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Digitized by the Internet Archive 
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 https://archive.org/details/handbookofplantfOOclar 
 
A HANDBOOK of 
 PLANT-FORM 
 
 FOR STUDENTS OF DESIGN 
 ONE HUNDRED PLATES, 
 
 COMPRISING NEARLY 8oO ILLUSTRATIONS 
 
 Drawn and Described, and with 
 
 AN INTRODUCTORY CHAPTER ON DESIGN 
 AND A GLOSSARY OF BOTANICAL TERMS 
 
 BY 
 
 ERNEST E. CLARK 
 
 Art Master Derby Technical College, National Silver Medallist 
 in Ornament and Design. 
 
 " In every object there is inexhaustible meaning ; the 
 eye sees in it what the eye brings means of seeing." 
 
 LONDON: B. T. BATSFORD, 94 High Holborn 
 
 NEW YORK: JOHN LANE, 67 Fifth Avenue 
 
 MCMV. 
 
N placing this little work before Art Students, I am keenly 
 aware of the difficulties with which the undertaking is 
 beset, but while it cannot rival the more expensive 
 works of a similar nature, I hope it will hold its 
 own in the sphere of more humble productions. 
 
 Objection may be taken to it on the debatable 
 <zround of the wisdom of placing in the hands of Art Students ready-made 
 diagrams for reference and use in decorative studies. But this objection 
 may be met by a consideration of the difficulties experienced by many young 
 students in obtaining, at any given moment, the right plant, or the infor- 
 mation concerning such plant, which is essential in order to make an original 
 drawing. At the same time, it cannot be too frequently urged upon 
 students that the only right way for them is to make their own studies 
 direct from nature. Indeed, one object of this book would be defeated 
 if it were made to take the place of a student's own personal studies, as its 
 aim is rather to direct such studies, so that they may be of practical use 
 from a decorative point of view. 
 
 1 have refrained from supplementing the plant drawings with examples 
 ot their decorative application to given spaces, believing that, had I done 
 so, a check might possibly have been put upon the student's originality, 
 and that any such suggestions best come from the teacher with whom 
 3 the student is immediately concerned. Not more botanical terms have 
 been made use of than the circumstances warranted, and these will be 
 found explained in the Glossary when the text does not supply the 
 - requisite information. 
 
VI 
 
 PREFACE. 
 
 I have to thank those personal friends who in one wav or another have 
 given me assistance in getting together the material contained in the book, 
 and although nearly the whole of the illustrations are from my own drawings 
 from nature, there are one or two which have been made from original 
 drawings kindly lent me for the purpose. 
 
 To Mr. Paulson Townsend I am indebted tor generous assistance in 
 various ways. 
 
 Ernest E. Clark. 
 
 Derby, Jttne^ 1904- 
 
LIST OF PLATES. 
 
 PRINCIPLES OF DESIGN 
 
 LEAF FORMS 
 
 Plate 
 
 ANEMONE, AUTUMN . . 68, 69 
 WOOD . . . . 58 
 
 ASH 88 
 
 BINDWEED OR CONVOLVULUS . 14 
 BITTER-SWEET, or WOODY 
 
 NIGHTSHADE . 
 
 
 . 22 
 
 BLACKBERRY . 
 
 
 3, 4, 5 
 
 BLACKTHORN . 
 
 
 ■ 65 
 
 BLUEBELL . 
 
 
 60 
 
 BRYONY, BLACK 
 
 
 • 23 
 
 WHITE . 
 
 
 12, 13 
 
 BUTTERCUP 
 
 
 26, 27 
 
 CAMPION, RED • . 
 
 
 . 66 
 
 CELANDINE, LESSER 
 
 
 • 99 
 
 CHRYSANTHEMUM 
 
 • 52, 
 
 53, 54 
 
 CLEMATIS .... 
 
 
 • 89 
 
 COLUMBINE . 
 
 • 55, 56, 57 
 
 CONVOLVULUS or BINDWEED 
 
 • 14 
 
 COWSLIP. 
 
