by the University. The 
 faculty was again reorganized, a part of 
 each of the old faculties being retained. 
 The new faculty at the beginning of 1896- 
 97 was composed of Edgar D. Swain 
 (Dean), G. V. Black, George H. Gushing. 
 Thomas L. Gilmer, J. S. Marshall (Emer- 
 itus), B. J. Cigrand, A. H. Peck, E. H. 
 Angle, Edmund Noyes, I. B. Crissman, \V. 
 E. Harper, G. W. Haskins, James H. Proth- 
 ero, G. W. Swartz, William Stearns, 
 Charles B. Reed, F. B. Xoyes, T. B. Wig- 
 gin, W. T. Eckley, L. B. Haymen, George 
 Leininger, C. E. Say re, V. J. Hall, with 
 Theodore Menges as Secretary and Busi- 
 ness Manager. The Dental School was re- 
 moved to the building that had been occu- 
 pied by the American College of Dental 
 Surgery, on the corner of Franklin and 
 Madison Streets, where it has since re- 
 mained. In this building additional space 
 could be had from time to time for indefi- 
 nite expansion. In this arrangement the 
 American College of Dental Surgery went 
 out of existence, and, as its graduates would 
 have no alma mater, it was agreed that those 
 students who had graduated in 1891 and 
 since should be made alumni of the Xorth- 
 western University Dental School. 
 
 Northwestern University Dental School 
 now undertook to teach all of the depart- 
 ments, including the fundamental branches. 
 
 by its own professors and instructors, thus 
 separating it entirely from the Medical 
 School. The work was now with much 
 larger classes than had before been as- 
 sembled in dental schools, and, as the year 
 passed, it was seen that, while the general 
 methods of instruction in vogue were well 
 adapted, much improvement in the system- 
 atization of the work of the teaching force 
 was desirable. At the end of the year the 
 Dean, Dr. Edgar D. Swain, resigned. Dr. 
 G. V. Black was then appointed Dean, and 
 was charged especially \vith the systemati- 
 zation of the methods of instruction. Each 
 of the departments of instruction was grad- 
 ually brought under the control of a single 
 responsible professor, who controlled the 
 methods of presentation of the subjects in 
 his field of work by those associated with 
 him, and the courses of study were so 
 graded that the classes of each year re- 
 mained separate in the class room. Per- 
 sonal teaching was provided for by the sep- 
 aration of classes into sections and the ar- 
 rangement of quiz-masters and demonstrat- 
 ors for special duties, so that the individual 
 student could, at any time, obtain a person- 
 al answer to his question or the demonstra- 
 tion of a technical procedure. 
 
 In following out these arrangements, sub- 
 jects that had been divided among different 
 members of the faculty were grouped under 
 one head and managed by a single profes- 
 sor with the aid of assistants, so that the 
 faculty was reduced in number and the as- 
 sistant teachers, demonstrators and quiz- 
 masters increased. In 1899-1900 the facility 
 was composed of Greene V. Black (Dean), 
 Thomas L. Gilmer, John S. Marshall (Em- 
 eritus'), Adelbert H. Peck. Edmund Xoyes. 
 William E. Harper. James H. Prothero. 
 Frederick B. Xoyes. Twing B. Wiggin, 
 William T. Eckley, Yernon J. Hall, George 
 A. Dorsey. Theodore Menges (Secretary 
 of the Faculty) and Tames N. McDowell. 
 
114 
 
 NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY 
 
 This faculty was assisted by about thirty 
 assistants, teachers, demonstrators and quiz- 
 masters. 
 
 Northwestern Dental College, a small 
 school also located in Chicago, had given 
 much annoyance on account of the similari- 
 ty of name, especially in the confusion it 
 caused in the delivery of mail. In 1898 this 
 was purchased, the college closed, and its 
 plant added to the Northwestern University 
 Dental School. This arrangement included 
 the recognition of the recent graduates of 
 the Northwestern Dental College as alumni 
 of Northwestern University Dental School. 
 
 The school as thus organized prospered, 
 and the classes steadily increased until, in 
 1899-1900, they numbered six hundred stu- 
 dents the largest number ever collected in 
 one dental school. Additional space in the 
 building was obtained from time to time 
 for new laboratories and class rooms. In 
 1899 an entire floor was added to gain addi- 
 tional space for necessary class rooms, lec- 
 ture rooms and laboratories, and also to pro- 
 vide space for a library, museum and read- 
 ing room. It has been found particularly de- 
 sirable that students should be provided with 
 well-arranged space in the school building, to 
 which they could go during any leisure hour 
 for the purpose of reading and study, or 
 which they could occupy at regular hours 
 and where they could find books upon any 
 topic in dentistry. The work of assembling 
 a library and museum of comparative den- 
 tal anatomy and dental pathology was act- 
 ively undertaken, and the material has been 
 rapidly brought together, so that, at the 
 present time, these may be justly regarded 
 as excellent and as quite fully supplying the 
 needs of a dental school. To these members 
 of the profession have contributed books, 
 journals and specimens liberally, and have 
 in this way very materially aided in the 
 gathering of the collection. This work is 
 still in progress. Members of the profes- 
 
 sion are also permitted to make use of this 
 library and museum. 
 
 On the first of June, 1900, Dr. Theodore 
 Menges, Secretary and Business Manager 
 of Northwestern University Dental School, 
 died of appendicitis, after an illness of a lit- 
 tle less than one week. He was thus cut off, 
 seemingly before his time, in the midst of a 
 robust manhood and mental vigor, while in 
 the active prosecution of the work that 
 seemed to have been allotted him to do. 
 His sudden death threw a wave of grief 
 over all connected with the school, upon its 
 alumni, the dental profession and all who 
 knew him and the work he was doing. He 
 was an active, energetic and persistent 
 worker, devoting his life to the upbuilding 
 of the dental profession. 
 
 With the death of Dr. Menges the dental 
 school became completely the property of 
 Northwestern University. Dr. W. E. Har- 
 per was appointed Secretary and the school 
 went regularly forward with its work with- 
 out other change in its faculty. Its alumni 
 now number about fourteen hundred. 
 
 In 1901 the University purchased a new 
 building at a cost of half a million dollars, 
 which two years since became the perma- 
 nent home of the Dental School, as also of 
 the schools of Law and Pharmacy. This 
 building formerly the "Tremont House." 
 for more than fifty years one of the most 
 widely known hostelries in the city of Chi- 
 cago is located at the corner of Lake and 
 Dearborn Streets, within the downtown loop 
 of the elevated roads, is convenient of ac- 
 cess from all lines of travel, both general 
 and suburban, and furnishes especially com- 
 modious quarters for the uses of the school. 
 It has a frontage of 180 feet on Dearborn 
 Street and 160 feet on Lake Street, and 
 since it came into the possession of the Uni- 
 versity, has undergone thorough reconstruc- 
 tion, fitting it for the several departments 
 there located. 
 
LlbHARY 
 
 OF THE 
 
 UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS 
 
HISTORY OF EVANSTON 
 
 The several schools in this building are 
 entirely separate and distinct from each 
 other in their respective rooms, equipment 
 and special work as much so as if in sepa- 
 rate buildings so situated as to have a 
 much closer community of interest and of 
 helpfulness with reference to each other 
 than had previously existed. The annual 
 sessions of the Dental School are held in 
 this new building, and there is every reason 
 to believe that in its new and permanent 
 home the Dental department has entered 
 upon a new period of increasing prosperity 
 and usefulness. 
 
 ADDENDUM 
 
 Since the above was written Northwest- 
 ern University Dental School has gone reg- 
 ularly forward with its educational work. 
 Dr. Elgin MaWhinney has been appointed 
 to fill the place made vacant by the resigna- 
 tion af Dr. A. H. Peck. A vacancy occur- 
 ing through the resignation of Dr. E. H. 
 Angle is filled by Dr. Ira B. Sellery. Sec- 
 
 retary Dr. XV. E. Harper resigned anil his 
 place was filled by the appointment of Dr. 
 C. R. E. Koch. Also three of the younger 
 men who had been serving the school as 
 Demonstrators and Lecturers, have been 
 appointed Asistant Professors to the chair 
 of Operative Dentistry and Bacteriology. 
 These are Dr. E. S. Willard, in charge of 
 Bacteriology ; Dr. F. W. Gethro, in charge 
 of Dental Anatomy and Operative Tech- 
 nics ; and Dr. A. D. Black, in charge of the 
 Junior work in Operative Dentistry. 
 
 The annual session has been lengthened 
 to include thirty-two weeks exclusive of 
 holidays, teaching six days per week, mak- 
 ing the actual work of instruction equal to 
 the full nine-months' academic course. The 
 educational requirements for registration 
 have also been advanced to graduation 
 from a recognized high school or an equiv- 
 alent preliminary education. 
 
 The school continues in a prosperous 
 condition. 
 
CHAPTER XIII. 
 
 UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF PHARMACY 
 
 (Bj PBOF. OSCA1! OLDBEKG. 1'h inn D., Dfali) 
 
 Founding of the School of Pharmacy in 
 Connection with Northwestern Universi- 
 ty Promoters of the Movement School 
 Opened in 1886 Its Extensive Equip- 
 ment Instruction Rooms and Labora- 
 tories \iinibcr of Students in Eighteen 
 years 7~/ii\v arc Dnncn from Practically 
 .I/! the States and Territories Present 
 Location of the Institution Library and 
 1 'alnc of Equipment Animal Expendi- 
 tures Faculty of /ooj. 
 
 The Executive Committee of the Board 
 of Trustees of Northwestern University, 
 upon the motion of Dr. David R. Dyclie. at 
 its regular meeting April 10, 1886, adopted 
 a resolution favoring the establishment of a 
 School of Pharmacy and invited the co-op- 
 eration of friends of sound pharmaceutical 
 education in the project. Associated with 
 Dr. Dyche in this movement were Messrs. 
 Ezekiel H. Sargent, Theodore H. Patterson, 
 Wilhelm Bodetnann, Henry S. Maynard, 
 Oscar Oldberg and John H. Long. The or- 
 ganization of the school was completed and 
 the addition of this department of the Uni- 
 versity was formally approved by vote of 
 the Board of Trustees in June. The new 
 school was opened to students on the first 
 day of October, 1886, with a more extensive 
 equipment than that of any other American 
 pharmaceutical school existing at that time. 
 In addition to its other instruction rooms 
 
 the School of Pharmacy of Northwestern 
 University provided four laboratories. One 
 of these and the first of its kind in the 
 history of pharmaceutical education was 
 a special laboratory for systematic practical 
 training in the work of preparing and dis- 
 pensing medicines in accordance with phy- 
 sician?' prescriptions. This "dispensing 
 laboratory" proved to be one of the most 
 important and useful features of the new in- 
 stitution. The other laboratories were a 
 chemical, a microscopical, and a manufac- 
 turing laboratory. 
 
 During the first eighteen years of its ca- 
 reer, from 1886 to 1904. the School of Phar- 
 macy of Northwestern University has had 
 an annual attendance averaging 215 stu- 
 dents. These students have come from all 
 the States and Territories of the United 
 States except Nevada and Delaware. De- 
 grees have been conferred by this school 
 upon 1.516 graduates up to the end of the 
 academic year 1903-1904. The number of 
 students in attendance in 1903-1904 was 
 284. 
 
 The School of Pharmacy is now housed 
 in Northwestern University Building, cor- 
 ner of Lake and Dearborn streets, Chicago, 
 where it occupies all of the fourth and part 
 of the fifth floor, the twenty-six rooms used 
 exclusively by this school having a total 
 floor space of about 27,000 square feet. It 
 has now seven laboratories, with an aggre- 
 
 117 
 
NORTHWESTERN' UNIVERSITY 
 
 
 gate floor space of 10,780 square feet and 
 provided with over 300 individual work 
 tables, enabling that number of students to 
 be concurrently at work. There are two lec- 
 ture rooms, one capable of seating 184 pu- 
 pils and the other 96. 
 
 The library of this school contains about 
 1,000 bound volumes, of an estimated value 
 of not less than $3,400 (March, 1905). The 
 museum contains over 2,000 selected speci- 
 mens of drugs, pharmaceutical and chemical 
 products, industrial materials, etc. 
 
 The value of the furniture, fixtures, ap- 
 paratus, instruments, books, museum speci- 
 mens and other educational equipment and 
 materials is not less than $26.500 (March, 
 1905). 
 
 The annual expenditures, including sal- 
 aries, furniture, apparatus, materials and 
 other necessary current school expenses, 
 amount to about $29.000. It should be re- 
 membered that this sum does not include 
 any rent. 
 
 The teaching staff of the School of Phar- 
 macy in 1905 embraced the following 
 names : 
 
 Thomas Franklin Holgate. Ph. D., Acting President of 
 the University. 
 
 Oscar Otdberg. Pharm. D.. Dean. Professor of Phar- 
 macy and Director of the Pharmaceutical Laboratories. 
 
 William Edward Ouine, M. D., Emeritus Professor 
 Physiology, Therapeutics and Toxicology. 
 
 Harry Mann (iordin. Ph. D., (University of Berne. 
 Switzerland). Professor of Organic Chemistry and Di- 
 rector of the Organic Chemical Laboratory. 
 
 Theodore Wnittelsey, 1'h. D. (University of Goettingen, 
 Germany), Professor of Inorganic and Analytical Chem- 
 istry, and Director of the Inorganic Chemical Labora- 
 tories. 
 
 Raymond II. Pond, Ph. D. (University of Michigan), 
 Professor of Botany, Microscopy, Phcrmacognosy and 
 Bacteriology, and Director of the Microscopical and 
 Bacteriological Laboratories. 
 
 Maurice Ashbel Miner, Pharm. M. (University of Mich- 
 igan), Assistant Professor of Pharmacy, in charge of the 
 Manufacturing Laboratory. Curator. 
 
 Charles Waggener Paterson, Sc. B., Ph. C. (North- 
 western University), Assistant Professor of Organic Ana- 
 lytical Pharmaceutical Chemistry, in charge of the Or- 
 ganic Chemical Laboratory. Registrar. 
 
 Harry Kahn, Pharm. M. (University of Michigan), 
 M. D. (Northwestern), Assistant Professor of Phys- 
 iology and Materia Medica. 
 
 David Charles Eccles, Sc. B., A. M. (Columbia Uni- 
 versity), Instructor in Pharmacy, in Charge of the Dis- 
 pensing Laboratory, Secretary of the Faculty. 
 
 Gustave E. F. Lundell, Sc. B. (Cornell University), In- 
 structor in the Inorganic Chemical Laboratories. 
 
 Gerhard H. Jensen, .Sc. B. (Cornell L'niversity), In- 
 structor in Botany and Pharmacognosy. 
 
 John Ferd. Fischnar, Ph. C. (Northwestern), Assistant 
 in the Pharmaceutical Laboratory. 
 
 William Henry Harrison, Ph. C'. (Northwestern), As- 
 sistant in the Chemical Laboratories. 
 
 Ernest Woollen, College Clerk, Instructor in Book- 
 keeping and Business Methods. 
 
 Lee R. Girton, Ph. I!., Lecture Assistant in Inor- 
 ganic Chemistry. 
 
 All these teachers devote their time to 
 the School of Pharmacy exclusively, with 
 the exception of the Professor of Physiolo- 
 gy and Materia Medica, who has no labora- 
 tory courses under his charge, 
 
 Tlx 1 professors are provided with private 
 offices and laboratories for the effective per- 
 formance of their duties under the most 
 favorable conditions and for research work. 
 
CHAPTER XIV. 
 
 THE WOMAN'S MEDICAL SCHOOL 
 
 (By ELIZA H. ROOT, M. D.) 
 
 Demand for Higher Education for Women 
 First Steps in Founding Woman's Med- 
 ical College Promoters of Movement in 
 Chicago "Woman's Hospital Medical 
 College" Founded in 1870 First Faculty 
 Story of "The Little Barn" Career of 
 Dr. Mary H. Thompson, Drs. Byford, 
 Dyas and Others Some Notable Gradu- 
 ates A Period of Struggle Institution 
 Reorganized in 1877 as Woman's Medical 
 College President Byford Dies in 1890 
 Institution Affiliated with Northwest- 
 ern University Is Discontinued in 1902 
 Graduates in Foreign Missionary and 
 Other Fields Alumnae Organization. 
 
 About the middle of the nineteenth cen- 
 tury there was a great awakening along 
 lines of intellectual freedom. It spread like 
 a tidal wave over the country, and it trav- 
 eled into the frontier West in "the prairie 
 schooner." The slave question became a 
 burning one, and one that required courage 
 to attack openly. Women caught the spirit 
 of the times and began to enter their own 
 claims for greater freedom. Equal suf- 
 frage came to the front, enlisting' men as its 
 champions, and brought women before the 
 public with a most unprecedented frequency 
 and prominence. The question of a more 
 liberal education for women became a ques- 
 tion of fervent heat, permeating every walk 
 of life. Women began to teach in our pub- 
 
 lic schools and to plead for better prepara- 
 tion for their work. 
 
 No question, perhaps, has enlisted the 
 championship of noble, free-minded men 
 and women more than did the question of 
 admitting women to our colleges and uni- 
 versities on the same terms as men. Among 
 the innovations of that time was the urgent 
 appeal made to the medical colleges by wo- 
 men seeking a medical training. There 
 was no use in trying to evade the question ; 
 it was up and sides must be taken, and were 
 taken. Men of noble stamp took the affirma- 
 tive and advocated the right of women to a 
 medical education. Men of equally noble 
 stamp, but less liberal in their views, took 
 the negative, and would lock all doors of 
 learning against the importuning woman. 
 In the eastern part of our country medical 
 schools were approached, but no entrance 
 was obtained until Dr. Elizabeth Black- 
 well succeeded in gaining entrance to the 
 Geneva Medical School in New York, from 
 which she graduated in 1849. In Philadel- 
 phia the movement met with an opposition 
 that led to the founding, in 1850, of the 
 Woman's Medical College of Pennsylva- 
 nia, which is still a prosperous school of 
 medicine. In the Middle West women were 
 repeatedly asking for admission to the Med- 
 ical Colleges of Chicago and elsewhere. 
 
 In 1852 Emily Blackwell attended a 
 course of lectures in Rush Medical College. 
 
I2O 
 
 NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY 
 
 She was denied admission the second year 
 and went to Cleveland, Ohio. 
 
 There are very incomplete records of this 
 case, but referring to this period of inquiry 
 that led to the founding of the Medical Col- 
 lege for Women in Chicago, the late Pro- 
 fessor Charles Warrington Earle says: 
 "This much, however, is known ; the Illinois 
 Medical Society, saturated with the then 
 prevailing prejudices against female medi- 
 cal education, censured the college for ad- 
 mitting women to its institution." 
 
 Six or eight years after this Dr. Mary H. 
 Thompson came to Chicago and entered 
 upon practice. The city had poor hospital 
 facilities at this time, and when the Civil 
 War broke out between the Xorth and the 
 South, many women soldiers' wives were 
 left with children helpless and nearly desti- 
 tute. To meet the demands for medical care 
 made by these women and their children 
 and the poor generally, the Chicago Hospi- 
 tal for Women and Children was founded 
 in 1865. This hospital, founded on the basis 
 of a charitable institution, soon won a cli- 
 entele among the poor, its dispensary and 
 wards being well patronized. The clinical 
 advantages afforded by the hospital conse- 
 quently provided the nearest approach to 
 an institution for medical instruction that 
 was open to women in the West seeking a 
 medical education. Applications were made 
 to the hospital for clinical instruction : but 
 while the hospital could furnish excellent 
 clinical advantages, there was no place pro- 
 vided for giving didactic instruction, and no 
 properly organized body to bestow a medi- 
 cal diploma when the course was finished. 
 
 Dr. Mary H. Thompson, who took an 
 active part in founding the hospital, asked 
 at two different times for the admission of 
 women into Rush Medical College and was 
 refused. In the meantime she became ac- 
 quainted with Dr. William Heath Byford, 
 of the Chicago Medical College, which was 
 
 then, as now, the Medical Department of 
 the Northwestern University. Dr. Byford 
 espoused the cause of the women who were 
 asking for admission to medical lectures. 
 He laid the matter before his Faculty, giv- 
 ing the measure his hearty support. This 
 college consented to admit women, but only 
 four entered. The remainder of the appli- 
 cants, pending the discussion and a\vare of 
 the uncertainty of what the decision might 
 be, had gone East to the Woman's Medical 
 College in Philadelphia, to New York, or 
 had given up the idea of studying medicine. 
 The four women who entered the Chicago 
 Medical College one of the number being 
 Dr. Thompson herself attended lectures in 
 that institution for one year. Dr. Thomp- 
 son, already a graduate in medicine, re- 
 ceived the diploma of the institution, which 
 was granted, after some hesitancy and warm 
 discussion upon the propriety of granting 
 the degree of Doctor of Medicine to a wo- 
 man. Dr. Thompson was thus the first and 
 only woman, for years, to hold a diploma of 
 the Xorthwestern University Medical Col- 
 lege of Chicago. 
 
 The following year "mixed classes" were 
 found to be objectionable, and women were 
 refused further admission. This refusal, to- 
 gether with the increasing number of appli- 
 cations, determined the founding of the 
 Woman's Hospital Medical College in 1870. 
 
 Once decided upon, the despatch with 
 which this college started, notwithstanding 
 the lack of money for the enterprise, is re- 
 markable, and is characteristic of the ener- 
 gy and push that existed among the citizens 
 of a young and growing city. 
 
 Dr. Byford was the instigator, by sugges- 
 tion and generous aid, of the establishment 
 of the new college. He was, in fact, its 
 founder. 
 
 "The first meeting," according to the rec- 
 ords, "was held at Dr. Byford's office, at 
 No. 60 State Street, Chicago, August 2, 
 
HISTORY OF EVAXSTON 
 
 121 
 
 1870." This meeting was held "for the pur- 
 pose of considering the expediency of the 
 organization of a Woman's Medical College 
 in Chicago." There were eight physicians 
 present at that first meeting : Drs. William 
 H. Byford, Mary H. Thompson, Eugene 
 Marguerat, R. G. Bogue. Xorman Bridge, 
 Charles Warrington Earle, Addison H. Fos- 
 ter and T. D. Fitch. A Faculty was formed, 
 in part, that night, and was composed of 
 those present at the meeting, with Dr. Wil- 
 liam Godfrey Dyas added to the list. Of 
 this original number, only three are now liv- 
 ing (March, 1905), Drs. Marguerat and 
 Foster, both now weighted with years, and 
 men who have followed an active pioneer 
 practice that has been crowned with achieve- 
 ments that have contributed to the making 
 of modern methods in medical education 
 and practice possible, and Dr. Norms n 
 Bridge, now of Pasadena, Cal., who has 
 won an honorable and honored place in 
 the medical profession and who is widely 
 known as an authority on tuberculosis and 
 climatology. 
 
 At this same meeting a most important 
 one in its relation to the medical training 
 of women in the West committees were 
 appointed for tile purpose of procuring a 
 place in which college work could be com- 
 menced. 
 
 A little band of nine physicians, without 
 means and without professional sympathy 
 or approval, was now a college without a 
 home. But this difficulty was soon over- 
 come. By October i, 1870, the faculty was 
 completed and a home secured. 
 
 The records are very meager in regard to 
 this important event. But it is evident that 
 some ceremony was observed, for Dr. By- 
 ford was chosen on September 12, 18-70, 
 "for the opening address to be given in a 
 public hall." At this same meeting a "time 
 table" was adopted, and a committee on an- 
 nouncement was appointed. 
 
 The college was founded under the name 
 of "The Woman's Hospital Medical Col- 
 lege of Chicago," with Dr. Byford as its 
 President. Drs. Byford, Thompson and 
 Dyas (with his noble and high-minded 
 wife, Miranda B. Sherwood Dyas) were 
 active promoters of the new college and 
 the hospital ; in fact, the hospital was more 
 than once saved from rum by the energy, 
 influence and faith in the cause by Mrs. 
 Dyas. 
 
 In an address delivered February 27, 
 1879, i-* r - Dyas said of the school's origin: 
 "Whatever merit attaches to the project 
 whether in its inception, in its further- 
 ance, or in its subsequent progress can be 
 claimed by no one to the same extent as by 
 Professor Byford." Just and true as this 
 tribute is, to one who gave so much of his 
 life to this institution, it must not be for- 
 gotten that Dr. Dyas himself, and his wife, 
 took no small part in promoting the college, 
 especially in its early history and its strug- 
 gles against adversity, prejudice and hre. 
 
 The first regular course of lectures began 
 with seventeen students, and was sriven in 
 the building occupied by the hospital re- 
 ferred to above, then situated at 402 Xorth 
 Clark Street, Chicago. The session was a 
 greater success than the most sanguine 
 friends of the movement had dared to hope. 
 The year closed with the first graduating 
 exercises (1871). A class of three were 
 given diplomas by the college. All three of 
 these ladies had had a first year's course in 
 some other college two of the number 
 Mrs. Kent and Julia Cole-Blackman hav- 
 ing taken theirs in the Chicago Medical Col- 
 lege the year before. 
 
 A spring course, from April I to July 
 i, 1871, was held, and was attended by fif- 
 teen students. The second session began 
 October 3, 1871, in rooms fitted up at Xos. 
 i and 3 Xorth Clark Street, near the bridge, 
 with the following named Faculty, which 
 
122 
 
 NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY 
 
 was practically the same as that for the first 
 year: William H. Byford, M. D., Presi- 
 dent of the Faculty and Professor of Clin- 
 ical Surgery of Women ; William G. Dyas, 
 M. D., F. R. C. S. I., Professor of Theory 
 and Practice of Medicine ; A. Fisher, M. D., 
 Professor Emeritus of Surgery ; R. G. 
 Bogue, M. D., Treasurer of the Faculty and 
 Professor of Surgery; T. D. Fitch. M. D., 
 Secretary of the Faculty and Professor of 
 Diseases of Women ; Eugent Marguerat, 
 M. D., Professor of Obstetrics ; Charles G. 
 Smith. M. D., Professor of Diseases of 
 Children ; Mary H. Thompson, M. D., Pro- 
 fessor of Hygiene and Clinical Obstetrics 
 and Diseases of Women ; Samuel C. Blake, 
 M. D., Professor of Diseases of the Mind 
 and Nervous System; G. C. Paoli, M. D., 
 Professor of Materia Medica and Thera- 
 peutics : S. A. McWilliams, M. D., Profes- 
 sor of Anatomy; Charles W. Earle, M. D., 
 Proftssor of Physiology ; Norman Bridge, 
 M. D.. Professor of Pathology; A. H. Fos- 
 ter, M. D., Professor of Surgical Anatomy 
 and Operations in Surgery; M. Delafon- 
 taine. Ph. D., Professor of Chemistry; 
 Samuel Cole, M. D., Professor of Ophthal- 
 mology and Otology ; P. S. MacDonald, M. 
 D., Demonstrator of Anatomy. Six of this 
 Faculty were clinical instructors at the Chi- 
 cago Hospital for Women and Children 
 and at the Cook County Hospital. The 
 Board of Trustees was chosen fiom the 
 Faculty and from the Hospital Board (see 
 second annual announcement 1871-72), 
 which united the two institutions, ostensibly 
 in oneness of purpose, if not in harmony. 
 
 The work of the young College was 
 scarcely well begun when the Great Fire 
 of October 9, 1871, swept away the college 
 and hospital, with all their material belong- 
 ings. The fire swept away the larger part 
 of the city, including its entire business por- 
 tion. Desolation and ruin were complete 
 throughout the city. Although three- 
 
 fourths of the Faculty had lost their homes, 
 their offices and libraries, the members con- 
 vened on the loth of October, amid the 
 smoking ruins of a destroyed city, and de- 
 cided that the College should be continued. 
 The scattered students were notified and 
 lectures were resumed on the West Side 
 the only considerable portion of the city that 
 had escaped the fire. A residence at 341 
 West Adams Street afforded shelter to the 
 College, while the hospital was re-established 
 at another residence, 600 West Adams 
 Street, which is still standing. To this loca- 
 tion the College was soon again moved. In 
 1872 the College was moved again, this time 
 to a home of its own, the first in its hither- 
 to checkered existence. This home is known 
 in the history of the institution as "The Lit- 
 tle Rarn." This barn was of mean propor- 
 tions, situated in the rear of the lot occu- 
 pied by the hospital and on which the hos- 
 pital now stands on the corner of Adams 
 and Paulina Streets. The barn, as it stood, 
 was offered gratuitously by the hospital au- 
 thorities to the Faculty for a college build- 
 ing. Enough money was expended upon 
 this shabby old barn, built of wood, to make 
 a fairly comfortable and moderately con- 
 venient Woman's Medical College. On the 
 first floor was a small lecture room, which 
 served as a library, faculty room and mu- 
 seum. The second floor was used for prac- 
 tical anatomy. 
 
 There were five classes graduated from 
 "the little barn," the members of which 
 have attained to honor and able distinction 
 in the medical profession. Among those 
 most successful may be mentioned the fol- 
 lowing : 
 
 Dr. Julia Cole-Blackman, of Geneva, 111., 
 whose life has been devoted to matters per- 
 taining to medicine, as the wife of one of 
 the leading surgeons of Kane county, 111., 
 and the only surviving member of her class. 
 She was the first woman to become a mem- 
 
LIBRARY 
 
 OF THE 
 
 HNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS 
 
HISTORY OF EVANSTON 
 
 her of the Fox River Valley Medical So- 
 ciety, and has been an active and honored 
 member for years. 
 
 Dr. Rosa Engert, of the class of 1873 
 (there was no class graduated in 1872), 
 was of German birth and practiced medicine 
 in Chicago for many years, when she re- 
 tired to private life. She came to Chicago 
 after receiving a training in a German 
 school of midwifery. She was not satisfied 
 with the limits to which this training con- 
 fined her, so she entered the College and 
 became one of its honored graduates. She 
 was at one time attending surgeon at the 
 Chicago Hospital for Women and Children, 
 and connected with the College as instructor. 
 She also established the Engert Prize for 
 the best work with the microscope and 
 maintained it for several years. Dr. Mar- 
 garet E. Holland, of the same class, served 
 the Chicago Hospital for Women and Chil- 
 dren, as interne, for one year after gradua- 
 tion, and then went to Houston, Texas, 
 where she still is in practice. She has done 
 praiseworthy pioneer work for the medical 
 woman, winning the respect and confidence 
 of the medical profession of a conservative 
 Southern city and a practice that has 
 brought her a fitting competency. She has 
 served in various positions in which her 
 work has promoted the public health and 
 welfare. 
 
 Of the class of 1874 Dr. Lucinda Corr, of 
 Carlinville. 111., has won distinction as a 
 physician of skill and as an active philan- 
 thropist. She has always been an active 
 member of the Illinois State Medical So- 
 ciety, taking active part in its proceedings, 
 and has won an honorable place in the 
 ranks of the profession in Illinois, where 
 she stood shoulder to shoulder with her 
 husband, a broad-minded man of ability 
 and endowed with an enterprising public 
 spirit. Dr. Lettie Mason Quine, of the same 
 class, was the first medical missionarv sent 
 
 to China from this College and the third 
 medical woman sent to China by the Wo- 
 man's Foreign Missionary Society of the 
 .Methodist Episcopal Church. After her re- 
 turn to America she became the wife of Dr. 
 William E. Quine, of Chicago, and contin- 
 ued active in missionary society work and 
 never lost her interest in the medical mis- 
 sionary. She died an honored and valuable 
 member of the Northwest Branch of the M. 
 E. Woman's Foreign Mission Board. 
 
 Last, but not least of this class, may be 
 mentioned Dr. Sarah Hackett Stevenson, 
 who is widely known and who has won 
 place and position in college, hospital and 
 society excelled by none and equaled by few. 
 After graduation in medicine with honors, 
 she was appointed to the chair of Physiolo- 
 gy in her Alma Mater, which she filled un- 
 til 1881, when she resigned this chair to 
 take that of Obstetrics, which she filled un- 
 til 1894, when she resigned from the Fac- 
 ulty. While a member of the Faculty she 
 was, for a time, its Secretary. Her vote 
 on questions of standards is found record- 
 ed in favor of the highest, even when ex- 
 pediency demanded a medium policy. She 
 founded the Chicago Maternity Hospital, 
 an unique institution, in that it has con- 
 nected with it a training school for nursery 
 maids. She was the first woman to secure 
 membership in the American Medical Asso- 
 ciation. 
 
 Of the class of 1875 Dr. Edith A. Root, 
 of Denver, Colo., may be mentioned as the 
 most prominent figure. She has practiced in 
 Denver, where she first located over thirty 
 years ago, and has done her share of pio- 
 neer work in winning confidence for the 
 medical woman. Of the class of 1876 Drs. 
 Margaret Caldwell of Waukesha, Wis., and 
 Harriet E. Garrison of Dixon, 111., are 
 both conspicuous examples of successful 
 achievements attained by medical women. 
 Leaving the alumnae of "the little barn" 
 
NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY 
 
 and returning to the history of the College 
 proper, we approach a new epoch in the 
 history of the institution. As early as 1873 
 there began a growing dissatisfaction 
 among students and Faculty regarding "the 
 little barn" as a properly equipped college 
 building. Many means of escape from the 
 increasing dilemma were thought of, chief 
 among which was a new building. Union 
 with the Northwestern University was also 
 discussed, and a committee was appointed 
 as early as 1875 to confer with the Universi- 
 ty regarding the matter. Nothing more than 
 a report "of progress" ever came of this 
 committee's efforts. There was no money 
 for University affiliation nor for the new 
 building; still the idea of a new college 
 building was not lost sight of by the more 
 interested and progressive members of the 
 Faculty who were anxious to put the Col- 
 lege upon a more substantial footing. Dur- 
 ing this same year several resignations from 
 the Faculty took place; the office of Corre- 
 sponding Secretary was created and Dr. 
 Mary H. Thompson was elected to fill the 
 position ; some amendments to the constitu- 
 tion and by-laws were enacted for the pur- 
 pose of improving the existing standard for 
 entrance upon the study of medicine and 
 for graduation, and Dr. Sarah Hackett 
 Stevenson was appointed to the chair of 
 Physiology. The new building remained a 
 matter of prime importance in the minds of 
 those who strongly favored the movement, 
 while others as strongly opposed it, believ- 
 ing it to be "an unwarranted venture." The 
 prospects for further progress were cer- 
 tainly not very encouraging ; finances were 
 low, and some of the most desirable mem- 
 bers of the Faculty were threatening to re- 
 sign if the building was undertaken. As an 
 indication of the financial standing we find 
 these figures for the year 1874: "Receipts. 
 $758: expenditures, $958, with but few as- 
 sets and a debt on the present building." 
 
 Notwithstanding these gloomy and discour- 
 aging conditions, there were those on the 
 Faculty who firmly believed that the means 
 for a new building were within reach, if a 
 proper plan could be agreed upon. While 
 desirable progress must remain at a stand- 
 still, for awhile at least, the college course 
 must be provided for. Vacancies, caused 
 by resignations, were filled ; the course 
 (1874) was made to consist of twenty-one 
 weeks ; holiday vacations were provided 
 for and the summer courses were continued. 
 
 During this period of the College history. 
 Dr. William Godfrey Dyas was President 
 of the Faculty; he was elected in April, 
 1873, an d served until the year 1877, Dr. 
 Ryford meanwhile remaining President of 
 the Board of Trustees and on the list of 
 teachers. In 1876 finances were a little 
 easier. The total receipts for that year 
 were $1,105 < expenditures, $893.93, witn 
 assets $533.57; liabilities, $555.50. This 
 year the munificent sum of $25 was appro- 
 priated for the Department of Chemistry, 
 to which Dr. Plymon S. Hayes had been 
 appointed to succeed Dr. Delafontainc. re- 
 signed. The facilities for teaching were 
 seriously affected by the financial stringen- 
 cy, and students naturally complained. 
 "The little barn" was uncomfortably small 
 and wholly inadequate for proper class 
 work. 
 
 In May, 1876, a committee was appointed 
 on a new building, progress was slow and 
 conditions began to be desperate. At a 
 meeting held early in 1877, we find it re- 
 corded that, "Professor Earle delivered the 
 same old speech on a New College." This 
 year proved a revolutionary year in the 
 history of the College. In February and 
 March of this year of 1877, it became im- 
 perative that something be done. The num- 
 ber of students was falling off ; the restrain- 
 ing conservatism of a large number of the 
 Faculty, together with the half-hearted in- 
 
HISTORY OF EVANSTON 
 
 125 
 
 terest they took in the worx of "teaching 
 women," blocked all progress. A commit- 
 tee was appointed, composed of Professors 
 Byford, Dyas and Bartlett, to investigate 
 the institution in all its bearings upon 
 medical instruction. This committee re- 
 ported that, for the future life and progress 
 of the school, it was indispensable to secure 
 a better building and apparatus for teach- 
 ing- purposes, and that the poor attendance 
 and half-hearted interest on the part of 
 the Faculty was working great harm to 
 the institution. To build or rent a building 
 was now the question. The latter would 
 involve a large expenditure of money and 
 add little or nothing to the property hold- 
 ings of the College. This step was advo- 
 cated by some and opposed by others. The 
 new building idea was strongly he'd to by 
 a few devoted and progressive members of 
 the Faculty, and it was strongly opposed 
 by those who held illiberal and pessimistic 
 views on the cause they had practically 
 espoused. It was impossible to arrive at 
 any agreement. Affiliation with the North- 
 western University was again considered, 
 but there were financial reasons on both 
 sides that made affiliation impracticable. 
 
 At a meeting held March 27, 1877, Dr. 
 Byford spoke warmly of the lack of ap- 
 paratus, and means of illustrating lectures, 
 the tardiness and want of interest shown 
 by the Faculty, and the extreme poverty 
 of the College. Something must be done 
 or close the College. At this meeting a 
 committee of three was appointed with Dr. 
 William H. Byford, Chairman, for the 
 purpose of suggesting a name for a new 
 College, to be reorganized "on some basis 
 which would insure better facilities for 
 teaching and a better place to teach in." 
 A motion prevailed at this meeting that 
 every member of the Faculty, except the 
 committee on reorganization, resign. Res- 
 ignations were handed in and Dr. Dyas 
 
 vacated the chair, which was now occupied 
 by the Chairman of the Reorganization 
 Committee. 
 
 The Faculty as reorganized consisted of 
 William Heath Byford, A. M., M. D., Pres- 
 ident and Professor of Obstetrics ; T. Davis 
 Fitch, M. D., Secretary of the Faculty and 
 Professor of Gynecology ; Charles War- 
 rington Earle, A. M., M. D., Treasurer 
 and Professor of Diseases of Children ; 
 Isaac Newton Danforth, A. M., M. D., 
 Professor of Pathology ; John E. Owens, 
 M. D., Professor of Surgery ; Henry M. 
 Lyman, A. M., M. D., Professor of Theory 
 and Practice of Medicine ; Daniel Roberts 
 Brower, A. M., M. D.. Professor of Ma- 
 teria Medica, Therapeutics and Nervous 
 Diseases ; Sarah Hackett Stevenson, M. D., 
 Corresponding Secretary and Professor of 
 Physiology; David Wilson Graham, A. M.. 
 M. D., Professor of Anatomy ; Plymon S. 
 Hays, M. D., Professor of Chemistry. Dr. 
 Mary H. Thompson was invited to the chair 
 of Clinical Medicine, but refused to accept. 
 This was certainly a missed opportunity, 
 for the doctor had absolute control of the 
 clinical material at the Chicago Hospital for 
 women and children, the one institution 
 where women could or should have been 
 able to receive bedside instruction a priv- 
 ilege decidedly limited in the men's colleges 
 at that time. The new Faculty organized, 
 it now became necessary to form a plan 
 that would secure the means needed for 
 building. 
 
 This new organization began business 
 with the sum of ten dollars in its treasury. 
 Nothing daunted, it organized a stock com- 
 pany, in June, 1877. under the name of the 
 Woman's Medical College of Chicago, sev- 
 ering all organized connection with the Chi- 
 cago Hospital for Women and Children. 
 A fair-sized modern residence, at 337 and 
 339 South Lincoln Street, was bought and 
 remodeled into a very complete College 
 
126 
 
 NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY 
 
 building. This building contained two 
 amphitheaters, a comfortable anatomical 
 laboratory, and a fairly well equipped chem- 
 ical laboratory. . It was a vast improvement 
 on the previous accommodations. Indeed, 
 it placed the Woman's Medical College of 
 Chicago among the recognized Colleges 
 of Medicine. Classes doubled in size. The 
 increase in requirements and demands for 
 better opportunities soon made it necessary 
 to erect a new and larger building, which 
 was completed in 1890. The old building 
 was remodeled for laboratory and dispen- 
 sary purposes, and was connected directly 
 with the new one. 
 
 The new building had two amphitheaters 
 with a seating capacity each of one hundred 
 and fifty, new laboratories and other ad- 
 ditional conveniences. From a poor, pen- 
 niless and despised institution, the Woman's 
 Medical College had grown to a well 
 equipped institution with valuable property 
 holdings, and its earnings allowed all run- 
 ning expenses and a fair dividend rate on 
 the money invested. The year that marked 
 the completion of the second and entirely 
 new building also marks the death of Dr. 
 Byford, which was a great shock to the 
 College and to the profession at large. He 
 died on May 21, 1890, after his life-work 
 and hope had been realized. A noble, 
 strong and practical friend had been called 
 home, but another who had been equally 
 devoted, and who had worked hard for 
 the accomplishment of these results, re- 
 mained to us, namely, Charles Warrington 
 Earle, who was elected President by the 
 Faculty, to succeed his life-long friend and 
 co-worker. 
 
 With the change that had taken place 
 in public sentiment concerning the admis- 
 sion of women to higher educational insti- 
 tutions, and the high standing which the 
 College itself had attained, it now seemed 
 practicable, on the part of the Northwest- 
 
 ern University and on the part of the Col- 
 lege, that the two institutions should be- 
 come allied. This question of alliance 
 had been considered before, but was never 
 taken up with the same seriousness of pur- 
 pose as now. In 1892, the College was 
 made a department of the University, and 
 assumed the name "Northwestern Univer- 
 sity Woman's Medical School." The for- 
 mer graduates of the College, "by the ac- 
 tion of the Universities Authorities, were 
 made Alumnae of the University." The 
 University made additions to the College 
 building, at considerable expense, which 
 were equipped as a chemical laboratory and 
 commodious and convenient dispensary 
 rooms. 
 
 The school continued prosperous for a 
 few years, when the number of students 
 began to fall off in consequence of co-edu- 
 cation being adopted in many of the lead- 
 ing medical colleges of the country. As 
 a financial investment it began to fall be- 
 hind there being a small deficit each year 
 and the University sold the property and 
 closed the school in June, 1902. 
 
 Dr. Byford served the College, except 
 for an interval of about four years, from 
 its organization in 1870 until his death in 
 1890. He was succeeded by Dr. Charles 
 Warrington Earle, first as President of the 
 Faculty and later as Dean, serving until his 
 death in November, 1894. Dr. I. N. Dan- 
 forth was then appointed Dean by the Uni- 
 versity authorities, and continued in office 
 until 1899, when he resigned and was suc- 
 ceeded by Dr. Marie J. Mergler, a graduate 
 of the class of '79, who held the office until 
 her death in May, 1901. Dr. Eliza H. Root, 
 also a graduate of the school (class 1882). 
 was appointed Dean by the University 
 Trustees, and went out of office with the 
 closing of the school. Dr. John Ridlon 
 succeeded Dr. Mergler as Secretary of the 
 Faculty and its Executive Committee, in 
 
HISTORY OF EVANSTON 
 
 127 
 
 1899, and continued in office until the school 
 was closed. 
 
 The school was built up, maintained and 
 its welfare promoted at the expense of 
 much energy, faithfulness and self-sacrifice 
 on the part of its most interested friends. 
 For many years it was necessary for the 
 Faculty to assume large financial respon- 
 sibility, which was, in fact, assumed chief- 
 ly by Drs. Byford and Earle. The work 
 accomplished by the school has not been 
 a small or an insignificant work. 
 
 Early in its history, missionary societies 
 began to inquire for terms for the education 
 of their students designed for the medical 
 mission field in foreign countries. Fees 
 were reduced one-half for these students 
 when the institution needed money, and each 
 member of the Faculty was doing the work 
 assigned him or her without pay or price. 
 The training which these students received 
 made it a desirable and profitable measure 
 for the missionary societies to establish 
 scholarships for the education of their med- 
 ical missionaries. 
 
 In 1884 a scholarship "The Grace 
 Chandler Scholarship" was created by 
 Mrs. Chandler, of Detroit, Michigan, for 
 the Woman's Presbyterian Board of Mis- 
 sions of the Northwest. This scholarship 
 was secured through the influence of Dr. 
 Sarah Cummings-Porter, a graduate of the 
 School and, for many years, medical mis- 
 sionary in Japan, and Dr. D. W. Graham, 
 a loyal friend of the institution from the 
 time that he came onto the Faculty in 1877. 
 Other scholarships were founded from time 
 to time as follows: 
 
 Nos. 2-3. "The Emily W. N. Scofield 
 Scholarship," by Mrs. Scofield, of Elgin, 
 111., for the Northwest Branch of the Wo- 
 man's Foreign Missionary Society of the 
 M. E. Church. 
 
 No. 4. "The Woman's Board of Mis- 
 sions of the Interior'' (of the Congrega- 
 tional church). 
 
 No. 5. "The Woman's Presbyterian 
 Board of Missions of the Southwest." 
 
 No. 6. "The Elisabeth Skelton-Danforth 
 Memorial Scholarship." 
 
 This scholarship was founded by Pro- 
 fessor I. N. Danforth, in memory of his late 
 wife, and in recognition of her long and 
 active interest in all that related to the edu- 
 cation of women. 
 
 The "Lucy S. Ingots Prise Scholarship" 
 was founded by Professor E. Fletcher In- 
 gals, long a member of the Faculty, and 
 who served the institution as Treasurer 
 for several years. This scholarship was 
 founded for the purpose of encouraging or- 
 iginal work in Medical Science and to 
 promote higher medical education. It was 
 conferred as a prize for excellent original 
 work done in some branch pertaining to 
 the Science of Medicine. 
 
 Five of these scholarships were purely 
 missionary, while another was at the dis- 
 posal of other students when a missionary 
 student was not offered as a beneficiary. 
 Consequently, the Alumnae of this school 
 have furnished some fifty women medi- 
 cal missionaries who are working, or who 
 have worked, in India, China, Japan, Ko- 
 rea, Persia, Africa, Mexico and Alaska. 
 China alone has been supplied with twenty- 
 two women medical missionaries from this 
 school. Dr. Lettie Mason-Quine, previous- 
 ly mentioned, was the first one sent out 
 from this school ; Dr. Anna D. Gloss, of 
 Pekin, China, class of 1885, has been in 
 the mission field since her graduation, and 
 is still there doing heavy medical work. 
 Dr. Gloss was sent out to aid Dr. Estello 
 Akers-Perkins, of the class of 1881, who 
 is still in Pekin. Boxer uprisings, plague 
 or famine have in no way deterred these 
 women from the work in which they have 
 engaged heart and soul. Of the number 
 sent out, so far as we know to date, only 
 two have died in the field : Dr. Anna Lar- 
 son, in China, and Dr. Yasu Hishekawa. 
 
128 
 
 NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY 
 
 in Japan. The latter was a native Japanese 
 woman who was sent to America by one 
 of the school's alumnae, a medical mission- 
 ary to Japan, for the purpose of receiving 
 a medical education in this school. Two 
 have died since their return home. These 
 medical missionaries are all in charge of 
 hospitals where they practice general sur- 
 gery and medicine and are training na- 
 tive women as "helpers" in their work, 
 caring for the sick and afflicted natives. 
 
 Drs. Ellen M. Lyons, in Foochow, China, 
 and Izilla Ernsberger, in India, are ex- 
 amples of the faithful and persevering 
 work that is being carried on by medical 
 missionaries sent our from the Woman's 
 Medical School by Methodist, Presbyterian, 
 Baptist and other Foreign Missionary So- 
 cieties. 
 
 Turning from the foreign field to the 
 home-workers, we find that a large per- 
 centage of the graduates have filled, or 
 are filling, hospital and college positions 
 that involve responsibility and skill. 
 
 The graduates of this school have been 
 the first and only women, so far ( 1905)," to 
 secure, by competitive examinations, the po- 
 sition of interne in Cook County Hospital. 
 Dr. Mary E. Bates, now of Denver, Colo., 
 was the first, receiving her appointment 
 in 1881. She has been followed by seven 
 others, all of whom filled their terms of 
 service with credit. 
 
 Positions in State and other institutions 
 and in other States of the Union, have been 
 won by these earnest women. Colorado. 
 Indiana, Iowa, Michigan, Texas, and Mas- 
 sachusetts are among the States, outside 
 of Illinois, where they are filling responsible 
 positions in State institutions. One has 
 been a member of the Colorado Legisla- 
 ture and one was at one time Railroad Sur- 
 geon for a rnad in the West, and the first 
 woman to fill such a position. Others 
 have been and are members of Boards of 
 
 Health. The first woman to pass the exam- 
 ination for the position of interne in the 
 public institutions at Dunning, Cook Coun- 
 ty. Illinois, was Marie J. Mergler, of the 
 class of 1879. She passed with high credit, 
 was recommended for appointment, but was 
 never indorsed by the County Commission- 
 ers because she was a woman. 
 
 "We believe that nothing in the entire 
 history of the College was so conducive to 
 the high rank which it attained, as the 
 persistent efforts on the part of the students 
 to be given an opportunity to fairly test 
 their ability by entering into the competitive 
 examinations, and by insisting on equal 
 privileges with the men in holding positions 
 in their public institutions." (Dr. Mergler.) 
 
 A total of 575 women were graduated 
 from the school. The large majority have 
 been and are successful members of the 
 medical profession. Death has claimed a 
 considerable number. Chief among these, 
 we find the name of our lamented friend, 
 Dr. Marie Josepha Mergler, who by means 
 of persistent, hard and faithful work, won 
 a place among the foremost surgeons of 
 the West, and who enjoyed the confidence 
 of the medical profession. She stood high 
 with her colleagues, and was an active 
 member of local and State Medical Socie- 
 ties. She began teaching in her Alma Ma- 
 ter after she graduated, in the Spring 
 Course. The following year she studied 
 abroad, and further prepared herself to fill 
 the chairs of Histology and Materia Medi- 
 ca. Later she succeeded Dr. William H. 
 By ford, at the time of his death in 1890, to 
 the chair of Gynecology, which she held 
 at the time of her death. She was Secretary 
 of the Faculty from 1885 to 1899, when 
 she was appointed Dean of the Northwest- 
 ern University Woman's Medical School 
 (her Alma Mater) by the Trustees of the 
 University, on the nomination to the posi- 
 tion bv the Faculty of the School. She 
 
LIBRARY 
 OF THE 
 
 HHIVERSITY OF ILLISGJS 
 
HISTORY OF EVAXSTOX 
 
 129 
 
 won a lucrative practice and left at her 
 death a competent estate. She was prompt 
 and faithful to duty and never betrayed a 
 trust or confidence. During her lifetime 
 she held several important hospital posi- 
 tions, retaining them until her death. 
 
 The writer, Eliza H. Root, matriculated 
 in 1879, graduated in 1882, doing her first 
 teaching in the school in the Spring Course 
 of the same year. From the day of matric- 
 ulation to the closing of the school, her 
 connection with it was never severed. She 
 served her Alma Mater as Assistant, Pro- 
 fessor (State Medicine and Medical Juris- 
 prudence, later on Obstetrics and Clinical 
 Obstetrics) and as Dean. 
 
 There is an organization of the Alumnae 
 known as the Alumnae of the Woman's 
 Medical School (nee College). This 
 Association placed a portrait bust of 
 Dr. Byford in the College building, 
 founded a Charles W. Earle Memorial Li- 
 brary that had accumulated over 600 vol- 
 umes at the time of the school's closing. 
 In 1896 it issued a history of the "Alumnae 
 of the Woman's Medical College of Chi- 
 cago 1870 to 1896." The organization 
 still exists and is the only organized body 
 representing what was once one of the lead- 
 ing and prosperous institutions of the City 
 of Chicago and the Middle West. 
 
CHAPTER XV. 
 
 UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MUSIC 
 
 (87 PROF. t. C. LUTKIN, HUB. D.) 
 
 Sphere of Music in Higher Institutions 
 Its Influence on Character and as the 
 Hand-Maid of Religion Higher Aspects 
 of the Art Its Growth in the Universi- 
 ties History of its Connection u'ith Ev- 
 anston Educational Institutions North- 
 western Female College Merged into 
 Evanston College for Ladies in 7^77 
 Two Years Later the Latter becomes a 
 Part of the Northu'cstern University 
 Struggles, Changes and Groit-th of Later 
 Years Some Notable Teachers In- 
 crease in Roll of Pupils Need of Ampler 
 Buildings Music Festivals. 
 
 Universities and colleges have been 
 rather . tardy in recognizing the proper 
 sphere and scope of music in the economy 
 of intellectual and psychical development. 
 It has been looked upon as a graceful ac- 
 complishment and a more or less fascinat- 
 ing and attractive art, but its far-reaching 
 influence on character, its importance to 
 many of the practical relations of life, its 
 complexity as an art, its discipline as a 
 study, its manifold demands upon the intel- 
 lectual, physical and spiritual faculties, and 
 its vital relation to the emotions, religious 
 and otherwise, are all matters that have 
 been but little appreciated or understood. 
 
 That music has a definite influence in 
 molding and developing character there can 
 be no doubt. Beginning with the cradle, 
 
 the mother's lullaby soothes the restless 
 babe, and the songs of childhood have a 
 direct bearing on the ethics of the young. 
 In the school-room, music lessens the te- 
 dium of study and can be made the vehicle 
 for inculcating good morals and awaken- 
 ing a love for the beautiful, both in verse 
 and music. An appreciation of the emo- 
 tional qualities of music tends to keep alive 
 the gentler states of feeling, and the finer 
 intuitions of youth, which are only too 
 often blunted, if not entirely destroyed, by- 
 contact with the selfishness and sordidness 
 of social and commercial amenities in later 
 life. Song is the core and essence of col- 
 lege spirit, and the only concrete and ade- 
 quate expression of that spirit. It is the 
 only means by which unity of sentiment or 
 feeling can be jointly and satisfactorily 
 manifested. It heightens our joys and 
 pleasures, lessens our griefs and sorrows, 
 increases our affections and incites to wor- 
 thy endeavor. 
 
 But it is principally as the hand-maid 
 of religion that music has its greatest value. 
 From the street-corner rally of the Salva- 
 tion Army to an oratorio performance in 
 cathedral walls, music voices and intensi- 
 fies every shade of religious emotion. Here 
 again it forms the one medium of expres- 
 sion in which rich and poor, saint and 
 sinner, join in common utterance of praise 
 or supplication. It is hard to conceive of 
 
1 3 2 
 
 NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY 
 
 the services of the church without the aid 
 of music. 'It is equally indispensable at 
 the revival meeting or the most elaborate 
 ceremonial, at the wedding, or at the fun- 
 eral service, for the joy of Christmas or 
 Easter, or for the sorrow of penitential sea- 
 sons. Sermons can be preached with migh- 
 ty eloquence in the musical settings of the 
 Crucifixion, the Nativity or the Resurrec- 
 tion, but no spoken sermon can replace the 
 hymns of the church. 
 
 In its higher aspects as an art, music 
 is a world of unceasing delight to the ini- 
 tiated, a world devoid of cares and anxie- 
 ties and free from evil associations or sug- 
 gestions. Far beyond the power of words 
 it depicts the finest gradations of feeling 
 and the subtlest shades of expression. It 
 has logic, proportion, order and symmetry, 
 in the highest degree. To infinitely more 
 rhythmic possibilities than exist in poetry, 
 it adds the warm color of painting, the 
 beauty of outline and dignity of sculpture, 
 and the structural principles of architec- 
 ture. No other study combines, to the 
 same degree, the esthetic and the mechani- 
 cal, the spiritual and the physical. The 
 science of music is an extremely complex 
 and intricate matter. It has to do with 
 elements that are inexhaustible in their 
 rhythmic, melodic and harmonic combina- 
 tions, even when confined to a single instru- 
 ment, such as the piano or organ. When 
 they are applied to works for chorus and 
 full orchestra, the element of tone color is 
 added with its infinite possibilities, and the 
 command of all this material only comes 
 after years of study involving harmony, 
 counterpoint, form and instrumentation. 
 Even if these are mastered, they count for 
 little without the saving grace of artistic 
 intuition and a keen sense of esthetic 
 values. 
 
 In the study of music as an applied art, 
 totally different factors come to light. Phys- 
 
 ical dexterity is a prerequisite and, to this 
 foundation, a long and arduous schooling 
 is necessary before the demands of a mod- 
 ern technique are approximated. This rigid 
 disciplining of brains and fingers in mus- 
 cular and nerve control, often means the 
 deliberate sacrifice of much that is attractive 
 in the social or intellectual life, and gives 
 rise to perplexing problems in the process 
 of elimination. Be this as it may, the fact 
 remains that the study of music alone, in 
 any wide sense, is a liberal education in it- 
 self, calling upon a fine perception of math- 
 ematical niceties, logical development, ar- 
 tistic symmetry and emotional expression. 
 
 The study of music, theoretically, is rap- 
 idly finding its way into all of our leading 
 universities. For a number of years, 
 courses in harmony, counterpoint, fugue, 
 musical form and musical history have ex- 
 isted at Harvard in charge of Professor 
 John Knowles Paine. The result has been 
 that Boston comes nearer giving us a dis- 
 tinctive school of American composition 
 than any other city in the country. Yale 
 followed the example of Harvard by install- 
 ing Horatio W. 'Parker in a chair of music, 
 a few years ago. Professor Parker is un- 
 questionably the greatest American com- 
 poser of large choral works with orchestral 
 accompaniment. His oratorios are given 
 at the prominent English musical festivals, 
 where they are most highly esteemed and 
 considered quite on a par with similar pro- 
 ductions from any living composer. Not 
 only is credit allowed at Yale for theoreti- 
 cal studies as at Harvard, but also for pro- 
 ficiency in performing ability as well. An- 
 other gifted American composer, Edward 
 A. MacDowell, was appointed to the re- 
 cently endowed chair of Music at Colum- 
 bia College. Professor MacDowell has 
 written some important orchestral composi- 
 tions, but his fame lies principally in his 
 works for the piano. In this regard he is 
 
HISTORY OF EVAXSTON 
 
 133 
 
 a conspicuous figure among modern com- 
 posers. His works possess a rare and dis- 
 tinct personality, and his workmanship is 
 characterized by extreme finish and deli- 
 cacy. 
 
 This tendency to make room for our most 
 gifted tone-poets in our leading universi- 
 ties is most commendable and is full of 
 promise for the future. It is only through 
 freedom from the harassing cares of the 
 ordinary professional connection that a man 
 can give himself up to the creation of the 
 larger and more pretentious works of art. 
 A generously endowed chair, with a limited 
 amount of routine duties, gives opportunity 
 for the necessary abstraction and concentra- 
 tion, and the university environment will 
 be an additional incentive to scholarly work. 
 
 Under its cultured Professor of Music, 
 Hugh A. Clarke, the University of Pennsyl- 
 vania has won an enviable reputation with 
 its theoretical courses in the higher mathe- 
 matics of music. Professor Clarke has per- 
 fected a system of instruction by mail that 
 has largely extended his sphere of influ- 
 ence. Cornell and Princeton have not as 
 yet made official recognition of music, but 
 Syracuse University has a finely developed 
 School of Fine Arts, which not only em- 
 braces music, but painting, sculpture and 
 architecture as well. It ranks next to the 
 College of Liberal Arts in numbers and im- 
 portance, and each department has its own 
 faculty. 
 
 The University of Michigan maintains 
 a chair of theoretical music, ably filled by 
 Professor Albert A. Stanley, who is also 
 Director of an affiliated "University School 
 of Music." which supplies excellent instruc- 
 tion in all branches of music. Professor 
 Stanley has evolved and developed a series 
 of May Festivals, which are the event of the 
 college year at Ann Arbor, and which bring 
 the masterpieces of musical art before 
 large and enthusiastic audiences. His ex- 
 
 ample is followed on a smaller scale by a 
 number of Western State Universities, 
 where provision for the study of music is 
 made, both theoretically and practically. 
 
 A school that has had a notable influence 
 for good is the Conservatory of Music at 
 Oberlin, Ohio. It is the largest and most 
 widely known of the departments of Ober- 
 lin College. It is finely housed in a hun- 
 dred-thousand-dollar building, the gift of 
 an Oberlin graduate who has since come 
 to fame and fortune. Its success and pros- 
 perity are almost entirely due to the fore- 
 sight, good judgment and abiding faith of 
 its late director. Professor Fenelon B. Rice. 
 
 These facts are very encouraging, and 
 all this artistic activity must have a direct 
 and important bearing on our national de- 
 velopment. We sadly need the counter- 
 ... balancing influence of art in these days of 
 intellectual and commercial expan-r.or.. It 
 is the best antidote for materialism, realism 
 and anaichy. The appreciation of the beau- 
 tiful ;s not a question of birth, of wealth, 
 of social position or even of intellect or edu- 
 cation. It is the common ground on which 
 all innately refined and sensitive souls meet 
 in a brotherhood of mutual love and kindly 
 feeling. 
 
 The first definite record of musical in- 
 struction in connection with Evanston edu- 
 cational institutions is found in the cata- 
 logue of the Northwestern Female College 
 in the year 1865. Instruction in music had 
 doubtless been given previously to this date, 
 and in all probability from the founding 
 of the College in 1855 ' but printed informa- 
 tion to that effect is missing. In 1865 Xich- 
 olas Cawthorne is mentioned in the annual 
 catalogue as teacher of the piano, organ and 
 voice. He was organist of the First Pres- 
 byterian church in Chicago. He had an 
 assistant instructor, James A. Doane. The 
 following quotation from the catalogue will 
 give an idea of the advantages offered : 
 
'34 
 
 NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY 
 
 "The course of study in the Department 
 is intended to furnish a solid musical edu- 
 cation, both in practice and theory. In- 
 struction will be given in the following 
 branches: System of Notation, Harmony, 
 Composition with reference to Musical 
 Forms, and Instrumentation, Practice in 
 Chorus singing, Pianoforte and Organ. A 
 complete course of study will extend 
 through four years, a new class opening 
 each term. Diplomas certifying proficiency 
 and qualifications as artists or teachers will 
 be given to those finishing the entire course. 
 Each student receives two hours' instruction 
 per week and has the use of a piano for 
 private practice one and one-half hours 
 daily. The rudiments of music are taught 
 and chorus singing practised in classes. 
 
 PIANOFORTE COURSE. 
 
 "First Year. Richardson's Methods and 
 pieces by Batimbach, Grove, etc. 
 
 ''Second Year. Studies by Duvernov 
 and Czerny. and pieces like 'Monastery 
 Bells,' Wely ; 'Carnival of Venice,' Bel- 
 lak. etc. 
 
 "Third Year. Czerny studies, Dr. Call- 
 cott's Musical Grammar, Zundel's Har- 
 mony, Overtures to Stradella and Der 
 Freischutz. 
 
 "Fourth Year. Cramer studies, Sonatas 
 of Beethoven and dementi, Marx Musical 
 Composition." 
 
 Mr. Cawthorne remained in charge for 
 another year when he was succeeded by 
 Oscar Mayo, who came highly recommend- 
 ed from the Ohio Wesleyan Female Col- 
 lege. With the advent of Mr. Mayo the 
 following announcement was made: "The 
 Music Department of the College offers ex- 
 traordinary facilities to students of the Pi- 
 ano, Organ or Vocal Music. The Depart- 
 ment is under the supervision of Professor 
 O. A. Mayo, an educated and scientific 
 musician, a thorough teacher and a brilliant 
 
 performer of classic as well as modern 
 Piano and Organ music." Mr. Mayo was 
 to appoint his own assistants and the fol- 
 lowing courses were announced : 
 
 Organ Course. Zundel and Rink. 
 
 Piano Course. Rudiments, practice of 
 easy exercises, Mason's Technics, Heller 
 studies, Etudes of Chopin, Mendelssohn, 
 etc. 
 
 As assistant, Professor Mayo had Count 
 Laurent de Fosso, who also taught French, 
 Spanish, and Italian. Piano, organ, me- 
 lodeon and guitar were the branches taught, 
 and from sixty to seventy students took 
 music. 
 
 In 1871 the Northwestern Female Col- 
 lege was merged into the Evanston College 
 for Ladies, with Miss Frances Willard as 
 President. Professor Mayo continued in 
 charge of the Music Department, and there 
 are evidences of an attempt to improve and 
 enlarge the musical advantages. Only ten 
 names appear as music students on the cata- 
 logue this year, but these obviously studied 
 music to the exclusion of other studies, 
 white previous student lists included these 
 who had taken music as a supplementary 
 study as well. 
 
 In 1873 the absorption ot the Evanston 
 College for Ladies by the Northwestern 
 University was announced, together with 
 plans for the formation of a Conservatory 
 of Music on the European plan. This went 
 into effect with the completion of the present 
 Willard Hall, and the top story was devot- 
 ed to the study of art and music. An at- 
 tempt was evidently made to secure a good 
 faculty, as arrangements were made with 
 some of the best known musicians of that 
 date in Chicago. Professor Mayo remained 
 at the head. Mr. Silas G. Pratt, a pianist 
 and composer of attainments, who had re- 
 cently returned from his studies in Berlin, 
 appears to have been head instructor of the 
 piano. Mr. Pratt organized the present 
 
LIBRARY 
 
 OF THE 
 
 UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS 
 
HISTORY OF EVANSTON 
 
 135 
 
 Apollo Club in the city, and was later chief- 
 ly instrumental in promoting the movement 
 which resulted in the Auditorium Building 
 and the Orchestral Association. James 
 Gill, who was for many years the most 
 prominent baritone in Chicago, was. en- 
 gaged as instructor in voice culture, and 
 Hans Balatka, the veteran chorus and or- 
 chestral conductor, had charge of chorus 
 and quartette classes. The following year 
 Mr. Pratt's name disappeared from the cat- 
 alogue and later Mr. Balatka's, their places 
 being filled by musicians of less celebrity. 
 Eighty-eight students appeared on the list 
 after the installation of the Conservatory 
 of Music, but catalogues of the succeeding 
 three years are missing. In 1876 Professor 
 Mayo was succeeded by Oren E. Locke and 
 the Conservatory of Music appears for the 
 first time in the University Catalogue. Pro- 
 fessor Locke had been a student in both 
 the Leipzig and Boston Conservatories, and 
 introduced the so-called "Conservatory Sys- 
 tem" into the school. The characteristic 
 feature of this system was the teaching of 
 piano, voice and orchestral instruments in 
 classes instead of private individual instruc- 
 tion. The University catalogue gives but 
 thirty-three students in the Conservatory at 
 the end of Professor Locke's first year, and 
 the attendance increased but slowly for the 
 three succeeding years. In 1880-81 mat- 
 ters improved materially, one hundred and 
 sixteen students being enrolled, and the 
 number steadily increased until the maxi- 
 mum of two hundred and thirty-one was 
 reached in 1886-87. James Gill was the 
 only faculty member left over from the 
 previous regime. From time to time Pro- 
 fessor Locke had associated with him E. S. 
 Metcalf, voice instructor; Joseph Singer, 
 instructor of violin ; Professor R. L. Cum- 
 nock, instructor of elocution ; Professor A. 
 S. Carhart, lecturer on the laws of sound : 
 Warren Graves, instructor of piano and or- 
 
 gan, and C. M. Hutchins, instructor of band 
 instruments. In 1880 and 1881 the present 
 Dean of the School of Music was instructor 
 of piano and organ, prior to his departure 
 for Europe for a three years' course of 
 study in Berlin, Vienna and Paris. In 
 June, 1884, Professor Locke, in a printed 
 report to the Board of Trustees, makes 
 mention of nine thousand lessons having 
 been given during the year, of fifteen pianos 
 being in use, and calls attention to the 
 growth and future possibilities of the 
 school. Three students were graduated this 
 year and the following courses were in 
 operation : 
 
 Course i. Piano. 
 
 Course 2. Voice. 
 
 Course 3. Organ. 
 
 Course 4. Orchestral Instruments. 
 
 In the year 1887-1888 the numerical 
 prosperity of the school declined and con- 
 tinued to do so until 1890-91, when Pro- 
 fessor Locke resigned, leaving the affairs of 
 the school in a somewhat chaotic condition. 
 There was a strong sentiment in favor of 
 discontinuing the Conservatory of Music, 
 but yielding to the wishes of Miss Nina 
 Gray Lunt, an effort was made to continue 
 the study of music in the University. At 
 her suggestion Peter C. Lutkin, of Chicago, 
 was put in charge, and gave a portion of his 
 time to the reconstruction of the music de- 
 partment. A faculty was hastily organ- 
 ized, of which the principal members were : 
 J. Harry Wheeler, a widely known vocal 
 instructor, formerly a prominent member 
 of the New England Conservatory of Mu- 
 sic, Boston ; Allen Hervey Spencer, a well- 
 known concert pianist and teacher of Chi- 
 cago; Joseph Vilim, violin instructor, and 
 William Smedley, choir-master of St. James' 
 Church, Chicago, as instructor of choral 
 singing and sight-reading. A Glee Club 
 was organized for the first time in the 
 University, and also a Cecilian Choir for 
 
136 
 
 NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY 
 
 the young women. Eighty-nine students 
 attended during the year, and a creditable 
 concert was given at its close in the First 
 Methodist Episcopal Church, in which the 
 advanced piano and voice students, the 
 Glee Club, and the Cecilian Choir took part. 
 Three students were graduated. 
 
 This first year's work was looked upon 
 as tentative and, at its completion, a formal 
 proposition was made by the Director, 
 which included a professorship in the Col- 
 lege of Liberal Arts, and the severing of 
 his city connections in order to devote his 
 entire time and energies to the up-building 
 of the music school. Largely upon the 
 recommendation of Mr. James H. Raymond, 
 the then chairman of the committee on the 
 Conservatory of Music, the Executive Com- 
 mittee accepted the proposition of Profes- 
 sor Lutkin. The official appellation of the 
 school was changed from "Conservatory 
 of Music" to "Department of Music," and 
 the courses were rearranged so as to mark 
 a distinction between those studying as 
 amateurs and those studying professionally. 
 Diplomas were not issued at all and cer- 
 tificates only to those completing the Pro- 
 fessional Course. One hundred and twenty- 
 eight students attended this second year and 
 the income of the school increased about 
 seventy-five per cent. 
 
 The financial stringency of the year 1893- 
 94 was felt to the extent that the attendance 
 and income were practically at a standstill. 
 Several changes were made in the faculty. 
 Harold E. Knapp, who had recently re- 
 turned from two years of study at the re- 
 nowned Leipzig Conservatory of Music, 
 succeeded Joseph Vilim as instructor of the 
 violin. William H. Knapp, as instructor 
 of voice and 'cello ; William H. Cutler, as 
 instructor of piano ; and William Hubbard 
 Harris, as instructor of piano and harmony, 
 were added. A choral society, confined to 
 students of the University, had been organ- 
 
 ized and gave two concerts at the Congre- 
 gational Church. The works performed 
 were Gaul's cantata of "Israel in the Wil- 
 derness" and Haydn's "Creation." In both 
 cases the solo parts were nearly all taken 
 by members of the University. An impor- 
 tant event was the formation of a String 
 Quartette, of which the personnel was as 
 follows : 
 
 First Violin, Harold E. Knapp. 
 
 Second Violin, Joseph Bichl. 
 
 Viola, Caspar Grilnberger. 
 
 Violoncello, William H. Knapp. 
 
 This organization permitted us to give 
 five recitals of Chamber Music, which add- 
 ed greatly to the interest of the school year. 
 Sixteen recitals were given by the students 
 and four were graduated from the Profes- 
 sional Course. 
 
 The year 1894-95 saw a large increase 
 in the attendance and prosperity of the 
 school. The number increased from one 
 hundred and twenty-nine to two hundred 
 and three, and the graduates from four to 
 eight. Mrs. George A. Coe, who had re- 
 cently returned from extended studies in 
 Berlin under Heinrich Barth and Moritz 
 Moskowsky. was added to the faculty as 
 instructor of the piano, and instruction in 
 wind instruments was provided for. Eigh- 
 teen recitals were given by the students, and 
 at the eight faculty recitals, many important 
 works by Beethoven, Mendelssohn, Dvorak, 
 Schubert, Chopin, Goldmark and Weber 
 were given with the assistance of the Uni- 
 versity String Quartette. The Director 
 gave a number of lectures analyzing the 
 thematic structure of important works 
 given by the Thomas Orchestra. 
 
 As the attempt to establish a good choral 
 society within the University had not been 
 altogether successful, owing to the constant 
 shifting of membership, Professor Lutkin 
 assumed the conductorship of the Evanston 
 Musical Club, in the hope that the larger 
 
HISTORY OF EVAXSTON 
 
 137 
 
 field would give more favorable results. In 
 this he- was not disappointed, and the history 
 of that organization will be found elsewhere 
 in these pages. Membership in the Club 
 has always been open to students of the 
 University, and the privilege has been taken 
 advantage of, more particularly by the 
 members of the Department of Music. The 
 theoretical courses were greatly extend- 
 ed this year, and arranged on a four-year 
 plan to conform to the courses in the Col- 
 lege of Liberal Arts. The student recitals 
 presented, in an excellent manner, a higher 
 grade of compositions than had ever been 
 given before, notably piano concertos by 
 Beethoven, Mozart and Mendelssohn. A 
 small pipe organ was added to the equip- 
 ment of the school, which greatly increased 
 the study of that instrument. The Depart- 
 ment had now reached a point where its 
 self-maintenance was fully assured, and it 
 was sadly in need of larger and better quar- 
 ters. 
 
 In the following year (1895-96) the of- 
 ficial title of the school was changed from 
 "Department of Music" to "School of Mu- 
 sic," thus putting it upon the same basis 
 as the other professional schools of the 
 University. Mr. J. Harry Wheeler was 
 succeeded by Karleton Hackett as Director 
 of the Vocal Department. Mr. Hackett had 
 recently come to Chicago after three years' 
 study with Yincenso Vannini, the famous 
 voice instructor of Florence. He had for- 
 merly studied singing with Cornelius Chen- 
 ery of Boston, and theory under Professor 
 Paine while a student at Harvard. Miss 
 Carlotta M. Glazier was added as instructor 
 of piano. The various courses were con- 
 siderably strengthened, and the theoretical 
 study of music was made the kernel of all 
 graduating requirements. The theoretical 
 studies embraced harmony, musical history, 
 counterpoint, and musical form. The 
 ground was taken that mere technical facil- 
 ity, even when allied to distinct musical 
 
 talent, was not sufficient to complete a 
 course in a University school, but rather a 
 comprehensive understanding of the na- 
 ture and material of music, and the funda- 
 mental principles of good art. The scholar- 
 ly aspects of music are thus emphasized, 
 and the endeavor is to graduate well- 
 equipped musicians rather than superficial 
 and showy performers. The same theoreti- 
 cal studies are required of all candidates for 
 graduation, be he pianist, organist, singer 
 or violinist. 
 
 Professor Lutkin was appointed Dean 
 of the reconstructed school, the other 
 members of the faculty ranking as Instruc- 
 tors. As the Dean was also Professor of 
 Music in the College of Liberal Arts, the 
 theoretical classes in the School of Music 
 were open to the College students as elec- 
 tives in their various courses. Owing to 
 the prevailing financial stringency there 
 was but a slight increase in the attendance 
 this year. The number of graduates re- 
 mained the same. Fifteen student recitals, 
 two student concerts with orchestra, eight 
 chamber music recitals and four faculty 
 concerts were given. A student or- 
 chestra of twenty-five had been or- 
 ganized, which gave very creditable per- 
 formances. One of the chamber music re- 
 citals was devoted exclusively to serious 
 works by various members of the faculty, 
 including a String Quartette by Harold 
 Knapp, part of a Trio for Piano, Violin 
 and 'Cello, by P. C. Lutkin, and songs by 
 Hubbard W. Harris. Among important 
 works brought out were the Brahm's Quin- 
 tette for Piano and Strings, Op. 67, in 
 which Mrs. Coe assisted the University 
 String Quartette, the Dvorak Quintette, Op. 
 81, and Quartettes by Schumann and Bee- 
 thoven. Under Mr. Harold Knapp the 
 violin department greatly increased in num- 
 bers, and furnished an excellent nucleus for 
 the school orchestra. 
 
 In his annual report to the Board of 
 
138 
 
 NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY 
 
 Trustees, President Rogers called attention 
 to the urgent need of providing a suitable 
 building for the School of Music, adding 
 that after the Academy which had been 
 provided for it was the next most desir- 
 able acquisition. The recommendations of 
 President Rogers bore fruit more promptly 
 than was expected. The lack of accommo- 
 dations for the school in Woman's Hall, 
 the poorly adapted rooms for instruction 
 and practice, not to mention the unavoidable 
 annoyance to college students by the inces- 
 sant playing and singing, rendered it all but 
 imperative that other quarters should be 
 supplied. Although the finances of the Uni- 
 versity were in a somewhat crippled condi- 
 tion owing to the temporary loss of income 
 from the Grand Pacific property, it was 
 decided to erect a building for the special 
 and exclusive use of the School of Music. 
 A site was decided upon immediately to the 
 north of Woman's Hall, and ground was 
 broken during the summer of 1896. The 
 building was completed during the following 
 fall and winter, and taken possession of at 
 the beginning of the spring term, in 1897. 
 In Woman's Hall fourteen rooms had been 
 in use by the school. Music Hall, as the 
 new structure was named, provided us with 
 nineteen rooms and a small recital hall, 
 seating about three hundred. Seventeen of 
 these rooms were at once put into service, 
 and the year's records showed an increase 
 from 207 to 218 students. The dedication 
 of the new building was marked by two 
 faculty concerts and a students' recital. At 
 the first of them a chorus from the Evan- 
 ston Musical Club and the School of Music 
 Orchestra assisted in the following program, 
 given on the evening of April 26, 1897: 
 
 Chorus, "The Heavens Are Telling" Haydn 
 
 Prayer by President Henry Wade Rogers. 
 
 Aria, "Rejoice Greatly" Handel 
 
 Miss Helen Buckley. 
 Address by Professor P. C. Lutlcin. 
 
 Overture, "The Marriage of Figaro" Mozart 
 
 Orchestra. 
 
 Andante for Violin and Orchestra P. C. Lutkin 
 
 Mr. Harold E. Knapp. 
 
 Songs, "The Broken Lyre," "Shepherd of 
 Israel," "From the Bosom of Ocean 
 
 I Seek Thee" Hubbard W. Harris 
 
 Miss Buckley. 
 
 Quartette for Strings, C major Harold E. Knapp 
 
 The University String Quartette. 
 
 Sanctus, from Messe Solonelle Gounod 
 
 Mr. W. F. Hypes, Chorus and Orchestra. 
 
 After the concert a reception was held 
 and the building was thrown open for in- 
 spection. On the following evening a 
 Chamber Music Recital was given, in which 
 Mrs. George A. Coe, pianist, Miss Mabel 
 Goodwin, soprano, and the University 
 String Quartette took part. The program 
 was as follows : 
 
 Trio for Piano, Violin, and 'Cello, Op. 97 Beethoven 
 
 Songs, La Serenata Tosti 
 
 Ecstasy Beach 
 
 May Morning Denza 
 
 Quartette for Strings, G Minor Grieg 
 
 Nine students were graduated this year 
 in the Normal Course, and one from the 
 advanced, or Artist's Course. Twenty-four 
 recitals and five concerts, with orchestra, 
 were given by the students, and six chamber 
 music recitals and four concerts by the fac- 
 ulty. The student orchestra assisted the 
 Evanston Musical Club in their perform- 
 ances of Handel's Messiah and Haydn's 
 Creation. In all directions the year showed 
 substantial progress. 
 
 The first complete year in the new build- 
 ing (1897-98) found its capacity tested to 
 the utmost. The attendance increased from 
 218 to 293. The theoretical courses were 
 extended by the addition of classes in 
 Analysis and Sight-reading. The recita- 
 tions in Musical History under the charge 
 of Mrs. Coe were doubled. The classes in 
 Sight-reading were thrown open to students 
 of the Garrett Biblical Institute, and the 
 latter part of the year was devoted to hymn 
 music with the object of demonstrating the 
 fundamental principles of good church 
 music. A good pipe-organ, with two man- 
 uals and pedals, and blown by a water- 
 
HISTORY OF EVAXSTON 
 
 139 
 
 motor, was erected in the recital hall. Miss 
 Carlotta M. Glazier was succeeded by Miss 
 Una Howell, a graduate of the advanced 
 course of the school, and Mr. Franz Wag- 
 ner of the Thomas Orchestra, succeeded 
 Mr. W. H. Knapp in the University String 
 Quartette, and was added to the faculty as 
 Instructor of Violoncello. Mr. Walter 
 Keller was also added as Instructor of 
 Piano. The usual student and faculty con- 
 certs were given and the commencement 
 concerts presented a distinct advance on 
 previous efforts, both in the selections and 
 in the performance of the same. Twelve 
 students were graduated from the Normal 
 Course. Doubtless the added dignity and 
 importance given to the school by being 
 housed in its own building had much to 
 do with the general prosperity. 
 
 The succeeding year was a repetition of 
 the previous experience, that a very decided 
 gain in one year was followed by a slight 
 reaction in the following. The scholastic 
 year ; i898-99 showed a decrease of nine stu- 
 dents, but a gain of ten per cent in the in- 
 come. The discrepancy between the loss in 
 attendance and the gain in income meant 
 that a larger percentage of students re- 
 mained through the year, and that there was 
 a corresponding decrease in the unsatisfac- 
 tory patronage, composed, for the most 
 part, of triflers who enter and remain but 
 a term or two. 
 
 The basement of Music Hall had been 
 originally designed for a gymnasium for 
 women, and the prospect of soon having a 
 properly equipped plant was hailed with 
 much delight and enthusiasm by those in- 
 terested. It was a keen disappointment to 
 many when it was decided to sub-divide the 
 ground floor to make space for the im- 
 perative demands of the music school. The 
 results of this change added ten practice 
 rooms and a much-needed class room, seat- 
 ing seventy-five, to the equipment of the 
 
 school, and temporarily relieved the pres- 
 sure for more space. 
 
 The student recitals averaged one per 
 week and evidenced a very good standard 
 of attainment. Nine students were grad- 
 uated from the Normal Course, and three 
 from the Advanced Course. The usual 
 series of chamber music concerts was in- 
 terrupted by the loss of the viola player 
 in the University String Quartette, owing 
 to his departure from the city. 
 
 The year 1899-190x3 exhibited an in- 
 crease of about five per cent in the attend- 
 ance (the total number being 297) and of 
 fifteen per cent in the income of the school. 
 The largest class in the history of the 
 school was graduated, ten in the Normal 
 Course and three in the Advanced Course. 
 The most important event of the year was 
 the rearrangement of courses, requiring 
 four years for graduation. The theoretical 
 requirements consist of ten terms of har- 
 mony, four terms of musical history, four 
 terms of sight-reading and musical dicta- 
 tion, eight terms of counterpoint, two terms 
 of musical form, eight terms of analysis 
 and four terms of ensemble playing. In 
 addition the candidate is required to show 
 distinct talent as a performer in the Prac- 
 tical School, or as a composer in the The- 
 oretical School. In the former case, two 
 programs are required of standard classical 
 compositions. Students creditably finishing 
 two years of this course are entitled to a 
 certificate, but a diploma is given only for 
 the longer course. These requirements are 
 equaled by but few schools in the country. 
 
 Mr. Arne Oldberg, who had recently re- 
 turned from extended studies in Europe, 
 was added to the faculty as Instructor of 
 Piano. Mr. Oldberg studied piano in 
 Vienna with Leschetitzky and, later, com- 
 position in Munich with Rheinberger. His 
 abilities, both as a pianist and composer, 
 have attracted the favorable attention of 
 
140 
 
 NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY 
 
 the profession in Chicago. Mr. Day Wil- 
 liams, one of the most gifted of local 'cel- 
 lists, succeeded Mr. Franz Wagner both in 
 the String Quartette and as instructor of the 
 violoncello. Mr. Walter George Logan suc- 
 ceeded Mr. Caspar Grilnberger as assistant 
 in the violin department, and Mr. Frank 
 Lee Robertshaw was put in charge of the 
 sight-reading classes. The regular faculty 
 of the school now consisted of fifteen mem- 
 bers, of whom six taught piano, two violin, 
 two voice culture, two organ, two theory, 
 and one each, musical history, composition, 
 violoncello, flute, clarionet, oboe, bassoon, 
 cornet, French horn and trombone. 
 
 The first decade of the music school 
 under its present head was completed with 
 the year 1900-01, and the event was 
 marked by several matters of interest in the 
 development of the school. A decided in- 
 crease in attendance crowded the capacity 
 of the building to the utmost, and forced 
 many students to make arrangements for 
 their practice at private houses. The total 
 number of students for the year was 348 a 
 gain of fifty-one over the previous year. 
 For the first time a fixed sum per term was 
 charged for the regular courses, instead of a 
 graduated scale depending upon the indi- 
 vidual instructor. This charge was thirty- 
 five dollars per term, and included private 
 instruction from the principal instructors 
 in instrumental or vocal music, and the 
 privilege of attendance at the required 
 classes. Considering the advantages of- 
 fered and the quality of instruction given, 
 the charge was put at a very reasonable 
 figure. In fact, the results at the end of 
 the year proved that the sum was hardly 
 sufficient to cover the expenses of the 
 course, and a recommendation to increase it 
 to forty dollars per term was put into effect 
 the following year. 
 
 The record for the ten years showed an 
 increase in attendance from eighty-nine to 
 
 348, and, in income, of over 400 per 
 cent. Six members of the faculty give 
 their entire time to the school as 
 against none in 1890-91. Extended and 
 comprehensive courses have been developed 
 and the reputation of the school is such as 
 to bring a better class of students each year. 
 Graduate students from the smaller music 
 schools come to us and expect, as a matter 
 of course, that much of their work is not up 
 to our requirements. In fact, there are 
 very few who are able to enter the second 
 year's work. 
 
 The following changes took place in the 
 faculty: Walter G. Logan was succeeded 
 by Lewis Randolph Blackman, a young 
 violinist of excellent reputation in Chicago. 
 Mr. John Harlan Cozine, an experienced 
 and well known voice specialist and choral 
 conductor, and Mr. Anthony Stankowitch, 
 an instructor of the Clavier method, were 
 added to the list of instructors. During the 
 year an interesting series of historical reci- 
 tals was given by various members of the 
 faculty, beginning with a lecture on Primi- 
 tive Music, with illustrations, by Mrs. Coe. 
 This was followed by Bach, Mozart, Bee- 
 thoven, Schubert, Schumann and Chopin 
 programs, in which various members of the 
 faculty assisted. The University String 
 Quartette had a number of outside engage- 
 ments which brought forth a number of 
 flattering press notices of their excellent en- 
 semble work. This was notably the case at 
 Cleveland, where Mr. Oldberg assisted in 
 the performance of a new Trio of his own 
 composition for piano, violin and 'cello. 
 During the year the Dean of the school was 
 honored with the degree of Doctor of Music 
 by the Syracuse University. 
 
 Some five years ago a Preparatory De- 
 partment was formed for giving tho r ough 
 and systematic instruction to beginners in 
 music. The instructors are drawn from the 
 more talented graduates of the school, the 
 
LIBRARY 
 
 OF THE 
 
 HNIVERSIH OF ILLINOIS 
 
HISTORY OF EVANSTON 
 
 present list including Mr. Louis Norton 
 Dodge, Director; Mrs. Nina Shumway 
 Knapp, Miss Elizabeth Raymond, Miss 
 Mabel Dunn, Miss Edna Eversz, Miss Kath- 
 erine Hebbard, Miss Laura Case Whitlock 
 and Mr. Curtis A. Barry. This department 
 has been very prosperous. It has its own 
 solo classes and recitals which stimulate 
 ambition and emulation, and it produces far 
 better results than the usual private home- 
 training of young children. It also prepares 
 the more gifted ones for the regular courses 
 and accustoms them to public appearances. 
 
 The year 1901-02 was signalized by ad- 
 vancing to professorships Mrs. Coe, Mr. 
 Oldberg and Mr. Harold E. Knapp, in their 
 respective specialties of piano and musical 
 history, piano and composition, and violin 
 and ensemble playing. In other regards the 
 faculty remained the same, with the excep- 
 tion of Miss Una Howell, who resigned at 
 the middle of the previous year, and was 
 replaced by Miss Margaret Cameron, a pupil 
 of Leschetitsky, who has won an enviable 
 position as pianist and teacher in the city. 
 The registrations numbered 366 for the 
 year, and the income exceeded that of 
 the previous year by about 20 per cent. 
 Some ten students completed the Certificate 
 Course, while three were graduated from 
 the Diploma Course. Of the thirty-five or 
 more student recitals, thirteen were indi- 
 vidual recitals, giving many important musi- 
 cal compositions and, for the most part, the 
 programs were memorized. Advanced 
 students played the following concertos: 
 For piano, the Beethoven C minor, Men- 
 delssohn G minor, Rubinstein D minor, 
 Grieg A minor and St. Saens G minor ; for 
 violin, the Beethoven D major (first move- 
 ment), Mendelssohn E minor and Vieux- 
 temps A minor. 
 
 Advanced classes have done very credit- 
 able work in eight-part counterpoint, as well 
 as in double and triple counterpoint, fig- 
 
 ured chorals and fugue up to four parts. 
 Many typical works by Bach and Beethoven 
 have been analytically dissected and also 
 concertos, chamber music and symphonies 
 from full score. Capable students have as- 
 sisted at the meetings of the musical section 
 of the Woman's Club, the Thomas Orches- 
 tral Class, local concerts, and have given bi- 
 monthly Sunday afternoon entertainments 
 at the University Settlement. Two impor- 
 tant compositions of Professor Oldl>erg's 
 have received their first performance at the 
 faculty concerts, a Trio for piano, violin and 
 'cello, and a String Quartette. This latter 
 work was repeated at a concert of the Chi- 
 cago Manuscript Society, of which Profes- 
 sor Oldberg is President. Other numbers 
 on the same occasion were the Finale from 
 a String Quartette by Professor Knapp, and 
 a sacred solo for contralto with violin obli- 
 gate by Professor Lutkin. 
 
 A matter of congratulation has been the 
 steady increase in the interest and appre- 
 ciation of the Chamber Music Recitals by 
 our faculty. Works of this character are the 
 most difficult to comprehend in all musical 
 literature, and many of the greatest com- 
 posers have confided their loftiest inspira- 
 tions to this most refined form of composi- 
 tion, calling, as it does, upon a company of 
 individual artists for its proper representa- 
 tion. The patience, devotion and zeal neces- 
 sary to produce a good ensemble of con- 
 certed instruments is something enormous, 
 and the school and the community are very 
 fortunate in having professional musicians 
 of such high ideals and ambitions. For the 
 sake of those interested, a list is appended of 
 the works given during the past seven sea- 
 sons, a number of which are but rarely per- 
 formed : 
 
 Bach, Concerto for two Violins. 
 
 Bargiel, String Quartette No. 3, Op. 15. 
 
 Trio for Piano, Violin, and 'Cello. Op. 6. No. 1 
 Trio for Piano, Violin, and 'Cello, Op. 8. No. 3. 
 
142 
 
 NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY 
 
 Beethoven, String Quartette, Op. 15, No. 3. 
 String Quartette, Op. 18, No. 2. 
 String Quartette, Op. 18, No. 6 
 String Quartette, Op. 50, No. 1. 
 String Quartette, Op. 59, No. 3. 
 String Quartette, Op. 18, No. 2. 
 String Quartette, Op. 18, No. 4. 
 String Quartette, Op. 95. 
 String Quartette, Op. 74. 
 String Trio, Op. 9, No. 3. 
 Trio for Piano, Violin, and 'Cello, Op. 97. 
 Serenade for Violin, Viola, and 'Cello, Op. 8. 
 Serenade for Flute, Violin, and Viola. Op. 25. 
 Septette for Clarionet, Bassoon, Horn, and 
 Strings, Op. 20. 
 
 (Four movements. The wind instruments 
 supplied upon the organ.) 
 Concerto for Violin, Op. 61. 
 
 (First movement with Leonard Cadenza.) 
 Sonata for Piano and Violin, Op. 47. 
 Borodine. Serenade Espagnole for Strings. 
 Brahms, Quintette for Piano, two Violins, Viola, and 
 
 'Cello, Op. 34. 
 Sextette for Strings, Op. 18. 
 
 Chopin, Polonaise for 'Cello and Piano, Op. 3. 
 Dvorak, String Quartette, Op. 51. 
 
 Quintette for Piano, two Violins, Viola, 'Cello, 
 
 Op. 81. 
 Bagatelles for two Violins, 'Cello, and Organ, 
 
 Op. 47. 
 Bagatelles for two Violins, 'Cello, and Organ, 
 
 Op. 95. 
 
 String Quartette, Op. 96. 
 Cesar Franck, Sonata for Piano and Violin. 
 Foote, Arthur, Quintette for Piano, two Violins, Viola 
 
 and 'Cello. Op. 38. 
 
 Gade, Trio for Piano, Violin, and 'Cello, Op. 42. 
 Godard, Trio for Piano, Violin, and 'Cello, Op. 72. 
 Goldmark, Quintette for Piano, two Violins, Viola, and 
 
 'Cello, Op. 30. 
 
 Golterman, Concertstueck for 'Cello, Op. 65. 
 Grieg, Sonata for Piano and Violin, Op. 45. 
 Sonata for Piano and Violin, Op. 13. 
 String Quartette, G. minor. 
 Hubbard W. Harris, Sonata for 'Cello and Piano. 
 
 (Second and third movements.) 
 Handel, Sonata for Piano and Violin, A. major. 
 Haydn, String Quartette, Op. 77, No. 1. 
 
 Variations from Kaiser Quartette. 
 Hoffmann, Sonata for Violin and Piano, Opi 67. 
 Harold E. Knapp, String Quartette in C major. 
 Liadow, Scherzo for Strings. 
 P. C. Lutkin, Trio for Piano, Violin, and 'Cello, Op. 1. 
 
 (Second movement.) 
 
 Andante for Violin and Orchestra, Op. 6. 
 (Orchestral part arranged for strings and organ.) 
 Mendelssohn, String Quartette, Op. 12, No. 1. 
 
 Trio for Piano, Violin, and 'Cello, Op. 66. 
 Sonata for 'Cello and Piano, Op. 45, No. 1. 
 Mozart, Quintette for Clarionette and Strings. 
 
 String Quartette No. 14. 
 Arne Oldberg, String Quartette, C minor. 
 
 Trio for Piano, Violin and 'Cello, E minor. 
 String Quartette, D major. 
 
 Rubinstein, Sonata for 'Cello and Piano, Op. 18. 
 
 (First movement.) 
 Sonata for Violin and Piano, Op. 13. 
 
 (First movement.) 
 String Quartette, Op. 17, No. 3. 
 Charles Schubert, Andante and Caprice for 'Cello. 
 Schubert, String Quartette, Op. 29. 
 
 (Two movements.) 
 String Quartette, D minor. 
 
 (Two movements.) 
 String Quintette. 
 
 Trio for Piano, Violin, and 'Cello, Op. 00. 
 Trio for Piano, Violin, and 'Cello, Op. 100. 
 
 (Two movements.) 
 Quintette for Piano, Violin, Viola, 'Cello, and 
 
 Bass, Op. 114. 
 Schumann, String Quartette, Op. 41, No. 2. 
 
 Quintette for Piano, two Violins, Viola, and 
 
 'Cello, Op. 44. 
 Quartette for Piano, Violin, Viola, and 'Cello, 
 
 Op. 45. 
 
 Saint Saens, Quintette for Piano and Strings, Op. 14. 
 Svendsen, Allegro Scherzando. 
 Tschaikowsky, String Quartette, Op. 11. 
 
 Trio, for Piano, Violin and 'Cello, Op. 50. 
 Wathall, A. G., Suite for Strings. 
 Weber, Concerto for Clarionet, Op. 7u. 
 
 (Orchestral part arranged for Organ and Strings.) 
 Weber, Josef Miroslav, String Quartette in B minor. 
 
 It is with difficulty that the business of 
 the School is properly attended to in its 
 present inadequate quarters. Thirty rooms 
 with as many pianos, are in constant use for 
 instruction and practice. Ten more would 
 only relieve our immediate necessities. A 
 concert hall, with larger seating capacity, 
 and a good-sized organ are also much need- 
 ed. That the conditions exist in Evanston 
 for the development of one of the largest 
 and most influential schools oi music in the 
 country, there can be no doubt. Students 
 have been registered from China, East India, 
 South America, Mexico, France, England, 
 Newfoundland, Quebec, Ontario, Manitoba 
 and twenty-eight of the United States. Each 
 year brings us a more talented and desirable 
 class of students, as our reputation expands. 
 Very capable students have been graduated 
 and at least three prominent Chicago 
 churches have been supplied by us with 
 organists, where the duties are as exacting 
 as any churches in the West. A gifted 
 violin student, who has received his entire 
 
HISTORY OF EVANSTOX 
 
 training in the school, recently played for 
 one of the most capable judges in the coun- 
 try, and his work was most highly com- 
 mended and a brilliant future for him pre- 
 dicted. Alfred G. Wathall, one of our grad- 
 uates in theory, has written the music to a 
 light opera in conjunction with George Ade, 
 and it has had an unprecedented run at the 
 Studebaker in Chicago. Our piano grad- 
 uates have appeared professionally with 
 success and many have established good 
 teaching connections and send capable stu- 
 dents to us every year. Another has gone 
 to Madison, Wis., where he is instructor in 
 the University of Wisconsin, has the most 
 important church position and conducts two 
 choral societies, one of which he organized. 
 These instances are cited to show some of 
 the practical results of the School. 
 
 A crying need in the musical education 
 of America is a more thorough training in 
 the theory of composition in music. With- 
 out this we can never attain to artistic 
 prominence in the world of art, as far as 
 original work is concerned. The average 
 American composer has a smattering of 
 harmony and, possibly, a faint idea of strict 
 counterpoint. With this limited equipment 
 he rushes into print with the hope of meet- 
 ing the popular taste and gaining notoriety 
 and wealth. Of the exacting discipline that 
 would place the material of musical com- 
 position at his ready command, the close 
 study of the masters, the comprehension 
 of the subtle laws of esthetics, of propor- 
 tion, balance and contrast, of even the 
 mechanical outline of musical forms, he 
 knows little and cares less. 
 
 A University School of Music should 
 strive to supply this great lack and to estab- 
 lish not only a high standard of musical 
 learning, but of general culture as well. It 
 should guard against the one-sided tenden- 
 cies of professional education and add to 
 it such elements as will serve to broaden the 
 
 vision, enlarge the sympathies, and sharpen 
 the intellect and understanding. Scholarli- 
 ness and thoroughness should characterize 
 its teachings and its faculty should stand for 
 the highest ideals of art. Of equal, if not 
 greater, importance should be its moral tone 
 and influence. The sensitive and emotional 
 nature associated with the artistic tempera- 
 ment should be safeguarded in every possi- 
 ble way. In large cities there is, unhappily, 
 a tinge of the moral laxity prevalent in 
 European capitals among professional men. 
 It is by no means confined to musicians. 
 It is a most dangerous and pernicious en- 
 vironment for the young in their formative 
 years, and not infrequently ends most dis- 
 astrously. Against these lamentable possi- 
 bilities the wholesome surroundings of 
 Evanston offer a marked contrast. Its 
 churches and Christian associations, its 
 freedom from saloons and questionable re- 
 sorts, together with its educational facilities 
 and attractive location, make it an ideal 
 home for the pursuit of a musical educa- 
 tion. 
 
 Evanston, with its beautiful homes and 
 cultured residents, should take a peculiar 
 pride in the cultivation of the fine arts, and 
 should loyally support all educational ef- 
 forts in that direction. The School of 
 Music has grown steadily from small be- 
 ginnings and its one advertisement has been 
 its own work. It has drawn to itself an able 
 faculty thoroughly in accord with Univer- 
 sity ideals. It has an unusual proportion of 
 men actively engaged in composition of the 
 better sort. It attracts talented students 
 and holds them to such an extent, that, in 
 several instances, the entire family have 
 changed their mode of life in order to live 
 in Evanston, so that the student could 
 reap the full benefit of the advantages of- 
 fered by continuous residence here. With 
 its Preparatory Department it has given op- 
 portunity to a number of its capable grad- 
 
144 
 
 NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY 
 
 uates to make a start professionally. Its 
 faculty and student recitals have been open 
 to the public without charge, and they 
 have formed, together with the concerts of 
 the Evanston Musical Club, by far the 
 larger and more important part of the musi- 
 cal attractions in Evanston. Concert pro- 
 grams that are arranged to please the aver- 
 age audience are rarely of real educational 
 value. The school has consistently and 
 persistently held to the highest standards, 
 and the value of such a rigid policy is not 
 always readily recognized, but the wisdom 
 of it has been amply justified by the steady 
 increase in attendance and appreciation. 
 There is no surer gauge of real refinement 
 and culture than the measure of esteem in 
 which good music is held in a community. 
 
 But Evanston should not confine its 
 ambition or interest to the welfare of a Con- 
 servatory of Music. Great possibilities exist 
 here for the development of the art outside 
 the scope of a good music school. Music 
 Festivals, after the plan of Cincinnati or 
 Worcester, are quite feasible here. They 
 are managed successfully, both from an ar- 
 tistic and a financial point of view, at such 
 small places as Ann Arbor, Mich., and 
 Oberlin, Ohio, where they have but a frac- 
 tion of our advantages or facilities. Still 
 they contrive to have good choruses and 
 orchestras and to engage really great artists. 
 We are more fortunately situated here, in 
 that we have better choral resources, and 
 that an unsurpassed orchestra can be ob- 
 tained without the great expense that is 
 entailed by transportation and hotel accom- 
 modations in places remote from large 
 cities. The only essential lack in Evanston 
 is a suitable hall. The rest is merely a 
 matter of enterprise and ambition. 
 
 The music festival presents peculiar con- 
 ditions for the effective performance of 
 music conditions that are almost a neces- 
 sity for a satisfactory rendition of certain 
 great works. These works require an enthu- 
 
 siastic and responsive state of feeling as re- 
 gards the audience, and this condition is 
 difficult to arouse without the festival spirit. 
 The stimulating atmosphere of excitement, 
 the cumulative effect of successive perform- 
 ances, the concentration of artistic talent, 
 the relaxation from the ordinary daily 
 pursuits, all tend to put the hearer in a 
 receptive and appreciative attitude. All 
 these elements react upon the performers 
 and, as a consequence, results are realized 
 which would be quite impossible at isolated 
 concerts. 
 
 The permanent establishment of annual 
 or biennial festivals would give Evanston 
 an artistic prominence obtainable in no 
 other manner. With its great University 
 and its superior moral surroundings, it al- 
 ready enjoys a most enviable reputation as 
 an educational center. Add to this the 
 attraction and distinction of notable musi- 
 cal festivals, and Evanston will be unique 
 among the cities of the West as an artistic 
 and literary community. And the larger 
 portion of gain would not be to the residents 
 of our favored town, but to the student 
 hailing from the farm or the country village. 
 What an education it would be to him if, in 
 the course of his college life, he would have 
 the opportunity to hear the great master- 
 works of music given under inspiring and 
 uplifting conditions! Coming, as they do, 
 from all quarters of the Union, many of 
 them would return to their homes as so 
 many musical missionaries, fired with an 
 ambition to do what they could for good art. 
 Hundreds would go forth from us every 
 year with their esthetic sense stirred 
 and enlarged, with a wholesome respect for 
 the great names in music and an apprecia- 
 tive familiarity with the standard oratorios 
 and orchestral works. The seeds of musical 
 culture, thus sown, would bear fruit in 
 scores of communities, and would play no 
 small part in the higher development of our 
 country. 
 
HISTORY OF EVANSTOX 
 
 145 
 
 Events of 1902-03. The year 1902-1903 
 was made notable by an increase of an 
 even hundred students in attendance and 
 of over six thousand dollars in income. 
 Courses in English language, English 
 literature and modern languages were 
 added to the graduating requirements 
 with the result of bringing to the Uni- 
 versity a better class of students, as far 
 as general education was concerned. A 
 series of eight concerts, known as the 
 "Artists' Series," was begun, given alter- 
 nately by members of our own faculty and 
 by visiting artists. The latter included 
 Minnie Fish-Griffin in a song recital ; Ar- 
 thur Hochman, of Berlin, in a piano reci- 
 tal : 1'runo Steindel in a 'cello recital, and 
 Glenn Hall, of New York, and Allen 
 Spencer, of Chicago, in a joint song and 
 piano recital. These concerts attracted 
 a large attendance, both on the part of 
 the students and the town people. 
 
 Additional quarters for the kindergar- 
 ten work of the Preparatory Department 
 were acquired in the Y. M. C. A. building, 
 and the school was unable to supply all 
 the non-resident students with pianos for 
 their practicing. The graduating con- 
 certs brought brilliant performances of 
 the Schumann A minor, and the Rubin- 
 stein D minor piano concertos, and the 
 Pagannini concerto for violin. Four di- 
 plomas and thirteen certificates were added 
 to our list. 
 
 Enlarged Attendance of 1903-04. The 
 year 1903-1904, brought the attendance 
 just over the five hundred mark and the 
 income up to $35,000, with eight gradu- 
 ates in the diploma course and eighteen 
 in the certificate course. The first con- 
 cert in the Artists' Series was a decided 
 novelty in the way of a programme, of 
 chamber music for piano and wood-wind 
 instruments, participated in by Messrs. 
 Starke, Meyer, Demare. and Kruse of the 
 Thomas Orchestra and Professor Oldberg 
 
 of our faculty. Later there was a song re- 
 cital by Gwylim Miles, a violin recital by 
 Leopold Kramer, concert-meister of the 
 Thomas Orchestra, and a piano recital by 
 Augusta Cotlou. As usual, the L^niver- 
 sity String Quartette, under Professor 
 Knapp, gave four excellent concerts, while 
 Miss Cameron, Miss Hull, Mr. Blackman, 
 and Mr. Williams of the faculty all ap- 
 peared on interesting programmes. Pro- 
 fessor Stanley of the University of Michi- 
 gan gave a most entertaining lecture on 
 early Venetian opera, and' Gustav Holm- 
 quist gave a most artistic recital of Scan- 
 dinavian songs. A further matter of in- 
 terest was the first performance of an 
 elaborate quintette for piano and string, 
 by Professor Oldberg, which proved to be 
 a work of unusual scope and worth. 
 
 Five of the advanced students and grad- 
 uates went to Europe at the end of the 
 school year to continue their work in 
 Leipzig, Berlin and Paris, and several of 
 them at once won prominence by reason 
 of their talents and the schooling they had 
 received in Evanston. Over fifty student 
 recitals were given during the year, and 
 many hundred compositions for piano, or- 
 gan, violin and voice were performed. A 
 house opposite Music Hall was rented and 
 filled with pianos for practicing purposes. 
 
 Conditions of 1904-05. The year 1904- 
 1905 again showed a recoil in attendance 
 after successive gains of the previous 
 years, the enrollment dropping to 466. 
 The loss in income was not relatively so 
 great, as a large proportion of students re- 
 mained through the year. As usual, a 
 number of inquiring students failed to ap- 
 pear upon learning that the official board- 
 ing places could not accommodate them ; 
 as they or their parents objected to board- 
 ing in town, principally upon the score of 
 expense. The graduates were four in the 
 graduate class and fifteen in the certifi- 
 cate class. 
 
146 
 
 NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY 
 
 The Artists' Series of concerts was a 
 notable one. With the co-operation of 
 the Thomas Study class and the Evan- 
 ston Musical Club, famous artists and or- 
 ganizations appeared. The first of these 
 was the celebrated Kneisel Quartette of 
 Boston, who gave us a fine program, re- 
 markable for its charm of tone, refine- 
 ment of shading, and artistic interpreta- 
 tion. This was followed by a song re- 
 cital by Muriel Foster, the greatest con- 
 tralto now upon the concert stage. On 
 the evening previous to her recital, Miss 
 Foster appeared with the Evanston Mus- 
 ical Club in Dvorak's "Stabat Mater" 
 and upon the same occasion Professor 
 Oldberg played for the first time his new 
 symphonic concerto for piano and orches- 
 tra, a brilliant and most difficult work, in 
 which he scored a great success both as 
 composer and pianist. 
 
 In February the Pittsburg Symphony 
 Orchestra, under the magnetic baton of 
 Emil Paur. gave P.eethoven's Overture to 
 Egmont, the same composer's Emperor 
 Concerto for piano and orchestra with 
 Mr. Paur at the piano, Tscharkowsky's 
 Pathetic Symphony and Wagner's Vor- 
 spiel to the Meistersaenger. The concert 
 provoked the utmost enthusiasm, due to 
 the energy and virility of Mr. Paur's con- 
 ducting. 
 
 The last concert by visitors was an 
 evening of old-time music by Arnold Dol- 
 metsch's party, performed upon the in- 
 struments for which the music was orig- 
 inally written, such as the spinet, harpsi- 
 chord, dulcimer and viola of various 
 kinds. In the four concerts given by our 
 own faculty a number of standard classi- 
 cal string quartettes were played, and a 
 first performance of a Quintette by Caesar 
 Franck, in which Mrs. Coe supplemented 
 the University Quartette at the piano. 
 With the assistance of Mrs. Lida Scott 
 
 Brown as reader, Mrs. Coe gave a per- 
 formance of her popular melodrama, 
 "Hiawatha," before a large and apprecia- 
 tive audience. The musical themes for 
 this work are largely drawn from Indian 
 sources, and are judiciously and effective- 
 ly applied as a back-ground to the recita- 
 tion of this famous poem. 
 
 The Outlook of 1905-06. The present 
 year (1905-1906) bids fair to be the most 
 prosperous of all in a material sense, and 
 the school shows, in many ways, the 
 benefits accruing from fifteen years of en- 
 deavor to establish an institution for 
 musical instruction upon a worthy aca- 
 demic basis. A new department of Pub- 
 lic School Methods was inaugurated in 
 the fall, designed to fit candidates for the 
 position of supervisor of music in the 
 public schools. There is but one school 
 in the West that specializes to any con- 
 siderable extent in this branch of work, 
 and it would seem that such a depart- 
 ment, with the collateral advantages of a 
 College of Liberal Arts and a well-equip- 
 ped School of Music, would be very at- 
 tractive. This department is in the very 
 capable charge of Miss Leila M. Harlow, 
 supervisor of music in the Evanston grade 
 schools. 
 
 The Artists' Series brought the Knei- 
 sel Quartette for its second appearance 
 here and a song recital by George Ham- 
 lin, and will include a chamber music re- 
 cital of wood-wind instruments, at which 
 a new Quintette for piano, oboe, clari- 
 net, French horn and bassoon of Profes- 
 sor Oldberg's will receive its first pro- 
 duction, and a piano recital by Emil 
 Paur. 
 
 That there is a coterie of ardent and 
 sincere music lovers in Evanston is evi- 
 denced by the increasing interest taken 
 in chamber music. The concerts of the 
 Kneisel Quartette have been patronized 
 
LIBRARY 
 
 OF THE 
 
 UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS 
 
HISTORY OF EVAXSTCX 
 
 to an extent which puts Chicago to the 
 blush, and the keen and discriminating 
 appreciation for string quartette music is 
 largely due to the unceasing efforts of 
 Professor Harold Knapp in this direction. 
 He has labored for the canst 1 in season 
 and out of season, with unflagging zeal 
 and enthusiasm, despite discouragements 
 and lukewarm interest, and it is pleasant 
 to chronicle that his high ideals and abid- 
 ing faith in the best in art have at last 
 won recognition. His capable quartette 
 has played repeatedly in the homes of our 
 music lovers and chamber music in every 
 sense of the term has come to its own. 
 Professor Knapp's able colleagues are 
 Messrs. Lewis R. Blackmail, Charles El- 
 ander and Day Williams. 
 
 Changes in Teaching Force. The well- 
 known contralto, Mrs. Eleanor Kirkham, 
 was added to the vocal force of the fac- 
 ulty and, upon her removal to Xew York, 
 was succeeded by Mrs. Lillian French 
 Read. Provision for the study of the harp 
 was made by the appointment of Mrs. 
 Clara Murray, who was succeeded by 
 Walfried Singer of the Thomas orches- 
 tra. Mr. Walter Keller and Mr. Anthony 
 Stankowitch resigned, the latter to ac- 
 cept charge of a large music department 
 in a Southern school. Mr. Alfred G. Wat- 
 hall, a graduate of the school who had 
 been appointed instructor in harmony, 
 and who played viola in the University 
 String Quartette, resigned in order to pur- 
 sue his studies in London. The Evan- 
 ston Musical Club performed a very cred- 
 itable cantata of Mr. Wathall's, entitled 
 "Alice Brand." for chorus, soli, and full 
 orchestra. His undoubted ability as a 
 composer has enlisted the active interest 
 of Sir Villiers Stanford and Sir Frederick 
 Bridge, of the Royal College of Music. 
 London. 
 
 John Skelton was succeeded by Charles 
 
 S. Horn as instructor of band instru- 
 ments, and also took charge of the Uni- 
 versity Hand. Mrs. Elizabeth Raymond 
 Woodward. Mrs. Xina Shumway Knapp, 
 and Miss Bertha A. Beeman were ad- 
 vanced from the Preparatory Department 
 to the regular faculty. Mr. Irving Ham- 
 lin was appointed Secretary of the school 
 in 1902. and greatly improved the busi- 
 ness relations of the school, which had 
 formerly been in the hands of inexper- 
 ienced students. 
 
 The following names appear on the fac- 
 ulty of the Preparatory Department 
 since 1902: William E. Zench. Mrs. Car- 
 rie D. Barrows. Grace Ericson. Elizabeth 
 L. Shotwell. Mrs. Hila Yerbeck Knapp. 
 Sarah Moore, Juliet Maude Marceau. Xel- 
 lie B. Flodin and John M. Rosborough. 
 The last five mentioned are still upon the 
 faculty. 
 
 Necrology of the Year. The sad duty 
 remains of making record of the death 
 of two who were intimately connected 
 with" the school the one as teacher 
 and the other as student. Mrs. Saidee 
 Knowland Coe. Professor of Piano and 
 Musical History, and wife of Professor 
 George A. Coe. of the College of Liberal 
 Arts, died at Alameda. Cal.. August 24. 
 1905. Mrs. Coe was a member of the 
 faculty of the School of Music for eleven 
 years and performed her duties with great 
 fidelity and success. As a pianist, teacher 
 and lecture recitalist Mrs. Coe had an ex- 
 tended reputation, and she was particu- 
 larly interested in bringing forward new 
 or comparatively unknown works. The 
 courses in the History of Music were 
 greatly extended under her direction and 
 compared favorably with those of our 
 greatest schools and universities. Her lec- 
 tures on the music of the American In- 
 dians and on the Wagner music-dramas 
 were especially noteworthy. Mrs. Coe 
 
148 
 
 NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY 
 
 had resigned her position in the School of 
 Music and had been appointed as a spe- 
 cial lecturer on music in the College of 
 Liberal Arts. Her plans for a year's vaca- 
 tion in Europe for recreation and study 
 were rudely shattered by her sudden 
 death. A large circle of friends and pupils 
 mourn her loss and untimely end. 
 
 Earle Waterous, for ten years a violin 
 student under Professor Knapp, died at 
 his home in Evanston November 15, 1905. 
 Evincing signs of unusual ability as a 
 mere child, he was given a thorough 
 
 schooling and before he was out of his 
 'teens had acquired a very unusual tech- 
 nical mastery of his instrument. Inter- 
 ested friends sent him to Europe and he 
 immediately took a commanding posi- 
 tion in the Leipszig Conservatory, elicit- 
 ing the most flattering comments from the 
 local press and winning predictions of 
 high rank as a virtuoso from his teachers. 
 With every promise of a brilliant career 
 he was seized with a dread disease and 
 barely reached his home ere he passed 
 away. 
 
CHAPTER XVI. 
 
 UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF ORATORY 
 
 Professor Ctimnock as Founder Growth 
 and Standing Due to his Labors First 
 Class Graduated in 1881 Its Aim and 
 Branches Taught Building Erected Is 
 Dedicated in 1895 Location and Descrip- 
 tion Advantage over Private Institu- 
 tions of Like Character Training in 
 English Composition and Rhetoric En- 
 rollment According to Last Catalogue 
 Promising Outlook for the Future. 
 
 The existence, growth and high standing 
 of the School of Oratory of the North- 
 western University (generally known as the 
 Cumnock School of Oratory), is largely the 
 outcome of the life and labors of Prof. 
 R. L. Cumnock. Entering the service 
 of the University in the fall of 1868, he 
 labored for ten years, doing the work as- 
 signed him in the curriculum of the College 
 of Liberal Arts. In the fall of 1878 an 
 urgent demand for advanced work in vocal 
 expression and interpretation resulted in 
 the organization of a special department 
 known as the School of Oratory. The first 
 class was graduated in 1881. The special 
 purpose involved in the organization of 
 this new department was to furnish instruc- 
 tion and training in three subjects, viz: 
 Elocution, English and Physical Culture. 
 
 The chief aim of the school was to pre- 
 pare young men and women to teach these 
 subjects in colleges, academies, high and 
 
 normal schools. For many years the stu- 
 dents in this department were accommo- 
 dated in the College of Liberal Arts. From 
 1890 to 1894 the applications for admission 
 to the school were so numerous that many 
 could not be accepted by reason of the 
 meager accommodations in University Hall. 
 In the spring of 1894 Professor Cumnock 
 secured from the Trustees a site on the 
 University campus and assumed the entire 
 responsibility of erecting a building for the 
 special use of the School of Oratory. The 
 building, with its equipment costing $30,- 
 ooo, was, at its dedication on May 16, 1895. 
 handed over to the President of the Univer- 
 sity by Professor Cumnock, entirely free 
 from debt. 
 
 The building was named the Annie May- 
 Swift Hall, in memory of one of Professor 
 Cumnock's former pupils, whose father. 
 Gustavus F. Swift, of Chicago, generously 
 contributed to its erection. It stands just 
 northeast of the Liberal Arts Building, near 
 the lake shore. Many of the windows look 
 directly upon the water, and from every 
 point the view is beautiful. The building is 
 of the Venetian style of architecture. The 
 basement is of rock-faced Lemont lime- 
 stone, and the upper stories are a buff-col- 
 ored Roman brick and terra cotta. The 
 roof is of red tile. There are three main 
 entrances, the one on the south leading to 
 the broad corridor that opens into the audi- 
 
 149 
 
NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY 
 
 toriuin. and the other two on the east and 
 west sides of the building. 
 
 The auditorium, though not large, is the 
 handsomest room in any of the University 
 buildings. No pillars obstruct the view, 
 as the roof is supported by iron trusses 
 stretching from the roof girders. The floor 
 has a gentle incline to the stage from the 
 sides and rear of the auditorium, so that 
 from every seat an excellent view may be 
 obtained. This building gives the depart- 
 ment the best facilities of any school of 
 oratory in America, and enables it to offer 
 special advantages to all students pursuing 
 its course of study. 
 
 The unique feature in the organization 
 of the work of the school is the emphasis 
 placed upon private training. Two private 
 lessons in elocution are given, weekly, to 
 each student during the entire course. Be- 
 ing free from rent and taxes, which other 
 schools of like character are compelled to 
 
 pay, the management can afford to provide 
 this personal training which other schools 
 of oratory cannot, or do not, offer. 
 
 In a large measure the same personal 
 training is carried on in English composition 
 and rhetoric. The number enrolled in the 
 last catalogue of the school is 214, and the 
 patronage is increasing slowly, but steadily. 
 The graduates of the school are filling im- 
 portant positions in many of the leading 
 colleges and schools of the Middle West, 
 while a flourishing school of oratory, named 
 after the Director and managed by one of 
 the former teachers of this Department, is 
 located at Los Angeles. California. 
 
 It is safe to say that the future of this 
 Department is secure, and that students, as 
 they come to learn the high grade and qual- 
 ity of the work done here, will enroll them- 
 selves, where the highest art in public 
 speaking and writing are essential condi- 
 tions for graduation. 
 
CHAPTER XVII. 
 
 UNIVERSITY ATHLETICS 
 
 (By PKOF. J. SCOTT CLABK, A. M., Lit. D.) 
 
 Evanston Life-Saving Crew Tragic Fate 
 of the Steamer "Lad\ Elgin" Leads to 
 Its Organization Its First Members 
 List of Notable Rescues Service Re- 
 warded by Issue of Medals to the Crew 
 by Act of Congress Baseball History 
 The Old Gymnasium Tug of War 
 Teams Football Records Athletic Field 
 and Grand Stand Track Athletics and 
 Tennis Games. 
 
 The noblest and the most interesting 
 chapter in the history of athletics at North- 
 western University grows out of the fact 
 that its founders selected for the University 
 a site near what had long been known to 
 lake mariners as a dangerous point on the 
 shore of Lake Michigan. As the determin- 
 ation of this site settled the site of Evanston, 
 so the configuration of the shore at this point 
 made it inevitable that, sooner or later, there 
 should be established here a life-saving sta- 
 tion. Long before the days of football 
 teams, coaches, trainers, and the like long 
 before a gymnasium was even asked for, 
 a volunteer band of Northwestern students 
 made themselves immortal and won the 
 praise of the nation by their heroic rescue 
 of passengers from the ill-fated steamer, 
 the "Lady Elgin." On the 8th day of 
 September, 1860, a merry company of four 
 hundred souls set out from Chicago for an 
 
 excursion trip. The story of the rapid de- 
 struction of the steamer by fire and the 
 death by drowning and otherwise of all but 
 98 of the passengers, is one of the tragic 
 episodes in the history of Chicago. As the 
 terrified victims came floating toward the 
 shore line of the University campus, cling- 
 ing to bits of the wreckage, only to be 
 tossed cruelly back by the breakers, while 
 horrified friends who lined the bluff 
 shrieked in agony, several students, led by 
 Edward \V. Spencer, of the class of 1861, 
 stepped out from the crowd, attached ropes 
 to their waists, and plunged into the surf, to 
 risk their lives in an effort to save drowning 
 women and children. Again and again 
 they made their way through the angry 
 waves and deposited in safety some fainting 
 victim of the disaster. It was only when 
 their own strength gave out completely that 
 they desisted. Spencer was carried to his 
 room in a fainting condition. He is still 
 living (1903) in California, and it is as- 
 serted on apparently good authority that 
 his health, throughout his long life, has 
 been seriously affected by his voluntary ex- 
 posure in behalf of the victims of the "Lady 
 Elgin" disaster. 
 
 The wide interest excited by the action 
 of the Northwestern students in connection 
 with the burning of the "Lady Elgin" re- 
 sulted in the organization, in October. 1872, 
 
 151 
 
152 
 
 NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY 
 
 of a volunteer crew of five men from the 
 Senior class of the College of Liberal Arts. 
 The members of this crew have since be- 
 come well known in high circles in the 
 Central West ; they were L. C. Collins, 
 George Lunt, E. J. Harrison, Eltinge El- 
 more, George Bragdon, F. Roys, and M. D. 
 Kimball. Soon afterward Dr. E. O. Haven, 
 then President of the University, received 
 from Commodore Murray, then in charge of 
 the United States life-saving service, a pres- 
 ent of a fine life-boat, and Dr. Haven com- 
 mitted the boat to the care of the Senior 
 class, from whose members the crew were 
 selected. The boat was presented with the 
 provision "that proper care will be taken of 
 it and that it will be officered and manned 
 by students, who will train themselves and 
 do their best, if an emergency arises, to 
 help any craft that may be in danger on the 
 coast of the University." We find no record 
 of any immediate provision for housing the 
 boat ; but, in 1873, the students petitioned 
 that the life-boat be taken from the ex- 
 clusive control of the Senior class and be 
 placed in charge of a crew selected from all 
 classes, according to their best physical and 
 moral qualifications. No action seems to 
 have been taken during 1874, but in 1875 
 the boat was placed in the hands of such a 
 crew as was called for by the petition. 
 
 In December, 1876, it was announced that 
 an agreement had been reached with 
 the Federal Government, by the terms 
 of which a life-saving station was to 
 be immediately erected by the Gov- 
 ernment on the University campus, and 
 that a crew of five was to be selected 
 from the student body, irrespective of 
 classes, which was to be captained by an 
 experienced seaman paid by the Govern- 
 ment. 
 
 In April, 1877, E. J. Bickell, '77, was ap- 
 pointed captain of the new crew, and sixty 
 other students applied for the subordinate 
 
 positions. They were to receive $40 per 
 month during the season and $3 extra for 
 every wreck trip. In the following June the 
 college faculty nominated as members of 
 the crew: Warrington, '79; Hobart, '79; 
 King, '79; Piper, '80; Shannon. '8 1 ; and 
 M. J. Hall of the Preparatory School, and 
 these students were duly accepted by the 
 Government. For a time the life-boat was 
 housed in a temporary structure on the 
 beach, but in 1876 the Government erected 
 the eastern two-thirds of the present Life- 
 Saving Station at a cost of about six thou- 
 sand dollars. The site selected was on 
 ground now covered by Fisk Hall. Prior 
 to the erection of the latter building, in the 
 summer of 1899, the station was removed to 
 its present site on land then newly made 
 near the water's edge. 
 
 Since the formal organization of the 
 Evanston life-saving crew, in 1877, as a 
 regular part of the government service, over 
 four hundred lives have been saved by its 
 agency. The following tabular statement 
 is taken from the records somewhat at ran- 
 dom, and is typical of the work- of the crew 
 since 1883. To such rescues as these must 
 be added scores of cases where vessels have 
 been relieved from awkward or dangerous 
 situations, but where it was not found neces- 
 sary to remove either passengers or crews. 
 Besides the aggregate of over four hundred 
 lives the local life-saving crew has saved 
 property amounting to millions in value: 
 
 Date. 
 
 Name and No. Brought 
 Class of Ashore in 
 
 Vessel Surf-boat. 
 
 May 9. 1883. 
 
 Schooner 
 
 Kate E. Howard." 
 
 8 
 
 Sept. 19, 1886. 
 
 Schooner 
 
 'Sodus." 
 
 Z 
 
 June 19. 1887. 
 
 Schooner 
 
 'Sunrise," 
 
 7 
 
 Nov. 24. 1887. 
 
 Schooner 
 
 Halstead," 
 
 M 
 
 Oct. >. 1889. 
 
 Schooner 
 
 'Ironton," 
 
 8 
 
 Nov. 28, 1889. 
 
 Steamer, 
 
 'Calumet," 
 
 u 
 
 May 18. 18O4. 
 
 Schooner 
 
 'Lincoln Ball," 
 
 4 
 
 May 26. 1R93. 
 
 Schooner 
 
 'J. Emory Owen," 
 
 2 
 
 Nov. 26, 1895. 
 
 Steamer, 'Michigan," 
 
 9 
 
 Of these, the rescues from the vessels 
 "Calumet," "Owen," and "Michigan," are 
 
HISTORY OF EVANSTON 
 
 153 
 
 the most noteworthy. By reference to the 
 dates it will be seen that two rescues 
 were made very late in November, nearly 
 a month after the crews were off from reg- 
 ular summer and autumn duty. In both 
 cases the rescues were made in the teeth 
 of fierce gales and blinding snowstorms. 
 Both involved tremendous and heroic exer- 
 tion on the part of the crew, in order to get 
 the surf-boat launched at the points opposite 
 the wrecks. The "Calumet" was stranded 
 at the very unusual distance of one thousand 
 yards from the shore. The aggregate value 
 of the three vessels, with their cargoes, 
 was over $252,000. Not a life was lost in 
 any of the rescues enumerated in the fore- 
 going table. Mention should also be made 
 of the large number of persons who have 
 been rescued from capsized row-boats and 
 of the rescued children who have fallen 
 from the piers. 
 
 The present captain, Patrick Murray 
 (1904), was appointed July 18, 1903, after 
 having served as surfman seven years at the 
 North Manitou Island station, two years at 
 Muskegon station, and five years al Evan- 
 ston. 
 
 Captain Lawrence O. Lawson, who made 
 such a worthy record for twenty-three years 
 at the head of our station, was born in Swe- 
 den in 1843, and began the life of a sailor 
 at the age of eighteen. He came to Amer- 
 ica in 1 86 1, and sailed on the Great Lakes 
 during the following three years. He be- 
 came a citizen of Evanston in 1864, engaged 
 in fishing for a time, and was appointed Cap- 
 tain of the crew in 1880. In addition to his 
 services in aiding to save nearly five hun- 
 dred lives, Captain Lawson originated the 
 system of righting the Beebee-McClellan 
 surf-boat, which has since been adopted by 
 the Government for use by all the crews of 
 the service. In rescuing the "Calumet," as 
 already described, Captain Lawson and his 
 crew manifested such courage and endur- 
 
 ance that Congress awarded to each man a 
 gold medal for "saving life from the perils 
 of the sea." The medal consists of a gold 
 bar from which hangs a broad ribbon sup- 
 porting a golden eagle, sustaining in his 
 beak a heavy disk of gold. The medal com- 
 plete weighs about four ounces. In a circle 
 on the face of the medal are the words 
 "United States of America Act of Con- 
 gress, June 2Oth. 1874." In high relief is a 
 representation of a crew in the act of saving 
 a drowning person. On the obverse, in a 
 circle, are the words : "In memory of heroic 
 deeds in saving life from the perils of the 
 sea." In relief is a tablet, surmounted by 
 an eagle, with a woman's figure on the left, 
 while on the right are an anchor and seals. 
 Each medal is inscribed to its owner: "For 
 heroic services at the wreck of the 'Calu- 
 met,' Nov. 28, 1889." In addition to Cap- 
 tain Lawson, the crew who thus honored 
 Evanston in honoring themselves were : W. 
 M. Ewing, F. M. Kindig, E. B. Fowler, \V. 
 L. Wilson, G. E. Crosby, and Jacob Loin- 
 ing, all University students at the time. 
 
 BASEBALL. 
 
 Little seems to have been done in the way 
 of general college athletics during the first 
 twenty-five years of Northwestern's exist- 
 ence. In fact, systematic athletics were as 
 yet undeveloped in this country. Lawn ten- 
 nis had not been imported, track athletics 
 were in an incipient stage, and the modern 
 game of football was unknown. The village 
 of Evanston was small, and the college was 
 smaller. There was plenty of wood to saw, 
 and there was now and then a citizen's cow 
 to be pulled out of the slough that existed 
 in all its depth along the present line of our 
 railways. In such diversions as these did 
 the early sons of Northwestern engage for 
 the development of their physical strength 
 and, incidentally, the repletion of their thin 
 purses. With the incoming of the 'seventies 
 
154 
 
 NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY 
 
 baseball began to be called "the national 
 game," and our boys, like all normal youths, 
 soon caught the fever. 
 
 As early as the spring of 1871, we read 
 of inter-class games, and in June of that 
 year a nine, of which Mr. James Raymond 
 was a member, placed on record the first 
 publicly recorded score, which stood North- 
 western 35, "The Prairies" (a local Chicago 
 nine) 7. On the 4th of July, 1871, occurred 
 a memorable series of events, no small part 
 of which were athletic in character. This 
 was the day when ten thousand people 
 gathered from all the surrounding country 
 in the campus grove; when the Ellsworth 
 Zouaves paraded under General John L. 
 Beveridge as Grand Marshal; when $10,- 
 ooo was raised to set the young University 
 on its feet, and when the corner-stone of the 
 "Evanston College for Ladies" (now Wil- 
 lard Hall) was laid. This was an indepen- 
 dent school until June, 1873. Of the $10,- 
 ooo raised on this memorable day, $2,500 
 was given by Governor Evans, whose name 
 our city bears ; several thousands were given 
 by other friends of higher education, and r.n 
 small sum was raised, as the college paper 
 says, "by sales and exhibitions." These ex- 
 hibitions seem to have consisted of what 
 would now be called, in the parlance of 
 track athletics, various "events," such as 
 jumps, ball-throwing, tub-races, boat-races 
 on the lake, etc., etc. So we may say with 
 much of accuracy that Northwestern's for- 
 mal athletics began with a field day. Some 
 features of this first field day are worth 
 chronicling in detail. Here they are : 
 
 "Baseball match between Ladies' College 
 nine and Northwestern University ; prize a 
 silver ball ; score, 57 to 4 in favor of North- 
 western." (What an ominous beginning 
 for co-education!) 
 
 "Regatta Yachts, six-oared barges, and 
 sculls ; prize an ice-set and three flags." 
 
 "Exhibition drill by the Ellsworth 
 Zouaves." 
 
 "Baseball match with the 'Atlantics' of 
 Chicago." 
 
 During the spring and fall of 1871 the 
 University nine played ten games with non- 
 college nines, including the afterward fa- 
 mous White Stockings of Chicago, whom 
 the college boys beat by a score of 18 to 12, 
 and two with Racine College, in which 
 each side scored but once. The highest 
 recorded score of the season was 68 a fact 
 that speaks volumes as to the crudeness of 
 the game and the players of those early 
 ilays. Of the twelve games, our team won 
 ten. 
 
 During the next decade, and longer, the 
 four colleges of what was then literally the 
 Northwest were Northwestern University, 
 Chicago University (the old institution, dis- 
 continued in 1885), Racine College, and, 
 later, Lake Forest University. The great 
 State Universities that have since so largely 
 dominated Western college athletics, were 
 then either unborn or still in their infancy, 
 and the custom of making long trips for in- 
 tercollegiate games had not become estab- 
 lished. We find no records for 1872 and 
 1873, but during 1874 a team, which in- 
 cluded John Hamline as short-stop and 
 Charles Wheeler as center-fielder, played 
 nine intercollegiate games. In the "final" for 
 "the championship of the Northwest," Ra- 
 cine won by a few points. As compared 
 with "our ancient enemy," Chicago, the 
 total score for the season was Northwestern 
 University 42, Chicago University, 34. 
 
 From 1875 to the present day the baseball 
 records of Northwestern are chequered but 
 not discreditable. In 1875 we won the silver 
 ball and "the championship for the North- 
 west," with Charles Wheeler as left-fielder. 
 W. G. Evans, '77, son of Governor Evans, 
 and George Lunt, '72, were the leaders in 
 
/ x '(.< ,d - JL.t'ns/* 
 
LIBRARY 
 
 OF THE 
 
 UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS 
 
HISTORY OF EVAXSTON 
 
 155 
 
 the University athletics of the early seven- 
 ties. In 1876, at Waukegan, was formed 
 the first intercollegiate baseball association 
 in this section, and the games of the season 
 transferred the silver ball and the champion- 
 ship to Chicago. During this year batting 
 records of the college nines began to be 
 published. By the terms of the constitution 
 of this intercollegiate association, each col- 
 lege was to play two games with each of the 
 other three institutions. In 1877 Chicago 
 again won the championship. During 1878 
 the colors white and brown were adopted 
 by the Northwestern players, and a regular 
 baseball diamond was laid out, "resodded, 
 and rolled," on the site where the Orrington 
 Lunt Library building now stands. It was 
 during this year that the first efforts were 
 made to check the already growing tendency 
 toward professionalism. Before this year 
 the custom seems to have been to use. as 
 players on any college team, the best men 
 obtainable, without much scrutiny as to their 
 actual relation to the scholastic curriculum 
 of the college. But in the constitution of 
 the "Intercollegiate Baseball Association" 
 that was in force during 1878, I find the fol- 
 lowing article : 
 
 "The captains of the respective nines must 
 file with the secretary of the Association, be- 
 fore April 2Oth, the names of their respec- 
 tive nines and of the substitutes, together 
 with a certificate from the secretary of the 
 Faculty showing that the players have been 
 in daily attendance at their respective insti- 
 tutions for twenty days previous to the first 
 announced league game." 
 
 It will be seen that, while this action did 
 not prevent a student from entering college 
 for a course in baseball, it was the first step 
 toward pure college athletics in the Central 
 West. 
 
 During 1878 the silver ball went to Ra- 
 cine College. 
 
 In 1879 our team defeated Racine once 
 and Chicago twice. In 1880 the games of 
 the Association resulted in a tie between 
 Racine and Northwestern : and, as Racine 
 refused to play off the tie, thus retaining 
 possession of the silver ball trophy. North- 
 western withdrew from the association. 
 
 Because of the disruption of the old 
 league there seems to have been no inter- 
 collegiate baseball here during 1881. but 
 in December of that year delegates from 
 Racine College, the University of Wiscon- 
 sin, the University of Michigan. Chicago 
 University and Northwestern met in Chi- 
 cago and formed a new league. The limits 
 of our space forbid a detailed account of the 
 baseball games from 1881 to 1903. Over 
 our defeats it is fair to draw the mantle of 
 oblivion : over our victories we have a right 
 to rejoice. In 1883, when the University 
 of Michigan had withdrawn from the base 
 ball league, and when Beloit College had 
 been admitted instead. Northwestern won 
 the championship of the league w-ithout los- 
 ing a single game. The team for that year 
 consisted of Plummer, Huxford, Rollins, 
 Stewart. Bannister. Policy, Tillinghast, Dill- 
 man and Tomlinson. 
 
 Again in 1889 we won the championship 
 of the Northwest and a pennant, with a 
 team consisting of T. C. Moulding. J. A. 
 Rogers, A. P. Haagenson, M. P. Noyes, F. 
 C. Chapin, A. B. Fleager, C. C. Johnson. 
 L. H. Stewart, and H. H. Jones ; and in 
 1891 the championship was again awarded 
 to Northwestern. In 1892 we won the 
 championship in the smaller league ( the old 
 league), and secured the second place in 
 a new league, including the great State uni- 
 versities of the Middle West. In 1894 our 
 team defeated Chicago in three excellent 
 games, one of 12 and one of 10 innings, the 
 scores being, respectively. 3-2, 8-t. and 6-4 
 in our favor. During this season we also 
 
156 
 
 NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY 
 
 defeated Wisconsin 9 to 8, Oberlin 1 1 to 6, 
 Wisconsin again 4 to i, and Minnesota 
 6 to 2. 
 
 So the season of 1894 is the banner year 
 of our baseball history ; for, by winning nine 
 games in succession, we were fairly en- 
 titled to the intercollegiate baseball cham- 
 pionship of the Central West. The men who 
 thus shed undying glory on Alma Mater 
 were: John H. Kedzie (Captain), Frank 
 Griffith, C. N. Jenks, J. K. Bass, C. D. Mc- 
 Williams, Otis Maclay, W. D. Barnes, T. H. 
 Lewis, W. A. Cooling, C. D. Reimers, A. E. 
 Price and C. L. Leesley. The loss of several 
 of these star players by graduation left the 
 team of 1895 unable to win many victories, 
 and the team of 1896 was not much more 
 successful. In '97 the fates were kinder to 
 us, and we defeated Nebraska, Beloit, Ohio 
 State, and Wisconsin, by good scores ; '98 
 was another off year in Northwestern base- 
 ball ; in '99 we defeated Chicago once and 
 Wisconsin once; in 1900 we defeated Chi- 
 cago once and Oberlin once : in 1901 Illi- 
 nois was our only victim among "the big 
 nine"; in 1902 we defeated Chicago twice, 
 Nebraska once, and Beloit once. The sea- 
 sons of 1903 and 1904 have not been suc- 
 cessful. 
 
 THE OLD GYMNASIUM. 
 
 The movement for the erection of a gym- 
 nasium was begun by under-graduates. In 
 October, 1875, two young men, since prom- 
 inent in Evanston and Denver, Messrs. 
 Frank M. Elliot and W. G. Evans, issued 
 a circular setting forth the project of build- 
 ing a gymnasium and soliciting aid from 
 the friends and graduates of the institution. 
 They soon perfected an organization, under 
 the laws of the State, with F. M. Elliot, W. 
 G. Evans, F. M. Bristol, F. M. Taylor, A. 
 W. McPherson, and J. A. J. Whipple as 
 commissioners. These under-graduates pro- 
 ceeded to issue $4,000 worth of stock in 
 shares of $10 each, whose duration was for 
 
 ninety-nine years. It must be remembered 
 that the University was then still in its 
 early infancy and that the students were 
 few in number and poor in purse. But their 
 faith in themselves and in the future. was 
 sublime. Fourteen hundred dollars was 
 soon raised by sales to one hundred and 
 twenty-nine subscribers, nearly every one 
 being an under-graduate. Work was begun 
 in December, 1875, anc l by tne Ist f Febru- 
 ary the building, 40x80, resting on a brick 
 foundation, was erected, enclosed, and par- 
 tially equipped, at a total cost of $1,900. It 
 was not found possible, at that time, to 
 complete the exterior of the building by 
 casing the walls with brick, according to the 
 original plan. A bowling alley was built 
 in the basement by the Sigma Chi fraternity, 
 and the "gym" was very popular with the 
 under-graduates until 1878, when it began 
 to lose its attractions. To quote one of the 
 original commissioners : The new generation 
 of students did not or could not raise money 
 to veneer the building in order to protect 
 it and to repair the worn-out apparatus. 
 It was necessary to do something before all 
 should be lost or ruined. It was finally 
 decided to have the University take the 
 property and maintain it as a "gymnasium." 
 Through the indefatigable efforts of Mr. 
 George Lunt, of the class of '72. a major- 
 ity of the stock was finally secured, and was 
 transferred to the Trustees, on condition 
 that they should complete the building, fur- 
 nish it with necessary apparatus, assume all 
 liabilities of the association, and maintain 
 the building and the apparatus in good re- 
 pair for gymnasium purposes only. The 
 transfer was completed in the spring of 
 1881, and one of the first acts of Dr. Joseph 
 Cummings, then recently elected President 
 of the University, was to induce the Trus- 
 tees to veneer the building. The interior 
 was cased with lumber by the students and 
 members of the Faculty, including the ven- 
 
HISTORY OF EVANSTOX 
 
 157 
 
 erable President, the trustees furnishing 
 only the lumber and the nails. New appar- 
 atus was put in, and the rejuvenated "gym" 
 was opened with a public entertainment on 
 February 20, 1883. 
 
 The feelings of the under-graduates were 
 expressed thus by Mr. M. M. Gridley. 
 editor-in-chief of the college journal in 
 1882-83: "Once more the gymnasium is a 
 topic of great interest. It is not now, as 
 it was last year, a source of grumbling and 
 discontent. Instead of a broken-down, 
 weather-beaten old building, an eye-sore to 
 the campus, it is a fine-looking brick struc- 
 ture, a thing of beauty and a joy forever. 
 
 . . . . We now have one of the fin- 
 est and most complete gymnasiums in the 
 West." (Sic.) As an assurance of better 
 things in the college athletics, the Trustees 
 at this time engaged a regular instructor 
 in physical culture. Mr. C. A. Duplessis, 
 who held the position until October, 1883. 
 when he was succeeded by Mr. Philip 
 Greiner. Mr. Greiner continued to act as 
 physical instructor until June, 1894, when 
 he was succeeded by Mr. W. L. Bryan. At 
 the opening of the college year 1898, the 
 gymnasium and the physical work passed 
 into the hands of Dr. C. M. Hollister, who 
 held the place until December, 1902. The 
 present physical director (1903) is Mr. 
 Horace Butterworth, who has made an en- 
 viable reputation in such work at the Uni- 
 versity of Chicago. 
 
 THE TUG-OF-WAR TEAMS. 
 
 During the later 'eighties and die early 
 'nineties the athletes of Northwestern ob- 
 tained wide fame in a test of muscle not 
 ordinarily given much emphasis in college 
 athletics. We refer to our memorable tug- 
 of-war team, of which the instructor was 
 the organizer and a prominent member. We 
 find the first notice of the team in 1886. 
 In 1887 they won a medal in a contest with 
 
 a team from the Casino Gymnasium, then 
 recently established in Chicago, and later 
 in the same year they won "the champion- 
 ship" and a silver cup by defeating a team 
 from the Illinois National Guards. This 
 original tug-of-war team consisted of Philip 
 Greiner, H. Caddock, C. T. Watrous, W. W. 
 Wilkinson, and C. Greenman. 
 
 During 1888, when E. B. Fowler, H. R. 
 Hayes, J. B. Loining, J. G. Hensel, A. H. 
 Phelps, and J. T. Hottendorf had been 
 added to the team, Messrs. Wilkinson and 
 Greenman having dropped out, they de- 
 feated a Pullman team, the Casino Gymna- 
 sium team of Chicago, the Chicago Amateur 
 Athletic Club team, and the Illinois National 
 Guard team; and in April of that year, in 
 a contest with three teams at the Casino 
 Gymnasium, they proved themselves cham- 
 pions and won five gold medals. During 
 1889 they continued their victories over all 
 local teams, winning various prizes and se- 
 curing possession of the Meriden cup. It 
 was this team that really began the practice 
 of inter-department contests at North- 
 western; for we read that, on University 
 Day, in January, 1890, the tug-of-war team 
 defeated teams from our Medical and 
 Dental Schools, respectively. During the 
 spring of 1890 they defeated several local 
 teams, and won the championship of the 
 West, securing permanent possession of the 
 Hub cup. After several local victories earlv 
 in 1891, the team made an Eastern trip, with 
 the intention of meeting teams from the 
 Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 
 Harvard. Columbia, and other Eastern Uni- 
 versities. Only one of these proposed con- 
 tests was ever held. After beating the 
 Technology team in three trial contests, our 
 team, in the final contest, lost the "drop" by 
 five inches, and were defeated by two and 
 one-half inches. But their display of skill 
 and brawn was such that the teams from 
 the other great institutions of the East found 
 
158 
 
 NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY 
 
 it wise to excuse themselves from pulling, 
 on the ground of illness, etc. This was not 
 the last time that an Eastern team has de- 
 clined to match conclusions with one from 
 the West. 
 
 THE MOVEMENT AGAINST PROFESSIONALISM. 
 
 We have spoken of the beginning of the 
 movement against professionalism in West- 
 ern college athletics. In this movement the 
 representatives of Northwestern University 
 have had a prominent and very creditable 
 part. In 1883 the Western Baseball Asso- 
 ciation, then made up of Racine, Wisconsin, 
 Chicago, Northwestern, and Beloit. enacted 
 further rules forbidding a student player to 
 play on a professional team during the col- 
 lege season or to take pay for playing any- 
 where during such a season, requiring a 
 previous residence in college of at least 
 two terms, and making ineligible any man 
 "whose college expenses are in any way 
 borne by men connected with baseball in- 
 terests." The new association of 1891 ad- 
 vanced the good work by enacting that a 
 candidate for a college team position must 
 Le carrying at least five hours of work in 
 class per week, must not receive in any 
 way compensation for playing on the college 
 team or on any other team, must be regis- 
 tered at least two months before the first 
 scheduled intercollegiate game, must not 
 play on a college team for more than an 
 aggregate of five years, must be prepared to 
 make affidavit, on demand, as to his eligi- 
 bility, and must present a certificate of eligi- 
 bility signed by three members of his Fac- 
 ulty. In March, 1892, a local association 
 was formed, in which the four branches 
 of athletics now generally recognized as 
 such namely : baseball, football, track ath- 
 letics, and tennis were each represented on 
 a joint committee consisting of two men 
 representing each branch, two alumni, and a 
 secretary, chosen by this joint committee. 
 
 This committee was to audit the accounts 
 of the four branches, to have general over- 
 sight of the athletic grounds, to ratify the 
 elections of all captains, and to have power 
 to demand resignations and to order new 
 elections in case of incompetency or mal- 
 feasance in office. The prime object of 
 this arrangement seems to have been to 
 eliminate from our athletics the sometimes 
 harmful influence of fraternity preferences 
 in selecting men and officers for the various 
 teams. 
 
 At the beginning of the college year 
 1892-93, our Faculty appointed a committee 
 on athletics consisting of Professors Coe 
 (chairman), Hatfield, and Gray. No for- 
 mal rules were at first laid down, but the 
 Annual of that year informs the students 
 that they must not hereafter play with pro- 
 fessional teams ; that members of all our 
 local teams must be students in full and 
 regular standing ; that all schedules of 
 games must be submitted to the committee 
 for approval, and that, before joining a 
 team, men will be subjected to a physical 
 examination. During the year 1893-94 Pro- 
 fessor Coe remained as chairman, supported 
 by Professors Sheppard and Gray, and addi- 
 tional restrictions were announced, forbid- 
 ding a student to play on any other team 
 while a member of a university team and 
 requiring the selection of players to be sub- 
 mitted to the committee for approval. In 
 these days of comparatively pure college 
 athletics, the restrictions already named 
 seem mild indeed. But they were regarded 
 by the under-graduates in 1892-94 as severe. 
 That first faculty committee made a brave 
 fight. Their greatest victory was in dem- 
 onstrating to the student body that ath- 
 letics was a subject legitimately within 
 the control of the faculty. After undergo- 
 ing a vast amount of abuse and obloquy. 
 Professor Coe settled that question conclu- 
 
HISTORY OF EVAXSTON 
 
 59 
 
 sively, and his efforts and sufferings in a 
 good cause should not be forgotten. 
 
 With the beginning of the college year of 
 1894-95 the Trustees took athletics from the 
 direct control of the Faculty and placed it 
 in the hands of a "Committee for the Regu- 
 lation of Athletic Sports," consisting of 
 three professors, three alumni, and three 
 under-graduates. At that time and ever 
 since, the Faculty and alumni members of 
 the committee have been appointed by the 
 Trustees and the student members by the 
 general student body. During 1894-95 the 
 Faculty members were Professors Holgate 
 (Chairman), Sheppard, and Gray. This 
 committee continued the good work already 
 begun, and dropped summarily from a 
 team one of the worst offenders of the early 
 days. Although hampered by a deadlock in 
 the committee lasting nearly all the year, 
 they stood for higher ideals in college sport. 
 
 The restrictions on the various teams 
 during 1894-95 seem to have been substan- 
 tially those in force during the previous 
 year. But the call for more stringent meas- 
 ures was everywhere heard ; and so, early 
 in January, 1895, a meeting of the presi- 
 dents of the universities then familiarly 
 known as "the big seven" was held in Chi- 
 .cago. The fruit of this presidents' confer- 
 ence was "The Presidents' Rules," the first 
 general enactment for the government of 
 college athletics in the Central West. In 
 brief, these rules required that a student, to 
 be eligible for a team in any of the universi- 
 ties concerned, must be a bona fide student, 
 must have been in residence in his college 
 at least six months, must receive no pay for 
 his athletic services, must not play under an 
 assumed name, and must not be delinquent 
 in his studies. It was further provided that 
 a graduate student might play during the 
 minimum number of years necessary to se- 
 cure a degree in his graduate school (thus 
 allowing a medical student, for example, to 
 
 play altogether seven years on a college 
 team) ; that college games might be played 
 only on grounds controlled by one or the 
 other team participating; that the selection 
 of managers and captains must be submitted 
 for approval to the governing boards : that 
 no college teams should play with profes- 
 sional teams ; and that the respective reg- 
 istrars should certify to the proper selection 
 of the various teams. These rules were pub- 
 lished in our Annual of 1894-95, and were 
 promptly put into effect here. 
 
 At the beginning of the college year 1895- 
 96, the Trustees formed an entirely new 
 committee, of which the Faculty members 
 were Professors Clark ( Chairman ) , Young, 
 and White, while Messrs. Fred Raymond, 
 Frank Dyche, and Charles Wheeler were the 
 alumni members. With the exception of 
 Mr. Wheeler, who resigned in 1898, this 
 committee remained unchanged as to Fac- 
 ulty and alumni during the succeeding four 
 years. It was during these years that the 
 Conference Rules were gradually developed 
 into substantially their present form. The 
 chairmen of the boards of control in the 
 "big seven" universities, who endeavored to 
 enforce "The Presidents' Rules" soon found 
 that they must be amended if the desired 
 ends were to be attained. Consequently a 
 conference of chairmen was called at Chi- 
 cago early in the winter of 1896, and a 
 mutual interpretation of the rules was 
 agreed upon, while the term "professional" 
 was more clearly defined. 
 
 At every one of the successive confer- 
 ences the lines were drawn more sharply 
 and the restrictions made more severe. In 
 November. 1896. we lengthened the required 
 probation of a player in residence from six 
 months to one year ; we reduced the possi- 
 ble time-limit for a graduate-student player 
 from three or four to two years : we 
 restricted all games to contests between 
 "educational institutions" : and where a stu- 
 
i6o 
 
 NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY 
 
 dent had not been in residence over half of 
 the year preceding his proposed admission 
 to the under-graduate team, we required 
 him to be on probation still six months 
 longer. In the conference of 1897 we re- 
 duced the combined graduate and under- 
 graduate limit to four years of playing on 
 a Varsity team ; we enacted that, after 
 September I, 1898, all preparatory students 
 should be barred from playing on a Varsity 
 team, and we ordered that, thereafter, there 
 must be an exchange of lists of proposed 
 players at least ten days before any inter- 
 collegiate game. In the conference of 1898 
 we defined professionalism still more closely, 
 adopting the now famous clause requiring 
 the candidate to make affidavit that he has 
 "never used his athletic skill for gain." We 
 also shut out from the teams all persons who 
 were receiving from any of the universi- 
 ties concerned any remuneration for their 
 services as teachers. A few minor changes 
 in the conference rules have been made since 
 1898. By the gradual enactment and honest 
 enforcement of these rules the universities 
 of the Central West have secured a degree 
 of purity in their athletics of which they 
 may well be proud. 
 
 FOOTBALL. 
 
 During the autumn of 1878 the old-fash- 
 ioned Rugby game of football began to be 
 played on the campus in a general way, and 
 the college colors were changed to purple 
 and gold. In February, 1880, the first local 
 football association was formed, the Rugby 
 rules were published in the college paper, 
 and regular team practice was begun. 
 
 Little seems to have been done in this 
 game during 1881, but in November, 1882, 
 we find that Northwestern defeated Lake 
 Forest in what was later to become the most 
 intense of college sports. During '83, '84. 
 '85, and '86 the records hardly mention foot- 
 ball. In November, 1887, a challenge for a 
 
 Thanksgiving game with Michigan Univer- 
 sity was declined on the ground that our 
 team was not in training. There was a team 
 during 1889, but we find no mention of any 
 intercollegiate games. The first recorded 
 game with an institution of similar rank was 
 in November, 1890, when Northwestern de- 
 feated Wisconsin by a score of 22 to 10. A 
 little later we beat Beloit 22 to 6. In the 
 autumn of 1891 a Football League was 
 formed with Wisconsin, Beloit, and Lake 
 Forest, and five intercollegiate games were 
 played, our men winning two and tying one. 
 In 1892 Northwestern first took a prom- 
 inent place in football, defeating Michigan 
 by a score of 10 to 8, Beloit by a score of 
 36 to o, Wisconsin by a score of 26 to 6, 
 tying both Chicago and Illinois, and thus 
 winning second place in the big Western 
 League. This first great team was captained 
 and trained by Paul Noyes, and included 
 VanDoozer, Gates, Culver, Sheppard, Ken- 
 nicott, Wilson, Pearce, McCluskey, Oberne, 
 Griffith, and Williams. The games of 1893 
 and 1894 did not redound to our glory. In 
 1895 the team was strengthened by such 
 men as Potter, Gloss, and Siberts, and de- 
 feated Beloit 34 to 6; Armour Institute 44 
 to o; Chicago 22 to 6 (in the return game 
 Chicago won, 6 to o) ; Purdue, 24 to 6 ; and 
 Illinois 43 to 8. The year 1896 was the 
 banner year in football for Northwestern, 
 up to the present. The team consisted of 
 the famous veteran half-backs, Potter and 
 VanDoozer, aided by such helpers as 
 Hunter. Pearce, Levings, Perry, Sloane, 
 Andrews, Thorne, Gloss, and Brown. These 
 were the famous "cripples," so happily car- 
 icatured in the Chicago Record, who de- 
 feated Chicago on Marshall Field by the 
 score of 46 to 6; who tied Chicago in the 
 return game, with a score of 6 to 6; who 
 went down to Champaign with a crowd of 
 three hundred roaring student supporters 
 in a special train, and gave to the Illini their 
 

OF THE 
 UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS 
 
HISTORY OF EVAXSTON 
 
 161 
 
 first defeat in football on their home 
 grounds to the tune of 6 to 4; and who, in 
 that famous Thanksgiving game on our 
 home grounds, before a crowd of four 
 thousand people, played Wisconsin to a 
 standstill. The score was 6 to 6; but the 
 conditions and circumstances were such 
 that unbiased observers generally counted 
 it a victory for Northwestern. The team 
 was managed during 1896 by Mr. Frank 
 Haller, and much was done in the way of 
 providing a training-table and a coach that 
 had not been so thoroughly done before. 
 After paying all expenses of the season, we 
 were able to settle a bill of $1,000 which had 
 been hanging over the local athletic asso- 
 ciation ever since the grand stand was built 
 and partially paid for in 1891-92. 
 
 The season of 1897 was not a successful 
 one, although the remarkable kick from the 
 middle of our field by O'Dea of Wisconsin 
 must be mentioned as one of the most sen- 
 sational features in the history of Western 
 football. During the season of 1898 partic- 
 ular effort was made in the way of hiring a 
 high-priced coach from the East and a pro- 
 fessional trainer, providing a large training 
 table, etc. But our unwise plan of changing 
 coaches and methods every year could have 
 but one result, and that was defeat. With 
 the coming of Dr. C. M. Hollister, in Sep- 
 tember, 1898, to act as general manager and 
 coach for all branches of our college ath- 
 letics except tennis, a great advance was 
 made in every way. It now became possible 
 to gain in momentum every year by con- 
 tinuing the same style of play and by taking 
 advantage of the specific training given to 
 particular men on the team of a preceding 
 year. Although we were far from regain- 
 ing the glories of 1896, we made some im- 
 provement during 1898, and in 1899 we de- 
 feated Minnesota 1 1 to 5, Indiana n to 6, 
 and Purdue 29 to o. In 1900 we defeated 
 Chicago 5 to o, Indiana 12 to o, tied Beloit 
 
 6 to 6, tied Iowa 6 to 6, and secured third 
 place in the "big nine" group of Western 
 universities. The game with Iowa, which 
 was played at Rock Island on Thanksgiving 
 Day, was one of the great surprises of that 
 year, for the Iowa giants had defeated near- 
 ly all comers so far during that season, and 
 had widely advertised their intention to "do 
 up" Northwestern. In 1901 our team de- 
 feated Illinois 17 to ii, Chicago 6 to 5, and 
 Purdue 10 to 5. With the graduation of 
 the class of 1902 we lost five great players : 
 Johnson, the Dietz brothers, Elliott, and 
 Hansen. The team of the following season 
 was therefore composed largely of new, 
 untrained material, and the results were 
 what was to be expected under the circum- 
 stances. 
 
 An interesting social feature connected 
 with football at Northwestern has been the 
 football "banquets" that have been held 
 for several years in the old chapel room of 
 "Old College' 1 during the week after the 
 close of the season. To Dr. R. L. Sheppard, 
 who has annually paid the bill for "feeding" 
 the members of the team and the "scrubs" 
 at these banquets, thankful recognition is 
 here due. 
 
 THE ATHLETIC FIELD AND GRAND STAXD. 
 
 It was not until 1892 that the field sports 
 of Northwestern could be said to have a 
 home. Prior to 1891 the teams had played, 
 as before stated, where the Orrington Lunt 
 Library now stands, and the spectators had 
 been compelled to use the turf for grand 
 stand and "bleachers." In September, 1891, 
 the Trustees formally set apart the present 
 field for athletic purposes, and at the same 
 time Mr. George Muir, Evanston's long- 
 time genial bookseller, whose Davis Street 
 store, where Smith's studio is now, was for 
 decades the downtown headquarters for stu- 
 dents, started an energetic movement to 
 raise money for a grand stand. In this ef- 
 
162 
 
 NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY 
 
 fort Mr. Muir was ably assisted by Mr. 
 Louis S. Rice, of the class of '83. These 
 two men worked indefatigably and most 
 unselfishly, soliciting aid from every alum- 
 nus whom they could reach, and within a 
 few months they succeeded in raising about 
 $1,500 from citizens, alumni, and under- 
 graduates. Strong in faith in the loyalty of 
 future students, these two gentlemen went 
 ahead with the building, and completed the 
 present structure at a cost of about $2,500. 
 The grand stand was opened with appro- 
 priate ceremonies on the 151)1 of October, 
 1892. Meantime the Trustees had done 
 some work in grading and partially draining 
 the baseball field. But we were still without 
 an enclosing fence, so that there were no 
 certain means of collecting revenue by 
 charging an admission to the games. But 
 in the autumn of 1893 Dr. Sheppard al- 
 ways the most generous local supporter of 
 our athletics, and the man for whom the 
 students later unanimously and very prop- 
 erly named the present grounds "Sheppard 
 Field" came forward with an offer to fur- 
 nish lumber for a fence. His offer was 
 promptly accepted, a boss carpenter was 
 hired, also through Dr. Sheppard's gener- 
 osity, and scores of under-graduates turned 
 out with saw and hammer, with the result 
 that the present enclosure was soon com- 
 pleted. 
 
 During the summer of 1896 the present 
 quarter-mile cinder track was made entirely 
 by student and Faculty enterprise, and was 
 paid for largely from the football receipts 
 of the previous year. In the autumn of 
 1896 the first of the now existing "bleach- 
 ers" were built, the work being entirely done 
 by students and professors under the direc- 
 tion of the Chairman of the Committee for 
 the Regulation of Athletic Sports. The 
 northern half of the west "bleachers" and all 
 the east "bleachers" were built in the fall 
 of 1898, and the work and material were 
 
 paid for out of the treasury of the athletic 
 association. 
 
 TRACK ATHLETICS AND TENNIS. 
 
 We have already spoken of the field 
 sports connected with the great celebration 
 held in the campus grove on the 4th of July, 
 1871. Some of the records made then are 
 interesting by way of comparison with more 
 recent records. We learn that T. C. War- 
 rington kicked the football 147 feet 6 
 inches and threw the baseball 304 feet 10 
 inches ; that Frank Andrews won the hurdle 
 race (120 yards and five hurdles) in 18 
 seconds ; and that George Lunt won the 
 pole vault, making 6 feet 7 inches. The 
 first formal University field day was held in 
 1879, and this observance has been a part 
 of the college athletic life pretty regularly 
 ever since. The most noteworthy records 
 ever made on the home field by North- 
 western students are as follows : 
 
 100 yard dash, 10 seconds A. R. Jones, '99 
 
 200 yard dash, 221-S seconds A. R. Jones, '99 
 
 440 yard run, 52 seconds R. S. Sturgeon, '00 
 
 800 yard run, 2 minutes - seconds... R. S. Sturgeon, '00 
 
 1 mile run, 4 minutes Td seconds H. Baker. '01 
 
 2 mile run, 10 minutes 21 4-5 seconds.. K. E. Morris. '04 
 
 220 yard hurdles. 211 2-."> seconds J. A. Brown 
 
 120 yard hurdles, HI 2-."> seconds J. A. Brown 
 
 High jump. ." feet it 1-4 inches Claude Smith 
 
 Broad jump. 22 feet " inches O. Davis 
 
 Pole vault, 10 feet (i inches R. E. Wilson. '98 
 
 Hammer throw. 120 feet 1 inch Arthur Baird 
 
 Shot-put, 30 feet 9 inches Arthur Baird 
 
 Discus Throw, 121 feet X inches Arthur Baird 
 
 The first three of the present seven Col- 
 lege and Academy tennis courts were laid 
 out and partially completed in the spring' of 
 1895. In the following autumn, under a 
 new administration, these were completed 
 and paid for and a fourth was built, thus 
 completing the courts of the University 
 proper. The Academy courts were built in 
 1900. Our local courts have been the scene 
 of many a well-fought battle between our 
 own students and between the many profes- 
 sors and instructors who seek health in 
 tennis, and they have witnessed several in- 
 tercollegiate contests. 
 
CHAPTER XVIII. 
 
 GARRETT BIBLICAL INSTITUTE 
 
 (By PRESIDENT CHARLES J. LITTLE) 
 
 Historical Sketch Origin of the Institute 
 Due to the Munificence of Mrs. Augustus 
 Garrett Building Erected in 1855 and 
 Institute Opened in 1856 Additional 
 Buildings Erected in 1867 and 1887 
 The Republican "Wigwam" of 1860 Be- 
 comes the Property of the Institute Re- 
 verse Caused by Fire of 1871 Disaster 
 Averted in 1897 Growth of the Insti- 
 tute Personal History Large Number 
 of the Alumni in Missionary and Other 
 Fields Members of the Faculty and 
 Board of Trustees. 
 
 In the winter of 1839 Mr. Augustus Gar- 
 rett and his wife, Eliza Garrett, joined the 
 Clark Street Methodist Episcopal Church 
 of Chicago, of which the Rev. Peter R. 
 Borein was then pastor. Mr. Borein was a 
 man of unusual eloquence and piety, but of 
 imperfect education. He often attributed 
 this fact to the lack of a school in which 
 men like himself might obtain a proper 
 preparation for the ministry, and frequently 
 said this in conversations with Mrs. Gar- 
 rett. 
 
 In 1848 Mrs. Garrett was left a widow 
 and in possession of what subsequently de- 
 veloped into a large property. In the year 
 1852 she authorized her legal adviser, 
 Grant Goodrich, to ascertain the views of 
 persons whom he might deem worthy of 
 
 special regard and consultation as to the 
 field of greatest promise for her beneficence, 
 and in October, 1853. her last will and testa- 
 ment was formally executed, in which she 
 set apart the residue of her estate for the 
 founding of Garrett Biblical Institute. 
 
 During the autumn in which her will 
 was executed the Rev. Dr. John Dempster 
 visited the West with the intention of 
 planting an institution for the training of 
 Methodist ministers. On passing through 
 Chicago he learned of Mrs. Garrett's pur- 
 pose, and, after an interview with her, a 
 meeting of the Church in Chicago was 
 called to determine what course should be 
 pursued. Rev. John Clark presided. A 
 committee consisting of John Clark, Philo 
 Judson, Orrington Lunt, John Adams and 
 Grant Goodrich, was empowered to adopt 
 such measures as it was believed would re- 
 sult in the speedy erection of a building in 
 which to open a school and to provide the 
 means to sustain it until Mrs. Garrett's 
 bequest should become available. They 
 took upon themselves the responsibility of 
 providing a building at Evanston and of fur- 
 nishing an annual revenue of $1,600. Dr. 
 Dempster undertook to provide whatever 
 amount above that sum might be necessary 
 to support the faculty. A building capable 
 of accommodating forty students was com- 
 pleted in 1855, and the first term was opened 
 
 163 
 
164 
 
 GARRETT BIBLICAL INSTITUTE 
 
 in charge of Rev. John Dempster, D.D. ; 
 Rev. William Goodfellow, A.M., and Rev. 
 William P. Wright. A. M. The institution 
 was opened with interesting services, in 
 which Mrs. Garrett participated. The first 
 term began with four students and closed 
 with sixteen. The second began with twelve 
 and closed with nineteen. The greatest num- 
 ber in attendance at any one time was 
 twenty-eight. Annual conferences passed 
 encouraging resolutions and individuals and 
 churches contributed to support the school. 
 Mrs. Garrett was so anxious to disencumber 
 her estate and make it available for her 
 benevolent designs that for several years 
 she would accept only $400 a year for 'her 
 support, nearly half of which she devoted 
 to pious purposes. This estimable and ex- 
 cellent woman died on the 23d of Novem- 
 ber, 1855, the last act of her life being to 
 confirm to the now chartered institute the 
 munificent bequest that she had made for its 
 endowment. 
 
 An excellent portrait of Mrs. Garrett 
 now hangs in the President's office in Me- 
 morial Hall. It is the picture of a sweet- 
 faced, intelligent woman, and corresponds 
 with all that has been said and written of 
 her goodness and piety. Her death was 
 sudden and unexpected, but she died in 
 great peace indeed, in great triumph. She 
 was greatly beloved and greatly lamented. 
 
 The temporary organization was brought 
 to a close in the spring of 1856, and in May 
 of the same year the Trustees, under the 
 charter of 1855, appealed to the General 
 Conference of the Methodist Episcopal 
 Church for recognition. This recognition 
 was granted and the Bishops were request- 
 ed to act as an advisory committee to coun- 
 sel with the Trustees. A permanent organi- 
 zation was effected and the Institute opened 
 on the 22d of September, 1856, about three 
 years from the time that Mrs. Garrett de- 
 termined upon its founding. 
 
 When the Institute was first opened at 
 Evanston there was not, in the whole dis- 
 tance between Chicago and Waukegan, a 
 single Protestant church. There was great 
 need of evangelical effort in the villages 
 that were springing up along the lake shore. 
 The students of the Institute established 
 and maintained regular appointments at 
 which they preached, exhorted, taught Sun- 
 day schools, distributed tracts, and in con- 
 nection with which they visited the people 
 to converse with them concerning their reli- 
 gious welfare. Great interest was taken by 
 the faculty in this evangelical activity. At 
 the same time earnest efforts were made to 
 connect with the Institute a department for 
 missionary training. In an early catalogue 
 the leading design of the Institute was 
 stated in these words: "It is to make think- 
 ing, speaking, acting men." The founders 
 of the Institute had a vivid forecast of 
 the future of Chicago, and believed that a 
 special Providence had directed its loca- 
 tion ; but they were compelled to face much 
 prejudice and often deplored the lack of 
 earnest co-operation, both of laymen and 
 ministers. 
 
 The first building was a wooden structure 
 accommodating forty students. In a few 
 vears a new building became necessary, and 
 in 1867, through the efficient agency of 
 Rev. J. S. Smart and the Women's Centen- 
 nial Association, a building, now known as 
 Heck Hall, was erected at a cost of $57,000. 
 This served for lecture rooms, library and 
 chapel, as well as a dormitory for stu- 
 dents until 1887, when the present Me- 
 morial Hall was finished during the presi- 
 dency of Rev. Dr. Henry B. Ridgaway. 
 The older building, which has recently been 
 completely renovated, is now devoted sole- 
 ly to the use of students. 
 
 The portion of Mrs. Garrett's estate 
 which came into the hands of the Trustees 
 consisted chiefly of the ground where in 
 
HISTORY OF EVANSTON 
 
 165 
 
 1860 the "Wigwam" was erected in which 
 Abraham Lincoln was nominated for Pres- 
 ident of the United States. In 1870 a block 
 of brick stores was built upon this ground, 
 but all these buildings were destroyed in 
 the fire of 1871, and the estate was left 
 with a debt of $92,000. The generous lib- 
 erality of the church contributed a sum of 
 $62,500 for the relief of the Institute in this 
 critical time, and in 1872 a larger block of 
 buildings was erected upon the same site. 
 The debt incurred in this enterprise was re- 
 moved by the active efforts of the Rev. W. 
 C. Dandy, D.D., who was appointed finan- 
 cial agent. Among the numerous gifts ob- 
 tained by him was one of $30,000 from 
 Mrs. Cornelia Miller for the endowment of 
 the Chair of Practical Theology. Under the 
 wise management of the Trustees the prop- 
 erty of the Institute gradually increased in 
 value, but in 1897 another crisis occurred, 
 the results of which were averted by the 
 careful management of the present treasur- 
 er of the Institute, the Rev. Dr. R. D. Shep- 
 pard. The magnificent building now occu- 
 pied by Reid, Murdock & Co. was erected 
 under Dr. Sheppard's supervision after a 
 lease had been negotiated which promises to 
 afford a large revenue for immediate needs. 
 The debt created in this connection the 
 Trustees hope to extinguish by the sinking 
 fund which they have started. 
 
 The Institute has deviated but little from 
 its original ideal. It has met, from time to 
 time, the demands of the period ; thus, in 
 the summer of 1892, it enlarged its facili- 
 ties for the study of the English Bible, a 
 systematic scheme for English Bible study 
 being substituted in the diploma course for 
 the study of Hebrew. In 1895 it took steps 
 for instruction in Sociology. The Library 
 has grown rapidly under the careful man- 
 agement of the Rev. Dr. Terry, and in- 
 cludes the splendid collection of Methodist 
 books and original documents the finest in 
 
 the world purchased for the Institute by 
 Mr. William Deering. The records of the 
 Seminary show that, since 1854, nearly 
 3.500 persons have enjoyed the privileges of 
 the school. Of this number 700 have com- 
 pleted a three years' course, and of these 
 365 have received the degree of Bachelor of 
 Divinity. The large majority of these grad- 
 uates are pastors, many of whom are now 
 filling conspicuous pulpits with ability. 
 Among those now living may be mentioned : 
 James S. Chadwick and George E. Stro- 
 bridge, of the New York East Conference ; 
 Charles B. Wilcox, of Kansas City : Polemus 
 H. Swift, W. E. Tilroe, John X. Hall. John 
 
 D. Leek and John P. Brushingham, of Chi- 
 cago ; Edward S. Ninde, of Ann Arbor ; 
 Edwin A. Schell, of Greencastle, Ind. ; 
 Hugh D. Atchison, of Dubuque, Iowa; A. 
 
 E. Craig.of Ottumwa, Iowa : E. G. Lewis, of 
 Grand Rapids, Mich. ; William A. Shanklin. 
 of Reading, Pa. ; James S. Montgomery, of 
 Minneapolis ; E. B. Patterson, of Balti- 
 more ; James H. Senseny, Des Moines, 
 Iowa. 
 
 Forty of the Alumni have gone to the 
 foreign field as missionaries. Among these 
 are two Missionary Bishops, Joseph C. 
 Hartzell and F. W. Warne ; in China are 
 Virgil C. Hart, William T. Hobart, Myron 
 C. Wilcox, H. Olin Cady, Spencer Lewis, 
 
 F. L. Guthrie, W. H. Lacey, W. C. Lang- 
 don and Quincy A. Meyers ; in India are J. 
 H. Gill, D. O. Fox, James S. Messmore, 
 J. W. Waugh, J. C. Lawson, William H. 
 Hollister, Harvey R. Calkins, D. C. Clancy 
 and John W. Robinson ; in Burmah, Julius 
 Smith ; in Southeast Africa, John M. 
 Springer ; in Singapore. John R. Denyes 
 and Ernest S. Lyons; in Mexico, Ira C. 
 Cartwright ; in South America, M. J. Pusey 
 and H. B. Shinn. Homer C. Stuntz, for- 
 merly of India, is now in the Philippine 
 Islands. 
 
 Thirty-three are serving as Presidents 
 
i66 
 
 GARRETT BIBLICAL INSTITUTE 
 
 and professors in schools and colleges. 
 Among these are: Nathan Burwash, Presi- 
 dent of Victoria College, Canada ; William 
 H. Crawford, President of Allegheny Col- 
 lege, Pa. ; Eli McClish, President of Pacific 
 College, Cal. ; Xels E. Simonson, Principal 
 of the Norwegian-Danish School, Evans- 
 ton ; J. Riley Weaver, Professor in DePauw 
 University ; Robert D. Sheppard and Amos 
 W. Patten, Professors in Northwestern 
 University ; Charles Horswell, Solon C. 
 Bronson and Charles M. Stuart, Professors 
 in Garrett Biblical Institute ; Melvin P. 
 Lackland, Professor in Illinois Wesleyan 
 University ; Orange H. Cessna, Professor 
 in Iowa State Agricultural College ; Thomas 
 Nicholson. President Dakota Wesleyan 
 University, South Dakota. 
 
 Among the earliest graduates in the class 
 of 1861 was Bishop Charles H. Fowler. 
 In the same class was Oliver A. Willard. 
 the brilliant brother of the lamented Frances 
 E. Willard. 
 
 The Norwegian-Danish Department was 
 organized in 1886 under the principalship 
 of Rev. Nels E. Simonson, D.D., an alum- 
 nus of the English Department. During 
 the thirteen years of its operation, it has 
 had in attendance more than one hundred 
 students. 
 
 The Presidents of the faculty have been : 
 John Dempster, Matthew Simpson, William 
 X. Xinde, Henry B. Ridgaway and Charles 
 J. Little. 
 
 The members of the faculty have been : 
 John Dempster, William Goodfellow, Wil- 
 liam O. \Vright, Daniel P. Kidder, Henry 
 Bannister. Francis D. Hemenway. Miner 
 Raymond, Robert L. Cumnock, William 
 X. Ninde, Henry B. Ridgaway. Charles F. 
 Bradley, Milton S. Terry. Charles W. Ben- 
 nett. Charles Horswell, Charles J. Little. 
 Solon C. Bronson, Charles M. Stuart. Dore- 
 mus A. Hayes. 
 
 The Trustees have been: Grant Good- 
 
 rich, Orrington Lunt, John Evans, Philo 
 Judson, Stephen P. Keyes, Luke Hitchcock, 
 Hooper Crews, Thomas M. Eddy, John V. 
 Farwell, E. H. Gammon, Charles H. Fowl- 
 er, A. E. Bishop, S. H. Adams, William 
 Deering, Robert D. Sheppard, Oliver H. 
 Horton, William C. Dandy, Frank M. Bris- 
 tol, Frank P. Crandon, Amos W. Patton, 
 Polemus H. Swift. 
 
 John Dempster, the first President, be- 
 longed to that vigorous Scotch- Irish stock 
 which has been so potent in American his- 
 tory. His natural powers were very great, 
 and though himself without a theological 
 training, he may be said to be the founder 
 of the theological schools in American 
 Methodism. He exercised great influence, 
 not only among his brethren, but in the gen- 
 eral community, and was one of the com- 
 mittee that waited upon Mr. Lincoln in the 
 crisis of the war to strengthen his hands 
 and to assure him of the unfailing support 
 of his fellow-citizens of Illinois. 
 
 Matthew Simpson, the eloquent Bishop, 
 was the greatest preacher that recent Meth- 
 odism has produced. His influence during 
 the war surpassed that of any clergyman in 
 the land, partly because of his great en- 
 dowments and excellent ' character, and 
 partly because he represented a church that 
 "sent more men to the field and more pray- 
 ers to heaven" than any other in the land. 
 
 Bishop Ninde, who succeeded him as 
 President, drew all hearts to himself. His 
 personal appearance was singularly at- 
 tractive ; his behavior was brotherly and his 
 spirit so Christ-like that students revered 
 him and the community trusted him im- 
 plicitly. 
 
 Dr. Ridgaway came to Evanston from 
 Cincinnati. He brought with him a great 
 reputation as an eloquent preacher and a 
 successful pastor. During his administra- 
 tion Memorial Hall was built. He, too, was 
 greatly beloved. 
 
' 
 
 . 
 
LIBRARY 
 
 OF THE 
 UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS 
 
HISTORY OF EVANSTON 
 
 167 
 
 Of the many distinguished members of 
 the faculty the most conspicuous was Dr. 
 Miner Raymond. No man in Methodism 
 possessed a clearer mind. His words were 
 weighty and his sentences, many of them, 
 have become household words to his pu- 
 pils. He lived to be more than four score 
 years of age and continued his teaching un- 
 til his eighty-second year. 
 
 Among the Trustees Orrington Lunt 
 
 was, by reason of his personality and his 
 many years of service, the most conspicu- 
 ous and the most useful. He gave to the 
 Institute unstinted service. He watched 
 over its interests as he watched over his 
 own, and prayed for it as he prayed for 
 his family. Few institutions have enjoyed 
 such devotion as Orrington Lunt gave to 
 Garrett Biblical Institute, and his name will 
 be connected with it so long as it shall last 
 
CHAPTER XIX. 
 
 EARLY DRAINAGE 
 
 First Steps in Organisation of a Drainage 
 System for Evanston Natural Condi- 
 tions Early Legislation of 1855 The 
 Late Harvey B. Hurd, Member and Sec- 
 retary of First Board of Commissioners 
 Construction of Ditches Begun Drain- 
 age Amendment of the Present Consti- 
 tution Adopted in 1878 Extension of 
 the System Local Opposition A Tax 
 Collector's Experience A Flood Con- 
 verts the Opponents of the System. 
 
 The drainage of Evanston forms an im- 
 portant and interesting chapter in its his- 
 tory. There is plenty of evidence showing 
 that all the territory now included in the 
 towns of Evanston, Niles, Jefferson, Lake 
 View and the southeastern portion of New 
 Trier, were at some time covered by the 
 waters of Lake Michigan. There are, in 
 this territory, three distinct ridges made by 
 the lake which mark several distinct reces- 
 sions of its waters. The west one, some- 
 times called "Dutch Ridge," commences at 
 Winnetka, at the south end of the clay bluff 
 stretching along the west shore, and runs 
 thence southwesterly, spreading and flat- 
 tening out in fan-shape towards the north 
 branch of the Chicago River and terminat- 
 ing at that stream near Niles Center. East 
 of this, from a mile in width at the north 
 end, to two or three miles at the south end, 
 is Evanston's "West Ridge," which com- 
 
 mences where Ridge Avenue strikes the 
 lake and runs almost directly south to Rose- 
 hill, where it turns sharply to the west, 
 forming a J and flattening out considerably 
 at Bowmanville, and also terminating at the 
 north branch near that place, leaving be- 
 tween these two ridges a valley partly 
 wooded and partly prairie. The east one of 
 the three ridges commences at the lake 
 shore in the L'niversity campus and runs 
 southerly through Evanston, and bending 
 slightly to the eastward through Lake View, 
 ends at Lincoln Park. 
 
 Natural Conditions. These several 
 ridges, to a certain extent, cut off the drain- 
 age of the land between them, and this land 
 was subject to occasional overflow, and 
 was to some extent swampy during the en- 
 tire year. Portions of it were impassable 
 during most of the year. At quite an early 
 day a small ditch was constructed midway 
 between the east and west ridges, emptying 
 into the lake through a ravine between the 
 College campus and the site of the first 
 Biblical Institute building erected in 1854, 
 but afterward destroyed by fire. This ditch 
 was called the Mulford Ditch, from the fact 
 that Major E. H. Mulford was principally 
 instrumental in its construction ; Edward 
 Murphy was associated with him in the 
 making of it. 
 
 At the time of the location of Evanston 
 this ditch had pretty much gone to decay 
 
 169 
 
170 
 
 EARLY DRAINAGE 
 
 and the land between the two ridges was 
 so swampy it was difficult to pass from one 
 ridge to the other except in one or two 
 places. Something in the way of drainage 
 was accomplished by the throwing up of 
 the streets when Evanston was laid out in 
 
 1853- 
 
 First Drainage Commission. By an 
 act approved February 15, 1855, "The 
 Drainage Commission" was created for the 
 purpose of draining the wet lands in Town- 
 ships 41 and 42, in Range 13 and 14, and 
 Sections i, 2, n and 12. in Township 40 of 
 Range 13. This Commission was given 
 power "to lay out, locate, construct, com- 
 plete and alter ditches, embankments, cul- 
 verts, bridges and roads, and maintain and 
 keep the same in repair." The Commission- 
 ers named in the act were Harvey B. Kurd, 
 George M. Huntoon, James B. Colvin, John 
 L. Beveridge and John H. Foster. As Dr. 
 Foster resided in Chicago and did not wish 
 to engage in the undertaking, A. G. Wilder 
 was put in his place. Mr. Hurd was Secre- 
 tary of the Commission, and to a consider- 
 able extent managed its operations. 
 
 At that time the only road on the prairie 
 west of Evanston was one running north 
 and south along the east edge of the Big 
 Woods, leading from what was known as 
 "Emerson's barn" to Chicago by way of 
 Bowmanville. This road was passable only 
 during a portion of the year late in the 
 summer and when the ground was frozen 
 up. 
 
 Construction of Ditches Begun. The 
 first ditch constructed by the Commission 
 \vas along the west side of this road ; 
 the excavation being thrown up in such a 
 manner as to make a fairly passable road 
 from "Emerson's barn" neighborhood to 
 Bowmanville. 
 
 The next work of the Commission was 
 the construction of what is known as the 
 "Big Ditch," about half way between the 
 
 Big Woods and West Ridge. It was so 
 shaped that the north end of it from the 
 north side of Center Street, on the town 
 line between Evanston and New Trier, 
 emptied into the lake, and from the south 
 side of Center Street the water was carried 
 south, emptying into the North Branch at a 
 point about three-fourths of a mile north- 
 west of Bowmanville. 
 
 Later several ditches were laid out and 
 constructed across the prairie ; these were so 
 laid out and constructed as to create roads. 
 One of them is the Rogers Road, com- 
 mencing just west of what was then the 
 home of Philip Rogers, after whom Rogers 
 Park was named, running thence west to 
 Xiles Center. Another is the Mulford 
 Road; another extended on Church Street 
 west to the Big Woods, and another was 
 the Emerson Road, now Emerson Street. 
 
 These roads have all become prominent 
 thoroughfares ; the last three have been ex- 
 tended west to Dutch Ridge, and Church 
 Street has been extended to the Glenn View 
 Golf Club grounds. The Commission en- 
 larged the Mulford Ditch so that it fur- 
 nished pretty fair drainage for the territory 
 lying between the east and west ridges in 
 the Village of Evanston until the sewerage 
 system was put in. Later a ditch was con- 
 structed across the east ridge from a point 
 just west of Tillman Mann's house, at the 
 distance of about three blocks south of Rog- 
 ers Park depot to the lake. 
 
 A. G. Wilder having died, Michael Gorm- 
 ley of Glencoe was put on the Commission 
 in his place, and the Commission undertook 
 to drain the Skokie, lying west of Winnet- 
 ka, Glencoe and Highland Park. It first 
 constructed a ditch emptying into the east 
 fork of the North Branch, but it was found 
 that in flood times the water set back in 
 the North Branch and up this ditch, flood- 
 ing the Skokie. Another outlet was there- 
 fore made through the Dutch Ridge, at a 
 
HISTORY OF EVANSTOX 
 
 point about half way between Winnetka 
 and the Gross Point settlement, carrying 
 the water into the lake through what is now 
 Kenilworth. The Skokie being about forty 
 feet above the lake level, ample fall was 
 found, and this last ditch redeemed a large 
 amount of valuable lands at the south end 
 of the Skokie, now covered by some of the 
 best farms in that neighborhood. 
 
 The subsequent efforts of the Commis- 
 sion to enlarge the Skokie ditch and extend 
 it further north, were opposed by some of 
 the land-owners who were assessed for the 
 expense of their improvement, and two 
 cases were carried to the Supreme Court to 
 test the constitutionality of the law. In the 
 case of Hessler vs. The Drainage Commis- 
 sioners (reported in 53 111. Reports, page 
 105), the court held the law to be unconsti- 
 tutional. This decision was rendered in 
 January, 1870, and put an end to the opera- 
 tions of "The Drainage Commissioners." 
 This was one of several decisions of like 
 import, for there were several other com- 
 missions in different parts of the State, 
 acting under similar laws, where assess- 
 ments for benefits had been held unconstitu- 
 tional, but so much interest had been cre- 
 ated in favor of drainage that a clause was 
 put into the Constitution of 1870, designed 
 to permit the General Assembly to pass 
 laws for that purpose. This clause was 
 amended by vote of the people in November, 
 1878, adopting an amendment of the Consti- 
 tution, which is now the authority for the 
 drainage laws found in the statutes general- 
 ly known as the Farm Drainage Acts. 
 
 Extension of the System. The 
 north portion of the big ditch was later, 
 under one of these acts, very considerably 
 enlarged and extended south so as to draw 
 the water lakeward from Church Street, 
 but all those parts of the Big Ditch and 
 Mulford Ditch within the corporate limits 
 of Evanston have been supplanted by sew- 
 
 ers constructed by the City of Evanston. 
 The Rogers Park Ditch has been supplant- 
 ed by a main sewer on Pratt Avenue, which 
 carried all the drainage of Rogers Park 
 west of the East Ridge into the lake. All 
 the roads which were constructed by the 
 Commission are not only maintained, but 
 have been extended and improved and are 
 now principal highways. The law under 
 which they were constructed having been 
 declared void, the owner of the land upon 
 which they were laid out might have fenced 
 them up, but they were of such evident util- 
 ity and propriety that no one has shown any 
 disposition to do so. and having now been in 
 use over twenty years, they have become 
 legal highways. 
 
 Local Opposition. The opposition of 
 the owners of the lands proposed to be bene- 
 fitted was not confined to the validity of the 
 law. When the first ditch was being laid 
 out along the west side of the Big Woods 
 Road, the Big Woods people came out with 
 pitch-forks and clubs to drive off the en- 
 gineer and his assistants, but fortunately the 
 engineer was a good-natured man, but very 
 firm, and did not allow himself to be driven 
 off. 
 
 Later, when the Rogers Road ditch was 
 projected, a very vigorous protest was 
 made, the people insisting that they did not 
 need any more drainage: that they would 
 rather have their land as it was without fur- 
 ther drainage, and I am of the opinion that 
 had I not put on my pleasantest manner with 
 them, I should have received rough treat- 
 ment on one of my visits to the neighbor- 
 hood in the collection of assessments. I had 
 the satisfaction, however, later in the season, 
 of turning the tables on them. It occurred 
 in this way : Our ditchers, for the purpose 
 of protecting their work from being flooded, 
 threw up their excavation in such a way as 
 to create a dam on each side of the ditch. 
 In the midst of haying time, when a large 
 
1 7 2 
 
 EARLY DRAINAGE 
 
 quantity of hay was down, and considerable 
 of it was in cocks, and when the ditch was 
 about two-thirds across the prairie, there 
 came a heavy rain which flooded the prairie. 
 To save their hay, the people rallied in 
 force, drove off the ditchers, cut the dams 
 and let the water off, and thus saved much 
 of their hay which would otherwise have 
 been all spoiled. We had the ring-leaders 
 arrested, brought over to Evanston and 
 fined. Though they were not quite happy 
 in the payment of their fines, they were 
 much more reconciled to the payment of 
 
 their assessments, acknowledging that af- 
 ter all the drainage was a pretty good 
 thing. 
 
 All the work done by "The Drainage 
 Commission" was by special assessment. 
 Unfortunately, the Chicago fire in 1871 
 destroyed all our assessment rolls, or I 
 should take pleasure in showing you how 
 much more economically work was done by 
 commissioners interested in the land as 
 owners than is now done by municipal 
 authorities who have no interest in com- 
 mon with those who have to foot the bills. 
 
' 
 
 CHAPTER XX. 
 
 PUBLIC UTILITIES 
 
 (By ALKXASDKI! CLARK) 
 
 Area and Topography of the City of Evan- 
 ston The Drainage Problem A Period 
 of Evolution Municipal Development 
 Electric Light System Installed Street 
 Improvements Parks and Boulevards 
 The Transportation Problem Steam and 
 Interurban Railway Connections Heat- 
 ing System Telephone Service Evan- 
 ston as a Residence City. 
 
 The total area of the city of Evanston is 
 about 4,000 acres. The lots generally have 
 a frontage of fifty feet. As they average 
 about five lots to the acre, this would make 
 a total of 20,000 lots within the city limits. 
 Estimating a population of five persons to 
 each lot, would give the city a total popula- 
 tion of about 100,000 when the territory is 
 fully built up. The present population is 
 about 20,000. It consists largely of resi- 
 dents who do business in the City of Chi- 
 cago, while there is a large local population, 
 residing permanently in the city, of whom 
 a large proportion are in the employment 
 of the other class. 
 
 Topographically the territory consists of 
 an area intersected by two ridges running 
 north and south, one known as the East, and 
 the other as the West Ridge. The East, or 
 Chicago Avenue Ridge, has an elevation of 
 twenty to twenty-five feet above Lake 
 Michigan, while Ridge Avenue (West 
 
 Ridge) rises about forty-five feet above the 
 lake level. 
 
 There is a large area to the west of Ridge 
 Avenue which was at one time very low 
 and swampy in its character. The opening 
 of sewers through these two ridges to the 
 lake has drained this area, and, although 
 relatively low, it is actually about twenty 
 feet above Lake Michigan, which is, on an 
 average, about a mile and a half distant. 
 The difference in elevation, therefore, af- 
 fords a very good fall when the sewers are 
 cut through. 
 
 Drainage. The drainage of this area 
 west of Ridge Avenue was a serious prob- 
 lem for early Evanston. The first drainage 
 district ever organized in the State of Illi- 
 nois was created for the purpose of accom- 
 plishing this purpose. In 1855, the Legis- 
 lature, by special act, created a drainage 
 corporation, consisting of the late Harvey 
 B. Hurd and four other members, for the 
 purpose of draining this territory. 
 
 Early in the 'sixties, this act was declared 
 unconstitutional, and, in the meanwhile, the 
 ditch leading from the prairie west of Evan- 
 ston had been cut through to the lake at a 
 point just north of the city limits, and also 
 a connection had been made about the north 
 line of Kenilworth. through the Gross 
 Point Ridge to the Skokie. There two 
 ditches carried away great volumes of sur- 
 
 173 
 
174 
 
 PUBLIC UTILITIES 
 
 face water that flooded these areas at certain 
 seasons of the year. 
 
 The first sewer in Evanston which tapped 
 this west prairie country was the Emerson 
 Street sewer, which was made of large 
 capacity and was intended to drain this 
 area included within the limits of the city 
 of Evanston : as has already been stated, it 
 has rendered the territory entirely habitable. 
 There is a large area south of the portion 
 included in the City of Evanston, part of 
 which is in the Town of Evanston (now 
 Ridgeville) and part within the Town of 
 Niles, which as yet has no drainage, and 
 must ultimately look for its drainage to a 
 connection with the North Branch of the 
 Chicago River, either through an open 
 channel into which the Evanston drainage 
 will be diverted, or by sewers constructed 
 in the City of Chicago and connected with 
 the Drainage Canal. A line of brickyards 
 is gradually working its way along the east 
 edge of this low ground, and, in time, will 
 work out an open channel which will 
 amount to an extension of the North 
 Branch. 
 
 A Period of Evolution. It is exceed- 
 ingly interesting to trace the evolution of 
 an open farm country into the complex de- 
 velopment of a city. It is difficult for the 
 early residents of such a district to contem- 
 plate the possibilities of paved streets, 
 sewers, water mains, gas and electric supply, 
 and to work with reference to the ultimate 
 establishment of these improvements. Hence, 
 such development goes on in a very tardy 
 and expensive manner, the work being per- 
 formed largely on experimental lines and 
 with reference to the demands of the im- 
 mediate present, and not with any compre- 
 hensive grasp of the needs of the future. 
 
 In the south end of the present City of 
 Evanston, which constituted the village of 
 South Evanston, the first attempt at drain- 
 age was by means of wooden box-drains 
 
 from the railroad leading down to the lake. 
 One of these was constructed in Keeney 
 Avenue, and a similar construction was 
 placed on Main Street, but cut through 
 Chicago Avenue Ridge, so as to drain the 
 low-lying territory through the two ridges. 
 It speaks well for the foresight of the men 
 who performed this work, that, when they 
 cut through Chicago Avenue Ridge, ex- 
 cavated to a depth sufficient to drain this 
 outlying territory and constructed the drain 
 of brick, when later it was found neces- 
 sary to change it into a sewer, it was only 
 necessary to reconstruct the portion be- 
 tween the ridges up to Chicago Avenue 
 Ridge and then to excavate across Ridge 
 Avenue to the city limits on the west. 
 
 Municipal Consolidation. The present 
 city of Evanston is made up of what was 
 originally three municipal corporations : 
 Evanston proper, South Evanston and 
 North Evanston. The boundary of Evan- 
 ston proper, or Evanston center, was orig- 
 inally on the south by Hamilton and Grain 
 Streets, and on the north by Foster Street. 
 
 The first attempt at merging was in 1873. 
 The Village of Evanston as it then existed 
 was desirous of securing a water supply, 
 but did not have the means to do so, and 
 under the constitutional limitations as to in- 
 debtedness could not issue bonds in suffi- 
 cient amount to accomplish this purpose. In 
 order to increase its bonding capacity the 
 plan was devised of uniting the Village of 
 Evanston and North Evanston. The Village 
 of South Evanston remained a distinct cor- 
 poration until 1892, when, after some pre- 
 vious attempts, which proved unsuccessful, 
 the question of annexation to the Village of 
 Evanston was taken up and, after a hotly 
 contested campaign, was carried through. 
 
 The Village of South Evanston owes its 
 existence to the fact that no land was 
 owned within its limits by the Northwest- 
 ern University. In the early days this Uni- 
 
I! V II.M 1 
 
LIBRARY 
 
 OF THE 
 UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS 
 
HISTORY OF EVAXSTOX 
 
 versity owned a large portion of the proper- 
 ty included the original City of Evans- 
 ton, and as this property was largely unim- 
 proved and not subject to taxation, this ex- 
 emption threw a very serious burden upon 
 the portion of the village not owned by the 
 University. To escape this taxation was 
 the incentive for the organization of the 
 new Village of South Evanston. 
 
 The framers of our present Constitution 
 in their wisdom, saw fit to so hedge about 
 the municipality that no margin for ex- 
 travagant expenditure should be allowed, 
 and by inserting the provision in the Consti- 
 tution that no municipal corporation should 
 become indebted, including present indebt- 
 edness, in excess of five per cent of its 
 property, so hampered an increase of in- 
 debtedness that it is utterly impossible for 
 any small municipality to have metropolitan 
 facilities ; so that, just as soon as these 
 facilities are desired, it becomes necessary 
 to consolidate in order to enlarge the bond- 
 ing and taxing area. 
 
 The same principle that applies in busi- 
 ness, and influencing the merging of several 
 disconnected establishments in the same line 
 of business into one. thereby securing great- 
 er economy in their management and opera- 
 tion, applies, up to a certain limit, with even 
 greater force to municipalities. 
 
 The desperate struggles of some of these 
 corporations to assume metropolitan airs, 
 without the means, are very amusing. For 
 instance, the Village of South Evanston de- 
 sired a water supply, and, in order to secure 
 it, first bored an artesian well about 2,600 
 feet deep, which spurted up like an oil gush- 
 er sixty feet above the surface ; but the 
 water was so hard that it could not be cut 
 with an axe. and left a residuum of its or- 
 ganic elements upon the foliage that hap- 
 pened to be sprinkled with it. 
 
 The residents then began to clamor for 
 lake water ; but, in order to get a pure sup- 
 
 ply, it was necessary to go out some dis- 
 tance from the shore and construct a pump- 
 ing station. A block of ground between 
 Main Street and Keclzie Avenue was found 
 which the lake was gradually eating up. It 
 had been taken by foreclosure by Eastern 
 parties, and they were in danger of losing 
 their holdings by the erosion of the water. 
 It was found, therefore, that the whole 
 block could be purchased for about $i .600. 
 A frontage of about 800 feet on Lake Mich- 
 igan was thus secured at this nominal figure. 
 The question then arose how to get the 
 money to protect this land from the en- 
 croachments of the lake, grade it and se- 
 cure a water supply. The first problem was 
 solved by levying a special assessment on 
 every lot between the Ridge and the lake 
 on those lots between the railroad and the 
 lake $5.00 each, and on those between the 
 Northwestern Railroad and Ridge Ave- 
 nue $3.00 each. Hy this means $7.000 was 
 raised, which was spent upon breakwaters, 
 grading and setting out trees, and the pres- 
 ent little park is the result of that invest- 
 ment. The extent of the ground has already 
 been nearly doubled by accretion, and is 
 capable of much greater enlargement at a 
 trifling expenditure. About $20.000 was 
 added to the bonded indebtedness and a 
 pumping station and water-tower were 
 built. 
 
 Electric Lighting. The town then 
 having started on the highway of progress, 
 it was thought that it would be a good thing 
 if an electric lighting system could be in- 
 stalled : bids were called for and it was as- 
 certained that such a system could be estab- 
 lished with a capacity for lighting the town 
 at about $7.000. But the town was already 
 bonded up to its full constitutional limit, 
 and the improvement being a public one, it 
 did not seem possible that any more money 
 could be raised by special assessment. This 
 device was then resorted to : a contract was 
 
176 
 
 PUBLIC UTILITIES 
 
 made with an electric light company where- 
 by it constructed a plant in the village and 
 leased it to the municipality at a rental to 
 be paid quarterly, with an agreement that, 
 when a certain amount of rent was paid, the 
 title to the plant should vest in the village. 
 This plan was borrowed from the method 
 pursued by impecunious females in pur- 
 chasing sewing machines, pianos and furni- 
 ture. To the credit of the people of the 
 village and the lawyers residing in it, no 
 effort was made to test the doubtful legali- 
 ty of this proceeding, and South Evanston 
 soon had the satisfaction of being the only 
 municipality electrically lighted between 
 Waukegan and Chicago. The same boilers, 
 the same engineers and fireman that oper- 
 ated the water plant also operated the light- 
 ing plant, and the success of the experi- 
 ment is a very instructive lesson in the 
 municipal management of public utilities. 
 
 But it was soon found that the sewer- 
 age which poured into the lake on Main 
 Street, about 600 feet from the pumping 
 station, was threatening contamination of 
 the water supply, and it was necessary that 
 the inlet be pushed far out into the lake. 
 By none of the devices before discovered 
 could any additional funds be secured, and 
 it became a question with South Evanston 
 of annexation or impure water; and this, 
 more than any other fact, contributed to 
 the merging of the two municipalities. 
 Shortly after they were merged, the City of 
 Evanston was organized, with seven wards 
 and fourteen Aldermen. 
 
 Street Improvements. The surface 
 soil of most of the area upon which Evans- 
 ton is built is sand, excepting the west prai- 
 rie, where it consists of a light stratum of 
 black soil over blue clay. On the sandy 
 area the first method of street-making was 
 confined to what is known as claying and 
 graveling. Loads of blue clay from the 
 west prairie were dumped along and spread 
 
 upon the street to a depth of four or five 
 inches, this being covered by a layer of three 
 or four inches of lake gravel. When the 
 rains fell the gravel worked itself into the 
 mud, and, for a lightly traveled street, it 
 was not bad. The claying and graveling of 
 a strip twenty feet wide in the center of 
 a street cost about 50 cents per running 
 foot, and the writer has a very distinct re- 
 collection of the clamor that was raised 
 when the assessment was levied upon the 
 abutting property for this improvement. The 
 bearing of the burden of assessments is 
 purely a matter of education. As the Irish- 
 man said about hanging: it is not so bad 
 when you get used to it, provided you do 
 not die in the meantime; and the same 
 property owners that so bitterly contested 
 the 50 cents per running foot assessment 
 have since then borne with the greatest 
 equanimity an assessment of three or four 
 dollars per front foot for paving and curb- 
 ing. 
 
 I have a very distinct recollection of the 
 paving of Davis Street with clay and 
 gravel. The abutting owners desired that 
 there should be plenty of clay put on ; so 
 they stood around in the hot sun and 
 bossed the job, and the contractor gave 
 them all they wanted. Six or eight inches 
 of it was put on and the gravel dumped on 
 this, and, for the next year and a half, Davis 
 Street was a hog-wallow during the greater 
 part of the year. This ended the era of clay 
 and gravel. The next pavement laid upon 
 Davis Street was macadam. This was not 
 found satisfactory and brick was laid upon 
 the macadam. I think the history of the 
 paving of Davis Street illustrates most 
 forcibly the expensive evolution by which 
 municipalities are educated up to the man- 
 agement of their affairs. "Vox populi" 
 may be "vox Dei," but it is an exceedingly 
 expensive voice when it comes to dealing 
 with business matters. I think a careful in- 
 
HISTORY OF EVAXSTOX 
 
 177 
 
 vestigation will establish the fact that gen- 
 erally what the people want in a business 
 proposition is the thing they ought not to 
 get. Such questions can not be settled by 
 town meetings. I remember very distinctly 
 when James Ayers attempted to pave Hin- 
 man Avenue. After an immense amount of 
 oratory, discussions back and forth, theories 
 and protests from people who wanted the 
 street kept like a country village street and 
 who dreaded city improvements, James 
 finally gave the matter up and said in his 
 opinion Hinman Avenue could never be 
 paved that there was "too much brains on 
 the street." 
 
 With the advent of paved streets came 
 the problem of providing for the cost of 
 their maintenance, and the City of Evanston 
 to-day, with its increased area and valua- 
 tion, finds itself in almost as great financial 
 straits as the old village of South Evanston 
 in its early struggles. 
 
 The wooden block pavement craze struck 
 quite hard in South Evanston, and the re- 
 sult is miles of streets to be repaved at the 
 expense of the abutting owners. Perhaps 
 the best and most durable pavement ever 
 laid in Evanston is the piece on Chicago 
 Avenue from Davis Street north. It is of 
 brick, and has been down ten years and is 
 practically as smooth and good to-day as 
 when first laid. It was laid by experts. It 
 consists of a layer of sand with a layer of 
 brick laid flatwise, this being surmounted 
 by another layer of sand and a layer of 
 brick laid edgewise. The only possible ob- 
 jection to such a pavement is its noise. 
 
 Evanston has to-day some of the finest 
 macadamized streets in the country. Asso- 
 ciations have been formed on quite a num- 
 ber of streets for their care and mainte- 
 nance, and it has been found that a street 
 can be kept clean and in perfect condition 
 for less than the cost of sprinkling on the 
 individual plan. Property owners are grad- 
 
 ually waking up to the proposition that the 
 care of the street in front of abutting prop- 
 erty is just as much a duty on the part of 
 the owner as the care of his front yard and 
 household surroundings. 
 
 Evanston is shut in on the south by Cal- 
 vary Cemetery, which extends from the lake 
 to Chicago Avenue. Chicago Avenue is an 
 extension of Clark Street ; Asbury Avenue 
 an extension of Western Avenue, and 
 Sheridan Road an extension in South Ev- 
 anston of Ashland Avenue in the City of 
 Chicago. 
 
 In the early '6os an effort was made by the 
 township authorities to extend Evanston 
 Avenue through Calvary Cemetery, and the 
 attempt was resisted, t'i et armis, by the 
 then Archbishop. But along in 1887 an as- 
 sociation, known as the Xorth Shore Im- 
 provement Association, was organized by 
 citizens along the Xorth Shore for the prin- 
 cipal purpose of constructing a driveway 
 along the lake for the use of the shore towns 
 from Lincoln Park north. So much en- 
 thusiasm and public spirit was generated in 
 the matter that Archbishop Feehan gener- 
 ously donated a loo-foot strip through Cal- 
 vary Cemetery, and public-spirited citizens 
 in Evanston, headed by Mr. Yolney W. Fos- 
 ter, raised about $3,000 to level down the 
 sand-hills and clay and gravel the roadway. 
 This opened up an outlet for driving pur- 
 poses from Evanston to Chicago. 
 
 Parks and Boulevards. The drive- 
 way thus opened up was known as the 
 Sheridan Road. Except at a few points it 
 constitutes a good highway all the way 
 from Fort Sheridan to Chicago, with por- 
 tions in Lake Forest and Waukegan. In 
 1893 the passage of an act of the Legis- 
 lature was secured authorizing the forma- 
 tion of park districts along the shore of 
 Lake Michigan, and vesting in such dis- 
 tricts the title to the submerged land. An 
 effort was made to organize such a district 
 
PUBLIC UTILITIES 
 
 to include the City of Evanston, but times 
 were hard and taxes were high, and the 
 people could not see their way clear to es- 
 tablish a new taxing municipality. The 
 portion of the West Side of Rogers Park, 
 however, organized itself into a district un- 
 der this law, and has constructed on Ridge 
 Avenue a mile and three-quarters of the 
 finest driveway in or around the city. This 
 little district took this street as a sand-heap 
 and has improved and beautified it in every 
 particular with trees, sod and every requisite 
 for residence purposes. Spurred to emula- 
 tion, the East Side of Rogers Park, after a 
 bitter contest, succeeded in organizing an- 
 other district, and these people have taken 
 hold of the Sheridan Road on the east side 
 and are now duplicating the improvements 
 made on Ridge Avenue. 
 
 Township Organization. An effort is 
 now being made by the City of Evanston 
 to abolish the useless and expensive town- 
 ship organization system by which the ter- 
 ritory is burdened. (As will be seen by 
 the first chapter of this work, relating to the 
 present territorial boundaries of the City of 
 Evanston, the object just mentioned has 
 been accomplished by the organization of 
 the territory embraced within the City of 
 Evanston into a single township under the 
 name of "Ridgeville," with boundaries iden- 
 tical with those of the city.) The territory 
 embraced within the City of Evanston pre- 
 viously included portions of three town- 
 ships, and each of these townships olaced 
 a different valuation on property. The re- 
 sult was that a lot on one side of McDaniel 
 Street, in North Evanston, bore 50 per 
 cent more of all the burden of taxation than 
 a lot on the opposite side of the street in 
 the township of Xiles, equally well situated. 
 Moreover, the city was burdened with three 
 sets of Highway Commissioners ; three sets 
 of Assessors ; three sets of Collectors, and 
 three sets of Town Clerks, necessitating an 
 
 immense amount of bookkeeping. These 
 Highway Commissioners were vested with 
 taxing powers equal to about one-half of 
 the taxing power of the municipality itself, 
 with a provision that one-half of all the 
 money raised in the area of the City of 
 Evanston must be expended on the farm ter- 
 ritory outside of the city limits. The whole 
 method of township organization, as it ex- 
 isted in the City of Evanston, was one of the 
 most outrageous illustrations of municipal 
 mismanagement that could be well devised. 
 The consolidation alluded to which was 
 accomplished under an act of the Legis- 
 lature passed in 1903 has resulted in the 
 abolition of the useless offices of Highway 
 Commissioner, Town Clerk and Town Col- 
 lector, and the consolidation of the town- 
 ship business with the city business, as well 
 as the abolition of township elections on a 
 separate day. As a result of this change 
 greater economy will be secured and the 
 City of Evanston will be enabled to or- 
 ganize itself into a park district under the 
 law of 1893, and it will also be in position 
 to take possession of the submerged land 
 on the lake front, with a view of establish- 
 ing, in the future, parks and drives along 
 the whole shore. No man with an atom of 
 prevision can fail to see the great possibili- 
 ties of such a right to the city. Of course, 
 to attempt to fill in the great areas of this 
 submerged land under previous conditions 
 would have meant bankruptcy to the city. 
 The money heretofore spent under the com- 
 plicated township organization, if spent in 
 this direction, would have added immensely 
 to the future prosperity and beauty of the 
 city. Under the new arrangement rights 
 and property can be secured at the cost of a 
 few hundreds of dollars .that, ten years 
 hence, would have cost thousands. The 
 best illustration of this is the history of the 
 little park in South Evanston heretofore 
 narrated. What was then secured for $1,600 
 
RIDGEV1LLE 
 X A TOWNSHIP 
 
 Portion of Map pulilislieil k J. H 
 
 '1 .. n-hip *''''- 17. !>"'". "IK! ai the 
 
 del ached and formed into 
 e Township of Lake View. 
 
 On the 1st of January I'-OO, 
 the name was 
 
 from EvanMon t Kidyeville 
 Township, i IK- limits 
 identU'al with those of tin- 
 City of Kvunston. 
 
LIBRARY 
 
 OF THE 
 
 UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS 
 
HISTORY OF EVANSTON 
 
 179 
 
 would probably now cost from twenty to 
 thirty thousand dollars. 
 
 Transportation. About the time of 
 the incorporation of the Village of Evans- 
 ton, along in 1856 or 1858, the Chicago & 
 Northwestern Railroad was completed be- 
 tween Chicago and Milwaukee, and a sub- 
 urban service was installed and carried on 
 upon a single track until along about 1885, 
 when the present double-track service was 
 installed. In 1864 a corporation consisting 
 of Orrington Lunt, John Evans and some 
 other persons, was created under the title 
 of the Chicago & Evanston Railroad Com- 
 pany. The object of the scheme was to con- 
 struct a horse or steam road from the City 
 of Evanston to the City of Chicago, the in- 
 tention being to connect about Fullerton 
 Avenue with the horse cars. The road got 
 no farther than some rights along the river 
 up to Fullerton Avenue, and it then slum- 
 bered under the blanket of an injunction 
 until along in 1887, when it was revived 
 and pushed to completion up to Calvary 
 Cemetery, and a new corporation was then 
 organized known as the Chicago, Evanston 
 & Lake Superior Railroad Company, which 
 obtained rights to construct the road 
 through South Evanston and Evanston. The 
 road soon after came under the control of 
 the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Com- 
 pany, which was then looking for another 
 entrance into the city, its lease over the Pan- 
 handle being about to expire. The property 
 was bought for this purpose, but its use 
 was not needed and it has been operated 
 since as a local line, with very little profit 
 to the company. 
 
 In 1892 the writer, D. H. Louderback. 
 and John L. Cockran organized a company 
 known as the Chicago & North Shore Street 
 Railway Company to construct a street rail- 
 way line from Evanston to Chicago. The 
 installation of this service in Evanston was 
 very bitterly contested by many of the resi- 
 dents, who claimed they had come out to 
 
 Evanston to get away from this sort of 
 thing ; but it was pointed out to them that, 
 with the growth of the City of Chicago, in 
 order to get away from it, it would be nec- 
 essary to get farther out than twelve miles 
 from the center of the city. One resident 
 was particularly solicitous about the effect 
 of this innovation upon the Lord's day. He 
 afterward agreed, however, that in consid- 
 eration of $1,500 he would withdraw his 
 opposition and leave the Lord to take care 
 of his own day. The $1,500 was not paid. 
 The road was finally installed and has 
 proved a very fair success, and it is be- 
 lieved to be a benefit to the people of the 
 city. 
 
 The City of Evanston is now anxious to 
 get some benefit from the construction of 
 the Northwestern Elevated. The present 
 service is not satisfactory on account of its 
 slowness and the necessity for transfers. 
 When the road was completed it was ex- 
 pected that the St. Paul would make some 
 traffic arrangement by which a connection 
 could be secured with the elevated by an 
 incline, and its cars could pass without 
 transfer from Evanston down into the city 
 over the express tracks of the elevated. Ne- 
 gotiations up to the present time have not 
 resulted in the success of such a scheme ; 
 but it is so much to the interest of all par- 
 ties concerned that it can be safely assured 
 that this plan will finally be carried out, and 
 that the St. Paul line will be equipped with 
 electricity and operated in connection with 
 the Northwestern Elevated to Evanston. If 
 such an equipment were made, and stops 
 made at frequent intervals through the city, 
 with an express service from the city down 
 over the elevated without any stop, say to 
 Kinzie Street, and a frequent service given 
 with a ten-cent fare, it is believed that the 
 building boom that has set in at the terminus 
 of the elevated would extend up along the 
 shore and include the Citv of Evanston. 
 
i8o 
 
 PUBLIC UTILITIES 
 
 A line leaving this main line at Oakton 
 Avenue and going west to Asbury, and 
 along on Asbury, Florence and Ashland, 
 and along the Northwestern up through to 
 Gross Point, would bring a large area of 
 the City of Evanston, which is now remote 
 from depots, into close touch with the city 
 by the very best kind of service, provided 
 the cars were carried through without trans- 
 fer over the elevated down into the city. A 
 trolley line from Evanston to Waukegan 
 has been installed, and a branch line leaving 
 this line at Lake Bluff is now being built 
 across to Libertyville, with the intention 
 of being pushed into the Fox Lake region. 
 When this line is completed it will certainly 
 be the greatest pleasure riding and picnic 
 line around Chicago, and the people of 
 Evanston will be put in close connection 
 with some of the most beautiful country 
 around Chicago. 
 
 Gas and Electric Lighting. At a very 
 early day in the history of Evanston, Edwin 
 Lee Brown, one of the city's public- spirited 
 citizens, organized a company known as the 
 Northwestern Gas Light and Coke Com- 
 pany, and started a gas plant. Pipes were 
 laid to the principal buildings in the village. 
 This plant has now been finally merged with 
 the People's Gas Company of Chicago and 
 gas rates run about the same as they do in 
 the city, and the service has been extended 
 practically over the whole city of Evanston. 
 
 Another corporation was organized by 
 some of the citizens of Evanston eight or 
 ten years ago for the purpose of furnishing 
 electric light to the then village of Evan- 
 ston, known as the Evanston Illuminating 
 Company, and it has done for the City of 
 Evanston what has not been done for any 
 other city of its size in the United States, 
 namely : put most of its wires underground. 
 Its franchise for the use of the streets runs 
 for about seventeen years, and it has a con- 
 tract with the City of Evanston for public 
 lighting running about ten years. 
 
 Heating System. A couple of years ago 
 a corporation was organized by Mr. Yaryan, 
 of Toledo, Ohio, known as the Evanston 
 Yaryan Company, and a franchise secured 
 for furnishing heat by hot water carried 
 through pipes connected with the houses. 
 Recently a plant has been constructed and 
 the service extended to about two hundred 
 houses with the most gratifying results. 
 Ashes, smoke and coal dust are eliminated 
 from the home, and heat is furnished at a 
 rate less than the actual cost of coal for 
 private heating. It is very generally ad- 
 mitted that this single improvement adds 
 fully twenty-five per cent to the value of 
 property thereby benefited for residence. 
 If any man is going to build a home he 
 would be willing to pay that much more, 
 provided he could secure this service; and 
 the demand is spreading all over the city for 
 the extension of the same. 
 
 Telephone Service. The Chicago Tel- 
 ephone Company has extended its service 
 into Evanston and erected a very beautiful 
 building on Chicago Avenue, just south of 
 Davis Street, for its offices. The local 
 charge for residences is very reasonable, and 
 the service has been found extremely satis- 
 factory. 
 
 As has already been suggested, the terri- 
 tory embraced within the limits of the City 
 of Evanston is capable of furnishing com- 
 fortable homes with plenty of air-space for 
 about 100,000 people. There is no reason 
 why this city should not be a model one. 
 The problems of municipal government and 
 management are live ones, and some of the 
 best thought of the country is devoting 
 itself to their solution. Perhaps nowhere 
 could be found a more ideal spot or a better 
 environment for the practical solution of 
 many of these problems, and the residents 
 of the City of Evanston are of a class to 
 lend themselves readily to assisting along 
 these lines. 
 
CHAPTER XXI. 
 
 WATER SUPPLY LIGHTING SYSTEM 
 
 (87 THOMAS BATES) 
 
 Conditions Prior to 1874 First Move for 
 an Adequate Water Supply Charles J. 
 Gilbert Leader in the Movement Holly 
 Engines Installed in 1874 and 1886 
 Annexation of South Evanston The 
 Consolidated City Incorporated in 1892 
 Increase in the Water Supply in 1897 
 Source of Supply Revenue Extent of 
 System Street Lighting by Gas Intro- 
 duced in 1871 Introduction of Electric 
 Lighting in 1890 Installation of the 
 Evanston-Yaryan Light and Heating 
 System. 
 
 Prior to 1874 the supply of water used 
 by the citizens of Evanston was procured 
 from their own private wells and cisterns. 
 However, for two years before that time, 
 the Village Board of the then Village of 
 Evanston had been considering and discus- 
 sing the possibility of a more satisfactory 
 means of furnishing the people with water, 
 but, as it involved the building of a water- 
 works plant, putting down sewers and 
 water-pipes and the purchase of an engine, 
 it involved an expense which, to some of the 
 learned fathers of that time, was appalling. 
 
 Leader in the Movement for an Im- 
 proved Water Supply. The manwhowas 
 most active and persistent in his fight for 
 the establishment of a water-plant was 
 Charles J. Gilbert, who has, ever since that 
 time, been known as the father of the Evan- 
 
 ston Water- Works. He not only gave lib- 
 erally of his time, but also contributed lib- 
 erally of his private means in traveling 
 about the country for the purpose of ascer- 
 taining the best system, the best engines and 
 the best sort of plant for the village, and, in 
 1874, the first engine and pumping station 
 were installed. 
 
 The engine was named the "C. J. Gilbert." 
 It is a quadroduplex Holly engine, with a 
 rated capacity of 2,000,000 gallons per day ; 
 but after it was installed and, in cases of 
 emergency, it pumped in the neighborhood 
 of 3,000,000 gallons per day. This engine 
 is still running and in good condition, and it 
 is a somewhat remarkable fact that Samuel 
 B. Penney, who was installed as second 
 engineer of the Evanston Water- Works in 
 1874. is still in charge of them, and has 
 been in the continuous service of the village 
 and city successively since the old "C. J. 
 Gilbert" pumped the first gallon of water. 
 
 This engine was run for seventeen years, 
 night and day, and during those seventeen 
 years it ran on an average of 23.7 hours 
 out of each 24 for the entire time. 
 
 The largest amount of water ever pumped 
 in one day during the year 1875 was 656,- 
 918 gallons, and for the entire month of 
 May, 1876, there was pumped 6,636,448 
 gallons in the thirty-one days. As com- 
 pared with this record, it may be said that, 
 on August 8, 1900, the amount of water 
 
 181 
 
18.2 
 
 WATER SUPPLY LIGHTING SYSTEM 
 
 pumped in one day at the Evanston pump- 
 ing station was 10,156,132 gallons, almost 
 one-third more than was pumped for the en- 
 tire month of May, 1876. 
 
 The Cost Second Engine Installed in 
 1886. The cost of the first Holly engine 
 bought in Evanston, together with boiler, 
 was $24,000. In the year 1886 it became 
 apparent to the authorities of the then Vil- 
 lage of Evanston, that the engine which 
 had run night and day since 1875 was, in its 
 capacity, inadequate for the wants of the 
 people, and thereupon, after the usual in- 
 vestigation, consideration and discussion, a 
 second Holly engine was purchased, of the 
 Gaskill type, and, in the year 1888, it was 
 installed with a rated capacity of 5,000,000 
 gallons a day, which, under pressure, could 
 be increased to 5,500,000 per day. 
 
 It is a little remarkable that, upon the 
 installation of this second engine, the then 
 Village Board of Trustees were divided as 
 to whether they should throw out the first 
 engine or sell it for what they could get, 
 upon the theory that this second engine, 
 with a 5,000,000 gallons capacity, would be 
 sufficient for the needs of the village for the 
 next twenty years. It was, however, finally 
 decided to retain the first engine for a time 
 at least, and the wisdom of this decision was 
 shown by the fact that, in less than three 
 years, the second engine was found inad- 
 equate, and from that time until the year 
 1896, the water required at times taxed the 
 full capacity of both engines. 
 
 Annexation of South Evanston. A few 
 years after the installation of the second 
 engine, the Village of South Evanston was 
 annexed to Evanston, and one month later 
 (March, 1892), the consolidated village was 
 incorporated ,as the City of Evanston. Prior 
 to the annexation of the Village of South 
 Evanston, it had received its water supply 
 largely from an artesian well ; but after the 
 annexation, the water-mains were extended 
 
 or connected with the mains of the City of 
 Evanston, and it then became apparent that 
 the capacity of the engines was insufficient 
 to supply the needs of the people, and, there- 
 fore, in 1896 the City Council of Evanston 
 took into consideration the question of the 
 purchase of another engine to meet the in- 
 creased demand. 
 
 Third Engine Installed in 1897. Great 
 diversity of opinion arose in the minds of 
 the Aldermen composing the City Council 
 as to what kind of an engine was best fitted 
 for the purpose. The discussion at times 
 was bitter and personal, but it resulted in 
 the purchase, in 1897, and the installation of 
 another Holly engine, of the Decrow type, 
 with a pumping capacity of 12,000,000 to 
 14,000,000 gallons per day. This last men- 
 tioned engine, up to this time, has been 
 found fully adequate to supply the needs 
 of the city. The second engine, without any 
 boilers or fittings, cost about $12,000, and 
 the third engine, together with foundations 
 and such fittings as were necessary, cost 
 about $35.000. 
 
 The supply of water to these engines is 
 procured through two in-take pipes, the first 
 being 16 inches in diameter, which was laid 
 on the bed of the lake in 1875. and which 
 extends out 1,200 feet from the shore. In 
 1889, this in-take pipe being found insuf- 
 ficient, another in-take pipe 30 inches in 
 diameter was laid on the bottom of the lake, 
 extending out 2.600 feet to a submerged 
 crib, and it is through this latter pipe that 
 all of the water pumped for the City of 
 Evanston is received, except in summer 
 time, when much water is used for the 
 sprinkling of lawns, and then both pipes are 
 necessary to supply the demand. 
 
 Much inconvenience has been experienced 
 in the coldest weather of the winter months, 
 from what is known as anchor or slush ice, 
 which sinks and accumulates about the 
 openings of the submerged cribs and clogs 
 
r.ROSS POINT Lir.HTHOrSK 
 
 Sheritlan Road and Central Street 
 Tower completed June 30. 187.3. I-ight exhibited Sprinc of i 
 
ISJ 
 
 \\.\TKK SUPPLY LIGHT1XG SYSTEM 
 
 
 pumped in i UK 1 'lav at the Kvatiston pump- 
 ing station was 10.150. i^j jallims. almost 
 one-third more than was pumped fi>r the en- 
 tire month of May. 1X7/1. 
 
 The Cost Second Engine Installed in 
 1886. -Tlie cost of the lir>t Nolly engine 
 bought in Kvatiston. together with boiler, 
 wa- S_'4.iKi. In the year iXX/i it became 
 apparent to the authorities of the then Vil- 
 lage of Kvaiiston. that the engine which 
 hail run ni^dit and <l;iv since 1^75 was. in its 
 capacity, 'inadequate for the wants of the 
 people, and thereupon, after the usual in- 
 vestigation, consideration and discussion, a 
 second I lollv engine was purchased, of the 
 (iaskill type. and. in the year iXXX. it was 
 installed with a rated capacity of 5.(xx>.ooo 
 gallon- a day. which, under pressure, could 
 he increased to :;.;IK).(KKI per day. 
 
 It i- a little remarkable that, upon the 
 installation of this -ccond engine, the then 
 Village Hoard of Trustees were divided as 
 to uhetlier they -houM throw out the lir-t 
 engine or -ell it for what they could yet. 
 upon the thenrv that this second engine. 
 
 uiih a 5.000.000 fjalluns capacity, \voiilil In- 
 sufficient for tin- needs of the village for tile 
 next twenty year-. It wa-. however, tinaltv 
 decided to retain the lir-l engine for a time 
 at lea-l. and the wisdom of this decision u as 
 shown by the fact that, in le-- than three 
 year. the -ecoii'l engine wa- found inad- 
 ei|iiale. and from that time until the year 
 iS'i'i. the water rti|iiiri*i| at times taxed the 
 full capacity of both engines. 
 
 Annexation of South Evanston. A few 
 year- after the in-lallation of tin- second 
 engine, ih.- \ illaye of South Kvau-tou ua- 
 annexed io Kvan-t' ,n. and one month later 
 I March. lXij_>i. ihe consolidated village wa- 
 incorporated a- ih< < 'ity of Kvan-ton. Prior 
 lo the annexalion of the Village of South 
 Kvaii-ton. it had received il- water supply 
 largely from an artesian well: but after the 
 annexation, the water-mains were extended 
 
 or connected with tile mains of the City of 
 Kvanstnu. and it then became apparent that 
 the capacity of the engines was insufficient 
 
 to supply the needs of the people, and. there- 
 fore, in iS</> the City Council "f Kvanston 
 took into consideration the question of the 
 purchase of another engine to meet the in- 
 creased demand. 
 
 Third Engine Installed in 1897. < ireat 
 diversity of opinion arose in the minds of 
 the Aldermen composing the City Council 
 as to what kind of an engine was best titled 
 for the purpose. The discussion at times 
 was bitter and personal, but it resulted in 
 the purchase, in \X<i~. and the installation of 
 another I lollv engine, of the Decn>\v type, 
 with a pumping capacity of I_>.<KX>.<KX) to 
 I4.<xx>.ooo gallons per da\ . This last men- 
 tioned engine, up to tins time, has been 
 found fully adequate to supply the needs 
 of the city. The second engine, without any 
 boilers or tilting'-, cost about Si_'.<xx>. and 
 the third engine, together with foundation* 
 and such fittings as were ncce--ar\ . co-t 
 about S.V.IXKI. 
 
 The supplv of water to the-r engines i- 
 procured through two in-take pipe-, the tir-t 
 bcinjr I'' inches in diameter, which was laid 
 on the lied of the lake in 1X75. and winch 
 extends out l.jix> feet from the shore. In 
 iSSi). this in-take pipe licin^ found insuf- 
 ficient, another in-take pipe ,}o inches in 
 diameter was laid mi the bottom of the lake, 
 extending out j.ixx) feet to a -ubmerijed 
 crib, and it is through this latter pipe that 
 all of the \\ater pumped for the Citv of 
 Kvan-toii is received, except in summer 
 time, when much water is ii-ed for the 
 sprinkling of lawn-, and then both pipes are 
 necessary to supply the demand. 
 
 Much inconvenience has been experienced 
 in the coldest weather of the winter month-, 
 from what i- known as anchor or -lii-h ice. 
 which sink- and accumulate- about the 
 openings of the submerged cribs and clfjs 
 
<.U(>SS I'lUNT I.K .ll'l'lli il r-l 
 
 >].. nihll UiOil nil'l < fi11r:il Sli.-.-l 
 |n.i -i-iiiii|ili r,.| Jtnii .i. i"r.< I ulil , xhil.ic. .1 Sp, 
 
LIBRARY 
 
 OF THE 
 
 UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS 
 
HISTORY OF EVANSTON 
 
 183 
 
 the flow of water, and many expedients have 
 been resorted to in order to overcome this 
 difficulty, none of which, however, have been 
 entirely successful. With a view to accom- 
 plishing this object, within the past year, 
 connections have been made with the mains 
 of Rogers Park and the City of Chicago, by 
 which, in case of emergency, the valves may 
 be opened and the supply of water, if cut 
 off by anchor ice, may be obtained from the 
 mains of the City of Chicago through 
 Rogers Park. At the present time the ques- 
 tion of a tunnel out under the surface of 
 the lake is being agitated and seriously con- 
 sidered for the purpose of, at all times, 
 securing an adequate supply. 
 
 At the present time the City of Evanston 
 is also furnishing to the Village of Wil- 
 mette its supply of water. 
 
 The pressure upon the mains on an aver- 
 age is 40 pounds to the square inch, which 
 can be raised to 80 pounds to the square inch 
 in case of fire. The coal consumed in the 
 year 1901 was 2,000 tons. 
 
 Income Extent of System. The rev- 
 enue received from water-tax in 1901 was 
 $65,000, which does not include the water 
 permits ; including the water permits, the 
 total receipts of the Water Department for 
 the year 1901 was about $70,000. It, per- 
 haps, would not be advisable to state how 
 much of this $70,000 is clear profit to the 
 city, but it may be sufficient to add that, 
 whilst the water-tax in the city is not higher 
 than that of other cities in fact, is con- 
 siderably less than the water-tax of rnany 
 cities still the Evanston water-works 
 plant, today, is proving an exceedingly 
 profitable investment for the city. 
 
 The water, for which this $70,000 is paid, 
 is distributed to the citizens of Evanston 
 through sixty-one miles of water-mains. 
 The supply is abundant. No restrictions are 
 placed upon the citizens in regard to lawn 
 sprinkling, and the beautiful trees and lawns 
 
 of the city bear witness to the fact that the 
 water-plant of Evanston, today, is a decided 
 success. 
 
 Lighting. Prior to 18T1 a few smoky, 
 flickering oil-lamps were the only guide 
 which an Evanston citizen had at night to 
 aid him in keeping out of the mud and the 
 ditches of the unpaved and unsewered 
 streets ; but it was during this year that 
 the Northwestern Gas-Light & Coke Com- 
 pany erected a small plant and furnished 
 to a very limited number a substitute for the 
 oil-lamps in the form of gas. It was nearly 
 five years after this, however, before gas 
 street-lamps came into anything like gen- 
 eral use. 
 
 Evanston then, as now, was a city of 
 homes. The people who settled there de- 
 sired large lawns and plenty of room. A 
 comparatively few people covered a large 
 ' area, and to light effectively all the streets 
 with gas involved an expenditure which was 
 out of all proportion to the number of in- 
 habitants who derived the benefit ; and, 
 therefore, it was not until about the year 
 1890 that an Evanston citizen could boast 
 that his town was well lighted. Indeed, it 
 was not until about the year 1895 that the 
 lighting of the streets of the city could be 
 said to be entirely satisfactory. 
 
 Evanston Electric Illuminating Com- 
 pany. In the year 1890 the Evanston 
 Electric Illuminating Company built its 
 plant in Evanston, and, within one year 
 after that plant was established, it entered 
 into a contract with the City of Evanston 
 to supply arc-lights of 2,ooo-candle power 
 at the rate of $83.75 eacn P er year, under 
 what was known as the Philadelphia Moon- 
 light Schedule. 
 
 In the month of July, 1895, the city- 
 entered into a contract with the Evanston 
 Electric Illuminating Company by which it 
 was agreed that the latter should furnish 
 arc-lights of 2,ooo-candle power at a yearly 
 
1 84 
 
 WATER SUPPLY LIGHTING SYSTEM 
 
 cost of $65 per light, which contract pro- 
 vided that, at the end of five years, the 
 illuminating company should have the right 
 to raise the price to $67.50 per light. 
 
 The five-year contract expired in July, 
 1900, but in the spring of 1900 the Evan- 
 ston-Yaryan Company applied to the City 
 Council for an ordinance permitting them 
 to establish an electric light and heating 
 plant, and it was represented by the latter 
 company that, by combining the two and 
 furnishing both light and heat to the cit- 
 izens, they would be able to furnish electric 
 light at a greatly reduced price. 
 
 The ordinance for which the new com- 
 pany petitioned was granted by the Coun- 
 cil, and the Evanston-Yaryan Company at 
 once entered into competition with the 
 Evanston Electric Illuminating Company 
 for the street lighting contract, the result of 
 which was that the City Council were 
 enabled to make and close a contract with 
 the Evanston Electric Illuminating Com- 
 pany, by which the latter agreed to furnish 
 arc -lamps for lighting the streets of Evan- 
 ston at $60 per light of 2,ooo-candle power, 
 for a period of ten years, upon a schedule 
 much more liberal than that known as the 
 Philadelphia Moon-light Schedule. Under 
 this contract the City of Evanston is now 
 paying for 273 lights at an aggregate cost 
 of $16,380.00 per year. 
 
 Yaryan Light and Heating System. 
 The Evanston-Yaryan Company erected its 
 light and heat plant in the year 1900. It 
 experienced great difficulty in securing per- 
 mits for the extension of its wires, the re- 
 sult being that it was able to furnish elec- 
 tric light only to a comparatively small 
 number of consumers ; but it immediately 
 placed its mains in the central portion of the 
 city for the furnishing of heat by means of 
 hot water, which was pumped through those 
 mains and into the houses from force pumps 
 located in the central plant. In the summer 
 
 or fall of 1902 it consolidated its electric 
 plant with the Evanston Electric Illumi- 
 nating Company, and, at the present time, 
 the electric lighting of Evanston is again 
 controlled by one corporation. 
 
 The franchise granted by the City Council 
 of Evanston to the Evanston-Yaryan Com- 
 pany fixed a limit upon the price that it 
 might charge for furnishing heat to con- 
 sumers, and in the summer of 1902 the com- 
 pany complained to the City Council that, 
 under the limit thus fixed, it was unable to 
 furnish heat upon a paying basis; and, in 
 fact, it complained that it was running its 
 plant at a loss. Thereupon, in September, 
 1902, further concessions were granted to 
 the company by the City Council, under 
 which it is now running its heating plant, 
 and by reason of which it is enabled to 
 secure a higher price for the heat furnished 
 to consumers. 
 
 There can be no question that the heat 
 thus furnished is ideal and very satisfactory 
 to the consumers ; but the question remains 
 whether the Evanston-Yaryan Company 
 will be enabled to furnish heat to its patrons 
 at a price which they can afford to pay. In 
 other words, the present prices charged arc 
 something in excess of what it would cost 
 the consumer to heat his premises with a 
 plant of his own. However, whilst this 
 plant may be said to be now in an experi- 
 mental state, there can be no question that 
 the furnishing heat from a central plant is 
 coming more largely into favor every year, 
 and it is therefore predicted that the lieat- 
 ing plant erected by the Evanston-Yaryan 
 Company is now, and hereafter will be, a 
 success. 
 
 It is claimed by this company that it can 
 furnish heat to residents living a mile from 
 its central plant, the hot water being forced 
 out through pipes that are protected from 
 the influence of the cold and returned by 
 other pipes to the central heating plant, 
 
HISTORY OF EVAXSTOX 
 
 185 
 
 where the water is again heated to a high 
 temperature and again forced out through 
 the pipes to the consumers. But whilst the 
 company claims that it can heat buildings a 
 mile from its plant, still it is doubtful 
 whether the heat can be profitably furnished 
 to buildings situated three-quarters of a 
 mile away. 
 
 It is estimated that the Evanston-Yaryan 
 Company are, at this time, supplying heat 
 to about 250 consumers, and, from the re- 
 
 ports received, it is fair to assume that but 
 few of those consumers would be willing 
 to go back to the old system of heating, even 
 though the expense of the hot-water heat 
 from the Yaryan plant is somewhat greater 
 than would be the cost of heating their 
 buildings by the old process. 
 
 In conclusion, it may be said today that, 
 in the matter of water supply and in city 
 lighting, there are few, if any, cities more 
 fortunate than the citv of Evanston. 
 
CHAPTER XXII. 
 
 EDUCATION 
 
 (By PROF. HENBY L. BOLTWOOD, tote Principal Township High Sthool) 
 
 The Public Schools of Evanston Day of 
 the Log School House Early Schools and 
 their Teachers Sacrifice of School Land 
 Present School Buildings Toivnsliip 
 High School Preliminary History 
 School Opened in September, 1883 
 Prof. Boltwood its First Principal 
 Present School Building Manual Train- 
 ing A Mimic Presidential Election 
 Drawing Department List of Trustees. 
 
 The earliest records of Evanston public 
 schools begin with May 9, 1846. This was 
 about eleven years before the existing school 
 laws of Illinois were framed. In those days 
 the Township Trustees constituted the 
 Board of Education, unless more than one 
 district existed in the township. These 
 trustees were appointed by the County 
 Commissioners. The trustees of Township 
 41 North, Range 14 East, in 1846, were E. 
 Bennett and O. Munn, Jr., with George 
 M. Huntoon, Secretary and Treasurer. 
 
 Prior to the above date, a log school- 
 house had been erected, probably by private 
 subscription, on the northwest corner of 
 Ridge Avenue and Greenleaf Street, on a 
 lot which Henry Clark had deeded to the 
 township for school and cemetery purposes. 
 A private or subscription school had been 
 maintained as early as 1844. The first 
 teacher employed was a Mrs. Marshall, who 
 taught at first in a cooper shop on the 
 
 Ridge road, nearly opposite the residence of 
 the late Ozro Grain. The log school-house 
 occupied in 1846 was probably built in 1845. 
 One of its logs is now in the Central school 
 at South Evanston. It seems to have 
 needed repairs in 1846. 
 
 Before 1857, public schools in Illinois 
 were not free schools. The public funds 
 derived from the State and from the income 
 of the school lands were not ample enough 
 to maintain school except for a brief time. 
 Teachers kept a schedule of attendance, 
 and all the expenses for fuel, repairs and 
 teachers' wages, were distributed among 
 the parents of the several pupils in propor- 
 tion to the number of days of attendance, 
 regardless of property. The poorest man in 
 the district might be called upon to pay the 
 heaviest tax. This was the case in Connec- 
 ticut as late as 1853. Parents were also 
 required to board the teacher a certain num- 
 ber of days, according to the number of 
 pupils sent from their family. This "board- 
 ing "round" was the rule, and not the ex- 
 ception, in New England in those days, and 
 is occasionally to be found even now. In 
 case of a refusal to board the teacher, the 
 teacher might, after due notice, select a 
 boarding place, and the board-bill could be 
 legally collected of the recusant family. The 
 per diem rates do not appear in the school 
 records, but from tuition bills in the posses- 
 sion of some of the old residents, thev varied 
 
 187 
 
1 88 
 
 EDUCATION 
 
 from three-fourths of a cent to six cents, 
 according to the number of pupils or the 
 wages of the teacher. 
 
 The first teacher employed by the Trus- 
 tees of the Evanston District was Miss Cor- 
 nelia Wheadon, daughter of the well-known 
 "Father \Yheadon." Miss Wheadon now 
 Mrs. C. A. Churcher, is still living (1903) 
 at 2044 Sherman Avenue. She was engaged 
 at a salary of $1.25 per week very fair 
 wages for the time. A motion was made at 
 the board meeting to repair the school- 
 house and to purchase a water-pail and 
 dipper. The repairs were voted down. 
 
 Pupils who lived along Chicago and Hin- 
 man Avenue, then known as the East Ridge, 
 were sometimes unable to cross to the 
 school-house except in boats or on rafts, 
 on account of the deep water. Ozro Grain 
 shot wild ducks, and occasionally a deer, 
 about where Grain Street crosses Benson 
 Avenue, just south of the present high 
 school building. Before Miss Wheadon, 
 Elmira Burroughs (Mrs. Palmer), and a 
 Mr. T. H. Ballard taught. Miss Wheadon 
 had also taught five weeks before her re- 
 corded engagement, and was allowed six 
 shillings a week for her services. 
 
 Miss H. W. Barnes succeeded Miss 
 Wheadon. She was married to Sylvester 
 Hill, and continued to teach after marriage. 
 Her wages were two dollars a week. In the 
 winter of 1846 nine cords of wood were 
 required to warm the little one-room 
 school-house. 
 
 School Funds. In the famous Ordin- 
 ance of 1787, Congress Declared that 
 "schools and the means of education shall 
 be forever encouraged," but did not specify 
 how this should be done. But when, in 
 1818, Congress passed the act enabling the 
 people of Illinois to form a State Constitu- 
 tion, it was provided that Section 16 in 
 every towhiship should be granted to the 
 State for the use of the inhabitants of such 
 
 township for the support of schools. In case 
 that Section 1 6 had already been disposed 
 of, other lands equivalent thereto, and as 
 contiguous as may be, were to be granted. 
 The State Constitutional Convention ac- 
 cepted this provision. 
 
 But as Evanston is only a small fraction 
 of the west side of a township whose legal 
 designation is 41 North, Range 14 East, 
 Section 16 is under the lake. To provide 
 for such and similar cases, a law was passed 
 in 1826, allowing townships so situated to 
 select lands elsewhere. Accordingly Evan- 
 ston, then known as Gross Point or Ridge- 
 ville, obtained as school land a tract lying in 
 Section 12, Township 41 North, Range 13 
 East, a part of Niles Township, containing 
 153.48 acres. This land lay between Simp- 
 son Street on the south and Grant Street on 
 the north, Dodge Avenue on the east and 
 Hartrey Avenue on the west. 
 
 Most unwisely, as it now seems, the 
 School Trustees sold this land at the min- 
 imum Government price of $1.25 per acre. 
 One of the purchasers was Wendel Ellis, 
 whose patent to the land was granted De- 
 cember 27, 1847, by Augustus C. French, 
 Governor of Illinois, upon a return made by 
 George Manierre. School Commissioner of 
 Cook County. The money obtained by the 
 sale of this land disappeared when School 
 Treasurer Green defaulted in 1873. 
 
 To prevent such sales as the above, sev- 
 eral of the younger States have laws that fix 
 a minimum price for school lands, far in ex- 
 cess of the Government rate, and thus secure 
 to the schools a permanent fund f great 
 value. The school lands of Texas will 
 ultimately give the schools of that State a 
 permanent fund of not less than thirty mil- 
 lions. If Chicago had today all the original 
 school lands of its several townships, the 
 income would be almost enough to run its 
 schools. 
 
 The early records are sadly defective. 
 

LIBRARY 
 
 OF THE 
 
 UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS 
 
HISTORY OF EVAKSTOX 
 
 189 
 
 Nothing is recorded for the year 1847. The 
 Trustees in 1848 were O. A. Grain, E. Ben- 
 nett and M. Dunlap. G. M. Huntoon was 
 Treasurer. His bond was fixed at $400. 
 The regular meetings were held at the 
 Ridge House in Gross Point. A special 
 meeting was called to be held "at early 
 candle light." In that year it was voted 
 that a sale of cemetery lots be held on the 
 school premises, but no record of sale ap- 
 pears. 
 
 In March, 1848, it was voted to divide 
 the township into two school districts, put- 
 ting all of the township north of the south 
 line of Section 19 into District One. Legal 
 notice of a meeting to vote on the proposed 
 change was ordered, but there is no record 
 of any vote upon the question, and the prob- 
 ability is that the matter was dropped with- 
 out a vote. It was not till February, 1852, 
 that the division into districts was legally 
 made. District I comprised the south part 
 of the township, and District 2 extended 
 "from the south line of Eli Gaffield's farm" 
 to the north boundary of the township. So 
 reads the record. But a subsequent vote 
 makes the north District No. I, and makes 
 its south boundary the middle line east and 
 west of Section 19. 
 
 In a list of by-laws adopted in April, 
 1860, trustees who were absent without ex- 
 cuse from a regular meeting were to pay a 
 fine of fifty cents, but no record is made of 
 any collection of a fine. Teachers were 
 required to teach twenty-two days each" 
 month. They were also required to use 
 exertions to have the children go to and 
 from school in an orderly manner, and make 
 it a rule that they should not play by the way. 
 or bear tales of any of the transactions in 
 school or during intermission. "Scholars 
 shall be required to come with clean faces 
 and hands under pain of being expelled 
 from school." 
 
 When District 2 was organized, the school 
 
 funds were divided upon a property basis, 
 and District I received $25.49, and District 
 2, $13.50. 
 
 By vote of the township, February 14, 
 1856, District 2 was divided, and that part 
 south of the Indian boundary was desig- 
 nated as District 3, but there is no record of 
 its organization, though the organization of 
 Districts I, 2 and 4 are preserved. In 1870 
 District 3 was annexed again to District 2. 
 The bond of the School Treasurer for 1856 
 was for $1,000. 
 
 The first regular school-tax was levied in 
 1856 fifty cents on each hundred dollars of 
 taxable property. This amount was ex- 
 pected to provide for the running of the 
 schools, and to pay up a deficiency. 
 
 District 4 was organized in April, 1857. 
 It included "all that part of Evanston" 
 north of the center of the south half of 
 fractional Sections 7 and 12, in Townships 
 13 and 14. The first teacher of this school 
 was M. E. Budlong. 
 
 The first recorded school census was in 
 October, 1857. All white children under 
 twenty-one were to be enumerated. C. 
 Thomas took the census, and was allowed 
 six dollars for his services, but no record 
 of the result appears. 
 
 It seems that the Directors of District 2 
 bought a school-house lot of George M. 
 Huntoon for $250, and received a deed from 
 him, running to the Directors. Treasurer 
 H. B. Hurd took the necessary legal action 
 to restrain the Directors from paying the 
 sum to Huntoon until the proper deed was 
 made, vesting the title in the School Trus- 
 tees. This result was not secured without 
 a lawsuit. 
 
 In 1859 District 4 was re-annexed to Dis- 
 trict i. This seems to have been because of 
 the small number of children in the district. 
 There are no records of the trustees be- 
 tween May, 1862, and October, 1868. 
 Samuel Greene was elected Treasurer. 
 
190 
 
 EDUCATION 
 
 In April, 1870, "Section 12, and so much 
 of Section 7 as lies west of the Ridge road 
 and in the town of Evanston," was made a 
 separate district, to be known as District 
 3. At a subsequent meeting, all of Section 
 7 was set back to District I. 
 
 An appraisement of property was made 
 in July following, to determine the allotment 
 of school funds. The valuation of District 
 I was $307,399, and of Section 12, $6,470. 
 
 Upon petition of residents of New Trier 
 'and of "lots No. i to 19, both inclusive, in 
 George Smith's sub-division of the south 
 part of the Archange Ouilmette Reserva- 
 tion," Union District No. 3, the North 
 Evanston district was legally constituted, 
 October 3, 1870. 
 
 District No. 4, the Rogers Park District, 
 was also constituted in October, 1870. 
 There was some difficulty about its boun- 
 daries, but it was finally settled that it 
 should include all of the township lying 
 south of the south boundary of Calvary 
 Cemetery. 
 
 In April, 1875, Union School District No. 
 5 was organized. It included the northeast 
 part of Evanston Township, and a part of 
 New Trier Township, or the "Ouilmette 
 Reserve." 
 
 Samuel Greene, Township Treasurer, de- 
 faulted in 1873. His bondsmen, apparently, 
 paid the amount due from him in 1876, 
 $5,397.10. 
 
 The first school-house built in District I 
 was a one-story, one-room building, which 
 was erected on the north side of Church 
 Street, just east of Maple Avenue. Another 
 story was added to it later. It was after- 
 wards removed to 1618 Orrington Avenue, 
 and is now occupied as a laundry. It was 
 probably built in 1852. the year of the or- 
 ganization of the district. The upper story 
 was used as a polling place for several 
 years. 
 
 About 1860 the Benson Avenue school- 
 
 house was erected, just south of Clark 
 Street. It was twice enlarged ; the last 
 time in 1870. In this same year the lots on 
 which the Hinman Avenue and the Noyes 
 Street schools now stand were purchased, 
 and school-houses were probably built soon 
 after, but all the records of the district prior 
 to 1870 are missing, and some records of 
 later years are incomplete. 
 
 The original Noyes Street building is 
 still standing on the north side of Gaffield 
 Place, just west of the Milwaukee and St. 
 Paul Railroad. The Hinman Avenue frame 
 building was removed in 1881, to make 
 room for a new brick edifice. It was taken 
 to Benson Avenue, near Clark Street, and 
 used as a church by the Second Baptist 
 congregation till destroyed by fire in 1889. 
 
 In 1879 the three schools had outgrown 
 their accommodations, and there was much 
 discussion as to the proper means to provide 
 more room. The Board of Education recom- 
 mended a consolidation of all the schools 
 on the block then known as the Lakeside 
 property between Sherman and Chicago 
 Avenue, north of Greenwood and south of 
 Lake. The citizens, however, disapproved 
 of this, and a new building was voted, to be 
 placed on the Hinman Avenue lot, and a lot 
 was purchased on Wesley Avenue, on which 
 a large one-story brick building was erected. 
 This was known as the Wesley Avenue 
 School until 1900, when the name of David 
 B. Dewey School was given it in honor of 
 one of Evanston's most efficient citizens, 
 who was for many years a member of the 
 School Board. Both the Hinman Avenue 
 and the Wesley Avenue buildings were con- 
 structed of one story only. The idea was, in 
 this way, to avoid stair-climbing and to 
 lessen danger in case of fire. The present 
 high cost of land in Evanston will be in the 
 way of any more buildings of this sort, but 
 the Wesley Avenue building still has all its 
 eight rooms on the ground floor. 
 
HISTORY OF EVANSTON 
 
 191 
 
 The Benson Avenue building stood on 
 leased ground, directly on the right of way 
 of the Milwaukee & St. Paul Railroad. Its 
 removal became necessary when that road 
 was built in 1892. It was moved in three 
 sections to the south side of Emerson Street, 
 just west of Maple Avenue. The Haven 
 school was then built on Church Street. It 
 was very appropriately named after Dr. O. 
 E. Haven, who was Superintendent of 
 Schools from 1873 to 1882, and afterwards 
 on the Board of Education till his untimely 
 death in 1888. 
 
 In 1892 the Moves Street School was pro- 
 vided with a new and enlarged building, 
 which has been already outgrown, and a 
 large addition was completed early in 1903. 
 In 1894 the Larimer School was erected 
 on Grain Street, on the very south boundary 
 line of the district. It was named in honor 
 of Joseph Larimer, a valued member of the 
 School Board, and a man whose love for 
 young men, and whose good influence upon 
 them, well merited such a tribute to his 
 memory. The Hinman Avenue School re- 
 ceived a new building in 1898. This gives 
 District I (or 76 in the present county 
 enumeration) five large buildings, contain- 
 ing forty-nine rooms, with a seating ca- 
 pacity of about two thousand. Three addi- 
 tional rooms are also rented on Asbury 
 Avenue, to accommodate the overflow of 
 the D. B. Dewey School. 
 
 There appears to be no record of the 
 earliest teachers of this district. The names 
 of Echenbracht and Edwards are found 
 among the earlier Principals. P. C. Han- 
 ford, who was murdered in Chicago, was 
 also a Principal. Charles Raymond, who is 
 still living here, was the first to grade the 
 schools and to receive the title of Superin- 
 tendent. He was succeeded in 1873 by 
 Otis E. Haven, son of Bishop Haven of 
 the University of Michigan. Mr. Haven 
 was a born teacher of rare executive ability. 
 
 He not only brought the schools to a high 
 degree of efficiency, but secured for himself 
 a remarkable personal affection which still 
 remains fresh in the minds of his numerous 
 pupils. 
 
 He was the first to organize a high school. 
 There was no small opposition to the idea 
 of a high school at first; especially from 
 those who thought that the academy of the 
 Northwestern University, which was al- 
 ready in the field, was fully competent to 
 do the work of such a school. However the 
 school was established in 1876. It had no 
 building, and was quartered in Lyons hall 
 and elsewhere. From the very beginning 
 it had an excellent name for scholarship, 
 and sent its graduates to several of the best 
 colleges. It had many tuition pupils from 
 South Evanston, Rogers Park and else- 
 where. 
 
 Among its early teachers was Dr. E. J. 
 James, now President of the University of 
 Illinois, from January, 1878. to May, 1889, 
 His successor was J. Scott Clark, now Pro- 
 fessor of English in Northwestern Univer- 
 sity. 
 
 George S. Baker, now a lawyer in Evan- 
 ston, succeeded Mr. Haven in 1882, and 
 was Superintendent for four years. Mr. 
 Baker is a graduate of Michigan University 
 and came to Evanston from McGregor, 
 Iowa. He resigned his position to take 
 up the study of law, as Mr. Haven did of 
 medicine. During his administration the 
 schools steadily grew and prospered. 
 
 Homer H. Kingsley. a graduate of Mich- 
 igan University, succeeded Mr. Baker in 
 1886, and still continues in charge. Mr. 
 Kingsley has been especially successful in 
 thoroughly grading the schools, and in 
 securing excellent buildings. The intro- 
 duction of the kindergarten, of manual 
 training and of domestic science is also due 
 largely to his exertions, seconded and en- 
 couraged by the Woman's Club, and by 
 
192 
 
 EDUCATION 
 
 many citizens. His work is widely known 
 throughout the State, and the schools of 
 Evanston attract many visitors from abroad 
 and are most cordially supported by the 
 tax-payers. 
 
 This district was one of the first to give 
 women a place on the School Board, and 
 Mrs. Louise P. Stanwood was the first 
 woman to serve on the Board. 
 
 The value of the grounds and buildings 
 now owned by the district is about $250,- 
 ooo, and its bonded debt about $70,000. 
 These bonds, at 4 and 4'/2 per cent, com- 
 mand a premium. The finances of the dis- 
 trict have been very ably managed by our 
 prominent business men. A. X. Young, 
 Simeon Farwell, F. P. Crandon, and H. H. 
 C. Miller may be mentioned as having done 
 much in regard to the finances. 
 
 Evanston was among the first to incor- 
 porate the kindergarten in its school system. 
 The first kindergarten was established in 
 1892. There are now four, and the experi- 
 ment has proved very satisfactory. 
 
 Manual training was introduced in the 
 form of shop-work as early as 1897, but a 
 new impulse was given to it in 1901. Mrs. 
 Alfred H. Gross and her brother, Irwin 
 Rew, are the generous donors of funds to 
 equip a Manual Training and a Domestic 
 Science Department. Mrs. Gross offered 
 an unlimited sum for the equipment of a 
 Domestic Science school, only stipulating 
 that it should be the finest in the country 
 and the best that money could furnish. The 
 Board furnished the building in which the 
 two new departments are housed. 
 
 Mr. Rew offered $500 to equip the man- 
 ual training room, and both Mrs. Gross and 
 Mr. Rew offered $1,000 toward the salary 
 of the requisite teachers, if the buildings 
 were provided for by the Board. 
 
 The equipment of the Domestic Science 
 department cost over $1,700. Mr. Rew's 
 first gift to equip the Manual Training De- 
 
 partment was $500. He subsequently gave a 
 dozen lathes, of the latest and most im- 
 proved pattern, at a cost of about $400. 
 The building cost $8,000. Classes of 
 twenty-four are taught at the same time. 
 About two hundred boys and the same num- 
 ber of girls receive instruction weekly. The 
 cost of the material used and all incidental 
 expenses are paid by the regular appropria- 
 tions of the Board. 
 
 The tenure of office among Evanston 
 teachers is worthy of notice. Miss Nannie 
 M. Hines and Miss Celia Sargent have 
 completed their thirtieth year of service, 
 and many others are nearing twenty years 
 of continuous work. 
 
 District Two (South Evanston). The 
 modern history of District Two begins in 
 1871, in which year a four-room brick 
 building was erected on the present site of 
 the Central School, on Main Street. The 
 cost was $18,000. This building was great- 
 ly enlarged in 1890, at a cost of $10,000. 
 
 In 1893, while the school was in session, 
 fire broke out and entirely destroyed the 
 building. By heroic efforts on the part of 
 the teachers, no lives were lost, though sev- 
 eral persons were injured. In 1901 a 
 memorial fountain was erected to commem- 
 orate the names of the teachers who were 
 most active in the rescue work. 
 
 A new building was at once erected on 
 the same site, at a cost of $47,000. While 
 this was under construction, the schools 
 were accommodated in rented rooms. The 
 eighth grade pupils occupied part of the 
 high school building till the end of the 
 school year. 
 
 In 1886 a four-room building was erected 
 on the east side of the railroad, on Main 
 Street near Forest Avenue. This was soon 
 outgrown, and the present Lincoln school- 
 house was erected in 1895, at a cost of $47,- 
 ooo. 
 
 In 1900 another building, known as the 
 
HISTORY OF EVANSTON 
 
 193 
 
 Washington School, was built on the west 
 side, on the northwest corner of Ashland 
 Avenue and Main Street, at a cost of $35,- 
 ooo. 
 
 It may safely be said that all these build- 
 ings are unsurpassed in their adaptation to 
 school work and in the completeness of 
 their equipment. The lighting, heating and 
 ornamentation can hardly be improved. 
 They attract many visitors who are seeking 
 for models and suggestions. 
 
 Township High School. In the winter 
 of 1883, the attention of the citizens 
 of Evanston village was called to the 
 fact that additional school accommoda- 
 tions were needed for all the schools, 
 and especially for the High School, which 
 had been maintained for several years with- 
 out any regular home. It had been moved 
 about from hall to hall, and was greatly 
 hindered in its work by its cramped and 
 uncomfortable quarters, in rooms which 
 were in no way suited to school uses. The 
 rapid growth of the village had filled all 
 the school buildings to overflowing. As the 
 villages of Evanston and of South Evan- 
 ston were in close proximity, and as all of 
 the population of the township was dis- 
 tributed along the line of a single railroad, 
 the idea of a Township High School was 
 received with favor from its first mention. 
 After considerable discussion in private 
 circles and in the local papers, a public 
 meeting was announced to be held in Lyons' 
 hall, on the evening of February II, 1882. 
 The call for the meeting was headed by 
 John L. Beveridge, L. C. Pitner and H. A. 
 Pearsons. 
 
 The meeting was held according to an- 
 nouncement. Henry L. Boutelle presided. 
 After free discussion, a committee was ap- 
 pointed consisting of John H. Kedzie, 
 George O. Ide, William Blanchard, Oliver 
 Adams and Harvey B. Hurd, who were in- 
 structed to prepare a report to be pre- 
 
 sented at an adjourned meeting to be 
 held February i8th. This committee re- 
 ported at the adjourned meeting, presenting 
 the facts and figures which, in their judg- 
 ment, favored the establishment of the pro- 
 posed school. After considerable discus- 
 sion, the following resolution was unani- 
 mously adopted: 
 
 "Resolved, That it is the sense of this 
 meeting that a Township High School be 
 established at an early date, and that a com- 
 mittee of seven be appointed by the chair, 
 the duty of said committee being to interest 
 the citizens of the town in the matter, and 
 especially in those districts in which there 
 has been thus far least interest in the mat- 
 ter." 
 
 These districts were, naturally, North 
 Evanston and Rogers Park, which were 
 farthest from the center of the township. 
 South Evanston had been sending many 
 pupils to the village high school from its 
 first organization, upon payment of tuition. 
 
 The committee appointed in accordance 
 with the foregoing resolution was composed 
 of W. H. Crocker, Oliver Adams, Alex- 
 ander H. Gunn, A. G. Bell, F. P. Crandon, 
 Norton W. Boomer, and George O. Ide. 
 
 The report of the committee appointed 
 on the nth of February and the proceed- 
 ings of the meeting held on the i8th of that 
 month were published in the "Index" of 
 the week following the i8th. 
 
 On the Qth of March, a petition, headed 
 by Hugh A. White and H. B. Hurd, and 
 signed by eighty-seven other legal voters, 
 was filed with the Township Treasurer, 
 Ambrose Foster, requesting that the ques- 
 tion of the establishment of a Township 
 High School be submitted to the legal 
 voters of the township at the next election 
 of School Trustees. This election resulted 
 in a vote of 611 in favor of the school to 
 147 against it. William Blanchard was 
 elected School Trustee. Thomas A. Cos- 
 
194 
 
 EDUCATION 
 
 grove resigned from the Board of Trustees 
 and Norton W. Boomer was elected in his 
 place. Mr. Cosgrove's resignation was 
 because both Mr. Blanchard and himself 
 were residents of the same school district, 
 contrary to law. 
 
 On the loth of July, 1882, a notice was 
 issued calling an election to be held on 
 the 22d of the same month, to vote upon 
 two propositions : 
 
 First. To authorize the Trustees of the 
 township to purchase a site for building 
 and to erect a suitable building upon it. 
 
 Second. To authorize them to borrow 
 not exceeding $40,000, for the purchase of a 
 site and the erection of a building, and to 
 issue bonds for the amount actually bor- 
 rowed. 
 
 The question of a site, of course, was of 
 great interest, and several sites were pro- 
 posed. Charles Raymond, once Principal 
 of the schools in District I, advocated the 
 selection of the public park ; but it was 
 found that this property was not available 
 except for park purposes. Others advo- 
 cated the block then known as the Lakeside 
 Block, between Chicago and Sherman 
 Avenues, north' of Greenwood Boulevard, 
 then occupied by a building which had been 
 used for a private school. The site pro- 
 posed in the election call was the corner of 
 Benson Avenue and Dempster Street, front- 
 ing west 250 feet on Benson Avenue, and 
 measuring 200 feet on Dempster Street. 
 
 At the election held in accordance with 
 the above call, 176 votes were cast in favor 
 of this site, and two against it. Only one 
 vote was cast against issuing the bonds. 
 
 The purchase price of the site selected 
 was $4,000, or $16 per front foot. The 
 ground was very low, and $2,200 was ex- 
 pended in filling. The building of sewers 
 has since entirely changed the conditions. 
 The bonds issued bore 5 per cent interest, 
 payable semi-annually, and were all taken 
 
 bv the Hide and Leather Bank of Chicago, 
 at par. The plan selected for the building 
 was furnished by W. \V. Boynton, a Chi- 
 cago architect. The contract price of the 
 structure was $32,500. The . furniture, 
 library, and apparatus cost about $2,500. 
 The mason work was done by Charles T. 
 Bartlett of Evanston, and the woodwork by 
 
 A. H. Avers of Chicago. McDougal Broth- 
 ers, of Evanston, did the plumbing, and J. 
 
 B. Hobbs, of Evanston, took the contract 
 for painting. Ground was broken for the 
 building October 18, 1882, but owing to 
 the severity of the weather, little was done 
 until the spring of the following year. The 
 work was completed and the building form- 
 ally dedicated August 31, 1883. 
 
 At the dedicatory exercises prayer was 
 offered by Rev. F. S. Jewell. Addresses 
 were made by Dr. O. E. Haven, former 
 Superintendent of the village schools ; by 
 Albert .G. Lane, County Superintendent of 
 Schools; Rev. Dr. Cummings, President of 
 the Northwestern University, and others. 
 William Blanchard, President of the Town- 
 ship Trustees of Schools, presented the 
 keys of the building to the Principal-elect, 
 and Prof. R. H. Cumnock, of the School 
 of Oratory, gave selected readings. 
 
 The Board of Trustees, at the date of 
 the opening of the school, were William 
 Blanchard, S. Goodenow and S. D. Childs. 
 Mr. Childs was chosen at a special election 
 called to fill a vacancy caused by the death 
 of Norton W. Boomer, who did not live to 
 see the completion of an enterprise in which 
 he had taken great interest. 
 
 The school was opened September 3, 
 1883. The following teachers were em- 
 ployed : 
 
 Principal, Henry L. Boltwood, A. M. 
 (Amherst.) 
 
 Science, Lyndon Evans, A. B. (Knox.) 
 
 Mathematics. Eva S. Edwards (Oswego 
 Normal School.) 
 
LIBRARY 
 
 OF THE 
 
 UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS 
 
HISTORY OF EVANSTOX 
 
 195 
 
 Latin and English, Mary L. Barrie. 
 
 German and History, Ellen L. White. 
 
 Music, O. H. Merwin. 
 
 Mr. Boltwood, who came to Illinois from 
 Massachusetts in 1865, is widely known as 
 the father of the Township High School in 
 Illinois. In 1867 he organized in Prince- 
 ton, Bureau County, the first school of this 
 kind. Its success was an important factor 
 in procuring the passage of the present 
 State law pertaining to high schools. The 
 Princeton school was organized under a 
 special act. After teaching eleven years in 
 Princeton, he organized another township 
 high school at Ottawa, LaSalle County. 
 Mr. Evans came from the High School in 
 LaSalle. Miss Edwards and Miss White 
 had been teaching for two years in the High 
 School of Evanston. Miss Barrie came 
 with Mr. Boltwood from Ottawa. 
 
 On the morning of December 20 the 
 first very cold day of the winter the build- 
 ing was found to be on fire. A register 
 had been carelessly placed directly upon 
 woodwork, only a few feet above a fur- 
 nace. The school session was just com- 
 mencing when the fire was discovered. The 
 pupils behaved admirably. When it was ap- 
 parent that the fire could not be controlled, 
 they quietly removed their books, and as- 
 sisted in carrying the library and apparatus 
 to neighboring houses. Only one piece of 
 apparatus, of trifling value, was injured. 
 The fire department worked admirably, but 
 it was very difficult to reach the fire. Aid 
 was summoned from Chicago, and after 
 three hours of hard work the flames were 
 extinguished. The greater part of the build- 
 ing was uninjured except by water and 
 smoke. The loss was about $4,000, fully 
 covered by insurance. By extra hard work 
 the building was reopened for school in a 
 little more than two weeks, although with 
 many unfavorable conditions. An even one 
 hundred pupils were enrolled at the outset. 
 
 Among them were several who had grad- 
 uated in former years, but who wished to 
 carry their studies farther with improved 
 conditions. The general course of study 
 was lengthened from three years to four. 
 In consequence there was no regular class 
 to graduate at the end of the year. Five 
 pupils graduated, however, of whom all but 
 one had been in the school four years. The 
 total enrollment for the year reached one 
 hundred and forty-three. 
 
 Drawing had not been taught in the vil- 
 lage high school, nor in the graded schools, 
 but Miss Edwards was kind enough to take 
 up this subject, and the high quality of the 
 drawing work of the school from the first 
 has been largely due to her energy and 
 perseverance. O. H. Merwin had charge of 
 the music, but the interest in this subject 
 has never been very great, and it was re- 
 tained in the course only three years. While 
 it was retained, the pupils furnished the 
 music for the graduating exercises. 
 
 Prize Speaking. In the spring of 
 1884 a prize-speaking contest was held, 
 open to pupils of the third year. An admis- 
 sion fee was charged and the prizes were 
 paid out of the receipts. Any surplus was 
 expended for the school, especially for the 
 benefit of the Athletic Association. After a 
 few years the prizes were given bv two of 
 our citizens, and the proceeds were applied 
 to the class fund of the Junior Class. It 
 soon became a custom for the Junior Class 
 to give a reception to the Seniors on the 
 occasion of graduation. This reception is 
 generally held in the school building. 
 
 The enrollment of 1883-84 reached one 
 hundred and fifty-five. The drawing work 
 was increased. Typewriting was introduced 
 as a voluntary study in connection with 
 bookkeeping, and a class in shorthand was 
 conducted outside of school hours. Forty 
 different pupils took up typewriting, some 
 of whom became reasonably expert. 
 
196 
 
 EDUCATION 
 
 Mr. Evans, having been elected Superin- 
 tendent of the South Evanston schools, re- 
 signed at the end of the first year, and was 
 succeeded by William Harkins, A.M., as 
 teacher of Science and English. 
 
 Near the close of this year an industrial 
 exhibit was given by the school, to which 
 the pupils were requested to bring some- 
 thing of their own handiwork, not neces- 
 sarily anything connected with school work. 
 Most of them complied, and a very inter- 
 esting display was made. Besides drawing, 
 writing in English and German, typewrit- 
 ing, shorthand and map-drawing, which 
 might be considered as school work, there 
 were exhibited scroll sawing, wood carv- 
 ing, pieces of philosophical apparatus, 
 bread, butter, confectionery, a great variety 
 of needlework, and various collections of 
 plants, insects and postage stamps. A large 
 number of visitors inspected the exhibit. A 
 class of twelve graduated this year. 
 
 One hundred and sixty pupils were en- 
 rolled in the fall of 1885, and the total en- 
 rollment of the year was one hundred and 
 seventy-one. This necessitated more teach- 
 ing force, and Miss Jane H. White was 
 added to the corps. Mr. Harkins was suc- 
 ceeded as teacher of Science by Benjamin 
 B. James, now (1903) Superintendent of 
 Schools in West Superior, Wis. 
 
 The increased number of pupils required 
 a remodeling of the assembly room, which 
 had been arranged on the original plan for 
 only one hundred and forty-four pupils. By 
 doubling the number of desks in part of the 
 room one hundred and eighty were accom- 
 modated. 
 
 In 1885 the school competed for the 
 first time in the State Fair Exhibit, send- 
 ing five sets of examination papers. Three 
 of these took first prizes of $5 each. In 
 1886 ten sets of papers were sent, which 
 took eight first prizes and two seconds, 
 besides the two "sweep-stake" prizes for the 
 
 best six and the best ten sets. For seven 
 successive years the school carried off the 
 highest honors, and received, in cash, $424, 
 which was expended in pictures, casts and 
 books for the library. At the end of this 
 time the former system of awarding prizes 
 was changed, and the school has not com- 
 peted since. 
 
 The industrial exhibit of 1886 surpassed 
 that of the former year, both in quantity and 
 quality. The drawing and clay modeling 
 attracted no little attention. A class of four- 
 teen graduated this year. 
 
 Mr. James was succeeded at the close of 
 the year by Lorenzo N. Johnson, A. B., of 
 the Wesleyan University of Middletown, 
 Conn. Mr. Johnson remained five years 
 and did splendid work. He took great in- 
 terest in school athletics, which, under his 
 general charge, were very successful. He 
 resigned in 1891 to accept a position as In- 
 structor in Botany at Ann Arbor Universi- 
 ty, Mich., where he remained until his la- 
 mented death in 1897. 
 
 From the first, the school took special 
 interest in athletics. For several years in 
 succession Evanston won the pennant in the 
 Cook County Baseball League. It has also 
 won high honors in indoor baseball. In 
 football it has not been able to compete very 
 favorably with the larger schools. The loss 
 of Crain field, near the schoolhouse, was a 
 great drawback to good practice. The 
 names of Frederick W. Poole, John H. 
 Kedzie, Irving McDowell, Richard Carr, 
 Arthur Sickels and Frederick Lanphesr, 
 not to mention many others, will long be 
 remembered in the school. 
 
 Without following further in detail the 
 history of the school it may briefly be said 
 that the growth was very regular for sev- 
 eral consecutive years, the increase averag- 
 ing about thirty a year, and requiring an 
 additional teacher each year. The annexing 
 
HISTORY OF EVANSTON 
 
 197 
 
 of Rogers Park to Chicago, in 1893, pre- 
 vented the usual increase in that year. 
 
 While no effort has been made to secure 
 pupils from abroad a considerable number 
 have attended, chiefly from the towns on 
 the north. New Trier Township in which 
 are located Wilmette, Winnetka, Kenil- 
 worth and Glencoe was a regular contrib- 
 utor to the attendance until it established a 
 Township High School of its own. In the 
 first semester of 1900-01 all the High School 
 pupils of that township, seventy-seven in 
 number, attended the Evanston school, 
 while their own building was in process of 
 erection. Their tuition, amounting to 
 $1,525, was paid by New Trier Township. 
 
 The total enrollment of the school in 
 twenty years is almost exactly 2,900. Com- 
 paring this number with the number of 
 graduates, 549, and not counting the 420 
 enrolled this year (1903), it will be seen that 
 about 22 per cent of all that enter the school 
 complete the course. 
 
 Nineteen classes have graduated, con- 
 taining in all 549 pupils. Of these about 
 forty per cent have gone to colleges, or 
 higher institutions, besides many who have 
 entered college without completing the 
 High School course, or who have com- 
 pleted their preparation elsewhere. 
 
 Of these graduates 205 or about 37 per 
 cent were boys ; a much larger proportion 
 than is usually found among the graduates 
 of high schools. In one class the boys out- 
 numbered the girls, and in another they 
 were equal in number. 
 
 Graduates or under-graduates have en- 
 tered the following colleges and profes- 
 sional schools, though the list is undoubt- 
 edly incomplete: Amherst, Boston Univer- 
 sity, Bowdoin, Dartmouth, Harvard, Wil- 
 liams, Yale, Massachusetts School of Tech- 
 nology, Holyoke, Smith, Wellesley, Vassar, 
 Bryn Mawr, Wells, Baltimore Female Col- 
 lege, Cornell, Princeton, Syracuse, Annapo- 
 
 lis, West Point. Lehigh University of Mich- 
 igan, University of Wisconsin, University 
 of Minnesota, Wesleyan University of 
 Bloomington, Northwestern University, 
 Lake Forest University, University of Cali- 
 fornia. Berkeley, Colorado, Denver, Beloit, 
 Rockford, Oberlin. Lewis Institute, Ar- 
 mour Institute, School of Mines at Golden, 
 School of Mines at Rolla, School of Mines 
 at Houghton, Art Institute at Chicago, 
 Cumnock School of Oratory, besides sever- 
 al law and medical schools. Many have 
 taken high honors, and several are profes- 
 sors or instructors in various colleges. 
 
 The original school building was planned 
 to satisfy the needs of the Evanston of 1883 
 rather than with any view to the future. 
 Evanston then had a population of about 
 8,000. Before four years had passed, the 
 original assembly room was too small to 
 accommodate the pupils, and a remodeling 
 of the building was necessary. The growth 
 continued, and in 1889 a large wing on the 
 south side, containing ten recitation rooms, 
 was added to the building at a cost of $22.- 
 ooo. This, in turn, proved too small, and in 
 1899 a new front and a north wing were 
 added. This involved a virtual reconstruc- 
 tion of the whole building, and the prob- 
 lem of fitting the new to the old \vas much 
 more difficult of solution than the building 
 of an entirely new structure. Mr. Charles 
 R. Ayers, however, proved equal to the 
 occasion, and the present building is both 
 attractive in appearance and convenient for 
 work. The cost of the improvement was 
 about $90,000. 
 
 The north wing contains the Biological, 
 the Physical and the Chemical laboratories, 
 and a lecture room which is used in com- 
 mon by the different teachers. The Manual 
 Training Department occupies the north 
 basement. On the second floor of this wing 
 are the rooms assigned to the Drawing 
 Department. There are three study-rooms, 
 
198 
 
 EDUCATION 
 
 one for the Senior class, one occupied by 
 the second and third year pupils, and one 
 (the original assembly room) allotted to the 
 entering class. The pupils generally study- 
 in these rooms when not in recitation. 
 
 The building contains thirty-six rooms 
 above the basement, and is intended to ac- 
 commodate at least six hundred pupils. 
 The present enrollment (1903) is 420. One 
 of the rooms is designated as the Infirmary, 
 and is equipped as an emergency hospital. 
 Two large recitation rooms, thrown to- 
 gether, are used as a sort of gymnasium. 
 There is not room enough on the premises 
 for a regular gymnasium. The proximity 
 to two railroads is the greatest defect in 
 the location. Twenty teachers are now em- 
 ployed besides an office clerk. 
 
 Manual Training. In 188(i the Board 
 purchased tools for woodwork, enough to 
 equip a class of twelve, and Mr. T. E. Skin- 
 ner, a carpenter and contractor, gave in- 
 struction outside of school hours to classes. 
 Each pupil paid a fee of twenty-five cents 
 a week for instruction. Twenty took in- 
 struction at first. They constructed their 
 own benches and tool chests, and made 
 easels enough to furnish the drawing de- 
 partment, but there was no regular course 
 pursued. The hours after school were not 
 favorable to work. In winter it became dark 
 too early and in the milder weather it in- 
 terfered with school athletics. Manual 
 training was therefore dropped for some 
 years. 
 
 When the enlarged and remodeled build- 
 ing was planned two large rooms in the 
 basement were set aside for mechanical 
 training. Improved benches and new tools 
 were provided. A three horse-power dyna- 
 mo was furnished, which takes the requisite 
 current from the city electric plant. Four 
 wood lathes were provided. Mr. Clarence 
 M. Thome took charge of the work. A reg- 
 ular course was laid out, in connection witli 
 
 mechanical drawing. The work was done 
 in school hours, and received credit like 
 any other study requiring equal time. 
 
 Mr. Ward W. Pearson took charge of 
 the work in 1901 and is still in charge of 
 it. This year two lathes, a circular saw, a 
 band-saw, a drill and a forge have been 
 added to the plant, which altogether cost 
 about $1,500. As a rule, the pupils have 
 taken interest in their work. Conditions of 
 room prevent any other than woodwork 
 and a course longer than two years. 
 
 Citizenship. On the day of the Pres- 
 idential election the school has twice had 
 a lesson in practical citizenship by going 
 through the form of holding an election. 
 Judges are appointed ; voters are registered 
 in regular poll-books by clerks ; votes are 
 challenged ; regulation polling-booths are 
 erected, and the specimen ballots sent out 
 by the county officials are used instead of 
 the official ones. Careful instruction is 
 given in regard to the marking of the bal- 
 lot. These elections have excited no little 
 interest. 
 
 Drawing Department. Twenty years 
 ago except in Massachusetts few schools 
 outside the larger cities included drawing, 
 or any kind of manual training, in their 
 regular courses of study. At the opening of 
 the Evanston Township High School, the 
 Principal said, "We must make^a begin- 
 ning, no matter how small it is," and the 
 beginning was made. 
 
 The pupils enrolled in that first drawing- 
 class, almost without exception, had never 
 had any previous instruction in that study. 
 However, their interest and faithfulness 
 gave promise of success to the experiment, 
 and the results justified it. From the first 
 the aim was to be practical. The allotted 
 time was forty-five minutes daily, on alter- 
 nate days, for two years. The work was 
 planned to open to the -pupil as many ave- 
 
HISTORY OF EVANSTON 
 
 199 
 
 nues as possible, leaving him to choose and 
 specialize later. 
 
 Form-drawing and design from given 
 units were the basis of the first year's work ; 
 representation and construction followed as 
 the pupils gained confidence and power. 
 "Correlation" was an important feature; 
 the drawing department supplemented the 
 work in science and history. Under the su- 
 perintendence of the drawing teacher, 
 charts and sketches in zoology and botany 
 were prepared. 
 
 Clay modeling was introduced in 1885. 
 In those days the drawing and mathematics 
 were taught in the same room, and the pu- 
 pil who went to the board to demonstrate 
 a problem in Algebra and Geometry thread- 
 ed his way cautiously around and among 
 easels, tables, drawing boards and all the 
 other "needfuls" that were slowly but sure- 
 ly accumulating. Increasing numbers and 
 lack of space made it necessary .to omit the 
 modeling until 1889, when it was again 
 taken up under much more favorable con- 
 ditions ; not as before, as a supplement to 
 drawing, but as an independent study, 
 taken daily for a full year. 
 
 In 1887 Historic Art was introduced. 
 The introduction of drawing in the public 
 schools relieved our course of some of the 
 elementary work which before had been nec- 
 essary. No feature of the course has proved 
 more satisfactory, and no other has brought, 
 in after years, more emphatic testimonials 
 as to "value received." The pupils receive 
 lectures which they themselves illustrate 
 with their own drawings, and also insert 
 in their note books whatever comes to hand 
 from magazine and other illustrations. The 
 Egyptian, the Assyrian, the Greek, the Ro- 
 man and the Gothic are all treated. This 
 department has nearly a hundred books of 
 its own, more than two hundred large 
 charts of mounted magazine clippings and 
 illustrations, several hundred mounted 
 
 prints and photographs, besides the use of 
 the pictures and charts belonging in other 
 departments and about a hundred and fifty 
 lantern slides. 
 
 In 1899 clay modeling, under the efficient 
 supervision of Miss Maud I. Moore, a 
 graduate of the school, and later of the 
 Chicago Art Institute, assumed new life 
 and interest. It is a third-year study, and is 
 open to none who have not done excellent 
 work in art. 
 
 In 1900 the introduction of Manual 
 Training as a part of the school curriculum 
 made it necessary to increase the work in 
 mechanical drawing; consequently, in ad- 
 dition to the regular free-hand drawing, 
 those who elect can have a two years' course 
 in mechanical. 
 
 Twice the department has outgrown its 
 quarters. It now has commodious rooms, 
 well equipped with store-rooms and cases, 
 in which to house its. material. Modern 
 and improved adjustable" tables are provided 
 for the mechanical and charcoal drawing; 
 another room is devoted to historical art 
 and design, and still another to the clay 
 modeling. 
 
 The school has, from time to time, sent 
 its work to competitive exhibits, and al- 
 though compelled to compete with schools 
 that carry drawing through a full four 
 years' course, has won honors and received 
 honorable mention. 
 
 A fair proportion of our pupils have gone 
 to art schools, and are now professional 
 teachers, illustrators, designers, architects, 
 draftsmen and civil engineers, while others, 
 in different professions, testify that their 
 High School work in art has been of great 
 service. 
 
 It is due to the people of Evanston to say 
 that the drawing department has always 
 had their hearty support. They may justly 
 congratulate themselves that they were 
 among the first, and not the last, to recog- 
 
200 
 
 EDUCATION 
 
 nize its value and give it an honorable 
 place. 
 
 It is simply an act of justice to say that 
 Miss Eva S. Edwards, who has had full 
 charge of the work from the beginning and 
 developed it from feeble infancy to full ma- 
 turity, is entitled to the highest credit for 
 its present and past success. Few teachers 
 have been privileged to witness such a hap- 
 py growth, or have worked more patiently 
 and unsparingly for its realization. 
 
 List of Trustees. The following 
 were the Trustees of the school under the 
 school law of 1870: 
 
 William Blanchard, President (1882- 
 1890) ; S. D. Childs, deceased (1882-1884) ; 
 S. B. Goodenow (1882-1890); Henry J. 
 Wallingford (vice Childs), (1884-1890'). 
 
 By the law of 1889 the High School 
 passed, in April, 1890, under control of a 
 Board of Education, consisting of five mem- 
 bers. The Board then chosen was as fol- 
 lows: 
 
 Chas. B. Congdon, President (1890- 
 1897) ; John W. Bynam (1890-1891) ; Ed- 
 
 ward D. Coxe (Rogers Park), (1890- 
 1893); Thomas Bates (1890-1900); How- 
 ard G. Grey (1890-1902). 
 
 Mr. Coxe resigned in 1893 in conse- 
 quence of the annexation of Rogers Park to 
 the City of Chicago. 
 
 The following have served since: L. H. 
 Bushnell (1891-1000) ; David S. McMullen 
 (1894-1901). 
 
 The present board consists of the follow- 
 ing: 
 
 William S. Lord, President, appointed 
 1897 ; Conrad H. Poppenhusen, appointed 
 1900; Harold Dyrenforth, appointed 1001 ; 
 Dorr A. Kimball, appointed 1901 ; George 
 P. Merrick, appointed 1902. Winsor Chase 
 is Secretary. 
 
 (Prof. Henry L. Boltwood, who prepared 
 the preceding chapter, died January 23, 
 1906, terminating a career of over fifty 
 years in connection with the cause of edu- 
 cation, of which over forty years were 
 spent in the State of Illinois and more than 
 twenty -two years as Principal of the Evan- 
 ston Township High School.) 
 
LIBRARY 
 
 OF THE 
 
 UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS 
 
CHAPTER XXIII. 
 
 EVAXSTOX AUTHORS 
 
 (By J. SEYMOUR CURKKV. President Evanston Historical Society) 
 
 Establishment of Northwestern University 
 Marks the Beginning of Evanston Liter- 
 ary Life Effect of the Gathering of 
 Professors, Instructors and Students 
 Growth of Literary Activity Edward 
 Egglcston and Frances E. Willard Begin 
 their Careers Here Miss IVillard's "A 
 Classic Town" Miss Simpson's Cata- 
 logue of Evanston Authors in /poo 
 Growth of Nine Years Alphabetical 
 List of Authors with Bibliography and 
 Biographical Records. 
 
 The literary life of Evanston began with 
 the establishment of the Northwestern Uni- 
 versity in 1855, and has flourished and kept 
 pace with the intellectual development of 
 the people. Naturally the location of an 
 institution of learning attracted a large 
 number of dwellers here who were in sym- 
 pathy with the University and its work, or 
 who were connected with it as professors, 
 instructors or students. This created an at- 
 mosphere that was favorable to the growth 
 of every form of literary activity, and the 
 book publishers, as well as those of journals 
 and periodicals, soon became familiar with 
 the names of Evanston people as authors 
 and contributors. Various weekly and 
 monthly publications have been established 
 here and have enjoyed prosperous careers. 
 
 It was in Evanston that Edward Eggles- 
 ton lived when he began to write his re- 
 
 markable series of books, beginning as a 
 writer of fiction and afterwards becoming 
 a historian of great reputation. It was 
 here that Frances Willard began her liter-" 
 ary work. and. possessing wonderful tal- 
 ents, attracted the attention of the world 
 to her work in the Woman's Christian Tem- 
 perance Union. There were others who 
 were writers of wide reputation before coin- 
 ing here, but who continued their literary 
 work in this favorable environment. Many 
 societies of a literary character have en- 
 joyed successful careers, and their records 
 are a valuable possession of the conir.mnity. 
 The first account of the literary history 
 of Evanston is embodied in Frances Wil- 
 lard's history, entitled "A Classic Town," 
 published in 1891, in which she says: "The 
 amount of scholarly ink which has been 
 put to paper by Evanston pens will com- 
 pare favorably with that of any other com- 
 munity of its size and age in the world." 
 "The literary atmosphere," she says, "is the 
 highest charm of Evanston :" and adds, "lit- 
 erary people, be they great or small, hover 
 by instinct around a center of books and 
 thought and character." 
 
 At a meeting of the Young Woman's 
 Missionary Society of the First M. E. 
 Church, in 1900. one of the features was 
 the sale of a "Catalogue of Evanston Au- 
 thors" for the benefit of the society. The 
 catalogue was in pamphlet form and was 
 
 201 
 
202 
 
 EVANSTON AUTHORS 
 
 compiled by Miss Frances Simpson, who, 
 with the help of the staff of the Evanston 
 Public Library, prepared a list of 214 
 authors, with the titles of their books or 
 contributions to the press in one form or 
 another. In Miss Willard's book, published 
 nine years before, she had given the names 
 of sixty-four authors and journalists. Thus 
 it would appear that there had been a large 
 increase in the number at the time that Miss 
 Simpson's list was prepared. This was pre- 
 dicted by Miss \Yillard who said in 1891, 
 "It is safe to predict that the coming thirty- 
 five years will show ten times as much work 
 of this kind as the past thirty-five can 
 show." 
 
 The authors whose names and works are 
 given below are those who do now, or, at 
 some period of their lives, liave resided in 
 Evanston, and who have published their 
 works in book form. The list does not in- 
 clude journalists, contributors to periodi- 
 cals, or writers of pamphlets. The attempt 
 has been made to make the list fairly com- 
 plete, but omissions are likely to be found. 
 The reader's indulgence is asked for any 
 shortcomings of this kind. 
 
 The people of Evanston take a just pride 
 in the work of their writers, denoting, as 
 it does, the intellectual status and culture 
 of the community; and they will, no 
 doubt, be surprised and gratified at the 
 record here shown. 
 
 IIIIILIOGRAPHY PERSONAL SKETCHES. 
 
 Isaac Emens Adams. Born at Mend- 
 ham, X. J., October 29, 1857 ; graduated at 
 Northwestern University ; received degree 
 of A. M. from same institution in 1882 ; on 
 staff of "Chicago Times" for several years ; 
 and afterwards practiced law. 
 
 Author: "Life of Emory A. Storrs" 
 (1886). 
 
 A. T. Andreas: "History of Cook Coun- 
 ty, Illinois, from the Earliest Period to the 
 Present Time" (1884); "History of Chi- 
 
 cago from the Earliest Period to the Present 
 Time" (3 v., 1884-86). 
 
 Mrs. Rena Michaels Atchison: "Un- 
 American Immigration : Its Present Effects 
 and Future Perils: A Study from the Cen- 
 sus of 1890" (1894). 
 
 Charles Beach Atwell. Born at Theresa, 
 X. Y., April ii, 1855; educated in Water- 
 town (X. Y.) High School and Syracuse 
 University ; Professor of Botany in Xorth- 
 western University since 1894. 
 
 Author: "The Alumni Record of the 
 Northwestern University" (1903). 
 
 M. Helen Beckwith': "In Mythland." 
 (2 v., 1896) ; "Storyland with the Scissors" 
 (1899). 
 
 Katharine Beebe: "First School Year 
 for Primary Workers" (1895); "Home 
 Occupations for Little Children" (1896); 
 "School Room Plays" ( 1898) ; "Story of 
 Longfellow" (1899); "Story of George 
 Rogers Clark" (1900). 
 
 Charles Wesley Bennett. Born at East 
 Bethany, N. Y., July 18, 1828; educated 
 at Wesleyan (Conn.) University; Profes- 
 sor of History at Syracuse (X. Y.)L L T ni- 
 versity, 1871-85; Professor of Historical 
 Theology in Garrett Biblical Institute. 
 1885-91 ; died at Evanston, April 17, 1891. 
 
 Author: "Christian Archeology" (1888). 
 
 Henry Leonidas Boltwood. Born at 
 Amherst, Mass. Jan. 17, 1831; died 
 at Evanston, Jan. 23, 1906; was grad- 
 uated at Amherst College; in 1864 entered 
 the service of the U. S. Sanitary Commis- 
 sion ; was principal of the High School at 
 Princeton, 111., from 1867 to 1878; and oc- 
 cupied a similar position at Ottawa, 111., 
 for the succeeding five years : in 1883, came 
 to Evanston where he became Principal of 
 the High School and remained in this posi- 
 tion up to the time of his death. 
 
 Author: "English Grammar and How 
 to Teach It." (1871 ) : "Topical Outlines of 
 
HISTORY OF EVAXSTOX 
 
 203 
 
 General History" ( 1889) ; "Higher Spell- 
 er" (1893). 
 
 Lewis Henry Boutell. Born in Boston, 
 Mass., July 21, 1826; died at Washington, 
 D. C, January 16, 1899; was graduated 
 from Brown University in 1844 and from 
 Harvard Law School in 1847; on Jan. I, 
 1848, was admitted to the bar in Boston; 
 came West in 1863 and. in 1865. began the 
 practice of law in Chicago. In 1893 he left 
 the law practice for literary pursuits. 
 
 Author: "Alexander Hamilton, the Con- 
 structive Statesman" (1890); "Thomas 
 Jefferson, the Man of Letters" ( 1891 ) ; 
 "Life of Roger Sherman" (1896). 
 
 Frank Milton Bristol. Methodist Epis- 
 copal clergyman, born in Orleans County, 
 N. Y., January 4, 1851; graduated from 
 Northwestern University, Ph. B., 1877, 
 (A. M., D.D.) ; was pastor of leading 
 churches in Chicago; now pastor Metro- 
 politan Methodist Episcopal Church. Wash- 
 ington. D. C. 
 
 Author: "Providential Epochs"; "The 
 Ministry of Art" (1897); "Shakespeare 
 and America" (1898). 
 
 Solon Gary Bronson. Born at West 
 Union, Iowa, July 26, 1855 ; graduated at 
 Upper Iowa University. Fayette, Iowa; be- 
 came a professor in the Cornelia Miller de- 
 partment of Practical Theology, of the Gar- 
 rett Biblical Institute, in 1896; has received 
 the degree of Doctor of Divinity from two 
 institutions, viz. : Garrett Biblical Institute. 
 1894, and Cornell College, Iowa, 1903. 
 
 Author: "Delusions: A Volume of Ad- 
 dresses" (1895). 
 
 Walter Lee Brown. Born at Melrose. 
 Mass.. August 24. 1853, graduated at 
 Xorthwestern University and Columbia 
 College School of Mines : died at Evans- 
 ton. April 6, 1904. 
 
 Author: "Manual of Assaying Gold, Sil- 
 ver, Copper and Lead Ores" (Ed. 6. 1896). 
 
 William Caldwell. Born in Edinburgh, 
 Scotland, Xovember 10, 1863 ; educated in 
 
 Edinburgh; graduated from Edinburgh 
 University (M. A.) in 1884; post-graduate 
 student in Germany, Paris, and Cambridge 
 (England), 1887-91, inclusive; received de- 
 gree of Doctor in Mental and Moral Sci- 
 ence, Edinburgh ; obtained high honors at 
 Edinburgh ; called to Sage School of Phil- 
 osophy, Cornell University, X. Y., 1891 ; to 
 University of Chicago, 1892; to Xorth- 
 western University, 1894, where he has been 
 Professor of Moral and Social Philosophy. 
 Author: "Schopenhauer's System in its 
 Philosophical Significance" (1893). 
 
 Henry Smith Carhart. Born, Coeymans, 
 X. Y., March 27. 1844: graduated from 
 Wesleyan University, Middletown. Conn., 
 in 1869 : later studied at Yale, Harvard and 
 Berlin; Professor of Physics and Chem- 
 istry at Xorthwestern University, 1872-86: 
 President of Board of Judges, Department 
 of Electricity, Columbian Exposition, 1893; 
 member of Electrical Societies ; Professor 
 of Physics, University of Michigan since 
 1886. 
 
 Author: "Primary Batteries" (1891); 
 'Elements of Physics" (with H. N. Chute) 
 (1892); "University Physics" (1894-6); 
 "Electrical Measurements" (1895). 
 
 George Chainey. Unitarian minister, 
 born in England in 1851 ; educated in Evan- 
 ston and Boston ; pastor Unitarian Church. 
 Evansville, Indiana. 1877-80; engaged in 
 work on Biblical Interpretation. 
 
 Author. "Foundation Stones." a Series 
 of Unitarian Sermons (1879) ; "The Xew 
 Version: Discourses on the Bible in Boston" 
 (1882) ; "She: An Allegory of the Church" 
 (1889); "Jeanne D'Arc, the Flower of 
 France" (1888); "The Ten Command- 
 ments" (1900); "Book of Ruth: An Idyl 
 of Friendship between the Heavens and the 
 Earth" (1901); "Unsealed Bible"; v. I, 
 Genesis (1902). 
 
 J. Scott Clark. Born in Copenhagen, X. 
 Y., September 23, 1854 ; graduated from 
 
20 4 
 
 EVANSTON AUTHORS 
 
 Syracuse University in 1877 ; Principal of 
 Evanston High School, 1879-82; Professor 
 of Rhetoric and English Criticism, Syracuse 
 University, 1882-92; Professor of English 
 Language, Northwestern University, 
 since 1892. 
 
 Author: "Practical Rhetoric" (1886); 
 "Briefer Practical Rhetoric" (1892); 
 "Study of English Prose Writers" (1898) ; 
 "Study of English and American Poets" 
 (1900). 
 
 Samuel Travers Clover. Born in Lon- 
 don, England, August 13, 1859; educated 
 there; began newspaper career in 1880, 
 making trip around the world ; worked on 
 newspapers in Dakota five years ; staff cor- 
 respondent of "Chicago Herald ;" Manag- 
 ing editor of "Chicago Evening Post," 
 from 1894 to 1901 ; "Los Angeles (Cal.) 
 Evening N'ews," 1905. 
 
 Author: "Paul Travers' Adventures" 
 ( 1897) ; "Glimpses Across the Sea" (1900) ; 
 "Rose Reef to Buluwayo" (1896) ; "Poets 
 and Poetry of Dakota" (1898); "Zephyrs 
 from Dakota" (1898). 
 
 George Albert Coe. Born Monroe Coun- 
 ty, N. Y., March 26, 1862 ; graduated from 
 University of Rochester ; Ph. D., Boston 
 University, 1891 ; John Evans Professor of 
 Philosophy, Northwestern University since 
 1893. 
 
 Author: "The Spiritual Life: Studies 
 in the Science of Religion" (1900) ; "The 
 Religion of a Mature Mind" (1902). 
 
 Lyman Edgar Cooley, Born Canan- 
 daigua, N. Y., December 5, 1850: graduated 
 from Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, C.E., 
 1874; Professor in Northwestern Univer- 
 sity, 1874-77 : Associate Editor "Engineer- 
 ing Xews," 1876-78 ; Assistant Engineer of 
 railroad bridge over the Missouri River, 
 Glasgow, Missouri, 1878; Assistant United 
 States Engineer on Mississippi and Miss- 
 ouri River improvements. 1878-84; Editor 
 "American Engineer," 1884: Consulting 
 
 Engineer for Chicago Sanitary District 
 (Drainage Canal). Member of the Inter- 
 national Deep Waterways Committee, 1895- 
 96. 
 
 Author: 'The Lakes and Gulf Water- 
 way." 
 
 Edwin C. Crawford. Born at Fostoria, 
 Ohio, April 10. 1845 ; educated at High 
 School, Ft. Wayne, Intl., and graduated at 
 Dartmouth College in 1874. 
 
 Author : "Civil Government of Illinois 
 and the United States" ; Special Chapters 
 On Chicago and Cook County (1890). 
 
 Henry Crew. Born Richmond. Ohio, 
 June 4, 1859; graduated from Princeton 
 College, B. A., 1882 ; Fellow at Princeton, 
 1882-84 : Fellow Johns Hopkins, 1884-87, 
 Ph.D., 1887; Instructor in Physics, Har- 
 vard College, 1888-91 ; Astronomer Lick- 
 Observatory, 1891-92; Assistant Editor 
 "Astrophysical Journal" : Professor of 
 Physics, Northwestern University, since 
 1892. 
 
 Author: "Elements of Physics," for 
 Use in High Schools (1899) > "Laboratory 
 Manual of Physics," for Use in High 
 Schools (with R. R. Tatnall) (1902); 
 Editor: "Wave Theory of Light"; "Mem- 
 oirs of Huygens, Young and Fresnel" 
 (1900). 
 
 Robert McLean Cumnock. Born in Ayr, 
 Scotland, May 31, 1844; came to America 
 in the following year: graduated at Wes- 
 leyan University in 1868; and soon after 
 became Professor of Elocution at North- 
 western University, which position he has 
 held to the present time. 
 
 Author: "Choice Readings"; "School 
 Speaker." 
 
 Nathan Smith Davis, Sr., M. D., LL. D 
 Born at Greene, N. Y., January 9, 1817; 
 graduated from College of Physicians and 
 Surgeons, Fairfield, N. Y., 1837; received 
 honorary degree A. M. Northwestern Uni- 
 
HISTORY OF EVANSTON 
 
 205 
 
 versity, and LL. D. from Illinois Wesleyan 
 University; practiced medicine in Chicago 
 from 1849 ; Professor in Rush Medical Col- 
 lege, Chicago, 1849-59 ; one of the founders 
 (1859) of Chicago Medical College, now 
 Medical Department Northwestern Univer- 
 sity; Professor there for thirty years and 
 Dean of Faculty until 1898, resigned ; editor 
 of various medical journals; President of 
 the International Medical Congress, 1887 ; 
 one of the founders of Mercy Hospital, and 
 one of its physicians, for over forty years ; 
 a founder and Trustee of Northwestern 
 University, Chicago Academy of Sciences, 
 Chicago Historical Society, Illinois State 
 Microscopical Society and Union College of 
 Law ; a member of various other Medical 
 Associations in Chicago and New York ; 
 died June 16, 1904. 
 
 Author : "Principles and Practice of 
 Medicine." and various pamphlets on med- 
 ical subjects and on temperance. 
 
 Nathan Smith Davis, Jr., M. D. Born in 
 Chicago, September 5, 1858; graduated 
 from Northwestern University, 1880, A. M. 
 1883 ; graduated from Chicago Medical 
 College, 1883 ; has since practiced in Chi- 
 cago ; Associate Professor of Pathology, 
 1884-86; since then Professor of the Prin- 
 ciples and Practice of Medicine and of Clin- 
 ical Medicine, Chicago Medical College ; 
 Physician to Mercy Hospital since 1884 ; 
 Member of the Ninth International Medical 
 Congress, Pan-American Medical Congress, 
 etc. 
 
 Author: "Consumption: How to Pre- 
 vent It and How to Live With It"; "Dis- 
 eases of the Lungs, Heart and Kidneys," 
 etc. 
 
 Edward Eggleston. Born Vevay, Indi- 
 ana, December 10, 1837 ; died September 2, 
 1902; educated at country and village 
 schools in Indiana ; entered Methodist 
 Episcopal ministry in 1857; editor of 
 "Little Corporal." Chicago, 1866-67; chief 
 
 Editor of the "National Sunday School 
 Teacher" ( 1867-70) and other religious 
 papers ; President of the American Histor- 
 ical Association in 1900. 
 
 Author: "Hoosier Schoolmaster" (1871) ; 
 "End of the World" (1872); "Mystery 
 of Metropolisville" (1873); "Circuit 
 Rider" ( 1874) ; "Hoosier School Boy" 
 (1883) ; "History of the United States and 
 Its People" (1888) ; "First Book in Amer- 
 ican History" (1889) ; "Beginners of a Na- 
 tion" (1896) ; "Transit of Civilization from 
 England to America" (1900); Editor, 
 "Christ in Art" (1874) ; "Christ in Litera- 
 ture" (1875). 
 
 Finley Ellingwood. Born Dearborn 
 County, Ind.. September 12. 1852 ; educated 
 in Kankakee, 111. ; graduated from Bennett 
 Medical College in 1878; Professor in same 
 institution from 1885 to present time. 
 
 Author: "Manual of Medical Chemis- 
 try" ( 1889) ; "Annual of Eclectic Medi- 
 cine" (1890, '91 and '92); "Systematic 
 Treatise on Materia Medica" (1899) ; 
 "Treatment of Disease" (1906). 
 
 Frank Macajah Elliot. Born at Corin- 
 na, Me., March 27. 1853; graduated at 
 Northwestern L'niversity : President Evans- 
 ton Hospital Association since 1896. 
 
 Author: "History of Omega" (1885). 
 
 George H. Ellis: "Analysis of White 
 Paints" (1898). 
 
 Joseph Emerson: "Lectures and Ser- 
 mons on Subjects connected with Christian 
 Liberal Education" (1897). 
 
 Marshall Davis Ewell. Born in Oxford, 
 Michigan, August 18, 1844; educated in 
 Michigan ; LL. B. University of Michigan 
 1868 ; A. M. Northwestern University, 
 1879 ; Professor of Common Law, Univer- 
 sity College of Law. Chicago, from 1877 
 until the founding of Kent College of Law 
 also known as Microscopist ; President of 
 the American Microscopical Society. 1893. 
 
 Author: "Leading Cases on Disabilities" 
 
206 
 
 EVANSTON AUTHORS 
 
 ( 1876) ; "Treatise on Law of Fixtures" 
 (1876); "Essentials of the Law" (1882); 
 "Manual of Medical Jurisprudence" (1887). 
 
 Editor: "Blackwell on Tax Titles"; 
 "Evans on Agencies"; "Lindley on Part- 
 nership," and other works. 
 
 Charles Samuel Farrar: "Art Topics: 
 History of Sculpture, Painting and Archi- 
 tecture" (1885). 
 
 Randolph Sinks Foster. Born Williams- 
 burg, Ohio, February 22, 1820; educated 
 at Augusta College, Kentucky; entered 
 itinerant ministry of Methodist Episcopal 
 Church 1837, in Kentucky Conference; 
 later was transferred to Ohio and, in 1850, 
 to New York, remaining until 1857 ; Presi- 
 dent of Northwestern University 1857-60; 
 again in pastorate work in New York and 
 Sing Sing, 1860-68; Professor of Syste- 
 matic Theology, 1868-69; President of 
 Drew Theological Seminary, Madison, N. 
 J., 1869-72; died in 1903. 
 
 Author: "Objections to Calvinism" 
 (1849); "Centenary Thoughts" (1884); 
 "Beyond the Grave" (1878); "Studies in 
 Theology" (1886); "Philosophy of Chris- 
 tian Experience"; "Christian Purity" 
 (1851). 
 
 Francis Gellatly: "Necklace of Liberty" 
 ( 1886) ; "Love Made to Order, and Temper 
 Tempest." 
 
 Anna Adams Gordon. Born in Boston, 
 July 21, 1853; educated in Newton (Mass.) 
 High School and at Mt. Holvoke College; 
 for twenty-one years private secretary of 
 Miss Frances E. Willard ; Vice President 
 at Large of National W. C. T. U. 
 
 Author : "Marching Songs" ; "White 
 Ribbon Hymnal"; "Beautiful Life of 
 Frances E. Willard" (1898). 
 
 Ulysses Sherman Grant. Born in Mo- 
 line, Illinois, February 14, 1867 ; graduated 
 from the University of Minnesota in 1888; 
 Ph. D., Johns Hopkins, 1893 ; Assistant 
 State Geologist, Minnesota, 1893-99; ^ n ~ 
 structor in Geology in the University of 
 
 Minnesota, 1897-98 ; Assistant Geologist on 
 the Geological and Natural History Survey 
 of Wisconsin since 1899; Assistant Editor 
 of the "American Geologist" since 1897; 
 Professor of Geology and Curator of the 
 Museum, Northwestern University, since 
 1899. 
 
 Author: " Preliminary Report on the 
 Copperbearing Rocks of Douglas County, 
 Wisconsin ( 1900) ; "Wisconsin Geological 
 and Natural History Survey" (v. 6, 1900) ; 
 "Final Report of the Geological and Natural 
 History Survey of Minnesota" (with N. H. 
 Winchell) (1899-1900). 
 
 John Henry Gray. Born in Charleston, 
 Illinois, March n, 1859; graduated from 
 Harvard in 1887; Ph. D., Halle, Germany, 
 1892; Studied also at Paris, Vienna and 
 Berlin ; Instructor in Political Economy at 
 Harvard, 1887-89 ; Chairman of the World's 
 Congress Auxiliary on Political Science in 
 connection with the Columbian Exposition, 
 Chicago, 1893 ; Chairman of the Municipal 
 Committee of the Civic Federation of Chi- 
 cago; 1894-96; First Vice President of the 
 American Economic Association, 1897-98; 
 appointed by Labor Commissioner, C. D. 
 Wright, to investigate labor conditions in 
 England, 1902 ; Professor of Political 
 Economy and Social Science, Northwestern 
 University, since 1892. 
 
 Author: "Die Stellung der Privaten Be- 
 leuchtnugsgesellschaften zu Stadt und 
 Staat" ; "Die Erfahrung in Wein, Paris und 
 Massachusetts," Jena (1893). 
 
 Evarts Boutell Greene. Born at Kobe, 
 Japan, July 8, 1870 : was educated in a 
 private school at Yokohama, Japan, and in 
 the public schools of Westborough, Mass., 
 and Evanston ; student at Northwestern 
 University, 1885-88, and at Harvard, 1888- 
 93; A. B., A. M., Ph. D., all from Har- 
 vard ; at University of Berlin, Germany, 
 1893 to 1894; Professor of History. Uni- 
 versity of Illinois. 
 
/%*^, yWKs~ 
 
LIBRARY 
 
 OF THE 
 
 UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS 
 
HISTORY OF EVANSTOX 
 
 207 
 
 Author: "The Provincial Governors in 
 the English Colonies of North America" 
 (Harvard Historical Series, Vol. 7, 1898), 
 "The Government of Illinois, Its History 
 and Administration" (Macmillan, 1904); 
 "Provincial America" (Harpers, 1905). 
 
 James Stanley Grimes: Geonomy: The 
 Creation of Continents by Ocean Currents'* 
 ( 1857) ; "Human Nature and the Nerves" 
 (1857); "Improved System of Geonomy" 
 ( 1866) ; Mesmerism and Magic Eloquence" 
 (1862); "Mysteries of the Head and 
 Heart" (1870) ; "New System of Phrenol- 
 ogy and Evolution of the Brain" ( 1869) ; 
 "Philosophy of the Mind" (1870) ; "Phreno 
 Geology, the Evolution of Animals and 
 Man" (1850) ; "Phreno Physiology, Hu- 
 man Nature, the Evolution of Mind and its 
 Instruments" (1901). 
 
 Mrs. Elizabeth Morrisson Boynton Har- 
 bert. Born in Crawfordsville, Indiana, 
 April 15, 1845 ! graduated from Terre 
 Haute Female College 1862 ; for eight years 
 editor Woman's Department, "Chicago 
 Inter-Ocean." 
 
 Author: "Out of Her Sphere" (1871); 
 "The Golden Fleece" (1867); "Amore" ; 
 Cdmposer of the songs, words and music of 
 "On Arlington Heights," "What Shall we 
 Do With the Hours?" etc. 
 
 James Taft Hatfield. Born in Brooklyn, 
 N. Y., June 15, 1862; gra'duated from 
 Northwestern University, 1883: A.M. 1886; 
 Johns Hopkins University, Ph.D., 1890; 
 traveled and studied in Japan, China, India 
 and Egypt, 1883-84: Professor of Classi- 
 cal Languages in Rust University, Holly 
 Springs, Mississippi, 1884-85 ; graduate 
 student and Fellow at Johns Hopkins Uni- 
 versity, 1887-90; Professor of German 
 Language and Literature at Northwestern 
 University, 1890; studied at Berlin, Weimar 
 and Oxford, 1896-97; served in Spanish- 
 American War as Captain of a five-inch gun 
 on the U. S. cruiser "Yale," June to August, 
 
 1898; Professor of German Literature at 
 Northwestern University since 1890; Con- 
 tributing editor "Americana Germanica" ; 
 Member of the American Oriental Society 
 since 1884; Member of the Modern Lan- 
 guage Association of America, etc. 
 
 Author: "Elements of Sanskrit Gram- 
 mar" (1884); "Index to Gothic Forms in 
 Kluge's Wreterbuch" (1889); "Freytag's 
 Rittm|tster von alt-Rosen" (1894). 
 
 Editor of German texts; Translator of 
 German poems. 
 
 Erastus Otis Haven. Born in Boston, 
 November i, 1820; died in Salem, Oregon, 
 August 1 88 1 ; graduated from Wesleyan 
 University in 1842; in 1848 entered Meth- 
 odist Episcopal ministry in New York Con- 
 ference ; in 1853 Professor of Latin in Uni- 
 versity of Michigan, which he exchanged 
 the next year for the chair of Eng- 
 lish Language, Literature and History ; 
 given degree of D. D. in 1854 by 
 Union College ; resigned in 1856, and 
 returned to Boston, where he was 
 editor of "Zion's Herald" for seven years, 
 during which period he served two years in 
 State Senate, and a part of the time was 
 an Overseer of Harvard University : Presi- 
 dent of University of Michigan. 1863-69; 
 President of Northwestern University. 
 1869-72 ; in 1880 was ordained a Bishop of 
 the Methodist Episcopal Church. 
 
 Author: "American Progress; The 
 Young Man Advised" (1855); "Pillars of 
 Truth" (1866); "Rhetoric" (1869). 
 
 Henry Bixby Hemenway. Born at 
 Montpelier, Vt., December 20, 1856: gradu- 
 ated at Northwestern University. 1879: 
 practicing physician since 1880. 
 
 Author: "Healthful Womanhood and 
 Childhood" (1894). 
 
 Newell Dwight Hillis. Born in Mag- 
 nolia, Iowa, September 2, 1858; educated 
 at Iowa College, Lake Forest University 
 and McCormick Theological Seminary 
 
208 
 
 EVANSTON AUTHORS 
 
 ( M. A., and D. D., Northwestern Univer- 
 sity) ; entered Presbyterian ministry; pas- 
 tor at Peoria, Illinois, 1887-90; at Evan- 
 ston, Illinois, 1890-94 ; succeeded late Prof. 
 David Swing as pastor of Central Church, 
 Chicago (an independent church), 1894; 
 pastor of Plymouth Church, Brooklyn, since 
 January, 1899. 
 
 Author: "The Investment of Influence" 
 (1898) ; "A Man's Value to Society" 
 (1896); "How the Inner Light Failed"; 
 "Foretokens of Immortality" (1897); 
 "Great Books as Life Teachers" (1899); 
 "Influence of Christ in Modern Life" 
 (1900). 
 
 Rosa Birch Hitt. Born at Elkhart, Ind., 
 April 25, 1863; educated at the High 
 School, Marion, Ind., and at Northwestern 
 University ; married Isaac R. Hitt, Jr., in 
 1889. 
 
 Author: "The Instrument Tuned" 
 (1904)'. 
 
 Jane Currie Hoge. Born in Philadel- 
 phia, Pa., July 31, 1811; educated at Miss 
 Longstrength's school in Philadelphia ; en- 
 gaged with the U. S. Sanitary Commission 
 during the Civil War, visiting more than 
 one hundred thousand men in hospitals ; 
 died at Chicago, August 26, 1890. 
 
 Author: "The Boys in Blue" (1867). 
 
 Thomas Franklin Holgate. Born in 
 Hastings County, Ontario, April 8, 1859; 
 graduated at Victoria College, Toronto, 
 1884 : Professor at Northwestern Univer- 
 sity since 1893. 
 
 Author: "Elementary Geometry, Plane 
 and Solid" (1001). 
 
 George Washington Hough. Born in 
 Montgomery County, New York, October 
 24, 1836; graduated from Union College 
 in 1856; Astronomer and Director of 
 Dudley Observatory, Albany, N. Y., 1860- 
 74; Director of Dearborn Observatory and 
 Professor of Astronomy in University of 
 Chicago, 1879-87; discovered more than 
 
 600 new double stars and made systematic 
 study of the planet Jupiter ; invented many 
 instruments pertaining to astronomy, me- 
 teorology and physics ; Professor of Astron- 
 omy at Northwestern University and Direc- 
 tor of Dearborn Observatory since 1887. 
 
 Author: "Annals of the Dudley Obser- 
 vatory" (2 v., 1866-1871); "Annual Re- 
 ports of the Chicago Astronomical So- 
 ciety." 
 
 Mary Hess Hull. Born at Miltonville, 
 Ohio, April 22, 1845 (maiden name Mary 
 Ann Hess) ; educated in schools of her na- 
 tive town ; married Morton Hull, December, 
 1863; died in Chicago September 13, 1905. 
 
 Author: "Columbus, and What He 
 Found" (1892); "Browning's Christmas 
 Eve," (1900). 
 
 Harvey Bostwick Hurd. Born in Hun- 
 tington, Connecticut, February 14, 1828; 
 came to Chicago in 1846; admitted to the 
 bar in 1848 ; LL. D. Northwestern Univer- 
 sity ; Professor in the Chicago Law School 
 (now a department of Northwestern Uni- 
 versity), 1862-1900; first President of the 
 Village of Evanston ; official reviser of 
 General Statutes of Illinois ; edited State 
 edition of the same, 1874; has since edited 
 sixteen editions of General State Laws ; 
 originator of the great Chicago Drainage 
 Canal scheme; died January 20, l!)0l>. 
 
 Author: "Torrens Act of Illinois for 
 Registration of Land Titles" ; also of "Juve- 
 nile Court Act of Illinois," April 22, 1899. 
 
 Edmund Janes James. Born in Jackson- 
 ville, Illinois, May 21, 1855; educated at 
 Illinois State Normal School and North- 
 western and Harvard Universities, A. M. ; 
 Ph. D., University of Halle, Germany 
 (1877) ; Principal of Evanston High School 
 ( 1878-79) ; Principal of Model High 
 School, Normal, Illinois (1879-82) ; Pro- 
 fessor of Public Finance and Admin- 
 istration, Wharton School of Finance 
 and Economy, University of Pennsyl- 
 
HISTORY OF EVANSTON 
 
 209 
 
 vania (1883-95); Professor of Politi- 
 cal and Social Science, University of 
 Pennsylvania (1884-95); Edited the pub- 
 lications of the University of Pennsylvania, 
 Political Economy and Public Law Series 
 (1886-95) ; Vice President of the American 
 Economic Association; President of the 
 American Academy of Political and Social 
 Science since 1889; Vice President of the 
 Board of Trustees of the Illinois State His- 
 torical Library since 1895 > Professor of 
 Public Administration and Director of Ex- 
 tension Division in the University of Chi- 
 cago (1896-1902) ; President of Northwest- 
 ern University ( 1902-04) ; then became 
 President University of Illinois at Urbana, 
 Illinois. 
 
 Author : "Relation of the Modern Muni- 
 cipality to the Gas Supply" ( 1886) ; "The 
 Legal Tender Decisions" (1887); "The 
 Canal and the Railway" (1890); "Federal 
 Constitution of Germany" (1890) ; "Federal 
 Constitution of Switzerland" ( 1890) ; Edu- 
 cation of Business Men in Europe" (1899) ; 
 "Government of a Typical Prussian City" 
 (Halle) (1900). 
 
 James Alton James. Born in Hazel- 
 green, Wisconsin, September 17, 1864; 
 graduated from University of Wisconsin in 
 1888; held scholarship and fellowship in 
 History, Johns Hopkins University, 1891- 
 93 ; Ph. D., 1893 1 Professor of History 
 Cornell College, Iowa, four years ; Member 
 of the American Historical Society ; Mem- 
 ber of Council and Secretary of North- 
 western Settlement ; President of the North 
 Central History Teachers' Association ; 
 Professor of History, Northwestern Uni- 
 versity since 1897. 
 
 Author: "Constitution and Admission of 
 Iowa into the Union" (1900); "Govern- 
 ment in State and Nation" (with A. H. 
 Sanford) (1901). 
 
 William Patterson Jones. Born about 
 1827; founder (1855) of the North- 
 
 western Female College, and for many 
 years President of same ; in 1862 was sent 
 as Consul to Macao, China ; later became 
 President of Fremont (Neb.) Normal 
 School, where he died about 1890. 
 
 Author: "Myth of Stone Idol, a Poem" 
 (1876); "Inter-Ocean Curiosity Shop." 
 
 John Hume Kedzie. Born in Stamford, 
 N. Y., September 8, 1815 : graduated from 
 Oberlin College in 1841 : admitted to the 
 bar in 1847 ! member of Illinois Legislature, 
 1877 to 1879; died at Evanston, April 9, 
 1903. 
 
 Author: "Solar Heat, Gravitation and 
 Sun Spots" (1886). 
 
 Daniel Parish Kidder. Born at Darien, 
 N. Y., October 18, 1815 ; graduated at Wes- 
 leyan University, Middletown, Conn., in 
 1836; from 1837 to 1840 was a missionary 
 to Brazil ; and from 1844 to 1856 editor of 
 the Sunday School publications of the Meth- 
 odist Episcopal church ; compiled and edited 
 more than eight hundred volumes for Sun- 
 day School libraries ; the list of which would 
 fill many pages of this history; in 1856 be- 
 came Professor of Practical Theology in 
 the Garrett Biblical Institute, where he re- 
 mained until 1871, when he was called to 
 a like chair in the Drew Theological Sem- 
 inary : died at Evanston, July 29, 1891. 
 
 Author: "Mormonism and the Mor- 
 mons" (1844); "Residence and Travel in 
 Brazil" (2 vols., 1845) ; in conjunction with 
 Rev. J. C. Fletcher, "Brazil and the Bra- 
 zilians" (1857) ; and "Treatise on Homilet- 
 ics" (1868). 
 
 Homer H. Kingsley. Born at Kalama- 
 zoo, Mich., June 9. 1859; graduated at 
 Michigan University in 1881 : Principal of 
 Evanston Public Schools (Dist. No. i) 
 since 1886. 
 
 Author: "The New Era Word Book" 
 
 Nellie Fitch Kingsley. Born at Peoria, 
 111., October 4, 1862 ; educated at Kalama- 
 
2IO 
 
 EVANSTOX AUTHORS 
 
 zoo (Mich.) High School; married to 
 Homer H. Kingsley, August 18, 1886. 
 
 Author: "History of the Lewis and 
 Clark Expedition" (1900); "Four Ameri- 
 can Explorers" (1902). 
 
 Marshall Monroe Kirkman. Born in Il- 
 linois, July 10, 1842 ; entered railway ser- 
 vice with Chicago & Northwestern Railroad 
 in 1856: Second Vice President of Chicago 
 & Northwestern Railway since 1889. 
 
 Author: "The Science of Railways" (12 
 v., 1894) ; "Classical Portfolio of Primi- 
 tive Carriers" (1896) ; "Romance of Gilbert 
 Holmes" (1900) ; "The Air Brake" (1901) ; 
 "Building and Repairing Railways" (1901). 
 
 Samuel Ellsworth Kiser. Born Ship- 
 pensville. Pa., February 2, 1862; educated 
 in Pennsylvania and Ohio ; editorial writer 
 "Chicago Record-Herald." 
 
 Author: "Budd Wilkins at the Show" 
 (1898) : "Georgie" (1890) ; "Love Sonnets 
 of an Office Boy" (1902) : "Ballads of the 
 Busy Days" (1903): "Charles, the Chauf- 
 feur" (1905). 
 
 Loren Laertes Knox. Born at Moms- 
 ville, N. Y., January 8. 1811; educated at 
 Cazenovia (N. Y. ) Seminary, and Wes- 
 leyan University ( Middletown. Conn.); 
 Professor of Greek in Lawrence University, 
 Appleton, Wis. ; died at Evanston. January 
 18. 1901. 
 
 Author: "Evangelical Rationalism" 
 (1879). 
 
 John Harper Lang. Horn in Ohio, De- 
 cember, 1856 ; educated at Tuebingen, 
 \Vuerzburg and Breslau. Germany; mem- 
 ber of several scientific societies ; Professor 
 of Chemistry in Medical School, North- 
 western University, since 1881. 
 
 Author: "Elements of General Chem- 
 istry" (1898): "A Text Book of Wine 
 Analysis" (1900) ; "Laboratory Manual of 
 Physiological Chemistry" (1894). 
 
 William C Levere: "Imperial America" 
 (1899) ; "Twixt Greek and Barb" (1900). 
 
 Arthur Wilde Little. Episcopal clergy- 
 man. 
 
 Author: "Reasons for Being a Church- 
 man" ( 1886) : "The Times and Teaching of 
 John Wesley" ; "The Intellectual Life of the 
 Priest"; "The Character of Washington"; 
 "The Maintenance of the Church Idea." 
 
 Charles Joseph Little. Born in Philadel- 
 phia, Pa., September 21, 1840; graduated 
 at University of Pennsylvania, 1861 ; Pro- 
 fessor in Dickinson College, 1874-85 ; at 
 Syracuse University, 1885-91 ; President 
 Garrett Biblical Institute since 1891. 
 
 Author: Comprehensive History of 
 America" (1896). 
 
 William Sinclair Lord. Born in Syca- 
 more, Illinois. August 24, 1863. 
 
 Author: "Verses" (1883); "Beads of 
 Morning" (1888); "Blue and Gold" 
 (1896) ; "Jingle and Jangle" (1899). 
 
 Mrs. Catherine Waugh McCulloch. 
 Born in Ransomville, Niagara County, 
 N. Y., June 4, 1862; educated in Illinois; 
 graduated from Union College of Law, 
 Chicago. 1886: practiced law in Rockford, 
 Illinois, 1886-90, since which time she has 
 been engaged in the practice of law in Chi- 
 cago. 
 
 Author: "Mr. Lex; or, the Legal Status 
 of Mother and Child" (1902). 
 
 William Smythe Babcock Matthews. 
 Born in London. N. H., May 8. 1837 : edu- 
 cated in New Hampshire : studied music 
 in Boston ; practical teacher of music since 
 1853; since 18(17 has been living in Chi- 
 cago; in 1891 established and has since 
 been editor of "Music" (a magazine). 
 
 Author: "How to L : nderstand Music" 
 (2 v.. 1880 and 1888) ; "Primer of Musi- 
 cal forms" (1890) ; "Music and its Ideals" 
 (1897); "Popular History of Music" 
 (1891): "The Great in Music" first and 
 second series (1900-1902) ; "Dictionary of 
 Musical Terms" (1895); "The Masters 
 and Their Music" (1898). 
 
HISTORY OF EVAXSTOX 
 
 211 
 
 Samuel Merwin. Born in Evanston, Oc- 
 tober 6, 1874; educated in Evanston, De- 
 troit and Northwestern University. 
 
 Author: "The Short Line War" (with 
 H. K. Webster) (1899): "Calumet K." 
 (with same) (1901) ; "The Road to Fron- 
 tenac" (1901). 
 
 Mrs. Emily Huntington Miller. Born in 
 Brooklyn, Conn., October 22, 1833 ; grad- 
 uated from Oberlin College. 1857 (A. M.) : 
 Editor of "Little Corporal," afterwards 
 combined with "St. Xicholas" ; Dean of 
 Woman's College, Xorthwestern Universi- 
 ty, 1891-98. 
 
 Author: "From Avalon" (poems) 
 ( 1896) ; "The Royal Road to Fortune" ; 
 "The Kirkwood Series" ; "Captain Fritz" ; 
 "Little Neighbors" ; "What Tommy Did" ; 
 "The House that Jack Rented": "Songs 
 from the Nest" (poems) ( 1894) ; "For the 
 Beloved" (poems). 
 
 Wilbur Dick Xesbit. Born. Xenia, Ohio, 
 September 16, 1871 ; educated in public 
 schools, Cedarville, Ohio. 
 
 Author: "Trail to Borland" (1904): 
 "Little Henry's Slate" (1903) ; "An Alpha- 
 bet of History" (1905). 
 
 Mary Louise Ninde : "We Two Alone in 
 Europe" (1886): "William Xavier Ninde: 
 a Biography" (1902). 
 
 Mrs. Minerva Brace Norton. Author: 
 "In and Around Berlin" ( 1889) ; "Service 
 in the King's Guard" (1891). 
 
 Simon Nelson Patten. Born in Illinois, 
 May i, 1852: educated in Illinois; took de- 
 grees of A. M. and Ph. D. at University of 
 Halle, Germany : studied law in Law School 
 Northwestern University : in 1888 elected 
 Professor of Political Economy in the 
 Wharton School of Finance and Economy, 
 University of Pennsylvania. 
 
 Author: "Taxation in American States 
 and Cities"; "Premises of Political Econ- 
 omy"; "The Stability of Prices"; "Con- 
 
 sumption of Wealth" ; "Theory of Pros- 
 perity" (1902). 
 
 Charles William Pearson. Born in 
 Leeds, England, August 7. 1846 : graduated 
 from the Northwestern University in 1871. 
 and afterwards became professor of Eng- 
 lish literature in the same institution : he 
 resigned this position in 1902, and became 
 pastor of the Unitarian church at Quincy, 
 111.; died in England, July n, 1905. 
 
 Author: "Methodism: a Retrospect and 
 Outlook: A Poem" ( 1891 ) : "The Carpenter 
 Prophet : a Life of Jesus Christ and a Dis- 
 cussion of His Ideals" (1902). 
 
 William Frederick Poole. Born at Sa- 
 lem, Mass.. December 24, 1821 ; died at 
 Evanston, March i. 1894: educated in 
 Massachusetts : graduated from Yale Col- 
 lege in 1849: in 1851 became Assistant Li- 
 brarian of the Boston Athenaeum and, in 
 the following year was made Librarian of 
 the Mercantile Library of that city a flour- 
 ishing institution subsequently merged into 
 the Boston Public Library ; in 1853 attended 
 the first gathering of librarians ever held 
 in the world, Edward Everett Hale and Dr. 
 Henry Barnard, of Hartford, being among 
 those present ; in 1856 returned to Boston 
 Athenaeum, where he remained thirteen 
 years: in 1873 was called to the Public 
 Library of Chicago : in 1887 took charge 
 of the Newberry Library, Chicago : con- 
 tributed many papers to the reports pub- 
 lished by the L'nited States Bureaus of Edu- 
 cation ; in 1887 was President of the 
 American Historical Association : in 1882 
 received the honorary degree of LL. D. 
 from Northwestern University ; died at 
 Evanston. March i, 1894. 
 
 Author: "Poole's Index to Periodical 
 Literature" (with W. I. Fletcher) (4 v., 
 1882-1893) : "Anti-slavery Opinions before 
 the Year 1800" (1873); "Columbus and 
 the Finding of the New World" (1892). 
 
 Miner Raymond. Born in New York 
 
212 
 
 EVANSTON AUTHORS 
 
 City, August 29, 1811; graduated from 
 Wesleyan Academy, Wilbraham, Mass., in 
 1831 ; instructor in same; LL. D. in 1884; 
 Professor of Systematic Theology in Gar- 
 rett Biblical Institute, 1864-97; died at Ev- 
 anston November 25, 1897. 
 
 Author: "Systematic Theology" (3 v., 
 1877). 
 
 Henry Bascom Ridgaway. Born in Tal- 
 bot County Md., September 7, 1830; gradu- 
 ated from Dickinson College (Penn.) in 
 1849; Professor of Historical Theology in 
 Garrett Biblical Institute in 1882; Presi- 
 dent of same in 1884; died March 30, 1895. 
 
 Author : "The Lord's Land." ( 1876) ; 
 "Life of Alfred Cookman" (1871); "Life 
 of Bishop Janes" ( 1882) ; "Life of Bishop 
 Waugh" (1883); "Life of Bishop Simp- 
 son" (1885). 
 
 Charles Humphrey Roberts. Author: 
 "Down the O-hi-o" (1891). 
 
 Henry Wade Rogers. Born Holland 
 Patent, X. Y., October 10, 1853 ; graduated 
 from University of Michigan, 1874; 
 (A. M. and LL.D. Wesleyan University, 
 Conn.) ; admitted to the bar in 1877; Pro- 
 fessor of Law in the Law School of the 
 L T niversity of Michigan, 1883 ; Dean of 
 same, 1885-90; President of Northwestern 
 University, 1890-1901 ; Chairman of 
 Worlds' Congress on Jurisprudence and 
 Law Reform, World's Columbian Exposi- 
 tion, Chicago, 1893; General Chairman of 
 the Saratoga Conference on the Foreign 
 Policy of the United States, 1898; Profes- 
 sor of Law in Yale University, since Sep- 
 tember, 1901. 
 
 Author: "Illinois Citations" (1881) ; 
 "Law of Expert Testimony" (1883 2d 
 ed., 1891). 
 
 Robert Dickinson Sheppard. Born near 
 Chicago, 111., July. 23, 1847: graduated at 
 Chicago University in 1869: at Garrett I'.ib- 
 lical Institute 1870; Professor of History at 
 Northwestern University, 1886 to 11)03. 
 
 Author: "Abraham Lincoln" (1903). 
 
 Edwin Llewellyn Shuman. Born in 
 Manor Township, Pa., December 13, 1863; 
 educated in Cook County Normal School 
 and Englewood High School ; editorial 
 writer on "Chicago Journal," 1892-95 ; lit- 
 erary editor and editorial writer on "Chica- 
 go Tribune," 1895-1901 ; literary editor 
 "Chicago Record-Herald," 1901 to date. 
 
 Author: "Steps into Journalism" (1894) ; 
 "Practical Journalism" (1903). 
 
 Matthew Simpson. Born at Cadiz, Ohio, 
 June 20, 1811; attended Madison (Pa.) 
 College ; became tutor in same ; in 1837 
 Professor of Natural Science in Alleghany 
 College ; President of Indiana Asbury 
 University 1839-48: elected Bishop of 
 Methodist Episcopal church in 1852 ; Presi- 
 dent of Garrett Biblical Institute in 1859; 
 died in Philadelphia June 18, 1884. 
 
 Author: "Cyclopaedia of Methodism" 
 (1878) ; "One Hundred Years of Method- 
 ism" ( 1876) ; "Lectures on Preaching" 
 (1879); "Sermons" (1885). 
 
 Alice Bunker Stockham. Born in Ohio, 
 in 1833, of Quaker parentage ; graduated 
 from the Eclectic Medical College, Cincin- 
 nati : practiced in Indiana and Chicago ; 
 established the Stockham Publishing Com- 
 pany, of which she is President, to publish 
 her own works and other "advanced" 
 books ; was a leader in the introduction of 
 "sloyd" in Chicago public schools; active 
 worker for social purity, woman suffrage 
 and social reform. 
 
 Author: "Tokology: a Book of Mater- 
 nity" (1883) ; "Koradine" (1893) '< "Karez- 
 za" (1896); "Tolstoi: a Man of Peace" 
 
 (1000). 
 
 Charles Macaulay Stuart. Born in 
 Glasgow, Scotland, August 20, 1853; grad- 
 uated from Kalamazoo College in 1880; 
 D. D., Garrett Biblical Institute ; Associate 
 editor of the "Michigan Christian Advo- 
 cate" ( 1885-86) ; Assistant editor "North- 
 
WILLIAM A DVCIII-: 
 
LIBRARY 
 
 OF THE 
 
 UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS 
 
HISTORY OF EVANSTON 
 
 213 
 
 western Christian Advocate" (1886-96); 
 Professor of Sacred Rhetoric in Garrett 
 Biblical Institute since 1896. 
 
 Author : "Text of Photogravures of the. 
 Holy Land" (1890); "Life and Selected 
 Writings of Francis Dana Hemenway" 
 (with C. F. Bradley and A. W. Patten) 
 ( 1890) ; "Vision of Christ in the Poet" 
 ( 1896) ; "Story of the Master Pieces" 
 (1897). 
 
 Milton Spenser Terry. Born Coeymans, 
 X. Y., February 22. 1840; educated at Troy 
 University and Yale Divinity School : A. 
 M. Wesleyan University, 1871 ; D. D., same 
 institution, 1880: LL. D., Northwestern 
 University, 1895 : Professor in Garrett Bib- 
 lical Institute, Evanston, since 1885. 
 
 Author: "Commentary on the Old Tes- 
 tament" (1875): "Biblical Hermeneutics" 
 (1883); "The Sibylline Oracles" (1890); 
 "Rambles in the Old World" (1894) ; 
 "Biblical Apocalyptics" (1898). 
 
 David Decamp Thompson. Born April 
 29, 1852, at Cincinnati. Ohio ; graduated at 
 Ohio Wesleyan University : editor of 
 "Northwestern Christian Advocate" since 
 1901. 
 
 Author: "Abraham Lincoln": "John 
 Wesley as a Social Reformer." 
 
 Edward Thomson. Born at Portsea. 
 England. October 12, 1810: came to Amer- 
 ica with his parents in 1818: graduated 
 from the medical department of the Univer- 
 sity of Pennsylvania : in charge of Xorvvalk 
 (Ohio) Seminary. 1838-43; elected Bishop 
 of Methodist Episcopal Church in 1864; 
 died March 22. 1870. 
 
 Author: "Evidences of Revealed Re- 
 ligion"; "Moral and Religious Essays" 
 (3 vols.) ; "Oriental Missions" (2 vols.). 
 
 Charles Burton Thwing. Born at Ther- 
 esa, X. Y., March 4, 1860: graduated from 
 Northwestern University. 1888; Ph. D., 
 Bonn, Germany, 1894; Professor of Phy- 
 sics, Knox College, Galesburg, 111., since 
 1896. 
 
 Author: "An Elementary Physics,'\i894). 
 
 Henry Kitchell Webster. Born in Evan- 
 ston, September 7, 1875; graduated from 
 Hamilton College, N. Y., 1897, (Ph. M.) ; 
 Instructor in Rhetoric Union College, 
 Schenectady, N. Y. (1897-8). 
 
 Author: "The Short Line War" (with 
 Samuel Merwin) (1899); "The Banker 
 and the Bear" (1900) ; "Calumet K" (with 
 Samuel Merwin) (1901); "Roger Drake" 
 (1902). 
 
 David Hilton Wheeler. Born at Ithaca, 
 N. Y., November 19, 1829; attended Rock 
 River Seminary : Professor of Greek in 
 Cornell College: U. S. Consul at Genoa, 
 Italy, 1861 to 1866; Professor of English 
 Literature at Northwestern University, 
 
 1867 to 1875 : f r a P art f this t ' rne ( '867 
 to 1869) being acting president: editor of 
 "The Methodist," 1875 to 1883: President 
 of Allegheny College, 1883 to 1892; died 
 at Meadville, Pa., June 18. 1902. 
 
 Author: "Brigandage in South Italy" 
 (1864): "By -Ways of Literature" (1883) ; 
 "Our Industrial Utopia." 
 
 Mrs. Irene Grosvenor Wheelock : "Nest- 
 lings of Forest and Marsh" (1902). 
 
 John Henry Wigmore. Born in San 
 Francisco, Cal. : graduated from Harvard 
 University with degree of A. B.. 1803. LL. 
 B.. 1887 ; Professor of Law at Northwest- 
 ern University from 1893. 
 
 Author: "Materials for the Study of 
 Private Law in Old Japan" (1892) : "The 
 Australian .Ballot System" ( 1889) : "Six- 
 teenth Edition of Greenleaf on Evidence." 
 Vol. I. (1899): "Treatise on Evidence" (4 
 vols., 1904-5). 
 
 Mrs. Caroline McCoy Willard. Author: 
 "Life in Alaska" (1884): "Kin-da-shon's 
 Wife: an Alaskan Story" (1892). 
 
 Frances Elizabeth Willard. Born Sep- 
 tember 28, 1839, at Churchville. near 
 Rochester. N. Y. ; graduated from North- 
 western University and took degree of A. 
 M. from Syracuse University ; in 1862 was 
 
2I 4 
 
 EVAXSTON AUTHORS 
 
 Professor of Natural Science at the North- 
 western Female College, Evanston. Illinois ; 
 in 1866-67 was Preceptress in the Wesleyan 
 Seminary. Lima, N. Y. ; in 1871 was Presi- 
 dent of the Women's College of North- 
 western University, and Professor of Aes- 
 thetics in the University; in 1874 was ap- 
 pointed Corresponding Secretary of the Na- 
 tional Women's Christian Temperance 
 Union and, in 1879, was made President 
 of that body the largest society ever organ- 
 ized, conducted and controlled exclusively 
 by women. She traveled extensively in the 
 interest of the society and visited every 
 State and Territory in the Union ; in 1884 
 helped establish the Prohibition Party ; 
 originated a petition against the importation 
 and manufacture of alcohol and opium, 
 which was signed by seven million persons ; 
 was editor of the "Chicago Post," the 
 "Union Signal," and other journals ; died 
 in New York, February 18, 1898. 
 
 Author: "Nineteen Beautiful Years" 
 (1863); "Hints and Help in Temperance 
 Work" (1875); "Women and Temper- 
 ance" (1883); "How to Win" (1886); 
 "Woman in the Pulpit" (1888) : "Glimpses 
 of Fifty Years" ; "The Autobiography of an 
 American Woman." 
 
 Josiah Flynt Willard. Born in Appleton, 
 Wisconsin, January 23, 1869; educated in 
 Berlin University (1890-95). 
 
 Author : "Tramping with Tramps" 
 (1899) ; "Powers that Prey" (with Francis 
 Walton) (1900): "Notes of an Itinerant 
 Policeman" (1900); "World of Graft" 
 (1900). 
 
 S. R. Winchell. Author: "Latin Prose 
 Composition" (1875): "Lessons in Greek 
 Syntax" ( 1886). 
 
 Ervvin E. Wood. Born at Plainfield, 111.. 
 February 6, 1848; student at Northwestern 
 University and Garrett Biblical Institute, 
 1864 to 1869: engaged in editorial work in 
 Chicago and New York. 
 
 Author: "Epigraph Album" (1880). 
 
 Abrain Van Eps Young. Born in She- 
 boygan. Wisconsin, June 5, 1853; grad- 
 uated from the University of Michigan in 
 1875 ; Fellow in Chemistry, Johns Hopkins 
 University ; Assistant in Chemistry, Har- 
 vard University ; Professor in Chemistry 
 at Northwestern University since 1885. 
 
 Author: "The Elementary Principles of 
 Chemistry" (1901) ;"Suggestions to Teach- 
 ers. Designed to accompany the Elementary 
 Principles of Chemistry" (1901). 
 
 Jane Eggleston Zimmerman. Author : 
 "Gray Heads on Green Shoulders." 
 
 Charles Zueblin. Born in Pendleton, In- 
 diana, May 4, 1866 ; graduated from North- 
 western University in 1887, and from Yale 
 in 1889; founded Northwestern University 
 Settlement, 1892 ; was the first Secretary 
 of the Chicago Society for University Ex- 
 tension, 1892 : Secretary of Class Study 
 Division of the University Extension De- 
 partment of the University of Chicago, 
 1892 : member of various municipal, politi- 
 cal and social science leagues; associate 
 Professor of Sociology in the University of 
 Chicago since 1896. 
 
 Author: "American Municipal Prog- 
 ress" (1902). 
 
 The general character of the works of 
 the authors given above is shown in the fol- 
 lowing classification, arranged in the order 
 given in "Dewey's Manual of Classifica- 
 tion :" 
 
 i . 5 per cent ) 
 
 Bibliography 
 
 Political Economy and Law 
 
 Philology 
 
 Science 
 
 Art and Music 
 
 Fiction, Essays and Poetry - 103 
 Biography ------- 25 
 
 History 2q 
 
 Total 261 (= 
 
 Among the works thus fortuitously 
 brought together as those of Evanston 
 authors, we find a wide range of author- 
 ship, from the comics of Nesbit and Kiser 
 to the profundity of Raymond's "Systematic 
 
HISTORY OF EVANSTON 
 
 215 
 
 Theology" and Poole's "Index to Periodical 
 Literature." As usual in a general line of 
 literary productions, the Fiction, Essays and 
 Poetry in the above table form about 40 
 per cent of the whole, corresponding in a 
 general way with the proportion observed 
 in the circulation of a public library. Sci- 
 ence, Political Economy and Physiology, 
 taken together, make up about 35 per cent ; 
 and when the 25 per cent of the remainder 
 is shown as History, Biography, and the 
 Fine Arts, the solid and serious character 
 given to the whole is sufficiently apparent. 
 From this may be inferred a high general 
 average of culture and learning among the 
 writers. The works mentioned in the above 
 list are not confined to the English lan- 
 guage, for here we find the productions of 
 Hatfield and Gray in German : and it is like- 
 ly, if the search had been more thorough, 
 there would have appeared others in 
 
 tongues far remote from our beloved ver- 
 nacular. Had it been a part of the plan of 
 this chapter to enumerate the contributions 
 to periodical literature and to the printed 
 proceedings of learned societies, the intel- 
 lectual activities of the writers who now 
 make their dwelling place in Evanston or 
 have done so at some time in the past, would 
 have shown a much more extended range 
 and increase in number. 
 
 Macaulay said that "one shelfful of 
 European books was worth more than the 
 whole native literature of India." Here is 
 presented what may be the equivalent of a 
 "shelfful" and even more, and it is a satis- 
 faction to find this weighty characterization 
 of Macaulay thus fairly applied to the pro- 
 ductions emanating from one community 
 among all the great numbers of centers of 
 intelligence to be found in our country. 
 
CHAPTER XXIV. 
 
 LIBRARIES PUBLIC AND PRIVATE 
 
 (Bjr MAKV B. LINDSAY. Librarian) 
 
 Evanston' s First Library Major Mulford, 
 the "Gentleman Pioneer of Evanston" 
 Some Specimens of His Library First 
 Sunday School Library Private Libra- 
 ries of Today Unique Collection of Cu- 
 rios History of Evanston Free Public 
 Library Edward Egglcston Prime 
 Mover in Its Founding First Step in 
 Organisation Later History and Growth 
 Roll of Librarians and Other Officers 
 Cataloguing and Library Extension 
 Internal Management and Conditions 
 Site for a Library Building Secured in 
 1904. 
 
 The first collection of books brought to- 
 gether in Evanston was, without doubt, that 
 of the private library of the late Major Ed- 
 ward H. Mulford, who came here in 1835 
 and settled on the Ridge road. The old Kirk 
 mansion on Ridge Avenue, we are told, con- 
 tains within itself a part of Major Mul- 
 ford 's old home, the first place occupied 
 by him in what was at a later date called 
 "Ridgeville." The later home of the family 
 was the homestead which still stands on the 
 corner of Ridge and Mulford Avenues. 
 This place, with its background of wooded 
 grove, its grounds fragrant with flowers, 
 facing Ridge road, whose avenue of oaks 
 extended to the Rogers Park line, was one 
 of the most picturesque of the early homes 
 of the place. 
 
 Major Mulford was called the "gentle- 
 man pioneer of Evanston," because it was 
 rare i those early days to possess much ed- 
 ucation or to own a library. Of the size of 
 this library we have no exact data. Mrs. 
 Pliny Brown of Chicago, Major Mulford's 
 granddaughter, says her earliest recollec- 
 tion is of three large book cases full of 
 books. 
 
 Major Mulford died March 5, 1878, and 
 the books, with the rest of the property, 
 were divided among the members of the 
 family. Many of these books are retained 
 by Mrs. Pliny Brown, who kindly fur- 
 nished a list of them. Of these some of the 
 interesting early editions are: 
 
 "John Quincy Adams," by W. H. Sew- 
 ard. Derby, 1849. 
 
 Macaulay's "History of England." Har- 
 per, 1849. ( Ist Amer. ed.) 
 
 "Life and Writings of Dr. Chalmers." 
 Harper, 1849-52. 
 
 "Washington's Agricultural Correspond- 
 ence," by Franklin Knight. 1847. 
 
 "Louis the Fourteenth and the Court of 
 France, in the Seventeenth Century," by 
 Miss Pardoe, Harper, 1847. 
 
 "The Near and Heavenly Horizon ; Re- 
 marks on Ecclesiastical History," by John 
 Jastin. Holbourn, 1752. 
 
 A notable book of local interest is "Wau- 
 bun ; or, The Early Day in the Northwest." 
 by Mrs. John H. Kinzie of Chicago, pub- 
 
218 
 
 LIBRARIES PUBLIC AND PRIVATE 
 
 lished in 1856. Of this book the "London 
 Athenseum" of that date said : "Written in 
 perfectly simple, unpretending style, but 
 with a keen perception of humor and a 
 genuine love of adventure, which makes it 
 very fascinating to read." 
 
 The old family Bible is dated 1813, the 
 year of Major Mulford's marriage. 
 
 Among Major Mulford's books left in 
 trust of later tenants of the old home- 
 stead, are a number of school-books, many 
 of which bear interesting autographs and 
 notes made by members of the family. We 
 are indebted to Mr. Francis J. McAssey 
 for many descriptive notes upon these 
 books. In Lindley Murray's English Read- 
 er, Lexington, Ky., 1824, the poem by 
 Wordsworth, the "Pet Lamb," is marked 
 (apparently in Major Mulford's handwrit- 
 ing), to the effect that this poem was 
 "learned by Ann at the age of seven years 
 for her father, who was to pay her 25 
 cents." The names also occur of E. H. 
 Mul ford, George G. Mulford, James John- 
 son Mulford; Anna Mulford, Monticello 
 Female Seminary ; Mary Mulford, Kemper 
 Hall, Kenosha, Wis. 
 
 The autograph of William S. Gibbs, Chi- 
 cago High School, is found in Hilliard's 
 First Reader, Boston, 1857. 
 
 Among other school books used in those 
 early days was "Abercrombie's Intellectual 
 Philosophy," Boston, 1841 ; "Porter's An- 
 alysis." Andover, 1828; "Newman's Rhet- 
 oric," Andover, 1839. "Comstock's Philos- 
 ophy," Xew York, is inscribed as belonging 
 to William Orr "Junor," "Covington Pres- 
 byterian Collegiate Institute." 
 
 An animated school-room correspond- 
 ence had evidently been conducted upon 
 the fly-leaves at intervals during the study 
 of philosophy, between the owner and a 
 rival in regard to their affections for one 
 C. Lindley, who is described as "anjellick." 
 It is interesting to speculate who "Bill" 
 
 Orr and his rival, "John Me," were, and 
 what finally became of their beautiful "Miss 
 C. Lindley." all of whom "went to school to 
 Mister Heir." 
 
 We note the contents of "Specimens of 
 American Poetry," arranged by Samuel 
 Kettell. Boston, 1829; Whittier. Richard 
 Henry Dana and George Bancroft are each 
 represented by one poem, Longfellow by 
 three, Bryant by nine and John G. C. Brain- 
 ard by ten. Whittier is spoken of in a 
 biographical sketch as "one of the most 
 youthful of our poets, and his verses show 
 a more than common maturity of power 
 . . . the editor of the 'American Manu- 
 facturer,' a newspaper of Boston." 
 
 "Hoyle's Games," New York, 1829, con- 
 tains, among other games, "A Practical 
 Treatise on the Game of Goff, or Golf," 
 showing that golf was played "according to 
 Hoyle" even in those early days. 
 
 The following quotation is found written 
 on the last page of Chesterfield's "Men and 
 Manners," New York, 1831 : "To do jus- 
 tice, to love mercy, and to walk humbly 
 with thy God," signed "E. H. Mulford" 
 this quotation, evidently, as the present 
 owner of the book observes, "describing a 
 Christian gentleman better, to the Major's 
 mind, than the whole book he had finished 
 reading." 
 
 "Thomas Jefferson's Manual of Par- 
 liamentary Rules," Philadelphia. 1853, is 
 another book worthy of note. "The New 
 York Book," New York, Geo. Dearborn, 
 publisher, 1837, compiled from poetical 
 writings of natives of New York State, 
 contains "An Address to Black Hawk," 
 evidently inspired by witnessing Black 
 Hawk led captive through some eastern 
 city. This book contains the autograph of 
 Mrs. Bertha Gibbs. 
 
 Another contribution to tbe history of 
 New York is "Rochester and Western New 
 York." by Henry O'Reilly. Rochester, 1838, 
 
JOHN I:\.\NS 
 
LIBRARY 
 
 OF THE 
 
 UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS 
 
HISTORY OF EVAXSTON 
 
 219 
 
 containing maps and illustrations of the 
 city, also steel engravings of Colonel 
 Rochester, after whom the city (Rochester) 
 was named, and Vincent Matthews, the 
 first lawyer admitted to the bar of Ontario 
 County, then (1790) comprising all that 
 part of the State west of Seneca Lake. 
 This book also covers fully the develop- 
 ment of the Erie Canal and early railroad 
 projects. Henry O'Reilly, the author of this 
 book, is said to have edited the first news- 
 paper published west of New York City. 
 
 The "Musical Carcanet," New York, 
 1832, contains the words and music of "the 
 most admired popular songs arranged for 
 the voice, flute and violin." In a collection 
 of poems, entitled "Elegant Extracts," is 
 included a poem called "The Lighthouse," 
 credited to Tom Moore, which is not to be 
 found in any of the current editions of 
 Moore's works. 
 
 Perhaps the most interesting book, in its 
 bearing on local history, is "Laws of Illi- 
 nois." published at Vandalia in 1833 that 
 city being at that time the capital of the 
 State. This book is now the property of 
 the Evanston Historical Society. It is espe- 
 cially interesting from the fact that Major 
 Mulford was a Justice of the Peace, and is 
 said to have held the first court in Cook 
 County which would not be at all sur- 
 prising when we consider that, in 1833, 
 Chicago had only twenty-nine voters, com- 
 prising the entire adult male population in 
 the election of that year. 1 This book prob- 
 ably furnished Justice Mulford all the legal 
 lore necessary to the settlement of all liti- 
 gation arising from cattle breaking down 
 fences, etc., in what is now the City of Ev- 
 anston. Another book, now in possession 
 of the Evanston Historical Society, is Dr. 
 Isaac Mulford's "History of New Jersey." 
 1845. The author was a brother of Major 
 Mulford, and the book bears the names of 
 "Isaac Mulford" and "E. H. Mulford, 
 
 Ridgeville. 111." "Scott's Lessons." a school 
 book, published in 1823 and bearing the 
 autograph of E. H. Mulford, was also pre- 
 sented to the Evanston Historical Society. 
 
 An example of the progress of science of 
 that clay is furnished in "Bigelow's Tech- 
 nology." published in 1815. and especially 
 interesting from the fact that its author 
 deemed it incomprehensible that the steam 
 engine could ever be improved beyond its 
 capacity at that time. 
 
 Among the works in the line of fiction 
 current in the first few years of Major Mul- 
 ford's residence in Evanston may be men- 
 tioned: Beaconsfield's "Young Duke." 1831. 
 and "Vivian Grey," 1826; Cooper's "Home- 
 ward Bound," Philadelphia, 1838. One of 
 the novels of a later date is "The Schoen- 
 berg-Cotta Eamily," by Mrs. Charles. 1863. 
 
 First Sunday School Library. Close- 
 ly allied with the history of this first Ev- 
 anston library was the first Sunday School 
 Library. This Sunday School, which was 
 the seed from which sprang the present 
 First Methodist Sunday School, was start- 
 ed at the old Mulford place and afterward 
 moved to the log school-house which stood 
 on the corner of Greenleaf Street and the 
 Ridge. Mr. Abraham Wigelsworth was 
 then the Superintendent. Mrs. Kate Hag- 
 arty, now of Ravenswood, then Mrs. Ed- 
 ward Mulford, who was at one time Super- 
 intendent, librarian and choir leader, 
 brought with her from the East, about 1854. 
 a collection of fifty books, which she pre- 
 sented to this Sunday School, thus found- 
 ing the first Sunday School Library in Ev- 
 anston. 
 
 Private Libraries of Today. The 
 library belonging to Dr. Daniel Bonbright. 
 Dean of the College of Liberal Arts. North- 
 western University, is without doubt the 
 oldest of the existing private libraries of 
 Evanston. Dr. Bonbright, who came to Ev- 
 anston in 1855. is the oldest member of the 
 
220 
 
 LIBRARIES PUBLIC AND PRIVATE 
 
 Faculty of Northwestern University; his 
 library has grown up in connection with his 
 chair of instruction in the Latin language 
 and literature, and naturally its most im- 
 portant scope is in that direction. 
 
 Notable among the early libraries of Ev- 
 anston may be mentioned that of the late 
 Rev. Francis D. Hemenway, D.D., who 
 came here in 1857 as Principal of the Pre- 
 paratory Department of Garrett Biblical 
 Institute and later became Professor in the 
 Institute. He was Librarian of the Insti- 
 tute for many years and until his death in 
 1884. Dr. Hemenway was a member of 
 the sub-committee to revise the Methodist 
 Hymn Book in 1876, and during this work 
 he gathered about 200 volumes on hymnol- 
 ogy. This remarkable collection was pre- 
 sented to Garrett Biblical Institute in 1891 
 by his son, Henry B. Hemenway, M. D. 
 About seventy-five volumes, once a part of 
 this early library, are now in the possession 
 of the Evanston Free Public Library, hav- 
 ing been presented by Dr. H. B. Hemen- 
 way. 
 
 Besides possessing the remainder of his 
 father's library. Dr. Henry B. Hemenway 
 has a collection numbering about 600 vol- 
 umes, more than one-half of which are 
 medical works. This library contains the 
 following quaint old volumes: "The Cruci- 
 fied Jesus ; or, A Full Account of the Na- 
 ture, Design and Benefits of the Lord's 
 Supper." by Anthony Harneck, D.D., pub- 
 lished by Lowndes in London, 1700; an ex- 
 tract from Mr. Law's "Serious Call to the 
 Holy Life." by Rev. John Wesley, Phila- 
 delphia. 1803 : "Rhetorical Reader, with 
 Rhetorical Exercises," by Ebenezer Porter, 
 D.D., New York, 1835 a very popular 
 reader some sixty years ago and probably 
 the first work published on oratory ; a very 
 early medical work. "Nine Commentaries 
 Upon Fevers and Two Epistles Concerning 
 the Smallpox," London, 1730; a rare old 
 
 book entitled, "Some of the Beauties of 
 Free Masonry," by Joshua Bradley, 1816, 
 has quite a history, having been left by an 
 American soldier at the home of Mrs. Hem- 
 enway 's grandmother, at Matamoras, Mex- 
 ico. It bears its early owner's signature, 
 John R. Bowdish, 1822. 
 
 Among other early Evanstonians, whose 
 libraries were a source of inspiration to the 
 youth of that day, may be mentioned the 
 following: 
 
 Judge Harvey B. Hurd, who came to Ev- 
 anston in 1855, and whose library was un- 
 fortunately destroyed by fire in recent 
 years. 
 
 Rev. Henry Bannister, D.D., who lived 
 and taught in Evanston twenty-seven years, 
 coming here in 1856. 
 
 Dr. Oliver Marcy, who became Professor 
 of Natural History in Northwestern Uni- 
 versity in 1862, and left at his death, in 
 1890, a well selected library. 
 
 Mr. L. H. Boutell, who came to Evanston 
 in 1865 and was identified with the foun- 
 ding of the Public Library. His private li- 
 brary was a carefully selected, scholarly 
 collection. 
 
 Edward Eggleston, who came here in 
 1866 as editor of the "Little Corporal," and 
 whose private library had such an important 
 part in the initial steps that led to the found- 
 ing of the Free Public Library. 
 
 Probably the largest and most valuable 
 private collection of books in Evanston is 
 that belonging to Mrs. Charles J. Morse, 
 whose library of about 10,200 volumes con- 
 sists of three departments: (a) Profession- 
 al Engineering; (b) General Literature; 
 (c) Art, with especial reference to Oriental 
 Art (Japan, China and India). 
 
 The Art Collection serves to trace the 
 history of Oriental Art from India into 
 China, from China into Japan, and its de- 
 velopment in each country. The collection 
 of books in English, French and German, 
 
HISTORY OF EVANSTON 
 
 221 
 
 relating to the History, Religions, Arts 
 and Industries, etc., of Japan, China, 
 India, Ceylon and other Buddhist countries, 
 is more complete than any similar collec- 
 tion to be found in any of the large libraries 
 of Chicago. 
 
 Supplementing the above library is a col- 
 lection of (a) "The Art; or, illustrated 
 Books of Japan," and (b) "The Art, Liter- 
 ature and History of Art of China." The 
 former is an attempt to form a complete 
 collection of the art and illustrated books of 
 Japan from the beginning of their publi- 
 cation, about 1608, to the present time, so 
 far as they were of value to art. This col- 
 lection of about 700 titles is representative 
 and probably more complete than any in 
 this country or in Europe, the similar de- 
 partment in the Bibliotheque Nationale of 
 Paris containing, in 1900, only 581 titles. 
 
 The Chinese books consist of some 5,000 
 volumes, containing nearly the complete lit- 
 erature of the art of painting in China, as 
 well as Encyclopedias, Histories, the Clas- 
 sics, Essays and Belles-Lettres. In this de- 
 partment is found the largest encyclopedia 
 ever published in any country, consisting of 
 1,628 volumes, profusely illustrated. 
 
 One of the largest of the private collec- 
 tions in Evanston is that of Dr. Robert D. 
 Sheppard, whose library, occupying a beau- 
 tiful room on the east side of his home, 
 facing the lake, contains about 5,000 vol- 
 umes. Dr. Sheppard has made special col- 
 lections of English and American history 
 and economics. 
 
 Mr. Walter Lee Brown's library, of about 
 4.000 volumes, contains many sets of the 
 earlier authors of England and America 
 and few of the present. It consists largely 
 of first editions of Cooper, Hawthorne, Irv- 
 ing and Poe, and contains special collec- 
 tions of the various editions of the "Medita- 
 tions of Marcus Aurelius Antoninus" and 
 White's "Natural History and Antiquities 
 
 of Selborne." Mr. Brown has also made 
 a special collection of "Chap Books," most 
 of which were published during the eigh- 
 teenth century, one being dated as early as 
 1696. 
 
 Mr. Frank M. Elliott has a library of 
 about 2,200 volumes, consisting of standard 
 books in fiction and miscellaneous classes. 
 Mr. Elliott also has made a valuable collec- 
 tion of works on Lincoln and Illinois, and 
 Mrs. Elliott has a useful musical library. 
 
 The library of Mr. Charles Cleveland, of 
 about 1, 600 volumes, is one of the most 
 valuable private collections in Evanston. 
 Most of the volumes are large paper and de 
 luxe editions, and represent not only the 
 highest typographical excellence, but the 
 most artistic examples of book-binding in 
 existence, forming a collection which is 
 probably not equaled in this respect by any 
 in the West. Among these fine bindings are 
 specimens of the art of Cobden-Sanderson. 
 Riviere, Zaehnsdorf, Cockrell, Roger de 
 Coverley, Tout. Prideaux, Chambolle- 
 Durer, Mercier, Ritter, Michel, David, Joly 
 and Lortic. 
 
 Of the more notable works may be men- 
 tioned : A majority of the Kelmscott Press 
 publications ; a full set of Caxton Club pub- 
 lications ; full set of Eugene Field's first 
 editions and presentation copies ; Fiske's 
 "History of the United States," extra il- 
 lustrated ; Shakespeare's Works, sixteen 
 volumes, extra illustrated; de luxe edi- 
 tions of Hawthorne and Emerson and first 
 edition of Ruskin's Works. Many of the 
 volumes in this library have appeared in 
 loan exhibitions, both in Chicago and in 
 Evanston. 
 
 The late J. H. Kedzie's library consists 
 of some 600 volumes of standard authors, 
 with a special collection of scientific works, 
 notably on astronomy, in which subject Mr. 
 Kedzie had made special research. 
 
 The Orrington Lunt Library of North- 
 
222 
 
 LIBRARIES PUBLIC AND PRIVATE 
 
 western University and the Garrett Bib- 
 lical Institute Library, both of which are 
 so densely identified with the early history 
 of Evanston, will be found described in the 
 chapter devoted to the history of those in- 
 stitutions. 
 
 The Margaret C. Way Memorial Library 
 was presented to the Woman's Educational 
 Aid Association by Mrs. Kate V. McMullen 
 in memory of her mother, Mrs. Margaret 
 C. Way, who was for eighteen years a 
 member of this Association. This library, 
 which contains about 400 volumes, is for 
 the special use and benefit of the students 
 and teachers who reside at the College Cot- 
 tage, now known as Pearsons Hall. 
 
 The Evanston Township High School 
 has a good working library of some 1. 600 
 volumes. The graded schools are also pro- 
 vided with reference libraries. 
 
 Collection of Curios. A collection 
 not of books, but of equal value in point 
 of historic interest is that of Honorable 
 George S. Knapp, who has gathered to- 
 gether what is probably one of the most re- 
 markable collections of historic and scien- 
 tific curios in the country. Mr. Knapp was 
 the general manager of the Columbian Lib- 
 erty Bell, which was one of the most inter- 
 esting exhibits of the World's Columbian 
 Exposition in Chicago of 1893, an d to the 
 making of which the pennies of 250,000 
 children were contributed, together with 
 many historic pieces of metal, identified 
 with various struggles for liberty. The 
 most remarkable of these relics was that 
 contributed by Mrs. Roger A. Pryor, of 
 New York, which was formed of two bul- 
 lets one from the North and one from the 
 South which met in the air and so imbed- 
 ded themselves into each other as to form 
 a solid mass and assume the shape of the 
 letter "U," typical of the L'nion of to-day. 
 
 Many things pertaining to the bell are 
 still in Mr. Knapp's possession, the most 
 
 interesting being the "International Rope," 
 which was used by representatives of all 
 nations in ringing the bell on "Chicago 
 Day," 1893. The idea, which is a unique 
 one, was conceived by Mr. Knapp. The 
 rope, which is fifty-four feet long, is made 
 of materials from all nations of the earth. 
 The central strand, consisting of a piece of 
 rawhide contributed by the United States, 
 is covered by strands from the other na- 
 tions, the whole being wrapped with the 
 "red. white and blue." The first contribu- 
 tion to this rope was from Queen Victoria 
 a skein of linen thread spun by her own 
 hand. The last was a piece of a meteor. 
 Thus, as the owner says of it, "Heaven and 
 earth helped to make it." 
 
 The Columbian Peace Plow was made 
 from the relics, mostly swords and bayo- 
 nets, which could not be used in making the 
 Liberty Bell. On the beam of the plow are 
 the words, "And they shall beat their 
 swords into ploughshares, and their spears 
 into pruning hooks. Xation shall not lift 
 sword against nation, neither shall they 
 learn war any more." 
 
 Another interesting reminder of the 
 World's Fair is the beautiful American flag 
 the official flag of the Exposition which 
 was made of American silk, spun from co- 
 coons by women of twenty-six States of the 
 Union. This flag was dedicated to the wo- 
 men of America at the opening of the Wo- 
 man's Building in 1893, and was presented 
 to the Board of Lady Managers by Mr. G. 
 S. Knapp and his son, G. M. Knapp, and 
 was then presented back to them by that 
 board. The staff is made of cherry and in- 
 laid with pieces of wood furnished by the 
 World's Fair Commissioners from each 
 State and Territory in the Union, each piece 
 being of great historical value. 
 
 Among the Revolutionary relics in this 
 collection may be mentioned the following: 
 Piece of Paul Jones' flag, the first to be sa- 
 
HISTORY OF EVANSTON 
 
 223 
 
 luted by a foreign power; sword used at 
 Bunker Hill by Mr. Knapp's great-grand- 
 father : lanterns used by Washington's 
 body guard ; blunderbuss taken from the 
 boat from which the tea was thrown over- 
 board in Boston harbor. This eighteenth 
 century gun is a wicked looking piece, 
 which bears on its large mouth the words, 
 "Happy is he that escapes me." 
 
 Relics of a later historic period are : Cup 
 of white china used by Lincoln ; cigar-hold- 
 er used by Grant : gavel composed of a 
 picket from the late President McKinley's 
 fence at Canton (given to the owner by Mr. 
 McKinley himself) and a piece of the plank- 
 on which he stood at his inauguration ; a 
 Confederate flag found in a bale of cotton 
 on board a ship which arrived in Liverpool, 
 England, in 1864, after having run the 
 blockade of New Orleans ; an American 
 flag carried by Mr. Knapp through the 
 campaigns of Grant. Garfield, Elaine, Har- 
 rison and McKinley ; a piece of an old fort 
 at San Juan, in the capture of which some 
 of our own Evanston troops assisted ; a col- 
 lection of swords and daggers used by the 
 Filipinos in the late war, and on which the 
 stains of blood still show, in spite of clean- 
 ing and polishing ; a bow used by Black 
 Hawk : a "Rob Roy" pistol from Sir Walter 
 Scott's collection : a revolver carried by- 
 Robert E. Lee in the Civil War. 
 
 Among relics of a local interest may be 
 mentioned : A carved staff made of wood 
 from the old City Hall, which stood on the 
 present site of the Rookery Building, Chi- 
 cago : a frame made from the steps of the 
 old Ogden House, which stood on the pres- 
 ent site of the Xewberry Library ; the new- 
 el-post of the Ogden house. The first two 
 were carved by Mr. Knapp. who has done 
 several pieces of very intricate carving with 
 a pen-knife, notable among which is a series 
 of frames held together by links, emblemat- 
 ic of events in the history of the world 
 
 the whole cut with a pen-knife from one 
 solid piece of black walnut, the links being 
 cut without disjoining. Not the least inter- 
 esting in this unique collection is a piece of 
 the first water-pipe laid in the City of Chi- 
 cago, as well as samples of every kind of 
 pipe used there since that time. 
 
 Evanston Free Public Library. 
 The Evanston Free Public Library had its 
 origin in a plan to form "The Evanston 
 Sabbath School Union Library" in Febru- 
 ary. 1870. For the inception of the idea of 
 such a library, however, we must go back 
 to 1867 or 1868. when Dr. Edward Eggles- 
 ton. then Superintendent of the First Meth- 
 odist Sunday School, formed a class of boys 
 who met at his house, which stood until re- 
 cent years at 1017 Davis Street. This class, 
 which was not confined to boys of any one 
 church, held a brief religious meeting, aft- 
 er which they were invited freely into Dr. 
 Eggleston's library and allowed to choose 
 books for their home reading. We quote 
 from an article in "The Index" of Decem- 
 ber 18. 1897, by Dr. Henry B. Hemenway, 
 who. describing this class, speaks of Dr. 
 Eggleston as the "Father of the Public Li- 
 brary" : 
 
 "My mental picture of Edward Eggleston 
 generally shows him in the half hour after 
 the meeting. He sits in a large, easy chair. 
 his heavy brown hair pushed back, and his 
 face lit up as he looks first to one. then to 
 another of his hearers. A boy sits on each 
 knee, another on each arm of the chair, one 
 or two more hang on its back, while the 
 rest get close to his feet on the floor, or on 
 low stools. Then he told us stories stories 
 of his boyhood, or of the frontier. Some of 
 them have since been printed. Before we 
 parted he took us into the little library and 
 helped us to select books for our week's 
 reading. He did not object to books of ad- 
 venture for spice, but I remember that he 
 tried to instill into our minds a taste for 
 
22 4 
 
 LIBRARIES PUBLIC AND PRIVATE 
 
 books of more value, like Abbott's histories. 
 The class grew until he had to move it into 
 the Kindergarten building, which he had 
 built for his sister in the yard east of the 
 house. He added to his library, but it was 
 too small. Then he began to appeal to some 
 of our old citizens, L. L. Greenleaf among 
 others, for the forming of a public library." 
 
 The impetus thus given resulted in the 
 realization of Dr. Eggleston's cherished 
 plan, and although his name is not found in 
 the records of the library, he having moved 
 to Brooklyn just about that time, yet there 
 is no doubt that the beloved author of 
 "Roxy" and the "Hoosier Schoolmaster" 
 and many other books dear to young and 
 old, was the inspiration of the present Pub- 
 lic Library. 
 
 The first organization was formed at the 
 residence of William T. Shepherd, 1738 
 Chicago Avenue, by the following named 
 persons: L. L. Greenleaf, Rev. M. G. 
 Clarke, Dr. E. O. Haven, A. L. Winne, 
 William P. Kimball, William T. Shepherd. 
 The next recorded meeting was held August 
 26, 1870, at the residence of William T. 
 Shepherd. Those present at this meeting 
 were: L. L. Greenleaf, A. L. Winne, Rev. 
 E. X. Packard, H. C. Tillinghast and Wil- 
 liam T. Shepherd. At this meeting it was 
 voted that the name of the Association be 
 "The Evanston Library Association," the 
 plan for a Union Sabbath School Library 
 not being feasible. A committee which was 
 appointed to draft by-laws and a constitu- 
 tion consisted of Rev. E. N. Packard, Dr. 
 J. S. Jewell and William T. Shepherd. On 
 October 18, 1870, this constitution was 
 adopted at a meeting held in the Methodist 
 Church. Dr. E. O. Haven, chairman, and 
 E. S. Taylor, Secretary. This constitution 
 provided that the name of the Association 
 be "The Evanston Library Association" ; 
 that the object be "to establish and main- 
 tain a public library and reading room, and 
 
 in connection with this, by all suitable 
 means to awaken a desire for sound knowl- 
 edge and a correct taste, and to provide for 
 the gratification of the same among all 
 classes of the community." 
 
 Two classes ot membership were pro- 
 vided for, viz. : Ordinary and Life the first 
 being open to all residents of Evanston upon 
 the payment of $5.00 per annum. The sec- 
 ond was open to residents of Evanston 
 upon the payment of $30.00 for gentle- 
 men and $20.00 for ladies. Annual meet- 
 ings of the Association and monthly meet- 
 ings of its Board of Directors were pro- 
 vided. 
 
 The Nominating Committee who selected 
 the first Board of Officers consisted of Gen- 
 eral (afterwards Governor) John L. Bever- 
 idge, Messrs. E. R. Paul, Merrill Ladd, 
 Samuel Greene and Ambrose Foster. The 
 following officers were elected : President, 
 L. L. Greenleaf; Vice-President, H. G. 
 Powers; Corresponding Secretary, Charles 
 Randolph ; Recording Secretary, Samuel 
 Greene ; Treasurer, Lyman J. Gage ; Di- 
 rectors, Rev. E. O. Haven, D.D. ; Ambrose 
 Foster, Andrew Shuman, L. H. Boutell, J. 
 S. Jewell, M. D., and J. H. Kedzie. 
 
 On October 25th at a meeting of the 
 Board of Directors at the residence of H. 
 G. Powers, the first Committees were ap- 
 pointed as follows: Books and Periodicals, 
 L. H. Boutell, Andrew Shuman, Dr. E. O. 
 Haven ; Rooms and Furnishing, Samuel 
 Greene, J. H. Kedzie, H. G. Powers and 
 L. L. Greenleaf; Finance, H. G. Powers, 
 Ambrose Foster, L. J. Gage and L. L. 
 Greenleaf; Lectures, Dr. J. S. Jewell, 
 Charles Randolph and L. H. Boutell. 
 
 Besides fees from members, many dona- 
 tions of money were made by friends of the 
 enterprise, the largest of which was $575 
 from L. L. Greenleaf. Some revenue was 
 also derived, later, from lectures and from 
 rent of the Association rooms. Valuable 
 

LIBRARY 
 
 OF THE 
 
 UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS 
 
HISTORY OF EVANSTON 
 
 225 
 
 donati'ons of books were made by H. G. 
 Powers, Andrew Shuman, J. S. Jewell, L. 
 J. Gage and others. 
 
 On December 3, 1870, the Book Commit- 
 tee were authorized to purchase books to 
 the amount of $1,000. Rooms were secured 
 on the second floor of Dr. W. S. Scott's 
 building, now numbered 613 Davis Street, 
 and the Library was formally opened on 
 February 9, 1871. The Association was 
 organized as a body corporate under the 
 laws of the State of Illinois on February 23, 
 1871. At this time a Constitution was 
 adopted, which was practically the same as 
 that adopted by the Association October 18, 
 1870. The first monthly report of the 
 Library showed one hundred Life and An- 
 nual members, thirty-three weekly sub- 
 scribers, ninety books in circulation. 
 
 On October 29, 1872 a Committee con- 
 sisting of Messrs. L. L. Greenleaf, L. H. 
 Boutell and J. S. Page were appointed to 
 see what measures were needed to bring 
 about the transfer of the Library to the 
 town. Through the efforts of this Com- 
 mittee the matter was brought to a vote 
 of the people at the Spring election, and in 
 April, 1873, the citizens of the Village of 
 Evanston, without dissent, voted for a two- 
 mill tax for a free public library, under the 
 provisions of the Illinois Library Law, which 
 was passed in March, 1872. The Trustees 
 of the Village of Evanston thereupon ap- 
 pointed as Directors of the Free Public 
 Library, Messrs. L. H. Boutell, J. S. Jewell, 
 ,O. E.' Willard, J. H. Kedzie, Samuel 
 Greene, E. S. Taylor, Andrew Shuman, L. 
 L. Greenleaf and Thomas Freeman. 
 
 On May 22, 1873, the Evanston Library 
 Association authorized the Trustees to 
 transfer the books and other property of the 
 Association to the Directors of the Free 
 Public Library of the Village of Evanston, 
 upon condition that the same be forever kept 
 as a Free Public Library for the use of the 
 
 inhabitants of the village, and upon the 
 further condition that said Directors as- 
 sume the indebtedness of the Association. 
 In accordance with these instructions the 
 913 volumes, and other property belonging 
 to the Association, were transferred by the 
 Trustees on July 3. 1873. The first meet- 
 ing of the Board of Directors of the Free 
 Library of the Village of Evanston was 
 held at the Library rooms on June 21, 1873. 
 The ballot for officers resulted in the choice 
 of J. H. Kedzie for President and Samuel 
 Greene for Secretary. In April, 1889, the 
 Library was moved to the lower floor of 
 Anton Block's building, 522 and 524 Sher- 
 man Avenue. Upon the erection of the 
 new City Hall in 1892, rooms on the second 
 floor were assigned to the Public Library. 
 These rooms were planned and adapted to 
 the needs of the Library under the direction 
 of N. C. Gridley, the President of the 
 Board, and in April, 1893, tne Library was 
 removed to these rooms in the City Hall, its 
 present quarters. Thus began a period of 
 greater growth and expansion. The yearly 
 accessions of books which, for the twenty- 
 one years since its foundation, had averaged 
 465 volumes per year, now ranged from 
 1,142 volumes added in 1893, to 2,907 vol- 
 umes added in 1897. This impulse toward 
 a larger purchase of books was given 
 through the generosity of John R. Lindgren, 
 who, during the year 1891-92, turned over 
 to the Library for a book fund, his salary 
 as City Treasurer, amounting to $1.502.36. 
 
 Officers and Directors. J. H. Kedzie, 
 the first President of the Free Public Li- 
 brary Board, was succeeded by L. H. Bou- 
 tell in April, 1877. Mr. Boutell, who, as we 
 have recorded, was identified with the first 
 Board of Directors of the Library Associa- 
 tion, continued in faithful service as a mem- 
 ber of the Board and of the Book Commit- 
 tee for twentv-nine years until his death, 
 January 16, 1899. In May, 1882, X. C. 
 
226 
 
 LIBRARIES PUBLIC AND PRIVATE 
 
 Gridley was elected to the office of Presi- 
 dent, which he held until his resignation, in 
 June, 1895. after twenty years membership 
 upon the Hoard, executing as President not 
 only the duties of this office, but much of 
 the work incident to the purchase of books, 
 etc., usually devolving upon the librarian. 
 To the many years of active service of these 
 two gentlemen, is due, in large part, the 
 successful growth of the library and the 
 careful selection of books which formed the 
 foundation of a collection well balanced in 
 all departments. 
 
 Mr. J. \Y. Thompson, who was appointed 
 a member of the Board in June, 1890, has 
 been, since June, 1895, its faithful and 
 efficient presiding officer. The first Secre- 
 tary, Samuel Greene, served from October, 
 1870. to November, 1873. The successors 
 to this office have been as follows : E. S. 
 Taylor, H. -M. Bannister, X. C. Gridley, H. 
 G. Lunt, J. S. Currey and Wm. S. Lord, the 
 last three named having served for eight 
 years each. Mr. Lord still holding this 
 office. 
 
 Charles A. Rogers is the oldest in service 
 of the present Board of Directors, having 
 served continuously since 1876. The re- 
 maining members of the present Board, not 
 before mentioned are : J. Seymour Currey, 
 Vice-Presidcnt ; Richard C. Lake, Charles 
 G. Neely, Fred W. Nichols, George W. 
 Paullin, Walter Lee Brown (resigned). 
 
 Librarians. Mr. Thomas J' Kellam 
 was the first librarian, serving from Jan- 
 uary to March, 1871. The compensation 
 of the Librarian was fixed at $5 per week, 
 this amount being understood to cover all 
 expense incurred in the care of the room. 
 Mr. Kellam was succeeded by Miss Mary 
 E. Greene, who held the position until 
 March, 1872, when Miss L. H. Newman 
 was elected, and was retained by the Free 
 Library Board, thus becoming the first 
 Librarian of the Free Public Library. 
 
 Those succeeding to this position have been 
 as follows: 
 
 Miss Nellie A. Lathrop, October, 1875, 
 to September, 1876. 
 
 Miss L. H. Bannister, September, 1876, 
 to November, 1880. 
 
 Miss Lizzie R. Hunt, November, 1880, to 
 September, 1882. 
 
 Miss Ada L. Fairfield, September, 1882, 
 to September, 1883. 
 
 Miss Anna P. Lord, September, 1883, to 
 November, 1888. 
 
 Miss Laura R. Richards, November, 
 1888. to May, 1891. 
 
 Miss Mary S. Morse, May, 1891, to Oc- 
 tober, 1891. 
 
 Miss May Van Benschoten, October, 
 1891. to June, 1894. 
 
 In December, 1893. it was resolved by 
 the Board that the increasing work of the 
 Library required the services of a trained 
 librarian. In accordance with this resolu- 
 tion, the present Librarian. Miss Mary B. 
 Lindsay, was appointed and entered upon 
 her duties, June I, 1894. 
 
 Classification and Cataloguing. In 
 1896 the simple classification under which 
 the books were arrange:! was found to be 
 inadequate to the growth of the Library, 
 and the work of reclassifying the Library 
 under the Dewey Decimal system was be- 
 gun in March of that year, under the direc- 
 tion of Dr. George E. Wire, late of the 
 Newberry Library, and formerly identified 
 with this Library as First Assistant Libra- 
 rian. Miss Mary E. Gale was employed 
 to make the card catalogue. This work was 
 completed in December. 1896, having been 
 accomplished without closing the library or 
 materially interfering with its use. The 
 first printed catalogue was published in De- 
 cember, 1873, and included a historical 
 sketch of the Library for the three years 
 since its organization. Later catalogues 
 were published in 1877, 1887. 1889 and 
 
HISTORY OF EVANSTON 
 
 227 
 
 1892. An "Annotated Finding List of Fic- 
 tion, Books for Young People and Selected 
 Lists" was published in 1897. The card 
 catalogue, which is in dictionary form, 
 under names of authors, titles and subjects, 
 is kept up to date by a trained cataloguer, 
 and thus takes the place of a printed cat- 
 alogue, with continuous supplements. Bul- 
 letins of new books are published quarterly 
 during the vear and distributed free to 
 readers. 
 
 Library Extension. One of the chief 
 means of promoting and extending the 
 work of the Library on broader lines was 
 inaugurated in March. 1896, when, in com- 
 pliance with a request from F. W. Nichols, 
 Superintendent of School District No. 2, 
 about loo books were loaned to the schools 
 in that district to be circulated under the 
 direction of the teachers. In the following 
 year a system of separate school libraries 
 was adopted. These school libraries of 
 about one hundred books each were sent in 
 turn to the schools farthest removed from 
 the library, including all the school districts. 
 One of these libraries was the gift of Mr. 
 Richard C. Lake, of the Board of Direc- 
 tors. This circulation of books through the 
 schools, besides giving the children the ben- 
 efit of a careful selection of books, has been 
 an effectual means of bringing into touch 
 with the library the families of those chil- 
 dren, who. residing in the remoter parts of 
 the city, were otherwise not acquainted with 
 the library and its privileges. A graded 
 and annotated list of the 500 books in the 
 school libraries, compiled by the Reference 
 Librarian, has just been published. In Oc- 
 tober, 1897. the work for children was made 
 a part of the work of the Reference Libra- 
 rian and further co-operation of the library 
 with the school was made possible by her 
 visits to the schools and conference with the 
 teachers. 
 
 A "Children's Corner" was established in 
 
 the reading room of the library in October, 
 
 1 898. and here, even in its crowded quar- 
 ters, is seen something of what might be ac- 
 complished in this very important line of 
 library work, in a building equipped with a 
 separate children's room. A Children's 
 Library League was organized January 26, 
 
 1899. with the object of promoting among 
 the young people a better care of the books 
 and other property of the library and the 
 cultivation of a taste for the best books. 
 
 Reference Department. The Reference 
 Department of about 900 volumes is said to 
 be better equipped than most libraries of its 
 size. The usefulness of this Department 
 was greatly enhanced in October, 1897, 
 when the position of Assistant Librarian for 
 Reference and Children's work was created. 
 The placing of this department in charge of 
 a trained assistant has made possible a 
 much larger work by the preparation of ref- 
 erence lists on special subjects for clubs and 
 for individuals, and by bringing to young 
 people and adults a better knowledge of the 
 various reference books and their use. 
 
 As a means of further extension of the 
 library's usefulness and of increasing knowl- 
 edge of its methods and work among the 
 citizens, an annual "Library Day" was in- 
 augurated on December 10. 1897. This an- 
 nual event has taken the form of a reception 
 or "open house." day at the library, during 
 which books were not circulated, but the 
 staff and Directors served as a reception 
 committee and explained the various de- 
 partments and methods of work. Special 
 exhibits of books and curios, loaned by 
 friends of the library, added to the interest 
 of the occasion. The twenty-fifth anniver- 
 sary of the opening of the Free Public 
 Library was celebrated in this way on Oc- 
 tober 13, 1898. The crowded condition of 
 the library rooms has made it necessary for 
 the past two years to abandon, temporarily, 
 this popular annual feature. 
 
228 
 
 LIBRARIES PUBLIC AND PRIVATE 
 
 Hours. The Library was open from 3 
 p. m. to 9 p. m., every day, except Sundays 
 and holidays, until October, 1871, when the 
 great Chicago fire made it necessary to cur- 
 tail expenses. The hours were therefore 
 limited at that time to Saturday afternoons 
 and evenings, from 2 to 4 and from 7 to 9. 
 In 1873 the hours were extended to three 
 afternoons and evenings of the week. In 
 April, 1893, the patronage of the library 
 warranted its opening every day except 
 Sunday from 2 to 9 o'clock p. m. In De- 
 cember, 1895, the hours for opening were 
 made I p. m. to 9 p. m. daily and from 
 9 a. m. to 9 p. m. Saturdays. Beginning 
 March 15, 1897, the present hours were 
 inaugurated, viz: 9 a. m. to 9 p. m., daily, 
 and in January, 1901, the plan of holiday 
 and Sunday opening was inaugurated the 
 reading room being open on those days 
 from 2 p. m. until 6 p. m. 
 
 Privileges, Etc. Since the organization 
 of the Free Public Library, membership has 
 been free to all residents of Evanston upon 
 the furnishing of written guaranty. The 
 family card, good for three books and the 
 individual card good for one book, were 
 exchanged in August, 1896, for individual 
 cards issued to each resident, without limit 
 of age, allowing two books on each card. 
 A fee of fifty cents per month, or $2.50 per 
 year, gives the privileges of the library to 
 non-residents. Xon-resident students were 
 at first allowed the use of the library for 
 reference; in October, 1896, the privilege 
 of drawing books from the library was 
 granted to them. Since September, 1898, 
 the public have been admitted to the shelves 
 as far as practicable with the limited room. 
 
 Staff. On August 29, 1893, the matter 
 of employment of Librarian and staff of 
 assistants was placed under the jurisdiction 
 of the Civil Service Commission. The 
 Staff at present (1905) consists of the fol- 
 lowing : Mary B. Lindsay, Librarian ; 
 
 Elizabeth P. Clarke, Reference Librarian; 
 Cora M. Hill, Superintendent Circulating 
 Department ; Gertrude L. Brown, Cat- 
 aloguer ; Bertha S. Bliss, Arthur H. Knox, 
 Eddy S. Brandt, Assistants ; Wm. E. Lee, 
 Janitor. 
 
 From the 913 volumes which formed the 
 nucleus of the Free Public Library in 1873, 
 the number has grown to about 30,000 vol- 
 umes an average growth of about i.ooo 
 volumes per year. From the small begin- 
 ning represented by about 9,000 books cir- 
 culated during its first year, the circula- 
 tion has grown to 114,551 volumes, which 
 went into the homes and the schools for 
 the year ending June I, 1901. The annual 
 income of the library has risen from twelve 
 hundred to about ten thousand dollars. 
 The purchase of books, which in 1874 
 amounted to $260, has. for the last ten 
 years, averaged about $2,000 per year, the 
 book purchases for the year 1900-01 being 
 2,557 volumes, amounting to $2,459.49. 
 
 It has been the aim of the Public Library 
 to keep in touch with the larger library in- 
 terests of the country. To this end the 
 Library has. in recent years, been repre- 
 sented at the meetings of the American 
 Library Association and the Illinois State 
 Library Association, President J. W. 
 Thompson serving for a term as President 
 of the latter Association. In February, 
 1898. an Inter-State Library Conference 
 was held in Evanston, which was attended 
 by some 170 delegates, eleven States being 
 represented. A number of citizens gener- 
 ously aided the Public and University Libra- 
 ries in the entertainment of this conference. 
 
 Library Building. On May 31, 1884. 
 the neeel for more room becoming apparent, 
 Mr. Holmes Hoge was appointed "a com- 
 mittee of one to consult with Mr. Deering, 
 about the erection of a library building 
 suitable for the necessities of the people 
 of the village." The annual report of the 
 
HISTORY OF EVAXSTON 
 
 229 
 
 same date contained an appeal to the citi- 
 zens of Evanston to provide a building for 
 the Library. In April, 1887, Mr. William 
 Deering offered $5,000 toward the erection 
 of a library building, following which a cir- 
 cular letter was issued signed by the Presi- 
 dent of the Board, urging that a generous 
 response be given to the Committee who 
 would call upon the citizens for further sub- 
 scriptions. After earnest efforts made to 
 raise the required amount, the plan was 
 abandoned in June, 1887, owing to the 
 slight encouragement given by the citizens. 
 
 During the next ten years, though no 
 action was taken, the question was often 
 discussed by the Board, and endeavors 
 made to create sentiment toward obtaining 
 a building. In December, 1897, Mr. 
 Charles F. Grey, of Evanston, offered $10,- 
 ooo toward a $100,000 building. A com- 
 mittee from the Board was appointed to 
 confer with Mr. Grey and to take up the 
 matter of a new building. Though there 
 were no offers toward the remaining $100,- 
 ooo, yet the Board felt confident that the 
 required amount would be forthcoming, and 
 efforts were continued toward securing a 
 suitable site. In October, 1898, a commit- 
 tee was appointed to ascertain possible con- 
 sent of property owners abutting on the 
 City Park in case the City would grant per- 
 mission to place the library building there. 
 This committee canvassed the matter and 
 reported almost unanimous refusal on the 
 part of property owners to consent to hav- 
 ing the park used as a site. 
 
 In June, 1899, resolutions were adopted 
 by the Board asking the City Council to 
 appropriate $35,000 for a site for the Li- 
 brary. These resolutions were referred by 
 the Council to the Judiciary Committee in 
 consultation with the Corporation Counsel. 
 The appropriation was not granted. In 
 January. 1900, Mr. C. F. Grey offered to 
 give $100,000 for a library building, pro- 
 
 vided a site should be furnished, cleared of 
 buildings, free of cost or incumbrance, and 
 the premises after purchase removed from 
 the tax list. A committee from the Board 
 was appointed to raise funds for the pur- 
 chase of a site. Anticipating the securing 
 of the amount necessary for the building, 
 the Board had previously made efforts to 
 secure the property facing east on Chicago 
 Avenue, extending north from the Baptist 
 church to Grove Street, but efforts to obtain 
 options on all of this property failed, and 
 before the money could be secured that 
 part of this property on the corner of Grove 
 Street was sold to the Christian Science 
 Church. Options were then obtained on the 
 property facing west on Chicago Avenue, 
 extending from the alley south to Grove 
 Street. 
 
 In June, 1900, the Site Committee issued 
 a circular letter to citizens of Evanston call- 
 ing a meeting of citizens to consider ways 
 and means of raising the needed funds to 
 obtain a site. This meeting was held July 
 6, 1900, in the City Council chamber, and it 
 was voted to attempt to raise the required 
 amount on the voluntary assessment plan, 
 and a committee of citizens was chosen to 
 act with a committee from the Library 
 Board in spreading and collecting the as- 
 sessment. An equal per cent of each tax- 
 payer was determined according to the tax 
 lists and notices were sent them stating 
 amount of share of each. Notices were also 
 sent to non-tax-payers, asking for a per- 
 centage of their income. In response to this 
 voluntary assessment, there was received 
 $2.709.85 in cash from one hundred and 
 twenty people. Pledges were received from 
 forty-one people aggregating $2.116.80. 
 The total amount necessary to purchase a 
 suitable site in a central location was about 
 $40.000. Realizing that this plan had failed, 
 the money was returned to the donors and 
 
230 
 
 LIBRARIES PUBLIC AND PRIVATE 
 
 a final report made by the Treasurer of the 
 fund. Rev. F. Clatworthy, in August, 
 1901. 
 
 In the meantime another attempt was 
 made toward securing the City Park. This 
 movement was started by Rev. J. H. Boyd, 
 D. D., who interested a number of citizens 
 in the matter and announced the subject 
 for discussion at his "Conversazione," De- 
 cember 13, 1900, at the First Presbyterian 
 church. This was made a public meeting, 
 and the subject was fully discussed and 
 resolutions were passed requesting the 
 Library Board to ascertain whether the 
 Park could be secured under the law, and to 
 endeavor to secure consents of abutting 
 property owners and the preferences of the 
 legal voters of Evanston as to the site for 
 the Library. A special committee was ap- 
 pointed from the Library Board, and made 
 a careful canvass of the property owners 
 abutting on the Park, but they were obliged 
 to report in February, 1901, that they had 
 been unable to obtain consent of all the 
 owners. Though many who had formerly 
 objected now consented, yet a few adhered 
 to the opinion that their property would 
 be largely damaged by the use of any part 
 of the park for the purpose contemplated. 
 January 31, 1901, Mr. J. C. Shaffer sug- 
 gested the probability of securing a site on 
 Chicago Avenue between Church and Davis 
 Streets. A Committee was appointed to act 
 with Mr. Shaffer towards securing this 
 site. 
 
 On April 6, 1901, following upon the 
 passage of a State law giving to cities the 
 power to levy a tax for the purpose of pur- 
 chasing sites for public library buildings, 
 the Board of Directors passed resolutions 
 determining to purchase a site, the esti- 
 mated cost of which was $45.000, the collec- 
 tion of such cost to be spread over a period 
 of fifteen years. A copy of these resolu- 
 tions was sent to the Citv Council and 
 
 approved by them, but it was subsequently 
 found that the City of Evanston was already 
 indebted to its full legal limit ; hence such 
 action of the Council was found illegal and 
 was rescinded. 
 
 In May. 1901, the Site Committee re- 
 ported pledges received to the amount of 
 $12.000. In June, 1901, Mr. Joseph M. 
 Lyons was authorized to raise subscriptions 
 to the site fund at a compensation of one 
 per cent, conditional upon his raising a sum 
 in addition to that already subscribed suffi- 
 cient to pay for the site. Although pledges 
 to the amount of $17,000 were secured, this 
 enterprise also resulted in failure. After 
 various other unsuccessful attempts, in 
 June, 1904, the effort to secure a site was 
 crowned with success, through the pur- 
 chase of one by the city at the corner of 
 Orrington Avenue and Church Street at 
 a cost of $31,600.00. 
 
 A glance at the history of the library 
 movement throughout the country shows 
 the wonderful possibilities of the work of 
 the public library in educating the masses, 
 and thus making for a higher citizenship. 
 
 The Management of our Public Library 
 is still confident that, in due time, some 
 solution of our site problem will be reached, 
 and Evanston's Public Library will not be 
 long hampered by lack of room from at- 
 taining to that larger educational work 
 toward which, during its twenty-nine years 
 of history, it has steadily been advanc- 
 ing. 
 
 The movement for a new building for the 
 Public Library culminated in the offer of 
 Mr. Andrew Carnegie to provide $50.000 
 towards the cost of such a building. This 
 was supplemented by a bond issue of the 
 City of Evanston of $31,600. for the site at 
 the north-east corner of Church Street and 
 Orrington Ave.. and $25.000 towards the 
 cost of the building. This, with some other 
 
! 
 
HISTORY OF EVANSTON 
 
 231 
 
 funds at the disposal of the Library Board, 
 will enable the authorities to erect a build- 
 ing to cost approximately $100.000. 
 
 The corner-stone of this new building 
 was laid on June 2. 1906. A box was in- 
 closed in the corner-stone containing a writ- 
 ten account of the efforts made to provide 
 for the new building, reports, photographs 
 of the various persons connected with the 
 library and the citv administration, news- 
 
 papers of the day, and various mementoes. 
 The general design of the building is pure 
 classic, fronting on Orrington Avenue, 
 constructed of steel framework with Bed- 
 ford stone in the exterior walls, and with a 
 portico supported by Grecian columns. 
 The capacity of the space for books is 
 double that needed for the present collec- 
 tion, thus making ample provision for fu- 
 ture growth. 
 
LlbRARY 
 
 OF THE 
 
 UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS 
 
CHAPTER XXV. 
 
 UNIVERSITY LIBRARY 
 
 (By LODILLA AMBROSE, Pb. M., AesieUnt Librarian) 
 
 First Step in the Organisation of a Uni- 
 versity Library President Foster's Gift 
 Advance of Fifty Years The Green- 
 leaf Library University Library is 
 Made a Depository for Government Pub- 
 lications Recent Notable Donations 
 Orriiigton Lunt Library Building is De- 
 dicated in i8()j The Orrington Lunt 
 Librarv Fund Internal Administration 
 List of Those who hare Sen-ed as Li- 
 brarians Libraries of Garrett Biblical 
 Institute and Professional Schools. 
 
 The Northwestern University Library is 
 an integral part of the institution whose 
 name it bears. The beginnings of the Li- 
 brarv were small and unheralded ; its 
 growth has been gradual, but constant and 
 substantial. The earliest mention of a li- 
 brary in the University records occurs in 
 the minutes of the annual meeting of the 
 Board of Trustees, June, 1856, this being 
 the first meeting after the University was 
 opened to students. The report of the Fac- 
 ulty then submitted touched on the question 
 of a library. This led to the appointment 
 of a committee that made the following 
 report : "The Committee on Library rec- 
 ommends that }he Executive Committee be 
 authorized to expend one thousand dollars 
 in the purchase of books for the commence- 
 ment of a library during the present year, 
 and that the same amount be set apart from 
 
 year to year, for additions thereto, the 
 catalogue to be selected under the direction 
 of the Faculty." 
 
 A little later President Foster gave his 
 first year's salary for the purchase of 
 books : and in December. 1856. the Financial 
 Agent was authorized to fit up a room in the 
 University building to accommodate the Li- 
 brary. In June, 1857, the librarian report- 
 ed 1,977 volumes and 37 pamphlets; these 
 volumes, with a few exceptions, having 
 been selected and purchased by President 
 Foster. The annual meetings of 1857 and 
 1858 suspended the action taken in 1856 
 making an annual appropriation of one 
 thousand dollars for books. In 1860, 675 
 volumes, chiefly philosophical and histori- 
 cal, were purchased from President Fos- 
 ter's library. In 1868, a printed catalogue 
 of the library, prepared by Charles K. Ban- 
 nister, '69, was published : a summary 
 of the entries in this slight, green-covered 
 pamphlet shows that the library then con- 
 tained about 3,000 volumes. In June. 1870. 
 the librarian reported 3,635 volumes; twen- 
 ty years later there were 23,279 volumes, 
 and April 30, 1903, there are 51.658 vol- 
 umes and 35.000 pamphlets. 
 
 The first great addition to the library 
 came through the gift of Mr. Luther L. 
 Greenleaf. Negotiations, begun in 1869 in 
 Berlin with the heirs of Johann Schulze, 
 Ph. D., a member of the Prussian Minis- 
 
 233 
 
234 
 
 UNIVERSITY LIBRARY 
 
 try of Public Instruction, resulted in secur- 
 ing for the University the valuable library 
 of this eminent German scholar and publi- 
 cist. In recognition of Mr. Greenleaf's 
 liberality the collection is known as the 
 Greenleaf Library. It contains 1 1 ,246 vol- 
 umes, and a very large number of unbound 
 dissertations and other monographs, the 
 publications of universities and learned so- 
 cieties. It includes a collection of the 
 Greek and Latin classics, with the subsidi- 
 ary literature, remarkable for its range and 
 completeness. There are also choice selec- 
 tions of works in history, philosophy, and 
 other leading subjects. 
 
 In 1874, the library of the late Prof. 
 Henry S. Xoyes, containing 1.500 well 
 chosen volumes, was purchased by the Uni- 
 versity for the library. In 1878, Mr. Wil- 
 liam Deering and the Hon. Lyman J. Gage 
 bought and presented a portion of the li- 
 brary of the late Oliver A. Willard, chiefly 
 volumes of State and local history and po- 
 litical science. 
 
 In 1895, Mrs. R. W. Patterson gave 
 nearly 500 volumes, largely biblical and 
 philosophical, from the library of her hus- 
 band, the late Rev. R. VV. Patterson, D. D. 
 
 In 1896, the joint gifts of friends enabled 
 the library to purchase a complete set of 
 the Hansard Parliamentary Debates. In 
 1898. similar gifts secured complete sets of 
 the Reports of the United States Supreme 
 Court and of the Illinois Supreme Court, 
 and also created a fund of $1,850 for the 
 purchase of the later editions of the Greek 
 and Latin classics, supplementing the 
 Greenleaf collection of earlier date. 
 
 Another gift received in 1898 was the li- 
 brary of German authors (2,533 volumes) 
 collected by Geheimer Regierungsrath 
 Schneider, of Schleswig, Germany. It in- 
 cludes many first and second editions, and 
 some early Reformation prints. Gifts from 
 leading German citizens of Chicago, se- 
 
 cured by the late Assistant Professor Colin, 
 made possible the purchase of this collec- 
 tion. 
 
 In 1900, Dr. Herbert F. Fisk obtained 
 for the Academy a supplementary library 
 of over 500 volumes. In the same year Mr. 
 Xorman W. Harris gave $750 for the pur- 
 chase of books on political economy ; Mrs. 
 Oliver Marcy gave selected volumes from 
 the scientific library of her husband, the late 
 Dr. ( )liver Marcy, Professor of Geology ; 
 and Mrs. Henry Cohn presented valuable 
 works from the linguistic library of her 
 husband, the late Henry Cohn, Assistant 
 Professor of German. 
 
 A generous donor to the library is the 
 United States Government. The library 
 was designated as a depository of govern- 
 ment publications by Senator John A. Lo- 
 gan, May 26, 1876. In April, 1903, its col- 
 lection of these documents numbers 6.740 
 volumes and 10,154 pamphlets. In addi- 
 tion to these, some 3,000 volumes of the 
 official publications of States and cities have 
 been collected. 
 
 In 1870, the Librarian's report gave the 
 list of periodicals regularly received, com- 
 prising 39 titles ; in 1890, this list contained 
 105 titles, and in 1903, 320 titles. 
 
 The hours of opening in 1870, according 
 to the record, were four hours each week- 
 day afternoon. These hours have been 
 gradually extended in response to greater 
 demands, until in 1903 the library is open 
 thirteen hours each day for six days a 
 week, during the college year. Early re- 
 ports mention appreciative use of the li- 
 brary. Records of later years show a 
 marked increase in its use along all lines 
 an increase that quite outstrips the 
 growth of the library, as well as the advance 
 in the number of students.* 
 
 The library's first habitation was a room 
 in the building now called Old College. 
 In December, 1869. it was transferred to 
 
X 
 
 o 
 
 5: 
 
 X 
 
LlbRARY 
 
 OF THE 
 
 PNIVERSITY OP ILLINOIS 
 
ORRINC.TOX LI T XT LIBRARY 
 
LIBRARY 
 
 OF THE 
 
 UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS 
 
HISTORY OF EVANSTON 
 
 235 
 
 rooms in the new University Hall. In 
 August, 1894, came another migration, this 
 time to the Orrington Lunt Library Build- 
 ing. As early as 1859 a prudent Trustee 
 urged the necessity of a fireproof library 
 building : in 1885 the need was emphasized 
 in the report of the Committee on Library, 
 and, in 1891, the subject was prominent in 
 the President's report. July 22, 1891. Mr. 
 Orrington Lunt, Vice-President of the 
 Board of Trustees, signified his readiness 
 to give $50,000 toward a library building. 
 As an addition to this generous gift. $15,- 
 ooo was contributed in varying sums by 
 other friends of the University. Among 
 these contributions was a gift of $5.000 
 made by Mrs. Robert M. Hatfield as a me- 
 morial of her husband, the late Rev. Rob- 
 ert M. Hatfield, D. D., for years a Trustee 
 of the University. The amount thus given 
 through personal beneficence was raised to 
 $100,000 by an appropriation from the 
 funds of the University. 
 
 The building is situated on the Universi- 
 ty campus at Evanston, facing Sheridan 
 Road, and covering an area of 73 by 162 
 feet. It is planned so that future additions 
 may be made without sacrificing exterior 
 effect or interior convenience. The outer 
 walls are of buff Bedford limestone, the 
 roof is red conosera tile. The building is 
 constructed on the slow-burning, or prac- 
 tically fireproof, system, sometimes called 
 mill-construction. The style of the build- 
 ing is an adaptation of the Italian Renais- 
 sance ; its outlines are simple with little 
 ornamentation, but the whole is harmonious 
 and pleasing. The large semi-circular 
 porch is supported by Ionic columns ; on 
 the frieze, in raised lettering, is the inscrip- 
 tion. "Orrington Lunt Library." 
 
 On either side of the entrance are cloak 
 rooms: a broad oak staircase leads to the 
 second floor, which provides an assembly 
 room seating 500 persons, art rooms and 
 seminar rooms. The third story, extending 
 
 only over the central portion' of the build- 
 ing, is devoted to offices and recitation 
 rooms. The basement, well lighted and 
 thoroughly furnished, contains among 
 others a large document room, seminar 
 rooms, work rooms, and toilet rooms. 
 
 The first, or main, story is devoted en- 
 tirely to library uses : in one wing is the 
 reading room and in the center and in the 
 other wing is the book room, the two being 
 separated hy the delivery desk and card 
 catalogue cases. The windows are large 
 and placed so that all light comes from 
 above. All the wood-work and furnish- 
 ings of this floor are of polished red oak. 
 The reading room seats 120 persons. All 
 the stories are connected with the book 
 room by a book-lift and speaking tube. In 
 a central extension of the building, as 
 shown in the ground plan, are the Libra- 
 rian's room and the cataloguing room. The 
 heating is by steam from a detached sta- 
 tion and the lighting is by gas and electri- 
 city. The architect is William A. Otis, of 
 Chicago. 
 
 The Orrington Lunt Library was dedi- 
 cated. September 26. 1894. In the after- 
 noon in the assembly room of the building, 
 the exercises of formal opening were held. 
 The program was as follows : invocation by 
 the Rev. Franklin W. Fisk, D. D.. LL. D.. 
 President of Chicago Theological Semin- 
 ary: address of presentation by Mr. Or- 
 rington Lunt : address of acceptance by 
 President Henry Wade Rogers, LL. D. ; 
 dedication ode, by Mrs. Emily Huntington 
 Miller : address by Charles Kendall Adams. 
 LL. D., President of the University of Wis- 
 consin. In the evening, in the First Metho- 
 dist Episcopal Church, a public address on 
 "The Development of the Library" was de- 
 livered by the late Justin Winsor, LL. D.. 
 Librarian of Harvard University. 
 
 Various gifts of books and money have 
 already been noted. It remains to mention 
 the Orrington Lunt endowment property. 
 
236 
 
 UNIVERSITY LIBRARY 
 
 In 1865 Mr. Lunt conveyed to the Univer- 
 sity 157 acres of land in North Evanston, 
 thereby cancelling certain subscriptions 
 previously made, and designating the gen- 
 erous remainder as a permanent endow- 
 ment. Three years later this was set apart 
 by the Board of Trustees as the foundation 
 for a library, and named the Orrington 
 Lunt Library fund. At an early date, a 
 portion of the land was sold, expensive im- 
 provements have since been made on the 
 property ; its present valuation is $90,000. 
 When the property becomes productive, it 
 is expected to yield an increasing income 
 for the purchase of books. 
 
 The details of the administration of the 
 library are too technical for presentation 
 here. The present system is the result of 
 gradual growth and development along the 
 lines shown to be important by the great 
 library movement of the last twenty-five 
 years. During the earlier years, some one 
 of the professors was appointed librarian ; 
 among those who acted in this capacity 
 were W. D. Godman, David H. Wheeler, 
 Louis Kistler and Charles W. Pearson. In 
 1875-76 the Rev. W. H. Daniels served as 
 librarian. For the following ten years the 
 name of Horace G. Lunt appeared in the 
 catalogue as Librarian. During the last 
 two of these years, George E. V-'ire was 
 Assistant Librarian. No one now bears 
 the title of Librarian, but Miss Lodilla 
 Ambrose, Ph. M., has been Assistant Li- 
 brarian since January i, 1888. Aside from 
 student assistants, the present staff are: 
 Miss Olinia M. Mattison, Ph. B., First As- 
 sistant since September, 1898; Miss Fran- 
 ces C. Pierce, Ph. B., Assistant in the read- 
 ing room since September, 1901, and Miss 
 Adaline M. Baker, B. L. S., cataloguer 
 since September, 1902. A committee on 
 the library, from their own number, reports 
 annually to the Board of Trustees on the 
 state of the library. The Library Commit- 
 tee of the faculty co-operates with the As- 
 
 sistant Librarian in the administration of 
 the library. Of this important committee, 
 the late Dr. Daniel Bonbright was, for many 
 years, the Chairman, and the library owes 
 much to his careful oversight. 
 
 The library of the Garrett Biblical Insti- 
 tute, numbering 16,260 volumes and 2,200 
 pamphlets, is also on the campus, and is 
 open to all students. 
 
 The Dearborn Observatory has an as- 
 tronomical library of about 1,000 volumes 
 and 1,000 pamphlets. 
 
 The professional schools, located in Chi- 
 cago, have special libraries as follows: 
 
 Volumes Pamphlets 
 
 Medical School 3,252 5,200* 
 
 Law School 6,789 No report 
 
 School of Pharmacy 810 No report 
 
 Dental School 2,452 2,000* 
 
 Estimated. 
 
 The several collections of books belong- 
 ing to the University make a total of 65,- 
 961 volumes and 43,200 pamphlets. 
 
 The Library of the Law School has made 
 large gains in the current year, 1903. It 
 has completed its sets of the Reports and 
 compiled statutes of all of the States, and 
 has added about 500 volumes of text-books 
 and treatises. Two large gifts have been 
 received but are not yet enumerated. The 
 Hon. Elbert H. Gary, class of 1867 in the 
 Law School, has presented a collection of 
 the judicial decisions and leading law jour- 
 nals of eight European countries, namely: 
 Germany, France, Austria, Switzerland, 
 Holland, Belgium, Spain, Italy. This gift 
 contains about 2,500 volumes. The late 
 Charles C. Bonney gave to the University 
 Library some 400 volumes from his own 
 law library. 
 
 Thus has the library progressed from 
 small beginnings to days of greater things. 
 With a generous endowment property in- 
 creasing in value, and with the fostering 
 management of the great University, of 
 which it is so vital a part, the rapid growth 
 of the library is a thing assured. 
 
CHAPTER XXVI. 
 
 EVANSTON NEWSPAPERS 
 
 (By WILLIAM C. LEVERE) 
 
 The Newspaper as a Necessity Introduc- 
 tion and Grozt'th of Local Journals The 
 "Suburban Idea," The "Evanston Index" 
 and Other Early Papers Story of the 
 "Evanston Press" Advent of the Daily 
 The Chicago Printer's Strike of 1898 
 Temperance Organ College Journals 
 A "Frat." and "Barb." Advertising Con- 
 test Quarterly and Monthly Publica- 
 tions High Standard of Evanston 
 Journalism. 
 
 In an intellectual community the news- 
 paper is a necessity rather than a luxury. 
 It is an index to the character of Evanston 
 that, despite its proximity to a great city, 
 it has been the home of several strong and 
 able periodicals, the beginnings of one of 
 these dating several decades back. In re- 
 cent years, when the competition with met- 
 ropolitan papers has become keener than 
 ever, with a large staff of local reporters 
 representing the great dailies of our neigh- 
 boring city, the local papers have not only 
 survived, but have increased in usefulness 
 and prospered in material things. 
 
 It is the purpose of this chapter to deal 
 especially with the publications which have 
 made a marked impress on the civic, social, 
 educational and business life of Evanston. 
 To give a history of every publication 
 which has appeared in the city would re- 
 quire a volume rather than a chapter, for 
 
 there is scarcely one of the very numerous 
 literary organizations, social clubs, and re- 
 ligious societies, which has not. from time 
 to time, fathered a small magazine or jour- 
 nal, the existence of which was ephemeral 
 and yet which served its purpose for the 
 brief period it lived. Due attention will be 
 given to the more important of these in 
 this article. The newspaper which will for- 
 ever possess the honor of being the pioneer 
 of Evanston journalistic enterprise was 
 "The Suburban Idea." It first appeared in 
 1864 and continued one year. Its editor 
 and publisher was Rev. Nathan Sheppard. 
 who, after his removal from Evanston some 
 years later, became famous as the author 
 of a number of well-known books, the 
 most widely circulated of which was, "How 
 To Speak in Public." Mr. Sheppard was a 
 man of superior literary attainments, and 
 the tone of "The Suburban Idea" was al- 
 ways high. It was published weekly, had 
 four pages and four columns. During its 
 short life it served a useful purpose to the 
 little village, and cultivated the desire for 
 a local newspaper of high grade which was 
 to be so amply met by its successor. 
 
 In any history of Evanston. the second 
 of June. 1872, ought to figure as one of the 
 most important dates, for it was on this 
 day the first number of "The Evanston In- 
 dex" appeared. Seldom has a paper be- 
 come part and parcel of a community, of 
 
 237 
 
238 
 
 EVAXSTON NEWSPAPERS 
 
 its homes, its official life, its every activity, 
 as this paper has been in the thirty-two 
 years it has been published. The credit for 
 the founding of "The Index" belongs to 
 Mr. Alfred L. Sevvell. Mr. Sewell, togeth- 
 er with Mr. John E. Miller, had been pub- 
 lishing "The Little Corporal." a paper for 
 youth, which attained national circulation. 
 Mrs. Emily Huntington Miller was the edi- 
 tor of "The Little Corporal." Mr. Sewell 
 saw the possibilities of a village newspaper 
 from a business standpoint, and that the 
 commercial reasons which were his inspira- 
 tion for the venture were satisfied, an in- 
 spection of the advertising columns of the 
 little sheet will show. That it was a little 
 sheet, the interesting files on exhibition at 
 "The Index" are proof, for by actual meas- 
 urement each of the four pages was but 
 15 by 20 ]/2 inches. When the first number 
 of "The Index" appeared the Village of 
 Evanston did not contain a printing estab- 
 lishment large enough to handle such a 
 publication, despite its tiny dimensions. 
 Each week Mr. Sewell would take the 
 "copy" to Chicago, and there the paper was 
 printed at first. Later in the year, after 
 Mr. Sewell had dispose;! of his Chicago es- 
 tablishment, the paper was printed by the 
 Chicago Newspaper L'nion. When "The 
 Index" was a year old. Mr. Sewell opened 
 a printing office in Evanston. and from that 
 time "The Index" has known no home 
 either for editorial room or publishing of- 
 fice, save that in the city it has served. In 
 November, 1875. Mr. John A. Childs, who 
 had been connected with the paper from the 
 first, and Mr. David Cavan bought all of 
 Mr. Sewell's interest in the paper and two 
 years and two months later, in January, 
 Mr. Childs became the sole proprietor by 
 purchasing the interest held by Mr. Cavan. 
 It was just before the sale of "The In- 
 dex" to Cavan & Childs that "The Evans- 
 ton Herald" appeared : but in the spring of 
 
 1876 it was amalgamated with "The In- 
 dex." For some time the latter paper was 
 published in a building which stood on 
 Davis Street, one door west of where the 
 present Century building stands. A fire 
 broke out one night and threatened to de- 
 stroy the plant. When the good citizens 
 realized that danger threatened their family 
 paper, they rushed to the rescue, and dump- 
 ing the type into buckets, they triumphant- 
 ly carried it to safety. The humor of this 
 incident will best be appreciated by those 
 who are familiar with the printing business. 
 The entire building at 526 Davis Street is 
 now given up to the"Index"plant. The three 
 floors are filled with the latest and finest 
 make of presses, while several linotypes are 
 kept busy on twenty-four hour runs, all the 
 year round. It is not too much to say of 
 "The Index," as it now appears, that it is 
 the handsomest weekly newspaper in the 
 United States. Since 1903 Mr. Albert H. 
 Bowman has been associated with Mr. 
 Childs in its publication, and is now Sec- 
 retary and Treasurer of the corporation of 
 which Mr. Childs is President. 
 
 The story of "The Evanston Press." its 
 conception, evolution and present day pop- 
 ularity, is of exceeding interest. The mod- 
 ern novelists who are finding the back- 
 ground for their stories in business life, 
 could write many interesting pages in re- 
 counting the incidents which surround the 
 growth, struggles, and triumphs of "The 
 Press" during its upward progress to its 
 present career. The first number of "The 
 Evanston Press" appeared January 5, 1889. 
 Enterprising at the start, it was fortunate 
 enough to secure the services of Miss 
 Frances E. Willard. who contributed, week- 
 ly for a year, a chapter under the caption, 
 "An Old Timer's Story of Evanston." This 
 series of reminiscences attracted wide at- 
 tention and, before the third issue of the 
 paper appeared, it had over one thousand 
 
LIBRARY 
 
 OF THE 
 
 MNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS 
 
HISTORY OF EVANSTON 
 
 239 
 
 paid subscribers. The founders of "The 
 Press" were two young men, both fresh 
 from college, .Mr. Robert O. Yandercook 
 and Mr. Edwin L. Shuman. The latter 
 withdrew after one year, but Mr. Yander- 
 cook has continued to manage and publish 
 the paper, with the exception of one year, 
 since its first appearance. In telling of 
 the beginnings of "The Evanston Press" 
 Mr. Vandercook goes back twenty-five 
 years and gives a glimpse of an Evanston 
 boyhood of rare interest, for it brings a 
 picture to many of experiences along the 
 same line. Mr. Yandercook. in telling of 
 the little seed that was planted, says: "It 
 came about like this. Big brother traded 
 a boyish knick-knack for a little toy print- 
 ing press. The younger brother was very 
 envious of the toy and longed to possess it. 
 Big brother said he would sell it for $1.50. 
 The small boy said he would take it. but he 
 didn't have any money, but would pay for 
 it in a week. The $1.50 was paid from the 
 earnings of the printing press within the 
 time named. As fast as other money was 
 earned it was added to the outfit. The lit- 
 tle toy was soon discarded for a more prac- 
 tical machine. That in its turn was dis- 
 carded for others, until at the time of leav- 
 ing high school, about $500 had been in- 
 vested in a printing plant. All was earned 
 except one item of $40, which was a pres- 
 ent toward a new press." 
 
 From this first start, so vividly depicted, 
 came "The High School Budget," and 
 though it lived but a year, Mr. Yandercook 
 considers the experience gained but one 
 more step toward the ultimate goal, "The 
 Evanston Press." The corporation which 
 first published "The Press" was known as 
 The University. Press Company. Mr. Yan- 
 dercook tells the story of this publishing 
 company in the following words, "It was 
 at the end of the sophomore year when 
 good old Dr. Cummings, the President of 
 
 the University, called one of the founders 
 of what was then known as The University 
 Press, and gave him the kindliest words of 
 fatherly advice. The good old Doctor said. 
 'I hear you have just formed a University 
 Press Company and have spent considera- 
 ble money for type and equipment. I want 
 to warn you to go slow. You know noth- 
 ing, or practically nothing, of the printing 
 trade. \Yhat little experience you have had 
 may have been all right along lines you 
 were pursuing, but I am fearful that 
 branching out will only result in failure to 
 yourself anil disappointment to your 
 friends !' Some people called it obstinacy, 
 some perseverance, that caused disregard of 
 Dr. Cummings' advice, but in later years it 
 seems to us it was as much obstinacy as 
 perseverance. Much additional equipment 
 was added to the little printing plant and 
 the University Press Company, capital 
 stock $1.000. was fully organized and in- 
 corporated under the laws of the State of 
 Illinois. H. H. C. Miller, attorney. The 
 University Trustees, in order to assist the 
 new corporation, gave it office room, jani- 
 tor's service, light and fuel free. The plant 
 was set up in the basement of the gymna- 
 sium building. Here four or five students 
 earned their way while in college by setting 
 type on "The Xorthwestern," the college- 
 paper and the college catalogue, and a 
 number of others also earned a large share 
 of their college expenses. This was the 
 'quid pro quo' why the university fur- 
 nished what it did." 
 
 It was not until "The Evanston Press" 
 had been published two years that the name 
 of the corporation was changed to the Ev- 
 anston Press Company. For six years, 
 "The Press" was published in the Simpson 
 Market Building on the south-east corner 
 of Fountain Square. The next five years 
 it was located in the Park building, between 
 the Davis Street depots. Since 1900 "The 
 
2 4 
 
 EVAXSTON NEWSPAPERS 
 
 Press" has occupied the three story brick 
 building at 609 Davis Street, and there it 
 has had the most successful period of its 
 life. Mr. Robert O. Vandercook continues 
 to retain the financial and editorial control, 
 and the outlook is, that this publication will 
 continue for years to come to give valuable 
 service to the cause of honorable journalism 
 and integrity in civic affairs. 
 
 An interesting incident in the history of 
 "The Index" and "The Press" is that at 
 one time they became dailies and were sold 
 on the streets of Chicago as such. It was 
 tluring the Spanish-American War. There 
 was a strike in the mechanical department 
 of the Chicago dailies, and all of them had 
 suspended publication. The great sea 
 fight at Santiago was fought and the peo- 
 ple of Chicago were mad for news. For 
 several days the cry of "Index!" "Press!" 
 sounded on the city streets, instead of the 
 familiar names the people were wont to 
 hear. "The Press" became so enterprising 
 that it published three editions a day. It 
 secured a special correspondent at Wash- 
 ington and still preserves in its office the 
 telegram it received announcing the de- 
 struction of Cervera's fleet. 
 
 Evanston for a brief period had a regular 
 daily paj>er. It was called "The Evanston 
 Daily News," and was published by Milton 
 A. Smith, who came to Evanston from An- 
 niston, Ala., to establish the paper. At An- 
 niston Mr. Smith had been the successful 
 publisher of "The Hot Blast," but the peo- 
 ple of Evanston did not regard his scheme 
 with favor and the life of the daily was 
 short, the first number appearing in No- 
 vember. 1897, and the last in February, 
 1898. The paper had eight pages, half of 
 which were devoted to news from through- 
 out the country. As this was plate matter 
 and was considerably later than the date 
 when the same matter appeared in the Chi- 
 
 cago dailies, it was not an overwhelmingly 
 popular feature. 
 
 Old-timers in Evanston remember two 
 publications which flourished many years 
 ago. Just after the Chicago fire of 1871, 
 Mr. L. C. Pitner issued "The Real Estate 
 News." It had no regular time of publi- 
 cation, but appeared at intervals for two 
 years. It had four pages and these were 
 filled with real estate advertisements and lo- 
 cal news items. The other of the two was 
 "The Lake Breeze." It was published 
 monthly during 1875 by Harry W. Taylor. 
 Miss Frances E. Willard wrote a serial 
 story entitled "Miriam," which appeared 
 in "The Lake Breeze." 
 
 William Duffell was editor and publish- 
 er of "The Evanston Citizen," a weekly- 
 newspaper, the first number of which was 
 issued November 3, 1882. It was a strong 
 advocate of the prohibition cause and it 
 was a popular paper during its life. The 
 last number appeared the last week in De- 
 cember, 1891. 
 
 Since December, 1903, Evanston has 
 been the publication headquarters of "The 
 Union Signal," the national organ of the 
 Woman's Christian Temperance Union. 
 This weekly publication with its large cir- 
 culation, has brought new fame to Evans- 
 ton as the home of important periodicals. 
 Together with "The Union Signal" is fos- 
 tered "The Crusader Monthly," a child's 
 paper, published by the temperance work- 
 ers. 
 
 Northwestern University has been the 
 home of many publications, the best known 
 of which has been and is "The Northwest- 
 ern," which is now publishec' tri-weekly. 
 "The Northwestern" is the successor of 
 two college papers, "The Tripod" and "The 
 Vidette," which united in January, 1881, 
 and adopted the now familiar name. "The 
 Tripod' was a monthly and first appeared 
 January, 1871. It was published by the lit- 
 
HISTORY OF EVANSTON 
 
 241 
 
 erary societies of the university. It was 
 a twelve-page, three-column magazine. 
 "The Vidette" was a semi-monthly and its 
 publishers were the entire student body. 
 When "The Northwestern" first appeared 
 it was published semi-monthly. 
 
 In 1890 a college war broke out between 
 the fraternity and non-fraternity students 
 of the university. "The Northwestern" 
 was controlled by the fraternity students, 
 and their rivals, wishing an organ of their 
 own, established "The Northwestern 
 World." The first number appeared Octo- 
 ber 17, 1890, and it was published weekly 
 during the college year until June, 1892. 
 Its demise was caused by its last elected 
 editor becoming a fraternity member. An 
 amusing phase of the struggle for advertis- 
 ing patronage between the two journals has 
 been told in the college novel, " Twixt 
 Greek and Barb." which is devoted to the 
 story of college life at Northwestern. The 
 contest was such a unique feature of jour- 
 nalistic adventure that we quote the story 
 as it appears in the book. The genesis of 
 the contest is first told as follows : 
 
 "The big Sophomore grinned blandly at 
 his friends as he said, 'If you howling man- 
 iacs will be cool, calm and collected for a 
 brief space of time, I'll tell you something 
 interesting. Harburton has told you that 
 I have been getting 'ads' for the new paper. 
 Tedlon, the dry-goods man, does as much 
 advertising as any merchant on Davis 
 Street. I called on him today, and he de- 
 clared that he would be able to advertise in 
 only one of the two papers. I made a tre- 
 mendous stagger to get his business, but 
 the old man was foxy, and declared that he 
 wanted to find out which paper would do 
 him the most good. In the next issue of 
 both papers, he will advertise a special sale 
 for Saturday. In "The Northwestern" he 
 will advertise underwear, and in "The New 
 World." kid gloves. The advertisement 
 
 bringing in the greatest returns will win 
 for its paper his advertising for the vear. 
 The sale will begin at eight o'clock in the 
 morning, and will close at five in the after- 
 noon. Now, fellows, here is a chano: to let 
 your patriotism wax warm. The fraterni- 
 ties know of the offer, and they intend to 
 land that advertising contract for their 
 sheet. Every mother's son and daughter 
 of the Greeks will stock up with enough 
 underwear to last them the rest of their 
 lives. This will be the first clash, and we 
 must draw first blood. Everyone of us 
 ought to buy enough gloves to cover the 
 fingers of an octopus. Each fellow must 
 make himself a committee of one. and gel 
 all his friends to buy their season's supply 
 of gloves next Saturday, and above all buy 
 them at Tedlon's. These fraternity people 
 must learn that we mean business. 'It's 
 war to the knife, the knife to the hilt and 
 the hilt to the heart.' 
 
 "Keg's speech aroused the enthusiasm of 
 the crowd. The contest arranged by the 
 shrewd merchant furnished the rival fac- 
 tions a tangible basis upon which to begin 
 the struggle for supremacy. When the 
 meeting adjourned, the crowd poured down 
 the stairway with many suggestions of 
 method and prophecies of victory." 
 
 The result of the fight between the fac- 
 tions in this queer journalistic war is told 
 in another chapter as follows: 
 
 "The sole topic at the breakfast table was 
 the contest to take place that day between 
 the frats and the barbs for Tedlon's ad- 
 vertising. Excitement ran high in univer- 
 sity circles, and both sides were as full of 
 prophecies as politicians at election time. 
 After finishing breakfast. Steve and Leslie 
 started for Tedlon's. where the sale was to 
 commence at eight o'clock. It was a few 
 minutes before the hour when they arrived 
 there, and they found a long line of stu- 
 .lents waiting for the dtxrs to open. At 
 
240 
 
 EVAXSTON NEWSPAPERS 
 
 Press" has occupied the three story brick 
 building at 609 Davis Street, and there it 
 has had the most successful period of its 
 life. Mr. Robert O. Vandercook continues 
 to retain the financial and editorial control, 
 and the outlook is, that this publication will 
 continue for years to come to give valuable 
 service to the cause of honorable journalism 
 and integrity in civic affairs. 
 
 An interesting incident in the history of 
 "The Index" and "The Press" is that at 
 one time they became dailies and were sold 
 on the streets of Chicago as such. It was 
 during the Spanish-American War. There 
 was a strike in the mechanical department 
 of the Chicago dailies, and all of them had 
 suspended publication. The great sea 
 fight at Santiago was fought and the peo- 
 ple of Chicago were mad for news. For 
 several days the cry of "Index!" "Press!" 
 sounded on the city streets, instead of the 
 familiar names the people were wont to 
 hear. "The Press" became so enterprising 
 that it published three editions a day. It 
 secured a special correspondent at Wash- 
 ington and still preserves in its office the 
 telegram it received announcing the de- 
 struction of Cervera's fleet. 
 
 Evanston for a brief period had a regular 
 daily paper. It was called "The Evanston 
 Daily X'ews," and was published by Milton 
 A. Smith, who came to Evanston from An- 
 niston, Ala., to establish the paper. At An- 
 niston Mr. Smith had been the successful 
 publisher of "The Hot Blast," but the peo- 
 ple of Evanston did not regard his scheme 
 with favor and the life of the daily was 
 short, the first number appearing in Xo- 
 vember, 1897, and the last in February. 
 1898. The paper had eight pages, half of 
 which were devoted to news from through- 
 out the country. As this was plate matter 
 and was considerably later than the date 
 when the same matter appeared in the Chi- 
 
 cago dailies, it was not an overwhelmingly 
 popular feature. 
 
 Old-timers in Evanston remember two 
 publications which flourished many years 
 ago. Just after the Chicago fire of 1871, 
 Mr. L. C. Pitner issued "The Real Estate 
 Xews." It had no regular time of publi- 
 cation, but appeared at intervals for two 
 years. It had four pages and these were 
 filled with real estate advertisements and lo- 
 cal news items. The other of the two was 
 "The Lake Breeze." It was published 
 monthly during 1875 by Harry W. Taylor. 
 Miss Frances E. Willard wrote a serial 
 story entitled "Miriam," which appeared 
 in "The Lake Breeze." 
 
 William Duffell was editor and publish- 
 er of "The Evanston Citizen," a weekly 
 newspaper, the first number of which was 
 issued Xovember 3, 1882. It was a strong 
 advocate of the prohibition cause and it 
 was a popular paper during its life. The 
 last number appeared the last week in De- 
 cember, 1891. 
 
 Since December, 1903, Evanston has 
 been the publication headquarters of "The 
 Union Signal," the national organ of the 
 Woman's Christian Temperance Union. 
 This weekly publication with its large cir- 
 culation, has brought new fame to Evans- 
 ton as the home of important periodicals. 
 Together with "The Union Signal" is fos- 
 tered "The Crusader Monthly," a child's 
 paper, published by the temperance work- 
 ers. 
 
 Xorthwestern University has been the 
 home of many publications, the best known 
 of which has been and is "The X'orthwest- 
 ern," which is now published tri-weekly. 
 "The Xorthwestern" is the successor of 
 two college papers, "The Tripod" and "The 
 Vidette," which united in January, 1881, 
 and adopted the now familiar name. "The 
 Tripod' was a monthly and first appeared 
 January, 1871. It was published by the lit- 
 
HISTORY OF EVANSTON 
 
 241 
 
 erary societies of the university. It was 
 a twelve-page, three-column magazine. 
 "The Vidette" was a semi-monthly and its 
 publishers were the entire student body. 
 When "The Northwestern" first appeared 
 it was published semi-monthly. 
 
 In 1890 a college war broke out between 
 the fraternity and non-fraternity students 
 of the university. "The Northwestern" 
 was controlled by the fraternity students, 
 and their rivals, wishing an organ of their 
 own, established "The Northwestern 
 World." The first number appeared Octo- 
 ber 17, 1890, and it was published weekly 
 during the college year until June. 1892. 
 Its demise was caused by its last elected 
 editor becoming a fraternity member. An 
 amusing phase of the struggle for advertis- 
 ing patronage between the two journals has 
 been told in the college novel, " 'Twixt 
 Greek and Barb," which is devoted to the 
 story of college life at Northwestern. The 
 contest was such a unique feature of jour- 
 nalistic adventure that we quote the story 
 as it appears in the book. The genesis of 
 the contest is first told as follows: 
 
 "The big Sophomore grinned blandly at 
 his friends as he said, 'If you howling man- 
 iacs will be cool, calm and collected for a 
 brief space of time. I'll tell you something 
 interesting. Harburton has told you that 
 I have been getting 'ads' for the new paper. 
 Tedlon, the dry-goods man, does as much 
 advertising as any merchant on Davis 
 Street. I called on him today, and he de- 
 clared that he would be able to advertise in 
 only one of the two papers. I made a tre- 
 mendous stagger to get his business, but 
 the old man was foxy, and declared that he 
 wanted to find out which paper would do 
 him the most good. In the next issue of 
 both papers, he will advertise a special sale 
 for Saturday. In "The Northwestern" he 
 will advertise underwear, and in "The New- 
 World." kid gloves. The advertisement 
 
 bringing in the greatest returns will win 
 for its paper his advertising for the vear. 
 The sale will begin at eight o'clock in the 
 morning, and will close at five in the after- 
 noon. Now. fellows, here is a chano: to let 
 your patriotism wax warm. The fraterni- 
 ties know of the offer, and they intend to 
 land that advertising contract for their 
 sheet. Every mother's son and daughter 
 of the Greeks will stock up with enough 
 underwear to last them the rest of their 
 lives. This will be the first clash, and we 
 must draw first blood. Everyone of us 
 ought to buy enough gloves to cover the 
 fingers of an octopus. Each fellow must 
 make himself a committee of one. and gel 
 all his friends to buy their season's supply 
 of gloves next Saturday, and above all buy 
 them at Tedlon 's. These fraternity people 
 must learn that we mean business. 'It's 
 war to the knife, the knife to the hilt and 
 the hilt to the heart.' 
 
 "Keg's speech aroused the enthusiasm of 
 the crowd. The contest arranged by the 
 shrewd merchant furnished the rival fac- 
 tions a tangible basis upon which to begin 
 the struggle for supremacy. When the 
 meeting adjourned, the crowd poured down 
 the stairway with many suggestions of 
 method and prophecies of victory." 
 
 The result of the fight between the fac- 
 tions in this queer journalistic war is told 
 in another chapter as follows: 
 
 "The sole topic at the breakfast table was 
 the contest to take place that day between 
 the frats and the barbs for Tedlon's ad- 
 vertising. Excitement ran high in univer- 
 sity circles, and both sides were as full of 
 prophecies as politicians at election time. 
 After finishing breakfast. Steve and Leslie 
 started for Tedlon's, where the sale was to 
 commence at eight o'clock. It was a few 
 minutes before the hour when they arrived 
 there, and they found a long line of stu- 
 dents waiting for the doors to open. At 
 
242 
 
 EVANSTON NEWSPAPERS 
 
 eight o'clock, Mr. Tecllon appeared and 
 throwing back the doors, welcomed them 
 in with a gesture. The struggle had be- 
 gun. The first man to buy a pair of gloves 
 was the veteran captain of the Life Saving 
 Crew, who said that, being a barb himself, 
 he would have to stand by the cause. The 
 fraternity men and women came in force, 
 and, as each left with great packages of 
 goods, the eyes of the proprietor glistened. 
 At noon the contest seemed about even. 
 There had been more barbs who had made 
 purchases than Greeks, but the latter had 
 purchased greater amounts, and Harney 
 Dale, who was acting as one of the manag- 
 ers for the frats, declared that they were 
 sure to win. Later in the afternoon as he- 
 stood on the edge of the walk before the 
 store, he cried, .'Great Scotland, we are un- 
 done.' The sight that brought forth ihis 
 exclamation was a long line of 'bibs,' who 
 were approaching. It was known that the 
 sympathies of the Heck Hallites had bem 
 enlisted by the Barbarians, but the fraterni- 
 ty men had hoped that the 'theologs' would 
 simply lend their moral influence to the 
 foe. Now that they saw them approaching, 
 led by Jack Williams, who had rounded 
 them up with the skill of a veteran politi- 
 cian, they were seized for the first time 
 with the fear of defeat. There were more 
 than a hundred 'bibs' in line, and, from the 
 looks on their faces, it was evident they 
 meant business. 
 
 "Harney stepped in front of Jack and de- 
 manded, 'Say, old man, are you going to 
 ring in the whole Methodist conference on 
 us?' 
 
 " 'Just watch my smoke,' said Jack, 
 winking, as he steered the first of the crowd 
 into the store. 
 
 " 'Oh, Lord ! Rennick,' whispered Har- 
 ney to his friend, 'what shall we do?' 
 
 " 'Bless me, if I know,' was Tom's reply, 
 'I'm afraid they've got us on the hip.' 
 
 " 'Can't we turn in a fire alarm,' asked 
 Harney, 'and tell them that Heck Ha'.l is 
 burning to the ground ?' 
 
 "'Why not set it afire?' suggested Tom, 
 'What a sweet revenge that would be.' 
 
 " 'Stop fooling, and let's get our think- 
 ing caps on, or we are done for.' 
 
 " 'Well, then,' said Rennick, 'they've 
 brought down Heck Hall ; we might go 
 up and bring down the fair flowers cf Wil- 
 lard Hall.' 
 
 " 'Why, half of them have been here al- 
 ready,' said Harney, 'but I'll go up and see 
 Laura Merrill, and have her try to persuade 
 the rest of the girls to come to our rescue, 
 while you go and hunt the fellows and tell 
 them that they must come and buy again.' 
 
 " 'Buy again ! Why half the fellows who 
 have been playing this game, have gone 
 broke now, but it's all for the cause, and 
 I'll see what I can get them to do.' 
 
 "Harney and Tom gathered all the fra- 
 ternity folk that they could find, and sent 
 them to bring the needed aid. A strong 
 rally was made, and the hopes of the 
 Greeks began to rise once more. Five 
 o'clock came at last. 
 
 " 'We've won,' cried Jack Williams. 
 
 " 'We've won,' cried Harney Hale. 
 ' 'You both deserve to win,' cried Mr. 
 Tedlon. rubbing his hands together with 
 joy. It had been the greatest day for sales 
 in the history of the store. No matter who 
 else had won. Mr. Tedlon, was certainly a 
 winner by a large majority. 
 
 "It was a brief matter for the sales of the 
 day to be counted up, and the beaming 
 face of Mr. Tedlon again appeared at the 
 door. The street was blocked with stu- 
 dents Greeks, barbs, 'bibs.' 'preps' and 
 'co-eds,' all anxious to hear the announce- 
 ment. 
 
 "Mr. Tedlon waved his hand to silence 
 the cheers. 'Dear friends.' he said. 'I will 
 not keep you in suspense. The contest has 
 
F.YAXSTI )\ XFWSI'Al'FRS 
 
 eight o'clock. Mr. Tedlon appeared ami 
 throwing hack the doors, welcomed them 
 in with a gesture. Tile struggle had be- 
 gun. The rirst man to buy a pair of gloves 
 was the veteran captain of the Life Saving 
 I rcw. who said that. being a harh himself, 
 he would have to stand liy the can-e. Tlu 
 fraternity men and women came in force. 
 and. as each left with great packagis of 
 goods, the eyes of the proprietor glistened. 
 At noon the contest seemed ahoiu even. 
 There had been more barbs who had mad* 1 
 purchases than < irccks. lint the latter had 
 purchased greater amounts, and Hartley 
 Dale, who was acting as one of the manag- 
 ers for the t'rats. declared that they were 
 sure to win. Later in the afternoon as IK- 
 stood on the edge of the walk before the 
 store, he cried. .'( ireat Scotland, we are un- 
 done.' The sight that brought forth this 
 exclamation was a long line of 'bibs,' who 
 were approaching, ll was known that the 
 sympathies of the Heck Hallites had been 
 enlisted by the llarbarians. but the fraterni- 
 ty men had hoped that the 'thcologs' would 
 simply lend their moral inlluencc to the 
 foe. Xow that thev saw them approaching. 
 led by Jack Williams, who had rounded 
 them tip with the skill of a veteran politi- 
 cian, they were sci/ed for the first time 
 with the fear of defeat. There were more 
 than a hundred 'hills' in line. and. from the 
 looks on their laces, it was evident they 
 meant business. 
 
 "I larney stepped in front of Jack and de- 
 manded. 'Say. old man. are you going to 
 ring in the whole Methodist conference on 
 us ?' 
 
 " 'lust watch my smoke.' said Jack, 
 winking, as he steered the lirst of the crowd 
 into the store. 
 
 "'<)h. Lord! Kciiniek.' whispered Ilar- 
 nev to his friend, 'what ^hall we do?' 
 
 "'liless me. if I know.' was Tom's rc<>'\. 
 'I'm afraid the;, 've got tis , , n t| K - hip.' 
 
 " V:;:i'; we turn in a tire alarm.' asked 
 Harncy. 'and tell them that Heck Hall is 
 burning to the ground?' 
 
 "'Why not set it alire?' suggested Tom. 
 'What a sweet revenge that would be.' 
 
 "'Stop fooling, and let's get our think- 
 ing caps on. or we are done for.' 
 
 " 'Well, then.' said kcnnick. 'they've 
 brought down I leek Hall: we might g.i 
 up and bring down the fair tlowi r-. if Wil- 
 lard Hall.' 
 
 " 'Why. half of them have been here al- 
 ready,' said I larney. 'hut I'll go up and see 
 Laura Merrill, and have her try to persuade 
 the rest of the girls to come to our rescue, 
 while you go and hunt the fellows and tell 
 them that they must come and buy again.' 
 
 "'Iliiv again! Whv half the fellow* who 
 have been plaving this game, have gone 
 broke now. but it's all for the cause, and 
 I'll see what 1 can get them to do.' 
 
 "I larney and Tom gathered all the fra- 
 ternity folk that they could find, and sent 
 them to bring the needed aid. A strong 
 rally was made, ami the hopes of the 
 ( ireeks began to rise once more. Five 
 o'clock came at last. 
 
 " 'We've won.' cried lack Williams. 
 
 ''We've won.' cried Hartley Hale. 
 ''You both deserve to win.' cried Mr. 
 Tcdlon. rubbing his hands together with 
 joy. It had been the greatest dav for sales 
 in the historv of the store. Xo matter who 
 rise had won. Mr. Tedlon. was certainly a 
 winner bv a large majority. 
 
 "It was a brief matter for the sales of the 
 day to be counted up. and the beaming 
 face of Mr. Tedlon again appeared at the 
 duor. The street was blocked with stu- 
 dents (ireeks. barbs. 'bi!.' 'prep-' and 
 'co-eds.' all anxious to hear the announce- 
 ment. 
 
 "Mr. Tedlon waved his hand to silence 
 the cheers. MU-ar friends.' he said. 'I will 
 not keep \ oti in suspense. The contest has 
 
LlbRARY 
 
 OF THE 
 
 UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS 
 
HISTORY OF EVANSTON 
 
 243 
 
 been won by the friends of the Northwest- 
 ern World.' If the Barbarians, when they 
 sacked Athens, had uttered such a cry as 
 then went up to the heavens, it is no wonder 
 the inhabitants were stricken with terror. 
 The latter-day Greeks, at least, fled as pre- 
 cipitously, and left the field to the victori- 
 ous enemy." 
 
 Numbered with other college publica- 
 tions are "The Northwestern University 
 Record." a quarterly edited by a joint com- 
 mittee from the faculties : "The Euphron- 
 ian," published by the Euphronian Literary 
 Society ; "The Academian." the organ of 
 the students of Northwestern Academy, 
 and "The Northwestern Magazine." a liter- 
 ary magazine which appeared for one col- 
 lege year, that of 1903-04. 
 
 Among the papers of general circulation 
 which are now published in Evanston, are: 
 "Correct English," a magazine dealing with 
 the intricacies of the language, appearing 
 monthly and published and edited by Mrs. 
 Josephine Turck Baker; "The National 
 
 Stenographer," a monthly published and 
 edited by C. H. Rush. Our colored citi- 
 zens are represented by the "North Shore 
 Colored American," the editor of which is 
 Francis Stewart and the publisher \V. H. 
 Twiggs. This is not the first periodical 
 which the colored citizens have had. Dur- 
 ing the year 1889, "The Afro-American 
 Budget. " a monthly magazine, attracted 
 favorable attention. 
 
 "The Day." a weekly, appeared during 
 11)04. It survived a short time. Its editors 
 and publishers were Wesley Stanger and 
 Charles Van Patten. "The Noon." a mag- 
 azine of selected poetry, made its initial 
 appearance in October, 1900. and continued 
 for two years. William S. Lord was edi- 
 tor and publisher. 
 
 Looking back over this list of publica- 
 tions, representing the aspirations, interests 
 and progress of the community, Evanston 
 has reason to take pride to herself. The 
 standard has always been high ; the ideal, 
 the best. 
 
CHAPTER XXVII. 
 
 MEDICAL HISTORY 
 
 (REGULAR) 
 (87 HKSRY BIXBY HKMENWAV t U. D.) 
 
 Primitive Health Conditions Freedom 
 from Malarial Diseases Some Old- 
 Time Physicians Sketch of Dr. John 
 Erans Drs. Lndlam, U'eller and Blaney 
 Dr. N. S. Doris the Nestor of Medical 
 Education An Early Drug Store 
 Sketches of Later Day Physicians Drs. 
 Webster. Bannister. Bnrchinore. Bray- 
 ton, Bond, Phillies, Hai'cn. Hemcnii.'ay, 
 Kaufman, and others Eranston Phy- 
 sicians' Club. 
 
 When Marc Anthony said : 
 
 'The evil that men do lives after them : 
 The good is oft interred with their hones." 
 
 he clearly was not speaking of physicians. 
 If any of them ever made mistakes, those 
 errors have been covered with the daisies 
 of charity and hidden by the snow of ob- 
 livion, while their good deeds continue to 
 grow and multiply as the years pass by. 
 
 Evanston is itself a memorial to the med- 
 ical profession. It is called in honor of a 
 distinguished member of a former faculty 
 of Rush Medical college. Its principal 
 business street was named after the Xestor 
 of the American Medical Association. The 
 old village depended upon the Northwest- 
 ern University for its existence. The first 
 subscription for starting the University 
 bore obligations to the amount of $20/100. 
 and of this amount $5. 500 was subscribed 
 
 by Drs. John Evans, X. S. Davis and Wil- 
 liam Justice. Of the amount actually paid 
 in on this subscription physicians gave over 
 one-third. A regular practitioner of medi- 
 cine has been the chief executive of the 
 village : another was Postmaster, and doc- 
 tors have borne their share of the work of 
 education, and other public service. 
 
 Early Health Conditions. Before 1855 
 there was no doctor residing in Ridgeville, 
 as the place was then called. Then, as 
 nc.iv. this was a particularly healthy section. 
 Whereas, Chicago, and the ground south 
 of the river, was only eight feet above the 
 lake, here it was three times as high, and 
 drainage was correspondingly better. B. 
 F. Hill said to the writer that he never 
 knew of a case of fever and ague occurring 
 in those early days, along this north shore 
 and east of the Xorth Branch. The early 
 settlers were familiar with the use of bone- 
 set for malarial fevers, rue for worms, lo- 
 belia for fevers, butterfly weed for pleurisy, 
 tansy, camomile, saffron and other herbs. 
 They knew how to use poultices and the 
 wet pack, as well as other home remedies. 
 Many of the better educated had such 
 books as "Beach's American Practice." 
 Seldom was a physician sent for to attend 
 any one here. Alonzo Burroughs, who 
 lived then in the campus at what is now the 
 edge of the lake opposite Memorial hall, 
 
 245 
 
246 
 
 MEDICAL HISTORY 
 
 never had the assistance of a physician 
 in his house until after the birth of his sev- 
 enth child. I find that, for a time, a young 
 doctor by the name of Smith lived with 
 the Dennis family near the present Gage 
 place on the shore in Wilmette. Dr. John 
 Kennicott, who lived at Xorthfield, cov- 
 ered this territory in his "drive." Dr. 
 Hoffman in Xiles practiced aniony our 
 German citizens. 
 
 Dr. John Evans, from whom the place 
 has its name, was born at Waynesville, O., 
 March 9. 1814, of Quaker ancestry. His 
 parents at one time lived in South Carolina, 
 but they were obliged to emigrate on ac- 
 count of abolition sentiments. In Ohio his 
 father continued the manufacture of tools 
 for which the family had been somewhat 
 noted for three generations. John was 
 graduated from Clermont Academy and, in 
 1836, having received his medical degree, 
 he began the practice of medicine along the 
 Illinois River. Later he settled in Attica, 
 Ind. While there he began the agitation 
 which resulted in the establishment of the 
 first State Insane Asylum at Indianapolis, 
 of which he was appointed the first Super- 
 intendent. In 1845 he moved to Chicago 
 and took the chair of midwifery in Rush 
 Medical College, which he held for ten 
 years. He also edited the "Northwestern 
 Medical Journal" He inherited a taste 
 for business and gradually devoted more 
 attention to secular affairs. He aided 
 largely in building the Chicago and Fort 
 Wayne Railroad. He secured for them 
 their terminal facilities in Chicago. As 
 was before stated, he took an active part 
 in starting the Xorthwestern L'niversity. 
 and he was the President of its Board of 
 Trustees for forty-two years. 
 
 In 1855 he built and moved into his Ev- 
 anston home. It was a Gothic cottage 
 which has since been moved to 1317 Chi- 
 cago Avenue. It still retains many of its 
 
 older decorations, but it has lost some of 
 the original Gothic beauty by the substitu- 
 tion of clapboards for battens. Originally 
 it stood facing south on Clark Street in the 
 middle of the block from Hinman to Jud- 
 son Avenue. It was surrounded with a 
 white picket fence, the east half of the 
 block being a rolling lawn, while the Hin- 
 man Avenue side was given up to flowers 
 and shrubs, among which gravel walks 
 wound in geometric designs. Behind the 
 house was the Gothic barn (now the resi- 
 dence of Sandy Trent, Xo. 1815 Benson 
 Avenue), the hot-beds and vegetable gar- 
 den, and further back the modest cot- 
 tage of the doctor's man. Mike Cavenaugh. 
 I have described this, my old playground, 
 as a type of the better homes of the village. 
 
 In 1862 Dr. Evans became Governor of 
 Colorado, and was never here much of the 
 time afterward, though the family home 
 was nominally here until 1867. From '63 
 to '65 the house was occupied by Luther 
 L. Greenleaf. While in Evanston the Doc- 
 tor practiced little, chiefly in consultation. 
 Of his deeds in politics and railroad build- 
 ing we have nothing here to say further 
 than that, to him more than to any other 
 one man, does Colorado owe her present 
 prosperity. As a student and practitioner 
 of medicine he was literally in the front 
 rank. In opposition to the prevailing opin- 
 ion of the profession of that time, he af- 
 firmed, in the 'forties, the contagiousness of 
 cholera, and yet. as late as 1862, his wife 
 rode in a carriage with the casket contain- 
 ing a victim of scarlet fever, and on re- 
 turning home took her little Margaret upon 
 her knee. The result was another little 
 grave in Rose Hill. 
 
 While teaching in Chicago he spent 
 much time perfecting an extractor which 
 he had invented. He was quite proud of 
 his results and showed the instrument to his 
 class. One of the students obtained a 
 
' 
 
 'PI 
 
 *". *v? 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 
 . . ; 
 
 : 
 
 181 
 
 w 
 
 i 
 
LIBRARY 
 
 OF fHE 
 UNIVIRSITY OF ILLINOIS 
 
HISTORY OF EVANSTON 
 
 247 
 
 patent on it. Dr. Evans, instead of attempt- 
 ing to have the patent set aside, so thor- 
 oughly condemned the patenting of any 
 professional article, and so perfectly 
 showed forth every possible objection to 
 the use of that particular instrument that, 
 today, there are very few living who ever 
 have heard of it. Dr. Evans died in Den- 
 ver, Colo.. July 3, 1897. 
 
 Dr. James W. Ludlam. After Dr. 
 Evans. Orrington Lunt and others had 
 completed the purchase of the Evanston 
 farm for the University, they stopped to 
 water their horses at the tavern kept by 
 Major Mulford. This tavern was a por- 
 tion of the building since known as the 
 James S. Kirk home, and is now used by 
 the Sisters of St. Francis as a hospital. Vis- 
 iting the Major at the time were Dr. and 
 Mrs. Jacob Watson Ludlam. They had 
 come West to see their sons Reuben and 
 James, who had located in Chicago. After 
 talking with the university folks. Dr. Lud- 
 lam became impressed with the future of 
 the town and purchased of the Major ten 
 acres of land on the west side of Ridge 
 Avenue. He built there his first Evanston 
 house just south of Oakton Avenue. The 
 locust trees that he planted show the loca- 
 tion of the house which was burned some 
 twenty years ago. When Dr. Ludlam 
 found that the new town would not be near 
 the old settlement, he first purchased the 
 southeast corner of Hinman Avenue and 
 Clark Street, opposite Dr. Evans, which he 
 later exchanged for the present site of the 
 Evanston Club. Here he erected the house 
 since moved to 1206 Hinman Avenue, and 
 now occupied by his children. Jacob Wat- 
 son. Jr.. and Miss "Mollie." 
 
 Dr. Ludlam was born at Camden. X. J.. 
 November 28, 1807. He graduated from 
 the University of Pennsylvania, and prac- 
 ticed at Deerfield, X. J.. until he came to 
 Evanston. March 31. 1855. He died here 
 
 July ii, 1859, and his body was the first 
 interred in Rose Hill. With the exception 
 of Dr. Blaney, Dr. Ludlam was probably 
 the most thoroughly educated man in the 
 profession among the early settlers. In 
 those days it was not unusual for a man to 
 begin practicing after from three to six 
 months' study, but Dr. Ludlam took three 
 years, and as long as he lived in the East 
 it was his custom to frequently spend a 
 month at one of the schools of medicine. 
 Tall in stature and polished in manner, he 
 was an ideal physician. 
 
 The Ludlam family were not an unim- 
 portant part of the social life of the burgh. 
 Of Reuben, the oldest son. who later be- 
 came President of the State Board of 
 Health, the old Doctor said to one of the 
 then old settlers: "I have a boy practicing 
 in Chicago ; I have this satisfaction about 
 him, that he will never kill any one with 
 his medicines." Reuben remained in Chi- 
 cago, but James, or Major, as he has since 
 been known, went with the Evanston boys 
 General Beveridge, Major Russell, Lieu- 
 tenant Harry Pearsons and others into the 
 Eighth Illinois Cavalry. And 'Miss Mol- 
 ly!' I remember hearing one of the young 
 ladies remark one day after a wedding: 
 "Xow, Molly Ludham has been a brides- 
 maid seven times, and that is a sign that 
 she never will be married." She never has. 
 For many years she taught in the old Ben- 
 son Avenue School, and she did her work 
 well. 
 
 Evanston's Second Physician. The sec- 
 ond physician to locate here was Fayette 
 Montrose Weller, who came in the summer 
 of 1855, and settled on Ridge Avenue op- 
 posite the present site of the Academy of 
 the Visitation. His ancestors were early 
 settlers of Xew England from Bavaria, 
 Holland. Scotland and England. He was 
 born at Sardinia. X. Y.. April 13, 1825. He 
 first studied for the ministry, but changed 
 
248 
 
 MEDICAL HISTORY 
 
 his mind and graduated from the medical 
 department of the University of Michigan 
 in 1854. His first wife. Marie Antoinette 
 Hypolite. died in Evanston in 1858. Three 
 years later he married Philena M., the eld- 
 est daughter of George M. Huntoon, one 
 of the earliest settlers of Ridgeville. Dr. 
 Weller was for three or four years the 
 village Postmaster, using the Max Hahn 
 building, which stood at 619 Davis Street. 
 Here he kept the second drug store opened 
 in the village, though it could not have 
 been as attractive as the colored lights and 
 soda fountains are at present, for it did not 
 impress itself upon the memories of the 
 girls of the day. \Yhen Ed. Clifford be- 
 came Postmaster, Dr. Weller sold to him 
 the drugs which he moved into the little 
 store, Xo. 1610 Chicago Avenue. Dr. 
 Weller was a thick-set, dark-complexioned 
 man. of medium height and a good practi- 
 tioner. In 1865 Dr. Weller sold his prac- 
 tice to Dr. Ira B. fieier. but he returned to 
 Evanston in the 'seventies for a short time. 
 In 1878 he moved to Chicago, where he died 
 at the age of 70. 
 
 Dr. Blaney. James Y. Z. Blaney was 
 born at Xewcastle. Delaware, May I. 1820, 
 into a family known for its refinement and 
 education, with ample means to provide a 
 thorough education. The son was gradu- 
 ated from. Princeton College when eighteen 
 and, as soon as he reached his majority, he 
 received the degree of Doctor of Medicine 
 from Jefferson Medical College. In 1842- 
 43 he was on duty at Jefferson Barracks. 
 St. Louis. A year later he located in Chi- 
 cago, and became Professor of Chemistry 
 at Rush. lie also edited the "Xorthwestern 
 Medical Journal." In 1857 he added to his 
 other work the chair of Chemistry in the 
 University and moved to Evanston. He 
 built and occupied the house which recent- 
 ly gave place to Mayor Patten's new one 
 on Ridge Avenue. As with Dr. Evans, Dr. 
 
 Blaney 's Evanston practice was chiefly 
 consulting. At the outbreak of the war 
 Dr. Blaney was ordered East as Medical 
 Inspector, and never returned to Evanston 
 to reside. Later he was returned to Chi- 
 cago as Medical Purveyor, and at the close 
 of the war he was mustered out as a Lieu- 
 tenant Colonel. He died in Chicago. De- 
 cember ii, 1874. 
 
 After the death of Dr. Ludlani, Dr. J. H. 
 Hobbs, a recent graduate from Rush, made 
 a short sojourn in our midst. About the 
 same time a dapper little graduate from the 
 University of Pennsylvania, in the class of 
 '54, made his appearance. He wore eye- 
 glasses the only ones in town, perhaps. 
 He was a perfect gentleman, and the admi- 
 ration of all the young ladies. He started 
 the first baseball club in the village. But 
 William Yarian was also a man of skill. 
 He was the nephew of one of America's 
 best surgeons Washington Atlee and at 
 the beginning of the war he became a 
 Brigade Surgeon. On one occasion, on 
 reaching a new post, he was at once ar- 
 rested as a spy, being mistaken for a Con- 
 federate (ieneral whom he strongly re- 
 sembled. At the close of the war he settled 
 in Titusville. Pennsylvania, where he is 
 now an honored member of the profession. 
 
 I am told that in '61 there was a woman 
 physician living in the house on the campus 
 formerly occupied by Alonzo Burroughs, 
 but she was probably not a graduate. At 
 the same time there was a Dr.. P.arker living 
 opposite the old Methodist church, corner 
 of ( )rrington and Church Streets. He 
 served in the army and after the war he 
 settled in Wisconsin. 
 
 Ira B. (icier, a brother of Mrs. Mary F. 
 Haskins. came in '65. He was a bachelor, 
 and at the last lived in a cottage which he 
 built on the northeast corner of Benson 
 Avenue and Davis Street. He was a native 
 of Central Xew York. He was a very 
 
HISTORY OF EVANSTON 
 
 249 
 
 well informed physician, but he never had 
 a large practice. He lacked the decision, 
 energy and backbone which are necessary 
 for the work. A slight indisposition always 
 caused him to fear his coming dissolution. 
 On the other hand, he was an enthusiastic 
 Mason, and was the real founder of Evans 
 Lodge, for the first two years acting, and 
 the next real. Worshipful Master of the 
 lodge. He moved to Florida in 1872. 
 
 Dr. Leonidas P. Hamline, son of Bishop 
 Hamline of the Methodist Church, was 
 born at Zanesville, O., August 13. 1828. 
 He graduated at Castleton Medical College. 
 Yt. He moved to Evanston with his family 
 in 1865. and built the residence now occu- 
 pied by his daughter. Mrs. T. S. Creighton. 
 at 1722 Judson Avenue. There he died 
 January 22. 1897. During his early days in 
 Evanston Dr. Hamline did most of the sur- 
 gery performed here and saw an occasional 
 sick patient, but he had practically retired 
 from practice when he came here. 
 
 Later Physicians. Dr. Washington S. 
 Scott came to Evanston March I, 1865. 
 Born near \Yellsburg. Brooke County. Yt., 
 he went to college at Meadville. I'a. He re- 
 ceived his medical education in Philadel- 
 phia. Cincinnati and Xew Orleans. Before 
 coming to Evanston lie practiced for some 
 time in Iowa. He was not in active practice 
 long here, but sold out to Dr. Poole in 
 1867. He threw all his energy into busi- 
 ness. He started a drug store at 613 Davis 
 street, almost on the same spot on which a 
 man by the name of Donovan started the 
 first store several years earlier : but. where- 
 as Donovan soon went out of business. Dr. 
 Scott's is still in existence, two doors west, 
 now under the ownership of Hill & Leffing- 
 well. Dr. Scott was a Democrat, but not 
 offensively so. Naturally a Southern sym- 
 pathizer, few ever heard him say it. He 
 put forth his best thought in the interest 
 of Evanston. He built the first brick busi- 
 
 ness block in town. 611 and 613 Davis 
 Street, and the first public hall. He built 
 the first building intended for a postoffice, 
 and the first Masonic temple. He died at 
 the age of 70. in Springfield. 111., June 25, 
 IQOI. 
 
 Dr. Isaac Poole was born in Halifax, 
 Plymouth County, Mass., July 26. 1837. 
 He was graduated in medicine from 
 the Berkshire Medical College, Pittsfield 
 Mass., in November. 1862. For two 
 years he was interne at the Kings 
 County. X. Y., Hospital. For two 
 years he served as a Surgeon in the United 
 States Xavy. He came to Evanston in 
 February, 1867. and has practiced here ever 
 since. He is now the oldest physician in 
 Evanston. and the oldest in the practice of 
 medicine. He is of revolutionary and of 
 Puritan descent. His grandfather, John 
 Poole. was a minute man (luring the entire 
 War of Independence. 1 le is also descended 
 from Dr. Samuel Fuller, the physician of 
 the Mayflower. 
 
 James Stewart Jewell was born at Galena. 
 III., September 8. 1837. He was graduated 
 from the Chicago Medical College in 1860. 
 He was Professor of Anatomy in the same 
 institution from 1864 to 1869. and of Xer- 
 vous Diseases during the later years of his 
 life. In 1870 he received the honorary de- 
 gree of A. M. from Xorthwestem Univer- 
 sity. He died in Chicago. . \pril 18. 1887. 
 
 Dr. Jewell was naturally a brilliant man. 
 He was a most entertaining lecturer and 
 conversationalist. He was a linguist of 
 more than ordinary ability. Soon after he 
 came to Evanston. about 1868. he started a 
 Bible class in the Methodist Sunday-school, 
 then under the superintendence of Ed- 
 ward Eggleston. The class grew rapidly, 
 and it was soon postponed until after the 
 regular session of the school for two rea- 
 sons : first, that they might have more 
 room : and second, that members of other 
 
250 
 
 MEDICAL HISTORY 
 
 churches might attend. So popular was he 
 that the old Methodist church, then the 
 largest auditorium in the village, was filled 
 every week. He illustrated his lectures 
 with large charcoal sketches and maps of 
 his own drawing. So interested did he be- 
 come that he started to write a book on the 
 Life and Travels of St. Paul, and with that 
 in view, he took a party of Evanston young 
 men to Palestine in 1870. In his party was 
 Frederick Huse. later a doctor of medicine. 
 The book was never finished. He became 
 interested in psychology, and through that 
 he began a closer study of the nervous sys- 
 tem. This led to a study of the diseases of 
 the nervous system, to which he limited his 
 later practice. He started a "Journal of 
 Nervous Diseases," and left a partially 
 completed work upon this subject, but death 
 overtook him in the midst of his labor. 
 I have heard them tell how he first appeared 
 in the medical school, a tall, awkward boy, 
 wearing blue-jeans trousers. I have heard 
 him narrate about his weary work in coun- 
 try practice before he came to Evanston, 
 often sleeping as he rode upon his horse's 
 back, awakening with a start as he uncon- 
 sciously ducked his head to avoid an over- 
 hanging branch. He killed himself by over- 
 work, and a disregard of the very rules 
 which he so well taught us. 
 
 James Henry Etheridge, the son of a phy- 
 sician, was born in Johnsville, N. Y., March 
 20, 1845. After studying at Ann Arbor 
 he graduated from Rush Medical College in 
 1868, and settled in Evanston. His sister 
 was the wife of Lyrnan J. Gage, who then 
 lived on Hinman Avenue. After practicing 
 here for a year and a half. Dr. Etheridge 
 married Harriet, the daughter of H. G. 
 Powers, and, in 1870, went to Europe for 
 further study. When he returned he settled 
 in Chicago, where he died in 1891. having 
 been a professor in his alma mater for thirty 
 vears. 
 
 It is not probable that any man has ex- 
 erted a more powerful influence upon the 
 medical profession of the United States than 
 my old preceptor. Dr. Nathan Smith Davis. 
 The Davis family lived opposite the First 
 Methodist church from 1871 to 1881, and 
 it had been the doctor's expectation to spend 
 here the remainder of his life, but the un- 
 timely death of his son Frank changed his 
 plans. 
 
 The Nestor of Medical Education. N 
 S. Davis, the youngest of seven children, 
 was born on a farm which his father had 
 cleared at Greene, N. Y., Jan. 9, 1817. This 
 son, after attending Cazenovia Seminary, 
 began the study of medicine in 1831 with 
 Dr. Daniel Clark, at Smithville Flats. Ac- 
 cording to custom the boy lived with his 
 preceptor, taking care of his horses and 
 doing other work. In 1837, before he was 
 of age, he graduated with honor from the 
 College of Physicians and Surgeons, at Fair- 
 field, N. Y. His thesis was upon animal 
 temperature. While in college he boarded 
 himself much of the time. He settled first 
 at Vienna, X. Y.. and then at Binghamton. 
 where, for a time, he had as an associate, 
 Dr. A. B. Palmer, later the Dean of the 
 Medical Department at Ann Arbor. In 
 1847 Dr. Davis became a professor in the 
 College of Physiciansand Surgeons in New 
 York City. Two years later he came to 
 Chicago as a Professor of Practice in Rush 
 Medical College. Dr. Davis early began 
 to advocate a more systematic course in the 
 study of medicine, and in 1859, he started 
 the Chicago Medical College, now owned 
 by the Northwestern University. This was 
 the first medical school in this country to in- 
 sist upon a graded course of three years' 
 study. Harvard being the second, more than 
 a decade later. Chiefly at his own expense 
 he started a hospital in the old Lake House, 
 which later became Mercy Hospital. In 
 honor of Dr. Davis the American Medical 
 
HISTORY OF EVANSTON 
 
 25 i 
 
 Association, several years ago, had a medal 
 struck, thus recognizing him as its founder. 
 It was his pen that drew up the code of 
 ethics which still governs that body. 
 
 Dr. Davis was a clear thinker and forcible 
 speaker. He was tireless in his original 
 investigations. He did his share of editor- 
 ial work, the last being upon the "Journal of 
 the American Medical Association." Dr. 
 Davis always took a most active part in 
 sanitary matters. In Chicago and in Evan- 
 ston, by popular lectures and constant agita- 
 tion, he did much toward the establishment 
 of public water supply and sewerage sys- 
 tems. There was a time in Chicago when 
 he was spoken of as "Pope Davis," because 
 of his influence over the Irish people. This 
 influence was noted in the dark days of the 
 Civil War, when recruits were badly wanted 
 but were slow to come. Then Dr. Davis, 
 standing on the court house steps, so elo- 
 quently pleaded with them that large num- 
 bers came forward to enlist. 
 
 Dr. Davis was one of the first physicians 
 to decry the use of alcohol as medicine, and 
 later, through his efforts, the Washington- 
 ian Home was started in Chicago for the 
 care of inebriates. 
 
 Dr. Davis was always an active member 
 of the Methodist Church, and while he lived 
 in Evanston he seldom was absent from the 
 morning or evening service, and as regular 
 as the hour for Sunday-school, you might 
 see him walk down the middle aisle to his 
 Hible class. For two or three years he was 
 President of the Board of Village Trustees. 
 On one occasion a Trustee sent in a bill for 
 hotel and livery entertainment of some 
 visitors to the village. Dr. Davis cast it 
 aside with the remark that such matters 
 were private and should not be paid from 
 village funds. "I think we should pay the 
 bill," said one of the Trustees, indicating 
 thereby a dissent from the decision of the 
 chair. ''All right." said Dr. Davis, putting 
 
 his hand into his pocket. "I'll give five 
 dollars, what will you give?" "One." was 
 the feeble reply. 
 
 Dr. Davis was always the poor man's 
 friend. On one occasion a lady brought her 
 daughter to the doctor, insisting that 
 she wanted him to give her special atten- 
 tion, and she was willing to pay whatever 
 he asked. The Doctor's head was bent over 
 as he listened to her. Then he replied: 
 "My fee is one dollar. I give my best care 
 to every patient, the poor as well as the 
 rich. I cannot do more in your case." 
 
 The son of Bishop Whitehouse once came 
 to consult Dr. Davis. He was dressed in 
 the height of fashion. The office girl gave 
 him a number and requested him to take 
 a seat : but, looking with scorn upon the 
 long line of working people ahead of him. 
 he rapped at the private door. He explained 
 to the Doctor that he wished to consult him. 
 "Take a seat," was the reply. "Probably 
 you do not know who I am," said the young 
 man. "I am the son of Bishop White- 
 house." "Take two seats," responded Dr. 
 Davis, as he turned to hear the troubles of 
 "next." 
 
 The Doctor's advice to his students as to 
 treatment was, "First determine what is 
 wrong. Then find the cause and remove 
 it. Lastly determine what in your judg- 
 ment is the best remedy to be used in the 
 case and use it." I have often heard him 
 tell with a twinkle in his eye how he once 
 sent to an eclectic physician for some simple 
 remedy for one case and of his neighbor's 
 boastful pride over the fact. Dr. Davis re- 
 ceived the honorary degrees of A. M.. and 
 LL. D. from Northwestern University. He 
 died June 16, 1904. 
 
 An Early Drug Store. In the early 
 'seventies Dr. T. S. Blackburn, a native of 
 Canada and graduate from Ann Arbor, 
 opened a drug store in the brick building 
 east of the Central Street station of the 
 
-5 2 
 
 MEDICAL HISTORY 
 
 Northwestern Road. The North Evanston 
 practice was divided between Drs. Black- 
 burn and Jenks, both of whom are now 
 dead. 
 
 In the late 'seventies there appeared in 
 the village a fine looking gentleman, of 
 middle age. who promised to cut a wide 
 swath in the local profession. Whence he 
 came or where he studied I have not found. 
 His name was Trimble. In a short time 
 he had upon his list the names of several 
 prominent families, but an unfortunate 
 series of fatal accidents discouraged him 
 and he sought the balmy air of Florida, 
 followed by a threat of shooting if ever he 
 were seen in town again. 
 
 Latter Day Physicians. Dr. Edward 
 H. Webster was born of old Puritan stock 
 at Wells River, Yt., in 1851. He traces his 
 ancestry in this country to the middle of the 
 seventeenth century. In 1867 the family 
 moved to Evanston, where the father was 
 known for his generosity to the poor. Ed- 
 ward attended the university and was a 
 member of the Sigma Chi fraternity. He 
 graduated from the Chicago Medical Col- 
 lege in 1877. and has been located in Evan- 
 ston since '/<>. In his later student days, 
 and for two years following, he was in 
 charge of the infirmary of the Chicago & 
 Northwestern Railway in Chicago, and 
 ever since he has been the District Surgeon 
 of that company. 
 
 Henry Martyn Bannister, son of Profes- 
 sor Henry Bannister. I"). D.. of the old Insti- 
 tute faculty, was born at Cazenovia. N. Y., 
 July 25. 1844. The family came to Evanston 
 in 1856. Here the son received his degree of 
 A. M. From 1864 to 1873 he was con- 
 nected with the Smithsonion Institute, at 
 Washington. He was badly frozen, separ- 
 ated from his companions and nearly lost 
 his life, while on the exploring expedition 
 sent out by the Government before we pur- 
 chased Alaska. He was graduated from the 
 
 medical department of Columbia University 
 in 1871. For some years he was a physician 
 at the Kankakee Asylum, but during much 
 of his professional career he has been en- 
 gaged in medical journalism. He is now 
 on the staff of the "Journal of the American 
 Medical Association." 
 
 Gustav A. Fischer, born in 1846. came 
 here about 1875. He was graduated from the 
 University of Prague. Austria, in 1871., He 
 now resides in Chicago. John J. Scheuber 
 came here from Switzerland about the same 
 time. He had quite a practice among the 
 Germans. He treated cancer with plasters, 
 and had a diphtheria cure which still has 
 some reputation. He married a sister of J. 
 H. Stephen, the genial manager of Muno's 
 baker^. Dr. Scheuber died in Joliet, in 
 1900, at the age of 64. 
 
 John H. Burchmore was born November 
 12, 1849. in Salem. Mass., where his family 
 had resided since before the Revolution. He 
 was graduated from the medical school of 
 Harvard University in 1875. and, after serv- 
 ing as interne in the Massachusetts General 
 Hospital and resident physician in the 
 Boston Lying-in Hospital, in 1877 ne '~ 
 cated in what was then North Evanston. 
 He married a daughter of John W. Stewart, 
 one of the most prominent residents there. 
 
 Dr. Sarah H. Brayton was born in Eng- 
 land in 1849. She was graduated in medi- 
 cine by the New York Free Medical Col- 
 lege for Women, in the spring of 1875. In 
 1883 she settled in Evanston. 
 
 Thomas Sheldon Bond, the son of a Con- 
 gregational minister, was born at Lee, 
 Mass., December 14, 1842. He graduated 
 from Amherst College with the degree of 
 A. M., in 1863. and taught at Lake Forest. 
 In l8f>7 he graduated from the Chicago 
 Medical College and the next year received 
 a like degree from the College of Physicians 
 and Surgeons of New York. From 1869 
 to 1874 he was demonstrator of anatomy 
 
HISTORY OF EVANSTOX 
 
 253 
 
 and from 1874 to 1879, Professor of Anat- 
 omy in Chicago Medical College. He then 
 retired to private life and, in 1882 moved 
 to Evanston, where he died December 4, 
 1895. Dr. Bond was as fine an anatomist 
 as there was in Chicago, and a most excel- 
 lent teacher. 
 
 William A. Phillips, son of William B. 
 Phillips, was born in Chicago, January 18, 
 1861. His genealogy in this country 
 reaches back to George Phillips, who came 
 to Salem, Mass., in 1632. In 1870 the fam- 
 ily moved to Evanston. Here the son re- 
 ceived the degree of Ph. B. He studied in 
 the Northwestern Medical School, and in 
 1887 received the degree of M. D. from 
 Harvard. After spending a year at Vienna 
 he settled in Evanston. For a time he was 
 lecturer on comparative anatomy in the 
 University. He is an enthusiastic student 
 of anthropology, and his valuable collec- 
 tion is one of the attractions of the Univer- 
 sity Museum. 
 
 Otis Erastus Haven, the eldest son of 
 Bishop E. O. Haven, once President of 
 the University, was born in New York City, 
 July 2, 1849. He was graduated as an 
 A. B. from Ann Arbor, in 1870, and went 
 to Iowa to teach. In 1873 he received his 
 master's degree, and came to Evanston as 
 Superintendent of the Public Schools. Then 
 he studied medicine while teaching, and was 
 graduated from Rush in 1882. He spent 
 some months in Xew York Hospital and 
 then opened an office here. He was at 
 once elected a member of the Board of Ed- 
 ucation and served until his death. February 
 3, 1888. His professional career had been 
 short, but he was universally beloved as a 
 man and physician. 
 
 Henry Bixby Hemenway was born at 
 Montpelier, Yt. December 20, 1856. He 
 traces his family in Salem, Mass., back as, 
 far as 1636. He came to Evanston in 
 September. 1857, where his father became 
 
 professor in the Theological School. He 
 received the degrees of A. B. and A. M. 
 from the University, and was licensed to 
 practice in 1880 by State examination. He 
 was graduated from Chicago Medical Col- 
 lege in 1 88 1 and located at Kalamazoo. 
 Mich. While there he was City Health Of- 
 ficer. Secretary of Board of United States 
 Examining Surgeons. Division Surgeon of 
 the Michigan Central and of the Grand Rap- 
 ids & Indiana Railways, and held offices in 
 the local and State Medical Societies. In the 
 fall of 1890 he returned to Evanston. He 
 taught one year in Rush College and gave 
 a course of lectures at the College of Physi- 
 cians and Surgeons in 1900, during the 
 illness of Professor Carter. He is the 
 Surgeon of the Chicago. Milwaukee & St. 
 Paul and the Chicago & Milwaukee electric 
 roads. 
 
 Gustav W. Kaufman was born in Han- 
 over, Germany, in 1860. He was educated 
 in the German Gymnasium and School of 
 Pharmacy. In 1881 he came to America 
 and engaged in the drug business in St. 
 Louis. He was graduated from the St. 
 Louis College of Pharmacy in 1886, and 
 four years later received the doctor's degree 
 from the St. Louis College of Physicians 
 and Surgeons. He settled in Evanston in 
 1890. 
 
 Lack of space prevents more than the 
 mere mention of Dr. Gray, a copy of Jewell, 
 who conducted a small private asylum here 
 in the 'eighties : of Bentz, who at one time 
 lived in Xorth Evanston and moved to 
 Wheeling : of O. T. Maxson, who graduated 
 from Rush in 1849. and came to South 
 Evanston in '84. taking great interest in 
 that village; he died in '95, as did also 
 Hawley, after a short residence here : or 
 Leonard, also of the south wards ; of Ly- 
 ford, who came in the 'eighties, and re- 
 turned to Port Byron : of Stewart, who 
 was killed by the cars in '93 ; of Josiah 
 
254 
 
 MEDICAL HISTORY 
 
 Jones, who gave up the Health Commission- 
 ership to dig gold in the Klondike ; of 
 Drs. O. Mueller, Bernard Miller. Frazier 
 and Kinimet, returned to Chicago ; of W. A. 
 Palmer, removed to Minnesota, and Ivaats. 
 returned to England ; of Harriet Wolfe, who 
 became a Goodrich and retired from prac- 
 tice ; of Wilder, who married Marie Huse, 
 and died in Iowa ; of Harding, who married 
 Mary Clifford, an old resident, and in '91 
 returned to Evanston from Goshen ; of Da- 
 kin, an Evanston boy, who graduated from 
 Physicians and Surgeons, New York, in '90, 
 and came back two years later ; of Bjork- 
 man, who died in 1903; of Harder, Stock- 
 ley, Baird, Balderston. Mars, East, the 
 McEwens, Clyde, who came here since 
 1890. and the various specialists who have 
 resided here: such as Ridlon, the leading 
 orthopedic surgeon of the West : Dodd, 
 the eye surgeon ; Ballenger and Walters, 
 the laryngologists ; Pusey and Andrews, 
 all of whom now reside in Evanston. 
 William R. Parks, our present Commis- 
 
 sioner of Health, was born in Milwaukee in 
 1869. He received the degrees of Ph. B. 
 and Ph. M. from Northwestern University, 
 and in 1893 graduated from Rush Medical 
 College. After two years in the Presby- 
 terian Hospital he returned to Evanston to 
 practice. 
 
 In 1883 a Medical Society was organized 
 by some of the more recent settlers in the 
 profession in Evanston. It was known as 
 the Physicians' Club. Its meetings were held 
 at the Avenue House. Its Officers were Dr. 
 Hemenway, President ; Kaufman, \ ice- 
 President : and Palmer, Secretary and 
 Treasurer. At the close of the year the or- 
 ganization was a thing of the past. 
 
 In 1902 one of the first branches organ- 
 ized of the Chicago Medical Society was 
 established in Evanston. Its membership 
 is not limited to Evanston, but it includes 
 resident physicians of the North Shore to 
 the County line. In the effort to unify the 
 profession, this society opens its doors to all 
 reputable practitioners. 
 
CHAPTER XXVIII. 
 
 MEDICAL HISTORY 
 
 (HOMEOPATHIC.) 
 (By DR. M. C. BRAGDOX) 
 
 First Case of Homoeopathic Treatment in 
 Eranston Successful Results Early 
 Homoeopathic Physicians Dr. Hau'kcs 
 First Local Practitioner He is Followed 
 by Dr. C. D. Fairbanks Sketch of Dr. 
 Oscar H. Mann His Prominence in 
 Local Educational, Official and Social Re- 
 lations Founding of the Ei'anston Hos- 
 pital Doctors Marcy. Clapp and Fuller 
 Roll of the Later Physicians and Sur- 
 geons. 
 
 About 1854 a child living in the neighbor- 
 hood of the Mulford tavern was taken sick 
 one night, and the family feared that she 
 could not live till morning. There was no 
 doctor nearer than Chicago, and it was not 
 likely that one could be obtained before 
 the next day, too late to save the patient. 
 It was ascertained that the wife of one of 
 the early settlers then stopping at the 
 tavern had a case of homoeopathic rem- 
 edies. The gentleman did not believe in 
 that mode of treatment, but his wife did. 
 As she was ill, the husband took the case 
 of pills in one hand and a manual of prac- 
 tice in the other, and went to the patient's 
 relief. He knew little, if any, of the signs of 
 disease, but he sat by the bed and studied the 
 book. He said, in telling of the incident, 
 that while he was not very hopeful of do- 
 ing good, he felt sure that he would do no 
 
 harm. In the morning the patient was suf- 
 ficiently recovered so that it was not con- 
 sidered necessary to send for a physician. 
 So far as known, this was the first record of 
 homoeopathic treatment in Evanston. 
 
 Many of the early residents were ac- 
 customed to this method before they came 
 to Evanston. It was not uncommon to find 
 a copy of Small's "Manual of Homoeopathic 
 Practice" on the book shelf, or some other 
 book for family use, and the more common 
 remedies were kept on hand, even by those 
 who were accustomed to employ the old 
 school doctors. The simplicity of the sys- 
 tem, the ease with which it could be used, 
 and the freedom from harmful results, 
 recommended it. 
 
 Homoeopathy in Evanston has always had 
 the support of many of the best educated 
 people in the village, and among the earlier 
 residents were many strong believers in the 
 new school. Doctors Adam Miller, J. 
 Nicholas Cooke, Reuben Ludlani. and 
 other Chicago practitioners, made frequent 
 professional trips to the village. 
 
 First Resident Practitioner. At that 
 early time there were few homoeopathic 
 schools. Most of the practitioners were 
 graduates of the old school who had be- 
 come dissatisfied with the heroic treatment 
 then in vogue, and so had taken refuge in 
 this more simple system. Many of them 
 
 255 
 
256 
 
 MEDICAL HISTORY 
 
 however did not adhere strictly to the law 
 of similars. In 1856 one of this style came 
 and settled in the village. His name was 
 Hawkes. So far as the writer has been 
 able to find, he was not related to Prof. \V. 
 J. Hawkes who came later, though they 
 have often been confounded with each 
 other. This man was in some way related 
 by marriage to Dr. Moses Gunn, one of 
 the foremost surgeons of half a century 
 ago in Chicago, and to Mr. Gould, who 
 long occupied the position of clerk at Rush 
 Medical College. He was also a distant 
 connection of the Judson family, and for 
 his use Rev. Philo Judson had erected the 
 commodious house which was removed to 
 give place to the Young Men's Christian 
 Association building in 1898. Dr. Hawkes 
 remained only a year. 
 
 From that time until the middle 'sixties 
 there was no resident homeopathic physi- 
 cian. Dr. C. D. Fairbanks lived in Evan- 
 ston about 1865. Little is known of him. 
 All who knew him spoke well of him, both 
 as a man and as a physician. It is said 
 that he moved from our midst to Englc- 
 wood, but this is uncertain. 
 
 Dr. Oscar H. Mann. In 1866 Oscar 
 H. Mann took the place vacated in the com- 
 munity by Dr. Fairbanks. Dr. Mann was 
 born at Providence, R. I., Xovember 24, 
 1835. His great-grandfather was an of- 
 ficer in the American Revolution. The 
 doctor received his earlier medical educa- 
 tion in New- York City, and began prac- 
 ticing. He received the degree of Doctor 
 of Medicine from I lahnemann Medical Col- 
 lege. Chicago, March. 1866. Afterward he 
 came to Evanston where he was for many 
 years a prominent factor in the life of the 
 village, socially and politically. For about 
 three years he lectured on Chemistry and 
 Hygiene at the Northwestern Female Col- 
 lege, which was familiarly called the Jones 
 College from its founder and Principal. Dr. 
 
 Maun was one of the prime movers, and the 
 first President of the Evanston Social Club, 
 the first organization of the kind in our 
 midst. L'nder its auspices were held 
 theatricals, dances, and card parties. At 
 this time it is hard to realize with what 
 horror such an organization was then gen- 
 erally regarded. It occupied the rooms now 
 devoted to the Odd Fellows, 604 Davis 
 Street. Dr. Mann served as Township, and 
 Village Trustee. He was the last Presi- 
 dent of the village, and the first Mayor of 
 the city. L'nder his administration the old 
 Village of South Evanston, which was or- 
 ganized because its residents did not wish 
 to be taxed for a general water supply, was 
 merged with Evanston, in order to get the 
 benefit of our superior water system. The 
 present City Hall was erected with rooms 
 for the Police and Fire Departments, and 
 for the Public Library. His home, once 
 the scene of frequent parties, stood where 
 the present Mann building now houses the 
 Postoffice and Masonic Temple. In 1889 
 the house was removed to 811 University 
 Place, where it now stands. He was one of 
 the first officers of the Evanston Com- 
 mandery Knights Templar, and served one 
 year as President of the State Homoeopathic 
 Medical Society. He gradually retired from 
 practice, and. on the completion of his ser- 
 vice as Mayor, spent some years on his ranch 
 at Okobojo, South Dakota, though still re- 
 taining his legal residence and interest in 
 Evanston. 
 
 Dr. M. C. Bragdon. In the summer of 
 1873 Dr. Mann took into partnership a 
 young man from Evanston. then fresh from 
 his studies in Vienna. Merritt Caldwell 
 P.ragdon was born at Auburn, X. Y., Jan- 
 uary Ci. 1850. His father. Rev. Charles P. 
 I'.ragdon, was sent to Evanston in 1858 as 
 the pastor of the First Methodist Episcopal 
 Church. The family moved into the house 
 which had been built for Dr. Hawkes, on 
 
I 
 
 - r~ v*. 
 