 
 • 32 
 
 CRAB-APPLE (Blossom) 
 
 
 • 50 
 
 (Fruit) . 
 
 
 • 51 
 
 CRANESBILL (MEADOW) 
 
 
 18, 19 
 
 CROCUS .... 
 
 
 100 
 
 CUCKOO- PINT . ... 
 
 
 . 61 
 
 DAFFODIL .... 
 
 
 • 37 
 
 DAHLIA .... 
 
 
 43, 44 
 
 DAISY, OX-EYE 
 
 
 1 1 
 
 DANDELION 
 
 33, 
 
 34, 35 
 
 FUCHSIA . . . 
 
 
 75, 76 
 
 GLADIOLUS . 
 
 
 45, 46 
 
 GOATS-BEARD . 
 
 
 • 63 
 
 Plate 
 I 
 2 
 
 
 
 Plate 
 
 GROUNDSEL .... 
 
 
 . 67 
 
 HAREBELL 
 
 
 ■ 30 
 
 HAWTHORN .... 
 
 
 24, 25 
 
 HOLLY .... 
 
 
 96, 97 
 
 HONESTY .... 
 
 
 • 93 
 
 HONEYSUCKLE 
 
 90, 
 
 91, 92 
 
 HORSE CHESTNUT . 81, 
 
 82, 
 
 83, 84 
 
 IVY 
 
 38, 
 
 39' 4° 
 
 LILY, EASTER 
 
 
 94, 95 
 
 MARROW .... 
 
 47, 48, 49 
 
 MARSH-MARIGOLD 
 
 
 28, 29 
 
 MILKWORT 
 
 
 . 78 
 
 MISTLETOE .. .. 
 
 
 • 98 
 
 NASTURTIUM {Tropaolum majus) 
 
 1 5, 16 
 
 ,, (Tropceolum claratu 
 
 ni) 
 
 ■ 17 
 
 OAK 
 
 
 79, 80 
 
 OXALIS, OR WOODSORREL . 
 
 
 77 
 
 OX-EYE DAISY . 
 
 
 . 1 1 
 
 POPPY, COMMON 
 
 
 62, 63 
 
 OPIUM . 
 
 
 63, 64 
 
 PRIMROSE . . . 
 
 
 • 31 
 
 PRIVET .... 
 
 
 41, 42 
 
 RHODODENDRON 
 
 
 73, 74 
 
 ROSE, WILD ... 6, 
 
 7, ^ 
 
 , 9, 1° 
 
 SLOE, OR BLACKTHORN . 
 
 
 • 65 
 
 SWEET PEA .... 
 
 
 20, 21 
 
 SYCAMORE 
 
 85, 
 
 86, 87 
 
 TEASEL . . 
 
 70, 
 
 71, 72 
 
 VIOLET 
 
 
 • 59 
 
 WOOD SORREL . 
 
 
 • • 77 
 
 WOODY NIGHTSHADE . 
 
 
 . 22 
 
INTRODUCTION 
 
 In treating of plant form as a source of inspiration for the designer, one is struck 
 by the abundance and variety of the material ; the endless forms and colours of the 
 vegetable world that face him at the outset. 
 
 It is not a case of the want of material, but the excess of it, that forms one of 
 the difficulties in dealing with this subject. After having carefully considered the 
 scope and use of the present volume, a careful selection of plant forms, mainly typical 
 of English wild flowers, to be found during Spring, Summer, Autumn, and Winter, 
 has been made with a view to their appropriateness for decorative treatment. One 
 intention of the present book is to form a guide to the Government examinations in 
 memory plant drawing and design. 
 
 The requirements of the examiners in the memory plant examination should be 
 thoroughly understood by the student before attempting the paper, as the time 
 allowed does not aomit of any superfluous labour. 
 
 A careful drawing of a plant, with analytical details, is to be made from memory 
 by the student, before adapting it decoratively to any of the given spaces. 
 