MEDICAL HISTORY 
 
 however iljil imt adhere strictly to the !;i\v 
 nf similars. In iSv one of lliis style came 
 ami settled in the village. His name was 
 Ilawkcs. Si i far as the writer has heeii 
 ahle In timl. he was imt relateil to I 'n't'. \\ . 
 J. Hawko. who eame later, though they 
 have iifteii lieen o ml'mindcd with eaeh 
 cither. This man was in sonic way relateil 
 by marriage l<> Dr. Moses I iiniii. one of 
 the foremost surgeons nf half a century 
 a^.i in l hicajMi. ami In Mr. (imild. \\Iin 
 lonj; oeeniiieil the position of elerk at Rush 
 Medical College, lie was also a distant 
 connection of the Judson family, and for 
 his tise l\ev. I'liiln Indson had erected the 
 eotnmi "hotis hoiise whieh was removed to 
 ;^ive place to the Yoiini; Men's Christian 
 . \ssneiation building in lSi|S. | )r. llawkes 
 remained only a \ ear. 
 
 From that time until the middle sixties 
 there was no resident homieopatllio physi- 
 eian. I )r. C. I), l-'airlianks lived in Kvan- 
 stoii ahoiu iSo;. Little is known of him. 
 All \\lin kneu him sp,,kc well of him. both 
 as a man and as a plnsician. It is said 
 that lie moved from mtr midst to Knide- 
 \\oo.l. hut this is uncertain. 
 
 Dr. Oscar H. Mann. In iXf.n ( Kear 
 II. Mann took the place vacated in the com- 
 munity bv Dr. Fairbanks. Dr. Mann was 
 horn at Providence. l\. I.. November j^. 
 iX.^s. Ilis Ljrcat-^randfalher was an of- 
 ficer in the American Revolution. The 
 doctor received his earlier medical educa- 
 tion in New York Ciu. and be^an prac- 
 ticing, lie received tile decree of Doctor 
 of Medicine from llaliiiemann Medical Col- 
 lege. Chicago. March. iSiiii. Afteruard he 
 came to Kvanston where In- was for many 
 \ears a prominent factor in the life of the 
 village, socjallv and |)o1iticall\ . I'or about 
 three \cafs he lectured on ('hemistr\ am! 
 I lyffit'ili 1 at the \orth\\estern I'emale ('o|- 
 le^e. which \\as familiarK called the Imu's 
 College from its founder and Principal. Dr. 
 
 Mann was oi:e of the prime movers, and the 
 first I 'resident of the Kvanston Social Club, 
 the first organization of the kind in our 
 midst. 1'nder its auspices were held 
 theatricals, dances, and card parties. At 
 this time it is hard to realize with what 
 horror sueh :in organization was then jjen- 
 erally regarded. It occupied the rooms now 
 devoted to the < >dd fellows, (104 Davis 
 Street. Dr. Mann served as Township, and 
 Village Trustee. lie uas the last Presi- 
 dent of the village, and the first Mayor of 
 the city. I'nder his administration the old 
 Village of South I-'. van-ton, which uas or- 
 ^ani/ed because its residents did not wish 
 to be taxed for a general water supply, was 
 merged with Kvanston. in order to jjct the 
 beiu-tit of our superior water system. The 
 ]iresent Cit\ I lall was erected with rooms 
 for the Police and Fire Departments, and 
 for the Public l.ibrarv. His home, once 
 the scene of frei|Uent parties, stood where 
 the present Mann building now houses the 
 I'ostotficc anjl Masonic I emple. In |SS<) 
 the house was removed to Sii I'niversiu 
 Place, where it no\\ stands. He was one of 
 tlie first officers of the Kvanston Coin- 
 mandery Knijjhts lemplar. and served one 
 \earas President of the State I lonneopathic 
 Medical Society. I le .uraduall\ retired from 
 practice, and. mi the completion of his ser- 
 vice as Ma\or. spent some years mi his ranch 
 at I ikohnjo. South Dakota, though still re- 
 taining his le^ral residence and interest in 
 Kvnnstoii. 
 
 Dr. M. C. Bragdon. In the summer of 
 iSj^ Dr. Mann took into partnership a 
 youny man from Kvanston. then fresh from 
 his studies in Vienna. Merrill Caldwell 
 llra^doii was born at Auburn. X. Y.. Ian- 
 nary i<. 1X51;. Ilis father. l\e\. Charles P. 
 llrajjdoll. \\as sent in l-.vaiiston in iX^X as 
 the pastor of the First Methodist Kpiscopal 
 Church. The famiK moved into the hmise 
 which had been built for Dr. liaukcs. on 
 
LIBRARY 
 
 OF THE 
 
 MWVtRSITY OF ILLINOIS 
 
HISTORY OF EVANSTON 
 
 257 
 
 Orrington Avenue. Here the father died, 
 leaving his widow, three boys and two girls. 
 Merritt, the second son, was graduated in 
 1870 from the Northwestern University, 
 served as a clerk in the State Senate, studie.l 
 in Chicago Medical College, and finally, in 
 1873, was graduated from the Hahnemann 
 Medical College and Hospital of Philadel- 
 phia. After some months spent in foreign 
 study, he entered upon his duties in Dr. 
 Mann's office. He is a trustee of his 
 father's church, and a member of the Uni- 
 versity Board of Trustees. He has devoted 
 his attention to the practice of his profes- 
 sion. He is a member of the State and 
 National Homoeopathic Medical Societies. 
 His chief public service in the community 
 was the establishment of the Evanston Hos- 
 pital, of which he is now one of the staff 
 of physicians. Seeing the need for such an 
 institution, he urged it upon one of his 
 patrons, Mrs. Rebecca Butler, and his old 
 neighbor, Mrs. Marie Huse Wilder now 
 Mrs. Daniel Kidder and those ladies 
 undertook its organization. Beginning in a 
 small way, it has steadily grown until now 
 it is one of the most modern, well equipped 
 and best managed hospitals in America. 
 
 Dr. Anson L. Marcy. After Dr. Brag- 
 don left the office of Dr. Mann, Anson L. 
 Marcy took his place. Dr. Marcy was a 
 nephew of Prof. Oliver Marcy, of the Uni- 
 versity, and a classmate of Dr. Bragdon in 
 the Hahnemann Medical College of Phil- 
 adelphia, where he received his Doctor's 
 degree in 1873. He came here originally 
 as a student in the Academy and University, 
 though he did not graduate. In his student 
 days he was an expert taxidermist, and 
 there are still many evidences of his skill to 
 be found in the University Museum. After 
 graduating in medicine he settled in Dakota, 
 but having made a matrimonial alliance with 
 the daughter of 'Squire Curry, he was 
 drawn back to this village. He is now prac- 
 ticing in Richmond, Ya. 
 
 Dr. Clapp. Eben Pratt Clapp, the son 
 of one of the oldest homoeopathic practi- 
 tioners in the State. Dr. Ela H. Clapp, was 
 born at Rome. 111.. March 10, 1859. The 
 family came to Evanston to educate the 
 son, and he was graduated from the North- 
 western University in 1881. He was grad- 
 uated from the Hahnemann Medical College 
 of Chicago in 1882. and after studying in 
 Europe, settled in Evanston. where he has 
 since practiced. For six years he served 
 as an efficient Commissioner of Health for 
 the City of Evanston. He is a member of 
 the staff of physicians at the Evanston Hos- 
 pital. He has now retired from active 
 practice and spends his winters in Cali- 
 fornia. 
 
 Dr. Ela H. Clapp was the second hom- 
 repathic physician to settle in Illinois 
 He first studied in Cincinnati and began 
 practice in Ohio, and later, after practicing 
 for some years, he went to Cleveland for 
 special study. After leaving Ohio he set- 
 tled in Central Illinois. Having retired 
 from active work he came to Evanston 
 in 1874. His home overlooked the lake, 
 and stood at the northwest corner of Church 
 Street and Judson Avenue. Though not 
 engaged in practice in Evanston. his posi- 
 tion among the profession of the State en- 
 titles him to recognition here. He died 
 April 12. 1888. of paralysis. 
 
 Later Homoeopathic Physicians. Har- 
 ry Parsons was the son of an Evanston mer- 
 chant. The family lived in the northern 
 part of the village. Harry was graduated 
 from Hahnemann Medical College of Chi- 
 cago in 1880. He practiced in Evanston 
 after graduation, but later moved to Ravens- 
 wood, where he is now enjoying an active 
 practice. 
 
 Prof. William f. Hawkes, a native of 
 Pensylvania. came here in the 'eighties, 
 but returned to Chicago, and later removed 
 to Southern California. He was graduated 
 from the Hahnemann Medical College of 
 
MEDICAL HISTORY 
 
 Philadelphia, in 1867. During his residence 
 here. Dr. Hawkes continued to occupy the 
 chair of Materia Medica in Chicago Hah- 
 neniann College. He was a man of good 
 address, genial, well posted in his profes- 
 sion, and successful in practice: yet for 
 some reason he never took root in our soil. 
 
 Dr. Allen Benjamin Clayton came to 
 Evanston in 1885, and was the only one of 
 our homoeopathic practitioners to die while 
 practicing here. 1 le was born January 26, 
 1849, at Aylmer. ( tntario. His preliminary 
 education was obtained in the schools of 
 Aylmer and Saint Thomas. Pie received 
 his medical training in the College of Phy- 
 sicians and Surgeons at Toronto, and in 
 the Hahnemann .Medical College of Chi- 
 cago, K eing graduated from the latter 
 school in 1869. He settled first in Chatham. 
 Ontario, moving thence to Marinette. \Vis. 
 He came to Evanston in 1885. He was a 
 gentleman of fine literary tastes, affable in 
 manner, and at one time he had a lucrative 
 practice. His father had wished him to 
 enter the legal profession, but this was not 
 to his liking. He died in Chicago, of rectal 
 cancer, September 15. KJOO. 
 
 Eugene E. Shutterly was born at Can- 
 nonsburg. Pa.. January 2. 1862. He came 
 to Evanston in 1877. He studied in the 
 Academy, graduating in 1886. He then 
 entered the Hahnemann Medical College of 
 Chicago, from which he was graduated in 
 1888. He immediately began practice in 
 Evanston. He has also served the city as 
 its Commissioner of Health, conducting the 
 office with satisfaction to all concerned. 
 He is a member of the staff of physicians 
 at the Evanston Hospital. 
 
 Mary F. McCrillis was the first woman 
 homoeopathic physician to settle among us. 
 She was born in Xew Hampshire in 1856, 
 of Xew England parentage. She was grad- 
 uated from the Boston L'niversity School 
 of Medicine in 1882. She came to Evanston 
 
 in 1888, and has since that time been 
 engaged here in general practice. She is 
 a member of the staff of Physicians at the 
 Evanston Hospital. Quiet and unobtrusive 
 in manner, and well versed in her profes- 
 sion, she has proved a worthy member of 
 the fraternity. 
 
 Frances B. Wilkins, a graduate of the 
 Hahnemann Medical College of Chicago 
 in 1876. has several times resided in Evan- 
 ston. Her husband. John M. Wilkins, re- 
 ceived his M. D. degree from the Chicago 
 National Medical College in 1896. 
 
 Alice B. Stockham, born in Ohio in 1835, 
 ayd graduated from the Chicago Homoso- 
 pathic Medical College in 1882. came to 
 Evanston about 1894. Here she did not 
 enter general practice, but devoted herself 
 to literary and commercial pursuits. She 
 was the author of several books and pamph- 
 lets, the best known of which are "Tokol- 
 ogy" and "The Koradine Letters." 
 
 Charles Gordon Fuller, born at James- 
 town. X. V., April o. 1856. has resided in 
 Evanston over fifteen years. Having re- 
 ceived his early education in the schools of 
 Jamestown and at Columbia College, he 
 entered the Chicago Homoeopathic Medical 
 College, graduating in 1880. Later he took 
 special studies at the College of Physicians 
 and Surgeons, Xew York, at the Xew York 
 '- >phthalmic College and Hospital and the 
 Xew York ( Jphthalmic and Aural Institute. 
 He is ex-Major and Surgeon of the First 
 Regiment Infantry of the Illinois Xational 
 Guard. ( )phthalmic and Aural Surgeon to 
 several Chicago Hospitals and a member 
 of the consulting staff of the Evanston Hos- 
 pital. He is also a member of the American 
 Institute of Homoeopathy, the American 
 Homoeopathic Ophthalmological, Otological 
 and Laryngological Society, ex-Assistant 
 Surgeon to Xew York Ophthalmic Hospital. 
 Fellow of the Royal Microscopical Society. 
 England, member of the A. A. A. S. Asso- 
 
HISTORY OF EVANSTON 
 
 259 
 
 ciation. Military Surgeons of the United 
 States, and the American Microscopical So- 
 ciety. Dr. Fuller's office is in Chicago, 
 where he has confined his attention to dis- 
 eases of the eye and ear. 
 
 Burton Haseltine graduated from the 
 Hahnemann Medical College of Chicago in 
 1896, and, after being associated with Dr. 
 Shears of Chicago for two years, came to 
 Evanston, limiting his practice to diseases 
 of the eye, ear, nose and throat. He is the 
 author of numerous monographs. Secretary 
 of the State Homoeopathic Medical Asso- 
 ciation, member of the National and Chi- 
 cago Homoeopathic Societies, Senior Pro- 
 fessor of Nose and Throat in his alma 
 mater, and attending Eye and Ear Surgeon 
 to Cook County Hospital and Home of the 
 Friendless. He has now removed to Chi- 
 cago. 
 
 Samuel M. Moore, a native of Kentucky, 
 and a graduate from the Chicago Homoeo- 
 pathic Medical College in i&)5. and also 
 serving as interne at Cook County Hospital, 
 came to Evanston in 1897. For several 
 years he enjoyed a prosperous hospital prac- 
 tice. He was a member of the staff of 
 Physicians at the Evanston Hospital, but he 
 retired in 1904 to engage in mercantile pur- 
 suits. He has now resumed his practice 
 in Sheridan Park. 111. 
 
 Guernsey P. \Yaring was graduated from 
 Dunham Medical College in 1897. and is 
 a Professor of Materia Medica in the Hah- 
 nemann Medical College of Chicago. He is 
 a member of the State and Xational Medical 
 Societies. 
 
 Dr. James T. Kent, who received his de- 
 grees from the Eclectic School in Cincinnati 
 in 1871. and the Homoeopathic College of 
 St. Louis in 1884. is now Professor of 
 Materia Medica at Hahnemann Medical 
 College of Chicago, a member of the State 
 and National Homoeopathic Medical Soci- 
 eties, and the author of "Kent's Repertory," 
 
 "Kent's Materia Medica," and "Kent's Phil- 
 osophy." 
 
 Edwin H. Pratt was graduated from 
 Hahnemann Medical College of Chicago in 
 1877. He is the author of a work on Ori- 
 ficial Surgery, is known as a successful 
 operator and has for many years been one 
 of the leading homoeopathic surgeons. He 
 has resided in Evanston since 1900. 
 
 Abbie J. Hinkle was born in Philadelphia 
 in 1853. There she received her preliminary 
 education. After several years spent in 
 teaching in the public schools, she turned 
 her attention to medicine, being graduated 
 from the Hahnemann Medical College of 
 Chicago in 1887. She first settled in Chica- 
 go. In January, 1895. she located in Evan- 
 ston. During her student days she was an 
 officer in the college clinical society, and 
 more recently she has been a Vice- Presi- 
 dent of the Illinois Homoeopathic Medical 
 Association. 
 
 Thomas H. \Yinslow, a native of Xor- 
 way, was graduated from the Herring Col- 
 lege in Chicago in 1896. Since graduation 
 he has practiced in Evanston. Having 
 taken special work in the branches per- 
 taining to diseases of the nose, throat, ear 
 and eye. in February. 1904. he moved to 
 ( )akland. Cal., to practice that specialty. 
 
 Ransom M. P>arrows. born in Michigan 
 in 1849. is a brother of the late Rev. Dr. 
 John H. Barrows, previous to his death 
 President of Oberlin College. Ohio. Dr. 
 Barrows received his education in his na- 
 tive State, being graduated from the Michi- 
 gan University Medical School in 1877. In 
 1884 he took a degree from the Hahne- 
 mann Medical College of Chicago. After 
 several years spent in Chicago he located 
 in Evanston in 1901. He moved to \Vil- 
 mette two years later. 
 
 George F. M. Tyson was born in Chica- 
 go, October 30, 1872. He has practiced in 
 
26o 
 
 MEDICAL HISTORY 
 
 Evanston since his graduation from the 
 Chicago National Medical College in 1898. 
 
 Frank H. Edwards grew up in Evanston. 
 He was born in Irving Park. Cook County, 
 November 16, 1871. He was graduated 
 from the Evanston High School, and be- 
 gan his professional studies under the di- 
 rection of Dr. Clayton. In 1895 he was 
 graduated from the Chicago Homoeopathic 
 Medical College, and began his career at 
 Rockford. 111. After three years he re- 
 turned to Evanston. In 1902 he received a 
 diploma from Rush Medical College. He 
 then spent some time studying in Vienna, 
 and later with his uncle. Dr. Ira Harris, in 
 Tripoli, Syria. He is the author of several 
 monographs. He has joined the Christian 
 Scientists. 
 
 G. F. Harry was born in Chicago. Janu- 
 ary 12. 1875. H B was graduated from the 
 Chicago Manual Training School in 1894, 
 and from the Hahnemann Medical College 
 and Hospital of Philadelphia in 1902. He 
 immediately settled in Evanston. He is a 
 member of the Illinois Homoeopathic Medi- 
 cal Association and a graduate of the Chi- 
 cago Lying-in Hospital. He is a member 
 of the staff of Evanston Hospital. 
 
 Dwight M. Clark, who took the practice 
 of Dr. Moore, was born at Yellow Springs, 
 Ohio. March 29, 1878. He studied at the 
 
 Michigan University, was graduated from 
 Chicago Homoeopathic Medical College, in 
 1901. served as an interne at Cook County 
 Hospital, received a diploma from Rush 
 Medical in 1903. and came to Evanston in 
 January. 1904. He is a member of staff 
 of Evanston Hospital. 
 
 From the foregoing it may be seen that 
 the homoeopathic practitioners of the city 
 have not been entirely occupied with pri- 
 vate affairs. To members of this profes- 
 sion is largely due the praise for the pres- 
 ent existence of two of our public build- 
 ings, the City Hall, and the Hospital. 
 Two of these doctors have served the city 
 well as Commissioners of Health. Aside 
 from these, others have done much toward 
 the development of the city in a more 
 (juiet way, by the improvement of vacant 
 property, erecting thereon residences and 
 business blocks. Three for years showed 
 an interest in the University by maintain- 
 ing therein prizes for oratory, declama- 
 tion, and scholarship. One is a director in 
 one of our banks, and one is a Trustee in 
 the University. But beyond all that has 
 been said, in the quiet every day work of 
 relief of distress and suffering the disci- 
 ples of Hahnemann have done their full 
 share. 
 
CHAPTER XXIX. 
 
 EVANSTON HOSPITAL 
 
 (By WILLI\M HUDSON HARPKB) 
 
 The Eranston Benevolent Society First 
 Steps in Founding a Hospital Organ- 
 ization is Effected in 1891 First Board 
 of officers Medical Staff Fund and 
 Building Campaign Enlargement of the 
 Institution Projected Munificent Gift 
 of Mrs. Cable Other Donations 
 The Eiulo-i'iiient Reaches $50.000 Hos- 
 pital of the Present and the Future In- 
 ternal Arrangement and Official Admin- 
 istration List of Principal Donors 
 Present Officers. 
 
 When the exigencies of life in the grow- 
 ing Village of Evanston had made the care 
 of its dependent and other sick more and 
 more inadequate ; when lives had been lost 
 in the transportation of the afflicted to 
 Chicago, and in insufficient ministration to 
 those sought to be cured within the village. 
 a movement arose in Evanston to bring on 
 a better day. This movement was not 
 based upon an abstract philanthropy. It 
 was the offspring of the Evanston Benevo- 
 lent Society, whose charitable service had. 
 for several years, met an appealing emer- 
 gency. 
 
 The Beginning. The seed of the Ev- 
 anston Hospital was planted at a meeting 
 of citizens at the Avenue House. November 
 17. 1891. Strictly speaking, it was a meet- 
 ing of the Evanston Benevolent Associa- 
 tion, called to consider the report, on the es- 
 
 tablishment of a hospital in Evanston, of 
 a special committee consisting of J . J. 
 Parkhurst. Dr. D. R. Dyche, .Mrs. Maria 
 Huse Wilder and Mrs. Rebecca X. But- 
 ler. There were present William Blanch- 
 ard. Dr. D. R. Dyche, H. B. Hurd. J. J. 
 Parkhurst, J. M. Larimer. W. A. Hamil- 
 ton, Erank M. Elliot. W. E. Stockton, 
 Mrs. Jane Bishop. Henry A. Pearsons. 
 Mrs. J. M. Larimer. Mrs. Davis. Mrs. 
 Frank M. Elliott. Mrs. 1 Hitler. Mrs. Wild- 
 er. Mrs. Pearsons and Mrs. Bishop. It was 
 agreed that Evanston should have an emer- 
 gency hospital, and there were appointed as 
 a committee on incorporation Mr. Hamil- 
 ton. Mr. Larimer. Dr. D. R. Dyche. Mrs. 
 Butler, and Mrs. Wilder. The meeting au- 
 thorized overtures contemplating assistance 
 by the Village Trustees and Board of 
 Health : and from Mr. Parkhurst. on behalf 
 of the executive committee of Northwest- 
 ern University, assurance was received of 
 the possibility that the University would 
 lend financial help to the enterprise. 
 
 Organization First Officers. ( )ne 
 week after, in the same place, a meeting of 
 citizens affirmed the decision of the pre- 
 vious meeting that "an emergency hospital 
 is a necessity for the village of Evanston." 
 Incorporation followed December 2. and 
 on December 4. iftji. there was organized 
 the Evanston Emergency Hospital. The 
 first administration of the institution, now 
 
 261 
 
262 
 
 EVANSTON HOSPITAL 
 
 in its successor almost unique in its per- 
 fections, was entrusted to the following 
 citizens : 
 
 President John R. Lindgren ; 
 
 Vice- President Julia M. Watson; 
 
 Secretary Marie Huse Wilder ; 
 
 Treasurer Frank E. Lord ; 
 
 Executive Committee Win. Blanchard, 
 J. M. Larimer, John H. Kedzie, F. Stuy- 
 vesant Peabody, Frank M. Elliot, Maria 
 A. Holabird, Rebecca X. Butler, Marie 
 Huse Wilder, and Catherine I. Pearsons. 
 
 The hospital organization began its ex- 
 istence with sixty-three directors public- 
 spirited and influential, and with a truly 
 liberal conception of the mission of the in- 
 stitution contemplated. The directors, 
 soon afterwards reduced to thirty, were 
 elected for service in three classes, sever- 
 ally for one, two. and. three years. The 
 site chosen for the hospital, after resources 
 and proposed service had been considered, 
 was on Xo. 806 Emerson Street. Here 
 was bought for $2.800 a lot, 45 by 170 feet, 
 bearing an eight-room cottage which was 
 duly made suitable for hospital purposes 
 at a cost of about $1,500. It was not an 
 imposing structure, but well enough adapt- 
 ed to the needs of the time, and it was a 
 very healthy acorn. Then fifty feet of ad- 
 joining property, costing $1,650, was 
 bought, and thus-wise Evanston seemed 
 safeguarded for many years. To make 
 this unpretentious start in the founding of 
 an institution indispensable to Evanston, 
 many active people had done much efficient 
 work when, at the first annual meeting. Xo- 
 vember I, 1892. the hospital was reported 
 in possession of funds amounting to $7,- 
 702 a total composed of subscriptions, 
 dues from annual and life members, a dona- 
 tion of more than $3.000 from the proceeds 
 of a summer kirmess conducted by the Wo- 
 man's Club and others, and by a donation of 
 $320 from the Apollo Club of Chicago. 
 
 which had sung the "Messiah" in public 
 concert in Evanston. 
 
 First Medical Staff. The hospital was 
 opened for service, March 27, 1893, with 
 Miss Emily E. Robinson, matron, and the 
 following physicians as a medical staff: 
 Isaac Poole, M. D. ; E. H. Webster, M. D. ; 
 W. A. Phillips, M. D. ; Sarah H. Brayton. 
 M. D.; H. B. Hemenway, M. D.; A. B. 
 Clayton. M. D. ; M. C. Bragdon, M. D. ; O. 
 H. Mann, M. D. ; E. P. Clapp. M. D. ; 
 Mary F. McCrillis, M. D. ; I. V. Stevens. 
 M. D.; and S. F. Verbeck, M. D. The 
 hospital recognized all accepted schools of 
 medicine and opened its doors to patients 
 both paid and free. Month by month the 
 management perfected equipment and sys- 
 tem, the rate of charge for service in the 
 wards being from $5.00 to $10.00. and for 
 a private room from $15.00 to $25.00 a 
 week. Directing an institution for public 
 service, the hospital management in these 
 early years looked with justifiable hopes 
 toward the city authorities for assistance. 
 By no means was it promptly vouchsafed : 
 and when the executive committee was in- 
 formed at its meeting in June, 1893, tnat 
 it was impossible to get an appropriation 
 from the Evanston Common Council, it was 
 felt by more than one public-spirited mem- 
 ber that the service of the new institution 
 to the common weal was receiving but scant 
 recognition. Xone too robust a child was 
 the Emergency Hospital at this period. 
 Funds were not too plenty, and citizens at 
 large were not yet so trained in systematic 
 benevolence as to make excessive provision 
 for this municipal necessity. So, along 
 with the manifold activities of committees 
 and directors to keep and improve Evans- 
 ton's first refuge for the afflicted, there 
 arose discussion about the inauguration of 
 the practice of Hospital Sunday. This hap- 
 py and profitable way of contributing to 
 hospital support in time took hold, and is 
 

 
2fi2 
 
 LVAXST( )\ HOSPITAL 
 
 in it- -ncccs-of ;ilnin>t uni<|iic in it-. per- 
 fection-, ua- entrusted t" the following 
 citizens : 
 
 President luliii 1\. Lind.tjrcn : 
 
 Vice- President Julia M. \\at-on; 
 
 Secretary Marie llu-c Wilder: 
 
 Trea-nrcr Frank I'.. Lord: 
 
 F..\ccuti\ e (.' nniniuci Win. I'danehard. 
 I. M. Larimer. John II. Ked/ie- 1". Stuy- 
 \e-ant Pcabod). Frank M. Llliot, Maria 
 \. llolaliinl. Ki.-ln.-i.-i-a X. P.ntler. Marie 
 lln-e \\ilili-r. anil Catherine I. I 'carsons. 
 
 'I'lu- ho-pital organization bct;an it.- ex- 
 istence with .-ixty-tliri-i- directors pnblie- 
 spiritcd and inlliu-ntial. and with a trtih 
 liberal conception oi tlu- mis-ion of the in- 
 stitution contemplated, llu- directors. 
 MM in afterward- reduced to thirtv. were 
 elected for service in three ela->e-. -ever- 
 all) lor one. two. and. three year-. The 
 -he elio-eii for the lio-|>jtal. after re-onree- 
 and |iro|io-ed .-erviee had heen eon-idered. 
 \\a- on .\o. So' i l-.inei'-on Street. I lere 
 \\a- liotti^lit forSj.Soii a lot. 45 I iy 170 feet, 
 hearing an ei^ht-rooin oottai^e which x\a- 
 ihtly made -nitahle for ho-pital |iur]io-e- 
 at a i-o-t of ahont Si.^ixi. it \\a- not an 
 im]MiMn;j -iruelnre. lint well enough ada]it- 
 ed to the need.- of the time, and it ua- a 
 ven health) aeorn. Then lift) feet of ad- 
 jiiinin.i| proper!) . eo-tin.i; Si. '150. \\a- 
 lioiiyht. and thu--\\i-e I'.van-ton -eenied 
 -alei;narded lor main \ear-. lo make 
 thi- unpretentious -tart in the fonndin.L;' of 
 an institution indi-pen-ahle to I'.van-ton. 
 man) active people had done much efficient 
 \\ork \\heii. at the lir-t annual ineetin.tr. \o- 
 veinher. I. lSo_>. the- ho-pital \\a- reported 
 in p. I--.,-,M, MI of fund- amounting to 87.- 
 70.' :i total coinpo-eil of subscriptions. 
 dili-- ii'oiii animal and hie iiiemher-. a dona- 
 tion of more than S^.IHKI irmn the procccd- 
 nf a -innnier kirme-- o inducted \>\ the \\ o- 
 1'iaii - I !nli ;;:id oilier-, and li\ a donation <! 
 S^-<' Iron] the \poilo t'inh of ('hica^o. 
 
 which had MIII.U the "Messiah" in pnhlic 
 ci mcert in ICvan.-ton. 
 
 First Medical Staff. The hospital \va- 
 opened for service. March 27 '. lS<t,V \\ith 
 Miss l-'.mil) I-".. Kohinsoii. matron, and the 
 lollowintj |)hysicians as a medical start': 
 Isaac I'oole. M. I).: I-'.. II. \Veh-ter. M. I).: 
 \\'. A. Phillip-,. M. I).: Sarah II. I'.rayton. 
 M. I).: II. P.. llcmeimay. M. I).: A. P.. 
 Clauon. M. I).: M. (.'. P.ratrdon. M. I).: ( ). 
 II. Mann. M. 1).: L. P. Clapp. M. \>.: 
 Mary F. Mcl'rillis. M. I).: I. V. Steven-. 
 M. I).: an.! S. I-', \erheck. M. I). The 
 hospital recojjnized all accepted school- of 
 medicine and opened its door- to patient- 
 hot h paid and free. Month hy month the 
 management perfected equipment and sy.-- 
 tem. the rate of charge for -erviee in the 
 wards heint; from 5.00 to Slo.(X). and for 
 a private room from Si^.oo to Sj^.ix) a 
 week. I lircetini; an institution for pnhlic 
 service, the hospital niana.t^emi-iit in tlte.-e 
 early \ears looked \\ith instiriahle hope- 
 toward the city authorities for assistance. 
 I!) no means was it promptlv vonchsafeil : 
 and when the executive committee was in- 
 formed at its mectim; in June. lS<^. that 
 it was impossible to ^et an ap]>ropriation 
 I ron i the l-.vanston ( ommon Council, it wa- 
 Iclt h) more than one public-spirited nieni- 
 her that the service of the new institution 
 to the common weal was receiving hnt -cant 
 recognition. None too mhn-t a child wa- 
 the l-'.mertjeiicy Hospital at this period, 
 l-'nnds were not too pU-ntv. and citixens at 
 lartje were not \ el so trained in sv-tematic 
 henevoleiice as to make excessive provision 
 lor tin- municipal ncce itv. So. alont; 
 with the inanifolil activities of committee- 
 and directors to keep and improve |-.vans- 
 t- m's first refu-e for the afllicted. there 
 arose ili-cn ion ahoin the inan^nration of 
 ihc' jiractiee of I |o-pital Sun. lav. Tin- haji- 
 p) and profitable \\a\ of coiilrilintint; to 
 ho-pilal -npporl in time look hold, and i- 
 
LIBRARY 
 
 OF THE 
 
 UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS 
 
HISTORY OF EVANSTOX 
 
 263 
 
 to-day, in Evanston, as in other cities, a re- 
 liable vehicle for large public benevolences. 
 
 Official Board. At the first annual 
 meeting of the hospital corporation. No- 
 vember 14, 1893, the following officers 
 were elected : 
 
 President Arthur Crr : 
 
 Vice-President Mrs. Rebecca X. But- 
 ler: 
 
 Secretary Marie Huse \Yilder: 
 
 Treasurer E. B. Quintan. 
 
 Mr. Orr subsequently resigning. Hon. 
 J. H. Kedzie was elected in his stead. Xot 
 long after, Mrs. \Yilder resigning. Miss 
 Mary Harris, February 5. 1894, was elect- 
 ed to the secretaryship, and began a period 
 of service long, meritorious, and of a char- 
 acter that goes not a little unrewarded. 
 
 Raising Funds. In 1894, reaching 
 about for popular ways and means to let 
 the public know that a hospital in Evanston 
 was up and doing, and that it would wel- 
 come all possible support, the institution's 
 friends conducted a so-called "magazine 
 entertainment" in Bailey's Opera House. 
 The entertainment proved a novel and 
 sprightly potpourri of "stunts" by home 
 talent, and brought into the hospital treas- 
 ury $319. But the little hospital was truly 
 an emergency institution, itself not infre- 
 quently its own chief emergency : and so 
 to meet its needs, its industrious sponsors 
 fell upon a venture of considerable magni- 
 tude and genuinely artistic attributes. This 
 was an open-air performance of Gilbert 
 and Sullivan's charming opera, the "Mika- 
 do." A stage was erected on the vacant 
 lot at the northwest corner of Davis Street 
 and Judson Avenue, and with clever prin- 
 cipals, and equally clever auxiliaries from 
 the young people of the village, the opera 
 was sung on four successive evenings, in 
 July. 1894, and before large and delighted 
 audiences. The net proceeds of this very 
 praiseworthy entertainment amounted to 
 82.000. Among the efficient managers of 
 
 this enterprise were W. J. Fabian. Mrs. 
 William Holabird. W. L. Wells, John M. 
 Ewen, Mrs. F. A. Hardy, and Frank M. 
 Elliot. 
 
 The Evanston Emergency Hospital was 
 now a fact. It was at work. The public 
 knew it was at work, and had gratefully 
 profited by its ministrations. But it was not 
 big enough, complete enough, modern 
 enough in short, it was inadequate. It 
 simply would not do. So it was quite in 
 order at the annual meeting of the associa- 
 tion, Xovember 6. i8<j4. that the following, 
 presented by Henry A. Pearsons should 
 have been, as it was. unanimously adopted: 
 "Resolved, that it is the sense of this meet- 
 ing that the board of directors be request- 
 ed to appoint a committee to consider the 
 question of procuring a more suitable site, 
 and commencing the erection of a more 
 suitable building for use of the hospital." 
 
 Plans for Extension. The committee 
 authorized to take up this proposition was 
 Frank. M. Elliot, William Blanchard, Dr. 
 Sarah H. Brayton. and Henry A. Pearsons, 
 this committee working under the adminis- 
 tration of the following new board of of- 
 ficers : 
 
 President Hon. J. H. Kedzie ; 
 
 Vice- President Mrs. William Holabird; 
 
 Secretary Miss Mary Harris; 
 
 Treasurer E. B. Quinlan. 
 
 The Committee on Building and 
 Grounds was shortly re-enforced by one 
 consisting of Win. H. Bartlett. Dr. Charles 
 G. Fuller, and Dr. Sarah H. Brayton, who, 
 with broad outlook and knowledge of the 
 relation of a hospital to the many-sided 
 needs of a growing community, set out to 
 determine the scope and functions of the 
 proposed institution. On February 1 1, 
 1895. the corporation, desiring to disasso- 
 ciate from its name and work anything 
 suggestive of an impromptu, transient, or 
 tentative character, formally changed its 
 
264 
 
 EVANSTOX HOSPITAL 
 
 name from Evanston Emergency Hospital 
 to Evanston Hospital Association. Having 
 enlarged its name, it was appropriate that 
 the new association should enlarge its 
 place of work, and so. on April 13. 1895, 
 at a meeting of the Directors to consider 
 the report of the committee on a proposed 
 new building site, it was unanimously 
 ordered that negotiations be opened for the 
 purchase of a lot on Ridge Avenue, in the 
 University sub-division, 280 feet on Ridge 
 Avenue, and extending boo feet to Girard 
 Avenue, for $12.000. the terms being 
 $6.500 and the transfer of the existing hos- 
 pital property at a valuation of $5.500. A 
 committee to raise the necessary money was 
 appointed, consisting of Frank M. Elliot. 
 John R. Lindgren, and E. H. Buehler. At 
 a meeting on May 2(1. purchase of the lot 
 in question was authorized for the above 
 price, a mortgage of $3.500 being ordered 
 assumed, and a two years' lease of the 
 Emerson Street property made. The build- 
 ing site was deemed an exceptionally de- 
 sirable acquisition, and its subsequent im- 
 provement has been worthy its natural ad- 
 vantages. A month later plans for a hos- 
 pital building were laid before the executive 
 committee by George L. Harvey, architect. 
 A Fund and Building Campaign. A 
 building site and building plans meant large 
 prospective drafts upon a none too plethoric 
 treasury, and the association again tried 
 the magic of an open-air opera as a benefit 
 performance. Again, under professional 
 guidance, social Evanston threw itself at 
 the jolly task, and through the agency of 
 the opera of "I'owhattan," contributed 
 $1,800 to the hospital's funds. Again Mr. 
 Fabian and assistants received official 
 thanks for their happy management of the 
 agreeable enterprise. At a meeting of the 
 Hospital Directors. July 8. 18(75. "' was re ~ 
 solved to raise $25.000 for the proposed 
 administration building, in addition to 
 
 funds for purchase of site. The new asso- 
 ciation year 1895- '896 was inaugurated 
 November 8th by the election of the fol- 
 lowing officers : 
 
 President Frank M. Elliot ; 
 
 Nice-President Julia M. Watson; 
 
 Secretary Miss Mary Harris ; 
 
 Treasurer E. 15. Quinlan. 
 
 The new administration entered the cam- 
 paign for hospital funds by making its 
 entire Hoard of Directors a subscription 
 committee. At a meeting of the directors, 
 March 30, 1896. the services of Mr. Harvey, 
 as an expert in hospital construction, were 
 accepted, and the subscriptions to date were 
 found to be $12.780; the cost of the pro- 
 posed first or administration building was 
 estimated at $22,000, and it was determined 
 that, to open the new place free of debt, 
 there would be needed $26,750. This was 
 too expensive and the administration build- 
 ing was reduced in size to bring the cost 
 within the limits of the fund that could th-n 
 be realized. 
 
 The hospital year of 1806-1897. begin- 
 ning with the election of officers November 
 10, 1896. was marked with but one change 
 among the executive officers, Mr. Quinlan 
 yielding to William G. Hoag as Treasurer. 
 A rushing stream was to be crossed before 
 the hospital should appear, and horses 
 would better not be swapped. So Mr. 
 Elliot continued President. At this stage 
 in the financing of the new hospital project, 
 an unusual opening developed to make an 
 honest penny. Mr. Uriah Lott. an Evan- 
 ston citizen, wishing to dispose of his house- 
 hold effects and they were of more than 
 ordinary elegance offered to the hospital 
 association a liberal percentage of the gross 
 receipts of a public sale, should the asso- 
 ciation lend the sale its direction and pat- 
 ronage. The offer was accepted, and 
 through the activity of Mr. Elliot. Miss 
 Harris, and Mrs. Charles ]. Connell, the 
 
HISTORY OF EVANSTON 
 
 265 
 
 hospital fund was increased $1,364. This, 
 recruited by a contribution of $136 from 
 the surplus of a citizens' Fourth of July 
 fund, was welcome money in a year when 
 much energy and organization were needed 
 to raise the building funds to achieve the 
 level of the plans proposed, and when in- 
 deed curtailment and modification were 
 finally pursued. But energy and organ- 
 ization on the part of the association, and 
 co-operation on the part of Evanstonians 
 at large, determined this, the summer of 
 1897, to be the hospital's building summer 
 the committee in charge being Frank M. 
 Elliot, William H. Bartlett, Dr. Sarah H. 
 Crayton, Howard Gray, and William B. 
 Phillips. When October came, contracts 
 for over $15.000 of an authorized expendi- 
 ture of $16.000 had been let, an incum- 
 brance of $3.500 had been paid, and the 
 new and perfect hospital was a no distant 
 fact. And. to rush the building fund, there 
 came out of the hurly-burly of a football 
 game in November, a sturdy little check for 
 $210. The association, at the annual meet- 
 ing. November 2. 1897, continued its re- 
 tiring officers, and fixed the endowment of a 
 bed in terms of an annual donation of $300 
 or a single donation of $5.000. Subse- 
 quently there was determined an important 
 matter in executive policy, in a resolution 
 that adjoining towns should not be allowed 
 to endow beds in the new institution. 
 
 The new hospital building (the adminis- 
 tration building ) was opened for the recep- 
 tion of patients February 8. 1898. The as- 
 sociation had a credit balance in bank of 
 $2,707 ; airl through its executive commit- 
 tee it unanimously . thanked Dr. Sarah H. 
 P> ray ton for efficient work in procuring the 
 proper furnishing of the building without 
 cost to the association. 
 
 New Enlargements Projected. The 
 annual meeting of the Evanston Hospital 
 Association, assembling at the Avenue 
 
 House, November I, 1898. was a meeting 
 of congratulation and a declaration of prog- 
 ress in a branch of public service that was 
 doing honor to its workers and to all sym- 
 pathetic citizens who had lent aid and com- 
 fort. The main building of the hospital, 
 capable of sheltering as many as eighteen 
 patients., was now a monumental fact. As 
 complete as it was. its very usefulness 
 emphasized its inadequacy, and its friends 
 already looked forward to needed exten- 
 sions: to wards for contagious, infectious 
 and obstetrical cases, and to minor new ac- 
 commodations. Noteworthy in the hos- 
 pital's new equipment was an ambulance for 
 service, a gift of Mrs. John M. Ewen, as 
 a thank-offering for preservation in an hour 
 of great danger: and. to bind it closer to 
 the public, the hospital had now the tem- 
 porary endowment of four free beds one 
 being supported by the Ladies' Aid Society 
 of the Presbyterian Church, two by North- 
 western University, and one by Mrs. Wat- 
 son. \ ice-President of the association. 
 Further sustained on strong shoulders, the 
 hospital felt itself to be. by the gratuitous 
 service, two months each, of its entire med- 
 ical staff. An abstract from the treasurer's 
 report for one year made at this annual 
 meeting will suggest the financial career 
 of the hospital at this period : a period, be 
 it remembered, itiarked between 1894 and 
 1898 by general strenuous effort in re- 
 covery from national panic and depres- 
 sion. 
 
 Subscriptions for building; fun.', and site: 
 1895. $250; 1896, $4.615; 1897. $11.040: 
 
 1898. $9.513- 
 
 Amount allowed for old hospital. $5.500. 
 Expended on new site. $14.691. 
 Expended on new building. $17.140. 
 Receipts from entertainments. $1.802. 
 Receipts from memberships, $500. 
 Receipts from donations. $115. 
 Receipts from patients' board. $2.108. 
 
266 
 
 EVANSTON HOSPITAL 
 
 Receipts from support of beds. $5/5. 
 
 Receipts from subscriptions for furnish- 
 ing. $1.725. 
 
 Expenses for maintenance. $5,707. 
 
 The association continued for 1898-1899 
 the officers of the previous year. Early in 
 1899 the City of Evanston. without specified 
 obligations upon the hospital, made to the 
 institution an appropriation of $300. At 
 the annual meeting of the association. Xo- 
 vember 7. 1899. the latter prepared for 
 the aid and prestige which future donations 
 might prove to the institution, by determin- 
 ing the privileges which should pertain to 
 endowments of various amounts, and fixing 
 classification for the same. With renewed 
 persistency now appeared the need of a 
 contagious ward, as well as of a wing to the 
 hospital, and both interests were committed 
 to a special committee. Another year the 
 association continued its efficient executives 
 in office, and strengthened its medical staff 
 by the addition of a consulting staff in 
 the persons of eminent Chicago specialists 
 Dr. Christian Fenger, Dr. John Ridlon. and 
 Dr. Charles Adams. But the year 1900 
 brought to Evanston and its hospital a real 
 loss in the death of Hugh R. Wilson. When 
 the hospital association came to formally 
 deplore the death of this stanch friend and 
 good citizen, it did so, in part, in the'e 
 feeling words: "Resolved, That, in the 
 death of Mr. Wilson, the hospital 
 loses one of its most active and 
 interested supporters. In his readiness to 
 assist the suffering : in his broad-minded and 
 judicious charity : in his kindliness and 
 gentleness of action. Mr. Wilson has. at all 
 times during his connection with the asso- 
 ciation, been a helpful inspiration to those 
 who have worked with him. His foresight 
 and good judgment, together with his gen- 
 erosity of support, have served to advance 
 our work in every practical way." 
 
 Munificent Gifts of 1900. Institutions. 
 
 like men. must be in the way of opportunity 
 if they would have fortune knock at their 
 door. A rather mysterious notice sum- 
 moned to a special meeting the directors of 
 the Evanston Hospital Association, March 
 19. 1900. When met, F. F. Peabody, 
 Chairman of the Finance Committee, threw 
 his associates into happy consternation by 
 the following remarks : 
 
 "Mrs. Herman D. Cable wishes me to 
 say that she will give $25,000 for the erec- 
 tion of a needed addition to the hospital to 
 be known as the Herman D. Cable Memorial 
 Building, and that, if this gift is accepted, 
 she will give an additional $25.000 to endow 
 a children's ward in the new building." 
 
 We may be sure this gift was accepted, 
 and that the thanks, then formally voted 
 Mrs. Cable, were deep and sincere ; and it is 
 also to be recorded that the Directors made 
 it their duty to amplify the unexpected op- 
 portunity, to enlarge the existing building, 
 and to raise, on their own part, an additional 
 endowment fund of at least $25.000. 
 
 The hospital year of 1900-1901. inaugu- 
 rated by continuance in office of the retiring 
 executive officers, was also marked by resig- 
 nation from the directorate of Hon. J. H. 
 Kedzic, long identified with hospital inter- 
 ests, and the election of Mrs. Alice A. 
 Cable, whose gift of a memorial building. 
 with alterations in the main building, the 
 Hoard now formally voted to realize. The 
 year 1901 was one of expansion and con- 
 struction in hospital interests. From a 
 "rummage sale" in January the hospital 
 received $1,813. '" April Mr. Irvvin Rew, 
 a public-spirited citizen of Evanston, 
 offered and the offer was accepted to 
 equip the hospital with a heating and 
 laundry plant at an estimated cost of 
 S4/>8o. In October there was borne in 
 upon the hospital management, both by the 
 City Board of Health and by the hospital 
 staff, the need of an extension in the wav of 
 
CI.ARK T. HINMAN 
 
EVAXSTON HOSPITAL 
 
 Receipts troni Mi|>|>rt "I IH'<|>. 8575. 
 
 Receipts irom subscriptions fur furnish- 
 ing. Si .7-5. 
 
 ExjK'nsvs fi >r maintenance, S5.7"7- 
 
 The association continued fur iXi)X-iSi><) 
 the officers <>f the previous year. Marly in 
 iS<l<j the I 'ity of Kvanston. without specified 
 obligation- ii])oii the hospital, niaile to the 
 institution an appropriation of S.yio. At 
 the animal meeting of the association. N'o- 
 veinher 7. iSiiij. the latter pre]iarel. for 
 the aid and prestige which future donations 
 miiilit |>rove to i ho institution. bv dctermin- 
 vivf the privileges which should pertain to 
 endowments of various amounts, and lixinjj 
 classification im- the same, \\ith reneued 
 persistency nou appeared the need of a 
 contagion- \vanl. as well as ol a win:j to the 
 hospital, and hotii interests were committed 
 to a --pedal committee. Another year the 
 association continued its efficient executives 
 in office, and strengthened its medical stall 
 b\ the addition of a consulting -raff in 
 the pcrsi ins of eminent ( hicai;' > specialists 
 1 >r. Chri-tian Kcnyvr. I )r. John Kidlon. and 
 I >r. Charle> Adams. I'.iu the vear iij<x> 
 brought to K van-ton and it- hospital a real 
 loss in the death of llni^h 1\. \Vil-oti. \\ "icn 
 the hospital association came to formally 
 deplore the death of this stanch friend -mi! 
 yooil citizen, it did so. in part, in these- 
 feeling words: "Resolved. That, in the 
 death of Mr. \Vil-on. the hospital 
 loses one oi its most active and 
 interested supporters. In his readiness to 
 a>si,| the -nlVerinv; : in hi.- hroad-mindod and 
 judicious chariu : in his kindliness and 
 Ljentlciiess of action. Mr. \\il-on has, at all 
 times during his connection uitli the asso- 
 ciation, heen a liel|iful inspiration to those 
 \'. ho have worked \\iih him. His foresight 
 and tjoml judgment, together uilh his ^en- 
 ei'o-itv ot siippiin. have -i-rvod to aihance 
 our work in e\er\ jiraolical wa\. 
 
 Munificent Gifts of 1900. In-tiititimi-, 
 
 like men. must he in the way of opportunity 
 it" the) would have fortune knock at their 
 door. A rather mysterious notice snm- 
 mone I to a special meeting the directors of 
 the Kvanston 1 hpital Association. March 
 H). II^H). \\hen met. 1 : . 1 ; . I'eahod). 
 Chairman of the l-'inance Committee, threw 
 hi.s associates into happy consternation hv 
 the following remarks: 
 
 "Mrs. Herman I >. Cable wishes me to 
 say that she will i;ive S_>5.o<x> for the erec- 
 tion of a needed addition to the hospital to 
 he .known as the Herman I >. Cable Memorial 
 Itttildin.uf. and that, if this j^ift is accepted, 
 she will jjivi 1 an additional SJi.cxx) to endow 
 a children's ward in the new building." 
 
 \\ e may be sure' this s^ift was accepted, 
 and that the thanks, then formally voted 
 Mrs. Cable, were deep and sincere: and it is 
 also to he recorded that the Directors made 
 it their duty to amplify the unexpected op- 
 portunity, to enlarge the existing building. 
 and to raise, on their own part, an additional 
 endowment fund of at least Sj^.txx). 
 
 The hospital year of IIKXI-II^OI. inaugu- 
 rated bv continuance in office of the retiring 
 executive officers, was also marked by resig- 
 nation from the directorate of I Ion. I. II. 
 Ixedxie. IOIIJL;' identified with hospital inter- 
 est-, and the election of Mrs. Alice A. 
 ('able, whose s^ift of a memorial building, 
 with alterations in the main buildin;.;. the 
 l!oard now formally voted to realize. The 
 vear HIOI was one of expansion and con- 
 struction in hospital interests. Krom a 
 "rummage .-ale" in jannan the hospital 
 received Sl.Si^. In April Mr. Irwin l\ew. 
 a puhlic-sjiiritt'd citizen of Kvanston. 
 offered- and the offer wa- accepted to 
 ci|uip the hospital with a heating and 
 laundry plant at an estimated cost of 
 Sj.iiSo. In ( Ictober there wa- borne in 
 upon the ho-pital management, both by the 
 i 'it) I'.oard of Health and b\ the ho-pital 
 -taff. the need of an extension in the wa\ of 
 
CI.AKK T I UNMAN 
 
LIBRARY 
 
 OF THE 
 
 UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS 
 
HISTORY OF EVANSTON 
 
 267 
 
 an isolation ward. At the annual meeting. 
 November 5th, the retiring officers were 
 re-elected, and the very important additions 
 to the institutions represented by the gifts 
 of Mr. Rew and .Mrs. Cable were formally 
 acknowledged the Cable Memorial Build- 
 ing being characterized as completely fur- 
 nished and the children's ward endowed in 
 memory of Anita Hutchins Cable. 
 
 Endowment Secured. The association 
 began its hospital year of 1901-1902 with 
 its same efficient officers, and welcomed 
 from another "rummage" sale a donation 
 amounting to $1.440. In February the en- 
 dowment fund had reached $46.00x3 of the 
 contemplated 850.000 : and in April the 
 coveted goal was finally attained. As the 
 good year closed divers talented amateur 
 artists of Evanston contributed as the re- 
 ceipts of 'a performance of the "Rivals." at 
 the Country Club, more than $500 to in- 
 crease the usefulness of this popular refuge 
 of rest and healing. In the history of 
 amusements in Evanston this admirable 
 presentation of the sterling old comedy will 
 prove of long life in local reminiscence. So 
 well in hand was the work of the associa- 
 tion now coming, that the reduction of the 
 floating debt of about $11.000 became an 
 achievement to be undertaken until accom- 
 plished. Feeling its strength in the substan- 
 tial work done, and in the officers whom it 
 re-elected for the year 1902-1903. the asso- 
 ciation was also brought to know its weak- 
 ness when, on April loth, it was confronted 
 with the death of Hon. John H. Kedzie, 
 and on May 2Oth of Mr. Dorr A. Kimball. 
 In terms of sorrow and appreciation Mr. 
 Kedzie was formally lamented as "a friend 
 who has met every emergency of the asso- 
 ciation's existence with generous words and 
 generous deeds" : and. to Mr. Kimball's 
 memory, the association offered no mean 
 tribute when it declared him "an upright 
 business man and honorable citizen of 
 
 Evanston. whose pure life and public spirit 
 made him an example for all." When the 
 association, at its eleventh annual meeting. 
 November 10. 1903. elected its former 
 officers, and checked off a reduction of near- 
 ly half the floating debt in pledges received, 
 the feeling was general that the hospital was" 
 truly founded and that its beneficiaries, the 
 public, would never permit it to decline. 
 
 Hospital of the Present and the Future. 
 \Yhen this volume - the story of a re- 
 markable American community shall have 
 received more than one supplement, there 
 will still be rising on the highest land in 
 Evanston the city itself but a borough 
 in a mammoth municipality of 5.000.000 
 or 10.000,000 people a group of buildings 
 enveloped in the kindly shade of many trees, 
 and looking to be. what it probably will be. 
 a haven for the afflicted. What the hospital 
 of that day will be to the city of that day 
 none knows: but we do know that the 
 Evanston Hospital of today is. to the Ev- 
 anston of today, the most complete agency 
 for practical philanthropy that any institu- 
 tion of its kind in the world, with the same 
 equipment, fulfills. The Evanston Hospital, 
 as it stands today structure, equipment, 
 and administration is briefly this : 
 
 ( )n the summit of Ridge Avenue. Xo. 
 2650. at right angles to the thoroughfare 
 and several rods removed, rises the hos- 
 pital's administration building. It is of 
 stone and vitrified brick, the latter a struc- 
 tural material of the highest resistance and 
 of good color tone. The building is of 
 three stories, with high pitched and tile 
 roof. Its architectural style has decorum, 
 and suggests repose. An ample porch 
 front, with balcony, looks eastward over 
 a falling landscape toward the lake, 
 a quarter of a mile distant. At right 
 angles to this building connected therewith 
 by a two-story and basement corridor, rises 
 the second of the hospital buildings, the 
 
268 
 
 EVANSTON HOSPITAL 
 
 memorial gift of Mrs. Alice A. Cable. This 
 is in architectural keeping with its dignified 
 fellow, and the forerunner of others yet to 
 rise in stately alignment westward and 
 northward to the boundary of the insti- 
 tution's property. The following taken 
 from the President's report for 1905 is 
 interesting : 
 
 "For several years reference has been 
 made in our annual reports to the neces- 
 sity of providing a maternity hospital, and 
 last year particular emphasis was given to 
 this subject. In response to this appeal, Mr. 
 Lucian M. Williams, on behalf of himself, 
 his brother and sisters, made known their 
 desire to build this hospital, and requested 
 the Hoard of Directors to prepare plans and 
 obtain estimates for a most approved and 
 scientifically constructed building, to be 
 erected as a memorial to their mother. 
 Elizabeth Williams. Such plans and esti- 
 mates were secured and presented, and the 
 sum of $25.000 was promised for this pur- 
 pose. It is expected this much needed hos- 
 pital will be completed and ready for occu- 
 pancy by June I. 1906. The erection of this 
 building will be the consummation of a 
 hope long deferred. It will be located north 
 of the administration building, fronting on 
 Ridge Avenue, and will correspond in ma- 
 terial and style of architecture with our 
 present buildings. There will be thirteen 
 beds for patients, an operating room with 
 dependencies, diet kitchens, children's nur- 
 sery, etc. The rooms for private patients 
 will be on one floor and those for ward and 
 free patients on the other floor. The private 
 rooms will be arranged with adjoining bath 
 rooms and so planned as to give the utmost 
 privacy and comfort. This generous gift 
 will open the way for enlarging the char- 
 itable work of the Hospital. It is expected 
 the income will be augmented by the use 
 of the private rooms, and that it will be suf- 
 ficient to meet the expenses of this addition- 
 
 al building after the first year. The need 
 of this new and thoroughly equipped Hos- 
 pital has become more apparent with each 
 year. This magnificent gift is, therefore, 
 most timely, and will be a valuable addition 
 to our present admirably equipped hos- 
 pital. This is another instance in which 
 generous friends, desiring to perpetuate the 
 memory of some beloved member of their 
 family, have made it possible to erect a 
 building as a memorial that will be con- 
 stantly in use for the benefit of the sick and 
 afflicted." 
 
 This, then, is the main architectural mass 
 of the Evanston I lospital. When this sys- 
 tem of buildings shall have its complete 
 setting of verdure, when its hundreds of 
 trees and shrubs, selected and planted with 
 design, shall have arisen to enfold it, the 
 tourist of the north shore will linger with 
 delight in its presence, and the household 
 word will become fixed, that the Evanston 
 Hospital is a place to behold as well as a 
 place to seek new life in. But a hospital 
 is what it is within. 
 
 In operating equipment the Evanston 
 Hospital is highly efficient. A visiting and 
 consulting staff of the first class, com- 
 manding the support of a community of in- 
 telligence and wealth, would naturally lead 
 this to he secured. Therefore this hospital 
 has a special room for the administration of 
 an.-esthetics. whence the patient is wheeled, 
 an ample hydraulic elevator being used 
 when necessary, to any part of either build- 
 ing. The hospital also has a generous re- 
 ceiving room hard by a driveway approach- 
 ing the connecting corridors from the rear ; 
 and here, where water may be applied with 
 convenience and profusion, an emergency 
 case may be prepared for the operating 
 table. The operating room, with apparatus 
 for water and instrument sterilization ad- 
 joining, is placed in a swelling bay with 
 top and side lights and north exposure. Its 
 
HISTORY OF EVANSTOX 
 
 269 
 
 table, operating outfit, plumbing, and 
 snowy enameled walls tell the story of an 
 American warship the cleanest place in 
 the world, and the most effectual instru- 
 ment for the purpose for which it is created. 
 Supplementing these main factors for per- 
 fect operating service are medicine closets 
 and lavatories for the professional staff. 
 
 The first and last impression of the do- 
 mestic equipment of the Evanston Hospital 
 is, that it is scientifically chosen and used : 
 that such parts of it as should be dainty and 
 feminine are superlatively dainty and fem- 
 inine ; and that, through all, spreads the 
 genius of reason, cleanliness, and order. 
 These various characteristics are generally 
 expressed in the exquisite neatness and re- 
 finement of the institution's housekeeping : 
 " in the furnishing of the private rooms : in 
 the simple, restful details of ward furnish- 
 ings ; in the ample dining-room for nurses, 
 as well as in their ample and beautiful club 
 room ; in the home-like sleeping rooms of 
 the nurses ; in the practical machinery for 
 bathing, cooking, storage ; and in the cleri- 
 cal service of administration. So much for 
 operating equipment, but the right people 
 must use it ; and so much for domestic fur- 
 nishings, but not yet do walls, tools, and 
 furnishings make a hospital. There must 
 be a soul in the place, a god in the machine. 
 
 Arrangement and Internal Administra- 
 tion. The administration of the Evan- 
 ston Hospital is full worthy its physical out- 
 fit ; and this is so because it stands in every 
 way for the high technical and humanita- 
 rian standards of the institution's founders. 
 With far more effort than the average cit- 
 izen of Evanston appreciated, the sworn 
 friends of the enterprise, now so firmly 
 assured, shaped its early fortunes, besought 
 donations of money and utilities, showed it 
 worthy of confidence and large bequests, 
 and finally with such capital built their 
 grand work high upon a hill. So it is in the 
 
 nature of things, this hospital being a mon- 
 ument to sacrifice, that a strong, wise, and 
 tender spirit should vitalize its administra- 
 tion. In Miss Annie L. Locke, who has 
 been Superintendent eight years, is this 
 spirit personified. 
 
 In this sketch of one of Evanston 's most 
 important institutions, ranking next to the 
 municipal departments of police, fire, water, 
 and public works, two types of inquiry 
 about the place should find satisfaction. 
 How good a place is it to get well in ? \Yha: 
 about it should interest the tourist and gen- 
 eral visitor? To both of these inquiries 
 answer has in the main been made ; but 
 there remain details of equipment and ad- 
 ministration that should not go unnoted. 
 The first Moor of the administration is 
 the greater part of the governing depart- 
 ment of the hospital. Here is the reception 
 parlor for visitors, office and apartments 
 for the Superintendent, and rooms for sur- 
 gical treatment. P.eneath. in the basement. 
 is the private dining-room of the Superin- 
 tendent, the nurses' dining-room, and an 
 extensive culinary equipment. On the sec- 
 ond floor are private rooms and semi-private 
 wards, occupants of the former enjoying an 
 environment and retiracy surpassing that of 
 a private home, and occupants of the latter 
 being privileged to have a private, as well 
 as a hospital, physician. On the third floor 
 are rooms for domestic use. Two long 
 sunny corridors enticing haunts for con- 
 valescents unite the administration with 
 the Herman D. Cable Memorial Building. 
 This latter, in structure, equipment and con- 
 tented occupants, is, like its companion, 
 something good to see. It is the house of 
 the men's ward, the women's and children's 
 wards, and the private rooms of the nurses. 
 On the first floor, with outlook east and 
 south, is the ward for men with seven beds, 
 and the ward for women with ten beds. 
 The building's southern end is one enor- 
 
2JO 
 
 EVAXSTON HOSPITAL 
 
 nious bay. furnishing a sun-room annex to 
 the women's ward on the first floor, and to 
 the children's ward on the second. Capa- 
 cious and comfortable are these sun-rooms 
 blissful half-way houses to health. The top 
 floor shelters, in home-like chambers void 
 of the institutional air. the members of the 
 nursing staff, and has space for their large 
 and inviting club and lecture room. Char- 
 acteristic details of equipment in this build- 
 ing are the marble outfitting* of the men's 
 bath-room, the treadle action plumbing in 
 the administration room, the ventilator sys- 
 tem by steam exhaust fans, the diet kitchen, 
 and the commodious elevator. On every 
 floor of the combined buildings are reels 
 of hose and extinguishers for emergency 
 fire uses. A pumping service auxiliary to 
 city pressure is also supplied. 
 
 An important and complete annex to the 
 ward and administration buildings of the 
 hospital, is an auxiliary building housing its 
 steam-plant and laundry. The heating 
 agent of the hospital is hot water circulated 
 from boilers in this same building, where 
 a reserve set of boilers promise capacity 
 sufficient for future additions in the way of 
 buildings, which the unoccupied area of the 
 present hospital grounds can accommodate. 
 The steam laundry, located on the second 
 floor of the heat and power plant building, 
 is admirably equipped for dispatch and 
 perfection of work. Its centrifugal wringer 
 and extensive drying compartments include 
 apparatus nowhere excelled. The wood fin- 
 ishings of the hospital buildings are in oak. 
 save where stained or white painted wood is 
 used to supplement the more domestic fur- 
 nishings of private apartments. 
 
 The grounds of the Evanston Hospital 
 have ample space for departmental addi- 
 tions : and, it is the hope of its manage- 
 ment, that there shall, in the near future, be 
 added a pavilion for contagious, and a 
 building for private patients such addi- 
 
 tions taking systematic place along lines 
 westward of the Herman D. Cable Memor- 
 ial Building and parallel thereto. When 
 the time is opportune the buildings will be 
 provided. 
 
 To remind the management of the hos- 
 pital's need of a maternity retreat, there 
 came one season, to a friendly niche in the 
 hospitable structure, a busy home-making 
 robin which mothered two broods. This, 
 explains the superintendent with a smile, is 
 the Evanston Hospital's first maternity 
 ward. The hospital in 1899 opened a train- 
 ing school for nurses. It has now graduated 
 twenty students, all pupils of the selected 
 practitioners of Evanston lecturing at the 
 hospital, and nearly all. at one time and an- 
 other, members of the hospital nursing 
 staff. In the school at present are thirteen 
 pupils. 
 
 Such has been the evolution of the Evan- 
 ston Hospital, and such, in the main, is its 
 characteristic equipment and administra- 
 tion. But for those who will read this 
 record in years to come, as well as for 
 the prospective beneficiaries and benefac- 
 tors of today, still further information about 
 this unique place of refuge and health 
 should be supplied. And. first, no applicant 
 whose condition will not imperil the insti- 
 tution is turned from its doors. The chil- 
 dren's ward is specially endowed by Mrs. 
 Cable for the free use of crippled and sick 
 children, and there are also private rooms 
 for children. In the women's and men's 
 ward a patient may pay as much as $1.00 
 a day or nothing. In the semi-private wards 
 the charge is $10.00 a week; in the private 
 rooms, $15 to $30 per week. It is the in- 
 come from the private rooms and more 
 such rooms are needed that helps supply 
 the deficiency in hospital revenue caused, in 
 part, by increasing charity work in the gen- 
 eral wards. The hospital work of 1905 may 
 be expressed as equivalent to 7.561 service 
 
HISTORY OF EVAXSTON 
 
 271 
 
 days given its free and pay patients. Of 
 this over 34 per cent was service to free 
 patients. The expense of hospital mainte- 
 nance in 1905 was $24.182.41, to defray 
 which receipts from hospital service con- 
 tributed $14.854.11. The paid-in endow- 
 ment fund is $50,50x3. The only indebted- 
 ness was incurred for buildings, and this 
 has been reduced to $5,010. To operate the 
 hospital with its present mechanical equip- 
 ment and staff, consisting of Superinten- 
 dent, its efficient Assistant Superintendent, 
 Miss Edith A. Bird, and fifteen nurses, 
 there is needed, from voluntary subscribers 
 ( aside from material donations, income 
 from receipts and endowment income the 
 latter amounting to $2.259) tne sunl f 
 $7,500. A free bed in a ward may be per- 
 petually endowed for $5.000: a bed and a 
 room for $10.000. The hospital has 
 eighteen free beds and fifteen rooms. A 
 gift of $100 or more to the endowment fund 
 makes the donor an endowment member, 
 or a like sum to the general fund, a life 
 member. A gift of $10 secures a year's 
 membership in the Hospital Association. 
 The hospital stands including the mater- 
 nity hospital and 100 feet of land recently 
 purchased for $4.250 as a total invest- 
 ment of about $130.000. Since organization 
 the hospital has cared for 1.982 patients, 
 and, in n^5. 4MI people contributed to the 
 institution's support. From its start, the 
 hospital in every form of favorable pub- 
 licity has been upheld by the "Evanston 
 Press" and the "Evanston Index." 
 
 The administrative policy of the hos- 
 pital is, of course, non-sectarian. Its re- 
 ceipts from the Protestant churches, on 
 Hospital Sunday. February 14, 1905. were 
 $4.394.13. The City of Evanston appro- 
 priates yearly to the hospital the sum of 
 $300. Free beds are maintained by the 
 Presbyterian and Congregational churches, 
 and bv Northwestern Universitv. The 
 
 medical ami surgical attendance is the vol- 
 untary and unpaid daily attendance of two 
 competent Evanston practitioners, rotating 
 in service with associates, composing a total 
 volunteer staff of twelve. For consultation 
 the resident staff calls upon the most emi- 
 nent physicians and surgeons of Chicago. 
 The ambulance of the Evanston Hospital, 
 is modern, up-to-date, with full equipment, 
 and is under the direction of the superin- 
 tendent. 
 
 Official Administration. The affairs of 
 the Evanston Hospital are guided by its 
 executive officers and thirty Directors, oper- 
 ating in twelve committees. In all co-oper- 
 ative effort certain people voluntarily take 
 or. are besought to take, and do take posts 
 high and posts humble, but all of- laborious 
 duty. Hundreds of public-spirited citizens 
 united to raise the Evanston Hospital. an:l 
 hundreds continue to unite to make it the 
 most attractive and useful place of its scope 
 and equipment in the United States. Among 
 these hundreds there must be some, even 
 more than others, whom circumstances 
 have elected to service peculiarly long, dif- 
 ficult and efficient. ( >f this smaller band 
 common consent would approve the men- 
 tion of Frank M. Elliot. President : Julia 
 M. Watson, Vice-President; and Mary 
 Harris. Secretary, the association's execu- 
 tive officers for eleven consecutive years : 
 of F. F. Peabody. Charles R. Webster. 
 David R. Forgan. John R. Lindgren. Rol- 
 lin A. Keyes. Irwin Rew, William G. Hoag. 
 for their service in finance and investment 
 committee work : of William P.. Phillips, 
 for care of the variegated plant life that 
 beautifies the grounds : of Mrs. Charles J. 
 Connell, Mrs. Julia M. Watson. Mrs. Vir- 
 ginia Creighton. P. R. Shumway and Wil- 
 liam I). Phillips for faithful and sym- 
 pathetic service on the Executive Commit- 
 tee: of Dr. Sarah H. Rravton. for work 
 contributed to the furnishing of the hos- 
 
2-72 
 
 EVANSTON HOSPITAL 
 
 pital ; of the Visiting Committee, Mrs. 
 James A. Patten, and of E. H. Buehler on 
 the Medical Supply Committee. 
 
 List of Donors. Donors to the funds 
 of the Evanston Hospital have been many, 
 and at least two sources of income, not 
 directly personal, are an interesting illus- 
 tration of how an enterprise of this char- 
 acter mav profit by public movements 
 animated by belief in its merits and faith 
 in its future. These two sources are the 
 fixed annual institution of Hospital Sunday, 
 and the benefit entertainment conducted by 
 clubs or by society at large. 
 
 Benefactions have been generally meas- 
 ured by the competency of benefactors. 
 While many small contributions have been, 
 and continue to be. as the breath of life of 
 this institution, certain large ones, at crit- 
 ical periods, have fixed the lines of its 
 growth and the scope of its mission. 
 
 The Endowment Fund of $50.500 was 
 contributed by the following Endowment 
 Members: I. F. Blackstone. William Liston 
 Brown, Mrs. Alice A. Cable, Frank E. 
 Lord. James A. Patten, Mrs. Lilly Parker 
 Stacey. Thomas I. Stacey, Mrs. Julia M. 
 Watson. Mrs. Hugh R. Wilson, and un- 
 named friends in sums of $5,000, 1,500 and 
 $2,500. respectively. 
 
 The following Life Members have each 
 contributed $100 or more to the hospital: 
 M. C. Armour. Mrs. M. C. Armour, C. A. 
 Barry, William H. Bartlett. Dr. M. C. 
 Bragdon, Mrs. W. L. Brown, Mrs. Edwin 
 F. Brown, Mrs. Rebecca \'. Butler, Daniel 
 H. Burnham, William Blanchard. William 
 II. Bartlett, William L. Brown, Rev. 
 Charles F. Mradley. E. H. Buehler, Mrs. W. 
 B. Bogert, Charles T. Roynton. E. J. Buf- 
 fington. Mrs. W. H. Burnet, Mrs. Alice A. 
 Cable, David S. Cook, Mrs. Louise Condict, 
 Mrs. T. S. Creighton, C. P. Coffin, J. J. 
 Charles, Ira B. Cook, Charles B. Congdon, 
 Charles \\. Cleveland. William Deering, 
 
 Frank M. Elliot, John M. Ewen, Mrs. John 
 M. Ewen, C. W. Elphicke, Mary Fabian, 
 W. J. Fabian, D. R. Forgan, Frank P. 
 Frazier, J. H. Garaghty. Mrs. P. W. Gates, 
 P. W. Gates, Charles F. Grey, Clara Gris- 
 wold, A. H. (jross, Mrs. A. H. Gross, Mrs. 
 Virginia Mainline, Mrs. A. J. Harding, F. 
 A. Hardy. Mrs. C. H. Hall, E. A. Hill. 
 Mrs. Janet W. Hubbard. William G. Hoag, 
 Mrs. T. C. Hoag. W. H. Jones, Marshall 
 M. Kirkman, X. C. Knight. E. S. Lacey, 
 Richard C. Lake, John R. Lindgren, 
 Thomas Lord, George S. Lord, Frank E. 
 Lord, David R. Lewis. P. L. McKinney. 
 M. D., Roger B. McMullen. Mrs. James A. 
 Patten, F. F. Peabody. F. S. Peabody, 
 H. A. Pearsons, William B. Phillips, Kate 
 C. Quinlan. Irwin Rew, George B. Rey- 
 nolds, Fleming H. Revell, W. T. Rickards, 
 Mrs. C. H. Rowe. George Scott, R. L. 
 Scott. R. S. Scott, J. E. Scott, Rev. H. P. 
 Smyth, J. S. Shaffer, George M. Sargent. 
 George Watson Smith. Robert D. Sheppard. 
 William E. Stockton, Philip R. Shumway. 
 Mrs. Lucy D. Shuman. Mrs. T. I. Stacey, 
 H. C. Tillinghast, Leroy D. Thoman, H. J. 
 \\allingford, C. A. Ward. Mrs. J. F. Ward. 
 Mrs. Julia M. Watson, Margaret S. Wat- 
 son. Milton H. Wilson. Mrs. H. R. Wilson, 
 John E. Wil-der, Charles E. Yerkes, A. X. 
 Young. 
 
 The total cash receipts to the Evanston 
 Hospital since its organization have been 
 $308.719.00. This sum has bex;n expended 
 as follows: 
 
 Buildings and land $i28,o8f> 
 
 Endowment Fund 50.500 
 
 Maintenance for twelve years 130.133 
 
 On May 15. iqo6. Mrs. Julia M. Watson died 
 suddenly, depriving this association of one of its 
 most devoted and valuable members. Mrs. Wat- 
 son bad been identified with the hospital from the 
 beginning, and during these sixteen years had 
 beui an officer and active worker in its behalf. 
 The hospital was peculiarly near to her heart 
 and the object of her special devotion. 
 
 At a special meeting of the Executive Commit- 
 tee of the Hospital Association the following me- 
 morial paper was adopted : 
 
KVAMSTOX HOSPITAL 
 
 pital : of the \ i-itiiii^ Committee. Mrs. 
 James A. Patten, ami of K. II. 1'iiichlcrmi 
 the Medical Supply Committee. 
 
 List of Donors, Dmim-- in the funds 
 if ihe L\ aiistoti Hospital have been many, 
 and at lea-t ixvn -mirce- of income, n.'t 
 direcllx personal, are an interesting illus- 
 tration nf h.iu an enterprise of this char- 
 acter max profit hx public movements 
 animated hx belief in its merit- and faith 
 in its lutnre. These txxo sources are the 
 tixeil annual institution of lhpital Sunday. 
 and the benefit entertainment cmidncted by 
 clubs nr b\ sncietx al larjje. 
 
 I'.enel'actimis have been i^enerallx meas- 
 ured b\ the compctencx of benefactors. 
 While many small contributions have been, 
 and cmitiime to be. as the breath of life of 
 this instilulion. ecrlain lari^e one-, at crit- 
 ical period-, have fixed the lines of its 
 growth and the scope of its mission. 
 
 The Endowment I'uml of $50.500 \\as 
 
 cmitributcd hx the fill lowing Kndnxvmciit 
 Members: I. l ; . I'.lackstnne. William Li-tmi 
 I'.roxvn. Mr-. Alice A. ('able, l-'rank I-".. 
 Lord, lame- A. Patten. Mrs. l.illx Parker 
 Stacey. Thnmas I. Siacex . Mr-. Julia Al. 
 \\al-.,n. Mr-. lln.L, r h K. \\il-mi. and un- 
 named friends in stuns of S-J.OOO, 1 .-' i and 
 S_'.;iin. respeclix elx . 
 
 The folloxxini; l.ile Meinlier- have each 
 cmilribnted Sloo . .r m>.re t.. the ho-pital : 
 M. ('. \nni.nr. Mr-. M. ( . \rmmir. C. \. 
 Harry, \\illiam II. P.artleti. Dr. M. C. 
 P.ra-dmi. Mr-. \\ . L. I'.mxxn. Mr-. Kdxxin 
 I'. I'.ri.xxu. Mr-. Rrbecca X. I '.tiller. Daniel 
 II, liurnham. \\illiam I'.lanchard. \\illiaui 
 II. I'.arllelt. \\'illiam I .. I'.roxxn. Kex. 
 Charles I'. I'.radlex. I-".. II. I'.nchkr. Mr-. \\ . 
 I!. I'.n^crt. (harle- T. I'.nxnlmi. I-'.. I. I'.uf- 
 lin^imi. Mr-. \\ . II. I In met. Mr-. Alice A. 
 ('able. David S. ('..ok. Mr-. I .mii-e ( 'midicl. 
 Mr-. T. S. Crci^hlon. ( '. P. inl'lin. J. J. 
 Charles. Ira P.. Conk. Charles II. ( '.minimi, 
 ('harle- P.. ( 'I. velaud. U'illiam Deerintr. 
 
 l ; rank M. l-lllim. J, ,hn M. l-.xveii. Mrs. John 
 M . Kxvcn. C. \\ . F.lpliicke. Marx I'ahian. 
 \\ . J. Kal>ian. I). U. l ; i.riran. l-'rank I', 
 l-'raxier. I. II. (iarayhtx. Mr-. I'. \\'. ( iales. 
 I'. \\'. ( iales. (.hark-- I', (.rex. Clara ( iris- 
 xv. -1.1. A. II. (irnss. Mr-. A. II. ( in.-s. Mrs. 
 \iri;inia I lamline. Mr-. A. I. I lanliny;. !". 
 A. llanly. Mr-. C. II. Hail. I-'.. A. Hill. 
 Mrs. Jaiiel W. I Inlihanl. William < ,. Una-. 
 Mrs. T. C. Una-. W. II. Jones. Marshall 
 M. Kirkman. X. C. Knight. I-".. S. l.acex. 
 Ricliaril (.'. Lake. Inhn 1\. Liml^ren. 
 Thomas l.nr.l. ( ienr^e S. L.inl. l-'rank I-'.. 
 l.i inl. l>ax'i.l 1\. l.eui-. I'. L. McKinnex. 
 M. D.. Un-er I'.. McMnllen. Mr-. James A. 
 1'allen. !'. !". I'eahmly. I". S. I'eahmlx. 
 II. A. IVarsons. \\illiam I'.. Phillip-. Kale 
 ( . (Jninlan. Irxxin Kexv. l ienrtje 1!. Uex- 
 nnlils. I'lemin^; II. Kexell. \\ . T. Kickanls. 
 Mr-. ('. II. Knxxc. (ie.ir^e Scntl. K. L. 
 So Hi. K. S. Soitt. J. I-!. Si-nil. l\ev. II. P. 
 Smyth. J. S. Shaffer, (ienrye M. Sargent, 
 (ieiir^e \\al-. m Smith. Knhert 1). She])panl. 
 William !'.. Stockton. Philip U. Slnmixxax. 
 Mr-, l.ticy I). Shtnnan. Mr-. T. I. Stacex. 
 II. C. Tillinyha-t. Lemx I ). Tlmtnan. II. J. 
 \\alliu-mr.l. C. A. \\"anl. Mr-. J. I', \\anl. 
 Mr-. Julia M. Wat-mi. Margaret S. Wat- 
 soii. Mill, ,n II. \\ il-mi. Mr-. I I. K. \\ il-mi. 
 Ji.hn I-".. U'il.ler. Charle- ]'.. Verkes. A. X! 
 N'ouii}''. 
 
 The liiial ca.-h receijit- in the L\-an-li m 
 I ln-pilai since it~ nr^ani/atimi haxe heen 
 S.^uS.jn^i.oo. This -uin ha- heen e\]>emle.l 
 as follows: 
 
 I'.nil. lin^s an. I lau.l Sl.jS.oSr. 
 
 I'.mli i\\ n:eiit I'nmi ^n.^ixi 
 
 Maintenance fur t \xclvc xears ' .?"'.?,? 
 
 (>n M.r> 15. i.i'i',. Mr-. Juli.-i M U'.UM.II ilinl 
 -n.l.lrnlx. .li-pr]\ IDL; lln- .i-.^'ii'i;tti'iii <) our .,i' u^ 
 in,. -l .K\. t.-.l .in.l \.ihi.ilili- iiicniln-r- Mr- \\':.l 
 -"ii li.'i'l li-i:i I'li-ntilu-.l null ilie lin.jiM.-il I'nnii tin- 
 l.i-^iiiiuim. :i\\'\ iltinnv; llu--r -i\tri-li >r;ir- ll.'i.l 
 l.'-im an ufl'uvr :in.l :HMIVI- v\..rk<T in 11- lu-hall". 
 lln- ho-pil.il xv:i- |nvnli:irly nrar !. ln-r lu-art 
 ami ihr fiiitvt '.l' l-'-r -IK-I'I.I! <]r\'.li"ii 
 
 \1 a -]M-r<al ni'-fliiiy of ihr r^xcmlix r ('..ininil 
 I.-.- ') tin- ll-|iital \--tn-iait' !! ilu- iolltivviiiK mi" 
 nnirial liapfr \\a- a.l.'|iloi 
 
LIBRARY 
 
 OF THE 
 
 UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS 
 
HISTORY OF EVANSTON 
 
 273 
 
 "The sudden and, to mortal vision, untimely 
 death of Mrs. Julia M. Watson, on the l.ltli inst.. 
 has not merely deprived the Evanston Hospital 
 Association of its honored Vice-President, and 
 this committee of one of its most active and valu- 
 able members, but has taken away one who has, 
 from the very beginning of the institution to the 
 present time, been so closely identified with its 
 growth and development, so constant in her unsel- 
 fish devotion to its interests and so generous in its 
 support, that she had become an essential part of 
 its very existence. 
 
 "Her wise counsel, her faithful attention to the 
 duties of the various committees upon which she 
 has continuously and most efficiently served and 
 her strong and inspiring personality, no less than 
 her generous gifts have contributed in a very 
 large degree to the splendid results that have been 
 accomplished. 
 
 "To express a proper appreciation of the value 
 of such services as she lias rendered, and of the 
 loss this committee and the association have sus- 
 tained is impossible. We can only record our 
 profound sense of sorrow in her loss. Its more 
 adequate appreciation will not be expressed, but 
 will be preserved in the grateful and affectionate 
 remembrance which we shall ever cherish in our 
 hearts. 
 
 "FRANK M. ELLIOT, Chairman. 
 WM. G. HOAO. 
 WM. B. PHILLIPS. 
 PHILIP R. SUUMWAV. 
 ROLLIN A. KEVES, 
 IRWIN REVV, 
 MRS. T. S. CREK.HTON. 
 MRS. C. J. CONNEI.L. 
 MRS. JAMES A. PATTEN. 
 MARY HARRIS. Secretary." 
 
 Present Officers. Thecompletegovern- 
 ing body of the Hospital Association for 
 the year 1906, is as follows: 
 
 General Officers Frank M. Elliot. Pres- 
 ident ; Julia M. Watson, Yice-President ; 
 William G. Hoag, Treasurer : Mary Harris, 
 Secretary ; Annie L. Locke, Superinten- 
 dent ; Edith A. Bird, Assistant Superin- 
 dent. 
 
 Executive Committee Frank M. Elliot, 
 Chairman ; Mr. William B. Phillips, Mr. 
 Philip R. Shumway, Mr. Rollin A. Keyes, 
 Mr. Irwin Rew, Mr. William A. Hoag, 
 Mrs. Julia M. Watson, Mrs. T. S. Creigh- 
 
 ton, Mrs. C. J. Connell, Mrs. James A. 
 Patten. 
 
 Finance Committee Mr. Irwin Rew, 
 Chairman ; Mr. Frank H. Armstrong, Mr. 
 Charles R. \Vebster. 
 
 Investment Committee Mr. William G. 
 Hoag, Chairman ; Mr. J. R. Lindgren, Mr. 
 Rollin A. Keyes. 
 
 Auditing Committee Mr. Philip R. 
 Shumway, Chairman ; Mr. W. B. Phillips, 
 Mr. Clyde M. Carr. 
 
 House and Grounds Committee Mr. 
 \Villiam B. Phillips. Chairman: Mr. M. C. 
 Armour, Mr. Frank P. Frazier. 
 
 Admission Committee Mrs. C. J. Con- 
 nell, Chairman ; Mrs. James A. Patten, 
 Miss A. L. Locke. 
 
 Supplies Committee Mrs. Julia M 
 Watson, Chairman ; Mrs. W. J. Fabian, 
 Mrs. Caroline S. Poppenhusen. 
 
 Medical Supplies Committee Mr. Ed- 
 ward H. Buehler, Mr. R. J. Bassett. 
 
 Printing Committee Mr. Philip R. 
 Shumway, Chairman ; Miss Mary Harris, 
 Mr. William G. Hoag. 
 
 Training School Committee Mrs. Julia 
 M. Watson. Chairman ; Mrs. Alice A. 
 Cable, Miss Mary Harris. 
 
 Hospital Saturday and Sunday Commit- 
 tee Mrs. T. S. Creighton, Chairman ; 
 Mrs. Parke E. Simmons. Mr. C. F. Mar- 
 low. 
 
 Visiting and Delicacies Committee 
 Mrs. James A. Patten, Chairman ; Mrs. W r . 
 S. Powers, Mrs. Irwin Rew, Mrs. A. R. 
 Barnes. Mrs. E. J. P>uffington, Mrs. M. A. 
 Mead. Mrs. H. H. Hoyt, Mrs. John C. 
 Spry. Mrs. T. M. Holgate, Mrs. J. H. 
 Garaghty, Mrs. W. H. Warren, Mrs. James 
 W. Howell, Mrs. Philip R. Shumway. 
 
 Directors. Term Expires 1906 Mr. 
 William B. Bogert, Prof. J. H. Gray, Mr. 
 William B. Phillips, Mrs. W. L. Brown, 
 Mr. Rollin A. Keves, Mrs. William Hola- 
 
274 
 
 EVANJTOX HOSPITAL 
 
 bird, Mrs. James A. Patten, Mr. Frank M. 
 Elliot, Mr. E. H. Buehler; Mr. Clyde M. 
 Carr. 
 
 Term Expires 1907 Mrs. H. D. Cable, 
 Mr. Philip R. Shumway, Mrs. C. S. Pop- 
 penhusen, Mrs. John C. Spry, Mrs. T. S. 
 Creighton, Mr. M. C. Armour, Mr. Irwin 
 Rew, Mrs. E. J. Buffington, Mr. R. L. 
 Scott, Mr. Charles F. Marlow. 
 
 Term Expires 1908 Mr. F. P. Frazier, 
 Mr. F. F. Peabody, Mr. C. R. Webster, 
 Mr. D. R. Forgan, Mr. Robert J. Bassett, 
 Mrs. Julia M. Watson, Mrs. C. J. Connell, 
 Mrs. Lucy J. Rowe, Mr. William G. Hoag, 
 Mr. Frank H. Armstrong. 
 
 Medical Staff. E. H. Webster, M. D. ; 
 W. A. Phillips, M. D. ; William R. Parkes, 
 M. D. ; P. D. Harding, M. D. : Sarah H. 
 Brayton. M. D.; Frank C. Dakin, M. D. ; 
 M. C. Bragdon, M. D. ; E. E. Shutterly, 
 M. D. ; Mary F. McCrillis, M. D. ; Dwight 
 Clark, M D. ; B. C. Stolp, M. D. 
 
 Consulting Staff. Charles Adams, M. 
 D. ; C. S. Bigelow, D. D. S. ; Frank Billings, 
 M. D. ; Arthur R. Edwards, M. D. ; Charles 
 G. Fuller, M. D. ; D. W. Graham, M. D. ; 
 Fernand Henrotin, M. D. ; Hugh T. Pat- 
 rick, M. D.; John Ridlon, M. D. ; Will 
 \Yalter, M. D. ; W. S. Alexander, Patholo- 
 gist. 
 
CHAPTER XXX. 
 
 LOCAL MUSICAL ORGANIZATIONS 
 
 (By PROFESSOR SAIDEE KNOWLAND COE) 
 
 Ei-anston as it E.risted in 1856 Primc'cal 
 Church Music War Songs A Com- 
 mencement Concert The Hittchinson 
 Family Jules Litmbard O. H. Mcnvin 
 Becomes A Choir Leader Other Xota- 
 ble Musicians Ei'anston's First Musical 
 Club Some Famous Teachers and Per- 
 formers Thomas Concert Class Organ- 
 ised Mrs. Edward ll'yman Musical 
 Department of Eranston U'oman's Club 
 IVomen's Clubs as a Factor in Musical 
 Training Eranston Musical Club 
 Maennerchor Organized Programs 
 Officers. 
 
 Evanston has become such an acknowl- 
 edged musical as well as literary center, 
 that the tracing of the steps leading up 
 to its present high state of development 
 affords unusual interest. Let us close our 
 eyes and picture to ourselves the town in 
 1856. It consisted, as a reliable authority 
 informs us, of a few houses : the University 
 represented by the old Academy building, 
 which then stood on the corner of Davis 
 Street and Hinman Avenue; the North- 
 western Women's College, further south on 
 Chicago Avenue : the Methodist Church, a 
 wooden building which everybody attend- 
 ed ; and a general store and postoffice. At 
 this stage it is natural that musical interest 
 should have centered around the music in 
 the church. This, at first, consisted of sincr- 
 
 ing by the congregation of old familiar 
 hymns. A little later a choir was formed of 
 the young people of the church, led first by 
 Mr. Hart P. Danks, who afterwards be- 
 came well known as a composer of songs 
 and church music. Mrs. Mary Willard 
 was a member of this choir, which sang not 
 only the hymns and old-fashioned anthems 
 for the church service, but was always on 
 hand for prayer meetings, lectures, so- 
 ciables and even sleigh-rides and picnics. 
 Mr. Danks was succeeded as choir-leader 
 by Mr. John A. Pearsons. In the war meet- 
 ings, held in the old University chapel, the 
 choir thrilled its hearers with its rendering 
 of patriotic songs. 
 
 The first brass band in the town was or- 
 ganized in 1857, and was led by Frank 
 Steel, an Evanston boy, who afterwards 
 achieved some reputation as bandmaster 
 in a New York regiment during the war. 
 About this time Mr. J. I?. Merwin a dis- 
 tant relative of Mr. (). H. Merwin, whose 
 notable work for music in Evanston will 
 be mentioned later on succeeded in stir- 
 ring up considerable musical enthusiasm 
 among the young people. Under his direc- 
 tion they gave one or two sacred cantatas, 
 which were greatly enjoyed. At commence- 
 ment time a concert was always given in the 
 Methodist Church by the music teacher and 
 pupils of the Women's College. This was 
 the most pretentious musical event of the 
 
 275 
 
274 
 
 EVANSTOX HOSPITAL 
 
 bird, Mrs. James A. Patten, Mr. Frank M. 
 Elliot, Mr. E. H. Buehler; Mr. Clyde M. 
 Carr. 
 
 Term Expires 1907 Mrs. H. D. Cable, 
 Mr. Philip R. Shumway, Mrs. C. S. Pop- 
 penhusen, Mrs. John C. Spry, Mrs. T. S. 
 Creighton, Mr. M. C. Armour, Mr. Irwin 
 Rew, Mrs. E. J. Buffington, Mr. R. L. 
 Scott, Mr. Charles F. Marlow. 
 
 Term Expires 1908 Mr. F. P. Frazier, 
 Mr. F. F. Peabody, Mr. C. R. Webster, 
 Mr. D. R. Forgan, Mr. Robert J. Bassett, 
 Mrs. Julia M. Watson, Mrs. C. J. Connell, 
 Mrs. Lucy J. Rowe, Mr. William G. Hoag, 
 Mr. Frank H. Armstrong. 
 
 Medical Staff. E. H. Webster, M. D. ; 
 W. A. Phillips, M. D. ; William R. Parkes, 
 M. D. ; P. D. Harding. M. D. ; Sarah H. 
 Brayton, M. D. ; Frank C. Dakin, M. D. ; 
 M. C. Bragdon, M. D. ; E. E. Shutterly, 
 M. D. ; Mary F. McCrillis, M. D. ; Dwight 
 Clark, M D. ; B. C. Stolp, M. D. 
 
 Consulting Staff. Charles Adams, M. 
 D. ; C. S. Bigelow, D. D. S. ; Frank Billings, 
 M. D. ; Arthur R. Edwards, M. D. ; Charles 
 G. Fuller, M. D. ; D. W. Graham, M. D. ; 
 Fernand Henrotin, M. D. ; Hugh T. Pat- 
 rick, M. D. ; John Ridlon, M. D. ; Will 
 Walter, M. D. ; W. S. Alexander, Patholo- 
 gist. 
 
CHAPTER XXX. 
 
 LOCAL MUSICAL ORGANIZATIONS 
 
 (Bj PROFESSOR SAIDEE KNOWJLAND COE) 
 
 Ei-anston as it E.ristcd in 1856 Primci'al 
 Church Music U'ar Songs A Com- 
 mencement Concert The Hiitchinsou 
 Family Jules Liunbard O. H. Men<.'in 
 Becomes A Choir Leader Other Xota- 
 blc Musicians Evanston's First Musical 
 Club Some Famous Teachers and Per- 
 formers Thomas Concert Class Organ- 
 ised Mrs. Edward ll'ymau Musical 
 Department of Eranston Iranian's Club 
 Women's Clubs as a Factor in Musical 
 Training Eranston Musical Club 
 Maenncrchor Organized Programs 
 Officers. 
 
 Evanston has become such an acknowl- 
 edged musical as well as literary center, 
 that the tracing of the steps leading up 
 to its present high state of development 
 affords unusual interest. Let us close our 
 eyes and picture to ourselves the town in 
 1856. It consisted, as a reliable authority 
 informs us, of a few houses: the University 
 represented by the old Academy building, 
 which then stood on the corner of Davis 
 Street and Hininan Avenue ; the North- 
 western Women's College, further south on 
 Chicago Avenue : the Methodist Church, a 
 wooden building which everybody attend- 
 ed : and a general store and postoffice. At 
 this stage it is natural that musical interest 
 should have centered around the music in 
 the church. This, at first, consisted of sing- 
 
 ing by the congregation of old familiar 
 hymns. A little later a choir was formed of 
 the young people of the church, led first by 
 Mr. Hart P. Danks, who afterwards be- 
 came well known as a composer of songs 
 and church music. Mrs. Mary Willard 
 was a member of this choir, which sang not 
 only the hymns and old-fashioned anthems 
 for the church service, but was always on 
 hand for prayer meetings, lectures, so- 
 ciables and even sleigh-rides and picnics. 
 Mr. Danks was succeeded as choir-leader 
 by Mr. John A. Pearsons. In the war meet- 
 ings, held in the old University chapel, the 
 choir thrilled its hearers with its rendering 
 of patriotic songs. 
 
 The first brass band in the town was or- 
 ganized in 1857, and was led by Frank 
 Steel, an Evanston boy, who afterwards 
 achieved some reputation as bandmaster 
 in a New York regiment during tire war. 
 About this time Mr. J. P>. Merwin a dis- 
 tant relative of Mr. O. H. Merwin, whose 
 notable work for music in Evanston will 
 be mentioned later on succeeded in stir- 
 ring up considerable musical enthusiasm 
 among the young people. L'nder his direc- 
 tion they gave one or two sacred cantatas, 
 which were greatly enjoyed. At commence- 
 ment time a concert was always given in the 
 Methodist Church by the music teacher and 
 pupils of the Women's College. This was 
 the most pretentious musical event of the 
 
2 7 6 
 
 'LOCAL MUSICAL ORGANIZATIONS 
 
 year for the town. From time to time vari- 
 ous musicians from outside gave concerts 
 in Evanston. Among these are remember- 
 ed the Hutchinson Family and Jules Lum- 
 bard, whose singing was very popular dur- 
 ing the war. 
 
 In 1869 Mr. O. H. Merwin came to 
 Evanston and was made director of the 
 choir, a position he held for thirteen years, 
 until 1882. The period of Mr. Merwin's 
 activity in this work may be said to mark 
 the musical transition between the Evan- 
 ston of the past and the Evanston of the 
 present. During his regime the choir, 
 which was made up from the young people 
 of the church and students of the Univer- 
 sity, numbered from forty to seventy mem- 
 bers. Among the names we find many famil- 
 iar ones. Miss Ella Prindle, now Mrs. 
 Amos W. Patten, was leading soprano for 
 eight or ten years ; Mrs. Frank P. Crandon 
 and Mrs. H. F. Fisk occupied front seats 
 in the soprano row, while Professor James 
 Taft Hatfield reinforced the tenors. Mr. 
 and Mrs. John B. Kirk, Miss Lindgren 
 (now Mrs. Nels Simonsen), Mr. and Mrs. 
 Inglehart, Miss Nellie Hurd (now Mrs. 
 Comstock). the Raymond brothers, Mr. 
 Scott Matthews, Miss Pomeroy, and many 
 others whose names are well known to old 
 Evanstonians, mingled their voices in Mr. 
 Merwin's choir. This organization gave 
 frequent entertainments for the benefit of 
 the church, on which occasion the choir was 
 reinforced by all the singers in the town. 
 In the spring of 1879 a concert was given 
 in which Miss Annie Louise Gary took the 
 leading part. The following year "The 
 Messiah" was produced with Myron Whit- 
 ney as basso. In 1882 Mr. Merwin was 
 succeeded by Mr. Locke, director of the 
 Music Department of the University. 
 
 The Evanston Amateur Musical Club. 
 The first important musical club in Evanston 
 was the Evanston Amateur Musical Club, 
 
 a musical and social organization which 
 flourished for five years from 1882 to 
 1887. Its founder and presiding genius 
 was Miss Xina G. Lunt, to whose perse- 
 verance and untiring energy the success of 
 the enterprise was due. She started the 
 club with fourteen young amateur musi- 
 cians as a nucleus. The membership grew 
 with such rapidity that it comprised large 
 active, associate and honorary lists. The 
 last included the names of many prom- 
 inent Chicago musicians, notably Mrs. 
 Regina Watson (who was always a great 
 source of inspiration and help to the club), 
 Miss Fannie Root, Miss Amy Fay, Mr. 
 Carl Wolfsohn, Mr. Fred W. Root, Mr. 
 Emil Liebling and others. For two years 
 fortnightly afternoon musicals were given 
 during the season at the homes of the mem- 
 bers. The programs were furnished large- 
 ly by the active members. Frequent even- 
 ing recitals by well known artists added 
 much to the interest of the association. It 
 was finally deemed best to do away with the 
 afternoon meetings and have the entertain- 
 ments all given in the evening, the programs 
 to be furnished by artists of established 
 reputation. At the same time the term 
 "amateur" was dropped, the name of the 
 club appearing as the Evanston Musical 
 Club. The list of artists who appeared 
 in recitals before this club is a notable 
 one. It includes Seeboeck. Amy Fay. 
 Carl Wolfsohn, Emil Liebling, Frank 
 Root. Mrs. Walter Wyman. Mine. Carreno, 
 Sherwood, Annie Rommeiss, Mrs. May 
 Phoenix Cameron, Mine. Hopekirk. Mine. 
 Trebelli, Jacobsohn, Musin, Fannie Bloom- 
 field Zeisler, The Mendelssohn Quintette 
 Club of Boston. Rummel, Lilli Lehman 
 and others. There were also Chamber Con- 
 certs given under the direction of Mr. 
 William Lewis. 
 
 Church Music. With the growth of 
 Evanston, churches of various denomina- 
 
HISTORY OF EVANSTON 
 
 tions have sprung up and their choirs have 
 added no little to the musical development 
 of the town. The Congregational Church 
 choir has become noted as a training-ground 
 for some of our best known concert sing- 
 ers. Among them are Mr. Francis Fisher 
 Powers, Mrs. Minnie Fish Griffin and Mrs. 
 Minnie D. Methot, who has recently gone 
 into opera. The following excerpt is taken 
 from an interesting article on "Church 
 Music" by Mr. Frank M. Elliot, in which 
 he sketches the musical history of the Evan- 
 ston Congregational Church : 
 
 "One of the choirs long to be remember- 
 ed was, in 1875 and 1876. known as the 
 Powers Quartet, composed of Miss Emily 
 Powers. Miss Lottie Powers (now Mrs. 
 Oman). Mr. Francis Fisher Powers and 
 Mr. Fred Powers. They were all musical 
 and their singing was always enjoyed. 
 
 "In 1881. 1882 and 1883 the music was 
 under the direction of Mr. George H. lott. 
 This was the first of our paid choirs. Mr. 
 lott entered upon his duties with enthusi- 
 asm, and unquestionably did more to edu- 
 cate our people in good sacred music than 
 anyone before or since. His selections 
 were always of a high order of merit. His 
 exactness with the musicians, his fine ap- 
 preciation of music, together with the 
 superb quality of his voice, gave a render- 
 ing that was always satisfactory and help- 
 ful to his listeners. The Te Deum became 
 one of the most enjoyable of the selections 
 given. It was his custom to give a Te 
 Deum at every morning service, and this 
 feature became so characteristic that his 
 choir was known ever after as the 'Te Deum 
 choir.' 
 
 "In iSrjo, 1891 and 1892. the choir com- 
 posed of Miss Grace E. Jones. Miss EstVer 
 A. Pitkin. Mr. Henry Taylor. Jr.. and Mr. 
 J. P. McGrath. gave an excellent rendering 
 of all their music. They were together so 
 long that they became accustomed to each 
 
 other's singing. Their ensemble work was, 
 perhaps, as good as that of any choir we 
 have had. By far the best choir we ever 
 had was composed of Mrs. Minnie Fish 
 Griffin. Miss Alice Hayes, Mr. Johnston 
 and Mr. William Richards. Unfortun- 
 ately this choir was together only three 
 months. Their voices were evenly balanced, 
 and all were experienced and artistic sing- 
 ers, so that every selection that they under- 
 took was sure of proper interpretation. 
 
 "There have been other excellent choirs, 
 but, as a rule, one or more of the voices 
 were defective. The singers who have 
 endeared themselves to our people and 
 who will always be regarded with the high- 
 est esteem, both for their musical ability 
 and for their sincerity and devotion to their 
 work while in the choir are Miss Owens, 
 Miss Carpenter. Mrs. Bartlett, Mrs. Goetz, 
 Mrs. Brewer, Mrs. Lamphere, Mrs. Minnie 
 D. Methot, Mrs. Stella Lawrence Xara- 
 more. Mrs. Grace Jones Taylor. Mrs. Esther 
 Pitkin-Bartlett. Mrs. Jennie Sugg Carson. 
 Mrs. Minnie Fish Griffin, Miss Hayes, Miss 
 Sohlberg. Miss Kelley, Mr. George H. 
 lott, Mr. Homer F. Stone. Mr. James F. 
 Bird. Mr. Charles A. Dew. Mr. Henry 
 Taylor. Jr.. Mr. J. P. McGrath. Mr. William 
 Richards. Mr. James F. Johnston and Mr. 
 L. F. Brown. 
 
 "The organists, who. by their association 
 with this church, have become a part of its 
 history, are J. \\ . Ludlani. Clarkson Rey- 
 nolds Larabee, Arthur Cutler. Prof. \\". S. 
 B. Mathews. Prof. Oscar Mayo. Miss 
 Mollie Ludlam. Miss Lydia S. Harris. R. H. 
 L. Watson. L. P. Ilmt. H. D. Atchison. 
 Hubert Oldham. W. W. Graves. A. F. 
 McCarrell. John A. West. Edwin Barnes. 
 Irving Proctor. John Mills Mayhew and 
 Scott Wheeler." 
 
 In recent years the most marked feature 
 of the music of the Congregational Church 
 
2/8 
 
 LOCAL MUSICAL ORGANIZATIONS 
 
 has been the artistic singing of Mrs. Sanger of 1901 a series of organ concerts was 
 
 Steele. , given in the First Methodist church by 
 
 St. Mark's (Episcopal) Church has a Professor P. C. Lutkin, Miss Mary Porter 
 
 vested choir, which furnishes the music Pratt, Miss Tina Mae Haines, Mr. William 
 
 for the regular service throughout the year E. Zeuch and Mr. A. F. McCarrell. After 
 
 and in addition, usually performs the St. the installation of the new organ especially 
 
 Cecilia Mass at Easter. noteworthy recitals were given with the 
 
 In June, 1897, a series of free organ re- following programs: 
 
 citals was inauguarated in the Presbyter- Toccata and Fugue, D minor Bach 
 
 iail Church. These Were Continued through Anthem "Praise the" Lord". .'...". .'."... ..A. Randegger 
 
 _ . (a) Chorus "Sing unto God" G. F. Haiidcl 
 
 four Seasons. The expenses Were Dome (t "La Cygne" (The Swan) C. Samt-Saens 
 
 .... ., (c) Nuptial March A. Guilmant 
 
 by private citizens who contributed each Mr. clarence Eddy 
 
 , , Ouartette "Thou Shalt Ilring Them In".. A. S. Sullivan 
 
 year in response to an appeal from the Quartette 
 
 ,, . , Allegro Canta'>ile. From the fifth Organ Symphony 
 
 pastor. Dr. I'oyd. The organists who fur- Toccata c. M. yvidor 
 
 .... , .. ~. , . Lamentation, op. !.' A. Guilmant 
 
 rushed the programs were Miss Tina Mae Mr. Eddy 
 
 TT . . ... Soprano Solo "I will Extol Thee. O Lord" Costa 
 
 Hames, organist of the church, to whom the Miss Ridgeiey 
 
 ..... ~ Barcarolle E. H. Lamare 
 
 Credit Of the enterprise IS largely due, ScOtt March and Chorus from Tannhauscr Wagner 
 
 \Yheeler, Arthur Dunham, James Watson, 
 
 \ r- \r r~ n r* ir \j The following program was given by 
 A. F. McCarrell, Francis Moore, Ada 
 
 ,.... TI n-ii- Mr rreaenck Archer on February 28, 
 \\ ilhams, Francis Hemington. \\ illiam 
 
 Zeuch and Clarence Dickinson. During the 
 
 . . . ... Allegro Moderate from Organ Symphony. .. .W. Faulkes 
 
 summer of 1899 the entire group of six re- <a> Pastorale jorgan 
 
 . , TT (a) Scherzo Gigout 
 
 Citals was given by -MlSS Haines, assisted Chorale in D minor Caesar Franck 
 
 " (a) Chanson sans Paroles E. II. Lamare 
 
 by prominent vocalists. Among the solo- o>> iiumonttsque J. Caiiaert* 
 
 istS who assisted during the four Seasons Poeme Symphonique'-"Rouet '<!' Omphaie" .'.'.'. St. Saens 
 
 , _. T T , Theme and Variations Schuhert 
 
 tile most notable are George Hamlm, Finale from Octette for strings Mendelssohn 
 
 . . ., ~. T . ,-. , Serenade Molique 
 
 Charles \\ . Clark, Jennie Osborue, Helen Overture "Love's Triumph" w. v. Wallace 
 
 Buckley and Holmes Cowper. One of the During the summer of 1902 a series of 
 most notable concerts ever given in the organ recitals was given in the Presbyter- 
 church was the Farewell Concert given for ian and First Methodist churches, alternate- 
 Miss Haines before her departure for a ly, by Mr. Clarence Dickinson, assisted by 
 year's study in Paris. The program was prominent vocalists. Among the noteworthy 
 given by Miss Haines, Harrison Wild, vocalists who have been members of the 
 Charles W. Clark, Leon Marx and Mrs. choir are Mr. Frank Hannah, Jenny Os- 
 Edwin Lapham. born Hannah, Mrs. Furbeck, Minnie Fish 
 During the summer of 1904-5, the sum- Griffin and Mr. Frank Webster. The pres- 
 mer concerts were resumed and were so ent organist (1905) of the church, Miss 
 successful that a series will be given the Katherine Howard, has carried on with 
 coming summer, 1905-6. The programs are much success monthly musical vesper ser- 
 given by Miss Haines, with the assistance vices during the winter and a series of 
 of prominent soloists. The most impor- organ concerts during the summer, 
 tant concert ever given in the church was by The Thomas Concert Class. TheThom- 
 the organist, Guilmant. in October, 1904. as Concert Class was started in October, 
 Miss Greta Masson assisted on this pro- 1896, and has had nine thoroughly success- 
 gram, with soprano solos. In the summer ful years. The membership is limited to sub- 
 
HISTORY OF EVANSTOX 
 
 279 
 
 scribers to the Thomas Orchestra Concerts. 
 Mrs. Edward T. Wyman and Miss Cora 
 Cassard, now Mrs. Toogood, were the 
 starters of the enterprise, going about 
 among their musical friends to stir up an 
 interest in the new venture. They soon 
 enlisted the co-operation of Mrs. C. L. 
 Woodyatt, Mrs. Curtis H. Remy and Mrs. 
 Charles G. Fuller, and to the energy and 
 devotion of these five ladies the Class owes 
 its launching into a most successful career. 
 The purpose has been, primarily, the study 
 in advance of the numbers announced on 
 the programs of the orchestral concerts. 
 Since its organization, the Class has regu- 
 larly held meetings on the day preceding 
 each concert, when members have played 
 and analyzed the program numbers of the 
 following day. The value of this work 
 to the members can hardly be over esti- 
 mated. It has aroused and stimulated an 
 interest in the greatest works of orchestral 
 composition, while the study necessary for 
 analyzing and playing these masterpieces 
 lias amounted to more than ah ordinary 
 course of music study. The devotion and 
 perseverance shown by the ladies in pre- 
 paring and presenting these programs, 
 through nine consecutive seasons, are 
 worthy of emulation. 
 
 In addition to the direct study of the 
 Thomas programs, courses in Theory of 
 Music have been given before the Class 
 by Professor P. C. Lutkin and, through the 
 season of 1900. a course in History of 
 Music, outlined by Mrs. Coe, was finally 
 carried out by the members. Theodore 
 Thomas, during his life, always took a live- 
 ly interest in the work of the Class, and 
 Mrs. Thomas has addressed the members 
 on several occasions. Artists' recitals, given 
 under the auspices of the Class, have in- 
 cluded the Rrahms Piano Recital by Mr. 
 Arthur Whiting and a program for the 
 wood-wind instruments, besides a Histori- 
 
 cal Chamber Music Recital given by mem- 
 bers of the Chicago Orchestra. 
 
 The Presidents of the Thomas Concert 
 Class have been : Mrs. Curtis H. Remy, 
 Mrs. Charles G. Fuller. Mrs. Frank M. 
 Elliot, Mrs. John R. Lindgren, Mrs. H. D. 
 Cable and Mrs. Xewell C. Knight, each of 
 whom has been responsible, in no small 
 degree, for the uniform success which has 
 attended the work of this organization. 
 Mrs. C. L. Woodyatt has always been the 
 presiding genius to whom, more than to 
 any other individual, is due the harmony 
 which has prevailed among the members 
 and the spirit of helpfulness which has 
 pervaded each meeting. The analytical 
 work of Mrs. Woodyatt and Miss Tina M. 
 Haines is especially worthy of mention, as 
 well as the valuable work done in piano 
 illustrations by Mrs. William Vance, Mrs. 
 George Lord, Mrs. Knight. Mrs. Gold- 
 schmidt, Mrs. John H. Gray. Mrs. John R. 
 Lindgren, Mrs. Underwood, Mrs. Hypes 
 and Mrs. Seymour. The following resume, 
 prepared by Mrs. Woodyatt at the close of 
 the fifth year, gives a comprehensive idea 
 of the work accomplished: 
 
 "The Thomas Concert Class, being an 
 original venture without precedent or ex- 
 ample, has felt its way along from its be- 
 ginning in 1896. evolving year by year its 
 own method of procedure. The musical 
 numbers assigned by Mr. Thomas for our 
 study do not afford much consecutive re- 
 lation from week to week. For this reason 
 it was recognized, at the ontstart, that con- 
 tinuity and cohesion could only be secured 
 by giving a portion of the time each morn- 
 ing to systematized theoretical study. With 
 so large a membership, and one including 
 so many grades of musical experience, this 
 has been perhaps the most difficult question 
 we have had to meet. Professional instruc- 
 tion can seldom be adapted to such mi-:cd 
 requirements, and, by the close of the fourth 
 
LOCAL MUSICAL ORGANIZATIONS 
 
 year, \vc had pretty well exhausted the 
 possibilities along this line, without enter- 
 ing upon study of too technical a nature to 
 be of value to the class as a whole. At the 
 same time, it became evident that, with most 
 of us, a mass of detached ideas and 
 knowledge had been accumulating which 
 would bear crystallizing into symmetrical 
 form. 
 
 "With these facts in mind the list of top- 
 ics was drawn up, which has formed the 
 basis of the morning papers for the year 
 just closing. This course, it was hoped, 
 would form a clear outline of the history 
 of the development of music. I am sure 
 that I voice the opinion of the Class in say- 
 ing, that this hope has been justified, and 
 that the papers of this series have told 
 and told well the story of music's growth 
 from the primitive utterance of emotion 
 in the savage, down through the centuries, 
 until it has become the art we know to-day. 
 The first paper was ably given by Mrs. 
 Coe. to whose interest and experience we 
 are indebted for the arrangement of the list 
 of subjects. A few weeks later, in Novem- 
 ber, we had the pleasure of listening to a 
 beautiful essay upon the period of the 
 Troubadours, generously given to us by 
 Miss Limt. In January and in March im- 
 portant topics of the course were treated 
 by Professor Ltitkin, whose unfailing read- 
 iness to respond when occasions call for 
 his assistance, has been of immeasurable 
 value to us throughout our five years* ex- 
 perience. The second of these lectures I 
 refer to the one upon the 'Representative 
 German Composers of the igth Century,' 
 in which he summarized and contrasted the 
 influence of the great masters upon the 
 development of the art was the product 
 of a comprehensive and keenly discriminat- 
 ing mind. The last paper of the course was 
 given by Mrs. Theodore Thomas in the 
 form of a resume of musical production 
 
 in this country, particularly during Colonial 
 and Revolutionary times. The remaining 
 twelve papers were written and read by 
 members of the Class. To the gifted women 
 who have loyally and skillfully carried this 
 course through without a single interrup- 
 tion, we cannot too warmly express our 
 gratitude and appreciation, sentiments not 
 unmixed with pride. 
 
 "Taking the courses collectively, they rep- 
 resent an immense amount of faithful re- 
 search and study. The cream of all this 
 reading has been placed before us from 
 week to week, and has afforded those in 
 regular attendance such an understanding 
 of the general subject as could have been 
 obtained only by the devotion of a large 
 amount of time to the exclusive study of 
 Musical History, while the variety af- 
 forded by the methods of the different es- 
 sayists has added great interest and unfail- 
 ing charm. To those who have been with 
 the class from the first, a glance at what 
 has been accomplished during the five years 
 cannot fail to afford deep satisfaction. In 
 l8(/>. when, through the enthusiasm and 
 personal effort of Mrs. Edward Wyman. the 
 little band was marshalled, in closing her 
 remarks at the introductory meeting. I re- 
 member that she said, 'of course we have 
 high hopes.' A group of women holding 
 subscriptions to the concerts of one of the 
 greatest orchestras the world has ever 
 known, unite into a class with the purpose 
 of becoming better fitted to appreciate this 
 beautiful music. With this single aim they 
 meet, each gladly giving to the others what- 
 ever she can perform, whether of artistic 
 effort or of the silent inspiration of the 
 listener. These are the simple conditions. 
 Hut which of us can measure the growth 
 in herself resulting from the interchange? 
 and. in the community in which we are 
 a part, it is said that our influence is wide ; 
 that we occupy a position of responsibility. 
 
t 
 
 LIBRARY 
 
 OF THE 
 
 UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS 
 
HISTORY OF EVANSTOX 
 
 281 
 
 May we continue to realize our supreme g^'f;;; ;;;;;;;; ;:::::::;;> ..Margaret Rmhven Lang 
 
 privilege of listening to the greatest music ^f^^i.'o' j^i- : :i: :::...... a Kathletn Rogers 
 
 oi the centuries under the leadership ol the T^Ma p r7^ lla !. Con .'!::::: ' Maude Valerie White 
 
 greatest of living conductors. May we The Throstle \ 
 
 continue to hold to the 'high hopes' with TUESDAY, FEBRUARV 13. 10 A. M. 
 
 which we began, always mindful that such Clara Schumann 
 
 measure of success as has been ours, has ^S^S^ml" III" '.'.:'." '.Ui^' 'B&& ^aynS 
 
 been in exact ratio to our obedience to the pE^^Wte'i^'Aiiiiri'.'.V.'.'.'.ikta." Grace Eriekwrn 
 
 divine law which orders all of Giving and Fanny Mendelssohn 
 
 Paper Mrs. F. B. Dyche 
 
 Receiving. Piano Caprices Miss Kdna Flesheim 
 
 Two Songs Miss Florence Stevens 
 
 During the past three vears, in addition 
 
 ,,,.' . MARCH H. IOOO. 
 
 to the study of the Thomas programs, the 
 
 - -ii Jessie L. Gaynor 
 
 subject of chamber music has been taken up s kct ch of Work in Composition Mrs. Gaynor 
 
 under the direction of Professor Harold ^--/ "-Songs from the child WorW... Gaynor 
 
 ,- If I Were a Bee. 
 
 Kliapp. Hush-a-Iiye. Baby Dear. 
 
 Music Department of the Evanston "he 1 Wind Went Wooing the Rose. 
 
 Woman's Club. In 1897 it was decided to A*?S5J: K ' SS ' 
 
 add a Music Department to the other thriv- StaSTI^ 1 '"*^ 
 
 ing departments of the Evanston Woman's ^Fire"'^^? 011 ' 
 
 Club. Mrs. H. D. Cable was made chair- s^rirtg'song 
 
 man anil Mrs. Coe was engaged, during the Accom P"- Mr - F - F - B le - 
 
 first season, to give a series of illustrated APRIL 10. K)OO. 
 
 lectures on musical topics. The second MrE ' H ' H ' A B " ch _ r 
 
 Paper Mrs. T. P. Stanwood 
 
 season's work consisted of miscellaneous fSSii (..Miss Louise E. Whitehead 
 
 programs. In 1899 Mrs. Coe was made SSe "*^f*" ; Miss Mabel nimn 
 
 Musical Director of the department, a f^"^^^^^^" A " a Min " 
 
 position which she held for three years. Personal Lettj.o b the^aub^.^..^.._.Mrs. Beach 
 
 During that period she planned in detail all J; nrRO "r."v :. Miss fj'? ui5e ,. E - Whitehead 
 
 Piano Phantoms Miss Grace Erickson 
 
 of the work of the department, personally W i" uI Year > s ri M t the Spring" I Miss Alta Miller 
 
 superintending the presentation of each pro- 1>ial10 g s E^ n ' Ev s e r "f i'nd p Mr W w A G e Togan derato 
 
 gram. Through the season. 1899-1900. a M vy 22 l{ 
 
 uniciue course was carried out, devoted ex- _ .. _. 
 
 L-CCtlC Lnarninadc 
 
 clllsivelv to the Compositions of WOmen. Short Sketches of Life and Work... Mrs. George A. Coe 
 
 Dense Pastorale f 
 
 Several Of tile COinpOSCrS themselves tOOk Scnrf Dance Mrs. Irene Stevens 
 
 Calirrhoe 3 
 
 a hvelv interest in the work, and letters VocalSombrero Mr. Alfred n. Shaw 
 
 The Flatterer Mrs. W. II. Knapp 
 
 of encouragement and appreciation were Bourse, n. minor > Miss Edna Eversz 
 
 received from Mrs. H. H. A. Beach and Vocal "Veins. Mon i\\m Aime" 
 
 . Miss Winifred Xiehtinirale 
 
 LeClle C hnmilindc. Two Pianos "Le Soir" Mrs. John R. Lindcren 
 
 "Le Matin". . .Miss Harriet Engle Brown 
 
 The following programs were given: vr c *-g] vSeTlianVon.':. ! Mr - AIfr - d D - Shaw 
 
 j.-iTjTtDv rt irirtn Concert Studv "Autumn" Miss Edna Flesheim 
 
 JAHUAKX y, 1 L)U. Vocal -"Ritoiirnelle" Miss Winifred XiEhtingale 
 
 I-ectnre- "Women Composers" Mrs. Crosby Adams Concertstuck. . Miss Carrie Hollirnok 
 
 Vocal Illustrations Miss Una Howell Orchestral Accompamment on Second Piano. Mrs. 
 
 PROGRAM ne0rKe A - COC ' 
 
 Th'e C Sw!,; g. T! . le . 11 . : 1 . t r:::::::* Eleanor smith Through the season of 1900-1901 the fol- 
 
 piead^r? 18 S " E ' lowing programs were given, devoted to 
 
 Hope me I Marguerite Melville American composers : 
 
282 
 
 LOCAL MUSICAL ORGANIZATIONS 
 
 JANUARY 8, 
 
 Paper Mrs. Chancellor Jenks, Jr. 
 
 William Mason 
 
 3 improvisation* *" C " f Miss Grace Erickson 
 
 John Knowles Paine 
 
 Vocal The Matin Song > M . A , M:ii. r 
 
 I Wore Your Roses ( M|SS Alta Mlller 
 
 Piano Nocturne, op. 4.1 Miss Elizabeth Raymond 
 
 Dudley Buck 
 
 Vocal Spring's Awakening. . .Miss Louise E. Whitehead 
 Piano By the Brookside, op. 8, No. 2. Miss Mabel Dunn 
 
 Vocal Sunset 
 
 Where Did You Come From, 
 
 Baby Dear * \f; ,\1* \fi1W 
 
 When the Heart is Young. ( M " B A!ta Mlller 
 
 Salve Regina Miss Whitehead 
 
 George Whitfield Chadwick 
 
 Vocal The Danza j Miss Miller 
 
 Oh, Let Night Speak to Me. v 
 
 Piano Irish Melody............. .j Miss Dunn 
 
 Scherztno, op. i. rto. 3. . . > 
 
 He Loves Me > 
 
 Allah * ...Miss Whitehead 
 
 Sings the Nightingale to the Rose.. 1 
 
 FEBRUARY 12, I()O2. 
 
 Suite Characteristique Arne OMberg 
 
 An Revoir } 
 
 White Caps I 
 
 Revcry j- Mr. Oldberg 
 
 Song to the Moon I 
 
 Le retour j 
 
 "The Child and His Music." An Illustrated Talk 
 
 Mr. W. H. Neidlinger 
 
 MARCH 12, IQOI. 
 
 Illustrated lecture on "The National Music of America." 
 Mr. Louis C. Elson, Professor of Musical Theory and 
 Lecturer on the Orchestra and on Musical History 
 in the New England Conservatory of Music, Boston, 
 Mass. 
 
 APRIL 9, I9OI. 
 
 Arthur W. Foote 
 Paper .......................... Mrs. William A. Dyche 
 
 Piano Suite, D. minor ..... ] 
 
 William L. Vance 
 
 , . ..... 
 
 R r omance and .. FUBt :?: I 
 Capriccio ........... J 
 
 Vocal Through the Long Days t 
 
 and Years ............. ; Mis 
 
 ............. 
 
 On the Way to Kew ..... 
 
 Margaret Master 
 
 the Way to _ _ 
 
 Piano Selections Irani Poems (after Omar Khay- 
 yam Mrs. George A. Coe 
 
 Vcal Memnmn ) 
 
 I'm Wearing Awa J Miss Easter 
 
 Sweetheart - 
 
 Piano and Violin Sonata, G minor. 
 
 Allegro Appassionata. 
 Alia Siciliano. 
 Adagio. 
 Allegro Molto. 
 Miss Klizabeth Raymond and Mr. Lewis Blackman 
 
 MAY 28, IQOI. 
 
 Edward A. MacDowell 
 Short Talk on the Composer with selections from 
 
 Sea Pieces Mrs. George A. Coe 
 
 Piano The Witches' Dance Miss Mabel Dunn 
 
 i^pr^?a,ion::::::::::::::i Willi *"> L - Van 
 
 M^rc'h Wind \ Miss Grace Erickson 
 
 Songs to be selected Miss Annie Louise Daniels 
 
 Czardas Mrs. William L. Vance 
 
 In view of the activity along 1 musical lines 
 throughout the various organizations of 
 women, it is a matter of especial interest 
 
 to note the following opinion expressed in 
 a private letter by the eminent American 
 composer, Mr. Arthur Foote, of Boston : 
 
 "From circumstances, I am more ac- 
 quainted with the work done by those clubs 
 than most people right here, and I do not 
 hesitate to give my belief that the most 
 efficient factor for music in America now 
 is just that done by those clubs, chiefly, 
 naturally, in the Middle West, although 
 there has been a surprising and healthful 
 growth in the same direction about here ; 
 but, rim as they are, generally by level- 
 headed and truly musical people, their ef- 
 fect, I firmly believe, will be more than 
 either of us can imagine in the next twenty 
 years." 
 
 During the season of 1901-1902 the 
 Music Section of the Evanston Woman's 
 Club, under the direction of Mrs. Coe, 
 carried out the following Historical and 
 Analytical Course: 
 
 JANUARY 14. 1902. 
 
 Lecture Recital "Primitive Music" 
 
 Mrs. George A. Coe 
 
 Vocal Illustrations Miss Louise Whitehead 
 
 The Development from Crude beginnings among the 
 
 Savages to the Attempts of the Early Christians. 
 Beginnings of Folk Music. 
 Development of the Scale. 
 The Music of the Chinese, Japanese, and Hindoos. 
 
 MUSICAL ILLUSTRATIONS. 
 
 Japanese and Hindoo Songs 
 
 Negro Folk Songs 
 
 The Lady Picking Mulberries Edgar S. Kelley 
 
 (Written on Chinese scale.) 
 Suite for Piano "Miniatures in Chinese Colors".... 
 
 Lillian Statson Miller 
 
 Movement from Chinese Suite for Orchestra 
 
 Edgar S. Kelley 
 
 JANUARY 28, 1902. 
 
 Lecture Recital "Music of the American Indians".... 
 
 Mrs. George A. Coe 
 
 Vocal Illustrations Miss Mary Florence Steve 
 
 Indian Legends, Superstitions and Sense of Musical 
 
 Rhythm. 
 
 Scalping Songs. Prayers. Cradle Songs. 
 Songs of Joy and Sorrow. 
 
 FEBRUARY II, IOX>2. 
 
 MUSIC OF THE GREEKS. 
 
 The Creek Drama Mrs. Doremus A. Haves 
 
 The Greek Music System Mrs. George A. Coe 
 
 Musical Illustrations Mr. Arthur Burton 
 
 FEBRUARY 25, I9O2. 
 
 Development of Church Music ("from Ambrose and 
 
 Gregory to beginning of the Netherland School). 
 Music in the Bible. 
 
 Musical Attempts of the Early Christians. 
 
HISTORY OF EVANSTON 
 
 283 
 
 Paper Mrs. C. D. B. Hpwell 
 
 Musical Analysis, including Development of Notation.. 
 
 Mrs. Coe 
 
 Vocal Illustrations of Ambrosian and Gregorian Chants 
 
 and Hebrew Hymns Mrs. H. W. Knapp 
 
 MARCH II, I9O2. 
 
 Lecture Recital "History of Folk Music" 
 
 Mrs. Joseph W. Hines 
 
 Folk Songs of Scandinavia. 
 Russian and Slavic Songs. 
 
 MARCH 25, 1902. 
 
 "EPOCH OF THE NETHERLANDERS" 
 Papers by Mrs. E. L. Harpham and Miss Elizabeth P. 
 
 Clarke. 
 
 Musical Illustrations by Vocal Quartette under the 
 
 direction of Miss Tina Mae Haines. 
 
 APRIL 8. I9O2. 
 
 THE OPERA. 
 Italy Peri to Verdi. 
 France Beaujoyeux to Gounod. 
 Germany Kaiser to Wagner. 
 England Purcell to Handel. 
 
 Paper Mrs. Homer H. Kingsley 
 
 Vocal Illustrations Mr. A. I). Shaw and Mrs. Smith 
 
 Piano Numbers Miss Grace Ericson, Miss Marion 
 
 Titus and Miss Hoff. 
 
 APRIL 22, I9O2. 
 
 Analytical Lecture on Wagner's "Siegfried," with illus* 
 trations from the score Mrs. George A. Coe 
 
 MAY 13, I9O2. 
 
 THE ORATORIO. 
 
 Papers. 
 
 Oratorio in Italy Mrs. W. A. Illsley 
 
 Oratorio in Germany Mrs. E. W. Goldschmidt 
 
 Oratorio in England Miss Mary B. Lindsay 
 
 Vocal Illustrations Mr. Conrad Kimbafl 
 
 Piano Illustrations 
 
 Mrs. Goldschmidt and Mrs. W. I". Hypes 
 
 MAY 27, I OO2. 
 
 Lecture Recital "Spanish Folk Music" 
 
 Senora Hlanca de Freyre Tibbits 
 
 Work of Woman's Club. The follow- 
 ing resume of the three season's work was 
 prepared by Miss Tina Mae Haines: 
 
 "An inquiry into the cause of the steady 
 growth of general culture among an in- 
 dustrial busy people would reveal the pres- 
 ence of a multitude of important forces, 
 all working toward a broader and deeper 
 knowledge of the arts and sciences. One 
 of these important forces is the universal 
 spirit of investigation which continually 
 asks to know why things are as they are; 
 that spirit which insists upon dissecting 
 the component parts of everything which 
 probes into the very mind and heart of 
 every one who has given a part of his best 
 self to the world the spirit which seeks to 
 
 uncover the mysteries of creative power 
 itself. 
 
 "Music, the most elusive of all the arts, 
 has not escaped this microscopic examina- 
 tion. It is only within recent years, how- 
 ever, that the general public has shown any 
 perceptible desire to really understand the 
 science of music. It has been content to 
 have its ears tickled and its feet inspired, 
 to declare one's self fond of music meant 
 simply that one was fond of the 'tune.' 
 The number of such is steadily diminishing, 
 and moreover the time is rapidly passing, 
 when a musician, who knows nothing but 
 his music, can pass muster. 
 
 "The better class of conservatories, the 
 establishment of orchestras and organiza- 
 tions for the analytical study of orchestral 
 literature, the appearance on the scenes of 
 competent musical lecturers, and the exer- 
 tions of our impressarios to appeal to the 
 cultivated musical palate, are all large fac- 
 tors in contributing to a more intelligent 
 comprehension of music as an art. and not 
 merely as a form of entertainment. With- 
 in the past few years these forces have re- 
 ceived powerful impetus from the vari- 
 ous women's clubs, many of which have in- 
 corporated in their courses of study depart- 
 ments of music. 
 
 "The Woman's Club of Evanston is a 
 notable example. It has just completed 
 the third year of a splendidly-conceived 
 and well carried out course of study. The 
 club showed excellent judgment in engag- 
 ing Mrs. George Coe for the musical direc- 
 tor, and the wisdom of the selection has long 
 since been proved by the steady growth of 
 the department and the increasing interest 
 in the examination of the course of study 
 shows the extensive sco]ie of the work un- 
 dertaken. During the season of 1899 and 
 1900 the general subject was, 'Woman in 
 Composition, and special features were an 
 illustrated lecture talk by Mrs. Jessie Gay- 
 
28 4 
 
 LOCAL MUSICAL ORGANIZATIONS 
 
 nor of 'Methods of Work in Composition.' 
 The subject of the study course, during the 
 season of 1900 and 1901, was 'American 
 Composers.' Among other interesting 
 things. Mr. Louis C. Elson, of Boston, gave 
 an illustrated lecture on 'The National 
 Music of America.' and Mr. \Y. H. Neid- 
 linger gave a talk on 'Children's Songs.' 
 
 "Tile series running through the season 
 just closed has been devoted to the study of 
 the development of music from its earliest 
 beginnings. Many well-known soloists 
 have furnished illustrations for the various 
 programs. Some of the papers were pre- 
 pared by members of the club, and Mrs. 
 Coe herself, besides contributing a number 
 of lectures and papers, has added to every 
 program from her ample store of informa- 
 tion. 
 
 "Mrs. Coe, in preparing her lectures, has 
 added to her wide experience as a teacher 
 and her thorough knowledge of the general 
 history of music, a detailed study of the de- 
 velopment of music among all nationalities, 
 sparing no pains to secure rare and authen- 
 tic material : and those who have heard 
 these lectures, fully realize the careful selec- 
 tion of interesting matter, the absence of 
 superfluous details and the artistic and logi- 
 cal arrangement of the information so care- 
 fully gleaned. Mrs. Coe should have the 
 satisfaction of feeling that, in addition to 
 interesting and entertaining her auditors, 
 she is wielding an educational influence of 
 immeasurable value and stimulating a de- 
 sire for a more sincere study of the science 
 of music." 
 
 During the season of njoj-K/53. a series 
 of lecture recitals was given before the 
 club by Madam dc Roode Rice. During 
 1903-11,104 a series of miscellaneous pro- 
 grams was given, including the first public 
 performance of the "Melodrama of Hiawa- 
 tha" for speaking voice and piano by Saidee 
 Knowland Coe. given with the composer 
 
 at the piano and Miss Mae Neal, reader. A 
 series of interesting and instructive lecture- 
 recitals has been given the past season by 
 Miss Tina Mae Haines. who is to furnish 
 another course next winter. 
 
 The Evanston Musical Club. One 
 great cause of encouragement in the musi- 
 cal development of America is the broad- 
 ening of general education to include some 
 knowledge of the fine arts, notably music, 
 and a corresponding enlargement of musi- 
 cal training to include culture along literary 
 and scientific lines. It follows, therefore, 
 that in towns where are situated colleges 
 or universities of importance, one may, at 
 the present time, as confidently expect to 
 become acquainted with some at least of the 
 masterpieces of music as with the great 
 works of literature. 
 
 That the Evanston Musical Club has done 
 real musical culture work no one can doubt 
 who has watched its progress during the 
 last few years and noted the number of 
 new, as well as standard, works that have 
 been brought to the attention of many per- 
 sons who, perhaps otherwise, would never 
 have heard them. One cause for congrat- 
 ulation in the work of the club is that the 
 audiences are not made up solely of people 
 sated with musical opportunities. The con- 
 certs prove a musical feast for many stu- 
 dents and others whose opportunities for 
 hearing great choral works have been very 
 limited. 
 
 The following "Retrospective." pub- 
 lished by officers of the club, gives a history 
 of its start and first four seasons' work: 
 
 "In 1894 a Mrennerchor of twenty voices 
 was organized in the Country Club, under 
 the direction of Professor P. C. Lutkin, 
 anil gave its first concert at the club house 
 on November 3Oth. with Max llendix 
 violinist, and Miss Fanchon Thompson, 
 contralto, as soloist. The same program 
 was repeated at the Congregational church 
 
HISTORY OF EVANSTON 
 
 285 
 
 and was the first public performance of the 
 Evanston Musical Club. In the meantime, 
 a ladies' auxiliary chorus was formed, 
 which also gave a concert at the Country 
 Club. On February 19, 1895, the two or- 
 ganizations united in a public performance 
 at the Congregational church, with Francis 
 Walker, baritone, and Frederick Archer, 
 organist, as soloists. On May ~th an ora- 
 torio was attempted, and Sullivan's "Prod- 
 igal Son" was given with a quartette of 
 home talent. The full chorus had grown to 
 ninety voices and. largely through the ef- 
 forts of the first President, Mr. John R. 
 Lindgren, an associate member lis of sixty- 
 six was secured. 
 
 "The work of the Club had given so 
 much pleasure and satisfaction that more 
 pretentious plans were laid for the coming 
 season. The concerts were all given at the 
 Congregational church, beginning with the 
 Maennerchor on November 12, assisted by 
 Bruno Steindel, 'cellist. On December I7th 
 the first performance of the 'Messiah' was 
 given and met with hearty approval. The 
 solo quartette consisted of Miss Anita Mul- 
 doon, of Cincinnati. Mrs. Anna Rommeis 
 Thacker. Mr. Walter Root and Mr. William 
 Richards. A Part-song Concert 'was next 
 given on February 7. 1896, with Mine. 
 Lillian Blauvelt. The crowning feature of 
 the year was the performance of 'Elijah.' 
 on April 24. with Mrs. Janet Boyd 
 Brown. Mrs. Foresman Bagg. Mr. William 
 F. Hypes, and Mr. Plunkett Greene, as 
 solo quartette. At both oratorios Mr. Clar- 
 ence Dickinson presided at the organ. At 
 the end of the season the active members 
 numbered over one hundred, and the asso- 
 ciate members eighty-nine. 
 
 "With its third season the Club adopted 
 its present policy of giving three concerts 
 annually the 'Messiah' at Christmas tide, 
 a Part-song Concert, with an eminent solo- 
 ist, in February, and a great oratorio in 
 
 April. The new season was inaugurated 
 with the first appearance of an orchestra, 
 and to provide the necessary stage-room, 
 and also to accommodate the increasing at- 
 tendance, the concerts of the Club were 
 transferred to the First Methodist church, 
 where they have since been held. The per- 
 formance of the Messiah, with its proper 
 orchestral setting, created much enthusiasm 
 and received high praise from Chicago 
 critics. The solo quartette included Miss 
 Helen Buckley, Mrs. Anna Rommeis 
 Thacker, William J. Brown, and Charles 
 VV. Clark. The following artists assisted 
 at the Part-song Concert: Mile. Alice 
 Verlet, from the Paris Opera Comique, and 
 Mr. Leo Stern, 'cellist, from London. The 
 season closed with a successful perform- 
 ance of Haydn's 'Creation,' with orchestra, 
 and Miss Helen Buckley. William F. Hypes 
 and George Ellsworth Holmes as soloists. 
 The chorus now numbered one hundred and 
 twenty members, and there were about an 
 equal number of associate members. 
 
 "The high standard the Club had set for 
 its 'Messiah' performance was fully main- 
 tained at the opening concert of the fourth 
 season. The assisting artists were Mrs. 
 Genevieve Clark Wilson. Mrs. Sue Harring- 
 ton Furbeck, Mr. George Hamlin and Mr. 
 Lewis Campion. M. Henry Marteau, the 
 eminent violinist, was the attraction at the 
 Part-song Concert. In place of the usual 
 oratorio at the last concert, an English 
 Idyl, entitled 'St. John's Eve.' for solo, 
 chorus and orchestra, was given with Mrs. 
 Proctor Smith, Mrs. Christine Xeilson 
 Drier. George Hamlin and Sidney Biden in 
 the solo parts. So great was the enjoyment 
 in this beautiful work that a repetition was 
 demanded. A second performance was 
 given for a worthy charitable object. Miss 
 Eolia Carpenter and Mr. William Hypes 
 replacing Mrs. Drier and Mr. Hamlin. The 
 chorus had increased to one hundred and 
 
286 
 
 LOCAL MUSICAL ORGANIZATIONS 
 
 thirty members and the associate members PROGRAM. 
 
 to nearly one hundred and fifty." *' Gallu ' Motette L p r io^. P Mr. Imfth"" 1 chorus " Gounod 
 
 During the succeeding years the follow- " chaconnc ' for Vi Sit &'' B * ch 
 
 ing programs have been presented: 3 ' I^n^nT^.' ^"'." 5 ^ Barge.. 
 
 b Cradle Song Gilbert A. Alcock 
 
 FIFTH SEASON. 4. Two Part Songs, for Mixed Voices 
 
 DECEMBER I 3> 1898. '. . ^i*^'! !'!". .^l'"^ ."""i Horace' ' Ellis 
 
 'TUG- uc-ecr AU > b Full Fathom Five Charles Wood 
 
 THE MESSIAH. 5 Violin Solos- 
 Miss Jennie Osborn. Soprano; Mrs. Sue Harrington a Nocturne, D flat Chopin Sarasate 
 
 Furbeck, Contralto; Mr. Holmes Cowper, Tenor; Mr. Humoresque Tschaikowsky 
 
 Charles \V. Clark, Bass; Mr. Curtis A. Barry, Organist. c Dance Brahms-Joachim 
 
 _ 6. Six Ancient Folk Songs of the Netherlands (A. D. 
 
 FEBRUARY 23, iSOQ. 16^0) arranged by E. Kremser 
 
 For Maennerchor, Baritone and Tenor Solos 
 
 PART SONG CONCERT. 7. Chorus, for Ladies' Voices and Soprano 
 
 Soloists Mr. Bruno Steindel, Violoncello; Mr. Holmes T h , e Sailors' Christmas ..Chammade 
 
 Cowper Tenor ^' Mrs. Smith 
 
 Accompanists Mrs. Bruno Steindel; Mr. Elias Arnold a Ballad, for Baritone and Chorus 
 
 Bredin ^ oung Lochmvar Liza Lehmann 
 
 ___. , Solo Mrs. Stacey 
 
 PROGRAM. 9 Violin Solo Hungarian Themes with Variations 
 
 Cantata "The Pilgrims" G. W. Chadwick Ernst 
 
 Evanston Musical Club. Miss Jackson 
 
 Le Desir Servais 10. Two-Part Songs for Mixed Chorus 
 
 Mr. Steindel. a Evening and Morning Hymn Rheinberger 
 
 Anthem for Tenor Solo , and Chorus P. C. Lutkin b Gypsy Life Schumann 
 
 Mr. Cowper and Evanston Musical Club. 
 
 The Elizabethan Madrigals C. Withers Stanford ADDIT >- irtnn 
 
 Evanston Musical Club. APRIL 2J , lyOO. 
 
 Polonaise for Piano and 'Cello. ....... Chopin Thc EIijah Mendelssohn 
 
 .... , Mr - and Mrs - Stemdel. Soloists Mrs. Genevieve Clark Wilson, Soprano; Mrs. 
 
 Winter Days... Caldcott Sue Harrington Furbeck, Alto; Mr. George Hamlin, 
 
 Evanston Musical Club. Tenor; Mr. Charles W. Clark. Basso. 
 
 Homewards ......_.... Rhemberger Wilson Reed, Soprano (The Youth). 
 
 Ladies Chorus. Richard Uhlemaim, Mezzo Soprano. 
 
 Rjf!54n^::::::::::::::::::u\\"-:::;::::::aii A and p ^ k <- A "- 
 
 Adagio Eva 1 """" Musical Club. Moart SEVENTH SEASON. 
 
 Taramdle Popper rc^c-\tni.'D rR innn 
 
 Mr. Steindel. DECEMB1 18, 1900. 
 
 The Song of the Vikings Eaton Fanning ^j lc M ess j an Handel 
 
 Evanston Musical Club. Soloists Mrs. 'Jennie' Fish Griffin.' Soprano:' Miss 'Mabelle 
 
 ~Q ,Q^,-> Crawford. Alto; Mr. Frederick Carberry, Tenor; Mr. 
 
 APRIL 28, I99. Charles W. Clark, Basso. 
 
 MENDELSSOHN FESTIVAL. 
 
 Miss Jennie Osborn. Soprano; Miss Alton Littleton WMWAi 1>> IWt. 
 
 Smith. Soprano; Mr. George Hamlin, Tenor; Miss PART SONG CONCERT 
 Una Howcll, Pianist. 
 
 Soloists Madame Fannie Bloomfield Zeisler, Pianiste ; 
 
 PROGRAM. Mr Chauncey Earle Bryant, Tenor. 
 
 Concerto for Piano and Orchestra, op. 25 
 
 Miss Una Howell PROGRAM. 
 
 Motette "Hear My Prayer". Miss Osborn and Evanston Credo r* 
 
 Musical Club. ' Sandus From ' St ' Cecilia' ' Mass'.' i Gounod 
 
 A Hymn of Praise. o. Piano Solos 
 
 SIXTH SEASON. a " Ha ^-' har , kf j hc lark n' -Schubert 
 
 ( 1 ranslated for Piano by Liszt). 
 
 DECEMBF.R 14, lOOX). b. Marche Militaire Schubert 
 
 (Duet arranged as a solo by Tausig). 
 
 "The Messiah" Handel Mme. Zeisler. 
 
 Soloists Mrs. Sanger Steele, Soprano; Miss Mabelle 3. Part Song for Mixed Voices. 
 
 Crawford, Alto; Mr. Glenn Hall, Tenor; Mr. Arthur "When Spring Comes Laughing" .... Eaton Fanning 
 
 Van Eweyk, Basso. 4. The Twenty-third Psalm, for Ladies' Voices 
 
 "The Lord is my Shepherd" Schubert 
 
 1 \VITARV ? TOOO 5. Piano Solos 
 
 JANUAKY <J, lyOU. lierceuse. op. 57 1 
 
 Northwestern University Settlement, Chicago. fi lude ' op ' o 1 ."' J^'i 4 ' ' ' 1- Chopin 
 
 . , Valse, op. *>4, No. 1.... i 
 
 The Messiah Handel Valse op f>4 No ' ' 
 
 Soloists Mrs. Sanger Steele, Soprano; Miss Mahelle " \Inie ' Zeisler 
 
 Crawford. Contralto; Mr. Glenn Hall, Tenor; Mr. 6 Two Part Songs, 'for Mixed Voices- 
 Harry K. Parsons. Baso. T wo Maidens P. C. Lutkin 
 
 (Dedicated to the Apollo Musical Club). 
 
 FEBRUARY 5, 1900. . The Babbling Brook P. C. Lutkin 
 
 (Dedicated to the Evanston Musical Club.) 
 
 PART SONG CONCERT. 7. Two Part Songs, for Mixed Voices- 
 Soloists Leonora Jackson, Violinist. a Spring Cowen 
 
 (Mr. Ernest H. Jackson. Accompanist.) b Lover's Counsel.... 
 
 Incidental solos by Mrs. Alton Littleton Dmitri, Soprano; Piano Solos Liebestraum (Nocturne, No. 31). ...Liszt 
 
 Harry R. Parsons, Basso; Russell Wilbur, Tenor; Caprice Espagnole, op. I!" Moszkowski 
 
 William A. Stacey. Baritone. Mme. Zeisler. 
 
 H. M. Tilroe, Reader. ft. March and Chorus from Tannhauser. 
 
celt ft 
 
 I ( / / /( V 
 
L 
 
 i 
 
 r 
 
 - . 
 
HISTORY OF EVAXSTON 
 
 287 
 
 APRIL 21, 
 
 CENTRAL MUSIC HALL, CHICAGO. 
 "The Elijah" ............................. Mendelssohn 
 
 By the combined Evanston and Ravenswood Clubs, 
 under the direction of Professor P. C. Lutkin. 
 Soloists Mrs. Genevieve Clark Wilson, Soprano; Miss 
 
 Elaine De Sellem, Alto; Mr. George Hamlin, Tenor; 
 
 Mr. Charles W. Clark, Basso. 
 
 MAY 7, IQOI. 
 
 Stabat Mater ................................. Rossini 
 
 Hiawatha's Wedding Feast ......... S. Coleridge Taylor 
 
 Soloists Miss Helen Buckley, Soprano ; Miss Elaine 
 
 De Sellem, Alto; Mr. Holmes Cowper, Tenor; Mr. F. 
 
 B. Webster, Bass. 
 
 EIGHTH SEASON. 
 NOVEMBER 21, IQOI. 
 
 .. 
 
 Soloists Mrs. Maria Hoag-Haughley, Soprano; Mrs. 
 Ella Pierson Kirkham, Alto; Mr. L. E. Rollo, Tenor; 
 Mr. Joseph Baernstein, Basso. 
 
 FEBRUARY 2J, 1902. 
 
 PART SONG CONCERT. 
 
 Soloists Mme. Corinne Moore Lawson, Soprano ; Mr. 
 Gustav Ilolmquist, Basso. 
 
 PROGRAM. 
 
 PART I. 
 
 1. "Hear My Prayer" .................... Mendelssohn 
 
 Motet te for Soprano Solo and Chorus. 
 Mrs. Lawson and Chorus. 
 
 2. The King's Prayer from Lohengrin .......... Wagner 
 
 Bass Solo, Quintette and Chorus. 
 
 Mr. Holmquist. 
 
 Miss Anna L. Beebe, Soprano; Miss Louise White- 
 head, Alto; Mr. A. D. Shaw, Tenor; Mr. C. N. 
 Stevens, Baritone. 
 
 3. Te Deum, opus 103 ...................... Dvorak 
 
 Soprano and Bass Solo and Chorus. 
 Mrs. Lawson, Mr. Holmquist and Chorus. 
 
 PART If. 
 1. The Dance, opus ^7. No. 1 ...... ..... Edward Elgar 
 
 From the "Bavarian Highlands." 
 
 Evanston Musical Club. 
 li. a Norwegian Shepherd Song. Old Melodv 16th Cent. 
 
 c LoilLs^cT 5 ':: ! .............. O.d English 
 
 3 - ttB^&ViK-a:! ..... Ed - rd E * 
 
 Evanston Musical Club. 
 
 4. a The First Love Song .......... Carl Grammann 
 
 b The Sand Carrier .............. August Bungert 
 
 c Serenata ........................... Moszkowski 
 
 Mrs. Lawson. 
 
 5. The Marksmen. Opus 27, No. 6 ........ Edward Elgar 
 
 Evanston Musical Club. 
 
 APRIL 22, I9O2. 
 
 VERDI'S. 
 Manzoni Requjem. 
 
 Soloists Mrs. Geiievieve Clark Wilson, Soprano ; Miss 
 Jessie Lynde Hopkins, Mezzo Soprano; Mr. John B. 
 Miller, Tenor ; Mr. Joseph Baernstein, Basso. 
 
 Other especially important works present- 
 ed by the Club are "Caractacus" and "King 
 Olaf" by Elgar, and Dvorak's "Stabat 
 Mater." Interest in the club was greatly 
 augmented by the winning of the second 
 prize of $3,500 in the choral contest at the 
 Louisiana Purchase Exposition at Saint 
 Louis, in 1904. under the direction of Pro- 
 fessor Lutkin. In the concert of January 
 30, 1905, a concerto for piano and orchestra 
 by Arne Oldberg had its first performance, 
 and the celebrated English contralto, Muriel 
 Foster, was the most notable solist. 
 
 The Presidents of the Evanston Musical 
 Club have been Mr. John R. Lindgren, Mr. 
 W. F. Hypes, Mr. Frank \V. Smith, Mr. 
 Chancellor Jenks and Mr. C. N. Stevens. 
 
 Let us hope that the great development 
 along musical lines, which has taken place 
 in Evanston during the last few years, may 
 lead some public spirited citizen to erect 
 a large hall suitable for concert purposes. 
 Mendelssohn has said. "I know of no aim 
 more noble than that of giving music to 
 one's native language and to one's native 
 country." What more noble monument 
 could an Evanstonian erect than a 
 building in his own town, which would 
 make possible an annual musical festival 
 whose strains would mingle with the ma- 
 jestic organ point of our beautiful Lake 
 Michigan, in fulfilling the musicians' calling 
 which, according to Schumann, is "to send 
 light into the deep recesses of the human 
 heart." 
 
CHAPTER XXXI. 
 
 EVANSTOX BANKS 
 
 (By WILLIAM G. HOAO) 
 
 The Stor\ of Banking Enterprises in Evan- 
 ston Effect of the Chicago Fire 
 First Private Bank Establislied in /<?/./ 
 Incorporated as a State Bank in i8(j.' 
 First Officers of the Xci\: Institution 
 Growth of Deposits // Successfull\ 
 It'ithstands the Panic of /#y_? Pres- 
 ent Officers ( IQO6 ) A First .\~ational 
 Bank I 'entiire The Panic of 1893 R C ~ 
 siilts in Disaster The Cit\ Xational 
 Bank of Eranston Established in IQOO 
 First Officers and Leading Stockholders 
 Its Prosperous Career Condition in 
 
 Hanking in Evanston. however intimate 
 this city's relations with near-by Chicago, 
 has been prosperous and permanent when 
 conducted with discretion, and ephemeral 
 and disastrous when otherwise undertaken. 
 The story of hanking in Evanston is largely 
 that of the older of its two institutions, and 
 a story by no means without interest to all 
 who profit by and have pride in the suc- 
 cesses of conservative finance. 
 
 Effect of the Chicago Fire. With the 
 influx of population after the Chicago fire 
 of 1871. the growing business of Evanston 
 invited the creation of banking facilities 
 furnished by Evanston capital and ope- 
 rated by Evanston citizens. Into this field. 
 in the early 'seventies, came Merrill Ladd, 
 who founded the private bank of Merrill 
 
 Ladd & Company. Speculation worked 
 this venture ill ; and the panic of 1873. that 
 shook the financial strongholds of Xew 
 York. Boston, Philadelphia and Chicago, 
 left the enterprise of Evanston "s first 
 money-lender a memory only. In 1874 a 
 new bank started in Evanston, and became 
 a corner-stone for the village's wealth and 
 growth. 
 
 Bank of Hoag & Co. Established. 
 In 1874. on the southeast corner of Davis 
 Street and Chicago Avenue. Thomas C. 
 Hoag & Company started a private bank. 
 Mr. Hoag, of the Chicago grocery firm 
 of Goss & Hoag. one of the largest in the 
 city, and situated on Xorth Clark Street 
 near the bridge, had suffered the destruc- 
 tion of his property in the great fire, and 
 was free to find a new opening wherever 
 he might. Living as he had in Evanston 
 since 1857, anJ having done a grocery busi- 
 ness by railway express with Xorth Shore 
 villages, he now began a local grocery 
 business in Evanston. and soon thereafter 
 went into banking on the aforesaid site. 
 Mr. Hoag already was the Treasurer and 
 Business Agent of the Xorthwcstern I'ni- 
 versity, and with this and other advantage- 
 ous connections, lie conducted with in- 
 creasing success the Evanston bank that 
 had come to stay. The business grew, 
 justifying a building next door exclusively 
 for banking purposes, and further establish- 
 
 2*9 
 
290 
 
 EVANSTON BANKS 
 
 ing itself as an indispensable institution in 
 the development of the commercial life of 
 Evanston. In 1891 the banking firm of 
 Thomas C. Hoag & Company moved to the 
 southwest corner of Davis Street and Chi- 
 cago Avenue, there installing the first mod- 
 ern safety deposit vaults offered to the 
 Evanston public. 
 
 State Bank Incorporated. On May 10, 
 1892. was incorporated the State Bank 
 of Evanston, to which Mr. Hoag sold his 
 interest, his banking firm then retiring from 
 business. The incorporators of the new 
 institution its charter being of the date of 
 March 10, 1892, and conferring powers 
 to conduct a general commercial and sav- 
 ings bank business were Robert D. Shep- 
 pard, Charles F. Grey, and John R. Lind- 
 gren. The first board of directors of the 
 State Bank of Evanston were the follow- 
 ing well-known citizens : 
 
 William Blanchard, Frank M.' Elliot, 
 William G. Hoag, H. H. C. Miller, Robert 
 D. Sheppard. H. B. Cragin, Charles F. 
 Grey, John R. Lindgren, Henry A. Pear- 
 sons, William E. Stockton, and Charles 
 T. Bartlett. 
 
 The first officers of the new bank were 
 John R. Lindgren, President ; William 
 Blanchard, Vice-President ; William G. 
 Hoag, Cashier. Mr. Lindgren was already 
 prominently identified with Chicago bank- 
 ing as Cashier of the State Bank of Chi- 
 cago. Mr. Blanchard was a retired lumber- 
 man and capitalist, and Mr. Iloag brought 
 experience from his associations with his 
 father in the firm of Thomas C. Hoag & 
 Company. The Evanston State Bank be- 
 gan business with a capital, all paid in, of 
 $100,000 and deposits from Thomas C. 
 Hoag & Company of $306,000. Among 
 the stockholders, together with the officers 
 and directors, were J. H. Kedzie, Henry R. 
 Hatfield, D. S. Cook, M. S. Terry, George 
 H. Foster, William Deering, T. C. Hoag, 
 C. H. Ouinlan. Lucv D. Shuman, Daniel 
 
 Bonbright, William L. Brown, Frank P. 
 Crandon, Charles T. Boynton, Thomas 
 Lord, Fleming H. Revell. 
 
 At the close of 1892, the year of organi- 
 zation, the bank's deposits amounted to 
 $369,590.60. On January 13, 1894, Robert 
 D. Sheppard succeeded John R. Lind- 
 gren as President, and continued in 
 direction of the bank until succeeded in 
 February, 1903, by Henry J. Wallingford. 
 From organization to the present time, \Yil- 
 liam G. Hoag has been the bank's Cashier. 
 In March, 1900, E. F. Pierce was chosen 
 Assistant Cashier and continues in this 
 office. Prominent citizens who have served 
 in the bank's directory from 1892 to 1905, 
 other than those composing the original 
 board are : D. S. Cook, Thomas Lord, Dr. 
 M. C. Bragdon, E. B. Quinlan, Henry J. 
 Wallingford, Frank W. Gerould, William 
 A. Dyche. In 1897 Thomas Lord was 
 elected Vice-President. At present writing, 
 in 1906, the officers of the State Bank of 
 Evanston are : 
 
 President Henry J. Wallingford. 
 
 Vice-President H. H. C. Miller. 
 
 Cashier William G. Hoag. 
 
 Assistant Cashier Edwin F. Pierce. 
 
 The following tables statistically tell the 
 story of the growth of the State Bank of 
 Evanston in its general banking and savings 
 departments, but do not especially declare 
 the policy which has built up this popular 
 banking house. The policy is that which 
 makes for slow growth but for sure the 
 policy of prudence and conservatism. 
 
 GROWTH OF DEPOSITS IN STATE BANK OF 
 EVANSTON FROM 1892 TO 1906. 
 
 1802 . $ 324.020.18 
 
 JKOT 360.381.44 
 
 1WI4 ' , 532.265.86 
 
 jS* 557.103.15 
 
 ]s]M j ' 539.673.67 
 
 is'.lT 715.112.57 
 
 1808 733.844.50 
 
 18!(0 . 967.774.80 
 
 ft"; :::::::::::. IffilS 
 
 jr, r . ' 1.133.123.75 
 
 iijs ::;: IS?? 
 
 1JNI.-, ' 1,315.008.62 
 
 1006 .'.'.' 1,460.000.00 
 
HISTORY OF EVANSTON 
 
 291 
 
 This bank, since the first year after in- 
 corporation, lias paid dividends at the uni- 
 form rate of six per cent. Its excess of 
 earnings, carried over to the surplus, now 
 makes this guarantee of security over 
 $100,000. The last reported quotation of 
 this bank's stock was 240. 
 
 The Test of 1893. The policy that has 
 shaped the development of business, record- 
 ed in the foregoing tables, is characteristic 
 of all the financiers, capitalists, and busi- 
 ness men who have contributed to the 
 growth of this conservative institution. 
 One of its banking principles is never to 
 sacrifice security to interest. Beginning 
 its corporate existence a year before the 
 great panic of 1893. it was P ut to tne earth- 
 quake test while still quite young. In that 
 memorable year, when there were 15,508 
 business failures: when 154 National and 
 184 State banks suspended ; when 598 bank- 
 ing institutions of all classes, with estimat- 
 ed assets of $184,281.014 and liabilities of 
 $170,295,581, suspended in that disastrous 
 time, no savings bank in Cook County was 
 less severely jarred than the State Bank of 
 Evanston. Indeed, it may be said that, in 
 that fateful year, this bank, safe if not co- 
 lossal, never felt serious pressure from its 
 depositors : and it is well remembered by its 
 officers that, if at any period of unusual 
 popular timidity, money has flowed out 
 from one window, a compensating stream 
 has flowed in by another. The following 
 from the "Evanston Press," of May 20, 
 1893. suggests the stamina of this bank in 
 a time that surely tried men's souls : 
 
 "Thursday morning a slight run was 
 made on the State Bank, but it was soon 
 over, only a very few dollars having been 
 drawn out. The State Bank is perfectly 
 sound, and has made arrangements to stand 
 a heavy run. Cashier Hoag said, Thursday, 
 that every cent now on deposit can be drawn 
 out, and that the bank has in its vaults the 
 
 cold cash to meet all of its indebtedness. 
 By order of President Lindgren the bank 
 was kept open for an hour after the usual 
 closing hour on Thursday, but this was not 
 necessary, as the 'run.' if such it could be 
 called, was over long before the usual hour 
 for closing." 
 
 This bank's history has been one almost 
 without losses from injudicious banking. 
 It has had almost no litigation. On real 
 estate investments it has never lost a dollar ; 
 and. for twenty years, during the life of the 
 antecedent company and of its own corpor- 
 ate life, its total losses have not exceeded 
 $2.000 or $3.000. So discreet, yet so mu- 
 tually just, is it in the management of cred- 
 its, that in a certain statement its cashier 
 reported deposits of $1.300,000 with over 
 drafts amounting to just one cent. Need- 
 less to say, that the Evanston State Bank 
 eschews speculation. 
 
 Influence on Local Business. The 
 business of Evanston has grown because 
 of its own local banking facilities. Its banks 
 have drawn, held, and made wealth here. 
 Here Evanston merchants have received 
 their accommodations, and to this prosper- 
 ous sub-station of Chicago banking come 
 people of neighboring towns and thrifty 
 farmers from tributary country. Evanston 
 banks hold all the public funds of the city 
 of Evanston, and some of the funds of 
 neighboring towns and villages ; and the 
 Evanston State Bank and its predecessor 
 for thirty years have been the depository of 
 Northwestern University. One source of 
 the strength of this bank is the support 
 given it by its large number of children de- 
 positors, whose many pennies in many little 
 toy banks make many large dollars. 
 
 Of course, the nature of the business of 
 the State Bank of Evanston, and the char- 
 acter of its clientele, demand that it shall 
 have the status of a Chicago bank as regards 
 the conveniences and privileges of the asso- 
 
EVAXSTON BANKS 
 
 elated banks of a money center. This bank 
 is a secondary member of the Chicago Clear- 
 ing-house, whereby it reports to that insti- 
 tution as if it were a Chicago bank, and its 
 checks are accepted throughout the country 
 as if drawn on a Chicago bank. It deals, 
 of course, in foreign exchange and sells 
 drafts and letters of credit good in all parts 
 of the world. 
 
 The tendency of the times is toward in- 
 dividuality in bank architecture. A bank 
 is becoming more than a floor in a business 
 block. It is becoming a monument en- 
 nobling an entire city. The State Hank 
 of Evanston proposes to erect a bank build- 
 ing for its own use, approved in style and 
 equipment, and steps have been taken to 
 this end b* the securing of a long term lease 
 on certain property on the northwest corner 
 of Davis Street and Orrington Avenue. 
 
 A National Bank Venture. The first 
 Xatioual bank started in Evanston was 
 born in a strenuous time, and in it passed 
 away. On June 29, 1892. was organized the 
 Evanston National Bank. On July 5, 1892, 
 it began business. Its capital was $100.000. 
 Its officers were Henry Wells, President : 
 J. C. Austin, Vice-President ; J. C. Terhune, 
 Cashier. Its directors were Benjamin F. 
 Hill. L. A. Goddard. E. T. Paul. X. A. Hill. 
 T. J. \\-hitehead, O. G. Gibbs. Henry Wells, 
 J. C. Austin. J. C. Terhune. On March 6, 
 1893, a published statement showed deposits 
 to be $160.000. Rut in 1893 only the strong 
 stood the tempest. A shrinkage of its as- 
 sets set in. On May i6th and I7th a heavy 
 run on this bank resulted from the failure 
 of the Cairo Lumber Company, of which 
 Henry Wells, the President of this bank, 
 was treasurer. On May 18 there was posted 
 on the doors of the Evanston Xational Bank 
 the following notice : 
 
 "< Iwing to heavy drains made on our de- 
 posits, and the stringency of the money 
 
 market, this bank suspends payments. De- 
 positors will be paid in full. 
 
 "Henry Wells, President. 
 "Nat. A. Hill, Yice-President." 
 
 On June 8, 1893, Charles Winslow took 
 charge as receiver under appointment by 
 the Comptroller of the Currency. At the 
 present writing the approved claims of 
 creditors amount to $80,971, upon which 
 73.7 per cent has been paid. 
 
 In 1892 J. C. Terhune started a private 
 bank in Evanston. which continues business 
 at the present writing. 
 
 A More Successful Venture. As 
 Evanston grew in wealth and population, 
 capitalists and men of affairs began to' see 
 that, were the city removed from the subur- 
 ban touch with a metropolis, its business 
 would support a half-dozen banks rather 
 than one, and that, even as it was, a second 
 bank would not be a precarious undertak- 
 ing. So representative citizens, resolved to 
 found a national bank that should become a 
 strong tower to thisconuminity. On Febru- 
 ary 14. Kjoo. Marshall M. Kirkman. James 
 A. Patten, David R. Forgan and Thomas 
 Bates signed articles of association for the 
 incorporation of a national bank. With 
 these incorporators was associated Joseph 
 E. Paden, attorney. On April loth of the 
 same year there was issued a charter creat- 
 ing the City Xational Bank of Evanston, 
 and the first directing board of this insti- 
 tution was made up of the aforesaid incor- 
 porators, together with Rollin A. Keyes. 
 Henry A. Pearsons, and Joseph F. Ward. 
 The bank began business in its present 
 quarters, the Century Building, southwest 
 corner of Davis Street and Sherman Ave- 
 nue, June 21, 1900, with Joseph F. Ward, 
 President: Thomas Bates, Yice-President ; 
 and Charles X". Stevens. Cashier. The de- 
 posits of the first day amounted to $1(1,220. 
 and the first depositor was William S. Lord, 
 

LIBRARY 
 
 OF THE 
 
 UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS 
 
HISTORY OF EVANSTOX 
 
 the dry-goods merchant, who thereby re- 
 corded the testimony of Evanston business 
 men, that this city was big enough and 
 wealthy enough to sustain two strong banks 
 in healthful rivalry. 
 
 The City Xational Bank of Evanston 
 started in with a paid-up capital of $100,000, 
 and the price of the stock before business 
 opened on the first day was $105 per 
 share. In stanch and stable communities 
 the banking class is the conservative class. 
 Behind the City National Bank of Evanston 
 among its first stockholders were Hugh 
 R. Wilson, Joseph E. Paden, A. X. Young, 
 M. H. Wilson, P. R. Shumway, C. D. 
 Cleveland. L. D. Thoman, A. M. Foster, 
 George W. Wall, W. B. Bogert. George A. 
 Foster, William S. Lord, George Taylor, 
 X. P. Williams, Charles X. Stevens, J. L. 
 1 lebblethwaite. W. O. Dean, John E. Wild- 
 er, Robert S. Clark. C. H. Poppenhusen, 
 Daniel McCann. W. H. Jones, Newell. C. 
 Knight. James Wigginton, John H. Boyd, 
 A. S. Van Deusen. J. R. Woodbridge, 
 James B. Huse, F. E. Griswold, George A. 
 Coe. 
 
 In its first year the bank earned six per 
 cent on its capitalization, but turning this 
 and the earnings of the next year into sur- 
 plus account, it refrained from declaring a 
 dividend until 1903. when it began its pres- 
 ent six per cent payments. This bank deals 
 in such securities as are customary with 
 Xational banks, receives savings as well as 
 checking deposits, and conducts a general 
 banking business. It clears, of course, 
 through the Chicago Clearing House. With 
 the State Bank of Evanston it shares in the 
 custody of the municipal funds of Evanston, 
 and also ha,s been distributing agent in the 
 matter of the construction of the postoffice. 
 
 This bank's growth is noteworthy. Be- 
 ginning business June 21. 1900. with de- 
 posits amounting to $16,220.00. it reported 
 deposits June 21. 1902. of $345.152.24. On 
 June 21. 1903, deposits had risen to $703.- 
 640.53 ; and a year later they were $842.- 
 74-73- On June 14. 1905. they had 
 reached $1,197,053.35. The stock of the 
 bank at this writing, judging from a pri- 
 vate bid refused, is 175. This bank car- 
 ries 5.000 accounts. A statement of the 
 condition of this new and promising insti- 
 tution, at the close of business, April 6, 
 1906, is as follows : 
 
 RESOURCES, 
 
 Loans and Discounts 
 
 Overdrafts 
 
 United States Bonds 
 
 Premium on t". S. lionds 
 
 Other Stocks and lionds 
 
 Furniture and Fixtures ........... . 
 
 Cash on Hand and in Banks 
 Due from U. S. Treasury 
 
 LMS7.4B 
 
 I0n.0tl0.on 
 
 S.ll.ll 
 
 I.Xfi4.47 
 
 7.7."V4.M 
 
 . 
 5.000.01) 
 
 LIABILITIES. 
 
 Capita] Stock $ 100,000.00 
 
 Surplus anJ Undivided Profits. 5:t.l(K(.13 
 
 Circulation 1OI.OMMPO 
 
 Deposits 
 
 $1.485.3T.-J.:i! 
 
 $l,483,3r>2.39 $1,4 
 
 Officers. The present officers of the 
 City Xational Bank of Evanston (1906) 
 are: 
 
 President Joseph F. Ward. 
 
 Nice- President William S. Mason. 
 
 Cashier Charles X. Stevens. 
 
 Directors. Henry A.Pearsons. Thomas 
 Bates, Rollin A. Keyes. Joseph A. Paden. 
 David R. Forgan. William S. Mason. 
 James A. Patten. Joseph F. Ward. 
 
 A considerable improvement lately add- 
 ed to the City Xational P>ank is a safety 
 deposit vault, commodious and of extraor- 
 dinary strength of construction. Its aux- 
 iliary conveniences for patrons are com- 
 plete and elegant. 
 
f 
 
CHAPTER XXXII. 
 
 EVAXSTON REAL ESTATE 
 
 (Bjr FRANK M ELLIOT) 
 
 Primary Geological Conditions Early 
 Roads The Indian Trail A Period of 
 Growth "The Path the Calf Made" 
 Influence of the University Evans ton 
 Over-boomed Effect of the Chicago Fire 
 Local Real Estate Rivalries Notable 
 Residences The Transportation Problem 
 The Park System Taxation Evans- 
 ton Homes Real Estate Values. 
 
 We are told that Evanston, at one time, 
 was entirely submerged by Lake Michigan, 
 but that gradually, through unknown ages, 
 the waters receded. The battle-field of the 
 two contending forces land and water 
 is distinctly marked by the alignment of 
 land fortification or ridges. This great 
 struggle had continued year in and year 
 out. with the land forces conquering and 
 adding much territory to their possession. 
 These lines of fortification are visible to- 
 day. The highest and most prominent of 
 all. runs along the Gross Point Road, three 
 miles distant from the Lake ; another on 
 Ridge Avenue, a mile distant; one on Hin- 
 man Avenue, a quarter of a mile distant, 
 and still another along the lake shore, where 
 the battle of land and water is still raging. 
 This contest between the land and water 
 is one of great importance to the real es- 
 tate of Evanston. Practically the last stand 
 has been reached, for the force of the 
 waters of Lake Michigan is so great, that it 
 
 is no longer possible to extend the land, 
 with any degree of safety. Covering this 
 territory conquered from the lake, there 
 has grown a beautiful forest of oak, maple, 
 elm and linden, a portion of which has 
 withstood the violence of the elements and 
 the ruthless depredations of man. 
 
 Early Roads. There were two roads 
 running from Chicago to Green Bay which 
 passed through Evanston one on the 
 Gross Point highland, and the other, known 
 as the Green Bay Road, running along 
 Ridge Avenue. East of the latter was an 
 old Indian trail, the route of which can still 
 be traced by a number of trees with large 
 branches bent to the ground. The best ex- 
 ample of these is a tree at the State line just 
 east of the Electric Road. The large oak 
 at the entrance of the College Campus, and 
 the one at the northeast corner of Forest 
 Avenue and Lake Street, mark the direc- 
 tion of the trail. There was only one cross 
 road located in Rogers Park along the 
 Indian Boundary Line. The low land be- 
 tween the ridges was filled with water and 
 marsh, resembling in effect the present con- 
 dition of the Skokie. These roads were, 
 for the most part, built of corduroy and 
 were maintaned at private expense. A toll 
 was exacted for the use of them and one of 
 the oldest toll stations, and the last to ex- 
 ist, was in Rogers Park at the intersection 
 of Chicago Avenue and the Indian Boun- 
 
296 
 
 EVANSTON REAL ESTATE 
 
 dary Line. The toll house was discontinued 
 about 1875. 
 
 A Period of Growth. The de,velop- 
 ment from a "forest primeval" to a city lot 
 is interesting, for into this development 
 enters the human element, which is a never 
 ending source of interest. The low and 
 marshy places, the hills and the ridges, the 
 obstruction of trees and tangled wood 
 all of these must be brought under the con- 
 trol of man. Streets must be made, sewers 
 built, and much digging, cutting and burn- 
 ing, before a city lot is defined. This, in 
 brief, is what has taken place in Evanston. 
 
 There have been periods of immigration 
 that have added to the material growth of 
 Evanston. The western march of civiliza- 
 tion brought farmers into this country. 
 These acquired title to their farms from 
 the Government. They planted fruit trees, 
 and especially a large number of the peach 
 variety. These prospered and brought rich 
 harvests until the time when the forests, 
 which extended to the North Branch of the 
 Chicago River, were destroyed. The climat- 
 ic changes which ensued after this destruc- 
 tion made it impossible for peaches to grow 
 on this side of Lake Michigan. 
 
 In 1853 the N'orth western University- 
 was established here. From a few homes 
 and a store on Ridge Avenue a settlement 
 called Ridgevilk grew a new town, named 
 Evanston in honor of the late Governor 
 Evans, of Colorado, one of the founders 
 of the University. There was the infusion 
 of a new clement into the community ; pro- 
 fessors and their families, scholars and 
 trades people. The coming of these rep- 
 resented the second immigration. 
 
 "The Path the Calf Made." The 
 growth of a town can sometimes be traced 
 from its foot-paths. First comes the trail 
 of the Indian, or frontiersman, who marks 
 his way with a broken branch, or a blaze 
 on the trees. The settler, with his flock 
 
 and herds, then follows nature's own sur- 
 vey for a future city's thoroughfare in "the 
 path the calf made," of which the poet, Sam 
 Walter Foss, thus graphically sings: 
 
 "One day. through the primeval wood, 
 A calf walked home, as good calves should; 
 Hut made a trail all bent askew, 
 A crooked trail as all calves do. 
 
 Since then two hundred years have fled, 
 And, 1 infer, the calf is dead. 
 Hut still he left hehind his trail. 
 And thereby hangs my moral tale. 
 
 The trail was taken up next day 
 t'.y a lone dog that passed that 'way ; 
 And then a wise bell-wether sheep 
 Pursued the trail o'er vale and steep. 
 And drew the flock behind him, too, 
 As good bell-wethers always do. 
 
 And from that day, o'er hill and glade. 
 
 Through these old woods a path was made; 
 
 And many men wound in ana out. 
 
 And dodged, and turned, and bent about, 
 
 And uttered words of righteous wrath 
 
 Because 'twas such a crooked path. 
 
 But still they followed do not laugh 
 
 The first migrations of that calf. 
 
 And through this winding woodway stalked, 
 
 Because he wabbled when he walked. 
 
 This forest path became a lane, 
 
 That bent and turned, and turned again ; 
 
 This crooked lane became a road, 
 
 Where many a poor horse with his load 
 
 Toiled on beneath the burning sun. 
 
 And traveled some three miles in one. 
 
 And thus, a centurv and a half. 
 
 They trod in the footsteps of that calf. 
 
 The years passed on in swiftness fleet, 
 The road became a village street ; 
 And this, before men were aware, 
 A city's crowded thoroughfare; 
 And soon the central street was this, 
 ( )f a renowned metropolis. 
 Ami men two centuries and a half 
 Trod in the footsteps of that calf." 
 
 In the early settlement, for foot passen- 
 gers there were first walks of clay and 
 gravel extending from the Lake Shore in 
 Davis Street to the business portion ; after- 
 ward the single plank, laid 'lengthwise ; 
 then the double-barreled walk of two 
 planks, with a space between, the invention 
 of Obadiah Huse. President of the Village 
 Hoard ; next the board walk, three or four 
 feet in width, the wider board or dirt walk, 
 and then the flag stone, brick or cement 
 walk of the present day each serving its 
 day or purpose until superseded by some- 
 thing better. All these walks mark with 
 distinctness, the growth and evolution that 
 has taken place in our community. 
 
 Influence of the University. The in- 
 
HISTORY OF EVANSTON 
 
 297 
 
 fluence of the University brought, as early 
 inhabitants, a class of people who have 
 been of great benefit to Evanston. They 
 were people of refinement who desired quiet 
 with the delights of intellectual and con- 
 genial society. They established homes 
 here and many of their friends, attracted 
 by their example, came to live in this quiet 
 and scholastic atmosphere. 
 
 The University purchased large tracts of 
 land amounting to 343 acres. In July. 
 1854, the Plat of Evanston was made b\ 
 Andrew J. Brown, Philo Judson and the 
 Northwestern University. As an illustra- 
 tion of the rapid advance of land values, 
 take for example the southwest quarter of 
 Section 18, Township 41, Range 14, being 
 1 60 acres, lying between Church and Demp- 
 ster Streets, and Asbury and Chicago Ave- 
 nues. In 1840. fames Carney bought this land 
 from the Government for $1.25 per acre, 
 a total of $200. In 1854, Carney sold this 
 land to Andrew James Brown for $13.000. 
 After the subdivision was made the best 
 lots sold for $350 each. The lot on south- 
 west corner of Davis Street and Maple 
 Avenue, 70 by 215 feet, sold, in 1855, for 
 8350. In 1865, it sold for $600. In 1870 the 
 same lot. only 1 15 feet deep, sold for $2.000. 
 and in 1889 for $7.000. It is worth to-day, 
 without improvements. $17.500. Let us take 
 another example on the East Side. In 1865. 
 the Northwestern University bought the 
 "Snyder farm," 6oJ^ acres, for $24.227. 
 This farm ran from Hamilton to Greenleaf 
 Streets, and from Chicago Avenue to Lake 
 Michigan. As platted to-day, there are 
 about 6.660 feet frontage and a conserva- 
 tive value would be $100 per front foot, or 
 $666.000. ( hher examples might be cited 
 to show the increase in value of real estate 
 in Evanston : but it would be about the 
 same story, and would only repeat what is 
 well known of the substantial and fixed 
 
 value of real estate throughout the entire 
 city. 
 
 Expansion of 1872. During the Civil 
 War, when the unsettled condition of the 
 country was making its influence felt even 
 at this distance from the field of action 
 while Evanston was sending the best of her 
 manhood to the front, she still made ad- 
 vances, and had enough surplus energy to 
 contribute generally toward the building up 
 of the town. The greatest expansion took 
 place in 1872. In common with the rest of 
 the State, and. indeed, with many parts of 
 the country, Evanston was over-boomed. 
 It needed the bursting of the bubble in 1873 
 to bring values to their legitimate level. 
 During the subsequent decade, real estate 
 values and the movement of property wore 
 slowly down to a more rational pace. 
 
 Effect of the Chicago Fire. Up to the 
 time of the Chicago fire in 1871, the Univer- 
 sity was the dominant influence which 
 brought people to Evanston. The loss and 
 ruination brought about by that fire en- 
 forced the sale of much property, and this 
 caused a depreciation of prices. Rigid fire 
 ordinances followed that great catastrophe, 
 and the enforcement of stringent regula- 
 tions drove beyond the Chicago city limits 
 those people, who. desiring to build houses 
 for themselves, had not means for the erec- 
 tion of structures of brick or other fire- 
 proof materials. These circumstances 
 acted decidedly in favor of suburban 
 localities, to which professional men, 
 clerks, and others of moderate income 
 were attracted. A feature of the real 
 estate business since then has been 
 the suburban trade. Evanston receiving a 
 large influx of people at the time of the 
 Chicago fire. They were attracted by its 
 accessibility, its delightful surroundings, 
 and the high character of the people who 
 already resided in the village. The re- 
 
298 
 
 EVANSTON REAL ESTATE 
 
 striction of the liquor faffic, making it il- 
 legal to sell or manufacture alcoholic bever- 
 ages, has had a beneficial effect, not only in 
 giving the community a high standard, but 
 in maintaining and enhancing the value of 
 property within its limits. The preference 
 of the people for homes outside of Chicago 
 created an unusual demand for houses and 
 lots in Evanston. Prices advanced rapidly, 
 and the building of houses and the selling 
 of them became a profitable business. Keen 
 and wide-awake business men were quick to 
 grasp the situation, and soon there were 
 new sub-divisions of land into lots. These 
 were disposed of rapidly and other sub- 
 divisions made and sold out. There was a 
 boom in real estate. The buying of acres 
 and subdividing them was so extensive that, 
 to this day, the growth of our city has been 
 inadequate to bring them into the market 
 for residence purposes. As we view some 
 of these outlying sub-divisions, now occu- 
 pied, fallowed or returned to nature, we 
 wonder at the credulity, the misguided 
 judgment and the almost criminality of the 
 men who made them. It does not seem pos- 
 sible that any one could have been so mis- 
 guided as to expect these sub-divisions to 
 become the homes of other beings than the 
 musk-rat or the gopher. The time of dis- 
 illusion came in the panic of 1873. Prices 
 took a tumble from which, after thirty years, 
 they have scarcely recovered. Evanston was 
 tainted by the same wild speculation in 
 "undigested" real estate as Chicago. Many 
 people suffered the bitter experience of los- 
 ing their property by foreclosure and many 
 were burdened with property they could not 
 afford to keep. Values were brought to the 
 lowest level, and, after several years of 
 adjustment, a healthful progress began 
 which has continued up to the present time. 
 During the last twenty-five years there 
 have been many interesting changes in the 
 character and property of certain locali- 
 
 ties, and a shifting more or less of popular 
 favor as to residence sections and business 
 localities. While prices in some parts of 
 the city have not yet come back to the 
 speculaton values of years ago, the pres- 
 ent value of most of our Evanston real 
 estate has never before been reached. In the 
 business center of the city there is some 
 property that has never decreased in 
 value. The property along Davis Street 
 has held its own, notwithstanding the es- 
 tablishment of business centers at Main, 
 Dempster and Central Streets. 
 
 Local Rivalries. There has always 
 been more or less of a good natured rival- 
 ry between the East and West Side prop- 
 erty owners, the railroads passing through 
 the middle of the city being the dividing 
 line. The East-Siders have the Library 
 University, banks, several clubs and the 
 leading stores and parks, together with 
 the lake, as their chief attractive features : 
 while the West-Siders claim the rise of 
 land along the Ridge, the High School, 
 the Country Club, the unobstructed view 
 of the sunsets, and protection from the 
 harsh winds which sometimes sweep over 
 the lake. The point of excellence in fine 
 residences is about equally divided be- 
 tween the two sides. It has been my ob- 
 servation, however, during an experience 
 of twenty-five years in the real estate 
 business, and as a resident of Evanston, 
 that the difference between the East and 
 West sides is a species of fancy rather 
 than of fact ; that it is largely a question 
 of neighbors and friends. Upon which- 
 ever side a person first makes his home there 
 he will soon form acquaintances and friend- 
 ships that will bring contentment and 
 happiness. This is the truth of the whole 
 matter in a nut-shell. Values are about 
 equally divided on both sides. Property 
 held at the highest price is found on each 
 side, and from this to the lowest priced 
 
HISTORY OF EVANSTON 
 
 299 
 
 lots there is about an equal division. 
 This, however, was not true in the early 
 days. The finest residences were on the 
 West Side, and the value of Ridge Avenue 
 lots was considered twice as great as that 
 of lots in the Lake district. The change 
 of value has been greater in this district 
 because of its recent improvements and 
 its new buildings. 
 
 Evanston Residences. The residences 
 of Evanston, for the most part, are of 
 frame structure. There have been some 
 typical houses which reorejsent the time 
 in which they were built. The oldest of 
 these is the residence of D. H. Burnham, 
 which is unique in having the walls of 
 cement or grout. It was built by Air. Geo. 
 H. Bliss about 1859, and was then consid- 
 ered one of the finest in the town. The 
 house of Mr. James Rood, on Davis Street, 
 which was built by L. L. Greenleaf in 
 the early 'seventies, was typical of many 
 houses of a similar structure. Other old- 
 timers may be mentioned. Mr. O. F. 
 Gibbs built the Mulford home on Ridge 
 Avenue, which was sold to James S. Kirk, 
 and is now owned by the Saint Francis 
 Hospital. Then there are T. C. Hoag's 
 residence, corner of Davis and Hinman, 
 built in 1856 : Judge Harvey P>. Kurd's home 
 on Ridge Avenue; the 1'urington home, a 
 part of which is now included in the resi- 
 dence of Mr. Frank C. Letts on Green- 
 wood Boulevard ; the brick residence on 
 Ridge and Greenwood, built by Mr. Geo. 
 F. Foster in 1863 and sold to the late 
 Charles Comstock ; Mrs. Watson's house 
 on Ridge Avenue, and the Somer's home- 
 stead on Chicago Avenue and University 
 Place. Among the finest residences built 
 within the last twenty years may be men- 
 tioned those owned by W. H. Bartlett, Mil- 
 ton H. Wilson, R. D. Sheppard, Arthur Orr, 
 Mrs. C. H. Rowe, J. C. Shaffer, Mrs. Vir- 
 ginia M. Hamline, James A. Patten, Mrs. 
 
 H. R. \Vilson, John B. Kirk, R. C. Lake 
 and C. A. Ward. 
 
 During the past five years there has 
 been an evolution in building, and the 
 first flat and apartment buildings have 
 made their appearance in our midst. This 
 is in line with the progressing movement 
 of real estate, as they bring a far greater 
 income than can be obtained by other im- 
 provements. Property that is losing at- 
 tractiveness for residence purposes, and 
 which cannot, by the nature of the case, 
 become business property, can thus be 
 utilized for profitable investment. Sadly 
 deficient are our hotel accommodations. 
 What is needed is a first-class, fire-proof 
 hotel, with modern appointments, a new 
 library building and an auditorium. The 
 churches are now used extensively for all 
 public meetings. Evanston has passed 
 the lyceum era, and is now ripe for the 
 buildings which modern up-to-date cities 
 possess. Every public improvement adds 
 to the comfort of the people and, conse- 
 quently, enhances the value of real estate. 
 
 During the time prior to the Chicago 
 fire, Evanston had among its population 
 many men who, a few years later, were to 
 make it famous through their achieve- 
 ments. The foundations of many of the 
 best homes were laid, and definite plans 
 for future development were made. They 
 were, of course, crude and incomplete ; 
 but the men of Evanston had a fair con- 
 ception of the possibilities here for a city 
 of homes. The men who were actively 
 engaged in real estate at this time were 
 L. L. Greenleaf. Rev. Obadiah Huse, 
 Charles E. Brown, D. P. Kidder, J. H. 
 Kedzie. J. H. Keeney, Merrill Ladd. C. 
 L. Jenks, O. A. Grain, J. W. Stewart, L. 
 C. Pitner. I. R. I litt. Andrew J. Brown, 
 George M. Huntoon, Gen. White, Eli 
 Gaffield, O. F. Gibbs, Charles J. Gilbert 
 and Joseph M. Lyons. 
 
300 
 
 EVAXSTON REAL ESTATE 
 
 There have been other eras when the 
 immigration to Evanston has induced some- 
 what more than the natural growth. In 
 1892, during the World's Fair, when Ev- 
 anston prospered with Chicago, there 
 were many new residences built, some of 
 them costing from $50.000 to $75,000 each. 
 
 The Transportation Problem. One of 
 the striking features of the real estate sit- 
 uation just now is the effect of rapid 
 transportation upon it. Electric and 
 steam railroads have had marked influ- 
 ence on the value of residence property. 
 There is no question that this influence 
 is felt on real estate values all along the 
 lines of railroad extension. Outlying 
 properties in communities more remote 
 have been brought into competition with 
 those which heretofore have had the advan- 
 tage of accessibility. Fast train facilities 
 make it possible for a man to have a home 
 thirty miles distant from Chicago where land 
 is cheap. Competition is thus extended. 
 Other and better inducements for real es- 
 tate within the nearer districts of Chicago, 
 must be made to meet this outside compe- 
 tition. That inducement is best solved by 
 the reduction of price, and this is what has 
 happened in many suburban towns, in- 
 cluding Evanston. 
 
 Evanston has two railroads and two 
 electric street car lines. When these were 
 started the increase of population in our 
 city was noticeable. These roads have 
 created a market for property, and values 
 have been stimulated thereby. It is rea- 
 sonable to expect a great increase in the 
 growth of our city. With better equip- 
 ment for transportation service, and when 
 passengers can be landed in the heart of 
 Chicago, many people will come here to 
 live. The importance of Evanston is, in 
 a large measure, determined by its rela- 
 tionship with Chicago. It is dominated, 
 
 with all other cities in the Northwest, by 
 that great metropolis. 
 
 The Park System. The parks of Ev- 
 anston have been limited to the lake shore 
 south of the University campus, and the 
 block bounded by Chicago, Hinman, Lake 
 and Grove Streets. These parks were 
 given by the Northwestern University, 
 when the original plat of Evanston was 
 made. During the last ten years consider- 
 able attention has been given to the devel- 
 opment of our park system, especially 
 along the Lake Shore, where the city has 
 filled and graded and planted trees and 
 shrubs. The trees which were planted by 
 the early settlors along the park way of 
 the streets, have become strong and vig- 
 orous, and in many streets their tops have 
 spread out until they meet, forming beauti- 
 ful archways. Our elms are noted for 
 their beauty and hardiness. They line 
 the streets everywhere and are so mani- 
 festly symmetrical and vigorous, that the 
 city seems to be nestling in the forest. 
 Nowhere, except in the old New England 
 towns, are they so attractive. There are 
 few fences dividing the ownership of lots 
 and, with its well groomed lawns, the 
 whole city is, in a certain sense, a great 
 park. Flowers, shrubs and trees adorn 
 most of the grounds. 
 
 In the early days the streets were sim- 
 ply as nature made them. The cedar-block 
 pavement was cheap and, perhaps, the 
 best that could be had at that time, but it 
 had to be replaced by modern pavements, 
 divided between macadam, brick and as- 
 phalt. With few exceptions, all the 
 streets are now paved with these substantial 
 and durable pavements. 
 
 Taxation. When the subject of taxes 
 is mentioned, there always arises the 
 question of the non-payment of taxes on 
 the property owned by the Northwestern 
 

LIBRARY 
 
 OF THE 
 
 HNIVtRSITY OF ILLINOIS 
 
HISTORY OF EVANSTON 
 
 301 
 
 University. Before the University had 
 sold much of its property this was a seri- 
 ous matter ; for under its charter the Uni- 
 versity was exempt from paying all gen- 
 eral taxes. However, in street improve- 
 ments, such as sewers, water mains and 
 side-walks, the University has always paid 
 its full share. The policy of the Universi- 
 ty has been liberal in the selling of its 
 property. In 1874, a restriction was im- 
 posed by Gov. Evans, who had given a 
 large sum of money ($100.000). as report- 
 ed), with the understanding that one-quar- 
 ter of every block remaining unsold 
 should be held by the University for leas- 
 ing purposes only. The leasing of prop- 
 erty for business purposes was on the 
 basis of six per cent on a conservative val- 
 uation for a period of fifty or ninety-nine 
 years, with the added condition of a re- 
 valuation every ten years. On residence 
 property the rate of interest was four per 
 cent. Considering the fact that there was 
 no general tax to be paid except on the im- 
 provements, and none on the land, many 
 of these leases were made. As long as 
 high rates of interest continued, these 
 leases were considered desirable, but since 
 money rates have become reduced, they 
 are no longer in demand. The restriction 
 imposed by Gov. Evans has since been re- 
 scinded, and the University can sell any 
 of its property. The policy, however, 
 has not been to sell where leases have 
 been made. The tax rate is about one per 
 cent on the actual value of the property. 
 If the real estate is valued at $10.000. the 
 tax will be about $100. The Assessor, 
 however, in making his valuations, places 
 it at one-fifth the real value. The tax 
 covers the amount needed for public 
 schools, which are of the highest order 
 of excellence, and consequently expensive 
 to maintain. It also covers the amount 
 
 used for the Public Library, State, Coun- 
 ty and City. 
 
 The University, as a landlord, has been 
 conservative, and the sale of its property 
 is made only at current valuation. It has 
 made only limited improvements on its 
 property, when it might have made others 
 which would have been helpful in develop- 
 ing districts where it owned large tracts 
 of land. It is not difficult to conceive that 
 the policy of building homes on its resi- 
 dence lots would have contributed to the 
 benefit of the University, as well as to 
 the interests of the city at large. 
 
 Evanston Homes. One great charm of 
 Evanston lies in its homes. Lake Michi- 
 gan is the prime element in its landscape. 
 The meandering shore, with its borders 
 of sand, is a source of unfailing delight. 
 To the west is a commanding view of the 
 setting sun, with its glory of color. Mr. 
 D. H. Burnham, the Director of \Yorks 
 of the \\ orld's Fair, in a recent address 
 pays this tribute to our city : "Evanston," 
 he says, "is the most beautiful city in the 
 world. There are cities that surpass Ev- 
 anston in natural scenery and in other sin- 
 gle points many are superior: but take 
 the city as a whole, as a place of residence, 
 there is none to equal it. Evanston has 
 the most beautiful streets to be found 
 anywhere, and their bordering trees make 
 of the town a veritable park. Many of its 
 residences also are incomparable as exam- 
 ples of high class architecture. 
 
 "Besides these points of beauty, there 
 are the lake shore and the bordering 
 fields. Perhaps the greatest charm about 
 the city is its atmosphere of refinement 
 and culture that is reflected in every one's 
 daily life. It has resulted from the gath- 
 ering here of a higher class of people than 
 is usually found in a city, and this condi- 
 tion is constantly drawing to it more peo- 
 ple of the same class." 
 
302 
 
 EVANSTON REAL ESTATE 
 
 It is seen, therefore, that the market 
 for real estate in Evanston has been made, 
 first, by the influence of the Northwestern 
 University; second, by the immigration 
 following the Chicago fires third, its trans- 
 portation facilities; and fourth, by the 
 character of its citizens, its substantial 
 improvements, and its attractive sur- 
 roundings. 
 
 Real Estate Values. The value of 
 property in Evanston for business pur- 
 poses is from $100 to $500 per front foot ; 
 for residence lots of the better localities, 
 from $50 to $300 per front foot. In the 
 outlying districts lots are valued from 
 $10 to $40 per foot. The fact that Evans- 
 ton is not exclusive or made up of one 
 class of people, with high priced building 
 restrictions, but is cosmopolitan, includ- 
 ing all classes, with every kind of artisan, 
 workman and professional business man. 
 
 makes it an ideal place for residence. 
 During each decade it has won new and 
 added interest. Its school and home cir- 
 cles have been "stamped with a propriety 
 seal ;" its churches, representing every de- 
 nomination and creed, are tolerant and 
 full of enthusiasm ; its civic government, 
 made up of the best representation of its 
 people ; its healthfulness, the absence of the 
 degrading influence of vice these, and 
 much more, make Evanston a place where 
 men. women and children may live in se- 
 curity, in the enjoyment of many privi- 
 leges and much happiness. 
 
 On returning from excursions into re- 
 gions far and near, one is eager to re- 
 affirm these beauties and the restful wel- 
 come of Evanston. This is why real es- 
 tate in this city has a value so completely 
 entrenched and so strongly fortified that 
 it can never be effaced. 
 
CHAPTER XXXIII. 
 
 EVANSTON ARCHITECTURE 
 
 (By KDOAR O. 11I.AKI . Architei-t) 
 
 Historic Progress Influence of the Arch- 
 itect on the City's Growth The "Geor- 
 gian" Style follows the Log and Grant 
 Houses Churches and Private Resi- 
 dences Advent of the Victorian Gothic 
 Style University Hall and Union Park 
 Congregational Church Architect G. P. 
 Randall the Designer Asa Lyons Ei'an- 
 ston's First Resident Architect Others 
 U'ho follotced him Description of Some 
 Notable Buildings and their Designers 
 Public Library Enumeration of Princi- 
 pal Private and Public Buildings. 
 
 The credit for historical progress should 
 be given not only to the soldiers, politi- 
 cians, preachers and financiers, but the 
 men who create our environment should 
 be remembered for the permanent ob- 
 jects of influence they leave behind them. 
 Too often the architect, who designs the 
 monument, is forgotten and the man who 
 paid for it remembered. 
 
 It is the first purpose of this article to 
 serve as a reminder of some of the men 
 who have influenced Evanston, not by 
 giving their wealth but by giving their 
 ideas ; by putting themselves into the 
 buildings which they designed. It will 
 also be attempted to give a list of 
 the most interesting buildings, not for 
 size or cost but for architecture. It is 
 difficult, however, in a short sketch, to 
 
 cover every work of architectural art in 
 a city like Evanston, which has been 
 served by at least fifty men as designers 
 of its many buildings. 
 
 Historical. In the later eighteenth and 
 the early nineteenth century, a style of 
 architecture, called the "Georgian." was 
 in quite general use in this country. 
 Books of designs in this style were pub- 
 lished and used quite freely by builders 
 in the scarcity of professional designers. 
 It is evident that some of these old books 
 found their way to Evanston in the early 
 days ; for, after the log houses and "grout" 
 houses, many of the old buildings show 
 quite plainly the ear-marks of these publi- 
 cations. 
 
 Under this head come the Bull-head 
 Tavern, still standing on east side of 
 Ridge Avenue north of Xoyes Street : the 
 old Kline house in same neighborhood ; 
 the Hoag homestead, on the southwest 
 corner of Hinman Avenue and Davis 
 Street : the Grain house, now standing on 
 University Place, just west of Sherman 
 Avenue, and another old house on the 
 east side of Ridge Avenue south of Simp- 
 son Street. Most of these buildings were 
 erected prior to 1860. Dempster Hall, 
 built on the Campus in 1854. was probably 
 the first important building erected. It 
 was destroyed by fire thirty years ago, 
 but pictures show it to have had no more 
 
 303 
 
304 
 
 EVAXSTOX ARCHITECTURE 
 
 style than the old Preparatory Building, 
 which was erected in 1855. 
 
 The first church built by the Metho- 
 dists, in 1856, was a well proportioned ex- 
 ample of the Georgian style; also the 
 Northwestern Female College, which was 
 erected in 1857 on grounds west side of 
 Chicago Avenue, between Lake Street 
 and Greenwood Street, and the old Ben- 
 son Avenue School, with its queer belfry, 
 built in 1860. 
 
 One of the oldest residences at present 
 standing was erected in 1862, by General 
 Julius White, on the northwest corner of 
 Davis Street and Chicago Avenue. It 
 was moved in 1872 to its present location 
 at 1028 Judson Avenue. 
 
 Most of the work between 1860 and 
 1870 had very little interest. The original 
 church buildings erected by the Baptists 
 (in 1865), the Presbyterians (in 1866) and 
 the Congregationalists (in 1868), were of 
 no special style, and all disappeared twen- 
 ty years ago to make way for modern 
 buildings, the present Presbyterian 
 church being the third erected on the 
 same site. 
 
 The so-called Victorian Gothic style 
 was now making its appearance, and ex- 
 amples may be seen in Heck Hall, built 
 on the campus in i8r>7. and \Villard Hall, 
 built in 1871. with their mansard roofs 
 and other characteristic details. The 
 present building of the First Methodist 
 church was built in 1870, and is interest- 
 ing because it lias so long been the princi- 
 pal auditorium in the city. 
 
 In 1873 was completed Evanston's first 
 real work of architecture University 
 Hall and it still has no superior among 
 Evanston buildings. It was designed as 
 an American adaptation of the English 
 Collegiate Gothic by Architect G. P. Ran- 
 dall, who was one of Chicago's leading 
 architects at that time. He was a Ver- 
 
 monter by birth, a self-educated man, an 
 author of several books on architecture, 
 and designed a large number of churches, 
 schools and other public buildings. He 
 died in 1885 and, for a number of years 
 previous, lectured on scientific subjects. 
 One of the best of his buildings in Chi- 
 cago was the Union Park Congregational 
 church. He claimed to be the first archi- 
 tect using the dished floor and semi-cir- 
 cular arrangement of seats in churches. 
 Mr. Randall showed his originality and 
 genius in selecting the style he did for 
 University Hall, so totally different from 
 the conventional buildings being built here 
 at the same period. Its fitness is attested 
 by the fact that Chicago University, after 
 long consideration, has selected a very 
 similar general style. Is it too much to 
 claim that the constant proximity of this 
 work of art has affected, not only the ar- 
 chitecture, but the general life of Evans- 
 ton since that time? 
 
 Evanston's first resident architect was 
 Asa Lyons, and he deserves credit for 
 establishing himself in such a small town. 
 It is also a credit to Evanston that it was 
 willing to support an architect at that 
 early day. Architect Lyons came in 1872 
 and designed a great number of the houses 
 being put up by Warren and Keeney in 
 the south end of town. Later he erected 
 the second building of the Presbyterian 
 church. He was "the" architect for ten 
 years. A pretty good example of his 
 style is the house at 1043 Hinnian Avenue. 
 Among his last works in Evanston were 
 the Simpson market on corner of Davis 
 Street and Sherman Avenue, built in 1882 
 and famous at that time for its tile floor 
 and fountain ; and the original township 
 high school building erected in 1883. and 
 since incorporated in the present edifice. 
 
 Two good examples of the work done 
 between 1870 anil 1880 are the C. J. Gil- 
 
HISTORY OF EVANSTON 
 
 305 
 
 bert house, on Asbury Avenue, near Em- 
 erson Street, now owned by Mr. T. L. 
 Pansier, and the Haskins house on the 
 northeast corner of Hinman Avenue and 
 Davis Street. At this time there were 
 several places especially admired for their 
 landscape architecture the Kirk home- 
 stead, at the south end of Ridge Avenue, 
 the Edwin Lee Brown place, at the foot 
 of Hamilton Street, and the Old Soldier's 
 Home grounds, at the foot of Main Street. 
 The Kirk homestead is the only one re- 
 maining in nearly its former beauty. 
 
 The next architects to leave their im- 
 press on Evanston architecture were 
 Isaacson & Bourgeois, and when it is told 
 that they designed the Congregational 
 church in 1886, that is sufficient to keep 
 them in long remembrance. 
 
 During the ten years from 1880 to 1890, 
 the firm of Edbrooke & Burnham put up 
 quite a number of houses in Evanston. It 
 was the period of the "Queen Anne" 
 in architecture. Probably the residence 
 i if Dr. M. C. Bragdon. 1/09 Chicago Ave- 
 nue, is as typical of this period as any 
 other. 
 
 Now began building on a large scale by 
 many architects of all degrees of ability. 
 About the time that Architect Lyons 
 sought other fields for his genius, Mr. S. 
 A. Jennings began the practice of architec- 
 ture here on a small scale, but Evanston 
 \vas growing fast and. through the force of 
 circumstances, he became the busy archi- 
 tect from 1885 to 1895. During that time 
 he designed several hundred buildings for 
 all purposes and of all sizes and varying 
 cost, but all in one style. A critic who 
 has seen two or three of his houses can 
 recognize his hand in all the others, and 
 there is hardly a block in the entire city 
 where he has not left his mark. There is 
 no doubt he designed more Evanston 
 buildings than anv other one man before 
 
 or since. The substantial homes of J. 
 \V. Low, 1560 Oak Avenue, and Timothy 
 Dwight, 730 Hinman Avenue, are typical 
 "Jennings" houses. Perhaps the most ex- 
 pensive of his houses was the W. H. Jones 
 house, 1232 Ridge Avenue, now owned 
 by W. H. Redington. 
 
 During the period of building activity 
 between 1890 and 1895, a number of other 
 architects especially identified themselves 
 with Evanston another Jennings with in- 
 itials J. T. W., Mr. J. T. Lane, Charles R. 
 Ayars, P. C. Stewart and, last of all, the 
 author of this article. The work of these 
 later men will be mentioned in the descrip- 
 tive portion of this article. 
 
 Foregoing are all the architects who 
 have been especially identified with Ev- 
 anston architecture, although many whose 
 principal practice was elsewhere have 
 lived here and have, possibly, added more 
 to the beauty of its buildings than the 
 local men. 
 
 Descriptive. The first appearance of 
 Evanston is not prepossessing to the ar- 
 chitectural critic. Davis Street is not es- 
 pecially a poem in brick and stone. In 
 fact, some of it is still wood. This, how- 
 ever, is a general characteristic of Ameri- 
 can cities and on overlooking this, a num- 
 ber of good designs appear. Those most 
 worthy of mention are the City Hall, a 
 work of Holabird and Roche ; the Century 
 Building in renaissance style, by C. R. 
 Ayars; the Rood Building, by J. T. W. 
 Jennings; and the new Simpson Building, 
 X'o. 616, by John D. Atchison. 
 
 On Grove Street, just west of the Police 
 Station, the building of the Evanston 
 Heating Company is worthy of notice as 
 a reasonable expression of purpose in de- 
 sign. It is the work of Myron Hunt. An- 
 other important building in this vicinity 
 is the V. M. C. A. Building by Holabird 
 and Roche. 
 
306 
 
 EVANSTON ARCHITECTURE 
 
 At the east end of Davis Street one en- 
 ters the residence district. On the south- 
 west corner of Forest Avenue is a good 
 house in French domestic Gothic style 
 by Ournham & Root. At 1616 Forest 
 Avenue, north of Davis Street, is the 
 house of C. A. Ward, in Southern Colonial 
 style, by G. L. Harvey. The house of 
 F. S. Martin, corner of Forest Avenue and 
 Church Street, is a good sample of the 
 modern plastered building. 
 
 The University buildings are, of course, 
 the most studied by strangers. Nearest 
 to the lake is the very conveniently ar- 
 ranged Academy building by D. H. Burn- 
 ham & Co. The only criticism ever made 
 on it was by some wag, who pitied the 
 poor little bear up on the top trying to 
 hide behind a stone shield. At the end 
 of Hinman Avenue is Science Hall, by 
 Holabird & Roche, north of this Universi- 
 ty Hall, which has already been men- 
 tioned. The School of Oratory, in Vene- 
 tian Gothic style, is the work of C. R. 
 Ayars. Heck Hall is one of the older 
 buildings mentioned in the historical 
 sketch. Memorial Hall was designed by 
 \V. \Y. Boyington, and is supposed to be 
 Romanesque in style. This architect also 
 designed the Observatory. One of the 
 finest of the University buildings is Or- 
 rington Lunt Library, in pure classic 
 style, by W. A. Otis. 
 
 On the west side of Sheridan Road, fac- 
 ing the Campus, are a number of artistic 
 houses. The comparatively small resi- 
 dence at Xo. 1902 is considered by many 
 one of the best proportioned houses in 
 Evanston. North of this are several of 
 the S. A. Jennings houses. No. 2016 is 
 the home of Dr. C. J. Little, designed by 
 W. A. Otis. No. 21 10 is Dr. Bonbright's 
 house by C. R. Avars. No. 2114 is the 
 residence of J. Scott Clark, designed by 
 
 himself with the advice and assistance of 
 D. H. Perkins, architect. 
 
 This neighborhood is favored by men 
 who are their own architects. On the 
 south side of Noyes Street are two houses, 
 designed by Vernon J. Hall for himself, 
 and at 620 Hamlin Street is Professor 
 Crew's own design. On the northwest cor- 
 ner of Sheridan Road and Milburn Street 
 is the house of E. F. Brown, by Handy 
 & Cady. At 2645 Sheridan Road is the 
 house of C. W. Deering. The light house 
 is a very good specimen of the latest prin- 
 ciples in construction of that class of 
 buildings. North of the light-house is a 
 pretty group of houses called Ingleside. 
 One of the best of S. A. Jennings' smaller 
 designs is next to Sheridan Road on the 
 north side of the park. Beginning at the 
 north end of Crrington Avenue are a 
 number of good examples of modern plas- 
 ter architecture, mostly belonging to pro- 
 fessors in the University. Numbers 2340 
 2 1 lo, 2042. 2038. 2030, 2026, and 1925 are 
 all of this material in varying styles. 
 Three good apartment buildings, de- 
 signed by Myron Hunt, come farther 
 south: the P.oyleston. 614 Clark Street; 
 the Cambridge, Clark and Orrington, and 
 the Hereford, corner of Chicago Avenue 
 and Church Street this last being an es- 
 pecially good example of the English 
 country style. 
 
 The block on the west side of Orrington 
 Avenue contains, besides the old Willard 
 Hall, the School of Music, a modern 
 brick design by W. A. Otis, and Chapin 
 Hall, a Colonial design by C. R. Ayars. 
 
 The new Public Library, a classic build- 
 ing by C. A. Phillips, will stand on the 
 the northeast corner of Orrington Avenue 
 and Church Street. On the southeast 
 corner of the same streets is the Fowler 
 studio, an artistic design, both exterior 
 
LIBRARY 
 
 OF THE 
 
 UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS 
 
 - 
 
HISTORY OF EVANSTON 
 
 307 
 
 and interior, the work of P. C. Stewart. 
 One block west the new Post Office is 
 being erected from designs by the govern- 
 ment architect. 
 
 On Ridge Avenue, near the north city 
 limits, is the Evanston Hospital, an ex- 
 cellent brick building in the style of the 
 Georgian period by G. L. Harvey. A lit- 
 tle farther south, after passing the old 
 Kline house and the Bull- Head Tavern, 
 comes the Academy of Visitation. Only 
 the south wing has been built. The de- 
 sign is drawn from Royal Hollaway Col- 
 lege, at Egham, England. H. J. Schlacks 
 is the architect. 
 
 Over in the vicinity of Church Street 
 and Wesley Avenue is a group of inter- 
 esting houses designed by Myron Hunt 
 Xos. 1613, 1617, and 1606 Wesley Ave- 
 nue are among thei:i. 
 
 The United Presbyterian church, in the 
 same vicinity, is a good piece of brick ar- 
 chitecture in Italian Romanesque style. 
 Xo. 1456 Ridge Avenue, the residence of 
 John I). Kirk, is a good example of mod- 
 ern English country architecture. 
 
 The finest private residence in Evans- 
 tun is that of James A. Patten, on the 
 southwest corner of Ridge Avenue and 
 Lake Street. The house, stable, grounds, 
 fences, decorations and furniture were all 
 designed by George \Y. Maher. and it is 
 a very good example of what is known as 
 the "Art Xouveau." 
 
 Across the street is St. Mark's Episco- 
 pal church, in Norman style, by Holabird 
 & Roche, who also designed the Country 
 Club, a large Colonial building a little 
 way east on Lake Street. The interior 
 of St. Mark's is very rich and elaborate. 
 
 St. Mary's Catholic church, on the cor- 
 ner of Lake and Oak, was designed by 
 S. A. Jennings. Next door east is St. 
 Mary's Hall, probably the best public 
 
 auditorium in Evanston at the present 
 time. It is the work of Murphy & Camp. 
 
 The residence of \\'. J. Fabian, No. 
 1509 Ridge Avenue, is an elaborate design 
 in timber work, a very beautiful work. 
 
 A description of interesting houses on 
 Ridge Avenue would mean a list of nearly 
 all and, in a sketch like this, only the most 
 prominent can be mentioned. The Cath- 
 erine White house, on the northeast cor- 
 ner of Ridge Avenue and Dempster Street. 
 is a good example of Myron Hunt's work. 
 
 Cn the west side of Ridge Avenue, be- 
 tween Crain and Greenleaf Streets, are 
 three houses in New England Colonial 
 style by W. C. Zimmerman, who also de- 
 signed a group of very artistic shingled 
 houses on Oak Avenue just east of the 
 above. The residence at 1123 Ridge Avenue 
 is one of Handy & Cady's designs. The 
 W. H. Jones house. 1232. has been men- 
 tioned before. 
 
 A little west of Ridge Avenue, on corner 
 of Asbury and Lee, is a very handsome lit- 
 tle Colonial church designed by D. H. 
 Perkins. 
 
 St. Nicholas Catholic church, on Ridge 
 Avenue, south of Main Street, is the work 
 of Hermann Gaul. 
 
 Over at the west end of Main Street is 
 the Washington School, designed on gen- 
 eral Renaissance lines by Patton and Mil- 
 ler. It is most unique in arrangement of 
 floor plan. 
 
 On the corner of Main and Benson is 
 the Central School, by Thomas & Rapp. 
 The Episcopal chapel, corner of Main and 
 Sherman, was built by J. T. Lane. 
 
 On the northwest corner of Main Street 
 and Chicago Avenue is the Sheridan build- 
 ing in Italian Renaissance style by J. E. 
 O. Pridmore a very successful piece of 
 remodeling and adding to an old building. 
 
 Across die street south are the Park 
 
308 
 
 EVANSTON ARCHITECTURE 
 
 Apartments, in English half-timbered style 
 very successful in appearance in connec- 
 tion with the park in front designed by 
 the author of this article. 
 
 A little north of Main Street on Chicago 
 Avenue is the Hemenway Methodist 
 church by J. T. Long. The house Mr. 
 Long designed for himself on Sheridan 
 Road just north of Main Street, is inter- 
 esting, as it contains a mantel removed 
 from the old Governor's house in Kas- 
 kaskia. 
 
 The Lincoln School, corner of Main 
 Street and Judson, is a very good Roman- 
 esque design by J. T. W. Jennings. 
 
 The gateway to Calvary Cemetery, at 
 the extreme south end of town, is a grace- 
 ful Gothic design by J. J. Egan, the well 
 known church architect. 
 
 Villa Celeste, the home of P. L. McKin- 
 nie, at 721 Sheridan Road is by P. C. 
 Stewart. 
 
 Ilinman Avenue is another street lined 
 with fine residences. Beginning at the 
 south end, Xo. 730 is the home of Timothy 
 Dwight mentioned previously. The Co- 
 lonial house, Xo. 740, is the home of L. 
 L. Smith. The Second Presbyterian 
 church is on the northeast corner of Main 
 and Hinman. The houses at 918 and 1014 
 are interesting examples of remodeling old 
 houses. The work was clone by architects, 
 but more than usually following sugges- 
 tions by the owner. Dr. A. \Y. Herbert. 
 
 The Evanston Apartments and Enslee 
 Apartments, on opposite corners of Lee 
 Street, are by John D. Atchison. The 
 house at 1043 was previously mentioned as 
 Asa Lyons' work. Xo. 1211 is a neat 
 Swiss villa by C. R. Avars. Numbers 
 1115. 1118, 1119, 1126, and 1209 are all 
 worth repeating. The Ilinman Avenue 
 school on the corner of Dempster Street 
 is a perfect colonial design by D. H. Burn- 
 ham & Co. On the southwest corner of 
 
 Hinman and Lake is one of Irving K. 
 Pond's artistic designs. 
 
 Around the park at this corner are 
 grouped the unique Congregational church ; 
 the Presbyterian church, a Byzantine 
 design by D. H. Burnham & Co. ; the 
 Evanston Club by Holabird & Roche, 
 and the graceful Baptist church built in 
 
 Further north is the Methodist church, 
 before mentioned. The houses at 1707 
 and on the corner of Clark Street were 
 designed by W. A. Otis, the first in Eng- 
 lish country style and the second in 
 French Gothic. 
 
 Forest Avenue has a number of notable 
 houses. Xo. 1324 is by W. G. Barfield. 
 Dr. Fuller's house, Xo. 1305, is an inter- 
 esting shingled house, especially as it is 
 said that D. H. Burnham, who stands at 
 the head of his profession in this coun- 
 try, not only originated the design but 
 made most of the drawings with his own 
 hands. 
 
 Xo. 1314 is a design by Handy and 
 Cady. Farther south at the corner of 
 Greenleaf Street are the Wilson houses, 
 a group in stone, designed by Beers, Clay 
 & Dutton. At the east end of Greenleaf 
 Street is the Boat Club. 
 
 Sheridan Road and Judson Avenue are 
 both worth seeing in this vicinity. 
 
 At the foot of Hamilton Street the old 
 Edwin Lee Brown place has been sub- 
 divided, and built up with a number of 
 beautiful homes, with the slightly discor- 
 dant proximity of the Melwood Apart- 
 ment building. One of the largest is a com- 
 bination design by Wilson & Marble at 
 1225 Sheridan Road. 
 
 Greenwood Boulevard is worth a tour. 
 At the east end are the residences of Ar- 
 thur Orr at 202 by Holabird & Roche, Dr. 
 Sheppard's residence at 225 by F. Ed- 
 wards Ficken of New York, and the home 
 
HISTORY OF EVANSTOX 
 
 of W. H. Bartlett on the corner of Forest 
 Avenue. 
 
 On the northwest corner of Judson Ave- 
 nue is a block of houses by Myron Hunt. 
 At 1424 Judson, is one of W. A. Otis' de- 
 signs. 
 
 Dr. Webster's house, on the corner of 
 Chicago Avenue, is one of the best designs 
 in Evanston. The Unitarian Church, on 
 Chicago Avenue, near by, is the work of 
 a woman architect, Marion Mahoney. 
 
 West of the railroad a little south is 
 the High School, a Renaissance design by 
 C. R. Avars. On the corner of Green- 
 wood and Oak is the Emanuel church, 
 one of the last designs of John W. Root in 
 association with D. H. Burnham. His 
 death occurred soon after it was started. 
 
 Greenwood between Maple Avenue and 
 the Ridge contains a number of well de- 
 signed houses. 
 
 Up in the woods, at what was formerly 
 
 North Evanston, are a large number of 
 moderate priced artistic homes, in partic- 
 ular a group at corner of Lincoln Street, 
 and Evanston Avenue, by P. C. Stewart. 
 D. H. Perkins, architect for the Chicago 
 Board of Education, has built himself a 
 summer home at 2319 Lincoln Street. 
 The interior decorations are by Lucy 
 Fitch Perkins. 
 
 The Methodist church, on the corner 
 of Central Street and Prairie Avenue, is 
 a neat piece of wood architecture, by C. 
 H. Whittlesey. 
 
 The new buildings now in progress on 
 Davis Street will add greatly to Evanston's 
 architectural beauty. The one on the north- 
 west corner of Chicago Avenue is designed 
 by George \V. Maher. The one being erect- 
 ed on the site of old Lyons' Kj'll. at 621 
 and 623 Davis Street, is the work of H. W. 
 J. Edbrooke. and the new State Bank Build- 
 ing has for its designer C. A. Phillips. 
 
CHAPTER XXXIV. 
 
 STREET NOMENCLATURE 
 
 lit J. SKYMOI'R iTIiHKY. President Kvanston Historical Society) 
 
 Origin of Street and Avenue Names in Ev- 
 anston Village Platted in 1853 and 
 \amcd for Dr. John Evans Postoffice 
 Previously Known as Ridgei'ille, and 
 Still Earlier as Gross Point Evanston 
 Office Established in 1855 Street Names 
 Derived from Prominent Methodists, 
 Early Residents or Noted Statesmen 
 History and Biogra[>h\ thus Incorpo- 
 rated in Street Nomenclature System 
 of Street and Avenue Numbering List 
 of Principal Streets and Persons for 
 If'hom Named. 
 
 The village of Evanston was laid out 
 and platted in the winter of 1853-4 under 
 the superintendence of Rev. Philo Judson, 
 who was at that time business agent of the 
 Xorthwestern University. The name of 
 Evanston was adopted at this time by the 
 Trustees of the University in honor of Dr. 
 John Evans, one of the incorporators of 
 the University and a liberal contributor 
 to its endowment. Before that time there 
 was no village on the site of Evanston, 
 but a postoffice was in existence known as 
 Ridgeville. In an earlier time the post- 
 office had been known as Gross Point. 
 The latter was established December 28, 
 1846. This was changed to Ridgeville, 
 April 26, 1850; and again changed to Ev- 
 anston. August ?/, 1855. After laying out 
 the village the form of government still re- 
 
 mained vested in the Board of Township 
 Trustees as it had been before. On the 
 2gth of December. 1863. the village was 
 regularly incorporated. This form of gov- 
 ernment continued until April 19. 1892, 
 when Evanston was incorporated as a city. 
 
 Owing to the preponderating influence 
 on the new community of the Xorthwest- 
 ern University, which had been estab- 
 lished here under Methodist auspices, the 
 names bestowed on the streets were large- 
 ly those of distinguished Methodists. 
 When, however, later additions were 
 made to the village, the names were given 
 by the new proprietors and the field of se- 
 lection was much widened. Many of 
 these names are in honor of old residents 
 or of statesmen, or those known to the 
 promoters of the new additions, or were 
 selected arbitrarily because of their fitness 
 to the natural surroundings, or even dic- 
 tated by fancy. 
 
 Thus, in the names of the streets of Ev- 
 anston there is embalmed much of history 
 and biography. In the main these names 
 are of especial interest to Evanston peo- 
 ple, being intimately associated with its 
 character and development. There are a 
 few such names as Main Street. Central 
 Street, and the like, which are common 
 to very many towns, and which convey lit- 
 tle or no meaning. But in general the us- 
 ual poverty of street nomenclature, so 
 
312 
 
 STREET NOMENCLATURE 
 
 painfully apparent in most towns of its 
 size, is in conspicuous contrast with the 
 body of names found here, which in so 
 great a degree reflect the character and 
 sympathies of the founders and builders 
 of Evanston, and are so rich in historical 
 associations. 
 
 The plan of this chapter of street names 
 is to give the name of the street followed 
 by the name of the person after whom it 
 was called, with a few brief particulars, 
 or descriptions. Full particulars are avail- 
 able in a great variety of records. The 
 names of some streets have been omitted 
 because it was not possible to learn the 
 origin of them. Some again are sufficient- 
 ly obvious and require no mention, as for 
 example Washington Street, Madison 
 Street, Chicago Avenue and the like. 
 
 It will be observed that the spelling of 
 a street name does not always follow that 
 of the person for whom it was named. 
 This is the case with Hamlin Street, as 
 now spelled, though named after Bishop 
 Hamline who used a final e in the last syl- 
 lable of his name. So, also, with Forest 
 Avenue, the usual spelling at the present 
 time, though named after a man who 
 spelled his name Forrest. A number of 
 streets are called after the first names of 
 the persons honored. For example, we 
 have Orrington Avenue, Lee Street, 
 Chancellor Street, Florence Avenue and the 
 like, a reference to which will show that 
 these are the Christian names of the per- 
 sons for whom they were named. 
 
 The streets of Evanston are called 
 "Avenues," "Courts," "Streets" and 
 "Places," according to the following rule: 
 Avenues and Courts are such as run north 
 and south ; Streets and Places such as run 
 east and west. Exceptions to this rule oc- 
 cur in two instances. The "Sheridan 
 Road" is called "Road" to conform to the 
 general usage of the cities and towns north 
 
 and south of the City of Evanston. The 
 "Indian Uoundary Line" is so called because 
 it is a street coinciding with the "Line" 
 established by treaty with the Indians, as de- 
 cribed below. The house numbers on the 
 Avenues and Courts begin at the southern 
 limits of the city and run about 800 to the 
 mile, an even hundred beginning at each 
 street intersection; and those on the 
 streets and places begin at the lake and 
 run about 1200 to the mile, an even hun- 
 dred beginning at each street intersection. 
 Following will be found the names of 
 the more noted and historic streets, ave- 
 nues, etc., with a concise reference in 
 each case to the person, locality or circum- 
 stance from which the name is derived : 
 
 Arnold Street : Named for Isaac N. 
 Arnold, a prominent citizen of Chicago, 
 born 1815, died 1884; was member of 
 Congress 1861-65 ; and owned land in the 
 vicinity of where this street is located. 
 
 Asbury Avenue : For Francis Asbury, 
 first Bishop of the Methodist Episcopal 
 Church in America, 1745-1816. 
 
 Avars Place: For James Ayars, a 
 citizen of Evanston, once President of 
 Board of Village Trustees. 
 
 Bennett Avenue: For Mrs. C. C. Ben- 
 nett, a sister of John Culver, now and 
 for many years past a teacher in the Chi- 
 cago Public Schools. 
 
 Benson Avenue: For Francis H. Ben- 
 son, a resident of Evanston in an early 
 day. 
 
 Boomer Place: For Norton W. Boom- 
 er, for many years Principal of a public 
 school in Chicago. 
 
 Botsford Street: For J. K. Botsford 
 of Chicago, who was one of the Trustees 
 of the Northwestern University. 
 
 Browne Avenue: For Charles E. 
 Browne, one of the original proprietors of 
 North Evanston. 
 
3 IJ 
 
 ST UK ICT NO.MFNCLA TCRK 
 
 painlullv apparent in mo.-t town- "I its 
 size, i- in C'Hi-picu< m- C"iura-t with the 
 body ni name- found here, which in so 
 great a degree reflect tlu 1 character ami 
 sympathies MI tlir founders ami builders 
 ol I'lvaiistiill, an 1 arc -" I'K'li in historical 
 assi iciatii m-. 
 
 Tlu- )>lan i if llii- cliai>U'r > >\ street iianu s 
 is to gi\e the name . if tin- street fi 'Unwed 
 by tlii- name of llie pcrs. in after wliuin it 
 \va- called. \\ith a feu- brief particulars. 
 or dc-criptii >u.-. I nil particulars are avail- 
 able- in a great variety nf records. The 
 name- nf snmr street- liave been omitted 
 bccau-c it was tint possible to learn the 
 origin of them. Some again are sufficietU- 
 ly obvious anil rei|iiire no mention, as for 
 example \\ ashington Street. Madi-on 
 Street. ( hicago Avenue and the like. 
 
 It will be observed that the spelling of 
 a street name doe- imt al\\a\- fc>ll>\\ that 
 of the per-oii fi ,r wlimn it was named. 
 Tin- i- the case \\ith Hanilin Street, as 
 now spelled, though named after Bishop 
 Ilamline win i used a final e in the la-t -yl- 
 lable i if bis name. So. also, with l-'nrest 
 Avenne. the n-nal spelling at the pre-eiit 
 time, ihmigli named after a man who 
 spelled hi- name l-'orrest. A number of 
 street- are called after the first names of 
 the per-on- honored. For example, we 
 have <>rringtnn Avenue. I.ee Street. 
 I hancellor Street. Florence Avenue and the 
 like, a reference to \\hich will show that 
 these are the Christian name- of the per- 
 sons for whom they were named. 
 
 The -trccl- of KvaiiMmi are called 
 "Avemn-." "Court-." "Streets" and 
 "Place-." according to the following rule: 
 Avenue- and Court- are -uch a- run north 
 and south: Street 1 - and I 'laces such as run 
 east and uc-t. Kxccption- to this rule oc- 
 cur in two iu-tauce-. The "Sheridan 
 Road i- called "l\oad to conform to the 
 general ti-agc of the citie- and town- north 
 
 and south of the City of Kvanstoii. The 
 "Indian lionndarv I. me i- -o called because 
 it i- a -treel coinciding with the "Line" 
 e-tabli-hed bv treaty \\ith the Indian-, a- de- 
 cribcd below. The hnii-c numbers on the 
 Avenue* and Courts begin at the southern 
 limits of the city and run about fvxi to the 
 mile, an even hundred beginning at each 
 street intersection : ami tho-e on the 
 streets and places begin at the lake and 
 run about i_'(>o to the mile, an even hun- 
 dred beginning at each street intersection. 
 Following will be -found the names of 
 the more noted and historic >treets. ave- 
 nue-, etc.. with a conci-c reference in 
 each case to the person, localitv or circum- 
 stance from which the name is derived: 
 
 Arnold Street: Named for Isaac N. 
 Arnold, a prominent citixen of Chicago, 
 born iSi;. died 1X1X4: was member of 
 ( OU^TC-S iXiii-d;; and o\\ ned land in the 
 vicinitv of where thi- street i- located. 
 
 Asbury Avenue: I -'or Francis A-burv. 
 llr.-t r.i-lmp of the Methodi-t F.pisCopal 
 Church in America. 1745-1X1(1. 
 
 Ayars Place: For [anie- Avars, a 
 citixen of Kvanstnii. once I 'resident of 
 Board of Village Trustees. 
 
 Bennett Avenue: For Mrs. I'. I'. l!en- 
 nett. a si-ter nt John ( uher. now and 
 for many years past a teacher in the Chi- 
 cago Public Schools. 
 
 Benson Avenue: I'or Francis II. Ken- 
 -oii. a resident of Kvan>tiin in an early 
 day. 
 
 Boomer Place: I'or Norton \V. I 'H min- 
 er, lor manv vears Principal of a public 
 school in Chicago. 
 
 Botsford Street: For |. K. llotsford 
 of Chicago, \\lio ua- one of the Trustees 
 of the Northue-tern I'niversity. 
 
 Browne Avenue: l-'nr Charles P.. 
 llniwnc. one of (he original proprietors of 
 North F.van-ton. 
 
LIBRARY 
 
 OF THE 
 
 8NIVERSITY OP ILLINOIS 
 
HISTORY OF EVANSTON 
 
 313 
 
 Chancellor Street: For Chancellor L. 
 Jenks, Jr., a son of Chancellor L. Jenks, 
 a citizen of Evanston. 
 
 Chicago Avenue: This name was given 
 when the northern limits of Chicago were 
 at North Avenue, and a long stretch of 
 open country lay between Evanston and 
 Chicago. The road connecting the two 
 places was an extension of Chicago Ave- 
 nue in Evanston southward, which joined 
 Xorth Clark Street at the Chicago city 
 limits. The road was sandy and its con- 
 dition so bad that a corporation was 
 formed in 1859 to grade it, and it was 
 then called the gravel road. On this road 
 were two toll-gates, one at the intersec- 
 tion of the Indian Boundary Line and the 
 other at Graceland. 
 
 Clark Street : For John Clark, a mem- 
 ber of Rock River Conference, and 
 the minister in charge of Clark Street 
 church. Chicago, at the time that Mrs. 
 Garrett made her gift to Garrett Biblical 
 Institute. 
 
 Clinton Place: Name adopted by 
 city ordinance, February n, 1902. 
 
 Colfax Street: For Schuyler Colfax, 
 Vice-President of the United States, 
 1869-73. 
 
 College Street: Original name of that 
 portion of Davis Street west of Sher- 
 man Avenue. Name was changed to 
 Davis Street in 1871. 
 
 Grain Street: For the Grain family, 
 who were among the earliest settlers 
 of Evanston. 
 
 Darrow Avenue: Named by Morton 
 Culver in laying out a subdivision after 
 a man of that name who was prominent 
 among colored Masons of Chicago. 
 
 Davis Street: For Dr. Nathan S. 
 Davis, one of the Trustees of the North- 
 western University ; born in 1817 and died 
 in 1904. 
 
 Dempster Street : For Dr. John Demp- 
 ster, born in 1794. died in 1863; Pro- 
 fessor at Garrett Biblical Institute 18^4 to 
 1863. 
 
 Dewey Avenue : For two sisters, Electa 
 E. Dewey and Mary J. Dewey. Name 
 given by Morton Culver in laying 
 out a subdivision: the Misses Dewey 
 were teachers in the Jones School, Chi- 
 cago. 
 
 Dodge Avenue: For Miss Kate Dodge, 
 a teacher in the Jones School. Chicago. 
 
 Emerson Street: For Benjamin Emer- 
 son, a pioneer resident of Evanston. 
 
 Ewing Avenue: For Adlai T. Ewing, 
 who had control for several years of 
 Swing's addition to Evanston. 
 
 Florence Avenue: For Miss Florence 
 Tiillis, a teacher in the Jones School, 
 Chicago. 
 
 Forest Avenue: For Thomas L. For- 
 rest, born 1819, died 1904; was a bank- 
 er of Chicago and owned some propertv in 
 Evanston : for thirty years was cashier of 
 the Hide and Leather Bank. Residents 
 have preferred a spelling different from 
 the name of Mr. Forrest. 
 
 Foster Street: For Randolph S. Fos- 
 ter, born 1820. died 1003: was the sec- 
 ond President of the Northwestern Uni- 
 versity, 1856-59. 
 
 Gaffield Place: For Eli Gaffield. a pi- 
 oneer resident of Evanston. 
 
 Grant Street: Named in honor of Gen- 
 eral U. S. Grant. 
 
 Greenleaf Street: For Luther L. Green- 
 leaf, born February 7. 1821. died Novem- 
 ber 23. 1886; lived in Evanston from 1860 
 to 1875. 
 
 Grey Avenue: For Charles F. Grey, 
 a resident of Evanston since 1866. 
 
 Hamilton Street : For James G. Ham- 
 ilton, for many years a resident of 
 Evanston ; was the secretary of the Board 
 
STREET NOMENCLATURE 
 
 of Trustees of the Northwestern Uni- 
 versity. 
 
 Hamlin Street: For Leonidas L. Ham- 
 line, born May 10, 1797; elected Bishop 
 of the Methodist Episcopal Church 1844; 
 died March 23, 1865. 
 
 Hartzell Street: For Joseph C. Hart- 
 zell, Methodist Bishop of Africa. While 
 a student at the Garrett Biblical Insti- 
 tute, was the hero of a rescue of four 
 men from the wreck of the schooner 
 "Storm" in May, 1864. 
 
 Haven Street : For Erastus O. Haven ; 
 born 1820, died in 1881 ; was Pres- 
 ident of the Northwestern University 
 1869 to 1872; in 1880 was elected a Bishop 
 of the Methodist Episcopal Church. 
 
 Hinman Avenue: For Clark T. Hin- 
 man, first President of the Northwest- 
 ern University, 1853-55 > was born in 
 Kortright, X. Y., August 3, 1817; gradu- 
 ated from Wesleyan University in 1840; 
 died at Troy, N. Y., 1854. 
 
 Indian Boundary Line:' This street 
 follows the line of the boundary estab- 
 lished by a treaty with Ottawas, Chippe- 
 was and 1'ottavvatomies, August 24. 
 i8if>. The line begins at the lake shore 
 (in the language of the treaty) at "a 
 point ten miles northward of the mouth of 
 Chicago Creek." and runs southwest, 
 crossing the Sheridan Road about one 
 block from the starting point. A half 
 block farther it crosses the southern city 
 limits. It is known as Rogers Avenue 
 after it crosses the limits into Chicago. 
 
 Isabella Street: Named by Charles E. 
 Ilrowne after one of his daughters. 
 
 Jackson Avenue: For A. B. Jackson, 
 long a resident of Rogers Park. 
 
 Jenks Street : For Chancellor L. Jenks, 
 born January 29. 1828: practiced law in 
 Chicago 1851-67; died January ip, 1903. 
 
 Judson Avenue: For Philo Judson. 
 born in Otsego County, N. Y.. March 
 
 i, 1807; was business agent of the North- 
 western University, 1854-76; died March 
 23. 1876. 
 
 Kedzie Street: For John H. Kedzie, 
 born September 8, 1815; died at Evan- 
 ston, April 9, 1903; was a resident of 
 Evanston forty-two years. 
 
 Keeney Street : For James F. Keeney, 
 for some years a resident of Evanston. 
 
 Kirk Street: For James S. Kirk, born 
 in 1818; lived in Evanston from 1859 
 to the time of his death; died June 15, 
 1886. 
 
 Lee Street: Named by L. C. Pitner 
 for his son, Lee J. Pitner; name given 
 in 1871 when "Union Addition" was laid 
 out. 
 
 Leon Street: Named for Louis Leon- 
 hardt, a portion of his name being taken 
 for the purpose. 
 
 Library Street: That part of Hamlin 
 Street extending from Orrington Avenue 
 to Sherman Avenue, changed to this name 
 because of its proximity to the Lunt 
 Library, by city ordinance, June 21. 1004. 
 
 Livingston Street: Named for Liv- 
 ingston Jenks, a son of Chancellor L. 
 Jenks. 
 
 Lyons Street: For Joseph M. Lyons, 
 a resident of Evanston since the 'fio's. 
 
 McDaniel Avenue : For Alexander Mc- 
 Daniel. born in iSifi; came to Evanston 
 in 1836; Postmaster at \Yilmette 1870-89; 
 died October, 1898. 
 
 Mulford Street: For Edward H. Mul- 
 ford. born 1792: commissioned paymaster 
 (with rank of Major) of a New York 
 regiment in 1825; came to Evanston in 
 1840; died March 4, 1878. 
 
 Nate Street: Former name of Clinton 
 Place: originally named for Rev. John 
 Nate, a minister of the Methodist Church, 
 long a resident of Evanston. 
 
 Noyes Street: For Henry S. Noyes; 
 Professor of Mathematics, Northwestern 
 
HISTORY OF EVANSTON 
 
 University, 1855-60; acting President of 
 same 1860-69; died May 24, 1872. 
 
 Orrington Avenue: Named for Or- 
 rington Lunt : born December 24, 1815; 
 one of the founders of Northwestern Uni- 
 versity ; died April 5. 1897. 
 
 Payne Street: For Henry M. Payne, 
 a resident of Chicago. 
 
 Pitner Avenue: For Levi C. Pitner, 
 long a resident of Evanston. 
 
 Pratt Court: For the Pratt family, 
 of whom two brothers, George and Paul, 
 came to Evanston in 1837. 
 
 Reba Place: Named for Miss Reba 
 Poor, a daughter of John E. Poor. 
 
 Reese Avenue: For Theodore Reese, 
 surveyor, long a resident of Evanston. 
 
 Ridge Avenue: There are two well 
 defined ridges running north and south 
 through Evanston, the west ridge be- 
 ing the more prominent of the two. 
 The general course of Ridge Avenue is 
 along the summit of the West ridge. In 
 an early clay this neighborood was often 
 described as "the Ridge." This is the 
 oldest street in Evanston and follows the 
 route of the old Green Bay Road. This 
 route was established as a military road 
 by the United States Government in 1832. 
 It was also the route of the Frink & 
 Walker stage line established in 1836, 
 and which continued in operation until 
 the railroad was opened in 1855. 
 
 Rinn Street: For Jacob Rinn, long a 
 resident of Evanston. 
 
 Sheridan Road: Named in honor of 
 General Philip H. Sheridan. This great 
 pleasure driveway along the shore of 
 Lake Michigan was planned by Volney 
 W. Foster in 1887, and he is therefore 
 known as the "father of the Sheridan 
 Road." An act of the State Legislature 
 was passed March 27, 1889, authorizing 
 "Pleasure driveways in incorporated 
 
 towns," under which the Sheridan Road 
 Association was organized. The Evan- 
 ston City Council passed an ordinance. 
 July 25, 1892, establishing and naming 
 that portion of Sheridan Road which 
 passes through Evanston. Alexander 
 Clark was associated with Mr. Foster in 
 this great enterprise. Mr. Foster died 
 August 15, 1904. Mr. Clark died Septem- 
 ber 26, 1903. The Sheridan Road is now 
 complete from Lincoln Park in Chicago 
 to \Yaukegan, and eventually will extend 
 to Milwaukee. Gen. P. H. Sheridan was 
 born March 6, 1831, and died August 5, 
 1888. 
 
 Sherman Avenue: For Alson Smith 
 Sherman, born April 21, 1811; came to 
 Chicago in 1836; Mayor of Chicago, 1844: 
 one of the incorporators of the North- 
 western University. 1851 ; removed to 
 Waukegan in 1856 ; and died there Sep- 
 tember 22, 1903. 
 
 Shuman Street: For Andrew Shu- 
 man, for many yerrs editor of the 
 "Chicago Evening Journal;" Lieutenant- 
 Governor of Illinois 1877-81; born 1830: 
 died 1890. 
 
 Simpson Street: For Matthew Simp- 
 son, born 1811, elected Bishop Meth- 
 odist Episcopal Church 1852: President of 
 Garrett Biblical Institute 1861-65 ; died 
 June 18, 1884. 
 
 Stanley Avenue: For B. F. Stanley: 
 name given by C. L. Jenks. 
 
 Stewart Avenue: For John \Y. Stew- 
 art, one of the original owners of North 
 Evanston. 
 
 Stockham Place: For Mrs. Alice B. 
 Stockham, long a resident of Evanston. 
 
 Thayer Street: Named by John Cul- 
 ver for his wife, whose maiden name 
 was Thayer. 
 
 Warren Street: For Henry A. \Yar- 
 ren, formerly a resident of Evanston. 
 
STREET NOMENCLATURE 
 
 Wesley Avenue: Named in honor of 
 John \Yesley, the founder of Methodism. 
 
 Wilder Street: For Aldin G. Wilder, a 
 lumber dealer in Evanston in 1866, who 
 also subdivided lands in the western part 
 of the city. 
 
 Willard Place: For Frances E. Will- 
 ard. born September 28, 1839; President 
 of Woman's College. Evanston, 1870; 
 President of Woman's Christian Temper- 
 ance Union, 1879; President of World's 
 Christian Temperance Union, 1888; died 
 February 17, 1898. 
 
 A notable deficiency in the street no- 
 menclature of Evanston is the absence of 
 Indian names. No street perpetuates the 
 name of tribe or chief, and but one the 
 "Indian Boundary Line" has reference 
 to a locality connected with the Indian 
 occupation. The Pottawatomie Indians, 
 who inhabited this region, possessed too 
 ungainly and barbarous a name to make 
 use of. and there were no leaders of dis- 
 tinction among them who might be thus 
 honored. This absence of picturesque 
 Indian names is unfortunate, but is made 
 good in the distinction and character of 
 the names that have been chosen. 
 
 The origin of street names is usually 
 neglected until the occasion of them be- 
 gins to grow dim in the vistas of the past. 
 Then laborious research is necessarv to 
 
 learn the origin and significance of these 
 names which have become household 
 words. The effort to trace accurately the 
 names given to streets, even within a 
 compass of fifty years, is fraught with 
 difficulty, and, as it is seen in older com- 
 munities, the time comes soon when it is 
 often a matter of conjecture. 
 
 The aspect of the streets of Evanston, 
 as we see them today, is in strong con- 
 trast with the face of the land as looked 
 upon by the founders of the town. Then 
 was spread before them woodland and 
 fields where farmers and woodmen had, 
 in twenty years of ceaseless toil, changed 
 the face of the country from its primeval 
 condition to one of diversified forest and 
 farm lands. Dwellings and locations of 
 streets began to appear in accordance 
 with the plans of the founders. Extensive 
 lines of shade trees were planted which 
 today, after many years' growth, have de- 
 veloped into stately avenues of lofty elms 
 and maples. Parks beside roadways, well 
 paved streets and walks, spacious and 
 well cultivated lawns, the glimpses here 
 and there of the blue waters of Lake 
 Michigan, and the comfortable and often 
 palatial homes of its residents, have com- 
 bined to form a "city beautiful," and to 
 earn for itself the well deserved title of a 
 "citv of homes." 
 
CHAPTER XXXV 
 
 THE FOUR-MILE LIMIT 
 
 (By WILLIAM A. DYCHE) 
 
 North-western University County, moved to strike out this section. 
 
 Act Incorporatin 
 
 Amended Prohibition District Estab- 
 lished Sale of Spirituous Liquors With- 
 in Four Miles of the University Prohib- 
 ited Local Sentiment in Favor of the 
 Law Violations and Anti-Saloon Litiga- 
 tion Citizens' League Organized Su- 
 preinc Court Decisions. 
 
 On January 18, 1855, Senator Norman 
 B. Jucld, of Cook Count}', offered in the 
 State Senate an amendment to the charter 
 of Northwestern University, entitled : 
 "An Act to amend an act to incorporate 
 Northwestern University," approved Jan- 
 uary 28, 1851. The proposed amendment 
 consisted of five sections, the second, as 
 finally passed, being as follows : 
 
 "Section 2. No spirituous, vinous, or fer- 
 mented liquors shall be sold, under license 
 or otherwise, within four miles of the loca- 
 tion of said University, except for medicin- 
 al, mechanical, and sacramental purposes, 
 under a penalty of twenty-five dollars for 
 each offense, to be recovered before any 
 Justice of the Peace of said County of 
 Cook : Provided , that so much of this act 
 as relates to the sale of intoxicating drinks 
 within four miles, may be repealed by the 
 General Assembly whenever they may 
 think proper." 
 