 With this object in view, the student should make careful studies from nature 
 of the plants chosen, so that, at any given time, no great difficulty would be 
 experienced in making a drawing from memory. The points to be closely studied 
 in the selected plant are : its decorative possibilities from every point of view ; the 
 characteristic growth from the root upwards and outwards ; leaf and stalk junctions 
 with the main stem ; front, back, and profile of flower and leaf ; the growth of buds 
 and their particular forms ; all such growths as the calyx of a flower and bracts, 
 should be seized upon and carefully drawn, as they offer great ornamental possibilities 
 for decorative work. The fruit and seed pods of various plants should also be 
 carefully noted, as here again most beautiful forms are abundant ; such, for instance, 
 as those to be found in the Poppy, the Nasturtium, the Dandelion, etc. Tendrils oi 
 climbing plants and shrubs also offer great scope ; and really no more delightful 
 forms are to be found in nature than these tendril forms. They are of great service 
 to the designer in tyini{ and binding together his design, just as they tie, bind and 
 cling to any obstacle in their way in their natural state ; but they require very 
 careful drawing and observation in order to give them that nervous, energetic look 
 with which they are so full. A limp-looking tendril should be avoided. 
 
 The particular veining of the leaf must also receive attention, as this is a great 
 characteristic of many plants ; young leaves and shoots and leaf-buds must, in their 
 turn, be put down in the category of useful forms to be noted and sketched. Some 
 
lO 
 
 A HANDBOOK OF PLANT-FORM. 
 
 few sections are also necessaiy as showing the construction of certain parts, such as 
 the stems, showing whether they be triangular or polygonal or square ; but anything 
 like a series of botanical sections is not necessary. The section of certain seed-pods 
 and fruits is sometimes useful, such as the Pomegranate or big Poppy- head, and 
 those of the Pea and Bean tribe. 
 
 Having made the memory sketch, then, of the chosen plant, the problem will be, 
 to select one of the given spaces, and suitably fill it with a design based upon the 
 particular plant you have selected. There are several ways of commencing a design 
 to fill a given space. First of all, the student should carefully consider the plant in 
 relation to the space itself ; some plant forms lend themselves to certain shapes much 
 better than others. One will compose within a rectangle much better than in a 
 square ; another in a square better than in a circle, and so on ; but much of this 
 depends upon the ingenuity of the student, and no recipes can be given. 
 
 Having finally settled upon the plant and the given space, a good method is to 
 commence by lightly sketching-in the construction or main lines of the design, getting 
 these to balance each other and to harmonise with the given lines of the space, which 
 are, of course, the controlling lines of the composition. Having decided upon these, 
 suggest with charcoal or soft pencil where the masses or interesting spots will occur, 
 taking care that these also balance ; they should generally fall at the most important 
 divisions of the space. Again, the student may begin by placing the masses of the 
 design first, and then connecting them by suitable lines. A third way is, mentally to 
 work out the design before putting pencil to paper ; but as this is not usual with 
 students, as it requires long experience to accomplish it, one of the two former ways 
 will be safer and quicker. 
 
 The student must fully understand that there is no final word to be spoken 
 regarding the making of decorative compositions. The dcsignci takes that method 
 which comes easiest and most natural to himself ; but in most cases it is better and 
 more methodical first of all to decide upon the main lines and masses, satisfying one- 
 self that they balance and harmonise with each other and the lines of the given space. 
 
INTRODUCTION. 
 
 Having done this, one can then elaborate as much as time and circumstances permit, 
 and good taste and judgment suggest. Figs, i, 2, and 3, given opposite, will indicate 
 the method of procedure, from the first lines to the finished design. 
 