 Senator John M. Palmer, of Sangamon 
 
 The vote was : yeas 6, nays 14. 
 
 Senator Joseph Gillespie offered, as an 
 amendment, that part of the second sec- 
 tion which reserves for the General As- 
 sembly the right of appeal. The other 
 four sections of the amendment, like the 
 charter, constitute a perpetual contract be- 
 tween the State of Illinois and North- 
 western University. 
 
 The amendment of Senator Gillespie 
 was agreed to and, on vote, the act was 
 passed, 18 yeas to 2 nays. (Senate Jour- 
 nal. 1855, pages 126-127.) 
 
 The measure was reported to the House 
 February 2. 1855. and read for the first time 
 on February 7th : it was referred to the Com- 
 mittee on Miscellaneous Affairs. On the <)th 
 it was reported by the Committee and or- 
 dered to third reading. It was passed Feb- 
 ruary 1 3th. yeas 51. nays o. (House Jour- 
 nal. 1855, pages 205. 295. 378 and 538.) 
 
 This amendment was formally accepted 
 by the Trustees of the University June 13, 
 
 1855. 
 
 Local Sentiment. There has always 
 been, on the part of citizens of Evanston. 
 a strong sentiment in favor of the strict 
 enforcement of the provisions of this act. 
 It is safe to assert that, from its enact- 
 ment to the present. Evanston has been 
 freer from the illegal sale of liquor than al- 
 most any other community located near 
 
THE FOUR-MILE LIMIT 
 
 the borders of a great city like Chicago. 
 Our local government has always had 
 among its ordinances stringent measures 
 based on this amendment, and usually has 
 made earnest efforts to enforce them. 
 Numerous violations, of course, frequent- 
 ly occur, but there has never been a place 
 within the limits of the corporation where 
 these ordinances were openly violated. 
 Outside of the city, but w.thin four miles, 
 the violations have been more frequent, 
 but at the present time there are very few 
 open saloons within four miles of the 
 University, except to the south, where the 
 prohibition district extends far into the 
 city of Chicago. Here saloons are numer- 
 ous and flourishing, though they exist 
 contrary to law. 
 
 Litigation. Three cases in which fines 
 have been levied for the illegal sale of 
 liquor within the four-mile limit, have been 
 appealed to the Supreme Court of the 
 State, two of which involved the consti- 
 tutionality of the amendment to the char- 
 ter of the University, and the third raised 
 the question of the competency of testi- 
 mony of detectives pa d by the city. The 
 first case was decided at the April term 
 of the Court, 1862, being entitled, John 
 O'Leary, Appellant, vs. The County of 
 Cook, Appellee. The constitutionality of 
 the amendment was questioned. The at- 
 torneys for the appellant argued that it 
 was in contravention of the 23d Section of 
 Article III. of the Constitution, in that it 
 embraces two separate and independent 
 subjects the one of a private character, 
 viz. : the amendment to the corporate 
 powers of the University : the other of a 
 public nature, viz. : the prohibition of the 
 sale of liquor within a given locality under 
 penalty two subjects not germane to one 
 another and having no natural or neces- 
 sary connection with each other, while 
 
 only one subject is expressed in the title 
 of the act. 
 
 This was successfully refuted by 
 Messrs. Hurd, Booth & Potter, attorneys 
 for the appellee, and the constitutionality of 
 the act was upheld in a decision rendered 
 by Chief Justice Caton. The following 
 quotation from the opinion from the Chief 
 Justice is interesting: 
 
 "The object of the charter was to create 
 an institution for the education of young 
 men, and it was competent for the Leg- 
 islature to embrace within it everything 
 which was designed to facilitate that ob- 
 ject. Every provision which was intended 
 to promote the well being of the institu- 
 tion, or its students, was within the proper 
 subject matter of that law. We cannot 
 doubt that such was the single design of 
 this law. Although this provision in ght 
 incidentally tend to protect others resid- 
 ing in the vicinity from the corrupting and 
 demoralizing influences of the grog-shop, 
 yet that was not the primary object of the 
 law, but its sole purpose was to protect 
 the students and faculty from such in- 
 fluence." 
 
 It is of interest to note that the appel- 
 lant. John O'Leary. and his descendants 
 have been involved in more or less liti- 
 gation with Evanston for nearly half a 
 century ; it is also worthy of notice that 
 the illegal sale referred to in this case 
 was made to Mortimer Russell, Russell 
 being a name well known in the early an- 
 nals of the village. The greatest item 
 of interest in this case, aside from the 
 favorable decision is, that the cause of law 
 and order was ably advocated by Hon. 
 Harvey B. Hurd, who, for more than half 
 a century, had been one of Evanston's 
 foremost citizens. Though more than 
 forty years have come and gone since this 
 decision, until his death in January, 1906. 
 
/ f A (. ', , 
 
LIBRARY 
 
 OF THE 
 
 UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS 
 
HISTORY OF EVANSTON 
 
 319 
 
 Mr. Hurt! still remained to lend his vig- 
 orous aid in seeing that the law was en- 
 forced. 
 
 From 1882 to 1893 the Citizens' League 
 of Evanston was active in prosecuting 
 violators of this law. Among those fre- 
 quently prosecuted were Trausch Broth- 
 ers, and other saloon-keepers on the West 
 Ridge, just north of Rose Hill. With the 
 hope of protecting themselves from fur- 
 ther prosecutions, these saloon-keepers 
 and their friends, on November 28, 1890, 
 incorporated the village of West Ridge, 
 out of territory heretofore not included 
 within any city or village. Said village, 
 by ordinance, regulated the sale of intoxi- 
 cating liquors within its limits by licensing 
 the sale thereof. Henry Trausch was 
 granted a license ; shortly thereafter the 
 Citizens' League obtained evidence that 
 he made two separate and distinct sales 
 of liquor. Action was brought against 
 Trausch and a fine levied on him. He 
 appealed the case and it finally reached 
 the Supreme Court. 
 
 Supreme Court Decision. Chief Justice 
 Shope, in rendering the opinion of the 
 Court, makes it clear that any license 
 granted by any city, village or town for 
 the sale of liquor within the four-mile dis- 
 trict is null and void. The following is a 
 quotation from his opinion : 
 
 "While the power is given to license, 
 regulate and prohibit the selling and giv- 
 ing away of intoxicating liquors, such 
 power is not to be so construed as to affect 
 the provisions of the charter of Northwest- 
 ern University, it being a literary insti- 
 tution, the charter of which was granted 
 before the General Incorporation Act." 
 
 The chief contention of the attorney 
 for the appellant was. that the amendment 
 had been repealed by the general act, ap- 
 proved May 4. 1887. This was overruled. 
 
 It is made clear in this decision that anv 
 
 license issued for the sale of liquor within 
 the four-mile district, even though it be 
 issued by a city, town or village within 
 said district, is null and void. It is worthy 
 of note in connection with this case that 
 Hon. Harvey B. Hurd again appeared as 
 attorney for the appellee, associating with 
 him the law firm of Beach & Beach. 
 
 During the past twenty-five years sev- 
 eral different organizations have been 
 formed to assist in the enforcement of this 
 act. On August 24, 1882, the Citizens' 
 League of the Township of Evanston was 
 incorporated, with Frank P. Crandon and 
 David R. Dyche, Millard R. Powers and 
 H. W. Chester as charter members. Mr. 
 Dyche served as its President till his 
 death in August, 1893. He devoted much 
 time, energy and no insignificant contri- 
 butions from his own purse to forward the 
 objects of the League. The next Presi- 
 dent was Mr. Crandon. He, also, made 
 large donations of time and money to 
 this important work. 
 
 Four-Mile League. In 1894 it seemed 
 wise to form a new organization as a suc- 
 cessor to the Citizens' League, and through 
 the efforts of Henry Wade Rogers, who 
 was then President of Northwestern L'ni- 
 versity and greatly devoted to the cause of 
 temperance, the Four-Mile League was or- 
 ganized, with Charles B. Congdon, Henry 
 Wade Rogers, Hugh R. Wilson, Charles 
 H. Aldrich. William A. Dyche. William H. 
 Bartlett, Frank P. Crandon, George M. 
 Sargent and Charles J. Little, as charter 
 members. The charter was dated Sep- 
 tember ii. 1894. Mr. Crandon was its 
 first President : he was succeeded by Mr. 
 J. C. Shaffer. Mr. Shaffer conducted a 
 vigorous warfare against illegal sale of 
 liquor and met with marked success. Mr. 
 Newell C. Knight was the third and last 
 President of the League. His administra- 
 tion was equally vigorous. 
 
3 20 
 
 THE FOUR-MILE LIMIT 
 
 In 1902 the Municipal Association was 
 incorporated. This organization, though 
 having wider aims than the Four-Mile 
 League, which it succeeded, is especial- 
 ly interested in the same good cause and is 
 doing excellent work. Mr. Charles R. 
 Webster has been President since its in- 
 corporation. 
 
 On January 3, 1893, William H. Lyman, 
 a Chicago member of the House of Rep- 
 resentatives, introduced House Bill 282, 
 which sought to repeal a portion of the 
 City and Village Act of 1872. This act, 
 among other things, gives cities and vil- 
 lages power to issue licenses for the sale of 
 liquor under certain conditions. It pro- 
 vides, however, "that nothing in the act 
 shall be construed to affect the provisions 
 of the charter of any literary institution 
 heretofore granted." The introduction of 
 this bill created much excitement and 
 great indignation. Large delegations at 
 once went to Springfield and exerted such 
 influence that the bill never reached a sec- 
 ond reading. 
 
 Mayor's Report. The citizens of Evan- 
 ston have been greatly annoyed by the 
 existence of saloons outside of, but near 
 to. the limits of the corporation. The fol- 
 lowing c|uotation from the Mayor's report 
 for the year 1895 gives an instance of this: 
 
 "For some years the western portion 
 of our city has been greatly annoyed by 
 the existence of several saloons on the 
 prairie west of us. Some of these saloons 
 were resorts of the lowest character, and 
 to their other evils gambling and prosti- 
 tution were often added. For some years 
 they were licensed illegally by the Cook 
 County Commissioners : but this summer. 
 in response to your request and the urgent 
 effort of Commissioner Munn. these ille- 
 gal licenses were not reissued. The Four- 
 Mile League provided funds to carry on a 
 vigorous warfare against them. Our Chief 
 
 of Police, Wheeler Bartram, greatly aided 
 the League with his advice and work, as 
 did also our City Attorney. The result 
 was that, after a brief but energetic fight, 
 these saloons were practically closed. 
 Some of them are still running, but very 
 quietly. A renewed and continuous effort 
 by the League, aided by our city author- 
 ities, will undoubtedly close them. The 
 only way to successfully fight this enemy 
 is to make it too expensive for him to stay 
 in business." 
 
 During the latter part of 1896, and for 
 some time thereafter, the city was greatly 
 hindered in its attempts to prosecute vio- 
 lators of its prohibitory law by adverse 
 decisions of the courts located in Chicago. 
 The following, from the Mayor's report 
 for 1896, is to the point: 
 
 "One W. H. Meyers was arrested in 
 July, 1896, on several charges of violating 
 our liquor ordinances. He was fined in 
 sums from Sio to Sioo. From these judg- 
 ments the said Meyers appealed to the 
 Criminal Court, where the cases were dis- 
 missed on the grounds that the evidence 
 had been obtained by witnesses who were 
 in the employ of the city for the purpose 
 of bringing action against the said Mey- 
 ers. The city took an appeal from this de- 
 cision to the Appellate Court, where it 
 again met defeat, the Appellate Court sus- 
 taining the decision of the Criminal Court. 
 
 "While it is comparatively easy for our 
 policemen to discover the resorts where 
 liquor is sold illegally, it is very difficult 
 for them to obtain evidence of this, for 
 the reason that they are well known, 
 hence it is necessary to use detectives, 
 but both the testimony of our policemen, 
 as well as that of the detectives, was ren- 
 dered ' useless by the decisions above re- 
 ferred to, and the difficulty of successfully 
 prosecuting the keepers of these resorts 
 was greatly increased. The case just re- 
 
HISTORY OF EVANSTOX 
 
 321 
 
 ferred to was carried to the Supreme 
 Court of the State, by the direction of the 
 Council, and the judgments of the Crim- 
 inal and Appellate Courts were reversed. 
 The entire case was in charge of City At- 
 torney George S. Baker, and to him be- 
 longs unstinted praise for the obtaining 
 from the Supreme Court of so far-reach- 
 ing benefit, not to Evanston alone, but 
 also to numerous other communities. The 
 difficulty of prosecuting these cases and 
 obtaining satisfactory results is far greater 
 than most people imagine." 
 
 Difficulties Owing to Nearness to Chi- 
 cago. One who. for the first time, is called 
 upon to assist in enforcing the ordinances 
 of Evanston, based on the amendment to 
 the charter of the University, has no idea 
 of the difficulties of the task, and it too 
 frequently happens that both officers of 
 the city and of the voluntary associations 
 above referred to not only receive too lit- 
 tle support from the community, but are 
 most unjustly criticised for failure to ob- 
 tain their complete enforcement. Occa- 
 sionally they have deserved severe con- 
 demnation for their indifference, but, as a 
 rule, they have been earnest and active, 
 meeting with decided success. Though 
 at times our citizens seem indifferent to 
 appeals for aid as in this work, they are 
 in reality greatlv interested and in emer- 
 gencies respond most generously. The 
 
 greatest danger in my mind to our law is 
 the City of Chicago. The "four-mile limit" 
 extends about two and one-half miles into 
 the City of Chicago, and, in this prohibi- 
 tion territory in Chicago, numerous sa- 
 loons exist. I do not know if Chicago at 
 present licenses these saloons. When I 
 last investigated this in 1896, I found that 
 Chicago did not issue them any license, 
 but that the saloon-keepers at the end of 
 each quarter paid the City Collector a sum 
 equivalent to a quarter's license. \Yhether 
 licensed or not, they exist illegally, and 
 ought to be closed. If they are allowed 
 by Chicago to nourish on Devon Avenue, 
 some day she will permit them on the 
 very north line of her corporate limits 
 a stone's throw from Calvary Cemetery. 
 Unless Evanston puts up a vigorous fight, 
 this will happen. Of all the blessings 
 Northwestern University has brought 
 Evanston, this amendment is first. It 
 gives us a unique place in the ranks of 
 American cities, and helps to make it 
 possible for us to maintain a local govern- 
 ment of unusually high standard. Let 
 us give every aid and encouragement to 
 our officials and especially to those men 
 who. from time to time, we ask to act as 
 our leaders in the great work of enforcing 
 the provisions of this amendment and the 
 ordinances based thereon. 
 
CHAPTER XXXVI. 
 
 HOMES AND HOME-MAKERS 1846-1870 
 
 (By ELIZABETH M. BOYNTON HAKBhRT. Ph. D.) 
 
 Some of the Early Homes of Evanston 
 Men and Women Who have Left Their 
 Impress on the City's History What 
 Evanstoi: Owes to Its Early Home Build- 
 ers Historic Names on the City Map 
 Abraham Lincoln and other Distinguished 
 Visitors The Willard and Eggleston 
 Families Notable Workers in the Field 
 of Religion, Education, Literature and 
 the Arts. 
 
 "The language of a ruder age gave to 
 the common law the maxim that every 
 man's house is his castle: the progress of 
 Truth will eventually make every home a 
 shrine." 
 
 "I think that the heroism, which, at this 
 day, would make on us the impression of 
 Epaminondas and Phocion, must be that 
 of a domestic conqueror." 
 
 Thus wrote our poet-philosopher Emer- 
 son, concerning the value and importance 
 of wise home-making, while our poet- 
 scientist, Henry Drummond. has left for 
 us the following statement : 
 
 "So long as the first concern of a coun- 
 try is for its homes, it matters little what 
 it seeks second or third. 
 
 "The one point, indeed, where all pro- 
 phets meet, where all sciences, from bi- 
 ology to ethics, are enthusiastically at 
 one, is in their faith in the imperishable 
 potentialities of this yet most simple in- 
 
 stitution. In a far truer sense than Ra- 
 phael produced his "Holy Family," na- 
 ture has provided a Holy Family. Not for 
 centuries, but for millenniums, the family 
 has arrived. Time has not tarnished it ; 
 no later art has improved upon it : no gen- 
 ius discovered anything more lovely, nor 
 religion anything more divine." 
 
 Of one important branch of home-mak- 
 ing, that great "Apostle of the Beautiful," 
 John Ruskin, has written: 
 
 "Cookery means the knowledge of Circe, 
 Medea, and of Calypso and Helen, and of 
 Rebekah and of all the Queens of Sl.eba. 
 It. means the knowledge of all fruits and 
 balms: of all that is sweet in fields and 
 groves. It means the economy of your 
 great grandmothers and the science of 
 thoroughness. French art and Arabian 
 hospitality." And, if Mr. Ruskin had lived 
 on this side of the Atlantic, might he not 
 have added, "American Adaptability?" 
 
 Mr. Frank Grover. in a valuable historical 
 sketch (printed elsewhere in this volume) 
 refers to one of the first typical Evanston 
 homes as follows : 
 
 "The father. Antoine Ouilmette, was 
 of French descent ; the mother, Archange, 
 was of true American (Indian) parentage. 
 In this family were four daughters: Eliza- 
 beth. Archange. Josette and Sophia, and 
 four sons: Joseph, Louis, Francis and 
 Mitchell." 
 
 323 
 
324 
 
 HOMES AXD HOME-MAKERS 1846-1870 
 
 Surely all lovers of symbolism or all 
 philosophers, thinkers, who recognize the 
 law that, in order to secure harmony, we 
 must combine differences, will promptly 
 recognize in the variety and balance of 
 this pioneer home, prophecies of the re- 
 sultant harmony and equilibrium which 
 has caused so many discriminating tour- 
 ists to repeat the trite question, "Is this 
 Heavenston?" Thus, in its very infancy, 
 the presiding Fates seem to have decreed 
 that the honor of having founded our be- 
 loved Evanston belonged equally to its 
 sons and daughters, while our subsequent 
 cosmopolitanism may be traced to that 
 French father and American mother. 
 
 For a number of years William and 
 James Carney represented the entire po- 
 lice force, and so firmly, kindly and hu- 
 manely did they preserve law and order, 
 that the village was exempt from depre- 
 dations, and the very name "Carney" be- 
 came a synonym for law and order : as 
 instance, the incident of an Evanston 
 child exclaiming at sight of a Chicago po- 
 liceman, "There goes another good 
 Carney." 
 
 In preparing this fragmentary sketch, 
 we have been interested in the typical char- 
 acter of the early settlers who, by their 
 tastes and pursuits, foreshadowed the 
 aesthetic development of after years. 
 
 Mr. and Mrs. Alonzo Burroughs were 
 among the earliest agriculturists. Mr. and 
 Mrs. Samuel Reed seem to have made 
 Beauty and Service the patron saints of 
 their home. We are told that Mr. Reed 
 was the original path-finder or road- 
 master of the village, and that a certain 
 apple-tree planted by Mrs. Reed was, for 
 forty years, because of the fragrance of its 
 bloom and the rare flavor of its fruit, a joy 
 to succeeding generations of children. 
 
 These pioneer path-finders and home- 
 makers doubtless would have been 
 
 cheered and encouraged in many toilsome 
 wanderings, could they have foreseen the 
 tree-fringed avenues, streets and courts, 
 whose names enshrine the memories of 
 many subsequent path-makers, and hon- 
 ored citizens; e. g., "Judson," "Hinman," 
 "Irvington," "Benson," and "Kedzie" Ave- 
 nues ; "Dempster." "Davis." "Xoyes." "Mul- 
 ford," "Grain, " "McDaniels," and "Lyons " 
 Streets ; "Avars Court" and "Willard 
 Place," etc. 
 
 "Joy," that notable but too frequently 
 neglected "Fruit of the Spirit," hospital- 
 ity, industry and faith (faith in God and 
 faith in humanity) seem to have been 
 characteristic of many of these pioneer 
 homes. The altruistic cheerfulness, so 
 notable in his philanthropic daughter. 
 Mrs. Helen Judson Beveridge, as well as 
 in other members of that merry house- 
 hold, was early intersphered in the village 
 life by the genial father, Rev. Philo Judson. 
 We are told that Mr. Judson's optimism 
 and constant cheerfulness "enabled him 
 to make perpetual holiday of the hard 
 work and privations incident to the life of 
 a circuit-rider through the wilds of Illi- 
 nois," while his wife, Mrs. Huddleston 
 Judson, was in all respects a notable help- 
 meet, bravely bearing the added responsi- 
 bilities resultant from his numerous ab- 
 sences. 
 
 Truly, if "all the world loves a lover," 
 the residents of small frontier villages, 
 where life is often too strenuous to permit 
 of much pleasure-seeking, must always 
 delight in a wedding. We are confident 
 that, if the villagers could have foreseen in 
 the groom a future General and Governor, 
 and in the bride a notable philanthropist, 
 even greater interest, if possible, would 
 have centered in the marriage, in 1848, of 
 Miss Helen Judson and Mr. John L. Bev- 
 eridge. 
 
 Who can estimate the amount of good 
 
CHARLES JOSEPH LITTLE 
 
KS AX!) lloMK-MAKKRS 1*40-1*7. 
 
 Surely all lovers of symbolism or all 
 philosopher-, thinkers, who recognize the 
 la\v that, in order to secure harmony. \v-.- 
 must combine differences, will promptlv 
 recognize in the varietv and balance of 
 this pioneer home, prophecies of the re- 
 sultant harmony and equilibrium which 
 has caused so many discriminating tour- 
 ists to repeat the trite question. "Is this 
 Heavenston?" Thus, in its very infancy. 
 the presiding Tales seem to have decreed 
 that the honor of having founded our he- 
 loved Kvanstoii belonged equally to its 
 sons and daughters, while our subsequent 
 cosmopolitanism may be traced to that 
 French father and American mother. 
 
 For a number of years William and 
 lames Carney represented the entire po- 
 lice force, and so firmly, kindly and hu- 
 manely did they preserve law and order, 
 that the village was exempt from depre- 
 dations, and the very name "Carney" be- 
 came a sviionym for law and order: as 
 instance, the incident of an F.vanston 
 child exclaiming at sight of a Chicago po- 
 liceman. "There goes, another good 
 Carney." 
 
 In preparing tin- fragmentary sketch, 
 we have been interested in the Mpical char- 
 acter of the earh settlers who. by their 
 tastes and pursuits, foreshadowed the 
 .'esthetic development of after \ear>. 
 
 .Mr. and Mr-. Alon/o I'.urroughs were 
 among the earliest agriculturist-. Mr. and 
 Mr.-. Samuel Reed seem to have made 
 l.cauu and Service the patron saints of 
 their home. We are told that Mr. Reed 
 was the original path-tinder or road- 
 ma-ur oi the village, and thai a certain 
 apple-tree planted by Mrs. Reed \va-. for 
 forty years, becau-e of the fragrance of it- 
 hlooiu and the rare llavor of it- fruit, a jo\ 
 to succeeding generation- of children. 
 
 The-e pioneer path-finders and home- 
 makers doubtless would have been 
 
 cheered and encouraged in many toilsome 
 wanderings, could they have foreseen the 
 tree-fringed avenues, streets and courts, 
 whose names enshrine the memories of 
 many subsequent path-makers, and hon- 
 ored citizen.*: e. g.. "Jud-on." " I Unman.' 
 "Irvington." "I'.enson." and "Kedzie" Ave- 
 nues : "Dempster." "I >avis." "Xoves." "Mul- 
 ford." "Crain." "McDanieK" and "Lyons " 
 Street-: "Avar- Court" and "Willard 
 Place." etc. 
 
 "Joy." that notable but too frequently 
 neglected "Fruit of the Spirit." hospital- 
 ity, industry and faith (faith in (lo<l ami 
 faith in humanity) seem to have been 
 characteristic of many of these pioneer 
 homes. The altruistic cheerfulness, so 
 notable in his philanthropic daughter. 
 Mrs. Helen Judson Keveridge. as well as 
 in other members of that merry house- 
 hold, was early intersphered in the village 
 life by the genial father. Rev. I'hilo lud-on. 
 \\ e are told that Mr. Judson 's optimism 
 and constant cheerfulness "enabled him 
 to make perpetual holiday of the hard 
 work and privation* incident to the life of 
 a circuit-rider through the wilds of Illi- 
 nois." while his wife. Mr-. Huddle-ton 
 lud-on. wa- in all re-pect- a notable help- 
 meet, bravely bearing the added responsi- 
 bilities resultant from hi- immcrou- ab- 
 sence-. 
 
 Truly, if "all the world love- a lover." 
 the residents of small frontier village- 
 when' life is often too strenuous to permit 
 of much pleasure-seeking, must always 
 delight in a wedding. We are confident 
 that, if the villagers could have foreseen in 
 the groom a future (ieneral and Governor. 
 and in the bride a notable philanthropist, 
 even greater interest, if po-silile. would 
 have centered in the marriage, in 1848. of 
 Miss Helen Judson and Mr. John L. Bev- 
 eridge. 
 
 Who can estimate the amount of good 
 
UIAKI.I-.S J< iSKl'II I.ITTI.I-: 
 
LIBRARY 
 Of THE 
 
 VMVfiWIft Of 
 
HISTORY OF EVANSTON 
 
 325 
 
 influences that have emanated from the 
 family circle of children and grand-chil- 
 dren, whose father, mother and grand- 
 parents commenced their home-making 
 in a small cottage near where the Con- 
 gregational Church now stands? We re- 
 fer to Mr. and Mrs. John A. Pearsons. 
 Mr. Pearsons, aside from his business in- 
 terests and industry, was ever a promoter 
 of harmony in the village, as he was, for 
 a number of years, the first and only 
 chorister ; while Mrs. Pearsons has, for 
 more than half a century, been a constant 
 benediction to home and friends and 
 church. 
 
 Another group of contributors to the 
 peace, health and harmony of the early 
 village life was the family of Dr. and Mrs. 
 Jacob \V. Ludlam. The early annals of 
 Evanston contain frequent references to 
 this tree-embowered home as a social and 
 musical center of most gracious influences. 
 The Evanston Club House now occupies 
 the beautiful grounds of this one-time 
 influential home-center. 
 
 The home of Major and Mrs. Mulford, 
 "The Oakton" of 1840, is also remembered 
 with loving appreciation by all who com- 
 prehend the influence and power of a 
 bountiful hospitality, which is at the same 
 time brave enough to exclude temptation 
 in any form from both young and old. 
 \Ye are told that, in those early days, from 
 their most abundant table, wine was ex- 
 cluded, even on New Year's day. 
 
 Theirs was. indeed, the home of Jus- 
 tice and hospitality and temperance. 
 Major Mulford was one of the early and 
 honorable Justices of the Peace. 
 
 About this time arrived the families 
 of Mr. and Mrs. George M. Hun- 
 toon. General and Mrs. Julius White, 
 Major and Mrs. Edward Russell, Mr. 
 and Mrs. Leander Clifford, Mr. and 
 Mrs. George F. Foster, Mr. and Mrs. 
 
 Andrew J. Brown, Mrs. Mary Foster, Mr. 
 and Mrs. Simon J. Kline, Professor and 
 Mrs. William Jones. Mr. and Mrs. E. R. 
 Paul, Mr. and Mrs. Benjamin F. Hill. Mr. 
 and Mrs. O. A. Grain. 
 
 If still with us, the lamented editor of 
 this volume might enter his editorial pro- 
 test; yet we would still insist upon the 
 privilege of emphasizing in this record, 
 the debt of gratitude which, not only Ev- 
 anston, but the entire State and Nation, 
 owe to some of these pioneers. In 1855, 
 Hon. and Mrs. H. B. Hurd commenced 
 their home-making in Evanston ; and 
 every one in any way affected by the laws, 
 the ethics or spiritual development of our 
 loved "Prairie State," was thereby direct- 
 ly benefited. For half a century Judge 
 Hurd, by his legal acumen, his patriotic 
 citizenship, his true fellowship in neigh- 
 borhood, club and church, his loving 
 fatherliness and grandfatherliness, proved 
 a benediction to his generation and. at his 
 passing onward on January 20. 1906, no 
 citizen was ever more sincerely mourned. 
 Many citizens who cherish loving memo- 
 ries of "the good old times," refer with 
 kindliest interest to the home of Judge 
 and Mrs. Hurd, while children and grand- 
 children pronounce them "blessed." 
 
 As early as 1858, in the happy, wisely 
 orderd home of Mr. and Mrs. f. F. Wil- 
 lard, a young girl was rapidly developing 
 into the gifted philanthropist who, more 
 than any other citizen, has made Evan- 
 ston a house-hold word throughout the 
 world, and "Rest Cottage" a veritable 
 "Mecca" to thousands. The motherhood 
 of Mrs. Mary Thompson Willard has be- 
 come historic, but as we wish to refer to 
 it in another connection, we omit further 
 comment here. 
 
 In 1885 Mr. and Mrs. Allen Vane com- 
 menced their home-building here, laying 
 the foundations, as was notably the case 
 
326 
 
 HOMES AND HOME-MAKERS 1846-1870 
 
 of so many of Evanston's early residents, 
 of outside philanthropies, as well as fire- 
 side pleasures. Other notable arrivals 
 about this time were Rev. and Mrs. Oba- 
 diah Huse the charming personality of 
 Mrs. Huse, the dignified bearing of Mr. 
 Huse and the intellectual alertness of their 
 children rendering their home a most at- 
 tractive place. 
 
 Citizens whose memories are enriched 
 by pictures of the childhood and youth of 
 Evanston, refer with loving appreciation 
 to the home of Mr. and Mrs. L. L. Green- 
 leaf, whose most generous hospitality in- 
 cluded almost every human interest and 
 object educational, philanthropic and re- 
 formatory. Mr. Greenleaf was one of the 
 first of our citizens to make a valuable 
 gift to the library of the University. He 
 organized the Temperance Alliance, and 
 Mrs. Elizabeth M. Greenleaf, his coad- 
 jutor in every good word and work, ac- 
 cepted service as President of the first 
 Board of Trustees of "The Woman's Edu- 
 cational Asrociation." 
 
 Two notable friends of education arrived 
 when Mr. and Mrs. C. G. Haskin brought 
 their "Lares and Penates" to the village, 
 and afterwards built the attractive house 
 on the northeast corner of Hinman Ave- 
 nue and Davis Street, which has succes- 
 sively served as the home for such repre- 
 sentative citizens as Mr. and Mrs. Simeon 
 Farwell and Mrs. Mary Raymond Shum- 
 way. 
 
 An all-inclusive altruism is always 
 characteristic of the true parental heart, 
 which cannot rest content until comfort, 
 opportunity and education are secured for 
 "all the other children, " as well as for 
 one's very own ; hence, we are not sur- 
 prised to find it recorded that, "early in 
 1868, Mrs. Mary Haskin started forth 
 alone, from her well ordered home on a 
 most important mission. Her object was 
 
 to submit to such well known Christian 
 philanthropists as Mrs. Melinda Hamline 
 and Dr. Henry Bannister, her plans for 
 a "Woman's Educational Association." 
 The marked success which attended her 
 effort belongs to the Educational Chap- 
 ter. We deem it our province, however, 
 to refer to the practical interest in this 
 plan and doubtless personal sacrifice 
 to give the first financial aid, which de- 
 veloped in the home of Rev. Obadiah and 
 Mrs. Huse, one of the interesting and in- 
 fluential home centers already referred to. 
 Studying the results enjoyed in the Evans- 
 ton of to-day, we realize what patient, faith- 
 ful, self-sacrificing seed-sowing was done 
 by these faithful pioneer home-makers in 
 order to insure such a "Harvest Home" 
 as the citizens of our bountiful and beau- 
 tiful village enjoy to-day. As we think 
 of the tradition of one notable "City Fa- 
 ther," planting miles of trees, we rejoice 
 in the day when Mr. and Mrs. Eli Gage 
 and their household inscribed their names 
 upon the now rapidly enlarging directory. 
 
 One participant in "those good old 
 times" informs us that, at one time, the 
 social interests of the village seemed to 
 converge in the cheerful home of Mr. and 
 Mrs. Richard Somers, where, amid all 
 good influences, a happy group of chil- 
 dren were growing into manhood and 
 womanhood. 
 
 Another friend cherishes, as an almost 
 sacred picture, that Madonna-faced 
 young mother tenderly ministering to her 
 own little "coming woman :" the sweet 
 voiced mother being Mrs. Lucy Stone ; 
 the baby daughter, the gifted Alice Stone 
 Rlackwell. Meanwhile, in imagination, we 
 see that noble father (the justice- 
 loving patriot to whom every American 
 woman owes a debt of gratitude). Mr. 
 Henry Rlackwell. at his daughter's cra- 
 dle, highly resolving to do all in his power 
 
HISTORY OF EVANSTON 
 
 327 
 
 to secure freedom of opportunity, not 
 only for his own, but for every other 
 child without distinction of race, color, 
 creed or sex. 
 
 Of the home life of Rev. and Mrs. 
 George C. Xoyes, we find the following 
 interesting silhouette in "A Classic 
 Town:" "Few have the intersphering 
 nature that would lead them to lend a 
 hand in enterprises so varied as those 
 that shared the beneficent activities o f 
 Dr. Noyes. Indeed, there was no move- 
 ment for the good of Evanston into which 
 he did not throw the momentum of his 
 well-poised mind and the warming influ- 
 ence of his opulent heart." 
 
 "Beside this valiant servant of Christ, 
 there stood, during the first twelve years 
 of his Evanston pastorate, a wife strong 
 and capable as she was winsome and 
 tender. I shall never forget, nor will any 
 one who shared their blessed help, their 
 faces so full of inspiration, their voices 
 so vibrant with sympathy, their hands so 
 frequently outstretched in deeds of love." 
 
 Mrs. Noyes was another illustration of 
 the fact that the true mother-heart is in- 
 clusive, for while surrounded by her own 
 group of six children, she found time t:> 
 aid in the temperance work, and to meet 
 the various demands made upon the wife 
 of a pastor of a large church. 
 
 "For a term of years, Miss Emily 
 Xoyes rendered most faithful service in 
 her brother's home until the only daugh- 
 ter of Rev. and Mrs. Noyes, now Mrs. 
 Ellen Xoyes Orr, began to preside, as 
 a little mother-queen, among her group 
 of brothers." 
 
 Of the beloved Professor Francis D. 
 Hemenway, it is said that not even the 
 "Hemenway Memorial Church" is his 
 true monument, but the "Hymnal" of the 
 Methodist Church. Dr. and Mrs. Hem- 
 enway came to Evanston in 1857, and for 
 
 almost a quarter of a century lived, 
 loved and served among us. A most 
 beloved instructor in the University, 
 the record of his refined, helpful and 
 harmonious life belongs there ; his wife 
 has claimed, as her richest inheritance, the 
 fact that "she had been the privileged home- 
 maker for one of the purest, truest and 
 best of men, who fully appreciated the 
 meaning of that sacred word "Home." 
 
 The historian in search of facts in re- 
 gard to the substantial growth of Evans- 
 ton between the years 1856 and 1860, is 
 aided by the following paragraph from an 
 interesting letter written by Mrs. Sara 
 Bailey Mann, one of the pioneer daugh- 
 ters. Mrs. Mann writes : "You ask when 
 my parents moved to Evanston? They 
 came here in 1859. The location of the 
 Northwestern University was just then 
 decided upon, and father moved here 
 because of the educational advantages 
 Evanston then promised." Some of 
 these children for whom these loving 
 parents. Mr. William S. and Mrs. Sarah 
 Bailey, were thus planning, were soon 
 called to the severe educational experi- 
 ences of our Civil War, as three of their 
 sons responded to the call of their coun- 
 try, the daughters subsequently (as was 
 so often the case) bravely bearing added 
 responsibilities. 
 
 In preparing this little sketch, the wri- 
 ter is often tempted to pause, as before sa- 
 cred shrines in recognition of the really 
 heroic sacrifices and endeavor manifest in 
 these homes. Words written by a friend 
 concerning Mr. and Mrs. Bailey are so 
 true of them and of many other par- 
 ents, that we reproduce them here: 
 "What a history two simple names 
 suggest. What sunshine, shadow, strug- 
 gle, heroic sacrifice, noble living and final 
 victory." 
 
 As no well regulated village is without 
 
328 
 
 HOMES AND HOME-MAKERS 1846-1870 
 
 its universal "aunt" or "uncle," so, in 
 1863, there came to Evanston one who 
 was soon familiarly known as Uncle 
 Mark De Coudres. At ninety years of 
 age, he with his own hands shingled his 
 home in order to contribute $100 for Afri- 
 can Missions. 
 
 In a copy of The Indc.r, of 1864, we 
 find the following record of the closing 
 of one of the early homes that of Dr. 
 and Mrs. James T. Jewell: "Mrs. Jewell, 
 the devoted and beloved wife of Dr. 
 James Jewell, died at her home on Green- 
 wood Street last Tuesday." Those who 
 can read between the lines will compre- 
 hend the pathos of such a record as the 
 following, which was so often true of the 
 self-sacrificing mothers of those early 
 days: "She received an education, during 
 her girlhood, far above that which it was 
 possible, at that time, for many to attain. 
 From early life she entertained strong de- 
 sires to enter upon a life of study and into 
 literary work. After her marriage she 
 saw no immediate way to carry out her 
 desires and plans without neglecting her 
 duties in her home. She considered the 
 matter carefully and deliberately elected 
 as her life work, the making of a home for 
 her husband and children." While some 
 students of motherhood and home-mak- 
 ing sometimes conclude that, if the moth- 
 er can serve the literary feast in addition 
 to the more material ones, it is better for 
 home and children, yet all who knew of the 
 absolute devotion of Mrs. Jewell to her 
 husband and home, will gratefully re- 
 member her faithful administrations 
 therein. 
 
 Another notable home-maker who 
 seems to have yielded herself as a loving 
 sacrifice in her home, was the wife of 
 Bishop Randolph Foster. Bishop and 
 Mrs. Foster, with their group of eight 
 most interesting children, lived in a home 
 
 among the magnificent group of oak trees 
 which formerly adorned the lot upon which 
 the hospitable home of Mr. and Mrs. Hugh 
 Wilson now stands. 
 
 This spot seems to have ever been one 
 noted for its generous hospitality. Mrs. 
 Foster was, as Elder Boring once said, 
 "a wholly selfless woman. She was a 
 Miss Sarah Wiley, one of the best, tru- 
 est, purest, most unselfish women that 
 ever lived, devoted to her husband, lost 
 and swallowed up in him ; she lived for 
 him, planned for him, took care of him, 
 and kept a home that was always open to 
 his friends with the most generous hos- 
 pitality." 
 
 We build monuments the world is 
 filled with them to the fathers who yield 
 life for others on the world's great battle- 
 fields ; let us enshrine the memories of the 
 self-sacrificing mothers and fathers, who, 
 amid the imperious cares of home or the 
 overwhelming duties and responsibilities 
 of business, yield their lives for their chil- 
 dren. As those who have entered into 
 their labors, let us endeavor to secure 
 wiser household and business conditions 
 by replacing intense competition with 
 Christian co-operation. 
 
 We have with hesitation referred to 
 these facts in the hope that, with hundreds 
 of similar ones that have come to each of 
 us, they may incite us to throw the 
 weight of whatever influence we may 
 possess in favor of simpler manners, wiser 
 laws, which will inevitably "Ring out the 
 false, ring in the true." 
 
 The more spiritual and intuitional the 
 wife and mother, the more is she needed 
 by husband and children, and the greater 
 the loss to the highest good of all, if 
 she yields to the wifely and motherly 
 temptation to effect her own effacement 
 and utter self-sacrifice for her loved ones. 
 
 These same vears seem to have been 
 
HISTORY OF EVANSTON 
 
 329 
 
 auspicious ones for Evanston in many 
 ways. In addition to the several names 
 mentioned, we find recorded the arrival of 
 Mr. and Mrs. Francis Bradley and Mr. and 
 Mrs. Simeon Farwell. 
 
 In 1862 a young couple arrived in the 
 village who were destined to make valua- 
 ble additions to its life in many ways ; 
 and most interesting is the story of the 
 service rendered by Dr. Oliver and Mrs. 
 E. E. Marcey. to science, literature, phi- 
 lanthropy and religion. The pleasant 
 homestead on the northeast corner of Chi- 
 cago Avenue and Church Street has 
 been, for forty years, a favorite rallying 
 point for students and friends. Of Dr. 
 Marcey 's valuable services as an educa- 
 tor, mention will be made elsewhere, 
 while, for adequate record of Mrs. Mar- 
 cey's faithful ministrations as wife, moth- 
 er, missionary-worker and philanthropist, 
 a volume would be required. The par- 
 ental pride centered in the beautiful and 
 gifted daughter, Mrs. Anna Marcey 
 Davis, whose memory is still sacredly 
 cherished by many friends. 
 
 -About this time we find our illustrious 
 patriot, Mrs. Jane C. Hoge, not only wise- 
 ly guiding and guarding and ministering 
 to her own, but also including, in her true 
 mother-heart, thousands of semi-mother- 
 less boys, who, during those crucial years 
 of war, watched for her coming, or for 
 the result of her loving care, as for an 
 angel. Reproducing a statement made 
 some years since at the historic "Fore- 
 mother's Day in Evanston," we repeat : 
 Because our lake-bordered, tree-fringed 
 village was once her home, we place lov- 
 ingly on our scroll of honor, the name of 
 Mrs. Jane C. Hoge, while just under- 
 neath, we trace that of Mrs. Arza Brown, 
 the first woman in the United States of 
 America to receive the badge of the 
 Christian Commission. 
 
 Any thoughts of the philanthropic 
 mother include memories of the beautiful 
 and hospitable home on Chicago Avenue, 
 where the interests of the whole world 
 were studied, and so far as possible, aid- 
 ed by Mr. and Mrs. Isaac R. Hitt. This 
 home is one of the treasured land-marks 
 of Evanston. Mrs Arza Brown, the pa- 
 triotic mother of Mrs. Hitt. included in her 
 . active interest "A Christian Commission of 
 the United States of America ;" Mrs. Mary 
 Brown Hitt, the daughter, included in her 
 plans missionary service to the whole world. 
 
 When we assert of Mr. Isaac R. Hitt, 
 Mr. Andrew J. Brown and other of our 
 prominent and influential men, that they 
 supplemented and aided their wives in 
 public philanthropic work, we record 
 their true heroism and self-sacrifice, 
 since it required true courage for a lov- 
 ing husband to hear and read the oft-time 
 bitter criticisms of those days, upon any 
 work performed by woman outside of the 
 home, even though such service was ren- 
 dered for the Church or the State. 
 
 During the years from 1864 to 1867, in- 
 clusive, many strong links were forged in 
 the chain of helpful influences which was 
 to encircle Evanston for generations, 
 since many of the children of these rapid- 
 ly developing home-shrines are numbered 
 amongst the most useful and honored cit- 
 izens of the present time. Art, literature, 
 science, health, education, philanthropy, 
 religion, happiness, beauty and joy 
 have been the rich fruitage yielded from 
 the homes of Mr. and Mrs. Charles F. 
 Grey ; Dr. and Mrs. Oliver Marcy : Dr. 
 and Mrs. Miner Raymond: Dr. and Mrs. 
 O. H. Mann: Rev. and Mrs. Lucius 
 H. Bugbee: Mr. and Mrs. L. H. Bou- 
 telle : Mr. and Mrs. Andrew J. Brown: Mr. 
 and Mrs. Nicholas G. Iglehart : Mr. and 
 Mrs. Towner K. \Yebster: Mr. and Mrs. 
 Francis Bradlev : Mr. and Mrs. Simeon 
 
330 
 
 HOMES AND HOME-MAKERS 1846-1870 
 
 Farwell; Mr. and Mrs. H. C. Tillinghast; 
 Mr. and Mrs. Charles E. Browne; Mr. 
 and Mrs. H. F. Clmstead; Hon. and Mrs. 
 Andrew Shuman and Mr. and Mrs. Frank 
 L. \\innie. 
 
 Among the earliest patrons of art 
 were Mr. and Mrs. Charles F. Grey, and the 
 carefully selected canvases, which have 
 adorned their beautiful and home-like 
 family residence on Forest Avenue, have 
 rendered this home center a most attrac- 
 tive spot to all art-lovers, while in the 
 church and in the beautiful courts 
 of philanthropy, they have rendered 
 constant, cheerful and most generous 
 services. Music and religion were indig- 
 enous to the spiritual atmosphere of the 
 home of Mr. and Mrs. Nicholas G. Igle- 
 hart. The records of the Baptist Church 
 are replete with the facts of Mrs. Igle- 
 hart's abundant helpfulness. 
 
 Abounding cheerfulness, and that true 
 hospitality which includes every home- 
 sick, lonely stranger, were conspicuously 
 characteristic of the home of Mr. Charles 
 E. and Mrs. Martha Evarts Browne. Xo 
 literary, musical or artistic prophet, phil- 
 anthropist or reformer was without honor 
 in Evanston, during the years when Mr. 
 and Mrs. Browne lived and served 
 amongst us. At one time during the 
 year 1869, sixty-nine authors, musicians 
 and literateurs were numbered among the 
 guests at this home. 
 
 Another home where, for many years, 
 one met with a rare hospitality and with 
 most beautiful object lessons in high- 
 thinking and simple living, was that of 
 Mr. and Mrs. H. F. Olmstead. In addi- 
 tion to the wise and careful mothering 
 of her four sons, Mrs. Olmstead was one 
 of the most discriminating and apprecia- 
 tive students of philosophy and literature 
 amongst our Evanston women, while Mr. 
 
 Olmstead was noted for his business in- 
 tegrity. 
 
 If ever a man caused his neighbors and 
 friends to walk a flower-strewn path, it 
 was Mr. H. C. Tillinghast. His sermons 
 in flowers, silently exhaling from the pul- 
 pit of more than one church, constantly 
 reminded us that "Beauty is the smile of 
 God." Mr. and Mrs. Tillinghast have 
 been blessed in their home life, and in 
 turn blessed the village and the church, 
 while children and grandchildren refer to 
 them as their richest inheritance. 
 
 How many care lines have faded from 
 the faces of anxious young mothers upon 
 the appearance of Dr. O. H. Mann. He 
 was successful and progressive in his 
 medical practice, which included the then 
 novel hints and suggestions in regard to 
 the prevention of disease by hygienic 
 nursing and cheerful surroundings. The 
 home of Dr. and Mrs. Mann was the 
 scene of generous hospitality both to 
 friends and to ideas. 
 
 In the pleasant home of Mr. and Mrs. 
 Francis E. Bradley the Congregational 
 Church was organized. From it many 
 other religious and philanthropic influ- 
 ences emanated, and ever the purest atmos- 
 phere of culture, refinement and true re- 
 ligion permeated this home of beau- 
 tiful daughters and obedient sons. For 
 many years, this home, together with 
 those of Mr. and Mrs. J. L. Williams, 
 Mr. and Mrs. L. H. Boutelle and Mr. and 
 Mrs. J. H. Kedzie, seemed to be the "so- 
 cial annex" to the Congregational 
 Church. 
 
 During these years the University, the 
 Methodist Church and the Social Circle 
 of the village, gladly welcomed Dr. Miner 
 Raymond and his gracious and estimable 
 wife, Mrs. Elizabeth Henderson Ray- 
 mond. To the historian of the Universi- 
 
( - 
 
LlbHARY 
 
 OF THE 
 
 UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS 
 
HISTORY OF EVANSTOK 
 
 331 
 
 ty belongs the rich and interesting record 
 of the good Doctor's many useful years. 
 The memories of the early and faithful 
 ministrations of the loving mother belong 
 to us all, and are cherished as a rich le- 
 gacy by her children and grandchildren, 
 as are the more scholarly labors and 
 Christian philanthropies of the noble fa- 
 ther. 
 
 About this time Mr. E. W. Larned 
 came to build the second brick house in 
 Evanston, to be the future home of Mr. 
 and Mrs. I. P. DeCoudres. In the fol- 
 lowing year Mr. and Mrs. Larned located 
 permanently in Evanston. 
 
 To all appreciating the value of the 
 kindergarten and the importance of the 
 early years of childhood, a most impor- 
 tant and far-reaching event occurred, 
 when, in the spring of 1866, Rev. and 
 Mrs. Edward Eggleston commenced their 
 home-making -in our village. Mr. Eggle- 
 ston was among the first of our Ameri- 
 can fathers to comprehend and appreciate 
 the methods and aim of the great Froebel. 
 Finding it impossible to obtain a good 
 translation of Froebel's songs, he studied 
 German for that purpose ; translated the 
 songs, built a cottage for the kindergarten 
 and taught the kindergartners, and, 
 meanwhile, superintended the Methodist 
 Episcopal Sunday School, while carrying 
 on his literary work. 
 
 Another inmate of this "Children's 
 Home" was a gifted young sister, Miss 
 Jane Eggleston, who subsequently be- 
 came the wife of Rev. Charles Zimmer- 
 man. Mrs. Zimmerman, although pos- 
 sessed of unusual intellectual gifts (as 
 all who have read her "Gray Heads on 
 Young Shoulders" recognize), has been 
 far more than a quarter of a century a 
 most faithful mother and home-maker, as 
 Rev. Mr. Zimmerman is one of our enthu- 
 siastic reformers. 
 
 In this same year, 1866, much interest 
 centered in the arrival of many other 
 most interesting families and in the erec- 
 tion of some beautiful homes in our 
 suburb, notably the residence of Mr. and 
 Mrs. \V. X. Brainard, on Hinman Ave- 
 nue. The homes of those days, although 
 not equaling, in many respects, some of 
 the more massive structures of modern 
 times, possessed all the essentials of ideal 
 homes, namely : large grounds, grassy 
 parks shadowed by beautiful trees, flowers, 
 books, music, happy children, and genuine 
 altruism. In the home of Mr. and Mrs. 
 Brainard. for a quarter of a century, a most 
 charming hospitality was dispensed. While 
 fulfilling ever3 r duty incident to mother- 
 hood and home, Mrs. Brainard found time 
 for helpful service in the church and in so- 
 cial circles, and also for extensive and 
 discriminating reading along philosophic 
 and spiritual lines, which has caused her 
 opinions to be highly valued by all who 
 love the good, the beautiful and the true. 
 Mr. William X. Brainard served as a 
 member of the State Board of Railroad 
 and Warehouse Commissioners, and was 
 a most public-spirited citizen. 
 
 In this same historic year, still other 
 names, destined to be loved and honored 
 in Evanston. first became known in 
 church, in journalistic and social life. Wo 
 refer to those of Hon. and Mrs. Andrew 
 Shuman. As editor of the "Evening 
 Journal." of Chicago, and subsequently 
 as Lieutenant-Governor of the State. Mr. 
 Shuman reflected honor upon the home of 
 his adoption, while his wife soon became 
 an accepted authority in the most refined 
 and intellectual circles. The family 
 homestead, embowered in stately ever- 
 greens and majestic elms and oaks, was a 
 radiating center of many helpful influences. 
 
 In 1867 came such helpful citizens as 
 Mr. and Mrs. T. K. Webster. Col. and 
 
332 
 
 HOMES AND HOME-MAKERS 1846-1870 
 
 Mrs. E. S. Weeden, Mr. and Mrs. Alfred 
 Sewell, Mr. and Mrs. Charles H. Gilbert 
 each and all referred to elsewhere. 
 
 Many pleasant memories and much 
 loving interest center in the home of 
 Professor and Mrs. H. S. Xoyes. From 
 1860 to 1869 Professor Xoyes was the Act- 
 ing President of the Northwestern Univer- 
 sity, and was ably seconded in his manifold 
 duties as parent, educator and citizen, 
 by his gifted and accomplished wife. 
 What the most ideal home of any college 
 President has been to any village have 
 been the homes of the Northwestern's 
 Presidents to Evanston. In the list, 
 which includes such honored names as 
 Bishop and Mrs. Foster, Dr. and Mrs. 
 Hinman, Professor and Mrs. Koyes, 
 Bishop and Mrs. E. O. Haven, Bishop 
 and Mrs. Charles Fowler, Dr. and Mrs. Oli- 
 ver Marcy, Dr. and Mrs. Cummings, Dr. 
 and Mrs. Henry Wade Rogers, and Dr. 
 and Mrs. Edmund James, we recognize a 
 succession of influences which have great- 
 ly enriched and ennobled the life and civ- 
 ilization of this great Xorthwest. 
 
 Among the names of influential citi- 
 zens which will appear and re-appear in 
 the reports of clubs (Philosophical, Edu- 
 cational and Social), business enterprises, 
 church organizations and village interests, 
 are those of, 
 
 Mr. and Mrs. George Reynolds, 
 Mr. and Mrs. Heman G. Powers, 
 Mr. and Mrs. A. P. Wightman, 
 Mr. and Mrs. George M. Huntoon 
 (1841), 
 
 Mr. and Mrs. E. R. Paul, 
 Mr. and Mrs. A. J. Brown, 
 Mr. and Mrs. D. B. Dewey. 
 Mr. and Mrs. Acldison de Coudres, 
 Major and Mrs. Edward Russell 
 
 (1855). 
 
 Mr. and Mrs. John A. Childs, 
 Prof, and Mrs. Julius F. Kellogg, 
 
 Mr. and Mrs. William Wycoff, 
 "Deacon" and Mrs. Hill, 
 Mr. and Mrs. Alexander Gunn, 
 Mr. and Mrs. Eugene Chapman, 
 Mr. and Mrs. A. G. Wilder, 
 Mr. and Mrs. John A. Lighthall, 
 Mr. and Mrs. D. I. Crocker, 
 Mr. and Mrs. John Lyman, 
 Mr. and Mrs. F. M. Weller, 
 Mr. and Mrs. P. G. Siller, 
 Mr. and Mrs. H. C. Cone, 
 Mr. and Mrs. I. H. Haywood, 
 Mr. and Mrs. William C. Comstock, 
 Mr. and Mrs. Charles Comstock, , 
 Mrs. Sarah Roland Childs, 
 Mr. and Mrs. Edward S. Taylor, 
 Mr. and Mrs. Charles Wightman, 
 Mr. and Mrs. S. A. Kean, 
 Mr. and Mrs. John H. Hamline, 
 Mr. and Mrs. Thomas Cosgrove, 
 Mr. and Mrs. R. S. King, 
 Mr. and Mrs. L. C. Pitner, 
 Mr. and Mrs. C. S. Burch, 
 Mrs. Caroline Murray, 
 Mr. and Mrs. Alfred L. Sewell, 
 Mr. and Mrs. J. J. Parkhurst, 
 Mr. and Mrs. David R. Dyche, 
 Lewis M. Angle. 
 
 Those who would most deplore any 
 loss of tenderness or refinement in wom- 
 en, or any diminution in love of, or loyal- 
 ty to, home or children, as a result of 
 more inclusive and public interests, are 
 referred to page 236 of " A Classic Town," 
 and are requested to study the faces of 
 four of Evanston's most illustrious moth- 
 ers, housekeepers and home-makers: i. e., 
 Mrs. Mary Thompson Willard, Mrs. 
 Lucy Bannister, Mrs. Henriette S. Kidder 
 and Mrs. Melinda Hamline. Before re- 
 ferring to these noble mothers of illustri- 
 ous children, we would be glad if Miss 
 Frances Willard had given us, on the op- 
 posite page of her volume the equally in- 
 teresting faces of the fathers in these not- 
 
HISTORY OF EVANSTOX 
 
 333 
 
 able homes : Mr. J. G. Willard : Rev. 
 Henry Bannister, D. D. ; Rev. Daniel 
 Kidder, D. D., and Bishop Hamline for 
 in each case, at a glance, one would have 
 discovered that in these ideal homes there 
 was always found the poet's dream of 
 "Two heads in council." The face of 
 Mrs. Mary Thompson \Yillard is the first 
 of the notable group of home-makers to 
 arrest our thought. The story of the life of 
 the beloved and honored \Yillard family in 
 our midst is so familiar that its re-telling 
 here is unnecessary, and we content our- 
 selves with reproducing a single scene. 
 
 On January 3, 1885, one of the most 
 notable gatherings ever held in the West 
 convened at "Rest Cottage," in recogni- 
 tion of the eightieth birthday of "Madame 
 Willard." The father, Mr. J. G. Willard, 
 the daughter "Mary" (whose "nineteen 
 beautiful years" have been so beautifully 
 photographed by her illustrious sister), 
 and the brilliant son. Mr. Oliver Willard. 
 had all passed to the Spirit Realm ; but 
 the mother, calm, poised, genial and radi- 
 ant with the pure joy resultant from re- 
 warded self-sacrifice and great enthusi- 
 asms, was still spared to us. Never did 
 she seem more truly great than in the dig- 
 nified simplicity with which she received 
 the homage paid to her. as the noble 
 mother of the great daughter. 
 
 Writing of this event at the time, we 
 said the very cards of invitation seem 
 pregnant with suggestions, although they 
 merely hint of the inclusive home-making 
 of this great mother. They, however, re- 
 mind those who have the entree to this 
 veritable "Rest Cottage." of a pleasant 
 fact, namely: that here, under one roof, 
 divided by an open doorway, are the 
 homes of Madame Willard and her 
 daughter Frances, and of the beloved 
 daughter-in-law, Mary Bannister Wil- 
 lard, with her group of children. 
 
 The words written for this occasion by 
 Mrs. Mary A. Livermore are so obvious- 
 ly true of many fathers and mothers in 
 Evanston. that we presume to produce 
 them here : 
 
 "My Dear Mrs. Willard: 
 
 "I have come to know you through 
 your children. A mother is indeed hon- 
 ored, whose children rise up and call her 
 'blessed.' I also call you blessed: not 
 alone because of your children, but be- 
 cause you have learned so well the les- 
 sons and mastered so nobly the tasks as- 
 signed us here in the first school of the 
 soul. Yours truly, 
 
 "Mary A. Livermore." 
 
 Equally appropriate are the lines writ- 
 ten for this occasion by the dearly loved 
 adopted daughter of this home, Miss 
 Anna Gordon : 
 
 "We join tonight to honor one, 
 Whose crown of eighty years 
 
 Reflects a faith that's born of love, 
 A hope that conquers fears. 
 
 "A life enriched by blessed deeds, 
 All through its blessed days; 
 
 A soul that, e'en in darkest hours. 
 Still sings its song of praise." 
 
 Many parents, themselves deprived of 
 early advantages, congratulating their 
 children or grandchildren who enjoy the 
 glorious opportunities of the "present." 
 re-echo the words of this grateful moth- 
 er: "Your opportunity is my pleasure; 
 your duty is my delight." 
 
 Isabel Somerset (Lady Henry) in the 
 "Rest Islander," has preserved for us this 
 picture: 
 
 "In October. 1891. I stood for the first 
 time on the platform of the railway sta- 
 tion in the "Classic Town of Evanston." 
 It was a sunny, autumn day. The rare 
 
334 
 
 HOMES AXD HOME-MAKERS 1846-1870 
 
 tints of ruby and gold that gleam as sum- 
 mer's funeral torches in the glad, new 
 world, were flaming in brilliant beauty 
 along the shady park-ways of that lovely 
 spot on the shores of Lake Michigan. 
 
 "A few minutes later, I was in 'Rest 
 Cottage,' as it was then in its complete- 
 ness, for since that day, the sun has set 
 on that great life that was the center of 
 the home circle. Mrs. Willard stood 
 there then in the doorway to meet me, 
 erect and queenly still, in spite of her 
 eighty-six years. She greeted me with 
 that gentle kindness that showed at once 
 her innate, refined and quiet dignity, and, 
 as we sat around the supper-table that 
 night, amid the dainty brightness, yet 
 simple surroundings of that charming 
 home, and later gathered round the open 
 hearth in Miss Willard's den, or walked 
 next day in the yard with its trees and 
 flowers, grape arbor and rustic dove-cote, 
 I felt that, in all my wanderings up and 
 down the world, I had never found a more 
 harmonious home ; a spot in which 
 seemed combined the breezy atmosphere 
 of the great wide world, with the fragrant 
 family life which remained unruffled in 
 its holy calm." 
 
 The second picture is that of Mrs. Me- 
 linda Hamline. During a Sabbath after- 
 noon in the 'sixties, strangers were some- 
 times surprised to see numbers of people 
 leaving the attractive lakeside home of 
 one who was always known as "Mrs. 
 (Bishop) Hamline." Curiosity was 
 speedily assuaged, however, by the state- 
 ment, that these were members of the 
 "Bible Class" taught by this gentle, little 
 blue-eyed woman, who combined with 
 the tenderness of the violet the poise and 
 strength of the eternal hills. 
 
 We are told that "the first home that 
 the stranger student was invited to enter 
 in Evanston between the years of 1856 and 
 
 1870 was likely to be that of Rev. Dr. and 
 Mrs. Daniel Kidder." Miss Willard writes 
 in her historical sketch, "That roomy man- 
 sion among the trees, so long known as the 
 'Hitt Homestead,' was one of the first, if 
 not the foremost, social center of old-time 
 Evanston. Its way was undisputed ; its 
 associations were delightful. True Chris- 
 tian hospitality has rarely had a more ad- 
 equate exponent ; for here were comfort, 
 cordiality and culture without luxury, 
 fashion or display. The timid girl, work- 
 ing her passage through college, salutes 
 the distinguished head of the University, 
 and the youth who sawed wood or milked 
 cows to earn his board, met the rich Chi- 
 cago business man without feeling any 
 gulf between them." 
 
 We are glad to call attention to the fact 
 that this recognition of the true dignity 
 of industry was not confined to those ear- 
 lier years. During the notable feast of 
 oratory incident to the fiftieth birth-day 
 of the Northwestern University, no senti- 
 ment received greater applause than the 
 following voiced by the youngest repre- 
 sentative on the programme: "Evanston 
 is not ashamed of her college stokers." 
 
 Rev. George E. Strowbridge, another 
 of Evanston's representative children, the 
 son of Mr. and Mrs. M. M. Conwell, writing 
 of this home, after referring to the most 
 generous hospitality of Dr. and Mrs. Kid- 
 der. says: "It was of incalculable benefit to 
 those whose opinions were then forming, 
 that this 'home,' with its large library 
 lined with well chosen books, its roomy 
 parlors and its broad piazza on which we 
 delighted to promenade when summer 
 nights were fair and sweet, brought to 
 our young hearts the conception of Christ 
 and Christians as a social force." 
 
 The fourth face upon this interesting 
 page is that of Mrs. Lucy K. Bannister, 
 another mother of notable children and 
 
 
HISTORY OF EVANSTON 
 
 335 
 
 grandchildren, philanthropists, litera- 
 teurs, musicians, authors. In this home 
 we find the father ever a most potent fac- 
 tor, since, whenever Dr. Henry Bannister 
 presided, there was a recognized "Mc- 
 Gregor at the head of the table." Friends, 
 pupils, citizens, attest to the good influ- 
 ences constantly emanating from this 
 home. Our Common Schools, "Free Li- 
 brary," The "Philosophical Association" 
 and the "Temperance Alliance," each 
 found in Dr. Bannister a most helpful 
 friend ; while he, in time, sought and 
 found his inspiration and help in the 
 beautiful and spiritual woman who, for 
 half a century, was the light of his home. 
 
 We have previously referred to the pleas- 
 ant home of Rev. and Mrs. C. P. Bragdon 
 (the latter a sister of Dr. Bannister), 
 where were developing into helpful man- 
 hood and womanhood another group of 
 children, who were to render this name 
 historic in the annals of Evanston. 
 
 Having written and quoted the fore- 
 going in regard to these notable home- 
 makers, our attention is arrested by a 
 page containing another group of names 
 almost equally notable as mothers, liter- 
 ateurs. poets and philanthropists. This 
 is the page on which appear the portraits 
 of Mrs. Mary P,. Willard, Mrs. I. R. Hitt, 
 Mrs. E. E. Marcey and Mrs. Emily Hunt- 
 ington Miller. As one thinks of that 
 slight figure of Mrs. Miller, in those earli- 
 er days, so beautifully administering her 
 home ; then, of her contributions to the 
 "Little Corporal." still later of accep- 
 table lectures at Chautauqua, one wonders 
 at her strength. Then, as we revert 
 in thought to the herculean work and pe- 
 tite stature of Frances Willard, of the 
 work of Mary B. Willard. Mrs. Marcey 
 and others, all small of stature, we are re- 
 minded of one of Mrs. Mary Livermore's 
 stories, which she prefaced with the state- 
 
 ment, "Oh. the power of these little wom- 
 en !" She stated that when she called a 
 meeting of women in Chicago, to counsel 
 with them in regard to the name of a 
 journal she was thinking of publishing, 
 some large woman who appeared to be 
 physically able to overturn a State, would 
 rise, and, in the softest, gentlest tones 
 would say: "Madame Chairman, I move 
 that the paper be called the 'Morning 
 Light' or the 'Dawn of Day.' " Then, 
 some little woman would arise and in 
 clear, unmistakeable tones would say, "O 
 do not vote for 'The Dawn of Day,' or 
 'Morning Light,' but for the 'Revolution' 
 or the 'Agitator.' " 
 
 Just at this point we would ask permis- 
 sion to explain that, if in this record of 
 home-making, the work of the fathers does 
 not always receive equal emphasis with 
 that of the mothers, it is because the fa- 
 thers are to appear in other records. 
 
 In almost every one of the homes men- 
 tioned there were, from the beginning, 
 imperious duties and interests requiring 
 the joint action of both parents. It would 
 be a labor of love to allow this chapter to 
 enlarge into a volume, and to chronicle 
 the name, not only of every pioneer, but 
 the name and fame of all the beloved "la- 
 ter arrivals." but that pleasure must be 
 enjoyed by some future historian. 
 
 The necessary limits of this fragmentary 
 sketch prevent other than the briefest 
 reference, especially to such names as will 
 appear in specific records of churchly, edu- 
 cational, industrial and philanthropic in- 
 terests. However, in gleaning from the 
 facts of road-making, house, church 
 and school building, the manifold altruis- 
 tic and philanthropic plans devised by 
 these fathers and mothers (surrounded by 
 their groups of little children) ; one is re- 
 minded of the story of Bernini, the cele- 
 brated Italian Master. Upon one occa- 
 
336 
 
 HOMES AND HOME-MAKERS 1846-1870 
 
 sion, this versatile genius gave a public 
 opera in Rome, for which, as Vasari tells 
 us, "he built the theater, painted the scen- 
 ery, invented the engines, composed the 
 music and wrote the poem." 
 
 \Ye greet the children and grandchil- 
 dren of these pioneers in every honorable 
 occupation to-day : in business, litera- 
 ture, science, music, the drama, art, phil- 
 osophy and religion, and as we greet 
 them thus, we re-affirm the thought that 
 nothing pays so well as wise, loving, true 
 and faithful parenthood. 
 
 Surely the notable and useful children 
 and grandchildren who have emerged 
 from these homes, were developed in an 
 atmosphere of plain living and high 
 thinking, since, in 1853, the taxable prop- 
 erty of Evanston was assessed at six hun- 
 dred dollars, and we find on the tax-list 
 of that year, the names of George Hun- 
 toon, Eli Gaffield, William Foster. Paul 
 Pratt. Mrs. Pratt, O. A. Grain and 
 Charles Grain. 
 
 Mrs. Beveridge reports a church serv- 
 ice in 1854, at which all but three of the 
 women appeared in the old time sun-bon- 
 nets, and the clerical dress of the pastor 
 consisted of blue cotton "overalls." 
 
 Judging from the helpful lives of the 
 children of these simpler homes, we are 
 convinced that the foundations of our 
 beautiful Evanston were laid by those 
 who had learned "the true secret of cul- 
 ture." thus beautifully defined by the 
 "Concord Sage:" 
 
 "The secret of culture is to learn that a 
 few great points steadily re-appear, alike 
 in the poverty of the obscurest farm and 
 in the miscellany of metropolitan life, and 
 that these few are alone to be regarded, 
 namely : the escape from all false ties ; 
 courage to be what we are and to love 
 what is simple and beautiful ; independ- 
 ent and cheerful relations. These are the 
 
 essentials ; these, and the wish to serve, to 
 add somewhat to the well-being of man." 
 
 A charming story could be written 
 concerning the distinguished guests who 
 have been welcomed to these homes. A 
 list including such names as those of 
 Abraham Lincoln, who was entertained 
 by General and Mrs. Julius White; Lady 
 Henry Somerset, of England ; Susan B. 
 Anthony. A. Bronson Alcott. Presidents, 
 Bishops, literateurs. Judges, poets, phil- 
 osophers, scientists, statesmen and phil- 
 anthropists, ad infinitititi. 
 
 We also delight to record that our 
 somewhat too puritanic Evanston of the 
 "airly days," was at times capable of 
 great enthusiasms, and we gladly repro- 
 duce the picture of a most unusual scene 
 preserved for us by Miss Willard, in con- 
 nection with a charming biographical 
 sketch of Bishop Simpson and his wife, 
 and of their three years' residence here. 
 She writes: 
 
 "While he lived in Evanston, 1860 to 
 1863, the Bishop's official duties called 
 him to California, and half the town 
 formed in procession going with him to 
 the train, an honor never before or since 
 accorded to mortal, that I know of, by 
 our staid and thoroughly equipoised Ev- 
 austonians. When he returned, coming 
 all the awful distance overland by stage, 
 and in peril of the Indians a large part of 
 the way, we all turned out again, and car- 
 rying the Bragdon melodeon and led by 
 the Ludlam voices, we young folks ser- 
 enaded our revered chief with, 
 
 'Home again, home again, 
 From a foreign shore !' " 
 
 Difficult, as it doubtless is, for their de- 
 scendants to realize the manifold self- 
 sacrifices, the anxieties and discourage- 
 ments of pioneer life, yet do not those 
 who have lived to enjoy the luxuries of 
 
LlKKAflY 
 OF THE 
 
 UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS 
 
HISTORY OF EVANSTON 
 
 337 
 
 "apartments," "steam-heat" or "Yaryan" ; 
 of butlers' pantries," and modern "recep- 
 tions." often revert to the good old-fash- 
 ioned open fires, the old-fashioned fami- 
 ly singing or the neighborhood singing 
 school, and the blessed old-fashioned tea- 
 parties, when there was leisure for high- 
 thinking and opportunity to express one's 
 thoughts ; when the patriotism of the 
 home and the public spirit of the fathers and 
 mothers were manifested in the children 
 and over-flowed into the groves, at least 
 once a year, on the Fourth of July? 
 
 If, added to those conscious pleasures, 
 some seer or prophet could have appeared 
 and voiced some such words as the fol- 
 lowing, would not the ever-recurring dai- 
 ly duties have been performed with added 
 joy? "Congratulations, good friends!" 
 must have been the exclamations, as upon 
 the "screens prophetic" were thrown, in 
 rapid succession, scenes from the future 
 lives of some of these growing, question- 
 ing children. Suppose we could have 
 foreseen Frances E. Willard presiding in 
 England's capitol over a World's Temper- 
 ance Convention : General and Mrs. Bev- 
 eridge "receiving" at the executive man- 
 sion at Springfield ; Hon. Lyman J. Gage 
 serving as a member of the United States 
 Cabinet at Washington ; Mrs. Emily 
 Huntington Miller reading her poems, or 
 serving as a Trustee of the Northwestern 
 University ; Mary Bannister Willard as a 
 beloved teacher in Germany's capital : 
 Kathryn Kidder receiving plaudits incident 
 to her success upon the histrionic stage : 
 and Harry Boutell serving in State and Na- 
 tional legislative halls. 
 
 Imagine the joy of the aged parents of 
 our notable architect, Mr. D. H. Burn- 
 ham, could they have foreseen him, 
 crowned with the knowledge of having 
 aided in creating that diapason of archi- 
 tecture, the Court of Honor, at the Co- 
 
 lumbian Exposition ! Or, how the hearts 
 of Mr. and Mrs. Andrew J. Brown who. 
 for almost half a century, have lived and 
 served so faithfully in the home and the 
 church would have been thrilled, could 
 they have foreseen their beautiful and 
 gifted daughter, Mrs. Jessie Brown Hil- 
 ton, voicing, with womanly earnestness, 
 her helpful thoughts and suggestions to 
 listening mothers throughout the State! 
 It could but have pleased Dr. and Mrs. 
 X. S. Davis, could they have glimpsed the 
 interesting scene in connection with the 
 inauguration of Dr. James as President 
 of "Northwestern University," when, in 
 manly bearing and clearness of thought, 
 their son should stand almost peerless 
 among many of the leading educators of 
 the world. 
 
 Would that Elder and Mrs. Boring 
 could have foreseen the varied activities 
 of their children in church, philanthropy 
 and in the home ; and that Mr. and Mrs. 
 William G. White could have imaged to 
 their loving, parental eyes the manifold 
 and helpful influences their children were 
 to set afloat in our schools and homes ; 
 that Mrs. Way could have foreseen the 
 ever-increasing usefulness of the College 
 Cottage for which she did so much, or 
 Mr. Charles Way, the fond father and co- 
 operating home-maker, could have seen 
 his daughter, Mrs. Catherine Way Mc- 
 Mullen, presiding over the Illinois Con- 
 gress of Mothers, ably assisted in even- 
 good word and work by her husband, Mr. 
 Roger McMullen. Could these things 
 have been foreseen, every cloud of discon- 
 tent would have melted before the sun- 
 shine of gratitude. 
 
 With the exodus to Evanston, which 
 occurred as a result of the great fire of 
 1871, a new life dawned upon our hereto- 
 fore almost idyllically peaceful village. 
 New interests were developed, new meth- 
 
338 
 
 HOMES AND HOME-MAKERS 1846-1870 
 
 ods introduced, new social circles formed 
 and the village began to assume some 
 of the desirable, as well as some of 
 the undesirable, aspects of a city. To 
 those who saw with regret the magnifi- 
 cent oak trees dying, the optimists 
 pointed out the more regular parks, fringed 
 with rapidly growing elms and the glow- 
 ing maples; to those who saw, with re- 
 gret, the beautiful grounds surrounding 
 the homes of Mr. and Mrs. A. J. Brown, 
 Mr. Ptirington, General and Mrs. Ducat, 
 ' being divided into small city lots, the 
 same cheerful friends replied: "Ah! but 
 think of the beautiful homes that are be- 
 ing builded, and the charming people who 
 are coming to reside in them." To those 
 who would lament the loss of the "big 
 woods," where the violets and hepaticas 
 grew in such abundance, the reply would 
 be made "Rejoice in the beautiful 
 sward that forms such a perfect setting 
 to hundreds of homes." 
 
 The fame of Evanston, as a city of 
 beautiful homes, became so wide-spread 
 that fathers and mothers who desired to 
 secure for their children educational advan- 
 tages and the environment of a moral and 
 temperate community, came in such num- 
 bers that some future historian must devote 
 volumes to the record of their manifold 
 services. 
 
 Recognizing, as we do, "the beautiful 
 times we are in," and the value of the rich 
 inheritance enjoyed by the children of 
 the present generation, let us highly re- 
 solve, here, in our truly beautiful, lake- 
 "bordered, tree-fringed, flower-crowned 
 Evanston, to build such a monument to 
 these pioneer home-makers as has never yet 
 been attempted, namely, a city in which 
 there cannot be found a neglected or friend- 
 less child. If, in those early days, there was 
 money enough, wisdom enough, time 
 enough, Christianity enough and love 
 
 enough to build the libraries, the schools, 
 the colleges, the railroads and the churches, 
 there is now money enough, wisdom 
 enough, time enough, Christianity enough 
 and love enough to make life for every 
 child within our borders full of blessedness, 
 opportunity and joy. 
 
 From the beginning of its history, 
 Evanston has offered almost ideal condi- 
 tions for true home-making. The great 
 University has offered rare educational 
 facilities for every lad and lassie. The 
 wise legislation which has resulted in ren- 
 dering the village peculiarly free from 
 the temptations incident to the liquor 
 traffic : its proximity to a great city, and 
 the spiritual and educational influences 
 which have predominated, have made it 
 ''beautiful for situation" and greatly to be 
 desired. 
 
 While in every village and locality one 
 finds a certain coterie of influential people 
 and home makers, in Evanston this coterie 
 has been so unusually large that the pres- 
 ent historian is limited to the merest cat- 
 alogue of names of those who, with their 
 descendants, have made the name of our 
 village known throughout the world. 
 
 Those early days were enriched by the 
 most helpful co-operation of friends and 
 neighbors, f "in sickness and in health," 
 in feasting and fasting, in poverty and in 
 wealth. \Ve have referred to the cheerful 
 services of Mr. John A. Pearsons as the 
 first choir master; the future historian 
 will record the years of cheerful service, 
 subsequently given by Mr. O. H. Mer- 
 win. Mr. Merwin and Mrs. Bannister 
 Merwin were one of the young couples 
 who arrived just in time to be entered 
 upon the Pioneer Roll of Honor, together 
 with our gifted Prof. Robert Ctimnock 
 and his wife. 
 
 Notwithstanding the manifold and im- 
 perious home duties of these useful home- 
 
HISTORY OF EVANSTON 
 
 339 
 
 builders, the true .club spirit was manifested 
 as early as 1864, when, in the spacious 
 and hospitable home of Mr. and Mrs. 
 Charles Comstock, the "Eclectic Club" 
 was organized. In a more truly inclusive 
 spirit than the name indicates, every al- 
 ternate week witnessed a hospitality 
 which included a genuine flow of soul 
 as well as a reasonable feast. This inter- 
 esting story, however, belongs to the rec- 
 ord of Club Life. 
 
 While the village life was remarkably 
 free from "cliques," or divisions, and 
 while, upon all important occasions the 
 entire community seemed to be of one 
 household, yet about this time, owing 
 to geographical reasons and the limita- 
 tions of the home-parlor, the social and 
 literary life seemed to be forming around 
 two centers. One such center was the 
 University and the rapidly enlarging 
 Methodist Church; another seemed to 
 have as a nucleus the Episcopal Church 
 and the "Eclectic Club." 
 
 Thus, while one group of friends en- 
 thusiastically recall the good old times 
 enjoyed in the pleasant homes of Mr. and 
 Mrs. Charles Comstock, Hon. and Mrs. 
 H. B. Hurd. Mr. and Mrs. William Page, 
 Mr. and Mrs. L. C. Pitner, Mr. and Mrs. 
 George Watson, Mr. and Mrs. George 
 Purington, Mr. and Mrs. Thomas Cos- 
 grove, Mr. and Mrs. S. H. Burqh, Mr. and 
 Mrs. George Bliss, Mr. and Mrs. R. H. 
 King. Mr. and Mrs. J. J. Parkhurst. Gen. 
 and Mrs. Julius White and Mr. and Mrs. 
 William Btenchard, another will claim that 
 never were there such gatherings of 
 charming people as those enjoyed in the 
 homes of Dr. and Mrs. Judson, Rev. and 
 Mrs. Bragdon, Dr. and Mrs. Ludlam, Mr. 
 
 and Mrs. T. C. Hoag, Dr. and Mrs. Ban- 
 nister, Mr. and Mrs. Isaac R. Hitt, Mr. 
 and Mrs. J. M. Williams, Mr. and Mrs. 
 Francis Bradley, Mr. and Mrs. W. X. 
 Brainard, and Mr. and Mrs. Andrew Slui- 
 man. While some homes have surpassed 
 others in richness of tapestries, draperies, 
 marbles and pictures, yet in almost every 
 one are to be found well selected libraries, 
 flowers, good music, high thinking and al- 
 truistic sen-ice. 
 
 This limited record is submitted to the 
 citizens and home-makers of our beautiful 
 Evanston, with the hope that even the 
 fragmentary glimpses herein revealed 
 may cause many to rejoice in the vast 
 amount of good, helpful and inspiring in- 
 fluence that may emanate from a single 
 home. 
 
 With grateful memories for each and 
 all of these pioneers may we conclude by 
 uniting in a "Lang Syne" recognition and 
 consecration. 
 
 Then here's to Love, and Joy, and Truth 
 
 And Beauty everywhere ; 
 The cornerstones on which we build 
 
 Our Temple rich and rare. 
 
 For bairnies of all time, my dears, 
 
 For bairnies of all time 
 We'll keep a cup o' kindness here 
 
 For bairnies of all time. 
 
 These crystal walls of living light 
 
 Reflect, from base to dome, 
 How faithfully we're building here 
 
 Love's Temple of the Home. 
 
 For bairnies of all time, my dears, 
 
 For bairnies of all time 
 Then keep a cup o' kindness here 
 
 For bairnies of all time. 
 
CHAPTER XXXVII. 
 
 EVANSTON CHURCH HISTORY 
 
 Early Methodist Scn'ices in Grosse Point 
 District First Methodist Episcopal 
 Church Organized Some of the Pioneer 
 Preachers Influence of the Coming of 
 Garrett Biblical Institute and Xorthwest- 
 ern University Xotable Mi>iisters of a 
 Later Date Central M. E. Church List 
 of Pastors Nontfegioit-Daisk and 
 Swedish M. E. Churches Hcmenway, 
 IVhcadon and Emmanuel Churches 
 First Baptist Church Its Founders and 
 List of Pastors History of Presbyterian- 
 ism First and Second Presbyterian 
 Churches Pastors and .-tu.riliary So- 
 cieties St. Mark's Episcopal Church 
 List of Pastors St. Matthew's Mis- 
 sion 5V. Mary's Catholic Church, 
 Schools and Related .Associations Con- 
 gregational Church and Auxiliary Or- 
 ganizations Bethlehem German Evan- 
 gelical, Xonvegian-Danish and Swedish 
 Lutheran Churches Evanston Chris- 
 tian Church and Its History Church 
 of Christ (Scientist). 
 
 (The matter in the following chapter devoted 
 to general church history, is arranged in chron- 
 ological order as related to individual church 
 organizations, but under independent heads.) 
 
 METHODIST CHURCHES 
 
 (Bj F. D. RAYMOND) 
 
 First Methodist Episcopal Church. 
 The earliest preaching of Methodist cir- 
 
 cuit-riders in the territory called "Grosse 
 Point," of which I have knowledge, was 
 in the home of George W. Huntoon, on 
 Ridge Avenue, near Main Street, during 
 the period from 1838 to 1843. These 
 services were occasional and were usually 
 held on Tuesday evenings. In the sum- 
 mer of 1846. Rev. Edward D. Wheadon 
 and Rev. Solomon F. Denning were as- 
 signed to an extensive circuit which in- 
 cluded Grosse Point, and in turn they 
 preached at the Grosse Point School 
 House a log structure standing in the 
 the burial ground at the corner of Ridge 
 Avenue and Greenleaf Street. Other 
 preachers from Fort Dearborn sometimes 
 supplied the pulpit. 
 
 In 1850 the town of Ridgeville was or- 
 ganized and thereafter that log school house 
 was in the town of Ridgeville. The land 
 in the town of Ridgeville, purchased by 
 the Northwestern University, was platted 
 as "Evanston" in the winter of 1853-54. 
 The school house was outside the plat. The 
 spring of 1854 saw the arrival of several 
 Methodist families, among them the fami- 
 lies of John A. Pearsons. Rev. Philo Jud- 
 son (the University agent), John L. Bev- 
 eridge. James B. Colvin and A. Danks. 
 Soon after his arrival Mr. Judson organized 
 a Methodist class, the nucleus of a Meth- 
 odist church, of which George W. Huntoon 
 was appointed leader: and on July 13. 
 1854, the first quarterly conference for Ev^ 
 
 341 
 

 342 
 
 EVANSTON CHURCH HISTORY 
 
 anston charge was held by Presiding Elder 
 John Sinclair, "at the log school house in 
 the town of Ridgeville." Some time prior 
 to that date a Sunday school had been or- 
 ganized at the school house, of which 
 Abram Wigglesworth was Superintendent, 
 and at that time Rev. John G. Johnson was 
 preaching there by appointment of the Pre- 
 siding Elder. Philo Judson and J. G. John- 
 son, preachers, and George W. Huntoon. 
 class leader, were the members of that first 
 quarterly conference. The Sunday school 
 was reported as having thirteen officers and 
 teachers and eighty-four scholars. John L. 
 Beveridge, A. Danks and J. B. Colvin were 
 elected stewards and Abram Wigglesworth 
 was elected Superintendent of the Sunday- 
 school. Mr. Johnson was recommended to 
 the Annual Conference for admission to the 
 itinerary connection ; evidently he was a 
 local preacher. He remained at Evanston 
 only about six months after the organiza- 
 tion of the church. Mr. Beveridge soon 
 succeeded Mr. Wigglesworth as Superin- 
 tendent of the Sunday school, but during 
 the next year three schools seem to have 
 been maintained by this church one in the 
 village plat under Mr. Beveridge, one in 
 the aforementioned log school house on the 
 South Ridge, in the "Huntoon" district 
 under Mr. Danks, and still another conduct- 
 ed by Mr. Wigglesworth, in the other log 
 school house on the North Ridge, or "Steb- 
 bins" district. During subsequent years 
 Sunday schools at Winnetka, Glencoe. 
 Rockland (Lake Bluff), Deerfield, and 
 Bowmanville were tributary to this church. 
 January I, 1855, the first building of 
 Garrett Biblical Institute later called 
 Dempster Hall was completed, and the 
 preaching services were transferred from 
 the school house to the Institute Chapel, 
 the Sunday school remaining in the old 
 location. Professor P. W. Wright, of the 
 
 Institute, was appointed preacher in 
 charge. About May I, 1855, the preach- 
 ing services and the Sunday school were 
 transferred to the upper story of a build- 
 ing erected and owned by Mr. Judson, at 
 the corner of Davis Street and Orrington 
 Avenue. In November of that year 
 (1855), the University building was 
 opened at the corner of Davis Street and 
 Hinman Avenue, and all services were 
 transferred from the Judson Building to 
 the University Chapel. In September of 
 the same year, Rev. John Sinclair, the 
 former Presiding Elder, was appoint- 
 ed preacher in charge. In the sum- 
 mer of 1856, the first church build- 
 ing was erected at a cost of $2,800, at the 
 northeast corner of Church Street and 
 Orrington Avenue and dedicated July 27th, 
 by Rev. John Dempster, D. D., assisted 
 by W. D. Godman and Rev. John Sin- 
 clair. A. L. Cooper succeeded John Sin- 
 clair as pastor in October, 1859. In the 
 quarterly conference records of that year, 
 the committee appointed to estimate the 
 table expenses of the pastor reported that 
 he should be allowed $400 for such pur- 
 pose, which, with his disciplinary allow- 
 ance of $200, made $600, the society fur- 
 nishing him a house in addition. G. M. 
 Huntoon was appointed a committee to 
 collect unpaid subscriptions, and was in- 
 structed to present 'those who, in his 
 judgment, could but would not pay the 
 same, to the preacher in charge by way of 
 complaint for trial. In the autumn of 
 1858, Rev. Charles P. Bragdon was ap- 
 pointed pastor, and after filling his full 
 term of two years' service died in Ev- 
 anston on January 8, 1861. 
 
 The records of the Official Board dur- 
 ing these pastorates furnish us some in- 
 teresting glimpses of old fashioned Meth- 
 odism. Cases of delinquency in attend- 
 ance upon class-meeting were reported 
 
r. 
 v- 
 
 -: 
 r. 
 
 r. 
 n 
 
342 
 
 KVAXSTOX CHURCH HISTORY 
 
 aii.~tr.ni charge was la-Id l>v Presiding Kkk-r 
 John Sinclair, "at the Ing school house in 
 the town of Ridfjeville." SmiK 1 liiia- prior 
 trj that date a Sunday school had been or- 
 ganized at the school hou-e. of which 
 Ahrani \\igglesworth was Su|>frinU-nik-nt. 
 and at that tiiiu- Rev. John ( i. Johnson was 
 preaching there by ap|>ointment of the I 're- 
 siding Elder. l*hilo Jtiilsun and J. (i. John- 
 son, preachers, and < Icor^c \\ . ilunio.m. 
 class U-ader. were the memher> of that first 
 <|uarterly conference. The Sunday school 
 was reported as having thirteen officers and 
 teachers and eighty-four scholars. John I,. 
 Bt'VeridgO. A. Danks and |. H. C'olvin were 
 elected stewards and Ahrani \YigglesWorlh 
 uas elected Superintendent of the Sunday 
 school. Mr. Johnson was recommended to 
 the Annual Conference for admission t-> the 
 itinerary connection: cvidentlv he v\a> a 
 local preacher, lie remainerl at KvaiMoii 
 only ahotit six months alter the organiza- 
 tion ol the church. Mr. I'.everidjjc SIM m 
 succeeded Mr. \Yigglc.-worth a- Superin- 
 tendent of the Sunday school, hut during 
 llie next vear three schools seem to have 
 heen maintaineil by this church one in the 
 village plat uiirler Mi. lievcridgc. one in 
 the aforementioned log school hnu>c on the 
 South Kidgc. in the "lluutooii" district 
 under Mr. I )anks. and still another conduct- 
 ed hy Mr. \Vigglcsworth. in the other Ing 
 -eh. ii il house on the North Ridge, or "Steh- 
 bins" district. During snhsei|iient \ ears 
 Sunday schools at \Vitmclka. < ileiicoe. 
 Kocklan-1 I Lake I'.luff), Drerlield. anil 
 l!ov\m:mville were Irihutary to this church. 
 January I, 1855, the first huililing of 
 (iarrett I>ihlical Institute later called 
 Dempster Hall was completed, and the 
 preaching services were transferred from 
 the school house to the Institute Chapel, 
 the Sunday school remaining in the old 
 location. Professor 1'. \Y. \Vright, of the 
 
 Institute, was appointed preacher in 
 charue. About May i. isj?. the preach- 
 ing services and the Sunday school were 
 transferred to the upper story of a build- 
 ing erected ami owned hy Mr. Judsoii. at 
 the corner of Davis Street and Orrington 
 Avenue. In November of that year 
 118551. the University building was 
 Kpened at the corner of Davis Street and 
 I tinman Avenue, and all services were 
 transferred from the Jiulson Building to 
 the University Chapel. In September of 
 the same year. Rev. John Sinclair, the 
 former Presiding Klder. was appoint- 
 ed preacher in charge. In the sum- 
 mer of 1X5(1. the first church huil 1- 
 ing was erected at a cost of 82,800. at the 
 northeast corner of Church Street ami 
 < Irrington Avenue ami dedicated July jjtli. 
 by Kt-v. John Dempster, D. D.. assisted 
 by \\ . I). Godmau and Rev. John Sin- 
 clair. A. L. Cooper succeeded John Sin- 
 clair a> pastor in October. 1859. In the 
 quarterly conference records of that year, 
 the committee appointed to estimate tlu- 
 table expenses of the pastor reported that 
 he should be allowed 8400 for such pur- 
 po-e. which, with his disciplinary allow- 
 ance of Sjix). made S'xio. the society fur- 
 ui>hing him a house in addition. < i. M. 
 lluntoon was appointed a committee to 
 collect unpaid subscriptions!, ami was in- 
 structed to present -'those who. in his 
 judgment, could but would not pay the 
 same, to the preacher in charge bv way of 
 complaint for trial. In the autumn of 
 1858. Rev. Charles P. Jiragdon was ap- 
 pointed pa-tor, am! after filling his full 
 term 'of two years' service died in Ev- 
 anston on January 8. iSfn. 
 
 The records of the Official Roard dur- 
 ing these pastorates furnish us some in- 
 teresting glimpses of old fashioned Meth- 
 odism. Cases of delinquency in attend- 
 ance upon class-meeting were reported 
 
LIBHAM 
 
 0! I HE 
 UUIVtl.6llT OF ILLINOIS 
 
HISTORY OF EVANSTON 
 
 343 
 
 and discussed, and committees were ap- 
 pointed to labor with the delinquents 
 and report at the next meeting. Commit- 
 tees were appointed to investigate, adjust if 
 possible and report upon cases of disagree- 
 ment between members of the church, also 
 to investigate and report upon cases of ques- 
 tionable financial dealings on the part of 
 certain members, all of which reports 
 were set out in full in the records. The 
 committee appointed to investigate the 
 affairs of Brother B., in connection with 
 the failure of the banking firm of which 
 he was a member, reported that there ap- 
 peared no just cause of complaint against 
 him. Brother and Sister S. were tried 
 and expelled from the church for breach 
 of rules in not attending class meeting. 
 Dr. \V. was tried and sentenced to be ad- 
 monished by the pastor for buying, 
 through a third party, a judgment against 
 himself, thereby depriving his creditor of 
 part of his just due. Sister T. and Broth- 
 er \V., two of the younger members 
 of the church, were deemed disorderly 
 in having engaged in dancing at a 
 picnic "on or about" the 4th of July, 
 and were called upon to acknowledge 
 their fault and do so no more. Probation- 
 ers were dropped in blocks, for neglecting 
 class-meeting, some of (hem being rein- 
 stated again and again. 
 
 The Board resolved that they would 
 sustain the preacher in charge in strictly 
 enforcing the disciplinary requirement, 
 that members should attend class, and 
 instructed the secretary to read the reso- 
 lutions in the public congregation on the 
 following Sabbath. 
 
 The class leaders of those days were : L. 
 Clifford, J. W. Clough, A. C. Stewart, A. 
 Vane, William Triggs, F. H. Benson, John 
 Fussey, G. W. Reynolds, I Smith, P. Jud- 
 son, S. Springer, and H. S. Noyes. 
 
 In 1860 Rev. R. K. Bibbins was ap- 
 
 pointed pastor and remained one year, 
 being succeeded by Rev. J. R. Goodrich. 
 In 1862, Rev. O. H. Tiffany. D. D., came 
 to the pastorate, widely known as one 
 of the finest orators that the Methodist 
 Episcopal Church has known. During 
 his pastorate the church building was en- 
 larged, so that it assumed the form of a 
 Greek cross. 
 
 In the autumn of 1864, Rev. Miner Ray- 
 mond, D. D., Professor of Systematic 
 Theology in the Garrett Biblical Insti- 
 tute, was appointed pastor. He served 
 the church ably for three years and was 
 succeeded by Rev. \V. C. Dandy, D. D., 
 in October, 1867. Plans were discussed 
 for a new church, and committees ap- 
 pointed for that purpose. Much discus- 
 sion and difference of opinion were en- 
 countered in determining the location of 
 the new edifice. It was not until Octo- 
 ber, 1869, that they settled on. the corner 
 of Hinman Avenue and Church Street, a 
 site donated by the Northwestern Uni- 
 versity, adjoining the lot on which the par- 
 sonage had been built four years before. 
 Dr. Dandy was made Presiding Elder 
 in 1869, and Rev. James Baume was 
 appointed pastor of the church. The 
 corner-stone of the new edifice was 
 laid with appropriate ceremonies, July 
 4. 1870. The lecture room was dedi- 
 cated September 24, 1871, when a sub- 
 scription of $20,597 was raised to cover 
 the cost of the building in excess of pre- 
 vious subscriptions up to that point. The 
 value of these subscriptions was much af- 
 fected by the Chicago fire, in October 
 of that year, which postponed the day of 
 liquidation. In October, 1872, Rev. M. 
 C. Briggs, D. D., was transferred to Ev- 
 anston from Cincinnati. During his pas- 
 torate the church was finished and dedi- 
 cated at a cost of $63.837.73, and a large 
 organ provided at a cost of $4,500. 
 
344 
 
 EVANSTON CHURCH HISTORY 
 
 In December, 1875, Rev. J. B. Went- 
 worth, D. D., was transferred from New 
 York and stationed at the First Church, 
 Evanston. He is described as an intellec- 
 tual giant and a great theologian who 
 often preached over the heads of his con- 
 gregation. During his pastorate the la.- 
 dies of the church, under the leadership 
 of Airs. E. E. Marcey and Mrs. Jane Peek, 
 began a systematic collection of funds, 
 which resulted in reducing the debt fully 
 $8,000. 
 
 Rev. R. M. Hatfield, D. D., was ap- 
 pointed pastor in 1877, and served the 
 full time allowed by the laws of the 
 church. In October, 1880, Rev. Amos W. 
 Patten succeeded to the pastorate, re- 
 maining three years. During his admin- 
 istration, and largely by his efforts, the 
 last of the building debt was provided 
 for by subscription, on September 23, 
 1882, when at a banquet in the church 
 parlors arranged by the trustees, $14,200 
 was subscribed for the payment of the 
 funded debt. By subsequent solicitation 
 this was increased to $18,000, and, on 
 September f\ 1884, the final payment of 
 the funded debt was made, and the mort- 
 gage on the church property released. 
 The period of the building of the new 
 church and the payment of the building 
 debt was one of great activity on the part 
 of the trustees. Those who served as trus- 
 tees and bore the grievous burdens of the 
 office during those days were : 
 
 Elected in 1868 -L. P. Hamline, W. H. Lunt, 
 D. P. Kidder. E. Haskin, L. J. Gage. A. J. 
 Brown. O. Muse, E. Russell; 1869 E. A. 
 Gage. W. T Woodson, J. S. Kirk, J. L. Bev- 
 eridge, O. Marcy: 1K70 E. O. Haven. S. A. 
 Matteson; 1873 W. B. Phillips, I. R. Hitt, N. 
 S. Davis. A. I!. Jackson; 1870 W. C. Wilson, 
 H. V. Smith, M. C. Bragdon. J. D. Easter; 
 1H78 Chas. Munstin. Win. Ueering; 1HM T. 
 H. Traver. E. S. Taylor. 
 
 Trustees elected since 1SS4 have been: 18S6 
 O. E. Haven, G. M. Sargent. W. H. Jones, 
 D. Bonbright, H. R. Wilson. C. B. Congdon; 
 1888 H. H. Gage; 1892 P. R. Shumway; 
 
 1900 W. H. Whitehead; 1901 W. G. Hoag, 
 I. G. Hatcher; 1903 E. P. Clapp. 
 
 Rev. Lewis Curts succeeded Dr. Pat- 
 ten in October, 1883. One year later. 
 South Evanston was put on a circuit sys- 
 tem with the First Church, and Dr. 
 Ridgaway and Dr. Terry were associat- 
 ed with him in the pastorate. In October, 
 1885, Dr. Ridgaway was appointed acting 
 pastor and. assisted by Dr. Bennett, served 
 until the following March, when Rev. 
 S. F. Jones, D. D., was appointed pastor, 
 being succeeded in October, 1890, by Rev. 
 W. S. Stiulley. D. D. Dr. Sttidley died at 
 Evanston. February 27, 1893. During his 
 pastorate the conference collections reached 
 the highest point to which they have attained 
 in the history of the Church. After the 
 death of Dr. Studley and until the annual 
 conference in October following. Dr. 
 Chas. J. Little, President of Garrett Bib- 
 lical Institute, was acting pastor. During 
 that summer the parsonage was recon- 
 structed at a cost of about $4,500, and fif- 
 teen hundred dollars was spent in refur- 
 nishing. In October, 1893, Rev. Frank 
 M. Bristol, D. D., was appointed pastor, 
 and remained nearly five years until the 
 spring of 1898, when on his departure 
 for Washington, D. C., Dr. Little again 
 assumed the duties of acting pastor. Dur- 
 ing that summer the church was redecor- 
 ated and refurnished and the parsonage 
 partly refurnished, at a cost of $6,000. 
 In September, 1898. Rev. William Maca- 
 fee, D. D., came to the pastorate and re- 
 mained five years. In January, 1901, the 
 organ built by the Austin Organ Com- 
 pany at a cost of $12,500, was completed 
 and in ( )ctober of that year the Annual 
 Conference met a second time in Evanston, 
 the first time being in Dr. Jones' pastorate. 
 In closing his pastorate in October. 1903, 
 Dr. Macafee reported to the Annual Confer- 
 ence benevolent contributions amounting to 
 
HISTORY OF EVANSTON 
 
 345 
 
 over $19.000, which, with the expenses of 
 the church, made a total of over $31,000 for 
 the year. In October. 1903, Rev. Dr. T. P. 
 Frost was appointed pastor, which pastorate 
 continues at this writing to the great sat- 
 isfaction of his people. 
 
 The following is a complete list of the 
 Sunday School Superintendents of the 
 First Church since 1855 : 
 
 Elected 
 IKK 
 
 I860 
 
 I860 
 1H61 
 1861 
 
 1862 
 Iry-i 
 1864 
 1855 
 1866 
 1866 
 1867 
 
 1872 
 
 1877 
 
 11*0 
 
 1892 
 
 1KM 
 IBM 
 
 law 
 
 1197 
 IK'.I 
 190U 
 1902 
 1904 
 
 The following is a complete list of per- 
 sons who have served the First Church as 
 Stewards the date given being that of 
 first election : 
 
 1S7-.4 A. Danks, J. B. Colvin, J. L. Bever- 
 idjje: 1S.J5 H. S. Noyes; 1S56 G. W. Rey- 
 nolds. G. M. Huntoon; is.is J. \V. Ludlam, 
 f. C. Hoag. Geo. K. Foster. Hiram Clark 
 i Xorthtield circuit); is.vi \V. T. \Voodson, G. 
 II. Bliss, \V. P. Jones. Jr.; I860 John 
 
 Superintendent 
 
 Assistant Supt. 
 
 J. L. Bevpridpe 
 F. H. Benson 
 
 T. C. Hnag 
 
 P. Juctoon 
 
 0. 11. Huntonn 
 
 H. S. Noyes 
 
 O. M. Huntoon 
 
 B. T. Vincent 
 
 O. H. Huntoon 
 
 B. T. Vincent 
 
 J. L. Beverlrtge 
 
 F. D. Hemenway 
 
 J. L. llfi ! Lice 
 
 J. L. 1 :.>.-]:.!-- 
 
 U. L. Stewart 
 
 W. Taplin 
 
 U. H. Huntoon 
 
 W. Taplin 
 
 W. A. Spencer 
 
 W. Taplin 
 
 A. C. Lynn 
 
 E. S. Taylor 
 
 O. E. Strowbridge 
 
 H. B. Uurd 
 
 t*. E. Strowbildge 
 
 K. S. Taylor 
 
 A. L. Sewell 
 
 W. A. Spencer 
 
 V. E. Clifford 
 
 L. J. Gage 
 
 P. B. Shumway 
 
 K. S. Taylor 
 
 P. B. Shumway 
 
 K'lward Eggleaton 
 
 L. U. Bugbe* 
 
 Kdward EggleRton 
 
 L. J. Gage 
 
 Edward Egpleeton 
 
 W. T. Shepherd 
 
 W. T. Shepherd 
 
 L. O. Gage 
 
 W. T. Shepherd 
 
 W. M. Wyrkoff 
 
 W. T. Shepherd 
 
 Mrs. Gllleeple 
 
 .1. K. Miller 
 
 W. T. Shepherd 
 
 J. E. Miller 
 
 W. M. Wyckoft 
 
 J. E. Miller 
 
 J. J. Crist 
 
 H. F. Flak 
 
 \Vai. Deerlng 
 
 H. F. Flsk 
 
 F. D Raymond 
 
 F. P. Crandon 
 
 F. D. Raymond 
 
 F. P. Crandon 
 
 T. H. Traver 
 
 F. P. Crandon 
 
 H. H. C. Miller 
 
 C. B. Conirdon 
 
 C. B. Atwell 
 
 C. M. Stuart 
 
 G. A. Coe 
 
 C. M. Staart 
 
 C. B. Coiigdon 
 
 B D Caldwell 
 
 
 R. H. Johnston 
 
 
 W. E. O'Kane 
 
 J. A. BurhfttiB 
 
 L. O. WeMtrate 
 
 '. M. Stuart 
 
 T. F. lioh/aie 
 
 I". S. Giant 
 
 W. H. Dunham 
 
 
 
 A. L. Lindaey 
 
 W. H. Dunham 
 
 Evans, William Gamble, E. Haskin; 1X62 
 J. A. Pearsons. J. F. Willard, A. C. Lang- 
 worthy; 1863 H. B. Hurd. A. Vane. O. Mar- 
 cy; 1867 A. J. Brown, L. J. Gage. W. H. 
 l.unt v A. J. Hanchette. A. L. isewell; 1K6H L. 
 P. Hamline; 1STO O. Huse; 1871 E. New- 
 man; 1872 A. B. Jackson, I. R. Hitt. S. P. 
 Lunt. \V. M. Wyckoff, H. A. Pearsons; !>;:! 
 E. A. Clifford; 1S74 R. Baird; 1S75 Win. 
 Deering. J. E. Miller; 1S7C J. J. Parkhifst, 
 1.. C. Pitner, J. H. Raymond; 1877 S. Fa.-well, 
 H. S. Carhart. C. E. Wiswall; 1S78 F. D. 
 Raymond. H. H. C. Miller; 18SO D. R. 
 Dyche; 1881 O. E. Haven; 1883 F. P. Cran- 
 don; 1884 W. H. Whitehead, N. W. Har.is, 
 L. C. Tallmadge, E. S. Weeden ; 1SS5 R. B. 
 McMnllen; lss(^M. H. Bass. F. A. Fletcher; 
 1S87 G. G. Calkins; 1888 G. A. Foster; 189(1 
 J. F. Ward: isui A. L. Butler. I. Bailey; 
 189.-1 \V. A. Dyche; 1894 R. R. McCabe, B. 
 D. Caldwell; Is'.i:, T. M. Hubbard. W. M. 
 Scott. J. R. Fitch; 1K9G J. C. Shaffer: 1899 
 B. F. Crawford; 1<HX> C. N. Stevens. A. F. 
 Townsend; 1901 W. J. Morphy; 1903 R. E. 
 Barrett. H. 1!. Prentice. 
 
 Central Street M. E. Church. At the 
 quarterly conference of the First Metho- 
 dist Episcopal Church, held August 9, 
 1870, a resolution was adopted approving 
 of the setting off of North Evanston as a 
 separate charge. Pursuant to this action 
 Mr. and Mrs. D. \V. Warren and Mr. 
 John Culver took their letters of member- 
 ship from the First Church, and, with 
 Rev. E. G. W. Hall, a local preacher, set 
 about the organization of the second 
 Methodist Episcopal society in Evanston. 
 Others joined them, and the society was 
 organized on the sixth day of September 
 of that year. The first official members 
 were : John Culver. A. C. Fulton, D. W. 
 \Yarren, A. F. Kleise, John Picket and 
 Joseph McCallum. John Culver was 
 Sunday School Superintendent and class- 
 leader. Soon after the organization steps 
 were taken to secure a site for the erec- 
 tion of a building in which to hold service. 
 Mr. Culver donated a lot on West Rail- 
 road Avenue near Lincoln Street. Rev. 
 D. P. Kidder encouraged the enterprise 
 l;y a very liberal contribution. Further 
 pledges being secured of sufficient 
 amount to warrant the commencement 
 
346 
 
 EVANSTON CHURCH HISTORY 
 
 of building operations, the rear part of 
 the church building was finished and oc- 
 cupied for some months. The completed 
 edifice was dedicated August 1 1, 1872, 
 the property being then valued at $2,500. 
 The society worshiped in this building 
 until 1891, when the property was sold 
 for $1,100, and the lot at the corner of 
 Central Street and Prairie Avenue was 
 purchased for $1,600. Upon this lot a 
 new building was erected at a cost of 
 nearly $5,000, and dedicated December 
 13, 1891. The improvements added since 
 have increased the value of the property 
 to about $8,000. 
 
 The following is a list of the pastors of 
 this church: 
 
 E. G. W. Hall Sept., 1870 
 
 Wm. Craven Mar., 1871 
 
 Samuel Paine Sept., 1873 
 
 J. J. Tobias Oct., 1875 
 
 Wm. Daws 
 
 T. Van Scoy Oct., 1876 
 
 "R. J. Hobbs { to 
 
 C. E. Lambert Nov., 1879 
 
 V. F. Brown 
 
 A. H. Kistler Nov., 1879 
 
 W. F. Stewart Oct., 1880 
 
 C. H. Zimmerman Oct., 1882 
 
 J. H. Ailing Oct., 1883 
 
 J. E. Farmer Sept., 1884 
 
 E. H. Brumbaugh Oct., 1886 
 
 C. S. Dudley April, 1889 
 
 H. W. Waltz Mar., 1892 
 
 A. S. Haskins June, 1893 
 
 G. P. Sturges Oct., 1898 
 
 R. H. Pate Oct., 1900 
 
 E. G. Schultz Oct., 1902 
 
 Norwegian-Danish M. E. Church. 
 Organized Christian work among the 
 Scandinavians in Evanston began in the 
 year 1870, when Karl Schou, a native of 
 Denmark and a student in the University, 
 gathered around him a group of friends 
 
 for Bible study, meeting on Sunday after- 
 noons in the Benson Avenue school 
 house. From the membership of this 
 Bible class a Methodist class was organ- 
 ized, which formed the nucleus of a 
 church. The number of class members 
 increased, and preachers from Chicago 
 visited them. At the Annual Conference 
 held in Milwaukee, October 9, 1871, 
 Bishop Simpson appointed Brother Schou 
 pastor of this church. He was also the 
 first appointed teacher of a class of young 
 men preparing for the ministry, and lead- 
 er of one of the two classes into which 
 the church was divided, Oliver Hansen 
 being leader of the other. The member- 
 ship of the church at this time numbered 
 thirty-three. 
 
 In the year 1872 the frame building va- 
 cated by the First M. E. Church was pur- 
 chased and moved to the lot on the south 
 side of Church Street between Orrington 
 and Sherman Avenues, the lot being 
 leased from the University. The build- 
 ing was repaired, and a parsonage added ; 
 the whole at a cost of $7,800, part of 
 which remained as a debt. In February, 
 1873, Brother Schou left Evanston to take 
 up the work assigned to him as Superin- 
 tendent of the Mission in Denmark. Rev. 
 C. Willerup, the former Superintendent 
 of the Mission in Denmark, succeeded 
 Brother Schou as pastor of this church 
 until the next conference, when B. Johan- 
 nessen was appointed pastor. In Octo- 
 ber, 1874, the Swedish members of the 
 society, desiring services in their own lan- 
 guage, withdrew and organized a society 
 of their own. 
 
 In October, 1876, M. Nilsen was ap- 
 pointed to supply this church ; but his 
 work was of brief duration. Before the 
 close of the conference year he withdrew 
 from the work, and sometime aTterward 
 connected himself with the Lutheran 
 
HISTORY OF EVANSTON 
 
 347 
 
 church, with whose doctrines he was 
 more in accord. Otto Sanaker, a student, 
 acted as pastor during the remainder of 
 the conference year. At the next con- 
 ference C. F. Eltzholtz was appointed to 
 the Second church in Chicago and Evan- 
 ston. In 1878, Chr. Treider was appoint- 
 ed editor of Den CkrilteKgt TaJsinand 
 and pastor of the church in Evanston. At 
 this time the membership of the church 
 numbered thirty-nine in full connection 
 and three on probation. 
 
 In October, 1879. Mr. Willerup was ap- 
 pointed pastor and remained one year. 
 From October, 1880, until September, 
 1884, A. Haagensen was pastor of the 
 church, and also at the same time editor 
 of the church paper before named. B. 
 Smith was pastor in 1884 and 1885. 
 
 In November, 1885, X. E. Simonsen, 
 being transferred from the Norway Con- 
 ference, took up the work as pastor in 
 connection with his work as President of 
 the Norwegian-Danish Theological Sem- 
 inary; but the Annual Conference, rec- 
 ognizing that his work as teacher de- 
 manded his entire attention, appointed 
 M. Rye, a student, as pastor in 1886. Bro. 
 Rye did faithful work for about a year 
 and a half, when failing health compelled 
 him to retire. He died in Utah in 1888. 
 
 E. M. Stangland, a student in Garrett 
 Biblical Institute, took up the work dur- 
 ing the conference year 1888-1889. His 
 report to the annual conference showed 
 fifty-seven persons in full connection and 
 four on probation. G. Anderson received 
 his appointment as pastor in September, 
 1889; the following February he was 
 transferred to San Francisco, Cal. Chr. 
 Arndt, a student in the Norwegian-Dan- 
 ish Theological School, then became pas- 
 tor for sixteen months, when he was suc- 
 ceeded by H. P. Berg, assistant teacher 
 in the theological school, who served two 
 
 years. During Bro. Berg's pastorate the 
 church lot on Clark Street was bought. 
 A. Anderson, a student in the Norwegian- 
 Danish Theological School, followed Bro. 
 Berg, and was pastor two years. 
 
 In 1895 Paul Haugan was appointed 
 pastor. At this time the membership 
 numbered eighty-eight in full connection 
 and eleven on probation. Of seventeen 
 pastors up to this time four were teach- 
 ers in the theological school, two were 
 editors of Den Christcligc TalsinanJ, 
 and six were students in the educational 
 institutions in Evanston. Such combina- 
 tions of duties were necessary in view of 
 the fact that there are not many Norwe- 
 gians and Danes in Evanston, and the 
 congregation has never been large. Dur- 
 ing Bro. Haugan's pastorate the present 
 church building on Clark Street was 
 erected. He both made the plans for the 
 building and superintended the erection. 
 
 In 1897 Gustav Mathesen became pas- 
 tor and served until 1901, when he was 
 succeeded by Charles J. Johnson, the 
 present pastor. 
 
 Swedish M. E. Church. The society 
 organized in the year 1872, of which Karl 
 Schou, a Dane, was appointed the first 
 pastor now the Norwegian-Danish M. 
 E. Church was styled the Scandinavian 
 Methodist Episcopal Church in Evanston. 
 Although the Swedes were in the majori- 
 ty, the new society was soon connected 
 with the Norwegian-Danish work ; and 
 the request of the Swedish members to 
 have occasional meetings conducted in 
 their language being denied them, they 
 withdrew and formed a separate society. 
 Meetings were first held in Ladd's Hall, 
 where quite a revival followed. Later the 
 society worshiped in Union Hall, where, 
 on October 17, 1874, the church was for- 
 mally organized, J. B. Anderson act- 
 ing as chairman and Charles J. \Vigren 
 
348 
 
 EYAXSTON CHURCH HISTORY 
 
 as secretary of the meeting. The five 
 Trustees elected were: Charles J. \\ig- 
 ren, L. O. Lawson, A. B. Johnson, John 
 A. Oberg, and Otto Johnson. The first 
 quarterly conference was held the same 
 evening, presided over by Rev. A. J. An- 
 derson, of Chicago, and J. B. Anderson, 
 a theological student, was appointed the 
 first pastor. The following year O. J. 
 Stead, also a theological student, was ap- 
 pointed pastor. During his time the 
 church building on the corner of Grove 
 Street and Sherman Avenue was erected, 
 and dedicated on the nth of June, 1876. 
 The cost of the building was $5,000. 
 Later a parsonage was built and the en- 
 tire property of the church freed from 
 debt. 
 
 The following is the complete list of 
 pastors: J. B. Anderson, 1874-75; O. J. 
 Stead. 1875-76; Wm. Henchen, 1876-77: 
 Fr. Ahgren. 1877-78; James T. Wigren, 
 1878-79; S. B. Newman, 1879-82; John 
 Lundgren, 1882-83; Albert Ericson, 1883- 
 86: X. O. Westergreen. 1886-90: Alfred 
 Anderson, 1890-91 ; Richard Cederberg, 
 1891-94; O. F. Lindstrum. 1894; Jas. T. 
 Wigren, September, .1899; John \V. Swen- 
 son, September, 1903. 
 
 The present trustees are : Frida Han- 
 son, Hanna Barck, Carl Anderson, Leon- 
 ard Gustafson, J. A. Holmgren, Tina 
 Carlson and Mary Nelson. J. A. Holm- 
 gren is Superintendent of the Sunday 
 school and Ernest Johnson is President 
 of the Epworth League. 
 
 Hemenway M. E. Church. The Meth- 
 odist church in South Evanston had its 
 inception in the spring of 1872. Lots for 
 a site of a church building were secured 
 at the northwest corner of Lincoln Ave- 
 nue (now Main Street) and Benson Ave- 
 nue. Regular services were held several 
 months in a small school house on Ridge 
 Avenue just south of Lincoln. The per- 
 
 manent organization of the church was 
 effected Thursday evening, July 17, 1873, 
 and ground was broken for the first 
 church building Tuesday, July 22nd. The 
 corner-stone was laid Monday, August 
 nth, the religious ceremonies having 
 taken place the previous Sunday. The 
 church was dedicated Sunday, November 
 9, 1873, only the basement being finished. 
 About ten years later, on Wednesday, 
 May 9, 1883, this building was complete- 
 ly demolished by a cyclone. The society 
 rallied at once, began rebuilding, wor- 
 shiping in the meantime in Ducat's hall. 
 The second church edifice was dedicated 
 Sunday, November 1 1, 1883. This struc- 
 ture was destroyed by fire early on the 
 morning of Saturday, January 23, 1886. 
 Worship was resumed in Ducat's hall. A 
 new location on the east side of Chicago 
 Avenue a little north of Lincoln (now 
 Main Street) was decided upon, March 
 20, 1886. A lot one hundred and fifty feet 
 front, and containing a house suitable for 
 a parsonage, was purchased. Ground was 
 broken for the new church edifice Satur- 
 day, August 28, 1886. The corner-stone 
 was laid October gth, the formal cere- 
 monies occurring Sunday, October loth. 
 About this time it was decided to call the 
 church "Hemenway M. E. Church,'' in 
 honor or Rev. Francis Dana Hemenway, 
 D. D., Professor in Garrett Biblical Insti- 
 tute, and a former pastor of the church. 
 The new church edifice, a substantial 
 building of red pressed brick with white 
 stone foundations and trimmings, was 
 dedicated Sunday, December 25, 1887, 
 Rev. T. P. Marsh being the pastor. The 
 program of dedication week, beginning 
 on the previous Sunday, is interesting as 
 showing the names of the men active in 
 the Methodist churches about Chicago 
 and Evanston at that time. On the first 
 Sunday there was preaching in the morn- 
 
HISTORY OF EVANSTON 
 
 349 
 
 ing by Rev. R. M. Hatfield, D. D., and in 
 the afternoon by Rev. Frank M. Bristol, 
 with a platform meeting in the evening 
 presided over by Charles B. Congdon, 
 Esq., and addressed by Judge O. H. Hor- 
 ton, J. B. Hobbs, F. P. Crandon, and H. 
 S. Towle. There was preaching on sub- 
 sequent evenings of the week by C. E. 
 Mandeville, H. \V. Bolton. H. G. Jack- 
 son, and S. F. Jones, with another plat- 
 form meeting on Friday evening presided 
 over by Rev. L. Curts and addressed by 
 Rev. William Smith, pastor of the Pres- 
 byterian church. Rev. D. S. Smith, rector 
 of the Episcopal church and former pas- 
 tors Burns and Zimmerman. On Sunday, 
 "the great day of the feast," Doctor Ridg- 
 away preached in the morning. Rev. B. I. 
 Ives in the afternoon and Miss Frances 
 E. Willard delivered an address in the 
 evening. Others taking part in the exer- 
 cises of the week were Drs. Stowe, Bor- 
 ing, Edwards, Jutkins and Rev. C. M. 
 Stuart. At the time of dedication the 
 Trustees were: Thomas Purnell, Presi- 
 dent: John W. Byam, Wesley L. Knox, 
 W. H. Blake, M. D. Ewell, W. G. Miller, 
 Edwin Benjamin. The stewards were 
 Thomas Purnell, E. Benjamin, J. E. 
 Hathaway, James H. Thomas, Thomas 
 Blackler, J. Milhenning. F. W. Brown, 
 James VVigginton. Charles O. Boring 
 was Sunday School Superintendent. 
 
 The following is the complete list of 
 pastors who have served this church : 
 
 A. G. Button Jan. Sept. 1873 
 
 W. H. Burns Sept. 1873 Oct. 1874 
 
 W. X. Ninde (supply) Oct. 1874 Oct. 1876 
 
 J. C. R. Layton (supply) Oct. 1876 Apr. 1877 
 
 C. H. Zimmerman (supply) June Sept. 1877 
 
 F. D. Hemenway (supply) Oct. 1878 Oct. 1881 
 
 S. H. Adams Oct. 1881 Oct. 1882 
 
 I. Lineliarger Oct. 1882 Oct. 1884 
 
 H. B. Ridgaway J 
 
 L. Curts J (supply) Oct. 1884 Oct. 1885 
 
 M. S. Terry 
 
 T. P. Marsh Oct. 1885 Oct. 1888 
 
 W. H. Holmes Oct. 1888 Oct. 1803 
 
 W. E. Wilkinson Oct. 1893 Oct. 1807 
 
 O. F. Mattison Oct. 1897 Oct. 1903 
 
 R. B. Kester Oct. 1903 
 
 Wheadon M. E. Church. In February, 
 1887. Rev. Edward D. Wheadon formed a 
 class which, for a time, met in the homes 
 of the members in the neighborhood of 
 Wesley Avenue, and north of Emerson 
 Street. Later a tent was pitched on Fos- 
 ter Street, and preaching services held in 
 it. In 1888 a hall was secured on (West) 
 Foster Street : a church was organized 
 by Rev. Dr. Luke Hitchcock, Presiding 
 Elder of the Chicago District, and "Fa- 
 ther" Wheadon was appointed the first 
 pastor. The first Trustees were: E. D. 
 Wheadon, Adam Tail, John Owens and 
 John Culver. In 1889, Rev. E. G. Lewis 
 was appointed pastor; and a lot 120 feet 
 by 192 feet was secured on the corner 
 of Ridge Avenue and Leon Street. It 
 is recorded that the enterprise was kindly 
 encouraged by Rev. S. F. Jones, pastor 
 of the First Church, and by William 
 Deering, Frank P. Crandon. John B. Kirk, 
 and James H. Raymond. L'nder the pas- 
 torate of Rev. F. G. lioylan. a chapel was 
 built on the property costing $1,750, 
 which was dedicated in February, 1890, 
 Rev. H. D. Kimball. Dr. Hitchcock. Dr. 
 Jones and Dr. Ridgaway taking part in 
 the dedication. The chapel was built on 
 the rear part of the lot facing north on 
 Leon Street. In 1903 it was turned 
 around to face Ridge Avenue, and much 
 improved at a cost of about $3.500. Up 
 to 1902 over 500 persons had united with 
 the church by letter or on probation, the 
 average resident membership being 100, 
 the average congregation about 130, and 
 the average membership of the Sunday 
 school about 150. 
 
 The following is a complete list of pas- 
 tors, with dates of entrance upon their 
 pastorates: E. D. Wheadon, April, 1888; 
 E. G. Lewis. May, 1889; F. G. Boylan, 
 October. 1889: J. B. Lucas. October. 
 1890; R. H. Wilkinson. October 1891: 
 
350 
 
 EVANSTON CHURCH HISTORY 
 
 John Lee. October, 1894; R. H. Wilkin- 
 son, October, 1896; J. R. Smith, October, 
 1898; W. T. Euster, October 1900; W. C. 
 Reuter, July 1901 ; M. L. Xorris, October, 
 1903. 
 
 The present officials of the church are : 
 Trustees William Campbell, R. H. Bald- 
 win, J. W. Travis, F. Flood, A. B. Cros- 
 by, C. J. Tisdel, W. A. Dyche ; Stewards 
 Charles Beck, A. C. Pearson, Charles 
 Rose, George Fellingham, G. F. Stark- 
 weather, Joseph Justice, J. P. Sloan, Miss 
 Cora Marsh, Mrs. F. M. Crosby, Mrs. H. 
 L. Lincoln ; Sunday School Superintend- 
 ent G. F. Starkweather; President Ep- 
 worth League Stanley Ward ; President 
 Junior Epworth League Miss Myrtle 
 English. 
 
 Emmanuel M. E. Church. March 10, 
 1889, a Sabbath School was organized in 
 the High School building, west of the rail- 
 road track. Charles O. Boring was Sup- 
 erintendent, S. A. Kean, Assistant Super- 
 intendent, and Charles G. Haskins was 
 secretary and treasurer. This school was 
 under the control of the First Church. 
 At the quarterly conference of the First 
 M. E. Church, held November 25, 1889, 
 Rev. Dr. S. F. Jones being pastor, the 
 following resolution was offered by C. O. 
 Boring and unanimously adopted: 
 
 "Whereas, it is the sense of this quarter- 
 ly conference that the time has come to 
 arrange for the purchase of a lot, looking 
 toward the ultimate erection of a church 
 on the west side of Evanston ; and, 
 
 "Whereas, a committee was recently ap- 
 'pointed, at a meeting of gentlemen living 
 on the west side, for the purpose : 
 
 "Be It Resolved, that this quarterly con- 
 ference appoint a committee to cooperate 
 with said committee in the selection of a 
 lot south of Davis Street, and that the 
 lot so selected may then be purchased 
 
 with the full consent of this quarterly 
 conference." 
 
 The chairman, Dr. Jones, appointed as 
 such committee, C. O. Boring, William 
 Deering, D. R. Dyche, C. B. Congdon 
 and R. B. McMullen. 
 
 At the quarterly conference, held Sep- 
 tember 22, 1890, the committee reported 
 that a lot had been purchased at the cor- 
 ner of Greenwood Boulevard and Oak 
 Avenue, and the report was accepted. A 
 communication was received from the 
 Secretary of the Board of Trustees of 
 Emmanuel M. E. Church, stating the 
 facts of the organization of that church, 
 as follows: On the evening of June 9, 
 1890, a meeting was held at the residence 
 of Mr. and Mrs. Charles G. Haskin, 203 
 Maple Avenue. There were present : 
 Hon. Harvey B. Hurd, Dr. S. F. Jones 
 (pastor of the First Church), Mr. Wil- 
 liam H. Jones, Mr. Charles O. Boring, 
 Mr. David B. Dewey, Mr. David R. 
 Dyche, Mr. Frank P. Crandon, Mr. Hen- 
 ry H. Gage and Mr. and Mrs. Charles G. 
 Haskin. 
 
 Dr. Jones, the pastor, stated that 
 he had nominated, and Presiding Elder 
 Truesdell had approved, the following 
 gentlemen for Trustees of the new 
 church: H. B. Hurd, \V. H. Jones, D. 
 
 B. Dewey, J. B. Kirk, J. J. Shutterly, H. 
 H. Gage, F. P. Crandon, D. R. Dyche and 
 
 C. G. Haskin. 
 
 The meeting was organized by the elec- 
 tion of H. B. Hurd, Chairman, and C. G. 
 Haskin, Secretary ; the name of the 
 church was declared to be Emmanuel 
 Methodist Episcopal Church of Evans- 
 ton the persons above named were elect- 
 ed the first Board of Trustees; and the 
 secretary was directed to file a certificate 
 of organization in the Recorder's office of 
 Cook County. At a regular meeting of 
 
^x>^ 
 
LYAXSTOX C1ICRCI1 HISTORY 
 
 John Lee. October. iSiq; R. II. Wilkin- 
 son. October, iSijO: J. R. Smith. October. 
 iSiiS: \\'. T. luistcr. October KIGO: W. C. 
 Renter. July MAM : M. L. Xurris. October, 
 "it'.v 
 
 Tin.- present officials <<{ the church are: 
 Trustee- \\ illiani Campbell. R. 1 1. I'.ald- 
 xvin. J. W. Travis. !'. Flood. A. 1!. Cros- 
 by. C. J. Tisdel. \\ . A. Dychc: Stewards 
 Charles licck. A. C. IV-arson. Charles 
 Ro-e. i ici >rgc Fcllingham. < i. !'. Stark- 
 xveatlRr. Jo-c-ph Justice. J. I'. Sloan. Miss 
 Cnra Marsh. Mrs. F. M. Crosby, Mrs. n. 
 L. l.inci'ln: Sunday School Superintend- 
 t-ni i 1. ! ; . Starkweather: 1'resiilent Ep- 
 uortli League Stanley Ward: President 
 Junior F.pu'irth League Mi-s Myrtle 
 English. 
 
 Emmanuel M. E. Church. March 10. 
 iSSii. a Salidath School \va- organi/ed in 
 the High School building, west of the rail- 
 road track. Charle- ( ). 1 Soring was Snji- 
 erinteiident. S. A. Keau. Ai-tant Super- 
 iiiTeiidenl. and I harle- ' i. I la-kin- \\a- 
 -ecretarx and trea-urcr. Thi- school xvas 
 .iiider the control of the First Church. 
 At the c|iiarterly conference of the First 
 M. I'.. Church, held Xovcmln-r 25. 1889. 
 i\ev. Mr. S. I". Jones IK-JIIL; pa-tor, the 
 folloxvinjL; resolution was offered liy C. O. 
 I'.orin^; and unanimou-1 v adopteil : 
 
 "\\hereas. it i> tlu- scn-c of this i|iiarter- 
 ly conference that the time has come to 
 j.rran^'e for the purchase of a lot. looking 
 toward tin 1 ultimate erection of a church 
 on the ue-t -ide of F.vanston : and. 
 
 "\\~l.erea-. a committee \\a- recently ap- 
 | ointi-d. at a meeting of gentlemen lixing 
 on the we-t -ide. for the piirpo-e: 
 
 "I'e It ke-olved. that tin- ijuarterlx con- 
 ference appoint a committee to cooperate 
 \vith -aid committee in the -election of a 
 lot -outh of !)a\is Street, and that the 
 lot >o -elected mav then lie purchased 
 
 with the full <jixisent of this quarterly 
 conference." 
 
 The chairman. Dr. Jones, appointed as 
 such committee. C. ( ). Iloring, William 
 Ucering. D. R. Dychc, C. B. Congdon 
 and R. I!. McMullen. 
 
 At the <|tiarterly conference, held Sep- 
 tember JJ, iS'jo. the committee reported 
 that a lot had been purchased at the cor- 
 ner of ( ireenxvood I'.oulevard ami Oak 
 Avenue, and the report was accepted. A 
 communication was received from the 
 Secretarv of the Hoard of Trustees of 
 F'mmanuel M. 1C. Church, stating the 
 facts of the organization of that church, 
 as follows: On the evening of June <i, 
 icScjo. a meeting xvas held at the residence 
 of Mr. and Mrs. Charles ( i. Ilaskiu. .203 
 Maple Avenue. There \\cre present: 
 lion. Harvey I'.. Ilurd. Dr. S. F. Jo, u - 
 i pastor of the First Church). Mr. Wil- 
 liam II. Jones. Mr. Charles C). I Soring. 
 Mr. David 1'.. Dexvey. Mr. David R. 
 Dyche. Mr. F'rank I'. Crandon. Mr. Hen- 
 ry II. Cage and Mr. anil Mrs. Charles ( ',. 
 lla-kin. 
 
 Dr. Jones, the pa-tor, stated that 
 he had nominated, and Presiding Kldcr 
 Tnic-dcll hail approved, the folloxving 
 gentlemen for Trustees of the new 
 church: II. I'.. Ilurd. \\ . II. Jones. I ). 
 11. Dewey. J. \\. Kirk. J. J. Shutterly. II. 
 II. Cage. I-'. 1'. Crandon. D. R. Dychc and 
 C. C. lla-kin. 
 
 The meeting was organixed by the elec- 
 tion of II. I'.. Ilurd. Chairman, and C. < 1. 
 I laskin. Secretarv: the name of the 
 church was declared to be Knimanuei 
 Methodist Episcopal Church of Evans- 
 ton the persons above named xvere elect- 
 ed the first Hoard of Trustees: and the 
 secretary xvas directed to file a certificate 
 of organization in the Recorder's office of 
 Cook Count v. At a regular meeting of 
 
LI iRAHY 
 
 0! i HE 
 y,*itnohV UF ILLINOIS 
 
HISTORY OF EVANSTON 
 
 the trustees, held June 131)1, the following 
 officers were elected : H. B. Hurd, Presi- 
 dent; C. G. Haskin, Secretary, and D. B. 
 Dewey, Treasurer. The secretary's com- 
 munication further stated that the site 
 selected for the erection of the church 
 building-, at the northeast corner of Green- 
 wood Boulevard and Oak Avenue, has a 
 frontage of seventy feet on Greenwood 
 Boulevard and 214 feet on Oak Avenue; 
 that it was bought in two parcels, the 
 total purchase price being $11,500, all of 
 which had been paid, and the title placed 
 in Emmanuel M. E. Church ; that it was 
 proposed to erect a church edifice to cost, 
 when finished and furnished, about $35.- 
 ooo, which, with the cost of the lot less 
 the sale of old buildings to be credited 
 would make an investment of about $45,- 
 ooo; the seating capacity of this church to 
 be about 600, with a Sunday school room 
 ample for all needs for several years to 
 come. 
 
 The first Stewards of Emmanuel Church 
 were: H. B. Hurd, \V. H. Jones, R. B. 
 McMullen, S. A. Kean, J. J. Shutterly, 
 C. O. Boring, George S. Baker, John Free- 
 man and George A. Bass. C. O. Boring 
 was the first Sunday School Superinten- 
 dent. Of the first Board of Trustees 
 Messrs. Gage, Crandon, and Dyche were 
 members of the First M. E. Church. 
 
 In October, 1890, Rev. Sylvester F. 
 Jones was appointed the first pastor of 
 Emmanuel Church. During the construc- 
 tion of the church edifice the society wor- 
 shiped in the building on (West) Davis 
 Street, formerly occupied by St. Mark's 
 Episcopal Church. 
 
 The church building was finished and 
 dedicated in August, 1892. The total cost 
 of the property was $80,000. Doctor 
 Jones served as pastor three years and 
 was succeeded, October, 1893, by Rev. C. 
 A. Van Anda, who remained one year. 
 
 From October, 1894, to October, 1895, the 
 pulpit was supplied by Rev. S. J. Herben 
 and Rev. M. S. Terry, D. D. October, 
 1895, Rev. X. M. Waters was appointed 
 pastor and remained four years. Rev. W. 
 O. Shepherd was pastor from October, 
 1899, to October, 1901 ; Rev. W. E. Mc- 
 Lennan, from October, 1901, to October, 
 1903, when he was succeeded by Rev. F. S. 
 Rockwell, the present pastor. 
 
 The present officers of the church 
 (1905) are: 
 
 Trustees. H. B. Hurd (now deceased) ; 
 W. H. Jones, W. O. Dean, Dr. W. R. 
 Parkes. M. L. Record, L. M. Sawyer. C. S. 
 Graves, S. J. Llewellyn, J. L. Whitlock: 
 Stewards J. M. Barnes. C. O. Boring, W. 
 L. Boettcher, G. J. Dart, G. W. Eddy, G. 
 X. Friend, J. P. Grier. J. C. Turner, S. R. 
 Winchell. J. L. Whitlock. E. R. Prickett, 
 J. S. Crosby; Sunday School Superinten- 
 dent W. A. Burch; President Epworth 
 League II. H. Young. 
 
 FIRST BAPTIST CHURCH 
 
 (By KKV. B. A. ORKKNE, D. D.) 
 
 Those interested in forming a Baptist 
 church in Evanston met in the chapel of 
 the Xorthwestern University April 24, 
 1858. Mr. E. H. Mulford was elected 
 moderator and Moses Danby clerk. "Ar- 
 ticles of Faith and Practice" were adopted, 
 and it was voted to call the church "The 
 Evanston Baptist Church." The six con- 
 stituent members were : E. H. Mulford, 
 Rebecca Mulford, Francis M. Iglehart, 
 Judith W. Burroughs, Rebecca Wester- 
 field and Moses Danby. 
 
 For two years previous to this time 
 Mrs. Francis Iglehart had been the leader 
 in Sunday school work in the vicinity of 
 Oakton. Her leadership, at this earlv 
 stage, and her hearty, generous, contin- 
 
352 
 
 EVANSTON CHURCH HISTORY 
 
 ued helpfulness afterward, made her the 
 mother of the Baptist interest in the city. 
 A marble tablet may be seen in the pres- 
 ent church edifice commemorating her 
 conspicuous fidelity. 
 
 A council for the recognition of the 
 church was held April 291)1 in the Metho- 
 dist church. Five churches in Chicago 
 and the church in Waukegan were repre- 
 sented by delegates. Dr. \V. G. Howard, 
 pastor of the First Baptist Church, Chi- 
 cago, was elected moderator. E. H. Mul- 
 ford stated that a lot worth $600, on the 
 northeast corner of Hinman Avenue and 
 Church Street, had been given to them 
 by the Northwestern University, and the 
 Trustees had further given the use of 
 their chapel until a new house of worship 
 should be built. This surely was very 
 generous help from Methodist friends. 
 Those who participated in the recogni- 
 tion were: Rev. Dr. Foster, President of 
 Northwestern University, who read the 
 scripture ; Prof. Goodman offered the 
 prayer; Dr. Howard preached the ser- 
 mon ; Rev. A. J. Joslyn, of Union Park 
 Church, gave the charge to the church ; 
 Rev. A. Kenyon, of the Berean Church, 
 offered the closing prayer and pronounced 
 the benediction. 
 
 At a business meeting, on May 6, 1858, 
 the following were elected Trustees of 
 the church: X. P. Iglehart, President; 
 E. H. Mulford, James Sudlam, Moses 
 Danby and Mr. Trumbull. A month later, 
 at a church meeting, the following were 
 received for baptism, and the next clay, 
 June 6th, were baptized in the lake : Isaac 
 Burroughs, Betsy Burroughs, Almina 
 Burroughs and Hannah Newell. This 
 month, also, the church was admitted to 
 the Fox River Baptist Association, held 
 at Plainfield, having sent as delegates F. 
 M. Iglehart and E. H. Mulford. 
 
 The church, although small, seemed to 
 
 be well started and entering upon a career 
 of organic and spiritual life. But it was 
 very soon found that they must pass 
 through a stage of struggle and disap- 
 pointment. The preaching service was 
 irregular. Supplies for the pulpit came 
 sometimes from neighboring churches 
 and sometimes from the University. The 
 next year, 1859, when four of their most 
 active members were temporarily absent, 
 the church became discouraged, and voted 
 in July "to suspend further efforts toward 
 erecting a building for the church, and 
 also to give up public worship for the 
 present." However, social gatherings and 
 prayer meetings continued to be held, and 
 so they were kept together in sorrowing 
 hope until the next spring. They had 
 given up the use of the chapel, and the 
 Congregational people occupied it. In 
 the meantime Mr. Iglehart had erected a 
 building, twenty by thirty feet, on their 
 home lot at Oakton, near what is now 
 Ridge Avenue and Oakton Street. This 
 building was put up for a billiard room, but 
 was christened instead as "Oakton 
 Chapel." and here public services were 
 resumed. 
 
 Rev. Ira E. Kenney began his pastorate 
 March n, 1860. In August of that year, 
 as the Congregationalists had given up 
 their service in the University chapel, it 
 was voted to hold a four o'clock service 
 there and have an evening prayer meeting 
 at Oakton. In their letter to the Fox 
 River Association, this year, they report 
 fourteen members, $460 raised for ex- 
 penses and benevolence, a sewing society 
 and sociable every other Friday after- 
 noon and evening, a sewing society 
 for little misses every Saturday afternoon, 
 and that scholars in the Bible school learn 
 ten verses each, every Sabbath. In 1861 
 they left Oakton Chapel and worshipped 
 in the schoolhouse near bv: and, for a 
 
HISTORY OF EVANSTON 
 
 353 
 
 while, they had preaching only once a 
 month. Mr. Kenney closed his pastorate 
 March 9, 1862, having accepted a call from 
 Niles, Mich. 
 
 Rev. J. S. Mahan was then called to the 
 pastorate from Waukegan. May 4, 1862. 
 The compensation was not flattering 
 "$2.50 to $3.00 every two weeks." He 
 preached his farewell sermon October 
 iQth of that year. Preaching service was 
 again suspended. Prayer meetings were 
 kept up for a while, but the records say that, 
 as Mrs. Iglehart and family removed tem- 
 porarily to Chicago in the winter of 1863- 
 64, all preaching and prayer-meetings 
 were suspended until the family should 
 return. The Civil War had its depressing 
 effect, not only on business life, but upon 
 social and religious life as well. 
 
 The next spring there was a concerted 
 movement on the part of the members 
 and of friends in the city to get the church 
 into such condition as to receive those 
 who had moved out from Chicago. 
 Thomas Goodman, of the Union Park 
 Church, and afterward editor of The 
 Standard, the Baptist denominational 
 paper of the Northwest, was a leader in 
 the advisory work. A meeting was held 
 in June. Minor matters in the "Articles 
 of Faith" were corrected. A proper record 
 was made of the former election of E. H. 
 Mulford as deacon. Then, ten persons 
 were received into membership. S. E. 
 Jackson, who had served as clerk since 
 1860, resigned, and A. W. Ford took his 
 place. The latter soon moved to Free- 
 port and, October 2oth, J. N. YVhidden 
 became clerk. Thomas Goodman and J. 
 N. \Yhidden were elected deacons. "The 
 Evanston Baptist Society" was consti- 
 tuted, and the following trustees elected : 
 B. F. Johnson, Richard Somers, James 
 Maclay, Riley M. Graves, John Clough 
 and I. P. Iglehart. Their report to the 
 
 Association, in June, 1865, begins with 
 this sentence : "Our long night of anxiety 
 has passed, and the full light of a new 
 and, we trust, a better day has dawned." 
 They received twenty-six by letter and 
 had dedicated their new house of worship, 
 costing $6.500, free of debt. Many friends 
 from Chicago came February 16, 1865, 
 and Dr. Everts, pastor of the First Bap- 
 tist Church, of that city, preached the 
 sermon. The next Sunday, February igth, 
 after Dr. Tiffany preached in the after- 
 noon, the entire indebtedness was pro- 
 vided for. Rev. X. Sheppard was en- 
 gaged to preach once on the Sabbath until 
 further arrangement could be made, and 
 his pay was to be $10 per Sabbath. 
 
 June 28, 1865, William J. Leonard was 
 called to be pastor, at a salary of $1,000. 
 He was young and unmarried. He was 
 ordained in the church September 7th. 
 Dr. E. J. Goodspeed preached the sermon, 
 Dr. J. C. Burroughs offered the ordaining 
 prayer, Dr. Raymond, of the Methodist 
 Church, gave the charge to the candidate, 
 and Rev. N. Sheppard the charge to the 
 church. Previous to the coming of the 
 pastor, on July i/th, Theodore Reese was 
 elected treasurer, L. L. Greenleaf having 
 resigned. Riley M. Graves, John Clough 
 and John Goebel were elected deacons. 
 During this pastorate quite a number 
 were received by letter, bringing the 
 membership up to seventy-three. There 
 is a story still in circulation, which used 
 to be told with much gusto, as throwing 
 light upon customs and comments behind 
 the scenes, especially touching up long- 
 winded parsons. One day a visiting 
 clergyman, stopping with the pastor, was 
 asked to "say grace" at the table. The 
 pastor's little nephew was very hungry, 
 and, after he had waited and waited for 
 the words of blessing to cease, when the 
 "amen" was pronounced, he burst forth, 
 
354 
 
 EVAXSTON CHURCH HISTORY 
 
 "Hocus-pokus, what a long prayer!" A 
 parsonage was built. Messrs. Greenleaf, 
 Graves and Clough advanced the required 
 capital : but, as the church became finan- 
 cially involved, the "so-called parsonage" 
 was sold in the same year, 1867. A bap- 
 tistry was built in November of this year. 
 Mr. Leonard's pastorate closed in Novem- 
 ber, 1868, amid considerable disturbance 
 of feeling. He was a man of intellectual 
 ability, generous instincts and fine taste, 
 but was lacking in some of those tactful 
 qualities so essential in a struggling 
 church. 
 
 It is to be noted here that, on Thurs- 
 day evening, August 18, 1868. Theodore 
 Reese was elected clerk, and. for the next 
 seven years, served faithfully. He had 
 been immediately preceded in short terms 
 by J. R. Hearsey and J. W. P. Hovey. 
 
 In January, 1869. Dr. M. G. Clark, a re- 
 tired minister living in Chicago, began 
 preaching. His services proved so ac- 
 ceptable, tending to restore harmony in 
 the church, that he was given a unani- 
 mous call, at a salary of $1,500. He was 
 a strong man and received into the 
 church, in the next two years, about 
 eighty persons. The Trustees at this 
 time were: John Clough. Andrew Shu- 
 rnan, H. C. Tillinghast, R. S. King, R. M. 
 Graves, C. F. Grey. J. \V. P. Hovey and 
 E. R. Paul. The Treasurer was Towner 
 K. Webster. During this pastorate "The 
 Xew Hampshire Articles of Faith" were 
 adopted by the church, in place of those 
 which had given trouble in earlier days. 
 The trouble was verbal and of minor 
 character, rather than theological. There 
 was feeling on the part of some that the 
 pews should be free: but they voted, Jan- 
 uary 10, 1870, to rent them as before, and 
 Mr. C. F. Grey was made chairman of 
 the committee to solicit the renting of 
 them. In February of that year it was 
 
 voted to have a covenant meeting both 
 afternoon and evening. In May, 1870, 
 they reported a membership of 105 
 twenty-three having recently been bap- 
 tized ; $3,200 for home expenses and be- 
 nevolence, and the Bible school was sup- 
 porting two native Garo preachers in Bur- 
 mah, and members were working in four 
 mission schools. 
 
 Dr. Clark befriended the janitor of the 
 church, a colored man, because he was 
 shamefully abused, and, on that account, 
 came near being mobbed by the "hood- 
 lum element." His friends shielded him, 
 and his enemies were afterward ashamed 
 of their folly. Dr. Clark's wife was edi- 
 tor of "The Mother's Journal." He re- 
 signed in March, 1871, to become district 
 secretary of the Home Mission Society 
 in the State of Xew York. 
 
 On Sunday, May 28, 1871, a unanimous 
 call was extended to Rev. F. S. Chapell, of 
 Middletown, Ohio, at a salary of $2,500. 
 This double fact of unanimity and of 
 large increase in salary shows advance. 
 And, within a week, they entertained the 
 Fox River Association for three days. 
 
 Mr. Chapell began work July 2d. The 
 church now entered upon longer pastor- 
 ates and larger activity. They decided 
 upon quarterly business meetings, ap- 
 pointed a committee on music and se- 
 lected a new hymn-book. Within a year 
 they decided to secure a more central lo- 
 cation and fixed upon the lot now occu- 
 pied, the northwest corner of Chicago 
 Avenue and Lake Street. The price of 
 the lot was $6.000. C. F. Grey, C. E. 
 Brown. H. C. Tillinghast, W. C. Clark, 
 A. S. Shuman were appointed a commit- 
 tee to have charge of building the new 
 house. The last service on Hinman Ave- 
 nue was held August 18, 1872. The next 
 four Sundays they occupied "Lyons' 
 Hall." At the end of that time the little 
 
HISTORY OF EVANSTON 
 
 355 
 
 wooden church had been moved and lo- 
 cated on the rear of the new lot. There 
 the congregation worshiped until the 
 present brick church was finished, in No- 
 vember, 1872. 
 
 Sunday evening, November 3, 1872, a 
 crowd of people had come to hear one of 
 a series of sermons for the young and to 
 witness a baptism. Just as the pastor be- 
 gan preaching "nearly half of the floor 
 gave way and precipitated the congrega- 
 tion into the basement, about nine feet 
 below." None were seriously injured. 
 Xathan Branch, a highly esteemed col- 
 ored brother of the church, was sitting in 
 a pew that was fastened to the side of 
 the building. When he felt the floor giv- 
 ing way, and glanced at the confusion 
 below, he leaped to a window-sill from 
 his lofty perch and plunged through the 
 window, breaking sash and glass. He 
 came around to the treasurer the next 
 morning and offered to pay the damage. 
 
 Sunday, April 27, 1873, the fifteenth an- 
 niversary of the church was celebrated. 
 The pastor preached a historical sermon 
 in the morning and Rev. Dr. W. W. 
 Everts preached in the evening. During 
 the day the sum of $19,400 was subscribed 
 for the new church. 
 
 In June, 1874, Riley M. Graves and 
 four others were dismissed, to help form 
 a new Baptist church at Winnetka. The 
 church was organized, but it did not con- 
 tinue long, as the leaders in the work soon 
 left the village. 
 
 In December of this year the church 
 adopted revised and elaborated "Rules 
 of Order" for the church, and also a "Con- 
 stitution of the Bible School." A finan- 
 cial report for the year 1874 shows 
 $3.714.32 received and $3,305.35 expended, 
 with $178 for benevolence. The follow- 
 ing officers were elected for the year 1875 : 
 Deacons: E. H. Mulford, James B. Van 
 
 Buren, John Goebel, H. C. Tillinghast. F. 
 S. Belden, C. H. Rudd and S. Harbert. 
 Trustees: C. F. Grey, C. F. Brown, D. F. 
 Keeney, R. S. King, John Goebel, An- 
 drew Shuman and E. R. Paul ; Clerk, The- 
 odore Reese : Treasurer, George D. 
 Mosely. Finance Committee : D. B. 
 Dewey, George D. Mosely, C. F. Grey. 
 Francis B. Belden and H. C. Tillinghast. 
 
 February 17, 1875. the church was re- 
 incorporated "under and by virtue of Sec- 
 tion 44 of an Act concerning corpora- 
 tions, approved April 18, 1872," and the 
 corporate name adopted was "First Bap- 
 tist Church of Evanston." In March of 
 this year fourteen names were dropped 
 from the roll of membership. In June it 
 was voted to establish three mission 
 schools, the financial obligation of the 
 church not to exceed $150 per annum. 
 John Goebel was elected superintendent 
 of the South Mission. F. S. Belden of the 
 North Mission, and C. H. Rudd of the 
 West Mission. The latter was the more 
 successful, and brought a number of mem- 
 bers to the church afterward. In July 
 letters were granted to J. G. Westerfield 
 and three others, to help form a new 
 church in Wilmette ; but this movement, 
 like the one in Winnetka, was short- 
 lived. It will thus be seen that the church 
 was feeling the vigor of growing life. 
 They had business enterprise. They 
 could clear the decks for effective action, 
 and they had the missionary zeal to reach 
 out into the surrounding regions. In No- 
 vember, 1875, N. L. Stow was elected 
 clerk of the church, and has served with 
 conscientious, painstaking fidelity up to 
 the present time, a period of twenty-seven 
 years. 
 
 The building of the new church pro- 
 gressed rather slowly, on account of the 
 hard times. A loan of $10,000 was se- 
 cured in June, 1875, to pay off the float- 
 
356 
 
 EVANSTON CHURCH HISTORY 
 
 ing debt and for completing the church. 
 N. L. Stow, in his address at the fortieth 
 anniversary, has this to say of the con- 
 dition of things : "The foundation for the 
 new building was laid in the autumn of 
 1873. The panic of these years caused 
 the work to drag slowly, and two years 
 went by before we saw the completion. 
 The building committee had so attended 
 to the main work, the ladies to the fur- 
 nishing and the pastor to the bell, that 
 the house was very complete ; the spire 
 being finished, the entire floor carpeted 
 and the seats cushioned. It was a beau- 
 tiful day this Sabbath, the 2ist of No- 
 vember, 1875. A large congregation as- 
 sembled, morning, afternoon and evening. 
 Dr. Everts preached in the morning. The 
 afternoon service was a children's service, 
 H. C. Tillinghast, the superintendent, 
 having charge. Other schools of the vil- 
 lage were represented. Rev. Mr. Pack- 
 ard, of the Congregationalist Church ; 
 Rev. Dr. Noyes, of the Presbyterian, and 
 Prof. Hemenway, of the Methodist, 
 gave addresses. Col. Fairman, the artist, 
 made the closing speech. Dr. Northrop, 
 President of the Chicago Baptist Theo- 
 logical Seminary, preached in the even- 
 ing. The subscriptions this day amounted 
 to $14,000. The bell was made especially 
 for the church. The motto cast in the 
 metal was selected by the pastor, and is 
 as follows : "Gather the people together, 
 men and women and children, and thy 
 stranger that is within thy gates, that 
 they may hear and that they may learn 
 and fear the Lord your God." Many sub- 
 scriptions were made by citizens outside 
 the church, that Evanston might have at 
 least one church bell centrally located. 
 The building cost $31,000. which, added to 
 the cost of lot, bell and furnishing, made 
 a total of $40,000. Mrs. Rebecca J. Mul- 
 ford, wife of Major E. H. Mulford, re- 
 
 membered the church generously in her 
 will ; and her name, in memory of her 
 devout character, was placed in one of 
 the windows beside the appropriate em- 
 blem of a sheaf of ripe wheat. 
 
 It was a large undertaking to keep up 
 the running expenses and meet the matur- 
 ing obligations involved in the new con- 
 struction. Heavy lifting there was on the 
 part of many ; but in March of the fol- 
 lowing year, 1876, the auditing committee 
 insert this statement in their report with 
 regard to H. C. Tillinghast: 
 
 "We find that, in addition to the usual 
 cares incident to the position as Treas- 
 urer and Chairman of the Building Com- 
 mittee, rather than see the work stop, he 
 has loaned his own individual credit, giv- 
 ing his notes, endorsing subscription 
 notes to make them negotiable, advancing 
 money when the funds of the church were 
 low, and at the present time, the church 
 is indebted to him over $1,400. We owe 
 Brother Tillinghast a lasting debt of grat- 
 itude and that some acknowledgment of 
 these services be placed on record." 
 
 Record is made July 4, 1876, that the 
 new bell was consecrated to patriotic ser- 
 vice by being rung thirty minutes at sun- 
 rise, noon and sunset. Ivy was also 
 planted at the south of the spire. The 
 church contributed to the new Moody 
 movement in Chicago. Thursday, No- 
 vember gth, of this year, a large social 
 gathering met at the pastor's house, to 
 celebrate his fortieth birthday by giving 
 him a set of "Johnson's Encyclopedia." 
 
 In December. 1877, Pastor Chapell ten- 
 dered his resignation to take effect the 
 following July. He felt it was impossible 
 for the church to keep up his salary ; that 
 the pastorate was already as long as the 
 average, and a change might be beneficial 
 to the health of his family. He had 
 wrought a noble work, and there was the 
 
KYAXSTOX CHURCH HISTORY 
 
 ing debt and for completing the church. 
 X. I.. Stow, in his address ;it the fortieth 
 anniversary, has this to say of the con- 
 dition of tilings: "The foundation for the 
 new building was laid in the autumn of 
 187.5- Tile panic of these years caused 
 the work to dray slowly, and two years 
 went I iy before we saw I lie completion. 
 The building* committee had >o attended 
 to the main work, the ladies to the fur- 
 nishing and the pastor to the bell, that 
 the house was verv complete; the spire 
 being finished, the entire tloi.>r carpeted 
 and the seats cushioned. It was a beau- 
 tiful day -- this Sabbath, the Jlst of Xo- 
 vember. 1875. A large congregation a-- 
 sembled. morning, afternoon and evening. 
 Dr. Inverts preached in the morning. The 
 afternoon service was a children's service. 
 H. (.'. Tillinghast. the Mipcrintcndent, 
 having charge. Other schools of the vil- 
 lage were represented. Rev. Mr. Pack- 
 ard, of the C'ongregationalist Church : 
 Rev. Dr. Xoycs, of the Presbyterian, and 
 Prof. llcmenua). of the Methodist, 
 ga\e addresses. Col. [-'airman, the artist, 
 made the closing speech. Dr. Xorthrop. 
 PfVsiilvnt ol ihe Chicago P>apti>t Theo- 
 logical Seminary, preached in the even- 
 ing. The subscriptions this day amounted 
 to Sl4.<xjo. The bell was made especially 
 for the church. The motto cast in the 
 metal was selected bv the pastor, and is 
 as follows: "(lather the people together, 
 men and women and children, and thy 
 stranger that is within thy gates, that 
 they may hear and that they may learn 
 and fear the Lord your ( iod." Many sub- 
 scriptions were made by citi/cns outside 
 the church, that Lvanstou might have at 
 least one church bell centrally located. 
 The building cost S^i.txm. which, added to 
 the cost of lot, bell and furnishing, made 
 a total of $40,000. Mrs. Rebecca J. Mttl- 
 ford, wile of Major I'.. II. Mulford, re- 
 
 membered the church gcnerouslv in her 
 will: and her name, in memory of her 
 devout character, was placed in one of 
 the windows beside the appropriate em- 
 blem of a sheaf of ripe wheat. 
 
 It was a large undertaking to keep up 
 the running expenses and meet the matur- 
 ing obligations involved in the new con- 
 struction. Heavy lilting there was on the 
 part of many: but in March of the fo!- 
 Icwing year. 1876. the auditing committee 
 insert this statement in their report with 
 regard !> II. C. Tillinghast: 
 
 "\Ve find that, in addition to the usual 
 cares incident to the position as Treas- 
 urer and Chairman of the P.uilding Com- 
 mittee, rather than see the work stop, he 
 has loaned his own individual credit, giv- 
 ing hi- notes, endorsing subscription 
 rotes to nrike them negotiable, advancing 
 money when the funds of the church were 
 low. and at the present time, the church 
 is indebted to him over $1.41x1. \\ e owe 
 I'rother Tillinghast a lasting debt of grat- 
 itude and that some acknowledgment of 
 these ser\ices be placed on record." 
 
 Record is made July 4. 1876, that tin- 
 new bell was consecrated to patriotic ser- 
 vice by being rung thirty minutes at sun- 
 rise, noon and sun-et. Ivy was also 
 planted at the south of the spire. The 
 church contributed to the new Moody 
 movement in Chicago. Thursday. Xo- 
 vcmber <jth. "f this year, a large social 
 gathering met at the pastor's house, to 
 celebrate his fortieth birthday by giving 
 him a set of "Johnson's Lncyclopcdia." 
 
 In December. 1X77. Pastor Chapcll ten- 
 dered his resignation to take ettect the 
 following |ui\. lie felt it was impossible 
 for the church to keep tip his salary: that 
 the pastorate was already as long as the 
 average, and a change might be beneficial 
 to the health of his family. He had 
 wrought a noble work, and there was the 
 
. ;nv 
 
 OF fHE 
 MWVI ,-jr OF ILLIKOIS 
 
HISTORY OF EVANSTON 
 
 357 
 
 best of feeling in the separation. Reso- 
 lutions were spread upon the records, 
 affirming that it was through the pastor's 
 pulpit ability, his zeal and consecration, 
 that the church had come to its present 
 state of growth. He was devout and at 
 the same time practical. He believed in 
 attending to details and statistics and 
 discipline. He was untiring in labors 
 and, during the last year, acted as Super- 
 intendent of the Bible school. During 
 "the seven years of his pastorate he 
 preached 684 sermons, conducted 535 de- 
 votional meetings, married 34 couples, 
 attended 66 funerals, baptized 83, received 
 into the church 204, and there has been 
 raised in money $53,250. He went to 
 Janesville, Wisconsin. 
 
 It is very evident from the report of the 
 Trustees, the December following, that 
 the church was passing through financial 
 straits, owing to the loss of several val- 
 uable members and the general business 
 depression. When overtures were made 
 to Rev. Mr. Custis, of Chicago, to become 
 pastor, he felt that he could not come for 
 less than $2,000. That salary they could 
 not then pay. March 31, 1879, a unanimous 
 call was extended to Rev. George R. 
 Pierce of Oneida, N. Y., at a salary of 
 $100 per month. He accepted April 8th, 
 and immediately entered upon his work. 
 Nothing unusual marked the early part of 
 his pastorate. July 2yth the records state : 
 "Service this morning was made more 
 than usually interesting, because of the 
 first introduction of a quartette choir." 
 The pew question came up for consider- 
 ation, and the evening preaching service 
 was repeatedly discussed and voted upon, 
 while the church, exercising the usual 
 Baptist prerogative, instructed the Trus- 
 tees not to order any "further collection 
 to be taken, unless the matter be first 
 submitted to the church." At the opening 
 
 of the second year the pastor's salary was 
 raised to $1,300 per annum, and, a little 
 later, he was granted a vacation of five 
 weeks. During the year 1880, the Eddy 
 mortgage of $10,000 became due. It was 
 arranged to pay $1,000 by November ist 
 and let the remaining $9,000 run until 
 May, 1885, at 7 per cent interest it being 
 understood that the church could, at any 
 time, pay any portion of the principal. On 
 November 28th of that year Mr. Kimball, 
 of Chicago, spent the day trying to raise 
 the entire debt. In the morning $6,000 
 were subscribed and in the evening $1.000. 
 In order to raise 25 per cent more, a com- 
 mittee of ladies was appointed to solicit 
 help from every individual. These ladies 
 were: Mrs. Goebel, Mrs. Craine, Mrs. 
 Somers and Miss Sarah Webster. But 
 not until March, 1883, was there recorded 
 any special reduction of the debt. Then, 
 by the aid of R. S. King's bequest of 
 $5,000, the bonded debt was reduced to 
 $3.000, and the interest to the rate of 
 6 per cent per annum- An amended and 
 revised constitution for the Bible school 
 was reported by J. W. Thompson, and 
 this was adopted April 18, 1881. Novem- 
 ber 15, 1882, Nathan Branch and nine 
 other persons were dismissed to become 
 constituent members of the First Colored 
 Baptist Church to be organized in Evan- 
 ston. 
 
 March 19. 1883, Pastor Pierce resigned, 
 stating as his reason that "general dissat- 
 isfaction has sprung up in the minds of 
 the members of the church." A week 
 from that time the resignation was ac- 
 cepted by a vote of 29 to 16, the resigna- 
 tion to take effect September 3Oth. 
 
 Sunday, April 22d, they began celebrat- 
 ing the twenty-fifth anniversary. Dr. Wil- 
 liam M. Lawrence, of the Second Church 
 of Chicago, preached in the morning, and 
 Dr. Anderson, of the Chicago University, 
 
358 
 
 EVANSTON CHURCH HISTORY 
 
 in the evening. In the afternoon the 
 pastor gave a history of the church and 
 read letters from Rev. W. J. Leonard and 
 Rev. F. Chapell, former pastors. Two 
 constituent members were present, Mrs. 
 Iglehart and Mrs. Burroughs. On the fol- 
 lowing Tuesday evening, in response to 
 an invitation, many friends from Chicago 
 and Evanston rallied, and, after listening 
 to the pastor in a brief recital of church his- 
 tory and short addresses from Rev. Mr. 
 Burhoe. Rev. Mr. McGregor and Dr. Hat- 
 field, they repaired to the vestry where 
 bountiful tables awaited them. 
 
 At the quarterly meeting, June 25. 1883, 
 the motion accepting the pastor's resigna- 
 tion was rescinded and he was asked to 
 remain. The pastor wished time for con- 
 sideration, but finally decided that he 
 ir.ust go. There was considerable feeling 
 stirred, and D. B. Dewey with some 
 others withdrew from the church. This 
 pastorate ended December 30, 1883- Al- 
 though 65 had been added to the church 
 in the four years, losses had made the net 
 gain only three, and the number reported 
 to the Association the next year showed a 
 net loss of three. 
 
 Rev. Fred Clatworthy, of Norwalk. 
 Ohio, was given a unanimous call, Jan- 
 uary 9. 1884. This call, coming as it did 
 after so much commotion, and with an 
 offer of $2.000 salary ($500 of it to be 
 made up by private subscription), when 
 much financial strength had been lost to 
 the parish, spoke highly of the church's 
 regard for the man. This esteem was 
 well placed, for, beginning March 1st. he 
 did a rare work in settling disturbed con- 
 ditions and rallying forces for the begin- 
 ning of even a larger prosperity than ever. 
 The work began with revising the church 
 rules of order and a new election of offi- 
 cers. For Deacons they elected C. H. 
 Rudd, A. O. Bassett and E. S. Turner; 
 
 for Trustees, H. C. Tillinghast, John Goe- 
 bel, C. F. Grey, J. W. Thompson, L. K. 
 Gillson ; for Clerk, N. L. Stow ; for Treas- 
 urer, H. G. Grey; for Superintendent of 
 Bible School, J. W. Thompson. 
 
 In March, T. K. Webster reported from 
 the Trustees that they had decided to 
 secure the income for the church from 
 voluntary offerings, and, in April of the 
 next year, they reported a floating debt of 
 $500 wiped out, the additional $500 for 
 salary met, the chapel painted and dec- 
 orated, a good choir kept up, all bills 
 (aside from mortgage) paid, and a small 
 balance in the treasury. The amount ex- 
 pended this year was $4.305.44. There 
 was a net increase in membership of 37 
 making a total of 198, and the church was 
 thoroughly united. P. N. Fox followed 
 H. G. Grey as Treasurer, while James E. 
 Low took the place of J. \V. Thompson as 
 Superintendent of the Bible School. 
 
 May 6, 1885, the church sent delegates 
 to help form a city Mission Society in 
 Chicago. A tablet in memory of the wife 
 of Rufus King was placed on the east wall 
 of the church, carrying out the condition 
 on which he bequeathed to the church the 
 $5.000, before referred to. 
 
 During December, 1887. a new organ, 
 made by Steere and Turner, was placed in 
 the church, and on the thirty-first of the 
 month a concert was given by Mr. Clar- 
 ence Eddy of Chicago. 
 
 May 5, 1889, Mr. Clatworthy resigned 
 to go to the church in Adrian, Michigan. 
 It was with regret that the resignation 
 was accepted, for "exceedingly pleasant 
 relations characterized the pastorate." 
 He preached his farewell sermon June 
 30th. 
 
 During his pastorate 197 were added 
 to the church roll by baptism and by let- 
 ter and, the total membership was in- 
 creased from if<) to 284. 
 
HISTORY OF EVANSTOX 
 
 359 
 
 Before the pastor left the field, a com- 
 mittee, of which J. W. Thompson was 
 chairman, reported in favor of calling Rev. 
 H. A. Delano, of South Xorvvalk, Conn. 
 It was with the hearty endorsement of 
 the retiring pastor that this was done. 
 Such a call was extended June 13, the vote 
 standing 54 to 19, and the salary to be 
 $2,000. Mr. Delano accepted July 1st, and 
 began his labors September I, 1889. 
 
 The work started in a prosperous way. 
 At the following Easter enough money 
 was raised to close up the old year and 
 begin the new year "in the best possible 
 condition." Treasurer James E. Low, 
 April 7, 1890, reported they had expended 
 for the year just closed $3,727, and there 
 was on hand $271. There was an in- 
 creasing demand for pews and it was de- 
 cided to go back to pew rentals. The 
 church building was equipped for electric 
 lighting, and they began agitating the 
 question of a new chapel, as the old one 
 was in bad condition and not at all in 
 keeping with the new structure in front. 
 
 In September of the following year, 
 1891, Mr. C. F. Grey very generously of- 
 fered "to donate towards a new chapel, 
 all the mason and carpenter work, with 
 material for all the building, except the 
 roof, plumbing, painting and finishing 
 provided the church would complete the 
 building without incurring debt in so do- 
 ing." With a vote of hearty thanks to 
 the donor, the Trustees were authorized 
 to secure plans and provide for the addi- 
 tional money needed. Plans were re- 
 ported and adopted March 6, 1892, and on 
 March 27, at the close of the sermon, the 
 amount required ($6.500) was very nearly 
 pledged and the work on the new chapel 
 began. 
 
 The last* service in the old chapel was 
 on Sunday evening, June 12, 1892. The 
 new chapel was first occupied Sunday, 
 
 June ii, 1893. The Bible school session 
 was first, as they had before changed the 
 hour of the school from 12 m. to 9:30 
 a. m. The service was, in part, an instal- 
 lation of the new officers and in part a 
 dedication. The morning preaching ser- 
 vice was also held here. The chapel was 
 solidly built, conveniently arranged and 
 beautiful, giving completeness to the 
 church property. Its cost reached about 
 $22,000. 
 
 For a while, previous to this, the mid- 
 week prayer-meeting was held in "Union 
 Hall." The Presbyterian church very 
 kindly offered the use of their vestry. 
 And this courtesy was reciprocated when, 
 in 1894, the Presbyterian church building 
 was burned. They were invited to use 
 the Baptist auditorium, and did so for a 
 while. 
 
 Dr. Delano's salary was raised twice, 
 $500 at a time. His ministry was an able 
 one. He was interested in public affairs 
 and social reforms, and was everywhere ac- 
 ceptable as a platform speaker. His 
 hearty, companionable way won him 
 hosts of friends in the community. When 
 his resignation came, March 23, 1896. to 
 take effect May 1st. it was with great 
 reluctance his friends consented to have 
 him go. He accepted a call to the Belden 
 Avenue Baptist church, Chicago. In the 
 seven years of his pastorate the church 
 had received 295 additions ; but removals 
 had been so frequent, the net gain was 
 only about 60, leaving a membership of 
 
 354- 
 
 During the following year the pulpit 
 was supplied, for the most part, by Prof. 
 Albion \\ r . Small, of Chicago University. 
 He preached only in the morning. The 
 evening preaching service, which had 
 been a perplexing problem even in the 
 hands of the popular pastor, Dr. Delano, 
 was suspended. November 18, 1896, a 
 
EVANSTON CHURCH HISTORY 
 
 unanimous call was extended to Rev. D. 
 B. Cheeney, of Racine, but he did not feel 
 justified in leaving his field. 
 
 January 20, i8(>7. a unanimous call was 
 extended to 15. A. Greene, D. D., of Lynn, 
 Massachusetts, at a salary of $3,000. The 
 church had not heard him preach, neither 
 had he known the church : but the call 
 was given on the strength of reports 
 gained from many sources as to his fit- 
 ness for the place. J. \V. Thompson and 
 J. S. Dickerson were selected to confer 
 \\ith the man of their choice. Dr. Greene 
 accepted and began work March 2, 1897. 
 The last nine years have been prosperous 
 anil harmonious. There have been 290 
 additions. The finances have been gener- 
 ously cared for. In addition to pew 
 rentals, and to provide beforehand against 
 deficiency, it is a custom to secure pledges 
 at some selected morning service. Annual 
 expenses amount to about $7,000 ; be- 
 nevolences, about $3.000. 
 
 The church has adopted as its own the 
 Delano Mission, corner of Maple Avenue 
 and Foster Street. 
 
 The following is a list of officers at the 
 present time (1906): 
 
 Pastor B. A. Greene, D. D. ; Deacons 
 James E. Low, J. S. Dickerson. Peter 
 Lemoi, L. K. Gillson, W. G. Sherer, A. M. 
 X.immerman, A. E. \Y right, Rev. M. Bar- 
 ker ; Trustees J. E. Scott, J. \Y. Low, H. 
 G. Grey. Dr. D. J. Harris. J. H. Mac- 
 ' Gregor. L. R. Wing, J. F. Piersen : Treas- 
 urer E. R. Gilmore ; Clerk X. L. Stow: 
 Uible School Officers L. A. Trowbridge, 
 Superintendent : \\"m. Hanchett. Associate 
 Superintendent : Fred Richards. Secretary ; 
 J. Q. Adams. Treasurer: Women's Socie- 
 tiesMrs H. W. Tate. President of Wo- 
 man's Aid and Home Mission Department ; 
 Mrs. W. P. F'arker, President of Foreign 
 Mission Department : Mrs L K. Gillson, 
 President of Home Missions; Young Peo- 
 
 ple's Society (B. Y. P. U.) Mr. S. S. 
 Crippcn. President : Harold Hanchett, Yice- 
 1 'resident: Miss Mabel Piersen, Secretary; 
 Miss Helen Talbot, Treasurer. 
 
 PRESBYTERIANISM IX EYAXSTON 
 
 (By KKV. JOHN H. BOVD. D. D.) 
 
 The City of Evanston is the offspring 
 of a Methodist University, and very nat- 
 urally, the first church organized was the 
 noble First Methodist Church, who is the 
 mother of us all. In the days of small 
 population and primitive simplicity the 
 religious life of the village was nurtured 
 solely by her ; but as the community 
 grew, the uniformity which marks the 
 early stages of every infant society passed, 
 and little groups of kindred faith and spirit 
 drew off, one by one, to organize separate 
 churches; the Baptists in 1858 and the 
 Episcopalians in 1864. 
 
 First Presbyterian Church. In July. 
 i86/>, the Rev. James B. Duncan, of the 
 Presbyterian Church of Canada, came to 
 Evanston upon invitation, with a view to 
 establishing a Presbyterian Church, but 
 after a canvass of the field a union church 
 alone was deemed possible of success. 
 Accordingly, on the first of August a small 
 company of Congregationalists and Pres- 
 byterians united in forming an inde- 
 pendent church. The ministry of Mr. 
 Duncan continued over a period of about 
 two years. The Northwestern University, 
 continuing the generosity shown to all 
 previously organized societies, presented 
 this new church with a lot situated on the 
 northwest corner of Hinman Avenue and 
 Greenwood Boulevard, where the Green- 
 wood Inn now stands. This lot was 
 afterwards exchanged for one at the cor- 
 ner of Lake "Avenue" and Chicago Ave- 
 nue, and the church thereafter was known 
 as the "Lake Avenue Church." Upon this 
 
HISTORY OF EVANSTON 
 
 site was erected a simple wooden struc- 
 ture, without lecture or Sunday School 
 room, with about 250 sittings. At the end 
 of two years, after a most harmonious and 
 profitable association, each of the ele- 
 ments constituting this society felt strong 
 enough to separate and organize churches 
 of their own order. The Presbyterians 
 purchased the interest of the Congrega- 
 tionalists, and remained on the original 
 site. By appointment of the Presbytery 
 of Chicago the Rev. Robert \V. Patterson, 
 D. D.. and the Rev. James T. .Matthews 
 organized "The First Presbyterian Church 
 of Evanston, July 27, 1868," with thirty- 
 eight members, all except three of whom 
 had been members of the "Lake Avenue 
 Church." Three of these original mem- 
 bers live today: Mrs. Frances \Yinne, 
 Mrs. Priscilla Poole. of Evanston, and 
 John McLean of Chicago. At its organ- 
 ization, Brainerd Kent. George E. Pur- 
 ington. Lewis M. Angle and A. L. \Vinne 
 were chosen and ordained ruling elders. 
 But one member of this original session 
 is living today Mr. George E. Purington 
 of Chicago. 
 
 In October following the Rev. George 
 Clement Xoyes, of LaPorte, Ind., was 
 called to the pastorate. He began his 
 ministry November 22. 1868. The rapid 
 growth of the congregation made it neces- 
 sary to enlarge the building the year after 
 his coming. One hundred sittings were 
 added to the auditorium and a pleasant 
 lecture room annexed. On May 2, 1875, 
 the building, with its entire contents, was 
 destroyed by fire. The loss was a most 
 serious one for the little congregation. 
 Many men of business had been financial- 
 ly embarrassed by the great Chicago fire, 
 and a long 1 period of depression in busi- 
 ness ensued, but the spirit of the people 
 was undaunted ,and their liberality and 
 enterprise are manifest in the fact that, 
 
 at the following Christmas season, ser- 
 vices were held in the completed lecture 
 room. The entire building was ready for 
 dedication July 23. 1876. The cost of this 
 edifice with furnishings was about twenty- 
 two thousand dollars. 
 
 The ministry of Dr. Xoyes was one of 
 remarkable fruitfulness. evidenced in a 
 net growth of the Church from a member- 
 ship of thirty-eight to four hundred and 
 sixty-four nine hundred and sixty-three 
 persons having been received into the 
 Church during his pastorate of twenty 
 years. The benevolences for the last five 
 years of his ministry amounted to more 
 than twenty-three thousand dollars, but 
 the power of his ministry cannot be meas- 
 ured in concrete facts, however large and 
 significant. Dr. Xoyes. through his mas- 
 sive and sweetly spiritual personality, be- 
 gat a spirit and created an atmosphere in 
 which this congregation still lives. He 
 possessed and represented the highest 
 style of Presbyterian Christianity. Pro- 
 foundly serious, earnest, broad and toler- 
 ant, believing God too great and too good 
 to be exhausted by human definitions, and 
 the ways of love and grace too many and 
 too mysterious to be traced and numbered 
 by formulas and creeds, he tolerated, he 
 welcomed, he embraced all who loyally 
 and lovingly clung to the Divine Master. 
 
 During his long pastorate of more than 
 twenty-one years, he represented it 
 would be more true to say that he em- 
 bodied in his own personality the Pres- 
 byterianism of Evanston. making it con- 
 spicuous and noble before the eyes of the 
 Church and the world. For man}' years 
 he was an editorial writer and weekly 
 correspondent of the AVii 1 York Ei-an- 
 Xclist. The words of "Clement" were 
 read throughout the land as messages of 
 wisdom. In the great' controversy be- 
 tween the Reverend David Swing and the 
 
362 
 
 EVANSTON CHURCH HISTORY 
 
 Reverend Frank L. Patten, Mr. Swing 
 chose Dr. Xoyes as his counsel, and he 
 was so appointed by the Presbytery of 
 Chicago. He conducted the defense with 
 distinguished ability. For a long term of 
 years he was Chairman of the Committee 
 of Home Missions of the Chicago Presby- 
 tery, the aggressiveness and efficiency of 
 that body being in a large measure due to 
 his splendid leadership. The ministry of 
 Dr. Noyes was closed by his death Jan- 
 uary 14, 1889. Miss Frances E. Willard, 
 who knew Evanston so long and intimate- 
 ly, writes thus of the places which this 
 noble Presbyterian had in the life and 
 affection of the community: "I think," 
 says she. "no other death, unless it be that 
 of Dr. Otis Haven, in all the years I have 
 been an Evanstonian, ever drew forth so 
 many expressions of sorrow, or from 
 quarters so various, including the wide 
 gamut that separated our municipal coun- 
 cil from the freshman class of our Uni- 
 versity." 
 
 The Church, thus so sadly vacated, re- 
 mained pastorless until a worthy succes- 
 sor to Dr. Noyes was found in the Rev. 
 Newell Dwight Hillis, then pastor of the 
 First Presbyterian Church of Peoria. The 
 congregation invited Dr. Hillis to become 
 pastor on February 6, 1890. He accepted 
 and entered upon his labor April 6th. 
 
 The work prospered under the younger 
 prophet as it had under the elder. He had 
 the joy of seeing the work and Kingdom 
 of God ever enlarging under his hand, and 
 the congregation was happy in watching 
 the unfolding of that power and eloquence 
 which have placed him in a position where 
 he addresses, through tongue and pen. an 
 audience which may well be the admira- 
 tion of any man who desires to reach his 
 fellows with the message of God as lie 
 understands it. 
 
 The years of Dr. Hillis' ministry were 
 
 very fruitful. The membership of the 
 Church grew from four hundred and six- 
 ty-four to seven hundred and twelve. Be- 
 nevolent gifts increased to unprecedented 
 largeness, while every branch of the work 
 showed thorough organization and won 
 ever enlarging successes. The traditions 
 of the Church were all preserved and the 
 spirit of the great soul who had preceded 
 him and had molded the congregation was 
 that of his own soul. 
 
 In the fourth year of this pastorate the 
 Church went through its second fire bath. 
 On a quiet Sabbath morning, February 
 24, 1894, the assembling congregation, in- 
 stead of entering the Sanctuary to wor- 
 ship, stood by and saw it consumed by the 
 flames. They were not, however, difficult 
 to comfort. The loss of the building was 
 not a serious disaster. It was rather an 
 unlooked-for solution of a difficult prob- 
 lem. The growth of the audience had 
 made is necessary to consider the question 
 of either enlarging the old building or 
 erecting a new one. The charred timbers 
 and ashes of the old answered the ques- 
 tion. The congregation moved with such 
 characteristic energy that, on the /th day 
 of the following October, the corner-stone 
 of the present structure was laid with ap- 
 propriate ceremonies, and, less than a 
 year from that date, the building stood 
 completed and furnished, being opened 
 for worship September I, 1895, the pastor- 
 elect preaching the sermon. 
 
 This new building is a splendid, mas- 
 sive structure, built of Lemont limestone, 
 with interior finishings of red oak, the 
 roof beams of Georgia pine. It cost, com- 
 plete with decorations and furnishings, 
 $63,500. the organ costing $6,600 addi- 
 tional. The main auditorium, of 75x90 
 feet, with a gallery in the rear, has a seat- 
 ing capacity of about fourteen hundred. 
 It is lighted by two great memorial win T 
 
K\ AXSTOX CHURCH HISTORY 
 
 Reverend l-'rank I,. I 'alien. .Mr. Swing 
 chose l)r. Xoyes as lii- counsel, and he 
 wa.s so appoint ci I \>\ the Presbytery of 
 Chicago, lie conducted the defense with 
 distinguished ability. \'r a long term of 
 yiars he was Chairman of tlie Committee 
 of llonie .Missions of the Chicago I'reshy- 
 tery. the aggressiveness ami efficiency of 
 that body being in a large measure due to 
 liis splendid leadership. The miuistrv of 
 I)r. Xoyes was. closed hy his death Jan- 
 nary 14. iSSi). .Miss l-'ranccs ]'.. \Yillanl. 
 who knew Kvanston - . long and intimate- 
 ly, writes thus of the places which this 
 nohle I 'resbvterian hail in the life and 
 affection of the community: "I think," 
 says she. "no other death, unless it he that 
 of Dr. ( Mis Haven, in all the years 1 have 
 !>. en an F.vanstonian, ever drew forth so 
 many expressions of sorrow, or from 
 quarters so various, including the wide 
 gamut that separated our mtmicipal coun- 
 cil from the freshman class of our Uni- 
 versity." 
 
 The Church, thti- so sadly vacated, re- 
 trained pastorlcss until a worthy .-ueces- 
 sor to \)r. N'oycs was found in the Kev. 
 Xewell Dwight llilli-. then pastor of the 
 I-~irst I'reshyterian Church of I'eoria. The 
 congregation invited I )r. Ilillis to become 
 pastor mi February d. iSijo. lie accepted 
 and entered upon liis labor April Oth. 
 
 The work prospered under the yonnjjer 
 proplu-t a- it had under the elder. I le had 
 the joy of seeing the \\ork and Kingdom 
 of ( io<l ever eiilarsijinjj under his hand, and 
 the congregation \\ as happy in watching 
 the unfolding of that power and eloquence 
 \\hich have placed him in a po>ition where 
 he addresses, through tongue and pen. an 
 audience which may well be the admira- 
 tion of anv man who desires to reach his 
 fellows with the me avte of I iod a> he 
 understands it. 
 
 The vears of I )r. Ililli^' ministrv were 
 
 very fruitful. The membership of the 
 Church grew from four hundred and six- 
 ty-four to seven hundred and twelve. Be- 
 nevolent gifts increased to unprecedented 
 largeness, while every branch of the work 
 showed thorough urbanization and won 
 ever enlarging successes. The traditions 
 of the Church were all preserved and the 
 spirit of the great soul who had preceded 
 him and had molded the congregation was 
 that of his i iwn soul. 
 
 In the fourth year of this pastorate the 
 Church went through its second tire bath. 
 On a quiet Sabbath morning. February 
 24, lS')4. the assembling congregation, in- 
 stead of entering the Sanctuary to wor- 
 ship, stood hy and saw it consumed by the 
 (lames. They were not. however, difficult 
 to comfort. The loss of the building was 
 not a serious disaster. It was rather an 
 nnloiiked-for solution of a difficult prob- 
 lem. The growth of the audience had 
 made is necessary to consider the question 
 of either enlarging the old building or 
 erecting a new cine. The charred timbers 
 ami ashes of the old answered the ques- 
 tion. The congregation moved with such 
 characteristic energy that, on the 7th day 
 of the following ( ictober. the corner-stone 
 of the pre-cnt structure was laid with ap- 
 propriate ceremonies, and. less than a 
 year from that date, the building stood 
 completed and furnished, being opened 
 for worship September I. l&t*,. the pastor- 
 elect preaching the sermon. 
 
 This new building is a splendid, mas- 
 sive structure, built of I.emont limestone. 
 with interior finishings of red oak. the 
 roof beams of ( ieorgia pine. It cost, com- 
 plete with decorations and furnishings. 
 S'>.?. 51 10. the organ Costing S'i/oo addi- 
 tional. The main auditorium, of 75x110 
 feet, with a gallery in the rear, has a seat- 
 ing capacitv of about fourteen hundred. 
 It is lighted by two great memorial win- 
 
I ',RY 
 Or [HE 
 
 MWVH",: ; ;J i y Or ILLIWW 
 
HISTORY OF EVAXSTOX 
 
 dows that on the north commemorating 
 the Rev. Robert \Y. Patterson, D. D., who 
 was a noble father of Chicago Presbyter- 
 ianism, from the beginning the friend of 
 this Church, and afterwards coming with 
 his family to be, for many years, a mem- 
 ber of the congregation ; that on the 
 south dedicated to the memory of the 
 Rev. George Clement Xoyes, D. D. It is 
 most fitting that the worship and the work 
 and fellowship of the congregation of the 
 First Presbyterian Church should exist 
 between windows sacred to the memory 
 of these two men : for. as the fair audi- 
 torium is lighted by the rays of the sun 
 which fall through the rich glasses, so the 
 life of the congregation has been, and will 
 in the future continue to be, illuminated 
 by the rays of the Sun of Righteousness 
 which shine through their holy characters. 
 During the erection of this edifice Dr. 
 Hillis retired from the pastorate, present- 
 ing his resignation in December, 1894, 
 having accepted an invitation to m'nister 
 to the Central Church CIndependent) of 
 Chicago. On the loth of July following, 
 a call was extended to the Rev. John H. 
 P.oyd, D. D., then pastor of the Second 
 Presbyterian Church of Charlotte. X. C. 
 The call was accepted and the new pas- 
 torate opened on the 6th day of October. 
 1895. Dr. Boyd still remains in the field, 
 and under his charge the prosperity which 
 has always characterized the organization 
 continues. The roll of church member- 
 ship, after careful expurgation, showed 
 at the beginning of his pastorate six 
 hundred and fifty-nine names. This has 
 been increased to eight hundred and sixty- 
 three. During the seven years past $14,- 
 716 have been contributed to the cause of 
 Home Missions, and $10,618 to Foreign 
 Missions. Other Boards and benevolences 
 have received $25,813. while in the pay- 
 ment of debts and self-support the con- 
 
 gregation has expended $109.602, making 
 a grand total of $160,749, or almost $23.- 
 ooo per year. During the past seven 
 years 219 persons have been received on 
 profession of faith, and 449 by letter 
 making a total of 668 additions to the 
 membership. 
 
 A notable event in the recent life of the 
 congregation was the payment of a large 
 debt which existed after the new church 
 was completed. This amounted to $21,- 
 500. After three years this amount was 
 reduced by $4,000, leaving $17,500 in- 
 debtedness. On Sunday morning, April 
 23. 1899. after a discourse by the pastor, 
 the congregation with enthusiastic liberal- 
 ity swept the whole debt away, in forty 
 minutes time contributing more than suf- 
 ficient to pay the whole. 
 
 The Church, as now organized, is a 
 splendid piece of religious machinery, em- 
 bracing sixteen different organizations, 
 which engage the active co-operation of 
 more than six hundred workers. The 
 present session consists of twelve elders : 
 Homer C. Hunt, who has served for more 
 than twenty-two years : Thomas Lord, 
 with a record of twenty years of sen-ice; 
 Andress B. Hull, nineteen years of ser- 
 vice; Thomas H. Linsle\ r , Adam E. Dunn. 
 Edward B. Quinlan, Otis R. Larsen. 
 Frank S. Shaw. Cornelius D. B. Howel! 
 Harry B. \Yheelock, Charles C. Cox and 
 Frank Marimon. 
 
 The Board of Trustees consists of nine 
 members: Henry J. \Vallingford. Jerome 
 A. Smith. Philip P. I.ee, Andrew Patter- 
 son, Adam E. Dunn. Frank \V. Gerould, 
 J. H. Xitchie. David B. Forgan. M. Coch- 
 rane Armour. This roll of esteemed and 
 earnest men fully represents that greater 
 list of officers who have served the church 
 during the thirty-two years of its ex- 
 istence. The splendid personnel- of the 
 governing body and their positions of 
 
EVANSTON CHURCH HISTORY 
 
 leadership is the explanation of the years 
 of unarrested prosperity and continued 
 peace which have marked this Church. 
 The Sunday School, with a membership 
 of five hundred, is under the leadership 
 of Elder H. B. Wheelock, who, with his 
 diligent officers and teachers, has brought 
 the work to a high state of efficiency. The 
 school is excellently graded. Miss Laura 
 E. Cragin is in charge of the Kinder- 
 garten, Mrs. George H. Ludlow, the Pri- 
 mary, and T. K. Webster, the Inter- 
 mediate. The Superintendent conducts 
 the main department, and Mr. Fleming 
 H. Revell and Mr. Xewell C. Knight are 
 leaders of Bible classes. The other minor 
 organizations, devotional and benevolent, 
 operate along the whole front of religious 
 opportunity and are accomplishing large 
 results. 
 
 The enlargement of Presbyterianism in 
 Evanston is represented in two move- 
 ments; one resulting in the organization 
 of the Second Church in what was then 
 the village of South Evanston, and the 
 second and more recent one the building 
 of a chapel whose future is full of prom- 
 ise. For nine years a prayer-meeting and 
 Sunday School were sustained in a store 
 house at 1315 Emerson Street. This was 
 known as the Emerson Street Chapel. In 
 the winter of 1902 the Church felt justi- 
 fied in placing this work upon a more sub- 
 stantial footing. A lot was bought at the 
 corner of Emerson Street and Dewey Ave- 
 nue. A neat little Chapel, well equipped 
 for a neighborhood church, seating about 
 250, was erected. It was first occupied 
 May 4th and was dedicated, amid the re- 
 joicings of Children's Day, on June 8, 
 1902. 
 
 The Second Presbyterian Church grew 
 out the interest of the Rev. Dr. Xoyes 
 of the First Church, in the people of the 
 village of South Evanston. Having 
 
 moved with his family to the corner of 
 Greenleaf Street and Judson Avenue, he 
 began to hold cottage prayer-meetings in 
 the neighborhood. These gatherings 
 quickened the desire of the people in that 
 locality to have a church of their own. 
 The growth of the movement and career 
 of the church is here given from the pen 
 of Mr. George W. Hotchkiss, who was 
 from the beginning active in advancing 
 the cause and who remains, today, to en- 
 joy the large measure of success which 
 has come to the effort of the earnest men 
 and women of that congregation: 
 
 Second Presbyterian Church. The 
 Second Presbyterian Church of Evanston, 
 located on the northeast corner of Hin- 
 man Avenue and Main Street, originated 
 in February, 1884, from the gathering to- 
 gether of a few citizens of the then Village 
 of South Evanston (now comprising the 
 Third and Fourth Wards of the City of 
 Evanston), to consider the spiritual needs 
 of the village, which, with about 1,500 in- 
 habitants, had but one church organiza- 
 tion, that of the Methodist Episcopal de- 
 nomination. The preliminary and several 
 successive conferences were attended by 
 Messrs. Charles Randolph, Gen. Julius 
 White, A. H. Gunn, J. M. Brown. T. 
 Winter, S. E. Norton, A. L. Winne, J. B. 
 Lamkin, E. A. Downs, Wm. M. R. Vose 
 and George W. Hotchkiss, and a general 
 call was promulgated addressed to 
 
 "All persons who believe that the time 
 has arrived when an earnest effort should 
 be made to organize either a Presbyterian 
 or Congregational Church in South Evan- 
 ston, and those feeling any interest in 
 the subject are requested to assemble in 
 Ducat's Hall on the afternoon of Sunday, 
 February 24, 1884. at four o'clock, to con- 
 sider the question and to inaugurate such 
 action as will lead to the accomplishment 
 of such an organization." 
 
HISTORY OF EVANSTON 
 
 365 
 
 At this meeting eighty-five persons 
 were assembled, and by a practically 
 unanimous vote, it was decided to can- 
 vass the village and thus ascertain if 
 financial and religious support could be re- 
 lied upon. This resulted in a report to a 
 meeting, held March gth. that the move- 
 ment could rely upon the approval and 
 support of two hundred and three adults, 
 while one hundred and two children and 
 youth had been found who would gladly 
 attend the Sabbath School, and the Com- 
 mittee recommended that immediate steps 
 be taken toward permanent organization 
 and the securing of subscriptions for a 
 building fund. At a meeting held April 
 I3th subscriptions to the amount of over 
 $6.000 were reported as having been 
 pledged, and it was formally decided to 
 go forward as rapidly as possible with the 
 work of organization and the erection of 
 a house of worship. At this meeting 
 articles of association were adopted for 
 the formation of a religious society and 
 received the signatures of one hundred 
 and twenty-five persons. On Saturday 
 evening, April igth, a formal organization 
 was effected by the adoption of by-laws, 
 and a two-thirds majority of those present 
 being in favor of a Presbyterian form of 
 government, the new organization was 
 designated as the Presbyterian Church of 
 South Evanston, and, as such, was certi- 
 fied by the Secretary, George \Y. Hotch- 
 kiss, to the County Clerk of Cook County 
 in accordance with the laws of the State 
 ol" Illinois. At this meeting A. H. Gunn, 
 John M. Brown and O. F. Gibbs were 
 elected Trustees to serve one year, and 
 Thaddeus Winter, Charles Randolph and 
 II. C. McClary to serve for two years. 
 The first meeting of the Board of Trustees 
 was held April zy\, at which time it was 
 voted to purchase a lot of 114 feet front- 
 age on Hinman Avenue, northeast corner 
 
 of Lincoln Avenue (afterwards named 
 Main Street), for the price of $3.500. April 
 251)1 a building committee was appointed 
 to act in conjunction with the Board of 
 Trustees. June 7th Messrs. Holabird and 
 Roach were selected as the architects, and 
 their plans of a building to cost about 
 $8.000 were approved. These plans were 
 subsequently remodeled and the final 
 structure, as it now stands, represents an 
 outlay of about $20,000. The edifice has 
 seating capacity for about four hundred 
 and fifty persons. So much for the origin 
 and completion of the temporalities of the 
 Church which, upon the incorporation of 
 the two villages of South Evanston and 
 Evanston. became known as "The South 
 Presbyterian Church of Evanston.'' In 
 June, 1901, the corporate name was again 
 changed to conform to existing conditions, 
 and it is now known as "The Second Pres- 
 byterian Church of Evanston." 
 
 During the progress of events from the 
 initiation of the movement looking to the 
 formation of the Society and during the in- 
 terim of building, neighborhood prayer- 
 meetings were held, ladies' societies formed 
 and every preparation made for the final 
 organization as a religious body. By 
 June. 1885. the church building had so far 
 progressed that, on Sabbath Day. June 
 28th, a committee from the Presbytery of 
 Chicago consisting of Rev. George C. 
 Noyes ("pastor of the First Presbyterian 
 Church of Evanston) and Rev. R. W. Pat- 
 terson. D. D.. met and examined the let- 
 ters of forty-four members of other 
 churches who had decided to join the new 
 organization, and who. together with six 
 persons who presented themeslves upon 
 confession of their faith, were declared to 
 form the thus constituted church. At this, 
 the first religious sen-ice held in the 
 church. Rev. R. \Y. Patterson. D. D.. ad- 
 ministered the ordinance of baptism to 
 
KYAXSTON CHURCH HISTORY 
 
 three adults, afti-r which he preached i 
 sirmon from Luke ij: iS-Ji. Dr. Patter- 
 son was assisted in this service liy Rev. 
 Clatworthy. pastor of the 1'aptist Church 
 of Kvanston. and the Rev. Lewis Curts. of 
 the Methodist Kpiscopal Church of Kvan- 
 ston. while the service of dedicating the 
 building to the worship of Almighty (iod 
 was conducted l>y Rev. Cicorge C. Xoycs, 
 D. O.. the dedicatory prayer being offered 
 by Rev. A. J. Scott, pastor of the Congre- 
 gational Church of Kvanston. From this 
 time regular church service was held in 
 the lecture room, a Sabbath School organ- 
 i/cd and a Wednesday evening prayer- 
 meeting established. On July 1 5th. at the 
 close of the prayer service, it was decided 
 to elect but two elders at that time and Wil- 
 liam If. Spencer and William M. R. Yose 
 were elected to that office. During the 
 remainder of that year the Rev. R. W. 
 Patterson, although of advanced age and 
 infirmity, assisted the young Church as 
 pulpit supply, until November n. 1885. 
 when a call was extended to Rev. William 
 Smith, of Hudson. X. Y.. who. accepting, 
 came at once to his new pastorate and 
 continued to the great edification of the 
 Church until his death. February 23. 1892. 
 In June. i8<)2. the Rev. John X. Mills, of 
 1'eatrice. Xeb.. was called to the pastorate 
 which he filled acceptably until May 8. 
 180?. when failing health compelled him 
 to present his resignation, much to the 
 regret of the membership, and his fare- 
 well sermon was preached on the 26th 
 of the same month. From that time until 
 March. i8</>. Prof. M. Bross Thomas 
 acted as pulpit supply with great accept- 
 ability and. on March 4, 1896. a call was 
 extended to Rev. A AV. Ringland. D. D., 
 late of Toledo. Ohio, which, being ac- 
 cepted. Dr. Ringland entered upon his 
 
 pastorate April 5. lKc/>. lie continued a 
 most successful and harmonious pastorate 
 until February 25, 1898, when failing 
 health compelled his resignation, taking 
 effect April 1st of that year. Loath to 
 accept the resignation of so faithful a 
 pastor, a resolution prevailed granting to 
 Dr. Ringland a year's vacation in the hope 
 that, with restored health, his pastorate 
 might continue; but. in February, 1899, 
 he deemed it judicious to make his resig- 
 nation absolute, and it was accepted. 
 During the interregnum the pulpit was 
 again supplied, to the great edification of 
 the Church, by Prof. M. liross Thomas, 
 of the Lake Forest University, until Feb- 
 ruary 26, 1899. when a call was extended 
 to Rev. John W. Francis, of Richland 
 Center, Wis., who was installed as pastor 
 on June 4, 1899, and still occupies that 
 position, at this writing (April, 1902), the 
 Church under his charge having greatly 
 prospered. The present membership is 
 220. 
 
 During all the years since the organiza- 
 tion of the Church a Sabbath School, 
 which now has a regular attendance of 
 about 185, has been maintained. A so- 
 ciety of Christian Endeavor has engaged 
 the attention and interest of the young 
 women of the Church, while various so- 
 cieties in different branches of church 
 work have done effective service. Of 
 these, the Ladies' Home and Foreign 
 Missionary Societies, the Ladies' Aid So- 
 ciety and the Forward Circle of the 
 younger ladies have been prominent in 
 effective work. The weekly prayer-meet- 
 ing has been well sustained from the be- 
 ginning, and the Second Presbyterian 
 Church of Evanston justly holds a posi- 
 tion of prominence among the many 
 churches of the city. 
 
HISTORY OF KVANSTOX 
 
 EPISCOPAL CHURCHES 
 my in v. AiiTinic w. i.rn I.K, n. i> . i.. 11. u.) 
 
 In the year 1X^4 there were in Evanston 
 only three or four families who really 
 belonged tr, the Episcopal Church. There 
 were, however, several leading citizens 
 who love-1 the I 'raver Book, and were 
 ready to aid in starting a parish church. 
 There were also certain other public- 
 spirited men who, from considerations of 
 civic pride, desired to see an Anglican 
 church in the village. Thus the way was 
 opened for the founding of St. Mark's 
 Church. 
 
 In the spring of 18/14 the Rev. John 
 Wilkinson, a priest, and chaplain to the 
 Rt. Rev. Dr. \Vhitehonse. Bishop of Illi- 
 nois, was permitted by the courtesy of the 
 Methodists to give notice in the chapel of 
 the L'niversity that a parish would be or- 
 ganized according to the canons of the 
 Diocese of Illinois, and that the organi- 
 zation would take place on April 2Oth. 
 At this meeting a canonical organization 
 was effected under the title of St. Mark's 
 Parish, and Mr. Charles Cumstock and 
 Mr. D. J. Crocker were chosen church 
 wardens. St. Mark's, therefore, started 
 as a parish, and was never a mission. 
 
 The first service was held on the third 
 Sunday of May. 1864. in the building then 
 known as the First Methodist church. 
 After that the services were held in the 
 chapel of the University, the Rev. Theo- 
 dore I. Holcombe being priest in charge. 
 There are many interesting reminiscences 
 of his ministry here as a temporary supply 
 for about a year, although it was indeed 
 the day of small things. 
 
 Early in the spring of 186; the Rev. Mr. 
 Holcombe was transferred to the Diocese 
 of Wisconsin, and for several weeks there 
 seem to have been no public services of 
 the Church. Meantime, however, the 
 Trustees of the University kindly gave 
 
 the parish a lot of land on the north side 
 of Davis Street, between Ridge and Oak 
 Avenues, sixty feet front by 150 feet deep, 
 upon which a small wooden church was 
 built. On September 1 5th of the year 
 1805 the church, being free of debt, was 
 consecrated by Bishop Whitehou-e. the 
 solemn function being attended by 'he 
 clerical and lay members of the Diocesan 
 Convention, 4fehich was in session that 
 week in Chicago. At the same time the 
 Rev. John W. Buckmaster, a priest of the 
 Diocese of New York, was made rector of 
 the parish. From that day to this there 
 has been no interruption in the parochial 
 work of this church. The eucharistic sac- 
 rifice has been offered, and all the sacra- 
 ments have been duly celebrated. wh:> 
 divine worship and preaching of the go- 
 pel have been maintained, with r.-.uch 
 charity and good work for the bodies a< 
 well as for the souls of men. When there 
 has been a vacancy in the rector-hip, there 
 have always been temporary supplies. 
 
 The first class of candidates for con- 
 firmation was presented by the rec;-'r. - T r. 
 Buckmaster, on March 20. i8fS>. 
 sisted of ten persons who were confirmed 
 by the Rt. Rev. J. C. Talbot. D. D.. B - 
 coadjutor of Indiana, acting for the 
 Bishop of Illinois. That was a great event 
 in Evanston. It was like the day when 
 St. Peter and St. John came down from 
 Jerusalem to Samaria, and laid their 
 hands in apostolic benediction upon the 
 first converts who had been baptized by 
 St. Philip. This was the only class r~ e " 
 sented by the first rector: ten confirr.-.a- 
 tions in two years an average of five a 
 year. This rectorship lasted from Sep:<r:r.- 
 ber. 1865 to April. 18^7. 
 
 During much of the history of 5:. 
 Mark's, the parish undoubtedly suttere.l 
 from the shortness of the rectorship? a 
 thing which seriously interrupts parochial 
 
3 68 
 
 EVANSTON CHURCH HISTORY 
 
 work and the pastoral relation. The first 
 ten years show four rectorships, besides 
 two years of supplies. The next thirteen 
 years show three rectorships, with about 
 two years of supplies ; in short, up to the 
 year 1888, the average rectorship was less 
 than three years. This seems like the 
 Methodist system grafted upon the Old 
 Church. It is wholly contrary to the 
 Church idea, and was the cause as well as 
 the result of evil. 
 
 The second rector of St. Mark's was the 
 Rev. Thomas Lisle of Philadelphia, who 
 was the parish priest here from the 2Oth 
 of May, 1867, to the 7th of June, 1869. 
 Great progress was made during this rec- 
 torship. The fact is, the people of the 
 village began to realize that St. Mark's 
 Church was here, that it stood for some- 
 thing, and that it had come to stay. 
 Moreover, the village was growing quite 
 rapidly at that time. It is recorded that 
 the number of familie^ and communicants 
 in the parish doubled in those two years. 
 The church building was also greatly en- 
 larged by being lengthened, and a small 
 wooden tower was built, containing a bell 
 made by the Meneely Bell Company of 
 Troy. So that, from that day St. Mark's 
 has never been without "the sound of the 
 church-going bell," to tell of God and to 
 summon to the House of God, except dur- 
 ing the time after the new church was 
 built and until the beautiful chimes of St. 
 Mark's were installed. 
 
 Bishop Whitehouse made his first epis- 
 copal visitation for confirmation on April 
 19, 1868, confirming a class of four per- 
 sons: and again, on April 251)1 of the year 
 1869, when he confirmed ten, making four- 
 teen who received the sacrament of con- 
 firmation during this rectorship an aver- 
 age of seven a year. 
 
 From January, 1869, until April, 1872, 
 there was one short rectorship with sev- 
 
 eral priests in charge as temporary sup- 
 plies. Not much work was done. There 
 were no confirmations. The rectorship 
 was that of Rev. A. J. Barrows, from 
 November, 1869, to September, 1870 less 
 than a year. 
 
 In April, 1872, the Rev. C. S. Abbott 
 became rector, and remained until in 1875. 
 He was a kindly and faithful priest and 
 pastor. He presented three classes for 
 confirmation, containing, respectively, 
 one, five and twelve souls, making 
 eighteen confirmations an average of 
 four and one-half a year. 
 
 During this rectorship, as early as in 
 the year 1873, plans for building a new 
 church began to be formed. The scheme, 
 however, was rejected by the vestry on 
 what were probably wise and prudent 
 considerations. There had been what is 
 familiarly known as a great "boom" in 
 Evanston. Alter the Chicago fire, many 
 Chicago people were left homeless and 
 came out to this suburb to live. Among 
 them were many Church folk. Thus the 
 parish received a great accession of numbers 
 and strength. But the vestry knew that 
 many of these would go back to Chicago, 
 and that the boom was an artificial one 
 and could not be depended on. Conse- 
 quently they were not willing to under- 
 take either the building or enlargement of 
 the church. But, as often happens in such 
 esses, the women of the parish were 
 roused to action, as appears from the fol- 
 lowing extract from the minutes of the 
 vestry of St. Mark's under date of July 
 II, 1875: 
 
 "A proposition of the women of the par- 
 ish to enlarge the church-building at their 
 own cost, by widening it about twelve feet 
 on the east side and making some other 
 minor improvements incidental thereto, was 
 laid before the vestry. After a discussion 
 of the plan proposed, it was unanimously 
 
KV. \.\STo\ CHURCH HISTORY 
 
 work and the pa-toral relation. The first 
 tn year- show four rectorships, besides 
 uvii year- of supplies. Tile next thirteen 
 years show three rectorships, with about 
 two years of supplies; in short, up to tilt- 
 year iSSS. the average rectorship wa- less 
 than three years. This seems like the 
 Methoili-t -ysleni grafted upon the ( )li! 
 Church. It i- wholly contrary to the 
 Church idea, ami was the cause as well as 
 the result of e\ il. 
 
 The secoiul rector of St. Mark's was the 
 Rev. Thomas I. isle of Philadelphia, who 
 was the pari-h priest here from the 2Oth 
 of May. iSdj, to the 7th of June. I.S'xj. 
 (ireat progress was made during this rec- 
 torship. The fact is, the people of the 
 village liegan to realize that St. Mark's 
 Church was here, that it stood for some- 
 thing, and that it had come to stay. 
 Moreover, the village was growing quite 
 rapidly at that time. It is recorded that 
 tlu- number of families ami communicants 
 in the pari-h doubled in those two years. 
 The church building \\a- also greatly en- 
 larged bv being lengthened, and a small 
 wooden tower was built, containing a hell 
 made bv the Meneelv IJell Company of 
 Troy. So that, from that day St. Mark's 
 ha- never been without "the sound of the 
 church-going bell." to tell of (iod ami to 
 sumim in ti the i Ioii-c i <i < ) id. except dur- 
 ing the time after the new church wa- 
 bitilt and until the beautiful chimes of St. 
 Mark'- were in-tailed. 
 
 Uishop \\ hitehott-c made his fir-t epis- 
 copal vi-itatioii for confirmation on April 
 i<). iS'S. confirming a cla-- of lour per- 
 -on-; and again, on April _';th of the year 
 |S'.(), when lie c> ntirmed ten. making four- 
 teen who reeei\eil the -acrament of con- 
 firmation during tin- rectorship an aver- 
 age of seven a year. 
 
 l-'roni January. iSii. until April. 1872. 
 there wa- one short rectorship with sev- 
 
 eral priests in charge as temporary sup- 
 plies. \ot much work wa- done. There 
 were no confirmation-. The rector-hip 
 was that of Rev. A. J. Harrows, from 
 November. iSixj. to September, 1870 less 
 than a year. 
 
 In April. |S7_>. the Rev. C. S. Abbott 
 became rector, and remained until in 1X75. 
 He was a kindly and faithful priest and 
 pastor. lie presented three classes for 
 confirmation, containing, respectively, 
 one. t. - and twelve souls, making 
 eighteen confirmation: an average of 
 four and one-half a year. 
 
 During this rector-hip, as early as in 
 the year 1X7.5. plans for building a new 
 church began to be formed. The scheme, 
 however, was rejected by the vestry on 
 what were probably wise and prudent 
 consideration-. There had been what is 
 familiarly known as a great "boom" in 
 {".van-ton. After the Chicago fire, many 
 Chicago people were left homeless and 
 came out to this suburb to live. Among 
 them \\ere main Church folk. Thus the 
 parish received a great a ccc--i' in of numbers 
 and strength. I'.ut the \estry knew that 
 many of these would go back to Chicago, 
 and that the boom wa- an artificial one 
 and could not be depended on. Conse- 
 quently they were imt willing to under- 
 take either the building or enlargement of 
 the church, lint, as often happens in such 
 c;--e-. the women of the pari-h were 
 roused to action, as appears from the fol- 
 lowing extract from the minutes of the 
 vestry of St. Mark's under date of July 
 i i . i *7 ; : 
 
 "A proposition of the women of the par- 
 ish to enlarge the church-building at their 
 own cost, by widening it about twelve feet 
 on the east side and making -nine other 
 minor improvement- incidental thereto, was 
 laid before the vestry. After a diseu ion 
 of the plan proposed, it wa- unanimously 
 
. 
 
 01- fHE 
 MIJUL..JIIT Of ILLINOIS 
 
HISTORY OF EVAXSTOX 
 
 resolved" (note the unanimity with which 
 it was resolved ) , "that the ladies of the par- 
 ish be allowed to enlarge the church build- 
 ing at their own expense, provided that the 
 contract be so made as in no way to make 
 the vestry liable or to incumber the church 
 building for any part of the cost of the con- 
 templated improvement." 
 
 The good women were not abashed; 
 the}- took hold and built what, in ecclesi- 
 astical language, is known as the south 
 aisle of the church. The example of the 
 women produced an effect which was 
 that, subsequently, the Men's Guild of 
 the parish built and added to the old 
 church the north aisle. 
 
 I have thus very briefly sketched the 
 first ten years of the parochial life of St. 
 Mark's. God alone knows the unrecorded 
 works ; the faith and charity that went on 
 all through that decade ; the earnest, de- 
 voted and faithful struggles of the laymen 
 to maintain the church ; the faithful pas- 
 toral work, and the preaching by the three 
 rectors and the various temporary sup- 
 lilies. These things are written in the 
 Lamb's Book of Life. 
 
 Toward the close of the period of ten 
 years, hard times came upon the parish 
 and the town. Many of the refugees 
 from the Chicago fire had moved back to 
 their own rebuilded homes. There had 
 been a great panic in the financial world, 
 and men felt the pressure of straightened 
 resources. The congregation fell off. It 
 is recorded that the Sunday morning con- 
 gregation that used to fill the church had 
 now dwindled down to thirty-five or forty 
 persons, hardly more than the present 
 choir. 
 
 The first ten years of parochial admin- 
 istration of St. Mark's were years when 
 the parish work was done on what may 
 be called protestant lines. The general 
 teaching and tone of the church, aside 
 
 from the irresistible influence of the 
 Prayer Book, were hardly above the aver- 
 age Puritan level. One may see some- 
 thing of this, for example, in the fact that, 
 during those ten years there were but 
 fifty confirmations an average of five a 
 year. There was, comparatively speaking, 
 little brightness in the service ; there 
 seemed to be a fear of making the worship 
 of God beautiful ; and the senseless cry 
 of "no popery" was raised by some, over 
 things that are a part of the Anglo-Catho- 
 lic heritage. The building itself was un- 
 churchly and unattractive. The altar was 
 a wooden box only four feet long, with- 
 out cross, vases, altar lights, altar vest- 
 ings, or even a full set of altar linens. 
 There was no credence or prothesis. 
 In celebrating the Holy Eucharist, in- 
 stead of the unleavened bread which our 
 Lord used, common bread was employed. 
 The mixed chalice was not used. Eucha- 
 ristic vestments were unknown ; the cele- 
 brant wore a long white surplice and 
 black stole. The ablutions were not per- 
 formed. There were no early commun- 
 ions, and the Saints' days and many of 
 the Church's holy feasts and fasts were 
 not generally observed. 
 
 With the coming in of the new rector, the 
 Rev. J. Stewart Smith, which coincided 
 with the advent of the new Bishop of 
 the diocese, a new system was inaugu- 
 rated ; and. from that time St. Mark's has 
 known prosperity and progress un- 
 dreamed of before. For thirty years, 
 then, after the first ten. the parish 
 has been administered on what may prop- 
 erly be called Anglo-Catholic lines. In 
 the History of Evanston by our late bril- 
 liant fellow-townswoman. Miss \YiIlard, 
 are these words, describing the rector- 
 ship of the Rev. J. Stewart Smith: 
 
 "This was the beginning of a new order 
 of things, wherein was a striking contrast 
 
3/0 
 
 EVANSTON CHURCH HISTORY 
 
 to the old ; the change was a marked differ- 
 ence in Catholic teaching and practice, and 
 the work then earnestly begun has been 
 faithfully increased and widened by Mr. 
 Smith's successors. The trend of this 
 movement has steadily been in harmony 
 with the Catholic revival in the Anglican 
 Church, and St. Mark's has been highly 
 favored in the men who have filled her pul- 
 pit since then." 
 
 It is impossible to overestimate the 
 work of the Rev. J. Stewart Smith, 
 the fifth rector of St. Mark's. He 
 was the curate of the Rev. William E. 
 McLaren, D. D., rector of Trinity Church, 
 Cleveland, when Dr. McLaren was made 
 Bishop of this diocese. Mr. Smith was 
 then in deacon's orders, but the Bishop, 
 knowing the worth of his young curate, 
 nominated him to the rectorship of St. 
 Mark's. He was elected by tht vestry 
 on the 3Oth day of January, 1876, with the 
 understanding that he should become rec- 
 tor as soon as he was advanced to priest's 
 orders, for a deacon cannot be rector of a 
 parish. He was advanced to the sacred 
 order of the priesthood on the 3Oth day 
 of January of that year, and on the I4th 
 day of February known as St. Valen- 
 tine's Day Mr. Smith became the rector 
 of this church. He remained as rector for 
 about four years; that is, until January, 
 1880. 
 
 He found the parish very sadly run 
 down. The services, as has been said, 
 were protestant in tone and unattractive. 
 That, however, was characteristic of the 
 church services in general throughout this 
 part of the land. But the clergy and a 
 few of the parishes were beginning to feel 
 the uplifting tide of Catholic reform 
 which was then spreading over England 
 and the East. 
 
 Immediately upon the coming of J. 
 Stewart Smith, an improvement was seen 
 
 all along the line, and no one would wish 
 to go back to the condition of things that 
 prevailed before he accomplished his great 
 work. But his work was not accom- 
 plished without heroism, perseverance and 
 indomitable courage. Almost every im- 
 provement that he made in the character 
 of the services was opposed or criticised 
 by some section of the parish. But he 
 was a man whom nothing could discour- 
 age, whom nothing could daunt. The fact 
 is, the whole subject of the Church's ritual 
 on which so much has been said of late 
 years, after all is simply this: Whether 
 we shall have reverent behavior in the 
 House of God and a decent adornment of 
 the House of God, or whether we shall treat 
 God and His House worse than we treat 
 ourselves and our own domestic dwell- 
 ings. 
 
 A bare summary of the chief restora- 
 tions and improvements introduced by 
 Mr. Smith must suffice: He secured a 
 good cabinet organ in place of the old 
 melodeon. The church was repaired and 
 decorated in as churchly a style as the 
 limitations of the old building would per- 
 mit. A large altar was placed in the 
 Sanctuary, with cross and vases and 
 proper vestings for the various seasons 
 of the Christian year. A credence was 
 procured. Proper vestments were worn. 
 All Holy Days were duly observed. Re- 
 quiem masses were celebrated. Services 
 and instructions were greatly multiplied 
 and the pastoral care of souls greatly in- 
 creased. 
 
 The opposition against him was such as 
 is always met with when a sleepy and 
 protestant parish is brought under the 
 leadership of a truly Catholic priest. But 
 his loving kindness, his tact, and his per- 
 severance conquered ; and when finally he 
 left, the parish found itself transformed, 
 and has never been willing to sink back 
 
HISTORY OF EVANSTON 
 
 into the condition in which it had pre- 
 viously been. Father Smith is still living 
 and active, the rector of St. Mary's, Kan- 
 sas City. All subsequent rectors have 
 simply built upon the foundations that 
 he laid. If any honor is due to any rector 
 of this parish, it is above all to the Rev. 
 J. Stewart Smith. 
 
 Aside from purely local and parochial 
 work, Mr. Smith also launched forth into 
 missionary work and Church-extension. He 
 began the services of the Church in the 
 neighboring villages of Winnetka, Wil- 
 niette, Xorth Evanston and Rogers Park, 
 where, today, four flourishing churches, 
 which may be called daughters of St. 
 Mark's, remain as monuments of Mr. 
 Smith's zeal and devotion. The time had 
 not yet come for starting a mission in South 
 Evanston. That was done a few years 
 later. 
 
 Every year of his rectorship Mr. Smith 
 presented good classes for confirmation, 
 numbering, respectively, sixteen, eighteen, 
 nine and seven per year an average of 
 twelve a year instead of four, which had 
 been the previous average. After his de- 
 parture, there was a vacancy for about a 
 year, during which time four persons were 
 confirmed. 
 
 The sixth rector of St. Mark's was the 
 Rev. Dr. Frederick S. Jewell, 6th May, 
 1880, to August, 1885. Dr. Jewell had 
 been a Presbyterian minister, but had 
 been converted to the older Church, had 
 been confirmed, ordained a deacon and 
 then advanced to the priesthood. He was 
 a Catholic Churchman and a strong and 
 brilliant preacher. His work here for 
 about five years was fruitful. One in- 
 teresting feature of this rectorship was 
 that, in the year 1882 there was organ- 
 ized what was called the "Men's Guild." 
 During the five years of its existence 
 the guild raised nearly $4,000. It was 
 
 the Men's Guild that paid for building the 
 north aisle of the church ; for the enlarge- 
 ment of the choir, and in large part for 
 the purchase of the new pipe organ, which 
 was considered a fine instrument for those 
 days. One of the great objects of the 
 guild was to promote fellowship in the 
 parish, visit the newcomers, get acquaint- 
 ed with strangers, and support the rector 
 in every one of his works. The result 
 was that everything in the parish was 
 strengthened, directly or indirectly, by 
 the Men's Guild. It was during this rec- 
 torship that the mission in "South Evans- 
 ton" (now the flourishing parish of St. 
 Luke's, Evanston) was started, not with- 
 out the help of Dr. Jewell and the Men's 
 Guild of St. Mark's. 
 
 Dr. Jewell was the first to complete the 
 adornment of the altar by placing upon it 
 altar lights. During his rectorship Dr. 
 Jewell presented, classes for confirmation 
 every year, numbering respectively, nine, 
 four, fifteen, nine and ten candidates 
 being an average of nine and one-half per 
 year. 
 
 Dr. Jewell, during the latter part of his 
 rectorship, also introduced some choral 
 services which are now so dear and up- 
 lifting to the people of the parish and of 
 the community. Yet, strange to say, this 
 induced opposition which spread through- 
 out the parish. After faithfully upholding 
 the standard of the Cross here for more 
 than five years, the good doctor resigned. 
 
 The seventh rector of St. Mark's was 
 the Rev. Richard Hayward, who held the 
 rectorship from February, 1886, to May, 
 1888. He had previously been a chaplain in 
 the United States Navy. He was a sound 
 Churchman and a good preacher. Two 
 notable events marked his brief rector- 
 ship of less than three years. Tht first 
 was the successful introduction of the 
 vested choir, which took place on Whit- 
 
372 
 
 EVANSTON CHURCH HISTORY 
 
 sunday in 1887, and has been the greatest 
 blessing to the public worship of the 
 Church ever since. The faithful and be- 
 loved choirmaster, Mr. Robert Holmes, 
 has been the choirmaster nearly all the 
 time since then. 
 
 The second notable event in the rector- 
 ship of Mr. Hayvvard was the revival of 
 the scheme of building a new church and a 
 rectory. Ten thousand dollars (or nearly 
 that) were pledged, payable as soon as the 
 church should be begun. During his rec- 
 torship Mr. Hay ward presented three 
 classes for confirmation, numbering re- 
 spectively, four, thirteen and ten an av- 
 erage of nine a year. When Mr. Hayward 
 left in May, 1888, for about six months 
 the parish was vacant, but was chiefly 
 in charge of a faithful priest, the Rev. 
 \Valter H. Moore, afterwards dean of 
 Quincy. 
 
 The eighth rector of St. Mark's was a 
 young priest from the diocese of Maine, 
 the Rev. Arthur W. Little. Mr. Little 
 had been for seven years rector of St. 
 Paul's, Portland He was a member of 
 the Cathedral Chapter and of the Stand- 
 ing Committee of the Diocese; hid repre- 
 sented Miinc in the General Convention 
 of 1886, and was well known as the author 
 of a popular work entitled "Reasons for 
 Being a Ch'.irchman." His rectorship be- 
 gin on All Saint-;' Day. November I, 
 1888. He was formally instituted by the 
 Bishop on the i8th of November, being 
 the twenty-fifth Sun-lay after Trinity, and 
 is still the rector of the parish. In 1895 he 
 received a doctor's degree from Hobart 
 College. He ha* been for many years 
 Examining Chiolain to the Bishop, a 
 member of the Board of Missions and of 
 the Standing Committee of the Diocese, 
 and Lecturer on Ecclesiastical History in 
 the Western Theological Seminary. Still 
 
 later he was a delegate to the General Con- 
 vention in 1904. 
 
 Mr. Little ?t once began to push for- 
 ward the building of the new church. 
 A desirable lot on the corner of Ridge 
 Avenue and Grove Street was bought and 
 paid for. A beautiful stone church of 
 early English typo, designed by the dis- 
 tinguished architects, Holabird & Roche, 
 was built. The corner-stone was laid by 
 the Bishop on the Sunday after Ascen- 
 sion, May 18, 1900. The first services 
 were held on Easter Day, March 29, 
 1901. On the following Wednesday, at a 
 high celebration of the Holy Eucharist, 
 at which most of the clergy r r tlie diocese 
 were present, an office of Benediction was 
 said by the Bishop, the Rt. Rev. William 
 E. McLaren. D. I)., D. C. L., who also 
 preached the sermon. At evensong the 
 Rt. Rev. George F. Seymour, D. I)., LL. 
 D., Bishop of Springfield, preached. On 
 St. Mark's Day. April 25. 1895. tn <-* church, 
 including the chapel of St. Mary, in the 
 north choir aisle, being entirely free from 
 debt, was solemnly consecrated by the 
 Bishop in a splendid and memorable 
 service. 
 
 This was tin last public service at 
 which the venerable Charles Comstock. 
 for thirty years the Senior Warden and 
 constant benefactor of the parish, was 
 present. He died on the 5th of the fol- 
 lowing September, in the eighty-second 
 year of his age. 
 
 In 1899 a commodious rectory or par- 
 sonage was boug'-t on Ridge Avenue, 
 near the church. A beautiful Rood Se- 
 rene, of carved oak. separating the choir 
 from the nave, was placed in the church 
 in 1899. as a memo-i il to the late Franklin 
 G. Bench. The church contains some beau- 
 tiful windows of tl-e best English stained 
 glass, made by Ward & Hughes of Lon- 
 
HISTORY OF EVANSTON 
 
 37.< 
 
 don. The great east window over the 
 high altar, representing The Institution 
 of the Holy Eucharist, is considered the 
 finest example of stained glass in the 
 West. It is a memorial to the late Frank- 
 lin G. Beach and Elizabeth, his wife. The 
 windows in the north aisle depict scenes 
 from the Old Testament, and those in 
 the south aisle from the New. 
 
 In the fall of 1891 a superb chime of 
 nine bells was placed in the tower of the 
 church, along with an automatic attach- 
 ment for playing the beautiful "West- 
 minster changes" at the quarter hours. 
 The following Latin inscription was cast 
 on the great bell : 
 
 A. M. D. G. 
 
 AEDI PAROCHIAEQUE SANCTI 
 
 MARCI ME, OCTO CUM ALIIS CAM- 
 
 PAXIS, GRATO CORDE DEDIT 
 
 AMICUS MEXSE SEPTEMBRE, 
 
 MDCCCCI. 
 RDO. ARTURO W. LITTLE, L. H. D., 
 
 PAROCHO. 
 
 LAUDE SONO DOMINI; POPULUM 
 YOCO AD OSTIA CAELI. 
 
 (To the greater glory of God. To the 
 church and parish of St. Mark's, a friend, 
 out of a grateful heart, gave me, along 
 with eight other bells, in the month of 
 September, 1901, during the rectorship of 
 the Rev. Arthur W. Little, L. H. D. I re- 
 sound with the praise of the Lord: I sum- 
 mon the people to the gates of heaven.) 
 
 The parish during 1903 erected a large 
 and beautiful Guild Hall or Parish House, 
 adjoining the church, for the use of the 
 Sunday School, and the various guilds and 
 other charitable and social organizations 
 of the parish. 
 
 During the rectorship of Dr. Little the 
 church has enjoyed a steady and healthy 
 growth in numbers and influence and in 
 all departments of worship and of work, 
 
 especially in the cause of missions and 
 charities. In the seventeen years of his 
 rectorship Dr. Little has presented five 
 hundred and ten candidates for con- 
 firmation, being an average of thirty 
 a year. In the previous twenty-three years, 
 one hundred and sixty were confirmed 
 making six hundred and seventy confirma- 
 tions in the forty years of parish life. 
 
 In the summer of 1904 a superb marble 
 altar and reredos were presented to St. 
 Mark's by the children of the late Senior 
 Warden, Charles Comstock. as a memorial 
 to him and his beloved wife, and to their 
 daughter-in-law, Eleanora K. Comstock. 
 
 In 1905 the interior of the choir and 
 sanctuary was rebuilt of massive carved 
 stone, the walls of the clear-story being cov- 
 ered with gold. The effect is very fine. 
 This was the gift of Mr. William C. Com- 
 stock, and is a memorial to his beloved wife, 
 Eleanora K. Comstock. 
 
 The year 1905 also witnessed the organ- 
 ization of the Men's Club of St. Mark's, a 
 society for literary an;! social as well as for 
 ecclesiastical purposes. It has had one 
 prosperous year under the presidency of 
 Mr. William 15. Bogert. The President for 
 1906-7 is Mr. William S. Powers. Any citi- 
 zen of Evanston is eligible to membership 
 in this club. 
 
 St. Mark's is a strong and united parish. 
 It numbers among its adherents some of 
 the best citizens of Evanston, and has 
 the respect and esteem of the community. 
 
 A few items from the last Parochial 
 Report May, 1906 must close this 
 sketch : 
 
 St. Mark's. 
 
 Rector, Dr. Arthur W. Little. 
 
 Church Wardens, Messrs. Henry S. 
 Slaymaker and Edward H. Buehler. 
 
 Members, about 1,500. 
 
 Communicants, 775. 
 
 Value of property, about $125.000. 
 
374 
 
 EVANSTON CHURCH HISTORY 
 
 St. Matthew's Mission. 1 The first serv- 
 ice in connection with the starting of "St. 
 Matthew's" Mission was held in the pub- 
 lic school-house and was conducted by 
 the Rev. J. Stewart Smith, Rector of "St. 
 Mark's," Evanston, on Sunday, May 14, 
 1876. Services were maintained every 
 third Sunday until 1878, when these were 
 discontinued. The Sunday School was 
 organized September 8, 1878, soon finding 
 a home in the house of Mr. T. A. Turner. 
 March 7, 1878, a Sunday evening service 
 was begun in the same place. This con- 
 tinued until January, 1880. 
 
 After Mr. Smith's departure from St. 
 Mark's, lay-readers conducted the service. 
 In 1862, May 2ist, a lot was donated by 
 Mr. Jenks, and by July I, 1883, the church 
 building was ready for occupancy. It was 
 in May of this year that the Mission was 
 duly organized, being put in charge of the 
 Rev. Dr. Jewell, rector of St. Mark's. 
 
 The Rev. George B. Whitney was ap- 
 pointed priest in charge June 24, 1883, 
 having also in his care Christ Church, 
 Winnetka. Mr. Whitney remained in 
 charge until November I, 1885. Through 
 the kindness of friends in St. Mark's and 
 elsewhere, the indebtedness on the build- 
 ing was cancelled, and the church conse- 
 crated by the Rt. Rev. William E. Mc- 
 Laren, D. D., Bishop of Chicago, October 
 30, 1884. 
 
 The years following the departure of 
 the Rev. Mr. Whitney were marked by 
 various and ofttimes trying experiences, 
 but the life was maintained by the faith- 
 ful women of the Mission and the assist- 
 ance of students from the Western 
 Theological Seminary, the Rev. John C. 
 Sage, now of St. John's, Dubuque, serving 
 in this capacity for a year. He left in 
 September, 1870, and on November 2, of 
 the same year, the Rev. H. R. Neely took 
 charge, remaining until May, 1897. In 
 
 the fall of 1897 the Rev. H. C. Granger, 
 at that time assistant at St. Peter's, Chi- 
 cago, was given charge of "St. Mat- 
 thew's ;" he is still the incumbent. 
 
 Several fitting memorials have recently 
 been placed in the church, such as a pair of 
 three-branch candlesticks for the altar, in 
 memory of the late Mr. C. O. Ferris, and a 
 beautiful oak lecturn. 
 
 W T hile credit is due to many kind friends 
 for their undiminished interest in St. 
 Matthew's during all these years es- 
 pecially to the rectors of St. Mark's, Ev- 
 anston it is not too much to say that 
 among the names deserving of very par- 
 ticular mention are those of Mr. and 
 Mrs. T. A. Turner, by whose unceasing 
 and loving care the lamp, once lighted, 
 was never suffered to go out. 
 
 From the Parochial Report of St. Mat- 
 thew's Mission, May, 1906: 
 
 Priest in charge, the Rev. Henry C. 
 Granger. 
 
 Members. 200. 
 
 Communicants, 70. 
 
 Estimated value of property, $3,000. 
 
 St. Luke's Parish. 2 St. Luke's Church 
 was organized as a mission early in July, 
 1885, and the first service was held in 
 Ducat's Hall. In August a store was 
 rented on Chicago Avenue and fitted up 
 for use of the mission. In June, 1886, the 
 Rev. Marcus Lane, who had been priest in 
 charge for this first year, resigned, and 
 was succeeded, August I, by the Rev. 
 Daniel F. Smith, who continued in charge 
 until August i, 1904. 
 
 In October, 1886, ground was broken for 
 the erection of a church on the northeast 
 corner of Lincoln Avenue (now Main 
 Street) and Sherman Avenue. In May, 
 1887, this was so far completed as to be 
 
 lThl Bketrh of St. Matthew's Mlmlon wan furnished by 
 Rev. Henry C. Granger. 
 
 >The Hketcli nf St. Luke'l, up to 1901. was furnltbed by the 
 Rev. D. F. Smith, D. D. 
 

 M 
 
HISTORY OF EVANSTON 
 
 375 
 
 available for the services, though still 
 quite in the rough. Improvements have 
 been made almost continually, and twice 
 the church has been enlarged. It was 
 solemnly consecrated November 10, 1889, 
 being free from debt. 
 
 On January I, 1891, the mission was re- 
 organized as a parish, which, on May 26 
 of that year, was admitted into union with 
 the Convention of the Diocese of Chicago, 
 with the following officers: David L. 
 Thorp. Josiah C. Lane. Wardens. 
 
 In twenty-one years since the organiza- 
 tion of St. Luke's the number of communi- 
 cants has increased from twenty-seven to 
 four hundred and sixty-two. The parish is 
 now numbered among the stronger and 
 more active in the diocese, is united and 
 piosperous and abounds in good works. 
 
 In 1904 the Rev. Daniel F. Smith, D. D., 
 resigned, and was elected rector emeritus, 
 carrying with him the love and esteem of 
 the people to whom he had ministered so 
 faithfully and so long. He was succeeded 
 by the Rev. George Craig Stewart who be- 
 came rector of St. Luke's, August I. 1904. 
 Mr. Stewart is an able and energetic 
 priest. Among the notable events in the 
 history of Evanston during the last two 
 years has been the great progress of St. 
 Luke's. Strong preaching on Catholic 
 lines, improvement in the ritual and cere- 
 monial of public worship, large confirma- 
 tion classes, the organization of the Men's 
 Club of St. Luke's, and great parochial ac- 
 tivity are signs of his progress. A large lot 
 has been bought on the corner of Hinman 
 Avenue and Lee Street, and plans had been 
 adopted for a large and beautiful stone 
 church, to cost, when completed. $125,000. 
 The building will be begun in June, 1906, 
 and the work will be pushed forward with 
 the energy which characterizes the rector 
 and the people of St. Luke's. 
 
 From the Parochial Report of St. Luke's 
 Parish, May, 1906: 
 
 Rector Emeritus, the Rev. Daniel F. 
 Smith, D. D. 
 
 Rector, the Rev. Geo. Craig Stewart. 
 
 Church Wardens, Messrs. C. H. Cowper 
 and C. E. Dudley. 
 
 Members, 1,000. 
 
 Communicants, 462. 
 
 CATHOLIC CHURCHES 
 
 (By FR. H. P. SMYTH) 
 
 Among the earliest settlers of Evanston 
 were a few Catholic families. They wor- 
 shipped either at St. Joseph's Church, 
 Gross Point, or at St. Henry's, High 
 Ridge, according to their convenience. 
 
 However, in 1864 a concerted effort 
 was made to establish a church in Evan- 
 ston. Accordingly, on July 2oth of that 
 year, the property upon which St. Mary's 
 Church now stands, corner of Lake Street 
 and Oak Avenue, was purchased ; the 
 deed being made to "the Catholic Bishop 
 of Chicago." 
 
 The few families that then constituted 
 the Catholic population of Evanston. 
 found that the purchase of property nad 
 exhausted their resources, leaving them 
 little hope of erecting a church in the 
 near future- Yet, so confident were those 
 pioneers of the ultimate success of their 
 enterprise, that, as it were, burning the 
 bridges behind them, they had inserted in 
 the deed a clause making the property 
 revertable to the original owner, in the 
 event of its being used for other than 
 Catholic Church purposes. This limita- 
 tion of title, though prudent at the time, 
 afterwards gave trouble ; and has been 
 removed at considerable expense within 
 the last few years. The few people con- 
 tinued as formerly to attend mass, either 
 at Gross Point or Rose Hill. 
 
3/6 
 
 EVANSTON CHURCH HISTORY 
 
 In 1866 the foundation of a church was 
 laid, but it was found impossible, through 
 lack of funds, to construct the edifice ac- 
 cording to plans. A smaller structure 
 forty feet by twenty, which still stands 
 on the rear of an adjoining lot, was erected. 
 In this church the small congregation 
 worshipped for three years. In 1869 the 
 little building was moved south on the 
 property, and work was begun on another 
 structure according to the original plan. 
 This second church was finished towards 
 the close of the year. 
 
 Still there was no resident pastor in 
 Evanston. Father Heskemann, of Gross 
 Point, had superintended the construction 
 of the first church, and, for two years after 
 its completion, came every alternate Sun- 
 day to Evanston. 
 
 Early in 1868, the priest in residence at 
 Rose Hill, Father Heamers, succeeded 
 Father Heskemann, in charge of the small 
 congregation and church. He, too, how- 
 ever came only on Sundays. He con- 
 tinued to minister to St. Mary's, Evan- 
 ston, as long as he remained at Rose 
 Hill. In 1869 or 1870 he was succeeded 
 in both charges, first by Father Marshall 
 and later by Father Michels, who like their 
 predecessor attended Evanston as a mis- 
 sion from Rose Hill. 
 
 During Father Heamer's pastorate a 
 school was established, and two nuns of 
 German birth taught and resided in Evan- 
 ston for one year. Lay teachers were 
 employed subsequently. 
 
 In the fall of 1872, Rev. M. Donohue 
 came from Waukegan to St. Mary's, Ev- 
 anston, as its first resident pastor. When 
 he came he found the church which con- 
 tinued to be used for the succeeding 
 twenty years, and also the parochial resi- 
 dence, which is occupied today, awaiting 
 him. 
 
 In 1874 the Dominican Sisters of Sinsin- 
 
 awa Mound, Wis., were invited to take 
 charge of the school which was now estab- 
 lished. They have continued to work un- 
 interruptedly to the present. 
 
 Father Donohue had, at some time in 
 the 'seventies, been created Rural Dean 
 by Bishop Foley, and, in 1887, was made 
 permanent rector by Archbishop Feehan. 
 The former title is honorary and, in the 
 Chicago archdiocese, brings with it no re- 
 sponsibility. The latter is more substan- 
 tial and was conferred upon Father Don- 
 ohue purely as a personal compliment ; 
 the parish, as it then was, not being of 
 sufficient importance to warrant the 
 honor- 
 In the same year, 1887, Catholics of 
 German birth and blood, became suffi- 
 ciently numerous to support a church; 
 and Archbishop Feehan sent Rev. Otto 
 Greenebaum to organize a new congre- 
 gation. Father Greenebaum came in 
 July, 1887, and. in November of the same 
 year, a two-story building, intended as a 
 school and temporary church, was opened. 
 Father Donohue's declining health com- 
 pelled him to ask for an assistant, and, in 
 the fall of 1883, Rev. W. J. McNamee, who 
 had recently come from Ireland, was sent 
 to help him. Father McNamee, however, 
 was soon transferred to a more important 
 parish in Chicago, and his place was filled 
 by a priest from the Servite Church, Chi- 
 cago, who came occasionally as required. 
 This condition obtained until 1888, when 
 Rev. M. Foley, present pastor of St. Pat- 
 rick's church, Dixon, came to Evanston as 
 assistant to Father Donohue. In the sum- 
 mer of 1889, he was succeeded by Rev. P. 
 C. Conway, who remained four years. 
 
 The new St. Mary's church was begun 
 in 1891 and was opened to worship in May, 
 1892. 
 
 On March 12, 1893, Father Donohue 
 died. The formalities governing the sue- 
 
HISTORY OF EVANSTON 
 
 377 
 
 cession to an irremovable rectorship, de- 
 layed for some weeks the appointment of 
 a new rector Toward the end of April 
 the present pastor, Rev. H. P. Smyth, 
 was selected by the Archbishop, and on 
 May 6, 1893, took possession of the par- 
 ish. 
 
 Father Conway, who had been acting 
 pastor, was transferred to St. Mary's 
 Church, Chicago. On November I, 1893, 
 Rev. Thos. M. Burke came as an assistant, 
 and an out-mission at Rogers Park was 
 immediately opened- During the follow- 
 ing summer the present St. Jerome's 
 church was built and dedicated. The mis- 
 sion continued to be attended from St. 
 Mary's, Evanston, until it became im- 
 portant enough to need the attention of a 
 resident pastor. 
 
 In July, 1897, Father Greenebaum died ; 
 and in August of the same year the pres- 
 ent pastor of St. Nicholas' Church, Rev. 
 P. L. Biermann, came to Evanston. On 
 February 3d, following, the structure 
 which had for ten years served as church 
 and school was burned to the ground. 
 The fire occurred during school hours, but 
 the children and teachers escaped in 
 safety. St. Nicholas' congregation then 
 again worshipped in St. Mary's Church 
 for some months during the erection of the 
 present church and school, which were 
 opened in the spring of that year. A hand- 
 some parochial residence was also built 
 simultaneously. 
 
 In the fall of 1897 a Community of 
 Visitation Xuns, twenty-five in number 
 came to Evanston to establish an Acad- 
 emy for young ladies. They rented a 
 large residence on the northeast corner of 
 Davis Street and Wesley Avenue, where 
 they resided for four years. In 1899 they 
 purchased the tract of land known as the 
 Freeman Place on Ridge Avenue, and in 
 1901 erected the south wing of an im- 
 
 posing structure designed for them by 
 Architect Schlaachs. They took possession 
 of the building on the eve of Thanksgiv- 
 ing Day, 1901. 
 
 In the autumn of 1900, Fathers Smyth 
 and Biermann, acting for the Franciscan 
 Sisters, purchased the Kirk Mansion and 
 grounds on Ridge Avenue in South Evan- 
 ston, and on December 1st of the same 
 year, the nuns took possession of it. The 
 mansion was, in 1901, fitted up as a hos- 
 pital and patients were received. In De- 
 cember of the same year the Catholics 
 of both parishes came together to estab- 
 lish "The St. Francis' Hospital Auxiliary 
 Association-" 
 
 The growing needs of St. Mary's 
 Church necessitated the purchase of a lot 
 adjoining the church property in January, 
 1897. In June. 1900, Rev. Thomas 
 Egan came to fill the place of the pastor 
 who was setting out on an extended tour 
 through Europe and the Orient. On the 
 return of Father Burke, who is now trav- 
 eling, as we write, it is the purpose to 
 have three priests at St. Mary's. 
 
 The Catholic Church of Evanston has 
 not grown as rapidly as the church in 
 Chicago and its other suburbs, yet there 
 has been considerable growth. A census, 
 taken in the interest of church work in 
 the summer of 1900 gave the Catholic pop- 
 ulation about 3.400. It would seem that 
 was somewhat of an exaggeration. The 
 question put by the canvassers bore upon 
 preference rather than affiliation. It has 
 been ascertained that some expressed a 
 preference for St. Mary's who have no 
 affiliation with it- But, today, as we write. 
 February. 1902, we are safe in saying that 
 the Catholics of Evanston number at least 
 3.400. These are of various nationalities. 
 Those of Irish and German blood predom- 
 inate. Besides these, there are English. 
 French, Scandinavian, Italian, Greek and 
 
378 
 
 EVANSTON CHURCH HISTORY 
 
 Dutch. Nearly all European nationalities 
 are represented. These attend two 
 churches and support two schools, with 
 six hundred pupils. There are five priests 
 and four communities of nuns. 
 
 The Dominicans, eleven in number, 
 teach St. Mary's Parochial School ; six 
 Sisters of St. Agnes have charge of St. 
 Nicholas' School ; seven Franciscan nuns 
 take care of the new Hospital, and, in the 
 Visitation Convent and Academy, there is 
 a community of about thirty nuns. 
 
 Recent Changes. In bringing the story 
 of Catholic work in Evanston down to date 
 (May, 1906), we have a few important 
 changes to note: Rev. Thomas M. Burke 
 was intrusted by the Archbishop of Chicago 
 with the formation of a new parish in Chi- 
 cago, and Rev. P. J. Hennessy came to suc- 
 ceed him at St. Mary's June, 1903. Rev. 
 L. J. Maiwonn came to assist at St. Nicho- 
 las' church in 1902. In the spring of 1904. 
 ground was broken for the new St. Mary's 
 School, which was ready for occupancy in 
 the following September. Later the new 
 parochial residence was commenced. On its 
 completion in the spring of the present year 
 (1906) the old presbytery, which had done 
 service for thirty-five years, was removed. 
 The splendid new (lothic church of St. 
 Nicholas' Parish, begun over a year ago, is 
 approaching completion as we write. 
 
 FIRST CONGREGATIONAL CHURCH 
 
 (By RKV. JEAN FKKDKKIC LOBA) 
 
 The very first Congregational Church 
 in Evanston was organized on December 
 8, 1859. A preliminary meeting had been 
 held to consider the possibility of such a 
 step on November 13, 1859, and another 
 preparatory to organization the week fol- 
 lowing; but the final step was taken on 
 
 the first date above mentioned, when, by 
 a council called for that purpose, meet- 
 ing in the Chapel of the Northwestern 
 University, the Church was organized, 
 consisting of five members. Of this coun- 
 cil the Rev. W. W. Patton, pastor of the 
 First Church of Chicago, was Moderator, 
 and E. W. Blatchford, Esq., was scribe. 
 A. T. Sherman was clerk, and S. S. Whit- 
 ney and Isaac D. Guyer were deacons of 
 the Church. During the six months of the 
 following year (1860), the membership 
 was increased to eleven members, and it 
 is interesting to note that of these only 
 seven were originally Congregationalists, 
 the others coming from different denom- 
 inations. 
 
 This first Congregational Church at- 
 tained to no strength nor did it long con- 
 tinue to exist. In the records of that 
 Church, kept by Mr. Sherman, we find a 
 note to the effect that, on June 15, 1860. 
 at a meeting of the Church, it was re- 
 solved: "That as so many of the mem- 
 bers contemplated removing from the 
 place, the services could not be sustained, 
 and that the clerk be authorized to grant 
 letters to any who might desire them." A 
 final note informs us that letters were 
 granted by the clerk to all except him- 
 self, he keeping up the organization by 
 paying the annual assessment to the Asso- 
 ciation until the year 1865, at which time 
 the organization was suspended, as he 
 saw no hope of reviving the church. This 
 is the pathetic little story of an early 
 effort to organize a Congregational 
 Church in the weak, scattered and un- 
 settled conditions of the early days of 
 Evanston. 
 
 There was, however, a growing sense 
 of the need of such a church, for in that 
 same year, as we learn from the late L. 
 H. Boutell, "One Sunday afternoon in the 
 summer of 1865, as I was sitting in the 
 
HISTORY OF EVANSTON 
 
 379 
 
 library of Dr. Bannister, that large hearted 
 man suggested the propriety and feasi- 
 bility of forming a Congregational Church 
 in Evanston. That suggestion bore fruit 
 in the autumn of that year when, on the 
 6th of November, a few families met at 
 the house of Francis Bradley and organ- 
 ized a weekly prayer meeting, out of 
 which grew the Lake Avenue Church, an 
 independent organization composed of 
 Congregationalists and Presbyterians." 
 
 In 1868 this Lake Avenue Church or- 
 ganized the First Presbyterian Church of 
 Evanston from which, in 1869, the Con- 
 gregationalist members withdrew with per- 
 fect good feeling on both sides ; so that 
 this Lake Avenue Church, it seems, did 
 not long continue its existence, but, in 
 turn, became the mother of at least two of 
 the present churches of Evanston the 
 First Congregational and the First Pres- 
 byterian. A little later on Mr. Boutell 
 narrates : "The twenty-two persons who. 
 on the first day of August, 1866, gathered 
 in the Baptist Church, which then stood 
 on the corner of Church street and Hin- 
 man Avenue, to form the Lake Avenue 
 Church, little thought that, in so short a 
 time, two strong churches would be the 
 outcome of an enterprise so insignificant." 
 
 It is a very singular fact that, so soon 
 after the disbanding of the First Congre- 
 gational Church under what seemed to be 
 hopeless conditions, a new organization, 
 covering practically the same ground and 
 on the same basis, should spring up under 
 such auspicious circumstances. The pa- 
 thetic final note of the clerk of that first 
 church affords us a loop-hole through 
 which we may see the very uncertain ami 
 changeable conditions of the population 
 of Evanston at that time. 
 
 When in August, 1869, the Congrega- 
 tionalists withdrew from the Lake Avenue 
 Church, they left the property in the 
 
 hands of the majority who were Presby- 
 terians. The winter of 1869-1870, or three 
 months thereof, was spent chiefly in or- 
 ganizing a Congregational group, the for- 
 mal organization taking place upon the 
 8th of September. 1869, and recognition 
 by Council on January 13, 1870. 
 
 During these early and formative years, 
 it is interesting to note the spirit of har- 
 mony, fellowship and co-operation among 
 the different denominational representa- 
 tives in Evanston which has subsisted to 
 the present time. The first suggestion of 
 a Congregational Church seems to have 
 originated with the earnest Methodist, Dr. 
 Bannister. The first meetings of the 
 Congregationalists were held in the 
 Chapel of the Northwestern University, 
 which then was the only building of that 
 institution. These services were con- 
 ducted by different pastors and teachers, 
 prominent among whom were such men 
 as Dr. Bannister, Dr. Hemenway, E. O. 
 Haven, President of the University, and 
 others. 
 
 Mr. Luther D. Bradley, who, as a 
 youth, was present at these early meet- 
 ings of the Congregational Church, thus 
 writes of them : "The prayer-meeting in 
 our little front room I remember very 
 well, but the one at the Baptist Church 
 but dimly ; but there was one season of 
 services which is very fresh in my mind 
 that during which Dr. Hemenway 
 preached for us. These services were held 
 in the old chapel of Northwestern Univer- 
 sity. The sole building of those days was 
 the old frame structure, now standing on 
 the campus north of the Preparatory or, 
 as I believe they call it. the 'Old College' 
 building. The structure was then 
 standing on the northwest corner of Davis 
 Street and Hinman Avenue, fronting 
 south. The east room on the ground 
 floor was the chapel, a plain old room 
 
EVAXSTON CHURCH HISTORY 
 
 with fixed pews of pine, painted a drab 
 color, with blackboards around the walls. 
 Here the meetings were held on Sunday 
 afternoons, and here, I think, Mr. Duncan, 
 the first pastor of the church, began his 
 work. I think some mention must be 
 made of Mr. Duncan, both on account 
 of his importance as the first settled min- 
 ister of the church, and also because of his 
 very picturesque personality. He was a 
 Scotch-Canadian, a very agreeable preach- 
 er and good man, but not exactly like any 
 of his people and not precisely at home in 
 the community. 
 
 "I remember that some of the most 
 telling sermons that were preached in the 
 old chapel at this time were by Dr. S. C. 
 Bartlett, later President of Dartmouth 
 College, who filled the pulpit for a few 
 Sundays, though this was before Mr. 
 Duncan's arrival." 
 
 'However uncertain, interrupted and in- 
 adequately recorded were these early 
 steps toward organization, they all crys- 
 tallized on the 1 3th of January, 1870, into 
 the First Congregational Church of Evan- 
 ston. Very few of the early members now 
 survive. Hut the roll of the church of that 
 time contained some noble names such as 
 those of Francis Bradley, L. H. Boutell, 
 Rev. D. Crosby Green (now and for many 
 years a missionary in Japan), Heman 
 Powers, J. M. Williams, Orvis French, 
 besides many others who won for 
 themselves enviable reputations as men 
 and women of character, of more than 
 usual intelligence, of capacity, energy and 
 a wide-reaching influence. 
 
 Immediately upon the organization of 
 the First Church, it called, and on the I3th 
 day of January, 1870, installed its first 
 regular pastor, the Rev. Edward N. Pack- 
 ard, D. D., now of Syracuse, X. Y. The 
 University again granted the new church a 
 lot on which to erect a suitable structure 
 
 for worship. Mr. Dorr A. Kimball gives us- 
 an interesting sketch of the method by 
 which the lot on which the present church 
 edifice stands, became Congregational prop- 
 erty. He says: "At that time the lot on 
 which this church edifice is located, was 
 a little park originally given to the Village 
 of Evanston by the Xorthwestern Univer- 
 sity, to be used for Park purposes only. 
 Immediately after the meeting held at Mr. 
 Green's residence for the organization of 
 a Congregational Society, our trustees 
 had made a very satisfactory arrangement, 
 which was this: On payment of the sum 
 of $600 to the Village Trustees, they va- 
 cated the park and, the title reverting to 
 the University, they persuaded the Uni- 
 versity Trustees to deed the property to 
 the First Congregational Society without 
 further compensation." Upon this lot, 
 then the trustees having secured $6,000 as 
 a building fund, "General Julius White 
 moved that they proceed to build a church 
 edifice costing not less than $10,000." 
 From Mr. Kimball's sketch, it would ap- 
 pear that they "succeeded in getting the 
 lecture room completed in July, 1869 ,and 
 the main auditorium was wholly com- 
 pleted in the month of January, 1870." 
 This ten thousand dollar church, how- 
 ever, was to cost the little society not 
 far from $25,000, leaving them with a 
 debt of $7.000, with interest at nine anrl 
 ten per cent. 
 
 The maintenance of a church during 
 these days of poverty and struggle was 
 not all smooth sailing, for in 1871 came 
 the Chicago fire which impoverished 
 many of its members, and immediately 
 thereafter one of the greatest financial 
 panics that this nation has ever experi- 
 enced swept over the country bringing 
 financial ruin and distress upon many 
 households. With self-sacrifice and stern 
 resolution the society and the church 
 
RKV. MINER RAYMOND 
 
FA A. \STUN CHURCH HISTORY 
 
 with fixed pews of pine, painted a drab 
 color, with blackboard:! around the walls. 
 Here tin.' meetings were held on Sunday 
 afternoons, and here. I think. Mr. Duncan, 
 the first pastor of tin- church, began his 
 work. 1 think some mention must l>e 
 made of Mr. Duncan, hoth on account 
 of his importance as the first settled min- 
 ister of the church, and also because of his 
 very picturesque personality, lie was a 
 Scotch-Canadian, a verv agreeable preach- 
 er and good man. hut not exactly like any 
 of his people and not precise! v at home in 
 the community. 
 
 "1 reniemlier that some of the most 
 telling sermons that were preached in the 
 old chapel at this time were by Dr. S. C. 
 P.artlett. later President of Dartmouth 
 College, who tilled the pulpit for a few 
 Sundays, though this was before Mr. 
 Duncan s arrival. ' 
 
 However uncertain, interrupted and in- 
 adequately recorded were these early 
 steps toward organization, thev all crys- 
 tallized on the i^th of Jannan. iSjo. into 
 the l ; irst Congregational Church of Evan- 
 ston. \ er\ few of the early members now 
 survive. P.ut the roll of the church (if that 
 time contained some noble names such as 
 those of Francis I'.radley, L. II. Boutell, 
 Rev. I). Croshv Crceii i now and for many 
 years a missionary in Japan). Henian 
 Power--. |. M. Williams, ( )rvis French, 
 ln-sidcs many others who won for 
 themselves enviable reputations as men 
 ami women of character, of more than 
 usual intelligence, of capacity, energy and 
 a wide-reaching influence. 
 
 Immediately upon the organization of 
 the First Church, it called, and on the i.}th 
 day of January. 1X70. installed its first 
 regular pastor, the Rev. F.dward N". Pack- 
 ard. I >. I'., now of Syracuse. X. N'. The 
 I niversiu again granted the new church a 
 !<>t on which to erect a suitable structure 
 
 for worship. Mr. Dorr A. Kimball gives us 
 an interesting sketch of the method by 
 which the lot on which the present church 
 edifice stands, became Congregational prop- 
 erty. He says: "At that time the lot on 
 which this church edifice is located, was 
 a little park originally given to the Village 
 of Evanston by the Northwestern Univer- 
 sity, to be used for Park purposes only. 
 Immediately after the meeting held at Mr. 
 Green's residence for the Organization of 
 ;i Congregational Society, our trustees 
 had made a very satisfactory arrangement, 
 which was this: ( )n payment of the sum 
 of $fxxj to tlie Village Trustees, they va- 
 cated the park and, the title reverting to 
 the I niversitv. thev persuaded the Uni- 
 versity Trustees to deed the proper! v to 
 the First Congregational Society without 
 further compensation." Upon this lot. 
 then the trustees having secured $6.000 as 
 a budding fund. "General Julius White 
 moved that they proceed to build a church 
 edifice costing not less than .Sio.ooo." 
 From Mr. Kimball's sketch, it would ap- 
 pear that thev 'Succeeded in getting the 
 lecture room completed in July. 1809 .and 
 the main auditorium was wholly com- 
 pleted in the month of January, 1870." 
 This ten thousand dollar church, how- 
 ever, was to cost the little society not 
 far from S^5,(xx), leaving them with a 
 debt of $7 .<xx>. with interest at nine and 
 ten per cent. 
 
 The maintenance of a church during 
 these days of poverty and struggle was 
 not all smooth sailing, for in 1X71 came 
 the Chicago tire which impoverished 
 many of its members, and immediately 
 thereafter one of the greatest financial 
 panics that this nation has ever experi- 
 enced swept over the country bringing 
 financial ruin and distress upon many 
 households. With self-sacrifice and stern 
 resolution the societv and the church 
 
Ki:\ . MIM.k UAYMl INII 
 
LIBRARY 
 
 Or iHE 
 
 UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS 
 
HISTORY OF EVANSTON 
 
 held on, although it required the wisest 
 management to meet current expenses 
 and keep up interest on the bonded debt. 
 In March, 1879, Dr. Packard resigned to 
 accept a call to a church in Boston. He 
 was succeeded, September loth, of the 
 same 3'ear, by Rev. A. J. Scott. In 188.3 
 the church edifice was enlarged, repaired 
 and in part refurnished at a cost of $5.000. 
 greatly increasing the seating capacity. 
 On the night of November 23, 1884, after 
 the first service in the renovated church, 
 the entire edifice was destroyed by fire. 
 The next morning, as the friends gathered 
 about the smoking ruins, sums of money 
 were at once pledged toward rebuilding. 
 These sums, together with the insurance 
 of $25,000. enabled the trustees to proceed 
 at once to the erection of a new edifice. 
 Before the fire was extinguished, invita- 
 tions had been received from the trustees 
 of the First Methodist, Presbyterian and 
 Baptist Churches to use their buildings 
 on Sabbath afternoons and for social 
 meetings as they might desire. Similar 
 invitations were also received from the 
 \Yoman 's Christian Temperance Union, 
 to occupy Union Hall free of charge, and 
 the Northwestern University again gener- 
 ously offered Heck Hall on the same 
 terms. The new structure was completed 
 and dedicated upon the nth of April, 
 1886. and has continued in use ever since. 
 From the very earliest days the church 
 has been marked by a spirit of harmony 
 and benevolence. When it numbered less 
 than fifty members it erected and. fur- 
 nished its own church building at a cost 
 of about $25.000. Before the burden of 
 this debt was fully removed, it enlarged 
 and improved this building at a cost of 
 $8,000. In 1884, it erected and furnished 
 the present edifice at a cost of over $50,- 
 ooo. During this time its current expenses 
 increased from $3,000 to $10,000 a year. 
 
 During the first twenty-five years its be- 
 nevolences to Home and Foreign Missions 
 aggregated $103.854, making an average 
 of $4,154 a year. One of its first mem- 
 bers has been himself a missionary to 
 Japan for forty years. One of the most 
 earnest and devoted Japanese Christians 
 was baptized in this church and returned 
 as a preacher to his own people in Japan. 
 
 l;i 1886, on the resignation of Rev. A. J. 
 Scott, the Rev. Nathan H. \\Tiittlesey, 
 D. D.. was called to the pastorate, which 
 continued harmonious and unbroken until 
 May i, 1892. In October of the latter 
 year, Rev. Jean Frederic Loba, D. D., 
 was called and installed November 17, 
 1892. 
 
 During more than thirty years the 
 church has been characterized, first of all. 
 by a spirit of harmony. No serious dis- 
 sensions have ever existed among its 
 members, and, whenever any misunder- 
 standings have arisen, they have quickly 
 been adjusted and smoothed away. It has 
 stood for a perfectly simple evangelical 
 faith, its present articles of faith being 
 the ones which were adopted by the Lake 
 Avenue Church in which Dr. Francis 
 Bradley characteristically substituted the 
 word "privilege" for "duty." It has ever 
 shown interest in every form of philan- 
 thropic benevolence. It was among the 
 first supporters and benefactors of the 
 city settlement movement. Its interest 
 in education has been shown by its hearty 
 sympathy and co-operation with -the 
 Northwestern University. Its benevo- 
 lences have been unstinted and generous. 
 During the year 1901 these exceeded its 
 home expenses by $1,500, and during the 
 year 1905 they aggregated over $13.000. 
 It has been foremost in its love of 
 all that was tasteful and artistic in 
 its form of worship, having been gen- 
 erous in its expenditrre for the best 
 
382 
 
 EVANSTON CHURCH HISTORY 
 
 church music. A chapter might well 
 be written upon the history of its devo- 
 tion to sacred music. Many of its singers 
 and organists were artists of the highest 
 rank. For the first ten years of its ex- 
 istence the expense for music was from 
 $331 to $1,912 a year, making an annual 
 average of about $1,295. From 1890 to 
 1895 the average was $2,390 a year, and 
 the total cost of music from 1880 to 1895 
 was $24,759. 
 
 The church has been interested in city 
 missions and has been a liberal supporter 
 of the Chicago City Missionary Society. 
 For two years it supported an inde- 
 pendent mission on Halsted Street. In 
 1894 it purchased a lot on the west side 
 of Evanston on which it erected a sub- 
 stantial and neat house of worship. For 
 this, on one Sabbath, $4,800 were sub- 
 scribed and a thousand dollars more se- 
 cured for lot and structure. Here it 
 co-operated with a small congregation in 
 the support of a pastor, so that it may be 
 truly said that the church, while inter- 
 ested in foreign missions, has never neg- 
 lected home culture and home benevo- 
 lences. In 1903 it was thought best to dis- 
 continue this work or place it in other 
 hands, and the property was sold to the 
 Christian Church by whicli a flourishing 
 church organization is now conducted. 
 The proceeds of this sale were donated to 
 the Chicago City Missionary Society for its 
 endowment fund. 
 
 During i<;O5 and 1906 the Church has 
 contributed about $2.500 per year through 
 the Chicago City Missionary Society, for 
 the support of I'ethesda Mission in Chicago, 
 besides furnishing some eighteen or twenty 
 teachers and officers in the various branches 
 of this work. It has also an active interest 
 in a promising mission at Rose Hill, in 
 Chicago. 
 
 Charity has begun at home, but it has 
 
 not stopped there. The church has always 
 maintained a most cordial relation with the 
 sister churches in Evanston and, with them, 
 has always been ready to co-operate in 
 every religious, social and civic effort for 
 the improvement of the higher life of our 
 city. Its six hundred members are now 
 thoroughly organized for work in and out 
 of its own organization. Its Sabbath School 
 of about 350 scholars has long been one of 
 the most prosperous and thoroughly 
 equipped in the city, being carefully 
 graded into primary, intermediate and 
 senior schools, each with a competent 
 head of department. 
 
 The benevolences of the Church are 
 fostered and directed by the Home, For- 
 eign and Young Ladies' Missionary So- 
 cieties ; to which should also be added 
 the missionary departments of the Young 
 People's Society of Christian Endeavor 
 and the Light-Bearers. 
 
 Grateful for its history and successes, 
 the Church goes forward full of faith and 
 hope, assured that its Master, who has in- 
 stituted and prospered it thus far, will 
 lead it to yet larger successes. 
 
 LUTHERAN CHURCHES 
 
 (By REV. J. D. MATTHIUS) 
 
 German Evangelical Lutheran Bethle- 
 hem Church. It was in the year 1872, 
 when a small number of Germans, liv- 
 ing in Evanston and professing faith in 
 the religion of Martin Luther, first assem- 
 bled for regular Evangelical Lutheran ser- 
 vices. They did not possess a house of 
 worship, so they met in those little cabins 
 down on Clark Street, near the locality of 
 the present Electric Light plant. Several 
 of the first Lutheran pioneers had settled 
 in that neighborhood. A pastor they 
 found in Rev. A. H. Reinke, of Chicago. 
 He agreed to come to quiet little Evan- 
 
HISTORY OF EVAXSTON 
 
 383 
 
 ston on Sunday evenings and preach 
 God's message to the attentive little group 
 which was seated on up-turned wash-tubs, 
 laundry-benches, and whatever could be 
 used as stool or pew. The majority of 
 this small congregation had emigrated from 
 the "Old Country." Having become tired 
 of the hardships which they had to endure 
 under landlordism in Mecklenburg- 
 Schwerin, they had come to America in 
 the hope of enjoying the freedom of this 
 country. But poor they were, indeed 
 the most of them and the plain, simple 
 mode of their living bore ample proof of it. 
 Some of them experienced many sad and 
 gloomy hours on their "arrival at this 
 village in the woods," far away from their 
 native home, without their church so dear 
 to them, without a German school, with- 
 out a pastor to teach and console them. 
 Their delight was great when, at last, 
 they had their own religious services 
 in the dwellings of their fellow-people. 
 
 Twenty-five years later the Rev. A. H. 
 Reinke wrote as follows concerning the 
 first Lutherans of Evanston : "When I 
 first began to preach at Evanston and 
 organized a congregation, there were, ac- 
 cording to my knowledge, the following 
 people among the members and hearers: 
 H. Voigts, H. Witt, Joh. Witt, Joachim 
 Witt. P. Claussen, Martin Becker, A. P. 
 Handke, F. Lass, Joh. Yorbeck, F. 
 Strokey and others." 
 
 The names of the above are also found 
 in the records of the church attached to a 
 constitution which was adopted August 
 8, 1875, f r the "German Evangelical 
 Lutheran Bethlehem Church of Evanston, 
 Cook County, Illinois." 
 
 We find that Rev- A. H. Reinke bap- 
 tized children here, from June 16, 1872, 
 until May 18, 1873. After that time a 
 number of baptisms were performed by 
 Rev. G. S. Lober, of Niles, Illinois. For 
 
 some unknown reason it appears the little 
 flock of Lutherans were without services 
 for a while after June, 1873. Again, how- 
 ever, Rev. Reinke, missionary as he was, 
 turned his attention to his small mission 
 post at Evanston, and, though over- 
 burdened with work, took up the care of 
 the Evanston Lutherans with a zeal and 
 devoutness not often to be found. Rev. H. 
 \\ under, of Chicago, too, found his way 
 here and preached to the people occasion- 
 ally. 
 
 The year 1875 was an epoch in the 
 annals of the Bethlehem Church. Glencoe. 
 about seven miles north of Evanston. had 
 had a Lutheran congregation since 1847, 
 but had always been attended to by the 
 Lutheran ministers of Chicago, especially 
 by Rev. Prof. C. A. T. Selle, Rev. H. 
 Wuncler and Rev. J. Grosse. In 1874 they 
 rejoiced to have the young Rev. Ed. Dor- 
 ing take up his residence at Glencoe as 
 their ordained minister. In the following 
 year, January, 1875, we find the first 
 records of holy communion celebrated in 
 Evanston by the Rev. Ed. Doring. He 
 it was then who conducted the services 
 of the congregation until 1881. when he 
 accepted a call to a mission post at Port- 
 land. Oregon. In the meanwhile the Luth- 
 erans had come into possession of a little 
 church property on Florence Avenue, near 
 Lake Street, and built a small frame 
 church on it. Later this little church was 
 sold to the Swedish Lutherans and was 
 moved to Lake Street near Sherman Ave- 
 nue. Xow it is the church of the Danish- 
 Norwegian Lutherans, and is to be found 
 on Greenwood Boulevard, near Sherman 
 Avenue, west of the Northwestern Rail- 
 road- 
 
 Until the departure of Rev. Doring the 
 congregation had not taken very great 
 strides to prosperity ; still it had among 
 its members several young, enterprising 
 
384 
 
 EVANSTON CHURCH HISTORY 
 
 and good Lutherans, one of which was the 
 late \Vm. F,. Suhr. They were not with- 
 out a minister very long. In the fall of 
 1881 a young energetic pastor, Rev. A. 
 Detzer, a graduate of Concordia Semi- 
 nary, St. Louis, Mo., was installed in his 
 calling as pastor of the German Lutheran 
 Church (at Evanston), with his residence 
 at Evanston. In future there were ser- 
 vices every Sunday. The new pastor also 
 took charge of the parish at Glencoe and 
 preached there every two weeks. 
 
 As soon as Rev. Detzer had become 
 acquainted with his people, he had them 
 found a parochial school. He undertook 
 the task of teaching the children himself. 
 The school was opened with twelve pupils 
 in attendance. The schoolroom was in the 
 attic of a small dwelling house in the 
 "prairie." The venture, however difficult 
 for pastor and people, who gladly paid 
 their taxes for public schools, and besides 
 upheld their private school, proved so suc- 
 cessful that they soon saw themselves 
 compelled to build a school-house of their 
 own. They erected a house for this pur- 
 pose at a cost of $1,450, where now the 
 parsonage is to be seen at 1410 Green- 
 wood Boulevard. 
 
 In 1885 we find a school of fifty-three 
 pupils learning the rudiments of the Ev- 
 angelical Lutheran denomination, and all 
 elementary branches necessary for a good 
 secular education. The congregation 
 understood how great a burden their 
 pastor had taken upon his shoulders and 
 relieved him of it by appointing Mr. H. 
 Feuchter as provisory teacher, and by 
 calling Mr. M. E. Bittner. in 1886. as 
 their ordained school-teacher. Mr. Bittner 
 still holds this position, having held it 
 sixteen years. He now teaches the upper 
 class only. 
 
 As the number of pupils increased, so 
 also did the number of members of the 
 
 church. The congregation, therefore, 
 soon found its first church too small, and 
 without delay built a handsome new 
 church edifice at the corner of Green- 
 wood Boulevard and Wesley Avenue, 
 which was dedicated November 21, 1886. 
 It was a great day for the German Luth- 
 erans. After a period of fourteen years 
 since their first services, they now were in 
 possession of their second church, which, 
 though not as large as some of our present 
 churches, was far larger than their firsc 
 one and far more artistic and inviting. 
 After having stood sixteen years, it still 
 deserves to be mentioned as one of Evan- 
 ston's notable buildings. 
 
 \\'hen the year 1899 came, the class 
 of pupils had outgrown the school. There 
 was not room enough for a new scholar, 
 so the enterprising congregation, number- 
 ing about sixty male voting members by 
 this time, did not hesitate to purchase a 
 new building site at the corner of Lake 
 Street and Ashland Avenue. Here they 
 erected a two-story brick-veneered school- 
 house containing two spacious class- 
 rooms, with all modern improvements. 
 The "Evanston Press," of March 8, 1890, 
 devoted its entire second page to the de- 
 scription of the dedication of this school. 
 It said : "Our German patrons are to be 
 congratulated on the enterprise and devo- 
 tion to the cause of education which has 
 prompted them to this progressive move." 
 
 Soon after the new school had been 
 pressed into service. Rev. Detzer received 
 a call from St. Paul, Minn-, where he was 
 wanted to build up an English Lutheran 
 mission. Though he had been serving a 
 German congregation in Evanston, he 
 was an able English scholar and therefore 
 regarded this tfall as one which his con- 
 science urged him to accept. It was a 
 painful parting when he left. 
 
 Again the founder of the congregation. 
 
HISTORY OF EVANSTON 
 
 385 
 
 Rev. A. H. Reinke, of Chicago, then pastor 
 of the largest German Lutheran congre- 
 gation in America, was asked to take care 
 of his forsaken flock in Evanston. He 
 gladly did so. He preached and performed 
 all other pastoral duties, attended their 
 meetings and assisted them in every man- 
 ner to get a new pastor. They extended 
 calls to a number of ministers, but in 
 vain. Several months passed by, and 
 Evanston was still looking for a minister. 
 In August, 1890, a call was sent to the 
 undersigned, Rev. J- D. Matthius, of Chi- 
 cago, son-in-law of Rev. A. H. Reinke. 
 He accepted and was installed September 
 3, 1890. He was a native of Staten 
 Island, New York, the son of a prosperous 
 business man. When thirteen years old he 
 entered Concorclia College, Fort Wayne, 
 Ind.. took an academic course of six 
 years, graduated there in 1885, and in 
 1888 from Concordia Seminary, St. 
 Louis, Mo. From that time until his 
 charge in Evanston he was assistant of 
 Rev. A. H. Reinke in Chicago. 
 
 From 1890 up to the present day (Feb- 
 ruary, 1902) the congregation has enjoyed 
 constant prosperity. It still clings to the 
 infallible divine inspiration of the Bible 
 and to Faith in Christ Jesus as the only 
 way to salvation. The congregation now 
 consists of over 200 German Lutheran 
 families and many single persons. It has 
 130 male voting members, 135 pupils in its 
 school and, besides Mr. M. E. Bittner, has 
 Mr. R. Mangelsdorf as teacher of the 
 second class. In 1893 a handsome par- 
 sonage was erected in the rear of the 
 church. 
 
 The congregation belongs to the "Evan- 
 gelical Lutheran Synod of Missouri, Ohio 
 and other states." 
 
 Besides the German Lutheran, Evan- 
 ston has also a Norwegian-Danish Luth- 
 
 eran, a Swedish Lutheran, and, of late, 
 also a small English Lutheran congrega- 
 tion. The latter conducts its services in 
 the church of the Danish-Norwegian 
 Lutherans, and is attended to by Rev. J. 
 K. Reed of Chicago, a member of the 
 General Synod. 
 
 Norwegian-Danish Lutheran Church. 
 The following notes have been kindly 
 compiled by the pastor, Rev. D. Larsen : 
 
 The Evanston Norwegian-Danish Luth- 
 eran Church was organized July 29, 1891, 
 under the supervision of Rev. N. J. Elles- 
 tad and Rev. J. N. Kildal of the Bethle- 
 hem Norwegian Lutheran Church in Chi- 
 cago, and, until the new congregation 
 could secure a pastor. Rev. Kildal tem- 
 porarily served it in connection with the 
 Chicago church. 
 
 Admission into the United Norwegian 
 Lutheran Church of America was applied 
 for and granted in June. 1892. In March 
 of the same year Rev. T. Aarrestad be- 
 gan to serve the congregation as its or- 
 dained pastor, and remained in that ca- 
 pacity until October, 1893. 
 
 John Hetland, the next pastor, served 
 from February, 1894, till June, 1900. 
 
 In January, 1894. the Young People's 
 Society, "Nordlyset," was organized. 
 
 The congregation had, as yet. owned 
 no place of worship, but services were 
 held in rented quarters. In 1899, how- 
 ever, a lot was bought on Greenwood 
 Boulevard between Sherman and Benson 
 Avenues, and the chapel, owned first by 
 the German and then by the Swedish 
 Lutheran congregation, was bought and 
 moved to the above-mentioned location. 
 This chapel will serve as a temporary 
 house of worship until the congregation 
 becomes able to build a church. The 
 present pastor, Ditman Larsen, was in- 
 stalled July 21, 1901. 
 
386 
 
 EVANSTON CHURCH HISTORY 
 
 Swedish Evangelical Lutheran (Im- 
 manuel ) Church. This congregation was 
 organized in 1888, by Rev. S. A. Sandahl 
 of Lake View, with thirty-four communi- 
 cant members. The first installed pastor 
 was Rev. J. Edgren, who served the con- 
 gregation a number of years. The next 
 pastor was Rev. C. Solmonson. During 
 his ministry in Evanston the Swedes built 
 their present handsome new church and 
 parsonage at Sherman Avenue and Lake 
 Street. Their present minister is Rev. 
 G. K. Stark. 
 
 Our information concerning the Swed- 
 ish Lutherans is very scant. 
 
 We should have gladly inserted a 
 chapter from the pen of the present pas- 
 tor, but our efforts to obtain such an arti- 
 cle were in vain. 
 
 Supplemental. 
 
 Since the above chapter was written work 
 among the Lutherans of Evanston has kept 
 on. The English Lutherans now have a 
 handsome little edifice of their own at Ben- 
 son Avenue and Greenleaf Street. 
 
 In Bethlehem German Lutheran congre- 
 gation the parochial school has experienced 
 some changes. Mr. R. E. Mangelsdorf, on 
 account of failing health, was obliged to ac- 
 cept a position as teacher of a parochial 
 school at Black Jack, Mo. Likewise, Mr. 
 M. E. Bittner. after having been at the 
 head of the school for almost nineteen 
 years, accepted a call to Kankakee, 111., in 
 1905. where he now is Principal of a pa- 
 rochial school. The respective vacancies 
 have been filled by Mr. F. Teenies, for 
 many years teacher at Strassburg, 111., and 
 by Mr. L. O. Schaefer, one of the graduates 
 of the Addison Lutheran Teachers' Semin- 
 ary in this State, in 1905. 
 
 EVAXSTON CHRISTIAN CHURCH 
 
 (Bj ULYSSES GKANT BUCK) 
 
 The Evanston Christian Church has 
 had humble beginnings, but gives prom- 
 ise of becoming a strong power for good 
 in this city of churches, and has found a 
 place and a work that would indicate that 
 no mistake has been made in bringing it 
 into being. 
 
 The Reformation Movement, which this 
 organization represents, had its inception 
 in Western Pennsylvania about one hun- 
 dred years ago, and has been one of rapid 
 growth on lines parallel to the lines of 
 immigration, with the result that the 
 northern and southern parts of our coun- 
 try have few, if any, more prosperous 
 churches. However, there have gone into 
 all parts of the country, as happens with 
 our shifting population, a few represent- 
 ative active members, and these have been 
 gathered together to form a working nu- 
 cleus, and thus have grown up large con- 
 gregations where once there was no work 
 done. This is the history of the Evans- 
 ton Church. 
 
 The Christian Missionary Society of 
 Chicago had its attention called to the 
 possibilities of a work being started in 
 Evanston in the year 1895. Accordingly 
 on the 241)1 day of November, 1895, City 
 Evangelist E. W. Darst, accompanied by 
 W. B. Taylor, pastor of the North Side 
 Christian Church ; E. S. Ames, of the 
 Disciples' Divinity House of the Univer- 
 sity of Chicago, met with the few disciples 
 to be found in this community, among 
 whom were Mr. and Mrs- E. E. Starkey, 
 of Wilmette; Dr. and Mrs. R. C. Knox, 
 of Rogers Park, at the home of Mr. and 
 Mrs. Milton O. Naramore, at 925 
 Main Street, to discuss the idea of at- 
 tempting to organize a Christian Church 
 at some point in Evanston. The urgent 
 
386 
 
 EVAXSTOX CHURCH HISTORY 
 
 Swedish Evangelical Lutheran (Im- 
 manuel) Church. This congregation was 
 organized in iSSS. l>y Rev. S. A. Satulahl 
 of Lake View, with thirty-four communi- 
 cant mcmhcrs. The first installed pastor 
 was Kev. J. Ldgrcn, who served the con- 
 gregation a number of vears. The next 
 pastor was Kev. C. Solmonson. During 
 his ministry in Lvanston the Swedes built 
 their ])resei)t handsome new church and 
 parsonage at Sherman Avenue and Lake 
 Street. Their present minister is Kev. 
 G. K. Stark. 
 
 I Hir information concerning the Swed- 
 ish Lutherans is very scant. 
 
 \\'e should have gladly inserted a 
 chapter from the pen of the present pas- 
 tor, but our efforts to obtain such an arti- 
 cle were in vain. 
 
 Supplemental. 
 
 Since the above chapter was written work 
 among the Lutherans of Kvanston has kept 
 on. The Knglish Lutherans now have a 
 handsome little edifice of their own at I '.en- 
 son Avenue ami ( ireenleaf Street. 
 
 In liethlehem < icrman Lutheran congre- 
 gation the parochial school ha- experienced 
 some changes. Mr. K. K. Mangclsilorf, oil 
 account "f lading health, was obliged to ac- 
 cept a po-itioii a- teacher of a parochial 
 school at I Hack Jack. Mo. Likewise. Mr. 
 M. L. Mittncr. after bavin;,' been at the 
 head ol the -chool for almo-t nineteen 
 years, accepteil a call to Kankakee. III., in 
 HJO^. where he now i- I'rincipal of a pa- 
 rochial -chool. The rc-pcetivc vacancies 
 have been tilled bv Mr. I'. Toenies. for 
 many \i-ar- teacher at Strassburg. 111., and 
 b\ Mr. L. i I. Schaefer. one of the graduates 
 of the .\i|i|i-on Lutheran Teachers' Semin- 
 ary in tliis State, in 11)05. 
 
 LVAXSTOX CHRISTIAX Clll'RCII 
 
 (I'.y ri.YSSKS GKANT HfCK) 
 
 The Lvanston Christian Church has 
 had humble beginnings, but gives prom- 
 ise of becoming a strong power for good 
 in this city of churches, and has found a 
 place and a work that would indicate that 
 no mi>takc has been made in bringing it 
 into being. 
 
 The Reformation Movement, which this 
 organization represents, had its inception 
 in Western Pennsylvania about one hun- 
 dred years ago. and has been one of rapid 
 growth on lines parallel to the lines of 
 immigration, with the result that the 
 northern and southern parts of our coun- 
 try have few. if any. more prosperous 
 churches. However, there have gone into 
 all parts of the country, as happens with 
 our shifting population, a few represent- 
 ative active members, and these have been 
 gathered together to form a working nu- 
 cleus, and thus have grown up large con- 
 gregations where once there was no work 
 done. This is the history of the Kvans- 
 ton Church. 
 
 The Christian Missionary Society of 
 Chicago had its attention called to the 
 possibilities of a work being started in 
 Kvanst'iii in the year iSi)=;. Accordingly 
 on the J-jth day of November. 1X05. City 
 Kvangelist K. W. Darst. accompanied by 
 \\ . I'.. Taylor, pastor of the North Side 
 Christian Church: K. S. Ames, of the 
 Disciples' Divinity House of the I'niver- 
 sity of Chicago, met with the few disciples 
 to be found in this community, among 
 whom were Mr. and Mr- L. K. Starkcy. 
 of Wilmette: Dr. and Mrs. 1\. C. KIMX. 
 of Rogers I 'ark. at the home of Mr. and 
 Mr-. Milton ( ). Xaramore. at '125 
 Main Street, to discuss the idea r,f at- 
 tempting to orgam/e a Christian Church 
 at -ome point in Kvanston. The urgent 
 
us 
 
 Or (HE 
 SITY OF HUN0W 
 
HISTORY OF EVANSTON 
 
 387 
 
 need of a church organization was con- 
 ceded, and it was unanimously decided 
 to take steps to hold a meeting, and in 
 the meantime to hold preliminary cottage 
 meetings in order to enlist the co-opera- 
 tion of all persons who might be found 
 to be members of the Church. 
 
 Meetings were held at the same place 
 on each of the Lord's Days in Decem- 
 ber, making six preliminary and prepara- 
 tory meetings, during which the whole 
 situation was thoroughly canvassed and 
 all arrangements were made to hold a se- 
 ries of meetings at Union Hall, 807 Davis 
 Street, beginning on Sunday. January 5, 
 1896. At 3 o'clock on that day a large 
 audience assembled at the above place, 
 among whom were many representatives 
 from the city churches, and, as an inau- 
 gural service, Rev. W. F. Black, of the 
 Central Church, Chicago, preached a 
 learned and able discourse. 
 
 On the evening following, Evangelist 
 E. W. Darst, assisted by local members, 
 began a series of meetings which lasted 
 for the next eleven weeks, without in- 
 terruption, every week day evening ex- 
 cept Saturday and twice on Sunday. At 
 the end of this series of meetings there 
 were forty-two persons who had made 
 confession and thirty-four who had been 
 received by letter, making a total of sev- 
 enty-six, who thus became the nucleus 
 of the Evanston Christian Church. 
 
 Upon the completion of this series of 
 meetings the church proceeded to the or- 
 ganization of all the departments com- 
 mon to Evangelical churches, and soon it 
 had an active Sunday School, a live Chris- 
 tian Endeavor Society, a Ladies' Aid So- 
 ciety and a Woman's Missionary Society. 
 
 On the 1 7th day of May, 1896, the 
 church called Edward Scribner Ames, of 
 the Disciples' Divinity House, as its first 
 pastor. He continued with the church for 
 
 about one year, when he was followed by 
 Rev. A. L. Chapman. 
 
 On the 1st day of May, 1897, the church 
 was moved from 807 Davis Street to Odd- 
 Fellows' Hall, 6o4J^Davis Street, where 
 it continued to meet until it was removed 
 to the Y. M. C. A. Building. 
 
 Mr. Chapman remained as pastor until 
 the autumn of 1898. On the 3Oth of Oc- 
 tober of that year E. W. Darst was called 
 as pastor, and continued until September. 
 1899, when Wallace C. Payne, of New 
 York, became his successor. Mr. Payne's 
 work continued until March 24, 1901, 
 when he was succeeded, after a short in- 
 terval, by Dr. E. V. Zollars, President of 
 Hiram College, Hiram, Ohio. Dr. Zollars 
 is one of the ablest men in the Christian 
 Church, and gave the church in Evanston 
 a standing second to none. He was suc- 
 ceeded on October 27. 1901. by Mr. W. D. 
 Ward, a graduate of Hiram College un- 
 der Dr. Zollars, and formerly of Mantua, 
 Ohio. Under his guidance and preaching 
 the church has prospered and grown, and 
 his relations with the church have been 
 so pleasant that he is liable to remain yet 
 many years. 
 
 In -1900 the church, under careful and 
 wise financial management, began to ac- 
 cumulate a building fund, and after about 
 three years' saving, was able to purchase 
 a lot at the corner of Oak and Church 
 Streets, where it was proposed to build 
 a church home, and which it still owns; 
 but the unexpected, which often happens, 
 came when the opportunity was presented 
 of securing a commodious property at 
 the corner of Lee Street and Asbury Ave- 
 nue, known as the Plymouth Congrega- 
 tional Church. 
 
 This came near the end of 1903, and 
 the generous offer of the First Congrega- 
 tional Society of Evanston was soon ac- 
 cepted, and, for the first time in its his- 
 
388 
 
 EVANSTON CHURCH HISTORY 
 
 tory, the Evanston Christian Church be- 
 came an established fact in the commu- 
 nity. 
 
 In June, 1905, the church celebrated, in 
 befitting manner, the clearing off of all 
 indebtedness ; and with all its equipment 
 and with the simple gospel plea which it 
 presents, is bound to continue to prosper 
 and grow, and lead men and women and 
 children to a knowledge of better things 
 and to lives of better deeds, until the time 
 when it shall be known as one of the most 
 potent influences for good in this splen- 
 did city of splendid people. 
 
 FIRST CHURCH OF CHRIST (SCI- 
 ENTIST) 
 
 (By HOLMKS Ih 'i.i i 
 
 The First Church of Christ (Scientist), 
 of Evanston, was organized under a char- 
 ter granted by the State of Illinois, Jan- 
 uary 23, 1895, with a membership of 
 twenty-six. It is a branch church of the 
 First Church of Christ (Scientist), Bos- 
 ton, Mass., which was founded in 1879. 
 Since that time six hundred and sixty- 
 three churches and societies of this de- 
 nomination have been organized in this 
 country and foreign lands. The branch 
 churches have the power to govern local 
 affairs and elect their First and Second 
 Readers, Boards of Trustees and Direct- 
 ors, and other officers, annually. 
 
 The Evanston church has had a steady 
 growth and has received one hundred 
 and fifty-two persons into membership. 
 The meetings were first held in a private 
 house, but that was soon found too small 
 to accommodate the increasing congre- 
 gation, and larger quarters have been 
 sought from time to time, until now the 
 church owns the handsome property on 
 the southwest corner of Chicago Avenue 
 and Grove Street. 
 
 The present form of Sunday service ob- 
 served in all of the churches of the de- 
 nomination was inaugurated in 1895. 
 The sermons consist of selections taken 
 from the Bible and the Christian Science 
 Text Book, "Science and Health," with 
 Key to the Scriptures, by Rev. Mary Baker 
 G. Eddy, the discoverer and leader of 
 Christian Science. The lesson sermons of 
 all the churches are arranged by a commit- 
 tee appointed by the First Church of 
 Christ (Scientist), of Boston, and are 
 read by the First and Second Readers, 
 reading from the Bible and from "Science 
 and Health," respectively. 
 
 Following the Sunday morning service 
 the Sunday School assembles. Since its 
 organization progress has been the key- 
 note with these little workers, who arc 
 bringing out in their daily lives beautiful 
 proofs of the power of good in overcom- 
 ing evil, as this religion teaches. 
 
 On each Wednesday evening in this 
 church, as well as all other churches of 
 this denomination, a meeting is held for 
 the purpose of giving testimonies of the 
 benefits received physically, morally and 
 spiritually from the study and practice of 
 Christian Science. 
 
 In accordance with a by-law of the 
 First Church of Christ (Scientist), of Bos- 
 ton, a reading room has been established 
 and is open daily, affording an opportu- 
 nity to those who are seeking knowledge 
 on the subject of Christian Science to 
 read and procure literature. 
 
 The theology of Christian Science in- 
 cludes healing the sick, as well as re- 
 forming the sinner, by the prayer of faith 
 with a spiritual understanding of the 
 Scriptures, basing its authority upon the 
 teachings and works of Christ Jesus and 
 the Apostles, as recorded in the Bible. 
 
 The following item from one of the 
 
.HISTORY OF EVANSTON 
 
 389 
 
 Chicago newspapers of a year ago the 
 exact date is not known furnishes an in- 
 teresting fact in connection with the his- 
 tory of the First Church of Christ (Scien- 
 tist), of Evanston : 
 
 "When the temple building of the First 
 Church of Christ (Scientist), of Evans- 
 ton, was destroyed by fire two and a half 
 vears ago, the one hundred persons who 
 
 comprised the membership of the church 
 erected a new building at a cost of $25,- 
 ooo, and then set out to wipe out the debt 
 within three years. Last evening, at the 
 regular prayer service. Holmes Hoge, 
 treasurer of the church and assistant 
 cashier of the First National Bank of 
 Chicago, announced that the last payment 
 on the mortgage was made yesterday." 
 
CHAPTKR XXXVIII. 
 
 YOUNG MEN'S CHRISTIAN ASSOCIATION 
 
 (By ARTHUR B. DALE, General Secretary) 
 
 Evanston young Men's Christian Associa- 
 tion Organization Effected in 1885 
 First Board of Officers General His- 
 tory Association Building Erected and 
 Dedicated in 1898 Gymnasium and 
 Katatorium Constructed List of For- 
 mer and Present Officers. 
 
 The Young Men's Christian Associa- 
 tion of Evanston, as elsewhere, arose in 
 response to a public need for the care of 
 the young men of the community, and 
 since its organization has steadily grown, 
 both in size and efficiency, until now it 
 occupies a place of unquestioned utility in 
 the city and has become one of the most 
 effective arms of the church for its work 
 among young men. Differing from the 
 usual social or athletic club in breadth of 
 purpose, it has steadily aimed to reach 
 the young man in his entirety and to ben- 
 efit him morally, intellectually, physically 
 and socially. It firmly stands for the 
 symmetrical growth of all of these sides 
 of his life, believing that only thus does a 
 man approach the plan designed for him 
 by his Maker. 
 
 The local organization was called into 
 being as the result of a meeting of pas- 
 tors and lay members of the various 
 churches of the city, held June 26, 1885, 
 at which were present Rev. Messrs. Scott. 
 Curts and Noyes for the pastors, and 
 
 Messrs. H. G. Grey, D. S. McMullen, 
 Martin, Miller, Adams, Gillson and Ben- 
 jamin for the laity. This meeting had 
 under discussion the question whether an 
 organization for young men was needed, 
 on which point they were unanimous ; 
 and whether such organization should be 
 the Young Men's Christian Association. 
 On the latter point, some difference of 
 opinion arising, the matter was referred 
 to a committee of five, who afterward re- 
 ported to a mass meeting in favor of the 
 Association, which was finally launched 
 on November 17, 1885, with the follow- 
 ing Board of Managers : M. P. Aiken, 
 Jos. M. Larimer. XV. E. Stockton, Capt. 
 L. O. Lawson, J. H. Nitchie, W. H. Spen- 
 ser, O. E. Haven, S. A. Kean, C. B. Cong- 
 don, H. G. Grey, L. K. Gillson and P. O. 
 Magnuson. This Board organized with 
 the following officers : President M. P. 
 Aiken; Vice-President J. M. Larimer; 
 Recording Secretary J. H. Nitchie ; 
 Treasurer Howard G. Grey. 
 
 Under this Board of Directors the As- 
 sociation was duly incorporated as "The 
 Young Men's Christian Association of 
 Evanston," on November 17, 1885, and 
 has continued under these articles to the 
 present time. Rooms were secured in the 
 Rink Building, at Hie corner of Davis 
 Street and Chicago Avenue, and on March 
 1 6, 1886, Mr. \V. S. Mather was engage 1 
 
 391 
 
392 
 
 YOUNG MEN'S CHRISTIAN ASSOCIATION 
 
 as General Secretary, to take charge of 
 the work. 
 
 From this date the Association pursued 
 the usual course of such organizations, 
 meeting with difficulties and achieving 
 successes from time to time, but persist- 
 ently holding to its one purpose of reach- 
 ing and benefitting the young men of the 
 community. After a period in the Rink 
 Building, the rooms were moved to the 
 Block Building, on Sherman Avenue, 
 south of Davis Street, where the work 
 continued to prosper. Among the suc- 
 cessful enterprises conducted by the As- 
 sociation during this period were the re- 
 ligious meetings addressed by Rev. C. 
 H. Yatman, of Newark, N. J., in the fall 
 of 1887. These meetings were held in 
 conjunction with the city churches and 
 resulted in 218 professed conversions, of 
 which 115 were young men, and a gen- 
 eral quickening of the religious life of the 
 city. 
 
 During the General Secretaryship of 
 Mr. F. D. Fagg, agitation for a build- 
 ing began, and the following resolution 
 was adopted at a meeting of the 
 Board of Directors on June 3, 1892 : 
 "Resolved. That it is the sense of 
 this Board that the Association pro- 
 ceed, at the earliest possible date, to 
 secure a site and take the necessary steps 
 to erect a building commensurate with 
 the public need." Pursuant to this reso- 
 lution, a committee of five was appointed 
 to select a site and solicit funds for its 
 purchase. This agitation finally resulted 
 in the purchase of the present Associa- 
 tion lots, in March, 1893, at a cost of $27,- 
 ooo. 
 
 Just when matters were growing bright 
 for the accomplishment of the long-de- 
 sired purpose of beginning work for a 
 building, the Association met with a great 
 loss in the death of Mr. J. M. Larimer, 
 
 who was, at the time, its President. Mr. 
 Larimer had been for a number of years 
 a most active friend and supporter of the 
 work, giving both of his time and money 
 with unusual generosity, and to his ef- 
 forts was largely due the progress that 
 had been made up to that time. 
 
 Shortly after the death of Mr. Lari- 
 mer, Mr. John R. Lindgren was elected 
 President, and Mr. William Boyd having 
 just entered upon the duties of General 
 Secretary, the work of canvassing for 
 funds for the new building was taken up 
 and pushed to a successful issue. A great 
 stimulus was given the project by the 
 State Convention of the Association, 
 which was held in Evanston in 1895, anc ' 
 gave the people of the city an enlarged 
 view of the extent and importance of the 
 work at large, of which the local organi- 
 zation was a part. After much hard work 
 and patient continuance in the solicitation 
 of funds, the present building was finally 
 completed, and on October 6, 1898, was 
 dedicated to the interests of young men 
 in Evanston in a public reception, at 
 which a very large number of the citi- 
 zens were present. 
 
 With the completion of the front build- 
 ing, the interest in the Association took 
 on a renewed vigor, and work was imme- 
 diately begun for the building of the gym- 
 nasium, without which the work planned 
 would have been most incomplete. This 
 was carried on in a most systematic and 
 successful manner, and on November 28, 
 1899, the Gymnasium Building was for- 
 mally opened, complete in every detail 
 with the exception of the Natatorium 
 that had been contemplated in the orig- 
 inal plan. For this latter feature the As- 
 sociation waited until July I, 1903, when 
 two of Evanston 's most liberal citizens 
 contributed $5,000 each, for this purpose, 
 and one of the finest swimming pools in 
 
2 
 c. 
 
Yol'Xi. MFX'S CHRISTIAN ASSOCIATION 
 
 as ( icncral Secretary, to take charge of 
 the work. 
 
 From this date the Association pursued 
 the usual course of such organizations, 
 meeting with difficulties and achieving 
 successes from time to time, but persist- 
 entlv holding to its one purpose of reach- 
 ing and hem-fitting the young men of the 
 community. After a period in the Kink 
 Building, the rooms were moved to the 
 Block Building, on Sherman Avenue. 
 south of Davis Street, where the work 
 continued to prosper. Among the suc- 
 cessful enterprises conducted by the As- 
 sociation during this period were the re- 
 ligious meetings addressed by Rev. C. 
 II. Yainian. of Xewark. X. J.. in the fall 
 of 18X7. These meetings were held in 
 conjunction \\ith the city churches and 
 resulted in JlS professed conversions, of 
 which 115 were young men. and a gen- 
 eral (|uickening of the religious life of the 
 city. 
 
 During the ( ieiu-ral Secretaryship of 
 Mr. I'. I >. l-'agg. agitation for a build- 
 ing began, and the following resolution 
 \\a- adopted at a meeting of tin- 
 Hoard of Directors on June .^. lS<u: 
 "Resolved. That it i- the seile of 
 this I'.oard that the Association pro- 
 ceed . at the earliest possible date, to 
 secure a site ami take the necessary steps 
 to erect a building commensurate with 
 the public need." 1'nrstumt to this reso- 
 lution, a committee of five was appointed 
 to select a site and solicit funds for its 
 purchase. This agitation finally resulted 
 in the purchase of the present Associa- 
 tion lots, in March. 1893, at a cost of $27,- 
 ooo. 
 
 Just when matters were growing bright 
 for the accomplishment of the long-de- 
 sired purpose of beginning work for a 
 building, the Association met with a great 
 loss in the death of .Mr. J. M. Larimer, 
 
 who was. at the time, its President. Mr. 
 Larimer had been for a number of years 
 a most active friend and supporter of the 
 work, giving both of his time and money 
 with unusual generosity, and to his ef- 
 forts was largely due the progress that 
 had been made up to that time. 
 
 Shortly after the death of Mr. Lari- 
 mer, Mr. John K. Lindgren was elected 
 President, and Mr. William Boyd having 
 just entered upon the duties of (iencral 
 Secretary, the work of canvassing for 
 funds for the new building was taken up 
 and pushed to a successful issue. A great 
 stimulus was given the project by the 
 State Convention of the Association, 
 which was held in F.vanston in 181)5, and 
 gave the people of the city an enlarged 
 view of the extent and importance of the 
 work at large, of which the local organi- 
 zation was a part. After much hard work 
 and patient continuance in the solicitation 
 of funds, the present building was finally 
 completed, and on October 'p. i8<>8. was 
 dedicated to the interests of young men 
 in Evanston in a public reception, at 
 which a very large number of the citi- 
 zens were present. 
 
 \\ ith the completion of the front build- 
 ing, the interest in the Association took 
 on a renewed vigor, and work was imme- 
 diately begun for the building of the gym- 
 nasium, without which the work planned 
 would have been most incomplete. This 
 was carried on in a most systematic ami 
 successful manner, and on November 28, 
 l8(/). the (iymnasium Building was for- 
 mally opened, complete in every detail 
 with the exception of the Xatatorium 
 that had been contemplated in the orig- 
 inal plan. For this latter feature the As- 
 sociation waited until Inly I. i'io.}. when 
 two of Kvanston's most liberal citizens 
 contributed $5.000 each, for this purpose, 
 and one of the finest swimming pools in 
 
!Y 
 
 . 
 
 . Cr IL!.: 
 
HISTORY OF EVANSTON 
 
 393 
 
 the country, of tile and marble construc- 
 tion, was installed as part of the physical 
 eciuipment. 
 
 The completion of the Gymnasium and 
 Natatorium gave the Evanston Associa- 
 tion not only one of the most complete 
 equipments in the country, but also one 
 most admirably adapted to the work to 
 be performed. The greatest wisdom has 
 been shown by those having the matter 
 in hand in providing not only for the pres- 
 ent membership, but also for the prob- 
 able increase of future years. Since its 
 completion, the International officers of 
 the Association have frequently referred 
 others to the Evanston building as a 
 model to be followed, and calls for in- 
 spection by visiting officers or architects 
 are of common occurrence. 
 
 Together with the completeness of its 
 equipment, however, the Association has 
 never lost sight of the real purpose of its 
 organization, viz., the extension of the 
 kingdom of Christ among the young men 
 of the city. Aided by the active co-oper- 
 ation of the churches, it has conducted its 
 physical, educational and social work, as 
 veil as its more specifically religious 
 work, with this object in view, and by 
 this policy has won a place for itself 
 among the permanent factors going to 
 make up the better citizenship and life of 
 the city. 
 
 Presidents and General Secretaries of 
 
 the Association since its organization, 
 with their terms of service, have been as 
 follows: 
 
 Presidents: 
 
 M. P. Aiken, 1885-1886. 
 C B. Congdon, 1886-1891. 
 J. M. Larimer, 1891-1894. 
 J. R. Lindgren, 1894-1903. 
 
 John E. Wilder, 1903- 
 
 General Secretaries : 
 W. S. Mather, 1886. 
 Jesse Lockwood, 1886-1887. 
 W. A. Hill, 1887-1888. 
 
 E. A. Barrett, 1888-1889. 
 John M. Dick, 1889-1890. 
 
 F. D. Fagg, 1890-1893. 
 Win. Boyd, 1893-1901. 
 A. B. Dale, 1901- 
 
 The present Board of Directors is com- 
 posed of the following gentlemen : John 
 E. Wilder, President; Richard C. Hall, 
 Vice-President ; Wm. Hudson Harper, 
 Recording Secretary; Win. A. Dyche, 
 Treasurer ; Frank H. Armstrong, Thos. 
 L. Fansler, Livingstone P. Moore, John H. 
 Hardin, John R. Lindgren, James F- 
 Oates, Thos. I. Stacey, Wm. G. Sherer, 
 Alfred L. Lindsey, Milton H. Wilson. 
 
 The present executive force is as fol- 
 lows : Arthur B. Dale, General Secre- 
 tary ; J. Graham Stewart, Assistant Sec- 
 retary ; Lewis O. Gillesby, Physical Di- 
 rector. 
 
CHAPTER XXXIX. 
 
 WOMAN'S CHRISTIAN TEMPERANCE UNION'S 
 
 (B/ SUSANNA M. D. FRY. A. M., Ph. D.) 
 
 ' t Temperance Alliance Eranston 
 Woman's Christian Temperance Union 
 Organized in 1875 Working Depart- 
 ments Enforcement of Four-Mile 
 Limit Late 1 Industrial School Chil- 
 dren's Organization Lo\al Temper- 
 ance Legion and Gospel Temperance 
 Meetings Miss Frances E. Willard 
 and Other \otcd Leaders Manual 
 Training School The Eranston II'. C. 
 T. U. Reilcy and South Eranston Un- 
 ions young Woman's Organization. 
 
 The forerunner of the Woman's Chris- 
 tian Temperance Union in Evanston was 
 the Women's Temperance Alliance. This, 
 was formed March 17, 1874, and was a 
 part of the general awakening which fol- 
 lowed the Woman's Crusade of the win- 
 ter of 1873-74. The name, "Woman's 
 Christian Temperance Union," was as yet 
 practically unknown, and that the organi- 
 zation took the name it did was probably 
 due to the fact that Mr. L. L. Greenleaf 
 had. several years earlier, formed an Al- 
 liance which met at his own and other 
 homes in Evanston. The chief object of 
 the Women's Temperance Alliance was 
 the prosecution of violators of the Uni- 
 versity charter law, which forbade sa- 
 loons within four miles of the college 
 campus. As soon as the village of Evans- 
 
 ton was incorporated a local ordinance had 
 been passed in harmony with the Uni- 
 versity charter. Other objects of the Al- 
 liance were the circulation of the pledge 
 and the visiting of places within the four- 
 mile limit, where liquor was believed to 
 be sold, or where gambling was carried 
 on. Mrs. A. J. Brown was elected the 
 first President, but declined to serve, and 
 Mrs. Dr. O. Marcy was elected. Mrs. 
 Prof. H. F. Fisk was the first Secretary. 
 Among those who were particularly in- 
 terested were Mrs. Dr. David Noyes, Mrs. 
 Edward Russell, Mrs. A. P. Wightman. 
 Mrs. Francis Bradley, Mrs. Arza Brown. 
 Mrs. Charles E. Brown. Mrs. Emily 
 Huntington Miller, Mrs. John E. Kedzie. 
 Mrs. T. C. Hoag. Mrs. Helen E. Hesler, 
 Mrs. J. F. Willard, Mrs. Mary B. Willard, 
 Mrs. Rev. F. L. Chappell. Mrs. Caroline 
 F. Corbin, Mrs. M. C. Van Benschoten. 
 The records of the Alliance include the 
 names of about seven hundred citizens of 
 Evanston who signed the total abstinence 
 pledge at that time. The men and women 
 signers were about equal in number, and 
 the last fifty-four names are noted as com- 
 ing from the University and the College 
 Cottage, and were handed in by Miss Jes- 
 sie Brown, afterward Mrs. Hilton, who 
 became National W. C. T. U. Superin- 
 tendent of Mothers' Meetings. 
 
 395 
 
396 
 
 WOMAN'S CHRISTIAN TEMPERANCE UXIOXS 
 
 THE EYAXSTON W. C. T. U. 
 
 May i, 1875, the Alliance changed its 
 name to the Evanston Woman's Chris- 
 tian Temperance Union, and September 
 18, 1878, became auxiliary to the State 
 and Xational W. C. T. U. The following 
 have served as Presidents of this Union 
 from 1874 until 1906: Mrs. Dr. O. 
 Marcy, Mrs. Mary Thompson Willard, 
 Mrs. W. E. Clifford, Mrs. Francis Brad- 
 ley, Mrs. A. J. Brown, Mrs. M. M. Con- 
 well, Mrs. Mary Bannister Willard, Mrs. 
 Jane Eggleston Zimmerman, Mrs. Mary 
 H. Hull, Mrs. William Bradley, Mrs. Ger- 
 trude M. Singleton, Mrs. Lucy Prescott 
 Vane, Mrs. John B. Finch, Mrs. A. De- 
 Coudres, Mrs. Robert M. Hatfiekl, "Mrs. 
 Harriet Kidder, and Mrs. George R. 
 Brown, who became President in 1899. 
 
 For many years the W. C. T. U. and 
 the Ladies' Union Prayer Meeting met as 
 one body. The Evanston Union has, at 
 different times, carried on the following 
 lines of work : Law Enforcement, Gos- 
 pel Temperance Meetings, Kindergarten 
 Work, Night School, Industrial School, 
 Reading Room, Band of Hope, Loyal 
 Temperance Legion, Hospital and Res- 
 cue Work, Distribution of Literature, 
 Scientific Temperance Instruction, Work 
 Among Colored People, Temperance 
 Teaching in the Sunday School, Parlia- 
 mentary Usage, Medal Contest, Work 
 Among Railroad Employes, Mothers' 
 Meeting, Pledge Signing, and other de- 
 partments of the National W. C. T. U- 
 work, some of which will be taken up 
 somewhat in detail in this sketch. This 
 Union is still doing good work under the 
 leadership of Mrs. George R. Brown, 
 President, and Mrs. G. W. Price, its 
 faithful, long-time Recording Secretary. 
 It has a paid-up membership of sixty. 
 
 Law Enforcement. In the early days 
 
 Mrs. Arza Brown, mother of Mrs. Mary 
 H. B. Hitt, who was for many years 
 President of the Northwestern Branch of 
 the Woman's Foreign Missionary Socie- 
 ty of the M. E. Church, used to take Mrs. 
 Dr. Marcy with her in her buggy to Gross 
 Point, a German settlement north of 
 Evanston, where they visited saloons and 
 did regular temperance missionary work 
 among the people. The women prose- 
 cuted those found selling liquor within 
 the four-mile limit and generally gained 
 their case, but too often an appeal was 
 taken and the case was finally lost. The 
 members of the Union did not hesitate to 
 go into the court and testify. Mrs. Arza 
 Brown, when nearly eighty years old, 
 went fearlessly into the most forbidding 
 places and searched most diligently into 
 the statutes concerning liquor-selling, 
 and, withal, was most fervent in prayer, 
 not only in the Union, but among the 
 offenders whom she visited. 
 
 The following appeared in the "Evans- 
 ton Index" while the Union was still 
 called the Alliance: 
 
 "The Women's Temperance Alliance 
 of Evanston, appreciating the embarrass- 
 ment systematically thrown in the way 
 of all who attempt to prosecute the secret 
 and open venders of intoxicants, at its 
 last meeting created a committee of vig- 
 ilance, consisting of many influential la- 
 dies and gentlemen, whose duty it will be 
 to attend the courts to prevent, as far as 
 possible the intimidation of witnesses and 
 to do whatever else may be necessary to 
 insure a prompt and vigorous prosecu- 
 tion of all violators of the University 
 charter law, and the laws of this State 
 and village, within reach of the influence 
 of the Alliance." 
 
 The same paper reported at another 
 time a liquor case before Justice Hun- 
 toon, which was attended by Mesdames 
 
HISTORY OF EVANSTON 
 
 397 
 
 Arza Brown, Charles E. Brown, A. J. 
 Brown. Marcy, Bradley. Fisk, Willard. 
 Boutell, Goebel, Woodson, Ninde, New- 
 man, Moore, Stout, Butler, Curtis. Lane, 
 Van Benschoten, Hoag, Pitner, Pitt, Clif- 
 ford and Miss Jackson. 
 
 In 1883 a Law and Order League was 
 organized among the men of Evanston, at 
 the suggestion of Rev. Dr. Bannister, of 
 which Dr. D. R. Dyche was for many 
 years President, but the Union never lost 
 its interest in this phase of temperance 
 work and no single feature has been of 
 more general interest to the citizens of 
 Evanston. The minutes of the Evanston 
 Union show, from time to time, that the 
 "saloon on wheels" was still rolling up 
 and down the streets, and that the Union 
 was called upon for greater activity in 
 law enforcement. 
 
 October 16, 1880, the Y. \Y. C. T. U., 
 which had beeri organized the year be- 
 fore, moved that the society communi- 
 cate, through its Secretary, with the 
 Trustees of the Northwestern University, 
 respectfully calling their attention to the 
 fact that, in direct opposition to published 
 laws, beer was sold on the streets, and 
 that there were seven saloons in opera- 
 tion within less than' four miles of the 
 University ; also that the society would 
 furnish witnesses who would testify to 
 the facts as above stated. 
 
 The National \V. C. T. U. has a de- 
 partment of Legislation and Law En- 
 forcement, and even in Evanston, which 
 has never had a legalized saloon, constant 
 vigilance is needed on the part of officials 
 and other citizens to minimize illicit sell- 
 ing of intoxicating drinks. Hence the 
 continued activity of the Unions in this 
 direction. 
 
 Industrial School. One of the earliest 
 efforts among poor children was made by 
 Mrs. Dr. O. Marcy. Those most needing 
 
 instruction along the lines of temperance, 
 industry, cleanliness, et cetera, were gath- 
 ered together in a school, which some per- 
 sisted in calling the ragged school, but 
 which the leader always dignified with the 
 title of "Industrial." The children were 
 taught in a very simple and practical way. 
 Texts were often selected which had 
 something to say about "clean hands." 
 To illustrate the Scripture. "Make a 
 chain, for the land is full of bloody crimes 
 and the city is full of violence," the chil- 
 dren were taught to make a chain of their 
 pledge cards. These had all been deco- 
 rated with hand-painted flowers, and upon 
 them were the names of those who signed 
 the following pledge : "We all, whose 
 names are on this pledge, promise not to 
 drink anything that will intoxicate." The 
 children were taught that "crimes" and 
 "violence" were to be lessened by their 
 sobriety and industry. The chain of 
 pledge cards is still in existence. The 
 school met in uncomfortable places until 
 taken to Union Hall. They were trained 
 to recite pieces and sing, together with 
 sewing for the girls and some simple 
 manual work for the boys. Mrs. Cornelia 
 A. Churcher and others of the long-time 
 residents of Evanston were greatly inter- 
 ested in this school. 
 
 The Star Band of Hope. February 23, 
 1875, Mrs. S. M. I. Henry, afterward a 
 National \\". C. T. U. evangelist, organ- 
 ized the Star Band of Hope among the 
 children, which soon numbered seventy. 
 Mrs. A. J. Brown was the presiding gen- 
 ius, and Dr. Eben Clapp was her most 
 faithful co-laborer. The meetings were 
 held in Mrs. Brown's house at first, then 
 in the old Evanston Hotel on Davis 
 Street, and afterward in Union Hall. Dr. 
 George C. Noyes, then pastor of the First 
 Presbyterian Church, helped to corral the 
 unrulv bovs, and assisted in manv wavs. 
 
398 
 
 WOMAN'S CHRISTIAN TEMPERANCE UNIONS 
 
 as did Mr. George Wire, Dr. William B. 
 Phillips and others. Many of the boys 
 were wild and, reckless, and a system of 
 military drill was instituted among them 
 by Captain Julian R. Fitch. Evanston 
 ladies met and made caps and belts for 
 the boys. A band of musicians was 
 tiained among them, and they marched 
 through the streets with their wooden 
 guns, the band playing such military airs 
 as were supposed to indicate that they 
 were "soldiers fighting for good habits." 
 Mrs. Marcy wrote some songs for them, 
 notably, "I Heard a Little Bird One 
 Morning Sing, Sip, Sip No Wine." 
 
 Mrs. Edward Russell had charge of the 
 Girls' Brigade, which was a part of the 
 Band of Hope. The children of many 
 prominent families belonged to the or- 
 ganization, and the testimony is that 
 never was better temperance work done 
 among the children than during the five 
 years' existence of the Band of Hope. 
 
 The Loyal Temperance Legion. The 
 National W. C. T. U. adopted the name, 
 Loyal Temperance Legion, for its tem- 
 perance society among the children in 
 1886, and these Legions succeeded the 
 Bands of Hope. The same year Miss 
 Anna A. Gordon, now Vice-President-at- 
 large of the National W. C. T. U., and 
 Edward Murphy formed a Legion in 
 Evanston, which met in the First M. E. 
 Church. It was formally adopted by the 
 Evanston Union at a meeting on Decem- 
 ber 6, 1886, with Miss Gordon as Super- 
 intendent. The Legion numbered 200 
 members, with an average attendance of 
 about loo. Mrs. Mary Owens Denyes, 
 now President of the Straits Settlement' 
 W. C. T. U./and residing at Singapore, 
 was a member of the Legion, as were 
 others whose names are now widely 
 known. 
 
 After the completion of Miss Gordon's 
 
 first book of "Marching Songs" for the L. 
 T. L., her legioners gave a demonstration 
 in the church. The banners with mot- 
 toes, the marching and singing and de- 
 claiming, were new to the audience and 
 were wonderfully impressive. Later, 
 Mrs. Culla J. Vayhinger, then a student 
 in the University and now President of 
 the Indiana W. C. T. U., was Superin- 
 tendent of the Legion. The children had 
 courses of instruction which have come, 
 through repeated revisions and improve- 
 ments, to be exceedingly fine manuals of 
 study, adapted to Junior, Senior and Nor- 
 mal grades. Several L. T. L.'s have suc- 
 ceeded each other, but Evanston has 
 never been long without such an organi- 
 zation. The L. T. L. is a branch of the 
 National W. C. T. U., and in its entirety 
 numbers about 200,000. 
 
 Gospel Temperance Meetings. Sun- 
 day afternoon, September, 1879, a Gos- 
 pel temperance meeting was started 
 under the leadership of Mrs. M. M. Con- 
 well, in the waiting-room of the old North- 
 western depot. These meetings contin- 
 ued until 1895 or 1896. After leaving the 
 depot they were held in a rented room on 
 the corner of Davis and Maple Streets, 
 and, later still, were regularly maintained 
 in Union Hall. Mrs. Jane Eggleston 
 Zimmerman was leader of these meetings 
 for about eight years, beginning in 1881. 
 Among the devoted workers were Mrs. R. 
 H. Trumbull, Mrs. Mary Bannister Wil- 
 lard, Mrs. T. C. Reiley, Mrs. R. Somers 
 and scores of others. 
 
 When Lady Henry Somerset, now 
 President of the World's W. C. T. U , 
 made her first visit to this country, 1891- 
 92, she and Miss Willard spoke at the 
 Gospel temperance meeting on Sunday, 
 March 13, 1892. The hall was packed 
 and the interest intense. A farewell meet- 
 ing for Lady Henry Somerset had been 
 
HISTORY OF EVANSTON 
 
 399 
 
 given in Central Music Hall, Chicago, the 
 evening before, and both she and Miss 
 Willard were extremely weary, but they 
 did not find it in their hearts to refuse to 
 speak on the occasion named. 
 
 Miss Julia Ames, Miss Helen L. Hood, 
 Miss Ruby I. Gilbert and Mary Allen West, 
 editor of "The Union Signal," all closely 
 identified with the National \V. C. T. U., 
 and domiciled in the northern half of 
 Rest Cottage, were frequently at these 
 meetings. Mrs. Elizabeth Boynton Har- 
 bert, Mrs. M. L. Welles, afterward Na- 
 tional W. C. T. U. lecturer, and many 
 others belonging to the Union, spoke at 
 these meetings, as well as the pastors of 
 the various churches. Temperance pa- 
 pers from all over the world were re- 
 ceived by Miss Willard at Rest Cottage, 
 and these were carried over to Union Hall 
 every Sunday and distributed. 
 
 The following, which appeared in the 
 "Evanston Index" at the time, shows the 
 inspiring cause of the meetings: 
 
 "Father Wheadon was roused from 
 sleep one night by a young man living 
 near him, who came to him saying: 'I 
 have signed the pledge, but I must have 
 God's help to keep it.' From the spirit 
 aroused by the recital of this incident 
 came the combination of effort on the 
 part of Mrs. Convvell, Mrs. Clifford, Miss 
 Willard and others, which resulted in the 
 Gospel meetings." 
 
 An incident will illustrate the charac- 
 ter of the work : 
 
 When Miss Willard was to speak. 
 Union Hall, with all side rooms opened 
 up, was always crowded. On one such 
 occasion a man was observed to be eager- 
 ly seeking admittance. To Mrs. T. C. 
 Reiley, who sought to make room for him, 
 he said he must see Miss Willard. He 
 was informed that he could not see her 
 then, as she was about to speak, but 
 
 might do so at the close of the meeting. 
 Observation of the man suggested the 
 wisdom of an after meeting, and a note 
 to Miss Willard prompted its announce- 
 ment. When the man had an opportunity 
 he asked if the Union took care of men's 
 wives. He said he had gone to ethical 
 culture lectures and many others, and no 
 one could tell him how to reform, and 
 now it was time to drop all such efforts. 
 A word of prayer was proposed, and 
 \vhen the meeting closed the man said 
 that if God was what they represented 
 Him to be, and would keep him from 
 falling through the week, he would come 
 again next Sunday. He was given a Bi- 
 ble, a white ribbon was pinned on his 
 coat, and he was sent to his Chicago 
 home. Before going he said he had come 
 to Evanston with the intention of killing 
 himself, had walked past Rest Cottage 
 six times without the courage to enter, 
 and then went to the meeting with his 
 revolver in his pocket. After reading 
 the Bible many times, he said to his wife : 
 "If this God will take me past the sa- 
 loons, I'll take Him." Influence was 
 brought to bear to secure employment for 
 the man, he joined the church, and a: 
 last accounts was still doing well. 
 
 The attention of the Union, however, 
 came to be turned more and more to pre- 
 vention by work among children, as the 
 experiences of this and thousands of 
 other unions showed that a large percent- 
 age of reformed men eventually went 
 back to their cups. The Salvation Army 
 came in with the same kind of Gospel 
 work, and in time this particular field in 
 Evanston was largely left to them. 
 
 Kindergarten Work. In the winter of 
 1885 a kindergarten was started which 
 continued until April, 1896, when the 
 work was introduced into the Haven pub- 
 lic school. Mrs. Marv Bannister Willard 
 
4OO 
 
 WOMAN'S CHRISTIAN TEMPERANCE UNION'S 
 
 was chiefly instrumental in raising the 
 necessary funds at the beginning, 
 through what was termed $15 scholar- 
 ships, and in honor of her work the 
 school was later named the Mary Ban- 
 nister \\illard Kindergarten. Mrs. Hes- 
 ter E. Walker had the school in charge 
 and was most successful in winning both 
 children and parents. The ladies of the 
 First M. E. Church earned the first $200 
 for the kindergarten. The Y. W. C. T. 
 U. and other young people lent a helping 
 hand, chiefly through the sale of home- 
 made candies, which was a source of con- 
 siderable revenue to the Union for many 
 years. Miss Mary McDowell, now at 
 the head of the Northwestern University 
 Settlement in Chicago, did much to aid 
 the kindergarten work. Miss Kate Jack- 
 son, Mrs. John A. Childs, Mrs. Dr. O. H. 
 Mann, Mrs. R. M. Hatfield and Mrs. 
 Henderson were also moving spirits. The 
 need for the school did not exist after the 
 work became a part of the public school 
 system. During the more than eleven 
 years of its existence it cost the Union, for 
 hall rent, salary to the Superintendent, 
 supplies, et cetera, about $1,000 per year, 
 which was cheerfully contributed by the 
 citizens. It is related that some of the 
 little folks won their fathers from drink 
 by the instructions which they had received 
 in the kindergarten and carried to their 
 homes. 
 
 Manual Training School. This school 
 was started about 1883 and suspended in 
 January, 1887. Mrs. H. H. C. Miller was 
 Secretary of the Union during a part of 
 that period, and she was especially active 
 in raising funds for the school and in 
 carrying on the work. Other able women 
 assisted her. Miss Lu Bushnell was a 
 devoted teacher and Mr. William Lind- 
 ley taught the boys carpentry. The meet- 
 
 ings were held in Union Hall and the 
 practical work was done in another build- 
 ing. The especial aim was to gather in 
 the neglected children, or those who for 
 reasons had the greatest need, and to 
 teach them temperance, industry and 
 other virtues. 
 
 Other Undertakings. The Evanston 
 Union inaugurated many other lines of 
 work beside those already named. At 
 one time a night school was opened for 
 youths who were obliged to work and 
 could not attend the day schools. This 
 numbered about eighty, and was sus- 
 tained through the generosity of Mr. Wil 
 Ham Deering, Rev. Henry Delano, Mr. 
 Charles Congdon and others, until the 
 Public School Board was induced to open 
 a night school. A reading room was car- 
 ried on from 1881 to 1886, and cottage 
 prayer meetings were held frequently. 
 At one time open air meetings were held 
 on the University campus and on the 
 corner of Ayars Court and Ridge Avenue. 
 
 In 1886 the Good Times Club of girls, 
 organized to illustrate that the best of 
 good times consist in doing good to some- 
 body else, became a part of the Union. 
 
 Much attention was given to mothers' 
 meetings. Mrs. Jessie Brown Hilton was, 
 for a number of years, the inspiring and 
 instructive leader. She served as Na- 
 tional W. C. T. U. Superintendent of 
 Mothers' Meetings several successive 
 years, and gave many special lectures in 
 Evanston by invitation of the Union. A 
 sewing school for girls was maintained 
 for some time. 
 
 Social purity also had its place. Mrs. 
 Isabel Wing Lake, for many years Na- 
 tional Superintendent of Rescue Work , 
 Mrs. Major Singleton, Mrs. R. H. Trum- 
 bull and others went regularly to the 
 Cook County Hospital, interested them- 
 
HISTORY OF EVANSTON 
 
 401 
 
 selves in the welfare of the girls in that 
 institution, and in many cases did prac- 
 tical rescue work. 
 
 Thousands of pages of temperance lit- 
 erature were distributed every year. Act- 
 ive interest has always been taken in the 
 teaching of scientific temperance truths 
 from proper text-books in the public 
 schools. As is well known, this plan 
 originated with the W. C. T. U., and the 
 Evanston Union did its part in securing 
 the State law and the amendments which 
 have been made from time to time, and 
 in helping to make the law effective lo- 
 cally. 
 
 The Union was instrumental in organ- 
 izing a union among the colored people of 
 Evanston at one time, and it has regu- 
 larly supervised a number of other depart- 
 ments of the National W. C. T. U., such 
 as Non-Alcoholic Medication, Anti-Nar- 
 cotics, Flower Mission, whereby thou- 
 sands of bouquets, with Scripture texts, 
 have been given to the sick and unfor- 
 tunate, but first, last and all the time, it 
 has striven to promulgate the two basic 
 principles of total abstinence and prohi- 
 bition. The Union assisted the Delano 
 Mission and has always been active in 
 home charities, besides sending many 
 boxes and barrels of clothing to needy 
 Western territory. 
 
 As indicative of the practical work of 
 the Union, the following, taken at ran- 
 dcyn from its minutes, may be noted : 
 
 "December 23, 1878, the anniversary 
 of the Temperance Crusade was observed 
 in the M. E. Church, which was deco- 
 rated for the occasion, the President, Mrs. 
 M. M. Conwell, presiding. Miss Willard 
 delivered, in her own peculiarly charming 
 manner, her lecture on "Home Protec- 
 tion," at the close of which 150 signa- 
 tures to the petition to the Illinois Legis- 
 
 lature were secured. (Some 600 in all 
 were taken.) 
 
 "January 10, 1879, temperance day in 
 the week of prayer, was observed, Mrs. 
 Converse presiding. Mrs. Arza Brown 
 spoke with energy against the use of to- 
 bacco. 
 
 "March 19, 1879, the Union petitioned 
 a certain railroad to remove intoxicating 
 liquors from its dining-cars and a com- 
 mittee reported having visited all of the 
 churches of Evanston urging the use of 
 unfermented wine at the sacrament. 
 
 "May 7, 1881, Mary B. Willard, Presi- 
 dent, a committee was appointed to pro- 
 test to druggists against unnecessary Sab- 
 bath trade, and to the town authorities 
 against a gambling den known to exist." 
 
 For several years lately the W. C. T. U. 
 has had representation on the Board of 
 Associated Charities of Evanston, Mrs. 
 G M. Price having been the representa- 
 tive so far. 
 
 Many lecturers have been brought to 
 Evanston by the Union to address public 
 audiences or union meetings. Among 
 these may be named John B. Gough, Joe 
 Hess (the reformed pugilist), Francis 
 Murphy, Col. George Bain, John B. 
 Finch, and of our own, Mary T. Lathrap, 
 Mary H. Hunt, Narcissa White Kinney, 
 Caroline B. Buell, Esther Pugh, Helen M. 
 Barker, Mary A. Woodbridge, Katharine 
 Lent Stevenson, Mary Allen West and 
 Mrs. Robinson, an evangelist, who held 
 meetings for two months, sometimes five 
 a day. Those heard most frequently 
 were, of course, our own citizens : 
 Mesdames Emily Huntington Miller, 
 Elizabeth Boynton Harbert, S. M. I. 
 Henry, Jessie Brown Hilton, Dr. Kate 
 Bushnell and Frances E. Willard. 
 
 The Sunday Gospel temperance meet- 
 ings were addressed by people from 
 
4O2 
 
 WOMAN'S CHRISTIAN TEMPERANCE UNIONS 
 
 Japan, Persia, India, Mexico, and from 
 many of our own States, besides many 
 pastors and others citizens of Evanston. 
 Frequent mass meetings and receptions 
 were held during the early years. 
 
 It is related that when Miss Willard 
 made her first public address in Evans- 
 ton, in the old M. E. Church which stood 
 on the site now selected for the new Pub- 
 lic Library on Church Street, she did not 
 remove her bonnet. Before the meeting 
 opened, a friend suggested that she take 
 it off, saying the lines were not just suited 
 to Miss Willard's face. "O no, dear," she 
 replied : "I mustn't do it. Some of the 
 sisters might not just like it," which is il- 
 lustrative of her thoughtful care of the 
 feelings of others. 
 
 When Mr. Murphy was lecturing in 
 Evanston, Miss Willard used to occupy 
 fifteen or twenty minutes before he began. 
 One night a $5 gold piece was put in the 
 collection-box by a gentleman who, upon 
 inquiry as to whether a mistake had been 
 made, said that this piece had come to 
 him in a very peculiar manner and was 
 tc be used for his own personal pleasure; 
 that he came to hear Mr. Murphy and 
 heard Miss \Yillard, and knew the time 
 had come to use the $5 gold piece. He 
 said he regarded her perorations as worth 
 many times the value of the coin. 
 
 Not a few members of the Evanston 
 Union have been prime movers in Nation- 
 al W. C. T. U. matters, as, for instance, 
 Mrs. Dr. O. Marcy was one of the commit- 
 tee which founded the first National pa- 
 per, called "Our Union." Plans for it 
 were discussed in Evanston and investi- 
 gations were made in Chicago as to the 
 printing of the paper, which was finally 
 published in Philadelphia, and if Miss 
 Willard's work were to be taken account 
 of, it would mean an enumeration of much 
 
 of that which is of greatest value in the 
 National W. C. T. U. 
 
 Suffrage was a dangerous question in 
 the early days. Mrs. Harbert relates that 
 at a meeting of the Unioft she was nomi- 
 nated as Secretary. She rose and said: 
 "Ladies, I think I ought to tell you, before 
 you go any further, that I hold in my hand 
 an invitation to become the President of 
 the State Suffrage Association"; where- 
 upon the presiding officer quickly said, 
 "Do sit right down, Mrs. Harbert, or you 
 will turn this meeting into a suffrage dis- 
 cussion." Mrs. Harbert sat down, con- 
 tenting herself mostly thereafter, she says, 
 by offering to furnish scalloped oysters 
 and angel food on occasions, believing 
 these would create no discussion. 
 
 The anniversary meeting for Miss Wil- 
 lard, on her fiftieth birthday, was the first 
 public recognition of the department of 
 equal suffrage, which the National had 
 adopted years before. Mrs. Elizabeth 
 Wheeler Andrew, afterward round the 
 world W. C. T. U. missionary, presented 
 Miss Willard with a basket of beautiful 
 flowers decorated with white and yellow 
 ribbons, and explained that the white 
 stood for temperance and the yellow for 
 equal suffrage. The Unions, State and 
 Local, had long since learned that they 
 were free to accept or reject departments 
 according to their likings and beliefs, 
 which had allayed the fears of some who 
 could not accept all of the departments 
 proposed by the National W. C. T. U. 
 
 The Reilcy Union. For many years 
 there was but the one Union in Evanston. 
 except those among the young women called 
 the "Ys." In later years, it was thought a 
 union west of the railroad tracks would 
 appeal more particularly to residents in 
 that locality, and January 21, 1896. the 
 Reiley Union was organized. The Pres- 
 
HISTORY OF EVANSTON 
 
 403 
 
 idents have been Mrs. Caroline Franklin, 
 Mrs. Ella DeCoudres and Mrs. T. C. 
 Reiley, who had served many years as 
 Treasurer of the Evanston Union, and 
 who was President of the Fourth District 
 for nine years, beginning in 1893. The 
 Fourth District then included Chicago 
 and Evanston, and in fact, all of the north 
 shore. The work and the departments of 
 the Reiley Union have been similar to 
 those of the Evanston Union during the 
 same years, and a number of its members 
 were previously identified with the older 
 union and had a share in what has been 
 related of it. It may be noted, however, 
 that the Reiley Union has sent quantities 
 of literature to needy places and to other 
 States ; has worked the department of 
 Soldiers and Sailors, supplying the sol- 
 diers with many comfortbags during the 
 Spanish and Philippine wars. It has been 
 an ardent supporter of the one time affili- 
 ated interests of the National W. C. T. U., 
 and it secured the organization of the 
 present Y. W. C. T. U. It has many de- 
 voted workers in its membership of thirty. 
 
 The South Evanston Union. This 
 Union was organized by Mrs. Reiley in 
 1894 and continued the work for seven 
 years. Its presidents were Mrs. D. D. 
 Thompson, Mrs. K. R. Whitman and Mrs. 
 George Hoover. It numbered twenty-five 
 or thirty members, distributed a large 
 amount of literature, held most excellent 
 mothers' meetings and had a fine Loyal 
 Temperance Legion. 
 
 The Ys of Evanston. The Young Wo- 
 man's Christian Temperance Union is a 
 branch of the W. C. T. U., and these 
 Unions among the young people have 
 come to be known as "the Ys." Tradition 
 says that Evanston has had three differ- 
 ent organizations of the Ys, but written 
 records supply information of two only. 
 The first of these was organized January 
 
 2. 1879, with a speedy enrollment of 
 thirty-seven members. It was organized 
 at Rest Cottage, the home of Miss Wil- 
 lard, she and Miss Gordon both being 
 present and assisting in the organization. 
 Miss Belle Webb was elected President 
 and Miss Justina A. Pingree, Recording 
 Secretary. Miss Webb declined to serve 
 and Miss Fannie Wiswall was elected. The 
 Union took up temperance teaching in the 
 Sabbath schools, securing subscriptions to 
 "Our Union," the official organ of the 
 National W. C. T. U., and supplying the 
 papers with temperance items and reports 
 of the work of the Y. The society was 
 pledged to total abstinence and also to use 
 its influence against the use of tobacco. 
 Many signers of the Home Protection 
 Petition and the total abstinence pledge 
 were obtained. As has already been stated, 
 this Union lent its aid to the efforts for 
 law enforcement and to the other undertak- 
 ings of the mother Union, the Evans- 
 ton \V. C. T. U. It secured lectures by 
 Prof. George E. Foster, Mrs. Harbert, 
 Mrs. Hannah Whitall Smith, Miss Lucia 
 Kimball, Miss Willard and others. Miss 
 Martha Button was the President in 1880. 
 A temperance school was conducted by 
 the Ys, and they aided the Gospel tem- 
 perance meetings and edited and read at 
 their monthly meetings a little paper fitly 
 called, "The Waterspout." Prof. Haven 
 of the public schools, Dr. Garnsey and 
 Miss Brace conducted experiments in 
 the temperance school. The membership 
 came up to forty and the meetings were 
 moved from private houses to Room 4 of 
 Union Hall, and later to a building on 
 the corner of Davis and Maple Streets. 
 In 1880, leaflets were distributed to the 
 number of 10,000, and 132 total abstinence 
 pledges were secured, exclusive of chil- 
 dren. The temperance school was held 
 every Saturday except for two summer 
 
404 
 
 WOMAN'S CHRISTIAN TEMPERANCE UNIONS 
 
 months. It numbered sixty. Julia Col- 
 man's Juvenile Temperance Manual, pic- 
 ture tracts and reward cards were used: 
 The society subscribed for fifty copies of 
 "Illustrated Temperance Tales" and Miss 
 Willard donated fifty copies of "The 
 Youth's Temperance Banner." A number 
 of public entertainments were given. 
 Miss Mary Ninde was the President for 
 1881, but on March 12, 1881, after two 
 years and a quarter of separate activity, 
 the Y voted to become a part of the Ev- 
 anston W. C. T. U. 
 
 The next Y, of which there are records, 
 is the present Evanston Y. W. C. T. U. 
 It was organized November 8, 1902, by 
 Mrs. Minnie B. Horning, Corresponding 
 Secretary of the Illinois W. C. T. U., and 
 Miss Kathryn Sawyer, State Y Secretary. 
 It began with eight active members, and 
 numbers, at the present time, twenty-four 
 young women and eighteen young men, 
 the latter being honorary members. Its 
 Presidents have been as follows: Miss 
 Sibyl Horning, Miss Mildred Auten and 
 Miss Erma Hoag. Their work has been 
 mainly connected with the Flower Mis- 
 sion, Press, Hospital and Literature. A 
 necessary requirement for membership in 
 all Ys, as well as \Vs, is the signing of the 
 pledge against the use of intoxicating 
 drinks, and this one has also declared 
 against the use of tobacco, though this is 
 not made a requirement of membership 
 They have contributed to the \Yhite Rib- 
 bon Missionary Fund, which, at present, 
 helps to sustain Miss Kara Smart as a res- 
 ident W. C. T. U. missionary in Japan, 
 and to the Frances E. Willard Memorial 
 Fund, which is used to enlarge and per- 
 petuate the work at home, and also to the 
 state work. Considerable attention has 
 been given to parliamentary usage, that 
 the meetings may be conducted properly. 
 
 At this writing it is proposed to supply 
 teachers from their membership for a new 
 Junior Loyal Temperance Legion being 
 organized among the children. 
 
 At one time, in order to increase the in- 
 terest in the meetings, a continued story 
 was a part of the program, each chapter 
 being written by a different member. 
 This Union is made up of University and 
 High School young people, and bids fair 
 to be a worthy member of the trio of 
 Unions now working in Evanston, viz. : 
 the Evanston \V. C. T. U., the Reiley W. 
 C. T. U. and the Y. \V. C. T. U. 
 
 Brother Helpers. The ministers and 
 other good men of Evanston have lent 
 their aid during the more than thirty years 
 of active service by the Unions. Chief 
 among the early helpers may be men- 
 tioned Dr. Martin C. Briggs, of the Meth- 
 odist Episcopal Church : Rev. Edward N. 
 Packard, of the Congregational Church; 
 Rev. F. L.Chappell.of the Baptist Church, 
 and Dr. (ieo. C. Xoyes. of the First Presby- 
 terian Church : and. in later years. Dr. Rob- 
 ert M. Hatfield. Dr. Frank Bristol, Dr. 
 Frederick Clatworthy, and Dr. Henry De- 
 bno, who often spoke for the W. C. T. U. 
 and whose church was always open for its 
 meetings. Dr. N. S. Davis was ready to 
 help at the public meetings with valuable 
 contributions from his professional knowl- 
 edge. 
 
 Among the other notable Brother Help- 
 ers were Mr. William Deering, Dr. O. H. 
 Mann. Dr. Eben Clapp, Mr. C. B. Cong- 
 don, Major W. F. Singleton. Mr. F. P. 
 Crandon, Mr. John B. Finch, Dr. Milton 
 Terry, and other University professors, 
 including Prof. H. F. Fisk and President 
 Joseph Cummings. 
 
 All the Unions have been greatly in- 
 debted from time to time to the Brother 
 Helpers who have aided in many ways. 
 
I 
 
 
 . 
 
CHAPTBR XL. 
 
 CHARITABLE ASSOCIATIONS 
 
 (By MRS. LOUISE BBOCKWAY STANWOOD) 
 
 Benevolent Society Organized Hospital benevolent society for the relief of the 
 Projected New Society Takes the poor and suffering in Evanston took shape 
 
 Projected Ne^v Society Takes the 
 Kame "Associated Charities" Auxili- 
 ary Organizations Mothers' Sewing 
 School St. Vincent de Paul Society 
 Needle Work Guild Mothers' Club 
 Visiting Nurse Association King's 
 Daughters Camp Good Will Its 
 Service in Behalf of Poor Mothers and 
 Children Receipts and Expenditures. 
 
 The distribution of charity in Evanston, 
 up to the year 1883, had been a matter of 
 individual effort or of church discrimina- 
 tion ; but the winter of 1883 opened very 
 bitter and stormy and, on one particularly 
 cold day, Mrs. William Blanchard was 
 distressed at the thought of the suffering 
 there must be amongst the poor of the 
 town. Calling her coachman, she in- 
 quired if he would think it inhuman to 
 take his horses out and drive her about 
 to look after cases of suffering. The chil- 
 dren coming home from school reported 
 that, in one family, a baby had been fro- 
 zen to death the night before. When Mrs. 
 Blanchard reached this home, she found 
 the family in a desperate condition ; several 
 children partially frozen and the whole 
 family in need of every comfort clothes, 
 food, and heat. After relieving their im- 
 mediate necessities, she went home to 
 think over the situation, and the idea of a 
 
 poor and suffering in Evanston took shape 
 in her mind. Mrs. Blanchard inserted a 
 notice in the village paper, calling on all 
 ladies who might be interested in the 
 formation of such a society to meet at her 
 house on a given day, to talk the matter 
 over and to organize. Many ladies re- 
 sponded to the call and the Benevolent 
 Society of Evanston was duly organized. 
 
 Benevolent Society Organized. It 
 was decided to hold meetings for sewing 
 at the different homes, to have a relief and 
 investigating committee and a committee 
 to solicit funds. The response to the re- 
 quest for funds was hearty and generous, 
 as Mrs. Blanchard herself says, only one 
 person who was approached for money re- 
 fusing to give. The names of the first 
 workers in the Benevolent Society includ- 
 ed those of Mrs. Edward Taylor, Mrs. 
 George Watson, Mrs. L. C. Tallmadge, 
 Mrs. N. A. Coble, Mrs. N. C. Gridley, Mrs. 
 Tillinghast, Mrs. William Deering, Miss 
 Josephine Patterson, Mrs. A. L. Butler, 
 Mrs. Frank M. Elliot, Miss Alice Blanch- 
 ard and Mrs. Blanchard, Miss Katherine 
 Lord and Mrs. Frank Wilder. 
 
 The sewing meetings were continued 
 all the winter of 1883-84 and Mrs. Blanch- 
 ard's house was used as the depot for the 
 storing and distributing of clothing. Mrs. 
 Blanchard also made such arrangements 
 
 405 
 
406 
 
 CHARITABLE ASSOCIATIONS 
 
 with the Cook County hospital that, on 
 her request and recommendation, any case 
 of sickness could be taken to the hospital 
 to be taken care of. This Society, while it 
 provided for the needs of many of the 
 poor, did not prevent frequent cases of 
 duplication in individual charity nor the 
 special efforts of churches in relieving 
 their own people. That was a develop- 
 ment that was to come later. 
 
 The first records of the Association 
 show the list of officers elected in the 
 winter of 1887-88, when Mrs. Edward 
 Taylor was made President, Mrs. L. C. 
 Tallmadge, Vice-President-at-large, with 
 a Vice- President from each of the 
 following churches : Congregational, Pres- 
 byterian, Episcopal, Methodist and Baptist; 
 Miss Josephine Patterson, Secretary ; and 
 Mrs. J. E. Burke, Treasurer. 
 
 A sewing school, to teach young girls be- 
 longing to needy families to sew, had been 
 organized in 1883-84 and in this year 
 (1887) Mrs. Edward Belknap was appoint- 
 ed the chairman of the sewing-school. Dur- 
 ing this same winter which is memorable 
 for organization the Kitchen Garden As- 
 sociation was formed, for the purpose of 
 giving some instruction in cleaning, set- 
 ting tables, making beds and other house- 
 work, that would make it easier for girls 
 to secure positions where they could earn 
 something to help themselves and their 
 families. This Kitchen Garden was first 
 taught by Miss Gardner of Chicago, who 
 trained several of the younger Evanston 
 ladies to be teachers and to continue the 
 school. In the year 1887, Mrs. L. C. Tall- 
 madge and Miss Kate Lord were appoint- 
 ed to have charge of the Kitchen Garden. 
 Mrs. Blanchard, Mrs. Watson, and Mrs. 
 Balding formed the committee to raise 
 funds. The amount of money received 
 was in no sense insignificant, for from the 
 first of November, 1887, to the first of No- 
 
 vember, 1888, the Treasurer's books show 
 receipts of over $800. 
 
 Another form of benevolence had been 
 maintained by the Flower Mission, an or- 
 ganization of young women in the village 
 whose chief duty it was to gather and 
 send to Chicago, for distribution, both 
 garden and greenhouse flowers. This so- 
 ciety also had done some relief work, but 
 in October, 1887, the Benevolent Society 
 and the Flower Mission were consolidated, 
 a constitution was adopted, and one more 
 step was taken in the thorough organiza- 
 tion of charity work in the village. 
 
 The work done by this Society at this 
 time consisted chiefly in clothing the poor, 
 and it had also helped with actual money 
 in the payment of rents, but as the village 
 grew, the needy increased in numbers and. 
 in the very last of 1887, it was decided 
 that society could not afford to pay out 
 money for rents, nor could it provide cof- 
 fee, sugar, and butter, except in cases of 
 illness. Throughout the records of the Be- 
 nevolent Society the reports of the Sew- 
 ing School and the Kitchen Garden fur- 
 nish interesting reading; and the gener- 
 osity of various merchants of Evanston 
 and of the doctors in rendering profes- 
 sional services free are many times grate- 
 fully acknowledged. In October, 1888, it 
 was decided to confine the work of relief 
 strictly within the villages of North Ev- 
 anston, Evanston and South Evanston. 
 Tickets were also distributed amongst 
 householders in these three villages, which 
 were to be given to all applicants for relief, 
 directing these latter to the proper author- 
 ities. 
 
 In October, 1889, the Society decided to 
 hold an open business meeting at the be- 
 ginning of each sewing meeting, and to 
 ask for reports from each department con- 
 nected with the work. This had a ten- 
 dency to increase the attendance at the 
 
HISTORY OF EVANSTON 
 
 407 
 
 meetings and to further the interests of 
 the Society. Up to this time the money 
 had been solicited either by representa- 
 tives from the churches or by a general 
 finance committee; but in this year (1889) 
 a solicitor was appointed for each side of 
 the village these being Mrs. Bishop and 
 Mrs. Gridley for the east side and Mrs. 
 George Judd for the west. The minutes of 
 October 29, 1889. are interesting to read, 
 because the problem of furnishing fuel 
 to the poor was so well met by the offer of 
 Mr. Hugh Wilson to give ten tons of coal, 
 and the enumeration of garments (old and 
 new) blankets, shoes, etc., indicates that 
 the work afterwards performed by the 
 Needle Work Guild was so well done at 
 this time by the general Society. Another 
 point noticed in these minutes is the sug- 
 gestion of Miss Lord's growing out of her 
 experience as the head of the Kitchen 
 Garden, that steps should be taken to 
 found a cooking school in Evanston. The 
 teachers of the Kitchen Garden drilled 
 their girls for a public entertainment 
 which was given very successfully and 
 the money received was afterwards ap- 
 plied to that purpose. 
 
 Hospital Projected. In the minutes of 
 February 1 1, 1890, occur these words: 
 "The hospital question was agitated, and 
 it was decided to call a meeting on Tues- 
 day, February 1 5th, at Mrs. Tallmadge's, 
 of a committee of six ladies, one from each 
 church, to discuss the propriety of estab- 
 lishing a hospital in Evanston." The 
 names of this committee were as follows : 
 Baptist Church, Mrs. Charles F. Gfey; 
 Presbyterian Church, Mrs. H. E. Daniels; 
 Methodist Church, Mrs. Tallmadge and 
 Mrs. A. L. Butler; Congregational 
 Church, Mrs. Joseph Larimer; Episcopal 
 Church, Mrs. H. W. Hinsdale ; and from 
 the village at large, Mrs. William Blanch- 
 ard. In this year, also, it was decided to 
 
 organize an auxiliary society in North 
 Evanston, and the names of Mrs. Corn- 
 stock, Mrs. Carson and Mrs. Boomer are 
 associated with the reports of work done 
 by this society. 
 
 The cooking school proposed by Miss 
 Lord was established in the basement of 
 the Congregational Church in the winter 
 of 1889 and 1890. under the care of Miss 
 Lord and Miss Mary Bradley. The young 
 girls were very well instructed as cooks, 
 waitresses and house maids. 
 
 In 1890 other names appear amongst 
 the list of officers, Mrs. P. S. Shumway 
 being made President, Mrs. Hugh R. Wil- 
 son Vice-President from the Methodist 
 Church, Mrs. W. E. Stockton from the 
 Presbyterian, Mrs. Fred Washburn from 
 the Congregational, Mrs. Morse from the 
 Baptist, Mrs. David Cooke from the Epis- 
 copal, Mrs. Charles Haskins from the Im- 
 manuel, Miss Lindgren from the Swedish 
 Methodist, Mrs. Magill from the Catho- 
 lic ; Secretary, Miss Maud Wycoff, and 
 Treasurer, Mrs. Whitely : and Miss Boutell 
 the chairman of the Flower Mission. On 
 December I, 1890, the Treasurer reports 
 the treasury empty and in debt, but a lit- 
 tle later in the month she reports $72 in 
 the treasury and Mrs. Stockton for the 
 Presbyterian Church reports a collection 
 of $105, so the response to the solicitors 
 was always to be depended upon. Mrs. 
 Wilder, the visitor, reported at this same 
 meeting that she had provided nineteen 
 families with Thanksgiving dinners. This, 
 of course, was in addition to many such 
 dinners provided by individuals and 
 churches. By the last day of the year 1890 
 the Treasurer reported $527 on hand, a 
 part of which was given by the Business 
 Men's Association of the town and part by 
 the collection taken at the union services 
 on Thanksgiving day. About this time 
 the Society begins to recognize the work 
 
CHARITABLE ASSOCIATIONS 
 
 
 of the King's Daughters, who are reported 
 as making garments for the Benevolent 
 Society and acting as visitors to some 
 poor families. 
 
 Another reference to the need of an Ev- 
 anston hospital is found in the minutes of 
 April 6, 1891, when Mrs. Butler reports 
 upon a plan of founding a small hospital. At 
 the meeting of October 14, 1891, Mrs. Wild- 
 er suggested that, as the amount in the 
 treasury ($367) was unusually large, a 
 part of it be appropriated for hospital pur- 
 poses; and in accordance with this sug- 
 gestion, $300 was set aside for that pur- 
 pose. By this time the attempt to divide 
 the sewing hitherto done at the afternoon 
 meetings among the churches was tried, 
 although the cutting was still done by the 
 cutters appointed by the general society. 
 
 The annual meeting for the year 1891 
 shows total receipts of $734 and disburse- 
 ments $666. The Flower Mission report- 
 ed that year having sent 70 crates of flow- 
 ers to the Chicago hospitals. The Kitch- 
 en Garden seems to have served its pur- 
 pose and, for a time, it was thought wise 
 to abandon it. The work for the Relief 
 Committee had increased so much by 1891 
 that it was found necessary to hire a cab 
 for its use, although the number of cases 
 visited is not enumerated. 
 
 At Christmas time of 1892, Mrs. But- 
 ler reported that she had provided twelve 
 families with Christmas baskets, and it is 
 interesting to see that the names of the 
 same families appear, year after year, 
 amongst the poor and needy, although 
 sickness and drunkenness in the head of 
 the family seem to be the prevailing 
 causes of this poverty. 
 
 At the annual meeting of 1892, Mrs. 
 Walworth was made President, with 
 Vice-Presidents Mrs. P. B. Shumway, 
 from the Methodist, Mrs. H. L. Boltwood 
 from the Congregational, Mrs. W. B. Top- 
 
 liff from the Presbyterian, Mrs. L. K. Gil- 
 son from the Baptist, Mrs. H. W. Hins- 
 dale from St. Marks, Mrs. Wm. Cowper 
 from St. Lukes, Mrs. Herman Poppen- 
 husen from the Presbyterian South, Mrs. 
 J. O. Foster from the Methodist South, 
 Mrs. F. M. Forrey from Wheadon, Mrs. 
 M. J. Boomer from the Central, Mrs. H. 
 W. Brough from the Unitarian and Mrs. 
 Robert Magill from the Catholic Church. 
 Buying Committee, Mrs. Wilder ; Visiting 
 Committee, Mrs. A. D. Sanders. 
 
 It was at this meeting that it was de- 
 cided to change the name of the Society 
 to the Associated Charities of Evanston, 
 and an amendment was added to the con- 
 stitution to this effect, the number of vice- 
 presidents increased, as is to be seen by 
 the foregoing list of officers, and all char- 
 ities in the three parts of the city were 
 represented on the board. The following 
 quotation from the report of the Relief 
 Committee of this year shows how the 
 work of the Benevolent Society had in- 
 creased from the time of the informal 
 meeting in Mrs. Blanchard's parlors to 
 October 3, 1892: 
 
 "During the past year \ve have cared for 
 one or more members of thirty-two differ- 
 ent families. These have been furnished 
 food, medicine, fuel, clothing, nurses, hos- 
 pital services, and in a few cases, funeral 
 expenses. We have had surgical cases, 
 partial blindness, consumption, diphtheria, 
 typhoid fever, scarlet fever, inflammatory 
 rheumatism, erysipelas, deformities, con- 
 finement cases. We have furnished work 
 of all varieties for both sexes. We have 
 provided all sorts of things, from a nurs- 
 ing bottle to a load of hay, the last being 
 given in order that the father of eight chil- 
 dren one of whom, together with the 
 mother, had been sick eight weeks with ty- 
 phoid fever should not be obliged to sell 
 his cow which provided the greater part of 
 food for the sick and little ones. One of 
 the greatest difficulties met with has been 
 that of procuring nurses willing to go into 
 
HISTORY OF EVANSTON 
 
 409 
 
 the homes of these families. But the com- 
 pletion of the hospital now near at hand, 
 will, we trust, obviate the necessity. 1 ' 
 
 This report of Mrs. Butler's pointed 
 forward not only to the necessity for a 
 hospital in Evanston, but to the need of a 
 visiting nurse. This need was soon met 
 as will be see further on in this chapter. 
 
 The Flower Mission reported that fall 
 a distribution of 49^ crates of flowers, 
 three baskets of bouquets and $ l /2 crates 
 mostly of hot-house roses, the gift of Mr. 
 Weilancl. The Kitchen Garden reported 
 a class of twenty-four, the Sewing School 
 reported an attendance of ninety scholars 
 and eleven teachers. The receipts for that 
 year were over $800. 
 
 Change of Name. The change from 
 Benevolent Society to Associated Char- 
 ities made it desirable, and even necessary, 
 to seek a permanent place of meeting, and 
 Mrs. VVhitely and Mrs. Tallmadge volun- 
 teered to see the Mayor and ascertain if a 
 small room in the new City Hall could be 
 secured. The report of the next meeting 
 shows that the Mayor readily acceded to 
 the request. At this time the Society had 
 been meeting in the different church par- 
 lors instead of in the individual homes as 
 at first. The room in the City Hall was 
 not yet finished in November of 1892 and 
 it continued to be necessary to meet in dif- 
 ferent churches. At one of these meetings 
 the minutes relate that a large clothes 
 basket was heaped with new garments 
 made during the day. By Dec. 19, 1892, 
 the room in the City Hall was furnished 
 and was made the depot for garments old 
 and new, and it was announced in the city 
 press that the room was open to all 
 comers. 
 
 The relief committee of this year volun- 
 teered to distribute Christmas dinners to 
 those needing them, which were promised 
 by Sunday schools and private parties. It 
 
 was reported at this meeting that Mr. Mc- 
 Mahon had received $100 from an Evan- 
 ston gentleman to invest in chickens and 
 turkeys, and that they would be distribut- 
 ed from one of the markets on Christmas 
 eve. 
 
 At the annual meeting of 1893, it was 
 reported, among other benevolences, that 
 an Evanston gentleman had offered to fur- 
 nish new shoes to any one recommended 
 by a committee from the Associated Char- 
 ities. The annual report of this year 
 (1893) speaks of the difficulty a stranger 
 experiences in believing that there can be 
 want and destitution in so beautiful a 
 place as Evanston. The report says the 
 poor are usually in that condition because 
 of shiftless habits, lack of training as to 
 the use of money, spending freely when 
 not earning, not laying by for winter, but 
 adds: "It is hard to refuse coal and food, 
 even to the shiftless, when they are found 
 suffering." Another large gift of coal 
 from Mr. Wilson and help from the gro- 
 cers in the matter of discount is grateful- 
 ly acknowledged. It is reported that 265 
 new garments were made and given out 
 from the City Hall in this year. The re- 
 ports of the Society show a constant im- 
 provement in organization, investigation 
 and discrimination, and new names are 
 constantly being added to the lists of of- 
 ficers and visitors. This increased care 
 in the distribution of charity was gradual- 
 ly reducing the relief formerly given from 
 door to door and the claim that the charity 
 of the kindly disposed was abused by the 
 unworthy poor was being surely under- 
 mined. It was in 1893 that the ladies de- 
 cided to interview the ministers of the 
 town and seek to have the entire collec- 
 tion of the union Thanksgiving service 
 given to the Associated Charities. By this 
 time the Society recognizes the gifts of 
 the Needle Work Guild, an organization 
 
J.1O 
 
 CHARITABLE ASSOCIATIONS 
 
 whose work will be referred to later. The 
 generosity of the merchants of Evanston 
 is constantly noted, ami the distributing 
 station was made available for the distri- 
 bution of the donations from the grocery 
 stores and bakeries as well as for clothing. 
 Auxiliary Organization. In 1894, when 
 Mrs. J. E. Scott was President of the As- 
 sociated Charities, a Mothers' Sewing 
 School was organized as an additional 
 means of helping mothers to clothe their 
 children. A careful record was kept in 
 1894 and 1895, not on ly of the officers, 
 visitors and committees, but also of the 
 pastors of all churches and the represen- 
 tatives from each church on the Execu- 
 tive Board of the Associated Charities. 
 The boundaries of the wards are given 
 and the visitors are named according to 
 their wards. October I, 1894, Mrs. H. L. 
 Boltwood was elected President ; Mrs. J. 
 E. 'Scott, Vice-President ; Mrs. C. J. 
 Whitely, Treasurer ; Mrs. L. G. Wescott, 
 Secretary; Mrs. A. D. Sanders, Chairman 
 of the Visiting Committee, and Mrs. J. E. 
 Scott, Superintendent of the Sewing 
 School. Out of the sewing class for moth- 
 ers had come a sewing class for children, 
 and Mrs. Strawbridge, a teacher of sew- 
 ing, came out from the city on Saturday 
 afternoons to teach them. A regular sys- 
 tematic course of instruction was given, 
 which secured the interest of the children 
 and uniformity in the work. The chil- 
 dren were required to come with clean 
 hands, faces and aprons. The receipts for 
 the year 1894 are reported at $1,630 and 
 the work of visiting the poor was much 
 more efficiently carried on because of the 
 division of labor. No help was given until 
 the homes had been visited and great 
 pains taken to ascertain the exact state of 
 the family. 
 
 The work of the different wards is in- 
 teresting as showing where the greatest 
 
 needs were. In the First Ward 20 fam- 
 ilies were helped; in the Second, 6; in the 
 Third, n; in the Fourth, 24; in the Fifth, 
 45 ; in the Sixth, 32 ; in the Seventh, 67 ; 
 and in North Evanston, 47. 
 
 At the meeting of November 2ist, in 
 order to have some uniformity in the dis- 
 tribution of groceries, the following rule 
 was adopted : "The following articles can 
 be ordered by the visitor: beans, potatoes 
 by the peck or half peck only, cheap cof- 
 fee or tea in small quantities, sugar in 
 small quantities, corn-meal or oat-meal, 
 rice, salt, flour, laundry soap by the bar ; 
 no meat, except in the case of sickness." 
 In 1895 occurs the last mention of the 
 Kitchen Garden, when it was decided to 
 donate the material used in the instruction 
 to the Northwestern University Settle- 
 ment of Chicago. At the annual meeting 
 it was reported that there had been re- 
 ceived $831 and that $795 had been dis- 
 bursed. The President reported over 1,500 
 garments, the value of which is not in- 
 cluded in the money receipts. Of these, 
 the new garments were contributed by the 
 Needlework Guild. At this meeting Mrs. 
 Brewer was elected President, Mrs. Bolt- 
 wood, Vice-President, Mrs. Sanders, Sec- 
 retary, and Mrs. Whitely, Treasurer, with 
 representatives from each of the churches. 
 In 1896 the German Catholic Church re- 
 ported that it would care for all its poor 
 and needy, and any Catholics applying to 
 the Associated Charities were almost sure 
 to be unworthy. This lessened the field 
 for the society. At the annual meeting of 
 1896 Mrs. J. E. Scott was made President 
 and Mrs. Cragin, Secretary, with Vice- 
 Presidents representing the different 
 churches as usual. The winter of 1896 
 opened early and the women began cast- 
 ing about for means to employ the men 
 and women who applied for aid that they 
 might earn the relief that was granted 
 
LIBRARY 
 
 OF [HE 
 
 UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS 
 
HISTORY OF EVANSTON 
 
 411 
 
 them. October 28th, at a meeting in the 
 Congregational Church, Rev. Mr. South- 
 gate was asked to be present and he spoke 
 of the possibility of arranging such work 
 for both men and women. A wood yard 
 was proposed for the men where they 
 could saw and split wood and a work room 
 for women, where, under a superinten- 
 dent, they could be instructed in repairing 
 and making garments, receiving either 
 clothing or provisions as compensation. 
 After this talk a committee was appointed 
 to see the city officials, and to ask them to 
 help in establishing a wood yard. The 
 report of this committee was given at the 
 next meeting and was very favorable. The 
 Mayor offered to furnish work and a su- 
 perintendent to supervise it, the wood be- 
 ing obtained by cutting off the piles of the 
 old Davis Street pier. A great deal of 
 cleaning was secured in the public schools 
 during this winter for the women, an ar- 
 rangement which worked well in both di- 
 rections making the recipients of the 
 city's charity feel that they had earned it;" 
 and making the schools much more sani- 
 tary and wholesome for children. Twen- 
 ty-eight men were employed on the 
 streets of Evanston. The new plan in- 
 stituted this year, of requiring work from 
 all the able-bodied who had been assisted, 
 proved very successful, the records show- 
 ing that only three persons refused to 
 work, and that many had expressed their 
 satisfaction at being allowed to do so. 
 This year it is recorded that over 1,200 
 visits were made by the visitors of the 
 Society. 
 
 At the annual meeting of 1897, Mrs. 
 William M. Green was made President ; 
 Mrs. J. L. Whitlock, Vice-President ; Mrs. 
 S. G. White, Secretary; and Mrs. Joseph 
 Lyons, Treasurer. It was decided to give 
 no assistance to the able-bodied this year 
 without its equivalent of work, and two 
 
 rooms in the City Hall were given to 
 ladies for their use as a distributing 
 center. 
 
 From this time on the work of the As- 
 sociated Charities runs in regular grooves, 
 well organized, systematized, and admir- 
 ably accomplished. The next year Mrs. 
 Whitlock was made President and has 
 served in that capacity up to the present 
 writing. The records show the increasing 
 use of the plan of no aid without services 
 rendered, and the number of unworthy ap- 
 plicants has been reduced to almost noth- 
 ing. \yith the aid of the visiting nurse, 
 the sick poor have been cared for; the 
 homeless old people have been put into 
 proper institutions or sent to their own 
 people in more or less distant places; chil- 
 dren have been clothed and fed and kept 
 in school ; and any one who wishes to 
 give to the relief work in the city can do 
 so with every assurance that his contri- 
 bution" will be wisely and carefuly ad- 
 ministered' ' The work of the Associated 
 Charities -Ha'S-sho^i an increasing co-op- 
 eration with the other forces of the town 
 that make for the comfort of the needy 
 and for righteousness. The Supervisor, 
 the Chief of Police, the Officer of the Hu- 
 mane Society, the Probation Officer, the 
 Associated Charities, the Hospital, the 
 Visiting Nurse, and the Needle Work 
 Guild, have so interwoven their advice, 
 their special knowledge of needs and their 
 means of relief, that the best results have 
 been obtained. The work of soliciting 
 funds is still done by the representatives 
 of different churches on the Board, and 
 the successful efforts of the officers of the 
 Society to secure work supplement these 
 actual money donations. At the annual 
 meeting of the twentieth anniversary of 
 the founding of the Society ( 1903) , the Sec- 
 retary reported that the work of the So- 
 ciety began early on account of the prev- 
 
412 
 
 CHARITABLE ASSOCIATIONS 
 
 alence of smallpox in the city. Nearly all 
 the afflicted families were those of labor- 
 ers who were necessarily kept from their 
 work and, in some cases, the fathers were 
 the only nurses for wives and children. 
 The Society furnished an abundance of 
 clothing suitable for the sick, and when 
 this was destroyed upon the recovery of 
 the patients, furnished still other outfits. 
 But this is the only epidemic which the 
 Society has had to contend with. Seven- 
 teen hundred and sixty garments, old and 
 new, were distributed this year. The re- 
 port closed with these words: "If suc- 
 cess is measured by activity and consci- 
 entious effort, this year deserves to be 
 placed in line with those preceding it." 
 
 St. Vincent De Paul Society. In 1887 
 the Evanston branch of the St. Vincent 
 de Paul Society was organized and be- 
 came auxiliary to the great Catholic So- 
 ci.ety of the same name three or four years 
 later. This society is composed of men in 
 the Catholic Church who are devoted to 
 the relief of distress, the care of the sick 
 and the burying of the dead. It is unique 
 in Evanston in being a society composed 
 of men, aided, when necessary, by an 
 auxiliary society of ladies. It is non- 
 sectarian in its work, aiding any cases of 
 distress, although later, after time for in- 
 vestigation, if found to be non-Catholic, 
 the case is turned over to the proper 
 church or institution. 
 
 It co-operates with the Visiting Nurse 
 and the Associated Charities and the 
 ladies of the auxiliary are members of the 
 Needle Work Guild, their contribution to 
 the Association being returned to them 
 for distribution by this Society. It has 
 raised in money about $4,700 in the last 
 seventeen years, although one of its fun- 
 damental principles is never to give 
 money directly, preferring to furnish pro- 
 visions and, if possible, to aid the recipi- 
 
 ent in earning the assistance. In many 
 cases the women so aided have been glad 
 of the opportunity to pay for it by scrub- 
 bing and cleaning in the parochial school 
 and the church. This is a society which 
 seldom makes public reports but prefers 
 to do its work without the sound of trum- 
 pets. The society has been served by the 
 same officers since its founding: Mr. 
 Daniel McCann, President; Mr. Cullen, 
 Secretary. 
 
 The Woman's Club. Although the 
 Woman's Club was founded in 1889 for 
 social and literary purposes, the organ- 
 ization was very early interested in phil- 
 anthropic work, since so many of its 
 members were interested in particular 
 charitable enterprises and sought the op- 
 portunity to lay them before the Club and 
 seek its support. In 1891 before the Club 
 was divided into departments (as it was 
 later), there was a meeting well re- 
 membered by the old members, when 
 Mrs. A. L. Butler spoke on behalf of the 
 need of a hospital in this community. 
 Her plea for the sick amongst the poor 
 and helpless and the strangers in our 
 midst was so touching, that it was im- 
 mediately determined by the Club to en- 
 deavor to raise money to help found a 
 hospital. A committee was appointed 
 with Mrs. Joseph Hubbart Chairman, 
 and it was determined to give a kirmess, 
 the plans for which were minute and, at 
 the same time, elaborate and kept the 
 ladies of the town busy the entire sum- 
 mer preparing for it. A most successful 
 kirmess was held, continuing for five 
 afternoons and evenings and netting a 
 sum of $3,500, which was handed over to 
 the Hospital Board, which had already 
 acquired a small property, for hospital 
 purposes. 
 
 Later Mrs. H. W. Rogers made a plea 
 in behalf of the Kindergarten of the 
 
HISTORY OF EVANSTON 
 
 Northwestern University Settlement, and 
 $100 was appropriated from the club 
 funds to apply on the rental of better 
 rooms for the children. When, after eight 
 years of service as President of the Club, 
 Mrs. Harbert refused a renomination, it 
 was decided by the Executive Board to 
 recognize her long and faithful service 
 to the Club by making some gift in her 
 name which should be a source of comfort 
 and blessing to humanity. A drinking 
 fountain, properly inscribed, was erected 
 on Grand Avenue, near the corner of 
 Union Street, in a neighborhood where 
 no such convenience existed and where 
 thousands pass every day. While this 
 token of appreciation was not erected in 
 Evanston itself, it is none the less one of 
 the expressions of brotherly love that 
 Evanston feels for the great neighboring 
 city. 
 
 About this time the records show the 
 formation of a separate department in 
 the Woman's Club to be called the Phil- 
 anthropic Department, the purpose of 
 which was to give the members special 
 opportunities for the study of philan- 
 thropy and sociology and to enable them 
 to work more directly in the interests of 
 any charitable project that they chose. 
 The very first record of this department 
 showed an appropriation of $150 for the 
 benefit of the Kindergarten of the North- 
 western University Settlement, the Vaca- 
 tion Schools, Probation Officer, and Vis- 
 iting Nurse. These appropriations vary 
 in amount, but invariably they result in 
 an empty treasury which was refilled by 
 entertainments, lecture courses, readings, 
 and various such methods of raising 
 money, besides individual pledges and 
 dues of the members. Many noted speak- 
 ers and workers in charitable and phil- 
 anthropic fields appeared before the de- 
 partment, and its members were thus 
 
 educated in the idea of scientific, organ- 
 ized charity, and were made acquainted 
 with the needs of all kinds of endeavor. 
 
 One of the most interesting of the pur- 
 poses for which this department has 
 worked is that of the Probation Officer 
 maintained by funds raised in Evanston 
 through the efforts of members of this 
 department, from September I, 1900, to 
 May I, 1903, under the chairmanship of 
 Mrs. W. O. Dean. The records of Jan- 
 uary 31, 1902, refer to a meeting held at 
 the house of Mr. H. B. Hurd, where Mr. 
 Kurd and Miss Clark, a probation officer 
 in Chicago, related the history of the 
 Juvenile Court Bill, told of the work of 
 the court and of the probation officers. 
 This bill was drawn by Mr. Hurd and 
 went into operation July I, 1899. In three 
 years previous to the opening of the 
 Juvenile Court, there were 1,705 children 
 (that is, boys) under sixteen years of 
 age in the county jail, while in the three 
 years following the opening of the court, 
 there were but forty-eight. Fourteen 
 hundred and seven of the cases of delin- 
 quent children, out of 2,854 heard in the 
 year 1902, were placed in charge of a pro- 
 bation officer, and these are the very pivot 
 of the success of the law. The formation 
 of the law itself removes children from 
 the police stations and from jail ; but it 
 is the faithful, patient work of the pro- 
 bation officer which makes this removal 
 of real value to the child. These facts ap- 
 pealed to the members of the department 
 so strongly, that, after supporting an 
 officer of the Children's Aid Society for 
 a time, as a probation officer of this court, 
 they finally took entire charge directly 
 of one probation officer ( Miss Clark) and 
 paid her salary until it was necessary for 
 her to resign her work. Up to the present 
 time, the minutes of the Philanthropic 
 Department show a constant interest in 
 
414 
 
 CHARITABLE ASSOCIATIONS 
 
 this work, and it is noted in one place 
 that during that year seven children from 
 Evanston had been taken before the Ju- 
 venile Court. This care of neglected 
 children is not only a charitable work but 
 one of real economy. 
 
 The visiting nurse has been aided di- 
 rectly and indirectly in the discharge of 
 her labors. The management of her 
 work lies in the hands of a committee 
 chosen from this department, and month- 
 ly statements of her work, with detailed 
 information about the individual cases, 
 are regularly given. Any special need 
 which the nurse finds for medicine, 
 clothes, or delicacies for the sick are al- 
 ways met on appeal to this department. 
 
 The Needle Work Guild. The Needle 
 Work Guild of Evanston was organized 
 in 1892 as a branch of the Needle Work 
 Guild of America. Mrs. Charles Hamill, 
 of Chicago, came to Evanston upon the 
 invitation of Miss Nina Lunt, to meet the 
 ladies of Evanston at the house of Mrs. 
 Arthur Orr, and by her enthusiastic pre- 
 sentation of the work of this society, 
 persuaded the ladies present to organize. 
 Miss Lunt was made Honorary President, 
 Mrs. Frank Wilder President, and Mrs. 
 C. F. Bradley Secretary, but no records 
 were kept of the work of the first two 
 years. The purpose of the Needle Work 
 Guild is to collect and distribute new, 
 plain, suitable garments to meet the great 
 need of hospitals, homes, and other char- 
 ities, and permits each branch to elect 
 its own beneficiaries. At the annual 
 meeting of the Guild in November, 1896, 
 the following officers were elected: Hon- 
 orary President, Miss Lunt; President, 
 Mrs. J. E. Scott; Treasurer, Miss Sarah 
 W. Gillett; Secretary, Miss Ethel Grey. 
 Sectional Presidents to the number of 
 twenty-one were appointed, as follows: 
 Mrs. Connell, Mrs. Chapin, Mrs. Shum- 
 
 way, Mrs. Clark, Mrs. Brooks, Mrs. 
 Stevens, Mrs. Whitely, Mrs. Fabian, Mrs. 
 W. J. Littlejohn, Mrs. Gallop, Miss Hoge, 
 Miss Harrows, Mrs. Hanford, Mrs. Ward, 
 Mrs. Isbester, Mrs. Magill, Mrs. Murphy, 
 Mrs. O'Connell, Mrs. Howard Gray, Mrs. 
 J. C. Connor, and Mrs. J. E. Scott. The 
 number of garments gathered at this 
 meeting is not stated in the records. 
 
 At the meeting of 1897 the officers of 
 the last year were re-elected. The gar- 
 ments were distributed as follows: To 
 St. Vincent de Paul Society, 152; Evan- 
 ston Hospital, 187; Girls' Industrial 
 School, 150; special cases, 266; Asso- 
 ciated Charities, 1,053 Total, 1,810. 
 
 At the annual meeting in 1898, the 
 garments were distributed as follows : To 
 the visiting nurse, 398; Girls' Industrial 
 School, 217; The Evanston Hospital, 
 141; Old Ladies' Home, 67; Associated 
 Charities, 944 ; special cases, 43 ; St. Vin- 
 cent cle Paul Society, 163 Total, 1,973. 
 
 At the annual meeting in 1899 the gar- 
 ments were distributed to the same bene- 
 ficiaries as the year before, with the addi- 
 tion of the King's Daughters' Fresh Air 
 Home, which, by that time, had been 
 established in Evanston. At this time 
 there were 1,560 garments completed. 
 At the annual meeting in 1900, the same 
 list of beneficiaries were maintained, and 
 a total of 1,574 garments were distributed. 
 In 1901, with the same board of officers, 
 1.684 garments were distributed. At the 
 election of officers in 1902, Miss Hemp- 
 sted was elected Secretary and Mrs. C. T. 
 Connell was made Honorary Presirent. 
 This year the total number of garments 
 collected was 1,256. At the annual meet- 
 ing of 1903, Mrs. T. P. Stanwood was 
 elected President, the other officers re- 
 maining the same. The number of gar- 
 ments collected this year was 1600. 
 
 The total money receipts during these 
 
HISTORY OF EVANSTON 
 
 years was $198, and it has been the annual 
 custom, after deducting the dues for 
 membership in the National Society for 
 the Needle Work Guild, to contribute 
 nearly the balance to the Visiting Nurse 
 fund. 
 
 Mother's Club of Noyes Street. In 
 1896 a group of mothers and teachers 
 gathered in the rooms of the Noyes Street 
 School House, to talk over the needs of 
 the neighborhood. It was found that 
 there were many children attending that 
 school who were poorly clothed and whose 
 mothers, from illness or poverty, were 
 not able to provide as they would for their 
 children. An informal sort of a neighbor- 
 hood society grew up, which, at first, de- 
 voted itself to supplying those needs of 
 the people which were evident to the 
 eyes of the teachers, and all mothers of 
 the neighborhood were invited to join. 
 The club met by permission of the School 
 Board in the school building and made 
 over and renovated all garments that 
 were contributed. There developed a 
 feeling of friendliness and neighborliness 
 which carried the work of helpfulness into 
 the homes, and at the occasional evening 
 meetings which were held in the school 
 house, entertainment in the form of music, 
 readings, and lectures was freely given 
 and enjoyed by the fathers, mothers, and 
 young children of the neighborhood. 
 Christmas trees were contributed and 
 decorated, and from year to year it was so 
 managed that the gifts on the tree were 
 largely the manufacture of the children 
 for each other and for their fathers and 
 mothers. 
 
 From the first the desire to help others 
 has been a conspicuous characteristic of 
 this neighborhood club, and for seven 
 years it has been the custom of the 
 women to invite from 300 to 350 women 
 and children from the city, from the least 
 
 favored quarters, to an all-day's picnic on 
 the lake shore in Evanston. These 
 mothers and children have been brought 
 out, entertained, fed and returned to their 
 homes in entire safety and at the expense 
 of the treasury of the Mother's Club. 
 
 A knitting machine owned by the 
 Woman's Club of Evanston has been for 
 several years in the home of one of the 
 members of this Mothers' Club. On it 
 she has knit the legs of nearly 500 pairs 
 of stockings which have been footed by 
 the mothers who knew how to knit, at the 
 regular meetings of the club. In one 
 year this Club has distributed 1,000 gar- 
 ments, including these stockings. 
 
 Visiting Nurse Association. In the 
 year 1897 a mother, who had been recent- 
 ly bereaved, felt that she would like to do 
 something in the name of her daughter 
 for other mothers who were trying to 
 care for sick children. She called a few 
 women who were experienced in the 
 charity work of the city into consulta- 
 tion, and asked their advice as to the 
 need of a visiting nurse among the sick 
 poor of Evanston. The women were 
 unanimous in believing that there was 
 much suffering and sickness which could 
 be relieved by the visits that such a nurse 
 could give, and upon their advice Mrs. 
 McMullen offered a sum of money suffi- 
 cient to keep a nurse at work for four 
 months, as a memorial to her daughter. 
 Miss Faltz. a trained nurse, was chosen 
 to inaugurate the work and, going about 
 the town from north to south and far 
 out on the prairie, she found plenty of 
 work to keep her busy. 
 
 So impressed were the women who had 
 been consulted in the matter with the 
 success of the experiment, that they de- 
 cided that this beautiful work must not be 
 allowed to stop, and there was organized 
 the Visiting Nurse Association of Evan- 
 
416 
 
 CHARITABLE ASSOCIATIONS 
 
 ston. Mrs. C. H. Chandler was made 
 President and served in this position until 
 her death in 1903. Mrs. P. C. Lutkin was 
 made Secretary and Treasurer, and is 
 still serving in that capacity. Mrs. C. F. 
 Grey, Mrs. R. B. McMullen, Mrs. R. H. 
 Wyman, Mrs. J. Ct Bundy, Mrs. T. P. 
 Stanwood, Mrs. O. F. Carpenter, Mrs. T. 
 K. Webster are among those who have 
 served on this Association, but the de- 
 voted, intelligent, increasing attention paid 
 by Mrs. Chandler and Mrs. Lutkin have 
 been the real backbone of these years of 
 its work. It would be a beautiful thing 
 if the Visiting Nurse could be endowed 
 in memory of Mrs. Chandler. 
 
 Only one nurse has been employed and 
 she has been maintained by friendly gifts 
 of money. She visits among the sick 
 poor, carrying out the orders of the phy- 
 sician, if one is employed, bathing and 
 caring for mother and babe in maternity 
 cases, dressing wounds, cuts, burns and 
 bruises, making poultices for pneumonia, 
 and giving instructions in cleanliness and 
 sanitation. Where a case proves too 
 severe for care at home, she recommends 
 it to the hospital where the response has 
 been most generous. 
 
 Besides this care of the actual sick, the 
 services of this nurse are invaluable in 
 the prevention of the spread of infectious 
 diseases. Many families, feeling unable 
 to call a physician, will ask for the ser- 
 vices of the Visiting Nurse, and she is 
 often able to decide that a case, which 
 seems simple to an ignorant father and 
 mother, is really a danger to the com- 
 munity. Several cases of scarlet fever, in 
 different years, have been so discovered 
 and isolated and the possibility or prob- 
 ability of the spread of these diseases 
 through the schools, where other chil- 
 dren of the same family were in attend- 
 ance, has been avoided. 
 
 Besides rendering assistance as a 
 trained nurse, the endeavor is made to 
 treat each individual case as its peculiar 
 necessities seem to demand, giving help 
 in time of greatest need and saving the 
 small wage-earner, so far as possible, from 
 the worry of debt and discouragement 
 consequent upon severe illness. It is 
 just at this point that co-operation be- 
 tween the Associated Charities and the 
 Visiting Nurse Association has been most 
 valuable. This sympathetic aid is looked 
 upon as the larger part of the nurse's 
 work. The nurse goes everywhere within 
 the limits of Evanston free of charge, ex- 
 cept where patients prefer to pay a small 
 fee. At first the nurse was able to go 
 about on her bicycle during the large 
 part of the year, but it was found that 
 this mode of conveyance exhausted her 
 strength and unfitted her for much of the 
 arduous labor that she is called upon to 
 perform. The necessity for providing a 
 carriage of some sort has increased the 
 cost of maintaining this charity some- 
 what. The Visiting Nurse Association 
 is made up chiefly of members of the 
 philanthropic department of the Wo- 
 man's Club, and monthly reports of its 
 work are given this department, but the 
 department is not able to maintain the 
 charity, and aids it only so far as its 
 funds make it possible. 
 
 Miss Faltz was the Visiting Nurse in 
 Evanston from November I, 1898, to 
 November I, 1902. In the year 1898 she 
 made 2,105 calls, and the expense for 
 the year was $661.62. In 1899 she made 
 1,710 calls at an expense of $915.23. In 
 1900 she made 2,035 calls and the expense 
 was $1,293.90. On November I, 1901, 
 Miss Brown took Miss Faltz's place and 
 continued the work until December i, 
 1902. In 1901 there were 2,361 calls, cost- 
 ing $1,274.80. December i, 1902, Miss 
 
P4. i 
 
 m 
 
 
 ,.-. 
 
LIKHAHY 
 
 OF rue 
 
 Of ILLINOIS 
 
HISTORY OF EVANSTON 
 
 Warren took up the work and, in that 
 year, made 2,505 calls, and the expense 
 was $1,341.85. In 1903 the Nurse made 
 2,554 calls and the expense was $1,312.50. 
 In 1904 the Nurse made 2,608 calls and 
 the expense was $1,350.75. 
 
 In cases of protracted illness, which for 
 any reason cannot be carried to the hos- 
 pital, the Association sends a special 
 nurse to take charge of the case. The 
 money is solicited by means of a little 
 circular, which is issued each year and 
 sent by post to the people of Evanston. 
 Kindly disposed friends have many times 
 given special entertainments for the 
 benefit of this fund, and some particularly 
 fine dramatic entertainments have been 
 given by the dramatic department of the 
 Country Club. The little circular bears 
 on its face the significant words : "I was 
 sick and ye visited me." "Inasmuch as 
 ye have done it unto one of the least of 
 these, my brethren, ye have done it unto 
 me." 
 
 King's Daughters. The Evanston 
 King's Daughters Society was founded 
 by Mrs. Daniel B. Gardner in 1893, the 
 first membership consisting of ten young 
 women of Evanston who wished to de- 
 vote some time to charity work. Mrs. 
 Lucian Harding was the first President, 
 and the first work undertaken was the 
 support of a bed in the Burling Street 
 Half Orphan Asylum, which is still main- 
 tained by the King's Daughters. A few 
 years later it was decided to open a fresh- 
 air home in North Evanston for the poor 
 working girls of Chicago, and this has 
 continued to be the chief work of the 
 Circle up to the present day. 
 
 The King's Daughters own their home 
 at 2339 Hartzell Street, North Evanston, 
 for which they paid $3,000. This money 
 was raised chiefly by the management of 
 a golf club during several years, and 
 
 also by donations from generous friends. 
 About one hundred girls from Chicago 
 are given a two weeks' outing every sum- 
 mer, the home being open generally four- 
 teen weeks at an annual expense of about 
 $500. The money to carry on the sum- 
 mer's work in the home is raised each 
 winter by the King's Daughters in vari- 
 ous ways. The receipts for the last year 
 show a candy sale and musicale as sources 
 of income, as well as the membership fees 
 from active and associate members. 
 
 The society is now incorporated and 
 the active membership is limited to fifty. 
 There is an associate membership of 123 
 well known citizens of Evanston, who 
 pay one dollar annually for the support 
 of the home. The annual report just 
 published at this writing shows the elec- 
 tion of the following board of officers: 
 President, Miss Mary Manson; Vice- 
 President, Mrs. George Peaks; Corres- 
 ponding Secretary, Miss Alma McDon- 
 ald; Recording Secretary, Mrs. Elmer 
 M. Scott ] TrVasiirer, Miss Hoge; with 
 Mrs. Fred P. Vose and Miss Daisy Pansier, 
 Directors. The receipts for the year have 
 been $757 and the disbursements $505, 
 which leaves the society in a good finan- 
 cial condition. 
 
 Camp Good Will. A meeting was held 
 in the rooms of the Young Men's Chris- 
 tian Association on Monday evening, 
 March 12, 1900, to listen to Mr. Charles 
 F. Weller, Superintendent of the West 
 Side District of the Bureau of Associated 
 Charities of Chicago, who called attention 
 to the great benefit of giving to the poor 
 mothers and children, living in the un- 
 sanitary and crowded parts of the city, 
 some relief during the hot summer months. 
 Mr. Weller explained the purpose and 
 method of the Camp Good Will at Oak 
 Park, which has been in successful opera- 
 tion for three years. Three members of 
 
4i8 
 
 CHARITABLE ASSOCIATIONS 
 
 the executive committee of that Camp 
 were present and gave interesting details. 
 
 The meeting manifested hearty interest 
 in the work, and it was thought that, if 
 this humane enterprise were fully brought 
 to the attention of the people of Evan- 
 ston, it would be supported and carried 
 through to complete success. According- 
 ly it was voted to issue a call for another 
 meeting, to be held at the rooms of the 
 Young Men's Christian Association on 
 Monday evening, March 26th, at 8 o'clock. 
 Mr. Weller was present with stereopticon 
 views of life in the congested wards of 
 Chicago, and contrasting views of the 
 Summer Camp at Oak Park. Mr. A. H. 
 Standish, Secretary and Treasurer of the 
 Camp, was present and furnished infor- 
 mation. 
 
 All the Churches, the Clubs and the 
 Associated Charities of Evanston were 
 invited to attend, with a view to definite 
 action and organization, if, upon consulta- 
 tion, the work was approved and under- 
 taken. The call for this meeting was 
 signed by the following: J. F. Loba, D. D., 
 B. A. Greene, D. D., J. L. Whitlock, Julia 
 M. E. Hintermeister, Committee; with 
 W. L. Cobb, Chairman and C. B. Foote, 
 Secretary. 
 
 The different aspects of country and 
 city life for the poor were brought vividly 
 before an audience by Mr. Chas. F. Weller 
 in 1900. After some informal discussion, 
 on motion of A. W. Kimball, it was 
 voted that "this meeting is cordial in its 
 support of this movement, and enthusias- 
 tically recommends it." 
 
 It was voted to begin the organization 
 of a summer camp by appointing a Gen- 
 eral Council to consist of two from each 
 of the churches there present, and further 
 that each of the Evanston Churches be 
 asked to send two representatives to a 
 meeting to be held on Monday evening. 
 
 April 2d, to complete this organization. 
 Mr. A. W. Kimball and Mr. F. H. McCul- 
 loch were appointed members of the Ex- 
 ecutive Committee from the First Con- 
 gregational Church ; Mr. D. D. Thomp- 
 son and Mr. C. O. Boring from the Em- 
 manuel M. E. Church ; Mr. C. K. Pittman 
 and Mr. J. R. Guilliams from the Church 
 of all Souls. The First Baptist Church 
 was represented by two members who 
 promised delegates to this committee for 
 the next meeting, and communications 
 were reported from the pastors of the 
 First Presbyterian and South Presby- 
 terian Churches, expressing sympathy 
 with the work and a desire to help. Votes 
 of thanks were given Mr. Weller and Mr. 
 Standish, and also to Prof. Nichols of 
 South Evanston, who furnished and oper- 
 ated the stereopticon. 
 
 Those who were interested in the pro- 
 ject of establishing Camp Good Will in 
 Evanston were glad to learn that its suc- 
 cess was assured. At a meeting held 
 Monday evening a permanent organiza- 
 tion was effected, with A. W. Kimball as 
 Chairman ; F. D. Raymond, Treasurer ; 
 and C. B. Foote, Secretary. The follow- 
 ing committees were also appointed : 
 Grounds A. W. Kimball, F. P. Crandon, 
 J. R. Guilliams; Plans J. R. Guilliams, 
 Dr. B. A. Greene, Dr. J. F. Loba, Rev. 
 J. W. Francis, Louis S. Rice ; Finance 
 C. K. Pittman, J. L. Whitlock, F. D. 
 Raymond, F. E. French, C. Poppenhusen. 
 The following announcement was made: 
 
 "The camp will be opened in July and 
 will continue for several weeks. It is 
 hoped that, in that time, as many as 
 500 tired mothers with their children will 
 have enjoyed a week of fresh air and sun- 
 shine, coming in sections of loo at a 
 time. 
 
 "The Bureau of Associated Charities of 
 Chicago, through its friendly visitors, 
 
HISTORY OF EVANSTON 
 
 419 
 
 selects needy and deserving people, and 
 experience has shown that their visit 
 brings as much blessing as it gives. This 
 was proved at Oak Park by the fact that 
 the work was continued for three years 
 and is still going on. It is an enterprise 
 that will enlist the sympathy of the peo- 
 ple of Evanston and all will have an op- 
 portunity to co-operate." 
 
 A meeting of the General Council was 
 held at the rooms of the Young Men's 
 Christian Association, Tuesday evening, 
 May 8th. with Mr. A. W. KimbalT in the 
 chair. Nine members were present. Mr. 
 C. Poppenhusen was appointed Secretary, 
 pro tern., and minutes of the previous 
 meeting were read and approved. Mr. J. 
 Guilliams, Chairman of Committee on 
 Selection of Grounds, reported they had 
 in view a tract of ground which seemed 
 to his Committee very desirable for the 
 use of the Camp. The property belongs 
 to the Northwestern University, and the 
 chairman thought it would probably be 
 available. A meeting of the Trustees of 
 the University was to be held May 2ist, 
 at which time this matter was to be con- 
 sidered. This selection was approved. 
 
 The Finance Committee through Mr. 
 C. K. Pittman, its chairman, advised hav- 
 ing a union meeting of the churches on 
 Sunday evening, May 27, if practicable, 
 at the First Methodist Church, to be 
 addressed by Franklin MacVeagh, Presi- 
 dent of the Chicago Bureau of Charities, 
 and Mr. Charles F. Weller, Superinten- 
 dent of the West Division of the Chicago 
 Association. The plan was approved and 
 Mr. Kimball was appointed to arrange 
 for a public meeting as outlined. 
 
 The following plan of organization for 
 the summer camp was presented by Mr. 
 Guilliams: "We recommend the follow- 
 ing additional committees, to have special 
 executive duties, but under the instruc- 
 
 tion of and reporting to the Executive 
 Committee: Commissary Committee; 
 Entertainment Committee ; Committee 
 on Grounds and Tents (sanitary, etc.) ; 
 these committees to be appointed from 
 among the members of the General Coun- 
 cil. 
 
 "There shall be an auditor of accounts 
 appointed by the General Council, and 
 that auditor shall not be a member of the 
 Council. 
 
 "A resident superintendent, man or 
 woman, satisfactory to the executive com-' 
 mittee, shall be appointed, who shall have 
 general supervision of all affairs of 
 the camp, such as the cooking, laundry 
 work, all needful sanitary rules and rules 
 of behavior, etc., etc. And this super- 
 intendent shall be paid and shall engage 
 the other paid servants, such as the cook, 
 laundry workers, and any others found 
 necessary ; and the superintendent en- 
 gaging these servants shall also discharge 
 them, if need be, for any reason. But 
 the superintendent shall report any such 
 matters to the executive committee, if 
 requested to do so. The superintendent 
 also shall be under the authority of any 
 committee having special executive func- 
 tions, such as Committee on Tents and 
 Grounds, Commissary Committee, etc. 
 But these committees shall deal with the 
 superintendent, and not with the serv- 
 ants and employes direct. 
 
 "The several churches shall each as- 
 sume charge of the special needs of the 
 camp, under the superintendent, or under 
 any special committees that may be ap- 
 pointed such needs as waiting on the 
 table, pleasant social service and as- 
 sociation and entertainment for the 
 pleasure of the guests ; and this re- 
 sponsibility shall be apportioned among 
 the several churches according to their 
 ability and willingness, so that one 
 
420 
 
 CHARITABLE ASSOCIATIONS 
 
 church may assume the special duty 
 for one week, another for three days, 
 and another for two claj's, etc. ; and the 
 manner in which each church shall dis- 
 charge this responsibility, by committees, 
 or in whatever way. shall be left to the 
 arrangement of the church itself. It shall 
 be the duty and power of the General 
 Council to apportion and appoint the serv- 
 ice and time of duty for each church, and 
 the special time for each church shall be 
 .arranged and appointed in the beginning. 
 
 "All donations of food must be sent to 
 the Commissary Committee, and not to 
 the guests direct. This is a point that 
 shall be exclusively under the daily con- 
 trol of the Superintendent acting under 
 the Commissary Committee. 
 
 "The Executive Committee shall de- 
 termine what, if any, shall be the order 
 of the day in the Camp, on Sunday, and 
 what, if any, shall be the meetings held 
 for religious purposes ; but no one of the 
 guests shall be obliged, or even urged be- 
 yond a kind invitation, to take part in any 
 meeting or take part in any religious 
 form, or assembly, or service. 
 
 "The General Council to have supreme 
 power, except as to any limitations pro- 
 vided herein, and except that it must not 
 take away or abridge the responsibility of 
 any individual church once assumed and 
 appointed, at the beginning or thereafter, 
 without the consent of the church being 
 first secured." 
 
 Promoters of Camp Good Will, which 
 was to be established on the lake shore 
 north of Sheppard field this summer, were 
 more than pleased with the result of the 
 appeal for funds made at a union mass 
 meeting of all local churches, held in the 
 First Presbyterian Church. More than 
 $1,400 was raised by subscriptions. This 
 amount was made more conspicuous to 
 the camp enthusiasts by the fact that the 
 
 Oak Park outing camp, which has been 
 so successful the last three years, started 
 out with only $23 to back it. 
 
 The church was well filled when Dr. 
 J. F. Loba, of the First Congregational 
 Church, introduced C. F. Weller, Super- 
 intendent of the West Division office of 
 the Chicago Bureau of Associated Chari- 
 ties, who gave an interesting talk about 
 the slum districts on the West Side of 
 Chicago. Stereopticon views of the 
 wretched dwellings called home, the foul- 
 smelling play-grounds of the children 
 about garbage boxes in the ill-kept streets 
 and alleys, and also of the transformation 
 which takes place when the children are 
 given fresh air and freedom in the Camp 
 Good Will at Oak Park, were thrown 
 upon the screen. He told of the methods 
 which the different churches employed in 
 caring for their charges when they as- 
 sumed control. Each church would have 
 charge of the camp for a week. The 
 women of the church would wait on the 
 Chicago mothers and children and do all 
 the necessary work. The Evanston camp 
 planned to follow the same plan, and 
 hoped to do much more with such a bank 
 account and the ideal location of the lake 
 front. Dr. William Macafee and Rev. 
 J. H. Boyd made short addresses, saying 
 that the opportunity of showing practical 
 Christianity had been offered to Evan- 
 ston people in their joining in and push- 
 ing forward this new charitable move- 
 ment. 
 
 A blackboard, with a number of small 
 squares, each representing a subscription 
 ranging from $5 to $50, was placed upon 
 the platform. Dr. Loba auctioned these 
 squares off until $1,000 was raised. Then 
 slips were passed through the congrega- 
 tion and $400 more was promised. The 
 committees and officers held meetings 
 during the week and organized a plan of 
 
HISTORY OF EVAXSTON 
 
 421 
 
 .procedure. The camp was to open in 
 
 July- 
 
 Camp Good Will is Open. (July n, 
 1900.) "Evanston Camp Good Will 
 opened this afternoon when the two char- 
 tered cars of the Chicago Street Railway 
 company unloaded the 100 women and 
 children, selected from the poor districts 
 by the Bureau of Associated Charities. 
 Those who will take part in this week's 
 outing at the Camp gathered from the 
 different poor districts at Madison and 
 Halsted Streets, and were taken directly 
 to Evanston. 
 
 "Camp Good Will is situated just north 
 of the University grounds, and is on the 
 lake shore, with the woods stretching to 
 the north open for the children to romp 
 in. One of the Evanston local Commit- 
 teemen will have charge of the camp and 
 will be assisted by members of the com- 
 mittees from the Evanston churches, who 
 are the founders of the camp. The camp 
 will last for five weeks, and each week 
 100 more women and children will be 
 taken out to take the place of those who 
 have had their week. Tents have been 
 provided for the use of the campers. Each 
 tent is supplied with two double-decked 
 beds, making each tent capable of hold- 
 ing eight persons." 
 
 Report. "Babies hold Sway. With 
 the 1 20 guests who arrived yesterday af- 
 ternoon at 5 o'clock at Camp Good Will, 
 came sixteen children in arms. Baby car- 
 riages and high chairs are now in great 
 demand. There is no time in the day 
 when the babies' presence is not made 
 well known, and these very young camp- 
 ers constitute the main attraction to the 
 church women. Exclamations as (too- 
 cute for anything), (how cunning!) and 
 (the little dear) were heard on all sides. 
 
 "That's a pretty good speech." This 
 was the opinion of a ten-year-old camper 
 
 advanced to Superintendent Riddle, when 
 the latter had tried to impress some 
 salient point of good conduct upon the 
 little fellow. The culprit is inclined to 
 be tough, it is said. 
 
 "It was announced in the local churches 
 Sunday, that more blankets were neces- 
 sary for the comfort of the Camp Good 
 Will visitors. The result of the appeal 
 has not been so favorable as wished. The 
 hospital loaned many coverings, but came 
 after them today. This leaves the "Good 
 Willers" subject to the cold breezes from 
 the lake on stormy and chilly nights. 
 
 "The First Methodist Church assumed 
 control of the camp this week. The Con- 
 gregationalists are ready to receive con- 
 gratulations on their efficient and pains- 
 taking management of the initial week's 
 camp. Dr. William Macafee will lead the 
 song service in the assembly tent tonight. 
 The usual program of kindergarten and 
 mothers' meeting in the morning, and the 
 carriage riding and bathing in the lake 
 in the afternoon, was carried out today. 
 
 "Charles F. Weller, Superintendent of 
 the West Side Division of the Chicago 
 Bureau of Associated Charities, had a 
 narrow escape from an infuriated mob of 
 Italians yesterday. Mr. Weller selects 
 the most deserving families to be given 
 an outing in the summer camp and, in 
 the course of his rounds, takes down the 
 number of members in each family. In 
 the Italian district he had chosen enough 
 families to aggregate twenty-five per- 
 sons according to their- own count, but 
 when they made their appearance for 
 transportation the surprised Superinten- 
 dent counted forty expectant persons. He 
 asked an explanation and soon found that 
 the mothers had failed to name all their 
 children for fear they would not be se- 
 lected. Some of the families had to be 
 sent home again, and the fathers became 
 
422 
 
 CHARITABLE ASSOCIATIONS 
 
 
 angry. They threatened all kinds of ven- 
 geance, and it looked as though a mad rush 
 would be made for Mr. Weller, but the lat- 
 ter succeeded in quieting the foreigners and 
 a possible riot was averted. 
 
 Report of the Treasurer. 
 
 Promotion: prospectus, expense of union meeting. $ 52.15 
 General Expense: stationery, printing, postage... 11. 85 
 Preparing Camp: sewerage, plumbing, tent floors 280.47 
 
 Hire of tents, cots and bedding 321.50 
 
 Equipment, utensils, towels, bathing suits 64.BS 
 
 Transportation : car fares I-i-ftl 
 
 Superintendence and Labor : wages of Superinten- 
 dent, cook and help ; Superintendent's travel- 
 ing expenses 148.73 
 
 Entertainments, stereopticon, etc 16.0O 
 
 Incidental expenses, lighting supplies, etc 42.45 
 
 Provisions : tea, coffee, sugar, nutter, eggs, po- 
 tatoes, soap, ice, bread, milk 300.95 
 
 Total expenses, paid from general fund $1,320.75 
 
 Subscriptions, paid $1,165.811 
 
 Subscriptions, unpaid 25.00 
 
 Discounts on bills 40.15 
 
 Plumbing returned 34.0O 
 
 Lumber sold 50.00 
 
 Deficit 5.80 
 
 $1,320.75 
 F. D. RAYMOND. 
 
 Treasurer. 
 
 "Camp Good Will, which was such a 
 feature for good in Evanston last summer, 
 is to be continued. During July and 
 August last year, five hundred and eighty- 
 five mothers and children enjoyed a 
 weeks' vacation a bright spot in many a 
 weary life in Camp flood Will. 
 
 "The eminent success of last year's 
 work, the ease with which it was done, 
 the liberality and interest of many cit- 
 izens, and the unbounded joy of both 
 guests and hosts make it a pleasure again 
 to undertake this noble work. Much 
 property has been left over which will 
 materially reduce the cost of inaugura- 
 tion, and, with the same generous sup- 
 port and effort, it is certain that this 
 year will be a far greater success than 
 the first attempt." 
 
 "Moved by a deep conviction that this 
 work is building where needed, and that 
 its report is not alone to be found in bene- 
 fit to the present, but also to future gener- 
 ations, those people who carried it for- 
 ward last summer .ire to engage in it 
 again this summer, and through the gen- 
 
 erosity of the Trustees of the North- 
 western University, the use of the 
 grounds had last year is to be had again 
 for the camp this year. 
 
 "On next Sunday, June 16, at 7:45 
 o'clock in the evening, a general mass 
 meeting will be held in the interest of this 
 work in the First Presbyterian Church 
 in Evanston. The Rev. Professor Gra- 
 ham Taylor, of the Chicago Theological 
 Seminary, and who is head resident of the 
 Chicago Commons, will address the meet- 
 ing." 
 
 "An illustrated lecture will be given by 
 Mr. James Minnick, Superintendent of 
 the West Side Division of the Chicago 
 Bureau of Associated Charities, during 
 which views depicting the home life and 
 the surroundings of the poor of Chicago 
 will be shown. 
 
 "It is hoped that all of Evanston 's cit- 
 izens who did not join in the work of last 
 year will do so this year, and through 
 the undersigned, the organization having 
 the matter in hand extends an invitation 
 to all to attend the meeting." 
 
 The appeal is signed by J. R. Guilliams, 
 First Vice-President ; Charles B. Foote, 
 Secretary: Joseph I-". Ward, Treasurer. 
 
 The result of this appeal was so en- 
 couraging that, on June i8th, an an- 
 nouncement was sent to each church 
 stating that the camp would open on 
 Wednesday noon, July loth, and continue 
 for five weeks. Permission to use the 
 same beautiful grounds was granted by 
 the Trustees of Xorthwestern University, 
 and the Superintendent of the preceding 
 years, Mr. J. R. Riddle, who had proved 
 most wise and efficient, agreed to act 
 again in the same capacity. The exper- 
 ience of former years was repeated in 
 giving rest and joy to groups of many 
 women and children and the money col- 
 lected through the churches was entirely 
 
CIIAK1TALJLF. ASS( >CIATK>NS 
 
 angry. They threatened all kinds of ven- 
 geance, and it looked as though a mad rush 
 would he made for Mr. \Veller. but the lat- 
 ter succeeded in quieting the foreigners and 
 a possible riot was averted. 
 
 Report of the Treasurer. 
 
 I'romolioM : prospectus, expense of unimi ineelin.$ ."ij.l.j 
 
 (ieneral Kxpense : stationery, printing, postage... ll..s."i 
 
 l'reparini (.'amp: sewerage. plu.n!in, tent lloors L'S'1.47 
 
 I !:re of tents, cots ami he. Mill ^ :{L'l.."n 
 
 Kquipinent. utensils, towels, lathun! suits IH.liS 
 
 Transportation: ear fares 74.!t.~> 
 
 Superintendence and l.a'ior: uaiies of Superinten- 
 dent, cook and help; Superintendent'! navel- 
 
 IllkJ expenses 14*.7."i 
 
 Kntertainnieiits. stcrcopticon. elc Ifi.m 
 
 Incidental expenses, lii^litm^ s-ipphr~. etc. 4J.4.~ 
 
 I'rovisions : tea. cottre, suyat. Sutler, enns, po- 
 tatoes, soap. iee. l>read. milk...., :tll!l.!.'i 
 
 Total rxnenses. paid from neiu-ral fund $1..'!J<I.7.~> 
 
 Subscriptions, pai.l Sl.lll.YHM 
 
 Subscriptions, unpaid l!.Ym 
 
 Discounts on I. ill 4n.1.'. 
 
 rhmil.ini; returned :tl.m 
 
 l.uml.iT sold r.i>.'> 
 
 IJeficil .Vsii 
 
 $l.:iLii."."i 
 
 i- i) KAYMoNn. 
 
 Treasurer, 
 
 "Camp (ioorl \\'ill, which was Mich a 
 feature for good in F.vanston hist summer, 
 is to he continued. During July and 
 August last year, live hundred ami eighty- 
 five mothers and children enjoyed a 
 weeks' \acation--a bright spot in many a 
 \\earv life- in Camp Good Will. 
 
 "The eminent success o! last vear's 
 work, the case with which it was done, 
 the liberality and interest of many cit- 
 izens, and the unbounded joy of both 
 guests and IM-.IS make it a plea-tire again 
 ID undertake this noble work. .Much 
 property ha- been let! over which will 
 materially reduce the cost of inaugura- 
 tion, and, with the same generous sup- 
 port and effort, it is certain that this 
 year will be a far greater success than 
 the lil'st attempt." 
 
 "Moved bv a deep conviction that this 
 work is building where needed, and that 
 its report is not alone to be found in bene- 
 fit to the present, hut also to future gener- 
 ations, those people who carried it for- 
 ward last summer are to engage in it 
 again this .summer, ami through the gen- 
 
 erosity of the Trustees of the North- 
 western University, the use of the 
 grounds had last year is to be had again 
 for the camp this year. 
 
 "On next Sunday, June 1 6, at 7:45 
 o'clock in the evening, a general mass 
 meeting will be held in the interest of this 
 work in the First Presbyterian Church 
 in Kvanston. The Rev. Professor Gra- 
 ham Tavlor, of the Chicago Theological 
 Seminary, and who is head resident of the 
 Chicago Commons, will address the meet- 
 ing." 
 
 "An illustrated lecture will be given by 
 Mr. lames Miunick. 5u|i?rintcnlent of 
 the West Side Division of ;hc Chicago 
 I'nreau of Associated Charities, during 
 which view?, depicting the home life and 
 the .surroundings of the poor of Chicago 
 will be shown. 
 
 "It is hoped that ail of Kvan-lon's cit- 
 i/ens who did not join in the work of last 
 year will do so this year, and through 
 the undersigned, the organi/ation having 
 the matter in hand extends an invitation 
 to all to attend the meeting." 
 
 The appeal is signed by J. R. Guilliams. 
 First \ice-l 'resident : Charles IJ. I'oote. 
 Secretary: Joseph I-', \\ard. Treasurer. 
 
 The result of this appeal was so en- 
 couraging that, on June iSth. an an- 
 nouncement was sent to each church 
 stating that the cam]) would open on 
 Wednesday noon. July loth, ami continue 
 for live weeks. Permission to use the 
 same beautiful grounds was granted by 
 the Trustees of North western (/Diversity, 
 and the Superintendent of the preceding 
 years. Mr. I. l\. kiddle, who had proved 
 most wise and efficient, agreed to act 
 again in the same capacity. The exper- 
 ience of former years was repeated in 
 giving rest and joy to groups of many 
 women an 1 children and the money col- 
 lected through the churches was entirely 
 
LlWWW 
 Of THE 
 Of 
 
HISTORY OF EVANSTON 
 
 423 
 
 adequate for all purposes. The cost of 
 maintenance was practically the same as 
 that of the preceding year i. e., $1,320. 
 The camp has now become a regular feat- 
 ure of the summer life of Evanston, and 
 those who participate in its service feel 
 that those residents who are in the habit 
 of spending their summers elsewhere lose 
 a privilege and satisfaction that they can 
 hardly estimate. The past three sum- 
 mers have seen the work conducted in the 
 same systematic and hearty way as at 
 first, although since every church now 
 contributes service, the period that each 
 church serves is shorter than it was dur- 
 ing the first year. In 1903, Mr. Crosby 
 was the Superintendent, but in 1904. Mr. 
 J. B. Riddle resumed the task for which 
 he is so admirably fitted. 
 
 In 1903, at the request of Miss Addams 
 of Hull House, the camp was kept open 
 one week longer and boys' clubs of Hull 
 House and Northwestern University Set- 
 tlement were entertained. This increased 
 the cost of that year to $2,124. The same"' 
 plan was carried out during the summer 
 of 1904, and everyone interested in the 
 
 work of the camp rejoiced in helping to 
 extend its services for this additional 
 week. It is easy to maintain discipline 
 where the privilege of living in the camp 
 is so highly esteemed, and the experience 
 of a few unruly boys in being sent home 
 has been sufficient to hold any temptation 
 to waywardness in check. The Evan- 
 stonians who have waited on their guests 
 of Camp Good Will at table, entertained 
 them in the evening, talked to the mothers 
 in the informal Mothers' meetings, led 
 the children in kindergarten games, 
 songs and occupations, or given personal 
 service in any way, have received far 
 more of blessing than they have given. 
 We cannot all go to Chicago to work in 
 the neglected and forlorn places for the 
 downtrodden and hopeless, but Camp 
 Good Will brings them to us, and the 
 cordial response that has been given to 
 app'&fcls for money and service to main- 
 Jij summer outing proves that Ev- 
 k^in,e^ the opportunity. "Thou 
 shall be servecfthyself by every sense of 
 service that thou renderest." 
 
CHAPTER XLI. 
 
 SOCIAL LIFE IN A UNIVERSITY TOWN 
 
 (Bj EMILY HUJJTINOTON MILLER) 
 
 Transitions of a Half Century Social Life 
 as It Existed in Early Days The Build- 
 ing up of a Great Christian Institution as 
 Its Dominant Motive Reminiscences of 
 Some of Its Early Factors Influence of 
 Hospitality on Student Life and Charac- 
 ter Some of Those Who Were Influen- 
 tial in Establishing Evanston's Reputation 
 as a Hospitable Center. 
 
 It would be a difficult, if not an impossible 
 thing, to present from individual impres- 
 sions the spirit of social life in the Univer- 
 sity to-day. Society is no longer a unit, 
 but broken up into a multitude of groups ; 
 and its aspect, as in any community, will 
 differ with the point of view held by the 
 observer, or the special development noted. 
 
 But looking back to the early days of the 
 University, one finds, among the witnesses 
 who shared and helped to create its social 
 life, a practical unanimity of sentiment. 
 To some extent most of them agree in the 
 opinion expressed by one of their number 
 
 "I am reminded of the sentence with 
 which the writer of an encyclopaedic article 
 on 'Owls in Ireland' introduced his disqui- 
 sition : 'There be no Owls in Ireland.' " 
 
 Social life as an end certainly did not 
 exist in those first strenuous days, when the 
 University was Evanston, and the noble 
 ambition which dominated every other pur- 
 
 pose, and united all her citizens in a bond 
 of brotherhood, was the hope of building up 
 a great Christian institution that should be 
 an opportunity, an invitation, and an incen- 
 tive to a multitude of young men whom the 
 older universities could never reach. 
 
 Naturally, in the days of its small begin- 
 nings, when faith and courage and energy 
 were taxed to the utmost, many things 
 seemed of more vital consequence than any 
 special provision for the social instincts. 
 But the greatest charm of that early fellow- 
 ship was its purely instinctive character ; 
 the shining out of a spirit of friendliness 
 that took little thought for any formal ex- 
 pression. 
 
 Making reasonable allowance for the 
 mellowing effect of distance, and for the 
 happy illusion through which memory 
 shows "the days that are no more," there is 
 still sufficient testimony to the idyllic char- 
 acter of that early life to justify the decla- 
 ration of one who shared it: 
 
 "No doubt there were hardships and dep- 
 rivations and necessary crudities, but, as 
 I look back upon it, it seems to me like 
 Eden, in its peace, and simplicity, and good- 
 fellowship; people of every denomination 
 worshiping together in one church, and 
 living like one family ; old and young meet- 
 ing in friendly intercourse by hearth and 
 fireside, and counselling together for that 
 
 425 
 
426 
 
 SOCIAL LIFE IN A UNIVERSITY TOWN 
 
 which most concerned us all, the welfare of 
 the students and the prosperity of the Uni- 
 versity." 
 
 There seems no more effective way of 
 presenting the salient features of a society 
 that was only impressive because of its 
 spirit, than by employing the old class-meet- 
 ing methods of that day, and calling up 
 individual testimonies. 
 
 The University owes to its comparative 
 youth the happy possibility of summoning 
 a few such witnesses, even for its very 
 earliest times, though year by year the call- 
 ing of the roll brings fewer responses, and 
 much that might have illuminated this rec- 
 ord has passed beyond our reach. 
 
 The writer is especially indebted for val- 
 uable material to Mrs. Harriette S. Kidder, 
 whose clear and comprehensive recollection 
 of the time is fortunately supplemented by 
 her diary, and who, to-day in her eighty- 
 fourth year, is a beautiful example of spir- 
 itual and mental vigor. 
 
 "Of course I knew largely what was pass- 
 ing in Evanston in its earliest days, and was 
 deeply interested in all that concerned it. 
 It seemed to me there never was a better 
 opportunity offered to build up a model 
 community. As the families that settled 
 there came from different localities, and 
 were strangers to each other, they were 
 ready to respond to any movement that 
 would bring them into closer social rela- 
 tions. I was deeply impressed with the 
 idea that, in this rural place, we need not 
 take for our standard all the customs that 
 were perhaps best suited to city life and a 
 more mixed society. Since we were gen- 
 erally intelligent Christian people, we 
 might be really fraternal in our social rela- 
 tions. So, for myself, I made it a rule to 
 call upon every new family that came to 
 Evanston, and to invite them, as opportu- 
 
 nity offered, to a place at my table and a 
 share in our social intercourse. 
 
 "Many of us who were connected with 
 the University went to Evanston because 
 of our deep interest in the training of the 
 young people who were to be drawn there 
 by these schools, founded for their benefit, 
 and we felt that, away from their own home 
 influences, congregated in clubs or scattered 
 through the village, they needed to be 
 brought under the influence of our homes 
 and such home-association as we could give 
 them. As their number was for several 
 years comparatively small, we could invite 
 them in a social way, providing rational 
 entertainment, and thus a strong bond of 
 union between students and citizens was 
 formed that was valuable to both parties. 
 
 "The instructors of the young men who 
 were to mingle among the people as minis- 
 ters of the gospel, felt it specially important 
 that they should share the social life of the 
 community, as a necessary part of the train- 
 ing for their work. So there were gather- 
 ings in the homes of the professors, bring- 
 ing together, in a social way, students, 
 teachers, trustees and citizens. At these 
 gatherings, after a substantial supper was 
 served, there was singing, sometimes short 
 talks, and always prayer before separating. 
 In all the social gatherings of that day we 
 met early, and generally left before eleven 
 o'clock. I doubt if any community ever 
 enjoyed a more delightful social life. The 
 six or eight families of the professors often 
 took dinner together in each other's homes, 
 and, as each of us had frequent visitors 
 whom we wished others to enjoy, they were 
 introduced into our social circle in this 
 neighborly way. This simple form of so- 
 cial life was a striking feature of our com- 
 munity for several years, and people out- 
 side of our church, who had only known 
 more formal society and more elaborate en- 
 
HISTORY OF EVANSTON 
 
 427 
 
 tertainments, seemed greatly to enjoy this 
 friendly sort of home visiting." 
 
 Dr. Daniel Bonbright, whose memories 
 cover the whole existence of the University, 
 adds some vivid touches to the picture of 
 its early days. 
 
 "In those first years, when the University 
 counted in its catalogue scarcely fifty stu- 
 dents, collective social life could hardly be 
 said to have existed. There were, to be 
 sure, two literary societies, and Greek let- 
 ter fraternities in germ. These, in their 
 way, must have been centers of association, 
 but I doubt if they counted for much in the 
 life of the student body as a bond or spur. 
 
 "There were no athletic games ; public 
 entertainments of any sort were rare and 
 unimpressive. 1 recall the Cantata of 
 Queen Esther. It was gotten up by the 
 Sunday School as an event of pomp and 
 circumstance. One can judge, from this 
 example of the extraordinary, what must 
 have been the average quality of the social 
 satisfaction of the epoch. 
 
 "The families of the faculty were 
 thoughtful of the students, as were also a 
 good number of families in the village. 
 One may hear from the older graduates 
 grateful reference to hospitalities and cheer 
 which they enjoyed from those sources dur- 
 ing their student life. But housed as the 
 students were at hap-hazard, in a commu- 
 nity itself scattered and struggling, there 
 could have been among them but feeble col- 
 lective consciousness, and sense of a mu- 
 tual life. I suspect there was little escape 
 from lonely isolation, save in the self-for- 
 getfulness of hard work, a recourse more in 
 honor in that primitive age than in these 
 piping times of merry-go-round, cigarette 
 and song. 
 
 "As for social life in the faculty itself, 
 including that of the Biblical Institute, there 
 was nothing characteristic which would not 
 
 be implied by its constituent elements. 
 The families were nearly all from Xew 
 England, and brought with them the quali- 
 ties of their birthright. They were people 
 of education, intelligence and Christian 
 sobriety. As your letter reminds me. cards 
 and social dances were not yet ; neither were 
 Browning Clubs nor other idolatry. I 
 remember only one coterie : I forgot what it 
 called itself. (See Chapter XLII.. on "So- 
 cial and Literary Clubs," in this volume.) 
 It was composed of gentlemen from the fac- 
 ulties of the University and Institute. They 
 met, perhaps, once a fortnight, for the dis- 
 cussion of questions in religious philosophy. 
 But they took their separate convictions 
 too seriously for controversy. In the in- 
 terest of good-will and harmony it was 
 found safest to disband. The immediate 
 occasion of the disruption, I believe, was 
 the introduction of some explosive specu- 
 lation by Dr. Dempster on the subject of 
 the 'Eternal A'oic.' 
 
 "But the peaceful unity that prevailed, 
 both in the schools and in the community 
 around them, is illustrated by the tact that 
 the entire Protestant population worshipped' 
 together, Sunday after Sunday, in the same 
 church. Methodists, Baptists. Episcopa- 
 lians, and the rest, they all listened to the 
 Gospel proclaimed from the same pulpit ; 
 each, as in Apostolic times, hearing the 
 word, as it were in his own tongue, wherein 
 he had been born." 
 
 Probably no individual is more closely 
 associated with memories of the University 
 days in the thought of a great majority of 
 its graduates, than Dr. Oliver Marcy. One 
 can scarcely recall the older or the newer 
 Evanston, the shaded streets, the class- 
 room, or the campus, without seeing his 
 fine patrician face, and his dignified figure 
 with its impressive bearing of genial cour- 
 tesy. The Marcy home was generously 
 
428 
 
 SOCIAL LIFE IN A UNIVERSITY TOWN 
 
 opened for the hospitalities of the Univer- 
 sity, and many of the early classes could 
 testify to the readiness with which their 
 attempts at class entertainment were helped 
 out by placing its resources at their service. 
 
 Mrs. Marcy has furnished some recol- 
 lections, beginning with the time of their 
 coming to Evanston in 1862, a date at which 
 it must have required a vivid imagination 
 to speak gravely of the existing school as a 
 University. 
 
 "When we came to Evanston things were 
 in a very primitive condition, though about 
 seven years before there had been a 'boom' 
 in the settlement of the town. Dr. Kidder 
 had built a commodious house, near what 
 was then the center of- the town, and his 
 family had occupied it five or six years. 
 They were leaders in hospitality, and no one 
 came to town who was not soon made the 
 recipient of their cordiality. Garrett Bibli- 
 cal Institute was well established, but 
 though Dr. Dempster was its official head, 
 there was no doubt Dr. Kidder's open doors 
 were the magnet that drew the student 
 body, as well as others who came to town, 
 for Evanston itself is indebted in no small 
 degree to the University for its early social 
 life. 
 
 "I think it had been the habit of Mrs. 
 Kidder to entertain, and she continued the 
 practice so that, sooner or later, every mem- 
 ber of the schools then in operation had 
 been included. Some of the young men 
 who underwent this initiation into society 
 were, of course, not exactly up to date in 
 matters of etiquette, and while appreciating 
 the courtesy, sometimes dreaded the ordeal ; 
 but the hearty good-will with which they 
 were received by old and young soon re- 
 moved any sense of discomfort. 
 
 "The 'Female College' was then in the 
 hey-day of its popularity, under the man- 
 agement of Professor Jones, who did his 
 
 part to make it conspicuous in social hap- 
 penings, making the most of his anniver- 
 saries, and inviting the '400' with a very 
 liberal inclusiveness. 
 
 "Bishop Simpson lived here at that time, 
 the greatest of our living preachers, a most 
 genial and lovable man in his prime. Gov- 
 ernor Evans was with us the first years, but 
 soon left for Colorado. They were quite 
 distinctive features of Evanston society in 
 those early days. Mrs. Evans was a woman 
 of superb presence, and the daughter, Jose- 
 phine, a favorite among young people. Her 
 wedding, which took place on the lawn be- 
 tween the house and the lake, was a notable 
 event of the time. 
 
 "On the Ridge were Mr. Hurd, Mr. 
 Kedzie and other families of position and 
 character, who gave entertainments as they 
 had probably been accustomed to do, and 
 helped to maintain the cordial spirit of 
 friendly interest and co-operation between 
 the town and the University, although in 
 that day no such distinction was ever 
 thought of: we were all 'University people.' 
 
 "Mrs. Bragdon, at that time struggling 
 with the effort to 'college her boys,' did 
 not forget that her calling and election had 
 been the care of the churches as a minis- 
 ter's wife, and interested herself in a sister- 
 ly way in every social scheme or kindly 
 project. 
 
 "The history of our social life would be 
 incomplete without reference to Professor 
 Bonbright, who from thebeginning watched 
 over these interests in a most tactful man- 
 ner, and without whose presence in those 
 days no social function would have seemed 
 complete. He not only made himself agree- 
 able, but, in some sense, responsible, that the 
 University influence should be brought to 
 bear even in its social affairs, and nothing 
 overlooked that might contribute to tone 
 and popularity. I remember the brotherly 
 
A3. 
 
 _y 
 
428 
 
 SOCIAL LIFE IX A UNIVERSITY TO\YX 
 
 opened for the hospitalities of the Univer- 
 sity, and inanv of the early classes could 
 testify to the readiness with which their 
 attempts at class entertainment were helped 
 out by placing its resources at their service. 
 
 Mrs. Marey has furnished some recol- 
 lections, beginning with the time of their 
 coming to Evanston in 1862, a date at which 
 it must have required a vivid imagination 
 to speak gravely of the existing school as a 
 University. 
 
 "When we came to Evanston things were 
 in a very primitive condition, though about 
 seven years before there had been a 'boom' 
 in the settlement of the town. Dr. Kidder 
 had built a commodious house, near what 
 was then the center of the town, and his 
 family had occupied it five or six years. 
 They were leaders in hospitality, and no one 
 came to town who was not soon made the 
 recipient of their cordiality. Garrett Bibli- 
 cal Institute was well established, but 
 thiiugh Dr. Dempster was its official head, 
 there was no doubt Dr. rudder's open doors 
 were the magnet that drew the student 
 body, as well as others who came to town, 
 for Evanston itself is indebted in no small 
 degree to the University for its early social 
 life. 
 
 "I think it had been the habit of -Mrs. 
 Kidder to entertain, and she continued the 
 practice so that, sooner or later, every mem- 
 ber of the schools then in operation had 
 been included. Some of the young men 
 who underwent this initiation into society 
 were, of course, not exactly up to date in 
 matters of etiquette, and while appreciating 
 the courtesy, sometimes dreaded the ordeal; 
 but the hearty good-will with which they 
 were received by old and young soon re- 
 moved any sense of discomfort. 
 
 "The 'Female College' was then in the 
 hey-dav of its popularity, under the man- 
 agement of Professor Jones, who did his 
 
 part to make it conspicuous in social hap- 
 penings, making the most of his anniver- 
 saries, and inviting the '400' with a very 
 liberal inclusiveness. 
 
 "Bishop Simpson lived here at that time, 
 the greatest of our living preachers, a most 
 genial and lovable man in his prime. Gov- 
 ernor Evans was with us the first years, but 
 soon left for Colorado. They were quite 
 distinctive features of Evanston society in 
 those early days. Mrs. Evans was a woman 
 of superb presence, and the daughter, Jose- 
 phine, a favorite among young people. Her 
 wedding, which took place on the lawn be- 
 tween the house and the lake, was a notable 
 event of the time. 
 
 "On the Ridge were Mr. llurd, Mr. 
 Kedzie and other families of position and 
 character, who gave entertainments as they 
 had probably been accustomed to do, and 
 helped to maintain the cordial spirit of 
 friendly interest and co-operation between 
 the town and the University, although in 
 that day no such distinction was ever 
 thought of : we were all 'University people.' 
 
 "Mrs. llragdon, at that time struggling 
 with the effort to 'college her boys,' did 
 not forget that her calling and election had 
 been the care of the churches as a minis- 
 ter's wife, and interested herself in a sister- 
 ly way in every social scheme or kindly 
 project. 
 
 "The history of our social life would be 
 incomplete without reference to Professor 
 I ! nibrigh t. who frntn the beginning watched 
 over these interests in a most tactful man- 
 ner, and without whose presence in those 
 days no social function would have seemed 
 complete. He not only made himself agree- 
 able, but, in some sense, responsible, that the 
 University influence should be brought to 
 bear even in its social affairs, and nothing 
 overlooked that might contribute to tone 
 and popularity. I remember the brotherly 
 
Of THE 
 UMflMMft Of JUIWS 
 
HISTORY OF EVANSTON 
 
 429 
 
 way in which he used to discuss with me 
 matters great and small, making the most 
 valuable suggestions in his courteous def- 
 erential manner that always carried convic- 
 tion with it. 
 
 "A score of worthy names arise in my 
 memory of those whom the University 
 might well delight to honor, because of their 
 earl}' ministry to its social well-being, but 
 they had their reward in 'having served 
 their day and generation,' and most of them 
 have 'fallen on sleep.' " 
 
 Mr. Andrew J. Brown, the Secretary of 
 the University's first Board of Trustees, 
 and now the only surviving member of 
 that board, brought his family at an early 
 date to the little community and took an 
 active interest in its development. Mrs. 
 Brown adds to the history of the time some 
 reminiscences : 
 
 "I should like to begin with my first im- . 
 pression of the village, that in 1866 formed 
 the nucleus of the University, and was 
 scarcely in thought separated from it. We' 
 were sitting upon the piazza, at Dr. Ban- 
 nister's, just at twilight, and the sweet 
 sound of a hymn came to us. It was the 
 hour of family prayer, and the melody was 
 soon mingled with that from another home, 
 until from the whole circle of firesides went 
 up the voice of praise and prayer, the spir- 
 it of social fellowship giving a new power 
 to individual worship. These two charac- 
 teristics, Christian devotion and Christian 
 fellowship, were the strong and impressive 
 features of University life at that day. 
 
 "Though the number of students was 
 comparatively small, we soon found that 
 there were many lonely young men in town, 
 and it was our practice, for many years, 
 to invite to our tea-table on Sunday as 
 many as chose to join us. There were many 
 families where the students were most hos- 
 pitably received, besides their own class 
 
 gatherings and receptions, and our inge- 
 nuity was sometimes taxed to the utmost 
 to provide amusement for young people who 
 might not indulge in card-playing or danc- 
 ing. But, however strong may be the pro- 
 test against church rules to-day, I do not 
 think there ever was a happier time than 
 when we were all held to their strict ob- 
 servance. 
 
 "We had at that time a most delightful 
 society. Governor and Mrs. Evans had a 
 beautiful home on the Lake Shore, always 
 open to the young people. Dr. and Mrs. 
 Bannister, Pro'fessor and Mrs. Godman, 
 Professor Bonbright, Professor Blaney and 
 his charming family, Colonel and Mrs. 
 Eaton on the Ridge, the Pearsons with their 
 unfailing interest in the students, Bishop 
 Foster and his family so genial and gra- 
 cious in their hospitality, Mr. and Mrs. 
 Greenleaf. and Dr. and Mrs. Marcy it 
 seerns invidious to mention names where the 
 Spirit of hospitality was universal. We 
 'ftfere' onei'gffeit family whose highest aspira- 
 tion was to build up this school, which was 
 to rival Harvard in its literary standard, 
 but set above all other learning, that knowl- 
 edge of God which is the beginning of wis- 
 dom." 
 
 It would be interesting, as well as en- 
 lightening, if one could set beside these tes- 
 timonials from what might perhaps be con- 
 sidered the governmental side of social life, 
 the unbiased confessions of the party of the 
 second part, now happily removed from the 
 pressure of fear or favor, and learn exact- 
 ly how things looked from the student 
 point of view. It would, perhaps, be in- 
 structive to know whether the young man 
 of that day felt the deep necessity of rec- 
 reation, and yearned, though in a half 
 conscious, unenlightened way, for foot-ball 
 
SOCIAL LIFE IN A UNIVERSITY TOWN 
 
 and track athletics.' One would like to 
 discover what relief they themselves con- 
 trived for the social instincts, and what 
 were the delights of class-socials and kin- 
 dred dissipations. Such things there must 
 have been even in the days when the sim- 
 plest entertainments gave pleasure, and 
 the young people were not burdened with 
 bills for flowers, music and carriage-hire at 
 their social parties. 
 
 One would like for the benefit of coming 
 generations, to know how it was done, and 
 how it was found practicable to maintain a 
 rational balance between the pleasures of 
 life and the serious duties of University 
 work. But a mist seems to have gathered 
 over the memories of those who might tes- 
 tify, and nothing definite is available. One 
 of them indeed declares : 
 
 "In the days which I remember, it seems 
 to me few persons had any respect for 
 social functions as a part of any earnest 
 life. I remember that President Foster had 
 receptions, and 1'rofessor Noyes, Dr. Kid- 
 der, and others had 'evenings' especially 
 for married 'Bibs' and that all the town 
 seemed to swing about the students. But, 
 so far as I know, the students themselves 
 did nothing but grind and haunt the Female 
 College." 
 
 Co-education, with its far-reaching com- 
 plications, had not yet presented itself to 
 trouble the placid counsels of trustees and 
 faculty. Possibly some wise women already 
 saw its Star in the East, but they dreamed 
 only of a related college after the pattern 
 that Radcliffe has since so successfully 
 adopted. l>ut the feminine nearness, even 
 inpurelyunsympatheticinstitutions, is too 
 intimately related to Dr. Dempster's "Eter- 
 nal Xoti.'" to be lightly ignored. 
 
 The friendly homes that welcomed the 
 students held daughters to whose pres- 
 ence they owed their attractions and human- 
 izing influence, quite as much as to the 
 
 hospitable tea-table and the courtesies of 
 more formal receptions. And the home so- 
 ciety was amply supplemented by the 
 Northwestern Female College, from whose 
 incongruous title the Woman's College in- 
 herited its designation of "Fern. Sem." 
 The students were ready to avail them- 
 selves of its friendly overtures for all estab- 
 lished ceremonials, and, it may be surmised, 
 found further opportunity in its halls and 
 laurel groves, for which human nature was 
 the only authority consulted. 
 
 The University, from the very outset, 
 took its students as a trust, and made it- 
 self responsible for them in a measure far 
 beyond the mere furnishing of opportunity 
 for learning. In the days of its poverty 
 nothing made this possible but the bond of 
 sympathy and mutual interest between the 
 University and the community outside of 
 it. It is not easy to say how far the influ- 
 ence of an individual or an institution may 
 have been effective in the shaping of com- 
 munity life, so many obscure and apparent- 
 ly unrelated forces go to determine its char- 
 acter. But looking back to those earliest 
 days it seems reasonable to claim that Ev- 
 anston owes much to the direction given its 
 development when the University, laying its 
 own foundations, laid those of the village 
 also. Social fraternity, civic responsibility, 
 
 *An interesting reminiscence of this i>eriod of the 
 history of the t'niversity is that of Melville C. 
 Spaulding, of the class of I80, who relates the 
 origin of athletics in the college : 
 
 "When we had about sixty students in the old 
 building ('Old College') I solicited 10 cents each 
 from the students on the co-operative plan ami 
 with the $<i.OO in hand, created an out-door gym- 
 nasium (the first), the uprights, parallel bars, etc.. 
 being placed in the northwest corner of the college 
 lot. and much use was made of the simple ap- 
 paratus. This diminutive beginning or 'Commence- 
 ment' outlay, Jli.OO sounds strange when con- 
 trasted with the proposed $50,000 gymnasium." 
 (Letter to the editor, May '>, 1!04.) 
 
HISTORY OF EVAXSTON 
 
 431 
 
 and that broad religious sympathy which is 
 far nobler than toleration, were fruits of the 
 spirit springing naturally from seed sown in 
 that day of small things. 
 
 The deep religious spirit that was so 
 marked in its beginnings when one church 
 sufficed for the whole community, found its 
 natural outgrowth in later years, when the 
 denominations had gathered each one into 
 its own fold in practical Christian unity. 
 Its spirit of brotherhood still survives in a 
 disregard of social distinctions ; its teach- 
 ing of civic responsibility long held citizens 
 of all persuasions to alliance for the public 
 good irrespective of party politics, and the 
 unwritten law which made brain and cul- 
 ture the stamp of its aristocracy rather than 
 money and birth, has never been revoked. 
 
 It was inevitable that, with the expansion 
 of the little rural village into the suburban 
 city, its residents should become absorbed 
 in diverse interests, and the prosperity of 
 the University cease to be the ever present 
 motive and ambition. The growth of the 
 University itself from feebleness to strength 
 tended to this change of sentiment, since the 
 personal interest one might feel for a small 
 
 body of students and instructors, with 
 whom individual acquaintance was pos- 
 sible, could not exist when, in place of 
 a little coterie of friends, one had to consid- 
 er that vague impersonal thing an institu- 
 tion. 
 
 But while it would be impossible to re- 
 store the simplicity and unity of early 
 social life, it is most desirable for both 
 town and University that the bond of 
 sympathy between them should, in every 
 way, be guarded and strengthened. 
 
 And in closing this chapter it may not be 
 out of place to say, that to accomplish this 
 end and re-establish this active interest in 
 promoting University interests with a gen- 
 eration to which the earlier history is only 
 an uncertain tradition, was the purpose for 
 which the University Guild was organized, 
 and which it seems, in some encouraging 
 measure, to be attaining. 
 
 (The foregoing chapter is copied by permission 
 of the publishers from the "N'orthwestern Uni- 
 versity, A History, 1855-190.)," edited by Arthur 
 Herbert Wilde, Ph. D., Assistant Professor of 
 History in The College of Liberal Arts, North- 
 western University.) 
 
CHAPTER XLII. 
 
 SOCIAL AND LITERARY CLUBS 
 
 (By PROF. HOMEK H. K INiiSLI V 
 
 A Reminiscence of Noah's Ark Social 
 Instincts of Evanstonians Philosophi- 
 cal Association Its Founders and Their 
 Favorite Topics The "O. R. Circle" 
 Blossoms Out as the "Legensia" Bry- 
 ant Circle Pierian Club Woman's 
 Clubs The Fortnightly Succeeds the 
 "Woman's Reading Circle" Its Serv- 
 ice in the Field of Charity and Philan- 
 thropy The Coterie Twentieth Cen- 
 tury and Present Day Clubs. 
 
 It is said that the coat of arms of the 
 Montmorency family contains the picture 
 of a servant with a box under his arm run- 
 ning after Noah's Ark, while a legend is- 
 sues from his mouth expressing these 
 words: "Make room for the archives of 
 the Montmorency family !" Evanston is 
 yet so young that the organization of all 
 of her clubs is a matter of history. They 
 are not like Melchizedec, "without father 
 or mother, or table of descent." Fortu- 
 nately in all of them we have official rec- 
 ords of origin, purpose and, in many, of 
 their final dissolution. This history can 
 touch only the more pretentious clubs. 
 An attempt to define the scope and to give 
 the history of all the various church so- 
 cieties, neighborhood circles, social and 
 card clubs, would use up the limits of this 
 paper largely in their simple enumeration. 
 
 The social instincts of Evanstonians 
 
 are much like those of any community. 
 As soon as any neighborhood discovered 
 that it contained a band of congenial 
 spirits, it generally desired to form a club 
 in order to give these instincts play and 
 development. In the early days, when 
 Evanston was smaller and when outside 
 interests attracted less of the attention of 
 business men and professional men ; when 
 the people on the Ridge knew the people 
 on Forest Avenue ; before the Evanston 
 Club, the Boat Club, the Country Club, or 
 any of the various whist clubs were or- 
 ganized ; in the days when people took 
 time to read and think and discuss, and 
 not simply prophesy smooth things ; back 
 in the early '6os, in the days when the 
 names of Bannister, Willard, and Kidder 
 were household words in Evanston, a club 
 of young women was organized known 
 as the Iota Omega Club. The symbolic 
 letters were believed to signify Inde- 
 pendent Order ; at least, the motto of the 
 club "No others need apply" would 
 seem to make it capable of that interpre- 
 tation. This club was organized in 1860. 
 and during its various vicissitudes and 
 ramifications, it developed into, or was 
 absorbed by, the Eclectic Society, the So- 
 cial Club, and finally by the well known 
 club of the present day, the Evanston 
 Club. As this club is to have a separate 
 chapter in this History, it is not necessary 
 
434 
 
 SOCIAL AND LITERARY CLUBS 
 
 to go more into detail in this account. 
 Intellectual improvement and social en- 
 joyment were the fundamental features 
 of all of these clubs. 
 
 Perhaps the most pretentious club in 
 Evanston's early days was the 
 
 Philosophical Association. This club 
 had enough importance to be incor- 
 porated, and received a charter from the 
 Secretary of State, bearing date, Feb- 
 ruary 28, 1867. Dr. Bannister was the 
 father of the society, and a study of the 
 list of subjects discussed shows that they 
 were of no trifling nature, and were 
 handled in no inferior manner. The rec- 
 ords show that papers were discussed 
 bearing such formidable titles as the fol- 
 lowing : "The Relation of the Uncondi- 
 tioned, the Absolute, and the Infinite to 
 Human Faith and Knowledge" ; "Is a 
 Science of History Possible?" "Science, 
 Religion and Theology"; "The Nature 
 and Province of Instinct"; "Religious 
 Controversy between Deism and Chris- 
 tianity." The foregoing are not specially 
 selected subjects, but are taken at ran- 
 dom from the records, and illustrate the 
 fact that, in those early days, the men 
 who discussed subjects did much original 
 work, and did not rely upon the encyclo- 
 paedia to inform them as to what some 
 one else had said or done upon the sub- 
 ject in hand. Economics, Sociology, Po- 
 litical Economy, Electricity, Astronomy, 
 Physics, Chemistry and pure Mathe- 
 matics came in for a fair share of the dis- 
 cussion ; in fact, it is not impossible to 
 find men today who think the society 
 might be still living if it had not been for 
 its sensitiveness about having the tariff 
 discussed. If this is a matter of history, 
 it serves to show that the tariff is not 
 entirely an unmixed good ; for there ought 
 to be a place in Evanston for a club which 
 would discuss the more serious things of 
 
 life. It is, however, hardly to be ex- 
 pected that another club like this will ever 
 exist in Evanston. The changes -an theo- 
 logical thought and discussion in the last 
 twenty-five years, perhaps a certain lack 
 of seriousness in the present day life, the 
 demands that are made on professional 
 and business men, make it quite impos- 
 sible to get together a set of men who- 
 could give time and energy to such sub- 
 jects as the old Philosophical Association 
 used to consider. The society had are 
 existence of sixteen years, and finally dis- 
 banded after its meeting of February 13,. 
 1882. During its period of prosperity, the 
 society kept up, for a time, a course of 
 free public lectures, and the public were 
 frequently invited to hear papers of the 
 members when such papers promised to 
 be of more than ordinary interest or merit. 
 The successive Presidents of the society- 
 were: Henry Bannister, Oliver Marcy, 
 Francis Bradley, L. H. Boutell. F. D.. 
 Hemenway, Andrew Shuman, D. H_ 
 Wheeler, N. S. Davis, Miner Raymond,. 
 N. C. Gridley, J. G. Forest, H. S. Carhart. 
 C. W. Pearson^ H. F. Fisk. 
 
 Legensia Club. Perhaps the next most 
 important club in Evanston was "Legen- 
 sia." The original name of this club was- 
 the O. R. Circle. This was the abbrevi- 
 ated way of writing "Our Reading Cir- 
 cle." It had its origin January 30, 1880. 
 On that date a few congenial friends met 
 at the home of Mr. and Mrs. H. B 
 Cragin and formed a club whose object, 
 as stated in its call, should be "the form- 
 ing of a club for literary exercises, having 
 in view both the profit and pleasure of its 
 members." In a short time the name of 
 the club was changed to "Legensia" a 
 name which was compounded by Pro- 
 fessor J. Scott Clark from the last three 
 syllables of Collegensia and the syllable- 
 leg from the Latin word lego, to read.. 
 

LIBRARY 
 OF THE 
 
 UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS 
 
HISTORY OF EVANSTON 
 
 435 
 
 The development of this club was much 
 like that of a child. It passed through its 
 years of infancy, youth, maturity and de- 
 cline. A study of its successive programs 
 shows clearly the working out of those 
 lines of work and thought which char- 
 acterize childhood, youth and maturity. 
 Its first noti6n was to meet and read 
 something serious, then something light 
 and humorous, and to have each program 
 interspersed with some descriptions of 
 people or places by members who might 
 be qualified to speak along these lines. 
 The club soon gave up this desultory 
 work, and took up a line of work which 
 had continuity and serious purpose in it. 
 The Life and Works of Daniel Webster 
 formed the theme of reading for the first 
 year, and the* Life and Letters of Ticknor 
 the second year. At the beginning of 
 the third year, Legensia began to show 
 precocity by writing its own composi- 
 tions. The biographical spirit was still 
 rampant and strongly impressed the so- 
 ciety, and accordingly all of the essays 
 were biographical. No system obtained 
 in the selection of authors, and there was 
 a frisky skipping from Holmes to John 
 Adams. Then Legensia took a run down 
 to the sixteenth century, to Martin Luther, 
 and then back to the nineteenth century to 
 Elizabeth Barrett Browning, with an 
 alacrity of disconnectedness which would 
 have been the envy of the promoters of 
 the International Sunday School Lessons. 
 The novelist, poet, statesman, historian, 
 essayist, philosopher, and philanthropist 
 were made, in succession, the subjects of 
 Legensia's praise and criticism. During 
 this year a famous debate arose as to the 
 relative merits of Webster and Sumner 
 as statesmen. The debate was as hot 
 and as protracted as any in which those 
 famous statesmen ever engaged in the 
 halls of congress. Curiously enough, all 
 
 of the women of the club sided with Sum- 
 ner, while all of the men yielded their 
 allegiance to Webster. Finally one mem- 
 ber was won over to the side of the 
 Webster camp, and the question was set- 
 tled in this way, and never disturbed the 
 dreams of the club thereafter. In 1883. 
 Legensia thought it was old enough to 
 forego writing essays upon persons whose 
 lives had been carefully and thoughtfully 
 written beforehand by competent histor- 
 ians, and it took up the matter of writing 
 about things. American History became 
 the theme of this year's work. The fol- 
 lowing year was spent in a study of the 
 English poets from Chaucer to Words- 
 worth. By 1886, the society thought it 
 could wrestle with the deep problems of 
 life, and so took up the discussion of the 
 mysteries of the protective tariff, with the 
 usual result, that after a year of discussion, 
 everyone understood it perfectly, but no 
 two persons had the same understanding 
 about it. In 1887-88, the Victorian Reign, 
 and the next year French History from 
 Julius Caesar to that date, were con- 
 sidered. In 1889, nothing in the old lines 
 was quite satisfactory to the society. 
 Several programs were suggested, but 
 were all thrown out, and the club spent 
 a year on the study of "Socialism." This 
 proved to be one of the most interesting 
 years in the history of the society. After 
 1890 the club had an existence of four 
 years during which it discussed art, archi- 
 tecture, Alaska, Australia, Africa, Aid- 
 rich, Agassiz, and numerous problems of 
 government, ethics, schools, and also 
 the practical problems of life. In fact, 
 the latter subject was frequently a 
 matter of discussion in the club, and 
 the manner in which it took hold 
 of the subject was an ample testi- 
 mony to the witticism of the bright 
 Evanston woman who said she was jick 
 
436 
 
 SOCIAL AND LITERARY CLUBS 
 
 and tired of hearing about her soul, but 
 wanted to know how to keep her kitchen 
 drain clean. The last year of Legensia 
 was devoted to a consideration of Bryce's 
 American Commonwealth. Whether or 
 not this proved too severe a task, or 
 whether other attractions abbreviated 
 the membership, the club never got be- 
 yond December, 1894. This club never 
 attempted the solution of the deep things 
 of life, as did the old Philosophical As- 
 sociation. It never had soarings after 
 the infinite nor divings after the unfath- 
 omable, nor did it ever attempt Brown- 
 ing. 
 
 The annual banquets of Legensia 
 were meetings of great enjoyment. The 
 first one was a complete surprise upon 
 the gentlemen of the club, having been 
 secretly prepared in advance by the la- 
 dies. It consisted of a fine collation of 
 chicken salad, celery, cheese - sticks, 
 cream, candy, and numerous other at- 
 tractive articles of diet, and when the 
 business of this evening was over, the 
 gentlemen were ushered into the pres- 
 ence of the feast. As a literary feature 
 of the evening, each man was asked to 
 give his favorite author and a quotation 
 from his works, and also to name his na- 
 tive State. As this was entirely im- 
 promptu, it led to some embarrassment, 
 and men who had never quailed before 
 the cannon's mouth were suddenly struck 
 dumb at the audacity of the ladies, and 
 their natural eloquence was abated. One 
 of the most eloquent members of the 
 club could only repeat the first verse of 
 Genesis, while one of the most learned 
 members of the faculty of Northwestern 
 University could only describe his favor- 
 ite state into which he shortly after- 
 ward entered. Fourteen banquets in all 
 were held, and it would be impossible to 
 recount all of the bright things that were 
 
 said and done on these occasions. One 
 of the most unique was where each mem- 
 ber was required to bring in an original 
 poem, or at least alleged poetry; and 
 these poems varied in length from four 
 lines to one which took two rolls of wall 
 paper to contain it. From the latter epi- 
 sode Mr. Dorr A. Kimball earned the 
 title of poet laureate of the club. It 
 would be impossible to speak in detail 
 of the personnel of the club. There were 
 in all about three hundred members dur- 
 ing its fourteen years of history, includ- 
 ing every class of society except the 
 crank ; all degrees of wealth, one Gov- 
 ernor, three members of the Legislature, 
 one Attorney-General of the State, busi- 
 ness men, bankers, professional men, col- 
 lege Presidents and Professors unnum- 
 bered. One of the early members of the 
 club made it a point, at every meeting, to 
 have on hand the autograph or some for- 
 mer personal belonging of the person 
 under discussion, and succeeded in every 
 case except in the case of Julius Caesar. 
 When Martin Luther was under consid- 
 eration this member is said to have had 
 with him ink-stained samples of ingrain 
 wall-paper, which he declared were taken 
 from the room where Luther threw the 
 ink bottle at the Devil. The higher crit- 
 icism was not rampant in those days, but 
 in spite of that fact, some members were 
 so incredulous as to doubt the identity 
 of this particular paper. 
 
 The papers of Legensia were always 
 of a dignified nature. The flippant never 
 entered into its discussions, and even the 
 discussion of the protective tariff never 
 precipitated any lifelong animosities, and 
 the club will ever remain in the memo- 
 ries of older Evanstonians as a pleasant 
 recollection of fourteen years of earnest, 
 profitable, wholesome and most enjoy- 
 able work, coupled with a spirit of hos- 
 
HISTORY OF EVANSTON 
 
 437 
 
 pitality, generosity and friendship, which 
 have become a permanent part of many 
 lives made sweeter by the privileges of 
 this association. 
 
 The following persons have acted as 
 Presidents of Legensia: C. A. Flanders, 
 
 F. P. Crandon (two terms), H. B. Cra- 
 gin, W. S. Harbert, H. H. C. Miller, O. 
 E. Haven, C. W. Pearson, Dorr A. Kim- 
 ball, H. H. Kingsley, C. B. Atwell. L. 
 K. Gillson, R. B. McMullen, J. Scott 
 Clark and Fleming H. Revell. 
 
 Bryant Circle. The Bryant Circle can 
 claim the distinction of having had thus 
 far the longest life of any literary society 
 in Evanston, it now being in the twenty- 
 first year of its existence. It was or- 
 ganized in 1885 as a "Chautauqua Lit- 
 erary and Scientific Circle." In the win- 
 ter of 1883-84 several ladies of Evanston 
 were pursuing independently the studies 
 as laid down by the Chautauqua Asso- 
 ciation. Realizing, however, the benefit 
 that would come from united action, the 
 regular meeting together of those inter- 
 ested in the same line of study, both 
 from the information each would impart 
 to the other and from the stimulus that 
 would be aroused by such union, they 
 resolved to call a meeting of the ladies of 
 the village interested in forming an after- 
 noon circle for the following winter. Ac- 
 cordingly, there appeared in the "Evans- 
 ton Index" of September 19, 1885, a no- 
 tice calling such a meeting, the result of 
 which was seen in the coming together 
 of ten ladies, meeting with Mrs. Carse- 
 well at the Avenue House Cottage. The 
 charter members of the society which 
 was organized were Mrs. Carsewell, Mrs. 
 H. H. Gage, Mrs. George Bancroft, Mrs. 
 H. J. Edwards, Mrs. W. H. Crocker, Mrs. 
 
 G. H. Thompson, Mrs. \V. H. Lewis, 
 Mrs. Baskin and Mrs. Balding. New 
 members were constantly added and in- 
 
 terest continued unabated. The name 
 "Bryant" may possibly be something of 
 a misnomer to those not familiar with 
 the beginnings of the society. When a 
 name for the circle was under discussion 
 at one of the early meetings the name 
 Bryant seemed especially fitting, that 
 day being the birthday of the poet, and 
 also one of the memorial days in the 
 Chautauqua calendar; hence it was 
 chosen. As no study of that poet has 
 ever been pursued by the circle, it has 
 been thought by many, during late 
 years, that it is misleading, and there 
 has been an attempt made to change the 
 name, but, possibly from the sentiment 
 of long association, the vote of the circle 
 decided to retain its original name. The 
 Chautauqua outline of work was strictly 
 followed for four years, at which time 
 (1889) the course was completed. The 
 Circle then departed somewhat from the 
 prescribed line, and for three years fol- 
 lowed the outline pertaining to History 
 and Literature, leaving out the sciences. 
 At the end of that time it discontinued 
 the Chautauqua study and a program 
 committee from the club has, each year, 
 presented a program which met the ex- 
 pressed desires of the Circle the prefer- 
 ence being generally given to literary and 
 art studies. During the winter following 
 the World's Fair papers were prepared 
 on the various exhibits, more especially 
 pertaining to the arts, crafts and indus- 
 tries, each paper being the result of per- 
 sonal observations. Various countries 
 have been studied, and altogether the 
 Circle's work, during its long career, has 
 touched upon many branches of culture 
 intellectual, aesthetic, moral and re- 
 ligious. The fact that every member 
 has contributed her share of the written 
 papers, and taken part in the discussions, 
 has been a distinctive and pleasing fea- 
 
438 
 
 SOCIAL AND LITERARY CLUBS 
 
 ture of the society. The active member- 
 ship of the Circle is limited to thirty. 
 There is an associate list, limited to ten, 
 containing the names of those who, hav- 
 ing been active members, are for good 
 reasons unable to be constant attend- 
 ants at regular meetings ; these, how- 
 ever, are expected to participate, as far 
 as possible, in the programs of the Cir- 
 cle. There is usually a number of names 
 on the waiting list ready for election into 
 the Circle whenever a vacancy occurs, 
 thus showing the sustained interest and 
 popularity of the society. These names 
 must be presented by some member of the 
 society. The election is by ballot, and a 
 unanimous vote is required to gain admission. 
 The Circle holds its meetings on alternate 
 Monday afternoons at the homes of its mem- 
 bers, and not the least delightful feature of 
 the exercises is the social one the cup 
 of tea and the friendly chat which fol- 
 low the more formal program. During 
 the last few years it has been the custom, 
 each winter, to hold one evening meeting 
 to which the husbands and friends of the 
 members have been invited, and an ad- 
 dress has been given by an invited 
 speaker on some topic kindred to the line 
 of study of the year. A number of 
 clergymen of Evanston and University 
 professors have favored the Circle ; also 
 delightful musical numbers have been 
 given by Evanston artists. 
 
 The following persons have acted as 
 Presidents of the Circle: Mrs. G. W. 
 Candee, Mrs. W. H. VVhitehead, Mrs. A. 
 F. Townsend, Mrs. L. D. Norton, Mrs. 
 H. R. Wilson, Miss Mary Harris, Mrs. 
 E. A. Dawson, Mrs. H. H. Kingsley, 
 Mrs. Thomas Balmer, Mrs. W. A. Smith, 
 Mrs. C. S. Raddin, Mrs. F. M. Bristol, 
 Miss Alice Houston, Mrs. Howard Field, 
 Mrs. P. L. McKinnie, Mrs. J. C. Turner. 
 
 Pierian Circle. The Pierian Circle 
 
 was organized February 27, 1891. It 
 was the outgrowth of a porch reading 
 circle, which had been enjoyed by a few 
 ladies in the same neighborhood during 
 the preceding summer. As they wished 
 to continue the pleasant custom, and also 
 to widen the scope of this little circle, 
 they decided to make it a regular organi- 
 zation, under as informal a rule as possi- 
 ble. For this purpose, a meeting was 
 called at the above date at the home of 
 Mrs. P. L. McKinnie, 108 Davis Street. 
 Twelve ladies were present, and after 
 freely discussing the matter, a study club 
 was formed, the object of which should 
 be to stimulate, in an enjoyable way, the 
 intellectual development of its members, 
 and combine the advantage of literary 
 and social culture. The name "Pierian" 
 was chosen for the Circle with much 
 hesitation as being rather ambitious for 
 a circle of learners, the suggestion com- 
 ing from Pope's Essay on Criticism : 
 "Drink deep, or taste not the Pierian 
 Spring." This objection was counter- 
 acted somewhat by the motto selected 
 for the Circle: "Let Knowledge grow 
 from more to more." The number of 
 members was limited to thirty, to be 
 elected by vote of the club after having 
 been considered by a membership com- 
 mittee, the meetings to be held twice a 
 month at the homes of its members. 
 The subject selected for the first season's 
 study was American History, and cur- 
 rent events were given at roll call. The 
 President elected at the initial meeting 
 was Mrs. C. E. Thayer, one of the orig- 
 inal porch circle. 
 
 While early in its history some philan- 
 thropic work was done by the club, its 
 main object has been of a literary nature. 
 The regular afternoon meetings have 
 been occasionally varied by evening 
 meetings, with invited guests and lee- 
 
b 
 
43* 
 
 SOCIAL AXD LITFRARY CLCIiS 
 
 tn re of the society. The active member- 
 ship of the Circle is limited to tliirtv. 
 There is an associate list. limited to ten, 
 containing the names of those who,' hav- 
 ing been active members, are for good 
 reasons unable to be constant attend- 
 ants at regular meetings: these, how- 
 ever, are expected to participate, as far 
 as possible, in the programs of the Cir- 
 cle. There is usually a number of names 
 on the waiting list ready for election into 
 the C ircle whenever a vacancy occurs, 
 thus showing the sustained interest and 
 popularity of the society. These name-- 
 must be presented by some member of the 
 society. The election is by ballot, and a 
 unanimous vote is required to gain admission. 
 The Circle holds its meetings on alternate 
 Monday afternoons at the homes of its mem- 
 bers, and not the least delightful feature of 
 the exercises is the social one the cup 
 of tea and the friendly chat which fol- 
 low the more formal program. During 
 the last few years it has been the custom, 
 each winter, to hold one evening meeting 
 to which the husbands and friends of the 
 members have been invited, and an ad- 
 dress has been given bv an invited 
 speaker on some topic kindred to the line 
 of study of the vear. A number of 
 clergymen of Kvanston and I'nivcrsity 
 professors have favored the Circle; also 
 delightful musical numbers have been 
 given by Kvanston artists. 
 
 The following persons have acted as 
 President- of the Circle: Mrs. (',. W. 
 Can. lee. Mrs. \\ . II. \\hiiehead. Mrs. A. 
 F. Town-end. Mrs. I.. 1). Xorton. Mrs. 
 II. R. \\il-on. Mi.-s Mary Harris. Mrs. 
 I'.. A. Daw-.. n. Mrs. II. II. Kingsley, 
 Mrs. Thomas lialmer. Mrs. \Y. A. Smith, 
 Mrs. C. S. Raddin. Mrs. I'. M. P.ristol, 
 Mi.-s Alice Houston. Mrs. Howard Field. 
 Mr-. P. I.. McKinnie. Mrs. I. ( ". Turner. 
 
 Pierian Circle. The Pierian Circle 
 
 was organized February 2~. 1X91. It 
 was the outgrowth of a porch reading 
 circle, which had been enjoyed by a few 
 ladies in the same neighborhood during 
 the preceding summer. As they wished 
 to continue the pleasant custom, and also 
 to widen the scope of this little circle, 
 they decided to make it a regular organi- 
 zation, under as informal a rule as possi- 
 ble. For this purpose, a meeting was 
 called at the above date at the home of 
 Mrs. P. I.. McKinnie, 108 Davis Street. 
 Twelve ladies were present, and after 
 freely discussing the matter, a study club 
 was formed, the object of which should 
 be to stimulate, in an enjoyable way, the 
 intellectual development of its members, 
 and combine the advantage of literary 
 and social culture. The name "Pierian" 
 was chosen for the Circle with much 
 hesitation as being rather ambitious for 
 a circle of learners, the suggestion com- 
 ing from Pope's Kssay on Criticism : 
 "Drink deep, or taste not the Pierian 
 Spring." This objection was counter- 
 acted somewhat by the motto selected 
 for the Circle: "Let Knowledge grow 
 fiom more to more." The number of 
 members was limited to thirty, to be 
 elected by vote of the club after having 
 been considered by a membership com- 
 mittee, the meetings to be held twice a 
 month at the homes of its members. 
 The subject selected for the first season's 
 study was American History, and cur- 
 rent events were given at roll call. The 
 President elected at the initial meeting 
 was Mrs. C. F.. Thayer. one of the orig- 
 inal porch circle. 
 
 While early in its history some philan- 
 thropic work was done by the club, its 
 main object has been of a literary nature. 
 The regular afternoon meetings havo 
 been occasionally varied by evening 
 meetings, with invited guests and lee- 
 
b 
 
LIBRARY 
 
 OF THE 
 
 UNIVfeRSUt OF ILLINOIS 
 
HISTORY OF EVANSTON 
 
 439 
 
 tures by those outside of its own mem- 
 bership. 
 
 The interest in the Pierian Club has 
 been steadily increasing and warmly 
 maintained. Its list of membership has 
 always been full, with several on the 
 waiting list. The subjects which have 
 been studied during the years succeeding 
 the first one already mentioned are as 
 follows : Ruskin for three seasons ; 
 Magazine Reviews; The Victorian 
 Reign; London; France; The English 
 Colonies ; The Industrial Arts. 
 
 The office of President has been held 
 by the following named persons : Mrs. 
 P. R. Woodford, Mrs. R. P. Hollett, Miss 
 Mary Harris, Mrs. J. A. Battle, Mrs. Nel- 
 son De Golyer, Mrs. J. M. Bond. 
 
 The Fortnightly. Preparatory to the 
 ascension of the great White City on the 
 shores of Lake Michigan, a thousand 
 fantasies possessed the imaginations of 
 the people, anticipating the marvelous 
 phantasmagoria soon to be practically, 
 realized. It is not surprising that the 
 highly favored inhabitants of Evanston 
 should have shared in the general enthu- 
 siasm to the extent of seeing visions by 
 night and dreaming dreams by day. 
 Hence it so happened that the genesis 
 of the "Fortnightly" was the product of 
 a revelation communicated to a few 
 friends with mutual sympathies and 
 common aims, who entered into an infor- 
 mal partnership for higher education, di- 
 versified by friendly chat and the con- 
 sequent attrition of many minds. On 
 this purely unconventional basis, the 
 Fortnightly Club commenced business 
 nearly fourteen years ago. This chrysalis 
 of inexperience was destined to mature 
 beyond the stage of the ephemeral fledg- 
 ling, and while building better than it 
 knew, to earn an enviable reputation for 
 stabi"ty and intelligence second to none 
 
 of its kindred societies. The first women 
 to extend a helping hand to this union 
 were, in order, as follows : Mrs. Lucre- 
 tia Morgan, Mrs. Henrietta Day, Mrs. 
 Alexander Clark, Mrs. Sereno Norton, 
 Mrs. Thomas L. Fansler and Mrs. George 
 Graley. These few founders stand for 
 charter members of an unincorporated 
 club which has never formed any alli- 
 ance with State or National Federations. 
 It was originally christened as the 
 "Woman's Reading Circle," and made its 
 initial bow to the public with the assist- 
 ance of a single official, Mrs. Alexander 
 Clark acting as Director, and filling the 
 position most acceptably and efficiently. 
 With the lapse of years this infant indus- 
 try grew in stature and in grace. Hav- 
 ing an increased membership, it natur- 
 ally drifted with the tide into broader 
 thought expressed in more conventional 
 channels, and became, like all well-regu- 
 lated associations of the time, governed 
 . by. parliamentary rules, selecting regu- 
 lar presiding'" officers, and finally adopt- 
 ing the more dignified title of the Fort- 
 nightly Club of Evanston. As_ any trust- 
 worthy narrative must include a definite 
 list of topics for study, the various sub- 
 jects are appended herewith: History of 
 Spain ; Arts and Industries ; Countries of 
 the World; Celebrated Historians; Par- 
 liamentary Law and Socialism ; Miscel- 
 laneous Program in 1896-7 History of 
 Chicago; Cuba and the Philippine Is- 
 lands ; Russia, Customs and Manners ; 
 Holland and Her Dykes; Fiction and 
 Philosophy. 
 
 These topics were interspersed with 
 current events of interest, discussions on 
 higher education, the amenities of home 
 and fireside, with the practical solution of 
 vexed problems and the burning issues 
 of the hour. 
 
 The life of the Fortnightly has not, 
 
440 
 
 SOCIAL AND LITERARY CLUBS 
 
 however, been one of serious contempla- 
 tion. It has frequently had brought to 
 mind the old adage, that "All work and 
 no play makes life dull every day" ; so, 
 metaphorically speaking, the club has 
 taken up the "fiddle and the bow," while 
 resting from the exertions of the "shovel 
 and the hoe." As comparisons are odi- 
 ous, it may not be well to chronicle any 
 of the gay larks indulged in by this clique 
 of sober and serious matrons. Let it 
 suffice that the Fortnightly has held dig- 
 nified receptions, listened to lectures and 
 addresses, played hilarious games galore ; 
 has been feted and feasted at the hospita- 
 ble homes of its members, and last, but 
 not least, has disported gaily in honor of 
 Saint Valentine, where, if not wined in 
 this prohibition town, the club has cer- 
 tainly dined to its heart's content. As 
 this is a many-sided club, it has never 
 turned a deaf ear to appeals for philan- 
 thropic and charitable enterprises. Dur- 
 ing the winter many a fire has been kept 
 burning, and the wolf diverted from the 
 doors of the sick and needy. Money has 
 been contributed for the collection of 
 books, a room furnished in a public insti- 
 tution, and last year all moneys were 
 turned into the general fund of the As- 
 sociated Charities. 
 
 At the commencement of the fourteenth 
 year of the history of the Club, it has a 
 full roster of thirty members. Good fel- 
 lowship has always been its aim. On the 
 solid rock of the sacredness of home and 
 family ties, the Club stands as a unit. 
 Births and deaths and burials have been 
 fitly commemorated alike in kind words 
 and loving deeds, and the fragrant min- 
 istry of flowers the pink carnation be- 
 ing the floral emblem of the Club. In 
 the flight of time but one member has 
 been gathered by the unrelenting scythe 
 of death. Many changes have occurred 
 
 in the roll call, but vacancies are speedily 
 filled, while some of the original mem- 
 bers and a little of the old leaven still 
 remain intact. 
 
 Thirty daughters under one roof-tree 
 have inevitably held different opinions, 
 yet uniformly agreeing to disagree in a 
 spirit of tolerance, the general weal be- 
 ing the paramount consideration. Col- 
 lectively the Fortnightly Club is com- 
 posed of wide-awake, intelligent, pro- 
 gressive women living up to the spirit of 
 the motto of the Club, "Whatever the 
 subject, it deserves our pains." 
 
 The Club has a very promising future, 
 and it is enthusiastically hoped that it 
 may attain to that spirit of high idealism 
 expressed by one of its members : "That 
 the coming years may bring to all its 
 members a still larger charity and greater 
 loving kindness, forming an indissoluble 
 union of heart and hand, a loyal copart- 
 nership that shall abide 'for better or 
 worse, for richer or poorer, in sickness 
 and in health, till death do us part.' " 
 
 The Coterie. In 1893 an invitation 
 was sent to the ladies living on Michigan 
 Avenue between Kedzie and Keeney 
 Avenues, to come together for the after- 
 noon, and bring their sewing and chil- 
 dren, if necessary, while one lady would 
 read to them from some recently pub- 
 lished book. "The Prince of India," by 
 General Lew Wallace, was chosen; and 
 each week a few chapters of the book 
 were read, after which a social hour was 
 passed and light refreshments were 
 served. 
 
 The afternoon was much enjoyed, and 
 the ladies decided to meet every week 
 at their various homes. There were 
 present at each meeting ladies of musi- 
 cal talent who pledged themselves to 
 furnish either piano or vocal music. 
 Several books were read during 1893-4. 
 
HISTORY OF EVANSTON 
 
 441 
 
 October 5, 1894, it was decided to organ- 
 ize a society with the understanding that 
 the closing hour for conversation and 
 social pleasure be not infringed upon. 
 Accordingly, a constitution was pre- 
 sented and unanimously adopted. Mrs. 
 E. L. Waddell was elected President, 
 and she has retained the office up to the 
 present time, 1902. With no desire to 
 be called a literary club, it was decided 
 to call the Club "The Coterie." The so- 
 cial requirements form a large part of 
 the afternoon entertainment. As the 
 members are, for the most part, too busy 
 to prepare papers, the literary features 
 of the afternoon have consisted largely in 
 reading from books, magazines and va- 
 rious other sources. 
 
 The later history of The Coterie em- 
 braces a study of foreign countries, and 
 an annual program is followed every 
 year, in which pleasure, entertainment 
 and culture, as well as social enjoyment, 
 are the leading characteristics. The lit- 
 erary features of the afternoon have 
 never been a burden to the Club, and 
 once a year there is an annual dinner and 
 a children's party, which are not the least 
 pleasing features of this very delightful 
 and enthusiastic club. 
 
 The Coming Century Club. The Com- 
 ing Century Club of Evanston was first 
 suggested February 18, 1894. It origi- 
 nated in a meeting of eight men: W. E. 
 Wilkinson, H. L. Tolman, D. D. Thomp- 
 son, F. W. Nichols, C. O. Scudder, W. 
 H. Webster, E. O. Blake and A. E. A. 
 Shinner. It was proposed to form a so- 
 ciety of gentlemen to discuss the live 
 topics of the day. 
 
 A meeting was called by this gather- 
 ing, and over a supper at the home of 
 H. L. Tolman, the Club was organized. 
 The name, "Coming Century Club," was 
 suggested by Mr. J. J. Flinn, and the 
 
 following is Mr. Scudder's record of the 
 meeting: 
 
 "Coming Century Club. On Monday evening, Feb- 
 ruary 25th, Messrs. Adair, Blake, Flinn, Graham, Hibben. 
 Knox, Milhening, Nichols, Rowe, Scudder, Thompson, 
 Tolman, Webster, and Wilkinson, met at the home of 
 Mr. Henry L. Tolman and organized the above named 
 club for the free discussion of current questions, on the 
 following basis: 
 
 Negations. 
 No Accounts nor Axes, 
 
 nor Bores nor Business, 
 
 nor Constitution, 
 
 nor Dudes nor Dues, 
 
 nor Formality, 
 
 nor Late Sittings, 
 
 nor Organizations, 
 
 nor Profanity. 
 
 No By-Laws 
 
 No Club House 
 No Debts, Dress Coats 
 
 No Fines 
 No Lone Speeches 
 Officers 
 
 No Off 
 
 No Preaching 
 
 "Messrs. Nichols, Scudder, Tolman, Thompson, and 
 Wilkinson were made an Executive Committee with power 
 to do all business, with Mr. Tolman as Chairman and 
 Mr. Scudder as Secretary. 
 
 "The Club meets on the second and fourth Monday 
 evenings of each month; on the second Monday evening at 
 eight o'clock sharp, at the house of some member ; on the 
 fourth Monday at six-thirty P. M., for dinner, discussion 
 afterward, at some place hereafter designated, the same 
 to cost not to exceed seventy-five cents. 
 
 "The Club adjourns at ten o'clock. The introductory 
 speakers are allowed twenty minutes each, with five 
 minutes additional to close. Other speakers are limited 
 to five minutes. The next meeting will be held at the 
 residence of Mr. Nichols, 932 Hinman Avenue, Monday 
 evening, March 11. 
 
 "Question : Should the United States adopt the bi- 
 metallic standard? 
 
 "Affirmative Mr. Adair. 
 
 "Negative Mr. Tolman. 
 
 "C. O. SCUDDER, Sec." 
 
 The membership was at first limited 
 to thirty-five, and meetings have always 
 been held at the homes of members. The 
 early popularity of the Club came from 
 its unique constitution, all business be- 
 ing transacted by the Executive Com- 
 mittee without coming before the Club 
 to distract from its social and literary 
 character. Its continued vitality has also 
 been due to the freedom given to all mem- 
 bers to take part in the discussions, 
 which have frequently been wise as well 
 as witty. 
 
 Meetings have been held twice each 
 month during the winter months of each 
 year ever since the organization. Ban- 
 quets have been held two or three times 
 each year, generally served by church la- 
 dies. 
 
 In 1897 the membership was doubled 
 by the admission of ladies, and has sev- 
 eral times been enlarged to accommodate 
 the demand for admission of new mem- 
 
442 
 
 SOCIAL AND LITERARY CLUBS 
 
 bers. The present membership is one 
 hundred and the homes are often taxed 
 to accommodate the meetings. 
 
 At the opening of the year 1898 it was 
 thought best by the committee to adopt 
 a constitution, which embodied mainly 
 the past practices of the Club. The first 
 printed annual programs were used in 
 1896 and have been printed each year 
 since. 
 
 Of late years there have been a few 
 meetings each year, when outside talent 
 has been called in to entertain the Club. 
 Perfect harmony has prevailed in the 
 meetings and the discussions have set- 
 tled nearly all the questions of the day 
 political, religious, literary and scientific. 
 
 With the opening of the season of 
 1901-2 the name of the Club became 
 "The Twentieth Century Club" and will 
 probably remain so during the present 
 century. 
 
 Present Day Club. The Present Day 
 Club, while one of the youngest clubs in 
 Evanston, is thoroughly an up-to-date 
 club. It was organized about 1899 by 
 six women living in the vicinity of Sheri- 
 dan Road and Lee Street, for the purpose 
 . of discussing the best news of the day, 
 and keeping in touch with the literary 
 world. The Club, which is limited to 
 fifteen members, meets every two weeks 
 in the homes of its members. The an- 
 nual fee is used for a book fund. The 
 leading works of the present day are pur- 
 chased, read and discussed, and distrib- 
 uted, pro rata, to the members at the close 
 of each club year. Among the works of 
 fiction discussed during the first year 
 
 were "Janice Meredith," "When Knight- 
 hood Was in Flower" and "Richard Car- 
 vel." In connection with the reading of 
 the last-named book, which was valuable 
 for its wholesomeness as well as for its 
 historical worth, a scholarly lecture on 
 the Revolutionary Period was given by 
 one of its members. All the points of in- 
 terest were traced on the map, and com- 
 parisons were drawn with the characters 
 and events depicted in the book. "Eben 
 Holden" served as a pleasant dessert to 
 the year's literary menu. Tolstoy's life, 
 country and works were studied during 
 the second year, his last work of fiction 
 being considered a strong work for peo- 
 ple of mature years who are studying the 
 sociological questions of the day. The 
 work of fiction which found greatest fa- 
 vor among the members of the Club was 
 "The Crisis," and it was especially no- 
 ticeable that the literary criticisms of the 
 Club were frequently at wide variance 
 with those of the professional reviewers. 
 The program for the present year in- 
 cludes current events, lives of editors, 
 magazine articles and late works of fic- 
 tion. After reading such books as "La- 
 zarre" and admiring Gilbert Parker's 
 strong literary strokes in his "Right of 
 Way," rest and refreshment are to be 
 found in turning to Van Dyke's "Little 
 Rivers," or reading his "To Be Glad of 
 Life, because it gives you the chance to 
 love and to work, and to play and to look 
 up at the stars ; to be satisfied with your 
 possessions, but not contented with your- 
 self until you have made the best of 
 them." 
 
CHAPTER XLIII. 
 
 THE EVANSTON WOMAN'S CLUB 
 
 1 1 :y MBS. RICHARD II. WYMAN) 
 
 Origin of Evanston Woman's Club Julia 
 Ward Howe's Advice Organization 
 and First Officers Club Programs 
 Auxiliary Organizations Work of the 
 Traveling Library Committee Field 
 Day at Lake Genera Object of the 
 Club Defined in Its Constitution Club 
 Motto. 
 
 All great and successful organiza- 
 tions have their origin in consecration of 
 thought and purpose. The seed-thought 
 of the Evanston's Woman's Club flick- 
 ered into existence deep in the heart of 
 a woman whose desire was for the activ- 
 ity of all women striving for the good of 
 all women. The thought was cherished 
 and confided to a few kindred spirits. 
 Nourished by their sympathy, strength- 
 ened by their zeal, it grew into an im- 
 pulse to reach out for co-operation. 
 
 Early in 1889 Mrs. Elizabeth Boynton 
 Harbert invited to her home a little 
 group of earnest women, to take counsel 
 together as to how they might unite in 
 promoting a Woman's Club. For inspi- 
 ration they read with interest and profit 
 Julia Ward Howe's address on the "Or- 
 ganization of Women." That great and 
 wise leader, desiring to help others, says : 
 
 '"Deliberation in common, mutual in- 
 struction, achievement for the whole, 
 should be the spirit of associations ; work 
 
 faithfully, fervently and in sincerity with 
 the motto, 'The good of all, the aim of 
 each.' Question: What are the most 
 pressing needs of society? What can we, 
 as a body corporate, do to meet and an- 
 swer them? Learn to act in the light 
 of experience. Work with the conviction 
 that the possibilities of Women's Clubs 
 are as broad as the land, as diverse as are 
 the requirements of mankind." 
 
 Pondering these sentiments and en- 
 couraged by the enthusiasm of their 
 hostess, who proved herself in every 
 sense a leader, these women continued to 
 meet informally until in March, 1889, 
 when they associated themselves to- 
 gether to form "The Woman's Club of 
 Evanston." 
 
 Mrs. Harbert was made President and 
 Mrs. Thaddeus P. Stanwood Secretary. 
 Early in 1890 the membership had grown 
 to a dignity requiring a constitution and 
 regular officers. This form of organi- 
 zation continued until March, 1898, when 
 the club was duly incorporated in accord- 
 ance with the laws of the State of Illi- 
 nois. 
 
 Mrs. Harbert was the Mother of the 
 Club in the deepest and broadest sense 
 of the relation expressed by the word. It 
 has been well said that what Alice Gary 
 accomplished in Sorosis, Mrs. Harbert ac- 
 complished and amplified in Evanston. 
 
 443 
 
THE EVANSTON WOMAN'S CLUB 
 
 To her personal inspiration and wise di- 
 rection the Club owes its early activities 
 and its healthful development. She was 
 its President for eight years, when, at 
 her own instance, the honor was trans- 
 ferred to another. Mrs T. P. Stanwood 
 was then elected to the office. Being a 
 woman of exceptional ability, keen per- 
 ception and rare graciousness, she was 
 well qualified to guide the Club through 
 a critical period and to thoroughly estab- 
 lish its prosperity. 
 
 At the end of two years she was suc- 
 ceeded by Mrs. Richard H. Wyman, 
 who, after two years' service, was fol- 
 lowed by Mrs. H. H. Kingsley, a char- 
 ter member and loyal worker. With 
 charming tact and grace she conducted 
 the affairs through a very successful 
 year, when, positively declining re-elec- 
 tion, she was succeeded, in April, 1902, 
 by Mrs. C. A. Goodnow. These Presi- 
 dents have always been splendidly sup- 
 ported by fellow-officers and a Board of 
 Managers showing ability and devoted 
 zeal. Every department and branch of 
 the club work have received the special 
 attention of women who have devoted 
 heart and hand to the attainment of high- 
 est standards. 
 
 The program of the earlier years, 
 though not thoroughly systematized, was 
 profitable and enjoyable. It consisted 
 usually of a special topic with prepared 
 essay, which was followed by two short 
 speeches on the subject, supplemented 
 by informal discussion. This method 
 furthered one of the primary objects of 
 the Club to train women to become easy 
 speakers ; to help them to acquire the habit 
 of thinking and speaking readily and 
 connectedly on their feet before an au- 
 dience. 
 
 An indication of one of the early-time 
 interests and activities, which has since 
 
 grown to importance, is given in the fact 
 that a large reception was tendered the 
 teachers of Evanston at Mrs. Harbert's 
 home, where an address was made by 
 the late Colonel Parker on the Relation 
 of the Home to the School. 
 
 During the time from 1891 to 1894 the 
 Club sustained a World's Fair Depart- 
 ment, for the purpose of study and in- 
 vestigation in the various lines of inter- 
 est connected with the World's Colum- 
 bian Exposition. This was under the 
 leadership of Miss Mary Harris, and 
 proved a marked success. 
 
 A Household Economic Department 
 was organized at about this time, at 
 whose meetings, held twice each month, 
 papers on Domestic Science, previously 
 read at the World's Fair Congresses, 
 were presented. This department 
 merged into the Department of Philan- 
 thropy, which has led the Club into the 
 line of broader work and great achieve- 
 ments. 
 
 From this time the work of the Club 
 developed into departments, serving as 
 channels for each member to pursue in- 
 vestigation and to derive pleasure, ac- 
 cording to her taste and desire all unit- 
 ing in one general club meeting each 
 month ; all serving loyally any cause for 
 the general good. 
 
 The Art and Literature Department was 
 formed in September, 1894, and the Child 
 and Home Department in 1897. The 
 Press Department was organized a lit- 
 tle later. A French Study Class, under 
 Professor Oudshorn, was formed in 1897; 
 a class in German, under Miss White, in 
 1899, and a class in Civics, under Miss 
 Childs, in 1902. Also a class in singing, 
 under Professor Niedlinger, was carried 
 on during the winter of 1902. 
 
 The first, and one of the greatest ef- 
 forts of the Club in outside work, was 
 
444 
 
 Till-: EVAXSTOX WOMAN'S CLIT. 
 
 To her personal inspiration and wise di- 
 rection the Club owes its early activities 
 and its healthful development. She was 
 its I 'resident for eight year?,, when, at 
 her ciwn instance, the honor was trans- 
 ferred to another. Mrs T. I'. Stamvood 
 was then elected to the office. lleing a 
 woman of exceptional ability, keen per- 
 ception and rare graciousness. she was 
 well qualified to guide the Club through 
 a critical period and to thoroughly estab- 
 lish its prosperity. 
 
 At the end of two years she was suc- 
 ceeded by Mrs. Richard 11. Wyman, 
 who, after two years' service, was fol- 
 lowed by Mrs. II. II. Kingsley, a char- 
 ter member aixl loyal worker. With 
 charming tact and grace she conducted 
 the affairs through a very successful 
 year, when, positively declining re-elec- 
 tion, she was succeeded, in April, 1902, 
 by Mrs. C. A. (Joodnow. These Presi- 
 dents have always been splendidly sup- 
 ported by fellow-officers and a Hoard of 
 Managers showing ability and devoted 
 zeal. Every department and branch of 
 the club work have received the special 
 attention of women who have devoted 
 heart and hand to the attainment of high- 
 est >tandnrds. 
 
 The program of the earlier years, 
 though not thoroughly systematized, was 
 profitable and enjoyable. It consisted 
 usually of a special topic with prepared 
 essay, which was followed by two short 
 Speeches on the subject, supplemented 
 by informal discussion. This method 
 furthered one <,f the primarv objects of 
 the Club to train women to become easy 
 speakers: to help them to acquire the habit 
 of thinking and speaking readily and 
 connectedly on their feet before an au- 
 dience. 
 
 An indication of one of the early-time 
 interests and activities, which has since 
 
 grown to importance, is given in the fact 
 that a large reception was tendered the 
 teachers of Evanston at Mrs. Ilarbert's 
 home, where an address was made by 
 the late Colonel Parker on the Relation 
 of the Home to the School. 
 
 During the time from 1891 to 1894 the 
 Club sustained a \Yorld's Fair Depart- 
 ment, for the purpose of study and in- 
 vestigation in the various lines of inter- 
 est connected with the World's Colum- 
 bian Exposition. This was under the 
 leadership of Miss Mary Harris, and 
 proved a marked success. 
 
 A Household Economic Department 
 was organized at about this time, at 
 whose meetings, held twice each month, 
 papers on Domestic Science, previously 
 read at the World's Eair Congresses, 
 were presented. This department 
 merged into the Department of Philan- 
 thropy, which has led the Club into the 
 line of broader work and great achieve- 
 ments. 
 
 From this time the work of the Club 
 developed into departments, serving as 
 channels for each member to pursue in- 
 vestigation and to derive pleasure, ac- 
 cording to her taste and desire all unit- 
 ing in one general club meeting each 
 month; all serving loyally any cause for 
 the general good. 
 
 The Art and Literature Department was 
 formed in September, 1894. and the Child 
 and Home Department in 1897. The 
 Press Department was organized a lit- 
 tle later. A Erench Study Class, under 
 1'rofessor Ondshorn. was formed in 181)7: 
 a class in (ierman. under Miss White, in 
 1899, and a class in Civics, under Miss 
 Childs. in l')OJ. Also a class in singing, 
 under Professor Xiedlinger. was carried 
 on during the winter of 1902. 
 
 The tirr-t. and one of the greatest ef- 
 forts of the Club in outside work, was 
 
LIBRARY 
 OF THE 
 
 OP ILLINOIS 
 
HISTORY OF EVANSTON 
 
 445 
 
 the impetus which it was the means of 
 giving to the Evanston Emergency Hos- 
 pital. At a meeting held in November, 
 1891, the words of Mrs. A. L. Butler 
 stirred the members to form a Hospital 
 Committee with Mrs. Joseph Hubbart 
 as Chairman. It was resolved to give a 
 festival and kirmess. The enterprise met 
 with the cordial and generous support 
 and efficient co-operation of citizens, 
 both in and out of the Club, and was a 
 brilliant success, netting $3,600 for the 
 hospital fund. 
 
 A course of lectures was given during 
 the winter of 1895, by Professor Charles 
 G. Moulton, which afforded means to as- 
 sist the Convalescent Home at Lake 
 Geneva and to support a teacher for a 
 sewing school. As a mark of apprecia- 
 tion of the hospitality of the Evanston 
 Boat Club in offering the use of its 
 rooms, a complimentary lecture by Pro- 
 fessor Moulton, followed by a reception, 
 was given. 
 
 Among other good deeds, the Wom^ 
 an's Club has extended substantial aid 
 to the Northwestern University Settle- 
 ment; it has placed a beautiful drinking 
 fountain in the vicinity of the Chicago 
 Commons ; it has contributed to the For- 
 ward Movement and the Vacation 
 Schools of Chicago; the local charities 
 have received generous co-operation; a 
 Day Nursery was established and sus- 
 tained for a time, and several successful 
 Mothers' Clubs have been conducted at 
 the homes of members and at school 
 houses. 
 
 Sewing classes and housework classes 
 for young girls were, during one season, 
 conducted by members at their own 
 homes. At Thanksgiving and Christmas- 
 tide the overflowing spirit of giving and 
 doing has been directed in proper chan- 
 nels by a Club Committee, who thor- 
 
 oughly canvassed the town and knew 
 just where the bounty was most needed 
 and would be best appreciated. The pur- 
 pose was that there should not be a child 
 within reach who should not know the 
 blessings of the season. Over two hun- 
 dred families have thus been reached, 
 while over one thousand public school 
 children have been carefully examined 
 to ascertain and assist those suffering 
 from defective sight or hearing. The 
 teeth of the children have also received 
 attention. 
 
 A successful entertainment, in the 
 form of a children's operetta, "The House 
 That Jack Built," was given under the 
 auspices of the Child and Home Depart- 
 ment, which netted a substantial sum for 
 the benefit of the Domestic Science De- 
 partment of the Evanston Public 
 Schools. As a memorial to a beautiful 
 young daughter, one of the prominent 
 mothers of the Club installed a Visiting 
 Nurse to minister to those needing, but 
 not ..able to pay for, such service. This 
 noble work "has been sustained through 
 the Philanthropic Department. The 
 bright face, untiring devotion and ready 
 skill of the Club's representative, Miss 
 Galtz, in this beautiful charity, has been 
 appreciatively welcomed by scores of suf- 
 ferers. 
 
 In response to an earnest talk from 
 the President, much of personal service 
 was undertaken and accomplished during 
 Mrs. Stanwood's administration. It was 
 interesting to note the varied character 
 of the responses. Some offered the use 
 of their carriages to those who might 
 especially need them ; others, a view of 
 their pictures; still others, their time to 
 read, to tell stories, to mend, to make 
 over clothing, to teach some common or 
 unusual branch of home accomplish- 
 ments. One of the tangible results of 
 
446 
 
 THE EVANSTON WOMAN'S CLUB 
 
 this movement was the purchase by the 
 Club of a knitting-machine for the use 
 of the different Mothers' Clubs, where the 
 call for stockings was constant and im- 
 perative. 
 
 A letter, sent through Mrs. Grey, ap- 
 pealed to Marshall Field & Company for 
 a guarantee of garments manufactured 
 under sanitary conditions. Thus was a 
 beginning made towards one of the great 
 objects aimed at later by the Consumers' 
 League. One of the members skilled in 
 bird lore gave a series of interesting 
 talks upon her favorite subject. An- 
 other member led a course in parliament- 
 ary law, which was very profitable and 
 enjoyable. A Legislative Committee has 
 watched and reported bills and legisla- 
 tive matters of importance and interest 
 to the women, and the proper influence 
 has been used to further them. A course 
 of lectures and demonstrations in cook- 
 ing and housekeeping, by Mrs. Hiller, 
 was managed by the Child and Home 
 Department. These were attended by 
 over a hundred women, both mistresses 
 and maids, who gave their enthusiastic 
 approval. 
 
 In May, 1900, the Club invited the Il- 
 linois Congress of Mothers to meet un- 
 der its auspices in Evanston. An ex- 
 ceedingly interesting series of meetings 
 was held, lasting over three days. These 
 meetings were addressed by eminent 
 men and women, and were attended by 
 delegates from all parts of the State. 
 The conference closed with a beautiful 
 reception given by Dr. and Mrs. McKin- 
 ney, at their palatial home on the lake 
 shore. Baroness Schimmermann, the 
 German philanthropist, gave an interest- 
 ing talk during her stay in Chicago con- 
 cerning herself and her work among sail- 
 ors. Committees are maintained to pro- 
 mote the work of the Juvenile Court and 
 
 support a probation officer; also to assist 
 the Vacation Schools and to guard and 
 enforce the ordinances of the city of 
 Evanston. 
 