 One or two words might be said regarding the conventionalising of plants. 
 Here, again, at the outset, we are met by an ever-present difficulty in the use of the 
 word conventionalise. To begin with, a young student does not understand it in 
 relation to design, and to the older students it presents various meanings. A young 
 student, for instance, does not always grasp the reason why he is not to copy exactly 
 the flower and leaf forms before him, feeling instinctively, and, as a rule, rightly, that 
 they are much more beautiful and ornamental than they will be when he has tortured 
 them into something else, or " conventionalised " them according to instructions. 
 This, of course, is partly true. Therein lies the difficulty, as you cannot conscien- 
 tiously tell a beginner that his forms are an improvement upon nature, even for that 
 particular corner for which he designed them. But what can and must be impressed 
 upon him is, that first of all an ornamental or conventional arrangement of line and 
 mass, based upon the plant, must be decided upon to fill decoratively and harmonise 
 with the given space, before any conventionalising of detail is thought of ; in fact, in 
 the process of filling the space the detail is more likely to become satisfactorily dealt 
 with than by what is often no more than a torturing process. To this extent 
 the student will understand that the flower, fruit, or leaf forms of his plant play an 
 important part in the general decorative or conventional arrangement of the design, and 
 to that extent are conventionalised or ornamentalised, inasmuch as they take a second- 
 ary part in a conventional arrangement. Later he can be initiated, by the assistance of 
 the teacher and examples of conventional forms, into the greater subtleties of and reasons 
 for conventionalising particular flower or fruit and leaf forms. At the commencement 
 it will take all the teacher's energy in preventing his most backward students from 
 making a flower-stem grow in two ways at once, or from placing Wild Roses on a 
 sprig of Holly, and thorns on the Oak. But there are many young students who 
 with very little tuition make excellent designs. 
 
 To the student who is more advanced it will not be necessary to quibble over the 
 word at all. He will understand that to take a group of flowers or leaf spray, direct 
 from nature, and place it in a given space without any modification, is neither design 
 nor nature, and a violation of both, because he has not considered his plant in relation 
 to his space, it bears no relation to it whatever, no invention, no artistic feeling was in 
 the least necessary in order to do this. The result is therefore disastrous. But, again, 
 the extent to which an artist may conventionalise natural forms, be they animal or 
 floral, depends almost entirely upon the taste of the artist after certain conditions have 
 been fulfilled. I say almost advisedly, because he may select a very naturalistic 
 treatment for the decoration of a building, which, in certain parts, would most likely 
 call for a more severe or more conventional treatment. He will understand that after 
 having determined his arrangement with regard to the space at his disposal, the degree 
 to which he carries his conventionalising is left entirely with him — students should 
 not at all be hampered here : but as a rule they err on the side or naturalness — he 
 may conventionalise his forms out of all semblance to particular natural forms like some 
 of the early Gothic foliage (fig. 4), or he may depart very slightly from the particular 
 
A HANDBOOK OF PLANT-FORM. 
 
 ways and forms of nature, like the decorated Gothic forms (fig. 5). In deciding this he 
 
 is en 
 
 %4 Gorly GvigliiV) Grot-ViO- 
 15* Cent. 
 
 condemns him. We may say, then, that to conventionalise, is to seize upon the 
 decorative qualities of growth, flower, fruir, or root forms, and make ornament out of 
 them, or emphasise them so that they become part of a general harmonious scheme,- 
 ignoring as a rule all natural accidents, such as the number of wrinkles in a Poppy 
 petal, or the upward or downward turn of a Rose leaf, or the number of revolutions in 
 a Vegetable Marrow tendril, or in the spiral of a shell. 
 
 The process may be further illustrated by the following diagram. Here we have 
 
 a given space, say a square, and a 
 given Rose flower and three Rose 
 leaves. The problem is to design 
 them into the square so that they 
 fill it pleasantly , leaving no awkward 
 spaces. At present it will be seen 
 that they bear no kind of relation 
 to each other, the square has no 
 relation whatever to the floral forms, 
 or the floral forms to the square ; they are tliree distinct units from which we are to 
 make a harmonious composition. To bring them all three into relation — that is, so 
 that leaves, flower, and square reflect and influence each other — may be done in 
 somewhat the following manner [see fig. i, pi. 1.). 
 
 In this figure we have a simple diagonal arrangement of the three elements 
 which fall pleasantly in the square form, without violating any principle of growth. 
 The leaves fit into the corners and arrange themselves along the sides of the square 
 without any awkward spaces intervening, while the flower is made the centre of 
 attraction and central mass of the design. 
 
 Of course, all this is very simple when you are dealing with simple elements, 
 but exactly the same principles hold when you are dealing with more complex 
 arrangements. You might, for instance, in this particular case, multiply your 
 elements by making your space larger, and including the stems, root, bracts, buds, and 
 fruit of the plant, uniting them all into one arrangement. You have increased your 
 difliculties by increasing your forms, but not ) ()ur principles. Siinilarly, if your design 
 be for a ceiling, and your elements the human figure and lower forms of animal life, 
 
INTRODUCTION. 
 
 13 
 
 beyond the designing of the figures and animals to fit into their allotted spaces, the 
 only other great influence on your design would be the materials in which your design 
 was to be executed — whether flat, coloured, or in relief. But this opens up another 
 great question in design which it is not the province of this book to enter into, and 
 which would serve no useful purpose in an elementary treatise. 
 
 But to return to our three elements. In fig. 2, pi. i., we have substituted a 
 circle for our square, thus altering one of our elements. The altered space then 
 brings about an alteration in our design, as the student will see at once that the same 
 design will not do for square and circle alike. In the case of the first the outlines of 
 the square are the controlling lines of the design ; in the second case it is the same, 
 but the controlling line this time is the circumference of a circle. The other 
 elements remain the same. The flower remains as before, though not necessarily the 
 central mass, the chief difference being in the arrangement of the leaf forms, which 
 are made to take a somewhat curved line in order to echo the outline of the circle and 
 compose with it. Sufficient has now, I think, been said to show that, no matter what 
 the space is to be filled, the fundamental principles are the same. 
 
 There are one or two other principles illustrated in these two little diagrams 
 about which a word or two might be said. Taking the square design again, besides 
 the principle of subordination which is illustrated in the fact that the internal arrange- 
 ment of lines and forms is subordinate to the lines of the space, there is the principle 
 of radiation from a centre, illustrated by the leaf-bearing lines running towards the 
 centre of the flower or square. There are several forms of radiation, all of which are 
 to be found throughout nature. An example or two will suffice. If you take an 
 ordinary scallop or cockle shell (fig. 3, pi. i.), and note the direction of the lines 
 upon it, you will see that they all radiate to one point. This is an instance of radiation 
 from a point or radiation to a point. 
 
 The radiation of the main ribs in the leaflets of the Horse Chestnut (fig. 4, pi. i.), 
 give you the same form of radiation. The radiation of the feathers in a bird's wing is 
 towards a given point without actually reaching it (fig. 5, pi. i.). Then there are 
 radiating tangential lines, either to a straight line or a curved one, sometimes called 
 tangeqtial curvature; this is most generally illustrated by the springing of leaves from a 
 stem or the boughs from a tree trunk — a familiar illustration of it would be the springing 
 of the flower-stalks of the Lily of the Valley (fig. 6, pi. I.), or the Wild Hyacinth from 
 the main stem — that is, they run down with, and do not cut into, the main stem. This 
 is called radiation to or from a -given line. Another principle, which is also illustrated 
 in both the designs, is that of balance ; but before describing the principle of balance it 
 will be better to give an illustration of the principle of symmetry, which is an 
 analogous principle. A symmetrical composition is simply an arrangement whereby 
 the first half of your design is turned over and repeated on the other side of a centre 
 line, real or imaginary, thus making both sides exactly the same, as in the simple 
 example of Greek ornament (fig. 7, pi. i.), or as you may see in the circle design^ 
 where the three leaves on a curved line are repeated exactly or reversed, on the 
 opposite side of an imaginary line. Now if you maintain the balance of line and 
 mass, but slightly alter the detail on one side of your design, you get a balanced 
 arrangement without absolute symmetry, that is you get variety introduced as a new 
 
14 
 
 A HANDBOOK OF PLANT-FORM. 
 
 element. The diagram given in fig. 9, pi. i, of a piece of Renaissance ornament is a 
 very good example of balance. In any design you must have one of these two 
 principles, either absolute symmetry or balance. 
 