 The Traveling Library Committee 
 sent out its first library in 1900. This 
 was the first library in the world to be 
 taken in charge by the Rural Delivery. 
 Since that time ten libraries of fifty books 
 each, packed in a complete case, have 
 been sent on their way to cheer the bar- 
 ren places where books are unattainable. 
 Magazines and periodicals are constantly 
 being sent in packages to various insti- 
 tutions and hospitals, for both adults and 
 children. 
 
 For several seasons the privileges of 
 the Club have been extended to all the 
 teachers of Evanston, and during the 
 past season the husbands of members 
 and gentlemen "connected by marriage" 
 have been invited to attend the meetings. 
 Those who have been able to avail them- 
 selves of the opportunity have expressed 
 their approbation and enjoyment, as 
 they have lingered to chat over the cup 
 of tea or coffee which is always served 
 at the close of the meetings. 
 
 The Club is affiliated with the Illinois 
 Federation of Woman's Clubs, the Illi- 
 nois Congress of Mothers, the Illinois So- 
 ciety for Child-Study, the Chicago Art 
 Association and the Cook County League, 
 and in the Club rooms is a tempting sup- 
 ply of books and current magazines. 
 
 A word as to the local habitation of 
 this organization. It was born in the 
 home of Mrs. Elizabeth Boynton Har- 
 bert. and there it was carefully watched 
 through its young and tender years. As 
 it grew the members realized that this 
 charming home had its limitations in 
 space, though never in hospitality. The 
 mention of this hospitality brings to the 
 minds of the early members the vivid 
 
HISTORY OF EVANSTOX 
 
 447 
 
 memory of the devotion of Arthur Har- 
 bert, who so cordially assisted in provid- 
 ing for the comfort and entertainment of 
 his mother's friends. With the greatest 
 reluctance to leaving the environment 
 around which so many associations clus- 
 tered, the Club gratefully accepted the 
 generous offer of the Evanston Boat 
 Club, in December, 1894, and for two 
 seasons occupied its attractive assembly 
 hall. The membership at this time was 
 about two hundred. 
 
 During the two following seasons the 
 Club enjoyed the hospitality of the Coun- 
 try Club, but in the autumn of 1898 the 
 members entered upon the occupation of 
 a suite of rooms of their own in the 
 new Young Men's Christian Association 
 Building. These rooms, furnished com- 
 pletely and in excellent taste, have been 
 the Club headquarters for five years. 
 With the truest instinct of women and 
 the best spirit of a club, the members 
 look forward with longings and hope to 
 the vague future, which may hold for 
 them a home of their own. Surely, with 
 entire possession and complete control of 
 the premises, this ideal club would make 
 an ideal home. 
 
 The first and only "Field-Day" of the 
 Club was celebrated at the charming 
 home of Mr. and Mrs. Harbert, at Lake 
 Geneva, in July, 1894. Fifty members 
 made up the happy party, and they will 
 ever cherish the memory of the occasion 
 with keen pleasure and a consciousness 
 of fresh inspiration. 
 
 The programs of the twelve years of 
 the Club's history contain many names 
 illustrious in art, literature, education, 
 music, philanthropy and science. The 
 very best to be obtained in professional 
 and practical lines has been brought be- 
 fore the members, both in the depart- 
 ments and in the general meetings. 
 
 The membership numbers over three 
 hundred and fifty, and includes many 
 prominent women, among whom are the 
 President of the Illinois Federation of 
 Clubs, the President of the Illinois Con- 
 gress of Mothers, the President of the Il- 
 linois Suffrage Association, the Dean of 
 Woman's Hall, the Musical Director of 
 the Northwestern University, and Presi- 
 dents of several smaller clubs. There 
 are a lawyer, a doctor, a librarian, teach- 
 ers, wives of judges, editors, professors, 
 clergymen, and honor be to them 
 scores of women who are devoted to that 
 most exalted sphere of woman the 
 Home. 
 
 Twenty members have passed beyond 
 the activities of this life to the higher 
 life Beyond. Their memories are a bene- 
 diction to those who knew them here. 
 
 "There is no death 
 To the living soul, nor loss, nor harm." 
 
 In 1898 a Club pledge, color and pin 
 were adopted. The pin is in form of a 
 shield, with emblems of heart, distaff 
 and torch, above a scroll bearing the 
 words, "Unity, Charity, Liberty." The 
 colors are green and gold. The Pledge 
 voices unfailing loyalty and active de- 
 votion to the Club and its interests. 
 
 There is no better way to epitomize 
 the cause of the existence and the course 
 of the vitality of the Evanston Woman's 
 Club than to quote, in closing, its own- 
 words, taken from its Constitution : 
 
 "The objects are mutual helpfulness in' 
 all affairs of life, and united efforts to- 
 ward the higher development of human- 
 ity." 
 
 Surely there could be no higher stand- 
 ard than that expressed in its motto : 
 
 "In essentials, unity ; 
 "In .non-essentials, liberty : 
 "In all things, charity." 
 
CHAPTER XLIV. 
 
 THE EVANSTON CLUB 
 
 Hy N. C. GRIDLEY) 
 
 Promoters and Organisers of "The Green- 
 wood Club" First Members and Offi- 
 cers Xante Changed to "The Evans- 
 ton Club" Club Building Erected 
 First Reception Changes in By-Laws 
 and Membership Value of Club Prop- 
 erty List of Officers. 
 
 On the 24th day of November, 1888, 
 at the request of Marshall M. Kirkman, 
 the following-named citizens of Evans- 
 ton met in the Committee Room of the 
 Hotel Richelieu, in the city of Chicago, 
 for the purpose of organizing a Club in 
 Evanston, namely: Curtis H. Remy, 
 Daniel H. Burnham, Marshall M. Kirk- 
 man, Nelson C. Gridley, Francis A. 
 Hardy, James K. Armsby, Frederick W. 
 Clarke, Milton W. Kirk, Edward P. Wil- 
 son, David B. Dewey, John B. Kirk, Wil- 
 liam E. Stockton, Josiah J. Parkhurst, 
 George E. Gooch and Frank M. Elliot. 
 
 Mr. Kirkman stated the object of the 
 meeting, and, on his motion, Mr. C. H. 
 Remy was elected Chairman ; and, on 
 motion of Mr. D. B. Dewey, Mr. C. G. 
 Phillips was elected Secretary. There- 
 upon it was 
 
 "Resolved, That measures be at once 
 taken to incorporate the Club under the 
 laws of the State of Illinois," and on the 
 26th of November, 1888, a certificate of 
 incorporation of "The Greenwood Club" 
 
 was duly issued by the Secretary of State 
 of Illinois. 
 
 Subsequently, at a meeting held in the 
 Grand Pacific Hotel, Chicago, November 
 28, 1888, the following-named gentlemen 
 were duly elected as the officers and Di- 
 rectors of "The Greenwood Club:" 
 President, Marshall M. Kirkman; First 
 Vice-President, Daniel H. Burnham ; Sec- 
 ond Vice-President, Milton W. Kirk; 
 Treasurer, David B. Dewey; Directors 
 Hugh R. Wilson, Charles W. Deering, 
 Nelson C. Gridley, Curtis H. Remy, Wil- 
 liam E. Stockton, James K. Armsby and 
 Charles F. Dwight. 
 
 Thereupon the officers and Directors 
 adopted By-Laws and House Rules for 
 the government of the Club, and elected 
 Frank M. Elliot as Secretary. 
 
 The By-Laws provided that "The ob- 
 ject for which this Club is formed is the 
 promotion of social, athletic and aesthetic 
 culture; its immediate purpose the recre- 
 ation and amusement of its members and 
 their families; that the membership 
 should be limited to one hundred mem- 
 bers of the age of twenty-one years ; that 
 the initiation fee shall be $300 and the 
 annual dues $50; that junior members, 
 between the ages of sixteen and twenty- 
 one years, and the sons of or related to 
 members, may be admitted to all the 
 privileges of the Club except voting ; that 
 
 449 
 
450 
 
 THE EVANSTON CLUB 
 
 the ladies of every member's family, and the 
 males between the age of sixteen and 
 twenty-one years, shall be entitled to the 
 privileges of the club; and that no 
 liquors shall be allowed in the Club 
 House or upon the premises, nor any 
 gambling or betting the purposes of 
 the Club being to afford its members and 
 their families a place where they may go 
 to seek the recreation and amusement 
 that are commonly to be found at clubs." 
 The following named gentlemen, resi- 
 dents of Evanston, were duly elected 
 members of the club, each of whom paid 
 the initiation fee of $300, and to each of 
 whom was subsequently issued a certifi- 
 cate of membership: 
 
 James K. Armsby William E. Stockton 
 
 Daniel H. Burnham Frederick VV. Clarke 
 
 Hugh R. Wilson Charles W. Deering 
 
 Curtis H. Remy David B. Dewey 
 
 George E. Gooch Charles F. Dwight 
 
 Milton W. Kirk Edward P. Wilson 
 
 Francis A. Hardy Morris R. Eddy 
 
 Arthur Orr John B. Kirk 
 
 William Holabird Nicholas G. Iglehart 
 William D. Hitchcock Arthur S. Kirk 
 
 Frederic T. Peabody Thomas A. Balding 
 
 Nelson C. Gridley Henry M. Kidder 
 
 Josiah J. Parkhurst Richard L. Dakin 
 
 Augustus A. Buell Frank M. Elliot 
 
 Aaron N. Young Hugh A. White 
 
 James H. Deering William D. Porter 
 Marshall M. Kirkman Charles G. Fuller 
 
 William Blanchard Volney W. Foster 
 
 Simeon Farwell Harry S. Farvvell 
 
 Nelson De Golyer Charles P. Mitchell 
 
 George A. Foster David S. Cook 
 
 William B. Phillips Harold Smith 
 
 George M. Sargent Martin M. Gridley 
 
 Henry R. Pearsons Birney J. Moore 
 
 William T. Rickards H. H. C. Miller 
 
 Edward H. Webster Richard W. Lynch 
 
 At the meeting of November 28, 1888. 
 
 a committee, consisting of Messrs. Dew- 
 ey, Burnham and M. W. Kirk, were ap- 
 pointed to investigate as to the most de- 
 sirable location for the Club, which com- 
 mittee, on the ijth day of December, 
 1888, reported the selection of the "Lud- 
 lam" lots (on which the Club House now 
 stands) situated on the northwest corner 
 of Chicago Avenue and Grove Street, 132 
 by 210 feet, and which could be purchased 
 at $1 1,000; and thereupon the Executive 
 Committee were authorized to make the 
 purchase of said lots. The money for the 
 purchase of said lots was obtained by the 
 issue of the bonds of the club, of $500 
 each, secured by mortgage, all of which 
 bonds were purchased by members of the 
 club. There was situated upon said lots 
 a frame dwelling house, which had been 
 occupied by Mrs. Ludlam and family for 
 many years, and which was removed by 
 her as a condition of the purchase of said 
 lots. 
 
 At a meeting of the members of "The 
 Greenwood Club," held at the Avenue 
 House, Evanston, January 14, 1889, it was 
 unanimously 
 
 "Resolved, That the name of this cor- 
 poration, 'The Greenwood Club.' be, and 
 the same is hereby changed to 'The Ev- 
 anston Club." 
 
 And, thereupon due proceedings were 
 taken for the change of same in compli- 
 ance with the laws of the State of Illinois. 
 
 On the isth of March, 1889, the Board 
 of Directors adopted plans and specifica- 
 tions for the building of a Club House, 
 which had been prepared by Holabird & 
 Roche, architects, under the supervision 
 of a committee consisting of F. W. Clarke, 
 D. H. Burnham and William Holabird, 
 and thereupon a building committee, con- 
 sisting of D. H. Burnham, D. B. Dewey 
 and N. C. Gridley was duly appointed. 
 
LIBRARY 
 
 OF THE 
 
 UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS 
 
HISTORY OF EVANSTON 
 
 and instructed to proceed with the erec- 
 tion of a Club House. 
 
 "The Evanston Club" Club House was 
 practically completed, and a meeting of 
 the Board of Directors was first held in 
 the Club House on September 24, 1889. 
 
 In consequence of the cost of the build- 
 ing and its appurtenances exceeding the 
 estimates therefor, it became necessary to 
 raise funds for the furnishing of the Club 
 House, whereupon twenty-three members 
 of the Club voluntarily subscribed $100 
 each, for that purpose, which money was 
 subsequently repaid by the Club. 
 
 A committee consisting of Mr. and Mrs. 
 Charles F. Dwight, Mr. and Mrs. William 
 Jlolabird, and Mr. and Mrs. Frederick W. 
 Clarke, was appointed to select and pur- 
 chase furniture and fixtures for the Club 
 House. The opening party of the Club 
 was given on the evening of Tuesday, Oc- 
 tober i, 1889. The guests, consisting of 
 members and their wives, sons and daugh- 
 ters of members over the age of sixteen, 
 and invited guests, in all about. 600, were 
 received by a Reception Committee con- 
 sisting of Mr. and Mrs. Marshall M. Kirk- 
 man, Mr. and Mrs. Daniel H. Burnham, 
 Mr. and Mrs. Milton W. Kirk, Mr. and 
 Mrs. Frank M. Elliot, Mr. and Mrs. 
 Hugh R. Wilson, Mr. and Mrs. Charles 
 Deering, Mr. and Mrs. James K. Armsby 
 and Mr. and Mrs. Charles F. Dwight. 
 
 On August 28, 1890, the By-Laws were 
 so amended that "The membership of 
 this Club shall be limited to one hundred 
 and sixty (160), and shall consist of sixty 
 (60) charter members, or those having 
 paid $300 membership fee and holding 
 certificates of membership, and one hun- 
 dred (100) Associate Members without 
 any ownership in the property of the 
 Club." Subsequently, on November 2, 
 1891, the By-Laws were again amended 
 so as to increase the membership to 200, 
 
 to consist of sixty (60) charter and one 
 hundred and forty (140) Associate Mem- 
 bers. 
 
 In July, 1896, the distinctions thereto- 
 fore existing in the membership of the 
 Club were abolished, and all members 
 were granted equal rights in the govern- 
 ment and property of the Club. This was 
 accomplished by the charter members 
 surrendering their certificates of member- 
 ship and releasing all interest in the proper- 
 ty of the Club, in consideration of new cer- 
 tificates of membership providing that the 
 dues of each holder of a certificate shall 
 not exceed $25 per annum. 
 
 During the fall and winter months in 
 each year from the opening party in Oc- 
 tober, 1889, to and including 1894-5 the 
 Club took the lead in the social amuse- 
 ments of Evanston in providing for its 
 members, their wives and children, con- 
 certs, vocal and instrumental ; musicales 
 and theatricals by members ; sociables, 
 with music, dancing and cards ; children's 
 entertainments, card parties, dancing 
 parties, lectures, readings, song and vio- 
 lin recitals, and, in many of the entertain- 
 ments, the Club hired artists of national 
 and international reputation. 
 
 In consequence of the organization of 
 other social clubs in Evanston, as "The 
 Country Club" and "The Boat Club," the 
 general features of social entertainment 
 by "the Evanston Club" were curtailed, 
 and have been limited, since the fall and 
 winter of 1895-6. to bowling, billiards and 
 cards, with bi-monthly card parties or 
 "Ladies' Nights," for the special enter- 
 tainments of the wives and daughters of 
 members of the Club. 
 
 The property of "The Evanston Club," 
 consisting of real estate and the Club 
 House with its furnishings and fixtures, 
 is of the value of about $50,000, with a 
 
452 
 
 THE EVANSTON CLUB 
 
 bonded indebtedness of only $12,000, and 
 having a balance in the hands of the 
 
 Treasurer, on January I, 1902, of about 
 $ 1,000. 
 
 OFFICERS AND DIRECTORS OF THE EVANSTON CLUB FROM ITS INCEPTION 
 
 Year 
 
 President and 
 Director 
 
 Flret 
 Vice-president 
 
 and 1 in. <!.. i 
 
 Second 
 X'lce- President 
 and Director 
 
 Secretary 
 
 Treasurer and 
 Director 
 
 Director 
 
 1NHH 
 
 M.M. Kir man 
 
 I). H. Huinlmin 
 
 M. W. Kirk 
 
 F. M, Elliot 
 
 D. B. Dewey 
 
 C. W. Deerlng 
 
 WO 
 
 M. H. Kir man 
 
 D. H. Km Mli.ini 
 
 H. W. Kirk 
 
 F.M. Elliot 
 
 D. B. Dewey 
 
 O. W. Deerlng 
 
 1H9U 
 
 M. M. Kir man 
 
 D. H. Burnbalii 
 
 M. W. Kirk 
 
 F. M. Mil..! 
 
 D. B. Dewey 
 
 C. W. Deerlng 
 
 ltf.ll 
 
 M. M. Kir in. in 
 
 M. W. Kirk 
 
 N. C. lirhll.-y 
 
 F. M. Klli.it 
 
 W. T. Klckarde 
 
 F. A. Hardy 
 
 1891 
 
 M. M. Kir man 
 
 M. W. Kirk 
 
 N. C. 1,1:11,-) 
 
 F. M. Elliot 
 
 W. J. Fabian 
 
 F. A. Hardy 
 
 M 
 
 M. M. Kir man 
 
 W. H. Bartlett 
 
 .1 B. Kirk 
 
 F. M. Elliot 
 
 W. J. F.il.i.in 
 
 F. A. Hardy 
 
 1894 
 
 M. M. Kir man 
 
 W. H. li.ii tl. -i i 
 
 J. B. Kirk 
 
 N. O. Iglebart 
 
 W. J. Fabian 
 
 F. A. Hardy 
 
 l-'-. 
 
 M. M. K ii kni.ii, 
 
 W. II. Hurtlrtt 
 
 N. C. i.h. !!.) 
 
 G. M. Sargent 
 
 O. H. Jenkins 
 
 F. A. Hardy 
 
 1H98 
 
 M. M. h ii km. in 
 
 N. C. Orldley 
 
 W. Holablrd 
 
 W. T. Rlckards 
 
 O. K. Jenkins 
 
 F. A. Hardy 
 
 IK* 
 
 N. 0. Orldley 
 
 W. Holablrd 
 
 F. A. Hardy 
 
 W. T. Hi.-kii i ,i 
 
 O. K. Jenkins 
 
 M. M. Klrkman 
 
 1*17 
 
 N. C. Grldley 
 
 W. Holablrd 
 
 F. A. Hardy 
 
 W. T. Rlckards 
 
 O. K. Jenkins 
 
 H. M. Klrkman 
 
 1X98 
 
 N. C. Orldley 
 
 W. Holablrd 
 
 F. A. Hardy 
 
 W. T. Rlckar.ls 
 
 U. K. Jenkins 
 
 M. M. Klrkiuan 
 
 !- 
 
 N. C. llri.ll.-) 
 
 W. Holablrd 
 
 F. A. Hardy 
 
 W, T. Rlckarda 
 
 O. K. Jenklni 
 
 C. H. M'r'Hi l.in.l 
 
 1900 
 
 A. N. Young 
 
 O. K. Jenkins 
 
 W. T. Rlckards 
 
 A. Millar. 1 
 
 C. H. Harbert 
 
 C. H. M'Farland 
 
 1DU1 
 
 O. K. Jenkins 
 
 11. F. Adams 
 
 0. S. Mama 
 
 N. U. Iglebart 
 
 N. Q. Iglebart 
 
 C. H. M'Farland 
 
 Year 
 
 Director 
 
 Director 
 
 Director 
 
 Director 
 
 Director 
 
 Director 
 
 18H8 
 
 J. K. Armsby 
 
 H. R. Wilson 
 
 W. K. Stockton 
 
 N. C. Orldley 
 
 C. F. Dwlgbt 
 
 C. H. Remy 
 
 I* 1 ' 
 
 J. K. Armsby 
 
 H. R. Wilson 
 
 W. K. Stockton 
 
 N. C. Orldley 
 
 O. F. Dwlgbt 
 
 C. H. Kemy 
 
 1890 
 
 J. K. Armsby 
 
 H. K. Wilson 
 
 W. E. Stockton 
 
 N. C. Orldley 
 
 C. F. Dwlgut 
 
 C. H. Kemy 
 
 1- -1 
 
 N ti. Iglehart 
 
 H. R. Wilson 
 
 W. E. Stockton 
 
 W. Holablrd 
 
 A. C. Buell 
 
 A. N. Young 
 
 ism 
 
 N. 0. Iglehart 
 
 H. K. Wilson 
 
 W. H. Bartlett 
 
 W. Holablrd 
 
 A. C. Buell 
 
 W. D. Hitchcock 
 
 1893 
 
 N. U. Iglebart 
 
 N. C. Orldley 
 
 H. A. Pearsons 
 
 W. Holablrd 
 
 A. C. Buell 
 
 W. D. Hitchcock 
 
 MM 
 
 N. a. Iglehart 
 
 N. C. Orldley 
 
 H. A. Pearsons 
 
 W. Holablrd 
 
 D. A. Nudge 
 
 C. H. Remy 
 
 M 
 
 N. a. Iglehart 
 
 W. J. Fabian 
 
 C. J. Council 
 
 W. Holablrd 
 
 O. H. Sargent 
 
 C. H. Remy 
 
 1X96 
 
 N. Q. Iglebart 
 
 W. J. Fabian 
 
 C. J. Connell 
 
 W. H. Bartlett 
 
 0. M. Sargent 
 
 C. H. Remy 
 
 18U6 
 
 N. O. Iglehart 
 
 W. J. Fabian 
 
 O. J. Connell 
 
 W. H. Ilartlett 
 
 il M. Sargent 
 
 C. H. Remy 
 
 1H97 
 
 N. O. Iglebart 
 
 E. S. LI..-, 
 
 C. T. 1!..} nt. in 
 
 W. H. Bartlett 
 
 O. M. Sargent 
 
 H. S. Stevens 
 
 MSB 
 
 N. Q. Iglehart 
 
 K. S. Lacey 
 
 C. T. Boynton 
 
 W. H. Bartlett 
 
 O. M. Sargent 
 
 H. S. Sterens 
 
 1W 
 
 N. O. Iglehart 
 
 K. S. Lacey 
 
 R. C. Lake 
 
 D. A. Klmball 
 
 W. T. Rlckards 
 
 H. S. Stevens 
 
 19011 
 
 N. Q. Iglehart 
 
 F. W. Oemuld 
 
 J. A. Patten 
 
 D. A. Klmball 
 
 N. C. Orldley 
 
 H. S. Stevens 
 
 1 "I 
 
 A. N. Young 
 
 F. W. Oerould 
 
 J. A. Lawrence 
 
 D. A. Klmball 
 
 N. C. Orldley 
 
 H. S. Stevens 
 
CHAPTKR XLV. 
 
 EVANSTOX COUNTRY CLUB 
 
 First Steps and Motives Prompting Organ- 
 isation Names of Projectors Or- 
 ganization Effected in May, 1888 The 
 New Club Finds a Home Memories 
 of the "Old Shelter" and Its First Occu- 
 pants The Club Formally Incorpo- 
 rated First Board of Directors Club 
 Abandons the "Old Shelter" \cw 
 Quarters Dedicated in October, 1902 
 New Year's Receptions and Children's 
 Day Chief Functions Lady Directors 
 Promotion of Branch Associations 
 Dramatic. Cycling, Musical, Equestrian 
 and Polo Associations Banjo and 
 Mandolin Association Former and 
 Present Officers Present Membership 
 Soo List of Life Members. 
 
 To the minds of the older individual 
 members of Evanston's representative so- 
 ciety, that class which typifies the best 
 achievement and highest aspiration of the 
 city's social life, any reference to the 
 "Country Club" has been suggestive, in 
 other days, of a larger volume of pleasur- 
 able thoughts, remembrances and antici- 
 pations than were called forth by the men- 
 tion of any other feature of that com- 
 munity. This responsive sentiment, 
 moreover, was not confined to those who 
 made their home in the beautiful city with 
 which the Country Club is identified, but 
 extended to urban residents of the vicin- 
 
 age, where dwelt congenial souls, who, as 
 guests, were wont to partake of the enjoy- 
 ment signalizing memorable gatherings 
 within the hospitable portals of the Club's 
 "Home." And thus, although its exist- 
 ence is measured by less than a score of 
 years, its name long since became a syn- 
 onym in Evanston for all that is worthiest 
 and best in an association of kindred spir- 
 its, with the common purpose of fostering 
 inspiriting diversions and wholesome 
 sports, commingled with exercises of the 
 mental faculties, and uplifting endeavors 
 in the domain of music and art. The first 
 conception of the projectors of the club 
 was, doubtless, little else than as a medi- 
 um for indulgence, on a more compre- 
 hensive scale, in the popular sports of the 
 day, such as basket ball, tennis, billiards, 
 pool, and other games devoid of strenu- 
 ous exertion, and as an opportunity for 
 unconventional gatherings, in a "home" 
 common to the membership, of those who 
 sought to cultivate a wider and better ac- 
 quaintance than occasional neighborhood 
 visiting afforded. Almost in its infancy, 
 however, the organization began to develop 
 into a broader scope, and continued enlarg- 
 ing its sphere of activities until it became 
 the most conspicuous feature in Evanston's 
 social life. 
 
 Previous to the inception of "The Coun- 
 try Club," many well-known gentlemen of 
 
 453 
 
454 
 
 EVANSTON COUNTRY CLUB 
 
 Evanston, largelyof the younger element, 
 were wont to indulge their social inclina- 
 tions for fellowship, by fraternizing in 
 coteries of limited membership, under va- 
 rious designations and for various speci- 
 fied purposes. This manner of dividing 
 into small groups led to a habit of invid- 
 ious criticism, and the members of one set 
 were not infrequently the objects of de- 
 preciatory allusions by those of another, 
 the basis of organization being narrow and 
 the methods arbitrary. In none of these 
 was the gentler sex eligible to member- 
 ship, and public social functions of a com- 
 prehensive nature were unknown. In 
 1880 but two clubs of any pretentions 
 were known in Evanston, viz. : the "Ev- 
 anston Social Club," which was shortly 
 afterwards disrupted, and the "Evanston 
 Boat Club," devoted to a single purpose, 
 and having an enrollment of two score of 
 the stylish young men of the town. Some- 
 what later, another organization of young 
 men was formed under the title of the 
 "Idlevvild Club," for the promotion of ath- 
 letic sports, chiefly indoor ball and tennis. 
 The Idlewild Club was subsequently 
 merged with the Evanston Boat Club. 
 The "Evanston Club," of present high re- 
 pute, had not then been ushered into ex- 
 istence. 
 
 The ladies of Evanston, to a certain ex- 
 tent, were associated in those days in 
 small, companionable bodies of their own 
 sex, each comprising from a dozen to a 
 score of members, designated by odd and 
 enigmatic titles in the form of initial let- 
 ters, such as the M. As ; the X. Gs ; the 
 X. Ys ; and the J. Js. These feminine 
 groups were quite out of social touch with 
 each other, making no effort towards har- 
 monious relations, and, as between clubs 
 of the sterner sex, unseemly rivalry en- 
 gendered petty jealousies and harsh as- 
 persions, at times approaching animosity. 
 
 Under the conditions which then pre- 
 vailed in Evanston society, it was thus 
 reserved for a new blending of social fac- 
 tors, the necessity for which had long 
 been tacitly recognized in various quar- 
 ters, to mold into cordial harmony, upon 
 a broad and enduring basis, all kindred 
 spirits of both sexes, composing that ele- 
 ment which was conceded to be truly rep- 
 resentative of the better and more highly 
 aspiring social life of the city, in which 
 all felt a fond pride. 
 
 The project of the Country Club of Ev- 
 anston was first made a subject of discus- 
 sion at a select social gathering at the 
 residence of Frederick W. Clarke, on Hin- 
 man Avenue, in April, 1888. The sugges- 
 tion of such an idea touched a common 
 chord of responsive sentiment in all the 
 guests, prominent among whom were A. 
 T. Cutler, George T. Judd, Frederick 
 Arnd, George Lunt, E. A. Chapman and 
 William L. Brown. One of the ladies 
 present was Mrs. Thomas S. Creighton 
 (then Virginia Hamline), who was em- 
 phatic in urging an immediate movement 
 toward organization. The gentlemen pres- 
 ent withdrew into seclusion for a brief 
 conference in regard to the practical fea- 
 tures of the scheme, and their consulta- 
 tion resulted in a decision to induce, if 
 possible, one of Evanston's most promi- 
 nent and popular citizens to take the in- 
 itiative in formative effort. The particular 
 patron on whom the minds of all in at- 
 tendance centered, was Marshall M. Kirk- 
 man, then, as now, a recognized leader in 
 all worthy enterprises in Evanston. To 
 Misses Hamline and Barlow, in conjunc- 
 tion with Thomas S. Creighton, was in- 
 trusted the mission of soliciting Mr. Kirk- 
 man's co-operation as the principal or- 
 ganizer of the new club. This committee 
 and its proposition met with a cordial 
 reception from that gentleman, who be- 
 
HISTORY OF EVANSTON 
 
 455 
 
 came a ready sponsor of the movement, 
 and at his residence, on the evening of May 
 14, 1888, two committees were appointed, 
 one to formulate a constitution, and the 
 other to nominate officers, for the forth- 
 coming organization. Their duties were 
 accomplished on the spot. The nucleus 
 of the present elaborate constitution was 
 submitted to the assemblage and prompt- 
 ly ratified, and the officials designated by 
 the committee on nominations were con- 
 firmed by vote, as follows : President, 
 Marshall M. Kirkman ; First Vice-Presi- 
 dent, Frederick W. Clarke; Second Vice- 
 President, Milton W. Kirk; Treasurer 
 and Recording Secretary, Thomas S. 
 Creighton; and Corresponding Secretary, 
 Catherine Aishton. The original enroll- 
 ment included a membership of 150, com- 
 posed of persons representing the most 
 reputable element in Evanston society, 
 associated for the purpose of promoting 
 a higher degree and wider range of socia- 
 bility, and encouraging physical exercise 
 in the practice of athletic games. The 
 aim of the club was, as declared by one 
 of its projectors, the "making of life in 
 Evanston even more pleasant than it is at 
 present," and in the by-laws adopted at 
 the outset, the object was formally stated 
 to be "the promotion of social, athletic 
 and esthetic culture, and its immediate 
 purpose, the recreation and amusement of 
 its members." 
 
 Formative details having been disposed 
 of, the next step in the progress of the 
 Country Club was, naturally, the estab- 
 lishment of suitable quarters for its oc- 
 cupancy. Its first "home" was built on 
 Hinman Avenue, within an environment 
 of most pleasant grounds. It was known 
 by the quaint name of "The Old Shelter," 
 and although of limited dimensions and 
 unpretentious aspect, well served its pur- 
 pose during the inceptive period of the 
 
 club's existence. A snug retreat, of rus- 
 tic design with a generous fireplace and 
 cozy veranda, it was uniquely decorated 
 within and without, and, altogether, was 
 keenly suggestive of ease and comfort. 
 Delightful indeed are the recollections 
 that cluster about "The Old Shelter," and 
 the thoughts of early members of the 
 club who frequented it often revert to its 
 homelike attractiveness, with feelings of 
 pleasure not unmingled with a tinge of 
 sadness. Many of them, then in the fer- 
 vid flush of youth, but now staid matrons 
 or sedate sires, both smile and sigh as 
 they recall the gayeties of old-time sum- 
 mer gatherings there, under moonlit foli- 
 age, or the mirthful hours of cider sym- 
 posiums on long winter evenings. Of the 
 familiar faces of yore that reflected cheer 
 on the festivities of "The Old Shelter," 
 not all remain. Some of them are now 
 known in connection with new scenes of 
 activity, while the earthly abodes of oth- 
 ers will miss them evermore. The mem- 
 ory of the early members who have van- 
 ished from this world's habitations, not- 
 ably, George T. Judd, George Lunt and 
 E. A. Chapman, is sacredly cherished by 
 their surviving contemporaries among the 
 founders of the club. 
 
 At a business meeting of the members 
 held March 22, 1889, a committee was ap- 
 pointed to secure the incorporation of 
 The Country Club under the laws of Il- 
 linois, and a petition for that purpose was 
 drafted and forwarded to the State capi- 
 tal, to which twenty-eight names were ap- 
 pended. The gentlemen having charge 
 of this matter were Martin M. Gridley, 
 Harry P. Pearsons, J. Stanley Grepe. 
 Thomas S. Creighton, Edwin F. Brown, 
 Arthur Orr, Nicholas G. Iglehart, George 
 Lunt, Harry S. Farwell and Freder- 
 ick W. Clarke. A charter was issued, 
 and the club was thus ushered into exist- 
 
456 
 
 EVANSTON COUNTRY CLUB 
 
 ence with the sanction of law. The first 
 Board of Directors under the act of in- 
 corporation was composed of William 
 Holabird, William L. Brown, John H. 
 Kedzie, Jr., Charles H. Matthews and 
 John W. Scott. Applications for mem- 
 bership were numerous from this period, 
 and the strength of the organization rap- 
 idly increased. At the outset its influence 
 was chiefly manifest in widening the circle 
 of pleasant acquaintance of worthy men 
 and women, who had hitherto been kept 
 apart by barriers of formality. While 
 the rules regulating admission were care- 
 fully administered, arbitrary restrictions 
 were ignored, and the stiffness of mere 
 conventionalism, in the better element of 
 Evanston society, was soon materially 
 relaxed under the genial sentiment domi- 
 nating the club. The principal entertain- 
 ment features under its auspices were in 
 the form of select dancing parties, and 
 the popular sports on its program were 
 those then mostly in vogue tennis and 
 indoor ball. 
 
 Early in its fifth year, the numerical 
 strength of the organization had grown 
 to such a degree, and the social and ath- 
 letic activities projected had so far ex- 
 ceeded the original plans, as to disclose 
 the need of more ample accommodations 
 as to space and convenience of arrange- 
 ment, than "The Old Shelter" afforded. 
 Measures were thereupon taken to pro- 
 vide new quarters. Plans were drawn un- 
 der the supervision of the management, 
 and the task of construction was com- 
 menced in the early summer of 1902. In 
 the autumn of that year the present com- 
 modious and inviting structure, at the in- 
 tersection of Lake Street and Oak Ave- 
 nue, was completed. On the evening 
 of October 18, the new edifice was suit- 
 ably dedicated. The cost of the house and 
 grounds was about $40,000, which in- 
 
 volved an issue of bonds to the amount 
 of $33,500. The occupation of the present 
 "home" signalized the inauguration of a 
 more attractive series of social festivities, 
 and a course of highly-interesting athletic 
 competitions, which occasionally involved 
 the participation of noted clubs from 
 other localities. The Country Club "ger- 
 mans" date from that period, as does also 
 the Lady Directors' custom of New 
 Year's Day receptions, which have since 
 constituted the most elaborate and en- 
 joyable society "affairs" known in Evans- 
 ton. From the time of the club's incep- 
 tion, .one day has been set apart in sum- 
 mer, and one in winter, as "Children's 
 Day," devoted to childish merry-making. 
 On these occasions, the little folk monop- 
 olize the club house and its environs for 
 a time of blithesome frolic. Music, re- 
 freshments and youthful sports abound, 
 and the periodical recurrence of "Chil- 
 dren's Day" is awaited by the juvenile 
 element in Evanston with eager anticipa- 
 tion. 
 
 During the period intervening between 
 1892 and 1895, the Country Club played 
 the part of host in many entertainments 
 on an elaborate scale, in which its guests 
 were well-known pleasure clubs, athletic 
 organizations, and civic and military 
 bodies. Among the prominent Lady Di- 
 rectors of that time whose conspicuous 
 charms and accomplishments lent peculiar 
 dignity and grace to these brilliant func- 
 tions, were Mrs. Thomas S. Creighton, 
 Mrs. Frederick Arnd, Mrs. George R. 
 Jenkins, Mrs. Charles G. Fuller. Mrs. David 
 A. Mudge, Mrs. William A. Hammond, 
 Mrs. John B. Kirk, Mrs. Christopher L. 
 Williams. Mrs. Milton W. Kirk, Mrs. 
 Andrew Hazelhurst, Mrs. Frank M. Elli- 
 ot, Miss Cornelia G. Lunt, Mrs. William 
 J. Fabian. Mrs. Milton M. Kirkman, Mrs. 
 Benjamin F. Adams, Mrs. Nicholas G. 
 

LIBRARY 
 
 OF THE 
 
 UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS 
 
HISTORY OF EVANSTON 
 
 457 
 
 Iglehart, Mrs. Edwin F. Brown. Mrs. 
 Stewart Clark, Mrs. A. C. Buell. Mrs. 
 Harry P. Pearsons, Mrs. Charles J. Con- 
 nell, Mrs. George Lunt, Mrs. Curtis H. 
 Remy, Mrs. Henry R. Post, Mrs. William 
 Holabird. Mrs. William H. Harper. Mrs. 
 Daniel H. Burnham, Mrs. B. J. Moore, 
 Mrs. Francis A. Hardy, and Mrs. Herman 
 D. Cable. 
 
 About the year 189x1, was put into prac- 
 tical operation the policy of promoting 
 branch associations for the purpose of 
 fostering the talent and skill of the club's 
 membership in particular lines of accom- 
 plishment. Between that year and 1895, 
 seven flourishing subordinate branches 
 were formed under the fostering care of 
 the parent body, and whatever were the 
 predilections of individual members as to 
 esthetic culture, or their aptitude in the 
 line of popular sports, each found in one 
 of these different associations a satisfac- 
 tory medium for the gratification of a pe- 
 culiar taste, or the cultivation of a special 
 talent. This policy of the club proved 
 signally successful, and has done more to 
 bring into prominent notice and stimulate 
 to a high degree of development, the home 
 talent of Evanston in musical and histrionic 
 rendition, than all other local agencies 
 combined. As early as 1895 the concerts 
 given and the operas and dramas rendered 
 by the members, and under the auspices 
 of The Country Club, were hardly inferior 
 to professional presentations, and the new 
 club house had become the musical and ar- 
 tistic center of Evanston. 
 
 In the winter of 1893-94 was formed 
 the Dramatic Association of the club. 
 Prominent among the organizers were 
 Louis F. Brown, William J. Fabian, Arch- 
 er Gifford, Henry Raeder and William L. 
 Wells. In addition to these gentlemen, 
 arid the wives of the last four, the follow- 
 ing were original members of the associa- 
 
 tion, namely: Mr. and Mrs. Frederick 
 Arnd, Mr. and Mrs. William H. Harper, 
 Mr. and Mrs. Harry Cobb Kennedy. Mr. 
 and Mrs. William A. Hammond, Mr. and 
 Mrs. Charles P. Spining. Mr. and Mrs. 
 Harley C. Winchell, Messrs. Gardner 
 Read. Charles H. Dalgleish. Edward Html 
 Smith, Hugh Talbot, George Stanford, 
 Frederick H. Tackaberry, Frank M. 
 Gould, John \V. Scott, Ernest H. Eversz. 
 Louis A. Ferguson, Frank M. Savage, 
 Hanson McDowell, William C. Evans, 
 and Misses Bessie Fletcher, Lida Scott, 
 Anna Ives Hotchkiss, A. Louise Redfield, 
 Maria Reynolds, Flora Gardner. Louise 
 Rice, Sarah Ward, Mae Talbot. Mary T. 
 Wilson, Virginia Boteler, Alice Spaulding, 
 Mae Dingee, Anna Jane Wilcox, Lily M. 
 Parker, Mrs. Elizabeth Boynton Harbert. 
 Rosella Ward, Jessie E. Eversz. Ruth Far- 
 well, Catherine Aishton and Louise Hoge. 
 The officers were as follows : William T. 
 Fabian, Manager ; Miss Jean McX. Matte- 
 son, Secretary : and Mrs. Charles P. Spin- 
 ing, Miss Mary W. Lord. Archer Gifford, 
 Henry Raeder and Harvey Cobb Ken- 
 nedy, Directors. The new "Shelter" was 
 remodeled in 1895, m OI "der to admit of 
 an enlargement of the stage to meet the 
 necessary requirements of the Dramatic 
 Association, and after this was made suit- 
 able, and the requisite mechanical ap- 
 pointments were provided. the plays 
 thereupon produced, with roles filled by 
 association's members, were presented in 
 a manner as complete, entertaining and 
 artistic as many witnessed in the theaters 
 of Chicago. 
 
 The Cycling Association of the Coun- 
 try Club, for the purpose of which the 
 smooth and shady streets of Evanston and 
 its environs afforded peculiar facilities, 
 was formed in 1894. A special feature in 
 its program of recreation was the club 
 rides on Saturday afternoons, when the 
 
458 
 
 EVANSTON COUNTRY CLUB 
 
 members sallied forth from the club 
 house, and wended their way to some ap- 
 pointed destination in the surrounding 
 country. There they partook of refresh- 
 ments and whiled away the waning day 
 with pleasant converse in scattered 
 groups, returning homeward in the dusk 
 of evening, in jovial procession. The 
 tasteful and variegated attire of the lady 
 cyclists on these occasions presented a 
 gay spectacle, the animated discourse of 
 all, as they glided along in the twilight, 
 giving evidence to throngs of interested 
 observers, of the enjoyable hours they had 
 passed. A large proportion of the early 
 members of the club were enrolled in this 
 association. It was managed by a Board 
 of Directors, the regular excursions being 
 under the conduct of Dr. Frank Dakin or 
 Edwin C. Belknap. The association also 
 included a body of cyclists composed ex- 
 clusively of ladies organized for daily 
 rides, under the guidance of Mrs. Freder- 
 ick Arnd and Miss Bessie Chapin. 
 
 The Country Club "Musical Associa- 
 tion" was formed in 1894, its nucleus be- 
 ing a singing society previously organized 
 by a few of the members. Through the 
 efforts of President Kirkman, who was 
 ever on the alert to devise measures for 
 broadening the scope and enhancing the 
 usefulness and prestige of the club, this 
 association received its first impetus. Mr. 
 Kirkman was aided by the earnest co-op- 
 eration of Walter M. Anthony, who had 
 been prominent in the musical circles of 
 Worcester, Mass., before establishing his 
 home in Evanston. At the instance of 
 these two gentlemen, a meeting of all the 
 members interested in the project was 
 convened on February 20, of the last men- 
 tioned year. In that gathering The Coun- 
 try Club Musical Association was 
 launched into being, with the following 
 board of Directors, namely : Mrs. George 
 
 R. Jenkins, Miss Cornelia G. Lunt, Miss 
 Annie W. Lord, John W. Scott, Prof. A. 
 F. McCarrell, Ernest H. Eversz, and Wal- 
 ter M. Anthony. Mr. Anthony was after- 
 wards elected President, and Mr. Eversz, 
 Secretary and Treasurer. The associa- 
 tion was subsequently divided into two 
 separate bodies a woman's musical or- 
 ganization, at first styled the "Friday 
 Morning Musical Club," and a society of 
 male vocalists, called the Country Club 
 Maennerchor. The practice of the latter 
 was under the direction of Prof. McCar- 
 rell, and later, under that of Prof. P. C. 
 Lutkin. In conjunction with Messrs. Mc- 
 Carrell and Lutkin as founders of the 
 Maennerchor, were William Richards, 
 Charles Dickinson and John R. Lindgren. 
 Mr. Lindgren, who had been an orchestra 
 leader in Chicago, suceeded Mr. Anthony 
 as its President. Associated with him as 
 officers were Charles S. Burch, Vice-Pres- 
 ident ; Albert D. Shaw, Secretary ; Thom- 
 as Beard, Treasurer ; and Robert Holmes. 
 Librarian. The Maennerchor, whose first 
 efforts were limited to college songs and 
 old-time melodies, gradually attained pro- 
 ficiency in a higher degree of musical art, 
 and became one of the leading organiza- 
 tions of its kind in the West. 
 
 The Woman's Musical Association of 
 The Country Club, at first known as the 
 "Friday Morning Club," was composed of 
 about thirty active members, and consti- 
 tuted the Ladies' Choir of The Country 
 Club. Together with the Maennerchor, 
 it formed the well-known "Evanston Mu- 
 sic Club of that period. The original 
 officers of the Woman's Musical Associ- 
 ation were as follows : Mrs. William Hol- 
 abird, President ; Mrs. Arthur W. Under- 
 wood, Vice-President ; and Mrs. Marshall 
 M. Kirkman, Mrs. Daniel A. Mudge, Mrs. 
 William L. Vance, Mrs. Charles P. Spin- 
 ing, Mrs. Charles R. Webster and Miss 
 
HISTORY OF EVANSTON 
 
 459 
 
 Helen M. Ide, Directors. The member- 
 ship represented a superior order of mu- 
 sical talent, and acquired, by reason of dili- 
 gent practice, an excellent artistic culture. 
 It was recognized as the bright esthetic 
 feature of Evanston society. 
 
 A large number of members of The 
 Country Club gathered in its reception 
 rooms on May 28, 1894, and perfected the 
 organization of the Equestrian Associa- 
 tion, in which riders of both sexes were 
 represented. Francis A. Hardy was 
 elected Director, with William C. Hoag 
 as Secretary and Treasurer ; and Francis 
 O. Frazier, William B. Bogert and Ham- 
 ilton E. Grepe were chosen as a board of 
 managers. The event at once stimulated a 
 new interest in horsemanship throughout 
 the town. Many superb riding horses 
 were purchased and brought to Evanston 
 from Kentucky and Missouri. States noted 
 for their fine grade of saddle horses, and 
 scores of mettlesome steeds were soon 
 seen prancing in the knightly sport which 
 the association was formed to promote. 
 Its members, mounted on chargers capar- 
 isoned in saddle-blankets of blue broad- 
 cloth with yellow bindings and showing, 
 brightly embroidered in their corners, the 
 four-leaf clover emblematic of the club, 
 presented a gay and imposing sight 
 to the beholder. The riding parties were 
 wont to meet for country-road excursions 
 on Saturday afternoons, and to the prac- 
 tice of graceful horsemanship acquired in 
 many spirited jaunts, is attributable much 
 of the skill for which Evanston society 
 people have been noted in connection with 
 this robust and exhilarating diversion. At 
 the period of its inception, thirty-one gen- 
 tlemen, all prominent members of The 
 Country Club, joined in the regular riding 
 parties of the Equestrian Association. 
 Among the accomplished equestriennes 
 who graced these occasions were Mrs. 
 
 Louis F. Brown, Mrs. Charles Buckley, 
 Mrs. Thomas S. Creighton, Mrs. Frederick 
 E. French, Mrs. Francis A. Hardy, Mrs. 
 Marshall M. Kirkman, Mrs. George W. 
 Whitfield and Misses Katherine Buehler, 
 Cora Cassard, Elizabeth Fletcher, Minnie 
 Kirkman, Maude Parker, Kate C. Quin- 
 lan and Mary T. Wilson. In the summer 
 of 1895, as an off-shoot of the Equestrian 
 Association, a number of its members or- 
 ganized themselves for competition in the 
 game of pony polo. This body acting in 
 concert with the former, afterwards in- 
 augurated what was observed as "The 
 Country Club Field Day," on which polo 
 matches, hurdle races, pony races and 
 premium "turnout" exhibits constituted 
 the attractions. Marshall M. Kirkman was 
 the projector of The Country Club Polo 
 Association, and its organization was ef- 
 fected at his residence on the evening of 
 April 12, 1895. Besides the host of the 
 occasion, those in attendance were Albert 
 Tracy Kirkman, Marshall Jay Kirkman, 
 W. Bruce Kirkman, George H. Sargent, 
 John H. Kedzie, Jr., Gabriel F. Slaughter, 
 Henry W. Dakin, John M. Allen, Freder- 
 ick S. Chapin and George K. Armsby. 
 George S. Chapin was elected Captain of 
 the Association, and Frederick S. Chapin 
 was made Secretary and Treasurer. 
 Grounds were leased and suitably pre- 
 pared at the corner of Grant Street and 
 Asbury Avenue, and an experimental 
 game of polo was there played one month 
 from the date of organization. 
 
 A feature of instrumental music was 
 supplied by the club in October, 1894, in 
 the formation of a Banjo and Mandolin 
 Association, each instrument being at first 
 represented by a distinct organization, 
 the former having fifteen members, and 
 the latter, eleven. These were under the 
 direction, respectively, of Ralph H. Smith 
 and Signor Salvatore Tomaso. The two 
 
460 
 
 EVANSTON COUNTRY CLUB 
 
 societies were subsequently united under 
 one leadership. Prominent among the or- 
 iginal members were the Misses Mae Rice, 
 Grace Hess, Lily Rice, Susanna Rowe, 
 Lucy Pinney, Blanche Eversz, Elizabeth 
 Boynton Harbert, Frances Rickards, Ter- 
 esa Metcalf, Louise Rice, Emily D. Rowe, 
 Mrs. Lucian E. Harding, and Messrs. 
 Charles George Lewis, Thomas H. Lewis, 
 William C. Gilbert, John W. Scott, 
 Dwight Willing. Frank Savage, Winter 
 D. Hess, Will Gilbert, William McCor- 
 mick, Charles H. Matthews, Marshall Jay 
 Kirkman and Benjamin Miller. Some of 
 these "branch associations" were discon- 
 tinued in after years. Among the most 
 notable "functions" of the parent club 
 which have been maintained ever since 
 its inception, are the New Year's recep- 
 tions and the Children's Day festivals, 
 which are still characterized by undimin- 
 ished vivacity and eclat. 
 
 From the organization of the Country 
 Club, on May 14, 1888, until and including 
 the annual election of officers in 1898, its 
 subordinate executive officials were as fol- 
 lows: First Vice -Presidents Frederick 
 W. Clarke, Arthur Orr, William E. Stock- 
 ton (who served two terms), and Freder- 
 ick Arrnl (who served seven terms) ; Sec- 
 ond Vice-Presidents Milton W. Kirk, 
 Frederick Arnd (who served two terms), 
 Frank M. Elliot, and Benjamin F. Adams 
 (who served seven terms) ; Treasurers 
 Thomas S. Creighton and Nicholas G. 
 Iglehart, of whom the latter served ten 
 terms ; Secretaries Catherine Aishton, 
 Edwin F. Brown (who served seven 
 terms), William B. Bogert, and John H. 
 Kedzie, Jr., (who served two terms). In 
 the course of time above mentioned, the 
 following gentlemen were Directors of 
 the club: Marshall M. Kirkman, Nicholas 
 G. Iglehart, Edwin C. Belknap, Benjamin 
 F. Adams, Thomas S. Creighton, Arthur 
 
 Orr, Frederick Arnd, George Lunt, Ros- 
 coe L. Wickes, Edwin F. Brown, Martin 
 M. Gridley, William E. Stockton, William 
 Holabird, Frank M. Elliot, Harry S. Stev- 
 ens, Francis O. Frazier, Francis A. Hardy, 
 E. A. Chapman, Milton W. Kirk, Hugh 
 R. Wilson, John Scott, Hanson McDow- 
 ell, Charles H. Matthews, William B. 
 Bogert and Charles T. Boynton. 
 
 Marshall M. Kirkman served continu- 
 ously as President of the club from the time 
 of its organization until the official term 
 covering 1898. William Holabird suc- 
 ceeded Mr. Kirkman as President and 
 Francis A. Hardy became First Vice- 
 President ; Francis O. Frazier, Second 
 Vice-President ; Rufus C. Davis, Treasur- 
 er ; and Lucien E. Harding, Secretary. 
 The directors then elected were : for three 
 years Frederick Arnd, John H. Kedzie. 
 jr., John W. Scott and William W. Gates ; 
 for two years Hugh R. Wilson and Wal- 
 ter W. Ross; for one year Marshall M. 
 Kirkman, Rollin A. Keyes and Edwin A. 
 Sherman. In April, 1901, Judge Leroy D. 
 Thoman succeeded Mr. Holabird as Pres- 
 ident, serving in that capacity four years. 
 
 The present President of the Club. 
 Franklin C. Letts, was elected May I, 
 1905, when the following officials were 
 also elected, namely: First Vice-Presi- 
 dent, Charles E. Yerkes; Second Vice- 
 President, Charles G. Davis; Secretary 
 and Treasurer, Charles N. Stevens ; Di- 
 rectors Murray B. Augur, Charles H. 
 Barry, Marshall Clarke, David R. Forgan. 
 George T. Kelly, William Holabird, Mar- 
 shall M. Kirkman, C. F. Marlow, F. F. 
 Peabody and William H. Warren. 
 
 The present membership of The Coun- 
 try Club numbers 800. Its sole honorary 
 member is Nicholas G. Iglehart. The list 
 of life members, a relation involving a fee 
 of $400 for gentlemen and $85 for ladies, 
 is as follows: William Blanchard, Charles 
 
HISTORY OF EVANSTON 
 
 461 
 
 T. Boynton, William L. Brown, John M. 
 Ewen, William J. Fabian. Francis P. Fra- 
 zier. Francis A. Hardy, William Holabird, 
 John H. Kedzie, Jr., John B. Kirk, Walter 
 W. Kirk, Marshall M. Kirkman, Richard 
 C. Lake. Charles G. Lewis, Dr. Thomas 
 H. Lewis, Benjamin W. Lord, Uriah Lott, 
 Arthur Orr, Henry P. Pearsons, Henry 
 Raeder. George M. Sargent, Roscoe L. 
 Wickes. Hugh R. Wilson, Mrs. Charles T. 
 Boynton, Mrs. William L. Brown, Mrs. 
 
 John M. Ewen, Mrs. William J. Fabian. 
 Mrs. Francis P. Frazier, Mrs. Francis A. 
 Hardy, Mrs. William Holabird. Mrs. J. 
 W. Howell, Miss Margaret Kedzie. Miss 
 Emma Kirk, Mrs. John B. Kirk, Mrs. 
 Walter W. Kirk, Mrs. Marshall M. Kirk- 
 man, Miss Ella Gates Kirkman, Miss 
 Mary Lewis, Mrs. Uriah Lott, Mrs. 
 Henry Raeder, Mrs. Martha C. Stockton, 
 Miss Julia K. Watson, Mrs. Hugh R. 
 Wilson and Miss Mary T. Wilson. 
 
CHAPTER XLVI. 
 
 BIOORAPHICAL 
 
 ORRINGTON LUNT. 
 
 "A man he seems of cheerful yesterdays, 
 And confident tomorrows." 
 
 Orrington Lunt, one of Chicago's pi- 
 oneers and one of the founders of Evan- 
 ston, attained to the very ideal of the 
 public-spirited, patriotic citizen, without 
 a blemish upon his record as a merchant, 
 a gentleman and a Christian. He was 
 born in Bowdoinham, Maine, December 
 24, 1815. He came of old New England 
 stock. His first American ancestor, Hen- 
 ry Lunt, who emigrated to this country 
 from England in 1635, was a grantee in 
 the original allotment of land in Xew- 
 buryport, Mass., and, in 1636, was 
 made a freeman of the colony. His 
 grandmother was a daughter of Gen- 
 eral Joseph Vose of Revolutionary fame, 
 one of the founders of the Society of the 
 Cincinnati and a direct descendant of a 
 family noted for courage and prowess. 
 His father, William Lunt, represented 
 his county in the Maine Legislature and 
 was everywhere recognized as a thrifty 
 and enterprising man of affairs. He was 
 a merchant in the little town of Bowdoin- 
 ham and during a long life-time enjoyed 
 the esteem and confidence of the com- 
 munity in which he lived. His mother, 
 Anne Matilda Sumner, was of the same 
 lineage as Governor Sumner of Massa- 
 chusetts, and the distinguished Senator 
 
 of that name. She was a woman of rare 
 cleverness and beauty, and from her ap- 
 parently her oldest child derived many 
 of his principal traits. And the gifts be- 
 stowed upon him at his cradle were 
 among the best at God's command ; phy- 
 sical strength and manly beauty, a sweet 
 and sunny temper, a quick strong mind, 
 a rich quaint humor, a fearless spirit and 
 a tender heart. Besides all these, a glad 
 delight in natural beauty and a joy in 
 human fellowship. 
 
 When the lad was nine years old he 
 sat one wintry afternoon watching his 
 mother's face by the light of the fire. 
 Her beloved features changed to such 
 unutterable sadness that he burst into 
 tears. Roused from her reverie she put 
 her arms about him and tried to com- 
 fort him. But the solemn sweetness with 
 which she urged him to be a good boy 
 and a good man, never to forget her, 
 never to forget her counsels, revealed 
 the truth, and ere many months he stood 
 beside her grave. After that, it was 
 said, the neighbors seldom saw him 
 smile. But he learned rapidly and eager- 
 ly all that the village schools could teach 
 him. The vigorous and ambitious boy 
 was everywhere known as a hard worker 
 and an apt scholar. Apparently a bright 
 future opened before him as a student, 
 but at the call of dutv he went forth to 
 
 463 
 
4*4 
 
 BIOGRAPHICAL 
 
 prepare for the great battle of commercial 
 life, being then in his fourteenth year. 
 
 On leaving school he entered his 
 father's store, taking hold of his assigned 
 tasks with the same hearty good will 
 and high purpose that so distinctly 
 marked his whole after career. He showed 
 from the first the steady light of sterling 
 integrity, of persistent effort, and of un- 
 weariedness in well doing. He remained 
 in the store, a growing favorite with all 
 who dealt there, until the attainment of 
 his majority when he was taken into 
 partnership. The character of Mr. Lunt 
 was well established. He had attracted 
 the confidence of his neighbors and was 
 honored by them publicly. In his twenty- 
 second year he was elected Clerk and 
 Treasurer of the town, and was also ap- 
 pointed Justice of the Peace. These po- 
 sitions he held until he left the State. 
 
 But Bowdoinham was too small and 
 too slow a place for his active and enter- 
 prising nature. He had married on the 
 i6th of January. 1842, Miss Cornelia A. 
 Gray, the oldest daughter of the Hon. 
 Samuel Gray, a leading attorney in the 
 village, who served as Representative, 
 Senator, and member of the Governor's 
 Council of the State ; and as trade grew 
 dull he and his young wife determined 
 to try their fortune in the then distant 
 and unknown West. 
 
 He sold out his interests in Maine at 
 a heavy sacrifice, realizing little more 
 than enough to pay off his mercantile 
 indebtedness. They started west on 
 the first of November, 1842, and arrived 
 in Chicago on the eleventh of that same 
 month, it taking ten days of constant trav- 
 el to make the journey. Chicago then, ac- 
 cording to the census of 1840, had a popu- 
 lation of less than five thousand, and it 
 was then at its lowest ebb, real estate 
 selling for less than at any time since the 
 
 crisis of 1837. The condition of trade 
 was at a standstill and it was impossible 
 to embark in business during the winter, 
 as navigation was closed. At that time 
 there were no railroads in the Western 
 State. To add to their discouragement, 
 in the spring Mrs. Lunt became alarm- 
 ingly ill, and during her partial convales- 
 cence they decided to return to Maine. 
 He was now thoroughly disheartened, 
 but the spirit of the pioneer was not to 
 be denied. He had looked upon the prai- 
 ries and the Lakes, and the narrower hori- 
 zon of New England robbed him of that 
 new sense of liberty he had learned to 
 value. He felt, with the intuition of a 
 faith he never lost, that in the West was 
 the seat of opportunity, and that Chicago, 
 then a village of five or six thousand in- 
 habitants, was to be the metropolis of 
 that West. So about the last of July 
 they again turned their faces westward, 
 his entire capital consisting of letters of 
 recommendation from Eastern firms, mer- 
 cantile houses in Boston and New York. 
 Mr. Lunt began his business career in 
 Chicago as a commission merchant by 
 purchasing a set of books on credit, and 
 a* once started the shipments of such prod- 
 uce as he could obtain. His first trans- 
 action of any considerable magnitude was 
 the buying of several hundred barrels of 
 cranberries in lots, as they were offered 
 at fifty cents per bushel, for a Boston 
 house. He was soon busily at work pur- 
 chasing almost anything that offered. He 
 succeeded so well that, by the summer of 
 1844, he was fairly started in the grain 
 trade, which he began by receiving from 
 Buffalo a small cargo of oats to sell for 
 this market. After the ensuing harvest 
 he began to purchase wheat from teams. 
 At that time this product had to be hauled 
 by the farmers in their wagons to Chi- 
 cago, sometimes coming from the distant 
 
HISTORY OF EVANSTON 
 
 465 
 
 fields in Indiana and from the prairies of 
 Central Illinois. At Chicago it was trans- 
 ferred to boats and thence transported 
 eastward by way of the Lakes. The 
 business steadily increased, his operations 
 became more extensive, his careful ener- 
 getic management attracted confidence 
 and esteem. In 1845 ne leased a lot on 
 the river front and erected thereon a 
 warehouse having a storage capacity of 
 100,000 bushels no mean capacity in 
 that "day of small things." \Yheat came 
 in quite freely after the harvest, and with 
 a brisk trade, on a continually advancing 
 market, he had his house full by the close 
 of navigation. He made one sale of fifty 
 thousand bushels, which was a very large 
 transaction in those days. 
 
 In business Mr. Lunt was an honest 
 man in the strictest sense of the word 
 not only honest in his personal dealings, 
 but he never tolerated dishonesty in 
 subordinates or employes. In those days, 
 when grain was drawn to Chicago, sold 
 to buyers on the street and weighed in 
 at South Water street warehouses, the 
 farmers who sent their boys to the young 
 city repeatedly told the inexperienced 
 youths to "wait for Orrington Lunt or 
 one of his buyers," and it became known 
 on the street that instructions were given 
 that, even if he offered lower prices than 
 any other buyers, "not to leave him. for his 
 honest weights would more than make 
 the difference." He was strong, self-re- 
 liant and enterprising, and soon prosper- 
 ity made him over-sanguine. He bought 
 boldly and lost in a single season all that 
 he had made. He took the lesson to 
 heart. He never speculated again, and 
 was ever afterward noted for his cautious 
 and conservative sagacity. Frontier life 
 is a severe test of character. Many a man 
 has forgotten, in the hurry and excite- 
 ment of a rapidly growing town, his 
 
 moral training and his religious experi- 
 ence. But Orrington Lunt never neglect- 
 ed his vows to God during the years of 
 strenuous commercial activity, in which 
 he laid the foundations of his success. 
 His probity became proverbial. 
 
 With the entry of railroads into Chi- 
 cago, the conditions of trade materially 
 changed, and, in the year 1853, Mr. Lunt 
 leased his warehouse for a term of years 
 and retired temporarily from the handling 
 of grain, but in 1859 he again took charge 
 and continued until 1862 handling as 
 much as three and a half million bushels 
 of grain annually. He always kept him- 
 self familiar with all the transactions of 
 the Boad of Trade, which had seen its 
 first struggles into existence in 1848. He 
 had joined with those who were taking 
 the initiatory steps for its formation, and 
 was at the first meeting called to pass res- 
 olutions and adopt a constitution. He 
 was a charter member, at one time a Di- 
 rector on the Board, and was one of the 
 noted pioneers in that period of its his- 
 tory. In 1851, at its third annual meeting, 
 the official reports presented an extreme- 
 ly discouraging aspect of affairs. Not 
 only had the membership fallen off, but 
 those in good standing who had paid their 
 dues numbered only thirty-eight, and dur- 
 ing the following year business transac- 
 tions "on change" became so insignificant 
 that attendance dropped at times to noth- 
 ing. It is noteworthy that on the record 
 for July I2th there was present one man. 
 It was Orrington Lunt. And during nine 
 days only five members had sufficient 
 interest to put in an appearance at the 
 place appointed for daily sessions. From 
 that Board of Trade, to which he belonged 
 from its organization, he never resigned 
 his membership. 
 
 Mr. Lunt was pre-eminently a builder 
 whose conservatism was only matched by 
 
466 
 
 BIOGRAPHICAL 
 
 his steady, persistent push in everything 
 he undertook. He exercised a potent in- 
 fluence in the city of his adoption. Every 
 enterprise calculated to further its pros- 
 perity deeply interested him. His zeal, 
 conservatism, and strenuous endeavor 
 made him an important factor during the 
 formation period of the civic, railroad, 
 educational, church and business life of 
 Chicago and all the country tributary to 
 it during that period. His geniality was 
 as proverbial as his sterling honesty. His 
 generosity was without narrowness. His 
 hand and his home were open to all good 
 men and all good causes, and the wisdom 
 of his counsel was eagerly welcomed in 
 all the varied interests connected with the 
 growth of the Northwest. He early held 
 many honorable positions. Rarely does 
 it fall to the lot of one man to be equally 
 wise in the Council Chamber and strong 
 in executive action. Places upon boards 
 of directors always came to him. He did 
 not have to seek them nor did he shun 
 them. He responded to every call upon 
 his conscience and his judgment, and was 
 ever ready to share in doing anything that 
 would develop Chicago and the country 
 about it. His love for his adopted city 
 grew with its growth, and lasted all his 
 life long; and the name of Orrington Lunt 
 commanded respect, confidence and affec- 
 tion in all Chicago. Men loved him for 
 his gentleness, yet he knew how to 
 achieve his purpose. His plans were 
 pushed with tranquil energy, and none 
 could swerve him where his conscience 
 was involved. 
 
 In 1853 Mr. Lunt was appojnted a 
 member of the Committee of the Board 
 of Trade to visit Washington and urge 
 upon Congress the improvement of 
 Chicago harbor. In 1855 he was 
 elected a Water Commissioner for 
 the South Division of Chicago, and con- 
 
 tinued in that position for six years. At 
 the end of his first term in office, he was 
 re-elected for three more years, and during 
 the last three, the City Department hav- 
 ing been consolidated in the Board of 
 Public Works, he held the position of 
 Treasurer and President of the Board. 
 He was often solicited by his friends to 
 allow his name to be used as a candidate 
 for Mayor and various high city offices, 
 but his ambition never ran in that direc- 
 tion. He was one of the most modest 
 men that ever blessed the human family. 
 He shrank from ostentation and from 
 public applause. Like most men of that 
 early period he made investments in real 
 estate. He became interested in Fire and 
 Life Insurance, and was a Director in the 
 Chicago Fireman's and the Chicago 
 Mutual Life Insurance Companies. He 
 devoted much attention to railroad enter- 
 prises, particularly to the Galena & Chi- 
 cago Union, of which he was a director 
 from 1855 until it became a part of the 
 Chicago & Northwestern Railway Com- 
 pany's System. He -was also one of the 
 Auditors of the Board of Directors and 
 devoted close attention to the duties of the 
 office for several years. During the last 
 two years of his connection with the road, 
 up to the time of its absorption by the 
 Northwestern, he was its Vice-President. 
 During all its years, until his resigna- 
 tion a few months before his death, he was 
 a member of the Board of Trustees of the 
 Young Men's Christian Association ; he 
 was President of the Chicago Bible Soci- 
 ty and one of its life-members, and worked 
 earnestly and with decided success to es- 
 tablish the Chicago Orphan Asylum, of 
 which he was one of the builders and 
 early benefactors. In connection with 
 one other member of the Building Com- 
 mittee, in the summer of 1854. he raised 
 nearly twenty thousand dollars to com- 
 
HISTORY OF EVANSTON 
 
 467 
 
 plete the edifice. In 1854 he also became 
 a Trustee of Dearborn Seminary, which, 
 after a trying struggle, succeeded in erect- 
 ing its building in 1857. He was one of 
 the original Trustees of Clark Seminary 
 at Aurora, which was built by a private 
 corporation but subsequently turned over 
 to the church, the first holders transfer- 
 ring their interest without compensation. 
 He was one of the Board of Directors of 
 the first Homoeopathic Hospital estab- 
 lished in 1854, and a Trustee of the Hah- 
 nemann College, whose charter was 
 drafted in the office of Abraham Lincoln 
 who personally exerted himself to secure 
 its passage. Quinn Chapel was organized 
 in 1847 to shelter a little congregation of 
 colored people. With a quiet courage that 
 never failed him, Mr. Lunt helped these 
 unfortunates when they were the 1 objects 
 of much persecution. He had sold to 
 them a lot at a minimum price, receiving 
 a very small first payment. The passage 
 and the approval of the Fugitive Slave 
 Act in 1850 had caused great consterna- 
 tion among the colored population of Chi- 
 cago, and resolutions intensely antagon- 
 istic to the bill were passed and even a 
 Vigilance Committee appointed. In one 
 of the journals of that period it is related 
 that many of the little congregation fled 
 to Canada to prevent the provisions of 
 the bill being enforced upon them. A 
 local historian describes their pastor as 
 "having very strong lungs, and being 
 well versed in the prophecies and Revela- 
 tions, but with a weak heart and doing 
 nothing for the church." He refused to 
 sign any papers, nor would he do anything 
 toward collections, or aid in any pay- 
 ments on Queen Chapel lot. A commit- 
 tee, therefore, waited upon Mr. Lunt to 
 explain their indigence and inability, to 
 whom he replied, "Give yourselves no 
 uneasiness; you shall not lose the prop- 
 
 erty," and immediately donated three hun- 
 dred of the five hundred dollars due him. 
 He purchased lots for the Swedes, Ger- 
 mans and other church societies, and his 
 name became a household word in all of 
 them. A liberal man at the beginning of 
 his Christian life when only twenty years 
 of age and when his means were slender, 
 his benefactions increased in variety and 
 magnitude with his enlarging fortune. 
 
 When Mr. Lunt first came to Chicago 
 he and his wife immediately connected 
 themselves with the First Methodist Epis- 
 copal Church, in which he became one of 
 the Trustees and for a long time was the 
 Secretary of the Board. In the counsels 
 of the church his words were not many, 
 but always wise and brave. For Orring- 
 ton Lunt united shrewdness with senti- 
 ment. He planned for others as well as 
 for himself. He gave thought and toil as 
 well as speech and song. It has been 
 said of him that there is not a Methodist 
 institution, general or local, in the city of 
 Chicago, which is not, in one way or 
 another, a beneficiary of his enthusiastic 
 and invincible love for the Church and 
 Kingdom. The State Street Methodist 
 Episcopal Church originated with Orring- 
 ton Lunt. In 1847, realizing the necessity 
 of a church edifice further south, he 
 bought a lot which he offered to the Clark 
 Street at the purchase price less his own 
 contribution, and held this offer open for 
 five years. The Wabash Avenue M. E. 
 Church was the result of his foresight 
 and generosity. To the church of his 
 early love he gave unstinted energy and a 
 thrifty and far-seeing wisdom. His pietv 
 was fraught with rare intelligence, and 
 to him more than to any other man the 
 Methodists in Chicago owe many of the 
 plans that made their growth so rapid. In 
 spiritual as well as financial affairs he was 
 active. In the social meetings he was a 
 
468 
 
 BIOGRAPHICAL 
 
 conspicuous and beloved figure. When 
 he sang in the prayer meetings he cap- 
 tured all hearts. Not unfrequently in 
 those early days he sang alone. His voice 
 was rich and resonant, strong, with a 
 supporting, inspiring quality that made 
 the heart glad. "I believe," he wrote in 
 his old age, "that if one sings so as to 
 help the meeting he must have the spirit 
 to sing." And he sang, as he gave, with 
 the spirit and desire to help. He had the 
 keenest sense of righteousness without a 
 tinge of bitterness toward anybody. Re- 
 ligious faith wrought in him not so much 
 to transform as to refine, to preserve, to 
 illuminate and to perfect him. And the 
 vital thing about Orrington Lunt was the 
 divine atmosphere in which he moved for 
 over sixty years. It clothed him with an 
 invisible armor. It urged him on to secret 
 prayer and open goodness. It strength- 
 ened and perfected the virtues he inherit- 
 ed. It guided him into large and generous 
 enterprise. It made his home luminous 
 and glorified his old age. His character, 
 to many who thought they understood 
 him, seemed quite simple. But it was, in 
 reality, a harmony of many qualities too 
 seldom found together. There was noth- 
 ing astonishing about him, and yet no 
 human being in all Chicago taught more 
 perfectly the dignity of manhood and the 
 sweet magic of loving kindness. Other 
 men have had more fame: no man was 
 ever dearer to the hearts that knew him. 
 Other men have made more money ; he 
 made enough to accomplish far more for 
 the public good than most of them. True 
 to every trust, eager to urge and swift to 
 aid. in every work of mercy, the associa- 
 tion of his name with a new project 
 became almost a guarantee of its success. 
 When the Civil War broke out Mr. 
 Lunt consented to serve upon the Com- 
 mittee of Safety and Finance, appointed 
 
 at the Bryan Hall Meeting, held April 13, 
 1861. That was a day long to be remem- 
 bered in Chicago, a beautiful, cloudless 
 spring day, such as seldom visits the West 
 so early and in the fresh April air, from 
 spire and balcony, church and dwelling, 
 floated the flag which had been lowered 
 at Fort Suinter. To raise it once more 
 to preserve its honor as a priceless heri- 
 tage was the all-absorbing passion and 
 purpose. He was a figure in the war 
 meetings crowded with excited and patri- 
 otic citizens, and he spent the first Sab- 
 bath after the fall of Fort Sumter in rais- 
 ing supplies and starting the first regi- 
 ment to the front from Chicago. And this 
 was but the beginning of his efforts to aid 
 the Union cause. His work was continu- 
 ous, faithful and nobly generous. He 
 threw himself into the arduous work of 
 the committee with the zeal of an enthu- 
 siast whose patriotism knew no more 
 doubt than his religious faith. While the 
 war lasted his devotion never flagged. And 
 whatever Orrington Lunt did was not 
 only sure to be well done, but it was done 
 in a spirit of gentleness and cheerfulness 
 that was a constant wonder and joy to 
 his fellow-workers in those days of Na- 
 tional trial. And four years after the com- 
 mencement of the bitter struggle, he had 
 the delight of seeing the old flag again 
 flung to the breeze from the battlements 
 of Sumter, and later, in company with 
 distinguished generals and civilians, he 
 visited Charleston and Richmond. His 
 was also the proud privilege of witness- 
 ing, at our National Capital, the never to 
 be forgotten Grand Review of our vic- 
 torious armies at Washington on May 
 24. 1865. 
 
 Travel had always been to Mr. Lunt 
 a source of keen enjoyment, and he lost 
 no opportunity to familiarize himself with 
 large regions of his own country. In 1865 
 
HISTORY OF EVANSTON 
 
 469 
 
 he started with his family on a journey to 
 the Old World. He visited the noted cities 
 and countries of Europe and the East and 
 traveled extensively for over two years. 
 He loved nature and he loved art, and to 
 the last moment of his stay abroad he 
 showed for both a tireless interest. No 
 one of his children, alert and active as 
 they were, could keep pace with him. 
 What he liked he remembered vividly and 
 tenaciously, what he disliked he forgot. 
 He had the rare quality of seeing quickly 
 and passing by easily the trivial and un- 
 pleasant, and he had a childlike happiness 
 in the beautiful, the curious and the won- 
 derful. Returning to Chicago he devoted 
 himself to the care of his estate and to the 
 enterprises that had become the central 
 interests of his life. In 1877 he was 
 elected President of the Trustees of the 
 Care Fund for the lot owners of Rose 
 Hill Cemetery, and was their Treasurer to 
 within a short period of his death, render- 
 ing, as was his wont, entirely gratuitous 
 service. Under the skillful and faithful 
 management of the Trustees $100,000 was 
 collected and invested in city and Cook 
 County bonds. Simply to mention the 
 religious, philanthropic, and educational 
 enterprises which were and are indebted 
 to his munificence and foresight, is to 
 make no inconsiderable catalogue. He 
 displayed an enviable largeness of spirit, 
 and a monumental lavishness in gifts. 
 
 But the crowning activity of Mr. Lunt's 
 public life was that in connection with the 
 Northwestern University and the Garrett 
 Biblical Institute, to which he gave more 
 affection and gratuitous service than any 
 other man who has been connected with 
 them. It is a blessing rare and seldom 
 paralleled that a man of large private 
 interests should render, through so long 
 a period and without pecuniary compen- 
 sation, such painstaking, judicious and 
 
 devoted service. And though responsible 
 for many and extensive interests, which 
 in the vicissitudes of business were often 
 imperiled; and though in constant de- 
 mand by important civic, philanthropic 
 and religious enterprises for service which 
 was always ungrudgingly rendered, Mr. 
 Lunt still gave to those institutions the 
 richest treasure of his sagacity, his pa- 
 tience, and his tireless devotion. As early 
 as 1851 Mr. Lunt, with two others, pur- 
 chased the quarter of a block at the north- 
 east corner of La Salle and Jackson 
 Streets, Chicago, with a view to the pos- 
 sible location there of a preparatory 
 school for the projected University. But, 
 after the University had been founded at 
 Evanston, this property, of which they 
 still held possession, as they had given 
 their personal obligations for its full pay- 
 ment, was leased to provide an income for 
 the University which still owns it. It is 
 the valuable land on which they have 
 reared, as a permanent investment, that 
 noble building occupied by the Illinois 
 Trust and Savings Bank. Mr. Lunt's con- 
 nection with the Board of Trustees of the 
 University was continuous from the 
 granting of the charter in 1851, in which 
 he was named one of the incorporators, 
 until his death in 1897. For a time he 
 was Treasurer of the Board, and he served 
 for several years as a member of the 
 Auditing Committee. In 1875 ne became 
 First Vice-President and Acting Presi- 
 dent of the Board of Trustees, and 
 continued as such until 1895, when he 
 accepted the Presidency which had 
 been repeatedly urged upon him. The 
 University had frequently been the 
 object of his generosity. It was char- 
 acteristic of him that, at the time when he 
 was planning for the special pleasure and 
 profit of his family, he should also plan 
 for the advancement of the institution he 
 
470 
 
 BIOGRAPHICAL 
 
 was wont to watch over almost as if it 
 had been one of his children. Just before 
 his departure for Europe he deeded to the 
 University one hundred and fifty-seven 
 acresof land.fifty-fourof which yet remain 
 unsold and constitute an endowment fund 
 for the Library. In 1855 he was one of 
 the charter members of the Garrett Bibli- 
 cal Institute, and was its Secretary and 
 Treasurer and the Manager of its financial 
 and business matters until his death. His 
 policy was to sacredly keep intact the 
 landed property willed by Mrs. Garrett. 
 believing it to be the most permanent 
 endowment. His was the steadfast, prac- 
 tical wisdom that no booming prosperity 
 or speculative enterprise could swerve 
 from the principles of true conservatism, 
 and that no financial disasters could waver 
 or discourage. His unwearied and unre- 
 mitting services, rendered with such judg- 
 ment and power of prevision, gave him a 
 unique place among the benefactors of the 
 schools. Only those intimately associated 
 with him in the development of that work 
 could appreciate the laborious exactive 
 management of infinite detail which he 
 voluntarily assumed. Xot only their ma- 
 terial interests, but the selection of fit 
 men for the Boards of Instruction, the 
 framing of educational policy, and the 
 fostering of the spirit of earnest evangel- 
 ism were subjects of his constant care; 
 and his sagacious counselling and liberal 
 devising were resorted to as unfailing 
 sources of light and inspiration. 
 
 And his chief success was here at 
 Evanston. A history of Evanston would 
 have Mr. Lttnt's name inscribed on its 
 very first page, for to him more than to 
 any other man is due the location of this 
 city. He was the actual discoverer of the 
 Evanston site and. therefore, the cause of 
 the purchase of the magnificent location 
 now owned and occupied by the Univer- 
 
 sity. He helped to plant the Institute and 
 University in the Grove that enchanted 
 him. He helped obtain the charters that 
 safeguard their endowments, and safe- 
 guard also the children of this city from 
 the dread destroyer worse than death. He 
 lavished upon these Institutions an un- 
 ceasing industry. He poured out for them 
 his money and his time. The noblest 
 building on the campus is a visible monu- 
 ment of his generosity, but no architect 
 that lives could frame a structure beauti- 
 ful enough to symbolize the loving fidel- 
 ity, the almost passionate affection, with 
 which Orrington Lunt fathered the prog- 
 ress of these schools. They had -grown 
 fast to his heart. 
 
 When the great fire of 1871 laid Chi- 
 cago in ashes, and reduced multitudes to 
 want. Mr. Lunt's home on Michigan Ave- 
 nue went with the rest, and with it went 
 all the buildings from which he derived 
 an income. But there was that about 
 this quiet man, with the smiling kindly 
 eyes, that neither flood, war, fire nor fam- 
 ine could daunt. He began amid the smok- 
 ing ruins to lay the foundations for the 
 restoration of his own fortune, as well as 
 for the salvation of Garrett Biblical Insti- 
 tute and the rebuilding of the Methodist 
 churches. With the wisdom that always 
 requires most of the busiest men, Mr. 
 Lunt was chosen a member of the Relief 
 and Aid Society which had charge of the 
 distribution of the World's contributions 
 for the relief of Chicago's destitute. The 
 $150,000 collected from generous Metho- 
 dists in all parts of the country passed 
 through his hands and was disbursed to 
 the satisfaction of all parties. 
 
 In 1874 Mr. Lunt with his family 
 removed to Evanston. He had first 
 looked with the eye of a Seer on 
 the beautiful grove. He had watched 
 with pride the growth of the charm- 
 
HISTORY OF EVANSTON 
 
 ing suburb. His home in Chicago 
 had melted under a fiery hand. His 
 memory, crowded with past scenes, with 
 happy visions of cherished plans accom- 
 plished and noble enterprises started for 
 centuries to come, made it natural for 
 him to choose Evanston as the home of 
 his old age. Yet, in one sense Orrington 
 Lunt had no old age. His four-score 
 years were not "labor and sorrow." His 
 strength, his good cheer, his vivacity, his 
 sagacity remained with him, so that his 
 life at Evanston was an ideal existence for 
 him and his beloved. The home was the 
 center of his heart's affection. He never 
 forgot that a perfect human home is the 
 joy and the triumph of human endeavor. 
 A lover after half a century of wedded 
 life ; a father who was at the same time as 
 elder brother to his children ; he never 
 did, and never could, live his life in any 
 sense apart from those dearest to him. 
 Whatever interested him he took to them. 
 Whatever interested them was to him like 
 something of his own. The sunny smile, 
 the hearty hospitable word, the cordial 
 hand-grasp, the heart warmth that always 
 found leisure to make a welcome for the 
 guest, the quick sense of humor and ready 
 laugh that answered every jest, the low- 
 ering of the voice that showed his sym- 
 pathy with every trouble, the swift re- 
 sponsive interest in human life and work 
 left in every heart the sense of a perennial 
 and perpetual youth. Happy in the wife 
 of his youth and his children, his hearth- 
 stone was the center of perpetual glad- 
 ness, and there gathered rapidly a cluster 
 of far reaching activities and friendships 
 in Evanston that made their home upon 
 the Lake Shore as beautiful, for its moral 
 outlook, as it was for its enchanting views 
 of Lake Michigan. 
 
 On the evening of January 16. 1892, 
 that home of Mr. and Mrs. Lunt was 
 
 thronged with friends who came to cele- 
 brate their Golden Wedding. Fifty years 
 since the newly wedded pair had turned 
 their hopeful eyes toward Chicago ; fifty 
 years since, with youthful courage, thev 
 had made their venture to the unknown 
 West. What wonders they had seen! Of 
 what marvelous achievements they had 
 themselves been a part ! It was, indeed, 
 a notable company that assembled to 
 greet this pioneer citizen to bring to the 
 much beloved benefactor and equally be- 
 loved wife the congratulations of the 
 community and the gratitude of thou- 
 sands. All day long letters and telegrams 
 had been pouring in from far and near; 
 friends of his youth and friends of his 
 later years, from bishops of the church, 
 civic rulers, merchants, bankers, lawyers, 
 physicians, officers and professors of the 
 colleges, neighbors and relatives all vied 
 with each other to honor him and the wife 
 who had furthered all his plans, who had 
 delighted alike in his prosperity and his 
 generosity, and who, with quiet skill, had 
 ruled the household and trained the chil- 
 dren. Costly presents and elaborate ad- 
 dresses were laid at their feet. He looked 
 and listened with gracious satisfaction. 
 Benignity and contentment beamed from 
 his features. He had completed half a cen- 
 tury of faithful, happy and honorable 
 domestic and parental life. This unstinted 
 appreciation, these expressions of love 
 and admiration and reverence were the 
 fitting coronation of a life so rich in help- 
 fulness, so radiant with intelligent benev- 
 olence, so thoroughly alive with kindly 
 energy. He had shown himself friendly, 
 and now he had friends. He was recog- 
 nized everywhere as an example the 
 largeness and wisdom of whose life had 
 come to its golden fruition of victory and 
 peace. 
 
 During that culmination of Interna- 
 
472 
 
 BIOGRAPHICAL 
 
 tional Expositions, the World's Colum- 
 bian Exposition of 1893, Mr. Lunt dis- 
 played remarkable vigor and vivacity. He 
 visited the White City almost daily. It 
 was to him the grandest enterprise ever 
 carried through. He exulted in it all as 
 a great educational work and it was to 
 him the demonstration of how great Chi- 
 cago could be. Those palaces and temples 
 of the whole world's science and art and 
 industry and zeal were studied with 
 keenest enthusiasm and appreciation. Xot 
 counting the fatigue or exertion, he at- 
 tended most of the celebrations held amid 
 those surroundings. He spoke of it 
 always with a challenging pride, he talked 
 much of its far-reaching and beneficial 
 results, and he astonished his whole circle 
 by his intimate acquaintance with its 
 wonders. The advancement of our Nation 
 in art, science and invention filled him 
 with a personal joy. On Chicago Day 
 that greatest, pacific gathering the world 
 had ever seen he was one of the hap- 
 piest in the happy throng. In that Fair 
 his smiling eyes beheld all the promises 
 of Chicago fulfilled fourfold : for as one 
 has ably put it, "creation had been 
 brought together in harmony and in 
 brotherhood." 
 
 As the Orrington Lunt Library rose 
 above its foundations he watched its prog- 
 ress with ardent delight, and surprised 
 his friends by his alertness and activity. 
 But, as it approached completion, his 
 strength began to fail. When in the fall 
 of 1894 the building was dedicated. Mr. 
 Lunt, to the joy of his friends, was strong 
 enough to be there and to read his address 
 of presentation. No one who saw it can 
 ever forget the scene ; some could hardly 
 take in his words so pathetically beauti- 
 ful was the sight. The touch of death was 
 upon him, and they knew they would hear 
 his voice in public no more. His words 
 
 told them that he knew it also when he 
 said : "And, if I may now speak a few 
 words to the young men and women who 
 are to gather . here that they may gain 
 strength and enthusiasm for lofty purpose 
 and noble endeavor, I would earnestly 
 say to them remember that, whatever 
 you are, your chief effectiveness in life 
 will be due to the high ground you take ; 
 that your weight in advancing any cause 
 will be measured in the end by your 
 standard of character. That which is 
 personal, small and intolerant soon dies, 
 and only what is rational and noble, in the 
 hard struggle for truth, survives to wield 
 eventually its just power unfettered and 
 free. The treasures of the past, the pos- 
 sessions of the present, and the promise 
 of the future seem to one of my age, look- 
 ing back upon many deprivations and an 
 entire lack of these splendid chances, to 
 be all yours for the seeking, all within your 
 reach ... I seem to see the light which 
 touches even as the sunrise touches the hill 
 tops, the heads of the young and ardent 
 workers of today. We, whose feet are rap- 
 idly Hearing the Shadowy Valley, have 
 hope of the better things to come. Well do 
 we know that all things which are true and 
 honest, just and pure, come from Him who 
 i? the perfect beauty and perfect truth. And 
 so believing, we look patiently for that rev- 
 elation which is to turn darkness into light, 
 falsehood into truth, hatred into love, and 
 the whole earth from evil unto good. . . . 
 Here is the Library. It is yours with its 
 class rooms, its lecture rooms, its books, its 
 periodicals, its newspapers. Yours with its 
 inspirations and possessions, given to this 
 University in cheerful love, and in full con- 
 fidence that it will be consecrated by pa- 
 tient industry and fruitful research, and 
 that the gift will be multiplied by centuries 
 of use; that it will enlighten all who come 
 into its studious and quiet atmosphere, and 
 
HISTORY OF EVANSTON 
 
 473 
 
 more firmly establish that which you liv- 
 ing men of progress and lovers of learning 
 are aiming to teach and embody. I pray, 
 in hope and faith, that it may become a 
 great, active and potential force for good. 
 I shall never speak to you all again. Stand- 
 ing before you where I have so seldom 
 stood in my life before, all unused as I am 
 to the platform and wholly a novice at pub- 
 lic speaking; reminded, as one of my age 
 must constantly be reminded, of those who 
 have passed beyond our human vision, 
 whither all feet are surely tending rem- 
 iniscence has had, perhaps, too large a 
 share in my thought and speech. This you 
 will pardon to my years. And in closing 
 not mournfully but rejoicingly I quote, 
 and may even dare to appropriate, a sen- 
 tence of Carlyle's, spoken of his father, 
 whom he loved and whose death left him 
 conscious of irreparable loss, yet kindled his 
 faith into exalted expression, "I, too," as 
 that father did "feel my feet upon the 
 Everlasting Rock, and through time, with 
 its death can to some degree see into Eter- 
 nity with its life." He was indeed seeing 
 into Eternal Life. 
 
 One of the distinguished journalists of 
 Chicago records the city's estimate in an 
 editorial, under the distinctive heading, 
 "End of a Beautiful Life": 
 
 "Full of years, crowned with good works, 
 beloved (as few men are) by all. with not 
 an enemy in the wide world, Orrington 
 Lunt, the founder of Evanston and one of 
 the Fathers of Northwestern University, 
 died at his residence in our northern suburb 
 yesterday morning. Mr. Lunt was in his 
 eighty-second year, and for fifty-five years 
 of his life he had been a sweet and whole- 
 some influence in the stirring scenes mark- 
 ing the development of Chicago from the 
 hamlet to a metropolis. He was one of 
 our pioneers, and he brought to this city 
 a disposition so singularly limpid, gentle 
 
 and pure ; a nature so full of love for his 
 fellow men ; a character so free from the 
 fierce energy of action that is usually asso- 
 ciated with the founding of cities, that his 
 career was another illustration of the truth 
 that 
 
 "The bravest are the tenderest, 
 The loving are the daring." 
 
 "In the early history of Chicago thename 
 of Orrington Lunt figures in almost every 
 enterprise that went toward centering here 
 the trade of this vast continent. And as 
 Chicago grew to be a city of mark in the 
 land, the same name was found enrolled 
 wherever action was being taken to yoke 
 the refining elements of education and cul- 
 ture with its material activity and growth. 
 It is impossible to fully estimate or appreci- 
 ate the priceless value of such a life to such 
 a stirring community as that with which 
 Orrington Lunt united his fortunes. It im- 
 parted a leaven to the grosser lump which 
 has never ceased to work for the purifica- 
 tion and elevation of this city. 
 
 "Of recent years it has been a joy to look 
 upon the beautiful face of this pioneer. 
 Crowned with an aureole of silver hair, as 
 pure white as his own spotless nature, he 
 has walked among us a being beneficent. 
 He has gone, but his public benefactions, 
 his private virtues, and the memory of his 
 gentle, successful life remain to bless the 
 community in which he lived. 
 
 "Yes, Orrington Lunt was indeed a rare 
 being, a very radiant human energy, a just 
 man, very beautiful with love. He died 
 on the morning of April 5, 1897. He was 
 buried on the following Thursday. On the 
 day of the funeral the schools were closed, 
 business was practically suspended, and the 
 National colors were half-masted in Evans- 
 ton. The entire city mourned as if he rep- 
 resented every interest there. A vast mul- 
 titude gathered in the First Methodist 
 
474 
 
 BIOGRAPHICAL 
 
 Church of Evanston to honor his memory 
 and to listen to the beautiful ceremonies of 
 his funeral. In place of the ordinary de- 
 pressing and oppressive black, the prevail- 
 ing color of the funeral drapery was pur- 
 ple. That color accorded better with the 
 sunny life, earnest spirit, and ministering 
 works that had adorned his personal his- 
 tory. The many tributes to his memory 
 were marked by an unusual tenderness and 
 reverence. All who knew him sorrowed 
 and were grateful. The overflowing buoy- 
 ancy of his nature had made sunshine wher- 
 ever he was, and left inevitably an unlifting 
 shadow on every life out of which his smile 
 had gone. Tears and thanksgiving mingled 
 in every mention of his death, for by his 
 manly and beneficent life he had brought 
 men nearer to the heavenly world. No won- 
 der, therefore, that his departure touched 
 them like a benediction. The words spoken 
 over his bier sounded like words of tri- 
 timph. 
 
 "All that we loved him for is now im- 
 mortal, and the shadow of him will linger 
 with us while we remain and remember. 
 It is not simply his name that is woven for- 
 ever into the history of this community and 
 its institutions, but his character has pen- 
 etrated them and us and made us nobler 
 than we were. Like some subtle mystery 
 of climate that gives rare beauty and rare 
 vigor to the happy children of the soil, so 
 his influence will work its quiet marvels as 
 the days go by, and brighten the lives of 
 many with transfiguring touch. The build- 
 ing that bears his name to posterity may 
 crumble to its foundation ; but so long as 
 yonder Lake that charmed him hither mur- 
 murs to human listeners, the power of his 
 faith and his example, carried from gen- 
 eration to generation, will break in praises 
 of human blessing at the feet of God." 
 
 HARVEY B. HURD. 
 
 Hon. Harvey B. Hurd was born in Hunt- 
 ington, Fairfield County, Connecticut, Feb- 
 ruary 14, 1828, and died at his home in 
 Evanston, 111., January 20, 1906. On his 
 father's side he was of English descent, 
 and of Dutch and Irish lineage on the side 
 of his mother. His youth was spent on his 
 father's farm, during the summers at work 
 and in the winters at school, until he was 
 fifteen years of age, when, on May I, 1842, 
 he made his start in life, breaking the home 
 ties and journeying on foot with his little 
 pack to Bridgeport, Conn., to become an 
 apprentice in the office of the "Bridgeport 
 Standard," a Whig newspaper. After two 
 years and more of work as a printer, with 
 a company of young men he turned his face 
 westward to seek his fortune. He landed 
 in Peoria County, Illinois, and for more 
 than a year attended school at Jubilee Col- 
 lege, founded by Bishop Philander Chase. 
 His funds having been exhausted, he sought 
 employment in Peoria as a printer, but fail- 
 ing to find it, took passage on a baggage 
 stage for the growing city of Chicago. 
 There he obtained work as a printer in the 
 office of the "Evening Journal," which was 
 then published by Wilson and Geer. A lit- 
 tle later he was employed for a time on the 
 "Prairie Farmer." In the fall of 1847 he 
 began studying law in the office of Calvin 
 De Wolf, and was admitted to the bar in 
 1848, forming a partnership with Carlos 
 Haven, and soon after with Henry Snapp. 
 From 1850 to 1854 he was in partnership 
 with Andrew J. Brown, with whom he was 
 interested in the purchase and platting of a 
 large tract of land on the West Side of 
 Evanston, which has since become one of 
 the most attractive parts of that suburb. 
 In the summer of 1854. he built his home in 
 Evanston, where he lived continuously till 
 the day of his death, an exemplary, indus- 
 
HISTORY OF EVANSTON 
 
 475 
 
 trious and public spirited life, taking a vital 
 interest in all the concerns of his home 
 town, of the city in which he worked, the 
 State and the Nation. No interests were 
 too small or too large to enlist his attention 
 and active labor. He became the first 
 President of the Evanston Village Board 
 and retained his active interest in all its 
 steps of progress throughout his life. 
 
 Mr. Hurd was an anti-slavery man of the 
 abolitionist type, and took an active part in 
 the stirring events which took place in Chi- 
 cago, both before and after the repeal of 
 the Missouri Compromise. He was a mem- 
 ber of the convention which met at Buf- 
 falo. N. Y., at which a national committee 
 was formed to aid, arm and protect the 
 Northern settlers in Kansas, and was ap- 
 pointed Secretary of its Executive Com- 
 mittee by this convention, with headquarters 
 at Chicago. When the Kansas crop proved 
 a failure in 1856, adding to the strife of fac- 
 tions, the committee in New York in- 
 structed the Executive Committee at Chi- 
 cago to purchase the necessary seed for the 
 crop of 1857, at the same time appropri- 
 ating $5.000 to aid John Brown to organize 
 and equip the Free Soil settlers for the 
 purpose of protection. There were not 
 funds enough in the treasurer's hands to 
 meet both requirements, so he decided that 
 the first requisite was seed, which was for- 
 warded. When John Brown called for the 
 appropriation the treasury was empty. 
 Serious complaint was made by Gerritt 
 Smith and other martial friends of John 
 Brown, but the joy with which the seed- 
 grain was hailed on its arrival at Law- 
 rence. Kans., vindicated the action of Mr. 
 Hurd. and made it possible for the settlers 
 to hold their ground, without which their 
 cause would have been lost. When John 
 Brown left Kansas with a price upon his 
 head, he found an asylum in the house of 
 John Jones, later the colored County Com- 
 
 missioner of Cook County, who had escaped 
 from slavery. Brown's clothing was in 
 tatters, but it was unsafe for him to venture 
 out to the tailors to be fitted with a new 
 suit. Mr. Hurd became his proxy and wai 
 measured for the suit, which in due time 
 reached Brown. Mr. Hurd used often to 
 refer to the incident and the humor of it, 
 and remarked that he was glad he was not 
 in it when John Brown was hung. 
 
 The firm of Booth & Hurd was formed 
 in 1862. The Hon. Henry Booth was 
 deeply interested in legal education, and 
 his partner likewise accepted a position as 
 lecturer in the Law School of the old Uni- 
 versity of Chicago. In 1868, the law firm 
 of Booth & Hurd was dissolved and Mr. 
 Hurd retired from private practice, accept- 
 ing in iSfigthe appointment from Governor 
 Palmer of a place on the Board of Com- 
 missioners to revise and rewrite the General 
 Statutes of the State of Illinois. His col- 
 leagues soon withdrew from the work and 
 he carried it on alone, completing it with 
 the adjournment of the Twenty-eighth Gen- 
 eral Assembly in April, 1874. and he was 
 appointed by that body to edit and supervise 
 the publication of a volume of revised stat- 
 utes made necessary by the adoption of the 
 Constitution of 1870. This task he accom- 
 plished so satisfactorily that it stands as a 
 monument to his industry and skill. Sev- 
 enteen editions have since been edited by 
 him following successive sessions of the 
 Legislature, and "Hurd's Statutes" has be- 
 come a household word among the legal 
 profession of the State. 
 
 When the Law School of the Chicago 
 L'niversity became the Union College of 
 Law in 1876. under the joint supervision 
 of Northwestern University and the Uni- 
 versity of Chicago, Mr. Hurd continued 
 as a Professor in the School and remained 
 for many years after it became exclusively 
 a department of Northwestern University, 
 
47 6 
 
 BIOGRAPHICAL 
 
 until he felt that he could no longer carry 
 the burden in addition to affairs which 
 taxed his declining strength. The deep 
 regret of his associates and students that 
 was manifested at his leave-taking made 
 very apparent the large place that he held 
 in their esteem. His logical mind and 
 large acquaintance with affairs, his geniality 
 and democratic spirit made him an ideal 
 teacher. His interest in young men and in 
 legal education kept him fresh and young, 
 and imparted an element of enthusiasm to 
 his work that made it a joy to himself and 
 his pupils. The importance of the public 
 question of drainage, as it pertained to the 
 city of Chicago and the communities adja- 
 cent, early appealed to him as to others to 
 such an extent that he has been credited by 
 many with being the father of the system. 
 However that may be, he was certainly the 
 author of the plan creating, for the benefit 
 of the municipal district of Chicago, "The 
 Chicago Sanitary District," which was 
 adopted. He was the author of the first 
 bill introduced in the Legislature on the 
 subject in 1886. When a legislative com- 
 mittee was appointed to further investigate 
 the subject and present a bill, such a bill 
 fashioned upon the Hurd Bill was pre- 
 sented by them and passed in 1877. 
 
 For a number of years Mr. Hurd was at 
 the head of the Committee of Law Reform 
 of the Illinois State Bar Association, and 
 gave the subject the same public spirited 
 and conscientious care which he was accus- 
 tomed to bestow on all matters of public 
 interest. Many able reports on this sub- 
 ject emanated from his pen, among them 
 one on the subject of the transfer of land 
 titles, which resulted in the appointment of 
 a commission by the State to consider the 
 subject. Mr. Hurd was made Chairman 
 of the Commission which recommended, 
 in December, 1892, a system of registering 
 land titles based upon the Australian or 
 
 Torrens system. In 1897 the recommenda- 
 tions of this commission culminated in the 
 act for the registration of land titles which 
 is now in our statutes, and which has been 
 imitated inmanyother States of the Union. 
 Another of his activities was in connection 
 with the Children's Aid Society of Chicago, 
 which grew out of his earnest endeavor to 
 protect the young who were victims of 
 crime and poverty, and evil association in 
 their tender years. He was constantly 
 calling attention to the necessity of this 
 work in the interest of the State, and was 
 the sponsor of the Juvenile Court Bill, 
 which, under the administration of such 
 Judges as Tuthill and Mack, is working so 
 beneficently in the interest of the youth of 
 Chicago and Cook County in the preven- 
 tion of crime and the saving of the chil- 
 dren. 
 
 Not alone did he lend his natural pow- 
 ers, his wide observation and his consum- 
 mate skill to the formulation of legislative 
 acts for the numerous causes that enlisted 
 his sympathy, but was constantly impor- 
 tuned for aid by various causes seeking 
 changes in the interest of justice and prog- 
 ress or the public good, and only those who 
 were intimately associated with him can 
 realize the amount of valuable time and 
 consideration he gave to these matters of 
 public service without expectation of mate- 
 rial reward. In all matters pertaining to 
 township, village, city, State and national 
 affairs, he was an interested public spirited 
 citizen. His home reflected his culture and 
 his domestic virtues. He was thrice mar- 
 ried to lovely and cultured women, who 
 made the Hurd home in Evanston a syn- 
 onym for refinement and taste and hospital- 
 ity. Two daughters survive him : Mrs. 
 George S. Lord, of Evanston, and Mrs. 
 John A. Comstock. His funeral was held 
 in the Evanston home and memorial serv- 
 ices were likewise held in the Emmanuel 
 
HISTORY OF EVANSTON 
 
 477 
 
 Methodist Church, to the building of which 
 he had generously contributed. Judges 
 Horton, Kohlsaat and Tuthill each spoke 
 feelingly and appreciatively of Mr. Kurd's 
 well spent life in the interest of the com- 
 munity, and Dr. R. D. Sheppard spoke of 
 his relations in the home town where he 
 was best known. It was the universal tes- 
 timony that a noble, useful and many-sided 
 career had closed with the death of Mr. 
 Hurd, that the life of the State and Nation 
 had been enriched by his living, and to him 
 should be accorded the tribute, "Well done, 
 good and faithful servant." 
 
 ROBERT DICKINSON SHEPPARD. 
 
 Robert Dickinson Sheppard, A. M.. 
 D. D., former Professor and present Trus- 
 tee of Northwestern University, was born 
 in the city of Chicago July 23, 1846, the son 
 of Robert and Samantha (Dickinson) 
 Sheppard. The father was a native of 
 Dundee, Scotland, who came to America 
 in 1830, locating first at Buffalo, N. Y., 
 whence five years later he came to Chicago, 
 where he became a building contractor and 
 later engaged in the lumber business. Rob- 
 ert Sheppard, Sr., was an early Methodist 
 and erected the first brick building occu- 
 pied by the First M. E. Church on the site 
 of the present Clark Street church. His 
 wife. Samantha (Dickinson) Sheppard. 
 mother of the subject of this sketch, was 
 born in Granby, Hampshire County, Mass- 
 achusetts, the daughter of Zenas Dickinson, 
 who came to Chicago in 1835. where the 
 daughter was a pioneer teacher. 
 
 The son, Robert D., was educated in the 
 Foster School, the Chicago High School. 
 the Northwestern University and the old 
 University of Chicago, graduating from the 
 latter in 1869. At an early period he 
 formed the purpose to qualify himself for 
 
 the ministry, and accordingly devoted much 
 of the time during his college vacations to 
 the study of theology. As a consequence it 
 was necessary for him to spend only one 
 year at the Garrett Biblical Institute to 
 complete his theological course, receiving 
 his certificate of graduation from the Insti- 
 tute in 1870, when he was immediately ad- 
 mitted to membership in the Rock River 
 Conference of the Methodist Episcopal 
 Church. His first charge after entering the 
 ministry was as pastor of the Michigan Ave- 
 nue Church, Chicago, with which he was 
 connected for a period of three years, 
 which was the full limit at that time. His 
 second charge was in connection with the 
 Third Street Church at Rockford, 111., after 
 which he spent three years (1874-77) as 
 pastor of the Western Avenue M. E. 
 Church. Chicago. In the fall of 1877 he 
 went abroad and spent the following year 
 in travel, visiting Italy, Greece, Palestine, 
 Asia Minor and Egypt, with a view to ex- 
 tending his acquaintance with countries and 
 peoples connected with Biblical history, be- 
 sides devoting six months to study in Ger- 
 many. On his return to Chicago in 1878 
 he was appointed pastor of the Grace Meth- 
 odist Episcopal Church. Chicago, where he 
 remained three years, when he became pas- 
 tor of the First Church at Aurora. 111., re- 
 maining there a like period when he re- 
 turned to Grace Church. Three years after 
 graduating at the University of Giicago. 
 he received from that institution the degree 
 of A. M., in course, and in 1875 received 
 an honorary degree of the same rank from 
 the Northwestern University. Mr. Shep- 
 pard's official connection with the latter in- 
 stitution began in 1878, when he became 
 one of its Trustees, in 1884 accepting a sim- 
 ilar relation with the Garrett Biblical Insti- 
 tute, which he has retained up to the present 
 time. In 1884 he was elected by unanimous 
 vote of the Board of Trustees of the North- 
 
BIOGRAPHICAL 
 
 western University to the chair of History 
 and Political Economy in that institution, 
 and was immediately granted one year's 
 leave of absence, which he utilized for 
 travel and study abroad. Returning at the 
 end of the year, he entered upon his studies, 
 which he continued to discharge in full 
 until the burden of care in the business 
 office of the University made it necessary 
 for him to share some of his professional 
 work with his colleagues. In 1892 he was 
 elected Treasurer and Business Manager 
 of the University, resigning this position in 
 1904, with the intention of resuming -his 
 work in history after a vacation granted 
 him by the Trustees. Excepting the Pres- 
 ident, no one has occupied a more prom- 
 inent and responsible position in connection 
 with the material growth of Northwestern 
 University than Dr. Sheppard, and his fit- 
 ness has been demonstrated by his long 
 connection therewith and the confidence 
 manifested in him by the Trustees and 
 friends of the institution. After an active 
 professional experience of over thirty-five 
 years, of which more than twentyyears has 
 been spent in connection with the North- 
 western University, Dr. Sheppard is still 
 in the midst of a successful career with 
 apparently many years of usefulness before 
 him. 
 
 Dr. Sheppard was married on June 13, 
 1872, to Miss Virginia Loring, a daughter 
 of Nahum Loring, who settled at Naper- 
 ville. 111., at an early day, and there estab- 
 lished a mercantile business at a time when 
 that place was considered, in a certain sense, 
 a rival of Chicago. Four children have 
 been the result of this union, namely : Rob- 
 ert Loring, Margarethe. Virginia and Dor- 
 othea, all of whom are living. 
 
 FRANCES E. WILLARD. 
 
 (B/ MRS. I . M . X . SI EVENS, President National W. C. I . U.> 
 
 Frances E. Willard was born of New 
 England ancestry in Churchville, N. Y.. 
 September 28, 1839, reared in Wisconsin 
 and educated at the Northwestern Univer- 
 sity, Evanston, which was the family home 
 for well-nigh forty years. Here, beginning 
 as a teacher in the public schools, Miss 
 Willard, by what she liked to call "honest 
 hard work," achieved the position of Dean 
 of the Woman's Department of the Uni- 
 versity, and Professor of Rhetoric in a fac- 
 ulty otherwise composed of men, nearly all 
 of whom had been graduated from Euro- 
 pean universities. She studied abroad two 
 years or more (from 1868 to 1870)-, French, 
 German, Italian, history and the fine arts 
 being the subjects to which her attention 
 was devoted. It was her ambition to be a 
 literary woman in connection with her work 
 as a college professor. She was perhaps 
 more celebrated for her method of school 
 government than for any other one thing at 
 this time. She organized what amounted 
 to a senate and a house of representatives 
 of the young women in the college, and 
 practically placed their government in their 
 own hands. This method worked so well 
 for the good order of the institution and 
 for the development of a high standard of 
 honor among the young women students, 
 that it has since been introduced into 
 many colleges and public schools. 
 
 In 1862 Miss Willard wrote her first 
 book, "Nineteen Beautiful Years," which 
 was published by the Harper Brothers, with 
 an introduction by the poet Whittier, and 
 since has been translated into several lan- 
 guages. She also wrote "How to Win." a 
 book for girls ; "Woman and Temperance," 
 a history of the Woman's Christian Tem- 
 perance Union; "A Classic Town," a his- 
 
HISTORY OF EVANSTON 
 
 479> 
 
 tory of the beautiful university town of 
 Evanston ; "A Young Woman Journalist," 
 intended to inspire young women to take 
 up a profession in which Miss Willard her- 
 self had been engaged for many years. 
 "Glimpses of Fifty Years," her autobiog- 
 raphy, of which 50,000 copies have been 
 sold, was written in 1889 by request of the 
 National Woman's Christian Temperance 
 Union. "A Great Mother" is, perhaps, her 
 best book, containing as it does the theory 
 and practice of bringing up children accord- 
 ing to her mother's plan ; and Madam Wil- 
 lard was, in the estimation of everyone who 
 knew her, a truly "Great Mother." Miss 
 Willard's hand-book for the world's white 
 ribbohers, entitled "Do Everything," is 
 packed full of hints and helps for local 
 workers. She also wrote "Woman in the 
 Pulpit" and "How I Learned to Ride the 
 P.icycle." 
 
 In 1883 Miss Willard and Miss Anna 
 Gordon made a temperance organization 
 trip, visiting each of the States and Terri- 
 tories of the United States, traveling 30.000 
 miles or more, from Puget Sound to the 
 Gulf of Mexico. Such a trip had never 
 before been made by man or woman in any 
 cause, so far as we know. In the same year 
 Miss Willard founded the World's Wom- 
 an's Christian Temperance Union, of which 
 she became President, and which has made 
 the White Ribbon Society known in every 
 English speaking country of the globe. 
 
 In 1892 Miss Willard and Miss Gordon 
 went to England by invitation of Lady 
 Henry Somerset, their devoted friend, who 
 then led the movement in Great Britain. 
 There they helped to develop white ribbon 
 methods and to edit the English white rib- 
 bon paper. Editions of several of Miss 
 Willard's books were brought out about 
 this time, thus making her known to the 
 reading public in the mother country. A 
 great reception was tendered her in Exeter 
 
 Hall, which was participated in by fifty 
 philanthropic societies of London, with such 
 speakers as Canon Wilberforce, Lady 
 Henry Somerset, Mrs. Ormiston Chant. 
 William T. Stead, Rev. Hugh Price 
 Hughes, Rev. Mark Guy Pearce and sev- 
 eral members of Parliament. 
 
 They returned to America from this visit 
 in the summer of 1894, Lady Henry Som- 
 erset coming with them. In March. 1895, 
 they again went to England. Miss Willard 
 and Miss Gordon returned to the United 
 States in time for the National W. C. T. U. 
 Convention, held that year in Baltimore. 
 In April, 1896, Miss Willard made her last 
 voyage to England, accompanied by Miss 
 Gordon, and it was in the autumn of this 
 year that she and Lady Henry did their 
 notable work for the Armenian refugees at 
 Marseilles, her interest in their welfare 
 never waning. She reached her native land 
 in October, 1896, spent the following winter 
 in Castile, N. Y., and the last summer of 
 her life was spent in New England. In 
 October, 1897, Miss Willard presided over 
 the. World's W. C. T. U. Convention, held 
 in Toronto, Canada. Her address as Pres- 
 ident of that convention was pronounced to 
 be one of the finest, most powerful and elo- 
 quent that she had ever delivered. A few 
 days later she presided over the National 
 Convention at Buffalo, N. Y. 
 
 Miss Willard originated the "Polyglot" 
 Petition addressed to' all the Governments 
 of the world, praying for the prohibition of 
 the liquor traffic and the opium trade, which, 
 with seven million names and attestations 
 of great societies, was presented to the 
 President of the United States in February. 
 1895, and in London before an audience of 
 ten thousand people in June, 1895. In 
 April, 1898, the .petition was presented to 
 the Dominion of Canada at a great meeting 
 in Ottawa, arranged by the Canadian W. 
 C. T. U., when it was received on behalf 
 
480 
 
 BIOGRAPHICAL 
 
 of the Canadian Government by the Pre- 
 mier, Sir Wilfred Laurier. Miss Willard's 
 active interest on behalf of social purity, 
 labor reform and woman suffrage was in 
 consistent accord with her belief in the "do 
 everything" policy of dealing with the great 
 problem of the day. 
 
 In 1894 the honorary degree of LL. D. 
 was conferred upon Miss Willard by the 
 Ohio Wesleyan University. 
 
 How Miss Willard Came Into the Work 
 of the W. C. T. U. 
 
 Miss Willard has repeatedly said that, 
 when the Crusade came, in 1873, she as well 
 as her mother, became absorbingly inter- 
 ested in it. Miss Willard resigned the pres- 
 idency of the Woman's College and her pro- 
 fessorship in the University in June, 1874. 
 Attractive positions at the head of educa- 
 tional institutions were offered her, but she 
 felt more and more drawn to the women of 
 the "Crusade." She was not in Chautauqua 
 when the preliminary committee for organ- 
 ized work was formed, but was at that time 
 in Maine, consulting with Xeal Dow, and 
 in Boston, consulting with Dr. Dio Lewis. 
 Meantime she wrote to Bishop Simpson, 
 who had been an honored friend of her 
 family for years; also to Mrs. Mary A. 
 Livermore. whom she and her mother 
 greatly admired, and to other leaders, as 
 well as to her own family, friends and rel- 
 atives, not one of whom sent her a favor- 
 able reply except Mrs. Livermore, who 
 encouraged her. telling her by all means to 
 follow her leadings. Miss Willard's res- 
 olution to join the crusade movement was 
 taken independently. One morning in 
 August. 1874. there came to her a letter 
 from Mrs. Louise S. Rounds, who had led 
 the crusade movement in Chicago during 
 the winter, asking her if she would come to 
 Chicago and act as President of the local 
 V. C. T. U. Thev were a weak band of 
 
 middle-aged women without financial re- 
 sources, and Mrs. Rounds wrote Miss Wil- 
 lard that they could offer her no salary. 
 On the same day that this letter reached her 
 at Cambridge, Mass., Miss Willard received 
 a definite offer from the principal of a 
 ladies' school in Xew York City, near Cen- 
 tral Park, offering her $2,500 a year if she 
 would act as preceptress, teaching as little 
 or as much as she pleased, but exercising a 
 helpful influence over the young ladies and 
 among the patrons. She was entirely with- 
 out income, and had not laid up a penny, as 
 those who knew her do not need to be told. 
 Her mother was advancing in years, and 
 Miss Willard was her only support. The 
 crusade movement had passed away and 
 there seemed to be a lull in the work. Yet 
 so profound was the impression that God 
 called her to the work of the Woman's 
 Christian Temperance Union, that she at 
 once wrote to New York declining Dr. 
 Van Xonnan's offer, and to Mrs. Rounds, 
 accepting the position of President of the 
 W. C. T. U. of Chicago, entering upon its 
 duties a few weeks later. 
 
 At the organizing convention of The 
 National Woman's Christian Temper- 
 ance Union, held in Cleveland. 
 Ohio. November, 1874, Miss Willard 
 was elected Corresponding Secretary 
 of the organization, which position 
 she held until she was elected President 
 at the Indianapolis Convention in 1879. 
 She was re-elected as President each year, 
 holding that position at the time she passed 
 away. Miss Willard was the founder of 
 the World's Woman's Christian Temper- 
 ance Union, which was organized in 1883. 
 and was its first and only President during 
 her lifetime. Lady Henry Somerset, who 
 was Vice-President, succeeded Miss Willard 
 in the 1 'residency and still holds that office, 
 having been re-elected at the sixth biennial 
 convention held at Geneva, Switzerland, in 
 
HISTORY OF EVANSTON 
 
 481 
 
 1902. This society is composed of National 
 Unions organized in over fifty nations. 
 The other officers are: Mrs. Lillian M. M. 
 Stevens, Vice-President, who is also Pres- 
 ident of the National W. C. T. U. of the 
 United States; Miss Anna A. Gordon, one 
 of the Secretaries and also Vice-President- 
 at-large of the W. C. T. U. of the United 
 States; Miss Agnes Slack of England the 
 other Secretary ; and Mrs. Sanderson, of 
 Canada, Treasurer. 
 
 Many memorials have been erected in 
 many places in honor of Miss Willard. The 
 National Woman's Christian Temperance 
 Union decided that its most fitting memorial 
 would be to extend and perpetuate the work 
 to which she gave her life. For this pur- 
 pose, contributions to the Frances E. Wil- 
 lard Memorial Organization Fund are made 
 each year, and the society is constantly 
 gaining in membership and influence. 
 
 Miss Willard's home State of Illinois, 
 through the action of its Legislature, has 
 placed a statue of Miss Willard in the Hall 
 of Fame in the United States Capitol Build- 
 ing at Washington, D. C. Miss Willard is 
 the first woman to be thus honored. On 
 occasion of the acceptance of this statue 
 by the United States Congress, on February 
 17, 1905, memorable addresses were made 
 by Senators Cullom and Hopkins of Illi- 
 nois, Beveridge of Indiana and Dolliver of 
 Iowa. In the House, Representatives Foss, 
 Graff and Rainey, of Illinois ; Littlefield, of 
 Maine, and Brooks, of Colorado, also deliv- 
 ered notable addresses. 
 
 These addresses were fitting eulogies of 
 the great good woman who had the heart 
 and mind of Christ in her yearning love for 
 humanity. At the hour of unveiling the 
 statue, thousands of little people paid the 
 tribute of childhood, as each one placed a 
 flower at the foot of the statue. 
 
 "Stand, radiant soul, 
 
 Here in the center of our nation's heart, 
 Forever of its best life thou'rt a part; 
 Here thou shall draw thy land to what thou art. 
 
 Stand, radiant soul." 
 
 A commemorative meeting was held in 
 the evening, at which forty-three States 
 were represented by speeches, messages or 
 telegrams. Miss Willard will live on and 
 on in the hearts of multitudes of grateful 
 men and women, who, with desires like her 
 own, are working to redeem our country 
 from the curse of impurity and intemper- 
 ance. 
 
 The following tribute to Miss Willard, 
 as the type of "The American Woman," 
 was delivered in the United States Senate 
 by Senator Albert J. Beveridge, of Indiana, 
 on the occasion of the .unveiling of the Wil- 
 lard statue in Washington, above referred 
 to: 
 
 Mr. President: From the beginning woman 
 has personified the world's ideals. When history 
 began its record it found her already the chosen 
 bride of Art. The things that minister to man- 
 kind's good have, from the very first, by the 
 general judgment, been made feminine the ships 
 that bear us through storm to port; the seasons 
 that bring variety, surcease of toil and life's re- 
 newal; the earth itself, which, through all time 
 and in all speech, has been the universal mother. 
 The Graces were women, and the Muses, too. 
 Always her influence has glorified the world, 
 until her beatitude becomes divine in Mary, 
 Mother of God. 
 
 Mark how the noblest conceptions of the hu- 
 man mind have always been presented in form 
 of woman. Take Liberty; take Justice; take all 
 the holy aspirations, all the sacred realities. 
 Each glorious ideal has, to the common thought, 
 been feminine. The sculptors of the olden time 
 made every immortal idea a daughter of the gods. 
 Even Wisdom was a woman in the early concept 
 of the race, and the unknown genius of the 
 youthful world wrought Triumph itself into wo- 
 man's form in that masterpiece of all the ages 
 The Winged Victory. Over the lives and destinies 
 of men the ancients placed Clotho, Lachesis, and 
 Atrophos, forever spinning, twisting, severing the 
 strands of human fate. 
 
 In literature of all time woman has been Mer- 
 cy's messenger, handmaid of tenderness, creator 
 and preserver of human happiness. Name Shake- 
 speare Miranda and Imogen, Rosalind. Perdita 
 and Cordelia appear; name Burns the prayer 
 "To Mary in Heaven" gives to the general heart 
 that touch of nature which makes the whole 
 
482 
 
 BIOGRAPHICAL 
 
 world kin; name the Book of Books Rachel and 
 the women of the Bible, in beauty, walk before 
 us, and, in the words of Ruth, we hear the ulti- 
 mate formula of woman's eternal fidelity and 
 faith. 
 
 So we see that, through all time, woman has 
 typified the true, the beautiful, and the good on 
 earth. And now Illinois, near the very heart of 
 the world's great Republic and at the dawn of 
 the twentieth century, chooses woman herself as 
 the ideal of that Commonwealth and of this 
 period; for the character of Frances E. Willard 
 is womanhood's apotheosis. 
 
 And she was American. She was the child of 
 our American prairies, daughter of an American 
 home. And so she had strength and gentleness, 
 simplicity and vision. Not from the complex 
 lives that wealth and luxury force upon their 
 unfortunate children ; not from the sharpening 
 and hardening process of the city's social and 
 business grind ; not from any of civilization's 
 artificialities, come those whom God appoints to 
 lead mankind toward the light. 
 
 Moses dwelt alone on the summit of mystery 
 and human solitude. The Master abode in the 
 wilderness, and there the power descended on 
 Him with which He put aside the tempter. In 
 the forests the Father of our Country learned 
 Liberty's lessons from Nature, Liberty's mother, 
 and from the valleys and the heights, the fields 
 and pouring streams, got understanding of the 
 possibilities of this land, a knowledge of its uses, 
 a perception of its people's destiny. We cannot 
 imagine Abraham Lincoln coming to us from a 
 palace. No ! We can understand him only as 
 he really was man of the people and the soil, 
 thinking with the people's mind the grand and 
 simple truths, feeling with the people's heart an 
 infinite compassion for and fellowship with all 
 the race. 
 
 So, Mr. President, all the saints and heroes of 
 this world have come, fresh and strong from the 
 source of things, by abuses unspoiled and un- 
 weakened by false refinements. And so came 
 Frances E. Willard, the American woman. The 
 wide, free fields were the playgrounds of her 
 childhood. The great primeval woods impressed 
 her unfolding soul with their vast and vital calm- 
 ness. Association with her neighbors was scant 
 and difficult, and home meant to her all that the 
 poets have sung of it, and more. It was a refuge 
 and a shrine, a dwelling and a place of joy, a 
 spot where peace and love and safety and all 
 unselfishness reigned with a sovereignty un- 
 challenged. And so this child of our forests and 
 our plains, this daughter of that finest of civiliza- 
 tion's advance guard the American pioneers 
 early received into her very soul that conception 
 of the home to which, as the apostle of universal 
 womanhood, her whole life was dedicated. 
 
 To make the homes of the millions pure, to 
 render sweet and strong those human relations 
 which constitute the family this was her mis- 
 sion and her work. And there cannot be a 
 wiser method of mankind's upliftment than this 
 no better way to make a nation noble and en- 
 during; for the hearthstone is the foundation 
 whereon the state is built. The family is the 
 
 social and natural unit. Spencer wrote learnedly 
 of "the individual and the state;" but he wrote 
 words merely. The individual is not the im- 
 portant factor in nature or the nation. Nature 
 destroys the individual. Nature cares only for 
 the pair; knows in some form nothing but the 
 family. And so, by the deep reasoning of nature 
 itself, Frances Willard's work was justified. 
 
 But hers was no philosopher's creed. She got 
 her inspiration from a higher source than human 
 thinking. In her life's work we see restored to 
 earth that faith which, whenever man has let it 
 work its miracle has wrought victory here and 
 immortality hereafter. Such was the faith of 
 Joan, the inspired maid of France; such that of 
 Columbus, sailing westward through the dark ; 
 such the exalted belief of those good missionaries 
 who first invaded our American wilderness to 
 light, with their own lives on civilization's altar, 
 the sacred fire that never dies. The story of 
 Frances Willard's faith in the conquest of evil 
 by the good seems incredible to us who demand 
 a map of all our future before we take a step. 
 
 For Frances E. Willard knew no questioning. 
 The Master's message was at once her guar- 
 anty and her command. The Bible was to her, 
 in very truth, divine. What immeasurable and 
 increasing influence that one book has wielded 
 over the minds of men and the destiny of the 
 world! If it be the word of God, as we 
 profoundly believe, surely it comes to human 
 ears with all the dignity and peace and power 
 that His word should command. If it be the 
 word of man, then even the doubter must admit 
 that the ancient Hebrews had miraculous skill 
 to cast a spell across millenniums which, 
 strengthening with the years, spreads wider 
 today than ever and embraces the future as far 
 as even the eye of imagination can behold. Not 
 all invention, or all statesmanship, or all of litera- 
 ture have so touched and bettered human life as 
 this one book. And it was the Bible that gave 
 Frances E. Willard her mission, her strength, 
 her hope, her argument and her inspiration. 
 
 Thus prepared and thus equipped she went 
 out into the world and to her work. No method 
 can measure what she did. The half million of 
 women whom she brought into organized co-op- 
 eration in the Women's Christian Temperance 
 Union, is but a suggestion of the real results of 
 her activities. Indeed, the highest benefits her 
 life bestowed were as intangible as air and as full 
 of life. She made purer the moral atmosphere 
 of a continent almost of a world. She rendered 
 the life of a nation cleaner, the mind of a people 
 saner. Millions of homes today are happier for 
 her; millions of wives and mothers bless her; 
 and countless children have grown into strong, 
 upright and beautiful maturity, who, but for the 
 work of Frances E. Willard, might have been 
 forever soiled and weakened. 
 
 Mother of all mothers, sister of all wives, to 
 every child the lover, Frances E. Willard sacri- 
 ficed her own life to the happiness of her sisters. 
 For after all, she knew that, with all her gifts 
 and all the halo of her God-sent mission, never- 
 theless the humblest mother was yet greater far 
 than she. But it was needful that she should so 
 
HISTORY OF EVANSTON 
 
 483 
 
 consecrate her strength and length of years. For 
 how shall the service of utter unselfishness be 
 achieved save in the utter sacrifice of self? So 
 Frances E. Willard gave up her life and all the 
 rights and glories of it, that all of her sisters 
 might lead fuller, richer, happier, sweeter lives 
 themselves. 
 
 So, Mr. President, by placing her statue in the 
 hall of our national immortals, a great common- 
 wealth today forever commemorates the services 
 of this American woman to all humanity. And 
 the representatives of the American people the 
 greatest people in this world in Congress for- 
 mally assembled, today are paying tribute to the 
 little frontier American maid who heard and 
 heeded the voices that came to her from the 
 unseen world, and, obeying their counsels, be- 
 came the first woman of her generation, the most 
 beloved character of her time, and, under God, 
 a benefactress of her race. 
 
 WILLIAM DEERING. 
 
 William Deering, merchant and manu- 
 facturer, was born at Paris. Oxford County, 
 Maine, April 24, 1826. His parents were 
 James and Eliza (Moore) Deering. His 
 ancestors emigrated from England in 
 1634, and, in all of the histories of New 
 England from that time, the name of Deer- 
 ing finds most honorable mention. Wil- 
 liam Deering's boyhood was much the same 
 as that of other boys reared by earnest 
 Christian parents. His scholastic educa- 
 tion consisted of the full and regular course 
 of studies in vogue at that time in the com- 
 mon and graded schools, and was finished 
 in the high school at Redfield, Maine, in 
 1843. While yet in his early manhood he 
 occupied the position of manager of a 
 woolen mill in Maine, discharging every 
 trust reposed in him to the eminent satisfac- 
 tion of his employers. After the termina- 
 tion of his labors there he engaged in vari- 
 ous business enterprises, to which is largely 
 due his marked genius for handling large 
 manufacturing details. His greatest achieve- 
 ment has been the building up of the works 
 of William Deering & Company, for the 
 manufacture of harvesters and agricultural 
 machinery. The firm was founded in 1870, 
 
 the name being changed in 1894 to the 
 Deering Harvester Company, but is now 
 the "National Harvester Company," in 
 which Mr. Deering holds the controlling 
 interest. The works are now located in 
 Fullerton Avenue, along the line of the Chi- 
 cago & Northwestern Railroad, with docks 
 on the North Branch of the Chicago River. 
 At the present time eighty-five acres are 
 occupied by the plant, which is compactly 
 arranged. The works comprise large wood- 
 working shops, knife and section shops, 
 machine and blacksmith shops, bolt and 
 rivet works, a foundry, a large malleable 
 iron plant, and an extensive twine plant. 
 The works consume annually 45,00x3 tons of 
 steel and a like quantity of pig iron, com- 
 prising both Northern and Southern coke- 
 iron. Some 72,000 tons of coal and coke 
 are annually consumed. 4,817,750 gallons of 
 oil and 31,000.000 feet of lumber. 
 
 The force employed in the shops is usu- 
 ally 7,000 hands, and many of the depart- 
 ments work with regular night shifts, the 
 establishment operating its own electric 
 light plant, which gives it facilities for pro- 
 ducing a larger number of machines of all 
 kinds than any other harvester company in 
 the world. It receives a part of its raw 
 material from many foreign countries, in- 
 cluding the Philippines, and distributes its 
 products all over the globe. The sales de- 
 partment embraces fifty-eight branch houses 
 and general agencies, and the sales extend 
 over Europe, Australia, New Zealand and 
 South America. Mr. Deering, the founder 
 of this immense plant, continues actively 
 identified with its operations, ably assisted 
 by his two sons. Charles and James. 
 
 Mr. Deering has been twice married. His 
 first wife was Miss Abby Barbour, of 
 Maine, daughter of Charles and Joanna 
 (Cobb) Barbour, to whom he was married 
 October 31, 1849. Of this union there was 
 one child, Charles, born in 1852, now Sec- 
 
4 8 4 
 
 BIOGRAPHICAL 
 
 retary of the Deering Harvester Company. 
 The second marriage, on December 15, 
 1857, was to Miss Clara Hamilton, of 
 Maine, daughter of Charles and Mary 
 (Barbour) Hamilton. The issue was two 
 children, James and Abby Marion, born in 
 Maine the former in 1859, and the latter 
 1867. James Deering is the present Treas- 
 urer of the Deering Harvester Company. 
 William Deering removed with his family 
 to Evanston, 111., in 1873, where he now 
 resides in his beautiful home. He is lib- 
 eral, public-spirited and benevolent, and his 
 business career has been noteworthy from 
 the absence of controversies with his em- 
 ployes. He has been, for a number of 
 years, one of the Trustees of the North- 
 western University at Evanston. He is also 
 a Director and stockholder in several finan- 
 cial institutions. One of his latest acts of 
 beneficence was the giving of Fisk Hall to 
 the Northwestern University. 
 
 CHARLES COMSTOCK. 
 
 Charles Comstock (deceased), for over 
 thirty years a prominent citizen of Evans- 
 ton, 111., and during his business career, a 
 leadjng member of the Chicago Board of 
 Trade, was born in Camden, N. Y., May 7, 
 1814, and spent his early life in the cen- 
 tral portion of his native State. In 1861 he 
 came to Chicago as the Western Agent of 
 the Onondaga Salt Company, of which he 
 was a stockholder, and at once located at 
 Evanston, which continued to be his res- 
 idence for the remainder of his life, cover- 
 ing a period of thirty-four years. Soon 
 after coming to Chicago he became a mem- 
 ber of the Chicago Board of Trade and, at 
 the time of his death in September, 1895, 
 was, with one single exception, the oldest 
 in continuous membership connected with 
 that organization. 
 
 As a business man Mr. Comstock was 
 noted through his life for his energy and 
 aggressive character, occupied with rare 
 business judgment and a public spirit that 
 tended to promote the interest of the city 
 and any enterprise with which he might be 
 connected. Always possessed of ample 
 means, he contributed liberally to the sup- 
 port of religious and benevolent enter- 
 prises, and was a leading factor in the 
 founding of St. Mark's Episcopal Church 
 in Evanston in 1865, of which he was a 
 generous supporter and which he served as 
 Senior Warden continuously for thirty-one 
 years. For five years he acted as President 
 of the Traders' Insurance Company, in 
 which he retained a large interest, besides 
 being interested in several leading banks of 
 Chicago. On account of age and failing 
 health he was practically retired from active 
 business during the latter years of his life, 
 but always maintained a deep interest in 
 business affairs and in operations on the 
 Board of Trade. The late Judge George 
 F. Comstock, of the New York Court of 
 Appeals, was his brother, and together they 
 were largely interested in the Onondaga 
 Salt Company, of which Mr. Charles Com- 
 stock was the representative after coming 
 West in 1861. 
 
 Mr. Comstock was twice married, his 
 first marriage being with Mary Griswold 
 of the State of Massachusetts and a niece 
 of Bishop Griswold, an early American 
 Bishop of the Episcopal Church. One son 
 by this marriage who is a namesake of 
 Bishop Griswold is now living. Mr. 
 Comstock 's second marriage was with Miss 
 Julia J. Sprague of New York State, who 
 survived him five years. Of this marriage 
 five children are living two sons and three 
 (laughters. The golden wedding anniver- 
 sary of this marriage was celebrated in 
 September, 1892, three years before Mr. 
 Comstock 's death. That event occurred at 
 
HISTORY OF EVANSTON 
 
 485 
 
 his home at 1326 Ridge Avenue, Evanston, 
 September 5, 1895, at the age of over 
 eighty-one years, as the result of a linger- 
 ing illness from which he had suffered for 
 many years. Both the local and the Chi- 
 cago press paid a generous tribute to his 
 memory as an upright citizen and a public- 
 spirited and enterprising business man. 
 The following testimonial to his integrity 
 of character by one who had been brought 
 in close association with Mr. Comstock and 
 knew him intimately Mr. George F. Stone, 
 Secretary of the Chicago Board of Trade 
 is worthy of reproduction here: "He al- 
 ways enjoyed a reputation for being con- 
 scientiously honest and punctilious in all his 
 affairs, and commanded the respect of every 
 one who knew him. He was an extremely 
 upright man in business and charmingly 
 affable and courteous in a social wav." 
 
 HUGH ALEXANDER WHITE. 
 
 Hugh Alexander White (deceased) was 
 one of the solid men of Chicago, the scene 
 of his business life, and of Evanston, the 
 place of his residence for upwards of thirty 
 years, and where he resided at the time of 
 his death, after a short illness. March 25, 
 1894. He was a believer in work, and one 
 of his most prominent characteristics, even 
 from childhood, was his unremitting indus- 
 try. It was not a hardship for him to 
 work it was a pleasure. He did not be- 
 lieve in royal roads to success in life, or in 
 short cuts. There was, consequently, no 
 time in his life when he was not successful 
 to the measure of his undertakings. He 
 was one of those who, if he thought he 
 could go a mile, could go two. He did not 
 lack ambition, but it was not for display 
 not to shine for a time it was to go stead- 
 ily on in the discharge of the duties belong- 
 ing to the trusts reposed in him, reaping the 
 
 rewards he knew were sure to follow. Such 
 was his dislike to intruding himself upon 
 public attention that he would never consent 
 to being "written up," and so seldom talked 
 of himself that the writer of this sketch, 
 though intimate with him for nearly thirty- 
 five years, knew little of his early life except 
 what was gained from others ; and, what- 
 ever his success in business, he seldom 
 talked of them by way of self-gratulation. 
 He was a public-spirited man, and took an 
 active part in bringing about better condi- 
 tions, the enactment of better laws and 
 greater fidelity in their enforcement. By 
 the thoroughness of his investigations into 
 the subjects committed to him, and the 
 practical nature of his suggestions for re- 
 form, he rendered most valuable service. 
 He was clear-headed, outspoken and sturdy, 
 and left no one in doubt where he stood. 
 
 Mr. White was born near Quincy, 111., in 
 1830. F>oth parents having died before he 
 was nine months old. he was left to the 
 care of his maternal grandparents. He was 
 brought up on a farm in the neighborhood 
 of Quincy by an uncle by marriage, Moses 
 Gutherie, and was educated in the Illinois 
 College at Jacksonville. From there he 
 went to Quincy and entered the law office 
 of Williams, Grimshaw & Lawrence as a 
 student, where he remained until he came 
 to Chicago in 1856 and opened the law 
 office of Williams & White. His partner 
 was Archibald Williams, the senior mem- 
 ber of the firm with which he had studied, 
 and who was about that time United States 
 District Attorney, one of the great lawyers 
 in Illinois. 
 
 Mr. White continued in the active prac- 
 tice of the law, trying cases in court until 
 about 1874. when, in consequence of an 
 affection of the throat and a large increase 
 in his office business, he discontinued his 
 court practice and confined himself to the 
 more profitable and congenial business of 
 
486 
 
 BIOGRAPHICAL 
 
 managing the several large estates that had 
 been entrusted to his care, examination of 
 abstracts and other office business. Among 
 the estates which he managed were the 
 Allen C. Lewis estate, which grew in his 
 hinds to its present magnificent propor- 
 tions ; the Bigelow estate, the De Haven 
 estate, and the Francis C. Sherman estate. 
 To the management of these estates he 
 brought that same conscientious, painstak- 
 ing care, executive ability and strict integ- 
 rity that marked his whole business life. 
 He wanted no unfair advantage of others, 
 and he did not allow others to take unfair 
 advantage of him. The upright found it 
 very agreeable to do business with him, but 
 the quibbling and dishonest were sometimes 
 made to regret that they had shown these 
 undesirable traits to him. 
 
 Mr. White was married to Catherine Mc- 
 Intosh Sands, of New York, in 1860, who 
 died a few years after her husband, a pub- 
 lic benefactress, mourned by many friends, 
 by those who had sustained to her the rela- 
 tion of neighbor and by the general public 
 of Evanston. They had no children. Soon 
 after their marriage they moved to Evans- 
 ton, and not long after that erected the 
 beautiful home where they lived to the time 
 of his death. Mr. White was a great lover 
 of flowers, among which many of his early 
 morning and evening hours were spent in 
 their culture. His grounds, half a block 
 on Ridge Avenue, one of the most beauti- 
 ful streets in the town, have been the pride 
 and delight of the people of Evanston. He 
 was a connoisseur of pictures, and a great 
 lover of books. His house was well filled 
 with the best paintings of the masters, and 
 his library was well stocked with rare and 
 most valuable books. There were few men 
 better posted upon almost every topic, or 
 who could talk more entertainingly, than 
 Mr. White. He cared little for general 
 society, and did not aspire to office. His 
 
 pleasure was in his home, which he pro- 
 vided with every luxury, where, in com- 
 pany of his devoted wife, whom he de- 
 lighted to honor and to whom he left his 
 fortune, he spent the hours of leisure among 
 his flowers, his books and gems of art. 
 
 During his active business life Mr. White 
 was unostentatious in his private benevo- 
 lence, often extending his charities to 
 worthy persons and objects, on the princi- 
 ple that "the left hand knoweth not what 
 the right hand doeth." After his demise 
 many instances came to light of persons 
 whom he had befriended, saying, "What 
 shall I do, now that my best friend is 
 gone?" His widow, by her will, left a 
 generous bequest to the Chicago Art Insti- 
 tute, thus carrying out the purposes which 
 Mr. White had entertained during his life. 
 Through the same source his library of 
 miscellaneous and law books has become 
 the property of the University of Chicago. 
 
 CHANCELLOR LIVINGSTON JENKS. 
 
 Few names upon the roll of honor of 
 Evanston's loyal and successful citizens are 
 better known than that of Chancellor L. 
 Jenks. During the greater part of his active 
 life he was either a resident of, or largely 
 interested in, Evanston. His energetic na- 
 ture, guided as it was by sound business 
 acumen and sterling honor, made him a 
 most conspicuous and influential figure in 
 the civic and industrial life of the city and 
 of Chicago. He was born in the town of 
 Warren, Bradford County, Pa., January 29, 
 1828, and was one of a large family of 
 children born to Livingston and Sarah 
 ( Buffington) Jenks. His father was a na- 
 tive of Rhode Island, the cradle of the fam- 
 ily in America, and came of a sturdy line of 
 ancestors whose lives form part of the glo- 
 rious history of New England patriotism. 
 
HISTORY OF EVANSTON 
 
 487 
 
 Three in the direct line of his ancestry all 
 hearing the name of Joseph Jenks had 
 much to do in molding the destinies of the 
 Colonies. All were called upon to serve 
 as members of the General Assembly, and 
 one was four times elected Governor of 
 Rhode Island. Livingston Jenks, the father 
 of Chancellor L. Jenks, settled in La Salle 
 County, 111., in 1836, where he combined 
 the several vocations of farmer, merchant 
 and lawyer, until his death in 1863 closed 
 a life of usefulness and honor. 
 
 Chancellor L. Jenks spent his boyhood in 
 La Salle County, receiving his education at 
 the country school house and at Granville 
 Academy. From 1849 to l &5 ne taught 
 school in Ottawa ; but his ambition had 
 always been to engage in the legal profes- 
 sion. In 1851 he came to Chicago and 
 began the study of law under Calvin De- 
 Wolf. Xine months later he was admit- 
 ted to the bar. Success came at once. 
 His tremendous activity of mind, his fer- 
 tility of resource, his power of grasping in- 
 stantly the important points of a case, his 
 fearlessness and his great physical strength, 
 aided by a reputation for "good luck," at- 
 tracted a large clientage. He was an in- 
 domitable worker and a firm believer in the 
 policy of "keeping everlastingly at it." 
 
 He was married to Pamella M. Hoising- 
 ton, May 6. 1855, at the First Methodist 
 Church in Chicago. She was the daughter 
 of Jasper A. Hoisington, whom many resi- 
 dents of Evanston and Chicago will recall 
 with pleasure, and who lived to the ripe 
 age of ninety-four years. Mrs. Jenks died 
 in San Diego, Cal., April 5, 1890, while vis- 
 iting her son Chancellor, then a resident of 
 California. 
 
 Mr. Jenks became early convinced of the 
 great future of Chicago and vicinity and 
 believed that careful investments in real 
 estate would prove remunerative. From 
 time to time, as his means allowed, he 
 
 made purchases in different parts of Chi- 
 cago and its suburbs. In 1868, in connec- 
 tion with Charles E. Brown and others, he 
 acquired a large tract of land in what is 
 now the Sixth Ward of Evanston, and 
 laid out the sub-division known as North 
 Evanston. He was also one of the found- 
 ers of Glencoe and, in addition to his hold- 
 ings in Chicago, invested largely in Engle- 
 wood, Hyde Park and elsewhere. Mr. 
 Jenks' real estate interests having become 
 so extensive as to demand his entire at- 
 tention, he was compelled, with great re- 
 luctance, to give up the practice of the law 
 not long before the great Chicago fire. That 
 catastrophe violently checked his career of 
 prosperity. In the second great fire of 
 1874, he again suffered a heavy loss. But 
 like thousands of his energetic fellow-citi- 
 zens, he managed to rise above his misfor- 
 tunes and, in a few years, realized that 
 these great financial disasters had merely 
 cleared the ground for the foundations of 
 a more enduring and genuine success. 
 
 During his long residence in Evanston 
 Mr. Jenks served several terms as a mem- 
 ber of the Board of Trustees and the School 
 Board, and was a strong influence in the 
 development of the municipality. In poli- 
 tics he was always a stanch Republican, 
 and, in ante-bellum days, he and his father 
 were active champions of abolitionism, and 
 maintained upon the farm in La Salle 
 County a station of the so-called "Under- 
 ground Railway," established to aid run- 
 away slaves in escaping to Canada. 
 
 An interesting incident in connection 
 with Mr. Jenks' efforts in behalf of the 
 negro has been often related. One day he 
 saw a runaway slave girl struggling in the 
 grasp of her master, Stephen F. Knuckles, 
 and Jack Newsoni, a commissioner under 
 the Fugitive Slave Law. Mr.Jenksprompt- 
 ly rushed to the assistance of the negress 
 
BIOGRAPHICAL 
 
 with the result that the entire party were 
 soon rolling over each other in the gutter. 
 Police officers arriving on the scene, they 
 were all taken into custody. The slave 
 alone was imprisoned ; the others being 
 well known and responsible, were released 
 on their own recognizance. Mr. Jenks im- 
 mediately swore out a warrant charging 
 the slave with disorderly conduct, Justice 
 Calvin De Wolf issuing the writ at 10 
 o'clock at night. George Anderson, Deputy 
 Sheriff (who with Justice De Wolf was 
 in the "conspiracy") served the warrant 
 at once, and took the girl from the police 
 station with the apparent purpose of pro- 
 ducing her before the magistrate. On the 
 street he was surrounded by a howling 
 mob of several hundred persons, and. when 
 the crowd was dispersed, the prisoner was 
 not to be found. The Federal Grand Jury, 
 which was then in session, promptly indict- 
 ed Mr. Jenks, Calvin De Wolf and George 
 Anderson on the charge of violating the 
 Fugitive Slave Law. The affair coming 
 to the knowledge of President Buchanan, 
 he made the somewhat natural mistake of 
 supposing "Chancellor" Jenks to be a judge 
 of one of the State courts on the chancery 
 side. Indignant at this instance of open 
 violation of a cherished United States stat- 
 ute, he telegraphed the L'nited States Attor- 
 ney at Chicago as follows: "Prosecute 
 Chancellor Jenks to the full extent of the 
 law. For a private citizen to be engaged 
 in such nefarious practices as he is charged 
 with is bad enough ; but a high officer of 
 the court, who is concerned in them, should 
 be severely dealt with. James Buchanan, 
 President." Shortlyafter Abraham Lincoln 
 was elected President, the War of the Re- 
 bellion broke out, the political complexion 
 of the Federal officers at Chicago changed, 
 and the indictment was nolle prossed. 
 
 Mr. Jenks was a member of the First 
 P>aptist Church of Chicago for more than 
 
 forty years. He closed his eventful, suc- 
 cessful and honored life January 10, 1903, 
 at San Francisco, Cal., while on a visit to 
 his son, Livingston Jenks. The children 
 born to Mr. Jenks and wife were eight in 
 number, of whom but two survive their 
 parents Chancellor L. Jenks, Jr., who re- 
 sides at 1217 Ridge Avenue, Evanston, 
 and who is a practicing attorney, and Liv- 
 ingston Jenks, whose residence is in San 
 Francisco, and who also is a member of 
 the legal profession. 
 
 JOHN HUME KEDZIE. 
 
 John H. Kedzie (deceased), for over 
 forty years a leading resident of Evanston, 
 111., was born in Stamford, Delaware Coun- 
 ty, X. Y., September 8, 1815, and, after 
 reaching the school age, until his seven- 
 teenth year attended the district school in 
 winter while working on his father's farm 
 in the summer. At eighteen years of age 
 he began teaching in a district school, but 
 being ambitious to acquire a liberal educa- 
 tion, he began a course of preparation for 
 college at Oneida Institute, and later en- 
 tered Oberlin College, Ohio, from which he 
 graduated in 1841. Having studied law 
 and been admitted to the bar in his na- 
 tive State, in 1847 he removed to Chicago 
 and there established himself in practice. At 
 the time of the California gold excitement, 
 in common with many others, he was seized 
 with the desire to visit the El Dorado of 
 the Pacific Coast, but was prevented by 
 the accumulation of business on his hands. 
 He was compelled to content himself with 
 making financial advances to others. Of 
 four or five whom he aided in this way, not 
 one ever made any return to him as prom- 
 ised. 
 
 In 1850 Mr. Kedzie was married to 
 Marv Elizabeth Austin;, who died four 
 
HISTORY OF EVANSTON 
 
 489 
 
 years later, leaving an infant daughter 
 named for her mother, but who died dur- 
 ing the following year. On June 17, 1857, 
 he was married to a second Mary Eliza- 
 beth, whose maiden name was Kent, and 
 who still survives in Evanston. Of five 
 children born to Mr. Kedzie's second mar- 
 riage, two Margaret Frances and John 
 Hume, Jr. are still living. The oldest 
 daughter, Kate Isabel, who became Mrs. 
 George Watson Smith, died over twenty 
 years ago, and two daughters Laura 
 Louise and Julia Hume died in child- 
 hood. 
 
 A steadfast Republican in his political 
 views, in the fall of 1876 Mr. Kedzie was 
 elected a member of the lower branch of 
 the Thirtieth General Assembly from Cook 
 County, and in the contest for United States 
 Senator which followed, gave his earnest 
 support to Gen. John A. Logan for that po- 
 sition. It becomingapparent that Gen. Lo- 
 gan could not be elected, Mr. Kedzie final- 
 ly gave his support to Judge David Davis, 
 who was elected as an "Independent." His 
 prominence in connection with the business 
 affairs of both Evanston and Chicago is in- 
 dicated by the fact that public highways 
 have been named in his honor in both cities 
 that in the former being Kedzie Street 
 and in the latter Kedzie Avenue. An office 
 building at 120-122 Randolph Street also 
 bore his name. The names of both the 
 Kedzie and the Hume families, from both 
 of whom, he was descended, are traced to 
 Scottish origin, each 'being prominent about 
 the time of Oliver Cromwell and earlier. 
 
 In 1861 Mr. Kedzie took up his resi- 
 dence in Evanston, and from that time bore 
 a prominent part in the affairs of that place. 
 He first purchased and occupied a house 
 erected by Francis H. Benson, which was 
 subsequently destroyed by fire. Another 
 house built on the same site met a like fate 
 on New Year's Day of 1880, and during 
 
 the same year he erected the residence on 
 the southwest corner of Ridge Avenue and 
 Grove Street, which he occupied during 
 the remainder of his life. 
 
 Mr. Kedzie gave evidence of his original- 
 ity and his fondness for philosophical inves- 
 tigation in the preparation of a volume en- 
 titled "Solar Heat, Gravitation and Sun 
 Spots," which was published in 1886, and 
 which has attracted the attention of many 
 interested in the unsolved problems of na- 
 ture. He took a prominent part in the es- 
 tablishment of the Evanston Free Public 
 Library, and from the date of its organiza- 
 tion in 1873, for the first four years of its 
 existence, serving as President of the Li- 
 brary Board. He also served for many 
 years as a member of the Board of Edu- 
 cation, was one of the original members 
 of the Philosophical Society organized in 
 1866, and took a prominent part in connec- 
 tion with church affairs, being one of the 
 organizers of the St. Mark's Episcopal 
 Church in 1864, and in the latter part of his 
 life a member of the First Congregational 
 Church, which he served for many years 
 on its Board of Trustees. Mr. Kedzie's 
 death occurred April 9, 1903, in the eighty- 
 eighth year of his age. 
 
 JOSEPH CUM MINGS, D. D., LL. D. 
 
 Rev. Joseph Cummings (deceased), one 
 of the most eminent clergymen and edu- 
 cators in the United States, and widely 
 known as the honored President of North- 
 western University from 1881 until 1890, 
 was born at Falmouth, near Portland, Me.. 
 March 3. 1817. His parental ancestors 
 were of Scotch nativity. His father was 
 a zealous and faithful minister of the 
 Methodist Episcopal Church, whose la- 
 bors covered a large portion of the State 
 of Maine and extended into the Canadas. 
 
4QO 
 
 BIOGRAPHICAL 
 
 His worthy wife, the steadfast and de- 
 voted helpmate in his pastoral labors, was 
 a member of a family of local note in the 
 field of Methodism, and especially active 
 in the work of the church. Thus the sub- 
 ject of this sketch was a Methodist by 
 birth, domestic training and institutional 
 instruction. 
 
 In early youth Dr. Cummings enjoyed 
 the advantages of the public schools in 
 the vicinity of his home. He underwent 
 his preparation for college in Maine \Ves- 
 leyan Seminary at Kent's Hill, and after- 
 wards entered Wesleyan University at 
 Middletown, Conn., through which he 
 worked his way by teaching school at in- 
 tervals. From this institution he was 
 graduated with the Class of 1840, and 
 shortly afterwards became a Professor 
 in, and subsequently Principal of, Amenia 
 Seminary, at Amenia, Xew York. While 
 engaged in teaching he pursued a course 
 in theology, and in 1846 was ordained 
 by the Methodist Episcopal Conference 
 a minister of the Methodist Episcopal 
 Church. He rapidly gained prominence 
 in his calling, being recognized as an 
 impressive and convincing speaker, a pro- 
 found logician and a forceable expounder 
 of doctrinal points. 
 
 In 1853, Dr. Cummings was called to 
 the chair of Theology in the Methodist 
 Biblical Institute at Concord, N. H., and 
 thence went to Lima, N. Y., where he 
 assumed the presidency of Genessee YVes- 
 leyan College, of which he was the head 
 from 1854 to 1857. In the latter year, 
 the success he had achieved in this ca- 
 pacity resulted in his election to the presi- 
 dency of his alma mater, Wesleyan Uni- 
 versity. Here was first revealed, in a 
 remarkable degree, his possession of that 
 superior constructive faculty, capacity for 
 organization and high quality of leader- 
 ship, which made him famous among the 
 
 educators of the United States. For 
 eighteen years he conducted the affairs 
 of this institution, and these were years 
 of marvelous growth and development in 
 its history. The grand results which he 
 achieved in this connection were fittingly 
 recognized in a memorial address de- 
 livered, shortly after the death of Dr. 
 Cummings, by Rev. James Marcus King, 
 D. D., of New York, in which he said : 
 "It was the proud boast of a Roman Em- 
 peror that he found the 'Eternal City' 
 brick and left it marble. Of Dr. Cum- 
 mings it may justly be said, that he found 
 the college buildings at Middletown 
 meager, inadequate and unattractive 
 formerly the dingy quarters of an aban- 
 doned military academy and he crowded 
 that classic hill on High Street with mas- 
 sive structures as noble and inspiring as 
 can be found on this continent. In these 
 eighteen years he reared a triple monu- 
 ment in buildings of imperishable old red- 
 sandstone, that will stand as imposing 
 reminders of the splendidly successful ad- 
 ministration of Joseph Cummings as long 
 as the river they overlook shall flow to 
 the sea." 
 
 During the presidency of Dr. Cum- 
 mings, the alumni of Wesleyan Univer- 
 sity contributed about $30,000 towards a 
 library fund for the institution, and Isaac 
 Rich and Daniel Drew pledged $200,000 
 to the endowment fund. The old board- 
 ing hall was remodeled an$l transformed 
 into an observatory hall, being surmount- 
 ed by a tower containing a telescope of 
 extraordinary power. The memory of 
 ''Wesleyan's" heroic dead, fallen in the 
 War for the Union, was perpetuated 
 by the erection of a memorial chapel. A 
 model gymnasium was provided ; large 
 additions were made to the scientific col- 
 lections; the faculty was increased in 
 lumbers, and the course of study extend- 
 
HISTORY OF EVANSTON 
 
 49 1 
 
 eel; the halls of the University, with their 
 opportunities, were for the first time 
 opened to women ; and finally the work 
 of this administration was crowned by 
 the erection, through the beneficence of 
 Orange Judd, of a structure one of the 
 most complete and elegant in the land 
 as a temple of natural science. Mr. Judd 
 also originated and prepared at great la- 
 bor and expense, a work of incalculable 
 value to his alma mater, in the shape of 
 an alumni record, which is the only ap- 
 proximately perfect catalogue of this kind 
 known to American colleges. In 1875, 
 Dr. Cummings resigned the office which 
 he had held for nearly a score of years, 
 his administration having spanned the 
 pre-eminently constructive period in the 
 history of the University. 
 
 After his resignation Dr. Cummings 
 continued for three years to occupy the 
 chair of Mental and Moral Philosophy 
 and Political Economy in the institution, 
 and then resumed his ministerial labors, 
 feeling that his career as an educator was 
 at an end. It was not so to be, however, 
 as the fame of his ability, not only as a 
 builder of institutions of learning, but as a 
 developer, of character and men, was 
 widespread. His services were needed in 
 an enlarged field of activity and a broader 
 sphere of usefulness. In 1881 he was 
 called from a successful ministry in New 
 England to the presidency of Northwest- 
 ern University. To this position he 
 brought ripe experience, rare wisdom, ma- 
 ture judgment, and that spirit of progres- 
 siveness which had been one of the dis- 
 tinguishing characteristics of his career. 
 In addition to these, he brought to the 
 scene of his last endeavor the prestige of 
 a great name. Here he speedily won the 
 confidence of the official board and of 
 wealthy and kindly disposed friends of 
 the University. Financial claims against 
 
 it were met, new buildings were erected, 
 its income was increased, and the period 
 of its highest prosperity began. He gov- 
 erned wisely, planned judiciously for the 
 future, and directed the affairs of the in- 
 stitution, which is now the pride of West- 
 ern Methodism, almost to the end of his 
 life. At his death it was truly said. 
 "Methodism has lost its greatest College 
 President." In terms of endearment, and 
 almost of adulation, those who came un- 
 der his care and guidance at the \Ves- 
 leyan and Northwestern Universities., 
 speak of this great educator stern anil 
 exacting as he was at times as one who 
 seemed to grapple his pupils to himself 
 with hooks of steel. Possessed of rare 
 moral and physical courage, a chevalier 
 in defense of the right, and a knight-er- 
 rant in boldly and vigorously assailing 
 the wrong, "he seemed," says one of his 
 students, later associated with him as an 
 instructor at Wesleyan University, "to 
 sum up and embody all that can vaguely 
 be conceived of tenacity of will, fearless- 
 ness, superb power of achievement in 
 short of the heroic." Dr. Cummings had 
 a hatred of feebleness and indolence of 
 nature, vacillation, dallying with wrong 
 and weak-kneed sentimentality. "He 
 taught us," said another of his pupils, 
 "that the first duty of a man is to be 
 strong: yet this man, so stern at times 
 so harsh had a heart as tender, a hand 
 as soft, and a voice as gentle as a wo- 
 man's, wherever there was pain to soothe 
 or sorrow to console." Another, who was 
 an elder and lifelong friend, said: "For 
 the student, he had a personal and tender 
 interest. He encouraged the despondent, 
 assisted the sick, prayed with the peni- 
 tent, and pleaded and labored with the 
 erring. He imparted his spiritual life to 
 thousands who have thereby been 
 quickened into noble living. He lived 
 
492 
 
 BIOGRAPHICAL 
 
 on towards three-score years and ten, 
 genial, optimistic, planning, until the last, 
 greater things for our educational institu- 
 tions. Withal, he was so modest and un- 
 assuming, and did his work with so lit- 
 tle of the spirit of display, that we have 
 but faintly realized how great was the 
 place he filled." 
 
 Busy as was the life of Dr. Cummings 
 in the fields of education and ministerial 
 work, he still found time to give consid- 
 erable attention to social, economic and 
 governmental problems. He was a mem- 
 ber, and at one time Vice-President, of 
 the National Reform Association, and 
 also a member of the American Associa- 
 tion for the Advancement of Science. 
 His was a powerful influence in promot- 
 ing the cause of temperance, and through- 
 out his long career he missed no oppor- 
 tunity to aid in the suppression of the 
 liquor traffic. A great preacher, as well 
 as a great educator, he stood high in the 
 councils of the Methodist Church. He 
 participated as a delegate in many of the 
 General Conferences -of the Church, and, 
 in 1864, was a member of the committee 
 appointed by the Conference to formulate 
 resolutions conveying to President Lin- 
 coln an expression of the loyal sentiment 
 and co-operation of the church. He pre- 
 pared and presented to Mr. Lincoln the 
 address which drew from the great 
 Emancipator the following historic 
 answer: 
 
 "Gentlemen : In response to your ad- 
 dress allow me to attest the accuracy of 
 its historic statements, endorse the state- 
 ments it expresses, and thank you in the 
 nation's name for the sure promise it 
 gives. Nobly sustained, as the Govern- 
 ment has been, by all the churches, I 
 would utter nothing which might, in the 
 least, appear invidious against any. Yet 
 without this it may fairly be said that the 
 
 Methodist Episcopal Church, not less de- 
 voted than the best, is, by its greater 
 numbers, the most important of all. It is 
 no fault in others that the Methodist 
 Church sends more soldiers to the field, 
 more nurses to the hospitals and more 
 prayers to Heaven, than any. God bless 
 the Methodist Church! Bless all the 
 churches and blessed be God, who, in this, 
 our greatest trial, giveth us the churches !" 
 . During the war Dr. Cummings was 
 among the most active supporters of the 
 Union cause in New England, bringing all 
 his powerful influence to bear to strength- 
 en the armies, care for the sick and 
 wounded, and provide for those depend- 
 ent upon the soldiers in the field. 
 
 In recognition of his distinguished serv- 
 ices as educator and minister of the gos- 
 pel, both Harvard and Wesleyan Univer- 
 sities conferred upon Dr. Cummings the 
 degree of D. D., and he received the de- 
 gree of LL. D. from Northwestern Uni- 
 versity. 
 
 The domestic life of the subject of this 
 sketch, like his professional and public 
 career, was ideal in its character. In 1843 
 he was united in marriage with Deborah 
 S. Haskell, a member of one of the most 
 prominent and worthy families of Augus- 
 ta, Maine, represented by ministers and 
 lawyers of local distinction. Mrs. Cum- 
 mings was a broad-minded, capable wo- 
 man, and her assistance in furthering the 
 plans and endeavors of her husband can- 
 not be overestimated. She was endowed 
 with fine social gifts, and her home was 
 delightfully hospitable. She survived her 
 husband and, after his decease, served as 
 one of the Trustees of Northwestern Uni- 
 versity. Her death occurred in 1901. 
 Mrs. Bonbright, wife of Dr. David Bon- 
 bright, Professor of the Latin language 
 and Literature in Northwestern Univer- 
 
HISTORY OF EVANSTON 
 
 493 
 
 sity, is the only child left by this noble 
 couple. 
 
 Dr. Cummings departed this life on 
 May 7, 1890. In that event a great career 
 was ended and a great soul entered the 
 communion of saints. His strong indi- 
 viduality is indelibly impressed upon the 
 city which was his last home, and upon 
 the famous educational institution of 
 which he was the head; and his memory 
 lingers, like a benediction, with those who 
 knew him as guide, philosopher and friend 
 during the years when his labors were 
 drawing to a close. His field of activity 
 was wide and his fame national; but his 
 name is indissolubly linked with Evans- 
 ton, with Northwestern University, and 
 with Western Methodism. 
 
 GEORGE MYRICK SARGENT. 
 
 George My rick Sargent, manufacturer, 
 Chicago and Evanston, 111., was born in 
 Sedgwick, Me., March 29, 1830, the son 
 of Benjamin Choate and Susannah (Cole) 
 Sargent, being the youngest of a family 
 of eleven children, of whom six (Janu- 
 ary, 1904), are still living. The family 
 name has had more than thirty different 
 forms of spelling at different periods and 
 in different countries, beginning, as it is 
 believed, in Normandy in the latter part of 
 the twelfth century, with the name 
 "Serniens," and after undergoing various 
 transformations in the intervening cen- 
 turies, has taken on its present form. The 
 founder of the family in America was 
 William Sargent, who was born in 
 Northampton, England, in 1602, and came 
 to Charleston, Mass., in 1638, from whom 
 Mr. George M. Sargent is sixth in line of 
 descent. Heads of various other branches 
 of the family on the maternal side came 
 to Plymouth Colony in the days of Pil- 
 
 grim immigration, some of them coming 
 on the "Mayflower" in 1620, and their de- 
 scendants took part in most of the colo- 
 nial wars, including King Philip's War, 
 and later in the War of the Revolution, 
 tne War of 1812 and the Mexican War. 
 The children of Benjamin C. and Susan- 
 nah Sargent were : Benjamin Cleaves, 
 born June 12, 1808, died in infancy ; Wyer 
 Groves, born June 24, 1810; John Oliver, 
 born December 18, 1812; Sarah Jane, 
 born February 2, 1815; William Haskell, 
 born February 4, 1818; Lucius Bolles, 
 born January 18, 1820; Thomas Cole, 
 born November 6, 1821 ; Albion Keith 
 Parris, born October 24, 1823; Mary Mer- 
 rill, born June 4, 1826; Jasper Newton, 
 born January 6, 1828 ; and George Myrick. 
 The five last named, with William Has- 
 kell, are still surviving. 
 
 The subject of this sketch was reared 
 on his father's farm, meanwhile attend- 
 ing the common schools in his native 
 State until eighteen years of age, when he 
 entered into the employ of his brother. 
 Wyer G., as clerk in his store at Sedg- 
 wich (now Sargentville), Maine. Here 
 he remained four or five years, during 
 part of the time serving as the first Post- 
 master of that place ; later removed to 
 Boston, Mass., where for the next four 
 years he was employed as clerk by J. N. 
 Dennison & Co. Then returning to Sedg- 
 wick, Maine, he entered into partnership 
 with his brother under the firm name of 
 W. G. Sargent & Brother, continuing four 
 years. Retiring from this partnership, 
 he next engaged in the ship-chandlery 
 business in Boston with his brother-in- 
 law, Joseph J. Durham, the firm taking 
 the name of Durham & Sargent. In 1861 
 Mr. Sargent went to New York, where he 
 formed a partnership in the same line of 
 business with Robert H. Thayer (firm 
 name Thayer & Sargent), remaining until 
 
494 
 
 BIOGRAPHICAL 
 
 about 1870. On account of the sturdy 
 political position of the members of this 
 firm during the Civil War period, their 
 place of business became known as "The 
 Black Republican Store." 
 
 Coming west in 1870, Mr. Sargent pur- 
 chased an interest in the malleable iron 
 works at Moline, 111., with which he re- 
 mained three years, the concern first be- 
 ing known by the firm name of Hill, 
 Heald & Sargent, but later being incor- 
 porated as the Moline Malleable Iron 
 Works. Having severed his connection 
 with the iron works enterprise at Moline 
 in 1873, he removed to Des Moines, Iowa, 
 where for three years he was connected 
 with the Des Moines Scale Company in 
 the manufacture of farmers' scales. Then, 
 in 1876, coming to the city of Chicago, 
 he established there the first manufactory 
 in the United States for the exclusive 
 manufacture of the brake-shoe for rail- 
 way cars, under the firm name of George 
 M. Sargent & Co. In 1877 the concern 
 was reorganized as a stock company, 
 known as the Congdon Brake-Shoe Com- 
 pany. The business grew rapidly and, 
 in 1893. a new corporation was formed un- 
 der the name of the Sargent Company, 
 with a capital stock of $250,000. Mr. Sar- 
 gent being its President. Later the stock 
 was increased to $500,000, the plant be- 
 ing located at Fifty-ninth and Wallace 
 Streets, Chicago, and covering an area 
 of about five acres. Furnaces for the 
 manufacture of steel castings were erect- 
 ed, the output consisting chiefly of brake- 
 shoes and railroad couplers. The busi- 
 ness grew so rapidly that it was found 
 necessary to increase the facilities for the 
 production of cast-iron brake-shoes, and 
 a new plant was erected at Chicago 
 Heights, covering an area of ten acres, 
 the plant at Fifty-ninth Street being there- 
 after devoted to the manufacture of coup- 
 
 lers and knuckles almost exclusively for 
 railroads. In 1901 the plant at Chicago 
 Heights was sold to the American Brake- 
 shoe & Foundry Company, and the steel 
 plant at Fifty-ninth Street to the Ameri- 
 can Steel Foundries, the former represent- 
 ing a capital stock of $4,500,000. Mr. 
 Sargent is still a director in the first 
 named company, but not in active busi- 
 ness. His son, William Durham Sargent, 
 who promoted its organization, was its 
 first President, remaining until January, 
 1904, when he resigned, and is now Sec- 
 ond Vice-President of the American 
 Steel Foundries (representing a capital of 
 $40,000,000), in charge of the operating 
 department. 
 
 Mr. George M. Sargent is a director 
 of the Railway Appliance Company of 
 which his son, George H., is the Vice- 
 President. Other business enterprises 
 with which he has been connected include 
 the "Live Poultry Transportation Com- 
 pany," of which he was President for 
 some years, and the Vessel -Owners' As- 
 sociation, of which he was a director 
 while in New York. It was through the 
 efforts of a committee of the latter as- 
 sociation, of which Mr. Sargent was a 
 member, that the builders of the East 
 River Bridge were induced to increase the 
 elevation of that structure from 120 feet, 
 as originally projected, to 135 feet. His 
 prominence as a business man is indi- 
 cated by the fact that, in 1901, he was 
 elected Vice-President for Illinois of the 
 National Association of Manufacturers of 
 the United States, and, at the present 
 time, is a member of the Committee on 
 Commerce of the National Business 
 League. 
 
 Mr. Sargent was married at Winter- 
 ford. Maine, September 15. 1858, to Helen 
 Marie Durham, who was born in Free- 
 dom, Maine. February 15, 1834, the 
 
HISTORY OF EVANSTON 
 
 495 
 
 daughter of William and Emily Durham, 
 and they have had four children: Emily 
 Helen, born October 3, 1860, died aged 
 eleven months : William Durham, born in 
 Lynn, Mass., June 16, 1863; George Ham- 
 lin, born in Brooklyn, N. Y., October 5, 
 1865, and Annie Gushing, born in Marl- 
 boro, N. H., November 27, 1870. William 
 Durham Sargent married, February 14, 
 1899, May Alene Partridge, daughter of 
 C. W. Partridge; Annie C. married, Sep- 
 tember 19, 1895, Henry K. Gilbert of Chi- 
 cago ; and George Hamlin married, Janu- 
 ary 12, 1904, Elizabeth H. Pittman, of 
 Detroi', Mich. 
 
 In religious belief Mr. George M. Sar- 
 gent is a Methodist and in politics a Re- 
 publican. For two terms he served as 
 a member of the Evanston Board of Trus- 
 tees, and is a member of various fraternal 
 and social organizations, including the 
 Royal Arcanum and Blue Lodge A. F. & 
 A. M., Evanston Chapter and Command- 
 ery K. T., Evanston ; the Mystic Shrine, 
 Medinah Temple ; Union League Club, Chi- 
 cago ; Country Club and Evanston Club, 
 Evanston ; besides the Evanston. Glen- 
 view and St. Augustine Golf Clubs. For 
 several years he was President of the 
 Society of the Sons of Maine, Chicago, 
 and is present Vice-President of the New 
 England Society. After a long and con- 
 spicuously successful business career, Mr. 
 Sargent, with his faithful and devoted 
 wife, is spending the evening of his days 
 in their delightful home in Evanston, 
 practically retired from active business, 
 though still retaining his official connec- 
 tion with the manufacturing enterprises 
 in which he his been financially inter- 
 ested and an important factor for more 
 than a quarter of a century. 
 
 ALEXANDER CLARK. 
 
 The death, on September 26, 1903, of 
 Alexander Clark, at Antioch, 111., where 
 he was bringing to successful completion 
 one of the many enterprises which his 
 genius for large and useful undertakings 
 had conceived, and which his indomitable 
 energy and splendid organizing ability 
 had made possible, removed a man who 
 had given generously of his talents and 
 time to the furtherance of Evanston's 
 civic welfare. Almost from his settle- 
 ment in Evanston to his latest hours on 
 earth, he had taken a deep and active in- 
 terest in everything that concerned the 
 community. Although he never sought or 
 accepted office, he commanded, by reason 
 at once of his high personal character and 
 his unselfish devotion to public interests, 
 a measure of respect in the ranks of in- 
 fluential citizenship, which made his opin- 
 ion an important political factor, and 
 which never failed to give weight to his 
 voice, whenever he felt called upon to 
 raise it, in support or condemnation of the 
 policy of those entrusted with the conduct 
 of municipal affairs. It was mainly 
 through his instrumentality that the vil- 
 lages which now constitute the City of 
 Evanston were consolidated under one 
 government, and it is a peculiar, yet a 
 characteristic, coincident that only a few 
 months subsequent to his death, his fel- 
 low citizens ratified at the polls a meas- 
 ure upon which he had been quietly work- 
 ing for years, and one which rendered 
 this consolidation more secure the prac- 
 tical combination of the city and town- 
 ship governments. 
 
 While South Evanston was still a vil- 
 lage and Mr. Clark was among the new- 
 est of its residents, he was foremost in 
 the movement for securing a water sup- 
 ply, and when the artesian well, then in- 
 
496 
 
 BIOGRAPHICAL 
 
 stalled, proved inadequate to meet grow- 
 ing needs, he assisted materially in creat- 
 ing the means whereby the village was 
 enabled, by the erection of waterworks, to 
 draw its supply from Lake Michigan, and 
 to establish in connection therewith an 
 electric light plant. He was a strenu- 
 ous advocate of good streets and side- 
 walks, and it was largely through his ef- 
 forts, and in consequence of his unceasing 
 agitation for improvement in this direc- 
 tion, that South Evanston became the best 
 paved of the North Shore suburbs and 
 was the first among them to introduce the 
 cement sidewalk. He was the first to see 
 the necessity for the creation of a local 
 park system ; it was he who secured the 
 strip of lake frontage between Main and 
 Kedzie Streets. He was one of the found- 
 ers of the movement for the creation of 
 Sheridan Road, and was Secretary of the 
 Sheridan Road Association from its or- 
 ganization to his death. 
 
 The advice of Mr. Clark was sought 
 and followed in the establishment of the 
 city government ; he gave wise counsel 
 to its first officials, and prepared, or as- 
 sisted in the preparation of, many of the 
 ordinances under which the municipality 
 is now operating. Although engrossed in 
 an extensive law practice in Chicago, he 
 was always ready to give liberally of his 
 thought and time to the public affairs 
 of the community in which he made his 
 home and for which he always enter- 
 tained and expressed the greatest affec- 
 tion. To him is Evanston indebted for 
 the conception and construction of elec- 
 tric railway communication with Chi- 
 cago, an enterprise in which he enlisted 
 capital, and for which he secured the nec- 
 essary frontage consents and right of way 
 through its entire length. The ability 
 which he displayed in this undertaking 
 won for him a hearing later, when he pro- 
 
 posed the construction of the Union Loop 
 in Chicago a conception which was en- 
 tirely his own, and which was carried into 
 execution, so far as its legal phases were 
 concerned, in accordance with plans 
 which he had formulated long before capi- 
 talists were asked to consider it as an in- 
 vestment. In his lifetime, so unmindful 
 was he of any form of personal praise, he 
 was never heard to claim credit for what 
 many knew him to be entitled to the 
 origination of the scheme which has made 
 possible the success of the present elevat- 
 ed railway systems of Chicago. 
 
 At the time of his death Mr. Clark was 
 engaged in promoting the electric line be- 
 tween Waukegan and Kenosha, since 
 completed, one of his principal associates 
 being Volney W. Foster, another distin- 
 guished and beloved citizen of Evanston, 
 who was one of his pall-bearers and who, 
 only a few months later, was also borne 
 to his last resting place. 
 
 Alexander Clark came of Scotch-Irish 
 stock ; his father, Alexander Clark, and his 
 mother, Eliza McCullom, having been 
 born in the North of Ireland, the former 
 on June 7, 1819, the latter on July I, 1821. 
 His parents emigrating to America, Alex- 
 ander was born in Paterson, N. J., on 
 June 15, 1851. The family came West 
 when he was 12 years of age, settled on a 
 farm in Knox County, 111., later moving to 
 a larger place in Ford County. He was 
 educated in Wabash College, Crawfords- 
 ville, Ind., from which he was graduated 
 in 1877. After reading law in the office of 
 Judge Woods, Chicago, he was, in 1878, 
 admitted to the bar. On March 10, 1881, 
 he married Miss Emma Osgood of 
 Oneida, Knox County, 111., and the same 
 month the young couple settled in Evans- 
 ton. Mrs. Clark and two children John 
 Alexander arid Helen Osgood still sur- 
 vive. 
 
HISTORY OF EVANSTON 
 
 497 
 
 Following the death of Mr. Clark, the 
 City Council of Evanston adopted resolu- 
 tions setting forth the great loss which 
 the community had suffered in his demise, 
 recounting the useful services which he 
 had rendered the community, and naming 
 the lake front park, which he had secured 
 for the City, Clark Square, as a lasting 
 testimonial to his honored memory. 
 
 DR. JARED BASSETT. 
 
 Dr. Jared Bassett (deceased) was born 
 in East Montpelier, Vt.. January 26, 1814. 
 the son of Joel and Ruby (Metcalf) Bas- 
 . sett, and grandson of Jared Bassett, who 
 (.migrated from Connecticut and became 
 one of the early settlers of the "Green 
 Mountain State." While the genealogy 
 of the family is not now accessible, it is 
 believed to have been of Huguenot origin, 
 the first American ancestor of the nanu- 
 having crossed the ocean in 1621, the year 
 after the landing of the "Mayflower" at 
 Plymouth Rock. Dr. Bassett's mother 
 was a devout member of the Society of 
 Friends, while the father, who was a 
 farmer by occupation and held many of- 
 fices of honor and trust in the community, 
 shared the faith and mode of life of his 
 wife. Although not strictly a Quaker in 
 religious faith and practice, the son inher- 
 ited many of the traits of his ancestors, 
 including the strength of character, sim- 
 plicity of manner and quiet self-control 
 which were marked characteristics of the 
 followers of that faith. After having 
 spent his boyhood and youth on the farm 
 engaged in farm work and in attendance 
 at the district school, at the age of 
 twenty-two years, having decided to 
 adopt the medical profession, he entered 
 the office of Dr. James Spanlding, of 
 Montpelier, as a student in that line. In 
 
 he attended medical lectures at 
 Woodstock, Vt., later to'ok a course in 
 the medical department of Dartmouth Col- 
 lege, New Hampshire, and in 1839 received 
 the degree of M. D. from the Medical Col- 
 lege at Albany, N. Y. Then having set- 
 tled at Plainfield, Washington County, 
 Vt., he engaged in practice, but later re- 
 moved to Northfield in the same State, 
 where he remained seven years, winning 
 the experience of the old-school practi- 
 tioners of that period. 
 
 On May 29, 1844. Dr. Bassett was mar- 
 ried to Miss Harriet Sherman, a daughter 
 of Col. Nathaniel and Deborah (Web- 
 ster) Sherman, of Barre, Vt., and sister of 
 the late Alson S. and Oren Sherman, who 
 were prominent business men of Chicago 
 at an early day. Two years later his at- 
 tention havingbeen attracted to the advan- 
 tages offered in the West to those enter- 
 ing upon a business career, Dr. Bassett, 
 accompanied by his wife, started for Chi- 
 cago, making the journey by stage to 
 Lake Champlain, across the lake to 
 Whitehall by steamer, thence to Roches- 
 ter by canal-boat, and from there to Buf- 
 falo by a newly built section of what is 
 now the New York Central Railroad. At 
 Buffalo they took a lake steamer for Chi- 
 cago, arriving at their destination on Sep- 
 tember 10. 1846, after a lake journey of 
 ten days. Chicago, a primitive city of 
 some ten thousand inhabitants, was then 
 just entering upon the development 
 which, in the growth of the next sixty 
 years, made it the second city in the 
 United States with a population of two 
 million souls. 
 
 In Chicago Dr. Bassett found a tempo- 
 rary boarding place on West Washington 
 Street, and opened an office in the second 
 story of a frame building on Lake Street, 
 where he displayed a sign indicating his 
 profession. A year later he bought a small 
 
BIOGRAPHICAL 
 
 house and lot on Clark Street, near Mon- 
 roe, then a pleasant neighborhood of 
 frame cottages in the outskirts of the 
 town, paying for the land about fifteen 
 dollars per front foot. After a few years 
 residence here he converted his home into 
 business property and removed to the 
 West Side, taking up his residence at the 
 corner of West Adams and Morgan 
 streets, where he purchased a small brick 
 cottage (the first of its kind erected west 
 of the river, with about an acre of 
 ground. In 1857 he removed to Wauke- 
 gan, where he resided until 1868, when he 
 returned to Chicago, in the meantime giv- 
 ing attention to his landed interests in 
 Chicago, making daily trips between his 
 suburban home and the city by the Chi- 
 cago & Northwestern Railroad, the pi- 
 oneer suburban line for the accommo- 
 dation of dwellers along the North 
 Shore. After his return to Chicago 
 he erected a more commodious dwell- 
 ing on the site of his West Side home. 
 After practicing his profession in Chi- 
 cago for about twelve years. Dr. Bas- 
 sett turned his attention to the improve- 
 ment of his real estate, keeping pace with 
 the growth of the city. In common with 
 the mass of property holders of the city 
 of Chicago, he was a heavy loser by the 
 great fire of 1871, the retrievement of 
 which cost him many years of labor and 
 anxiety. In politics he was a zealous Re- 
 publican, before the days of the Civil War 
 maintaining the anti-slavery views of his 
 ancestors. He was one of the founders of 
 the People's Church, which grew out of 
 the exclusion of Dr. H. W. Thomas from 
 the Methodist denomination. In 1894 he 
 removed to Evanston, where he contin- 
 ued to reside until his death. Mr. and 
 Mrs. Bassett had one son, Robert J., a 
 lawyer, who continued to reside with his 
 
 parents during their latter years. Dr. 
 Bassett died May 10, 1905, his wife having 
 preceded him, dying August 14, 1900. 
 
 HENRY BASCOM RIDGAWAY. 
 
 Henry Bascom Ridgaway, D.D., LL. D. 
 (deceased), for thirty years a most able 
 and efficient minister and pastor of the 
 Methodist Episcopal Church, and for ten 
 years President of Garrett Biblical Insti- 
 tute, Evanston, 111., was born in Talbot 
 County, Md., September 7, 1830. His fa- 
 ther, James Ridgaway, one of the most ex- 
 tensive and prosperous farmers in Talbot 
 County, was a man of strong mental and 
 moral characteristics, a devout Christian, 
 and a much valued official of the church. 
 Mary (Jump) Ridgaway, mother of the 
 subject of this sketch, was a daughter of 
 Alumbey Jump, a veteran of the Revolu- 
 tionary War, who served the State of 
 Maryland in official positions, and was 
 Representative in the Legislature from his 
 county shortly after the successful ter- 
 mination of the Revolution. Henry B. 
 Ridgaway's parents moved to Baltimore 
 when their son was quite young, and there 
 he attended the public school. He subse- 
 quently graduated from the high school, 
 the principal of which left a lasting im- 
 press upon the after life of his pupil. In 
 1847 ne entered Dickinson College, at 
 Carlisle, Pa., and was graduated from that 
 institution in June, 1849. While pursu- 
 ing his course there he preached the gos- 
 pel at frequent intervals, and after his 
 graduation taught a common school for 
 one year. In 1851 he joined the Baltimore 
 Conference, was ordained a Deacon in 
 1853. and an Elder, in 1855, by Bishop 
 Beverly Waugh. For four years he was 
 engaged as an itinerant upon circuits in 
 Maryland and Virginia, and in 1856 was 
 
HISTORY OF EVANSTON 
 
 499 
 
 assigned to the Harford Avenue Church 
 in the City of Baltimore, which, with two 
 other churches there, formed a city cir- 
 cuit. He afterwards served High Street 
 Church, Baltimore, then in its most flour- 
 ishing condition, and after that, Grace 
 Church, which had one of the finest edi- 
 fices and largest congregations in Balti- 
 more. In 1858 he was placed in charge 
 of the Chestnut Street Methodist Church 
 in Portland, Maine, which had just com- 
 pleted an ornate and imposing place of 
 worship. Its new pastor attained the cli- 
 max of his pulpit and parochial effective- 
 ness while ministering to this flock, by 
 which he was held in the highest esteem 
 and affection. The country was just pass- 
 ing into the throes of the Civil War, and a 
 Southern man in a Northern pastorate 
 confronted a severe ordeal, from which 
 he emerged without the slightest distrust 
 of his patriotism. 
 
 From Portland Dr. Ridgaway was 
 called to St. Paul's Church, in New York 
 City, then the most conspicuous church 
 in the Methodist denomination. The 
 Washington Square Church was his next 
 pastorate, and the size of the parish made 
 his three years of service there an intense 
 strain upon his powers of endurance. Dur- 
 ing 1867, however, he enjoyed a most 
 pleasant ministerial experience at Sing 
 Sing, on the Hudson River. From 1868 
 to 1870 he was again in charge of St. 
 Paul's Church, New York City. Follow- 
 ing this, he spent three serviceable years 
 at St. James Church, in Harlem, and then, 
 after a long tour abroad was pastor, for 
 one year of St. James Church, Kingston, 
 New York. His foreign journey was de- 
 voted to visiting Egypt, crossing the des- 
 ert, traveling through Palestine, and 
 going to Constantinople and Greece. He 
 had, on a former occasion, traveled 
 
 through Great Britain and the Continent. 
 Having been transferred to the Cincin- 
 nati Conference, he was three years in 
 charge of St. Paul's Church, Cincinnati, 
 and three years at Walnut Hills, then a 
 suburb of that city. In both parishes his 
 labors were highly effective. In 1882 Dr. 
 Ridgaway was elected Professor of His- 
 torical Theology in Garrett Biblical Insti- 
 tute, Evanston, 111., and in 1885, became 
 President of this institute and Professor 
 of Practical Theology. In 1892 he availed 
 himself of an extended vacation to make 
 a tour of the world, journeying through 
 Europe; visiting the Riviera, Florence, 
 and Rome, Italy; passing through the 
 Suez Canal, stopping at Bombay and mak- 
 ing extended journeys in India, spending 
 a month in China, traveling through Ja- 
 pan and returning by way of the Pacific 
 Ocean and the Canadian Pacific Railroad. 
 
 Dr. Ridgaway was one of the editors of 
 the "Methodist" during the entire period 
 of its publication, and was the author of 
 several interesting and popular works. He 
 was also a most entertaining lecturer on 
 various topics. As a preacher he was 
 earnest, forceful and convincing : as an ed- 
 ucator, erudite, yet simple and lucid. The 
 enforced limits of this sketch forbid a de- 
 tailed mention of his manifold efforts of 
 pen and tongue, or of the numerous honors 
 bestowed upon him by different religious 
 bodies. In 1868 he received the degree of 
 D.D. from Dickinson College, and that of 
 LL.D. in 1889. 
 
 Dr. Ridgaway was married, February 
 22, 1855. to Rosamond U., daughter of 
 Professor Caldwell. of Dickinson College. 
 Mrs. Ridgaway still survives her hus- 
 band, having shared all his experiences of 
 joy and sorrow during forty years of 
 wifely companionship. His widely la- 
 mented death occurred March 30, 1895. 
 
500 
 
 BIOGRAPHICAL 
 
 ELLIOTT ANTHONY, LL. D. 
 
 Among the names that are justly enti- 
 tled to be enrolled among the makers of 
 the great commonwealth of Illinois and 
 of the City of Chicago, is that of Judge 
 Elliott Anthony, whose more than forty 
 years residence has left its impress 
 upon the State and the Nation. Al- 
 though born in Central New York, he 
 early saw the great possibilities which 
 the West afforded, and, as a consequence, 
 left his home and native State within one 
 month after being admitted to the bar at 
 Oswego on May 7, 1851, and took up his 
 abode, first at Sterling, the county seat of 
 Whiteside County, 111., where an elder 
 brother was at that time living. The next 
 autumn he removed to Chicago, where he 
 spent his life in connection with his pro- 
 fession, officially or otherwise, though a 
 resident during later years of the city 01 
 Evanston. He came at that fortunate pe- 
 riod when everything was in the formative 
 state, when there were not more than fifty 
 lawyers all told. His rise was rapid, and 
 in less than three years he was known as 
 one of the most promising lawyers at the 
 bar. Judge Anthony's forefathers were 
 Quakers, who, early in the seventeenth 
 century, came to the land to which Roger 
 Williams was exiled, and with which the 
 family history has been closely identified 
 for generations. His father, Isaac An- 
 thony, was born on the island of Rhode 
 Island, eight miles from Newport. His 
 grandmother on his father's side was a 
 Chase, who was connected with the well 
 known Chase family of which the late 
 Chief Justice Chase was a member, and 
 his mother a Phelps, belonging to the 
 Phelps family of Vermont, who at an 
 early period were residents of Connecti- 
 cut and Massachusetts. The grandfather 
 and his family were residents of Rhode 
 
 Island when the Hessians held it during 
 the Revolutionary War, and for some 
 alleged infraction of martial law, the 
 grandfather and a younger brother were 
 taken prisoners and compelled to perform 
 various menial duties, which greatly em- 
 bittered them against the British. Mr. 
 Anthony's father was an able historian, 
 thoroughly familiar with the facts con- 
 cerning all the Indian wars and the upris- 
 ing of the colonies against their mother 
 country, having obtained them from his 
 own father and grandfather, and thus the 
 son acquired familiar acquaintance with 
 those stirring events in our history which 
 has had a most lasting effect on all of the 
 descendants of the family. 
 
 Removing from New England about the 
 same time, Mr. Anthony's grandfathers on 
 both sides settled in Washington County, 
 N. Y., and purchased lands in the town of 
 Cambridge, some twenty miles from 
 Albany. Here the father of Judge Anthony 
 first met Parmelia Phelps, to whom he 
 was married, and one daughter and three 
 sons were born of this union, when the 
 father removed to Spafford, the south- 
 western town of Onondaga County, and 
 commenced the life of a typical pioneer. 
 There, on June 10. 1827, the son Elliott 
 was born. This region was then an 
 almost unbroken wilderness, and here his 
 early years were spent in cutting down 
 and clearing the forests and assisting in 
 work on the farm. Three sisters were 
 born while the family resided in this lo- 
 cality, so that there were in all four 
 brothers and four sisters who grew to 
 manhood and womanhood. The children 
 attended the country schools, and attained 
 a considerable proficiency in the common 
 branches, later each in turn taking a 
 course at Cortland Academy, located at 
 Homer. At the age of eighteen Elliott, 
 who was the fourth son, left the farm to 
 
HISTORY OF EVANSTON 
 
 take a preparatory course before entering 
 college. Cortland Academy was at that 
 time under the charge of Samuel B. Wool- 
 worth, who subsequently became one of 
 the regents of the State University at 
 Albany. Here he remained two years 
 studying Greek and Latin and some of the 
 higher branches of mathematics, and in 
 the fall of 1847 entered the sophomore 
 class at Hamilton College, Clinton, N. Y., 
 graduating there with high honors in 1850. 
 Prof. Theodore W. Dwight, afterwards so 
 distinguished, was at that time Professor 
 of Law and Political Economy, and com- 
 menced private lessons to a few students 
 who chose to avail themselves of his serv- 
 ices. A class having been formed for the 
 year 1850-51, Mr. Anthony returned to 
 Clinton for a year's course, and was ad- 
 mitted to the bar at Oswego, May 7, 1851. 
 It was during this period that he and a 
 classmate by the name of Joseph D. Hub- 
 bard had charge of the academy located in 
 the village of Clinton, and he had as one 
 of his pupils Grover Cleveland, afterwards 
 President of the United States. Soon after 
 his admission to the bar he came west and 
 stopped for a short time at Sterling, 
 Whiteside County, 111., where he com- 
 menced the practice of law and where he 
 tried his first case in a court of record. 
 Returning east the following year he was 
 on the I4th of July, 1852, married to Mary 
 Dwight, the sister of his law preceptor, 
 and a granddaughter of President Dwight, 
 so well known in connection with Yale 
 College. In the fall of the same year he 
 came to Chicago, and from that time until 
 elected to the bench in 1880, he pursued 
 his profession with a zeal and success 
 rarely equaled. During his first year's 
 residence in Chicago, with the aid of his 
 devoted wife, he compiled "A Digest of 
 the Illinois Reports," which was soon 
 after published and received with favor 
 
 by the profession throughout the State. 
 In 1858 he was elected City Attorney for 
 Chicago, and distinguished his adminis- 
 tration of that responsible office by the 
 energy and ability with which he con- 
 ducted the legal business of the city. 
 Later he was for several years specially 
 retained by the city to conduct many 
 important cases in the local courts and in 
 the Supreme Court of the State and the 
 United States. While acting for the city 
 he established several new and interesting 
 law points, among which was that the col- 
 lection of special assessments could not 
 be enjoined by a court of chancery ; next, 
 that the city of Chicago could not be gar- 
 nisheed to collect the salary or wages of 
 any of its officers or employes; and, lastly, 
 that no execution could issue against the 
 city to collect a judgment ; and at a later 
 period, that the city could not tie up its 
 legislative powers by making contracts 
 with the gas companies for the supply of 
 gas so as to interfere with its legislative 
 prerogatives. In 1863 he was appointed 
 the general attorney and solicitor of the 
 Galena & Chicago Union Railroad, which 
 during the next year was consolidated 
 with the Chicago & Northwestern Rail- 
 way. A contest arose over this consoli- 
 dation, and he was shortly after retained 
 by a number of bondholders and non-con- 
 senting stockholders to test the validity of 
 the consolidation, and in connection with 
 the case prepared and printed a most 
 remarkable argument upon the law of 
 the case, which grew into a treatise 
 which he entitled "The Law Pertain- 
 ing to the Consolidation of Railroads." 
 The late Samuel J. Tilden was directly 
 interested in the questions involved, as 
 well as many of the leading capitalists and 
 railway magnates in New York, and the 
 array of legal talent was formidable, the 
 late Judge Beckwith leading on behalf of 
 
502 
 
 BIOGRAPHICAL 
 
 the consolidationists, and Judge Anthony 
 leading on behalf of the minority bond- 
 holders and minority stockholders. It 
 was tried as a chancery case before Judge 
 David Davis of the United States Su- 
 preme Court, then on the circuit, who 
 associated with him the late Samuel H. 
 Treat, United States District Judge for 
 the Southern District of Illinois, and the 
 positions maintained by Mr. Anthony were 
 upheld and affirmed in almost every par- 
 ticular. Soon after the parties met and 
 settled their differences to the satisfaction 
 of all, as the consolidationists found that 
 it would he disastrous to them if the liti- 
 gation should be continued. At this time 
 Mr. Anthony received numerous letters 
 from some of the most prominent lawyers 
 and Judges in this country, complimenting 
 him upon his masterly exposition of the 
 law. Among them were the late Josiah 
 Otiincy and Sidney Bartlett of Boston, 
 Mr. Justice Swayne of the United States 
 Supreme Court, the late Thomas A. 
 Ewing. of Ohio and many others. His 
 brief, which was in the shape of a bound 
 volume of several hundred pages, was in 
 great demand in this country and in 
 Europe, and was most kindly reviewed by 
 several of the leading journals in Great 
 Britain. 
 
 It fell to the lot of Judge Anthony to 
 serve as a member of two of the conven- 
 tions called to frame constitutions for the 
 State of Illinois the first held in 1862, 
 which framed a constitution that was 
 rejected by the people, and the second 
 held in 1870, and which framed the pres- 
 ent constitution. In both of these con- 
 ventions Judge Anthony took a promi- 
 nent part, and was regarded in many re- 
 spects as a leading expert in that body 
 upon constitutional questions and meth- 
 ods of procedure. He was made Chair- 
 man of the Executive Committee and 
 
 reported the article as it now appears in 
 the constitution relating to the Executive 
 Department. He also served upon the 
 Judiciary Committee, and the committee 
 upon railroads, and many of the provi- 
 sions in the judiciary articles, and most of 
 those in regard to railroads, are the work 
 of his hands. He was instrumental in pro- 
 viding for the organization of Appellate 
 Courts and for additional Judges of the 
 Circuit and Superior Courts of Cook 
 County, as the population should increase 
 and public business might require. At 
 an earlier period he took part in the for- 
 mation of the Republican party in this 
 State, and was a delegate to the first Re- 
 publican convention ever held in Cook 
 County, and was for years most active in 
 everything relating to the welfare and suc- 
 cess of that party. In 1880 when the third 
 term question came up, he took a most 
 conspicuous part in that movement, was 
 elected Chairman of the Cook County con- 
 vention, at which a portion of the dele- 
 gates withdrew, was elected a delegate to 
 the State Convention, and was then se- 
 lected as a contesting delegate to the Na- 
 tional Convention at Chicago: was, after 
 one of the stormiest debates on record, 
 admitted as a delegate and participated 
 in the proceedings which resulted in the 
 nomination of General Garfield for Presi- 
 dent. In the fall of that year he was nomi- 
 nated and elected to the office of Judge of 
 the Superior Court of the city of Chicago, 
 and six years later was re-elected to the 
 same position. Among the marked traits 
 in Judge Anthony's character were his 
 indomitable industry, and his devotion to 
 business which, coupled with executive 
 ability, enabled him to try and dispose of 
 cases with great promptness and celerity. 
 Judge Anthony was a voluminous writer, 
 and his contributions to various legal 
 magazines and periodicals would, if col-' 
 
HISTORY OF EVANSTON 
 
 503 
 
 lected, fill volumes. He was also the 
 author of several books of a historical 
 character, among which may be enumer- 
 ated "The Constitutional History of Il- 
 linois," "The Story of the Empire State," 
 and one of local interest upon "Sanitation 
 and Navigation, " which has special refer- 
 ence to the disposition of sewage of the 
 city of Chicago and the construction of a 
 ship canal to unite the waters of Lake 
 Michigan with those of the Mississippi 
 River. \Yhile acting as Corporation Coun- 
 sel of the city of Chicago in 1876. he wrote 
 an interesting work upon taxation and the 
 rules which had been established regard- 
 ing the levy and collection of taxes. This 
 work involved great labor and research, 
 and has proved a useful and timely contri- 
 bution to the general subject, and is very 
 frequently referred to. In 1887, while hold- 
 ing the Criminal Court of Cook County, 
 which includes the city of Chicago, he 
 wrote a most interesting work on the 
 "Law of Self-Defense, Trial by Jury in 
 Criminal Cases and Xew Trials in Crim- 
 inal Cases." which attracted a great deal 
 of attention in this country, and is the 
 first bold stand ever taken by any jurist 
 of distinction against the wanton abuses 
 which have arisen by invoking the doc- 
 trines of self-defense. One of his latest 
 and most valuable contributions is an 
 extended chapter entitled "Reminiscences 
 of the Bench and Bar of Chicago," pub- 
 lished in a two volume edition of the 
 "Bench and Bar of Illinois" under the edi- 
 torship of the late ex-Gov. John M. 
 Palmer. Other contributions from his pen 
 include a sketch of all of the courts of 
 England: a treatise upon the "Law of 
 Arrests in Civil Cases." and a series of 
 articles upon "Old Virginia." published in 
 the "Western Magazine of History." By 
 special invitation of the State Bar Associ- 
 ation, he delivered a memorable address at 
 
 their annual meeting in January, 1891, 
 upon "The Constitutional History of 
 Illinois," and another in the following 
 year, entitled, "Remember the Pioneers." 
 which is replete with the most interesting 
 reminiscences. 
 
 Judge Anthony was one of the incorpo- 
 rators of the Chicago Law Institute, hav- 
 ing drawn up its charter and. at his 
 own expense, visited Springfield twice in 
 one winter, while the Legislature was in 
 session, to urge its passage, and for sev- 
 eral terms served as its President. He 
 was also one of the founders of the Chi- 
 cago Public Library, and one of its first 
 Board of Directors with which he was 
 connected for a number of years. 
 
 From his youth Judge Anthony was a 
 omniverous reader, and had at the time 
 of the Chicago Fire, one of the largest pri- 
 vate libraries in the city. He made sev- 
 eral trips to Europe, during the last of 
 which he visited Denmark, Sweden, Rus- 
 sia, Turkey, Greece, Italy, Spain and all 
 the regions along the Mediterranean and 
 Southern France. Many of his letters 
 relating to these countries were published 
 and read with great interest. In 1889 
 Judge Anthony was honored by his alma 
 mater with the degree of Doctor of Laws. 
 1 lis death occurred at his home at Evans- 
 ton. February 24. 1898. 
 
 YOLXEY \V. FOSTER. 
 
 Yolney YY. Foster (deceased) was born 
 near Jefferson. \Yis.. February 27, 1848. 
 He attended the public schools and the 
 Academy in Portage City, Y\'is., to which 
 place his father moved when Volney was 
 an infant. When he was thirteen years 
 of age his father moved back to Jefferson. 
 Wis.. on a farm where Yolney attended 
 the district school. Afterwards he at- 
 
504 
 
 BIOGRAPHICAL 
 
 tended Milton College at Milton, \\'is., 
 one year. His mother, who was a gifted 
 woman, helped him to acquire a fairly 
 good classical education. At Jefferson he 
 taught school several terms, holding the 
 position of Principal of the Public Schools 
 of that city. Afterwards he was engaged 
 in business for himself as a partner in the 
 firm of Platt, Gray & Foster, general mer- 
 chants, at Manitowoc, Wis. He sold 
 his interest in this firm and came to Chi- 
 cago. There he was employed first by thf 
 Northwestern Railway. Later he became 
 agent for a Wisconsin Lumber Company 
 and, still later, was employed as cashier 
 and the representative of Schulenburg & 
 Boeckler's interests in the lumber firm of 
 James McDonnel & Co., Chicago. After- 
 wards he was employed by Thompson & 
 Barber, Wholesale Grocers on South 
 Water Street, Chicago, as a traveling 
 salesman. 
 
 In 1874 Mr. Foster went to Chatham, 
 Ontario, and there purchased a half inter- 
 est in the lumber business of A. R. Schul- 
 enburg. In the following year he pur- 
 chased the entire business of the Georgian 
 Bay Lumber Company. In 1879 he sold 
 his lumber business at Chatham, and 
 joined William D. Hitchcock in the pur- 
 chase, sale and manufacture of lumber, 
 shingles, railway ties, telegraph poles, etc., 
 the business being carried on under the 
 firm name of Hitchcock & Foster. In 
 1883, in connection with Mr. Hitchcock, 
 Amos H. Perkins and W. H. Watson, he 
 organized the Western Paving & Supply 
 Company. In 1898 this company entered 
 extensively into the asphalt-paving busi- 
 ness, establishing offices in Indianapolis. 
 Ind., Milwaukee, Wis., Evansville, Ind., 
 and in Chicago. In 1892 the firm name of 
 Hitchcock & Foster was dissolved, Mr. 
 Hitchcock continuing the lumber business 
 
 and Mr. Foster taking over the paving 
 business. In 1898 he sold out his interest 
 in the paving business, and, in 1901, at 
 Mexico City, in association with Mr. 
 Enrique C. Creel, now Governor of the 
 State of Chihuahua, Mexico, he organ- 
 ized the Almacenes Generales de Deposito 
 de Mexico y Vera Cruz, S. A., which is a 
 bonded warehouse organization, with 
 warehouses at Mexico City and Vera 
 Cruz. Of this company Mr. Foster was 
 Vice-President. He was also President 
 of the United States Repair & Guaranty 
 Company, the United States Silica Com- 
 pany, the Chicago, Waukegan & North 
 Shore Railway and the Chicago, Keno- 
 sha & Milwaukee Electric Railway Com- 
 pany, and he was largely interested in the 
 North Shore Gas Company of Waukegan, 
 111., in the North Coast Development 
 Company, of San Francisco, Cal., and the 
 Foster Contracting Company of Illinois. 
 None of the companies or corporations in 
 which he was interested ever failed in 
 business. 
 
 Mr. Foster was the possessor of one of 
 the finest private libraries in Evanston, 
 and was a diligent and discriminating 
 reader, being especially fond of history 
 and philosophy. There were few depart- 
 ments of literature with which he was 
 not well acquainted, and he had a remark- 
 able memory and an unusual gift of lan- 
 guage, so that he was able to appear to 
 advantage in any company of cultivated 
 gentlemen of which he was a member. 
 In 1901 he was appointed by President 
 McKinley a delegate to the Pan-Ameri- 
 can Conference, held in Mexico City in 
 the Winter of 1901-02. He there had 
 charge of formulating projects on Inter- 
 national Sanitation, the re-organization of 
 the Bureau of American Republics, the 
 Exchange of Diplomas, and he originated 
 
HISTORY OF EVANSTON 
 
 505 
 
 and presented to the Conference the proj- 
 ect for the establishment of an Interna- 
 tional Archaeological and Ethnological 
 Association, with its headquarters at 
 Washington. All of these projects were 
 unanimously adopted by the Republics 
 represented at the Conference. In 1903 
 he was appointed by the President one of 
 the American Commissioners to the Con- 
 vention held at Washington, December 
 21, 1903, for the organization of the Inter- 
 national Archaeological and Ethnological 
 Association. In 1904 he was appointed 
 by the Peruvian Government as repre- 
 sentative of Peru in this Association. 
 
 In 1900 he was appointed and served as 
 Assistant Treasurer in the National Re- 
 publican campaign. In 1887 he organ- 
 ized at his home, with the assistance of a 
 few friends, the Sheridan Road Associa- 
 tion, its purpose being to promote the con- 
 struction of a free pleasure driveway on 
 and near the Shore of Lake Michigan 
 between Chicago and Milwaukee. Of this 
 Association he was President up to the 
 time of his death, and gave to it largely of 
 his time and money. This Association 
 secured State legislation for the estab- 
 lishment of park districts and pleasure 
 driveways, and also the passage of the 
 bill authorizing the reclamation of sub- 
 merged lands on Lake Michigan by mu- 
 nicipalities for parks. In 1891 he organ- 
 ized the Back-Lot Studies Society, and 
 devoted to it premises near his home in 
 Evanston and erected thereon a building 
 for its use. These were known as the 
 Back-Lot and the Shelter. The object of 
 this was the instruction of boys selected 
 by the Principal of the High School and 
 the Principal of the Preparatory Depart- 
 ment of the University. The attendance 
 for several years averaged sixty-five. 
 Weekly meetings were held in the Shelter 
 
 and the boys were addressed by practical 
 and successful business men on the dif- 
 ferent kinds of human activity called busi- 
 ness. In the summer of 1903 he main- 
 tained on these premises a nature study 
 class, in charge of an able director, where 
 eighty-five young people were taught. 
 
 In 1876 Mr. Foster was married at 
 Brockport, N. Y., to Eva Adele Hill, the 
 daughter of Ezra N. Hill, of that city. 
 Of this marriage were born two children, 
 Albert Yolney Foster, born in 1877, and 
 Eva Cornelia Foster, born in 1879. Albert 
 graduated from Harvard L T niversity and 
 Eva at Smith College, Northampton. Eva 
 married Mr. Walter Leisenring Righter, 
 and now resides at Plainfield, N. J. Mrs. 
 Foster died in 1887. 
 
 Mr. Foster was a member of the Glen 
 View Golf Club, a charter member of the 
 Evanstton Club and a member of the 
 Union League Club of Chicago, of which 
 he was President in 1901. He organized 
 the Evanston Ethical Club, which held 
 its meetings at his home for several years 
 and afterwards at his rooms at his hotel. 
 He was also a charter member of the 
 Evanston Country Club and an honorary 
 member of the University Club of Evans- 
 ton, a member of the Society of Colonial 
 Wars, and of the Society of Mayflower 
 Descendants. He was also a member of the 
 International Peace Society, and author 
 of the bill introduced in both Houses of 
 Congress, in 1893, for the establishment 
 of the National Arbitration Tribunal. 
 This bill attracted very general attention 
 and it is believed that, of he had lived, its 
 essential features would have been incor- 
 porated into a national law. He regarded 
 this as the most important work of his 
 life. Mr. Foster's death occurred August 
 15, 1904. 
 
5 o6 
 
 BIOGRAPHICAL 
 
 JOHN B. KIRK. 
 
 John B. Kirk (deceased), former man- 
 ufacturer, Chicago, with residence in 
 Evanston, was born in Utica, X. Y., 
 November 8, 1842, the second son of the 
 late James S. Kirk, who was a native of 
 Glasgow, Scotland, and was brought in 
 his infancy by his father to Montreal, 
 Canada. Here James S. Kirk grew 
 to manhood, married Nancy Ann Dun- 
 ning, of Ottawa, Canada, in 1839, and 
 the same year located at Utica, N. Y., 
 where he entered into mercantile business 
 with his father. In 1859 the firm removed 
 to Chicago where they founded the house 
 of James S. Kirk & Company, which at 
 the time of James S. Kirk's death, in 
 1886. was one of the most extensive man- 
 ufacturers of soap, perfumery, etc., in this 
 country. John B. received his early school 
 training in the public schools of his native 
 place, where he remained until seventeen 
 years of age, in the meantime receiving 
 a sound English education. At first he 
 had a strong predilection for a profes- 
 sional career, but yielding to the wishes 
 of his father, entered upon a business 
 career, finally succeeding the latter in a 
 branch of manufacturing industry which 
 has grown to large proportions. Under 
 his father's eye he was initiated into the 
 mysteries of chemistry connected with 
 the manufacture of the various products 
 turned out by the firm of James S. Kirk 
 & Company, meanwhile being trained in 
 bookkeeping and business methods. After 
 serving a regular apprenticeship under 
 such thorough tutorship, having demon- 
 strated his qualifications while still a 
 young man, he was admitted as a partner 
 of the concern, sharing with his father 
 the responsibility of its management. In 
 this wav he was able to render his father 
 
 most valuable assistance during the period 
 of depression immediately following the 
 great fire of 1871, in which the firm suf- 
 fered a loss of nearly a quarter of a mil- 
 lion dollars. In the work of reorganiza- 
 tion he bore a prominent part, and the 
 business was soon placed on a substantial 
 basis. It is worthy of note here that the 
 site of the plant now occupied by the 
 Kirk Manufacturing Company, on Xorth 
 Water Street, is that of the first home 
 occupied by permanent white settlers in 
 Chicago, known as the historic "Kinzie 
 Mansion." 
 
 Besides the manufacturing interests in 
 which he held the position of President. 
 Mr. Kirk had been connected with a num- 
 ber of financial enterprises, including the 
 late American Exchange National Bank 
 I merged a few years ago in the Corn 
 Exchange Bank), of which he was Pres- 
 ident from 1890 to 1894. He was also 
 deeply interested in the prosperity of the 
 Northwestern University. . which he 
 served for several years as Trustee, and 
 in connection with which he founded the 
 $100 prize for oratory, which was of deep 
 interest to the students of the Senior 
 Class. 
 
 Mr. Kirk was married October 4. 1866. 
 to Miss Susie MacVean, the daughter of 
 Mr. D. McVean, of Chicago, and of this 
 union four children were born: James 
 M.. Frederick I., Josephine and Susie. 
 For many years his home was in Evans- 
 ton, where he enjoyed the confidence and 
 respect of a large circle of friends. On 
 November I, 1924. Mr. Kirk's notable 
 career as a business man and public-spir- 
 ited citizen was terminated by his sud- 
 den death, in New York City, while on a 
 business visit to that place. 
 
HISTORY OF EVANSTOX 
 
 507 
 
 SIMEON FARWELL. 
 
 Simeon Farwell, merchant and head of 
 one of the most widely known mercantile 
 houses in the West, has been a resident 
 of Evanston since 1876. He was born at 
 Campbelltown, Steuben County, X. Y.. 
 March 22, 1831, the son of Henry and 
 Nancy (Jackson) Farwell, and a descend- 
 ant in the seventh generation of Henry 
 Farwell, who was one of the founders of 
 the colony of Concord, Mass., incorpo- 
 rated in 1635. Back of its advent in this 
 country, the history of the Farwell fam- 
 ily is traced to the thirteenth century, and 
 to Richard Farwell of Yorkshire, who 
 gained distinction in the reign of King 
 Edward I. The American branch of the 
 family has had many prominent repre- 
 sentatives in various walks of life in New 
 England, and in later years in many 
 States of the Union. The father o* 
 Simeon Farwell. who removed from Mass- 
 achusetts to New York State, was a 
 farmer by occupation in the last named 
 State, and later became one of the pio- 
 neer agriculturists in Ogle County. 111. 
 He removed with his family to this State 
 iu 183*. and the son, Simeon, passed the 
 next few years of his life on the farm near 
 Oregon, aiding as a boy to bring under 
 cultivation the prairie lands which his 
 lather had acquired. He was educated at 
 Mt. Morris Seminary, Mt. Morris, 111., 
 fitting himself for a commercial career. 
 In July of iS49 he came to Chicago, and 
 had his earliest experience in this city as 
 Deputy Clerk of the Circuit Court, of 
 which the pioneer Chicagoan, L. D. 
 Hoard, was then Clerk. After filling this 
 position about two years, Mr. Farwell 
 entered, as a clerk, the noted old-time 
 banking house of George Smith, in its day 
 the most famous financial institution in 
 the West. A year later he resigned this 
 
 position to become a clerk in the dry- 
 goods house of Cooley, Wadsworth & 
 Co., accepting a lower salary than he had 
 been receiving in order that he might 
 learn the business to which he had de- 
 cided to devote his after life. When he 
 entered the employ of this firm, he took 
 charge of its books and accounts, bring- 
 ing to the discharge of his duties untiring 
 energy, a thorough knowledge of his busi- 
 ness and strict integrity, which consti- 
 tuted an excellent basis for success. He 
 continued to act as bookkeeper of the 
 firm until 1860, and in 1870 was admitted 
 to a partnership. In the meantime, in 
 1860. the firm had become Cooley, Far- 
 well & Co., Mr. Farwell's elder brother. 
 John Y. Farwell. since widely known as 
 a merchant, being the junior partner. 
 John Y. Farwell had preceded the younger 
 brother to Chicago, as had also another 
 brother. Charles P>. Farwell, later mer- 
 chant, banker and United States Senator. 
 In 1865 the firm became John V. Farwell 
 & Co.. a name which it has since retained, 
 with slight change, although the co-part- 
 nership was succeeded in 1890 by the J. 
 Y. Farwell Company, incorporated. This 
 pioneer dry-goods house, known now and 
 for many years past throughout the 
 United States, and which annually has a 
 trade aggregating many millions of dol- 
 lars, has graduated from its salesrooms 
 some of the most famous merchants in 
 the world: among them, Marshall Field, 
 Levi Z. Leiter, H. N. Higinbotham, and 
 others. The connection of Simeon Far- 
 well with this house and its predecessors 
 has covered a period of fifty-five years, 
 and for twenty-five years he has taken a 
 leading part in its conduct and manage- 
 ment. He became Yice-President of the 
 T. Y. Farwell Company at the time of its 
 incorporation in 1890. and since 1900 has 
 been its President. To the building up of 
 
508 
 
 BIOGRAPHICAL 
 
 this great commercial institution his activ- 
 ities have been mainly given, although 
 for some years he was a Director of the 
 Metropolitan National Bank. The meas- 
 ure of its success evidences the measure 
 of his ability as a merchant, and the 
 breadth and scope of his genius in the 
 field of commerce. In the early years of 
 his business career in Chicago his home 
 was in this city, but as previously stated, 
 he became a resident of Evanston in 1876. 
 Since then he has been a leading citizen 
 of this classic suburb of Chicago, and a 
 leader in advancing the interests of the 
 little city and its institutions. 
 
 Mr. Farwell is a Methodist in religious 
 belief, and a communicant of the First 
 Methodist Church of Evanston. In 1857 
 he married, at Sardinia, Erie County, N. 
 Y., Miss Ebenette M. Smith, daughter of 
 Rev. Isaac B. Smith, a Methodist clergy- 
 man of the Empire State. Their living 
 children are Henry S. Farwell, now con- 
 nected with the great mercantile house 
 which his father helped to build up, and 
 Mrs. Ruth (Farwell) Gridley, of Evans- 
 ton. Their eldest daughter, Anna Pearl 
 Farwell, died in 1893. 
 
 WILLIAM HUGH JONES. 
 
 William Hugh Jones, Evanston, 111., 
 President of the Piano Manufacturing 
 Company, one of the substantial indus- 
 tries of the city of Chicago, was born in 
 Wales in 1845, one f eight children six 
 sons and two daughters of Hugh and 
 Jennett Jones. His father, who was a 
 farmer in comfortable circumstances, 
 came to America in 1812, locating near 
 Utica, N. Y., where his first wife died. 
 He later returned to Wales, where he 
 married his second wife, the mother of 
 the subject of this sketch. In 1857 he 
 
 again came with his family to America, 
 first locating in Wisconsin, whence he 
 removed in 1873 to Iowa, dying in How- 
 ard County in that State in 1876, aged 
 eighty-two years. His widow, who sur- 
 vived her husband about four years, was 
 a daughter of Richard Jones, an extensive 
 farmer pf Wales, who reached the age of 
 ninety-two years. 
 
 William H. Jones remained in his native 
 land until twelve years of age, when he 
 came with his parents to Wisconsin, and 
 there spent his youth in farm work with 
 his father until he reached his majority. 
 In 1866 he became agent for the Dodge 
 Reapers and Champion Mowers at Berlin, 
 Wis., remaining in this business until 
 1868, when he entered into the employ- 
 ment of L. J. Bush & Co., of Milwaukee, 
 as traveling salesman. Two years later 
 (1870) he formed a connection with E. 
 H. Gammon for the sale of the Marsh 
 Harvester and Dodge Reapers. This con- 
 cern afterwards became the firm of Gam- 
 mon & Deering, which was dissolved in 
 1879 by the retirement of Mr. Gammon. 
 Mr. Jones remained with Mr. Deering 
 until 1880 and in 1881 organized at Piano. 
 111., The Piano Manufacturing Company, 
 assuming the office of President, which 
 position he has retained to the present 
 time. In 1893 this concern erected a new 
 factory, covering an area of twenty acres 
 in West Pullman (now One Hundred an 
 Twentieth Street, Chicago), which was 
 furnished with improved machinery and 
 facilities, which has resulted in a largely 
 extended trade, both home and foreign. 
 Mr. Jones' early experience as a farmer 
 fitted him to judge the needs of the farm- 
 ing class, while his later connection with 
 practical manufacturing enterprises has 
 enabled him to apply this knowledge in a 
 way greatly to benefit the farmers and 
 extend the trade. In 1877 he opened a 
 
HISTORY OF EVANSTON 
 
 500 
 
 wholesale implement house at Minneap- 
 olis, which carried on a large business, 
 and with which he continued to be con- 
 nected until 1889. 
 
 Mr. Jones was married in 1867 to Miss 
 Elizabeth Owens, and three sons were 
 born of this union Hugh \V., William O. 
 and Garfield R. The parents are mem- 
 bers of the Methodist Episcopal Church, 
 in which Mr. Jones holds the position of 
 Trustee. In political views he is an ad- 
 herent of the Republican party, but votes 
 independently on local questions, and has 
 never been a seeker for office in his own 
 behalf. Since 1872 he has been a resident 
 of Evanston, with the exception of a 
 short time spent at Minneapolis and at 
 Piano, 111., and is held in high estimation 
 as a public-spirited and enterprising cit- 
 izen. Mr. Jones is now a Vice-President 
 and Director of the International Har- 
 vester Company. 
 
 CHARLES GATES DAWES. 
 
 Charles (i. Dawes, President of 
 Central Trust Company of Illinois, and 
 former Comptroller of the Currency, was 
 born at Marietta, Ohio. August 27. 1865, 
 the son of Gen. Rufus R. Dawes, who 
 served as Colonel of the Sixth Wisconsin 
 Volunteer Infantry (which constituted a 
 part of the "Iron Brigade" under com- 
 mand of Gen. Edward S. Bragg) during 
 the Civil War. and at the close of the 
 war was brevetted as Brigadier-General 
 for gallant service. Mr. Dawes' mother, 
 Mary (Gates) Dawes, was a member of 
 one of the oldest families of Southern 
 Ohio, her father being Beman Gates, a 
 prominent business man and banker of his 
 time, and his great-grandfather the cele- 
 brated Manasseh Cutler, who was a prom- 
 inent representative of the Ohio Land 
 
 Company just after the close of the Rev- 
 olutionary War, and is credited with hav- 
 ing been the author of the anti-slavery 
 clause of the Ordinance of 1787, protect- 
 ing the territory northwest of the Ohio 
 River from the admission of slavery. 
 
 Charles G. Dawes was educated in the 
 common schools and at Marietta College, 
 graduating from the latter in 1884. Two 
 years later he graduated from the Cincin- 
 nati Law School, during his vacation 
 working as a civil engineer on the Toledo 
 & Ohio Central Railroad, of which he 
 later became Chief Engineer. In 1887 he 
 went to Lincoln, Neb., where for the next 
 seven years he was engaged in the prac- 
 tice of his profession. Having in the 
 meantime made a special study of the 
 question of railroad freight rates, he was 
 retained by a number of Nebraska ship- 
 pers in the prosecution of suits against 
 railroad companies for violation of the 
 Inter-State Commerce Law. in which he 
 displayed marked ability. 
 
 In 1894, having acquired an interest in 
 a gas company, Mr. Dawes removed to 
 Evanston, 111., which has since been his 
 home except when in the Government 
 service. While a resident of Nebraska he- 
 had gained much prominence as a cham- 
 pion of the principles of the Republican 
 party, and, on coming to Illinois, at once 
 became an important factor in the move- 
 ment to secure the nomination of Wil- 
 liam McKinley for President. Largely 
 through his influence and active efforts 
 the Republican State Convention at 
 Springfield, in 1896. adopted resolutions 
 instructing the delegates to the National 
 Convention there appointed to cast their 
 votes for McKinley. and Mr. Dawes was 
 appointed a member of the Executive 
 Committee of the Republican National 
 Committee and bore an important part in 
 the following campaign. In January. 
 
BIOGRAPHICAL 
 
 1898, he was appointed by President Mc- 
 Kinley Comptroller of the Currency as 
 successor to James H. Eckels, retaining 
 this position until October, 1901, when 
 he tendered his resignation with a view 
 to becoming a candidate for the United 
 States Senate. In May, 1902, having 
 withdrawn from the candidacy for the 
 Senate, he was, a few days later, elected 
 President of the Central Trust Company 
 of Illinois, with headquarters in Chicago, 
 a position which he has retained contin- 
 uously to the present time. Having made 
 banking and finance a study for many 
 years, he is regarded as an authority on 
 these questions, and is the author of a 
 volume on "The Banking System of the 
 United States." 
 
 Mr. Dawes was married on January 24, 
 1889, to Miss Caro Dana Blvmyer. of Cin- 
 cinnati, Ohio. 
 
 MERRITT C. BRAGDOX. M. D. 
 
 Dr. Merritt C. Bragdon, one of the most 
 prominent and successful physicians and 
 surgeons of Cook County, 111., whose 
 career as a skillful practitioner in Evans- 
 ton, the city of his home, extended over 
 a period of more than thirty years, was 
 born in Auburn, N. Y., January 6. 1850, 
 the son of Rev. Charles P. and Sarah 
 (Cushman) Bragdon, natives of the State 
 of Maine, born in the towns of Acton 
 and East Poland, respectively. Rev. 
 Charles P. Bragdon was reared to man- 
 hood in his native State, and there, in 
 early youth, made diligent use of the 
 opportunities for mental training afforded 
 by the public schools. At a liter period 
 he became a pupil in Cazenovia Seminary, 
 N. Y., where he pursued a course of study, 
 which fitted him for his subsequent long 
 and eminently useful career in the minis- 
 
 try, covering a wide field of activity. He 
 entered the ministry of the Methodist 
 Episcopal Church in Maine, and was aft- 
 erwards stationed at Auburn, X. Y., until 
 he was called to the agency of the Meth- 
 odist Book Depository at Springfield, 
 Mass., where he remained until 1854. In 
 that year he made his home in Illinois, 
 becoming a member of the Rock River 
 Conference. His first pastoral charge 
 v.-as at \Vaukegan, where he remained for 
 two years. His next appointment was at 
 Aurora, from whence he was transferred 
 to Evanston, where, in 1858, he became 
 one of the early pastors of the First Meth- 
 odist Church. He was greatly beloved 
 by the pioneer residents of Evanston who 
 founded and built up the "First Church," 
 which is now one of the leading churches 
 of the Xorthwest, conspicuous in Chris- 
 tian work, abounding in material prosper- 
 ity, and noted for the moral and intel- 
 lectual culture of its members. On the 
 termination of a useful pastorate of two 
 years in this connection, the health of 
 Mr. Bragdon having become seriously im- 
 paired, he was compelled to relinquish his 
 ministerial labors and withdraw from 
 active labor. He departed this life in 
 Evanston on January 8, 1861. His esti- 
 mable wife survived her husband for more 
 than forty years, during which period she 
 continued to reside in Evanston. She 
 passed away on January 29, 1902, at the 
 age of eighty-three years. 
 
 At the time when the Bragdon family 
 established their home in Evanston, the 
 subject of this sketch was eight years of 
 age. He received his primary mental 
 training in the local schools, and after 
 pursuing a course of preparatory study, 
 matriculated in Xorthwestern University, 
 from which he was graduated in the 
 class of 1870. Immediately after gradua- 
 tion, he began reading medicine under the 
 
HISTORY OF EVANSTON 
 
 preceptorship of Dr. Xathan Smith Davis, 
 whose extended and distinguished career 
 as a physician and educator placed him 
 at the head of his profession, and whose 
 fame as author and founder of the Amer- 
 ican Medical Association spread through- 
 out the scientific world. Dr. Bragdon at- 
 tended his first course of lectures at the 
 Chicago Medical College, and subse- 
 quently became a student in the Hahne- 
 mann Medical College at Philadelphia, 
 from which he was graduated in the class 
 of 1873. After receiving the degree of M. 
 D. from this institution, he went abroad 
 and continued his studies at Vienna, de- 
 voting particular attention to obstetrics 
 and surgery. On completing his post- 
 graduate researches he returned to Evans- 
 ton, and entered' into a professional part- 
 nership with Dr. O. H. Maun, who then 
 had a large practice, hut is now retired. 
 This connection lasted three years, and 
 since the end of that peirod. Dr. Bragdon 
 has continued in practice alone. His 
 growth in popular favor has been rapid 
 and continuous, and he long ago became 
 one of the leading practitioners of his 
 section of the State. The devotion which 
 he has manifested to professional duty 
 has been of an intense and useful nature, 
 and nothing has been permitted by him 
 to interfere with the attention due to 
 those who required his treatment or 
 sought his friendly counsel. He was 
 chosen to a professorship in the Hahne- 
 niann Medical College of Chicago, but 
 declined the honor, lest an acceptance 
 should prove detrimental to his success 
 as a practicing physician in Evanston 
 the college being located at so great a 
 distance from his field of labor. He is, 
 however, a member of the American 
 Institute of Homceopathy. and the Illinois 
 State Homoeopathic Association. 
 
 Dr. Bragdon has taken an active inter- 
 
 est in public affairs, and has been a 
 steadfast advocate and supporter of ali 
 that is wholesome and desirable in con- 
 nection with the material and educational 
 interests of Evanston. He was one of 
 the founders and an original stockholder 
 of the State Bank of Evanston, and has 
 for a number of years been a member of 
 the directorate of that admirably managed 
 financial institution. Of the welfare of 
 the Northwestern University he has al- 
 ways been a helpful promoter, and has 
 contributed to its prosperity through indi- 
 vidual effort, and as a member of its Board 
 of Trustees. As a churchman he has used 
 his best endeavors to advance the inter- 
 ests of the First Methodist Church of 
 Evanston, with the official board of which 
 he is identified. 
 
 On June 6, 1876, Dr. Bragdon was 
 united in marriage with Elizabeth Wayne 
 Byerly. a lady of many virtues and graces, 
 and a daughter of David Byerly, who was 
 a representative of one of the old Quaker 
 families of Philadelphia. The children 
 resulting from this union are as follows : 
 Elizabeth, Wayne, Charles Ridgaway 
 Sara Frances, and Merritt Caldwell, Jr. 
 
 In politics, the subject of this sketch is 
 an adherent of the Republican party, to 
 which he lends an unselfish support. As 
 boy and man. he has been a witness of the 
 progress of Evanston and its institutions 
 from an early period, and has borne his 
 full share in their development. Through- 
 out the community he is held in high 
 esteem. 
 
 LEVI CARROLL PITXER. 
 
 Rev. Levi Carroll Pitner, retired, Evans- 
 ton, was born in Wilson County, Tenn.. 
 January 24, 1824, the son of Michael and 
 Catherine (Rouble) Pitner. Michiel Pit- 
 ner was fjorn in Rockingham County, Va., 
 
BIOGRAPHICAL 
 
 the son of John Pitner, a native of the 
 same State. John Pitner was a soldier in 
 the Revolutionary \Yar for the entire 
 period of seven years, and Michael Pitner 
 was a soldier in the War of 1812, serving 
 with General Jackson at New Orleans. 
 At the age of eighteen, Michael Pitner 
 removed to East Tennessee, near Knox- 
 ville. and here his marriage took place. 
 In the year 1799, this heroic couple 
 crossed the Cumberland Mountains and 
 went to Wilson County, West Tennessee, 
 where they purchased a farm, which, for 
 thirty-two years, continued to be their 
 home. On this homestead twelve chil- 
 dren were born seven sons and five 
 daughters. eleven of whom grew to matu- 
 rity. Four of these sons preceded the 
 family to Illinois, and so glowing were 
 the accounts sent back, that the remainder 
 soon followed, arriving at the home of 
 Montgomery Pitner, a relative, on the 
 second day of September. 1837, and locat- 
 ing soon afterward on a farm in North 
 Prairie, nine miles northwest of Jackson- 
 ville. Before a permanent home could be 
 provided, the head of the family was 
 stricken with disease, which proved fatal, 
 and ended his life at the age of sixty-two. 
 Levi Carroll Pitner. the subject of this 
 sketch, was then sixteen. He was greatly 
 distressed at the death of his parent, and. 
 as a result of that father's example and 
 death-bed solicitude, the son gave his 
 heart to God and united with the M. E. 
 Church. From the day of his conversion 
 the conviction grew upon him that his 
 life-work was to be preaching the Gospel. 
 At length he was appointed class-leader: 
 next he received a license to exhort, and 
 later a license to preach from the Quar- 
 terly Conference of the Jacksonville Cir- 
 cuit. He was next recommended for ad- 
 mission to the Illinois Conference, which 
 he joined September 4, 1845. In those 
 
 days the conferences maintained a strict 
 course of study, which Mr. Pitner success- 
 fully completed. His first work was on 
 the Jerseyville Circuit as junior colleague 
 of the Rev. James Leaton, and there had 
 a happy and prosperous year. He later 
 had charge at Quincy, Carlinville, Beards- 
 town, Bloomington, Jacksonville and 
 Decatur. One of the twenty-three years 
 of Mr. Pitner's connection with the Illi- 
 nois Conference was spent as agent to 
 raise $40.000 with which to build the 
 Quincy College, now known as Chaddock 
 College. In 1866 he was appointed Con- 
 ference agent for the purpose of raising 
 $100.000 to aid the conference institutions 
 of learning, including Garrett Biblical 
 Institute. This large amount, by the aid 
 of the ministry and the laymen, was 
 raised during that year. Mr. Pitner served 
 three years as Presiding Elder of the Dan- 
 ville district, and was an active force in 
 many large camp-meetings so popular 
 (luring that period of church history. The 
 arduous labors in which he had so long 
 indulged were a severe strain on his phys- 
 ical strength, and at the advice of his 
 many friends he at length asked for loca- 
 tion. Bishop Janes signing his release 
 fiom service. 
 
 On August 30, 1848, Mr. Pitner was 
 married to Miss Arminda F. Cartwright, 
 daughter of Rev. Peter Cartwright. D. D.. 
 famous among the pioneer preachers of 
 Western Methodism. Their only child is 
 Lee J. Pitner of Evanston. 
 
 After his retirement from the itinerary 
 service, deciding to locate in Evanston. 
 111., Mr. Pitner was confronted with the 
 serious problem of making a living. He 
 finally went into the real estate business, 
 and as his venture began just at the time 
 when Chicago was having "a boom" and 
 when buyers were plentiful, he made a 
 success, clearing about $200.000 in three 
 
HISTORY OF EVANSTON 
 
 513 
 
 or four years. The panic of 1873, how- 
 ever, swept away all but his home. In 
 the early 'eighties the tide of fortune again 
 turned in his favor. He was happy in 
 making investments in Hammond, Ind.. 
 and also in Seattle, Wash., and has since 
 that date lived in the enjoyment of a com- 
 fortable competency. In his political 
 views, Mr. Pitner, after having voted 
 twice for Lincoln, because of his temper- 
 ance principles went over to the Prohibi- 
 tion Party in 1884. In 1888 he was Chair- 
 man of the State Central Committee for 
 his party, and led the campaign for Fiske 
 and Brooks. At that election the party 
 cast a larger number of votes in Illinois 
 than has been cast at any Presidential 
 election since, with the exception of that 
 of 1904. Notwithstanding the fact that 
 he was Southern born he was an ardent 
 Unionist during the Civil War, support- 
 ing the cause with all the means and in- 
 fluence at his command. It is equally note- 
 worthy that he was a strong anti-slavery 
 man before the war. voting for General 
 John C. Fremont in 1856. When the war 
 had settled the slavery question, his 
 strong convictions on the subject of pro- 
 hibiting the liquor traffic carried him in 
 . 1884 into the Prohibition party, and he 
 has been a consistent and forceful cham- 
 pion of the principles of that party ever 
 since. He is now a local elder in Emman- 
 uel M. E. Church, Evanston. and a mem- 
 ber of the official board. 
 
 REV. MINER RAYMOND, D. D., LL. D. 
 
 January 2nd, A. D. 1636. the town of 
 Salem, Mass., granted a half acre of land 
 at Winter Harbor, to Richard Raymond, 
 "for fishing trade and to build upon." 
 Richard was a mariner who later engaged 
 in coastwise trade and died at Saybrook, 
 
 Conn., in 1692, "ae. abt. 90." Richard's 
 son, John, and John's son, Thomas, lived 
 at Norvvalk, Conn., and Thomas' son, Com- 
 fort, and Comfort's son. Comfort, Jr., 
 lived at New Canaan, Conn. Here was 
 born Nobles Benedict, a son of Comfort, 
 Jr., September 29, 1788. Nobles Benedict, 
 who was by trade a shoemaker, was mar- 
 ried in 1808, in the City of New York, to 
 Hannah Wood, a daughter of a Revolu- 
 tionary soldier. Of their union Miner 
 Raymond was born in New York City, 
 August 29, 1811. 
 
 Two years later the family removed to 
 Rensselaerville, Albany County, where 
 Miner helped in the home and the shop 
 and attended the village school until he 
 was twelve years old. By that time he 
 had mastered all that the village school 
 could teach him and he began to yearn 
 for something larger and better. His 
 father was not able to send him away to 
 school, nor could he allow him to be idle : 
 so, to use his own language, "he set me 
 on 'a shoe-bench drawing the cords of 
 affliction on the stool of repentance for 
 six years, and I wanting to go to school all 
 the time." 
 
 In 1830, when he was nineteen years 
 old, the way opened for him to go to the 
 Wesleyan Academy at Wilbraham. Mass. 
 He succeeded in paying his way, in part, 
 by means of his skill as a shoemaker. 
 Three years later he became a teacher in 
 the Academy and continued for seven 
 years in that relation, first in charge of 
 the English department and later as in- 
 structor in mathematics. His remarkable 
 aptness as a teacher, as well as the power 
 of his commanding personality, is wit- 
 nessed by a lawyer of New York who was 
 a student under him, and declared long 
 afterwards that "Miner Raymond was the 
 greatest mathematical teacher on God's 
 earth." He evinced from the first that 
 
5'4 
 
 BIOGRAPHICAL 
 
 he was one of those born teachers who 
 are gifted beyond ordinary men to make 
 things clear. In 1840 the \Vesleyan Uni- 
 versity honored him with the degree of 
 Master of Arts and in 1854 with that of* 
 Doctor of Divinity. Thirty years later 
 the Northwestern University conferred 
 on him the degree of Doctor of Laws. 
 
 Meanwhile his ability as a preacher 
 began to attract wide attention, and in 
 1841 he left the Academy and became a 
 pastor in the New England Conference 
 of the Methodist Episcopal Church, 
 preaching successively in Worcester, Bos- 
 ton and Westfield, Mass. Of him, as a 
 preacher, the historian of \Yesleyan Acad 
 emy writes, that "his first attempts at 
 preaching evinced the careful thinker. 
 But while the principles and main prop- 
 osition were laid down carefully as well 
 a's clearly, the preacher was sure to kindle 
 as he advanced and to break into a tor- 
 nado in the peroration. Though gifted 
 with large capacity for astute and accu- 
 rate thought, he was heard gladly by the 
 people, because his logic usually came to 
 white heat." After his coming to Evans- 
 ton he was for three years the pastor of 
 the First Methodist Episcopal Church of 
 this place, and the older inhabitants often 
 speak of his great power as a preacher, and 
 of the overwhelming effect some of his 
 s.ermons had upon the large assembly. 
 He was six times a member of the ( quad- 
 rennial) General Conference of the Meth- 
 odist Church, and was chairman of the 
 Committee on Slavery in the General 
 Conference at Indianapolis in 1848. 
 
 But it was not as a pastor and preacher 
 that he was destined to work out the great 
 ministry of his life. In 1848, when he 
 was thirty-seven years old, exigencies at 
 the Academy at \Yilbrahani led the Trus- 
 tees to turn to Miner Raymond as the 
 man above all others to take charge of 
 
 the institution. It was with great reluc- 
 tance that he at last consented to leave 
 the pastorate and become the Principal of 
 Wilbraham. But he obeyed the call 
 which seemed divine, and the sixteen 
 years that followed were probably the 
 most brilliant period of his entire career. 
 The same historian of the \\esleyan 
 Academy says that his election as Prin- 
 cipal "marked a new era in the history of 
 that honored institution. ( )f all the Prin- 
 cipals, his term was at once the longest 
 and most fruitful in important results. 
 Under the touch of his genius and the con- 
 trol of his unconquerable will, old things 
 disappeared and almost everything about 
 the institution became new. Difficulties, 
 which to weaker men would have proven 
 altogether insuperable, vanished in the 
 presence of one so able to influence men 
 and to command resources. To this wise 
 master-builder the friends of the institu- 
 tion owe an immense debt of gratitude." 
 
 But if those sixteen years were the most 
 brilliant in his career, the next period of 
 over thirty years made him more conspic- 
 uous in the eyes of both the Church and 
 the world. In the summer of 1864 Dr. 
 Raymond was called to succeed Dr. John 
 Dempster, as Professor of Systematic 
 Theology in Garrett Biblical Institute, 
 and the rest of his life work was per- 
 formed in connection with that institution. 
 "When I came here." he once remarked, 
 "and walked up and down along the lake- 
 side, and considered the field and its op- 
 portunities, I felt that I had come to my 
 kingdom : and though it was unexpected 
 and unsought, the place and the work 
 came to me as that which, above all others 
 in the gift of the Church, was the one for 
 which I had been providentially pre- 
 pared." 
 
 Dr. Raymond died November 25, 1897. 
 and at his funeral services his colleague. 
 
HISTORY OF EVANSTON 
 
 5'5 
 
 Dr. M. S. Terry, said : "For the last 
 thirty years his life has been a part of the 
 history of Evanston. His name is to the 
 people of this community a household 
 word ; his memorv as ointment poured 
 forth ! How magnificently that whole 
 record of a life of eighty-six years opens 
 up to our thought ! Almost three genera- 
 tions have come and gone since he was 
 born, and his life was nearly co-extensive 
 with the nineteenth century. He has built 
 a character and work that cannot perish 
 from _the annals of the Church of God. 
 Dr. Raymond was the last survivor of a 
 great faculty that older faculty of the 
 Institute in its heroic days. Successor of 
 Dempster, the founder of theological 
 schools in the Methodist Episcopal 
 Church, he was the fitting colleague of 
 Ki:!der and Bannister and Hememvay. 
 They passed on before him into God's 
 higher school many semesters ago. Rut 
 Dr. Raymond lived on to see almost an- 
 other generation pass. A Dennett and a 
 Ridgaway have come and gone, and seem 
 already like the transfigured forms of a 
 beautiful vision that vanished long ago. 
 But this saintly man lived on and taught, 
 and prayed, and smiled, and wept, and 
 pronounced many a loving benediction on 
 the younger folk." 
 
 Of Doctor Raymond President Little 
 wrote: "He was one of the last and one 
 of the greatest of a marvelous group of 
 Methodist preachers a group illustrious 
 with the names of Olin. and Fisk. and 
 Rascom : of Simpson, and McClintock, 
 and Durbin. and. Stevens. And even in 
 the class-room he could not cease to 
 preach. For the truths that he expounded 
 were to him the substance of eternal life. 
 Other teachers might be more erudite and 
 more subtle ; none could be more luminous 
 or more reasonable: and few, indeed, 
 could so challenge the student to admira- 
 
 tion, or so encourage him to strenuous 
 effort and to independent thought. Hence, 
 the unbounded affection of the men that 
 sat at his feet. Many of them have 
 reached the highest station of influence 
 and authority in the Church ; some of 
 them are preaching the gospel in (Jistant 
 lands: others are working quietly and 
 faithfully at home. But to all of them 
 the echoes of his deep, sonorous voice are 
 an imperishable treasure, for the words 
 he spoke to them were spirit and life." 
 
 During the first years of Doctor Ray- 
 mond's residence in Evanston he was not 
 only professor in the Institute and pastor 
 of the Methodist Church, but he was also 
 President of the Milage Board of Educa- 
 tion : and it was during his administration 
 that the Hinman Avenue School was or- 
 ganized and the first building erected for 
 that school. 
 
 When the University purchased the 
 Snyder farm in 1867 the Trustees voted 
 "that the street on the north line be called 
 Dempster Street, and that the street near- 
 est the lake shore be called Raymond Ave- 
 nue." Raymond Avenue has been swal- 
 lowed up in Sheridan Road, but the City 
 Council recently voted that the public 
 park between Chicago and Hinman Ave- 
 nues, and between Grove and Lake 
 Streets, be named Raymond Park : so that 
 Dr. Raymond's name is still perpetuated 
 on the city plat. 
 
 Doctor Raymond married, at Webster. 
 Mass.. August 20, 1837, Elizabeth Hen- 
 derson, who died at Evanston, September 
 19, 1877. She was the mother of his chil- 
 dren : Charles Wesley and Francis 
 Asbury, who died in infancy; Mary, 
 widow of Philip B. Shumway, who died 
 at Evanston, December 22, 1903: William 
 M.. who died in Chicago. February 5, 
 1896; Samuel B., now living in Chicago; 
 
BIOGRAPHICAL 
 
 and James H. and Frederick D., who are 
 living in Evanston. 
 
 On July 28, 1879, Doctor Raymond 
 married, as his second wife, at New Ha- 
 ven, Conn., Mrs. Isabella (Hill) Binney, 
 who died at Evanston February 6, 1897. 
 
 FREDERICK D. RAYMOND. 
 
 Frederick D. Raymond, who has been 
 a resident of Evanston for more than forty 
 years, was born in \\ ilbraham, Mass., 
 September 16, 1852. His father, Rev. 
 Miner Raymond, D. D., LL. D., was 
 born in New York City, August 29, 1811 ; 
 and his mother, Elizabeth (Henderson) 
 Raymond, was a native of Ireland, born 
 in Mt. Hall, County Tyrone, August 12, 
 1814. The former was a minister of the 
 Methodist Episcopal Church, and an emi- 
 nent teacher. (See sketch of Rev. Miner 
 Raymond in this volume.) 
 