 The principles of variety and contrast are also illustrated in figs, i and 2, pi. i., 
 by the pattern occurring as black upon white or vice versd^ or by the introduction of 
 a spotted background. Contrast may be obtained in another way — by leaving in 
 your design an empty space upon which the eye may rest, but such space must form a 
 feature of the design and not be merely an accidental vacant space ; it must be 
 specially designed like the rest. The little design shown in fig. 10, pi. i, will 
 explain what is meant, the vacant space in the centre of the panel forming a portion 
 of the design and at the same time a rest for the eye. One other principle might be 
 mentioned, and that is the principle of proportion. It is somewhat a matter of 
 personal feeling how far one may go in keeping the proportion between, say the 
 flowers and leaves of one plant in the same design as it exists in nature, or if two 
 plants be used in the same design, how far it is necessary to keep the proportion 
 between them that we find in the plants themselves. If the space to be filled is first 
 divided into separate divisions and two plant forms are to be used, one to be occupied 
 by a design on one flower and the remaining space or spaces by a design on the other, 
 possibly being used as a background to the first, then it is not essential that the strict 
 natural proportion between the two plants should be adhered to ; but if the two plants 
 form part of the same design in the same space, then good taste would seem to suggest 
 that their relative natural proportions should be borne in mind. Similarly, with regard 
 to the proportion between the flowers and leaves of the same plant, nature here again 
 will be a safe guide, and a design will generally be of a more refined character where 
 this proportion is observed than where it is ignored. But again, in this case, as in manv 
 others, the personal element of the student counts for much, and this is a case where 
 some young students seldom make a mistake, while others require constant watching 
 and warning lest they surround a Hawthorn blossom with leaves of gigantic propor- 
 tions or a Wild Rose form with microscopic leaves placed on hedgestakes. 
 
 There are other principles which it is necessary the student should be familiar 
 with, but which cannot now be entered into here. Sufficient has been said that will, 
 by the aid of the class teacher and by the persistent practice of the student, put them 
 on a fair way to become designers. 
 
 First of all, the ability to draw ajiy plant placed before him fairly accurately; 
 then a knowledge of the fundamental principles of design ; and lastly, the constant 
 practice of applying the material at hand to spaces of varying shapes, will be all that 
 is necessary for the student at the present stage of design. 
 
 The question of the underlying principles of ornament is being further dealt with 
 by the writer in another form, and according to the present syllabus of the Depart- 
 ment. Obviously, this is too great a subject to do justice to in the present work, 
 which aims mainly at placing before students material and the manner of collecting 
 material from nature, and certain fundamental rules for its application to 
 decorative purposes. 
 
Plate I. 
 
LEAF FORMS. Plate 2. 
 