 Frederick D. received his primary edu- 
 cation in the public schools of his native 
 State, and came to Evanston with his par- 
 ents in August, 1864. and there, for one 
 year, attended the "Grove School," with 
 Miss Frances E. Willard as his pre- 
 ceptress. He then became a pupil in the 
 Preparatory Department of Northwestern 
 University where he continued three 
 years. Subsequently he finished the uni- 
 versity course, requiring four more years 
 of study, and graduated with the class of 
 1872. During his undergraduate period, 
 he was a member of the Hinman Literary 
 Society and the Sigma Chi fraternity, and 
 later was elected a member of the hon- 
 orary Phi Beta Kappa Society. On com- 
 pleting his education, Mr. Raymond spent 
 a year in connection with the adjustment 
 of the affairs of a Chicago fire insurance 
 company, which was rendered insolvent 
 by the great fire of 1871. He then taught 
 
 in the Preparatory Department of North- 
 western University during the first year 
 of the principalship of Rev. Dr. Fisk 
 1873 to 1874. 
 
 Since 1874, Mr. Raymond has devoted 
 his attention to the construction and oper- 
 ation of railroads. The first three years 
 of this period were spent at Streator, 111., 
 engaged in construction work and in the 
 freight department of the Chicago & 
 Paducah and the Chicago, Pekin & South- 
 western Railroads, now, respectively, the 
 Chicago division of the Wabash System 
 and the Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe 
 Railway. He was subsequently engaged 
 in the construction of the "Monon" line, 
 from Chicago to Indianapolis, and served 
 as general freight agent of the Chicago 
 & Great Southern Railway (now the coal 
 line), in Indiana, of the Chicago & East- 
 ern Illinois Railroad. Since its organiza- 
 tion in 1887, he has been a director, and 
 Secretary and Treasurer of the Elgin, 
 Joliet & Eastern Railway Company ; and 
 since 1899 has acted in the same 
 capacities in connection with the 
 Chicago, Lake Shore & Eastern Rail- 
 way Company, both of which com- 
 panies are controlled by the United States 
 Steel Corporation. In the construction 
 of all these roads, except that last men- 
 tioned, Mr. Raymond was associated with 
 his brother-in-law, the late Philip B. 
 Shumway. 
 
 On October 24, 1877, Mr. Raymond 
 was united in marriage at Evanston, 111., 
 with Carrie M. Wyckoff, of that city. 
 Mrs. Raymond is a daughter of William 
 M. and Mary A. Wyckoff residents, suc- 
 cessively, of New York City, Bellefont- 
 aine and Cincinnati, Ohio, Chicago and 
 Evanston. Mr. and Mrs. Raymond are 
 the parents of the following named chil- 
 dren: Ruth, born October 6, 1878; Mary, 
 born October 18, 1880; Philip W., born 
 
HISTORY OF EVANSTON 
 
 517 
 
 October 28, 1886; Margaret, born August 
 9, 1891 ; and Frederick D., Jr., born July 
 6. 1896. 
 
 Politically, Mr. Raymond is a supporter 
 of the Republican party. His religious 
 connection is with the First Methodist 
 Episcopal Church, of Evanston, of which 
 he has been a member of the official board 
 since 1878. In fraternal circles he is 
 identified with the Royal Arcanum, and 
 is a member of the University Club, of 
 Evanston. He is now acting in the ca- 
 pacity of Treasurer of the Municipal As- 
 sociation of Evanston. 
 
 CAPT. JOSHUA P. BOUTELLE. 
 
 The first American ancestor of Captain 
 Joshua P. Boutelle. of Evanston, 111., was 
 James Boutelle, who came from England 
 to America earl}' in the seventeenth cen- 
 tury, the original family seat being in 
 Massachusetts. From Massachusetts 
 Captain Boutelle's branch of the family 
 emigrated to Maine, and at Edgecomb 
 and at other places in the latter State Dr. 
 John Boutelle. the father of the subject 
 of this sketch, practiced medicine for 
 many years. Dr. Boutelle was a zealous 
 anti-slavery champion and for many years 
 was actively interested in colonization 
 movements in the interest of ex-slaves 
 and other negroes in the United States. 
 Captain Boutelle's grandfather, William 
 Boutelle, was a soldier of the Revolu- 
 tionary War, and received for his services 
 a land warrant from the Government, 
 which he located on land in Maine. 
 
 Captain Joshua P. Boutelle was born 
 at Edgecomb, Maine. September 20, 1822, 
 where he was reared on a small farm, 
 receiving a common school education 
 during his boyhood. Later he attend- 
 ed an academv at Newcastle, Maine, 
 
 where he gave special attention to navi- 
 gation, and at seventeen years of age 
 adopted the life of a sailor, making his first 
 trip to Cuba on board the brig "Damas- 
 cus," under the command of Captain 
 Chase. In 1848 he became master of the 
 ship "St. John," upon which he won for 
 himself the title of the "yellow fever cap- 
 tain," in consequence of having taken this 
 vessel to Vera Cruz to remove a number 
 of American soldiers to the States, after 
 the close of the Mexican War. In the 
 performance of this duty he took the place 
 of the regular commander of the "St. 
 John," who feared to expose himself to 
 contracting the yellow fever. In 1849 
 Captain Boutelle sailed the ship "Arche- 
 laus," which foundered off the coast of 
 Wales, after which, in 1850. he took the 
 ship "State of Maine" around Cape Horn 
 to California, and thence sailed across 
 the Pacific and Indian Oceans, making 
 the circuit of the globe and finally reach- 
 ing London by way of the Cape of Good 
 Hope. In 1852 he assumed command of 
 the "Arabia," which, for four years, sailed 
 between New York, Mobile, New Orleans 
 and Liverpool, after which a company, 
 of which he was a member, built the 
 "Niagara, " which in 1859 was engaged 
 in trade between the United States and 
 Liverpool. The last vessel on which 
 he sailed was the "Saginaw," which, in 
 company with others, he built in 1863, 
 and which made its first voyage to Pan- 
 ama the same year. During the Civil 
 War this vessel narrowly escaped capture 
 by the Confederate cruiser "Alabama." 
 but was burned in 1866 off the Island of 
 Madeira while bound from Cardiff, 
 Wales, to Panama. 
 
 This closed Captain Boutelle's sea-far- 
 ing life, and in 1867 he engaged in coal- 
 mining in Nova Scotia, having charge, 
 as superintendent for one year, of mines 
 
eig 
 
 BIOGRAPHICAL 
 
 which he had opened there. He then 
 came to Chicago, but in 18^9 returned to 
 New York, where he embarked in the 
 wholesale sewing machine trade for one 
 year, when, in 1870, he came to Evanston. 
 111., which continued to be his home for 
 the remainder of his life. Here he in- 
 vested in real estate and engaged in build- 
 ing and other improvements: in 1871 
 erected the Boutelle & Wesley Block, and 
 later improved considerable residence 
 property. From 1875 to 1881 he was en- 
 gaged in the hardware trade in Evanston, 
 since then being retired from business 
 life. 
 
 Captain Boutelle was married first to 
 Frances A. Robbins, of Maine, who died 
 in 1859, and in 1868, he married as his 
 second wife Margaret A. Patten, of 
 Brunswick, Maine, who died in 1872. His 
 third marriage was with Miss Augusta 
 A. Reed, of Chicago, in 1880. Mrs. 
 Boutelle is a native of New York, but 
 came to Sterling, Illinois, in girlhood, 
 still later spent some years in the South 
 and East, finally returning to the West. 
 An intimate friend of Mrs. Boutelle for 
 many years was the widow of the late 
 Judge David Davis, of Bloomington, 111., 
 now Mrs. Greene of North Carolina. Cap- 
 tain Boutelle's only child is now Mrs. 
 Ada (Boutelle) Briggs of Evanston. The 
 Hon. Charles A. Boutelle, late Congress- 
 man from Maine (now deceased), was a 
 nephew of Captain Boutelle. 
 
 Captain Boutelle was a member of the 
 Odd Fellows' fraternity, in politics was 
 a Republican, and served for eight years 
 as Justice of the Peace and one year as 
 Collector for the city of Evanston. He 
 lived an active and strenuous life, and at 
 the age of eighty-two years was in pos- 
 session of his mental faculties, and re- 
 tained a vivid memory of past adventures 
 and events which made him a most 
 
 charming companion. Death came to 
 him at his home in Evanston, June 21, 
 1905. His daughter and her husband, Mr. 
 John A. Briggs, accompanied the remains 
 to Union, Maine, where they were in- 
 terred in accordance with his wish, by the 
 side of his first wife. 
 
 WALLACE REYNOLDS COXDICT. 
 
 Wallace Reynolds Conclict (deceased), a 
 well known and highly respected resident of 
 Evanston from May I, 1875, until August 
 30. 1899, was born in Newark, New Jersey, 
 June I, 1824. His parents were Sidney and 
 Charlotte (Reynolds) Condict. Sidney 
 Condict was a prominent and prosperous 
 dry-goods merchant in the East. In New 
 York and New Jersey the Condicts are an 
 old and influential family, and the Reynolds 
 family is of Mayflower stock. The circum- 
 stances of Wallace R. Condict 's parents en- 
 abled them to give him an excellent high 
 school education, and his business training 
 was received in the dry-goods line under 
 his father's supervision. When about twen- 
 ty years of age the son came West, to Ra- 
 cine, Wis., and was connected with an ele- 
 vator concern until he was about twenty- 
 five years old, when he went to Michigan 
 City, Iml., and engaged in the dry-goods 
 business on his own account. There he re- 
 mained until near the termination of the 
 Civil War, when he sold out and came to 
 Chicago, but did not enter upon any active 
 business enterprise on his own responsibili- 
 ty after his arrival there. On May i, 1875, 
 he established his residence in Evanston, 
 where he lived during the remainder of his 
 days. Politically, Mr. Condict supported 
 the Republican party. He attended the 
 Congregational Church, to the maintenance 
 of which he was a regular contributor. 
 
 Mr. Condict was married in Chicago, 
 
HISTORY OF EVANSTON 
 
 5'9 
 
 January 31, 1874, to Louise Albridge, a 
 daughter of Isaac and Armina Albridge, of 
 Plattsburgh, Xew York. The issue of their 
 union was Wallace Reynolds and Jessie 
 Haskell, both of whom are married and liv- 
 ing in Evanston. 
 
 The subject of this sketch was honorable, 
 conservative and level-headed in his busi- 
 ness transactions, and one whom all could 
 trust. He was a home-loving, quiet man 
 who devoted himself to his business and 
 family, and cared nothing for club life or 
 political honors. 
 
 OLIVER M. CARSON. 
 
 Oliver M. Carson (deceased) was born 
 in Sweden, March 31, 1853, and in early 
 childhood came to America with his parents 
 who settled in Galesburg, 111. His educa- 
 . tion was received in the public schools near 
 his home and at Knox College, Galesburg. 
 While pursuing his course in that institution 
 he supported himself and secured his diplo- 
 ma by his own unaided efforts. He then en- 
 tered the well-known dry-goods house of 
 Charles Gossage, where he remained until 
 his health became so impaired as to necessi- 
 tate a change, when he went to Minnesota 
 and tried agricultural pursuits for a brief 
 period. An improvement in his health en- 
 abled him to return to mercantile pursuits, 
 which first took him to Farmington, Minn., 
 later becoming connected with the dry 
 goods firm of Carhart & Co. of St. Paul, 
 with which house he remained for a period 
 of eleven years. Returning to Chicago, Mr. 
 Carson, after a brief experience in trade, 
 began operating in real estate, located in 
 the main along the North Shore, and also 
 in Oak Park. Always enthusiastic over the 
 development of North Shore realty, his con- 
 fidence was unbounded, and the improve- 
 ments made under his management were 
 
 many and of an important character. The 
 subject of "riparian rights" was ever upper- 
 most in his mind, and he acquired much 
 property in this connection. In his business 
 undertakings he was intensely active, such 
 being the nature of the man, but of all en- 
 terprises none was dearer to his heart than 
 the improvements along fhe North Shore. 
 He promoted a number of sub-divisions be- 
 tween Chicago and the suburban cities to 
 the north, as well as 48 acres of land in 
 Oak Park. 
 
 On October 18, 1882, Mr. Carson was 
 united in marriage to Miss Clara, daughter 
 of G. L. Wetterland, of Chicago, and of 
 this union one daughter (Miss Mildred) 
 was born. In his political affiliations Mr. 
 Carson was a Republican. He was a mem- 
 ber of the Presbyterian Church. Until 1892 
 his residence was in Chicago, but at that 
 time he removed to Evanston, 111., his home 
 being at No. 222 Stockham Place, one of 
 the most charming locations in the classic 
 town. Active, genial, enterprising. Mr. 
 Carson's interest in all pertaining to the 
 improvement of North Shore property con- 
 tinued to the close of his successful career. 
 His decease occurred on September 1 1, 
 1902. Mrs. Carson, who survives her hus- 
 band, resides at Hotel Monnett, Evanston. 
 Mr. Carson was domestic in his habits, de- 
 lighting in the society of his family and of 
 his intimate friends. He was cordial, ap- 
 proachable, and his home was a center 
 where one met this most affable and engag- 
 ing of men, whose death was lamented by 
 many. 
 
 WILLIAM J. CANFIELD. 
 
 William J. Canfield (deceased), former- 
 ly a leading merchant of Evanston, 111., was 
 born in Salisbury, Conn., November 14, 
 1832. His parents were Lee and Ruth 
 (Butler) Canfield. The Canfield family 
 
5 20 
 
 BIOGRAPHICAL 
 
 was originally of English extraction, and 
 the subject of this sketch was a descendant 
 of Thomas Canfield, one of the early colon- 
 ists who settled at Milford, near New Hav- 
 en, Conn., and was one of the original pro- 
 prietors of the place. Lieut. Col. Buel, of 
 Revolutionary fame, was one of the ances- 
 tors of Mr. Canfield, as was also Governor 
 Wells, one of the early Colonial Governors. 
 Lee Canfield was an iron manufacturer by 
 occupation, and worked the noted Salisbury 
 mines from which iron was taken for ves- 
 sels in the Revolutionary period. These 
 mines were once operated by Ethan Allen, 
 and were among the first worked in 
 America. 
 
 In his boyhood Mr. Canfield attended the 
 public schools of Salisbury, and was after- 
 ward a pupil in Amenia Academy, at Amenia, 
 N. Y. He grew up at Salisbury, and was 
 trained to the iron business. In early man- 
 hood he was associated with his father in 
 the manufacture of iron at Salisbury, which 
 he continued until 1881, when he came with 
 his family to Evanston. Here he estab- 
 lished himself in the grocery business and 
 was one of the principal merchants of the 
 city until his death, which occurred Decem- 
 ber 19. 1896. 
 
 Mr. Canfield was married, March 3, 1856, 
 to Frances C. Caul, who survives her hus- 
 band. Her parents were William and Dor- 
 cas (Crowell) Caul, of Salisbury, N. Y., 
 and on the maternal side, she is a descend- 
 ant of John Alden, of the Mayflower, and 
 also of Richard Warren, who was one of 
 the same company of Pilgrims. Her an- 
 cestors were represented in the Revolution- 
 ary army. 
 
 The children of Mr. and Mrs. Canfield 
 are: Mrs. Carrie (Canfield) Dean, and 
 Mrs. Nellie (Canfield) Lee, both born in 
 Salisbury. The former is the wife of Mar- 
 vin A. Dean, of Evanston, and the latter 
 married Rev. Frank T. Lee, of Maywood, 
 
 111. In politics Mr. Canfield was an adher- 
 ent of the Republican party. 
 
 ADAM FRIES TOWNSEND. 
 
 Adam Fries Townsend (deceased), for 
 twenty-one years special agent of the 
 Northern Assurance Company of London, 
 England, and a most highly esteemed citi- 
 zen of Evanston, 111., was born in Phila- 
 delphia, on May 9. 1834. Reared as a boy in 
 that city and educated at Pennington Semi- 
 nary in New Jersey and Dickinson College 
 in Pennsylvania, the educational bent of his 
 nature led to his choice of the teacher's 
 profession, and he entered life's active serv- 
 ice as Superintendent of Schools at Du- 
 buque, Iowa, where he organized that city's 
 system of graded schools. Later, he under- 
 took and accomplished a similar work at 
 Galena, 111. While success had crowned his 
 work as an educator, and while his chosen 
 profession proved fully congenial to his 
 intelligent spirit, it soon appeared that the 
 sedentary conditions of his vocation were 
 detrimental to his physical well-being. He 
 reluctantly changed the direction of his life 
 energies from a professional sphere to the 
 business arena, entering the employ of the 
 Western Manufacturers' Mutual Fire In- 
 surance Company. At this time he came 
 to Evanston and soon after was appointed 
 special agent of the Northern Assurance 
 Company of London, serving the interests 
 of this company with unflagging faithful- 
 ness for the long period of twenty-one years 
 and up to the very day of his death. While 
 in East St. Louis, 111., in the faithful dis- 
 charge of his business obligations, he fell 
 and fractured the bone of his thigh, an in- 
 jury which resulted in his death on Febru- 
 ary 13, 1904, in Henrietta Hospital, East 
 St. Louis. 
 
 While in charge of the Galena schools, 
 
HISTORY OF EVANSTON 
 
 521 
 
 Mr. Townsend was married by Bishop Vin- 
 cent, of the Methodist Church, to Miss 
 Sarah P. Burr, daughter of Hudson Burr, 
 well-known merchant of Dubuque, Iowa. 
 The subject of this sketch united with 
 the Methodist Episcopal Church, in Salem, 
 New Jersey, at the early age of fourteen. 
 Committed by holy vows to the fellowship 
 of the church, he was ever devoted to her 
 interests. For many years and in many 
 places he was an office bearer in the church, 
 attending with conscientious fidelity to 
 whatever was committed to his hand. Of 
 him it should be said that he was regular 
 and punctual at the place of worship, devout 
 in his ways, pure and blameless in Christ- 
 ian life, uniform and steadfast in his relig- 
 ious confession, and always ready to do his 
 part in every good work a living epistle, 
 a steady light, that grew not dim, but 
 brightened with the years. 
 
 HUMPHRYS H. C. MILLER. 
 
 Humphrys H. C. Miller, lawyer, Evans- 
 ton, 111., with office at 1415 Marquette 
 Building, Chicago, was born in New York 
 City, October 17, 1845, tne son f George 
 and Isabella (Clark) Miller, the former 
 born at Ballybay, County Monoghan, Ire- 
 land, April 14, 1796, and the latter in New 
 York City in 1820. After coming to Ameri- 
 ca the father was engaged in the book pub- 
 lishing business, also keeping a book store, 
 until 1855, when he removed to the vicinity 
 of Hanover, Jo Daviess County, 111., and 
 engaged in farming, later removing to Car- 
 roll County, 111., where he continued in the 
 same business. Still later the father lived in 
 Jackson County, Mo., and died at Green- 
 wood in that State in 1876, the mother dy- 
 ing there the same year. 
 
 Until about nine years of age, the sub- 
 ject of this sketch lived in New York City, 
 
 but coming with his parents to Illinois in 
 1855, worked on his father's farm in Jo 
 Daviess County, and then in Carroll County 
 except while attending school. He taught 
 school one winter in a small log school- 
 house in Carroll County, at a place called 
 Zion's Grove, receiving a salary of $25 per 
 month. While in Carroll County he pre- 
 pared for college in Mt. Carroll Seminary, 
 and entering Union College, at Schenectady, 
 N. Y., in the fall of 1864, remained there 
 two years, when he was admitted to the 
 Junior Class at the University of Michigan, 
 graduating from that institution with the 
 degree of A. B. in 1868. From 1868 to 
 1870 he was Principal of the high school at 
 Channahon, Will County, 111., when he went 
 to Morris, Grundy County, serving as 
 School Superintendent there for five years, 
 after which he occupied the same position 
 at Pittsfield, 111., for one year. Always fond 
 of reading, his mind naturally turned to- 
 ward the law ; and, in 1875, he was admitted 
 to the bar, during the following year com- 
 ing to Chicago, where he entered into part- 
 nership with Charles W. Needham, which 
 was continued five years, when the partner- 
 ship was terminated by Mr. Needham 's re- 
 moval to Washington, D. C. While main- 
 taining his office in Chicago, Mr. Miller has 
 continuously made his residence in Evans- 
 ton. 
 
 The official positions held by Mr. Miller 
 include those of Corporation Counsel for 
 the Village of Evanston (1886-87), and 
 Village President from 1888 to 1890, being 
 elected to both of these positions without 
 opposition and by unanimous vote. At the 
 close of his term he was complimented by 
 a public reception given in his honor by the 
 citizens of Evanston. He has also been 
 President of the Evanston Board of Edu- 
 cation since 1880, and has held a like posi- 
 tion in connection with the Civil Service 
 Commission since 1895. From 1900 to 
 
BIOGRAPHICAL 
 
 1904 he served on the staff of Gov. Richard 
 Yates, with the rank of Colonel. The pub- 
 lic positions held by Mr. Miller indicate the 
 est'-v.ation in which he is held as a lawyer 
 and as a citizen. 
 
 JOHX MARSHALL WILLIAMS. 
 
 Mr. John M. Williams was born in the- 
 village of Morrisville, Madison County, X. 
 Y.. on the 6th day of December, 1821. His 
 parents were Amariah and Olive (Read) 
 Williams, both of whom were natives of 
 Connecticut. There were four sons and two 
 daughters in the family, of whom he was 
 the third son. He was sent to the district 
 school and, later, to an academy at Morris- 
 ville. At eighteen years of age the course 
 of his studies was interrupted by ill-health, 
 which led to his taking a sea-voyage in the 
 hope of improvement. Five months spent 
 in cruising upon the banks of Newfound- 
 land, with the active life and plain whole- 
 some fare of a cod fisherman, so restored 
 his strength that he resumed his course of 
 education, going to The Oneida Conference 
 Seminary at Cazenovia, X. Y. Here he pur- 
 sued his studies for eighteen months, having 
 in view preparation for college, to which 
 his taste and ambition led him. At this 
 time his eyesight having become impaired, 
 he was obliged to leave school and abandon 
 the idea of obtaining a liberal education, but 
 desjred a wider and more active field than 
 was offered by the life of a farmer among 
 the secluded valleys of Madison County. 
 An advertisement of Mr. S. Augustus 
 Mitchell, a noted publisher of maps in Phila- 
 delphia at that t : me, met his eye. and 
 thinking it offered a favorable opportunity 
 for commencing business and seeing some- 
 thing of the country, he opened a corres- 
 pondence which led to his undertaking the 
 sale of maps. Witii one hundred dollars 
 
 advanced by his father the only pecuniary 
 aid which he ever received during the life- 
 time of his parents he procured a supply of 
 outline maps, suitable for use in school- 
 rooms, and commenced a tour through the 
 villages of Xevv York and Pennsylvania. 
 His success was such that Mr. Mitchell, 
 though he knew his customer only by cor- 
 respondence, offered him an agency for the 
 State of Ohio for the sale of a wall-map of 
 the United States, which he had just pub- 
 lished. With a supply of these maps he set 
 out in the spring of 1843 f r Ohio, by way 
 of the Erie Canal and by steamboat on Lake 
 Erie, and commenced work in Cleveland. 
 The maps sold readily, and after canvass- 
 ing a large part of the Western Reserve he 
 later took the agency for Xew Orleans, 
 meeting there with fairly profitable success, 
 and in early spring embarked on a sailing 
 vessel for Xew York, visiting Cuba on the 
 way. His sales so far had yielded him a 
 net capital of $800 for the year. In the fol- 
 lowing year he pursued his map business in 
 Xew York and the South, but soon after had 
 an earnest desire to go West. 
 
 An older brother. Mr. Read A. Williams, 
 had already located in Chicago, and was 
 there engaged in the lumber business. At 
 the solicitation of his brother, and impress- 
 ed with the advantages which the young city 
 offered for business, Mr. Williams came 
 to Chicago in the spring of 1848. accompa- 
 nied by his cousin, William W. Farwell. a 
 lawyer, who afterwards was a Judge of the 
 Superior Court of Cook County for many 
 years. He soon formed a partnership with 
 Mr. Walter Lull and opened a yard for the 
 sale of lumber. Having occasion to visit 
 Michigan for the purchase of lumber during 
 the summer, he was there attacked by a 
 severe and dangerous fever. While upon 
 the sick-bed the tidings of the discovery of 
 gold among the alluvial sands of California 
 reached the East, and stimulated a wild 
 
HISTORY OF EVANSTON 
 
 523 
 
 emigration to that distant, and then almost 
 inaccessible, region. Mr. Williams disposed 
 of his lumber business and determined to 
 join the ranks of the gold-hunters. At St. 
 Joseph, Mo., the fitting-out place for over- 
 land emigrants, he joined a party of them, in 
 company with his cousin, Mr. Farwell. 
 
 The story of the journey across the plains 
 and over the mountains by the emigrants 
 of 1849 nas often been told, and Mr. Will- 
 iams' experience was not unlike that of oth- 
 ers. He drove oxen, toiled along dusty 
 trails, crossed deserts, starved and suffered 
 thirst through the long stretches of sage- 
 covered plains, guarded the camp by night, 
 repulsing attacks from stealthy savage ma- 
 rauders, climbed the ascent of the Rocky 
 Mountains, and wandered among the preci- 
 pices of the Sierra Nevadas. At the sink 
 of the Humboldt River, having tired of the 
 slow and toilsome progress of the ox-train, 
 he procured a horse and pushed on with his 
 cousin for the remainder of the journey, 
 arriving at Sacramento on the first of Sep- 
 tember, 1849. after a three months' jour- 
 ney. He lost no time in seeking the placer 
 grounds, which he entered upon at Good- 
 year's Bar on the Yuba River. With a 
 shovel and rude rocker he began working 
 the gravel of the bar, and in twenty-two 
 days had taken out $900. Supplies of food, 
 at this place and time, cost $3.50 per pound. 
 The work was hard and the society rough. 
 With the winter floods approaching, he left 
 the diggings and returned to Sacramento. 
 Going down to San Francisco he invested 
 his little capital in such goods as sperm can- 
 dles, bacon, etc., and for two or three 
 months carried on a lively little trade in the 
 small towns along the river. He had ac- 
 cumulated $1.000 by his labor and enter- 
 prise, when, in January, 1850. in conse- 
 quence of the news of his father's death, 
 he started for his former home in New 
 York, by way of the Isthmus of Panama. 
 
 Among his fellow- voyagers were General 
 John C. Fremont and his wife, the renowned 
 Jessie (Benton) Fremont. After walking 
 across the Isthmus, where he saw new and 
 strange forms of tropical vegetation and a 
 novel type of human life, he again embarked 
 on the Atlantic, and reached Morrisville. his 
 former home, in the early summer. 
 
 On July 17, 1850, he was there married 
 to Miss Elizabeth C. Smith, a daughter of 
 Xathan and Roxana Smith, of Xelson. 
 Madison County. X. Y. She accompanied 
 her husband on his return to Chicago and. 
 for forty-five years, shared his home at Chi- 
 cago and at Evanston, to which they re- 
 moved in 1868. Uniting with the First 
 Congregational Church in its infancy in 
 Chicago. Mr. and Mrs. Williams both bore 
 a prominent part in the work of that de- 
 nomination as charter members of the First 
 Congregational Church of Evanston. In the 
 latter part of the summer of 1850. Mr. Will- 
 iams went to Elgin, which was then the 
 temporary terminus of the Galena & Chica- 
 go Union Railroad, and there opened a lum- 
 ber yard. The next spring he formed a 
 partnership, in Chicago, with Messrs Ryer- 
 son & X'orris. of which firm Mr. Martin 
 Ryerson was a member. The firm of Will- 
 iams. Ryerson & Company opened a lumber 
 \ard on the corner of Fulton Street and 
 the River, adjoining that of Leonard & 
 Williams, and carried on the business for 
 five years. He continued in the lumber 
 business until 1860. when he established a 
 wholesale grocery business, but retired 
 from that a few months later. In 1861. 
 in connection with W. D. Houghteling, he 
 engaged in the grain-buying and commis- 
 sion trade, continuing it for several years. 
 In 1869 he went into a wholesale hardware 
 business, and was so engaged when the Chi- 
 cago fire of 1871 swept it away and all the 
 improvements upon his business lots. Being 
 largely insured in English companies, his 
 
524 
 
 BIOGRAPHICAL 
 
 loss was not as great as that of many oth- 
 ers, and he was one of the first to rebuild 
 his business block on the corner of Fifth 
 Avenue and Monroe Street, it being ready 
 for occupancy early in the following spring. 
 After being destroyed by fire again in 1898, 
 a modern fire-proof building was erected in 
 its place. 
 
 Mr. Williams was a purchaser of lots in 
 the west part of the city at the sales held 
 by the Canal Trustees, and dealt in other 
 realty with profitable results. He had con- 
 fidence in Chicago and did not hesitate to 
 stake his fortune on her growth and pros- 
 perity. In business matters he seems to 
 have been gifted with an accurate judg- 
 ment. He was cautious and prduent, and 
 invested freely when the times seemed pro- 
 pitious. Fortune seems to have favored 
 him, for, from the time he started out 
 from his early home to engage in a humble 
 trading venture up to the time of his death, 
 his fortune had grown without any serious 
 set-backs, until he was numbered among 
 the many wealthy men of the city. He 
 was one of the original stockholders of 
 The First National Bank, of Chicago, and 
 always continued his ownership in its stock. 
 He was also one of the organizers of 
 that wonderfully prosperous corporation, 
 The Elgin Watch Company, in which he 
 retained a large financial interest. His early 
 knowledge of the lumber trade caused him, 
 during the period of 1880 to 1885. to invest 
 largely in pine timber-lands adjacent to the 
 north shore of Lake Superior, Minn., on 
 what is now termed the Mesaba Range of 
 iron and pine lands. These lands embrace 
 the famous Biwabik Iron Mine, one of the 
 richest and most extensive iron mines on 
 the range. 
 
 While Mr. Williams' business career has 
 been chiefly sketched thus far, it should not 
 be overlooked that he was prominently iden- 
 tified with the moral and religious move- 
 
 ments of the period of his active life. His 
 early home in New York was in the neigh- 
 borhood of one of the early apostles of 
 emancipation, the gifted Gerrit Smith, and 
 he brought to the West such a lively sense 
 of the abomination of slavery, that he class- 
 ed himself with the then execrated, but now 
 honored, abolitionists, and identified himself 
 with all the agitations which preceded the 
 war of the rebellion and the culmination 
 in the adoption of the policy of emancipa- 
 tion. He was ever afterward a steadfast 
 friend of the colored man, and exemplified 
 his friendship by his numerous benefactions 
 for their education and the moral elevation of 
 the race. He was also a liberal supporter of 
 the religious and city mission work in Chi- 
 cago, prosecuted by the Congregational 
 churches. The Chicago Theological Semin- 
 ary, long struggling with embarrassments, 
 which repressed its growth, but now happily 
 placed in an independent position, owes 
 much to his liberal contributions, and the 
 Chicago Commons also received much aid 
 from him, and after his death his children 
 manifested the same spirit by giving the 
 family residence at the Commons as a me- 
 morial to his honor, while the new Mater- 
 nity Building of the Evanston Hospital is a 
 memorial to their mother. 
 
 Mr. and Mrs. Williams had a family of 
 eight children, three boys and five girls. 
 Lucian Marshall rnarried Lucile Seaton, 
 and they reside in Chicago. Walter Smith 
 married Elia Gilbert, daughter of Mr. C. 
 J. Gilbert, of Evanston, but died in 1891. 
 leaving two children John Marshall Will- 
 iams and Margaret Williams. Another son, 
 Xathan Wilbur, married Elizabeth Cook, 
 and they reside in Evanston. Isabella mar- 
 ried Charles L. Blaney, a son of Doctor J. V. 
 Z. Blaney, formerly of Chicago, and they 
 live at San Jose, Cal., and Anna married an- 
 other son of Dr. Blaney, but both are de- 
 ceased. Helen G. married Joseph J. Husser, 
 
HISTORY OF EVANSTON 
 
 525 
 
 and they reside in Chicago. Edith married 
 Robert C. Kirkwood, and they reside in 
 Mountain View, Cal. Jessie B. married 
 Parke E. Simmons, and they reside on the 
 old homestead, in Evanston, at the corner 
 of Hinman Avenue and Clark Street. 
 
 Mr. Williams was at one time President 
 of the Village Board of Evanston, and iden- 
 tified himself with various interests of the 
 city. During the last four years of his life 
 he made his home in Mountain View, Cal., 
 where he died on March 9, 1901, leaving a 
 widow, Mrs. Annie (Dearborn) Williams, 
 and a son Alan. 
 
 ALDIX J. GROVER. 
 
 Aldin J. Grover (deceased), pioneer set- 
 tler of Chicago and early resident of Evans- 
 ton, was born at Holland, Erie County, 
 N. Y., near Buffalo, August 24, 1822, the 
 son of Chester J. and Susan (Davis) Gro- 
 ver, both of whom were natives of Brad- 
 ford, Vt. His parents moved to Western 
 New York while that region was still a 
 wilderness, and settled upon the famous 
 "Holland Purchase." Here the father died 
 when the subject of this sketch was about 
 three years old. Thus left fatherless at an 
 early age, the son was compelled to face 
 the problem of life about the time when 
 most children are entering school. Having 
 learned the carpenter's trade by the time 
 he was twenty-two years of age he had ac- 
 cumulated sufficient means to enable him to 
 come to the city of Chicago, which he did 
 in September, 1844. There being no rail- 
 road connection from Chicago with the 
 East at that time, the journey was made 
 from Buffalo by the steamer "Empire 
 State" around the lakes. He soon found 
 employment with the American Car Works, 
 which later came into the hands of the Illi- 
 nois Central Railroad Company. For many 
 years thereafter he resided in Lyons Town- 
 
 ship, Cook County, owning several farms 
 in the vicinity of Riverside and La Grange. 
 In 1866 he removed to Evanston for the 
 purpose of securing better educational ad- 
 vantages for his children. In Evanston he 
 engaged in business as a contractor and 
 builder, and was quite an extensive dealer 
 in real estate, in the meantime building for 
 himself and others many of the older dwell- 
 ings and business blocks in that city. His 
 residence in Evanston, 111., from 1866 to 
 1895 was at the corner of Grove Street and 
 Sherman Avenue, on the present site of the 
 "Grover Block," recently built by his ex- 
 ecutors. 
 
 In the early days Mr. Grover held sever- 
 al Evanston township offices, and was a 
 member of the Grand Jury that returned the 
 indictments against the Chicago Anarchists 
 after the Haymarket riot of 1886. 
 
 Mr. Grover was married twice, first to 
 Eliza D. Reed, of Erie County, N. Y-, and, 
 as his second wife, to Mrs. Mary E. Skin- 
 ner of Waukegan, who survives him. Six 
 children two sons and four daughters 
 were born of the first marriage, all still 
 living, viz. : Frank R., Chester A., Etta 
 (wife of Dr. Charles H. Thayer), Kath- 
 erine S., Caroline G. (wife of Dr. Warren 
 R. Smith of Lewis Institute), and Louise 
 M. A stepson, Mortimer B. Skinner, also 
 survives. 
 
 Some ten years before his death Mr. 
 Grover retired from business, and seven 
 years later removed to Wilmette, where he 
 spent the last three years of his life. His 
 death occurred in his home at Wilmette on 
 Sunday, April 6, 1902. 
 
 Mr. Grover is remembered as a man of 
 great physical and mental energy and in- 
 dustry, his business activity extending until 
 he was advanced in life. He left a name 
 for sterling integrity and as a Christian 
 gentleman of which his family may justly 
 be proud, and which is recognized by a 
 large circle of friends and fellow-citizens. 
 
526 
 
 BIOGRAPHICAL 
 
 FRANK REED GROVER. 
 
 Frank Reed Grover, lawyer, Chicago, 
 with residence in Evanston, 111., was born 
 on a farm in Lyons Township, Cook 
 County, 111., September 17, 1858, the son 
 of Aldin J. and Eliza D. (Reed) Grover. 
 In 1866 he came with his father's family to 
 Evanston, and there received his education 
 in the public schools, being a member of the 
 second graduating class of the Evanston 
 High School in 1877. Later he attended the 
 L'nion College of Law of the Northwestern 
 L'niversity for one year, and thereafter, 
 until 1881, was engaged in business as a 
 traveling salesman. During the year last 
 named lie entered the law office of Ela & 
 Parker, Chicago, where he continued his 
 law studies and was admitted to the bar in 
 1883. L'pon the dissolution of this firm in 
 1885, he entered into partnership with one 
 of its members and his former employer, 
 John \Y. Ela. late President of the Chicago 
 Civil Service Commission, under the firm 
 name of Ela & Grover, and later under the 
 name of Ela, Grover & Graves, which was 
 continued until Mr. Ela's death in 1902. 
 Since that date the business has been 
 carried on by Mr. Grover and his surviving 
 partners, without change of the firm name. 
 
 The official positions held by Mr. Grover 
 include that of member of the Board of 
 Trustees of the former Village of Evanston, 
 in which, although the youngest member 
 ever elected to the Board, he held the chair- 
 manship of many important committees. 
 Having declined a re-election he was subse- 
 quently appointed Village Attorney, and 
 while occupying this position, carried 
 through all the legal work incident to con- 
 solidation of the village of Evanston and 
 South Evanston, laying the foundation for 
 the present city government for the consoli- 
 dated corporation. He was then elected as 
 the first City Attorney and Corporation 
 
 Counsel, 'and bore a prominent part in or- 
 ganization of the new city government in 
 its various departments, which was accom- 
 plished in 1892. For the service thus ren- 
 dered he received high commendation from 
 the City Council in resolutions adopted by 
 that body on his retirement from office. 
 
 Mr. Grover is a member of the Chicago 
 Bar Association and has conducted a suc- 
 cessful practice of his profession for the 
 past twenty years. For several years he 
 was Chairman of a Committee appointed 
 by citizens of Evanston in connection with 
 the proposed constitutional amendment 
 pending in the Legislature, providing for a 
 new charter for the City of Chicago. The 
 duties of this committee were to protect 
 the City of Evanston from any scheme look- 
 ing to the annexation of Evanston to the 
 city, and in this they were entirely success- 
 ful, as shown in the character of the amend- 
 ment as finally adopted. Mr. Grover is a 
 charter member of the Evanston Historical 
 Society, was elected its first Vice-Presi- 
 dent and has served in that capacity ever 
 since. During this period he has been an 
 important factor in promoting the success 
 of the Society, not only in the way of organ- 
 ization and subsequent work in its behalf, 
 but by his contributions on historical top- 
 ics, especially with reference to matters con- 
 nected with Indian history of this locality. 
 An example of this is furnished in a chapter 
 in this work relating to Indian history con- 
 nected with the North Shore. (See Chapter 
 II.. "Our Indian Predecessors.") 
 
 Mr. Grover's father, Aldin J. Grover, was 
 one of the pioneers of Cook County, who 
 came to Chicago from Erie County, N. Y., 
 in 1844. and his mother, Eliza D. (Reed) 
 Grover, who came from the same locality, 
 was a member of the same family as 
 Charles H. Reed, a former State's Attor- 
 ney of Cook County. (See sketch, Aldin J. 
 Grover, in this volume.) 
 
HISTORY OF EVANSTOX 
 
 s-/ 
 
 Mr. Frank R. Grover was married in 
 1884 to Ella F. Smith, of Olmsted County, 
 Minn., and one son has been born to them, 
 namelv : Mortimer C. Grover. 
 
 WILLIAM EICHBAUN STOCKTON. 
 
 William Eiclibaun Stockton was born in 
 Pittsburg, Pa.. December 18, 1840, the son 
 of Robert Clark and Martha Celeste (Lit- 
 tle) Stockton, the father born near Mead- 
 ville, Pa., and the mother in Pittsburg. 
 The father was a member of the firm of 
 Johnston & Stockton afterward R. C. 
 Stockton who were engaged in the print- 
 ing, publishing, bookselling and paper man- 
 ufacturing business in Pittsburg. Among 
 the publications issued by Johnston & Stock- 
 ton was the "Western Calculator." an arith- 
 metic which was popular and used . for 
 many years in Western schools. The au- 
 thor was Joseph Stockton, A. M., the father 
 of Robert C. Stockton, and grandfather of 
 the subject of this sketch, who had studied 
 theology with the noted John McMillan 
 and, in 1801, became pastor of a church at 
 Meadville, Pa., whence he removed to 
 Pittsburg to become Principal of the Acade- 
 my at that place, now the Western Uni- 
 versity of Pennsylvania. In 1819 he gath- 
 ered together a little group of worshippers 
 in Allegheny City, and established the first 
 church in that city. I le published a series 
 of school books, which proved a valuable 
 aid to popular education of that period. Be- 
 sides his interest in education he was skilled 
 in medicine, and his services as a missionary 
 and pastor of local churches were given, 
 largely without compensation or reward, 
 throughout all that region from Allegheny 
 City to the United States Arsenal, and from 
 Sharpsburg to Pine Creek, the churches at 
 the two points last named being built under 
 his care. This was before the davs of rail- 
 
 road transportation, and travel was solely 
 by means of horses or on foot. His father, 
 Robert, was one of the first elders of the 
 Presbyterian Church at Washington. Pa., 
 and his grandfather (Thomas Stockton) 
 was an elder of the church of Dr. Craig- 
 head, at Rocky Springs. Pa., when that 
 patriot pastor left his pulpit to lead the male 
 members of his church into the ranks of the 
 Continental Army. 
 
 William E. Stockton was first employed 
 in the railroad business at Pittsburg, Pa., 
 but is now engaged in the iron and steel 
 trade with office at 536 Rookery Building. 
 Chicago, and. with the exception of one 
 year, has been a resident of Evanston since 
 1872. On April 25. 1861, he enlisted under 
 the first call for troops issued by President 
 Lincoln in defense of the Union, was mus- 
 tered into Company I, Twelfth Regiment 
 Pennsylvania Volunteer Infantry, and after 
 serving the three-months' period of his en- 
 listment, was discharged at Pittsburg, Pa., 
 August 5th following. On the last day of 
 the same month (August 31. 1861), he re- 
 enlisted as a member of Company A, First 
 Regiment Illinois Volunteer Artillery, but 
 was discharged under surgeon's certificate, 
 for disability, at Memphis, Tenn., February 
 15, 1863. A year later (February 15, 1864) 
 he enlisted a third time as a member of 
 Company A, Fourteenth Pennsylvania Cav- 
 alry, was promoted to be Sergeant-Major of 
 his regiment in the field September 20, 
 1864, and was discharged at Pittsburg. 
 Pa., January 16, 1865, on account of a gun- 
 shot wound received at Fisher's Hill. \"a. 
 
 The civil offices held by Mr. Stockton in- 
 clude those of Trustee of the Village of 
 Evanston and Director of the Evanston 
 Public Library. He is a pronounced Re- 
 publican in political principles, but has not 
 been a seeker for public office. His religious 
 affiliations are as a member of the First 
 Presbvterian Church of Evanston, in which 
 
528 
 
 BIOGRAPHICAL 
 
 he has held the position of Elder. He is 
 a member of the John A. Logan Post, No. 
 540, Grand Army of the Republic, and of 
 Evans Lodge A. F. & A. M., Evanston. 
 
 Mr. Stockton was married at Shields, Pa., 
 May 7, 1872, to Eliza Leet Cook, a great- 
 granddaughter of Major Daniel Leet of 
 Virginia and Pennsylvania, who was an 
 officer of the Continental Army during the 
 War of the Revolution and a personal 
 friend of Gen. George Washington. Two 
 children have been born of this union: 
 Martha Cook Stockton and John Wilson 
 Stockton. The latter is a resident of Evan- 
 ston and is associated in business with his 
 father in the city of Chicago. u 
 
 CHARLES GRAIN. 
 
 Charles Grain, who was one of the earli- 
 est settlers on the site of the present city 
 of Evanston, and whose family still reside 
 at the old homestead, thereby linking the 
 earliest history of the city with the present, 
 was born in Stockton, Chautauqua County, 
 N. Y., July 16, 1822. He came of an old 
 New England family, which is now widely 
 represented throughout the United States, 
 the names Grain and Crane being traceable 
 to the same origin, and their genealogy 
 to the same parent place in New York 
 State, and here Mr. Grain gained his early 
 education in the schools of Stockton. In 
 1833, his father's family removed to Ohio 
 and settled in the town of Leroy, where they 
 lived during the next three years. From 
 there they came west as far as Hamilton, 
 now in Steuben County, Ind., where 
 Charles Grain received his last schooling 
 and was fitted, by thorough industrial train* 
 ing for an active business life. He made 
 his first visit to Illinois in 1840, coming 
 to Chicago, which then had a population of 
 about four thousand souls. The same year 
 
 he traversed the North Shore region, which 
 was later to become his home, and saw 
 much of the then unbroken and totally 
 unimproved land about Chicago. His cous- 
 in, John Miller, had settled at what was then 
 called Dutchman's Point, now Glenview, 
 and Mr. Grain was in his employ during 
 part of the following year. Then return- 
 ing to Indiana in 1841, he remained there 
 until after the death of his mother in 1842. 
 In company with his brother, O. A. Grain, 
 he then came again to Illinois, determined 
 to make here his permanent home. The 
 settlement, which a little later became 
 known as Ridgeville, and still later devel- 
 oped into the Town of Evanston, was then 
 called Gross Point, and here the brothers 
 cast their lot with the few pioneers then to 
 be found in this region. In 1844, they set- 
 tled on the farm by which they were after- 
 ward so closely identified with Evanston, 
 and which is now part and parcel of the 
 city. From 1845 to 1850 the brothers 
 were engaged in the cooperage business 
 there and were pioneer craftsmen in that 
 line. 
 
 The gold discoveries in California, in 
 1849, stirred the spirit of adventure within 
 them, however, and, early in 1850, they 
 were members of a company that outfitted 
 a wagon train for the long and, in those 
 days, perilous trip across the plains and 
 over the Rocky Mountains to the Pacific 
 Coast. There were thirty men in the com- 
 pany, in all, which, besides Charles Grain, 
 included three of his brothers and a cousin 
 of the same name. On April 8, 1850, the 
 company left what was known as the Buck- 
 eye Inn, an old-time Evanston tavern, and 
 reached Georgetown, Gal., in August fol- 
 lowing, having been a little more than four 
 months on the way. This was considered 
 a very quick trip in those days, and by rea- 
 son of the fact that this wagon train passed 
 pretty near everything on the road, it was 
 
HISTORY OF EVANSTON 
 
 called the "Lightning Express." After 
 mining for something less than a year, 
 with varying degrees of success, the com- 
 pany returned to Illinois in 1851. bringing 
 with them the recollection of many thrill- 
 ing and interesting experiences. Safely 
 they had crossed the arid plains of Kansas, 
 the tortuous steeps and chasms of the 
 Rocky Mountains, and the desert wastes 
 beyond. They had traversed, unharmed, 
 a region infested with wild animals and 
 wilder men. They had seen herds of buffa- 
 lo so vast that they seemed like moving 
 plains ; and they came back, if not rich in 
 purse, rich in knowledge and stories of ad- 
 venture with which to regale their children 
 and grandchildren, neighbors and friends, 
 in later years. Upon their return, Mr. 
 Grain and his brother, O. A. Grain, turned 
 their attention to farming and gardening, 
 and carried on a profitable business in this 
 line for many years, and until the growth 
 of the city created a demand for the sub- 
 division of the lands and the building up 
 thereon of city homes. Mr. Gharles Grain 
 bought a 44-acre tract of land on which 
 he originally settled in 1846, upon which 
 he resided during the remainder of his 
 life, dying at his home on this farm, June 
 2, 1891. In all respects he was a typical 
 pioneer. Honest, upright, generous and 
 kindly, he was much esteemed by the pio- 
 neers who were his earliest neighbors and 
 friends, and equally esteemed by the later 
 generation who grew up around him. He 
 was one of the pioneer members of the Ma- 
 sonic Order in Evanston, and very soon 
 after its organization he affiliated with the 
 Evans Lodge, and died a member of this 
 Lodge, which buried him with the honors 
 due a steadfast and faithful brother. 
 
 Mr. Grain was married, in 1846, to Miss 
 Sarah Burroughs, who was born in Ashta- 
 bula County, Ohio, and came with her sis- 
 ter. Mrs. Captain Beckwith. and her broth- 
 
 er, Alonzo Burroughs, to Gross Point in 
 
 1842. There was a bit of history kindred 
 to romance connected with the coming 
 thither of the pioneer Beckwith. He sailed 
 a vessel on the lakes for fourteen years prior 
 to 1841 without accident, but in the fall of 
 that year his boat went ashore at what is 
 known as Hubbards Hill. The captain was 
 not aboard himself at the time of the wreck, 
 but soon reached the disabled boat, and 
 while making his way to Chicago by wagon, 
 fell in love with the country along the lake 
 shore and determined to settle here, where 
 his wife, sister-in-law, and brother-in-law 
 joined him the following spring. Mrs. 
 Grain's father, David Burroughs, who was 
 a soldier in the War of 1812, came from 
 Ashtabula County, Ohio, to what is now 
 Evanston, with the rest of his family in 
 
 1843. He rented, for a time, the farm 
 which Charles Grain purchased two years 
 later, and this place has now been Mrs. 
 Grain's home continuously for more than 
 sixty years. The old homestead is still a 
 cherished possession of Mrs. Grain, and 
 here, where she passed her later girlhood 
 and young womanhood, she is growing old 
 gracefully, a veritable encyclopedia of in- 
 formation concerning the pioneers and pio- 
 neer life of Evanston and its environments. 
 From time to time she has contributed to 
 the local press and to the Evanston Histori- 
 cal Society much interesting data of this 
 character. The history of her family, as 
 well as that of her husband's family, is 
 closely interwoven with the earliest history 
 of Evanston, and representatives of both 
 families bore an honorable part in laying 
 the foundation of "the Classic City." 
 
 Grain Avenue was so named in honor 
 of the Grain family. Besides Mrs. Grain, 
 the members of this pioneer family living 
 in 1905 were Mrs. Malvina (Grain) 
 Angle. Mrs. Alice (Grain) McDougal, 
 Miss Lucy J. Grain of Evanston. William 
 
530 
 
 BIOGRAPHICAL 
 
 E. Grain, living in Wayne County. .111.; 
 Charles E. Crain of Pittsburg, Pa. ; Mrs. 
 Francis (Crain) Blake of non City, 
 of Colo. ; George H. Crain, real estate oper- 
 ator of Evanston, and Harvey E. Crain 
 of Park Ridge, 111. 
 
 ROBERT McLEAN CUMXOCK. 
 
 Robert McLean Cumnock, A. M., L. H. 
 D., Director of the School of Oratory, 
 Northwestern University, at Evanston, 111., 
 has been a resident of Evanston for thirty- 
 eight years. Professor Cumnock is of 
 Scotch nativity, having been born in the 
 town of Ayr, Scotland, on May 31, 1844. 
 At a very early period of his life he was 
 brought to America by his father, who set- 
 tled in Xew England, and the years of his 
 boyhood were spent in Massachusetts and 
 New Hampshire. His preparation for a col- 
 legiate course was obtained at Wilbraham 
 Academy, Wilbraham. Mass., and. in the fall 
 of 1864, he entered Wesleyan University at 
 Middletown, Conn., from which he was 
 graduated with the class of 1868. Three 
 years later his Alma Mater conferred upon 
 him the degree of A. M., and in 1903, he re- 
 ceived from Dickinson College the degree 
 of L. H. D. 
 
 Professor Cumnock was married, in 1877, 
 to Annie E. Webster, of Evanston. The 
 children resulting from this union are Wal- 
 lace Webster Cumnock, who was born April 
 28, 1880, and Claude B. Cumnock, born 
 July 31, 1884. Professor Cumnock has 
 been connected with the Northwestern Uni- 
 versity since 1868, and to his assiduous care, 
 in the special department of instruction over 
 which he presided, has been entrusted the 
 mental molding of many pupils who have 
 achieved useful and notable careers. 
 
 JOSIAH SEYMOUR CURREY. 
 
 The Currey family traces its ancestry to 
 Richard Currey, who came from Scotland 
 when a young man and settled in West- 
 chester County, X. Y., about the year 1700. 
 The county records and Bolton's History of 
 that county mention the names of Richard 
 Currey and his descendants frequently dur- 
 ing the period from 1707 to the present time. 
 Richard Currey had a son of the same 
 name, born in 1709, who died in 1806. hav- 
 ing attained the extreme age of ninety- 
 seven years. His son Stephen, one of nine 
 children, was born in 1742 and died in 
 1830. Stephen married Frances, a daugh- 
 ter of Thomas Moore of Xew York City, 
 and they reared a family of seven children. 
 Stephen served in a Xew York regiment for 
 a time during the Revolutionary War. The 
 family lived near Peekskill, in Westchester 
 County, almost from the beginning of the 
 settlement of that region, and many of the 
 descendants, now very numerous, are still 
 living there. One of the sons of Stephen 
 was Thomas, who was born in 1773 and 
 died in 1862. He married Rebecca Ward 
 and their children were nine in number. 
 The youngest was James, the father of the 
 subject of this sketch, who was born in 1814 
 and died in 1891. He married Eliza Fer- 
 ris of Peekskill and had a family of six 
 children. 
 
 Josiah Seymour Currey, the eldest son of 
 James and Eliza (Ferris) Currey, was born 
 on a farm near Peekskill, N. Y., October 
 2. 1844. In his childhood he attended the 
 schools of the neighborhood, and when thir- 
 teen years of age, removed with his parents 
 to Illinois, the family making its home at 
 Channahon, in Will County, where his 
 father carried on the farming business. In 
 1862 the family removed to Chicago, and in 
 1867 to Evanston. His father was engaged 
 for some years in the lumber business at 
 
HISTORY OF EVANSTON 
 
 Evanston, frequently receiving cargoes 
 from lake vessels at the old Davis Street 
 pier, now in ruins. 
 
 In 1862, Seymour Currey, as he is usually 
 known, enlisted in the Sixty-seventh Regi- 
 ment Illinois Volunteer Infantry (a 3- 
 nionths' regiment). After serving the 
 period of his enlistment on guard duty at 
 Chicago and Springfield, he was discharged 
 October 6th, following. Later in the war 
 he enlisted again in one of the "hundred- 
 day" regiments the One Hundred and 
 Thirty-fourth Illinois. During and after 
 the war Mr. Currey became engaged in 
 various employments, one year as teacher 
 in a country district school near Aurora, 
 111., for some years serving as an assistant 
 in the oldtime drug-store of Bliss & Sharp 
 at 144 Lake Street. Chicago, and later 
 spending a year in attendance at the North- 
 western University in Evanston. His first 
 appearance in the place where he has since 
 made his home was in the spring of 1867, 
 and in the following fall he regularly en- 
 tered the University as a member of the 
 class of 1871. His course was not finished, 
 but the next year other activities were en- 
 tered upon, and since that time he has been 
 engaged in various mercantile employments, 
 most of the time as an accountant, in which 
 capacity he attained considerable proficien- 
 cy. In 1895 he became connected with the 
 New England Mutual Life Insurance Com- 
 pany of Boston, which has been continued 
 to the present time. 
 
 Mr. Currey was married November 24, 
 1875, to M' ss Mary Ella Corell, by Rev. 
 E. N. Packard of the Congregational 
 Church of Evanston. Miss Corell was born 
 at Portland, Chautauqua County, X. Y., 
 September n, 1852, the daughter of Joseph 
 Corell of that place. The Corell family had 
 lived in Chautauqua County since the days 
 of the "Holland Purchase" early in the 
 nineteenth centurv. Mr. and Mrs. Currev 
 
 have had seven children, six of whom arc- 
 living. The oldest, Helen Marguerite, was 
 born May 27, 1877, graduated from Yassar 
 College in 1901 ; the second, Harold Young, 
 born June 10. 1879, graduated from the 
 Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 
 1902; the third, Frances Moore, born 
 March 21, 1882, married Ralph M. Ashby, 
 November 2. 1905 ; the fourth. Rachel, 
 born October 25. 1883, graduated from 
 Wellesley College in 1905 ; the fifth. Fred- 
 erick Seymour, born August 5. 1885. died 
 December 21, 1888; the sixth. Richard 
 Channing, born September 20, 1891 ; the 
 seventh, Ruth Seymour, born July 28. 1896. 
 All were born in Evanston. and the two 
 last named are attending the schools in 
 Evanston. 
 
 Among the ancestors of, and those im- 
 mediately related to. the Curreys are the 
 names of many well known families and 
 men who have attained eminence. Frances 
 Moore, previously mentioned, was the 
 daughter of Thomas Moore of New York 
 and Elizabeth Channing. who was the 
 daughter of William Channing. the agent of 
 the British navy in New York. Frances was 
 one of a family of eleven children, born in 
 1750 and died in 1824. A brother of Fran- 
 ces, John Moore, was the agent of the Brit- 
 ish government in New York from 1765 to 
 1783, and was naturally unfriendly to the 
 American cause. He was denounced in a 
 report made to the Provincial Congress in 
 1776. The sympathies of the family were 
 divided, however, as another brother, Ste- 
 phen Moore, was Colonel of an American 
 regiment, and was owner of the land on 
 which the buildings of the West Point 
 Academy are now situated, which he sold 
 to the American Government after the war 
 for $10.000. Ann Moore, a sister of Fran- 
 ces, became the wife of Jedediah Hiint- 
 ington. a Major-General in the American 
 army, and Frances herself was the wife of 
 
532 
 
 BIOGRAPHICAL 
 
 Stephen Currey, a private in the same army. 
 Another brother of Frances was Richard 
 Channinp ?.Toore, who was the Protestant 
 Episcopal Bishop of Virginia from 1814 to 
 1841. and rector of the Monumental Church 
 of Richmond. 
 
 Going back a generation we find that 
 John Moore, the father of Thomas Moore, 
 held appointments from the British govern- 
 ment in colonial times, was a member of 
 "His Majesty's Council" in New York, 
 and Colonel of a city regiment. He mar- 
 ried Frances Lambert, a member of a 
 Huguenot family, and they were the parents 
 of eighteen children, one of whom, Thomas 
 Moore, above mentioned, is in the line of 
 ancestry we are here tracing. The line of 
 descent is as follows: John Moore, 1687 
 to 1749; Thomas Moore. 1722 to 1784; 
 Frances Moore, 1750 to 1824, who married 
 Stephen Currey, previously mentioned. In 
 Trinity churchyard. New ifork, within a 
 few yards of the passing throng in Broad- 
 way, may be seen the family vault of the 
 Moore family. In this vault lie the remains 
 of John Moore and Frances Lambert, his 
 wife; Thomas Moore and Elizabeth Chan- 
 ning, his wife: and a number of the chil- 
 dren of both families. 
 
 The Ward family were residents of 
 Peekskill in colonial times, and at the time 
 of the Revolutionary War, Benjamin Ward 
 became Captain of a company of loyalists, 
 or "Tories," and entered the British serv- 
 ice. He was present at the storming of 
 Ft. Montgomery in 1777, being one of the 
 first to scale the walls. After the war he 
 became reconciled to the new order of 
 tilings and lived in Peekskill the remainder 
 of his life. John Paulding, one of the cap- 
 tors of Major Andre, married a sister of 
 Benjamin Ward, and one of the children, 
 Hiram Paulding, became a Rear- Admiral 
 in the United States Navy about the time 
 of the Civil War. Benjamin Ward's daugh- 
 
 ter, Rebecca, was born in 1776 and died in 
 1864. She married Thomas Currey in 1796 
 and they had a large family of children, one 
 of whom was James Currey, the father of 
 the present subject. 
 
 Of the Ferris family the first mention is 
 made of Jeffrey Ferris, who came from 
 England about 1635, and was a resident of 
 Stamford, Conn., where he died in 1666. 
 His son John was born about 1650 and died 
 in 1715. The next in order of descent was 
 Peter, who became a resident of Westchest- 
 er, N. Y., where in 1721 his name is men- 
 tioned in a deed in the county records. His 
 son Jonathan was born in 1732 and died 
 in 1798. Jonathan was a soldier in the 
 Revolutionary War, and member of a com- 
 pany raised in Peekskill. It is a singular 
 fact that Jonathan Ferris and Stephen Cur- 
 rey, previously mentioned, were members 
 of the same company, namely ; Capt. Eben- 
 ezer Boyd's company of Col. Drake's regi- 
 ment of New York troops ; and that their 
 descendants a great-granddaughter of the 
 former and a grandson of the latter should 
 have become man and wife. And thus the 
 present subject of this account, J. Seymour 
 Currey, is able to trace his Revolutionary 
 ancestry, on both the maternal and paternal 
 sides to men who were fellow soldiers in 
 the same company. Jonathan raised a fam- 
 ily of fourteen children, the eldest of whom 
 was Joseph, who was born in 1757 and died 
 in 1841. He married Lyclia Seymour in 
 1786, and they had a family of ten chil- 
 dren. The eldest was Josiah Seymour, for 
 whom the subject of this account was 
 named. He was born in 1788 and died in 
 1882. He was married to Elizabeth Royce 
 of Peekskill in 1814 and they had nine chil- 
 dren. He was for many years a custom 
 house officer in New York, where the fami- 
 ly lived a great part of their lives. One- 
 of the daughters of the family was Eliza, 
 who was born April 7, 1825, married James 
 
HISTORY OF EVANSTON 
 
 533 
 
 Currey, October 22, 1843, and she is still 
 living in good health at the age of eighty- 
 one. Thj eldest child of this union is the 
 subject of this sketch. 
 
 Of the uncles of Mr. Currey on his 
 father's side one was Daniel Curry who 
 spelled his name at variance with the usage 
 of his ancestors. In 1827 he graduated 
 from the Wesleyan University, Middletown, 
 Conn., and entered the ministry of the 
 Methodist Church. He received the de- 
 gree of Doctor of Divinity, and in 1854 be- 
 came President of Indiana Asbury Univer- 
 sity (now De Pauw). In 1857 he became 
 editor of the New York "Christian Advo- 
 cate," and was the author of numerous 
 works. A biographical account of him is 
 given in the American Cyclopedia, and in 
 the New York papers at the time of his 
 death in 1887. Another uncle, a twin 
 brother of James Currey, was John Currey, 
 still living in California at the advanced age 
 of ninety-two years. John Currey was 
 graduated at Wesleyan University and af- 
 terwards entered upon the practice of law 
 in Peekskill. In 1849 he went to California 
 and has resided there ever since. He was 
 an occupant of the Palace Hotel, where he 
 had lived some thirty years, at the time 
 of its destruction by earthquake and fire, 
 April 18, 1906, but escaped in safety, 
 though suffering a severe property loss. In 
 1859 he was a candidate for Governor of 
 the State of California, and though defeat- 
 ed, he conducted one of the liveliest cam- 
 paigns in the political history of the State. 
 In 1864 he was elected Chief Justice of the 
 Supreme Court of the State^ which office 
 he held for eight years. In 1870 the degree 
 of LL. D was conferred upon hun by Wil- 
 liams College of Massachusetts. His de- 
 cisions as Judge occupy a large space in the 
 California reports, and are highly esteemed 
 by lawyers. Edward Currey, a brother of 
 Josiah Seymour, was at one time Secretary 
 
 of State of the State of Arkansas, and was 
 a prominent banker in the West at the time 
 of his untimely death in 1904. Another 
 brother, Arthur L. Currey, is a practicing 
 lawyer of Chicago widely known in the 
 community. 
 
 As will be observed, the family of Mr. 
 Currey has been closely identified with the 
 history of the country at all periods since 
 colonial times. In the Revolutionary War 
 some of its members were found in the 
 ranks and some among the officers on both 
 sides. They are found in the legal and min- 
 isterial professions, and some have risen to 
 eminence. Large families and a remark- 
 able average of longevity have been charac- 
 teristics of the different branches above 
 described. One of the family, who in 1883 
 was engaged in writing a family history 
 (which, however, was not completed), esti- 
 mated that there were (or had been) 600 
 descendants of Stephen Currey and Frances 
 Moore. 
 
 Since his residence in Evanston, Mr. Cur- 
 rey has been honored by the citizens by be- 
 ing elected a Director of the Evanston Pub- 
 lic Library, for a succession of terms. In 
 the spring election of 1886, when Evanston 
 was under a village form of government, 
 he was elected for a term of three years, 
 and re-elected twice thereafter. The village 
 having been succeeded by a city form of 
 government in 1892. the office of Library 
 Director became thereafter an appointive 
 one, and Mr. Currey has received the 
 appointment each time his term has 
 expired up to the present time, mak- 
 ing a continuous service in this line 
 of over twenty years. He is now Vice- 
 President of the Board, and Chairman of 
 the Building Committee having in charge 
 the new Public Library building now in 
 course of construction. In 1898 he was 
 the principal mover in the formation of the 
 Evanston Historical Society of which the 
 
534 
 
 BIOGRAPHICAL 
 
 late Harvey B. Hurd was President up to 
 the time of his death in January, 1906, when 
 Mr. Currey was elected his successor and is 
 now President of the Society. Mr. Currey 
 is a member of the Caxton Club of Chicago, 
 the American Historical Association, the 
 Illinois State Historical Society, the Illi- 
 nois State Library Association, Grand 
 Army of the Republic, the Sons of the 
 American Revolution and the Society of the 
 Colonial Wars. 
 
 CONRAD HERMAN POPPENHUSEN. 
 
 Conrad H. Poppenhusen, lawyer, Evans- 
 ton and Chicago, was born on Long Island, 
 New York, July 21, 1871, and is the son 
 of Herman C. Poppenhusen, a former man- 
 ager of the Long Island Railroad, and his 
 wife, Caroline C. Funke. The family name 
 is one of social and financial prominence 
 and will, for a great measure of time, be 
 perpetuated in the educational history of 
 Long Island, because of the beneficence of 
 Conrad Poppenhusen, the paternal grand- 
 father of the subject of this narrative, who 
 was a man of affairs, being then the con- 
 trolling owner of the Long Island Railroad. 
 Commemorative of his fiftieth anniversary, 
 he presented to the village of College Point, 
 Long Island, a suitable plat of ground, 
 along with an endowment of one hundred 
 thousand dollars, in which deed is written 
 the initial chapter of Poppenhusen Institute. 
 
 The early education of Mr. Poppenhusen 
 was obtained in private schools, and at the 
 age of eleven years he was sent to Europe 
 where he remained until his eighteenth year, 
 attending the best schools during that en- 
 tire period. Returning to America, he lo- 
 cated in Evanston and entered the Evanston 
 High School, from which he was graduated 
 after six months' attendance. In the same 
 year (1890) he matriculated in the Union 
 
 College of Law, now the School of Law 
 of the Northwestern University, and re- 
 ceived his degree in 1892. In the year 1893 
 he was admitted to the Chicago bar and 
 then began the practice of his profession. 
 Several years afterward he entered the law 
 partnership of Gregory, Poppenhusen & 
 McNab, which firm occupies a position of 
 high rank in the Cook County Bar. 
 
 Following the precepts of his father and 
 paternal grandfather, Conrad Herman Pop- 
 penhusen takes a leading interest in educa- 
 tional matters. From 1898 down to the 
 date of this sketch he has been continuously 
 a member of the Evanston High School 
 Board of Education, serving with distinc- 
 tion during the term 1902-03 as President 
 of that body. In his political affiliations, 
 he is identified with the Republican party, 
 and has been honored, at the solicitation of 
 his party, with office. In 1895 he was Sec- 
 retary and Chief Examiner of the Evanston 
 Civil Service Commission, and from 1895 
 to 1897 served as Alderman in the Evanston 
 City Council. He is a member of the Re- 
 publican Club of Evanston. 
 
 The social status of Mr. Poppenhusen is 
 exemplified by his membership in the fol- 
 lowing social and other organizations : 
 Evanston Club, Evanston Golf Club; 
 Onwentsia Club, Lake Forest ; Union 
 League, Chicago ; Chicago Athletic Club ; 
 City Club, Chicago; Lawyers' Club, New 
 York ; Chicago Bar Association ; Illi- 
 nois Bar Association ; Municipal Asso- 
 ciation, Evanston, and the Civic Fed- 
 eration of Evanston, and is also a member 
 of all Masonic bodies. He is a believer in 
 the Presbyterian faith and a member of the 
 First Presbyterian Church of Evanston. 
 
 At Evanston, June 25, 1895, Mr. Poppen- 
 husen was united in marriage to Miss Har- 
 riet Mae Gunn, born May 9, 1872, the 
 daughter of Alexander H. Gunn, Esq., a 
 graduate of Yale College, class of 1854. and 
 
HISTORY OF EVANSTON 
 
 535 
 
 of Yale Law School. Her mother, Emily 
 (Dyer) Gunn, is a daughter of Charles 
 Dyer. M. D., of Burlington, Wis.. and a sis- 
 ter of Judge Charles E. Dyer, of Milwau- 
 kee. Wis. 
 
 SIMOX VEDER KLINE. 
 
 Simon Yeder Kline ( deeased ) . whose res- 
 idence in Evanston dates from 1850, before 
 the advent of railroads at this point, was 
 formerly a substantial and prosperous mer- 
 chant of the place. He was born in Fonda. 
 N. Y., June 12, 1821. and his ancestors were 
 of German extraction. He was reared in 
 the village of Fonda, where he attended 
 the common schools, and in his youth 
 learned blacksmithinp. After living for a 
 time in Syracuse, X. Y.. he came to Chi- 
 cago, where he engaged in the manufacture 
 of threshing machines and farming imple- 
 ments under the firm name of Wemple. 
 Kline & Company. In i8(/>, they disposed 
 of the business, and Mr. Kline entered upon 
 the manufacture of lumber at Glencoe. 111., 
 and also had a contract for supplying the 
 Northwestern Railroad with wood for en- 
 gines at that point. After the disposal of 
 these interests along in the 'seventies, he did 
 not engage again in mercantile pursuits, but 
 operated a farm which he owned north of 
 Evanston until 1880. At that time he went 
 into the grain business in Evanston, and 
 also conducted a grocery store. This he 
 continued until l8<;l. when he withdrew 
 from active business and lived in retirement 
 until his death, December 18. 1893. 
 
 Mr. Kline served as Assessor of the 
 Township of Evanston for several years ; 
 he was also Township Collector for a num- 
 ber of years, and subsequently served, as 
 Village Trustee. 
 
 The subject of this sketch was twice mar- 
 ried. His first wife was Mary Foster, 
 
 whom he wedded in 1851. She bore him 
 one child, James D., born February 28, 
 1852, who married Anna Gedney ; he died 
 in 1880. For his second wife Mr. Kline 
 married Laura Xorthrup Ostrander, of \\'a- 
 tervale, N. Y., November 16, 1853. The 
 issue of this union was George Romyne, 
 Mary Yirginia, Carrie Anna, Frank J., and 
 Charles Gaffield. George Romyne was 
 born November 15, 1854, and died October 
 20, 1901. Mary Yirginia, who is deceased, 
 married Fred. R. Merrill, of Evanston. and 
 they had four children, three of whom are 
 living. Frank J. married Anna C. Franz, 
 of Evanston. and they have four children. 
 Charles Gaffield, born January 6. 1863. mar- 
 ried Harriet E. Franz, and they have six 
 children. In politics, the subject of this 
 sketch was a Republican, and in religious 
 belief, a Universalist. Socially he was a 
 member of the I. O. O. F. His widow is 
 still living. 
 
 GEORGE ROMYNE KLINE. 
 
 George R. Kline ( deceased ). formerly a 
 prosperous merchant of Evanston. III., 
 where he lived forty-five years, was born in 
 Chicago, November 15, 1854. His father, 
 Simon Veder Kline, one of the pioneer res- 
 idents of the place, who was a merchant 
 and farmer, was born in Fonda, N. Y., 
 June 12. 1821, and his ancestors were of 
 German origin. His mother, formerly 
 Laura Northrup Ostrander, was born in 
 Watervale, N. Y., and was married to 
 Simon V. Kline, November 16, 1853. 
 George R. Kline came with his parents to 
 Evanston when he was two years old. and 
 there attended the public school, which 
 stood a little north of the lighthouse and 
 was very primitive in those days. Dwellings 
 were few and the wolves could be heard 
 howling around the home at night. 
 
536 
 
 BIOGRAPHICAL 
 
 George was an apt pupil, and took pride 
 in recalling the time when he won a picture 
 of George Washington in the old school 
 house, for being the best speller. He grew 
 up in the midst of pioneers trained to farm- 
 ing, and was accustomed to till the soil 
 where fine houses and grounds now mark 
 the landscape and excite the beholder's 
 admiration. About the year 1882, when the 
 city of Evanston began to build up more 
 rapidly, Mr. Kline abandoned the farming 
 and dairying business which he had carried 
 on in company with his father, and in com- 
 pany with the latter went into the flour and 
 feed business, conducting also a grocery 
 store. Shortly before the death of his fa- 
 ther he sold his interest in the grocery, but 
 continued in the flour and feed trade. In 
 1899, ne disposed of his store and purchased 
 a large farm near Lake Forest, to which he 
 gave a large share of his attention thereafter 
 until his death, which occurred at his coun- 
 try home October 20, 1901. He had led a 
 very active life and died at a comparatively 
 early age. Besides his farm he was owner 
 of valuable real estate in Evanston. and had 
 been for some time part owner and operator 
 of an elevator at Rockwell. Iowa. 
 
 The subject of this sketch was married in 
 Chicago, in 1875, to Mary Jones, a daugh- 
 ter of James VV. and Margaret (Snyder) 
 Jones, who still survives him. Mrs. Kline's 
 parents came to Evanston from Peekskill, 
 N. Y., in 1857. They first settled at what 
 is now Wilmette, when Mrs. Kline was four 
 years of age. but two years afterwards 
 established their home on the site of the 
 present corner of Church Street and Chi- 
 cago Avenue, in Evanston. The children 
 of Mr. and Mrs. Kline are Rolland R., Mrs. 
 Laura (Kline) Thomas, of Evanston, and 
 Mrs. Jennie (Kline) Payne, also of Evan- 
 ston. Here Mrs. Kline spent her girlhood, 
 removing subsequently with her father's 
 family to Chicago, where she was married. 
 
 In political views, Mr. Kline supported the 
 Republican party, and participated with 
 lively interest in its campaign work. He 
 served as Tax Collector in Evanston during 
 the years 1898, 1899 and 1900. He was an 
 estimable man, honest and upright in all his 
 transactions and left a name free from re- 
 proach. 
 
 CHARLES GAFFIELD KLINE. 
 
 Charles G. Kline, President of the Kline 
 Bros. Coal and Grain Company and for- 
 mer manager of the Evanston branch of 
 the Peabody Coal Company, in which he is 
 a stockholder, was born in Evanston, Illi- 
 nois, January 6, 1863. His parents, Simon 
 V. and Laura (Ostrander) Kline, were 
 pioneer residents of Evanston. His father 
 who was a merchant and farmer, was born 
 in Fonda, X. Y.. June 12, 1821, his ances- 
 tors being of German origin. He married 
 Laura Ostrander, November 16, 1853. 
 
 Charles G. Kline was reared in Evanston, 
 and enjoyed the advantages of the public 
 schools. In 1884 he became associated with 
 his father and brother in the flour and feed 
 business, to which he had been trained in 
 his father's store. Until 1890 he was jun- 
 ior partner of the firm of S. V. Kline & 
 Sons. Then his brother, George R., took 
 the feed business in which, in 1892, Charles 
 G. became a partner with him. The same 
 year they engaged in the coal trade, taking 
 over the business of the Evanston Elevator 
 and Coal Company. This connection con- 
 'tinued until 1899. when George R. Kline 
 retired from the firm. Charles G. Kline 
 conducted the business until December 31, 
 1904, when the concern was absorbed by the 
 Peabody Coal Company, whose coal inter- 
 ests in Evanston Mr. Kline superintends, 
 having gained an extensive patronage. Mr. 
 Kline has had this trade under his personal 
 
HISTORY OF EVANSTON 
 
 537 
 
 direction since 1892, and has developed it 
 into large proportions. He has charge of 
 all the interests of the Kline estate, acting 
 also as administrator of the estate of his 
 brother George, since the death of the latter 
 in 1901. 
 
 Mr. Kline was married in Evanston, in 
 1885, to Harriet E. Franz, a daughter of 
 Jacob Franz, of Evanston. Mrs. Kline's 
 parents were early settlers in Chicago, and 
 in later years made their home in Evanston. 
 The children of Mr. and Mrs. Kline are : 
 Carrie M., Merritt C, Elida F, Helen. 
 Walter E. and Harriet E. Politically, 
 the subject of this sketch is a Repub- 
 lican, and fraternally, he is a member of the 
 Modern Woodmen of America. 
 
 TUNIS ISBESTER. 
 
 Tunis Isbester (deceased) was born in 
 Kimlerhook, N. Y., on May 10, 1849, anc ' 
 was engaged in business in Rochester, N. 
 Y., until about 1887. when he removed to 
 Evanston, 111., which continued to be his 
 residence until his death, which occurred 
 January 15. 1902. During the latter years 
 of his life and at the time of his decease, 
 Mr. Isbester was the Western Manager of* 
 the -Westinghouse Air-Brake Company, and 
 was widely known in business circles 
 throughout the United States. His par- 
 ents were of Scotch descent, but resided in 
 Kinderhook, N. Y., for many years, finally 
 removing to Niagara Falls. Mrs. Isbester 
 was born in Nashville, Tenn., in 1849, the 
 daughter of John H. and Christene (Cul- 
 len) Campion, and comes of Scotch ances- 
 try. Her family removed from Nashville. 
 Tenn., to New York City about 1854, a few 
 years after, her birth, and she was married 
 at Buffalo, N. Y., to Mr. Isbester December 
 29, 1873- 
 
 I 
 
 JOHN J. FOSTER. 
 
 John J. Foster (deceased) was born in 
 Syracuse, N. Y., April 16, 1832, the son 
 of William and Mary Foster, the former 
 born in Ireland and the latter in New York 
 State, who came West with their family in 
 the fall of 1839, making their home for six 
 months in Chicago. In the spring of 1840 
 they removed to Gross Point, purchased a 
 farm and remained there for six years. 
 Sometime in 1846 they came to the newly- 
 laid-otit town of Evanston, locating on what 
 was known as the "Old Ridge Road." now 
 Ridge Avenue and Grant Street. Mr. Fos- 
 ter received his education in the public 
 schools, and in his seventeenth year (1849) 
 left home with his father for an overland 
 trip to California. Of the experience per- 
 taining to this journey much might be said. 
 It was at length accomplished in safety, and 
 the young man spent three fairly successful 
 years in the West. Upon his returning to 
 Illinois, Mr. Foster located at Evanston. 
 where he was engaged at different times, in 
 the coal and lumber trades. While dealing 
 in coal, he built what was known as the 
 "Foster Pier." where much merchandise of 
 various sorts was handled during a long 
 period. This pier, which, during the last 
 quarter of a century, was so important a 
 feature of the lake trade at Evanston, as 
 well as the landing place of passengers from 
 lake vessels, was a place of much historic 
 interest. Here schooners and other vessels 
 were accustomed to discharge their cargoes 
 of coal and other fuel for consumption in 
 the city of Evanston and surrounding coun- 
 try, while numerous lake steamers used it as 
 a landing place for parties of excursionists 
 from Chicago and other points, who had 
 come to visit and admire the college sub- 
 urb. Through all its history was associated 
 with it the name of Mr. Foster, its origina- 
 tor and builder. 
 
538 
 
 BIOGRAPHICAL 
 
 On June 12, 1852, Mr. Foster was united 
 in marriage to Miss Marietta, daughter of 
 Oliver Jellerson, a native of Bangor, Maine, 
 who came to Illinois in 1839, first settling in 
 Chicago, but removing to Evanston in 1846, 
 purchased land on what is now Ridge Av- 
 enue and Leonard Street. The old home- 
 stead where Mrs. Foster spent her girlhood 
 days is yet standing. Mr. Jellerson accom- 
 panied Mr. Foster and his son, John J., on 
 their overland California trip in 1849, an( l 
 there the former died. Mr. and Mrs. Fos- 
 ter were the parents of six children, three of 
 whom are living: Edward, John H., and 
 Mrs. Olive M. Corlett, all residents of 
 Evanston. 
 
 In his political views Mr. Foster was a 
 Republican, and he and his wife were mem- 
 bers of the Baptist Church. Mr. Foster 
 had all of the pioneer resident's pride in 
 the town in which he had always felt so 
 loyal and deep an interest, ami in the devel- 
 opment of which he was so important a fac- 
 tor. The growth and prosperity of Evan- 
 ston meant much to one who. like him, had 
 never for a moment doubted the supremacy 
 of the college town. His death, which oc- 
 curred February 12, 1898, was sudden, be- 
 ing the direct result of an accident, in which 
 he received an injury while unloading a 
 coal vessel at Foster's Pier. His widow 
 survives, residing at No. 2236 Ridge Av- 
 enue, Evanston. 
 
 ANDREW SCHWALL. 
 
 Andrew Schwall (deceased), former cit- 
 izen of Evanston, 111., was born near Ber- 
 lin, Germany, October 11. 1846, the oldest 
 son of Jacob and Katherine (Rieden) 
 Schwall, both of whom were natives of the 
 vicinity of their son's birthplace, where the 
 father was a farmer by occupation. The 
 parents came to America in 1847, when the 
 
 son was one year old, and buying sixty 
 acres of land at Gross Point, five miles 
 northwest of Evanston, the father there 
 resumed his vocation as a farmer. The 
 opportunities then afforded for acquiring 
 an education in that locality were extremely 
 meager, and his mother having died when 
 he was seven years old, the son Andrew 
 assisted his father in supporting the family 
 until he was fourteen years of age, wfien he 
 came to Evanston, and there engaged in 
 working wherever he could find employ- 
 ment. In this he was so successful that he 
 soon after purchased an express wagon, and 
 still later a carriage, which he used for some 
 time for the accommodation of passengers 
 arriving or departing by the Chicago & 
 Northwestern trains. On January I, 1873, 
 he entered into partnership with Earl S. 
 Powers in the livery business, the concern 
 becoming the well-known firm of Powers & 
 Schwall. Mr. Powers having died in 
 August 1891. Mr. Schwall purchased 
 his deceased partner's interest, thus 
 becoming sole proprietor of the estab- 
 lishment, which he conducted success- 
 fully for the remainder of his life. 
 
 On November 23, 1881, Mr. Schwall was 
 married at No. 1505 Ashland Avenue, in 
 Evanston, to Lydia J. Kinder, who was born 
 May 31, 1856, near the village of'Des 
 Plaines in the Town of Maine. Cook Coun- 
 ty, the youngest daughter of Edwin and 
 Mary Kinder, who came from Yorkshire, 
 England, in 1842. Mrs. Schwall's mother 
 died October 3, 1903, at the age of eighty- 
 four years, while the father is still living 
 about the same age. Mr. and Mrs. Schwall 
 had three children : Myrtle Lavinia, born 
 December 15. 1882; Martha Marion, born 
 August H, 1885, and Rowland Rieden, born 
 January 10. 1891. The older daughter, 
 Myrtle, was married September 7, 1904, to 
 John G. Sey fried, of Oak Park. 111. The 
 
HISTORY OF EVAXSTOX. 
 
 539 
 
 two other children still reside with their 
 mother at 1423 Benson Avenue, Evanston. 
 Mr. Schwall was admitted to the Ma- 
 sonic fraternity as a member of the Evan- 
 ston Lodge, May 9, 1870, in which he took 
 the third degree, March 26, 1871, and on 
 June 4, 1878, became a member of Apollo 
 Commandery, Knights Templar. \Yhile 
 not a member of any church, he was a lover 
 of the highest order of personal integrity, 
 adopting as his motto, "Let not thy left 
 hand know what thy right hand doeth." 
 His political affiliations were with the Re- 
 publican party. As the result of a stroke 
 of paralysis which he had suffered on May 
 28, 1901. his decease occurred at his home 
 in Evanston, December 19, 1901, and he was 
 buried in Rose Hill Cemetery on the 23rd 
 of that month. He was a kind and loving 
 husband and father, and his taking away 
 was deeply lamented by a large circle of 
 appreciative friends, especially by the poor 
 of his locality who had been indebted to him 
 for many favors. 
 
 JOSEPH McGEE LYOXS. 
 
 Joseph McGee Lyons, retired banker, and 
 a resident of Evanston, 111., for more than 
 forty-two years, was born in Coleraine, 
 Franklin County, Mass., August 6, 1835. 
 and is a son of Lucius and Jane Ross (Mc- 
 Gee) Lyons. His father, who was by oc- 
 cupation a cabinet-maker, was born in 1803. 
 The Lyons' family is of French extraction, 
 and the ancestors of Joseph M. Lyons went 
 to England with William of Normandy in 
 the year 1000. In 1640 his more immediate 
 ancestors came to America and settled at 
 Roxbury, Mass. Mr. Lyons' grandfather, 
 Jesse Lyons, was born in Roxbury, May 
 18, 17(^7, and moved to Coleraine while 
 still a young man. The great-grandfather, 
 was one of the famous Boston "Tea Partv." 
 
 The house built by Jesse Lyons still stands, 
 and is among the oldest houses in Cole- 
 raine. 
 
 Joseph McGee Lyons received his early 
 mental training in the common schools, 
 in Coleraine. and the academy at Shelburne 
 Falls, Mass. When nineteen years of age, 
 he went West and obtained employment in 
 a bank in Cincinnati, Ohio. There he re- 
 mained five years, serving the last as cashier 
 af the bank. During that year his father 
 died, and he returned home to settle up the 
 estate. After remaining at home for two 
 years, he came to Chicago in 1861 and es- 
 tablished a banking and brokerage business, 
 which he conducted for ten years. In 1864 
 he moved to Evanston, where he has since 
 resided. After retiring from the banking 
 business Mr. Lyons established a brick man- 
 ufacturing plant in Evanston, which he 
 operated until 1873, when he disposed of it. 
 
 When Mr. Lyons came to Evanston in 
 1864 he purchased a tract of twenty acres 
 of land just west of Ridge Avenue. In 
 1870, in connection with Gilbert & Wood- 
 ford, who owned the twenty acres adjoining 
 he platted, improved and sold this ground, 
 which became known as the Lyons. Gilbert 
 & Woodford Addition to Evanston. In 
 1865, Mr. Lyons bought twenty acres more 
 lying west of his former purchase, which he 
 used for the manufacture of brick. This 
 he sold in 1873 to Merrill Ladd. who sub- 
 sequently platted it as an addition to the 
 City of Evanston. One of the streets of 
 Evanston is named for Mr. Lyons, and a 
 building erected by him bears his name 
 "Lyons' Hall." 
 
 Mr. Lyons was married at Groton. Mass., 
 on Xovember 24, 1859, to Mary Helen Far- 
 mer, and three children were the issue of this 
 union, all of whom died in infancy. Po- 
 litically, Mr. Lyons is a Republican. He 
 cast his first vote for John C. Fremont, and 
 has voted for every Republican candidate 
 
540 
 
 BIOGRAPHICAL 
 
 for the presidency since that day. During 
 the four years from 1876 to 1880, he was 
 engaged in the office of the County Treas- 
 urer of Cook County. Prior to 1880 he 
 served one year as Town Assessor, and 
 with the exception of a year's interval, has 
 filled this office continuously up to the pres- 
 ent time. He was formerly a member of 
 the Board of Village Trustees. 
 
 Mr. Lyons is the "Nestor" of Evans 
 Lodge No. 524, A. F. & A. M. In 1857 
 he joined Woodward Lodge, No. 149, I. O. 
 O. F., in Cincinnati, and was affiliated with 
 that order for some time after coming to 
 Evanston, but relinquished his membership 
 on account of the pressure of other duties. 
 He is a member of St. Mark's Episcopal 
 Church. 
 
 HENRY LEONIDAS BOLTWOOD. 
 
 Henry L. Boltwood (deceased educa- 
 tor) was born at Amherst. Mass.. Janu- 
 ary 17, 1831. the son of William and 
 Electa (Stetson) Boltwood, both of whom 
 were natives of Massachusetts, the former 
 born at Amherst. July 3, 1802, and the 
 latter at Abingdon, same State, April 7. 
 1808. His ancestors had been New Eng- 
 land farmers for eight generations, which 
 was the vocation of the father, and in 
 which the son gave assistance during his 
 boyhood and youth. Several of the fam- 
 ily were killed during the Indian wars in 
 New England, and Mr. Boltwood's great 
 grandfather was an officer in the Provin- 
 cial wars. His maternal grandfather 
 moved from Abingdon, Mass., his moth- 
 er's birthplace, in 1812. The father was 
 a man of reserved temperament, well-in- 
 formed and suffered from lameness most 
 of his life. The mother died at Ottawa. 
 Kan., a few years ago, aged nearly nine- 
 ty-two years. Of their eleven children, of 
 
 whom Henry L. was the third, nine grew 
 to maturity and six were living in 1905, 
 previous to the death of the subject of 
 this sketch. Lucius Boltwood, an uncle 
 of Henry L., was the first candidate for 
 Governor of Massachusetts on the old 
 Abolition ticket in 1840, and a brother, 
 Captain Edmund Boltwood, of Ottawa, 
 Kan., served as a soldier for four and a 
 half years in the Civil War, and was a 
 Captain of the Twentieth Kansas Vol- 
 unteers in the Philippines during the 
 Spanish-American War, while still an- 
 other brother (now deceased) was an en- 
 gineer in the Government service during 
 the Civil War. 
 
 Brought up on a farm in his early boy- 
 hood, Mr. Boltwood had the opportunity 
 of only three months' attendance each 
 year at the district schools, but between 
 the ages of nine and fifteen, residing with- 
 in a mile of Amherst Academy and Col- 
 lege, he was naturally inspired with a 
 desire for a higher education, although 
 the family means did not permit its grati- 
 fication. Through the influence of the 
 Principal of the Academy which he first 
 attended, his father was induced to grant 
 him his time, except such help as he could 
 give on the farm during vacation, or out 
 of school hours. He obtained his board, 
 washing and fuel at home during this 
 period, but no other compensation for his 
 labor. He thus worked his way through 
 the Academy for three years, and for four 
 years in college, graduating from the lat- 
 ter in 1853. This he was able to do with- 
 out losing his rank in his class. A vora- 
 cious reader and having access to the col- 
 lege library through the favor of student 
 friends, he took a high rank in college, 
 though often compelled to be absent to 
 earn money by teaching or otherwise to 
 pay expenses. During this period he 
 taught every winter, at first receiving 
 
HISTORY OF EVANSTON 
 
 541 
 
 only four dollars per week while board- 
 ing 'round. His tastes were for the 
 languages and literature, and he also be- 
 came quite an expert in botany and chem- 
 istry. 
 
 After graduation in 1853. Mr. Bolt wood 
 took charge of an academy at Limerick, 
 Maine, but six months later accepted the 
 principalship of a high school at Palmer, 
 Mass., where he remained one year, when 
 he assumed charge of the lilanchard 
 Academy at Pembroke. X. H., remaining 
 there two years. In 1857 he went to Der- 
 ry, N. H.. and there had charge of the 
 Pinkerton Academy for four and a half 
 years, when he succeeded to the prin- 
 cipalship of the high school at Law- 
 rence. Mass., a little more than a 
 year later accepting a business po- 
 sition as photographic chemist in Xew 
 York City. Starting out with the in- 
 tention of entering the ministry, he had 
 by this time become deeply interested 
 in educational work, although in the 
 meanwhile doing much missionary and 
 pastoral work in feeble and destitute 
 churches, but without having taken a 
 course in theology. For one year ("1859) 
 he also served as School Commissioner of 
 Rockingham County. X. H. 
 
 On April I. 1864, he entered into the 
 service of the L'nitcd States Sanitary 
 Commission in the Department of the 
 (itilf, remaining until June. 1865, and 
 being present at the capture of Fort Blake- 
 ley near Mobile, which was the last bat- 
 tle of the war. occurring on the day of 
 Lee's surrender at Appomattox. During 
 this period he served for a time as Chap- 
 lain of the Sixty-seventh United States 
 Colored Infantry, but was never formally 
 mustered in. 
 
 After returning from the army, Mr. 
 Roltwood came to Illinois and was soon 
 after appointed School Superintendent 
 
 and Principal of the High School at 
 Griggsville, Pike County, remaining there 
 two years (1865-67). During the latter 
 year he removed to Princeton, Bureau 
 County, and there organized the first 
 Township High School in the State, 
 which proved a success, and in connec- 
 tion with which he remained eleven years, 
 when ( 1878) he went to Ottawa, La Salle 
 County, and organized a similar school 
 there. Five years later (1883) he came 
 to Evanston. there organized his third 
 Township High School, of which he con- 
 tinued to be Principal for the remainder 
 of his life a period of over twenty-two 
 years. He has been widely recognized as 
 the father of the township high school 
 system, with which he was continuously 
 connected for nearly forty years, and 
 for a longer period than any other teacher 
 in the State. In all, his experience as a 
 teacher, belli East and West, covered a 
 period of nearly fifty-three years. In- 
 cidentally, during his teaching sen-ice, 
 Prof. Boltwood did much outside work 
 as a teacher and lecturer in Teachers' In- 
 stitutes in New Hampshire. Massachu- 
 setts, Iowa and Illinois. In 1876 he was 
 appointed a member of the Illinois State 
 P-oard of Education, serving eight years, 
 an.l was elected President of the State 
 Teachers' Association for the year 1891. 
 He was never a candidate for political of- 
 fice, though once proposed for the nomi- 
 nation for State Superintendent of Public 
 Instruction. 
 
 While in college. Professor Boltwood 
 was a member of the Alpha Delta Phi 
 fraternity, and became a charter member 
 of the Phi Beta Kappa Society at Ani- 
 herst ; was also identified with most of 
 the great religious organizations of the 
 Congregational Church, of which he be- 
 came a member in his college days, in his 
 religious faith following in the footsteps 
 
54-2 
 
 BIOGRAPHICAL 
 
 of his parents. He was also connected 
 with the Tariff Reform and Anti-Cigar- 
 ette Leagues of Evanston, and various 
 benevolent, literary and historical socie- 
 ties. Educated as a Whig and a protec- 
 tionist, he was active at an early day in 
 his support of the principles of the Re- 
 publican party. The opportunity of see- 
 ing the condition of the factory operatives 
 during his residence in Lawrence, Mass., 
 led to a change in his views on the sub- 
 ject of protection, and he became a strong 
 advocate of tariff reform and an "inde- 
 pendent" in politics, as well as an earnest 
 opponent of all classes of monopolies. 
 
 Beginning with his college days. Prof. 
 Boltwood manifested a strong fondness 
 for athletics, and was one of the best 
 long-distance runners in college, often 
 walking a distance of twenty miles or 
 more. He kept up his practice in base- 
 ball and football until forty-five years of 
 age, and was fond of hunting, fishing and 
 forest life. His favorite sciences were 
 chemistry and botany, and he was also an 
 enthusiastic student of the languages, be- 
 sides his vernacular and the classics, hav- 
 ing gained a fairly intimate acquaintance 
 with German, French, Italian, Spanish 
 and Portuguese, besides some knowledge 
 of Bohemian. He was also the author of 
 an English Grammar, several readers, two 
 spellers, a "Topical Outline of General 
 History," besides many articles on educa- 
 tional topics. He was deeply interested 
 in labor issues and, in 1889, delivered an 
 address on Tariff Reform which attracted 
 much attention and was widely quoted. 
 ( )n June 17, 1904, after completing fifty 
 years of actual school work. Professor 
 Boltwood was tendered a public recep- 
 tion by the Evanston Township High 
 School Board, which was attended by 
 several hundred of his friends and former 
 pupils. Near the close of the exercises 
 
 he was presented by President George P. 
 Merrick with a purse containing fifty ten- 
 dollar gold pieces, and still later the 
 alumni of the school presented him with 
 a beautiful silver loving-cup. In the fifty- 
 odd years of his school experience he had 
 never lost a day on account of illness until 
 within the last three or four years of 
 his life. While connected with public 
 school work, he received several invita- 
 tions to accept positions in connection 
 with colleges, but, being devoted to the 
 work in which he was already engaged, 
 invariably declined. Of some 6,000 
 pupils who came under his instruction, 
 nearly one thousand have entered over 
 forty different colleges, professional or 
 technical schools, scattered over the 
 world. These have included foreign mis- 
 sionaries, regular officers. professors, 
 doctors, lawyers, financiers, railroad of- 
 ficials, eminent teachers and a host of 
 prominent business men and refined and 
 useful women. 
 
 Professor Boltwood was married at 
 Charlemont, Mass.. July 31, 1855, to 
 Helen Eugenia Field, born in that city. 
 June 18 1830, the daughter of Eugene 
 and Abigail (Hawkes) Field, and grand- 
 daughter of Joseph Field, who was a pas- 
 tor of the Congregational Church at Char- 
 lemont for many years, later becoming a 
 Unitarian, and who lived to be ninety- 
 four years of age. An uncle. Dr. Joseph 
 Field, was with Fanning's command 
 which were the victims of a brutal massa- 
 cre at the hands of the Mexicans, at Go- 
 liad. Texas, during the war for Texan in- 
 dependence, but was spared by the victors 
 to care for their wounded, finally escap- 
 ing after a season of great peril and hard- 
 ship. Professor and Mrs. Boltwood had 
 one son, who was born at Pembroke, N. 
 H.. April 28'. 1856. graduated from Am- 
 herst College in 1881, and died of diph- 
 
HISTORY OF EVANSTON 
 
 543 
 
 theria at Peoria, 111., unmarried, Decem- 
 ber 23, 1884. Professor Boltwood died at 
 his home in the city of Evanston, Janu- 
 ary 23, 1906, deeply lamented by a large 
 circle of appreciative and admiring 
 friends. His widow, Mrs. Helen E. Bolt- 
 wood, still survives. 
 
 WILLIAM LISTON BROWX. 
 
 William Listen Brown, a longtime resi- 
 dent of Chicago and Evanston, Cook 
 County. 111., the record of whose career, as 
 herein contained, speaks with no uncertain 
 sound, was born in St. Joseph, Mich.. Aug- 
 ust 23, 1842. He is a son of Hiram and 
 Jane Reese (Liston) Brown, the former 
 born in Locke, X. Y., June 15, 1804 : and the 
 latter, born in Columbia. Pa.. June 15, 1810. 
 and a member of a Quaker family who set- 
 tled in Michigan in 1830. The paternal 
 grandfather. Liberty Brown, recruited a 
 company of troops in Western Xew York 
 during the War of 1812, which he led to 
 Fort Xiagara. Hiram Brown first em- 
 barked in business in Rochester, X. Y.. 
 whence, in 1834. he removed to Michigan, 
 locating in St. Joseph. There he remained 
 until 1848, when he removed to Chicago, 
 and for several years operated a line of 
 boats on the Illinois and Michigan Canal, 
 returning to St. Joseph in 1861. He died 
 August 17, 1883. his wife passing away 
 July 7, 1854. 
 
 Mr. Brown passed his early youth in 
 Chicago in the manner customary for most 
 boys in a large and growing village, such as 
 Chicago was at that time. He was thor- 
 oughly familiar with all the streets and 
 points of interest, and was ever on the alert 
 for new and notable features. An intent 
 observer, his watchful eyes left no occur- 
 rence unnoticed in the successive stage of 
 development which the future metropolis of 
 
 the West was undergoing. His education 
 was mainly obtained in public and private 
 schools in Chicago, and he completed his 
 educational training in what was known as 
 the Garden City Academy. After finishing 
 the course of study there, he was employed 
 as a clerk, and afterwards as bookkeeper, in 
 a grain commission house, continuing in this 
 position from 1857 until 1862. In July of 
 the latter year. Mr. Brown enlisted as a pri- 
 vate in the Chicago Mercantile Battery. 
 Light Artillery, and actively praticipated in 
 all of its field activities, serving with it in 
 Tennessee, at the sieges of Yicksburg and 
 Jackson. Miss., and later in the campaigns 
 in Louisiana, Mississippi. Arkansas and 
 Texas. During the entire period of his 
 enlistment he was continually in active serv- 
 ice. He was mustered out as Quarter- 
 master's Sergeant in July. 1865. On re- 
 turning home he became connected with the 
 iron business in the capacity of a clerk, and, 
 in 1870, was admitted to the enterprise as 
 partner. In 1883 he reorganized the con- 
 cern as Pickands, Brown & Co., which is its 
 present designation. He also organized the 
 Chicago Ship Building Company in 1890. 
 He devotes his attention largely to the 
 manufacture of pig-iron, iron ore mining, 
 and ship-building, and has developed these 
 industries in Chicago and the Xorthwest to 
 extensive proportions. 
 
 In addition to his duties as President and 
 member of the Board of Directors of Pick- 
 ands, Brown & Co., Mr. Brown sustains 
 numerous other important commercial and 
 financial relations, as follows: as member, 
 and chairman of the Board of Directors of 
 the American Ship Building Company. ; 
 Director of the Bay City Ship Building 
 Company ; President and Director of the 
 Calumet Transit Company : President and 
 Director of the Chicago Ship Building Com- 
 pany : Director of the Dental Protective 
 Supply Company of the L'nited States : Di- 
 
544 
 
 BIOGRAPHICAL 
 
 rector of the Detroit Ship Building Com- 
 pany ; President and Director of the Fed- 
 eral Furnace Company ; Vice-President and 
 Director of the Federal Steamship Com- 
 pany ; Director of the First National Bank 
 of Chicago ; Director of the First Trust and 
 Saving Bank of Chicago ; Director of the 
 Interlake Company : Director of the Inter- 
 national Steamship Company ; \ ice-Presi- 
 dent and Director of the Manitou Steam- 
 ship Company : Director of the Milwaukee 
 Dry Dock Company : Director of the Na- 
 tional Safe Deposit Company : Director of 
 the Sea & Lake Insurance Company ; Presi- 
 dent and Director of the South Chicago 
 Furnace Company : Director of the Supe- 
 rior Ship Building Company : and Director 
 of the Zenith Furnace Company. Mr. 
 Brown is also a member of the Board of 
 Trustees of Northwestern University, and a 
 member and Trustee of the Chicago 
 (Thomas) Orchestral Association. 
 
 On September 27. 1871. Mr. Brown was 
 united in marriage with Catherine Seymour, 
 of Smithville, N. Y.. a daughter of Dr. 
 Stephen and Harriet (Weeks) Seymour, 
 natives of New York and Vermont. Dr. 
 Seymour was one of the founders of the 
 Hahnemann Medical College, of Chicago, 
 and was a physician of high standing dur- 
 ing his life in that city. The attractive and 
 hospitable residence of Mr. and Mrs. Brown 
 is situated at No. 217 Dempster Street, Ev- 
 anston. While the tastes and inclinations of 
 Mr. Brown are strongly domestic, lie is fond 
 of outdoor recreation, and takes pleasure in 
 occasional travel, having visited almost ev- 
 ery point of interest in his own country, 
 and made several tours in foreign lands. 
 Socially he is a member of the Chicago, 
 Mid-Day, Commercial, (ilen View. Omvent- 
 sia, and Evanston Country clubs ; the Ket- 
 elii-Gammi, of Duluth, Minn. : the L'nion & 
 Tavern Clubs of Cleveland, O. : the Casta- 
 
 lia Fishing Club ; the Point Moullie* Shoot- 
 ing Club ; and the Tolleston Club. 
 
 In politics Mr. Brown has always been a 
 pronounced and unswerving Republican, al- 
 though never an aspirant for political pre- 
 ferment. His religious connection is with 
 the Chicago Society of the New Jerusalem 
 ( Swedenborgian ) Church. Fraternally he 
 is identified with the (irand Army of the Re- 
 public, and with the Ancient Order of 
 Free and Accepted Masons, in which he 
 is a Blue-Lodge member, although not at 
 present actively affiliated with any lodge. 
 Mr. Brown is one of the most prominent 
 characters in the industrial, commercial and 
 financial circles of the West. 
 
 ARTHUR W. LITTLE. D. D.. L. II. D. 
 
 Arthur W. Little. D. D.. L. H. I).. 
 Episcopal clergyman. Evanston. 111., was 
 born in I'.rooklyn. N. Y.. ( )ctober (>. 
 1856, the son of William II. and Caro- 
 line F. (Cobb) Little. The father was 
 a native of Castine, Maine, born in 1806, 
 and a merchant, manufacturer and bank- 
 er by occupation, while the mother was 
 born in Gouldsborough, Maine, in 1823. 
 Both parents were people of education, 
 refinement and personal piety. The son 
 acquired his education in Dr. Pingry's 
 school at Elizabeth. N. J. : Knox Col- 
 lege, (ialesburg. 111., and the General 
 Theological Seminary, New York. In 
 1881 he was ordained to the priesthood, 
 and. during the same year, became rector 
 of St. Paul's Church at Portland. Maine, 
 where he remained until 1888, when he 
 removed to Evanston, III., becoming rec- 
 tor of St. Mark's Episcopal Church of 
 that city, where he has remained ever 
 since, at the present time being the long- 
 est settled pastor connected with any 
 church in Evanston. 
 
HISTORY OF EVANSTON 
 
 545 
 
 The most notable work accomplished 
 by Dr. Little since coming to Evanston 
 has been the erection of a beautiful 
 church edifice and parish-house and the 
 building up of a prosperous parish, which 
 has been attended by good work for the 
 souls and bodies of his parishioners and 
 others who have come under his influ- 
 ence. He has been a member of Standing 
 Committees of the Dioceses of both 
 Maine and Chicago, has represented both 
 in the General Convention of the Episco- 
 pal Church, and has been a lecturer on 
 Ecclesiastical History in the Western 
 Theological Seminary of the Episcopal 
 Church in Chicago. He has also been, 
 for many years. Examining Chaplain to 
 the Bishop of Chicago Diocese. His fra- 
 ternal relations are with the Phi Delta 
 Theta Society, Sons of the Revolution, 
 Masonic Fraternity, and the University 
 Club of Chicago. In politics he is a Re- 
 publican. 
 
 In 1889 Dr. Little was married, in the 
 city of New York, to Caroline Ferris, 
 who was a native of Portland, Maine. In 
 his religious and professional relations 
 he is recognized as a hard-working par- 
 ish-priest and eloquent preacher, a man 
 of wide culture and scholarship and a 
 successful writer. His principal publica- 
 tions are : "Reasons for Being a Church- 
 man," which has passed through several 
 editions and is recognized as a standard 
 authority for the Anglican Church ; "The 
 Times and Teaching of John Wesley ;" 
 "The Intellectual Life of the Priest;" 
 "The Character of Washington;" "The 
 Maintenance and the Propagation of the 
 Church Idea ;" etc. Socially he is genial 
 and witty, and much in demand as an 
 after-dinner speaker. 
 
 MILTON S. TERRY, A. M., D. D., LL. D. 
 
 Milton Spenser Terry, A. M., D. D., 
 LL. D., who has held a professorship 
 in the Garrett Biblical Institute, at Evans- 
 ton, 111., for more than twenty years, and 
 is a widely known minister of the Metho- 
 dist Episcopal Church, was born in Coey- 
 mans, Albany County, N. Y., on Febru- 
 ary 22, 1840, the youngest son of John 
 and Elizabeth (McLoen) Terry, of whom 
 the former was born at Swansea, R. I., 
 March 13, 1786, and the latter in New 
 York City, on April 15, 1796. The oc- 
 cupation of John Terry was that of a 
 farmer, in which he met with reasonable 
 success. In 1794, he moved from Swan- 
 sea, R. I., to Coeymans, N. Y., together 
 with his father, Philip Terry, and his 
 grandfather, George Terry. The family is 
 of English origin, and some of Dr. Terry's 
 ancestors settled at an early period in the 
 New England colonies. 
 
 Milton S. Terry spent his early youth 
 on the paternal farm, and, as a boy, was 
 inclined to be studious and to make dili- 
 gent use of his opportunities for mental 
 instruction. He obtained the rudiments 
 of an education in the public schools of 
 his native place, and afterwards pursued 
 a course of study at Charlotteville Semi- 
 nary, in New York, and a theological 
 course in the Divinity School of Yale Col- 
 lege. After graduating from the latter 
 institution, he entered the ministry of 
 the Methodist Episcopal Church, having 
 pastoral charges at Hancock, N. Y., and at 
 Hamden, Delhi. Peekskill, Poughkeepsie, 
 Kingston and New York City, in succes- 
 sion. From 1879 to 1883, he was the 
 Presiding Elder of the New York District 
 of the New York Conference, and since 
 1884 he has occupied the position of 
 Professor in the Garrett Biblical Institute 
 at Evanston. 
 
546 
 
 BIOGRAPHICAL 
 
 On May 15, 1864, Dr. Terry was united 
 in marriage at Delhi, N. Y. ( with Frances 
 Orline Atchinson, who was born at Ham- 
 den, N. Y., on October I, 1841. Her 
 ancestors were of New England origin, 
 and made their home in Schoharie Coun- 
 ty, N. Y., at an early day. Of this union 
 there are two children, namely: Minnie 
 Ruth, born in 1870, and Arthur Guy, 
 born in 1878. 
 
 Politically Dr. Terry has been a sup- 
 porter of the Republican party since 1864, 
 when he voted for Abraham Lincoln, 
 whose election to the Presidency he ad- 
 vocated in public speeches. Dr. Terry is 
 a clear, forceful and convincing preacher, 
 a highly efficient instructor, and a bibli- 
 cal scholar of profound research. His at- 
 tainments as a theologian are recognized 
 throughout his denomination and in other 
 evangelical fields, and he is the author of 
 a number of widely read books. Among 
 these are volumes entitled, "Biblical Her- 
 mcneutics." "Biblical Apocalyptics," 
 "Biblical Dogmatics," "The New Apolo- 
 getic," "Moses and the Prophets," "The 
 New and Living Way." "The Mediation 
 of Jesus Christ." "The Prophecies of Dan- 
 iel Expounded." "The Sibylline Ora- 
 cles," "Commentary on Genesis and Exo- 
 dus," "Commentary on Judges, Ruth, 
 First and Second Samuel," "Commentary 
 on Kings, Chronicles, Ezra, Nehemiah 
 and Esther," and "Rambles in the Old 
 World." Dr. Terry has been a most ob- 
 servant traveler in foreign lands, and 
 has made good use, in his ministerial and 
 institutional work, of the experience thus 
 gained. 
 
 STEPHEN JOSEPH HERBEN. 
 
 Rev. Stephen Joseph Herben, Litt. D., 
 D. D., of Evanston, 111., editor of the 
 "Epworth Herald," was born in London, 
 England, May n, 1861. In boyhood he 
 
 underwent his primary mental training in 
 the public schools. After completing a 
 course of study in the Preparatory 
 School of Northwestern University, in 
 1885 he entered the College of Liberal 
 Arts of that Institution, from which he 
 was graduated in 1889, with the degree 
 of A. B. He then became a student in 
 the Garrett Biblical Institute, graduating 
 therefrom in 1891, with the degree of B. 
 D. During his preparatory course, he 
 was a member of the Philomathia So- 
 ciety, and in college, a member of the 
 Hinnian Literary Society and the Phi 
 Kappa Psi Fraternity, and was President 
 of the Twentieth Century Club. He is a 
 member of the Phi Beta Kappa Frater- 
 nity. He was a successful contestant for 
 the Marcy Botany Prize, the Hinman Es- 
 say Prize, and the Sheppard Political 
 Economy Prize. He competed in the Kirk 
 Oratorical Contest, and was on the edi- 
 torial staff of the "Syllabus." 
 
 The subject of this sketch joined the 
 Rock River Conference of the Methodist 
 Episcopal Church in 1889. From 1890 to 
 1895, he was assistant editor of "The Ep- 
 worth Herald," and from 1895 until 1904, 
 was associate editor of "The New York 
 Christian Advocate." In May, 1904, at 
 the General Conference in Los Angeles, 
 Cal., he was elected editor of "The Ep- 
 worth Herald." Dr. Herben was a dele- 
 gate to the Third Methodist Ecumenical 
 Conference at London, England, in 1901. 
 He received the honorary degree of Litt. 
 D. from Syracuse University in 1897, and 
 that of D. D. from Garrett Biblical Insti- 
 tute in 1904. 
 
 On May 27, 1891, Dr. Herben was 
 united in marriage at Park Ridge, 111., 
 with Grace Ida Foster, and two children 
 have been born to them, namely: George 
 Foster, born March 17, 1893; and Stephen 
 Joseph, born March 14, 1897. 
 
 Mrs. Herben was born at Lanark, 111.. 
 
HISTORY OF EVANSTON 
 
 547 
 
 September 19, 1864. In girlhood, she re- 
 ceived her primary education in the pub- 
 lic schools, completed a course in the 
 Northwestern University Preparatory 
 School in 1885, and in 1889 was graduated 
 from the University, with the degree of 
 B. L., and received the degree of M. A. 
 from Allegheny College in 1890. During 
 the undergraduate period, she was a 
 member of the Eugensia Society ; the Al- 
 pha Phi Sorority ; the Ossoli Literary 
 Society ; and the Twentieth Century 
 Club. From 1889 until 1891, she held 
 the position of Preceptress in Allegheny 
 College. In October, 1895, she was ap- 
 pointed Secretary of the Woman's For- 
 eign Missionary Society in New York 
 Conference, and in October, 1905, was 
 elected Home Secretary of Northwestern 
 Branch, \V. F. M. S. 
 
 GEORGE PECK MERRICK. 
 
 George P. Merrick, attorney-at-law. 
 Chicago, with residence in Evanston, 111., 
 was born at Manteno, Kankakee County, 
 111., October 4, 1862, the son of Dr. 
 George Clinton and Mary Elizabeth 
 (Peck) Merrick, the former born in 
 Franklin, N. Y., December n, 1824, and 
 the latter in Troy, same State. The fath- 
 er graduated at Rush Medical College, 
 Chicago, after coming to Illinois, and 
 practiced his profession at Manteno for- 
 ty-four years. Dr. George C. Merrick re- 
 moved with his parents from their home 
 in New York to Fremont, Ohio, when he 
 was about nine years of age, and later to 
 Palmyra, Wis., where he married Mary 
 E. Peck who was the daughter of Joel M. 
 and Amanda Peck, the latter being a 
 daughter of Judge Purdy of Steuben 
 County, N. Y. Joel M. Peck removed 
 about 1840 to Wisconsin and settled at 
 
 West Troy, Walworth County, later re- 
 moving to Palmyra, where he spent the 
 remainder of his life. 
 
 The parents of Dr. George C. Merrick 
 and paternal grandparents of the sub- 
 ject of this sketch were Sylvester M. and 
 Mercy (Loveland) Merrick, both of old 
 Colonial families of Massachusetts. 
 Thomas Merrick, the first of the name 
 in America, came from Wales and settled 
 in Springfield, Mass., in 1630. His de- 
 scendants in direct line were: Joseph. 
 James, Perez, Sylvester, George C. and 
 George P. making the latter of the sev- 
 enth generation in America. James Mer- 
 rick, the grandson of Thomas, was a sol- 
 dier and served as a Lieutenant in the 
 Continental army. 
 
 George P. Merrick received his ele- 
 mentary education under private tutors, 
 after which he entered Northwestern Uni- 
 versity, graduating in the class of 1884. 
 He then began the study of law in 
 the office of Judge Elbridge Hanecy. 
 and two years later (June, 1886) was ad- 
 mitted to the bar. In 1889 he entered into 
 partnership with his preceptor, but since 
 the promotion of Judge Hanecy to the 
 Circuit Court bench in 1893, nas P rac ~ 
 ticed alone. 
 
 Mr. Merrick was married at Gales- 
 burg, 111., January 21, 1885, to Miss 
 Grace Thompson, daughter of James S. 
 and Nancy (Willitts) Thompson. Mrs. 
 Merrick was born in New Boston, Mercer 
 County, 111., and she and her husband 
 are the parents of three children, namely: 
 George Clinton, born January 18, 1886: 
 Grace Willitts, born October I, 1896: 
 and Thompson, born March 29. 1900. 
 George C., who is a student in Yale Uni- 
 versity, at the close of his freshman year 
 (1906), was chosen a member of the edi- 
 torial board of the "Yale Daily News" 
 for the year 1906-07. Mr. George P. Mer- 
 
548 
 
 BIOGRAPHICAL 
 
 rick attends the Methodist Church of 
 which his wife is a member, and for sev- 
 eral years has been one of the Trustees of 
 Northwestern University. The profession- 
 al, fraternal and social organizations with 
 which he is identified include : the Ameri- 
 can, the Illinois State and the Chicago Bar 
 Associations: the Chicago Law Institute; 
 the University and Evanston Clubs ; the 
 Glen View Golf Club ; the Law Club ; the 
 Knights Templar and subordinate Ma- 
 sonic orders. 
 
 AXSOX MARK. 
 
 Anson Mark, manufacturer, formerly 
 of Chicago, but now a resident of Evanston. 
 111., was born at Annville Mills, Dauphin 
 County. Pa., April 21. 1867, the son of 
 Cyrus and Rebecca (Strohm) Mark. His 
 parents were both natives of Lebanon Coun- 
 ty, Pa., the father born August 8, 1836. and 
 the mother March u, 1840, the former 
 being engaged in mercantile business. The 
 subject of this sketch came to Chicago in 
 boyhood, and was there educated in the 
 public schools, after which he was engaged 
 in the dry-goods trade as an employe of 
 James II. Walker & Company, wholesale 
 dealers, remaining with this firm from Sep- 
 tember 4, 1886. to July i, 1890. On the lat- 
 ter date he became connected with the Mark 
 Manufacturing Company, which had been 
 established by his father and a brother 
 in 1889, and with which he is still 
 identified. At the time Mr. Mark entered 
 into the business, the companv employed 
 six men. It now maintains two manufact- 
 uring plants, one at Evanston and another 
 at Zanesville, Ohio, employing twelve to 
 fourteen hundred men. It is engaged in 
 the manufacture of drive-well points, ar- 
 tesian and tubular well cylinders, pump 
 fixtures, plumbers' and steamfitters' tools. 
 
 wrought iron pipe and other products in 
 this line. The general offices of the com- 
 pany, formerly in the First National Bank 
 Building, Chicago, are now located in the 
 city of Evanston. 
 
 Mr. Mark removed from Chicago to 
 Evanston in May, 1902, which continues 
 to be his home. On September 5, 
 1893, he was married at Van Buren, 
 Ark., to Allie Willis Ribling, who was born 
 in that place January 27, 1867, and they 
 have two children: Geraldine Rebecca 
 Mark, born in Chicago, September 28, 
 1896, and Anson Mark, Jr., born in Evans- 
 ton, September 9, 1902. Mr. Mark's suc- 
 cess as a business man is demonstrated by 
 the phenomenal growth of the manufac- 
 turing enterprise with which he has been 
 connected during the past fifteen years of 
 its existence. 
 
 AAROX XELSON YOUNG. 
 
 Aaron Xelson Young, a grain merchant 
 of the Chicago Board of Trade of long 
 standing, who has been a resident of 
 Evanston, III., for the past thirty-five 
 years, was born in Morrison, 111., in 1838, 
 and married at Sterling, 111., to Anna M. 
 Correll. He received a common school 
 education at Morrison and early em- 
 barked in the grain and lumber business. 
 About the time of the great Chicago fire 
 he moved to Chicago and became a part- 
 ner in the firm of S. H. McCrea & Co.: 
 later, in 1883, established the firm of 
 Young & Nichols, in which he was active- 
 ly interested until 1903, when he retired 
 from business. He has always been deep- 
 ly interested in the Evanston public 
 schools, and served in the capacity of 
 President of the Evanston Board of Edu- 
 cation for many years, during a period 
 when they required very able and care- 
 
HISTORY OF EVANSTON 
 
 549 
 
 fill financial management. He was Trus- 
 tee of the Northwestern University for 
 several years, and has been a Director 
 in many business enterprises. 
 
 HOMER HITCHCOCK KINGSLEY. 
 
 Prof. Homer H. Kingsley, educator, 
 Evanston. 111., was born at Kalamazoo, 
 Mich., June 9, 1859, the son of Moses and 
 Clarissa (Beckley) Kingsley. the father 
 born in Boston, Mass., March 5, 1810. and 
 the mother in Chautauqua County, X. Y., 
 in 1818. The occupation of his father 
 was that of a farmer and, after reaching 
 the school age, the subject of this sketch 
 attended the district school five miles 
 west of Kalamazoo until twelve years of 
 age, when he spent six years in the graded 
 schools of Kalamazoo, going from his 
 home each day a distance of five miles 
 and graduating from the Kalamazoo High 
 School in 1877. Then entering the Uni- 
 versity of Michigan, he graduated there- 
 from in 1881, when at once he began 
 teaching as instructor in mathematics in 
 the high school at East Saginaw, Mich. 
 This relation continued three years, when 
 Mr. Kingsley went to Alexandria, the 
 county seat of Douglas County, Minn., 
 where he had charge of the city schools 
 for one year. He was then recalled to 
 the University of Michigan as Instructor 
 in Mathematics, in place of one of the pro- 
 fessors who was disabled by reason of 
 sickness. After remaining in connection 
 with the University two years, in 1886 he 
 accepted the superintendency of the 
 schools at Evanston. 111., which he has 
 retained continuously to the present time, 
 a period of twenty years. From boyhood 
 Professor Kingsley had a strong predilec- 
 tion for teaching as a profession, and his 
 success in that line, during an experience 
 
 of twenty-five years, has demonstrated 
 the accuracy of his judgment. Undoubt- 
 edly one reason for that success is to be 
 found in his enjoyment of his profession 
 and the enthusiasm which he has thereby 
 been able to impart to others. The es- 
 timation in which his abilities in his 
 chosen profession are held is indicated 
 by the fact that, during the summer of 
 1898. by special invitation he delivered a 
 course of lectures on "School Supervis- 
 ion" at the University of Chicago. 
 
 Professor Kingsley was married at 
 Hopkinton, Mass., August 18, 1886. to 
 Nellie Appleton Fitch, who was born at 
 Peoria. 111.. October 4. 186.2. and three 
 (laughters have been born of this union. 
 namely: Margaret Appleton. born July 
 3, 1887: Katharine \Yinslow, born June 
 18. 1892. and Helen Dewey. born Decem- 
 ber 3 1895. In politics, although in gen- 
 eral accord with the principles of the 
 Republican party on national issues, Mr. 
 Kingsley is inclined to vote independent- 
 ly and for "the best man" on questions of 
 a local character. In this he seeks to secure 
 the best interests of the people. 
 
 Aside from his profession as a teacher, 
 both Professor Kingsley and his wife 
 have devoted some attention to literary 
 work, as shown by the issue by the former 
 in 1901 of a volume entitled "The New- 
 Era Word Book." and by the publication 
 in 1900, from the pen of the latter, of a 
 "History of the Lewis and Clark Expedi- 
 tion," and in i)O2 of the story of "Four 
 American Explorers." 
 
 XEWELL CLARK KNIGHT. 
 
 Newell C. Knight, manager of the Bond 
 Department of the Royal Trust Com- 
 pany of Chicago, was born in St. Louis. 
 Mo., April 25 1862. the son of Augustus 
 
550 
 
 BIOGRAPHICAL 
 
 and Fanny (French) Knight. He re- 
 ceived his preparatory education in the 
 Saint Louis public schools and the aca- 
 demic department of Washington Uni- 
 versity, and graduated from Yale Uni- 
 versity in 1884. After graduation, intend- 
 ing to engage in business as a shoe-manu- 
 facturer, and in order first to learn it, he 
 entered the factory of the Hamilton- 
 Brown Shoe Company, working at the 
 block and handling machines. Two years' 
 experience of ten hours a day physical 
 labor somewhat impaired his health: he 
 therefore accepted a position as Secretary 
 of an investment company at Wichita. 
 Kan., but soon after retired to engage 
 with his brother, Harry F., in the same 
 line of business, under the name of The 
 Knight Investment Company, dealing in 
 mortgages and commercial paper. This 
 business was discontinued in 1893, when 
 Mr. Knight came to Chicago, and in 
 connection with Reuben H. Donnelley, 
 organized the firm of Knight. Donnelley 
 & Cotripany. From a small beginning this 
 firm became one of the very large stock, 
 bond and grain houses in Chicago, being 
 members of all the leading exchanges. 
 Its failure in June. 1905, resulted in its 
 dissolution, and Mr. Knight soon after 
 became the Manager of the Bond Depart- 
 ment of the Royal Trust Company. 
 
 A Cleveland Democrat politically. Mr. 
 Knight, during the campaigns of 1896 and 
 1900, was an active supporter of Mc- 
 Kinley and of Roosevelt in 1904. In 1899 
 lie was elected President of the Evanston 
 "Four-mile League" and later served as 
 Chief of Police of the City of Evanston 
 without pay. devoting his attention to the 
 strict enforcement of all the city ordi- 
 nances, especially the law prohibiting the 
 establishment of saloons within four miles 
 of Northwestern University. He kept 
 the town clean. Mr. Knight was mar- 
 
 ried in 1886 to Annie Louise, daughter of 
 James L. Sloss of Saint Louis. Five chil- 
 dren have been born to them : Augustus, 
 Francis McMaster, Katharine, Newell 
 Sloss and Nancy Louise. His office is 
 with the Royal Trust Company, 169 
 Jackson Boulevard, Chicago, and his resi- 
 dence is at 1326 Asbury Avenue, Evanston. 
 
 ALBERT R. JOXES. 
 
 Albert R. Jones, oil operator, residing 
 in Independence, Kan., and engaged in 
 the production of crude oil. was born at 
 Pekin, 111.. September 14, 1874. In boy- 
 hood he attended public school, and was 
 a pupil in the Virginia (111.) High School 
 in 1891-92. In the latter year, he entered 
 the Northwestern Academy, from which 
 he was graduated in the fall of 1895. He 
 then matriculated in Northwestern Uni- 
 versity, graduating therefrom with the 
 class of 1899, and receiving the degree 
 of B. S. From 1899 to 1902, he applied 
 himself to the study of law in the Law 
 School of Illinois Wesleyan University, 
 at Bloomington. 111., from which he gradu- 
 ated with the degree of B. L. 
 
 Mr. Jones is a member of the Sigma 
 Alpha Epsilon Fraternity. He was a 
 member of the "Dem" Society, the Rog- 
 ers Debating Club, Young Men's Chris- 
 tian Association, and was Captain of the 
 University track team during the seasons 
 of 1898 and 1899. On June 29, 1904, at 
 Springfield, 111., Mr. Jones was united in 
 marriage with Mabel Neer, of that citv. 
 
 NELSON LLOYD STOW. 
 
 Nelson Lloyd Stow, whose residence 
 in Evanston, Cook County, 111., covers 
 the period of a generation, during which 
 
HISTORY OF EVANSTON 
 
 55' 
 
 he has maintained a record free from re- 
 proach, was born in New Haven, Conn., 
 January 8, 1833, a son of Henry and Lydia 
 (Goodrich) Stow, both natives of Con- 
 necticut, where the former was born in 
 Milford, December 15, 1804, and the lat- 
 ter in Berlin, September 9, 1805. The 
 occupation of Henry Stow was that of a 
 manufacturer of wheels and wheel ma- 
 terial for vehicles, in New Haven, and he 
 was the first manufacturer in the United 
 States to make these by machinery. He 
 was a devoted member of the Baptist 
 Church in New Haven, in which he 
 served as deacon for more than sixty 
 years, and he died in that city at the age 
 of ninety-one years. 
 
 The Stow family is descended in a di- 
 rect line from Lord Thomas Stow, oi 
 England, and certain of the ancestors of 
 the subject of this sketch came to this 
 country previous to the Revolutionary 
 War, and held superior rank in the Con- 
 tinental Army during that conflict.' A 
 fine monument in honor of one of them 
 stands in the cemetery at Milford. Conn., 
 erected by the State. 
 
 Xelson Lloyd Stow received his. early 
 mental instruction in the public and high 
 schools of his native State. He finished 
 his school studies at the age of sixteen 
 years, and then spent five years in learn- 
 ing the trade of carriage manufacturing. 
 On September 17, 1854, when twenty- 
 one years old, he located in Chicago and 
 engaged in selling carriage materials. He 
 was the first dealer in such goods in Chi- 
 cago and in the West, none being manu- 
 factured at that time west of New York. 
 In this business Mr. Stow continued un- 
 til 1880, when he was engaged as man- 
 ager of the most extensive iron concern in 
 the city, and acted in that capacity for 
 twenty-five years. He became a resident 
 
 of Evanston in 1873, anc ' ' las made his 
 home there ever since. 
 
 In 1863, Mr. Stow- was united in mar- 
 riage, at Milford, Conn., with Sarah Ma- 
 ria Merwin, who was born May 21. 1844. 
 She is descended from Puritan stock, be- 
 longing to one- of the oldest families of 
 Connecticut, and a monument to one of 
 her ancestors, in the cemetery at Milford. 
 marks the oldest grave in that oldest of 
 Connecticut cemeteries. The union of 
 Mr. and Mrs. Stow resulted in six chil- 
 dren, namely : Ada Merwin, born Sep- 
 tember 17, 1864; Harry Jared. born De- 
 cember 8. 1866; Helen Webster, born 
 July 8, 1870: Charles Goodrich, born Oc- 
 tober 2, 1871 : Nelson Lloyd, born De- 
 cember 12. 1872 ; and Mary Goodrich, 
 born October 5. 1875. Charles died in in- 
 fancy and Nelson died at the age of twen- 
 ty-two years. 
 
 In politics Mr. Stow has long been an 
 unswerving adherent of the Republican 
 party, and a prominent and influential fac- 
 tor in the local councils of that organi- 
 zation. In 1887 he was elected a member 
 of the Evanston Board of Education for 
 District No. 76, and served in this capac- 
 ity eleven years, acting for six years as 
 President of the board. He was elected 
 Alderman from the Fourth Ward in 
 Evanston in 1895, ar| d twice re-elected, 
 and filled the position of acting Mayor 
 of Evanston one year. He drafted many 
 of the statutes which conserve the welfare 
 of the city, among them being the Curfew 
 Law. The erection of street signs was ac- 
 complished through the personal efforts 
 of Mr. Stow, and under his personal su- 
 pervision as President of the School 
 Board, the Lincoln and Central schools 
 were erected. By individual exertion he 
 also raised over $600, with which to put 
 up the fountain on the Central School 
 
552 
 
 BIOGRAPHICAL 
 
 grounds, which commemorates the hero- 
 ism of teachers who saved the lives of 
 their youthful pupils, on the occasion of 
 the destruction by fire of the old school 
 building. The name of Mr. Stow is cut 
 in panels on both of the school buildings 
 above mentioned. 
 
 Since making his residence in Evans- 
 ton, Mr. Stow has been identified almost 
 continuously with the public affairs of the 
 city. He was a member of the Cook 
 County Federation, and served on the 
 Drainage Canal Committee, acting with 
 the late Judge Harvey B. Hurd, in tracing 
 the route for the canal through West 
 Evanston. He was also chairman of the 
 Evanston Army and Navy League, or- 
 ganized in 1898. While a member of the 
 City Council, Mr. Stow drafted the stat- 
 ute for the protection of animals and 
 birds, the law to preserve street signs 
 from damage, and that prohibiting the 
 sale of cigarettes to minors, besides other 
 statutory provisions. During the Civil 
 War Mr. Stow was a member of the Sani- 
 tary Commission. 
 
 The subject of this sketch has long 
 been a zealous adherent of the faith of 
 the Baptist denomination. He united with 
 the First Baptist Church of Evanston in 
 
 1873, being transferred from the Second 
 Baptist Church of Chicago, and has main- 
 tained his membership in the former ever 
 since. In 1875 he was elected clerk of 
 that church, and has held that office con- 
 tinuously until the present time. He has 
 conducted Sunday services at the Indus- 
 trial School for Girls, in Evanston, since 
 
 1874, and served twelve years as a mem- 
 ber of the Board of Directors of that In- 
 stitution, acting as President of the board 
 for three years. His influence has always 
 been exerted in behalf of the best inter- 
 ests of the community. 
 
 LEOXIDAS P. HAMLIXE, M. D. 
 
 Dr. Leonidas P. Hamline, who became 
 a resident of Evanston at a comparatively 
 early date, and whose family has since 
 been closely identified with the social and 
 religious life of the city, was born in 
 Zanesville, Ohio, August 13, 1828, the son 
 of Bishop Leonidas L. Hamline, a dis- 
 tinguished member of the Episcopacy of 
 the Methodist Episcopal Church, and a 
 pulpit orator of rare force and eloquence. 
 In the youth of the son Bishop Hamline 
 was actively engaged in ministerial work, 
 and under the itinerary system then pre- 
 vailing in the Methodist Church, the fam- 
 ily changed its residence at frequent in- 
 tervals. Thus it happened that the young- 
 er Hamline was educated in the schools 
 of Tarrytown, X T . Y. ; Yellow Springs, 
 Ohio, and Greencastle, Ind., finally fin- 
 ishing his academic studies at Lebanon, 
 111. He then began the study of medi- 
 cine, and received his doctor's degree 
 from Castleton Medical College, Castle- 
 ton, Vt. For a time thereafter he prac- 
 ticed medicine at Hydeville, Vt., and was 
 physician and surgeon to the corporation 
 operating large marble quarries at that 
 place. He came west from Vermont and 
 first established his home at Mt. Pleas- 
 ant, Iowa, where he gained professional 
 distinction and was in active practice dur- 
 ing nine years following. While the 
 Civil War was in progress he took an 
 active part in caring for the sick and 
 wounded L'nion soldiers, acting as sur- 
 geon in the hospitals at Dubuque, Iowa. 
 He retired from practice at the close of 
 the war and removed to Evanston in 1865. 
 He was among the pioneer men of means 
 who established homes in Evanston, and 
 one of the first to make building and other 
 improvements which have since made the 
 city noted for its beauty. His father, 
 
HISTORY OF EVANSTON 
 
 553 
 
 Bishop Mainline, had been an early and 
 fortunate investor in Chicago real estate, 
 and the care and management of these 
 interests occupied a large share of Dr. 
 Hamline's attention in later years. After 
 the death of Bishop Hamline at Mt. 
 Pleasant, Iowa, in 1864, his widow re- 
 moved to Evanston, and that city contin- 
 ued to be her home until her death, which 
 occurred in 1881. It was in the infancy 
 of Northwestern University and in the 
 village days of Evanston that Dr. Ham- 
 line came to Evanston to live, and for 
 more than thirty years thereafter he was 
 an esteemed citizen of the place. He and 
 Mrs. Hamline were members of the First 
 Methodist Church established here, and at- 
 tended services in the primitive church 
 edifice in the days when the Methodists 
 shared it with other denominations not 
 able to have places of worship of their 
 own. During the later years of his life, 
 Dr. Hamline and Mrs. Hamline traveled 
 extensively both in this country and 
 abroad, and much of their time was spent 
 away from Evanston. Dr. Hamline was 
 married in 1850 to Miss Virginia Moore, 
 daughter of John Moore of Peoria, 111., 
 and died in Evanston in 1897. Mrs. Ham- 
 line, who still survives, residing in Evans- 
 ton, was born in Ripley, Ohio. The 
 other surviving members of this pioneer 
 family are: Leonidas N. Hamline. of 
 Chicago, and Mrs. Virginia (Hamline) 
 Creighton, of Evanston. Another son, 
 John H. Hamline, a distinguished mem- 
 ber of the Chicago Bar, died February 
 14. 1904- 
 
 JOHN H. HAMLINE. 
 
 John H. Hamline, lawyer (deceased), 
 Evanston and Chicago, was born in Rot- 
 terdam, near Schenectady, N. Y., March 
 23, 1856, the son of Dr. Leonidas P. 
 
 Hamline, who was the son of a Bishop of 
 the Methodist Episcopal Church. In 1865 
 his father, Dr. L. P. Hamline, removed 
 with his family to Evanston, 111., where 
 the son spent his youth attending the 
 public schools and Northwestern Uni- 
 versity, and graduating from the latter 
 with the degree of A. B. in 1875. After 
 two years of study in the Columbia Law 
 School, New York, he graduated from 
 that institution in 1877, taking his ex- 
 amination and was admitted to the bar 
 September 14, 1877, and immediately en- 
 tered upon the practice of his profession 
 in the city of Chicago, which continued 
 to be his professional headquarters dur- 
 ing his business career. At this time his 
 home was still in Evanston, where he 
 served as Corporation Counsel from 
 1880 to 1884. While occupying this of- 
 fice he framed a complete municipal code 
 for Evanston. which was published in 
 1882. 
 
 About 1885 he removed to 1621 Prairie 
 Avenue, Chicago, where he continued to 
 reside for the remainder of his life. In 
 October, 1880, he entered into partner- 
 ship with his life-long friend, Frank H. 
 Scott, under the firm name of Hamline & 
 Scott, which later, by the admission of 
 Frank E. Lord, became Hamline, Scott 
 & Lord, Redmond D. Stephens being ad- 
 mitted to the firm in 1902. In 1887 he 
 was elected a member of the Chicago 
 City Council, serving one term, during 
 which time he won a great deal of promi- 
 nence by advocating for the first time in 
 that body the principle of compensation 
 for municipal franchises. Though never 
 afterwards a candidate for political office, 
 he continued to take an active part in 
 public affairs, and his opinions were often 
 sought after in connection with municipal 
 issues. Besides being associated with 
 many local clubs and fraternal societies. 
 
554 
 
 BIOGRAPHICAL 
 
 he was a member of the American Bar 
 Association, the Chicago Bar Association 
 (of which he was elected President in 
 1891), and the Illinois State Bar Associa- 
 tion, serving as President of the latter 
 for the year 1896-97. In 1895 he was 
 chosen President of the Union League 
 Club, and also served one term as Presi- 
 dent of the Chicago Law Club. 
 
 One of the most conspicuous services 
 rendered by Mr. Hamline was as member 
 of a board consisting of three members 
 appointed by Mayor George B. Swift, 
 in 1894, for the purpose of devising a 
 merit system in connection with the Po- 
 lice Department of the City of Chicago. 
 In conjunction with his colleagues he 
 gave a vigorous support to this measure, 
 which resulted in the passage by the Leg- 
 islature of the Civil Service Act of 1895. 
 Later he was a zealous supporter of a 
 similar measure for the whole State, and. 
 although it failed at the time, the final 
 enactment of the State Civil Service Law, 
 approved May 11. 1905, authorizing the 
 Governor to appoint a Civil Service Com- 
 mission with power to prescribe rules 
 for the examination and appointment of 
 persons for service in connection with the 
 State institutions, was undoubtedly the 
 outcome of these early efforts. 
 
 Mr. Hamline was married May 19. 
 1880, to Miss Josephine Mead, daughter 
 of Henry Mead of Norwich, X. Y., and 
 two children were born to them Jose- 
 phine and John H., Jr. Mr. Hamline died 
 at his home in the city of Chicago Febru- 
 ary 14. 1904, and the event was deeply 
 deplored by a large circle of personal 
 friends and members of the bar, who had 
 learned to admire his profound modesty, 
 his high integrity and unselfish devotion 
 to public interests, and his talents as a 
 citizen and a lawyer. His former partner, 
 Frank H. Scott. Esq.. in an "In Memo- 
 riam" pamphlet, paid the following trib- 
 
 ute to his memory: "Taking into account 
 not merely disposition toward public af- 
 fairs, nor ability nor energy, but all of 
 these combined, it may safely be asserted 
 that, in the past twenty years, Chicago 
 has had no better citizen. For himself he 
 claimed nothing, giving credit to others 
 for the fruits of his own efforts. He was 
 concerned only in effecting results, and 
 not at all as to where credit should be be- 
 stowed." 
 
 CURTIS H. REMY. 
 
 Curtis H. Remy, a well-known attor- 
 ney-at-law, who has been a resident of 
 Evanston, Cook County, 111., for many 
 years, is a native of the State of Indiana, 
 where he was born in the town of Hope, 
 Bartholomew County, April 29, 1852. He 
 is a son of Allison Clark and Sophia R. 
 Remy. The father was a farmer by oc- 
 cupation, and was successful in that 
 sphere of industry. The subject of this 
 sketch spent his early youth on the farm, 
 utilizing the opportunities afforded by 
 the district schools in the vicinity of his 
 home. His education was acquired in 
 part at Nazareth Hall, in Pennsylvania, 
 and was completed at Transylvania Col- 
 lege, Lexington, Ky. 
 
 Mr. Remy was married in Boone Coun- 
 ty, Ind., on October 28, 1875, and is the 
 father of two sons and one daughter. In 
 politics Mr. Remy is a supporter of the 
 Republican party, and has served the pub- 
 lic in several local offices, and often been 
 suggested for others. Fraternally he is 
 affiliated with the Masonic order, in 
 which he has passed all the degrees, and 
 he is also a member of several clubs. His 
 religious belief is in accordance with the 
 creed of the Methodist Church. He has 
 made his home in Evanston since Novem- 
 ber. 1876. 
 
HISTORY OF EVANSTOX 
 
 555 
 
 CLAUDIUS BUCHANAN SPENCER. 
 
 Claudius B. Spencer, A. B., A. M., D. 
 D., Litt. D., LL. D., Kansas City, Mo., 
 was born at Fowlerville, Mich., October 
 20. 1856, prepared for college at How- 
 ell. Mich., matriculated in Northwestern 
 University, Evanston, 111., in 1877. and 
 four years later (1881) graduated from 
 the College of Liberal Arts with the de- 
 gree of A. B. still later, in due course, 
 receiving the degree of A. M. During 
 his undergraduate career he was a mem- 
 ber of Hinman Literary Society, his fra- 
 ternity was the Phi Kappa Sigma. He 
 is a Phi Beta Kappa. He was editor of 
 "The Tripod" (the College paper), and 
 succeeded I. ]".. Adams on the "Evans- 
 ton Index." He edited the college "Mu- 
 sical Register." Immediately after grad- 
 uation he joined the Detroit Conference of 
 the M. E. Church, and preached for two 
 years on Lake Superior : four years in 
 Detroit: three years in Owosso, Mich., 
 and two years again in Detroit. In 1892, 
 he was transferred to Christ Church. 
 Denver. Colorado Conference. He was 
 elected by the General Conference Com- 
 mission editor of the "Rocky Mountain 
 Christian Advocate." In 1895 he was as- 
 signed to Asbury Church, Denver. In 
 1896 he was again elected editor of the 
 "Rocky Mountain Christian Advocate," 
 by the General Conference Commission; 
 and resigned the pastorship to devote his 
 attention to editorial work. In 1900 he 
 was elected, by the General Conference, 
 held that year in Chicago, editor of the 
 "Central Christian Advocate." at Kansas 
 City, Mo., and four years later was re- 
 elected at Los Angeles, Cal.. to the same 
 position, which he still retains. He was 
 Secretary of the Conference of Young 
 People's Societies, held in Cleveland. 
 Ohio, in May. 1889. which organized the 
 
 Epworth League. He is a member of 
 the Board of Managers of the Freedmen's 
 Aid and Southern Education Society. 
 On October 20, 1886, Mr. Spencer was 
 united in marriage with Miss Mary L. 
 Mitchell, of Brockport, N. Y., and three 
 children have been born to them, namely : 
 Helen Mitchell, Marjorie Elizabeth, and 
 Mildred Isabel. 
 
 THOMAS C. HOAG. 
 
 Thomas C. Hoag (deceased), former 
 prominent citizen and banker, Evanston. 
 111., was born in Concord, N. H., Sep- 
 tember 7. 1825. His father, who was a 
 book-publisher in New Hampshire, came 
 West with his family in the fall of 1840, 
 and spent the following winter in Chi- 
 cago, after which he removed to a farm 
 near Plainfield, Will County. In 1845, 
 Thomas C. Hoag came to Chicago and 
 engaged in the wholesale and retail gro- 
 cery business in partnership with Oliver 
 L. Goss. under the firm name of Goss & 
 I loag. This business was continued until 
 the great Chicago fire of 1871, when their 
 stock having been destroyed with the 
 mass of Chicago business houses, Mr. 
 Hoag removed to Evanston and there 
 established himself in the grocery busi- 
 ness in a building still occupied by his 
 successors in the same line. There being 
 no banking facilities in Evanston in those 
 days, in 1874 Mr. Hoag established a 
 private bank in the rear of his store, which 
 was conducted under the name of T. C. 
 I loag & Company. In 1894 it was re- 
 moved to the building now occupied by 
 the State Bank of Evanston, which was 
 incorporated under that name in 1892. 
 Mr. Hoag having, at that time, sold out 
 his interest and retired from the banking 
 
556 
 
 BIOGRAPHICAL 
 
 business. In addition to his other busi- 
 ness interests, Mr. Hoag was, for a time 
 commencing in 1870, President of the 
 Lumbermen's Fire Insurance Company of 
 Chicago. 
 
 Mr. Hoag was married May i, 1851, to 
 Marie L. Bryant, who was born in Can- 
 terbury, N. H., iu 1827. In 1857, while 
 still engaged in business in Chicago, he 
 became a resident of Evanston, purchas- 
 ing the homestead at the southwest cor- 
 ner of Davis Street and Hinman Avenue, 
 then directly across the street from the 
 original building of the Northwestern 
 University, of which he was a Trustee 
 for thirty years, and for over twenty 
 years business manager. Of four chil- 
 dren born to Mr. and Mrs. Hoag, three 
 are still living, namely: Dr. Junius C. 
 Hoag, of Chicago; William G. Hoag, 
 Cashier of the State Bank of Evanston, 
 and Dr. Ernest B. Hoag, of Pasadena, 
 Cal. A daughter, Rebecca B. Hoag, was 
 one of the first two women to become 
 students in Northwestern University, 
 which she did in 1870, pursuing a clas- 
 sical course until her death in her junior 
 year. On May I, 1901, Mr. and Mrs. 
 Hoag celebrated the fiftieth anniversary 
 of their wedding, the occasion being 
 memorable on account of the presence of 
 a large number of their early friends in 
 Chicago and Evanston. 
 
 Soon after retiring from the banking 
 business in Evanston, Mr. Hoag removed 
 to Pasadena, Cal., where he purchased a 
 home, there spending the remaining 
 vears of his life in practical retirement, 
 though still maintaining his interest in 
 public enterprises. While a resident of 
 Pasadena he served as a member of the 
 Board of Trustees of that city, and on the 
 Board of Trustees of the Throop Poly- 
 technic Institute founded by Mr. A. G. 
 Throop, a former resident of Chicago. 
 
 Mr. Hoag's demise occurred at his home 
 in Pasadena, April 16, 1906, and his re- 
 mains were brought to Chicago and in- 
 terred in Rose Hill Cemetery, where 
 impressive ceremonies were held in the 
 chapel on the cemetery grounds on Sun- 
 day afternoon, April 22. He is survived 
 by his widow and three sons mentioned in 
 the preceding sketch. 
 
 WILLIAM GALE HOAG. 
 
 William Gale Hoag, Cashier of the Ev- 
 anston State Bank, was born in Evanston, 
 111., November 19, 1860, the son of Thom- 
 as C. and Maria L. (Bryant) Hoag, who 
 were natives of Xew Hampshire, the for- 
 mer born at Concord in 1825. and the lat- 
 ter at Canterbury in 1827. The Hoag 
 family was of Xew England Quaker 
 stock, and the father of William G. was 
 prominent in Chicago and Evanston busi- 
 ness circles for more than fifty years. (See 
 sketch of Thomas C. Hoag in this vol- 
 ume.) William G. Hoag received his edu- 
 cation in the local schools and North- 
 western University Academy, enjoying 
 the rare advantages of books and friends 
 from his youth in a university town. 
 
 After leaving school Mr. Hoag at once 
 entered upon a business career in connec- 
 tion with his father in the private bank 
 conducted by the latter now the State 
 Bank of Evanston with which he has 
 been continuously associated ever since, 
 and of which he has been Cashier for 
 twenty years. His whole life has been 
 spent in the place of his birth without 
 change of occupation or business rela- 
 tions. The official positions held by Mr. 
 Hoag have been wholly in connection 
 with local benevolences, having served as 
 Treasurer and Director, and member of 
 
HISTORY OF EVANSTON 
 
 557 
 
 the Executive Committee of the Evans- 
 ton Hospital for many years. 
 
 The literary, social and business organ- 
 izations with which Mr. Hoag is associ- 
 ated include : The University Club, The 
 Evanston Club, Evanston Country Club, 
 the Evanston Golf Club, and the Bankers' 
 Club of Chicago. His religious associa- 
 tions are with the First Methodist Epis- 
 copal Church of Evanston, and politically 
 he supports the policies of the Republi- 
 can party. Indulging the quiet tastes of 
 a bachelor, he feels a deep interest in the 
 social life and happiness of those around 
 him, and takes pleasure in contributing his 
 share to the comfort and welfare of others. 
 
 JEAN FREDERIC LOB A, A. M. D.D. 
 
 Jean Frederic Loba, pastor of the First 
 Congregational Church, Evanston, III., 
 was born in Lausanne. Switzerland. Oc- 
 tober 17, 1846, the son of Frederic and 
 Julie (Sider) Loba. Both parents were 
 natives of Switzerland, as their ancestors 
 had been for an indefinite period the 
 father born in Berne Canton, December 
 25, 1809, and the mother at Echallens. 
 The father was a chemist and lived in 
 Canton de Vaud ; came to the United 
 States in 1853 and died in Illinois March 
 14, 1864. Mr. Loba was educated at Olivet 
 College, Mich., at Basle in his native 
 country, Yale College and Chicago Theo- 
 logical Seminary. Hampered by limited 
 means, his youth was spent in toil and 
 wandering from place to place in search 
 of employment, but being a lover of books, 
 he was a voracious reader of everything 
 that came into his hands, thus acquiring 
 a literary bent of mind. After leaving 
 college he spent two years (1873-75) as 
 teacher of Greek in Knox College, Gales- 
 burg. 111., later was a student at Basle 
 
 University, Switzerland, 1875-76; a stu- 
 dent in Yale Divinity School, 1876-77 ; 
 pastor at Kankakee, 111., 1877-78, and at 
 Kewanee, 111., 1878-82; Professor of Mod- 
 ern Languages at Olivet College, Mich.. 
 1882-88: pastor at Kalamazoo, Mich., 1888- 
 91; in Paris, France, 1891-92, and from 
 1892 to 1906 in his present position as 
 pastor of the Congregational Church at 
 Evanston. He has been a member of the 
 Congregational Church since June, 1866. 
 
 On September 22, 1864, he enlisted as 
 a soldier of the Civil War in Company I. 
 Thirteenth Missouri Veteran Volunteer 
 Cavalry, and after serving nearly two 
 years, was mustered out May 17, 1866. He 
 is a member of the Evanston Grand Army 
 Post, and was Commander of the Post in 
 Olivet. Mich. He is also a member of the 
 Phi Alpha Pi Literary Fraternity. In 
 politics he is a Republican, but on local 
 questions is inclined to act independently, 
 and on one occasion voted the Prohibiti- 
 tion ticket. 
 
 On September 4, 1877. Mr. Loba was 
 united in marriage at Penacook, near Con- 
 cord, N. H., to Lucene M. Bradley, born 
 at Adams, N. Y.. January 10, 1851, and of 
 this union five children have been born : 
 Lucene S. (now Mrs. McConnell), born 
 December 25, 1879; Julie B. (Mrs. Col- 
 lins), born September 17, 1882; \Yinifred. 
 born September 2, 1885, died April 25, 
 1905 ; Marguerite, born December 25. 
 1891, and Jean F., Jr., born September 10. 
 1894. The Bradley family, to which Mrs. 
 Loba belongs, is of Revolutionary stock, 
 and many still reside in Concord, N. H. 
 Possessing no advantages until he had 
 reached his nineteenth year, by a life of 
 self-denial and sturdy effort, aided by a 
 vivacious and enthusiastic temperament, 
 Rev. Mr. Loba has developed a strong 
 character which has placed him in the 
 front rank of Evanston clergymen. A 
 
558 
 
 BIOGRAPHICAL 
 
 lover of nature, he is also a lover of men 
 and of books, and enjoys life as pastor of 
 his flock while contributing to the enjoy- 
 ment of others and promoting their as- 
 pirations to a higher life. In 1876 he re- 
 ceived the degree of M. A. from his Alma 
 Mater and in 1891 the degree of D. D. 
 from the same institution. 
 
 WILLIAM S. HARBERT. 
 
 William Soesbe Harbert, lawyer, born 
 September 17, 1842, at Terre Haute, Ind., 
 is the son of Solomon and Amadine (Wat- 
 son) Harbert the former a descendant 
 of a Virginian family of English extrac- 
 tion, and the latter a native of Bards- 
 town, Ky. At an early age the subject of 
 this sketch attended the public schools of 
 Terre Haute, preparatory to a course in 
 Franklin College, at Franklin, Ind. From 
 that institution he went to Wabash Col- 
 lege. Crawfordsville, Ind., and from there 
 to the University of Michigan, where he 
 remained till he completed his sophomore 
 year. In 1862 he enlisted as a volunteer 
 in the Union Army, and on his return from 
 the field, matriculated in the Law Depart- 
 ment of the University of Indiana at 
 Bloomington, Ind., remaining there one 
 year, when he entered the Law Depart- 
 ment of the University of Michigan, at 
 Ann Arbor, where he received his degree 
 in 1867. The same year he located at Des 
 Moines. Iowa; was admitted to the bar, 
 remaining there seven years, within that 
 time serving as Assistant United States 
 District Attorney, and being also a mem- 
 ber of the law firm of Harbert & Clark. 
 Success attended his stay in Des Moines, 
 but the desire to operate in a field afford- 
 ing greater opportunities led to his re- 
 moval to Chicago in 1874, where he 
 resumed practice as the senior member of 
 
 the firm of Harbert & Daly. This part- 
 nership was succeeded by that of Har- 
 bert, Curran & Harbert, the junior part- 
 ner being the only son of the subject of 
 this narrative. Upon the death of his son. 
 Arthur Boynton Harbert, in 1900. the 
 firm was dissolved, since which time Mr. 
 Harbert has practiced alone. 
 
 The year following the outbreak of the 
 Civil War and while a student, then 
 twenty years of age, William Soesbe Har- 
 bert enlisted as a private in Company C 
 Eighty-fifth Indiana Volunteers and was 
 in active service until 1865. During the 
 period of his military career, he served on 
 the staff of Gen. John Colburn, Gen. Ben- 
 jamin Harrison, and Major-General W. 
 T. Ward. He was engaged in the cam- 
 paigns against Atlanta and Savannah and 
 was with General Sherman on his famous 
 march to the sea. At the first battle of 
 Franklin (Tenn.) he was taken prisoner 
 and spent two months in Libby Prison. 
 He was brevetted as Captain "for distin- 
 guished meritorious services." Mr. Har- 
 bert is prominent in philanthropic work 
 and, for seven years, was President of the 
 Board of Managers of the "Forward 
 Movement," a social settlement organ- 
 ization having beautiful assembly 
 grounds, which Mr. Harbert spent much 
 time in procuring for the organization. 
 He holds membership in and is active in 
 furthering the enterprises of a number of 
 philanthropic organizations. 
 
 In his religious and political affiliations, 
 Mr. Harbert is independent. He believes 
 in municipal control of public utilities, as- 
 sisted in the establishment of the Juve- 
 nile Court, the adoption of the indeterminate 
 sentence law and advocates the placing 
 of a limitation on the power to grant, by 
 will, large sums to single individuals. 
 
 Mr. Harbert, on October 18, 1870. was 
 united in marriage to Miss Elizabeth Mor- 
 
HISTORY OF EVANSTON 
 
 559 
 
 rison Boynton, a woman of high literary 
 attainments and social rank, a sketch of 
 whom also appears herein. Three chil- 
 dren, Arthur Boynton (deceased), Cor- 
 inne Boynton, and Boynton Elizabeth, 
 wife of Ashley D. Rowe, of Pasadena, Cal- 
 ifornia, were born to them. Continuously 
 since 1874 the Harberts have been resi- 
 dents of Evanston, and their spacious 
 home is not the least of its attractions. 
 For twenty years they have dispensed a 
 generous hospitality at their pleasant 
 summer home at Lake Geneva, Wis. 
 
 ELIZABETH BOYNTON HARBERT. 
 
 Mrs. Elizabeth Boynton Harbert, author, 
 lecturer, reformer and philanthropist, was 
 born in Crawfordsville, Ind. She is the 
 eldest child of William H. Boynton, of 
 Nashua, N. H., and Abigail Sweetser 
 Boynton, a native of Boston, Mass. Her 
 maiden name was Elizabeth Morrison 
 Boynton. Her journalistic signature was 
 Lizzie M. Boynton. She was educated in 
 the Female Seminary at Oxford, Ohio, 
 and in the Terre Haute Female College, 
 graduating from the latter with honors. 
 Growing up in Crawfordsville, under the 
 shadow of a college into which girls were 
 not permitted to enter, she early learned 
 the value of educational privileges and 
 claimed them for her sister women. 
 
 After vain attempts to slip the bolts of 
 prejudice and precedent that barred out 
 the daughters of the State from the halls 
 of learning, she strove to rouse, with pen 
 and voice, those whose stronger hands 
 could open wide the doors. The faculty 
 of Wabash College had allowed, as an 
 especial privilege, four young women 
 Emma Hough Fairchild, Mary Krout, 
 Mary Cumberland Jennison and Eliza- 
 beth Boynton Harbert to attend lectures 
 
 on Physics by Prof. John L. Campbell, 
 who was later the Secretary of the Phila- 
 delphia Centennial Exposition. Although 
 these lectures were substantially repeti- 
 tions of those required in the college cur- 
 riculum, the young men were excluded. 
 Dr. White, the first President of Wabash 
 College, shortly before his death, prom- 
 ised Mrs. Harbert a diploma upon the 
 completion of her course. Not long 
 after the same four young women, in com- 
 pany with nineteen others, petitioned the 
 faculty for permission to enter the college 
 and receive the benefit of its teachings. 
 The letter written in reply to the petition 
 of the young ladies was to the effect that 
 the faculty expressed its extreme regret 
 that the facilities of the preparatory de- 
 partment were such that the department 
 was inadequate for its needs, and hence 
 the college would not be able to admit 
 the young women. Each one of these 
 young women had progressed far beyond 
 the "preparatory" department. It is dif- 
 ficult for Mrs. Harbert to speak of this 
 letter without manifesting, in some man- 
 ner, a slight touch of the profound impres- 
 sion it produced, although, when meas- 
 ured by its after effect upon her career, 
 it should be considered of inestimable val- 
 ue. The first ten dollars she received as 
 the result of her own work, was from the 
 "New York Independent" for an account 
 of this attempt to obtain a college edu- 
 cation. 
 
 This group of twenty-three girls, under 
 the leadership of the four, had purchased 
 the town flag, the church organ and the 
 first fire engine. In their indignation and 
 disappointment, they determined to se- 
 cure for their own use. and the town, a 
 public library. With this object in view, 
 they advertised the presentation of a com- 
 edy, entitled "The Coming Woman," in 
 which they burlesqued themselves and 
 
BIOGRAPHICAL 
 
 their unsuccessful efforts. In a relent- 
 less manner, the male students issued bur- 
 lesque handbills and posters. In one day 
 not less than five varieties were issued. 
 The ladies were styled "the Twenty-three 
 Sorry Sisses," in an attempt to pun upon 
 the word "Sorosis," which latter organ- 
 ization was attracting considerable atten- 
 tion in the East. It is needless to say 
 that the adverse criticism attracted an 
 unusually large audience, and a consid- 
 erable sum was netted with which was 
 purchased the nucleus for a circulating 
 library. At that time Miss Boynton was 
 but twenty years old. 
 
 Oberlin was then the only college which 
 admitted men and women on an equality. 
 At the suggestion of friends. Miss Boyn- 
 ton prepared an address which she enti- 
 tled, "Before Suffrage, What?" which 
 was a plea for the education of women as 
 an essential preparation for their enfran- 
 chisement. This was delivered first in 
 Crawfordsville, after a most flattering in- 
 troduction by Gen. Lew Wallace. The 
 following week the same address was 
 given at La Fayette, and the next week 
 at Cleveland before an immense audience. 
 Following this was another success at 
 Cincinnati in the opera house. Mrs. Mary 
 A. Livermore, who was at this time a 
 most helpful and encouraging friend of 
 Miss Boynton, wrote to one of the Wom- 
 an's journals, as follows : "The speech of 
 the day and evening ("referring to a con- 
 vention in Ohio), was made by Lizzie 
 Boynton, although among the speakers 
 were Susan B. Anthony, Mrs. Stanton 
 and myself. She held the audience on the 
 platform, as well as that in the hall, spell- 
 bound for an hour." A journalistic sketch 
 of Miss Boynton said, "by one stroke she 
 had placed herself beside Fanny Fern and 
 Gail Hamilton." 
 
 During the Civil War Miss Boynton 
 
 energetically devoted her time to the care 
 of the soldiers and the duties of the hour. 
 Her sympathies were keenly allied to the 
 cause of the Union, although she was 
 always too inclusive in her love of human- 
 ity to indulge in any bitterness of feeling. 
 Her first book, "The Golden Fleece," was 
 published in 1867. In 1870 she was mar- 
 ried to Capt. William S. Harbert. a brave 
 soldier and successful lawyer. After their 
 marriage Mr. and Mrs. Harbert lived in 
 Des Moines, Iowa, and there Mrs. Har- 
 bert published her second book, "Out of 
 Her Sphere," and her first song, "Arling- 
 ton Heights." 
 
 While living in Des Moines, Mrs. Har- 
 bert took an active part in the Woman's 
 Suffrage Movement, being elected Presi- 
 dent of the State Association. She suc- 
 ceeded in inducing the Republicans of 
 Iowa to put into their State platform a 
 purely woman's plank, "winning the 
 members of the committee appointed to 
 prepare a platform for the State Con- 
 vention, by her earnest and dignified pres- 
 entation of the claims of women." Thus 
 was earned the distinction of being the 
 first woman to design a woman's plank 
 and secure its adoption by a great politi- 
 cal party of a state. 
 
 In the winter of 1874, Mr. and Mrs. 
 Harbert moved to Illinois, and from that 
 time have made their home in Evanston. 
 The family now consists of two daugh- 
 ters. Corinne and Boynton. In 1900 their 
 only son, Arthur Boynton Harbert, hero- 
 ically surrendered his earthly life, mean- 
 while bequeathing to parents, sisters and 
 friends the memory of a beautiful, self- 
 sacrificing, loving life, he being then in 
 his twenty-eighth year. 
 
 Mrs. Harbert was for two years the 
 President of the Social Science Associa- 
 tion of Illinois. She was Vice-President 
 of the Woman's Suffrage Association of 
 
HISTORY OF EVANSTON 
 
 Indiana, President of the Woman's Suf- 
 frage Association of Iowa, ami for 
 twelve years President of the Illinois 
 \Vonian 's Suffrage Association. She was 
 a member of the Board of Managers of 
 the Girls' Industrial School of South Ev- 
 a nston. and Vice-President of the Associa- 
 tion for the advancement of women, 
 known as the Woman's Congress. 
 
 As editor for seven years of the 
 "Woman' Kingdom," a regular weekly 
 department of the Chicago Inter Ocean. 
 she has exerted a widespread influence 
 over many homes. As editor of the Xn\.' 
 Era, in which she was free to utter her 
 deepest convictions, she devoted a year's 
 service. In 1891 the Ohio Wesleyan Col- 
 lege conferred upon her the honorary de- 
 gree of Doctor of Philosophy. 
 
 During the year of the World's Colum- 
 bian Exposition, and the World's Con- 
 gress, auxiliary thereto, popularly known 
 as the World's Parliament of Religions, 
 Mrs. Harbert served on several commit- 
 tees, among which was the Committee on 
 Organization of the World's Congress of 
 Representative Women, otherwise known 
 as the "Department of Woman's Progress 
 of the World's Congress Auxiliary of the 
 World's Columbian Exposition of 1893." 
 Of that committee, Mrs. May Wright Se- 
 well, of Indianapolis. Ind., was Chairman ; 
 Mrs. Rachel Foster A very, of Somerton. 
 Pa.. Secretary, and Mrs. Sarah llacket 
 Stevenson. M. D., Mrs. Julia Holmes 
 Smith, M. D.. Mrs. Coonley Ward, Miss 
 Frances E. Willard and Mrs. William 
 Thayer Brown, members. These con- 
 gresses resulted in a number of organi- 
 zations of both national and international 
 scope. Mrs. Harbert was alfo a member 
 of the Committee of the Woman's Branch 
 of the World's Congress Auxiliary on Gov- 
 ernment Reform Congresses, and subse- 
 quently became Associate Chairman of 
 
 the Government Reform Congress of the 
 World's Congresses. 
 
 The list of charter members of the Il- 
 linois Woman's Press Association con- 
 tains the name of Mrs. Harbert. She was 
 also a member of the Illinois Press As- 
 sociation. She was President and Direc- 
 tor of the National Household Economic 
 Association, and Vice-President for 
 Illinois of the National Woman Suffrage 
 Association. 
 
 The Woman's Club of Evanston was 
 organized and presided over by Mrs. Har- 
 bert. and after seven years' service as such 
 during which time the meetings of the 
 Club were held at the Harbert homestead 
 she was elected Honorary President of 
 the Club, which honor she declined. 
 
 The immediate outcome of the World's 
 Congresses was the formation of two or- 
 ganizations, namely : The Religious Par- 
 liament Extension, of which the late Hon. 
 Charles C. Bonney was President and Dr. 
 Paul Cams, Secretary : and The World's 
 Unity League, of which Hon. Charles 
 Carroll Bonney ( until the time of his de- 
 cease) and Mrs. Harbert were Associate 
 Chairmen. At present Mrs. Harbert is- 
 the acting chairman, no one having yet 
 been appointed to succeed Mr. Bonney. 
 Mrs. Ella A. W. Hoswell and Miss Ida C. 
 llcffron are its secretaries. 
 
 From the official report of Mr. Bonney, 
 made to the representative participants in 
 tile "Congress Auxiliary." we quote the 
 following: 
 
 The Woman's Committee on Religious Par- 
 liament Extension. Mrs. Elizabeth Boynton 
 Harbert. Chairman, and Mrs. Frederick Hawk- 
 ins. Secreta-y thereof, have determined to cir- 
 culate for signatures, in all parts of the world, 
 the pledge of the World's Religious Unity, 
 with which the Religious Extension Movement 
 was inaugurated. This pledge, of which Mrs. 
 Harbert is the author, was the bond of union 
 p-esented and signed at the first Extension 
 meeting and is in the following words: 
 
562 
 
 BIOGRAPHICAL 
 
 BOND OF UNION. 
 
 "Recognizing the interdependence and solidari- 
 ty of humanity, we will welcome light from every 
 source, earnestly desiring to grow in knowledge 
 of Truth and the Spirit of Love and to manifest 
 the same by helpful service." 
 
 Mrs. Harbert is associated with many 
 organizations which have for their object 
 the recognition of the divinity of hu- 
 manity, one of her favorite statements be- 
 ing, "There are no common people, since 
 we all belong to the divine familyhood of 
 the Creator and the created." 
 
 Notwithstanding all the work implied 
 in filling so many important offices, Mrs. 
 Harbert finds her greatest pleasure in her 
 hospitable home and with her family. 
 However, the basic principle of all her 
 work has ever been found in the home, 
 and the recognition of the fact that the 
 civilization of tomorrow inheres in the 
 children of today. 
 
 Mrs. Harbert is versatile to a remark- 
 able degree. She has won the unstinted af- 
 fection of her townsmen and women, 
 which has manifested itself in the gift of 
 a fountain, works of art, etc., from these. 
 In all her endeavors she has been nobly 
 sustained by her husband, whose clear 
 judgment and generous sympathies have 
 made his aid invaluable. 
 
 As a writer she is poetic, pointed, witty, 
 vigorous, convincing. On two occasions 
 she has addressed the Judiciary Committee 
 of the Senate of the United States, 
 making a plea for an amendment to the 
 Federal Constitution prohibiting the dis- 
 franchisement of United States citizens 
 on account of sex. She also addressed 
 the New York General Assembly at a 
 joint session of the Assembly and Senate 
 of that State, upon the same subject. 
 With Mrs. Catherine Waugh McCulloch, 
 of Evanston, and Mrs. Helen M. Cougar, 
 of La Fayette, Ind., Mrs. Harbert went 
 to Springfield, 111., where they addressed 
 
 the House and Senate in favor of the bill 
 allowing the women of Illinois to vote 
 upon school questions, and secured the 
 passage of the bill. 
 
 She has made addresses before the Leg- 
 islative Assemblies of Wisconsin, Iowa 
 and Illinois. She was one of the two 
 women appointed by the National Wom- 
 an's Suffrage Committee, as delegates from 
 the United States at large to the National 
 Republican Convention that nominated R. 
 B. Hayes, at which she made an address 
 before the platform committee. 
 
 Among the most important of Mrs. 
 Harbert's essays and lectures are the fol- 
 lowing: "Before Suffrage, What?" 
 "Homes of Representative \Vomen" ; 
 "The Domestic Problem"; "Men's 
 Rights" ; "Conversation and Conversers" ; 
 "The Ideal Home" ; "George Eliot" ; 
 "Lucretia Mott": "Statesmanship of Wom- 
 en" ; "Aims, Ideals and Methods of Wom- 
 en's Clubs" ; "A Woman's Dream of Co- 
 operation" ; "The Message of the Madon- 
 na"; "Lyric Poets of Russia"; "An Hour 
 with the Strong Minded." Her publica- 
 tions are: "The Golden Fleece"; "Out of 
 Her Sphere"; "Amore;" "The Illinois 
 Chapter in the History of Woman Suf- 
 frage." Songs: "Arlington Heights"; 
 "What Have You Done with the Hours?" 
 "The Xew America" (words) ; "The 
 Promised Land" (words). Poems: "The 
 Little Earth Angel" ; Lines to My Anony- 
 mous Friend," and others. 
 
 The narrative in the foregoing sketch, 
 with but slight and immaterial changes, 
 from the pen of Mrs. Harbert's only son, 
 Arthur Boynton Harbert, who passed 
 from this life in 1890. was found among 
 his papers after his death. 
 
 To Mrs. Harbert is due the full credit 
 of the chapter in this volume under the 
 title of "Homes and Home-Makers of Ev- 
 anston." 
 
HISTORY OF EVANSTON 
 
 563 
 
 FRANK M. ELLIOT. 
 
 Frank M. Elliot, who for nineteen years 
 has resided at No. 225, Lake Street, Evan- 
 ston, 111., and is engaged in the real estate 
 and loan business in Chicago, was born at 
 Corinna, Maine, March 27, 1853, the son of 
 Jacob Smith and Sarah (Moore) Elliot, 
 both natives of New England. Jacob 
 Smith Elliot, who was a physician by pro- 
 fession, continued to live in Maine until 
 1855, when the family moved to Minneap- 
 olis, Minn. He preempted 80 acres of land 
 on which he established his western home 
 and which is now within the limits of that 
 city. Dr. Elliot was one of the leading 
 practitioners of medicine in his locality for 
 twenty-five years. Subsequently, he went 
 to California, where he died, aged eighty- 
 three years. 
 
 The subject of this sketch spent his boy- 
 hood on the paternal farm, and received his 
 early mental training in the public schools 
 of Minneapolis. He afterwards pursued a 
 course of study in Northwestern Univer- 
 sity, at Evanston, from which he was grad- 
 uated with the class of 1877. After his 
 graduation he studied law, and then held a 
 position in the Recorder's Office of Cook 
 County, for two years. At the end of this 
 period, he entered into the real estate and 
 loan business in Chicago, in which he has 
 since been successfully engaged. He at- 
 tends to the management of estates and con- 
 ducts a general business in real estate. 
 He has been a director in the State Bank 
 of Evanston, since the organization. 
 
 On November 13, 1878,' Mr. Elliot was 
 united in marriage, at Evanston, 111., with 
 Anna Shuman, whose father. Andrew 
 Shuman, was for many years, the editor of 
 the "Chicago Evening Journal'' and who 
 filled the position of Lieutenant Governor of 
 Illinois. In politics Mr. Elliot has always 
 been an earnest supporter of the Republican 
 
 party. In 1887 he held the office of Village 
 Trustee of Evanston. He has been an of- 
 ficer of the Evanston Hospital Association 
 since its organization in 1891, acting for 
 fifteen years on the Executive Committee 
 and has been the President for eleven years. 
 In 1884-85 he was President of the Alumni 
 Association of Northwestern University. 
 Socially. Mr. Elliot belongs to the Sigma 
 Chi Fraternity, in which he was Grand An- 
 notator from 1884 to 1886; and to the 
 Evanston Club, the Glen View Golf Club, 
 and the University Club of Chicago. His 
 religious connection is with the First Con- 
 gregational Church of Evanston. He is 
 regarded as a public-spirited and useful 
 member of the communitv. 
 
 BENJAMIN ALLEX GREENE. D. D. 
 
 Rev. Benjamin A. Greene, an eminent 
 minister of the Baptist church, resid- 
 ing in Evanston. 111., was born in Harris- 
 ville, R. I., November 6, 1845, the son of 
 Alvin and Maria (Arnold) Greene, of 
 whom the former was born in Killingly, 
 Conn., in December, 1820, while the latter 
 was a native of Rhode Island, where she 
 was born in February. 1820. The occupa- 
 tion of Alvin Greene was that of superinten- 
 dent of a cotton mill. The genealogical 
 line of the family is traceable back to John 
 Greene, who lived in Warwick. R. I., in 
 1639. 
 
 In early youth the subject of this sketch 
 attended the common schools of his native 
 place. After reaching the age of twelve- 
 years, he worked half of the time in the 
 cotton mills and spent the other half at 
 school. He recalls the fact that he began 
 to read the "New York Tribune" editorials 
 of Horace Greeley, at the beginning of the 
 Civil War. For two years he lived in Yar- 
 mouth, Maine, but most of his later boy- 
 
564 
 
 BIOGRAPHICAL 
 
 hood was spent at White Rock, R. I. He 
 spent 1866-68 in preparation for college, in 
 the Connecticut Literary Institute, at Suf- 
 field, and entering Brown University, grad- 
 uated there in 1872, and from Newton The- 
 ological Institution in 1875. In 1893 he 
 received the degree of D. D. from the for- 
 mer institution. From July, 1875, to April, 
 1882. Dr. Greene followed his ministerial 
 calling in Massachusetts, during that period 
 serving as pastor of the First Baptist 
 Church at Westboro, and later as pastor of 
 the \Yashington Street Baptist Church, at 
 Lynn. Mass., from April. 1882, to March, 
 1897. Then coming West he assumed his 
 present charge in Evanston. Dr. Greene 
 has officiated as President of the Massachu- 
 setts Conference of Baptist Ministers, and 
 as lecturer on homiletics at Xewton Theo- 
 logical Institution. Crozer Theological 
 School. Rochester Theological Seminary, 
 and Chicago University Divinity School. 
 
 On June 25. 1875, Dr. Greene was united 
 in marriage, at Providence. R. I., with Ella 
 Fairhrotlier. who was born in Pawtucket, 
 R. I., in 1849. Two children have been 
 born of this union, namely: Ruth M. (Mrs. 
 J. F. Pierson), born February 27, 1877; and 
 Marian F.. born January 4, 1886. On May 
 12. 1891. the mother of this family having 
 died. Dr. Greene was married again, his 
 second wife being N'ancy W. Maine, who 
 was born January 19. 1856. In his politi- 
 cal views. Dr. Greene is a supporter of the 
 principles of the Republican party. 
 
 HEXRY B. HEMEXWAY. M. D. 
 
 Dr. Henry Bixby Henienvvay. who 
 is successfully engaged in the practice of 
 medicine in Evanston. 111., was born in 
 Montpelicr. \'t.. December 20, 1856, the son 
 of Francis Dana and Sarah Louise (Bixby) 
 Hcmcmvav. natives of Chelsea. Yt.. where 
 
 the former was born November 10, 1830, 
 and the latter, March 2, 1828. The pater- 
 nal grandparents, Jonathan Wilder and 
 Sally (Hibbard or Hebard) Hemenway, 
 were born in Barre. Mass., and Brookfield, 
 Vt., respectively. On the maternal side the 
 grandparents were Ichabod Bixby, born at 
 Belchertown, Mass., March 19, 1784, and 
 Susanna (Lewis) Bixby, in Walpole, N. 
 H.. August 31, 1789. The maiden name 
 of the great-grandmother, on the paternal 
 side, was Sarah Davidson. The great- 
 grandparents on the maternal side were 
 Ichabod and Lydia (Orcutt) Bixby. James 
 and Grace (Paddock) Lewis the first men- 
 tioned (Ichabod Bixby). born January 9. 
 1757. The great-great-grandfather of 
 Mrs. Hemenway. Solomon Bixby. was 
 born in 1732, and died January 27, 1813. 
 His father, Xathan Bixby, was born in Xo- 
 vember, 1694, the father of Xathan was 
 Benjamin and his father was Joseph Bixby. 
 who died in 1706. The father of Joseph 
 Bixby was Xathaniel Bixby. who came 
 from Boxford. Suffolk County, England 
 and settled in Salem, Mass., in 1636. Dr. 
 Hemenway 's father, Francis Dana Hemen- 
 way. was a clergyman who. at the time of 
 the doctor's birth was pastor of a church 
 in Montpelier. Yt.. and Chaplain of the 
 State Senate. He first located in Evanston 
 in 1857. During periods in 1861 to 1862 
 and 1863 to 1865, he had a pastoral charge 
 at Kalamazoo. Mich., and for a time in 
 1862-63. served as pastor of the First Meth- 
 odist Episcopal Church in Chicago. On lo- 
 cating in Evanston he was elected to a pro- 
 fessorship in the Garrett Biblical Institute 
 but from the fall of 1861 until the spring 
 of 1866. availed himself of leave of absence 
 from the institution. In 1876 he was a re- 
 viser of the Methodist Episcopal Hymnal. 
 Henry Bixby Hemenway received his 
 mental training in the Preparatory School 
 and College of Liberal Arts of N'orthwest- 
 
HISTORY OF EVANSTON 
 
 565 
 
 ern University, receiving his degree of A. 
 B. in 1879, A- M-> m 1882. and that of M. 
 D., from the medical department of the 
 University in 1881. While taking his 
 course in the College of Liberal Arts he 
 taught a district school at Deerfield, 111., in 
 1878-79. In 1 88 1 he entered upon the 
 practice of his profession in Kalamazoo, 
 Mich., continued therein until 1890, when 
 he moved to Evanston, where he has since 
 practiced with successful results. He 
 served in the capacity of Health Officer of 
 Kalamazoo in 1884-85, was secretary of 
 the Kalamazoo Board of the U. S. Examin- 
 ing Surgeons, from January 1887 to Sep- 
 tember 1890; was also Treasurer of the 
 Michigan State Medical Society from 1886 
 to 1890 and was Secretary and Librarian 
 of the Kalamazoo Academy of Medicine. 
 He was a member of the Finance Com- 
 mittee of the Ninth International Medical 
 Congress : is now a member of the Ameri- 
 can Medical Association, the American 
 Academy of Medicine, the Chicago Medical 
 Society, the Illinois State Medical Society, 
 etc. 
 
 Dr. Hemenway has been twice married, 
 first in Evanston. on May 2, 1882, to Lilla 
 Maggie Bradley, who was born at Cottage 
 Hill. 111., August 25, 1856, and died March 
 29, 1883. She was descended from an old 
 Xew England family. Benjamin Bradley, 
 a London Apothecary, being the ancestor of 
 the family. His son, Daniel, born in 1615, 
 came to Massachusetts in 1635 and was 
 killed by Indians August 13, 1689. The 
 doctor's second wife was Victoria Steven- 
 son Taylor, to whom lie was united in mar- 
 riage at Kalamazoo, Mich., October 13, 
 1885. She was born in Kalamazoo, Febru- 
 ary 16, 1861, a daughter of Andrew and 
 Victoria (Bangs) Taylor, her father being 
 a native of Kelso, Scotland. Her maternal 
 grandparents were Samuel and Susan 
 (Payne) Bangs, the birthplace of the latter 
 
 being in Virginia. Samuel Bangs received 
 a grant of eleven leagues of land from the 
 Mexican Government, for services rendered 
 previous to 1840. Dr. Hemenway became 
 the father of three children, namely: Ruth 
 L., born March 23, 1883 ; Hazel, who was 
 born March 24, 1887, and died March 28, 
 of the same year; and Margaret, born De- 
 cember 14, 1888. 
 
 In politics, the subject of this sketch is a 
 supporter of the Republican party, but is 
 averse to mingling national with local is- 
 sues. His religious connection is with St. 
 Mark's Episcopal Church. In fraternal 
 circles, the doctor is identified with the A. 
 F. & A. M., belonging to the R. A. M., and 
 Knights Templar organizations. He is also 
 affiliated with the Knights of Pythias, the 
 U. O. F.; the I. O. O. F. ; and the Colum- 
 bian Knights. 
 
 ANDREW J. BROWN. 
 
 Andrew J. Brown (deceased), one of the 
 oldest and most favorably known citizens of 
 Evanston, 111., and a lawyer of distinction, 
 was a native of the State of New York, 
 born at Cooperstown, in that State, in 1820. 
 Mr. Brown received his early education in 
 the common schools of his native place, and 
 subsequently studied law with Robert 
 Campbell, of Cooperstown. In the autumn 
 of 1840. he removed to Illinois and settled 
 in De Kalb County, where, on his twenty- 
 first birthday, he was elected Probate Judge 
 of that county. 
 
 After remaining four years in De Kalb 
 County, Judge Brown located in Chicago, 
 where he rapidly built up a remunerative 
 practice. In 1850, he entered into a law- 
 partnership with the late Harvey B. Hurd, 
 of Evanston. which was continued until 
 1854. Soon after entering into this part- 
 nership he became interested in North Shore 
 
5 66 
 
 BIOGRAPHICAL 
 
 realty, and about the year 1863, became the 
 owner of a tract of land containing 248 
 acres, which mainly constitutes the site of 
 the present city of Evanston. In 1850 Mr. 
 Brown, in conjunction with Grant Good- 
 rich, Dr. John Evans, Orrington Lunt, and 
 others, took part in a conference held in the 
 city of Chicago, to consider the founding 
 of "a university in the Northwest under the 
 patronage of the Methodist Episcopal 
 Church." Mr. Brown served as Secretary 
 of this conference, was appointed a member 
 of the committee to propose a form of char- 
 ter which was adopted at a subsequent 
 meeting, and still later, in an act passed by 
 the Legislature in January, 1851, author- 
 izing the establishment of such an institu- 
 tion, was named as a member of the First 
 Board of Trustees. As one of the incorpo- 
 rators he assisted in the formal incorpora- 
 tion of the new institution, meanwhile serv- 
 ing as Secretary of the Board. Two years 
 later (1853) he took a prominent part in the 
 search for a permanent site for the Univer- 
 sity, which, on or about the Fourth of July 
 of that year, resulted in the selection of the 
 present location, and the founding of the 
 village of Evanston named in honor of Dr. 
 John Evans, at that time President of the 
 Hoard of Trustees and a potent factor 
 in the founding of the institution. It is 
 claimed that, as early as 1852, Mr. Brown 
 had selected this as the proper site 
 of the coming university, thus anticipating 
 the views of his colleagues on the Board of 
 Trustees, of which he was the only member 
 then living in Evanston. After the estab- 
 lishment of the University, Judge Brown, 
 who had acquired considerable financial re- 
 sources, was one of its most steadfast sup- 
 porters, and became security for many of 
 the loans negotiated to tide it over the emer- 
 gencies in its early history. The land in 
 that vicinity which he purchased early in the 
 'sixties in anticipation of the future devel- 
 
 opment of his educational project, was dis- 
 posed of by him in such a manner as to 
 promote the best interests of the city of 
 Evanston, and to him is largely attributable 
 the reputation which Evanston now enjoys 
 as a center of material elegance, intellectual 
 culture, and sound moral sentiment. 
 
 Mr. Brown was married to Abigail Mc- 
 Tagg, who survives her husband, as do also 
 their son and daughter, Robert P. Brown, 
 and Mrs. W. A. S. Graham. His death, as 
 the result of an attack of grip, occurred at 
 his home in Evanston early in the year 1906. 
 
 PETER CHRISTIAN LUTKIN. 
 
 Peter Christian Lutkin, whose career in 
 technical music during the twenty-five years 
 which have passed since his first connection 
 with Northwestern University, has given 
 him a high reputation throughout the West 
 as a master of that art, is a native of Wis- 
 consin, born at Thompsonville, in the vicin- 
 ity of Racine, that State, March 27, 1858. 
 His father and mother, who were of Danish 
 nativity, came to the United States in 1844. 
 In 1859, they moved from the small village 
 where their son Peter was born to Racine, 
 and thence, in 1863, to Chicago, where they 
 spent the remainder of their lives. Both 
 died in 1872. 
 
 Before the death of his parents, the sub- 
 ject of this sketch had madfi diligent use of 
 the opportunities for mental training af- 
 forded by the Chicago public schools, and 
 had been for one year a pupil in a select 
 school in that city. On being left an or- 
 phan when just entering upon his 'teens, 
 further attendance at school became impos- 
 sible. He had gained some experience, 
 however, at an earlier age, as boy-alto in 
 the choir of the Cathedral of SS. Peter and 
 Paul, in Chicago. He was the first boy to 
 sustain that part in the church choirs of the 
 
HISTORY OF EVAKSTON 
 
 567 
 
 city, as he was also the first one of his age 
 in this section of the country to render solos 
 in oratorio music. He was then nine years 
 old, and three years later, without previous 
 tuition, he presided at the cathedral organ 
 during the regular daily services. At the 
 age of thirteen years, in conjunction with 
 W. F. Whitehouse, a son of Bishop White- 
 house, he played that instrument in the 
 cathedral on occasions of Sunday worship. 
 He was then appointed organist of the ca- 
 thedral when fourteen years old, and acted 
 in that capacity for nine years. During this 
 period he had studied with Clarence Eddy, 
 Regina Watson and Frederick Grant Glea- 
 son in organ, piano, and the theory of music, 
 respectively. 
 
 On going to Europe in 1881, Mr. Lutkin 
 became a pupil of August Haupt, Oscar 
 Raif and Waldemar Bargiel, in Berlin, in 
 the respective branches of organ, piano and 
 composition. In 1882 he took a course in 
 the Hochschule, in that city, and was one of 
 the sixteen students (he being the only for- 
 eigner) accepted for the study of theory and 
 composition in the Royal Academy of Arts, 
 Berlin. Later he went to Vienna, where he 
 attended the piano classes of Theodor 
 Leschetitzky ; and subsequently visited 
 Paris, there becoming a pupil of Moszkows- 
 ky, in piano and composition. Mr. Lutkin 
 then returned home and received the ap- 
 pointment of organist and choirmaster of 
 St. Clement's Church, in Chicago. From 
 1890 to 1896, he acted in the capacity of 
 organist of St. James' Episcopal Church, in 
 the same city, which established the stand- 
 ard for ecclesiastical music in this section 
 of the country. 
 
 Before entering upon his studies in Eu- 
 rope, Professor Lutkin had been a teacher 
 of piano in the Conservatory of Music in 
 Evanston, and after his return to this coun- 
 try, he was for a considerable period the 
 
 principal theory teacher in the American 
 Conservatory of Music in Chicago. In 
 1891, while temporarily retaining his con- 
 nection with the latter institution, he was 
 placed in charge of the Conservatory, to 
 which he devoted a portion of his time, re- 
 organizing the school and soon uplifting it 
 from a state of deterioration to a condition 
 of high efficiency and prosperity. In 1892 
 Professor Lutkin resigned his position in 
 the American Conservatory, and was for- 
 mally appointed Director of the Depart- 
 ment of Music of Northwestern University 
 and Professor of Music in the College of 
 Liberal Arts. Five years later the progress 
 of the Department warranted its reorganiza- 
 tion as a separate School of the University, 
 with Professor Lutkin as Dean of the new 
 faculty. He was one of the organizers of 
 the University Club, and received the degree 
 of Mus. D. from Syracuse L'niversity in 
 1901. 
 
 The Evanston Musical Club was organ- 
 ized by Professor Lutkin during the 'nine- 
 ties, and he has acted as its director since 
 1895. He was director as well of the Ra- 
 venswood Musical Club from 1897 to 1905. 
 and that society made signal progress under 
 his leadership. These two organizations 
 were awarded $4.500 in prizes, during com- 
 petitions held at the Louisiana Purchase 
 Exposition at St. Louis in 1904. Professor 
 Lutkin is the composer of music to a con- 
 siderable extent for use in the worship ol 
 the Episcopal Church, to which denomina- 
 tion he belongs, and some of his composi- 
 tions are used in the services of the Estab- 
 lished Church of England. Although an 
 Episcopalian, he was chosen as one of the 
 two musical editors engaged on the revision 
 of the hymnal of the Methodist Episcopal 
 Church, a fact which notably attests the 
 rank generally conceded to him in the musi- 
 cal profession. 
 
568 
 
 BIOGRAPHICAL 
 
 CHESTER P. WALCOTT. 
 
 Chester .P. Walcott (deceased), for a 
 number of years one of the most worthy, 
 useful and highly esteemed citizens of 
 Evanston, 111., was born in Providence, R. 
 I., November 24, 1859, the son of Erastus 
 L. and Harriet (Pratt) Walcott. Mr. 
 Walcott was reared in his native place, 
 where, in early youth, he made diligent use 
 of the opportunities afforded by the public 
 schools. In 1876, he located in Chicago, 
 and sometime afterwards became connected 
 with the business of dealing in plumbers' 
 supplies. For many years, in partnership 
 with Mr. Hurlbut, he carried on a large 
 business under the firm style of Walcott, 
 Hurlbut & Co., being identified with the 
 trade in this line until the time of his death, 
 which occurred April 25, 1899. He had es- 
 tablished his residence in Evanston in the 
 spring of 1891, and there passed away at 
 his home, No. 1 1 14, Judson Avenue. Al- 
 though a quiet, undemonstrative man, Mr. 
 Walcott was energetic in the conduct of his 
 affairs, in which he manifested superior 
 business capability and won merited success. 
 
 October 27, 1881, Mr. Walcott was unit- 
 ed in marriage, at the Fourth Presbyterian 
 Church in Chicago, with Martha C. Howe, 
 a daughter of Samuel Howe, one of the 
 pioneer grain merchants of that city. The 
 children born of this union are: Chester H. 
 Walcott, who graduated from Princeton 
 University with the class of 1905 ; and Rus- 
 sell S. Walcott, who is a high school student 
 in Evanston. Mr. Walcott was reared an 
 Episcopalian, but after his marriage united 
 with the Presbyterian Church, to which de- 
 nomination his wife belonged and with 
 which she is still connected. On settling 
 in Evanston he became a member of the 
 First Presbyterian Church, and took a 
 prominent part in promoting its welfare. 
 He was a member of the Board of Trustees 
 
 and of its building committee. He was also 
 a member of the committee which extended 
 the call to the Rev. Dr. Boyd to become 
 pastor of the church, in which relation that 
 gentleman still officiates. 
 
 Socially, Mr. Walcott was identified with 
 the Evanston Club. He had a wide ac- 
 quaintance, and his genial nature, kindly de- 
 portment and helpful disposition, attracted 
 to him hosts of friends. By those who 
 were brought into intimate contact with him 
 in the daily walks of life, he was regarded 
 with warm affection, and his unswerving 
 probity and sterling traits of character 
 commanded the sincere respect of all with 
 whom he had business transactions. 
 
 COL. NATHAN H. WALWORTH. 
 
 Col. Nathan H. Walworth (deceased), 
 formerly one of the most prominent, popu- 
 lar and widely known citizens of Evanston, 
 111., was born in Western (now Rome), 
 Oneida County, N. Y., February 14. 1832, 
 the son of Elisha and Sarah (Halbert) 
 Walworth, natives of New York State. 
 Elisha Walworth was a farmer and manu- 
 facturer by occupation. The Walworth 
 family was one of the oldest and most noted 
 in the Empire State, and among its most 
 distinguished representatives was the emi- 
 nent jurist. Chancellor Walworth. 
 
 The boyhood of Nathan H. Walworth 
 was passed on the paternal farm in the Mo- 
 hawk Valley, and he received his primary 
 training in-the public schools in the vicinity 
 of his home. His education was completed 
 at Rome Academy and in Cazenovia Semi- 
 nary. He remained on the farm during his 
 youth and, when about twenty-two years 
 of age, after finishing his studies, he came 
 west to Fulton County, III., where he oper- 
 ated a large farm in 1855 and 1856. At a 
 later period he went to Oneida. Knox Coun- 
 
HISTORY OF EVANSTON 
 
 ty, where he engaged in mercantile pursuits. 
 In Oneida he was prominent both as a mer- 
 chant and as a citizen, serving as Supervisor 
 of his town, and filling other positions of 
 trust and responsibility. While in New 
 York, Col. Wadsworth had some experience 
 as Captain of Artillery, in the National 
 Guard of that State, and in the early sum- 
 mer of 1861, organized a company of infan- 
 try for service in the Union Army. This 
 company became a part of the Forty-second 
 Regiment, Illinois Volunteer Infantry, in 
 which he was commissioned as Captain July 
 22, 1861. In December of that year he was 
 promoted as Major, and in October, 1862, 
 became Lieutenant Colonel. On February 
 15, 1863, he was promoted to the Colonelcy 
 and was constantly in. command of his reg- 
 iment from the time he became Major until 
 May 15, 1864, when he resigned. At the 
 battles of Chickamauga and Mission Ridge 
 he commanded a brigade. His services in 
 the field began under Fremont and Hunter 
 in Missouri. In February, 1862, he was 
 sent to reinforce Grant at Fort Donelson, 
 and was then ordered down the Mississippi 
 River to Island No. 10. There he con- 
 cived the idea of surprising the Confeder- 
 ate water battery, located above the bend of 
 the river. His suggestion was carried out 
 by Col Roberts in the famous exploit of 
 April i, 1862, in which the guns of the bat- 
 tery were spiked, and our gunboats ran the 
 gauntlet at the island, cutting off the retreat 
 of the Confederates and compelling them to 
 surrender. The regiment was later engaged 
 in the siege of Nashville, and became part 
 of the Army of the Cumberland. Col. Wai- 
 worth was a close personal friend of Gen. 
 Sheridan, who relied much on his military 
 judgment. 
 
 After leaving the army, Col. Walworth 
 returned to Oneida, 111., where he became 
 a stock breeder in that vicinity, and operated 
 a lumber yard in the town, which he con- 
 
 ducted until 1868. In that year he located 
 in Chicago with C. H. Conger, and was 
 largely interested in the firm of Conger, 
 Walworth & Co., lumber dealers. About 
 the same time the firm purchased the busi- 
 ness of Roberts. Calkins & Hull, and Col. 
 Walworth having bought the Conger inter- 
 est, the firm became Bushnell, Walworth & 
 Reed in 1871. In 1875 the company 
 engaged in the manufacture of lumber 
 at Cedar Springs, Mich., and also estab- 
 lished lumber yards, drying kilrs, etc., at 
 that place, where it conducted business un- 
 til 1880. The Chicago yard was sold in 
 1876. and Mr. Bushnell withdrew from the 
 firm. Mr. Reed became President and the 
 concern carried on a retail lumber business 
 at a dozen or more points in Nebraska, 
 having a trade in the aggregate of 30,- 
 000,000 feet of lumber per year. The firm 
 abandoned the lumber business in 1889, 
 but Col. Walworth and Mr. Reed contin- 
 ued together in the real estate line until the 
 death of the former, at his home in Evans- 
 ton, October 2<). 1892. They were also the 
 owners of large live-stock interests, opera- 
 ting an extensive ranch at Holdredge, Neb. 
 as the Holdredge Live Stock Company. 
 Besides these interests, they owned mills 
 at Muskegon. Mich., which the firm had 
 bought in 1871 and continued to operate 
 until 1885, when they moved to Minneapo- 
 lis. In 1880 the firm sold a half-interest in 
 the Cedar Springs plant, and moved the 
 business to Montague. Mich., and in 1884, 
 the Walworth & Reed Lumber Company 
 was incorporated, with Col. Walworth as 
 President. 
 
 In 1855, at Delta. N. Y., Col. Walworth 
 was united in marriage with Adelia E. 
 Cornish, who was a native of New York 
 and a daughter of Hosea Cornish of that 
 town. Mrs. Walworth is the only surviv- 
 ing member of the family, although she 
 and her husband cared for and educated 
 
570 
 
 BIOGRAPHICAL 
 
 several children. Politically, Col. Wadworth 
 was an earnest supporter of the principles 
 of the Republican party. Socially, he was 
 a prominent member of the Loyal Legion ; 
 the Union League and Evanston Clubs ; 
 and the George H. Thomas Post, G. A. R. 
 His religious connection was with the Con- 
 gregational Church. Throughout his ac- 
 tive career, the strain of his varied and ex- 
 tensive business responsibilities was inces- 
 sant and severe, and he found it necessary, 
 in 1888-89, to indulge in a vacation for the 
 benefit of his health, spending the period 
 in European travel. 
 
 It was the nature of Col. Walworth to 
 be kindly and helpful, and his friends 
 loved him as few men are loved. He was 
 ever charitable and took special interest in 
 assisting young men. He was steadfast in 
 friendship and devoted to his old comrades 
 in arms. His home life was ideal, and his 
 intercourse with his wide acquaintance was 
 befitting the character of a brave soldier 
 and chivalrous gentleman. 
 
 RICHARD CONOVER LAKE. 
 
 Richard C. Lake, retired, Evanston, 
 111., was born in Montour County, Pa., 
 July 20, 1846, the son of James and Han- 
 nah (Dey) Lake, natives of the State of 
 Pennsylvania. Mr. Lake is most fortunate 
 in his ancestry. On the paternal side, he 
 is a descendant of John Lake, one of the 
 Lady Deborah Moody party who consti- 
 tuted the first English settlement on Long 
 Island in 1643; trie line of descent being 
 from John through Daniel, John, Richard, 
 Benjamin and James to Richard C. On the 
 maternal side, the Dey family are Holland 
 Dutch, and were among the first emigrants 
 to land in New Amsterdam, now New 
 York City. Dey Street is named for this 
 family. Thus it will be seen that through 
 
 descent, both maternal and paternal, as well 
 as by collateral lines, the subject of this 
 sketch is related to many of the most prom- 
 inent and distinguished families known to 
 American history, among them being the 
 Randolphs, Harrisons, Berkleys, etc. 
 
 James Lake, the father of Richard C., 
 was a well-known agriculturist, who at the 
 time of his decease was an associate Judge 
 in the County of Columbia, State of Penn- 
 sylvania. Richard C. received a common 
 school education, which has been supple- 
 mented by study in later years. Until he 
 was twelve years of age, his youth was 
 spent upon a farm. He then went to 
 Espy, Columbia County, Pa., where he 
 was employed by a mercantile house until 
 his seventeenth year, when, in company 
 with some older brothers, he removed to 
 Central City, Colo. There he went to work 
 for a mercantile firm, later becoming a 
 partner in the concern. In 1877 he dis- 
 posed of his interest and embarked once 
 more on the mercantile sea in Deadwood, 
 S. D. A little later he engaged in the bank- 
 ing business in that city, and in 1879 was 
 elected President of the First National 
 Bank. For twenty years thereafter he con- 
 tinued in this business, becoming President 
 of the First National Bank of Rapid City, 
 S. D., in 1884, and later President of a bank 
 in Hot Springs, S. D., and another at Chad- 
 ron, Neb. 
 
 On September 14, 1871, Mr. Lake was 
 married to Mary, daughter of John R. Ran- 
 dolph of Providence, R. I., whose father 
 was a cousin of the celebrated John Ran- 
 dolph of Roanoake. Mr. and Mrs. Lake 
 were the parents of six children: Jessie, 
 Amy (now Mrs. Walter G. Pietsch), Rich- 
 ard Randolph, Margaret, George Ernest 
 (now a midshipman in the U. S. Navy), 
 and Gertrude. In 1893, the family removed 
 to Evanston, 111., where Mrs. Lake died 
 September 14, 1894. Shortly after coming 
 
HISTORY OF EVANSTON 
 
 571 
 
 to Illinois, Mr. Lake disposed of his bank- 
 ing interests in the West, but was made 
 Vice-President of the Union National 
 Bank of Chicago, which relation he con- 
 tinued to occupy for nearly two years, 
 when, having been elected President of 
 the Masonic Fraternity Temple Associa- 
 tion, and being a large stockholder therein, 
 he resigned the vice-presidency of the 
 bank and took personal charge of the Ma- 
 sonic Temple Building. For two years 
 thereafter or until the building was 
 placed on a dividend-paying basis he held 
 this position. He then resigned, and since 
 that time has devoted his attention exclu- 
 sively to his private business affairs, most 
 important among which may be mentioned 
 the Range Cattle Industry in South Dakota 
 and Texas, a business in which, for the 
 past twenty years, he has been interested 
 to a greater or less extent. 
 
 On February 9, 1899, Mr. Lake was 
 united to Helen M. Kitchell, daughter of 
 Mrs. E. E. Willis, of Evanston, 111., but 
 there is no living issue from this marriage. 
 In his political affiliations, Mr. Lake is a Re- 
 publican. He is a thirty-second degree Ma- 
 son, and has filled nearly every position in the 
 order. He is a member of the Union 
 League Club of Chicago, the Glenview Golf 
 Club, the Evanston Club, and the Country 
 Club of Evanston. He is likewise a Direct- 
 or of the Evanston Free Public Library, 
 and a member of the School Board of that 
 city. He and his family are members of the 
 Episcopal Church. 
 
 EDWARD W. LEARNED. 
 
 Edward W. Learned, a prominent resi- 
 dent of Evanston, 111., since 1865, was born 
 in the town of Homer, Cortland County, 
 N. Y., April 30, 1823. His parents were 
 Edward W. and Polly (Briggs) Learned. 
 
 Edward W. Learned, Sr., was a farmer by 
 occupation and the son was reared in the 
 neighborhood made famous in the story 
 of David Harum. Here he enjoyed the 
 educational advantages of the common 
 schools of Homer and Solon, and after a 
 course in the Cortland Academy at Homer, 
 in his early manhood engaged in teaching. 
 He came west in 1845, locating at Racine, 
 Wis., on June 5, of that year. His elder 
 brother had come to this section the year 
 before, and he took a tramp beyond Rock 
 River to visit some old New York friends. 
 There he hired out to a farmer who lived 
 near what was then Southport, but is now 
 Kenosha. He worked there at $12.50 per 
 month, taught school the following winter 
 and, when the term was over, went to Port 
 Washington, where he and his brother en- 
 tered government land, receiving a deed 
 therefor from President James K. Polk. 
 Mr. Learned still owns this farm. 
 
 Except for a period of six years spent in 
 California, Mr. Learned remained in Wis- 
 consin, engaged in building and farming, 
 for twenty-one years. He went to Califor- 
 nia in 1851, sailing from New York and 
 rounding Cape Horn. The voyage from 
 New York to San Francisco consumed 155 
 days, and during this period thirteen bur- 
 ials at sea and ten cases of yellow-fever 
 came under his observation. He was en- 
 gaged in the building line in San Francis- 
 co and Sacramento five years, was connect- 
 ed with the Vigilantes, and made money 
 rapidly. In 1857 he returned from Cali- 
 fornia, via the Isthmus of Panama, and re- 
 turned to Port Washington where he re- 
 sumed building and continued in this line 
 until 1866, when he came to Evanston. 
 Here he was actively engaged in building 
 operations until he retired from business. 
 Prior to his removal to Evanston (in 1865) 
 he built the second brick residence in Ev- 
 anston. He put up several buildings for 
 
572 
 
 BIOGRAPHICAL 
 
 himself, and made judicious investments 
 in real estate. He also conducted a grocery 
 in Evanston for a time, and, by diligent ef- 
 fort, secured a competency for old age. 
 
 In 1857, Mr. Learned was married in 
 Homer, X. Y., to Carrie M. Shuler, a 
 daughter of Jacob Shuler, of that place. 
 Their only child was Ella Elizabeth 
 (Learned) Belts, who died in 1884, leaving 
 an infant son, who died seven weeks later. 
 Politically, Mr. Learned is a Republican. 
 He served one term of four years as Jus- 
 tice of the Peace, and was also a member of 
 the city auditing board. His religious con- 
 nection is with the First Methodist Church. 
 
 JOHN R. VAN ARSDALE. 
 
 John R. Van Arsdale (deceased), for 
 eighteen years one of the most favorably 
 known citizens of Evanston, 111., was born 
 in Xew Brunswick, N. J., March TO, 1824, 
 and was reared in his native place, where he 
 received his early training in the public 
 schools, and where he also gained his first 
 business experience. In 1869 he moved 
 west to Illinois, and locating in Chicago, 
 was first engaged in the manufacture of 
 wall paper, as a member of the firm of M. 
 A. Howell & Company. From 1870 to 
 1872, he was a grain commission merchant 
 and an operator on the Chicago Board of 
 Trade. In 1873, he became connected with 
 the Mutual Benefit Life Insurance Com- 
 pany of Chicago, of which, in 1876, he was 
 appointed cashier. This position he filled 
 until the time of his death, which occurred 
 February 15, 1890. He passed away at 
 his residence on Ridge Avenue, Evanston, 
 where he had established his home in 
 1872. During the seventeen years of his 
 connection with the above-mentioned com- 
 pany, he was largely instrumental in ad- 
 
 vancing its interests to a high degree of 
 prosperity. 
 
 In 1857, Mr. Van Arsdale was united in 
 marriage with Mary E. Tannehill, of 
 Brooklyn, N. Y., and their union resulted 
 in the following named children : Robert 
 T., a resident of New Brunswick, N. J. ; 
 William T., who is engaged in business in 
 Chicago, and maintains his residence in 
 Evanston ; John R.. Jr., who is also a busi- 
 ness man of Chicago and lives in Evans- 
 ton ; Isabella (Mrs. Sutphen) of Brooklyn, 
 N. Y., and Mary, whose home is in Evans- 
 ton. In his religious associations Mr. Van 
 Arsdale was an attendant upon the services 
 of the Presbyterian Church. He was a 
 man of excellent traits of character, superi- 
 or business capacity and scrupulous integ- 
 rity, and enjoyed the sincere respect and 
 unreserved confidence of all who made his 
 acquaintance. 
 
 LUCIUS A. TROWBRIDGE. 
 
 Lucius A. Trowbridge, a well-known 
 banker of Chicago, and prominent resident 
 of Evanston, 111., was born in Danbury. 
 Fairfield County, Conn., April 10, 1847, 
 the son of Matthew Thomas and Agnes K. 
 ( Sherman ) Trowbridge. who moved from 
 Connecticut to Illinois in 1861, settling in 
 Rockford. where the former passed the re- 
 mainder of his life, dying in 1903. Both the 
 Trowbridge and Sherman families are of 
 old New England stock. Lucius A. re- 
 ceived his early education in the public 
 and high schools of Rockford. 111., and. 
 after finishing his studies, was employed for 
 two years as a clerk in the "County Book 
 Store," in that city. In 1863, he became 
 bookkeeper in the private bank of Spaf- 
 ford & 1'enfield, and during the same year 
 this bank became the Third National Bank 
 
HISTORY OF EVAXSTON 
 
 573 
 
 of Rockford. Mr. Trowbridge remained 
 with it in various capacities fpr twenty- 
 seven years. He was successively book- 
 keeper, teller, assistant cashier and cashier, 
 and for several years, was also a director, 
 and one of the principal stockholders. In 
 1891, he resigned his position as cashier, 
 in order to engage in private banking in 
 Chicago, and, in 1893. founded the private 
 banking house of Lucius A. Trowbridge. 
 This was succeeded by the corporation of 
 Trowbridge & Co., in 1895, with Mr. Trow- 
 bridge as President and D. R. Xiver as 
 Secretary. In 1900 the corporate name was 
 changed to that of The Trowbridge & Xiv- 
 er Co., and the house has been, and still is, 
 largely engaged in the purchase and sale 
 of high-grade municipal and corporation 
 bonds. From the outset its main offices 
 have been located in the First Xational 
 Bank Building, in Chicago, while a branch 
 office is maintained in Boston. In late years, 
 the bonds owned and offered to the public 
 by The Trowbridge & Xiver Company 
 have aggregated millions of dollars annual- 
 ly. Mr. Trowbridge is also largely inter- 
 ested in the Twin City Telephone Company, 
 of Minneapolis and St. Paul. Minn., on be- 
 half of his firm. He is a man of keen per- 
 ception and excellent business judgment. 
 On June 9, 1881, Mr. Trowbridge was 
 united in marriage with Carolyn Frances 
 Cobb. a daughter of George Cobb, whose 
 early home was at Sauquoit, X. Y. Mr. and 
 Mrs. Trowbridge have three daughters, 
 namely : Alice, Jessie and Carolyn. Relig- 
 iously, Mr. Trowbridge has been for many 
 years a prominent and active member of the 
 Baptist Church. He is widely known 
 throughout the State of Illinois as a Sun- 
 day School worker and, in 1883. was Presi- 
 dent of the Illinois State Sunday School 
 Association. He is also active in the work 
 of the Y. M. C. A., and was chairman of 
 the Illinois State Executive Committee of 
 
 that organization from 1891 to 1895. He 
 is still a member of the advisory committee 
 of the association. Mr. Trowbridge estab,- 
 lished his home in Evanston in 1902. and is 
 there held in high esteem. 
 
 DORR AUGUSTIXE KIMBALL. 
 
 Dorr A. Kimball ( deceased), who 
 was for many years one of the most 
 prominent and widely known business men 
 of Chicago, was born in Dexter, Jefferson 
 County, X. Y., June 4, 1849, the son of 
 John B. and Louisa (Ryder) Kimball. His 
 father was a shoe manufacturer and a Jus- 
 tice of the Peace in Xew York State, and 
 in political sentiment a zealous Free-Soiler, 
 deeply interested in the abolition movement 
 and the operations of the "Underground 
 Railroad." and while living near Sackett's 
 Harbor, frequently aided fugitive slaves to 
 secure their freedom by escaping to Cana- 
 da. Later he was a supporter of the Gov- 
 ernment in the war for the preservation of 
 the Union, assisting in the organization of 
 troops for the suppression of the rebellion. 
 On the maternal side, the Ryders were an 
 old family of Xew York State, engaged in 
 agriculture. 
 
 The subject of this sketch received his 
 education in the public schools, and when 
 about fifteen years of age obtained a clerk- 
 ship in a store at \Vatertown. X. Y.. where 
 he remained a year when, in 1865. he came 
 to Chicago and found employment as office 
 boy with Fox & Howard, dredgers and con- 
 tractors, continuing in this business until 
 1874. He then accepted a ]x>sition as cash- 
 ier with Marshall Field & Co., which he 
 soon exchanged for a position at the head 
 of the general credit department of the 
 same firm, retaining the latter position for 
 the rest of his life, covering a period of 
 nearly thirty years. His long connection 
 
574 
 
 BIOGRAPHICAL 
 
 with the most important department in 
 this extensive concern indicates the estima- 
 tion in which he was held as a business 
 man. Gifted with a retentive memory which 
 enabled him promptly to recall faces and 
 events, his judgment and integrity were im- 
 plicity trusted, and seldom, if ever, at fault. 
 
 Soon after coming to Chicago, Mr. Kim- 
 ball became a member of the New England 
 Congregational Church, but after moving 
 to Evanston in 1876, transferred his mem- 
 bership to the First Congregational Church 
 of that city, with which he remained identi- 
 fied up to the date of his decease. Although 
 not a member of any secret society, he was 
 identified with several social organizations, 
 including the Evanston Club, the Evanston 
 Country Club, besides various literary or- 
 ganizations, being Vice-President of the 
 first named during the last year of his life. 
 He was also one of the founders and most 
 active supporters of the Home for Incura- 
 bles, in connection with which he served as 
 a Director from its establishment, was a 
 member of* the Evanston High School 
 Board, a Director of the Evanston Hospital 
 and, for several terms, a Trustee of the 
 First Congregational Church. He was es- 
 pecially interested in the welfare and happi- 
 ness of the children the boys and girls of 
 his home city, and on his holidays was ac- 
 customed to lead a bicycle club of little 
 girls about the city and adjoining country, 
 ending the trip with an entertainment at a 
 soda-fountain or an ice-cream parlor. The 
 affection in which he was held by the 
 younger class was one of the highest trib- 
 utes that could be paid to his character, ami 
 affords his friends a pleasant memory of 
 his many admirable qualities of mind and 
 heart. In politics he was a Republican. 
 
 Mr. Kimball was united in marriage in 
 the city of Chicago, April 24, 1871, to Miss 
 Susie Wood ford, daughter of Orin F. and 
 Mary A. (Merrill) Woodford both 
 
 branches of Mrs. Kimball's family being de- 
 scended from old prominent New England 
 families. To Mr. and Mrs. Kimball were 
 born three sons and three daughters, of 
 whom two sons Harlow M. and Dorr 
 Edwin and one' daughter Ruth Merrill 
 are now living. Of the other three chil- 
 dren, two died in infancy, and the oldest 
 born, Leonice Woodford, in 1900, at the 
 age of twenty-six years. 
 
 Mr. Kimball's death occurred suddenly 
 on May 20, 1903, at the Sanitarium at Lake 
 Geneva, Wis., whither he had gone for 
 treatment for a nervous affection, and was 
 deeply deplored by a large circle of friends 
 both in Evanston and Chicago who had 
 learned to appreciate his high business in- 
 tegrity and his many admirable traits of 
 character. His decease called forth many 
 tributes to his memory. 
 
 It may be said of him that his fidelity and 
 his honesty were never questioned. He was 
 one of the most faithful and trustworthy of 
 citizens in every relation of life. His de- 
 portment in all the relations of life was of 
 the highest, and he was interested in every- 
 thing that would tend to the betterment of 
 the community spending freely of his 
 means, his time and his labor for the up- 
 building of his home city and the promo- 
 tion of the public good. 
 
 LEWIS CASS TALLMADGE. 
 
 Lewis Cass Tallmadge, for many years 
 one of the most prominent and favorably 
 known citizens of Evanston, 111., was born 
 in Springfield, Mass., January 23, 1842, son 
 of Marcus M. and Abigail (Andrews) 
 Tallmadge. Marcus M. Tallmadge was a 
 man of independent fortune. In politics, he 
 was a prominent Democrat and an intimate 
 friend of Andrew Jackson. In religion he 
 was a leading Episcopal churchman. Gen. 
 
HISTORY- OF EVANSTON 
 
 575 
 
 Benjamin Tallmadge, the grandfather, was 
 a member of Washington's staff. Marcus 
 A. Tallmadge moved with his family, at an 
 early period, from Springfield, Mass., to 
 East Granby, Conn., where he made his 
 home for many years. He had a son and 
 daughter, who were respectively named 
 after Andrew and Rachael Jackson. The 
 old family homestead was destroyed by fire 
 in October, 1905, and with it were con- 
 sumed njany Revolutionary and other his- 
 torical relics and family treasures. Among 
 these were miniature portraits, on ivory, of 
 General and Rachael Jackson, presented to 
 their namesakes. 
 
 The Tallmadge family in New England 
 was descended from James Tallmadge, 
 who, with his son Robert, came from Hol- 
 land to Boston in 1630. They moved to 
 Connecticut in 1639, 'and were original 
 grantees of lots in the town of New Haven. 
 Many of the Tallmadge family participated 
 in the Revolutionary War, and some of its 
 representatives have, in later times, become 
 distinguished in professional careers, 
 among them, Rev. T. DeWitt Tallmadge, 
 the noted pulpit orator. 
 
 Lewis Cass Tallmadge received his early 
 education in the public schools of New 
 Haven, Conn., relinquishing his studies at 
 the age of seventeen years in order to enlist 
 in the Union Army, where he served in a 
 Connecticut regiment. After the war was 
 over, he went to Washington, D. C., where 
 he obtained a position in the War Depart- 
 ment, and at the same time studied law. At 
 a later period, he engaged in the business 
 of adjusting naval claims, which he fol- 
 lowed to a considerable extent during a 
 residence of twenty years in Washington 
 and thereafter. He was also interested in 
 real estate operations, the building of tele- 
 phone lines and various other enterprises. 
 In 1881, Mr. Tallmadge located in Chicago, 
 soon afterwards removing to Evanston, 
 
 where he resided until the time of his 
 death, which occurred in Chicago, October 
 16, 1902. 
 
 In 1874, the subject of this sketch was 
 united in marriage, in the city of New 
 York, with Mary Eliza Eddy, a daughter 
 of Rev. Dr. Thomas M. Eddy, then Secre- 
 tary of the Board of Missions of the Meth- 
 odist Episcopal Church, and widely known 
 in that connection. Dr. Eddy had 
 previously held the position of editor 
 of the "Northwestern Christian Advo- 
 cate," in Chicago, and from Chicago went 
 to Baltimore, where he became pastor of 
 the old Charles Street Church, and after- 
 wards built the beautiful Mt. Vernon 
 Place church, and served as its pastor. 
 Still later, he was pastor of the Metropoli- 
 tan Methodist Episcopal Church in Wash- 
 ington, D. C., from which he went to 
 New York, and died there while serv- 
 ing as Secretary of the Board of Mis- 
 sions of his denomination. He was one of 
 the most eminent ministers of the Meth- 
 odist Church, noted alike for eloquence in 
 the pulpit and rare executive ability in the 
 conduct of church affairs. Mr. and Mrs. 
 Tallmadge became the parents of two chil- 
 dren, namely : Thomas Eddy Tallmadge, 
 of Chicago, and Abbie Louise Tallmadge. 
 of Evanston. 
 
 Politically Mr. Tallmadge was a support- 
 er of the Republican party. He enjoyed a 
 wide acquaintance with public men, and 
 personally knew every President of the 
 L T nited States, from Grant to McKinley, 
 inclusive. In religion, he was reared an 
 Episcopalian, but became a Methodist while 
 in Washington, and was a communicant of 
 the First Methodist Episcopal Church, of 
 Evanston. Socially, he was a member of 
 the Evanston and Country Clubs ; the John 
 A. Logan Post, G. A. R. ; and the Sons of 
 the American Revolution. 
 
576 
 
 BIOGRAPHICAL 
 
 GEORGE ALBERT COE, A. M., PH. D. 
 
 George Albert Coe, John Evans Profes- 
 sor of Moral and Intellectual Philosophy, 
 Northwestern L'niversity. Evanston, 111., 
 was born March 2(1, 1862, at Menclon. X. 
 Y.. son of the late Rev. George \V. Coe. 
 for about forty years a minister of the 
 Methodist Episcopal Church. The Coe an- 
 cestry is English. The first member of this 
 family to emigrate to America came to 
 Boston in the ship Francis in 1654. The 
 ancestry on the side of the mother (Harriet 
 Van Voorhis) was Dutch, the first Van 
 Voorhis ancestor in this country, coming 
 from Holland to the Hudson River region 
 in the year 1670. 
 
 Mr. Coe graduated with degree of A. B., 
 from the University of Rochester, N. Y., in 
 1884. subsequently receiving the degree of 
 A. M. from the same university. In 1887, 
 after three years' study at Uoston L'niver- 
 sity. he received from that institution the 
 degree of S. T. B.. thereafter remaining 
 at the L'niversity for another year of 
 graduate study. On September 3, 1888, he 
 was united in marriage to Sadie E. Know- 
 land, daughter of Mr. and Mrs. Joseph 
 Knowland. of Alameda. Cal.. and during 
 the next two years ( 1888-90) was a pro- 
 fessor in the L'niversity of Southern Cali- 
 fornia at Los Angeles. Then, having been 
 appointed Jacob Sleeper Traveling Fellow 
 of Boston L'niversity. he spent one year 
 ( i 890-91 ) studying at the L'niversity of 
 Berlin. In 1891 he received the degree of 
 Ph. D. from Boston L'niversity, and the 
 same year was appointed Acting Professor 
 of Philosophy at Northwestern L'niversity, 
 two years later being appointed the John 
 Evans Professor of Moral and Intellectual 
 Philosophy in that institution, which he 
 still retains. Professor Coe has published 
 numerous articles in psychological and 
 theological journals, and is a member of the 
 
 American Psychological Association, the 
 American Philosophical Association, and 
 the American Association for the Advance- 
 ment of Science. He is the author of the 
 following works: "The Spiritual Life" 
 (N. Y., lyoo) ; "The Religion of a Mature 
 Mind" (Chicago, 1902) ; "Education in Re- 
 ligion and Morals" (Chicago, 1904). He 
 has also delivered numerous popular lectures 
 on educational topics. In 1900 he was Lec- 
 turer on the Psychology of Religion at Bos- 
 ton L'niversity School of Theology, and 
 in 1902, and again in 1903. gave courses of 
 lectures at the summer sessions of the Har- 
 vard Divinity School on The Psychology of 
 Religion and Religious Education, respect- 
 ively. Professor Coe is a member of the 
 First Methodist Church of Evanston. 
 
 SADIE KNOWLAND COE. 
 
 Sadie Knowland Coe, late Professor of 
 Piano and History of Music, Northwestern 
 L'niversity School of Music. Evanston, 111., 
 was born in San Francisco, Cal. in 1864, 
 the daughter of Mr. and Mrs. Joseph 
 Knowland. was educated in the public 
 schools and the high school of Alameda, 
 Cal., and studied piano with Ernst Hart- 
 maim of San Francisco, and still later with 
 Carl liaermann and J. W. Tufts, of Boston. 
 On September 3. 1888. she was married to 
 George Albert Coe, a Professor in the Uni- 
 versity of Southern California at Los An- 
 geles. During the academic year 1889-90, 
 she was in charge of the piano department 
 of the University of Southern California, 
 and for the next three years studied music 
 in Germany taking instruction in piano 
 music with Hemrich Barth and Moritz 
 Moskowski. Theory and Composition with 
 Reinhold Succo. and Ensemble Playing 
 with Waldemar Bargiel. 
 
 Mrs. Coe came to Evanston in 1893 and 
 
HISTORY OF EVANSTON 
 
 577 
 
 started a class for private instruction of 
 pupils in piano music, but was invited into 
 the faculty of the University School of Mu- 
 sic as Instructor of Piano, with which she 
 was connected eleven years. Besides teach- 
 ing piano, she developed a popular depart- 
 ment of the History of Music, gave numer- 
 ous recitals, and appeared often with the 
 string quartette, repeatedly bringing out 
 new compositions, or those heard here for 
 the first time. In 1901 she was advanced 
 in rank to Professor, which she resigned in 
 1905 in order to establish a private school. 
 She was under appointment as Lecturer 
 on Musical Aesthetics in the College of 
 Liberal Arts at the time of her death, 
 which resulted from cancer, at San Fran- 
 cisco, Cal., August 24, 1905. 
 
 Mrs. Coe was exceedingly active in pro- 
 moting music as a means of popular cult- 
 ure. For some four years she took the lead 
 in the music work of the Evanston Wom- 
 an's Club, conducting or organizing each 
 year a course of educational programs and 
 recitals. In the meantime she gave numer- 
 ous lecture recitals in Evanston and else- 
 where. Her leading topics were historical, 
 such as Primitive Music. Music of the 
 American Indians, and the several music- 
 dramas of Richard Wagner. 
 
 A few days before her death there ap- 
 peared from the press of the Clayton F. 
 Summy Company, her "Melodrama of Hi- 
 awatha" for speaking voice and piano, the 
 text being from Longfellow's poem, and the 
 music being based upon genuine Indian 
 themes. This composition has been given 
 repeatedly in Evanston. and a number of 
 times in other cities. It has proved itself 
 possessed of great beauty and emotional 
 power. Besides being a brilliant player and 
 an able teacher and lecturer, Mrs. Coe was 
 possessed of rare executive ability, intellect- 
 uality and social power. Adhering to the 
 same faith as her husband, Prof. George 
 
 A. Coe, she was a member of the First 
 Methodist Church of Evanston. 
 
 ALANSOX SWEET. 
 
 Alanson Sweet (deceased), pioneer mer- 
 chant and legislator of the Middle West, 
 and former well-known citizen of Evans- 
 ton, 111., was born in Owasco. Cayuga 
 County, N. Y., March 12. 1804, the son of 
 Wilbur and Anna (Leach) Sweet. Wilbur 
 Sweet was a skilled stoneworker by occu- 
 pation, and was also engaged in agricul- 
 tural pursuits. His son. Alanson. was 
 reared on the paternal farm and trained to 
 fanning, besides learning the stone-mason's 
 trade. On the maternal side he was de- 
 scended from Lawrence Leach, of English 
 ancestry, who settled in Salem. Mass., 
 eleven years after the landing of the Pil- 
 grims, and was in the Colonial service un- 
 der Governor Winthrop. 
 
 Left a half - orphan by the death of 
 his mother in his early childhood. Alanson 
 Sweet was thrown upon his own resources 
 at the age of fourteen years. He had had 
 few advantages of early schooling, but be- 
 ing naturally studious, as a result of self- 
 training he became a man of broad general 
 information. As a youth he had a varied 
 experience, an incident of which was his 
 service as driver of a canal boat on the Erie 
 Canal. When but nineteen years of age 
 he was a contractor for stone work, and in 
 this connection, held Government contracts. 
 In 1831 he journeyed to Chicago, and was 
 at Fort Dearborn at the beginning of the 
 Blackhawk War. He was First Lieutenant 
 of a company of volunteers raised in Chica- 
 go at that time, to aid in checking the rav- 
 ages of the Indians, and in this connection 
 rendered considerable active service. While 
 in Fort Dearborn he saw. for the first time. 
 Emily Shaw, who had just arrived in Chi- 
 
578 
 
 BIOGRAPHICAL 
 
 cago from New York State, and who, on 
 account of the threatened danger, had tak- 
 en refuge in the fort. It was a case of love 
 at first sight, and, in 1833, they were united 
 in wedlock at St. Joseph, Mich. Soon after 
 his marriage, Mr. Sweet engaged in build- 
 ing and other enterprises in Chicago, and 
 was one of the earliest real estate owners 
 there. He built the first two-story frame 
 house in Chicago, and had the first inclosed 
 grounds, comprising a quarter of an acre 
 of land at the corner of Clark and Kinzie 
 Streets. 
 
 In 1835, believing that on account of 
 its fine harbor and other advantages, Mil- 
 waukee was destined to become the chief 
 city of the lakes, he moved to that place, 
 where he acquired large landed interests 
 and became a leading man of affairs. For 
 thirty-five years thereafter, he was one of 
 the foremost citizens of Milwaukee, pos- 
 sessed of ample means, conducting exten- 
 sive enterprises and manifesting great ac- 
 tivity in every field of effort. It was his 
 design to build up a new city and commer- 
 cial emporium. Mr. Sweet held many po- 
 sitions of honor and trust in Milwaukee, 
 and was one of the organizers of the Wis- 
 consin Territorial and State Governments. 
 He served as one of the five members of the 
 first Territorial Legislature, and was chief- 
 ly instrumental in locating the capital of 
 Wisconsin, afterwards named Madison, at 
 "Four Lakes." He improved part of the 
 harbor of Milwaukee, and constructed a 
 number of lighthouses on Lake Michigan 
 and Lake Superior. Mr. Sweet was a close 
 personal friend of Governor Doty, the first 
 Governor of the State, and co-operated with 
 him and other noted pioneers in laying the 
 foundations of a great commonwealth. For 
 many years he was the leading grain mer- 
 chant of Milwaukee, owning large eleva- 
 tors 'and handling vast quantities of grain 
 annually. 
 
 In the early days, Mr. Sweet was an ar- 
 dent champion of water as against railroad 
 transportation, and was among the pioneers 
 who were unfriendly to railroad enterprises. 
 He lived, however, long enough to realize 
 how largely the latter have contributed to- 
 ward the development of the country. Hav- 
 ing met with reverses, Mr. Sweet went to 
 Kansas in 1870, beginning the life of a 
 farmer again at Arkansas City. After re- 
 maining there about six years, he relin- 
 quished active efforts and settled in Ev- 
 anston, where he passed nearly all his later 
 life, dying in Chicago in 1891. His last 
 days were spent near the scenes of his earli- 
 est labors in Illinois. On the spot which he 
 had beheld in all its original barrenness, 
 with hardly a hitman habitation outside of 
 Fort Dearborn, he saw a city of more than 
 a million people spring into existence al- 
 most within a generation. 
 
 The faithful, life-long companion of Mr. 
 Sweet passed away in Evanston in 1892, 
 and the only surviving members of this 
 noted pioneer family are a son and a 
 daughter George O. Sweet, of Chicago, 
 and Mrs. Mary (Sweet) Taggart, of Ev- 
 anston. 
 
 OSCAR H. MANN. 
 
 Oscar H. Mann, M. D., who has been 
 one of the prime factors in the develop- 
 ment of Evanston, 111., from a straggling, 
 though pretty suburb of Chicago, to a 
 handsome city and a seat of wealth and 
 culture, was born in Providence, R. I., 
 November 24, 1834. His parents, Timo- 
 thy M. and Eliza (Tupper) Mann, were 
 descended from families conspicuous for 
 high mental and moral qualities. Dr. 
 Mann's father was a cousin of Horace 
 Mann, the famous educator and author, 
 and Martin Tupper, the poet, was a mem- 
 
HISTORY OF EVANSTON 
 
 579 
 
 ber of the family from which the mother 
 of the subject of this sketch was derived. 
 
 When Mr. Mann was but a child, his 
 father moved to Albany, New York, and 
 for several years was engaged in the 
 transportation business on the Hudson 
 River and the Erie Canal. The son at 
 this period attended Whitesboro College, 
 Whitesboro, N. Y., and then pursued a 
 course of study in the Medical College of 
 the University of the City of New York, 
 where he received his diploma. Similar 
 degrees were also conferred upon him by 
 Hahnemann Medical College in Chicago, 
 and the Chicago Homoeopathic College. 
 
 In 1860 Dr. Mann came West and com- 
 menced practicing medicine at Shabbona 
 Grove, 111. From 1863 until i86f> he prac- 
 ticed in Ottawa, 111., and then settled in 
 Evanston, where he soon attained a pro- 
 fessional status which ranked him among 
 the leading physicians of the State for 
 more than thirty years. He has been 
 President of the Illinois State Homoeo- 
 pathic Association, and has filled other 
 positions of honor and trust. Early in 
 his career he became interested in pro- 
 moting public enterprises and was an 
 earnest advocate of honesty and economy 
 in municipal government. He bought 
 real estate and improved it substantially, 
 erecting soine years ago what is still one 
 of the principal business blocks in the 
 city. He served as a member of the Vil- 
 lage Board and was the last President of 
 that body before the incorporation of Ev- 
 anston as a city. He was one of the chief 
 organizers of the waterworks system, 
 and under his administration the City 
 Hall was commenced and completed. The 
 annexation of South Evanston to Evans- 
 ton was, to a considerable extent, the re- 
 sult of his active efforts, in conjunction 
 with those of other public-spirited men 
 whose sagacity and energy made the city 
 
 what it now is. He became the first 
 Mayor of the city, and was re-elected to 
 that office, serving, fnall, three years, and 
 organizing the city government in all its 
 departments. To him was largely due 
 the satisfactory settlement of the tax con- 
 troversy between the city and the North- 
 western University, the bringing to the 
 city of the electric railroad, and the plan- 
 ning and beautifying of Fountain Square. 
 Shortly after his second term as Mayor 
 expired, in 1895. Dr. Mann relinquished 
 his medical practice, and moved to a large 
 stock and grain ranch, which he owned 
 near Pierre. South Dakota, where he re- 
 mained eight years, returning to Evans- 
 ton in 1903. Beyond the age of three- 
 score and ten years, he is now living in 
 retirement, enjoying well earned repose 
 and the esteem of all his fellow citizens. 
 
 FRANK HERBERT ANDERSON. 
 
 Frank H. Anderson, a well known citi- 
 zen of Evanston, 111., where he is now 
 serving as City Treasurer, was born in 
 Forest, Ontario, Canada, October u, 
 1866. He is a son of Andrew Sparahock 
 and Helen (Jones) Anderson, both of 
 whom were natives of the Province of 
 Ontario ; the former born at Prescott. and 
 the latter at Kingston. The occupation of 
 Andrew S. Anderson was that of a builder 
 and stockman. The subject of this sketch 
 received his early mental training in the 
 public schools in the vicinity of his birth- 
 place, and remained at home until his 
 schooling was completed. He then pur- 
 sued a course of professional study in the 
 Ontario Veterinary College, from which 
 he was graduated in 1889, beginning the 
 practice of veterinary surgery at Evans- 
 ton in the following year. 
 
 On November 29. 1893, M F - Anderson 
 
BIOGRAPHICAL 
 
 was united in marriage, at Evanston, with 
 Anna Margaret Hartray, who was born in 
 that city, December 2, 1870. She was a 
 daughter of James Hartray, who is one of 
 the earlier settlers of Evanston. Of this 
 marriage there were two children, 
 namely : Raymond Francis, born Septem- 
 ber ii, 1804, all( l Ruth Helen, born Jan- 
 uary 18, 1898. The mother of these chil- 
 dren died March 21, 1899. 
 
 In politics Mr. Anderson is an earnest 
 supporter of the Republican party, and is 
 active and influential in its local councils. 
 He was elected City Treasurer of Evans- 
 ton in 1905, and is still the efficient incum- 
 bent in that office. He has served in the 
 capacity of Assistant State Veterinarian 
 of Illinois, since 1900. In fraternal cir- 
 cles, the subject of this personal record is 
 identified with the A. F. & A. M. Religi- 
 ously, he is an adherent of the Episcopal 
 faith. He is an intelligent, energetic and 
 popular man. and a public-spirited citizen. 
 
 JAMES MILTON BARNES. 
 
 James Milton Barnes, who is one of the 
 most prominent and favorably known citi- 
 zens f Evanston, 111., was born at Hope. 
 Warren County, X. J., December 29, 
 1858, the son of Samuel and Sarah Ann 
 (Moore) Barnes, who moved from the 
 East, in 1860, to Rochester, Mich. The 
 subject of this sketch received his early 
 mental training in the public schools of 
 Rochester, Mich., and there his childhood 
 years were spent. He then became a pu- 
 pil in the Pontiac (Mich.) High School, 
 and after graduating from that institu- 
 tion, pursued a two years' course of study 
 in the University of Michigan, at Ann 
 Arbor. Before completing his education. 
 Mr. Barnes applied himself to teaching, in 
 which occupation he continued four years. 
 
 In 1883 he entered the government serv- 
 ice, securing a position in the Ap- 
 praiser's office in Chicago, where he re- 
 mained five years. After leaving the gov- 
 ernment service, he went into the employ 
 of Marshall Field & Co., in Chicago. 
 While thus engaged he studied law and 
 was admitted to the bar. Subsequently. 
 he was made attorney for Marshall Field 
 & Co., and at a later period became head 
 of the credit and legal departments in that 
 establishment, which position he now 
 holds. 
 
 On December 25, 1885, Mr. Barnes was 
 united in marriage, at Rochester, Mich., 
 with May Curtis, who was born near that 
 place. October 13, 1860. Two children 
 have been born of this union, namely : 
 Myrtie Adella, born April 22, 1887; and 
 Alice May, born February 10, 1889. In 
 politics, Mr. Barnes is a supporter of the 
 Republican party, and in religion he ad- 
 heres to the faith of the Methodist Epis- 
 copal Church. His business reputation is 
 of the best, and he is regarded in Evans- 
 ton as a high-minded and public-spirited 
 citizen. 
 
 SARAH H. BRAYTON, M. D. 
 
 Dr. Sarah H. Brayton, a well known 
 and highly respected practitioner of medi- 
 cine in Evanston, 111., is a native of Car- 
 lisle. County of Cumberland, England, 
 where she received her elementary educa- 
 tion in the grammar schools. Her par- 
 ents came to the United States during her 
 early girlhood and settled in the State of 
 New York, where the daughter grew to 
 maturity. As she approached woman- 
 hood, she conceived the idea of becoming 
 a physician, and intent upon the belief 
 that the avenue of her usefulness in life 
 lay in this direction, she diligently applied 
 
HISTORY OF EVANSTON 
 
 herself to a course of medical study, 
 which she continued four years. In 1875 
 she received the degree of M. D., and dur- 
 ing the same year began the practice of 
 her profession in the City of New York. 
 In 1876 she was appointed Professor of 
 Materia Medica and Therapeutics in the 
 Medical College for Women in that city, 
 in which she soon attained a high reputa- 
 tion. She was also signally successful in 
 her practice, which rapidly increased. 
 \York in that city, however, proving detri- 
 mental to her health, she was obliged to 
 relinquish it. \Yhile on a visit of recrea- 
 tion to the West during a vacation period, 
 some of her friends in Evanston urged her 
 to resign her position in New York, which 
 she consented to do, and after arranging 
 her affairs in the East, settled in Evans- 
 ton, and has ever since been profession- 
 ally and socially popular in her adopted 
 city, where her practice has continued to 
 meet with exceptionally good results. 
 
 Dr. llrayton has been prominent in many 
 important and meritorious public enter- 
 prises, especially in securing the erection 
 of the hospital building in Evanston, 
 which is now one of the most creditable 
 features of the town. She is a member 
 of the Illinois State Medical Society : the 
 Chicago Medical Society ; the American 
 Association for the Advancement of 
 Science : the American Public Health As- 
 sociation ; The Fortnightly of Chicago, 
 and the London Lyceum Club. In 1891 
 she was appointed a delegate by the Aux- 
 iliary Congress of the World's Colum- 
 bian Exposition, to the Seventh Interna- 
 tional Congress of Hygiene and Demogra- 
 phy, held in London, England. In 1893 
 she was elected Chairman of the Wom- 
 an's Committee of the International Con- 
 gress of Public Health, which convened 
 with the annual session of the American 
 
 Public Health Association, in Chicago, 
 during that year. In later years in ad- 
 dition to her large practice, Dr. Brayton 
 has devoted much time to the establish- 
 ment of a convalescent home for women 
 and children in Evanston. She is a mem- 
 ber and Secretary of the Evanston Hos- 
 pital Staff. 
 
 CHARLES LYMAN WAY. 
 
 Charles Lyman Way (deceased), a 
 noted expert in iron and steel work, 
 whose residence in Evanston. 111., began 
 at the time of the great Chicago fire of 
 1871. in which he was one of the numer- 
 ous sufferers, was born in Xew Haven. 
 Conn,, November 7. 1818. the son of Wil- 
 liam and Betsy Way. who were natives of 
 New England. William Way, the father, 
 was an iron-worker by occupation, and 
 was the first man in that line of work to 
 conceive and carry into effect the idea of 
 manufacturing carriage hardware for the 
 general trade, thereby obviating the neces- 
 sity of making each part as needed. Since 
 that time this branch of manufacture has 
 grown into vast proportions. William 
 Way was a man of rare skill as an artisan, 
 and was possessed of remarkable energy 
 and strong traits of character. In relig- 
 ious belief he was a Methodist, and be- 
 longed to the First Methodist Church of 
 New Haven, Conn., for more than seventy 
 years, being a class-leader for about 
 sixty years of that period. 
 
 The early mental training of the sub- 
 ject of this sketch was obtained in the 
 public schools of his native place, and 
 after his schooling was over, he was em- 
 ployed with his father in the iron wdrks. 
 until he acquired an intimate knowledge 
 of that art. From 1845 to 1855, he was 
 
BIOGRAPHICAL 
 
 superintendent of Peter Cooper's rolling 
 mills at Trenton, X. J., and in the latter 
 year, moving to Michigan, acted in the 
 same capacity in connection with E. B. 
 Ward's rolling mills at Wyandotte in 
 that State. In |8(>.V he located in Chi- 
 cago, where he assumed the position of 
 superintendent of the \orth Chicago 
 Rolling Mills, on Clybourn Avenue. Sub- 
 sequently for more than twenty years, he 
 served in the capacity of steel expert for 
 the Chicago & Northwestern Railway 
 Company. He was also connected with 
 the Pennsylvania, and other railroad com- 
 panies, as steel expert. 
 
 (In September 21, 1851. at Trenton, N. 
 J., Mr. Way was united in marriage with 
 Margaret C. Raum. who was born in that 
 city. July 23. 1829. One child was born 
 of this union, namely, Kate Virginia, who 
 was born April 27. 1858, and became the 
 wife of Roger Barrett McMullen, on 
 June 15. iSSi. In politics Mr. Way was 
 a supporter of the Republican party. 
 Religiously, he was reared, in the place 
 of his birth, in accordance with the creed 
 of the Methodist Episcopal Church, but 
 after his marriage became connected with 
 the Baptist denomination. 
 
 Immediately after the fire of 1871, Mr. 
 Way. abandoning the flaming ruins of 
 Chicago, established his home in Evans- 
 ton, on October y. 1871. and from the 
 time of his removal until his death was re- 
 garded as one of the worthiest and most 
 useful- members of the community 
 in which he had cast his lot under cir- 
 cumstances so peculiar. He was a man 
 of exceptional purity of character and 
 scrupulous sense of justice. It was his 
 habit never to pass an adverse opinion on 
 others, and if nothing good was to be 
 said, he said nothing. 
 
 JOSEPH M. LORIMER. 
 
 Joseph M. Lorimer (deceased), who was 
 for about ten years a well known, excep- 
 tionally useful and highly respected citizen 
 of Evanston, 111., was born in Pittsburg, 
 Pa., September 6, 1891, the son of William 
 E. and Rachael (Me Masters) Lorimer, who 
 were natives of Pennsylvania. When Jo- 
 seph was five years of age, the family went 
 to Nebraska, and after remaining there a 
 short time, settled in Leavenworth, Kans., 
 where William F. Lorimer was engaged in 
 freighting to Denver. He afterwards 
 moved to a farm in the vicinity of Leaven- 
 worth, where his home was situated during 
 the Civil war. The father of the family 
 and four sons served in the Union army. 
 
 When Joseph M. Lorimer was eighteen 
 years of age he located in Chicago and. as 
 messenger, entered the employ of Jones & 
 Laughlin, the Pittsburg iron manufacturers, 
 who had established a branch in Chicago 
 some years previously. Mr. Lorimer was 
 advanced from one grade to another, until 
 some years before his death, when he became 
 manager of the western department of the 
 business. At the time of his death, which oc- 
 curred August 24. 1804, he had been in the 
 employ of Jones & Laughlin nearly twenty- 
 five years, and had established a very high 
 reputation as a business man. He had 
 charge of most important interests in this 
 connection, and was the inventor of the 
 Lorimer column, used in structural iron 
 work. 
 
 Mr. Lorimer established his home in Ev- 
 anston in 1884, and at once became a potent 
 factor in promoting the best interests of the 
 city. Seldom has any man, in a residence 
 so comparatively brief in duration, im- 
 pressed his individual worth upon the hearts 
 of his fellow citizens as strongly as did 
 Mr. Lorimer upon the people of Evanston. 
 
HISTORY OF EVANSTON 
 
 583 
 
 In 1876, Mr. Lorimer was united in mar- 
 riage, at Waukegan, 111., with Fannie L. 
 Sherman, a daughter of the Hon. Alanson 
 S. and Aurora Sherman. Mrs. Lorimer's 
 father was the fifth Mayor of Chicago, and, 
 at a later period, was one of the founders 
 of Northwestern University. Mr. and Mrs. 
 Lorimer became the parents of the follow- 
 ing named children: Helen (Mrs. Miller), 
 of Pittsburg, Pa. ; Robert Sherman ; and 
 Joseph McMasters Lorimer. 
 
 On settling in Evanston, Mr. Lorimer 
 took an active part in church and educa- 
 tional work. He was a most active and use- 
 ful member of the First Congregational 
 Church, a liberal contributor to its needs, 
 and earnest and zealous in all branches of 
 its work. He was a member of the official 
 board of the church, and his Sunday school 
 efforts were highly effective. He was one 
 of the organizers of the Evanston Y. M. C. 
 A. and the prime mover in infusing life and 
 energy into its operations. A leading spirit 
 in starting the movement to erect its build- 
 ing, he aided the construction with his own 
 means, and made loans to others for the 
 same purpose. For several years Mr. Lori- 
 mer was a member of the Evanston School 
 Board, and as chairman of the building 
 committee, had charge of the erection of 
 the Lorimer School, thus named in his 
 honor after his decease. In politics. Mr. 
 Lorimer was a strong Republican and took 
 a spirited part in the campaigns of his 
 party. He was a member of the Union 
 League Club of Chicago and a director of 
 the State Hank of Chicago. His death was 
 deeply deplored as an irreparable loss to the 
 community, and his memory is warmly 
 cherished by all who closely knew him and 
 felt the wholesome beneficence of his life. 
 
 ALANSON FILER. 
 
 Alanson Filer, a venerable and highly 
 esteemed citizen of Evanston, 111., and 
 one of the few survivors among the orig- 
 inal settlers of the Middle West, was born 
 in Herkimer County, N. Y., March 10, 
 1812, the son of Alanson and Patty 
 (Dodge) Filer, the former born Septem- 
 ber 12, 1774, and the latter October 25. 
 1784. The father was a farmer by occu- 
 pation. In early youth the subject of this 
 sketch attended the public schools of his 
 native place for a limited period only, as, 
 being the oldest son, his services were 
 needed to assist his father in work on 
 the farm. After having remained at 
 home until he was fourteen years of age. 
 he was apprenticed to a cabinet-maker, 
 with whom he remained four years. His 
 mother furnished his clothing during the 
 period of this apprenticeship, and besides 
 his board, he received from his employer, 
 in return for four years' service, ten cents 
 in wages or as a present. At the end of 
 this connection he went to Utica, Oneida 
 County, N. Y., to serve another appren- 
 ticeship lasting until he reached his 
 majority, when he journeyed westward to 
 Chicago, reaching that village July 6, 
 
 I833- 
 
 On November 22. 1835. Mr. Filer 
 moved from Chicago to Root River (now 
 Racine), Wis., where he made his home 
 until April, 1891, when he moved to 
 Fvanston. 111., where he has since resided. 
 When Mr. Filer located at Root River, 
 Wis., that State formed a part of Mich- 
 igan Territory, and he was one of the 
 pioneers in that region. He is now prob- 
 ably the oldest survivor of the original 
 settlers of Southeastern Wisconsin. 
 
 On November 16, 1834, Mr. Filer was 
 united in marriage, at Chicago, with 
 
584 
 
 BIOGRAPHICAL 
 
 Maria Pilkington Green, who was born 
 November 28, 1809. and died in 1889. 
 Eight children born of this union were as 
 follows : One daughter, born in October, 
 1835. and who died in infancy unnamed ; 
 Mary A., born February 22, 1837; Agnes 
 Julia, born August 9, 1840; Charles A., 
 born March 15, 1842; Roxanna M., born 
 March 29, 1846; Martha, born April 14, 
 1849 ; Samuel H. (date of birth unknown) ; 
 and Kittie M., born September 26, 1853. 
 The survivors of this family are Agnes 
 Julia and Martha, whose home is at Man- 
 istee, Mich. Charles A. was killed in the 
 first battle of Bull Run, and "Charles 
 Filer" Post, G. A. R., at Racine. \Yis., is 
 named in his honor. On January 28, 
 1893, MV- Filer was married a second 
 time, wedding Elizabeth Crews, who was 
 born and reared at Fairfield. 111. 
 
 In politics. Mr. Filer was originally a 
 Whig, but became a Republican in 1856, 
 maintaining his association with that 
 party until 1884, when he joined the Pro- 
 hibition party. He was a member of the 
 lower house of the Wisconsin Legislature 
 in 1855, and served as Sergeant-at-arms 
 of the Senate of that State in 1857. Fra- 
 ternally, he belonged to the order of Good 
 Templars in the 'fifties, and held the office 
 of Grand Worthy Chief Templar until the 
 disruption of the order, about the time of 
 the Civil War. Religiously, Mr. Filer is 
 a member of the Methodist Episcopal 
 Church, with which he united in 1828. 
 He was President of the Board of Trus- 
 tees of the First M. E. Church in Racine, 
 Wis., from the time its place of worship 
 was built until his removal to Evanston. 
 in 1891. He has lived an exceptionally 
 long, upright and useful life, and is held 
 in the highest esteem and veneration by 
 all who know him. 
 
 MYRON H. BASS. 
 
 Myron H. Bass (deceased), formerly 
 one of the most worthy and highly 
 esteemed citizens of Evanston, 111., was 
 born in Williamstown, Vt., December 24, 
 1836, the son of Joel and Catherine 
 Wright Bass, natives of New England, 
 where they were derived from Colonial 
 ancestry, Myron H. Bass being a descend- 
 ant in the seventh generation from Sam- 
 uel Bass, who settled in Roxbury, Mass.. 
 in 1630, and was for many years a deacon 
 of the first church established there. Mr. 
 Bass remained in his native place until 
 he was 18 years of age, obtaining his 
 early education in the public schools. 
 His primary studies were supplemented 
 by an academic course at Meriden, N. H. 
 In 1855, Mr. Bass removed to Illinois, to 
 which State two of his brothers had pre- 
 ceded him Perkins Bass, who located in 
 Chicago, and another brother, Walter B. 
 Bass, who was engaged in farming in 
 Will County. Mr. Bass owned and oper- 
 ated a farm in Kankakee County until 
 1870, when he moved to Chicago and 
 engaged in the real estate business, rep- 
 resenting many large holdings. He con- 
 tinued to be prominently identified with 
 the business interests of Chicago, al- 
 though he removed to Evanston in 1884, 
 which was his home during the remainder 
 of his life. 
 
 In 1863. he was united in marriage, in 
 Will County, 111., with Ann Elizabeth 
 Kelly, a daughter of James Ward and 
 Nancy J. Kelly. In 1834 James W. Kelly 
 moved from Greenbrier County, Va.. to 
 Illinois, and settled in Will County. At 
 that period, the Indians were numerous 
 in that section of Illinois, and Mrs. Bass, 
 who was a native of that region, has vivid 
 recollections of many thrilling experi- 
 
HISTORY OF EVANSTON 
 
 585 
 
 ences of pioneer life. The surviving 
 members of the family born to Mr. and 
 Mrs. Bass are: George A., of Philadel- 
 phia, Pa. ; Perkins B., of Evanston ; Stella 
 (Mrs. J. E. Tilt), of Chicago; and James 
 K., of New York City. 
 
 In religious belief, Mr. Bass was a 
 Methodist, at an early period having be- 
 come a member of the Grant Place Meth- 
 odist Church, of Chicago. From the time 
 when he became a resident of Evanston 
 until his death, on June 3, 1890, he was 
 a communicant of the First Methodist 
 Episcopal Church of that city, in which 
 he officiated as one of the stewards. He 
 was possessed of most excellent traits of 
 character, and was a genial, kindly man, 
 the virtues of whose daily life gained for 
 him the affectionate esteem and confi- 
 dence of all who intimately knew him. 
 
 WILLIAM MORSE GRISWOLD. 
 
 Dr. \Yilliam M. Griswold. who is en- 
 gaged in the practice of dentistry at No. 
 23, Glockengiesserwall, Hamburg, Ger- 
 many, was born in St. Charles, Minn., 
 September 26. 1871. His primary mental 
 training was obtained in the public 
 schools and after completing his prepar- 
 atory studies in Hamline University, he 
 took a professional course in Northwest- 
 ern University Dental School, Chicago, 
 111., from which he was graduated, 
 in 1897. with the degree of D. D. S. He 
 received the class honor of an appoint- 
 ment as demonstrator in this institution. 
 
 Dr. Griswottl is a member of the Amer- 
 ican Dental Society of Europe, and is 
 serving on its Executive Committee for 
 the term extending from 1903 to 1907. 
 That body held its Easter session of 1904 
 in Hamburg, through an invitation ex- 
 tended in 1903 by Dr. Griswold, at Mad- 
 
 rid, where he was in attendance at the 
 meeting of the International Medical 
 Congress. The subject of this sketch is 
 a member of the Xew York Institute of 
 Stomatology, the Congris Dentaire Inter- 
 nation de Paris, and was elected first hon- 
 orary member of the W. D. Miller Dental 
 Club of Berlin. 
 
 SIDNEY BACHRACH MEYER. 
 
 Sidney B. Meyer, attorney-at-law, re- 
 siding at No. 1627 Grace Street, Chicago, 
 111., was born in Quincy, 111., April 13, 
 1879. His primary mental training was 
 obtained in the public schools and he pur- 
 sued a preparatory course of study in the 
 Xorth Division High School, in Chicago. 
 In September, 1898. he matriculated in 
 Northwestern L'niversity Law School, 
 from which he was graduated in June. 
 1901, with the degree of LL. B. In 1899, 
 1900 and 1901. he was pitcher in the 
 Northwestern University baseball team. 
 Mr. Meyer is a member of the Phi Alpha 
 Delta Fraternity, and belongs to the 
 Hampden, Washington and Lexington 
 Clubs. In 1900. he was President of the 
 First Voters' Club, in Chicago, and in 
 1902-1903, held a like position in the 24th 
 Ward Republican Club in that city. His 
 law offices are at Rooms 937-945 Amer- 
 ican Trust Building, Clark and__Monroe 
 Streets, Chicago. 
 
 WILLIAM MONTELLE CARPENTER. 
 
 William M. Carpenter, First Yice-Pres- 
 ident Walworth and Neville Manufactur- 
 ing Company, with residence at 2010 
 Sheridan Road, Evanston, was born in 
 Wooster. Ohio, October 15, 1866, the son 
 of Charles and Mary (Blanchard) Car- 
 
586 
 
 BIOGRAPHICAL 
 
 penter, both born in the State of New 
 York, the former in 1833 and the latter 
 in 1836. The first of the Carpenter fam- 
 ily to come to America was William, an 
 Englishman, who crossed the ocean on 
 the ship "Bevis" in 1^38 and settled at 
 Rehoboth, Mass. Genealogists have 
 traced the name as far back as John Car- 
 penter, who was Town Clerk of the City 
 of London, died wealthy and founded a 
 great school in that city at the corner of 
 the Thames Embankment and John Car- 
 penter Street, "The City of London 
 Schools." Another ancestor on the pater- 
 nal side was Lieutenant John Hollister. 
 who came from England to Connecticut 
 in 1642, and married a daughter of Hon. 
 Richard Treat, Sr., who was one of those 
 to whom the original Connecticut charter 
 was issued. The first of the Blanchards 
 was Samuel, who came early in the sev- 
 enteenth century from England to Charles- 
 ton, now a part of Boston, and whose 
 descendants intermarried with many of 
 the families of Billerica, Mass. The last 
 of the Blanchards was Mr. Carpenter's 
 grandfather, Capt. Walter Blanchard, 
 who was killed at Ringgold Gap, during 
 the Rebellion, while leading his regiment, 
 the Thirteenth Illinois. The wife of one 
 of the Blanchards was a Tolford, whose 
 claim to descent from "the nobility" is at 
 least stoutly maintained. The Daniels, 
 another maternal family, was of North- 
 of-Ireland-Scotch stock and settled in 
 Vermont. Of the different branches of 
 these ancestral families many took part 
 in the Colonial Wars, the Revolutionary 
 War, the War of 1812 and the War of the 
 Rebellion. 
 
 Mr. Carpenter's father's family re- 
 moved from Southern New York to the 
 central part of the State, and his mother's 
 family to the same locality from Massa- 
 chusetts. In the 'thirties of the last cen- 
 tury his mother came to Du Page County, 
 
 
 111., and his father some years later, and 
 there they were married during the Civil 
 War, while the. father was at home on 
 furlough. The father of William M. Car- 
 penter was a school teacher and court 
 reporter for many years, and a respected 
 citizen of Downers Grove, where he 
 served on various boards and as Post- 
 master. He made a modest success in 
 business, and lived a clean, honorable and 
 useful life ; he was, at the same time, of 
 strong character and kindly temperament. 
 The mother died in 1893; in the language 
 of Mr. Carpenter himself, she "was of all 
 mothers the best : a strong, forceful, noble 
 character." 
 
 The subject of this sketch spent his 
 boyhood and early youth in a village near 
 Chicago, where he graduated from a high 
 school, later taking a one year's classical 
 course in college, and in the meantime 
 acquiring the habit of reading, with taste 
 for an active out-door life. lie then be- 
 came an errand boy in a law office in 
 Chicago at a very modest salary, utilizing 
 his spare time in the study of shorthand. 
 In August, 1883, he went to New York as 
 a stenographer in the office of the West' 
 ern Electric Company, a year later return- 
 ing West to enter school for a year. He 
 then entered the employment, of the 
 Western L'nion Telegraph Company for a 
 year, but returned to the Western Elec- 
 tric Company, with which company he 
 continued for upwards of twelve years, 
 making steady progress. During 1906 
 he connected himself with the lumber 
 company above referred to. 
 
 For some years during the 'nineties he 
 was a member of the Downers Grove 
 Board of Education. Besides being a 
 member of the Sons of Veterans, he be- 
 longs to the following social organiza- 
 tions and fraternities: Union League and 
 Caxton Clubs, Chicago: Bibliophile Soci- 
 ety, Boston ; Evanston Municipal Associ- 
 
HISTORY OF EVANSTON 
 
 587 
 
 ation and Evanston Club, Evanston His- 
 torical Society, Sons of American Revolu- 
 tion and Sons of Colonial Wars, Masonic 
 Fraternity, Modern \\~oodtnen of Amer- 
 ica, National Union, American Civic As- 
 sociation, National Geographic Society 
 and National Credit Men's Association. 
 He has at times been President of The 
 Electrical Trades Association of Chicago 
 and of the National organization. 
 
 Mr. Carpenter's business has made it 
 necessary for him to make frequent and 
 extensive trips over the country, and he 
 has visited every large city from Boston 
 to San Francisco and from New Orleans 
 to Duluth ; has also, for several years, 
 made annual trips to Europe, one to the 
 Hawaiian Islands and one each to Cuba 
 and the City of Mexico and beyond, be- 
 sides frequent visits to Canada. He has 
 thus been a visitor in practically every 
 State of the Union, and in most of the 
 large cities of the country has a more or 
 less extensive acquaintance. Originally 
 a Prohibitionist in his callow days, he 
 later came to the conclusion that real 
 regeneration never came through law. 
 and is now willing to be classed as a 
 "Mugwump" with pronounced Repub- 
 lican proclivities. 
 
 In July. 1888, Mr. Carpenter was mar- 
 ried, at Downers Grove. 111., to Florrie 
 M. Schofield, who was born in St. Louis, 
 Mo., in 1867. and of this union two chil- 
 dren were born, namely: Hubert Mon- 
 telle. born June 12. lS8o,. and Mary 
 P.lanchard, born December 19, 1890. On 
 Inly 27. 1898, he was married in London, 
 England, to Lucile Russell, of Hudson. 
 Mich., and they have one son Russell 
 born June 12. 1903. 
 
 Fond of good books and fine bindings, 
 Mr. Carpenter has gathered a library con- 
 taining some choice books. For years he 
 has had an especial liking for the writ- 
 ings of Eugene Field, Rudyard Kipling 
 
 and Thackeray, and of neither one does 
 he ever tire. With a taste for art, he has 
 collected some good pictures, and has 
 studied potteries and picked up many 
 samples in his travels. He has been espe- 
 cially interested in American art pottery 
 specimens, including Rockwood, Van 
 Briggle, Grueby, etc. He also made 
 many original photographs of scenery and 
 of ancient and modern buildings and 
 other structures met with during his 
 travels : and has in his collection some 
 rare specimens of old Mexican zerapes. 
 Indian rugs and potteries, Hawaiian cal- 
 abashes and the like. Mr. Carpenter re- 
 gards the people of the Middle West as 
 the "salt of the earth," and would rather 
 live in Evanston than in any other city 
 he has ever seen. 
 
 WILBUR WALLACE McCLEARV. 
 
 Dr. Wilbur Wallace McCleary, physi- 
 cian and surgeon, whose office is located 
 at No. 257 West Forty-seventh Street, 
 Chicago, 111., was born in Rock Island. 
 111., in 1867. In boyhood, he availed him- 
 self of the advantages afforded by the 
 public schools of his native town, and in 
 1881 began a course of study in St. Mary's 
 College. Kan., from which institution he 
 was graduated in i88fi. In that year, he 
 matriculated in the Medical Department 
 of Northwestern University, graduating 
 therefrom in 1889. 
 
 The subject of this sketch is at pres- 
 ent acting in the capacity of physician to 
 the Provident Hospital, in Chicago. He 
 is a member of the American Medical 
 Association, the Illinois State Medical 
 Society and the Chicago Medical Society. 
 On June 30. 1895. Dr. McCleary was 
 united in marriage with Fannie Cleage. 
 of Chattanooga. Tenn., and one child, 
 losephine, has been born of this union. 
 
588 
 
 BIOGRAPHICAL 
 
 JOHN H. HUNGATE. 
 
 John H. Hungate, lawyer and banker 
 of La Harpe, Hancock County, 111., was 
 born in that county June 2, 1838. His 
 early education was obtained in the pub- 
 lic schools of his native place, and he aft- 
 erwards pursued a preparatory course in 
 Knox College and Burlington University. 
 Subsequently he qualified himself for the 
 legal profession by taking a course in the 
 Law Department of Northwestern Uni- 
 versity, from which he received the de- 
 gree of LL. B. He then entered upon 
 the practice of law in St. Louis, Mo., and 
 was thus engaged for five years. From 
 1864 to 1868. he held the office of Circuit 
 Court Clerk of McDonough County, 111., 
 and is the author of the law requiring an 
 index of court records. 
 
 In 1876, Mr. Hungate was the candi- 
 date of his party for Congress, but met 
 with defeat. He assisted in organizing 
 the Title and Trust Company of Peoria, 
 111., which was afterwards consolidated 
 with the Dime Savings Bank of that city. 
 In 1874, he organized the bank of Hun- 
 gate, Ward & Company, of which he is 
 now sole proprietor. He is President of 
 the Board of Trustees of Gittings Sem- 
 inary at La Harpe, 111., and President of 
 the Board of La Harpe High School. 
 
 On May 8, 1878, Mr. Hungate was 
 united in marriage with Florence E. Mat- 
 thews, of Monmouth, 111., and they have, 
 four children: Ward, Edith, John and 
 Harold. In fraternal circles, Mr. Hun- 
 gate is identified with the A. F. & A. M. 
 and the I. O. O. F. He is a man of broad 
 information and has traveled extensively 
 in the United States and in Europe. 
 
 MASON B. LOOMIS. 
 
 Judge Mason B. Loomis (deceased), 
 formerly a prominent citizen of Evans- 
 ton, 111., and a lawyer and jurist of dis- 
 tinction, was born in Harrisville, Medina 
 County, Ohio, April 14, 1837, the son of 
 Milo and Lucy (Greenly) Loomis, who 
 had moved to Ohio from New York. 
 Milo Loomis was a merchant by occupa- 
 tion. The first known ancestor of Judge 
 Loomis was a Spanish gentleman, who 
 came to this country at an early period 
 and settled in Connecticut. Both of 
 Judge Loomis' parents died when he was 
 fifteen years old, and he grew to man- 
 hood under the care of a guardian. After 
 receiving his primary education in the 
 public schools at Lodi, Ohio, he took a 
 supplementary course in Oberlin College. 
 He then spent several years in Illinois, 
 returning to Ohio in 1859 and beginning 
 the study of law there with Bliss & Mc- 
 Sweeney. B.oth of his legal preceptors 
 passed their professional examination at 
 the Ohio Bar, and in later years, Mr. 
 McSweeney, who was noted as a criminal 
 lawyer, became widely known through- 
 out that State as the "old man eloquent." 
 Mr. Loomis was admitted to the bar in 
 the spring of 1861, and thereupon moved 
 to Kankakee, 111., where he remained nine 
 years, meeting with signal success in his 
 profession. In 1868, he was elected 
 State's Attorney for the circuit compris- 
 ing the counties of Livingston, Iroquois 
 and Kankakee, for a term of four years. 
 At the end of two years, he resigned this 
 office and located in Chicago, where he 
 became a member of the firm of Runyan, 
 Avery, Loomis & Comstock. Four years 
 later he withdrew from this firm, and 
 formed a partnership with Judge Charles 
 H. Wood, under the firm name of Wood 
 
HISTORY OF EVANSTON 
 
 589 
 
 & Loomis. This connection continued 
 until 1877, when Mr. Loomis was elected 
 County Judge of Cook County, for a term 
 of four years. In this office he served, 
 however, five years, an amendment to the 
 State Constitution having, in the mean- 
 time, extended the term one year. At 
 the expiration of this period, he resumed 
 the practice of law under the firm name 
 of Needham & Loomis. At a later period 
 this partnership was dissolved, and he 
 became associated with his son under the 
 firm name of M. B. and F. S. Loomis, 
 which existed until the death of the 
 father, when the son succeeded to the 
 practice. Judge Loomis established his 
 home in Evanston in 1892. and died there 
 at his residence on Washington Street, 
 October 2, 1902, after an attack of sick- 
 ness lasting four days. In addition to 
 the offices of Judge and State's Attorney, 
 he served as a member of the City Coun- 
 cil of Evanston, and in this position did 
 much towards the advancement of the in- 
 terests of the city. 
 
 In 1859, at Harrisville. Ohio, Judge 
 Loomis was united in marriage with Nel- 
 lie Ainsworth, who was a schoolmate of 
 her husband in their youth, and who still 
 survives him, a resident of Evanston. In 
 politics, Mr. Loomis was an earnest advo- 
 cate of the principles of the Republican 
 party, and participated in many cam- 
 paigns. Religiously, he was a member 
 of the Second Presbyterian Church of 
 Evanston during his residence there, hav- 
 ing previously been connected with the 
 Third Presbyterian Church of Chicago. 
 Socially, he was identified with the Illi- 
 nois Club (of which he was an officer), 
 the Irving Club, of Chicago, an old lit- 
 erary organization, and the Twentieth 
 Century Club, of Evanston. These soci- 
 eties, as well as the Evanston City Coun- 
 cil, adopted appropriate memorial resolu- 
 tions on the occasion of his death. 
 
 Judge Loomis was a rare wit and an 
 incisive, forceful and convincing public 
 speaker. He was an exceptionally able 
 trial lawyer, and a jurist of eminent abil- 
 ity, making an exemplary record on the 
 bench. The "Chicago Evening Post" re- 
 flected public opinion in regard to him by 
 saying: "In citizenship he won high 
 esteem. He was a thorough Chicagoan, 
 zealous for Chicago's supremacy, and al- 
 ways sought to enhance its repute, munic- 
 ipally and commercially. Honest local 
 government commanded his continuous 
 interest. He was identified with many 
 movements leading towards the city's up- 
 building, and education, charity and 
 church all found in him an ardent advo- 
 cate." The Twentieth Century Club paid 
 him this tribute: "He was not only pro- 
 foundly versed in the law, but he was 
 abreast of the best literature of the day. 
 and conversant with the best authors of 
 the past. His convictions were deep, and 
 he had the courage to maintain them. 
 His wit was of the character that pro- 
 voked only mirth : it had no sting. He 
 used this dangerous faculty so skillfully 
 that he never inflicted a wound. Judge 
 Loomis was a Christian gentleman. He 
 was an active participant in the religious 
 work of the church to which he belonged. 
 He was genuine, upright, pure and noble, 
 and the loss to this community of such 
 a man is immeasurable." 
 
 WALTER L. GALLUP. 
 
 Walter L. Gallup (deceased), formerly 
 a very energetic, prosperous and repu- 
 table citizen of Evanston, 111., was born 
 at Poquonock Bridge. Conn., April 2, 1852, 
 the son of Franklin and Sarah (Bur- 
 roughs) Gallup, both members of old 
 New England families. Franklin Gallup 
 was engaged in the fish-oil business. The 
 
590 
 
 BIOGRAPHICAL 
 
 early education of Walter L. Gallup was 
 obtained in the schools of Norwich, 
 Conn., where his childhood was passed. 
 When he reached the age of fourteen 
 years he entered the Bank of Norwich, in 
 which he received his youthful business 
 training, becoming an expert accountant. 
 A severe attack of sickness, however, 
 caused him to relinquish this position, 
 and to join his father in the oil business 
 on the coast of Maine. At a later period, 
 he was connected with a mercantile firm 
 in New York City. Early in the 'seven- 
 ties Mr. Gallup located in Indianapolis, 
 Intl., where he became a member of the 
 saw-manufacturing firm of E. C. Atkins 
 & Co., and was prominently identified 
 with the manufacturing interests of Indi- 
 anapolis until 1889, when he established 
 himself in business in Chicago, where he 
 was engaged in advertising enterprises 
 until the time of his death, which occurred 
 in Evanston, in 1894. After starting in 
 Chicago five years previously, he had, 
 through diligent application and superior 
 capacity, built up an exceedingly prosper- 
 ous business. 
 
 In 1874 Mr. Gallup was united in mar- 
 riage at Port Jervis, N. Y., with Ella H. 
 Hunt, a daughter of Dr. Isaac S. and 
 Sarah (Fleming) Hunt. Mrs. Gallup's 
 father practiced medicine successfully for 
 many years at Port Jervis, and there his 
 death occurred. One child resulted from 
 the union of Mr. and Mrs. Gallup, 
 namely, Stella (Mrs. Pickerell), of Evans- 
 ton. 
 
 Mr. Gallup belonged to the First Bap- 
 tist Church of Evanston, in which he was 
 a member of the Board of Trustees, hav- 
 ing charge of the choir, and sustaining 
 other official responsibilities. In frater- 
 nal circles, he was identified with the 
 Royal Arcanum. He was a man of excel- 
 lent traits of character and strict probity 
 
 in his business relations, and was re- 
 garded as one of the worthiest and most 
 useful members of the community. 
 
 JOHN H. VOJE. 
 
 Dr. John H. Voje, who is engaged in 
 the practice of medicine in Oconomowoc, 
 Wis., and is also proprietor of Sanatorium 
 Waldheim in that city, was born in Ger- 
 many, on March 12, 1853. 1 l &74< ne 
 entered the Chicago Medical College, now 
 the Medical Department of Northwestern 
 University, from which he was graduated 
 in 1876, with the degree of M. D., and in 
 1884 received another degree from the 
 University of Leipzig, Germany. Dr. 
 Voje founded the Sanatorium Waldheim, 
 in Oconomowoc, August i, 1888. He is 
 a member of the American Medical Asso- 
 ciation, the Wisconsin State Medical 
 Society, and the Waukesha County Med- 
 ical Society. 
 
 On June 19, 1879, Dr. Yoje was married 
 to Hannah Ulrich, who has borne him 
 two children: Hertha, born July 24, 1880, 
 and Henry, born December 14, 1885. 
 
 CHARLES W. BARLOW, D. D. S. 
 
 Charles William Barlow, dentist, Prov- 
 idence, R. I., was born in St. John, N. B., 
 Canada, May 13, 1863. His boyhood and 
 youth were spent in the place of his nativ- 
 ity, where his early mental training was 
 obtained in the public schools. He pur- 
 sued a course of dental surgery in North- 
 western University Dental School, Chi- 
 cago, 111., from which he graduated with 
 the class of 1894, receiving the degree of 
 D. D. S. He is a member of the North- 
 western University Dental ScTiool Alumni 
 
HISTORY OF EVANSTON 
 
 59 1 
 
 Association. The marriage of Dr. Bar- 
 low occurred August 4, 1896, at which 
 time he was wedded to Florence A. 
 Angell, of Providence, R. I. 
 
 WINFIELD SCOTT HALL. 
 
 Winfield S. Hall, Professor of Physiol- 
 ogy in the Northwestern University Meil- 
 ical School since 1895, and a resident of 
 Berwyn, Cook County. 111., was born in 
 Ratavia, 111., January 5, 1861. He began 
 his preparatory studies under private 
 tutors in Hastings, Neb., and entered the 
 College of Liberal Arts of Northwestern 
 University in 1881, continuing until the 
 fall of 1883. From 1884 until the fall of 
 
 1886, he pursued a professional course in 
 Northwestern University Medical School, 
 and in 1886-87, continued his literary and 
 scientific studies in the University. In 
 1887-88, he was a student in the Medical 
 School, and he also took a course in med- 
 icine in the University of Leipzig, Ger- 
 many in 1893-94, and a course in philoso- 
 phy in 1894-95. He received the degree 
 of B. S. from Northwestern University in 
 
 1887, that of M. D. in 1888, and of M. S. 
 in 1889, from the same source. The Uni- 
 versity of Leipzig conferred upon him the 
 degree of Dr. Med. in 1894, and those of 
 A. M. and Ph. D. (Magna cum laudel 
 in 1895. 
 
 While in the College of Liberal Arts in 
 Evanston, 111., Prof. Hall was a member 
 of the Hinman Literary Society and the 
 Phi Kappa Psi Fraternity. He was 
 awarded the Marcy Botany Prize in June, 
 1883, and received General Scholarship 
 Honors in 1887. He belonged to the 
 Honorary Fraternities Phi Beta Kappa, 
 Sigma Xi, and Alpha Omega Alpha. Dur- 
 ing his medical course, Prof. Hall was 
 
 Class President of the class of '88. He 
 was a successful contestant for the 
 Fowler $ioo-Prize in Optics, and the 
 Ingalls $ioo-Prize in "Scholarship: Lit- 
 erary, Scientific and Professional." In 
 1888-89 lle ne ld an interneship in Mercy 
 Hospital, Chicago, after a competitive 
 examination. From 1889 to 1893, Prof. 
 Hall was Professor of Biology in Haver- 
 ford College, Pennsylvania. From 1901 
 to the present time he has served in the 
 capacity of Junior Dean of the Medical 
 Faculty of Northwestern University Med- 
 ical School. 
 
 From 1902 to 1906, Prof. Hall was Pres- 
 ident of the American Medical Associa- 
 tion for the Study of Narcotics ; in 1903-04, 
 Secretary of the Association of American 
 Medical Colleges : in 1904-05. Chairman of 
 the Section of Pathology and Physiology 
 of the American Medical Association ; 
 Primarius of the Alpha Omega Alpha, 
 Honorary Fraternity, 1903 to date; and 
 President of the American Academy of 
 Medicine, 1905. He is now a Fellow of 
 the American Academy of Science, a 
 member of the American Association for 
 the Advancement of Science, a Fellow of 
 the Chicago Academy of Sciences, a mem- 
 ber of the American Medical Association, 
 the American Physiological Society, the 
 Chicago Medical Society, etc., etc. He is 
 also the author of several important con- 
 tributions to medical literature in the 
 form of volumes familiar to the profes- 
 sion. 
 
 On October n. 1888. the subject of this 
 sketch was united in marriage at Juniata, 
 Neb., with Jeannette Winter, of Prince- 
 ton, 111., and they became the parents of 
 the following named children : Ethel, 
 born October 22, 1893; Albert Winter, 
 born January 8, 1895 ; Reymond Ludwig. 
 born January 20. 1897; and Muriel, born 
 August ii, 1902. 
 
592 
 
 BIOGRAPHICAL 
 
 ASAHEL O. BASSETT. 
 
 Asahel O. Bassett (deceased), formerly 
 one of the most substantial and prominent 
 citizens of Evanston, 111., was born in 
 Delhi, Delaware County, N. Y., January 
 2, 1837, the son of Hon. Cornelius Bas- 
 sett, who was an extensive farmer, and 
 owner of a fine country residence, and at 
 one time a member of the New York Leg- 
 islature. The Bassett family was of Eng- 
 lish extraction, and settled at an early 
 period in Martha's Vineyard. 
 
 Asahel O. Bassett received his early 
 training partly in the public schools of 
 New York State and partly in Illinois. 
 He grew up on his father's farm until he 
 was about ten years of age, when his 
 mother having died, he accompanied his 
 uncle, Reuben Coffin, to Illinois, the fam- 
 ily locating at Buffalo Grove. Ogle 
 County. After remaining there two years, 
 the family came to Chicago, and, on the 
 trip, Mr. Bassett had a good opportunity 
 of observing pioneer life in that section 
 of the State from which the farmers were 
 accustomed to haul their grain to Chi- 
 cago by team. In 1849, Mr. Bassett went 
 to New York City, where he remained 
 five years, and was there trained to the 
 grocery business. Thence he went to 
 Tarrytown, N. Y., where he was first en- 
 gaged in that line of trade on his own 
 responsibility. At a later period he em- 
 barked in the manufacturing business, but 
 shortly after his marriage, took charge of 
 the large estate of his wife's father, who 
 was an extensive land-owner at Tarry- 
 town. 
 
 After living about ten years at Tarry- 
 town, Mr. Bassett moved to Chicago, 
 where he engaged in the plumbing and 
 gas-fitting business. He suffered heavy 
 loss by the fire of 1871. but at once re- 
 sumed operations, and afterwards con- 
 
 ducted a large business on the Methodist 
 Church Block. Subsequently withdraw- 
 ing from the plumbing trade, he embarked 
 in the manufacture of picture mouldings 
 and frames on a large scale, employing 
 about 100 men, and shipping his product 
 throughout the United States. In this 
 connection he suffered further losses by 
 fire, when he turned his attention to the 
 lumber trade, in which he was- engaged 
 until his retirement from active business, 
 a few years before his death. Mr. Bassett 
 was always a very active and energetic 
 business man, and maintained a wide 
 acquaintance. 
 
 In 1859, Mr. Bassett was united in mar- 
 riage, at Tarrytown, N. Y., with Nancy 
 B. Decker. Her father, William J. Decker, 
 was in early life a shipbuilder in New 
 York City, but subsequently became an 
 extensive landowner in Westchester 
 County, N. Y. The Deckers were an old 
 Knickerbocker family, and were also akin 
 to the Bayles and Storm families, ances- 
 tors of Mrs. Bassett on the maternal side. 
 Mrs. Bassett was born in New York City, 
 but spent her youth in the Tarrytown 
 home, which is located amid historic sur- 
 roundings. It is within four miles of 
 White Plains, a famous battlefield of the 
 Revolutionary War. At Tarrytown, the 
 noted British spy, Major Andre, was cap- 
 tured, a member of the family of Mrs. 
 Bassett's mother having taken part in the 
 capture. Within a mile of the Tarrytown 
 home stood the headquarters occupied by 
 Washington during a portion of the strug- 
 gle for Independence. Of the Decker 
 estate Mrs. Bassett is still part owner. 
 In the vicinity are the summer homes of 
 John D. Rockefeller, Edwin Gould, Helen 
 Gould and other noted people. Mrs. Bas- 
 sett's mother, who died at the old home 
 in 1902, was born in the same vicinity on 
 
HISTORY OF EVANSTON 
 
 593 
 
 the Holland estate, afterwards the prop- 
 erty of Cyrus W. Field. 
 
 Mr. and Mrs. Bassett became the par- 
 ents of the following named children: 
 William D., of Loveland, Colo.; George, 
 who is connected with the First National 
 Bank of Chicago; Etta (Mrs. Dr. Free- 
 man), of- Evanston ; Harriet, wife of 
 Harry H. Mallory, of Evanston; and 
 Emma, who married Yernon S. Watson, 
 of Oak Park, 111. 
 
 In 1882, Mr. Bassett established his 
 home in Evanston, purchasing a residence 
 at No. 1124 Asbury Avenue. His home, 
 which then stood almost alone, is now in 
 a compactly built portion of the city. It 
 was there that he departed this life on 
 February 4, 1902. 
 
 In religious belief, Mr. Bassett was a 
 Baptist, and for 18 years officiated as 
 deacon of the First Baptist Church ot 
 Evanston. In fraternal circles, he was 
 identified with the Royal Arcanum. He 
 was devotedly attached to the home cir- 
 cle, and his domestic life was exceedingly 
 pleasant. Although quiet and unassum- 
 ing in demeanor, he was a man of genial, 
 amiable nature and winsome disposition, 
 and won many friends. In life he was 
 cordially esteemed, and his death was 
 deeply lamented. 
 
 THOMAS H. WATSON. 
 
 Thomas H. Watson (deceased), long and 
 favorably known in connection with the 
 wholesale grocery interests of Chicago for 
 a period of thirty-five years and a promi- 
 nent and highly esteemed citizen of Evans- 
 ton, 111., was born in a Quaker settlement 
 called "The Union," fourteen miles from 
 Plattsburg, N. Y., April 7. 1843. He was 
 a son of Judge Thomas B. and Harriet E. 
 (Powers) Watson, natives of New York. 
 
 Judge Watson was of English extraction 
 and was reared in the Quaker faith. He 
 was a lawyer of high reputation, and served 
 on the judicial bench of New York for a 
 number of years. 
 
 Thomas H. Watson passed his early 
 youth in Plattsburg. N. Y., where he made 
 diligent use of the opportunities afforded 
 by the public schools. When seventeen 
 years of age he located in Chicago, where 
 his uncle, Heman G. Powers, was then 
 established in business, as Junior member 
 of the firm of Durand & Powers. The 
 head of the firm, Henry Durand, was a pio- 
 neer merchant of Chicago, Mr. Watson 
 entered the employ of this firm as a clerk, 
 and continued in that capacity until 1862, 
 when he entered the Union Army as a 
 member of the famous Board of Trade 
 Battery, of Chicago, in which he served 
 until near the close of the war. On his dis- 
 charge from the service he returned to 
 Chicago, and resumed his connection with 
 Durand & Powers, remaining with this 
 firm and its successors until 1879. when he 
 became associated with the extensive 
 wholesale grocery house of Franklin Mac- 
 Veagh & Company. At different times he 
 traveled extensively in the interest of this 
 firm, and became widely known as a sales- 
 man. He was a close student of every- 
 thing pertaining to the grocery trade, and 
 gained a reputation throughout the West as 
 one of the best informed men in the coun- 
 try, in that line of business. 
 
 Mr. Watson was especially prominent as 
 a sugar expert, and for many years had en- 
 tire charge of the sugar purchases of 
 Franklin MacVeagh & Co., amounting to 
 hundreds of thousands of dollars a year. 
 He was also a leading member of the Na- 
 tional Association of Wholesale Grocers, 
 and served as the Committeeman of that 
 organization charged with special attention 
 
594 
 
 BIOGRAPHICAL 
 
 to the sugar trade, until within ten months 
 of his death. He was very active in busi- 
 ness, bearing heavy responsibilities, and 
 conduoi-ne large transactions. 
 
 In 1862, at Kankakee, 111., Mr. Watson 
 was united in marriage with Mary P. 
 Hickox, a daughter of John R. Hickox, a 
 well known member of the Bar of Illinois. 
 Mrs. Watson was born at Dansville, Liv- 
 ingston County, N. Y., and spent the years 
 of her girlhood in Syracuse, that State. In 
 1860 she moved from New York to Illi- 
 nois, the journey westward being deeply 
 impressed upon her memory by the 
 fact that it was made in company with the 
 New York delegates to the Republican Na- 
 tional Convention held in Chicago, which 
 nominated Abraham Lincoln for the Presi- 
 dency. Mr. and Mrs. Watson became the 
 parents of four children, as follows : Emma 
 (Mrs. Knight), of Chicago; Thomas W., 
 of Decatur, 111.; Alice (Mrs. Jackson), and 
 Ednah (Mrs. Russell), of Evanston. 
 
 Mr. Watson established his home in 
 Evanston in 1869, and during the early 
 years of his residence there was a member 
 of the Board of Trustees of South Evanston 
 and also a member of the School Board. 
 He was an attendant at the services of the 
 Congregational Church. His death oc- 
 curred at Evanston, July 28, 1904. 
 
 He was regarded as one of the most 
 worthy and useful members of the com- 
 munity, and his estimable widow is held in 
 the highest regard by a wide circle of 
 friends. 
 
 ISAAC R. HITT, JR. 
 
 Isaac Reynolds Hitt, Jr., residing in 
 Washington D. C., was born in Chicago, 
 111., September 7, 1864. Mr. Hitt's child- 
 hood was spent in the city of his birth. 
 
 In 1871 his parents moved to Evanston, 111., 
 and there the subject of this sketch lived 
 until 1898. Since February I, of that year, 
 he has been a resident of Washington, D. 
 C., where his home is at No. 1334 Columbia 
 Road. The primary mental training of 
 Mr. Hitt was received in the public schools 
 of Evanston, 111., and he afterwards became 
 a pupil in the Preparatory School of North- 
 western University, graduating therefrom 
 in 1883. He was graduated from North- 
 western University with the class of 1888, 
 receiving the degree of B. S., that of M. S., 
 being conferred upon him by his alma 
 mater in 1894, the year of his graduation 
 from the Kent Law School, now Lake 
 Forest University Law School. 
 
 During his preparatory course, Mr. Hitt 
 belonged to the Euphonia Literary Society, 
 and was Captain of the Football Eleven. 
 In the University he was President of the 
 Hinman Literary Society, and Captain of 
 the University Football Eleven. While in 
 that institution, he was one of the reorgan- 
 izers of the Illinois Alpha Chapter of the 
 Phi Delta Theta Fraternity, later Province 
 President, and in 1891-93 was in the Gen- 
 eral Council of that fraternity. He partic- 
 ipated in the "Hinman Essay Contest," 
 acted in the capacity of business manager 
 of "The Northwestern" (Magazine) ; 
 served on the board of business managers 
 of the "Syllabus ;" and was one of the four 
 organizers of the "University Press." Since 
 making his home in Washington, D. C., 
 Mr. Hitt has been, since its organization and 
 is still, a member of the Council of the Uni- 
 versity Club, President of the Northwestern 
 Alumni Club, and re-organizer of the Phi 
 Delta Theta Alumni Club. 
 
 From 1898 to 1902 Mr. Hitt held the 
 position of Law Clerk in the Law Division 
 of the Internal Revenue Bureau in the 
 Treasury Department, and became Chief of 
 
HISTORY OF EVANSTON 
 
 595 
 
 the Miscellaneous Division of that Depart- 
 ment in the latter year. He is President of 
 the Illinois Republican Association of the 
 District of Columbia, and is President of 
 the Board of Trustees of the Calvary Meth- 
 odist Episcopal Church of Washington, D. 
 C. He compiled the Internal Revenue 
 Laws in 1900, and the Legal Tax Laws and 
 Decisions. He is a member of the Bar of 
 the United States Supreme Court, the 
 Court of Claims, and Supreme Court and 
 Court of Appeals of the District of Co- 
 lumbia. 
 
 On November 13, 1889, at Logansport, 
 Ind., Mr. Hitt was united in marriage with 
 Rosa May Birch (X. W. U. Ex. '87). Four 
 children are the offspring of this union, 
 namely : Ruth Emma, born October 8, 1890 ; 
 Leila Birch, born July 29, 1892 ; William 
 Birch, born July 17, 1895 - an d Isaac Rey- 
 nolds, III., born June 7, 1901. 
 
 CARL ELLSWORTH BLACK, A. M.. 
 M. D. 
 
 Dr. Carl E. Black, physician and surgeon 
 who is engaged in the practice of his pro- 
 fession in Jacksonville, 111., was born in 
 Winchester, 111., July 4, 1862, the son of 
 Green V. and Jane (Cohenour) Black, of 
 whom the former is Dean of the Dental 
 Department of Northwestern University. 
 In boyhood the subject of this sketch re- 
 ceived his primary mental training in the 
 public schools of his native place, and grad- 
 uated from the High School in 1881. He 
 then entered Illinois College, from which 
 he received the degree of B. S. in 1883. In 
 1887, he graduated from Northwestern 
 University Medical School with the degree 
 of M. D., afterwards pursuing post-grad- 
 
 uate courses of medical study in New York 
 City and Vienna. In 1903, the degree of 
 A. M. was conferred upon him by Illinois 
 College. He was awarded the prize for 
 the best essay on the "Principle and Prac- 
 tice of Operative Surgery," and the 
 Stephen Smith prize, inscribed by Dr. N. 
 S. Davis, for the best Inaugural Thesis 
 submitted to the faculty of the Chicago 
 Medical College of Northwestern Univer- 
 sity, by the graduate class of 1887. 
 
 Since his graduation, Dr. Black has been 
 engaged in practice in Jacksonville, and for 
 a number of years his attention has been 
 devoted almost exclusively to surgery. Dr. 
 Black is a member of the American Medi- 
 cal Association ; The Illinois State Medical 
 Society, of which he was Chairman of the 
 Legislative Committee from 1900 to 1903 ; 
 Counsellor for the Sixth District, President 
 in 1903-4. and Chairman of the Council in 
 1906-7, of the Mississippi Valley Medical 
 Society ; the Western Illinois Medical and 
 Surgical Society, the Morgan County Medi- 
 cal Society, and the Jacksonville Medical 
 Club.' From 1896 to 1902, he was editor 
 of the Morgan County "Medical Journal ;" 
 and, in 1903-06, was Chairman of the Com- 
 mittee managing the "Illinois Medical 
 Journal," is also associate editor of the 
 "Medical Fortnightly." He is a member 
 of the Jacksonville Literary Union. Presi- 
 dent of the Morgan County Historical So- 
 ciety, a Trustee of Illinois College, a director 
 of the Jacksonville Public Library and 
 Vice-President and acting President of the 
 Illinois State Library Association, 1905-06. 
 
 On June 12, 1899. the subject of this 
 sketch was united in marriage, at Jackson- 
 ville. 111., with Bessie McLaughlin. and four 
 children have been born of this union : 
 Kirby Vaughn. Carl Ellsworth. Dorothy 
 Lawrence, and Marjorie Vauderman. 
 
596 
 
 BIOGRAPHICAL 
 
 PROF. OSCAR OLDBERG. 
 
 Prof. Oscar Oldberg, a prominent phar- 
 macist of Chicago, was born in Alfta, Hel- 
 singland, Sweden, January 22, 1846, the 
 son of Andrew and Fredrika (Ohrstromer) 
 Oldberg, both of whom were also natives 
 of that country, the former born in 1804, 
 and the latter, in 1808. Andrew Oldberg 
 was a man of superior intellect and fine 
 attainments. He was an author of note, 
 and had a high reputation as an educator. 
 In religious belief, he was an adherent of 
 the Lutheran Church. He received his 
 education in the University of Upsala, and 
 for many years was the head of Prince 
 Oscar's School, a connection which was 
 terminated in 1845. In that year he was 
 appointed rector of the Parish of Alfta. 
 There, in 1866, he departed this life. His 
 wife passed away in 1882. 
 
 Oscar Oldberg was the seventh of nine 
 children. In early youth he made diligent 
 use of the opportunities for mental train- 
 ing afforded by the public schools in the 
 vicinity of his home, and afterwards pur- 
 sued a course of study in the Gymnasium of 
 Gefle, Sweden. His education was ob- 
 tained to a considerable extent, however, 
 through instruction received from private 
 tutors. He was reared at Alfta on the 
 Woxna River, where his childhood was 
 passed among the mountains. During the 
 period when he was approaching manhood 
 he devoted considerable attention to music, 
 having experienced throughout his juven- 
 ile years a strong inclination for that art. 
 In 1861 he secured a position in the drug 
 store of Sir. F. VV. Helleday, at Falun, 
 Sweden, and continued in the employ of 
 that gentleman until 1865. At that period 
 he became a licensed pharmacist, and dur- 
 ing the same year left his native country 
 and made his home in the United States, 
 
 locating in New York, where he spent two 
 years engaged in his chosen profession. In 
 1882 he moved to Chicago. 
 
 Prof. Oldberg is a member of the Ameri- 
 can Pharmaceutical Association ; the A. A. 
 A. S. ; the A. Chemical Society ; the Ameri- 
 can Metrological Society; the National 
 Geographic Society ; and the Chemical 
 Society, of Germany. 
 
 On May 17, 1873, at Youngstown, Ohio, 
 the subject of this sketch was united in 
 marriage with Emma Paritt, who was born 
 at Atwater, in that State, and underwent 
 her early mental culture in the Ohio schools. 
 Three children resulted from this union, 
 namely: Arne, a composer of music, born 
 July 12, 1874; Olga, born April 16, 1876; 
 and Virgil, a mechanical engineer, born 
 December 17, 1877. 
 
 In political sentiment, Prof. Oldberg is 
 an Independent Republican, and in relig- 
 ious belief, accepts the faith of the New 
 Jerusalem (Swedenborgian) Church. 
 
 WILLIAM NEWELL BRAIXARD. 
 
 Capt. William N. Brainard (deceased), 
 for many years one of the most prominent 
 citizens of Evanston, Cook County, 111., was 
 born in De Ruyter, Madison County, N. Y., 
 January 7, 1823. He came of an old New 
 England family, the earliest known repre- 
 sentative of which was Daniel Brainard, 
 who was brought to America when eight 
 years of age, sometime after the landing 
 of the Pilgrims. He became one of the 
 proprietors of Haddam, Conn., where he 
 settled in 1662, having previously lived in 
 the Colony at Hartford. The maiden name 
 of Captain Brainard's mother was Sally 
 Gage, who was born in Dutchess County, 
 N. Y., and the Captain's grandmother, on 
 the maternal side, when a child, witnessed 
 
HISTORY OF EVANSTON 
 
 597 
 
 the tragic massacre at Wyoming, Penn- 
 sylvania, in which two of her brothers were 
 killed. Another brother, who reached the age 
 of one hundred years, was a soldier of the 
 Revolutionary War. The father of Cap- 
 tain Brainard was Jonathan Brainard, who 
 moved from New York to Painesville, 
 Ohio, in 1831, but returned to New York a 
 year later, where he was engaged in farm- 
 ing until his death. 
 
 Captain Brainard spent his boyhood on 
 his father's farm, obtaining his education 
 in the public schools and at the De Ruyter 
 Institute. He began teaching when eigh- 
 teen years of age, read law for a time and 
 afterwards went to Rome, N. Y., where he 
 was engaged in the forwarding and ship- 
 ping business for five years. In 1850 he 
 sailed from New York on the Pacific mail- 
 ship, Georgia, from which he landed at 
 Chagres, on the way to California, in com- 
 pany with nine others going to Gorgona 
 on the Chagres River, by canoe, rowed by 
 five naked natives, and thence to Panama, 
 the baggage being carried on pack mules. 
 From there he went by vessel to San Fran- 
 cisco, which he reached in the following 
 December. After mining for a time on the 
 North Fork of the American River, he went 
 into the express and produce business at 
 Sacramento, in which he continued until 
 > 1857. While living in Sacramento, he was 
 elected city treasurer, and held that office 
 during the formative period of the town. 
 
 In 1853, Captain Brainard returned east 
 as far as Illinois, and became interested 
 with others in fitting out a wagon train, 
 which convoyed a herd of cattle across the 
 plains to California. Then continuing his 
 journey eastward to Syracuse, N. Y., on 
 May 4, 1853, ne wa $ married to Malinda B. 
 Coley, at her home in Syracuse, when they 
 sailed together for California, and Mrs. 
 Brainard shared with her husband the 
 
 thrilling experiences of pioneer life there 
 until 1857. During his residence in Cali- 
 fornia, Mr. Brainard served as Captain of 
 a company of Vigilants, and thereby gained 
 the title which clung to him through life. 
 
 In 1857, Captain Brainard returned to 
 his native State, and, after spending a year 
 in Syracuse, moved to Chicago, where he 
 became a member of the Board of Trade, 
 engaging in the produce business, in which 
 he continued until his death. In 1863, he 
 made a trip to Pike's Peak. He served one 
 term as President of the Chicago Board of 
 Trade, and was acting President of that or- 
 ganization in 1872. He also filled a num- 
 ber of important official positions at differ- 
 ent times. These included membership on 
 the Board of Commissioners of the Illinois 
 and Michigan Canal, by appointment of 
 Gov. Beveridge, from 1873 to 1877. and as 
 a member of the Railroad and Warehouse 
 Commission, by appointment of Gov. Ham- 
 ilton, from 1883 to 1885. From 1885 until 
 1893 he served on the Board of Trade com- 
 mittee for the inspection of grain. 
 
 In 1866, Captain Brainard established his 
 home in Evanston, where he was a leading 
 citizen during the remainder of his life. 
 He served as a member of the Village 
 Board and as Town Collector. In politics, 
 he was a supporter of the Republican party, 
 and fraternally, was a member of the I. O. 
 O. F. and the California Pioneers' Asso- 
 ciation. His death occurred May 19, 1894. 
 
 Mrs. Brainard, who survives her husband, 
 is a daughter of Col. George and Hulda 
 (Norton) Coley, of Chenango County, N. 
 Y., and her grandfather was a quartermas- 
 ter during the Revolutionary War, under 
 Washington. Besides Mrs. Brainard, the 
 only member of this family living in 1905, 
 was her daughter, Mrs. Frances Marian 
 Belknap. A son, William Valejo Brainard, 
 died in 1887, and a daughter, Hattie Belle, 
 died in childhood. 
 
59 
 
 BIOGRAPHICAL 
 
 JOHN R. WOODBRIDGE. 
 
 John R. Wooclbridge (deceased), well- 
 known in business circles of Chicago and 
 throughout the West as merchant and man- 
 ufacturer, and for some years before his 
 death a resident of Evanston, 111., was born 
 at Fort Recovery, Ind., August 16, 1851, 
 the son of Ebenezer and Eliza (Ripley) 
 Woodbridge, and a descendant of Rev. John 
 Woodbridge, who came from England and 
 settled at Newberry, Mass., in 1683. 
 Through its English ancestry, the lineage 
 of the family is traced to King Henry I. of 
 France. 
 
 When he was four years of age, and 
 when Illinois was still regarded as a part 
 of the "Far West." Mr. Woodbridge's par- 
 ents removed to Lee Center in this State, 
 and the son passed the years of his boyhood 
 at that place, receiving the mental train- 
 ing in the public schools and at Lee Center 
 Academy, which fitted him for a successful 
 business career. Leaving home when he 
 was seventeen years of age, he came to Chi- 
 cago and obtained his first employment in 
 the Methodist Book Concern then, as now, 
 one of the great church publishing houses 
 in the West and a powerful agency in ad- 
 vancing church interests. In this institu- 
 tion he was well trained morally, religious- 
 ly and industrially, and developed early in- 
 to a capable man of affairs. After serving 
 the Book Concern for several years, win- 
 ning the approbation and gaining the high 
 regard of those with whom in this connec- 
 tion he was brought into contact, severing 
 his connection with the publishing concern, 
 he engaged in business on his own account, 
 becoming junior member of the firm of 
 Eldredge & Woodbridge, pioneers in the 
 manufacture of men's furnishing goods 
 in the West. A few years after they began 
 business Mr. Eldredge died, and thereafter 
 
 Mr. Woodbridge conducted the enterprise 
 which they had founded under the firm 
 name of Woodbridge & Co., building up a 
 commercial house of high character and 
 constantly expanding trade. In later years 
 he conducted in connection with his factory 
 a large laundry, located on the "West Side" 
 in Chicago, and also operated salesrooms 
 at 100 Madison Street. In the trade with 
 which he was identified he became widely 
 known throughout the West, and no busi- 
 ness house in the city had a higher standing 
 among its patrons. Those who knew him 
 as a man of affairs esteemed him alike for 
 his sterling integrity, his correct business 
 methods and his uniform courtesy and fair- 
 ness in all of his dealings. He had broad 
 capacity for the conduct of business, was 
 intensely active and energetic, and, all in 
 all, was a fine type of the self-made west- 
 ern business man. In 1892 he came to Ev- 
 anston to live and soon became a favorite 
 in social and club circles by reason of his 
 geniality, his kindliness and many lovably 
 traits of character. A man of charming 
 personality, he drew about him a large cir- 
 cle of devoted friends, to whom his death, 
 on the 2lst day of March. 1901, brought a 
 deep sense of personal bereavement. He 
 was a Methodist in religious belief and a 
 leading member of the Emmanuel Church of 
 Evanston, taking a deep interest in the up- 
 building of the church and the advancement 
 of its interests. When his business cares 
 were laid aside, he found his favorite recre- 
 ation from time to time in hunting and 
 other out-door sports: was an active 
 and leading spirit in the Evanston Gun 
 Club and the Masonic Order, and also a 
 member of the Evanston Club. 
 
 Mr. Woodbridge was first married, in 
 1872, to Mary H. Grannis, daughter of 
 Amos Grannis of Chicago. She died in 
 1884, leaving two daughters, Anna May 
 
HISTORY OF EVANSTON 
 
 599 
 
 and Mary Grannis Woodbridge. In 1887 
 he married Miss Georgia E. Tanner, 
 daughter of Charles Tanner of Chicago, 
 who survives her husband, residing at the 
 family homestead on Asbury Avenue. 
 Their children are Helen Louise and John 
 R. Woodbridge, Jr. 
 
 MARY BOYD LINDSAY. 
 
 Mary B. Lindsay, Librarian Evans- 
 ton Public Library, was born in Peoria, 
 111., the daughter of James Columbus and 
 Sarah M. (Dinwiddie) Lindsay the for- 
 mer born at McConnellsburg, Pa., June 
 20, 1829, and the latter at Gettysburg, Pa., 
 November 3, 1834. The families of both 
 parents became early settlers in Peoria, 111. 
 but in 1903 removed to Evanston. 
 
 Hugh Dinwiddie, the great-great-grand- 
 father of Miss Lindsay on the maternal 
 side, served as Captain in the York (Pa.) 
 "Associators" during the Indian War, and 
 was also a soldier of the Revolution, serv- 
 ing first as Major, and later as Lieuten- 
 ant-Colonel, and dying in the service. An- 
 other ancestor on the same side, Henry 
 Black, served in the American Revolution 
 as Captain of a company of "Rangers." 
 
 Miss Lindsay was educated in the Peoria 
 High School and in the New York State 
 Library School, at Albany, in that State, 
 and later taught one year in the Peoria pub- 
 lic schools and a year in the Pettingill Sem- 
 inary of that city. She also was connected 
 with the Peoria Public Library for a time 
 until 1894, when she came to Evanston to. 
 accept the position of Librarian of the Free 
 Public Library of that city, which she lias 
 continued to occupy to the present time. 
 In July, 1905, she was chosen Secretary of 
 the Evanston Public Library, which posi- 
 tion she still retains. She was President of 
 
 the State Library Association for the year 
 1905-06. Her religious affiliations are with 
 the First Presbyterian Church of Evans- 
 ton. Miss Lindsay's long identification 
 with library work, and her continuous reten- 
 tion of the position which she has occupied 
 for the past twelve years, as well as the 
 growth of the Evanston Library under her 
 administration, attest the value of the ser- 
 vice she has rendered in her chosen field 
 of labor to the city of Evanston. 
 
 EDGAR OVET BLAKE. 
 
 Edgar Ovet Blake, whose reputation as 
 a skillful architect has been thoroughly es- 
 tablished during the successful pursuit of 
 that profession in Evanston, 111., was born 
 in Evanston, July 22, 1866. The place of 
 his birth is near the property now known 
 as Number 1632, Chicago Avenue, Evans- 
 ton. Mr. Blake is a son of Wallace Hoyt 
 and Lucena Mariette (Herrick) Blake, 
 the former born in Williston, Yt., and the 
 latter a native of Watertown. N. Y. 
 For many years the occupation of Wallace 
 Hoyt was that of a wholesale grocery sales- 
 man, but he is at present living in retire- 
 ment in Colorado. The mother of the sub- 
 ject of this sketch passed away in 1885. 
 In 1870, the family moved to South Evans- 
 ton, and were among the earliest settlers 
 in the vicinity where they located. Mr. 
 Blake's ancestry on the paternal side is 
 traceable in America to the year 1700, 
 when this branch of the family settled in 
 Wrentham, Mass., where from that period 
 its successive generations have continued 
 to own and occupy land. On the maternal 
 side, Mr. Blake is descended in a direct line 
 from Edward Winslow, who landed from 
 the Mayflower at Plymouth Rock, in 1620. 
 
 In early youth, Mr. Blake made diligent 
 
6oo 
 
 BIOGRAPHICAL 
 
 use of the opportunities for mental training 
 afforded by the South Evanston public 
 school, and supplemented his elementary 
 studies by attending the Evanston High 
 School. 
 
 In 1881, he entered the employ of John 
 M. Van Osdel, of Chicago, who was then 
 one of the most prominent and successful 
 architects of the West. This period marked 
 the inception of Chicago's modern archi- 
 tecture, and in the year last mentioned, the 
 Board of Trade Building and the John V. 
 Farwell warehouse in that city, were erect- 
 ed. On the plans for the latter building, 
 Mr. Blake assisted as office boy. When he 
 left Mr. Van Osdel's employ, Mr. Blake be- 
 came a pupil in the Art Institute of Chica- 
 go, where he remained until he went to Eu- 
 rope, finishing his architectual studies in 
 Paris. With the exception of the period 
 thus spent abroad, Mr. Blake has spent his 
 entire life in Evanston and its vicinity. On 
 returning from Europe, he was employed 
 in the architect's office of the World's Col- 
 umbian Exposition in Chicago, and worked 
 on the plans of the famous buildings includ- 
 ed in that memorable enterprise. During the 
 six months of its continuance he had abun- 
 dant leisure to attend the "World's Fair 
 Congresses" on religious and economic 
 questions, and there began the course of in- 
 vestigation which resulted in his present 
 attitude in public affairs. Together with 
 many others, he was affected by the finan- 
 cial depression which followed the termi- 
 nation of the great Exposition in 1893. In 
 1896, he applied himself to his chosen 
 work in Evanston, and has since confined 
 himself closely to the practice of architec- 
 ture, making it a special point to attend 
 personally (as a craftsman) to his work, as 
 far as possible. 
 
 He has furnished plans for a number of 
 business buildings and several fine apart- 
 ment buildings in Evanston, beside a few 
 
 churches in the neigboring towns. His 
 specialty, however, has been along the line 
 of moderate-priced residences, of which he 
 has designed about 200, mainly in Evanston. 
 Of these, quite a number were built for 
 members of the Northwestern University 
 staff of professors. 
 
 On November 13, 1890, Mr. Blake was 
 united in marriage at Evanston with Annie 
 Elizabeth Bradley, who was born in Not- 
 tingham, England, April 15, 1866. Two 
 children have been born to Mr. and Mrs. 
 Blake, namely : Marion Lucena, born Octo- 
 ber 18, 1891, and Eleanor Elizabeth, born 
 June 1 6, 1896. 
 
 In religious association the subject of this 
 sketch is identified with the Methodist Epis- 
 copal Church, and formerly was quite ac- 
 tive in church work, and in the work of the 
 Epworth League. During the past ten 
 years, however, his attention has been al- 
 most entirely devoted to his professional 
 and domestic duties. Politically, Mr. Blake 
 was formerly a Republican, casting his first 
 vote for Benjamin Harrison in 1888. In 
 1896, he became a Socialist, as the ultimate 
 result of his study of sociological and eco-- 
 nomic problems, at the World's Fair Con- 
 gress of 1893. Aside from his chosen occu- 
 pation, he has always taken an interest in 
 music, but never made a special study of 
 that art. In 1890, during his absence in 
 Europe, already mentioned, he visited the 
 important points of interest in England. 
 France and Italy. His professional repu- 
 tation rests securely on the work that he 
 has wrought, which amply attests his 
 ability and skill as an architect. 
 
 JOHN JAY SH UTTERLY. 
 
 John Jay Shutterly (deceased), who es- 
 tablished his home in Evanston in 1880, was 
 one of its most active and progressive citi- 
 
HISTORY OF EVANSTON 
 
 601 
 
 zens. He was born in Philadelphia, Pa., 
 July 14, 1826, and reared in the village of 
 Carmichael, near Pittsburg, Pa. He re- 
 ceived his education at Greene Academy 
 and Jefferson College, Canonsburg, Pa. 
 From the latter institution (now Washing- 
 ton and Jefferson College), he was gradu- 
 ated in 1857. 
 
 Mr. Shutterly began business in Pitts- 
 burg as a wholesale grocer, and subsequent- 
 ly engaged in real estate operations. For 
 years he managed large realty interests for 
 Dr. Hostetter, of "Hosteller Billers" fame. 
 In 1877 he came lo Chicago, where he con- 
 linued in the real eslale business on an ex- 
 lensive scale for a long period. In 1881 he 
 built fifty houses wesl of Deering, and later, 
 thirty-six flat buildings on Ihe "South Side." 
 He also did some building in Evanston. In 
 1901 he relired lo a small fruit farm in the 
 vicinity of St. Joseph, Mich., where he died 
 October 25, 1904. 
 
 Mr. Shutterly was a member of Ihe 
 Charleston Democralic Nalional Conven- 
 lion of 1860. 
 
 During the Civil War, he recruited and 
 assisted in equipping a company for the 
 Fourteenth Regiment Pennsylvania Volun- 
 teer Cavalry, of which he was commis- 
 sioned as caplain. He participaled in many 
 of the principal battles of the war, including 
 that of Getlysburg, and was for many years 
 afterwards a member of John A. Logan 
 Post, G. A. R., of Evanston. He married 
 Ella Gillis of Canonsburg, Pa., and they had 
 two sons, Eugene E. ( and John J., Jr., and 
 two daughters, Mary and Lillie H. 
 
 Mr. Shutlerly was a consistent Christian 
 and was very active in church work. He 
 was one of Ihe founders of Emmanuel 
 Methodist Episcopal Church of Evanston, in 
 which he served on the building commillee, 
 as a member of Ihe official board, leader of 
 Ihe Bible class, etc. As a biblical scholar 
 
 he acquired considerable repulalion, and 
 was a famous Chaulauquan, having gradu- 
 aled wilh Ihe highesi number of poinls ever 
 credited to a graduate up to that period. 
 Twenty seals were awarded to him, each 
 representing a special course of study. He 
 was a man of uncommon mental vigor and 
 unliring energy. 
 
 EUGENE E. SHUTTERLY. 
 
 Eugene E. Shutterly, M. D., a well- 
 known physician of Evanston, son of 
 John Jay Shutterly, subject of the 
 foregoing sketch, was born in Can- 
 onsburg, Pennsylvania, January 2, 1861. 
 He received his early mental training in 
 the schools of Piltsburg and completed 
 his education at Northweslern Acad- 
 emy. In 1888, he was graduated from the 
 Hahnemann Medical College, Chicago, be- 
 gan practice of medicine in 1889, and has 
 since gained an enviable standing in the 
 profession. He has been a member of the 
 staff of Evanston Hospiial since Ihe insli- 
 lulion was founded, and has served as 
 Heallh Commissioner of the city. 
 
 Dr. Shutterly was married in 1888 to 
 Nettie Rugg, of New Lenox, 111., who died 
 in 1890. In 1897 he married Elizabeth 
 Miller, of Louisville, as his second wife. 
 He is a member of the First Presbyterian 
 Church of Evanston. 
 
 JAMES HENRY RAYMOND. 
 
 James H. Raymond, patent lawyer, whose 
 office is located at No. 1515 Monadnock 
 Building, Chicago, 111., and who resides 
 at No. 2148 Sherman Avenue, Evanston, 
 III., was born in Wilbraham, Mass., June 
 6, 1850. He is a son of Rev. Miner Ray- 
 mond, D. D., LL. D., and Elizabeth (Hen- 
 
602 
 
 BIOGRAPHICAL 
 
 derson) Raymond. After finishing his 
 primary studies in the public schools of his 
 native place, Mr. Raymond became a pupil 
 in Wesleyan Academy, at Wilbraham, 
 Mass., and in September, 1864, entered 
 Northwestern University at Evanston. He 
 graduated from the College of Liberal Arts 
 in 1871, and from the Law School of the 
 University (then the Union College of 
 Law) in 1875. In 1871 he received the de- 
 gree of A. B., in 1873, that of A. M., and 
 in 1875, that of LL. B. During his under- 
 graduate period, he was a member of the 
 Hinman Literary Society and the Phi Gam- 
 ma Delta Fraternity, and won every prize 
 contest which was open to him, with two 
 exceptions. These were the contest for the 
 Hinman Essay prize, from which he was 
 debarred by sickness ; and the Blanchard 
 (now Kirk) oratorical contest, on which 
 occasion for certain reasons the prize was 
 divided between Mr. Raymond and E. R. 
 Schrader of the Class of '71, by a divided 
 vote of the faculty. 
 
 Mr. Raymond was admitted to the bar 
 in 1875 and now devotes his attention, 
 chiefly, to the specialties of patents, copy- 
 rights, trade-marks and corporations. From 
 April 15, 1874, to November 21, 1884, un- 
 der the title of "Secretary and Treasurer," 
 he served in the capacity of actuary of the 
 Western Railroad Association, a bureau 
 of 103 railroad companies, organized for 
 the purpose of investigating and adjusting 
 all claims for the infringement of patents 
 in use by them, and defending all patent 
 suits brought against members of the asso- 
 ciation. Mr. Raymond was formerly a 
 member of the firm of Raymond & Veeder, 
 and subsequently, of that of Raymond & 
 Omohundro ; the present firm style is 
 Raymond & Barnett. 
 
 Mr. Raymond is a member of the Ameri- 
 
 can Bar Association, having been for one 
 term President of its section on patents, 
 trade-marks and copyrights ; of the Illinois 
 State Bar Association ; the Chicago Bar 
 Association; the Chicago Law Institute; 
 and the Chicago Patent Law Association, 
 of which he was the founder and second 
 President. In non-professional relations, 
 he is an associate member of the Ameri- 
 can Society of Mechanical Engineers; a 
 member of the Master Car Builders' As- 
 sociation and of the Railway Master Me- 
 chanics' Association. 
 
 In civic connection, he is a member of 
 the Municipal Association of Evanston, and 
 socially, he belongs to the Union League 
 Club of Chicago and to the Evanston Club. 
 For twelve years he has been a Trustee of 
 the Northwestern University, and a mem- 
 ber of the Board's Executive Committee ; 
 is also a director in many private corpora- 
 tions. 
 
 On October 13, 1874, Mr. Raymond was 
 united in marriage, in Springfield, 111., with 
 Mary S. Edwards, a daughter of Hon. Ben- 
 jamin Stephenson Edwards and wife of that 
 city. Mr. and Mrs. Raymond have had 
 four children born to them, namely : Ed- 
 wards F., of Evanston; Elizabeth (Mrs. 
 Frederick C. Woodward), of Evanston; 
 Helena Van Wycke (Mrs. A. R. Carman), 
 of Argyle, 111., and Miner, a student in 
 Northwestern University College of Lib- 
 eral Arts, of the Class of 1907. 
 
 Politically, Mr. Raymond is a Sound- 
 Money Democrat. In 1871-73, he was 
 Secretary of the first Railroad and Ware- 
 house Commission of Illinois. Religiously, 
 he is a Methodist, and has been a member 
 of the First Methodist Church of Evanston 
 since 1865. In fraternal circles, he is 
 identified with the A. F. & A. M., in which 
 order he is a Knight Templar. 
 
HISTORY OF EVANSTON 
 
 603 
 
 NATHAN SMITH DAVIS, JR., M. D. 
 
 Dr. Nathan Smith Davis, Jr., physician 
 of Chicago, 111., was born in that city, Sep- 
 tember 5, 1858, the son of Dr. Nathan S. 
 and Anna M. (Parker) Davis, and a 
 grandson of Dow Davis. His father was, 
 for many years, one of the most conspicu- 
 ous figures in the medical profession. Dr. 
 Nathan Smith Davis, Jr., obtained his pri- 
 mary education in the schools of Chicago, 
 and then pursued a literary course in 
 Northwestern University, from which he 
 was graduated in 1880, with the degree of 
 A. B., receiving that of A. M. from the 
 same source three years later. While an 
 undergraduate, he was a member of the 
 Hinman Literary Society and the Sigma 
 Chi and Phi Beta Kappa Fraternities. On 
 leaving the university, he began the study 
 of medicine with his father, in Chicago, and 
 took three successive courses of medical 
 lectures in Chicago Medical College, which 
 now constitutes the Medical School of 
 Northwestern University. From this in- 
 stitution he was graduated in 1883. In 
 that year he entered upon the practice of his 
 profession in Chicago, where he has lived 
 ever since. Dr. Davis took post-graduate 
 courses in Heidelberg, Germany, and Vien- 
 na, Austria, in 1885. 
 
 In 1884, Dr. Davis became Associate 
 Professor of Pathology in Northwestern 
 University Medical College, and in 1886, 
 was made Professor of the Principles and 
 Practice of Medicine, and of Clinical Med- 
 cine. At a later period he became Secre- 
 tary, and subsequently Dean, of that insti- 
 tution. In 1884 he was chosen physician 
 to Mercy Hospital in Chicago. Dr. Davis 
 was a member of the general busi- 
 ness committee and more recently of 
 the council and judicial council of 
 
 the American Medical Association, having 
 previously been Secretary of the Section of 
 Practice and Chairman of the Section of 
 Therapeutics in that body. He was 
 a member of the Council of the Section 
 of Pathology in the Ninth International 
 Medical Congress, and of the Council 
 of the Section of Practice in the 
 Pan-American Medical Congress. In 1893, 
 he was Chairman of the Section of 
 Practice in the Illinois State Medical So- 
 ciety. Besides the American Medical As- 
 sociation and the Illinois State Medical 
 Society, Dr. Davis is a member of the 
 American Academy of Medicine, the Amer- 
 ican Climatological Association, the Ameri- 
 can Therapeutical Association, the Ameri- 
 can Tuberculosis, the Chicago Pathological 
 Society, the Chicago Neurological Society, 
 the Chicago Medical Society, the Chicago 
 Medico-Legal Society and the Illinois 
 State Microscopical Society. Of non-pro- 
 fessional official relations, the doctor is a 
 Trustee of Northwestern University, and 
 formerly a member of the General Board 
 of Management of the Y. M. C. A. of Chi- 
 cago. He is also a member of the Chi- 
 cago Academy of Sciences and the Chicago 
 Literary Club, Chicago Art Institute and 
 Chicago Historical Society. The subject 
 of this sketch is the author of several med- 
 ical works of high repute, among which are 
 volumes entitled, "Consumption: How to 
 Prevent it and How to Live with it" ; "Dis- 
 eases of the Lungs, Heart and Kidneys"; 
 and "Diet in Health and Disease." 
 
 On April 16, 1884, Dr. Davis was united 
 in marriage, at Madison, Wis., with Jessie 
 B. Hopkins, a daughter of the late Judge 
 Hopkins, of that city. Four children have 
 resulted from this union, three of whom are 
 living, namely: Nathan Smith Davis III.; 
 Ruth Davis, and William Deering Davis. 
 
BIOGRAPHICAL 
 
 REV. HUGH P. SMYTH. 
 
 Rev. Hugh P. Smyth, pastor St. Mary's 
 Roman Catholic Church, Evanston, 111., 
 was born a little over fifty years ago in 
 County Cavan, Ireland, attended college at 
 All Hallows, Dublin and was ordained to 
 the priesthood in 1881. He then came to 
 America and, soon after arriving in New 
 York, came to Chicago, and became assist- 
 ant pastor of the Church of the Nativity, 
 at Union Avenue and Thirty-seventh Street, 
 retaining this position nine years. His first 
 charge was as pastor of St. Patrick's 
 Church at Lemont, where he remained two 
 years, when he was called to the rectorship 
 of St. Mary's Church in Evanston, being 
 appointed to this position by Archbishop 
 Feehan, and taking charge of the parish on 
 May 6, 1893, which position he has retained 
 continuously to the present time. (See 
 "Catholic Churches," Evanston, in chapter 
 on churches in the historic portion of this 
 volume. ) 
 
 In the thirteen years of Father Smyth's 
 connection with St. Mary's Church it has 
 greatly increased in the number of its com- 
 municants, the church property has been 
 greatly improved, and he has acquired a 
 wide popularity among all classes of citi- 
 zens. The parochial school erected during 
 this period at a cost of $70,000 is capable 
 of accommodating a large body of pupils 
 and the church membership has nearly 
 doubled. Democratic and liberal in his 
 tastes, Father Smyth is in much demand as 
 a speaker on popular occasions, and has 
 been frequently called upon to lecture be- 
 fore the students of the Northwestern Uni- 
 versity. He takes a deep interest in live 
 questions and has proven himself a zealous 
 champion of social, moral and business re- 
 forms. In an address made before a credit 
 men's association, a few months before the 
 
 publication, of this volume, referring to 
 questions occupying much popular atten- 
 tion, he said: "I believe in pure food, pure 
 water, clean streets, air free from grime and 
 soot, and stand for the simple, sweet and 
 peaceable life that brings out the best in 
 man and woman." 
 
 The twenty-fifth anniversary of Fr. 
 Smyth's ordination was celebrated in St. 
 Mary's Church, Evanston, with impressive 
 religious services on Sunday, June 24, 1906, 
 followed by a banquet in the parochial 
 school hall, which was participated in by 
 some forty visiting priests. Much interest 
 was manifested in the event by many out- 
 side of the popular priest's own denomina- 
 tion, and he was made the recipient of nu- 
 merous generous gifts, not only from his im- 
 mediate parishioners but also from non- 
 Catholic friends, amounting in all to $4,500. 
 
 ELIZABETH EUNICE MARCY. 
 
 Elizabeth Eunice Marcy, wife of the late 
 Professor Oliver Marcy, LL. D., of North- 
 western University, was born at East 
 Hampton, Conn., December 22, 1821. She 
 is of Mayflower stock on both sides of her 
 family, tracing her lineage in direct descent 
 from Elder William Brewster and Stephen 
 Hopkins of Mayflower fame. Mrs. Mar- 
 cy 's life, up to the time of her young wom- 
 anhood, was spent in her home in East 
 Hampton in the atmosphere of a thrifty 
 New England family. Nathaniel Clark 
 Smith, her father, was a man highly re- 
 spected in the community. It may be said 
 of him that he practically received every 
 office in the gift of his fellow citizens. He 
 was Justice of the Peace, Selectman, No- 
 tary Public and represented his town in the 
 Legislature for several sessions. His fam- 
 ily is directly traceable to the famous East- 
 
HISTORY OF EVANSTOX 
 
 605 
 
 ham Colony, the first exodus from Plym- 
 outh about 1644. Her mother. Charlotte 
 (Strong) Smith, is said to have beejj a 
 woman of remarkable efficiency, being a 
 lineal descendant, in the seventh genera- 
 tion, from Elder John Strong of England, 
 who came to America in 1630. 
 
 Elizabeth was given the usual opportu- 
 nities for education in the public schools, 
 afterwards in private schools and still later 
 in the Wesleyan Academy of Wilbraham. 
 Mass., all contributing to her training, af- 
 ter which she had further development in 
 the experience of teaching. She is of ar- 
 tistic temperament and has done creditable 
 work in this line, as an amateur beginning 
 at a very early age to copy simple designs. 
 All these avocations have filled a long and 
 busy life of one whose simple vocation was 
 a housekeeper. Professor Oliver Marcy 
 married Elizabeth Eunice Smith July 2, 
 1847, at which time he was a teacher in the 
 Wilbraham, Mass.. Academy. Professor 
 Marcy was a member of a very old and dis- 
 tinguished family, being descended from 
 John Marcy, son of the High Sheriff of 
 Limerick, Ireland, who was born about the 
 year 1(162 and came to America in 1685. 
 From him the direct line continues through 
 successive generations down to Thomas, 
 the father of Oliver. Oliver was born 
 February 13. 1820, graduated at Middle- 
 town, Conn., in 1846. and received the de- 
 gree of LL. D. from the Chicago Univer- 
 sity in 1873. In 1862 Professor and Mrs. 
 Marcy came to Evanston, 111., he having 
 accepted a professorship in Northwestern 
 University, with which institution he was 
 identified until his death on March 19, 
 1899. His service to the University and 
 the science of Geology gave him distin- 
 guished rank among American educators. 
 To Mr. and Mrs. Marcy were born four 
 
 children: Annie Smith, born November 30, 
 1851, married Dr. Frank Davis April 21, 
 1875, and died February 22, 1900; Edwin 
 Grosvenor, born January 23, 1854, died 
 July 22, 1855 ; Frederic Malcolm, born No- 
 vember 2, 1856, died September 25, 1857 ; 
 and Maude Elizabeth Olivia, born June 20, 
 1862, died February I, 1875. 
 
 During a long and busy life, Mrs. Marcy 
 has found time for public service of noble 
 and enduring sort. Her passion for help- 
 fulness found expression in her alliance 
 with the Woman's Foreign and Woman's 
 Home Missionary societies of the Metho- 
 dist Episcopal Church, in both of which she 
 was a charter member. The early history 
 of these movements is a curious record of 
 opposition and discouragement from other 
 official agencies, and everlasting credit is 
 due to the noble and intrepid band of 
 women who declined to be overawed or 
 discouraged, and among these Mrs. Marcy, 
 by pen and voice, was a recognized leader. 
 As a sort of corollary to her work with the 
 Woman's Home Missionary Society, Mrs. 
 Marcy undertook to found what is known 
 as the Elizabeth E. Marcy Home in one of 
 the destitute sections of Chicago. The 
 home is conducted as a sort of religious 
 settlement and is now a center of acknowl- 
 edged help and usefulness, a source of 
 beauty and strength to those who receive 
 its benefits. Mrs. Marcy was also one of 
 the founders of the Woman's Christian 
 Temperance Union, to whose crusade she 
 has ever been one of the most valuable 
 auxiliaries. She is a member of the 
 Daughters of the American Revolution, be- 
 ing entitled to this order by the service of 
 her paternal grandfather, Sparrow Smith, 
 who joined the Continental Army in his 
 seventeenth year. She is also eligible to 
 membership in the Colonial Dames, having 
 for her progenitor on her mother's side 
 
6o6 
 
 BIOGRAPHICAL 
 
 Josiah Cook, who rendered soldier service 
 in King Philip's War in 1675. On her 
 father's side she is a descendant of the 
 Rev. John Norton, who in the French and 
 Indian War was made Chaplain of a line of 
 forts in Western Massachusetts. During 
 the service he was carried to Canada, where 
 he remained captive for a year. After- 
 ward he settled in East Hampton, Conn., 
 where he was pastor of the church during 
 the remainder of his life of thirty years. 
 She is also by lineal descent from the sign- 
 ers of the original Compact of the Pilgrim 
 Fathers, a member of the Society of the 
 Women of the Mayflower of the State of 
 Illinois. 
 
 Mrs. Marcy's contributions to the press 
 have been numerous. In prose they have 
 been chiefly in the direction of her philan- 
 thropic work, some of them being of such 
 importance as to warrant their distribution 
 by tens of thousands in pamphlet form. In 
 verse Mrs. Marcy has been less prolific but 
 not less successful. She excels as a writer 
 of occasional hymns and songs. One of 
 her hymns, originally contributed to the 
 Hymnal of the Methodist Episcopal Church, 
 has been taken up by other hymnals and 
 has been sung with great acceptance by 
 congregations all over the world. In per- 
 son, Mrs. Marcy is most approachable and 
 companionable. The wide variety of her 
 interests, her intellectual keenness, the 
 breadth and geniality of her sympathies, 
 the high quality of her culture and her deep 
 spirituality invest her with exceptional 
 charms. She has lived a long, diligent and 
 useful life, and if, by reason of years, her 
 range of activity is now restricted, she is 
 none the less an inspiring and beloved fig- 
 ure in a wide circle of friends upon whom 
 the blessing and the balm of a pure spirit 
 have passed. 
 
 CHARLES C. BRAGDON. 
 
 Charles C. Bragdon, A. M., a teacher by 
 profession, who is Principal of the Lasell 
 Seminary for Young Women, at Auburn- 
 dale, Mass., was born in Auburn, N. Y., 
 September 6, 1847. In boyhood he attend- 
 ed public school, and in early manhood 
 pursued courses of study in Northwestern 
 Female College, and in the Preparatory 
 Department of Northwestern University, 
 where he graduated in 1865, and received 
 the degree of A. M. in regular course in 
 1868. At a later period, the degree of 
 LL. D. was conferred upon him by North- 
 western University. From 1872 to 1874, 
 Mr. Bragdon continued his studies in Ger- 
 many. "He is a charter member of the 
 Alpha Phi Kappa Psi Fraternity, and dur- 
 ing his collegiate course, belonged to the 
 Adelphic Literary Society. 
 
 From 1865 to 1867, Mr. Bragdon taught 
 in the Williamsport Seminary, in Pennsyl- 
 vania, and from 1868 to 1872, in the Wes- 
 leyan Female College, at Cincinnati, Ohio. 
 On June 30, 1869, he was united in mar- 
 riage with Kate R. Ransom, of Williams- 
 port. Pa., and they became the parents of 
 two children, namely: Katherine Belle and 
 John Ransom. 
 
 FRANKLIN SEXTON CATLIX. 
 
 Franklin S. Catlin, a worthy and prom- 
 ising representative of the younger element 
 of attorneys-at-law in Chicago, 111., was 
 bom in that city September 16, 1876, the 
 only son of Charles and Mary Edith 
 (Woods) Catlin, both of whom were na- 
 tives of Chicago. On the maternal side he 
 is descended from Michael Humphrey, who 
 settled in Connecticut in 1647. Mr. Charles 
 Catlin is Cashier of the Money Order De- 
 partment of the Chicago Post Office. 
 
HISTORY OF EVANSTON 
 
 607 
 
 The youthful mental training of Mr. 
 Catlin was obtained in the "Lincoln" Pub- 
 lic Grammar School, of Chicago, after 
 which he became a pupil in the old Chicago 
 Manual Training School, from which he 
 was graduated in 1894. He then entered 
 the Northwestern University Law School, 
 graduating therefrom in 1896, and receiv- 
 ing the degree of LL. B. In that year he 
 was a contributor to the "Northwestern 
 University Law Review." As he was too 
 young for admission to the bar, being but 
 nineteen years old, he took a post-graduate 
 course in the Chicago College of Law (the 
 law department of Lake Forest University), 
 which also conferred upon him the degree of 
 LL. B. In November, 1897, Mr. Catlin 
 was admitted to the bar, and became con- 
 nected with the law firm of Loesch Broth- 
 ers & Howell, with whom he remained 
 three years. Since 1900 he has continued 
 in practice alone. 
 
 In politics, Mr. Catlin is an earnest ad- 
 herent of the Republican party, and takes 
 an active part in the work of its local or- 
 ganization, having acted as secretary of his 
 precinct and clerk of election for six years. 
 His religious connection is with Unity 
 Church (long under the ministry of Rev. 
 Robert Collyer), of which he is secretary. 
 In fraternal circles he is identified with the 
 A. F. & A. M., being a member of Orien- . 
 tal Lodge No. 33, of Chicago, of which his 
 father has been Secretary for the past 
 twenty-seven years. He is also a member 
 of the Board of Directors of the North 
 Side Club, a social organization. Mr. Cat- 
 lin is somewhat of an expert in aquatic 
 sports. In 1896 he won the Junior Single 
 Shell championship, and was one of the 
 winners of the Junior Pair-oared Shell 
 championship, in the regatta of the Missis^ 
 sippi Valley Amateur Rowing Association, 
 
 at Black Lake, Michigan. He is secretary 
 of the Catlin Boat Club, which was organ- 
 ized in 1882, and a member of the American 
 Canoe Association. 
 
 GEORGE W. WHITEFIELD, M. D., 
 D. D. S. 
 
 George W. Whitefield, physician, D. D. 
 S., was born near Boston, Mass., September 
 30, 1855. the son of Rev. John and Martha 
 (Kemp) Whitefield^and a grand nephew 
 of Rev. George Whitefield. the celebrated 
 English evangelist of the eighteenth cen- 
 tury. In boyhood, he was brought by his 
 parents to Aurora, 111., where he was edu- 
 cated in the public school and high school, 
 his first employment after leaving school 
 being as a bookkeeper. While still in his 
 'teens he opened an art store in Aurora, 
 and, after reaching manhood, spent some 
 time on the plains. In 1879 ne began study 
 and laboratory work preparatory to open- 
 ing a dental office during the following 
 year, in the meantime, while engaged in 
 practice, pursuing medical and dental col- 
 lege courses, taking the D. D. S. degree at 
 the Chicago Dental College in 1885, and 
 that of M. D. from Rush Medical College 
 in 1886. The official positions which he 
 has he4d in connection with his profession 
 include the chair of Dental Pathology in 
 the American Dental College and that of 
 Electrical Therapeutics in the Dental De- 
 partment of the Northwestern University; 
 also for some time was Aural Surgeon in 
 connection with the Protestant Orphan 
 Asylum, and Assistant Surgeon under the 
 celebrated Dr. Gunn preceding the death of 
 the latter in 1887. He is a member of the 
 Chicago Dental Society, the Odontographic 
 Society and the Electric Club, and served 
 
6o8 
 
 BIOGRAPHICAL 
 
 as delegate to the Ninth International Med- 
 ical Congress ; is also the inventor of several 
 valuable instruments now in general use in 
 connection with electro-therapy. 
 
 On January 31, 1895, Dr. Whitefiekl was 
 married to Fannie Comstock, daughter of 
 Charles Comstock, and they have one 
 daughter, Julia Sprague. For five years he 
 was a member of Company D, Third Regi- 
 ment I. N. G., and served with his regiment 
 in suppressing the riots at Braidwood, 111., 
 in 1877. Owing to failing health he en- 
 tered commercial life, serving for a time 
 as Vice-President of a company whose bus- 
 iness interests led to his making a trip to 
 the tropics. In a short time, having re- 
 gained his health, he returned home in 
 1903 and resumed the practice of his pro- 
 fession, which he has followed continuous- 
 ly since. He was Vice-President of the 
 American Fruit and Transportation Com- 
 pany and a Director of the Rio Bonito 
 Company. His residence and office are at 
 No. 1518 Hinman Avenue, Evanston. 
 
 FRANK LYNN BORTON. 
 
 Frank. Lynn Horton was born near Phil- 
 adelphia, Pa., in 1863. of Quaker parentage. 
 Mr. Borton has been in the service of the 
 Pennsylvania Railroad System for twenty 
 years and is Assistant to the Manager of 
 the Star Union Line, the through freight 
 department of the Pennsylvania Lines. He 
 has been a resident of Evanston for eleven 
 years, is a member of the Official Board of 
 Emmanuel Methodist Church, and has al- 
 ways taken an active interest in municipal 
 affairs. Mr. Borton's home is at 740 For- 
 est Avenue. 
 
 DAVID R. DYCHE, M. D. 
 
 Dr. David R. Dyche (deceased) was 
 born near Red Lion, Warren County. 
 Ohio, March u, 1827, the son of William 
 Dyche, who was a farmer -by occupation. 
 The son was brought up on a farm, mean- 
 while receiving his education in the pub- 
 lic schools, at Lebanon Academy and 
 under private tutorship, after which he 
 began the study of medicine with Dr. 
 Joshua Stearns of Lebanon, still later tak- 
 ing a course in the Medical College at 
 Cincinnati, from which he graduated in 
 1854. He then began practice in the 
 town of Monroe, Butler County, Ohio, 
 where he remained nine years. In 1865. 
 coming to Chicago, at the end of the year 
 he engaged in the drug business, first at 
 the corner of Randolph and Dearborn 
 Streets. The fire of 1871 having destroyed 
 his place of business, he soon afterward 
 erected the Dyche building at the corner 
 of Randolph and State Streets, in which 
 he continued business until his death 
 August 4. 1893. 
 
 Up to 1874, Dr. Dyche's residence was 
 in the city of Chicago. He then removed 
 to Evanston, where he continued to reside 
 (hiring the remainder of his life, taking an 
 active part in the building up of that city. 
 He was one of the active members of the 
 Citizens' League, which did much to keep 
 saloons from obtaining a foothold in the 
 city in violation of the "Four-Mile Limit 
 Law." He was an active factor in the 
 founding of the Woman's Medical Col- 
 lege, afterwards identified with the North- 
 western University, and in the promotion 
 of the medical department of the Univer- 
 sity : and was also one of the founders of 
 the School of Pharmacy connected with 
 that institution. He became a member of 
 the Methodist Church in early life, and 
 took a deep interest in church affairs and 
 
HISTORY OF EVANSTON 
 
 609 
 
 in the upbuilding of the Northwestern 
 University, with which he was closely 
 identified as a member of the Board of 
 Trustees soon after coming to Evanston, 
 and continuously thereafter until his 
 death. 
 
 Dr. Dyche was married in Monroe, 
 Ohio, in 1856, to Mary S. Boyd. a daugh- 
 ter of Andrew Boyd of that place, ami 
 they had two sons, both of whom sur- 
 vive, namely : William A., former Mayor 
 of the City of Evanston. and present Busi- 
 ness Manager of the Northwestern Uni- 
 versity, and Dr. George B. Dyche, who is 
 a physician in the city of Chicago. 
 
 Liberal, public-spirited and enterpris- 
 ing. Dr. David R. Dyche was one of the 
 most influential factors in promoting the 
 benevolent, educational and moral inter- 
 ests of the city with which he was so 
 closelv identified for twenty years. 
 
 JOHX CARXEY. 
 
 John Carney (deceased), who spent his 
 entire life of nearly fifty-four years in 
 Evanston. 111., and served twenty-three 
 years, in all. as head of its police force, 
 died September 21. 1899, within three 
 blocks of the spot where he was born 
 January 7, 1846. His parents were John 
 and Mary (Lindsay) Carney, natives of 
 County Mayo, Ireland. His father, born 
 in Castlebar, County Mayo, was reared to 
 farming, and on coming to the United 
 States in 1835, sought what was then the 
 Far West, and settled on the prairie 
 twelve miles north of the village of Chi- 
 cago, and on the site of the present city 
 of Evanston. The tract of land on which 
 he located is now bounded on the north 
 by Church Street, south by Greenleaf 
 Street, east by Railroad Avenue, and west 
 
 by the western limits of Evanston. Here 
 he applied himself to farming, being one 
 of the first of the pioneers to bring land 
 under cultivation in this region. His old 
 homestead is now No. 1314 Ridge Avenue, 
 and he continued to reside there until the 
 Northwestern University was established, 
 and the ground on which it stood was 
 purchased for the use of that institution. 
 I le then moved to a place near the present 
 Rose Hill Cemetery, where he was occu- 
 pied in farming for two years. 
 
 In the meantime. Evanston having been 
 laid out, he established his home in the 
 new village, where he became the owner 
 of the block of ground on Asbury Avenue 
 between Grove and Lake Streets. There 
 he built the residence in which he lived 
 during the remainder of his days, dying 
 there April 3, 1874. at the age of ninety- 
 seven years. His widow, who reached 
 the age of ninety-two years, passed away 
 August 12. 1896. Both of these worthy 
 pioneers were typical early settlers, and 
 throughout their long lives, enjoyed the 
 high esteem of their contemporaries in 
 early settlement, and that of the later gen- 
 eration that grew up around them. 
 
 John Carney, the subject of this sketch, 
 was born at the early homestead on Ridge 
 Avenue. He attended school in the prim- 
 itive log school house in the village, then 
 called Ridgeville. and was subsequently 
 a pupil in the historic Catholic school in 
 Chicago, known as St. Mary's of the Lake. 
 He learned the butcher's trade as a boy 
 and he and his brother William were, for 
 some time during his early manhood, en- 
 gaged in the meat business in Evanston. 
 Afterwards, he worked at the painter's 
 trade until 1872, when he became a mem- 
 ber of the pioneer police force of the Vil- 
 lage of Evanston. Among the Village 
 Trustees of that period were Lyman J. 
 
6io 
 
 BIOGRAPHICAL 
 
 Gage, Oliver Willard, J. J. Parkhurst and 
 others who gained distinction in later life. 
 Mr. Carney was the first Chief of Police 
 of the incorporated City of Evanston, and 
 became widely known for his ability as a 
 police officer and detective. He had 
 more than any other man to do with shap- 
 ing the character of the force and making 
 it what it is to-day. After 1895 he gave 
 up all active pursuits and lived in pleasant 
 retirement at his home on Asbury Ave- 
 nue. Throughout his official life he was 
 chiefly interested in preserving the best 
 possible order in the community, and 
 took a leading part in establishing the 
 "four-mile limit," within which saloons 
 are not allowed in Evanston. 
 
 Mr. Carney was married in St. Mary's 
 Church, Evanston, June 12, 1870, to Ida 
 Maria Guinan, a native of Burr, Kings 
 County, Ireland. Mrs. Carney came to 
 the United States with her parents. John 
 and Anna Guinan, when she was five 
 years of age. Her family settled at Day- 
 ton, Ohio, where she passed the early 
 years of her life. The only child of Mr. 
 and Mrs. Carney is Mrs. John M. James, 
 the infant daughter of whom, Irene, rep- 
 resents the fourth generation of the fam- 
 ily in Evanston, and the third generation 
 born there. 
 
 Like his father before him, Mr. Carney 
 was a Catholic Churchman. His widow, 
 who survives him, and her daughter ad- 
 here to the same faith and are communi- 
 cants of St. Mary's Church in Evanston. 
 
 JOHN BRENTON CALLIGAN. 
 
 John Brenton Calligan (deceased), for- 
 merly a well-known citizen of Evanston, 
 111., was born in Machias, Maine, August 
 19, 1848, and there received his mental 
 
 training in the high school. His parents, 
 XYarren and Catherine (Hartley) Calli- 
 gan, died when he was very young, and 
 he was adopted into the family of Wil- 
 liam Lorimer, of Machias, where he was 
 reared. At an early age he entered the 
 employ of the Pope Brothers, who oper- 
 ated a large merchandising and lumber- 
 ing concern in Machias, and for many 
 years occupied a responsible position with 
 this firm. About 1880, he'went to Boston 
 and became connected with the mercantile 
 house of R. H. White. There he remained 
 until 1887. when he resigned this posi-, 
 tion, and coming to Chicago, entered the 
 wholesale hardware trade as a representa- 
 tive of the Colby Wringer Company, with 
 which he continued until 1896. Retiring 
 from this busipess, he then purchased a 
 fruit ranch near Boise City, Idaho, to 
 which he devoted his attention mainly 
 during the remainder of his life. In 1887 
 he established his home in Evanston. 
 where he lived until his death, which 
 occurred October 6, 1904. 
 
 Mr. Calligan was twice married. His 
 first wife, to whom he was wedded in 
 1873, was Frances Brown, a daughter of 
 Capt. David Brown, of Machias, Maine, 
 who was a prominent resident of that 
 place. She died in June, 1882. Two chil- 
 dren resulted from this union, of whom 
 one died in 1882 and the other in 1883. 
 
 In June. 1884, Mr. Calligan was united 
 in marriage to Annie F. Harlow, a daugh- 
 ter of Deacon Alden and Temperance 
 (Bourne) Harlow, of Needham, Mass. 
 On the paternal side, Mrs. Calligan, who 
 survives her husband, is a lineal descend- 
 ant of John Alden, the Puritan, and comes 
 of a noted New England family. One of 
 her ancestors in the paternal line was Col. 
 Anthony Thomas, of Revolutionary fame. 
 Another was Col. Briggs Alden, who was 
 

 HISTORY OF EVANSTON 
 
 Cn 
 
 a close personal friend of Gen. Washing- 
 ton. On the maternal side, Mrs. Calligan 
 has an equally distinguished ancestry. 
 One of her ancestors was John Bourne, 
 who walked a distance of forty miles to 
 Boston in order to enlist in the Revolution- 
 ary Army. He was with Washington at 
 Valley Forge, and the record of his mil- 
 itary career constitutes a narrative of 
 thrilling interest. He lived to be six 
 months more than a hundred years old. 
 Mrs. Calligan's grandfather, Eleazer Har- 
 low, owned and lived on a farm adjoining 
 that of Daniel Webster, at Marshfield, 
 Mass. The two men were warm personal 
 friends, and Mr. Harlow was one of the 
 pall-bearers at the funeral of the great 
 New England statesman. 
 
 The only child of Mr. and Mrs. Calli- 
 gan is Mrs. Grace Brenton Williams, who 
 is a Daughter of the Revolution, and pre- 
 serves among her cherished possessions 
 the cartridge box and bayonet of her 
 ancestor, John Bourne, and other relics of 
 the Revolution. 
 
 Politically. Mr. Calligan was a Re- 
 publican of pronounced views. Frater- 
 nally, he was made a member of the 
 Masonic Order in Norfold Lotlge, at 
 Xeedham. Mass., in 1883. His religious 
 associations were with the Second Pres- 
 byterian Church of Evanston. 
 
 ROBERT DODDS. 
 
 Dr. Robert Dodcls, physician and sur- 
 geon, who is located at No. 144 Oakwood 
 Boulevard, Chicago, 111., was born at 
 Kirkmaiden, Scotland, February 12, 1856. 
 In boyhood he was a pupil in the gram- 
 mar schools of Scotland, and subsequently 
 pursued a course of study in Ayr Acad- 
 emy, in that country. He graduated from 
 the Medical Department of the North- 
 
 western University in 1890. with the de- 
 gree of M. D. Dr. Dodds is Attending 
 Surgeon to the Chicago Baptist Hospital 
 and the Charity Hospital. Gynecologist of 
 the Post-Graduate School and Hospital, 
 and Lecturer in the Methodist Training 
 School for Home and Foreign Missions. 
 He is a member of the American Medical 
 Association, the Illinois State Medical 
 Society, the Chicago Medical Society, the 
 Chicago Medico-Legal Society, and the 
 Chicago Gynecological Society. Dr. Dodds 
 was united in marriage with Jessie B. 
 Brown in April, 1890. and one child has 
 been the offspring of this union, namely : 
 Marv West Dodds. 
 
 CASSIUS M. C. BUNTAIN. 
 
 Cassius M. Clay Buntain. lawyer, of 
 Kankakee, Kankakee County, 111., was 
 born in Momence, in that county, October 
 15, 1876, the son of Thomas Jefferson and 
 Anna (Vankirk) Buntain. His early 
 youth was spent in his native town, where 
 he obtained his primary mental training 
 in the public school. On September 7, 
 1891, he entered the Momence High 
 School, from which he graduated as class 
 orator and valedictorian May 23. 1894. 
 On September 12, 1894. he entered the 
 Northwestern University Academy at 
 Evanston, 111., from which he graduated 
 June 8, 1896. On September 21, 1809. he 
 became a student in the law school of 
 Northwestern University, from which he 
 graduated June 19, 1902, with the degree 
 of LL. B. He had previously (June 15, 
 1899) received the degree of A. B. from 
 Northwestern University, and that of A. 
 M. was conferred upon him by the Col- 
 lege of Liberal Arts in Evanston June 19. 
 1902. In 1894-95. ne was President of 
 the Momence High School Alumni Asso- 
 
612 
 
 BIOGRAPHICAL 
 
 ciation, and Chairman of its Executive 
 Committee in 1895-96. The prizes which 
 were awarded Mr. Buntain in connection 
 with his studies in Momence, 111., were as 
 follows: a silver medal. October 15, 
 1890. at the Inter-State Hay Palace in 
 that place, for the "best scholarship in 
 arithmetic" : a $3 prize for the best map 
 of the United States drawn from mem- 
 ory : a $3 prize for the best solution 
 for a problem in mathematics; a prize for 
 the best note-book kept during the year; 
 first prize (a silver medal) in the Demor- 
 est declamation contest at Momence, 111.. 
 April 3. 1891; first prize (a. gold medal) 
 in the Dtmorest declamation contest at 
 Watseka. 111., August 20, 1891 : first prize 
 (a gold medal) in a declamation contest 
 at Chicago Heights. 111.. January 6. 1894: 
 and first prize (grand gold medal) in the 
 Demorest declamation contest at Urbana, 
 111., September 7. 1894. In Northwestern 
 University Academy, Evanston, 111., Mr. 
 Buntain won second place in the Colum- 
 bian Oratorical Contest, May 25, 1895. 
 
 In the course of his academic and col- 
 lege connections Mr. Buntain received, 
 in 1895-96. a State scholarship for four 
 years. During the same period, he was 
 chosen Trig Cremation orator. In 1896- 
 97, he was a member of the Rogers Debat- 
 ing Club and was nominated by the class 
 committee as editor of the "Syllabus." 
 In 1897-98. he was Chairman of the Pan- 
 Hellenic Association : leader of the Junior 
 Promenade, February 18. 1898: member 
 of the Junior Play Committee and cast, 
 elected a member of the Rogers De- 
 bating Club team for 1898-99: and Dele- 
 gate to the province convention of the 
 "Phi Delta Theta" Fraternity at Lin- 
 coln, Nebraska, May 19, 1898. He also 
 represented the same fraternity at its 
 semi-centennial convention at Columbus, 
 
 Ohio, November 21-25, 1898- O n Sep- 
 tember 29, 1904, at St. Louis, Mo., he was 
 elected Vice-President of the General 
 Council of the "Phi Delta Phi" Fraternity. 
 He joined the "Phi Delta Theta" Frater- 
 nity December 7. 1895, and became a 
 member of the "Theta Xu Epsilon" Fra- 
 ternity May 13. 1898. He was initiated 
 into the "Deru" (Senior Fraternity) on 
 May 27. 1898. On May 1 1, 190x3, he was 
 initiated into the legal fraternity of "Phi 
 Delta Phi." On May 24. 1901, he was 
 elected President of the class of 1902, for 
 the senior year (1901-02). During the 
 summer of 1898, Mr. Buntain served as 
 clerk in the Adjutant General's Office 
 (War Department), \Vashington, D. C. 
 On October 28th of the same year he was 
 a member of the winning team in the 
 first semi-final debate of the Inter Society 
 Debating League. On January 13. 1899, 
 he was a Cleveland declamation contest- 
 ant and a Lyman J. Gage debate contest- 
 ant April 14, 1899. On February 21. 1899, 
 he was elected to membership in the Soci- 
 ety of American Wars. 
 
 On October 7-8. 1902. Mr. Buntain 
 passed the State Bar Examination at 
 Springfield, 111., and on October I7th. fol- 
 lowing, was admitted to practice. From 
 February 2, to May 6, 1903, he was clerk 
 in the law firm of Dupee. Judah, Willard 
 & Wolf, of Chicago, and from May 141)1 
 to October 291)1 of that year he acted as 
 assistant attorney for Farson, Leach & 
 Co. of that city. On April 4, 1904, he 
 opened up a law office at 25 Arcade Build- 
 ing, Kankakee. 111., where he has since 
 been successfully engaged in practice. In 
 fraternal circles, the subject of this sketch 
 is identified with the Royal Arcanum. 
 Grove City Council No. 832; also Kanka- 
 kee (111.) Lodge No. 389 of Ancient Free 
 and Accepted Masons; Kankakee (111.) 
 
HISTORY OF EVANSTON 
 
 613 
 
 Chapter No. 78 Royal Arch-Masons ; and 
 Ivanhoe Commandery No. 33 Knights 
 Templar, Kankakee, 111. 
 
 PETER THOMAS BURNS, M. D. 
 
 Dr. Peter Thomas Burns, physician, 
 who is located at No. 531 South Leavitt 
 Street, Chicago, 111., was born in Osman, 
 \\'is., October 5, 1864. In early youth he 
 attended the common and high schools of 
 his native place, and in 1888 matriculated 
 in the Medical Department of Northwest- 
 ern University, from which he was grad- 
 uated with the degree of M. D. in 1891. 
 From the time of his graduation. Dr. 
 Burns has been a teacher in the Depart- 
 ment of Anatomy of the University Med- 
 ical School, in which, since 1892. he has 
 acted in the capacity of Assistant Pro- 
 fessor of Anatomy. Dr. Burns is a mem- 
 ber of the American Medical Association, 
 the Illinois State Medical Society, and the 
 Chicago Medical Society. The marriage 
 of the subject of this sketch took place on 
 June 21, 1892. when he was wedded to 
 Marv Adelaide Davis of Meeme, \Vis. 
 
 SOLOMON W. ZIPPERMAN. D. D. S. 
 
 Dr. Solomon \Yilliam Zipperman, who 
 is engaged in the practice of dentistry at 
 No. 538 South Halsted Street, Chicago, 
 111., is a native of the Russian Empire, 
 where he was born in Chotin, Bessarabia, 
 June 15. 1875. His boyhood and youth 
 were spent in the place of his birth, and 
 his earlier mental training was obtained 
 in the public schools of Chotin, Russia, 
 and in the high school there, of which he 
 is a graduate. 
 
 Shortly after coming to the United 
 States, Mr. Zipperman matriculated (in 
 
 1896) in the Northwestern University 
 Dental School, from which he was grad- 
 uated with the class of 1899, receiving the 
 degree of D. D. S. He immediately en- 
 tered upon the practice of his profession, 
 in which he has met with successful re- 
 sults, and has secured a remunerative 
 patronage. 
 
 Dr. Zipperman is a member of the 
 Alumni Association of the Northwestern 
 University Dental School, the Illinois 
 State Dental Society, and the Chicago 
 ( Klontographic Society : and is also fra- 
 ternally affiliated with Apollo Lodge No. 
 (142. A. F. & A. M., and Commercial 
 Lodge No. 165. I. ( ). O. F. 
 
 KOSCOE TOXYNLEY NICHOLS.M. D. 
 
 Roscoe Townley Nichols, physician and 
 surgeon, who is engaged in the practice 
 of his profession at Liberal. Seward 
 County. Kan., was born at Allerton, 
 XX'ayne County, la., on February 20. 1881. 
 In early youth he attended public school 
 in his native place, and. from 1895 to '899. 
 pursued a course of scientific study in the 
 Kansas State Agricultural College, from 
 which he was graduated in the year last 
 named, with the degree of B. S. He then, 
 in 1899-1901. studied medicine at St. 
 Louis. Mo., in Barnes Medical College 
 In September. 1901. he entered the North- 
 western University Medical School, grad- 
 uating therefrom with the degree of M. 
 D. in June. 1902. In 1899 he was Pres- 
 ident of the XX'ebster Literary Society of 
 the Kansas State Agricultural College, 
 and was on the editorial staff of the 
 "Students' Herald." of that institution, in 
 1898-90. 
 
 Dr. Nichols is a member of the South- 
 west Counties Medical Society of Kan- 
 sas, the Kansas State Medical Societv, 
 
6i 4 
 
 BIOGRAPHICAL 
 
 the American Medical Association, and 
 the American Academy of Medicine. Fra- 
 ternally, he is identified with the A. F. 
 & A. M., having been made a Mason by 
 Fargo Lodge No. 300 in May. 1903. On 
 May 3. 1903, he was united in marriage 
 with Osa Roscoe Clark, and two children 
 have been born of this union: Harry 
 Dale Nichols, born March 15, 1904, and 
 Alice C. Nichols, born August 22, 1905. 
 
 CHARLES L. RICHARDS. 
 
 Charles L. Richards, lawyer, of Hebron, 
 Neb., was born in Woodstock. 111.. March 
 21. 1856. and there, in boyhood, received 
 his primary mental training in the public 
 schools. At a later period he entered the 
 University of Illinois, at Champaign, from 
 which he was graduated with the class 
 of 1878. He pursued his legal studies in 
 the Union College of Law in Chicago, 
 graduating therefrom in 1884 with the 
 degree of LL. B. From 1886 to 18901 
 Mr. Richards held the office of Prosecut- 
 ing Attorney of Thayer County, Neb., and 
 in 1895 served in the capacity of member 
 and Speaker of the Nebraska House of 
 Representatives. 
 
 In fraternal circles, the subject of this 
 sketch is affiliated with the A. F. & A. M. 
 Religiously, he adheres to the faith of the 
 Presbyterian Church. Mr. Richards is 
 the father of four children, namely : Carl 
 G., John Lowrie. Webb and Bessie. 
 
 WILLIAM J. CAMDEN. 
 
 William J. Camden. pharmacist, of 
 Walhalla, North Dakota, was born in the 
 Province of Quebec, Canada, on Decem- 
 ber 19, 1872, received his early mental 
 training in the public schools of St. Paul. 
 
 Minn., and in September, 1890, matricu- 
 lated in the Northwestern University 
 School of Pharmacy in Chicago, III., 
 graduating in 1893 with the degree of 
 Graduate in Pharmacy. In 1897, he en- 
 gaged in business at his present location. 
 In 1902-03, he served in the capacity of 
 Vice-President of the North Dakota 
 Pharmaceutical Association, of which 
 body he was elected President in 1904. In 
 fraternal circles, the subject of this sketch 
 is identified with the K. of P., the A. F. 
 & A. M.. and the D. O. K. K. Mr. Cam- 
 den was united in marriage with Mary 
 Frances Horgan, of Walhalla, N. D., on 
 February 7, 1906. 
 
 CHARLES H. MAYO, M. D. 
 
 Charles Horace Mayo, who is engaged 
 in the practice of surgery at Rochester. 
 Minn., was born in that city July 19, 1865. 
 In youth he attended a private school, 
 and was also a pupil in the public and 
 high schools of his native place. In 1885 
 he matriculated in the Medical Depart- 
 ment of Northwestern University, in 
 Chicago. III., from which he was gradu- 
 ated in 1888 with the degree of M. D. 
 He received the honorary degree of A. M. 
 in 1904. Dr. Mayo is a member of the 
 firm of Mayo. Stinchfield & Graham of 
 Rochester, Minn., and is surgeon in St. 
 Mary's Hospital in that city. He is also 
 a member of the Minnesota State Board 
 of Health, and is connected with various 
 medical and surgical societies as follows : 
 The American Surgical Association ; the 
 Southern Surgical Association ; the West- 
 ern Surgical Association, of which he was 
 elected President in 1904 ; the American 
 Medical Association ; the Minnesota 
 State Medical Society, of which he was 
 President in 1905-06: the District Medical 
 
HISTORY OF EVANSTON 
 
 6i5 
 
 Society for the Southern Counties of the 
 Mississippi Valley ; and the Olmsted 
 County (Minn.) Medical Society. On 
 April 5, 1893, Dr. Mayo was united in 
 marriage with Edith Graham, who has 
 borne him five children, namely : Dorothy, 
 Charles, Edith, Joseph and Louise. 
 
 RAYXOR ELMORE HOLMES. M. D. 
 
 Dr. Raynor E. Holmes, physician and sur- 
 geon, Canon City, Colo., was born at New 
 Lenox, 111., November 2. 1871. In boyhood 
 he attended the public school in his na- 
 tive place, and his later youth was de- 
 voted to special studies. In 1893 he en- 
 tered the College of Liberal Arts of 
 Northwestern University, at Evanston. 
 111., and completed his course in 1895. 
 In 1896 he matriculated in the Northwest- 
 ern University Medical School, graduat- 
 ing therefrom in 1901, with the degree of 
 M. D. Dr. Holmes acted in the capacity 
 of interne in the Minnequa Hospital, in 
 Pueblo, Colo., from June, 1901. to Octo- 
 ber, 1902. From October. 1902. until the 
 present writing he has occupied the po- 
 sition of surgeon at Canon City and 
 Brookside, Colo., for the Colorado Fuel 
 & Iron Company. 
 
 The subject of this sketch is a member 
 of the Colorado State Medical Society: 
 the Fremont County (Colo.) Medical So- 
 ciety ; and the American Medical Asso- 
 ciation. 
 
 THOMAS BATES. 
 
 Thomas Bates, a prominent attorney 
 residing in Evanston, 111., was born in 
 Griggsville, Pike County. 111.. March 4,1844. 
 His parents, Thomas and Ann (Cleve- 
 land) Bates, were natives of Windsor. 
 Vt., where thev were born in 1815 and 
 
 * * J_ 
 
 1818, respectively. In the earlier period 
 of his life, Thomas Bates, Sr., was en- 
 gaged in fanning, but later became a mer- 
 chant and grain buyer. The son, Thom- 
 as, received his early mental training in 
 the common schools, and spent one year 
 in Illinois College,-at Jacksonville. After 
 leaving college he worked one year in his 
 father's store, and then went west as as- 
 sistant wagon-master in Sully & Sibley's 
 expedition against the Sioux Indians. 
 This occupied his time for about a year, 
 when he returned home and in May, 1862, 
 enlisted in Company B, Sixty-eighth Reg- 
 iment Illinois Infantry, which was at- 
 tached to the Army of the Potomac under 
 Gen. McClellan. The regiment first en- 
 listed as State Militia, but at the request 
 of its members was mustered into the 
 Federal service, and was engaged in 
 guarding forts, etc., for a period of about 
 four months, when it was mustered out 
 at Springfield. Thomas Bates returned 
 home when discharged, and taught school 
 at Towanda and Oilman, 111., for about 
 nine years. In 1876, he came to Chicago 
 and entered the law office of Leonard 
 Swett, having previously read law under 
 Mr. Swett's direction. In the autumn of 
 1876 he was admitted to the bar and 
 formed a partnership with his legal pre- 
 ceptor, under the firm name of Swett & 
 Bates. Subsequently Judge Van H. Hig- 
 gins was admitted, and the firm name be- 
 came Higgins, Swett & Bates. On Mr. 
 Higgins' withdrawal Pliny N. Haskell 
 was admitted, the style of the firm then 
 becoming Swett, Bates & Haskell. This 
 continued until 1884, when Mr. Bates re- 
 tired from the partnership and practiced 
 alone for three or four years, when Rich- 
 ard W. Barger, of Des Moines, Iowa, 
 was admitted as a partner. Later the 
 firm became Bates & Harding, and is now 
 Bates, Harding & Atkins. 
 
6i6 
 
 BIOGRAPHICAL 
 
 Mr. Bates has confined his practice 
 chiefly to fire insurance cases, and is attor- 
 ney for a large number of fire insurance 
 companies doing business in the West. 
 Among the famous suits which he has 
 conducted may be mentioned those in 
 Arkansas and in Kansas, known as the 
 "Anti-Trust Suits," brought for the pur- 
 pose of ousting all companies which were 
 in combination and had fixed rates, etc. 
 Mr. Bates was the attorney for the insur- 
 ance companies and won the suits. He 
 has defended the suits in both the above- 
 mentioned States and in Missouri, and is 
 attending to similar suits now pending in 
 Illinois. 
 
 Mr. Bates was married at Turner, 
 Maine, in December, 1872, to Sarah B. 
 Ricker. whose mother was a sister of 
 Leonard Swett and they have two chil- 
 dren living, namely : Rose Cleveland, born 
 in 1878: and Alfred Ricker, born in 1882. 
 Politically, Mr. Bates was a Democrat 
 until the Bryan campaign, when he be- 
 came, and still continues, a Republican. 
 He was one of the Trustees of the Village 
 of Evanston for two terms, before its in- 
 corporation as a city. In 1899 he was 
 elected Mayor of Evanston, serving one 
 term : and was nominated for a second 
 term but declined a re-election. Mr. 
 Bates is a member of the Country Club, 
 of Evanston, and of the Evanston Golf 
 Club. He is an attendant of the Presby- 
 terian Church. 
 
 EDWARD HEMPSTEAD. 
 
 Edward Hempstead (deceased), for 
 twenty years a highly respected citizen of 
 Evanston, is descended from a long line 
 of Puritan ancestors who were among 
 the first settlers of New London, Conn. 
 His grandfather, Stephen Hempstead, 
 born there in 1754, was a patriot and sol- 
 
 dier in the American Revolution, who 
 fought for his country from the first call 
 for troops at Lexington until the close of 
 the war. In 1811 he removed with his large 
 family to St. Louis, Mo., where his son 
 Edward Hempstead, a young and distin- 
 guished lawyer, had already preceded 
 him, and who was the first Delegate in 
 Congress from the region west of the 
 Mississippi River. His father, Charles S. 
 Hempstead, also a lawyer of marked abil- 
 ity, was intimately connected with the 
 early development of St. Louis, and later 
 of Galena, 111., where for many years he 
 had a large law practice extending over 
 what was then a wide western territory, 
 including Chicago in its early days. Ed- 
 ward Hempstead was born in St. Louis 
 in 1820. His mother, Rachel Wilt, of old 
 Pennsylvania Dutch lineage, died when 
 he was a child, and his youth was passed 
 with his father's relatives in that circle of 
 early pioneers of St. Louis, where true 
 Xew England hospitality, blended with 
 the grace and polish of the French set- 
 tlers, created such a charming society, 
 among whose number were the most emi- 
 nent people of those days. He was edu- 
 cated at Belleville, 111., Seminary, and 
 began his business career as a commission 
 merchant in Galena. In 1854 he came to Chi- 
 cago, and for nearly twenty years was en- 
 gaged in business as a member of the firm of 
 Hempstead & Horton, wholesale grocers. 
 With many others he lost home and prop- 
 erty in the great fire of 1871 and became, 
 for a short time a refugee in Evanston. 
 Soon after that disaster, retiring from bus- 
 iness, he became a permanent resident in 
 Evanston where he died in 1895. 
 
 A true Republican in sentiment, he took 
 the deepest interest in the political wel- 
 fare of his country, numbering among his 
 acquaintances Abraham Lincoln, Gen. U. 
 S. Grant. Hon. E. B. Washburne, and many 
 
HISTORY OF EVANSTON 
 
 617 
 
 other public men of Illinois of his time. 
 He was a liberal promoter and contribu- 
 tor toward all the early enterprises of 
 Chicago, one of the first members of its 
 Board of Trade, the Historical Society 
 and Art Institute, and always greatly in- 
 terested in the growth and prosperity of 
 that city. Mr. Hempstead was a man of 
 the highest integrity, of excellent judg- 
 ment and cultured taste, always loyal to 
 his friends, of a most social and kindly 
 disposition and highly esteemed by all 
 who knew him. He was married in 
 1846 to Miss Mary Cbrwith, of Bridge- 
 hampton. Long Island. Six of their eight 
 children are living. 
 
 Bank, and the local Building and Loan 
 Association. 
 
 CHARLES NEVILLE KIRK15RIDE. 
 
 Charles N. Kirkbride. attorney-at-law. 
 who resides in San Mateo, San Mateo 
 County, Cal., was born in Pueblo, Colo., 
 November 15, 1868. In early youth he at- 
 tended the public schools and in 1884, en- 
 tered the University of the Pacific, at San 
 Jose, Cal., where he graduated in 1887, 
 with the degree of Ph. B. He matricu- 
 lated in Northwestern University Law 
 School at Chicago, 111., in 1891, gradu- 
 ating therefrom in 1893, with the degree 
 of LL. B. 
 
 In 1889-90, Mr. Kirkbride was the edi- 
 tor of the "San Mateo (Cal.) Leader." 
 and in 1890-91, of the "Times-G- -ette," 
 at Redwood City, in the same St. . He 
 was admitted to the California bar in Oc- 
 tober, 1893, and was elected City Attorney 
 of San Mateo, Cal., in 1895, and still holds 
 that office. He is Secretary of the San 
 Mateo Public Library, and has filled the 
 position of Trustee of the San Mateo 
 Union High School since 1902. He is also 
 a Director of the San Mateo Athletic 
 Club, and attorney for the San Mateo 
 
 . GEORGE WILLIAM UIXON. 
 
 George \V. Dixon, lawyer, Secretary 
 and Treasurer of the Arthur Uixon Trans- 
 fer Company of Chicago, 111., residing at 
 No. 2706, Michigan Avenue, that city, is 
 a native of Chicago. After finishing his 
 primary studies in the public schools, and 
 completing his preparatory course in the 
 West Division High School in Chicago, 
 he matriculated in Northwestern Univer- 
 sity, from which he was graduated in 1889 
 with the degree of A. B. He then entered 
 Northwestern University Law School, 
 graduating therefrom in 1892, with the 
 degree of LL. B. During his under grad- 
 uate course, he was a contestant for the 
 Kirk Oratorical Prize, and was a member 
 of the Phi Beta Kappa, Phi Kappa Psi 
 and Phi Delta Phi fraternities. 
 
 From 1902 to 1906, Mr. Dixon repre- 
 sented the First Senatorial District of Il- 
 linois in the State Senate. He also served 
 as a member of the staff of Governor 
 Yates, with the rank of Colonel. In 1901- 
 02. he was President of the Chicago Meth- 
 odist Social Union. He is a member of 
 the Union League. Hamilton and Univer- 
 sity Clubs of Chicago and of the Chicago 
 Athletic Club, a thirty-second degree 
 Mason, a Knight Templar and Mystic 
 Shriner. 
 
 On March 2, 1903, the subject of this 
 sketch was united in marriage with Mar- 
 ian E. Martin. They have one daughter, 
 Marian. 
 
 JUDSON WILKES HOOVER. 
 
 Judson \Yilkes Hoover, who is engaged 
 in the drug business at 251 Main Street. 
 Galesburg, 111., was born in Avoca, Iowa, 
 
6i8 
 
 BIOGRAPHICAL 
 
 March 2, 1876. His primary mental train- 
 ing was obtained in the public schools of 
 his native town. After taking a prepara- 
 tory course in the Iowa Wesleyan Univer- 
 sity, at Mount Pleasant, Iowa, on Septem- 
 ber I, 1898, he matriculated in the North- 
 western University College of Pharmacy.' 
 from which he was graduated with the 
 degree of Ph. G., in June, 1899. 
 
 Mr. Hoover is a member of the M. \Y. 
 A. ; of the Northwestern University 
 Alumni Association of Pharmacy, in 
 which he holds the office of Secretary : a 
 member of the Soangetaka Club, the 
 Galesburg Cmmerciar Club and Fraternal 
 Tribunes of Galesburg. 111. On April 15, 
 1894. he was united in marriage with Miss 
 Kathryn Daugherty, of Ml. Pleasant. 
 Iowa, and one child has been born to them, 
 namely: Murlin Hoover, born June 30, 
 1895. 
 
 JAMES A. GARLAND, M. D. 
 
 James Asa Garland, physician and sur- 
 geon of Buchanan, Mich., was born in 
 Peoria, 111., January 15, 1871. In early 
 youth he attended the Chicago public 
 schools, and is a graduate of one of the 
 high schools in that city. He entered 
 Northwestern University in 1891, gradu- 
 ating from the medical department of 
 that institution in 1895. with the degree 
 of M. D. From 1898 to 1901. inclusive. 
 he served as Health Officer of -the city of 
 Buchanan, Mich., and of the township. 
 
 Dr. Garland is a member of the Ameri- 
 can Medical Association, the Berrien 
 County ( Mich.) Medical Society, and the 
 Red Cross Society, Berrien County Hu- 
 mane Society. In fraternal circles, he is 
 identified with the A. F. & A. M. and the 
 M. W. A. On November 27. 1901, Dr. 
 Garland was united in marriage with 
 Gertrude Friesleben, of Chicago. 
 
 AMOS A. L. SMITH. 
 
 Amos A. L. Smith, attorney at law, 
 who is located at No. 2316, Grand Avenue, 
 Milwaukee, Wis., was born at Appleton, 
 Wis., September 8, 1849. His primary 
 mental training was obtained in the public 
 schools of his native place and he pursued 
 his preparatory course of study in Law- 
 rence University, at Appleton. He then 
 entered Northwestern University in the 
 Sophomore year, and was graduated 
 therefrom with the class of 1872. He was 
 a member of the Adelphic Literary Socie- 
 ty and the Phi Beta Kappa Fraternity. 
 In the English Literature contest, his 
 essay on "Darwinism" won the "Presi- 
 dent's prize." He also won the one 
 hundred dollar prize for oratory, by his 
 oration on "Cavour." During the under- 
 graduate period, he held the position of 
 editor of the "Tripod." Mr. Smith has 
 been a member of the Board of Trustees 
 of the Milwaukee Woman's College, a 
 Director of the Wisconsin National Bank, 
 and of the Wisconsin Trust and Security 
 Company. Socially he is a member of the 
 Milwaukee Club, the Bankers' Club, the 
 Milwaukee Athletic Club, and the Blue 
 Mound Country Club. 
 
 Mr. Smith was wedded in 1874 to Frances 
 L. Brown, who died in 1891. In 1893 he 
 was united in marriage with Mary Niel 
 Anderson. He became the father of four 
 children, namely: Philip R.. Edwin L., 
 Laura L., and Walton K. 
 
 RICHARD R. JOHNSON, D.D.S. 
 
 Richard Roy Johnson, D.D.S. , who was 
 engaged in the practice of dentistry at 
 Great Falls, Mont., was born in White- 
 hall, Mich., September 25. 1874. In early 
 youth he attended the public schools of 
 his native town, and prepared for college 
 
HISTORY OF EVANSTON 
 
 619 
 
 in the High School at Lisbon, X. D.. 
 whence he went to the University of Min- 
 nesota Dental Department, in which he 
 completed the first year of the course in 
 1897. During the same year he matricu- 
 lated in Northwestern University Dental 
 College, from which he was graduated 
 with the class of 1899, receiving the de- 
 gree of D.D.S. He is a member of the 
 Delta Sigma Delta Fraternity. Shortly 
 after his graduation, he opened an office at 
 Lisbon, X. D., but sold his practice in 
 June, 1903, and moved to his present lo- 
 cation, where his efforts have been attend- 
 ed with good results. He is at present 
 lecturing on dentistry and hygiene at the 
 Columbus and Deaconess Hospitals in 
 that city. He is a member of the Montana 
 State Dental Society. 
 
 During 1902. and until his removal to 
 Montana, in June. 1903, Dr. Johnson held 
 the office of City Treasurer of Lisbon, X. 
 D.. and in that city he was married on 
 September 26, 1900, to Florence May 
 Severance. Two children have resulted 
 from their union, namely : Maude Lucille, 
 born in Lisbon. X. D.. June 25, 1902: and 
 Winnifred May, born in Great Falls, May 
 30, i<jc>4. Fraternally. Dr. Johnson is 
 identified with the A. F. & A. M.. and is 
 Past Master of the Lisbon Lodge of that 
 order. He is also a member of the R. A. 
 Chapter and Commandery of Knights 
 Templar. 
 
 C. PRUYX STRINGFIELD, M. D.. 
 
 Dr. C. Pruyn Stringfield, physician and 
 surgeon, whose office is located in the 
 Western Union Telegraph Building, in 
 Chicago, 111., was born in Washington. 
 D. C., December 12. 1866. In youth he 
 made diligent use of the facilities for in- 
 struction afforded by the public schools 
 of Topeka. Kan., and entered the Medical 
 
 Department of Xorthwestern L'niversity 
 in 1886, graduating therefrom in 1889. 
 From that year until 1894, he assisted 
 Prof. Ralph S. Isham in clinical surgery. 
 He was President of the Chicago Medi- 
 cal Examiners' Association in 1902 
 and 1903. In 1895. 1896 and 1897, he was 
 connected with the Health Department of 
 the City of Chicago. 
 
 Dr. Stringfield was consulting physic.ian 
 of the Chicago Baptist Hospital : attending 
 surgeon to the Cook County Hospital ; is 
 physician to the Actors' Fund of America : 
 was Medical Director of the Marquette Life 
 Insurance Company, and is now Medical 
 Examiner for the Phoenix Mutual Life Com- 
 pany of Hartford ; resident physician of 
 the Grand Pacific Hotel, in Chicago; and 
 ex-contract surgeon of the United States 
 Marine Corp. He is a member of the 
 American Medical Association : the Illi- 
 nois State Medical Society : the Chicago 
 Medical Society ; the American Associa- 
 tion of Life Examining Surgeons; Chi- 
 cago Medical Examiners' Association and 
 the Association of Military Surgeons of 
 the United States. From 1901 to 1905. 
 Dr. Stringfield served on the staff of Gov- 
 ernor Yates. of Illinois, with the rank of 
 Colonel. 
 
 Fraternally, the subject of this sketch 
 is a Mason, a life-member of the B. P. O. 
 Elks, and is Past Chancellor of the 
 Knights of Pythias. He belongs to the 
 Chicago Athletic Club ; South Shore 
 Country Club ; the Chicago Yacht Club : 
 the Hamilton, the Forty and the Chicago 
 Automobile Clubs. 
 
 The marriage of Dr. Stringfield took 
 place on August 14. 1889, when Miss 
 Josephine Milgie. a most estimable and 
 accomplished lady, became his wife. He 
 is widely and favorably known in Chi- 
 cago and the State, where he is held in 
 high esteem, individually, professionally 
 and as a citizen. 
 
620 
 
 BIOGRAPHICAL 
 
 ALEXANDER F. BANKS. 
 
 Alexander F. Banks, a prominent rail- 
 way official, whose residence is at No. 
 1908 Sheridan Road, Evanston, 111., and 
 who is widely and favorably known 
 throughout the railway circles of Illinois, 
 was born in Crawford County, Ind., on 
 January 31, 1861. He is a son of Henry 
 Bartlett and Julia C. (French) Banks, na- 
 tives of Kentucky, his father born in Wash- 
 ington County, that State, in 1809, and 
 his mother, in Maysville, in 1822. Henry 
 Bartlett Banks, who was a farmer by oc- 
 cupation, moved with his family from 
 Kentucky to Crawford County, Ind., in 
 1844. and there engaged in agricultural 
 pursuits. His son, Alexander, attended 
 the common schools of Indiana during the 
 winter months, until he was thirteen years 
 of age, and in the intervals between the 
 school terms, assisted his father in the 
 work on the farm. At that period he 
 started out to work for himself. 
 
 In 1877, when sixteen years old. Air. 
 Banks entered upon his career in the rail- 
 way service as a clerk at Evansville. Ind., 
 and, in 1879, was appointed contracting 
 freight agent of the St. Louis & South- 
 western Railway. In 1880, he became con- 
 nected with the Continental Fast Freight 
 Line, and served in the capacity of Agent 
 and General Agent of that company until 
 1888. In that year he entered the service 
 of the Iowa Central Railway Company, at 
 Peoria, III., as General Agent, afterwards 
 serving successively as General Freight 
 Agent, General Freight and Passenger 
 Agent, and as Traffic Manager. In 1893 
 Mr. Banks left the services of the Iowa 
 Central Railway Company, in order to be- 
 come General Freight Agent of the Elgin. 
 Joliet & Eastern Railway Company. He 
 was appointed Traffic Manager of that 
 
 company, and also of the Lake Shore & 
 Eastern Railway Company, in 1894. In 
 1900 he was elected President of both of 
 these corporations and still serves in that 
 capacity. 
 
 In November, 1883, Mr. Banks was 
 united in marriage with Blanche Nichol- 
 son, at Evansville, Ind., and of this union 
 three children have been born, namely : 
 Duke Nicholson, Blanche, and Charles 
 Ackert. Mr. Banks has risen, step by 
 step, from a lowly grade of railway serv- 
 ice, through superior innate ability, to 
 his present high and responsible position, 
 and is regarded as one of the most thor- 
 ough and capable railroad officials in this 
 section of the country. 
 
 AUGUST AHLBERG. 
 
 August Ahlberg, Evanston, 111., was 
 born in Sweden. August 5, 1845. tne son of 
 Johan Gustave and Margaret Christina 
 (Olson) Ahlberg, his ancestors on both 
 sides having been natives of Sweden for 
 generations. After receiving his educa- 
 tion in his native country, he learned the 
 cabinet-making trade and, in 1871, came 
 to America, arriving in Chicago in July of 
 that year. In 1878. he removed to Evanston, 
 where he has followed the cabinet busi- 
 ness continuously ever since. Mr. Ahl- 
 berg was married in 1872 to Margaret C. 
 ( Jslund, who is also a. native of Sweden, 
 and they have three children : Theresa. 
 Axel Renaldo and Gertrude. In religious 
 faith he is a Baptist and a member of the 
 Swedish Baptist Church, and in political 
 opinions is a Republican, but is not identi- 
 fied with any secret fraternal organiza- 
 tions. His residence is at 2122 Harrison 
 Street, Evanston. 
 
HISTORY OF EVANSTON 
 
 621 
 
 DR. STEPHEN V. BALDERSTON. 
 
 Stephen Victor Balderston, a very fav- 
 orably known and successful physician, of 
 Evanston, 111., was born in Prince Edward 
 Island, Canada, November 5, 1868, a son 
 of Hon. John and Sarah (Weeks) Bald- 
 erston, both natives of Prince Edward Is- 
 land. His father was born October 31, 
 1831, and his mother, May 3, 1841. The 
 occupation of the former was that of a 
 fanner and miller and. in his civic career, he 
 attained prominence and distinction as a 
 statesman. Hon. John Balderston first 
 came into public notice at the age of 
 twenty-eight years, in connection with the 
 movement, in Prince Edward Island, for 
 the abolition of landlordism in that col- 
 ony. \Yhen thirty-two years old, he was 
 elected to the Legislative Council, in 
 which he served twenty-four years, during 
 ten years of this period acting as Presi- 
 dent of that body. When Prince Edward 
 Island became a Province of the Domin- 
 ion of Canada, in 1870. the title of Hon- 
 orable was bestowed upon Mr. Balderston, 
 as a mark of favor, by Queen Victoria. 
 
 The paternal grandfather of Dr. Bald- 
 erston was a native of Cornwall, England, 
 and a descendant of an old border family 
 which lived in the land of the Douglases. 
 Grandmother I'alderston's people were 
 Protestant Irish, born in Wexford. One 
 brother was condemned to be burned by 
 Irish insurrectionists in a holocaust of 
 some hundreds in a large barn, but was 
 rescued at the last moment by a priest, 
 who was a personal friend. The Weeks 
 family were also Irish Protestants, and 
 one member of it was a Captain of foot 
 soldiers during the Irish Rebellion. 
 
 Stephen Victor Balderston spent his 
 childhood on his father's farm, and was 
 a sprightly lad of a somewhat studious 
 disposition. In early youth he utilized 
 the advantages afforded by the common 
 
 schools in the vicinity of his home, and 
 then pursued a course of study in Prince 
 of Wales College, at Charlottetown, 
 Prince Edward Island. After leaving 
 college, he applied himself to teaching 
 school for a time. His professional edu- 
 cation was subsequently obtained in the 
 University of Pennsylvania Medical De- 
 partment, at Philadelphia, from which he 
 was graduated in 1895. In the same year 
 he took the position of interne in the hos- 
 pital of the National Soldiers' Home, in 
 Virginia, where he was promoted to be 
 First Assistant Surgeon in 1897. This 
 position he resigned in December, 1899, 
 to take up private practice in Evanston. 
 During the period spent in the hospital at 
 Hampton, Va., he served through an epi- 
 demic of yellow fever. While there he 
 became a citizen of the commonwealth of 
 Virginia. 
 
 On January 5, 1903, Dr. Balderston was 
 united in marriage, in the National Sol- 
 diers' Home, in Virginia, with Jessie Eliz- 
 abeth Thompson, who was born August 
 17, 1873, ' n tne National Military Home 
 at Dayton, Ohio. Her father was a vet- 
 eran of the Civil War, having served in 
 the Third Regiment Kentucky Volunteer 
 Infantry and lost an arm on the battle- 
 field. He was a member of the staff at 
 the National Military Home at Dayton, 
 Ohio, and Governor of the National Sol- 
 diers' Home in Virginia. Mrs. Balderston 
 is a graduate of the Woman's College of 
 Baltimore, Md., and a member of the 
 Alpha Phi Sorority. 
 
 Dr. Balderston is a member of the John 
 Ashhurst, Jr., Surgical Society of the 
 University of Pennsylvania, the Chicago 
 Pediatric Society, the Chicago Medical 
 Society, and the Illinois State Medical 
 Society. In politics, he is inclined to 
 favor the general policies of the Repub- 
 lican party, but is not in accord with high- 
 
622 
 
 BIOGRAPHICAL 
 
 tariff legislation. He voted for McKinley 
 and Roosevelt. In religion, the doctor 
 adheres to the faith of the Methodist 
 Church. 
 
 Next to his love of good books and his 
 partiality for microscopic investigation, 
 the subject of this sketch is fond of out- 
 door sports, especially golf. Most of all. 
 in a practical sense, he likes to be regarded 
 as a family doctor who tries to make peo- 
 ple physically better and mentally hap- 
 pier. He takes an earnest and intelligent 
 interest in public affairs, and supports all 
 measures tending to promote the welfare 
 of the city of his adoption. 
 
 HENRY W. HINSDALE. 
 
 Henry W. Hinsdale, an old and widely 
 known resident of Evanston, now living in 
 honored retirement, was born in Benning- 
 ton, Vt., August 19, 1825, being descended 
 from an old New England family. His 
 father, Hiram W. Hinsdale, was a farmer 
 by occupation. The son attended the public 
 schools of Bennington, and later, went to 
 school at Grand Rapids, Mich., to which 
 place his parents moved at an early date. 
 Grand Rapids was then an Indian trading 
 post. Henry stayed on the farm until he 
 was seventeen years old, and then set out 
 alone for Chicago, where he arrived with 
 but two dollars in his pocket and having no 
 acquaintance to advise him. He looked 
 about for something to do, and finally se- 
 cured employment with J. H. Dunham, 
 then the leading wholesale grocer. His 
 wages at first were two dollars per week. 
 He was employed as a clerk in this store 
 for ten years, his salary for the last five 
 years of this period amounting to $2,500 per 
 year. He was afterwards a partner in the 
 concern for three years, and then bought 
 
 Mr. Dunham's interest and became the head 
 of the firm of Hinsdale & Babcock. Later 
 he built a block at the corner of South Wa- 
 ter and River Streets, which he occupied 
 as head of the firm of Hinsdale, Sibley & 
 Babcock. He carried on this business until 
 the spring of 1867, when he temporarily 
 retired. He was the most extensive whole- 
 sale grocer of his day in Chicago. 
 
 Just before the great fire of 1871, Mr. 
 Hinsdale went to Grand Rapids, where he 
 built a beautiful home, intending to live 
 there. The fire destroyed property belong- 
 ing to him, worth more than $500,000, and 
 evidence of his high standing as a merchant 
 is found in the fact that two of his New 
 York correspondents telegraphed him au- 
 thority to draw on them for $50,000 each. 
 
 Mr. Hinsdale has known Chicago since 
 it was a small city, and can remember hunt- 
 ing deer where the Board of Trade Build- 
 ing stands. His business career began in 
 Chicago during the 'forties, and continued 
 for a period of more than fifty years. His 
 first residence was on Wabash Avenue, 
 where he built the first house north of 
 Twelfth Street. Later he had a house on 
 Prairie Avenue. He removed to Evanston 
 in the 'sixties, where he lived for three or 
 four years before going to Grand Rapids. 
 He continued to reside at the latter place 
 until 1879, engaged in loaning money for 
 Eastern capitalists and in rebuilding Chi- 
 cago property. During the years 'of his 
 experience as a pioneer merchant, he had 
 formed a wide acquaintance with Western 
 business men, who had great confidence in 
 his sagacity and foresight. 
 
 In 1879 Mr. Hinsdale moved from Grand 
 Rapids to Evanston, and went into the 
 brokerage business, in which he was en-?, 
 gaged for fourteen years. At the end of 
 this period he became manager of the 
 Chamber of Commerce safetv vaults. This 
 
HISTORY OF EVANSTON 
 
 623 
 
 position he held until July, 1904, when he 
 abandoned an active business life. While 
 in the brokerage business he represented 
 three of the leading sugar refineries of the 
 United States. After the capture of New 
 Orleans in the Civil War, he sent north the 
 first cargo of sugar, loading three vessels. 
 
 Mr. Hinsdale was one of the early mem- 
 bers of the Chicago Board of Trade, and 
 one of the first stockholders of the Elgin 
 Watch company. The Merchants Loan & 
 Trust Company was organized in the office 
 of J. H. Dunham & Co., with which Mr. 
 Hinsdale was connected. He was a pas- 
 senger on the first train that ran west of 
 Chicago on the Chicago & Galena Union 
 Railroad. In 1866 he made an overland 
 journey to California, returning by way of 
 the Isthmus of Panama. The beautiful 
 town of Hinsdale, on the Chicago, Burling- 
 ton & Quincy Railway, was named after 
 Mr. Hinsdale by its founders, who were his 
 friends. 
 
 The subject of this sketch was married 
 in Chicago, at the home of Mrs. Hinsdale, 
 on State Street, opposite Marshall Field's 
 present store, wedding Eliza Chatfield, a 
 daughter of Judge John Chatfield, of Ba- 
 tavia, N. Y. The children born of this 
 union are : Henry K. Hinsdale, now of New 
 York ; Mrs. Charlotte Hinsdale Mosely, 
 and Benjamin Hinsdale, of Evanston. 
 
 Religiously Mr. Hinsdale is an Episco- 
 palian, and served as Warden of Grace Epis- 
 copal Church in Chicago, for many years. 
 He is now a communicant of St. Mary's 
 Episcopal Church of Evanston. 
 
 THOMAS H. BEEBE. 
 
 Thomas H. Beebe, a venerable and great- 
 ly esteemed citizen of Evanston, 111., who 
 is passing his declining years in well- 
 
 earned repose, was born in St. Louis, Mo., 
 March 31, 1819, the son of Elijah and 
 Sarah (Hempstead) Beebe, natives of Con- 
 necticut. The Beebe family came to Ameri- 
 ca with Gov. Winthrop's colony. John 
 Beebe started from Northamptonshire, 
 England, with his wife and five sons, in 
 1650, but died on shipboard. The remain- 
 der of the family settled at New London, 
 Conn. From its head, all the Beebes are de- 
 scended. At a convention of citizens of 
 Columbia County, N. Y., held June 24, 
 1776, Martin Beebe was made a member 
 of a committee which was instructed to 
 draft resolutions declaring for Independ- 
 ence. The Hempstead family is also of an- 
 cient and honorable origin. 
 
 Elijah Beebe journeyed from New Eng- 
 land to St. Louis in 1813, making the trip 
 to Pittsburg, Pa., overland. There he pur- 
 chased a keel-boat and took a cargo of flour 
 down the river. At Louisville, Ky., he 
 took aboard John and Benjamin O'Fallon, 
 men who afterwards became noted citizens 
 'of St. Louis. By trade Elijah Beebe was a 
 saddler and harness maker, and established 
 himself in that line in St. Louis. Subse- 
 quently, he took a contract to supply beef 
 to the Government forts. On one of his 
 excursions in this connection, Indians 
 robbed him of a whole herd of cattle, for 
 which loss he was reimbursed by Congress 
 through the efforts of Col. Thomas H. 
 Benton. 
 
 Thomas H. Beebe received his early edu- 
 cation in the public schools of St. Louis and 
 in the country schools of Belleville, 111., and 
 afterwards went to work in the dry goods 
 store of his uncle, William Hempstead, in 
 St. Louis. He was later employed by 
 Hempstead and Beebe. This firm was in 
 the river trade, and was interested in steam- 
 boats. Mr. Beebe afterwards became a 
 clerk at different times on several of these 
 
624 
 
 BIOGRAPHICAL 
 
 boats, and followed the river for about four 
 years. He then went to the Rocky Moun- 
 tains with a wagon train, and on this trad- 
 ing expedition had an interesting experi- 
 ence among the Indians. 
 
 In 1841 Mr. Beebe went to Galena, 111., 
 where his uncle, William Hempstead, was 
 in business, and was employed by him for 
 two 'years, becoming his uncle's partner, at 
 a later period, in smelting and dealing in 
 lead. This connection lasted until 1853, 
 when he came to Chicago and opened a 
 branch house under the name of T. H. 
 Beebe & Co., in the forwarding and com- 
 mission line. Isaac L. Lyon and E. G. 
 Merrick became members of the firm dur- 
 ing its first year, and the business was trans- 
 acted under the firm name of Beebe, Lyon 
 & Co. Mr. Beebe bought his uncle's half- 
 interest, and the firm purchased a half-in- 
 terest in the lumber firm of Capt. Jesse H. 
 Leavenworth, who owned mills and timber 
 land at Peshtigo, Wis. The firm of Beebe, 
 Lyon & Co. was dissolved in 1855, Mr. 
 Beebe retaining his lumber interest with 
 Capt. Leavenworth. 
 
 William B. Ogden. the first Mayor of 
 Chicago, became a partner of Beebe, in 
 1856, and the Peshtigo Lumber Company 
 was formed that year. Mr. Beebe after- 
 wards became President of this company, 
 and filled that office until 1873, when he re- 
 signed and disposed of his interest in the 
 business. 
 
 In 1873, Mr. Beebe went to California as 
 general superintendent of a large lumber 
 concern. After a short time he returned 
 to Chicago, and was subsequently connect- 
 ed with the First National Bank, of that 
 city, and the Consolidated Paper Company. 
 He was a sufferer from the great fire of 
 1871, after which he moved to Highland 
 Park, where he lived six years and served 
 as Mayor in 1874. He afterwards returned 
 
 to Chicago, whence, in 1891, he moved to 
 Evanston, where he has since resided. He 
 was an early member of the Chicago Board 
 of Trade, of which he was Vice-President 
 for two years. 
 
 Thomas H. Beebe was married in 1844 
 to Catherine Eddowes, a daughter of John 
 and Lydia Eddowes, of Galena, 111. Mrs. 
 Beebe was born in Newcastle County, Dela- 
 ware. She died June 3, 1902, after fifty- 
 eight years of wifely companionship. The 
 children of this union who are living are 
 as follows: Edward H., who lives in Cali- 
 fornia ; William H., Dr. John E., Christ- 
 opher K., of Chicago; Archibald A., and 
 Catherine E. ; Mrs. Lydia (Beebe) Van Du- 
 sen and Mrs. Mary K. Valentine, of Evans- 
 ton. 
 
 Politically, Mr. Beebe was a Whig in his 
 early life, but later acted in co-operation 
 with the Democratic Party until 1896, and 
 since that time has been an Independent Re- 
 publican. Religiously, he is classed as a 
 Presbyterian. 
 
 JOHN G. BYRNE, M. D. 
 
 John G. Byrne, physician and surgeon, 
 who is engaged in the practice of his pro- 
 fession at Spokane, Wash., was born in 
 Chicago, 111., January 22, 1871. He at- 
 tended the Chicago public schools, and was 
 a student in Dennison University, in 1887- 
 89, and in Lake Forest Academy in 1890. 
 In 1891 he matriculated in Northwestern 
 University Medical School, from which he 
 was graduated in 1894 with the degree of 
 M. D. From April, 1894, to May, 1895, 
 he acted in the capacity of interne in Wes- 
 ley Hospital, Chicago. He is a member of 
 the Phi Rho Sigma Fraternity. 
 
 On March 2, 1887, the subject of this 
 sketch enlisted as a private in the Second 
 Regiment, Illinois National Guard, and be- 
 
HISTORY OF EVANSTON 
 
 came Corporal of Company E, May 17, 
 1890; Sergeant, December 15, 1890; First 
 Sergeant and Hospital Steward in 1896; 
 Assistant Surgeon, December 22, 1897 ; 
 First Lieutenant and Assistant Surgeon Il- 
 linois Volunteer Infantry, May 16, 1898, 
 and resigned September 28, 1898. He was 
 appointed Acting Assistant Surgeon U. S. 
 Army, November 9, 1899, and served as 
 such until March 20, 1903, spending one 
 year in the Philippines, where he was 
 wounded, June 26, 1900. He was Post 
 Surgeon at Fort Wright from December (a, 
 1900 to March 20, 1903. 
 
 Dr. Byrne is a member of the Snohomish 
 County (Wash.) Medical Society, and a 
 life member of Northwestern University 
 Alumni Medical Association. Socially, he is 
 a member of the Spokane Club, and the M. 
 W. A., the Royal Highlanders, and Sur- 
 geon to Spanish War Veterans. 
 
 On October 14, 1897, Dr. Byrne was 
 united in marriage with Annie S. Hewitt, 
 who has held the position of Superintend- 
 ent of Wesley Hospital in Chicago, and of 
 the West Side Hospital, in the same city. 
 Dr. and Mrs. Byrne have one child Kath- 
 erine Anna, born November 7, 1903. 
 
 JOHN J. FLINN. 
 
 John J. Flinn became a resident of the 
 village of South Evanston in the summer 
 of 1880, when he purchased from General 
 Julius White the house which he and his 
 family have since occupied at 814 Michigan 
 Avenue. The street was then called Con- 
 gress Street, but later the name was 
 changed to Wheeler Avenue. It became 
 Michigan Avenue by adopting the name of 
 the extension north of Main Street, which 
 was then called Lincoln Avenue. With 
 the exception of three years, Mr. Flinn has 
 been continuously a resident of Evanston 
 
 from the time of his first removal here. 
 He has thus witnessed practically all the 
 changes that have occurred here for the 
 last twenty-five years, and has taken an ac- 
 tive part in connection with some of the 
 most important of them. 
 
 Mr. Flinn was born in Clonmel, Ireland, 
 December 5, 1851, his parents being James 
 and Margaret (Cunningham) Flinn. Com- 
 ing to America with his widowed mother in 
 1863, after receiving only an elementary 
 education in his native country, he began 
 life on this side as a cash boy in Boston. 
 Thanks to the fact that the Boston Public 
 Library was open to him. his education was 
 uninterrupted. He read everything that he 
 could lay his hands on, and kept this up 
 when his family moved to Missouri. At eigh- 
 teen years of age he began to contribute 
 matter to the local newspapers, at twenty- 
 one became a reporter in St. Joseph. Mo., 
 and one year later secured a position under 
 Joseph B. McCullagh (inventor of the "In- 
 terview"), on the "St. Louis Globe," now 
 the "Globe-Democrat.'' At twenty-two he 
 was made night editor of that journal, later 
 was entrusted with the Legislative corre- 
 spondence, and in 1873 reported the proceed- 
 ings of the Missouri State Constitutional 
 Convention. His days in St. Louis were 
 contemporaneous with those of Eugene 
 Field, Stanley Huntly, Stanley Waterloo, 
 William Lightfoot Visscher, and others 
 who have won celebrity in literature. 
 
 In 1875 Mr. Flinn became associated 
 with Melville E. Stone in the editorship of 
 the "Chicago Daily News," and was con- 
 nected with that newspaper during the first 
 seven years of its existence. In 1883 ne 
 was appointed Consul to Chemnitz, Sax- 
 ony. Returning he became associated with 
 Frank Hatton, who was Postmaster-Gener- 
 al under President Arthur, and Clinton A. 
 Snowden, in the publication of the "Chi- 
 cago Mail," and later was managing editor 
 
626 
 
 BIOGRAPHICAL 
 
 of the "Chicago Times." Since 1897 he has 
 been an editorial writer on the "Chicago 
 Inter Ocean." 
 
 In addition to his newspaper work, Mr. 
 Flinn has written numerous essays, lec- 
 tures, poems, a novel, etc. In connection 
 with John E. Wilkie, now chief of the Unit- 
 ed States Secret Service, he compiled a 
 "History of the Chicago Police." He is 
 the compiler, also, of the "Standard Guide 
 to Chicago," and was appointed compiler 
 of all the authorized Guide Books of the 
 World's Columbian Exposition. He is 
 a charter member of the Chicago Press 
 Club, and was elected to its Presidency in 
 1906. He is one of the founders of the 
 Twentieth Century Club of Evanston, and 
 has been its President. He is serving his 
 third term as a member of the Evanston 
 City Council. 
 
 FRANK MYER FORREY. 
 
 Frank Myer Forrey, credit man State 
 Bank of Chicago, was born in Cambridge 
 City, Ind., November i, 1859, the son of 
 William Sharpless and Lydia (Myer) For^~ 
 rey, the former a native of Milton, Ind., 
 and the latter of Dublin, Ind. The father 
 was engaged in the hotel business for many 
 years, for ten years was in charge of the 
 Hotel Phoenix at Shreveport, La. ; one year 
 with the Commercial Hotel at Muscatine, 
 Iowa; five years with the Occidental Hotel 
 at Wichita, Kan., and five years with the 
 Glen House at Harper, Kan. He died in 
 April, 1904. 
 
 Frank M. Forrey came to Chicago in 
 1864, acquired his education there and, in 
 1875, entered into the employment of the 
 Central National Bank, remaining one year, 
 when he became a clerk and later Exchange 
 Gerk, in the Clearing House for two years. 
 He was then offered the position of Assist- 
 
 ant Cashier of the firm of A. T. Stewart ut 
 Co., where three years later he assumed the 
 entire responsibility as Cashier without an 
 assistant. In 1881 he became connected 
 with the wholesale dry goods firm of James 
 H. Walker & Co., as Cashier, remaining 
 until the failure of the firm in 1893, when 
 he became an employe of the State Bank of 
 Chicago, in which, at the present time, he 
 holds the position of credit man. 
 
 On November i, 1881, Mr. Forrey was 
 married in the city of Chicago, to Alida 
 Churcher, who was born in Chicago in 1862 
 and is a granddaughter of Rev. Edward D. 
 Wheadon, who was a prominent Methodist 
 preacher and one of the early settlers of 
 Evanston. Mrs. Forrey 's mother was 
 a teacher in the vicinity of Evans- 
 ton a half century ago. Mr. and Mrs. 
 Forrey have lived at the same location in 
 Evanston, No. 2040 Sherman Avenue, since 
 1882, a period of nearly twenty-five years. 
 They have two children : La Jeune C., born 
 in Evanston, November i, 1885, and Rich- 
 ard Lindgren, born in the same place, De- 
 cember 5, 1891. The daughter, La Jeune, 
 won the oratorical contest of Literary So- 
 brieties as a student in Northwestern Uni- 
 versity in 1904, being the first female 
 student to gain that distinction in ten years. 
 
 Mr. Forrey served as Alderman of his 
 ward two years (1897-98), is a member of 
 the Republican party and in religious faith 
 and association a Methodist. He is fra- 
 ternally associated with the Royal Arca- 
 num, the Royal League, of which he has 
 been an officer since 1883 ; the Order of 
 Columbian Knights, and formerly a mem- 
 ber of the Boat Club, but later of the Evan- 
 ston Club. He is also identified with the 
 Evanston Musical Club, which includes in 
 its membership a large proportion of the 
 musical talent of the University city. 
 
HISTORY OF EVANSTON 
 
 627 
 
 MITCHELL DAVIS FOLLAXSBEE. ROLLIX CURTIS WINSLOW, M. D. 
 
 Mitchell Davis Follansbee. who is en- 
 gaged in the practice of the law in Chicago, 
 with offices in the Home Insurance Build- 
 ing, and in New York, with offices in the 
 Trinity Building, is the son of George A. 
 Follansbee. and was born in Chicago Janu- 
 ary 23, 1870. He obtained his education in 
 the public schools, the South Division High 
 School, Harvard School, and Harvard 
 University, from which he was graduated 
 in 1892. with the degree of A. B. He then 
 entered the Northwestern University Law 
 School, being graduated therefrom in 1894, 
 with the degree of LL. B. He was on the 
 first Board of the Northwestern Law Re- 
 view, and a member of the Phi Delta Phi 
 Legal Fraternity. He now holds the posi- 
 tion of lecturer on Legal Ethics in the 
 Northwestern University Law School and 
 is Professor of Illinois Practice in that 
 institution. He is a member of the Univer- 
 sity, Midday, Onwentsia, Forty, Saddle & 
 Cycle, and Harvard clubs of Chicago, and 
 belongs to the Legal Club, Law Club, the 
 Chicago Bar Association, the Illinois State 
 Bar Association, the Harvard Club and the 
 Lawyers' Club of New York, and the Har- 
 vard Union of Cambridge, Mass. He is 
 President of the District Council of the 
 Lower North District of the Bureau of 
 Charities, and is President of the North- 
 western University Law Publishing Asso- 
 ciation, publishers of the new Illinois Law 
 Review. 
 
 On April 14, 1903, Mr. Follansbee was 
 married at Seabreeze, Fla., to Miss Julia 
 Rogers McConnell. They have two chil- 
 dren: Eleanor, born January 27, 1904, and 
 Mitchell Davis Follansbee, Jr., born March 
 6, 1906. Their home is at 52 Bellevue 
 Place, Chicago. 
 
 Dr. Rollin Curtis Winslow, physician and 
 surgeon, who is engaged in the prac- 
 tice of his profession at Sault Ste. Marie, 
 Mich., was born at Laporte, Mich., August 
 1 1, 1873. He received his primary mental 
 training in the public school, and afterward 
 became a pupil in the Laporte (Mich.) 
 High School. He then studied languages 
 in a private school, for two years. His 
 first course of medical study was pursued in 
 the Saginaw Valley Medical College, from 
 which he was graduated in 1899, with the 
 degree of M. D. He matriculated in 
 Northwestern University Medical School in 
 the summer of 1901, and graduated there- 
 from with the class of 1902. 
 
 Previous to taking the university course, 
 Dr. Winslow was engaged in the practice 
 of medicine at West Branch, Mich., from 
 June, 1899, to September, 1901. On grad- 
 uating from the medical department of the 
 university he entered upon practice in his 
 present location. 
 
 He is a member of the American Medi- 
 cal Association ; the Michigan State Medi- 
 cal Society; the Upper Peninsula (Mich.) 
 Medical Society ; and the Chippewa County 
 (Mich.) Medical Society, of which he was 
 elected Secretary in 1905. 
 
 On September 21, 1898, at Saginaw, 
 Mich., Dr. Winslow was united in mar- 
 riage with Edith May McAlpine. This 
 union has resulted in one child, Madeline 
 Eloise. born January 22, 1905. 
 
 WILLIAM HUDSON DAMSEL. 
 
 William H. Damsel, a well known and 
 highly respected citizen of Evanston, 111., 
 was born in Westchester, Chester County. 
 Pa., February 7, 1844, the son of Uriah and 
 Catherine (Phipps) Damsel, natives of 
 
628 
 
 BIOGRAPHICAL 
 
 Pennsylvania, the former born in Lancaster 
 County and the latter in Chester County. 
 The occupation of Uriah Damsel was that 
 of a manufacturer. In early youth William 
 H. Damsel obtained his education in the 
 schools of his native town, and after his 
 studies were completed, secured a position 
 in the employ of the Central Ohio Rail- 
 road Company. April 17, 1861, he enlisted 
 as a private in the Third Regular Ohio 
 Volunteer Infantry, for a service of three 
 months, being mustered out August 19, 
 1861, at the expiration of his term of enlist- 
 ment. On May I, 1864, he entered the 
 service of the Adams Express Company, 
 with which he has ever since been con- 
 nected. 
 
 On September 15. 1870, Mr. Damsel was 
 united in marriage, at Columbus, Ohio, 
 with Susan R. Nace. who was born at 
 Morristown, in that State, March 7, 1845. 
 Five children were born of this union, 
 namely : William Wynkoop, born December 
 27, 1871 ; Edna Murray, born January 14, 
 1873: Jessamine Phipps. born April I, 
 1877; Ethel Birch, born June 20, 1879: and 
 Percy, born June 10, 1882. 
 
 In politics Mr. Damsel is a supporter of 
 the Republican party, and fraternally is 
 identified with the Royal Arcanum and the 
 Knights of Honor. 
 
 GEORGE OSMAN IDE. 
 
 George Osman Ide (deceased), formerly 
 a well known attorney of Evanston, 111., 
 and a highly respected citizen, was born at 
 Passumpsic, Vt., November 25, 1831. His 
 father, Rev. George Barton Ide, a clergy- 
 man of the Baptist Church, was born in 
 Coventry. Vt., February 17, 1804, and his 
 mother. Harriet (Walker) Ide, was born 
 December 21, 1807. The ancestry of the 
 
 Ide family dates back to an early period in 
 New England history. John Ide, the great- 
 grandfather of George O., born in 1742, 
 and deceased in 1815, was a soldier in the 
 Revolutionary army. Timothy Ide, another 
 ancestor, whose life covered the period be- 
 tween 1660 and 1735, was an early settler 
 of Bristol County, Massachusetts. He took 
 an active part in the wars against the In- 
 dians, and was an ensign to the General 
 Court of Massachusetts. Still another an- 
 cestor, Nicholas Ide, came from England to 
 Massachusetts in 1643. He was one of the 
 original settlers of Bristol County, and one 
 of the first landowners there. He was ac- 
 tive in the early settlements ; was one of a 
 committee appointed to settle disputes with 
 King Philip, the Indian Chief, in 1689, and 
 was the first of his name in America. 
 
 Rev. George B. Ide, father of George O., 
 was pastor of the First Baptist Church of 
 Philadelphia, Pa., from 1838 to 1852, and 
 of the first Baptist Church of Springfield, 
 Mass., from 1852 to 1872. He died in the 
 city last named, April 16, 1872. 
 
 George O. Ide attended the public schools 
 of Philadelphia, to which place the family 
 had moved, and completed his education at 
 Hamilton College, N. Y., where he gradu- 
 ated. He studied law under Rufus Choate, 
 in Springfield, Mass., where he was ad- 
 mitted to the bar. Soon afterwards he 
 came to Illinois and, about 1855, settled in 
 Princeton, where he began the practice of 
 law. In this he continued successfully un- 
 til 1871, when he came to Chicago and 
 formed a partnership with George L. Pad- 
 dock, formerly of Princeton, under the firm 
 name of Paddock & Ide, during the same 
 year taking up his residence in Evanston, 
 where he lived during the remainder of his 
 life. About three years before his death 
 the firm of Paddock & Ide was dissolved, 
 and Mr. Ide thereafter practiced alone. 
 He was Village Attorney of Evanston from 
 
HISTORY OF EVANSTON 
 
 629 
 
 1874 to 1880, and attained a prominent po- 
 sition at the Chicago bar. 
 
 Mr. Ide was married at Princeton, 111.. 
 January 29, 1862, to Helen M. Ide, a 
 daughter of Cas^ander Ide, of that place. 
 Mrs. Ide was born at Essex, Yt., and be- 
 longed to the same general lineage as her 
 husband. The children born of this union 
 who are still living are : William K. Ide, 
 of the First National Bank, Chicago ; 
 Charles B. Ide, of the Corn Exchange Na- 
 tional Bank, Chicago ; Arthur C. Ide, an 
 attorney of Chicago ; and Mrs. Henry W. 
 Dakin, of Detroit, Mich. The eldest of the 
 sons of Mr. and Mrs. Ide, died in Evans- 
 ton, August 6, 1894. 
 
 In politics, George O. Ide was a Demo- 
 crat, and fraternally, was a member of the 
 Masonic order, and in religious belief, a 
 Baptist. His death occurred at his home 
 in Evanston, February 7, 1885. The home 
 at No. 1425 Maple Avenue, where the fam- 
 ily have resided since 1881, is still occupied 
 by his widow and three surviving sons. 
 
 ORRIN T. MAXSON, M. D. 
 
 Orrin T. Maxson, M. D. (deceased), 
 formerly a prominent physician in Evans- 
 ton, 111., was born in the State of Xew 
 York in 1825, being descended from an old 
 New England family. In his early child- 
 hood he went to Wisconsin with his parents, 
 who were among the earliest settlers in the 
 northwestern part of that State. There he 
 attended the public schools and received 
 his early mental training. His professional 
 education was obtained in Rush Medical 
 College, Chicago. Dr. Maxson began the 
 practice of medicine in Prescott, Wis., 
 where he remained several years, when he 
 removed to Chicago, and where he con- 
 tinued in practice. He subsequently lived 
 and practiced for a time in Waukegan, 111. 
 
 In the early 'eighties he moved to Evans- 
 ton, 111., where he devoted himself to his 
 profession until his death, which occurred 
 at Pasadena, Cal., in 1895. Dr. Maxson 
 recruited Company A, Twelfth Regiment 
 Wisconsin Volunteer Infantry for service in 
 the Civil War, and served as its Captain 
 during the entire war. 
 
 Dr. Maxson was married to Eunice Mc- 
 Cray, of New York State. Those of their 
 children who are living are: Dr. O. P. Max- 
 son, of Waukegan ; and Amelia ( Maxson ) 
 Knox, who resides in Evanston. In 1882 
 the daughter. Amelia, became the wife of 
 Laverne L. Knox, of Waukegan, who was 
 engaged in business in Chicago, and died 
 in Evanston in 1889. 
 
 Dr. Maxson was a physician of high 
 standing in his profession and of superior 
 accomplishments, and was a valued member 
 of the leading medical societies. Politically 
 he was an active Republican and took a 
 good citizen's interest in public affairs. 
 While living in Wisconsin he served as a 
 member of the Legislature of that State. 
 Fraternally, he was a Knight Templar, and 
 in religious belief a Congregationalist. 
 
 FRANK WHEELOCK GEROULD. 
 
 Among the most prominent men in the 
 social, political and religious circles of 
 Evanston, 111., whose business interests are 
 in Chicago, is the gentleman whose name 
 heads this brief personal record. Mr. Ge- 
 roukl was born in Smithfield. Pa., January 
 13. 1854. the son of Marcus 15. and Mary 
 E. (Uingham) Gerould. of whom the for- 
 mer was born in Smithfield. Pa.. October 
 28, 1818. and the latter, in Towanda County, 
 in the same State. January 2. 1827. Mar- 
 cus 1>. Gerould was a merchant by occupa- 
 tion. In 1857 he moved from Pennsylvania 
 to Rockford. 111., where, with the exception 
 
630 
 
 BIOGRAPHICAL 
 
 of a few years spent in Byron, 111., the 
 family made their permanent home. 
 
 In youth the subject of this sketch dili- 
 gently utilized the opportunities afforded 
 by the public schools of Rockford, and, af- 
 ter completing his studies, secured employ- 
 ment as clerk in a shoe store in that city. 
 In 1878 he located in Chicago and entered 
 the employ of A. G. Spaulding & Bros., 
 extensive dealers in athletic goods, in 
 which connection he has remained until the 
 present time. Mr. Gerould now occupies 
 the position of managing director of the 
 western department of that widely known 
 establishment. He maintains a high repu- 
 tation for executive ability in the commer- 
 cial circles of Chicago, and is very popular 
 among the employes and patrons of the con- 
 cern with which he has been so long identi- 
 fied. 
 
 On September I, 1881, Mr. Gerould was 
 united in marriage, in the city of Chicago, 
 with Mary S. Avery, who was born in Bel- 
 videre. 111., on February 9, 1860. Three 
 children have been born to them : Helen 
 Louise, born January 9, 1890; Frank Avery, 
 born August 15. 1893, and Walter Blakes- 
 ley, born August 18, 1898. The mother of 
 this family passed away in Evanston, March 
 ii, 1901. 
 
 Mr. Gerould is connected with the First 
 Presbyterian Church, of Evanston, and is 
 a member of its Board of Trustees. In 
 politics he is a supporter ot the Republican 
 party, and has represented his ward in 
 Evanston, as Alderman, for the last eight 
 years. Socially he is a member of the 
 Evanston Club, of which he is President 
 and director; a member of the Chicago 
 Athletic Club, and of the Glen View Golf 
 Club. He is one of the Directors of the 
 State Bank of Evanston. In earlier life he 
 belonged to the Illinois National Guard for 
 six years. He is highly regarded through- 
 out the community. 
 
 WILLIAM BECKLEY PARKES. 
 
 William B. Parkes (deceased), formerly 
 a prominent citizen of Evanston, 111., and a 
 man of lovable and great force of charac- 
 ter, was born in Saugerties, N. Y., March 
 19, 1838. He was a son of Joseph and 
 Mary (Dunn) Parkes, who came from 
 Dudley, England, five or six years before 
 his birth, and a brother of the noted sur- 
 geon. Dr. Charles T. Parkes, of Chicago. 
 Joseph Parkes was an iron master, with 
 interests in Wheeling, W. Va., and St. 
 Louis. Mo. He prepared his son, William, 
 for a commercial career, the latter having 
 graduated from a business college in Wheel- 
 ing at the age of thirteen years. From that 
 period he worked in his father's foundry 
 and made himself independent, paying his 
 own board and other expenses. 
 
 In the panic of 1857, the failure of his 
 father's works at St. Louis, with which he 
 was connected, together with his marriage 
 at the same time, made it necessary for him 
 to seek other employment. He accordingly 
 went from St. Louis to Southern Illinois, 
 and worked on farms in- order to secure 
 means to engage in business on his own 
 account. In 1864, he bought a farm in 
 Will County, 111., which he operated for 
 three years, and then, coming to Chicago, 
 secured employment in connection with the 
 North Chicago Rolling Mill Company. 
 
 In 1868. Capt. E. B. Ward, of Detroit, 
 founded the Milwaukee Iron Works, and 
 among other skilled workmen who were 
 taken there from Chicago, was Mr. Parkes. 
 He was soon promoted to the superinten- 
 dency of a department in the plant, and 
 subsequently, when the North Chicago Roll- 
 ing Mill Company acquired possession of 
 the works, he was made General Superin- 
 tendent. This position he held for ten 
 years or more, having an average of 2,000 
 men under his direction. He was especially 
 
HISTORY OF EVANSTON 
 
 631 
 
 happy in his method of dealing with his 
 employes, and was successful in building 
 up an industrious and prosperous communi- 
 ty. In this connection he became widely 
 known as a practical iron-master of ripe 
 experience and broad general knowledge 
 of all phases of the business. Besides his 
 rolling mill connection, he was interested 
 in iron mines and transportation companies 
 to a considerable extent. 
 
 At this period ill health compelled Mr. 
 Parkes to retire from active business, and 
 he severed his connection with the concern 
 in 1890. Disposing of his Milwaukee in- 
 terest^ he purchased a home in Evanston, 
 where he lived in retirement until 1899. 
 He died August 4, 1899, in Milwaukee, 
 where he had gone to visit his daughter. 
 
 Mr. Parkes was married at St. Louis, in 
 1857, to Mary Jane McNickle, a daughter 
 of George and Jane (McCoy) McNickle, 
 of that city. Mrs. Parkes, who is still liv- 
 ing, was born in Pennsylvania and reared 
 in Virginia. The children of this union are 
 as follows : Ida Virginia Parkes. Mrs. Mary 
 (Parkes) Llewellyn. Mrs. Jennie (Parkes) 
 Grier. Mrs. Annie (Parkes) Phillips, and 
 Dr. William Ross Parkes. all of Evanston, 
 and Mrs. Sarah (Parkes) Treat, of Apple- 
 ton, Wis. 
 
 Mr. Parkes became a member of the 
 Methodist Episcopal Church when he was 
 fourteen years of age, and when he re- 
 moved to his farm in Will County, he 
 helped to found a church at Monee. He 
 was afterwards one of the founders of the 
 Dixon Street M. E. Church in Chicago, and 
 of Trinity M. E. Church in Milwaukee, 
 where he served as Sunday-school Super- 
 intendent for twenty years. After coming 
 to Evanston he was one of the builders of 
 Emmanuel M. E. Church. For several 
 years he was a member of the Board of 
 Trtvstees and of the official board of the last 
 named church. "Though dead he yet 
 speaketh," and "his works do follow him." 
 
 JOSEPH WATERS WORK. 
 
 Joseph W. Work, who is successfully 
 engaged in the real estate business in Evan- 
 ston, 111., was born in Dewitt, Carroll Coun- 
 ty, Mo., September 18, 1871. His father, 
 Andrew Jackson Work, was a native of 
 Charlestown, Ind., where he was born Oc- 
 tober 17, 1819, and his mother, Elizabeth 
 (Waters) Work, was born in Lincoln 
 County, Ky., October 15, 1835. Andrew 
 Jackson Work was a farmer by occupation 
 and his whole active life was devoted to 
 agricultural pursuits. 
 
 The early education of Joseph W. 
 was obtained in the public schools and 
 the high school at North Salem, Ind., 
 and Bunker Hill. 111., and. after com- 
 pleting his studies, he became a traveling 
 salesman. This occupation he followed for 
 nine years previous to making his home in 
 Evanston, where lie located in 1894. In 
 that year he established himself in the real 
 estate business in partnership with his fa- 
 ther-in-law, Lewis M. Perry, succeeding to 
 the latter's interest in the firm, in 1897 and 
 establishing at that time the firm known as 
 The J. W. W r ork Agency. 
 
 On December 27, 1893, Mr. Work was 
 united in marriage at Evanston, with Flora 
 Perry, who was born in Murdock, 111., De- 
 cember 10, 1871. 
 
 In politics, Mr. Work pursues an inde- 
 pendent course, ignoring party lines. His 
 religious connection is with the Evanston 
 Christian Church, of which he is a charter 
 member. Socially he is identified with the 
 Evanston Club. 
 
 SUSAN LEONHARDT. 
 
 Mrs. Susan Leonhardt, one of the oldest 
 living natives of Cook County, 111., was born 
 at Grosse Point. September 18. 1840, and 
 enjoys the distinction of being the first 
 white child born within the present city of 
 
632 
 
 BIOGRAPHICAL 
 
 Evanston. She is a daughter of Paul 
 and Caroline (Adams) Pratt, who were 
 natives of Massachusetts ; her mother 
 Caroline Adams, being a daughter of Rev. 
 Ephraim Adams, who was a member of the 
 same family which furnished two Presi- 
 dents of the United States John Adams 
 and John Quincy Adams. Her father was 
 born in Weston, Middlesex County, Mass., 
 September 1 1, 1807, and her mother, in Ox- 
 ford, Worcester County, March 10, 1816. 
 Paul Pratt was the owner of considerable 
 landed property, for those times, and was 
 engaged in agricultural pursuits. His 
 father, also Paul Pratt, was one of the his- 
 torical "Minute Men" of Massachusetts 
 Colony, who sprang to arms from every 
 village and farm in Middlesex County, when 
 Paul Revere sounded the summons on his 
 celebrated ride in 1775. Paul Pratt, Jr., 
 the father of Mrs. Leonhardt, moved to Il- 
 linois at an early period, locating on the site 
 of the present city of Evanston. On his 
 land in that locality, he hewed timber and 
 rafted it to the mouth of the Chicago River, 
 to be used in building the first Government 
 pier at Chicago in 1839. He had two sons 
 who took part in the Civil War, Charles E. 
 and Willard I. The former served three 
 years in the Eighth Regiment Illinois Vol- 
 unteer Cavalry ; the latter was a member of 
 Company C, Eighty-ninth Regiment Illinois 
 Volunteer Infantry, and was taken prison- 
 er at Dallas, Ga., and incarcerated in An- 
 dersonville prison, where he languished for 
 seven months. He died at home in 1865. 
 From their log cabin on Leon Avenue, the 
 family moved in 1848, to a frame house, 
 built that year, and which was one of the 
 first frame dwellings constructed in Evan- 
 ston. 
 
 Mrs. Leonhardt spent her childhood years 
 in the way customary for farmers' (laugh- 
 ters in a new settlement. Her early mental 
 training was obtained in the country school 
 
 at Ridgeville, now a part of Evanston, and 
 she grew to maturity on the paternal farm. 
 On September 30, 1857, she was united in 
 marriage at Evanston, with Louis Leon- 
 hardt, and twelve children were born of 
 this union : Charles E., born April 29, 1859 ; 
 Arthur D., born November 3, 1861 ; Frank 
 W., born November 29, 1863; Carrie E. 
 (Mrs. Stiles) born February 4, 1865; Ella, 
 who was born August 29, 1866, and died in 
 1867; George P., born March 7, 1868; 
 Louis, born November 25, 1870, and died in 
 1880; Eva May, born January 21, 1873, and 
 died in 1880; Paul, born February 10, 1875, 
 and died in 1880; Fred. L., born July 30, 
 1877, and died in 1880; Richard J., born 
 November 17, 1880; and Willard L, born 
 January 7, 1882. Seven of this family still 
 survive. 
 
 In religious faith, Mrs. Leonhardt is a 
 Baptist, and a zealous member of the Mis- 
 sionary Society of the First Baptist Church 
 of Evanston. She is an object of affec- 
 tionate interest to her children, and of cor- 
 dial esteem by a large circle of friends. 
 
 LEWIS TABOR BRISTOL. 
 
 Lewis Tabor Bristol, who is engaged in 
 the practice of dentistry in Nogales, Ariz., 
 was born in Cairo, 111., September I, 1872, 
 the son of Walter L. and Louisa S. Bristol, 
 natives of Illinois. In early boyhood, Dr. 
 Bristol received his primary mental train- 
 ing in the public schools of his native town, 
 where he spent the remainder of his youth- 
 ful years. He entered the Dental School of 
 Northwestern University in 1894, graduat- 
 ing therefrom in 1897, with the degree of 
 D. D. S. He is a member of the Delta Sig- 
 ma Delta Fraternity. Shortly after his 
 graduation he entered upon the practice of 
 his profession, in which he has continued 
 
HISTORY OF EVANSTON 
 
 633 
 
 successfully ever since. In politics, Dr. 
 Bristol is an earnest supporter of the Repub- 
 lican party. In 1905, he served as a Repre- 
 sentative of Santa Cruz County in the Leg- 
 islature of Arizona. 
 
 On December 6, 1899, ^ r - Browne was 
 married to Miss Daisy Gertrude Reeser, 
 of Farmer City, 111., and they have one 
 daughter, Theresa Gertrude Browne, born 
 February 5, 1903. 
 
 VERXELLE FREELAND BROWNE. WALTER LAURAXCE HERDIEX. 
 
 Vernelle F. Browne, attorney-at-law, 
 Farmer City, 111., was born at De Witt, 
 De Witt County, 111., January 8, 1873. 
 He acquired his primary education in the 
 local high school and by home study, took 
 a law course in the Northwestern Uni- 
 versity Law School at Evanston, 111., with 
 one semester in the Law Department of 
 the University of Michigan at Ann Arbor 
 in that State. While in the University 
 he was much interested in athletics, and 
 a member of the Masonic Club at the 
 University of Michigan. He worked his 
 way through the University, was admitted 
 to the bar in October, 1899, and, starting 
 in debt, since entering upon his profes- 
 sion has been very successful, having 
 accumulated, in less than seven years' 
 practice, an estate valued at $15,000. The 
 official positions held by Mr. Browne 
 since locating at Farmer City, 111., include 
 those of City Clerk for two years (May 
 i, 1901, to May i, 1903); City Attorney 
 since May i, 1903, in which he is now 
 serving his second term, which will expire 
 May i, 1907. He has been solicited at dif 
 ferent times to become the candidate of 
 the Republican party for County Judge, 
 State's Attorney and Representative in 
 the State Legislature, but believing that 
 his best interests would be subserved by 
 adhering to his profession, has declined. 
 He is a member of the Knights of Pythias 
 Modern Woodmen. Red Men. a Thirty- 
 second Degree Mason, the Order of the 
 Eastern Star, the Rathbon Sisters and the 
 Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks. 
 
 Walter Laurance Herdien, who is a 
 successful representative of the younger 
 element of rising lawyers who are becom- 
 ing favorably known at the bar of Chi- 
 cago, was born in Galva, 111. August 8, 
 1874. He is a son of Peter and Martha 
 (Johnson) Herdien, natives of Sweden 
 In early youth he made diligent use of 
 the opportunities for an education afforded 
 by the public schools of his native place, 
 and in September, 1894. matriculated in 
 the Lijjeral Arts Department of North- 
 western University, from which he was 
 graduated in June, 1898, with the degree 
 of A. B. He entered Northwestern L'ni- 
 versity Law School in September, 1898. 
 graduating therefrom in June, 1900, with 
 the degree of LL. B. During his collegi- 
 ate course, he was a member of the Beta 
 Theta Pi Fraternity and the Deru Society. 
 Shortly after graduating he was admitted 
 to the bar, and at once entered upon the 
 practice of his profession, in which he has 
 since continued. In social circles, he is 
 affiliated with the B. P. O. E. 
 
 On October 25, 1903, Mr. Herdien was 
 united in marriage with Mabel Geneva 
 Sharp, of Kewanee, 111. Politically, he is 
 a Republican. 
 
 ELMER FORREST HERDIEN, M. D. 
 
 Elmer Forrest Herdien. physician, Chi- 
 cago. 111., was born in Galva, 111., May 22. 
 1876. the son of Peter and Martha (John- 
 son) Herdien, both natives of Sweden 
 
634 
 
 BIOGRAPHICAL 
 
 and a brother of Walter L. Herdien, a 
 lawyer of Chicago. Elmer F. spent most 
 of his early life in Chicago, was a graduate 
 from the Lake View High School and 
 from the Northwestern University, later 
 taking a course in the Medical Depart- 
 ment of the University, from which he 
 was graduated in 1901. After gradua- 
 tion he served for a time as interne in 
 hospital work, after which he was en- 
 gaged in practice at Baker City, Oregon. 
 On June 6, 1906, Dr. Herdien was mar- 
 ried at Kewanee. 111., to Miss Xelle John- 
 son, of that city, the event exciting much 
 interest among society people, and being 
 celebrated with much eclat in the pres- 
 ence of a large circle of friends of the 
 bride and groom. Dr. Herdien's address 
 is at 1317 Foster Avenue (Edgewater), 
 Chicago. 
 
 HENRY BUTLER. 
 
 Henry Butler, a well-known and highly- 
 esteemed citizen of Evanston, Cook 
 County, 111., where he has lived for nearly 
 twenty-six years during a considerable 
 portion of this period being extensively 
 and successfully engaged in the livery and 
 teaming business was born in Kenosha. 
 Wis., April 7. 1860, the son of Cornelius 
 and Barbara ( Blanknheim) Butler, of 
 whom the former was born in Richmond 
 Ya., in July, 1822. and the latter in Prtie, 
 a small town in The Netherlands, on Feb- 
 ruary 17, 1831. Cornelius Butler was a 
 carpenter by occupation, and followed that 
 trade in Kenosha. \\'is.. of which place he 
 became a resident in 1840. Early in the 
 Civil War he enlisted in the Thirty-ninth 
 Regiment Wisconsin Volunteer Infantry, 
 with which he served until the end of the 
 conflict, when he returned to Kenosha. 
 and resumed his customary work. Shortly 
 afterward he moved to Evanston, where 
 
 he spent the remainder of his life. The 
 mother of the subject of this sketch came 
 to the United States when she was about 
 sixteen years of age. Her marriage to 
 Mr. Butler took place at Kenosha on 
 March 13, 1851, and their union resulted 
 in eleven children. 
 
 The early mental training of Henry 
 Butler was obtained in the district schools 
 in the vicinity of Kenosha, and in the 
 public schools of that city. When not 
 engaged in study, he applied himself to 
 farm work. He was about seventeen 
 years old when he came to Evanston, 
 where he was employed for several years 
 in various kinds of labor by prominent 
 citizens of the place. In 1893 he started 
 out on his own responsibility, establish- 
 ing himself in the livery and teaming 
 business, in which he has ever since been 
 very successful. He now conducts two 
 extensive livery barns, has about seventy 
 teams in use, and employs forty men. 
 besides an office force of four girls. He 
 also operates large blacksmith and repair 
 shops. His entire time is occupied in 
 superintending this business, and his 
 energy, diligence, close application and 
 honorable methods have made the enter- 
 prise a pronounced and signal success. 
 With the exception of a tour of inspection 
 which he made through the Western 
 States, he has not been absent from home 
 to any extent since coming to Evanston. 
 
 On January 5. 1883, Mr. Butler was 
 united in marriage, at Evanston. 111., with 
 Mary Hager. who was born July 4, 1864. 
 at Florence, Ala., where, in girlhood, she 
 enjoyed the advantages of the public 
 schools. Mrs. Butler is a daughter of 
 William Hager, a native of Pennsylvania, 
 and a soldier in the Civil War, near the 
 close of which he lost his life. Her mother 
 is also deceased. 
 
 In religious faith Mr. Butler is a Bap- 
 
HISTORY OF EVANSTON 
 
 635 
 
 tist, being a consistent member of the 
 Second Baptist Church, of Evanston. 
 Politically he has always been a firm 
 Republican, but never an aspirant for pub- 
 lic office. To all charitable and benev- 
 olent enterprises in Evanston, he has al- 
 ways been a liberal contributor. He has 
 led a life of exceptional personal purity, 
 having never made use of tobacco or in- 
 toxicants, nor indulged in profane lan- 
 guage. His strict observance of correct 
 rules of living have enabled him to endure 
 the strain of long and strenuous exertion 
 in building up his extensive business, with 
 no impairment of mental or physical fac- 
 ulties, and his upright and honorable deal- 
 ings have gained for him, in an especial 
 degree, the confidence and esteem of his 
 fellow citizens. Mr. Butler is regarded as 
 one of the most useful and exemplary 
 members of the community. 
 
 JOHN T. BARKER. 
 
 John T. Barker, lawyer and Mayor of 
 Evanston, was born in Derbyshire, Eng- 
 land, October 27, 1860, the son of John 
 and Mary (Shimwell) Barker. John Bar- 
 ker, Sr., was a blacksmith by trade, and 
 his death occurred in England. This 
 bereavement necessitated his son's finding 
 a position at the age of eleven in a rolling 
 mill, in order to help support his mother. 
 When the lad was thirteen years old, with 
 his surviving parent he took passage 
 for America, locating in the city of Chi- 
 cago. The boy enjoyed less than two 
 years' schooling before he went to work 
 in earnest for the North Chicago Rolling 
 Mills. A little later he secured a posi- 
 tion with the Chicago Steel Works, where, 
 for fifteen years, he found steady employ- 
 ment; first as a common laborer, at fifty 
 cents per day, spending his earnings at a 
 
 night school, being gradually promoted 
 through the positions of stenographer, 
 bookkeeper, cashier, etc., until he received 
 the sum of $1,500 per annum. Here he 
 paused long enough to take a course of 
 lessons at the Chicago Athenaeum. In 
 1890 he launched out in the real estate 
 business, his evenings again being occu- 
 pied with the study of law in the night 
 schools of the great city. In 1893, his 
 studiousness was rewarded by his admit- 
 tance to the bar. 
 
 On December 14, 1881, Mr. Barker was 
 united in marriage to Anna Laura Blanch- 
 ard, and of this union two children have 
 been born : John Lawrence, born August 
 27, 1884, and Marion Ethel, born July 22, 
 1888. In 1897, Mr. Barker removed with 
 his family to the city of Evanston 111., 
 with the history of whose growth the 
 present Mayor has been and is still inti- 
 mately connected. In the year 1900, Mr. 
 Barker was elected Alderman for the 
 Third Ward, thus becoming an active 
 member of the City Council. In 1901 he 
 took an extended vacation, making a tour 
 through England, Scotland, France and 
 Belgium, and other European countries. 
 Upon his return to Evanston in 1902, he 
 was re-eleited Alderman, which position 
 he resigned in the spring of 1903, when 
 he was made Mayor of the city as suc- 
 cessor of James A. Patten. During his 
 official connection with the city, Mayor 
 Barker has been greatly interested in 
 much legislation of an important nature, 
 such as the annexing of the North Shore 
 territory to the Drainage District, the 
 consolidation of the towns included in 
 the present city of Evanston, the amend- 
 ment of the Library Act, and other meas- 
 ures pertaining to public improvement. 
 In the year 1905, he was re-elected Mayor 
 of the city whose interests he has served 
 so disinterestedly and well. In his polit- 
 
6 3 6 
 
 BIOGRAPHICAL 
 
 ical affiliations, Mayor Barker is a Repub- 
 lican. He was one of the originators of 
 the organization of the first Park District 
 of the city of Evanston, an improvement 
 recognized by all. He is a member of the 
 A. F. & A. M., the National Union, and 
 Royal League Fraternities, and also of the 
 local Evanston Club, Hamilton and Golf 
 Clubs. He belongs to the Episcopalian 
 Church. 
 
 GEORGE E. GOOCH. 
 
 George E. Gooch, a well-known resident 
 of Evanston, 111., who has been prom- 
 inent in the business circles of Chicago 
 for many years, was born in Norwich, 
 Norfolk, England, September 24, 1847, tne 
 son of George C. and Margaret (Brewer) 
 Gooch. The son received his early edu- 
 cation in the common schools of his native 
 land, and came to Chicago in 1867. He 
 became connected with the commission 
 firm of Sherman, Hall & Pope, and soon 
 afterwards engaged in the same line of 
 business on South Water Street, under 
 the firm name of Richards & Gooch. Sub- 
 sequently, he identified himself with 
 Charles Counselman & Co., and still re- 
 mains in that connection. Since 1869 he 
 has been a member of the Chicago Board 
 of Trade. Mr. Gooch established his res- 
 idence in Evanston in 1877, and is con- 
 sidered one of its intelligent and sub- 
 stantial citizens. 
 
 Mr. Gooch was married in November, 
 1874, to Miss Rhoda England, a daughter 
 of William England, and they have seven 
 children, all of whom were born in Evans- 
 ton, and all are still living. 
 
 In his political views, Mr. Gooch is in- 
 dependent, and his action is untrammeled 
 by party ties. He has served as Alder- 
 man of the Second Ward in the City 
 Council. Socially, he belongs to the A. 
 
 F. & A. M. Royal Arcanum, of which he 
 is Regent; Royal League, of which he is 
 Orator ; Modern Woodmen of America, 
 and Sons of St. George. He is a charter 
 member of the Evanston Club and the 
 Evanston Boat Club. Mr. Gooch is a 
 communicant in St. Mark's Episcopal 
 Church, in which he officiates as vestry- 
 man. 
 
 JOHN W. GIBSON. 
 
 John W. Gibson (deceased), formerly 
 a well-known resident of Evanston, 111., 
 was born in Batesville, Noble County, 
 Ohio, October 20, 1853. His parents were 
 William and Christine (Stattler) Gibson, 
 the former being a merchant by occupa- 
 tion. The early childhood of Mr. Gibson 
 was passed in Batesville, and his educa- 
 tion was received in the schools of New- 
 ark, Ohio. He was trained to merchan- 
 dising by his father, and on the death of 
 the latter, succeeded to the business and 
 conducted it for two or three years. 
 About 1881 he came West and became 
 identified with the nursery business, es- 
 tablishing his home in Davenport, Iowa. 
 In this connection he traveled extensively, 
 his transactions covering the States of 
 Iowa, Illinois and Wisconsin. He con- 
 tinued to reside at Davenport until 1890, 
 when he moved to Evanston. where he 
 remained until his death, which occurred 
 September 13, 1904. 
 
 Mr. Gibson was married at Monroe 
 Center, 111., December 26, 1882, to Ella 
 Tyler, a daughter of Mrs. H. C. Tyler, 
 of that place. Mrs. Gibson, who survives 
 her husband, was born there and grew up 
 in Illinois. The only child of Mr. and 
 Mrs. Gibson is Harry W. Gibson, who has 
 succeeded to the conduct and manage- 
 ment of his father's business interests. 
 Mr. Gibson was an attendant upon the 
 services at the Baptist Church. 
 
HISTORY OF EVANSTON 
 
 637 
 
 JOHN C. MURPHY. 
 
 John C. Murphy (deceased), who served 
 as Justice of the Peace in Evanston, 111., 
 for nearly twenty-three years, was born 
 in Evanston July 31, 1841, the first white 
 child born in that place. His parents 
 were Edward and Ann (Mack) Murphy, 
 natives of Ireland, the father born at Ken- 
 more, County Kerry, in 1805, and the 
 mother at Castletown Bearhaven, County 
 Cork. Edward Murphy was a teacher 
 and mathematician by profession. 
 Through the influence of the Marquis of 
 Lansdowne, while still a young man, he 
 was appointed to the position of Govern- 
 ment teacher at London, Upper Canada, 
 where he first located on his arrival in 
 America. In the spring of 1837 he set- 
 tled in Chicago, where he taught in the 
 public schools, and was otherwise inter- 
 ested in educational affairs. In 1839 he 
 was appointed Deputy Sheriff, under 
 Sheriff Isaac R. Gavenfirst, was elected 
 Coroner of Cook County in 1840. and re- 
 elected in 1842. He was the first Super- 
 visor for Evanston, having been elected 
 to that office in 1850, the year of the adop- 
 tion of township organization, and served 
 in this capacity until 1856. His death 
 occurred January 25, 1875. Eugene Mack 
 a brother of Mrs. Edward Murphy, served 
 in the United States Navy for forty years, 
 and was an officer on board the Frigate 
 "Cumberland" when that vessel was sunk. 
 Six of Edward Murphy's children sur- 
 vived him two sons and four daughters, 
 namely : John C., the subject of this 
 sketch ; Edward, Mary A. (Mrs. Samp- 
 son), Anna E., Louisa D., and Eliza- 
 beth C. 
 
 John C. Murphy received his early edu- 
 cation in the public schools of Chicago, 
 where he subsequently pursued a course 
 of study in a business college. His father 
 
 owned a farm in the vicinity of Evans- 
 ton, and upon this John C. lived until 
 1875. From that year until 1881, he was 
 in the employ of Cook County. He al- 
 ways made his home in Evanston, and in 
 his reminiscences of early times often re- 
 calls the rush of gold seekers, with their 
 prairie schooners to California in 1849-50. 
 
 On July 19, 1877, Mr. Murphy was 
 united in marriage, in Chicago, with Eliz- 
 abeth M. Carroll, who was born at 
 Ogdensburg, N. Y., August 4. 1857. Four 
 children were born of this union, namely : 
 Edward J., born April 30, 1879; J. Francis, 
 born November 13, 1881 ; Joseph N., born 
 January 7, 1891 and Nannie A., born 
 August 23, 1886. 
 
 In politics, Mr. Murphy was an un- 
 swerving adherent of the Republican 
 party. He was elected Justice of the 
 Peace for Evanston Township in April, 
 1881, and held that office without inter- 
 mission until the ti.-nt of his death. In 
 fraternal circles, he was identified with 
 the K. of P. and the Catholic Order of 
 Foresters. He belonged to the Histor- 
 ical Society of Evanston. In religion, he 
 was a devout member of the Catholic 
 Church, and as a citizen, was ever on the 
 alert in his efforts to promote the best 
 interests of the community. He was a 
 member of the Evanston Historical Soci- 
 ety. 
 
 Mr. Murphy departed this life on Feb- 
 ruary 21, 1904, and his death was deeply 
 lamented by all who knew him. He was 
 a man of invariable good nature and. as 
 a public official, was easily accessible. 
 On account of the numerous wedding 
 ceremonies which he performed, he was 
 sometimes called "Bishop" Murphy. 
 The dwelling in which he was born is 
 still standing, in a slightly altered condi- 
 'tion, on the northwest corner of Clark 
 Street and Rogers Avenue. 
 
638 
 
 BIOGRAPHICAL 
 
 EDWARD J. MURPHY. 
 
 Edward J. Murphy, Justice of the 
 Peace, Evanston, III., is a native of Evans- 
 ton, where he was born April 30, 1879, 
 the son of John C. and Elizabeth M. (Car- 
 roll) Murphy, the father born in Evans- 
 ton, 111., July 31, 1841, and the mother in 
 Ogdensburg, N. Y., August 4, 1857. John 
 C. Murphy was the first white male child 
 born in Evanston, and died in that city 
 February 21, 1904. The grandparents, 
 Edward and Ann (Mack) Murphy, were 
 natives of Ireland (see sketch of John C. 
 Murphy). Grandfather Edward Murphy 
 was a teacher and mathematician, who 
 came to Chicago from London, Canada, 
 in the spring of 1837, and taught in the 
 public schools. He was the owner of a 
 farm situated where the City of Evanston 
 now stands, and served as Deputy Sheriff 
 and Coroner of Cook County, and as the 
 first Supervisor of Evanston, to which 
 office he was elected in 1850. 
 
 The gentleman to whom this record re- 
 fers received his rudimentary mental 
 training in the public schools of Evans- 
 ton, and subsequently graduated from the 
 De La Salle Institute, in Chicago. He 
 then pursued courses of study in Canisius 
 College, at Buffalo, N. Y., and Northwest- 
 ern University, Evanston, graduating 
 from the Law School of the latter in 1903. 
 
 In politics Edward J. Murphy is an ear- 
 nest supporter of the Republican party. 
 In 1904 he was elected to succeed his 
 father as Justice of the Peace, and enjoys 
 the distinction of being the youngest in- 
 cumbent of that office ever elected in 
 Cook County. Socially, he is identified 
 with the Phi Delta Theta Fraternity, the 
 Alpha Chi Law Fraternity, the Modern 
 Woodmen of America, and the Knights 
 of Columbus. He is regarded as one of 
 the most promising young men in the 
 community, and seems fully assured of a 
 bright and useful future. 
 
 GEORGE HENRY MOORE. 
 
 George Henry Moore, Manager Insur- 
 ance Company, Chicago, with residence in 
 Evanston, was born in North Hartland, 
 Vermont, January 20, 1848, the son of 
 Reuben and Ann Maria (Hunt) Moore, 
 the former born in Salem, Mass., Novem- 
 ber 18, 1808, and the latter in Concord 
 Mass., December 6, 1812. The father's 
 occupation was that of a railroad con- 
 tractor and builder. On the maternal side 
 Mr. Moore is the eighth in descent from 
 Captain Thomas Brooks, seventh from 
 Captain Timothy Wheeler and Captain 
 John Prescott, and sixth from Ensign 
 Humphrey Barrett, Captain James Min- 
 ott, Captain Jonathan Prescott, Hon. 
 Peter Bulkley, Simon Lynde and Francis 
 Willoughby all of whom were soldiers 
 of the Colonial and Revolutionary Wars, 
 and direct descendants of the famous 
 Hunt family, whose progenitors settled in 
 New England in 1635. 
 
 George Henry Moore commenced busi- 
 ness for himself at Plattsburgh, New 
 York, as clerk in a general merchandise 
 store in 1864, in which he remained two 
 years, when (in 1866) he engaged in the 
 forwarding and shipping business and 
 lumber trade at Detroit, Michigan. 
 Twelve years later (1878) he entered into 
 the fire insurance business, which he has 
 followed continuously ever since. Hav- 
 ing received an appointment as one of the 
 managers of the Liverpool, London & 
 Globe Insurance Company for the West, 
 on January I, 1893, he moved to Evans- 
 ton. He still retains this position with 
 office in the Home Insurance Building at 
 205 La Salle Street, Chicago. He was 
 elected President for 1896-7 of the Fire 
 Insurance Association of the Northwest, 
 which is the largest insurance organiza- 
 tion in the world. 
 
 December 16, 1870, Mr. Moore was 
 married at Detroit, Mich., to Emma E. 
 
HISTORY OF EVANSTON 
 
 639 
 
 Smith, and they have had six children: 
 Carlton Ward, Ella Florine, George 
 Albert, Louise Hurd and Irene Hunt 
 (twins), and William Warren. 
 
 In his political sentiments Mr. Moore 
 has always been a sturdy Republican, is 
 an attendant upon religious services at 
 the First Presbyterian Church of Evans- 
 ton, and is identified with the following 
 clubs and social organizations: Union 
 League Club, Chicago; Sons of the Rev- 
 olution, Colonial War Society, Evanston 
 Club, Evanston, and Glen View Golf 
 Club. 
 
 CHARLES CLARENCE POOLE. 
 
 Charles Clarence Poole, patent lawyer, 
 Evanston, 111., was born at Benicia, Cal., 
 November 27, 1856, the son of Charles 
 Henry and Mary A. (Daniels) Poole. was 
 educated in the public schools at Wash- 
 ington, D. C, and fitted for practice in 
 civil engineering by private instruction. 
 During 1874-75 he served as Assistant 
 Engineer in connection with surveys car- 
 ried on by the Engineering Department 
 of the United States Army. In 1882 he 
 graduated from the Law Department of 
 the Columbian University, Washington,, 
 with the prize for an essay on Trade- 
 marks. During the same year he came to 
 Chicago and, in partnership with Taylor 
 E. Brown, engaged in practice as a law- 
 yer, confining his attention chiefly to 
 patents, copyright and trade mark laws, 
 which he still continues, with offices 
 in the Marquette Building. He is also a 
 member of the bar of the United States 
 Supreme Court, the Chicago Bar Associa- 
 tion, and the Patent Law Association! 
 In 1884 Mr. Poole was married in the 
 city of Chicago to Miss Anna Poole, 
 daughter of the late Dr. William Fred- 
 erick Poole, at that time Librarian of 
 
 the Chicago Public Library, but later 
 occupying a similar position in connection 
 with the Newberry Library. Mr. and 
 Mrs. Poole have four children: Frances, 
 Charles H., Clarence F. and Dorothy, 
 their residence being at 939 Forest Ave- 
 nue, Evanston. Mr. Poole's fraternal as- 
 sociations are with the Illinois Athletic 
 and the Chicago Literary Clubs. 
 
 CHARLES S. RADDIN. 
 
 Charles S. Raddin, a prominent citizen 
 of Evanston, 111., where he has resided for 
 twenty-five years, was born in Lynn, 
 Mass., January 29, 1864, the son of 
 Charles E. and Harriet Augusta (Rhodes) 
 Raddin, natives of New England. Charles 
 E. Raddin, who carried on the business of 
 shoe manufacturing in Lynn, Mass.. 
 moved with his family from that city to 
 Chicago in 1879, and thence to Evanston 
 in 1881. The subject of this sketch ob- 
 tained his early education in Chauncy 
 Hall, Boston, Mass., and when the family 
 located in Evanston, pursued a course of 
 study in Northwestern University, from 
 which he received the degrees of B. S. 
 and M. S. During his undergraduate 
 period he identified himself with the Phi 
 Kappa Sigma Fraternity. Mr. Raddin's 
 business interests are in Chicago, where 
 he acts in the capacity of manager of the 
 American Bank Equipment Company. 
 
 On June 28, 1892, Mr. Raddin was 
 united in marriage, at Evanston, 111., with 
 Belle Elmira Ailing, a native of that city, 
 and the daughter of a well known Meth- 
 odist clergyman. This union resulted in 
 one child, Louise, born January 4, 1898. 
 Politically Mr. Raddin is a supporter of 
 the Republican party. Religiously he 
 adheres to the faith of the Methodist 
 Church. In fraternal circles he is affili- 
 
640 
 
 BIOGRAPHICAL 
 
 ated with the National Union. He is 
 a member and Vice-President of the 
 Board of Trustees of the Chicago Acad- 
 emy of Sciences, Secretary of the Natural 
 History Survey of Chicago, and a mem- 
 ber of the Board of Directors of the 
 Evanston Historical Society. He is the 
 author of publications entitled, "Flora of 
 Evanston and Vicinity," and "Flora of 
 Chicago and Vicinity," issued as bulletins 
 of the Chicago Academy of Sciences. 
 Aside from his business relations, he is a 
 man of studious habits and wide informa- 
 tion, and is a useful and highly esteemed 
 member of the communitv. 
 
 WALTER LEE BROWN. 
 
 Walter Lee Brown (deceased), for- 
 merly a chemist of high repute and for 
 some time President of the Northwestern 
 Gas Company, of Evanston, 111., was born 
 in Melrose, Mass., August 24, 1853. He 
 was a son of Edwin Lee and Mary (Bab- 
 cock) Brown. His father was a man of 
 high attainments whose reputation ex- 
 tended beyond the limits of his State. The 
 family came to Chicago about 1861. As 
 a boy, Walter Brown attended the old 
 Ogden School in Chicago. When seven- 
 teen years of age he returned to the East 
 and entered the Pennsylvania Military 
 Academy, at Chester, Pa., which he at- 
 tended for three years. He completed his 
 academic studies at Northwestern Univer 
 sity, giving special attention to chemistry 
 while there. From that institution he re- 
 ceived the degree of Bachelor of Science. 
 After completinghis studies in Evanston, he 
 entered the Columbia College School of 
 Mines, from which he was also graduated 
 at the end of a course of study in which 
 he devoted much time to metallurgy. For 
 two or three years thereafter he was a 
 
 lecturer at Columbia College, and acted 
 as assistant to Dr. Charles F. Chandler, 
 then, as now, at the head of the scientific 
 department of that institution. About 
 1879, Mr. Brown returned to Chicago, 
 where he purchased the pioneer labora- 
 tory, the oldest in the city established at 
 an early date by the late Dr. James G. 
 Blaney. He conducted this laboratory five 
 years, and became widely known as achem- 
 ist, assayer and metallurgist. In 1885 he dis- 
 posed of the laboratory in order to organ- 
 ize a "test department" for the Chicago. 
 Burlington & Quincy Railway Company, 
 which then set on foot a plan to test all 
 materials used in its railroad construc- 
 tion, equipment, etc. From 1885 to 1888, 
 while conducting these experiments, he 
 resided at Aurora, 111. Business interests 
 then compelled him to remove to Evans- 
 ton, where he succeeded his father as 
 President of the Northwestern Gas Com- 
 pany. 
 
 With the duties imposed on him by this 
 relation he was occupied for the next five 
 years. He disposed of his interest in this 
 company in 1893, and virtually retired 
 from business, devoting his attention to 
 his books and the arts and sciences dur- 
 ing the remainder of his life, which ended 
 April 6, 1904. He bestowed much time 
 on the collection of rare books and lit- 
 erary relics, and gathered together numer- 
 ous first editions of American authors. 
 Among his intimate associates in this occu- 
 pation was James Fennimore Cooper, a 
 grandson of the famous novelist. In the 
 science of metallurgy he was eminent, and 
 was the author of "A Manual of Assay- 
 ing," which reached its eleventh edition, 
 and has been adopted as a text-book by 
 Harvard University and other higher in- 
 stitutions of learning in America and 
 abroad. He traveled extensively through- 
 out the mining regions of the United 
 
HISTORY OF EVANSTON 
 
 641 
 
 States in connection with his work as met- 
 allurgist and mineralogist. He was a 
 charter member of the National Society 
 of Chemists, and was long an official of 
 that organization. From June, 1894, to 
 August, 1901, he was a member of the 
 Board of Directors of the Evanston Free 
 Public Library. 
 
 Mr. Brown was married October 16, 
 1884, at Boone, Iowa, to Ida B. Cosgrove. 
 a daughter of Thomas A. Cosgrove, of 
 Evanston. Mr. Cosgrove was an early 
 resident of Evanston, having moved 
 there from Champaign, 111., in 1868 
 He was one pf the prime movers in 
 securing the location of the Illinois 
 State University at Urbana. The chil- 
 dren of Mr. and Mrs. Brown are: 
 Lathrop Lee, who pursued a course of 
 study at the Manner School in Stamford. 
 Conn.: Lois Virginia, and Delight. Mrs. 
 Brown is still living in Evanston. 
 
 The subject of this sketch was a man 
 of undeviating rectitude of character. In 
 religious views he was broadly liberal. 
 
 EDWARD H. WEBSTER. 
 
 Edward H. Webster, a prominent citizen 
 of Evanston, Cook County, 111., was born 
 at Wells River. Vt.. November 17. 1851. 
 He is a son of Caleb Williams and Persis 
 T. Webster. The father, Caleb William 
 Webster, was a merchant by occupation. 
 
 The subject of this brief personal rec- 
 ord received his early mental training in 
 the public schools of his native State, 
 and graduated from Northwestern Uni- 
 versity. Mr. Webster was united in mar- 
 riage with Emily Roneyn Winne, and 
 one child, Helen Christine, is the result of 
 this union. 
 
 GEORGE P. K. VOLZ. 
 
 George P. K. Volz, of Arlington 
 Heights, Cook County, 111., Manager of 
 the firm of Peter & Volz,. manufacturers 
 of sewing machines, opera chairs, and 
 school desks, was born in Arlington 
 Heights, April 7, 1878. From 1884 until 
 1891 he attended the public school in his 
 native place, and from 1891 until 1895 was 
 a pupil in the Jefferson High School in 
 Chicago. In the last mentioned year he 
 matriculated in Northwestern University, 
 from which he was graduated in 1899, 
 with the degree of A. B. He was a 
 teacher in the Chicago public schools 
 from 1899 until 1903, when he assumed 
 the management of the Peter & Volz 
 manufactory. 
 
 Mr. Volz is a member of the Arlington 
 Athletic and Social Club, of which he 
 was secretary 1901-1906. In 1902 he was 
 appointed assistant chief of the Arlington 
 Heights Volunteer Fire Department, and 
 was appointed Chief in 1905. In fraternal 
 circles, he is affiliated with the M. W. A., 
 and was clerk of the Arlington Camp of 
 that order, 1900-1906. He is also identi- 
 fied with the A. F. & A. M., being a 
 member of Palatine Lodge No. 314. and 
 of Lincoln Park Chapter. R. A. M., Xo. 
 
 177- 
 
 On June 29, 1904. at Aurora, 111., the 
 subject of this sketch was united in mar- 
 riage with Miss Sallie Anderson, of Chi- 
 cago, and they have one daughter, Donna 
 Marie, born July 8 1905. 
 
 EZRA MARCH BORING. D. D. 
 
 The Boring family name was first 
 known in America in Maryland. The pro- 
 genitor of the American branch of this 
 family was a sailor, who was separated 
 
642 
 
 BIOGRAPHICAL 
 
 from his family at Liverpool, England, 
 when a lad. Together with companions, 
 he was enticed upon a ship which sailed 
 and carried them to sea. Because the 
 boys were unable to pay their fare they 
 were sold into servitude. Young Boring, 
 on account of his vivacity, became a fa- 
 vorite of the captain and was made cabin 
 boy. From this position he rose to that 
 of mate and finally to be captain of a 
 privateer. While commanding this ves- 
 sel, he lost a limb in an engagement in 
 the Mediterranean Sea, and after this in- 
 cident determined to retire from the sea 
 service. He returned to England and, 
 unable to find his family, sailed for 
 America and settled in Baltimore, Mary- 
 land. His business was that of a shoe- 
 maker. He was one of the early converts 
 to Methodism, and the Boring family, 
 which spread over the South and West, 
 has been generally prominently identified 
 with that denomination. 
 
 Some of the immediate ancestors of 
 the family of a later period removed from 
 Maryland to Kentucky, and early in the 
 last century to Claremont, Ohio, where 
 Ezra Marsh Boring was born near the vil- 
 lage of Felicity, June 12, 1813. General U. 
 S. Grant was also born in this village and 
 was a boyhood friend. Temperance Bor- 
 ing, the mother of Ezra Marsh Boring, 
 was a strong character, an ardent Metho- 
 dist, and her home was one of the best 
 known of the fraternity in Southern 
 Ohio. 
 
 In 1832 Mr. Boring was soundly con- 
 verted, and this change of heart turned 
 his life into a new channel and he became 
 an earnest student. Previous to this time 
 he had learned the saddler's trade, and 
 this fact, together with the assistance of 
 his warm friend, William I. Fee, made it 
 possible for him to attend the Methodist 
 
 school in Augusta, Kentucky. He gradu- 
 ated from this college in 1842, and, while 
 the college .curriculum was limited, he 
 became reasonably proficient in Latin, 
 Greek and Hebrew, which languages he 
 continued to study and use until his clos- 
 ing years. 
 
 At the close of his school life, Mr. Bor- 
 ing married Rebecca Ann Barnes, and 
 became Principal of Franklin Seminary in 
 Washington County, Kentucky. This was 
 a well known Southern Seminary of the 
 M. E. Church, situated in the heart of the 
 slave district. Ezra Marsh Boring re- 
 ceived a liberal salary for his services 
 for that day, and enjoyed great popularity 
 among the planters, because of his great 
 ability as an orator and his genial and 
 happy nature. He was an ardent cham- 
 pion of the"Divine Right of Slavery"until 
 he was suddenly converted to Abolition- 
 ism, which made it necessary for him to 
 cross the Ohio River and separate him- 
 self from his friends. From that day he 
 was an ardent friend of the black man. 
 and his home was one of the stations of 
 the "underground railroad." In 1843, ne 
 joined the Southern Ohio M. E. Confer- 
 ence and was stationed at Gallipolis. This 
 was an old French town with marked in- 
 fidel tendencies among its citizens. Here 
 Mr. Boring's fearlessness, joined with his 
 tact, made him many warm friends, so 
 that the meager salary, customary in that 
 day, was generously supplemented by fees 
 and presents. He afterwards preached 
 at Marietta, Newark and Lancaster, Ohio, 
 and was made a Presiding Elder, at which 
 time he resided at Athens, the seat of 
 the Ohio State University. He was then 
 a very young man for so responsible a 
 position. In 1857 he was transferred to 
 the Rock River Conference in Illinois, be- 
 ing stationed at Galena, where he re- 
 
HISTORY OF EVANSTON 
 
 643 
 
 mained for two years and made many 
 warm friends. He also here renewed his 
 acquaintance with U. S. Grant, his boy- 
 hood friejid, which friendship continued 
 through life. After a brief pastorate in 
 Waukegan, he removed to Chicago and 
 became Presiding Elder of the Chicago 
 District, serving, in all, two terms in 
 this position. He was pastor at Grant 
 Place (now Wesley), Dixon Street and 
 State Street, Chicago; also at Arlington 
 Heights. Park Ridge, Crystal Lake, 
 Woodstock and Wheaton, Illinois. 
 
 For many years he was Secretary of 
 the Home for the Friendless in Chicago, 
 giving to this Institution the best service 
 of his life, and, as the result of his labors, 
 leaving it well endowed for the future. 
 The closing years of this long life in 
 public service was spent as Correspond- 
 ing Secretary of The Superannuates' Re- 
 lief Association of the Rock River Con- 
 ference, and here he also succeeded to a 
 remarkable extent. The degree of Doctor 
 of Divinity was conferred upon him by 
 the Theological Institute of Greensburg. 
 Ind. Dr. Boring will be especially re- 
 membered by many as the founder of the 
 Desplaines Camp Meeting, established in 
 1860, which he conducted or attended for 
 twenty-eight consecutive years. 
 
 As a preacher, Elder Boring (as he was 
 often called) spoke extemporaneously, 
 and often with great power. He was an 
 earnest but wise evangelist, an educator 
 of great ability, and managed business 
 affairs with remarkable sagacity. He was 
 greatly beloved by many of all demoni- 
 nations for his broad and tolerant spirit, 
 and no man in Chicago was probably bet- 
 ter known by those of every rank of life. 
 He passed away November 21, 1892, hav-- 
 ing survived his wife about two years. 
 
 ERNEST HAMMOND EVERSZ. 
 
 Ernest H. Eversz, senior member of 
 the firm of Eversz & Company, bankers, 
 located at Xo. 220 La Salle Street, Chi- 
 cago, was born August 3. 1872. His 
 primary education was obtained in the 
 Milwaukee public school, where he gradu- 
 ated in 1888. He subsequently pursued 
 a course of study in Evanston Town- 
 ship High School, Cook County, 111., 
 graduating therefrom in 1891. In that 
 year he matriculated in Northwestern 
 University, from which institution he was 
 graduated in 1895 w ' tn tne degree of A. 
 B. While taking the university course, 
 he was identified with the Beta Theta Pi 
 and Theta Nu Epsilon fraternities, and 
 from 1891 to 1894, was a member of the 
 Northwestern University Glee and Banjo 
 Clubs. In 1895 he took the Harris Prize 
 in the 'political economy contest. 
 
 From 1895 until 1901, Mr. Eversz was 
 in the employ of N. W. Harris & Com- 
 pany, bankers, in Chicago. From 1901 
 to 1904 he was manager of the Chicago 
 office of Redmond, Kerr & Company, 
 bankers, and since 1904 has been engaged 
 in his present connection. Mr. Eversz is 
 a member of the Union League and 
 Washington Park Clubs, of Chicago ; the 
 Chicago Yacht Club, and the Illinois Ath- 
 letic Club. 
 
 On November 5. 1902, Mr. Eversz was 
 united in marriage with Ruth Swift, a 
 daughter of the late Gustavus F. Swift. 
 One child. P>arbara. has resulted from this 
 union, born October 9, 1904. Mr. Eversz. 
 resides at No. 3323 Michigan Avenue, 
 Chicago. 
 
 WILBUR J. ANDREWS. 
 
 Wilbur J. Andrews, of Berwyn, Cook 
 County. 111., engaged in the real estate 
 business, was born in Rockford, 111., 
 
644 
 
 BIOGRAPHICAL 
 
 
 March 24, 1859. In boyhood he received his 
 rudimentary education in the public 
 schools of his native place, and otherwise 
 pursued his preparatory studies until he 
 entered Northwestern University, from 
 which institution he received the degree 
 of A. B. in 1887, and that of A. M., in 
 1890. While in the university, he was a 
 member of the Hinman Literary Society 
 and the Phi Kappa Psi fraternity. The 
 subject of this sketch was united in mar- 
 riage with Ada C. Redfield, of Evanston, 
 111., in 1881 and they became the parents 
 of three children, namely: Elliot Red- 
 field. Jerome Edson and Kathryn Louise. 
 
 CHARLES EDWARD PIPER. 
 
 Charles Edward Piper, lawyer and real 
 estate operator, Berwyn, 111., was born in 
 Chicago, 111., June 12, 1858, the son of Otis 
 and Margaret Piper the former born at 
 Sackett's Harbor, X. Y., in October, 1830, 
 and the latter at Prescott, Canada, in 1837. 
 Mr. Piper's father was a merchant, and one 
 branch of his family was descended from 
 old Massachusetts stock extending back to 
 New Salem, Mass., in 1632. 
 
 Mr. Piper was educated in the Chicago 
 public schools, the High School and North- 
 western University, and after completing his 
 literary course, served as Postmaster at the 
 Union Stock Yards, Chicago, while pur- 
 suing the study of law in the Law Depart- 
 ment of the Northwestern University. 
 After his graduation from the Law 
 School in 1887, he turned his attention to 
 the real estate business and general practice 
 of his profession. During 1894-95 he served 
 as President of the Town Board of Cicero 
 Township, and has also been a member of 
 the School Board. Some years since he 
 
 started the movement for the establishment 
 of Sanatoria in different States for the bene- 
 fit of tuberculous members of various fra- 
 ternal organizations participating in the 
 same, the first institution being located at 
 Black Mountain, N. C. 
 
 In political views, Mr. Piper was born 
 and bred a Republican, and in religious be- 
 lief is identified with the Methodist Episco- 
 pal Church. He was one of the organizers 
 of the Epworth League, serving as the first 
 President for the Chicago District, and later 
 as President of the State organization, and 
 for eight years as Treasurer of the National 
 organization. He has also been Supreme 
 Secretary and General Manager of the 
 Royal League, a member of the Phi Kappa 
 Psi and Phi Delta Phi Fraternities, of the 
 Royal Arcanum, Knights of Pythias, va- 
 rious Masonic bodies, Ancient Order of 
 United Workman, Independent Order of 
 Odd Fellows, Independent Order of For- 
 esters, North American Union, and various 
 other secret and benevolent orders. 
 
 At Indianola, Iowa, on August 15, 1882, 
 Mr. Piper was married to Carrie Gregory, 
 who was a native of Nauvoo, 111., and whose 
 great-grandfather was associated with Rob- 
 ert Morris in the manufacture of gunpow- 
 der for use of the American soldiers during 
 the Revolutionary War period. Mr. and 
 Mrs. Piper's children are: Carolyn E., born 
 January 17. 1884, and now a member of the 
 Senior Class in Northwestern University ; 
 Lulu Lane, born May 29, 1887, a sophomore 
 in Macalester College, St. Paul, Minn ; Rob 
 ert G.. born December 7, 1889, a graduate 
 of Clyde High School, now entered Fresh- 
 man in Northwestern ; Margaret, born Feb- 
 ruary 27, 1892, died September 16, 1894; 
 and Charles E., Jr., born March 6. 1898. 
 Mr. Piper's office as Supreme Scribe of the 
 Royal League is located in Room 1601, Ma- 
 sonic Temple Building, Chicago. 
 
HISTORY OF EVANSTON 
 
 645 
 
 CHARLES LYFORD LOGAN. 
 
 Charles Lyford Logan, clergyman, who 
 is a minister of the Methodist Episcopal - 
 Church at Elizabeth, 111., was born in At- 
 kinson, Maine, June 10, 1850. When he 
 was four years old his parents removed 
 to Illinois and two years later to Minne- 
 sota. Here he received his primary edu- 
 cation in the public schools and, after 
 preparing for college at home, in the fall 
 of 1873 entered the Freshman Class of 
 Northwestern University, graduating 
 therefrom in 1877. In that year he became 
 Principal of Public Schools in Caledonia, 
 Houston County, Minn., for one term. He 
 joined the Wisconsin M. E. Conference 
 in 1878. and in 1880, entered Garrett 
 Biblical Institute, at Evanston, 111., from 
 which he was graduated in 1882. He re- 
 ceived the degree of A. B. in 1877; that of 
 A. M., in 1880; and that of B. D., in 
 1882. During his college course, he was 
 a member of the Adelphic Literary So- 
 ciety and of the Owl Club. In the Junior 
 year, he was one of those who took part 
 in the "Junior Ex.," and was a contestant 
 in debate between the Adelphic and a Chi- 
 cago literary society. He was editor of 
 the "Tripod." representing the Adelphic 
 Literary Society, and was one of the ora- 
 tors in the commencement exercises, at 
 the time of his graduation. In 1883 he 
 transferred to the Rock River Conference. 
 From 1886 to 1889. and from 1892 to 1895, 
 a period of seven years, inclusive, he was 
 principal of Inyo Academy, at Bishop, Inyo 
 County. Cal. 
 
 On May 8, 1884, Mr. Logan was united 
 in marriage with Grace Boehm Wood, and 
 they have become the parents of the fol- 
 lowing children, namely: Mary Lois, born 
 in 1885: Grace Sarah, born in 1887; Laura 
 Louise, born in 1889; Helen Irene, born 
 in 1891 : Edith Evangeline, born in 1893 ; 
 
 Frances Willard, born in 1896; Charles 
 Lyford, Jr., born in 1898; and Ruth, born 
 in 1904. 
 
 In fraternal circles, the subject of this 
 sketch is identified with the I. O. O. F. 
 and the A. O. U. A. M. 
 
 JEROME J. CERMAK. 
 
 Jerome J. Cermak, attorney-at-law, Chi- 
 cago, was born in the city where he now re- 
 sides, September 30, 1880. In boyhood he 
 made diligent use of the opportunities af- 
 forded by the Chicago public schools, 
 graduating from the Joseph Medill High 
 School in June, 1898. In September, 1899, 
 he matriculated in Northwestern Univer- 
 sity Law School, from which he was 
 graduated in June. 1902, with the degree 
 of LL. B. From 1902 to 1906 he has been 
 Secretary of the Law Alumni Association 
 of that institution. He was a member of 
 the University Baseball Club in the spring 
 of 1901. and of the Law School baseball 
 team in 1901 and 1902. He belongs to 
 the Phi Alpha Delta Law fraternity, and 
 socially, is identified with the Royal 
 League and the "Ceska Beseda." He is 
 also a member of the Y. M. C. A. 
 
 GEORGE THOMAS FOX, D. D. S. 
 
 Dr. George Thomas Fox, who is en- 
 gaged in the practice of dentistry at No. 
 5101 South Halsted Street, Chicago, 111., 
 was born in Chicago February 19. 1881, 
 and received his rudimentary education in 
 the Chicago public schools. He after- 
 wards pursued a course of study in 
 Wheaton College at Wheaton, 111., and. 
 in the fall of 1900. entered Northwestern 
 L'niversity Dental College, from which he 
 was graduated in 1903, with the degree of 
 
646 
 
 BIOGRAPHICAL 
 
 D. D. S. In November, 1903, he com- 
 menced the practice of dentistry at the 
 location above mentioned, where he has 
 since continued with good results. 
 
 PHILIP E. ELTING. 
 
 Philip E. Elting, attorney-at-la\v, Ma- 
 comb, McDonough County, 111., was born 
 in the vicinity of that city and spent his 
 boyhood and early youth in his native 
 place, where he enjoyed the advantages of 
 the public schools. After completing his 
 primary education, he pursued a course of 
 study in the Law Department of North- 
 western University at Evanston. 111., from 
 which he was graduated with the Class of 
 1892, receiving the degree of LL. B. He 
 was immediately admitted to the bar 
 (June 14, 1892), and at once entered upon 
 the practice of his profession at Macomb, 
 in which he has since continued with suc- 
 cessful results. Although he has not 
 sought political preferment, he has been 
 endorsed by his county as a candidate for 
 Circuit Judge in the Ninth Judicial Circuit 
 of Illinois. 
 
 In fraternal circles, Mr. Elting is identi- 
 fied with the A. F. & A. M., in which he is 
 a Knight Templar: and is also affiliated 
 with Military Tract Lodge. No. 145, Inde- 
 pendent Order of Odd Fellows, and with 
 the Knights of Pythias. 
 
 SIDNEY G. McCALLIN, D. D. S. 
 
 Sidney Gilmore McCallin, who is en- 
 gaged in the practice of dentistry at No. 
 830 West Sixty-Third Street, Chicago. 
 111., was born in Rochester, Minn., Sep- 
 tember 7, 1878. In boyhood he made dili- 
 gent use of the opportunities afforded by 
 the public schools, and afterwards entered 
 the Waukesha (Wis.) High School, from 
 
 which he was graduated in 1896. On Oc- 
 tober, 5, 1898, he matriculated in North- 
 western University Dental School, gradu- 
 ating therefrom in May, 1900, with the 
 degree of D. D. S. During his dental 
 course he was a member of the Psi Omega 
 Fraternity, and was on the Dental School 
 football team in 1898-1899. 
 
 Dr. McCallin began the practice of his 
 profession at No. 1124 West Sixty- 
 third Street, Chicago, on July 7, 1901, and 
 on June 7, 1904, moved to his present lo- 
 cation. In 1904, he became a member of 
 the Englewood Dental Society, of which 
 he was elected President in 1905. He is 
 also a member of the Englewood Men's 
 Club and of the Jackson Park Yacht Club. 
 
 LOUIS GRANT HOTCH. 
 
 Louis Grant Hotch, dentist, who is lo- 
 cated at No. 334 East Division Street, 
 Chicago, 111., was born in Carthage, 111., 
 March 15 1868. In early youth he at- 
 tended the public schools of his native 
 place, and afterwards graduated from the 
 High School, subsequently taking a course 
 in a Kansas City (Mo.) business college. 
 In 1901, he graduated form Northwestern 
 University Dental School. Dr. Hotch 
 worked his way through school by indus- 
 trious application to other pursuits, during 
 his vacations and other periods of leisure. 
 On June 30, 1900, he was united in marriage 
 with Miss Tillie Nelson, and one child 
 Marion Sophia, has been the result of this 
 union. 
 
 SAMUEL CRAIG PLUMMER. 
 
 Samuel Craig Plummer, surgeon, who 
 is located at No. 156 East Forty-second 
 Place, Chicago, 111., was born in Rock 
 Island, 111., April 22, 1865. In early youth 
 
HISTORY OF EVANSTON 
 
 647 
 
 he utilized the advantages of the public 
 schools and, after finishing his primary 
 studies, pursued a course in Augustana 
 College, at Rock Island, from which he 
 was graduated in June, 1883, with the 
 degree of A. B. In the same year he ma- 
 triculated in the Chicago Medical College, 
 of Northwestern University, graduating 
 therefrom March 23, 1886. with the de- 
 gree of M. D. He is a member of the Phi 
 Rho Sigma fraternity. In 1886-87, Dr. 
 Plummer occupied the position of interne 
 in the Cook County Hospital, Chicago. In 
 1891 he was appointed Assistant Demon- 
 strator of Anatomy in the Northwestern 
 University Medical School ; in 1892 be- 
 came Lecturer on Anatomy ; in 1893, Pro- 
 fessor of Anatomy, and in 1894, Demon- 
 strator of Operative Surgery. Since 1899 
 he has been Professor of ( )perative Sur- 
 gery in that institution, and from 1900 
 until the present time, has served in the 
 capacity of Surgeon to Wesley Hospital, 
 Chicago, and since 1902 has held the po- 
 sition of Chief Surgeon of the Chicago, 
 Rock Island & Pacific Railway system. 
 He has also been secretary of the North- 
 western University Medical School since 
 1904. 
 
 Dr. Plummer is a member of the Ameri- 
 can Medical Association ; the American 
 Association of Railway Surgeons ; the 
 Illinois State Medical Society, the Chi- 
 cago Medical Society, of which he was 
 Secretary in 1900-1901 : the Chicago Sur- 
 gical Society ; and the Chicago Pathologi- 
 cal Society. Socially Dr. Plummer is a 
 member of the Kenwood and Washing- 
 ton Park Clubs of Chicago, and fraternally 
 of the Military Order of the Loyal Legion. 
 He was united in marriage with Mary 
 Louise Middleton. on March 18, 1902, and 
 one child, Susan Middleton Plummer, has 
 been born of this union. 
 
 ALBERT D. PERSONS, D. D. S., M.D.S. 
 
 Dr. Albert Dodge Persons, dentist, of 
 Des Plaines, Cook County, 111., was born 
 in Chicago, 111., July 20, 1879. His early 
 mental training was obtained in the Chi- 
 cago public schools and, in October, 1897, 
 he entered the Northwestern College of 
 Dental Surgery and matriculated in 
 Northwestern University Dental School 
 in October, 1898, graduating therefrom 
 April 30, 1900. with the degree of D. D. 
 S. He has also received the degree of 
 M. D. S. Dr. Persons was a member of 
 Northwestern L'niversity Dental School 
 football team in 1898-1899. 
 
 The subject of this sketch is Professor 
 of Oral Surgery in the American Post- 
 Graduate School : Professor of Oral Sur- 
 gery in the National Medical University; 
 was formerly Professor of Orthodon- 
 tia in the Illinois Medical School Dental 
 Department, and is now Assistant Professbr 
 of Orthodontia in the Northwestern Uni- 
 versity Dental School. 
 
 Dr. Persons was united in marriage 
 with Grace Bennett, of Des Plaines. 111., 
 on August 16, 1904. 
 
 WALTER B. HELM, M. D. 
 
 Walter B. Helm, physician and sur- 
 geon, of Rockford, 111., was born at But- 
 lerville, Iowa, October 12, 1859, and his 
 primary education was received in the 
 public schools of his native place. Sub- 
 sequently he became a pupil in the B'eaver 
 Dam (Wis.) High School, finishing his 
 studies there in 1876. He then matricu- 
 lated in Northwestern University, and. 
 after completing the literary course, in 
 1881 entered the Medical Department of 
 that institution, from which he was gradu- 
 ated with the degree of M. D., in 1884. 
 
648 
 
 BIOGRAPHICAL 
 
 He had previously received the degree of 
 B. S. In 1884-85, he attended the clinics 
 of Cook County Hospital, Chicago, and 
 in 1895, took a course in the New York 
 Post Graduate School of Medicine. Dur- 
 ing his undergraduate period, he was a 
 member of the Hinman Literary Society, 
 and from 1879 to 1883, was connected with 
 the United States Life-Saving Service. 
 
 Dr. Helm acted as Attending Physician 
 and Surgeon in connection with the Rock- 
 ford City Hospital from 1886 to 1904, and. 
 since the last named year, has occupied 
 the position of Consulting Surgeon in that 
 institution. He was local surgeon of the 
 Illinois Central Railroad Company at Ra- 
 cine, \Yis., in 1897. Dr. Helm is a mem- 
 ber of the American Medical Association ; 
 the Illinois State Medical Society; the 
 Central Wisconsin Medical Society ; and 
 the \\innebago (111.) Medical Society. 
 Socially he is connected with the Rock- 
 ford Country Club, and, in fraternal cir- 
 cles, is identified with the B. P. (). E. 
 
 Dr. Helm was married on October 26, 
 1887, to Mary C. Gibson, and two children 
 are the offspring of this union, namely: 
 Allan (I., born November 8, 1888, and 
 Elizabeth, born January 27, 1902. 
 
 GEORGE \V. NESBITT. 
 
 George W. Nesbitt, physician and 
 surgeon, of Sycamore, 111., was born in 
 that town March 13, 1869. His early edu- 
 cation was obtained in the public schools 
 of his native place, and from 1887 to 1889, 
 he was a student in the Illinois State Uni- 
 versity at Urbana. In the fall of the lat- 
 ter year he matriculated in the Chicago 
 Medical College of Northwestern Uni- 
 versity, from which he was graduated 
 April 22, 1892, with the degree of M. D. 
 
 Dr. Nesbitt is a member of the Ameri- 
 
 can Medical Association; the Illinois 
 State Medical Society; the DeKalb 
 County (111.) Medical Society; and the 
 Mississippi Valley Medical Society. He 
 was united in marriage with Cora Whitte- 
 more, of Sycamore, 111., on August 16, 
 1894. 
 
 PAUL SYNNESTVEDT. 
 
 Paul Synnestvedt, who is engaged in 
 the practice of law, in Pittsburgh, Pa., 
 where his office is located at No. 518 Frick 
 Building, was born in Chicago, 111., April 
 14, 1870. In his youth he enjoyed the ad- 
 vantages afforded by the public schools of 
 Chicago, and, after finishing his literary 
 studies, entered the Law School of North- 
 western University at Chicago, from which 
 he was graduated in 1897, with the 
 degree of LL. B. The marriage of Mr. 
 Synnestvedt took place in 1893, when 
 he was wedded to Anna E. Lechner of 
 Pittsburgh, Pa., their union resulting in 
 eight children, namely: Arthur, Hubert, 
 Elsa, George, Evan, Raymond, Kenneth 
 and Virginia. 
 
 WILLIAM LEON STEVENS, D. D. S. 
 
 Dr. William Leon Stevens, who is en- 
 gaged in the practice of dentistry at No. 
 1012 West Lake Street, Chicago, 111., and 
 resides at Clyde, Cook County, 111., was 
 born at Eaton Rapids, Mich., December 
 ii, 1867. In early youth he utilized the 
 opportunities afforded by the public 
 schools, and on September 25, 1887, ma- 
 triculated in the American College of 
 Dental Surgery, from which he was grad- 
 uated with the degree of D. D. S., March 
 25. 1880. In fraternal circles, Dr. Ste- 
 vens is identified with the A. F. & A. M., 
 
HISTORY OF EVANSTON 
 
 649 
 
 having joined Lodge No. 610, August 14, 
 1893. 
 
 On June 17, 1897, Dr. Stevens was uni- 
 ted in marriage with Anna Maude Stevens, 
 and they have become the parents of two 
 children, namely : Morton Leon, born Oc- 
 tober 27, 1898, and Ethel Grace, born May 
 17, 1891. 
 
 OLE HANSEN TUTTLE. 
 
 Ole Hansen Tuttle, dentist, Chicago, 111., 
 was born at Eaton, Ohio, April 17, 1867. 
 In early youth he utilized the opportuni- 
 ties afforded by the public schools of his 
 native town and graduated there in 1886. 
 In 1891 he entered Northwestern Univer- 
 sity Dental College, and was graduated 
 therefrom in 1894, with the degree of D. 
 D. S. He was class treasurer in that in- 
 stitution during the last mentioned year, 
 and special clinic in operative dentistry 
 there in 1895-96. From 1893 to 1900, he 
 served as secretary and treasurer of the 
 Miami Club, Fraternally he is identified 
 with the A. F. & A. M.. being a thirty- 
 second degree Mason, and a member of 
 the Mystic Shrine. 
 
 On November 24, 1902, Dr. Tuttle was 
 united in marriage with Grace M. Goss, 
 a daughter of the inventor of the Goss 
 Printing Press. One child, Genevieve 
 Harriet, has been the offspring of their 
 union. Dr. Tuttle is located at No. 1046 
 Jackson Boulevard, Chicago. 
 
 BENJAMIN WALDBERG. 
 
 Benjamin Waldberg, who is engaged in 
 the practice of dentistry at No. 66 North 
 State Street, Chicago, 111., was born in 
 Lemberg, Austria, December 25, 1851. In 
 boyhood he received his primary mental 
 training in the public schools of his native 
 
 country, and graduated from the Classic 
 Gymnasium in the city of his birth. He 
 matriculated in Northwestern University 
 Dental School for the term of 1897-8, and 
 was graduated in 1901, with the degree of 
 D. D. S. Dr. Waldberg was appointed 
 Demonstrator in Prosthetic Technics, Oc- 
 tober i, 1899, and in May, 1901, received 
 the appointment of Demonstrator and 
 Superintendent of Prosthetic Laborator- 
 ies, a position which he still holds. He 
 is a member of the Odontographic So- 
 ciety ; the Psi Omega Dental Fraternity, 
 and the A. F. & A. M. 
 
 Dr. Waldberg was married in 1869, but 
 has been a widower since 1886. He has 
 two sons, Bernard and Joseph. 
 
 
 AMOS R. SOLENBERGER, M. D. 
 
 Amos Rufus Solenberger, physician, 
 and a resident of Colorado Springs, Colo., 
 was born in 1853, at Canton, Ohio. After 
 finishing his primary studies in the public 
 schools of his native State, his parents 
 removed to Illinois, where he pursued 
 preparatory courses in Rock River Sem- 
 inary and Northwestern University 
 Academy, and in 1879 matriculated in the 
 College of Liberal Arts of Northwestern 
 University, Evanston, graduating there- 
 from in 1883, with the degree of Ph. B. 
 In 1883 he entered the Northwestern Uni- 
 versity Medical School, from which he 
 was graduated in 1885, with the degree of 
 M. D. During his undergraduate course, 
 he was a member of the Euphronean and 
 Adelphic societies, and of the Phi Kappa 
 Psi Fraternity, and was contestant for the 
 Adelphic and Hintnan prizes in oratory. 
 He acted in the capacity of Field Marshal 
 on Field Day in 1883. 
 
 Dr. Solenberger took special courses in 
 Medicine, Laryngology, Rhinology and 
 
650 
 
 BIOGRAPHICAL 
 
 Otology, in Berlin, Paris and London, and 
 is the author of "Lectures on Hygiene of 
 the Vocal Organs," and on the "Principles 
 and Practice of Diseases of the Upper 
 Respiratory Tract." From 1896 to 1899 
 he was Instructor in Laryngology and 
 Rhinology in the Northwestern Univer- 
 sity Medical School. He is a member of 
 the American Medical Association ; the 
 Chicago Academy of Medicine ; the Am- 
 erican Laryngological, Otological and 
 Rhinological Societies, and of the Colorado 
 State Medical Association. 
 
 He was united in marriage with Pris- 
 cilla H. Stauffer, at Denver, Colo., on 
 April 8, 1885. 
 
 JOHN RAYMOND HOFFMAN, M. D. 
 Dr. John Raymond Hoffman, who is 
 engaged in the practice of medicine at No. 
 206 East Washington Street, Chicago, 
 111., and resides in Ottawa, 111., was born 
 in the latter city, June 18, 1865. In boy- 
 hood he attended public school in Ottawa, 
 and graduated from the High School 
 there in 1885. He matriculated in Chi- 
 cago Medical College of Northwestern 
 University in 1888, and was graduated 
 therefrom in 1891 with the degree of M. 
 
 D. Dr. Hoffman entered upon the gen- 
 eral practice of his profession in Ottawa, 
 during the year of his graduation from 
 the University, and continued therein un- 
 til 1895, when he devoted his attention 
 mainly to affections of the eye, ear, nose 
 and throat. In 1897, he began this special 
 line of practice in Chicago, on the estab- 
 lishment of the Eye, Ear, Nose and 
 Throat College, of which he is secretary. 
 In this institution, Dr. Hoffman has also 
 filled the chair of Professor of Ophthal- 
 mology since the year of its establish- 
 ment. From 1896 to 1898, Dr. Hoffman 
 was Assistant Surgeon of the Illinois 
 National Guard, and from 1897 to 1903 
 was Assistant Surgeon of the Illinois 
 Charitable Eye and Ear Infirmary, lie is 
 a member of the Chicago Medical Society, 
 the Chicago Ophthalmological and Otolo- 
 gical Society, and the American Academy 
 of Ophthalmology, Otology and Rhinol- 
 ogy. 
 
 On June 2, 1891, the subject of this 
 sketch was united in marriage with Mary 
 T. Hapeman, of Ottawa, 111., and their 
 union has resulted in three children 
 namely: Douglas T., Phoebe Ella, and 
 Frances.