 On Plate 2 a' number of different leaf forms occurring on different plants is 
 given. The variety that exists also in the wav they are notched or toothed 
 along their margins is illustrated, and the various ways in which they attach 
 themselves to the main stems. It must be borne in mind that the endless variety 
 of forms to be found in leaves is due to the degree of development to which the 
 leaf has been carried ; all leaves, to begin with, are similar in form, but some are 
 arrested in their growth earlier than others, and undergo less modification on that 
 account thus becoming simple and entire leaves, or other simple forms : degree in 
 development also carries us to decompound and supra-decompound leaves. The various 
 names attached to the illustrations are explained in the list of botanical terms. A 
 reference to fig. i, pi. 2, and to the leaf of the Columbine will explain the difference 
 between a simple and entire leaf and a decompound leaf Fig. i is entire because its 
 edge is not notched or divided in any way. Fig. 2 is orbicular in form, and its edge 
 is crenate. It is also called peltate^ from the way the stalk is attached to the underside 
 of the leaf, from which point the veins radiate. Fig. 4 is a Wild Rose leaflet, is elliptical 
 in form and its edge is serrate. Fig. 4 is spatulate in form and likewise serrate. 
 Fig. 5 is oval or egg-shaped, and entire. Fig. 6 is ovate or inversely egg-shaped, with 
 serrated margin. Fig. 7 is another rounded leaf, with serrated edge. Fig. 8 is rather 
 an elongated heart-shape, with a toothed edge. Fig. 9 is oblongs with a fringed edge or 
 margin. Fig. 10 is the Fir-tree foliage and is called acicular^ or needle-shaped. Fig. 11 
 is cordate or heart-shaped, and serrated. Fig. 12 is obcordate^ or inversely heart- 
 shaped. Fig. 13 is reniform or kidney-shaped and serrated. Fig. 14 is an example of 
 the capillary or hair like form. Fig. 15 is the linear shape, seen also in the leaves of 
 grasses. Fig. 16 is the linear-lanceolate leaf of the Willow. Fig. 9^7 is lanceolate. 
 Fig. 17 is arrow-shaped or saggitate, and is also an example of the sessile attachment 
 to the stem. Fig. 18 is angular in form, and divided or lobed in regard to its edge. 
 Fig. 19 is elliptical also and entire ; it also illustrates /)^r<7//^/ venation as distinct from 
 net-veining, as seen in the leaves of the Ivy or Wild Rose, etc. Fig. 20 is hastate or 
 halbert-shaped, and three-lobed. Fig. 21 is strap-shaped or ligulate., and entire. 
 Fig. 22 is an oblique heart-shaped leaf, such as the Begonia. Fig. 23 is called 
 runcinate, owing to the form and direction of its marginal divisions. P"ig. 24 shows a 
 form of attachment to the stem which is called perfoliate. Fig. 25 connate^ as in 
 some varieties of the Hone3 suckle. Fig. 26 is amplexicaul, the base lobes of the leaf 
 passing round and beyond the stem. 
 
15 2 
 
BLACKBERRY, or BRAMBLE. Plates 3, 4, 5. 
 [Nat. Ord. Rosacea;. Rubus fruticosus.) 
 
 The Blackberry is a conspicuous plant or shrub in English hedgerows, which is 
 rich in suggestions to the designer. Its flowers may be seen from July to September, 
 varying in colour from white to pink. The inflorescence is what is known as a 
 compound panicle; the flowers growing in little groups at the ends of short stalks 
 which branch from the main stem. Petals five and six, with the corresponding 
 number of sepals forming the calyx. Stamens numerous. The fruit may be had 
 from August to October. The leaves grow alternately with, as a rule, five or three 
 leaflets, each on a separate short stalk, and are often lobed. Bracts and stipules 
 grow at the junctions of the flower and leaf stalks with the main stem. One variety 
 of this shrub is called the Dewberry, in which the sepals clasp the berry. Buds, 
 flowers, and fruit may be found on the same plant at the same time. 
 
Plate 3 
 
Plate 4. 
 
Plate 5. 
 
WILD ROSE. Plates 6, 7, 8, 9, 10. 
 {Nat. Ord. Rosacea. Rosa canina.) 
 
 There are several native species of this plant or shrub, w^hich forms such a 
 glorious hedge covering in June. Probably the one figured here is the most common, 
 but the white variety, or Field Rose, runs it pretty closely for beauty and popularitv, 
 and may also be found in flower much later. It is almost unnecessary to enter into 
 any kind of description of it, as the least observant lover of flowers finds himself 
 drawn towards it, both on account of its sweetness and its lovely form. The 
 designer especially knows it well as a rule ; but it is just one of those plants that 
 "age cannot wither, nor custom stale, its infinite variety." It has found material for 
 decorative purposes ever since it appeared, perhaps more than any other plant, and no 
 doubt will continue to do so. Its petals are five in number, from a delicate pink to a 
 much deeper tint ; as a rule they are cleft. There are five sepals, sometimes entire, 
 very often divided. Stamens are numerous and bright yellow, surrounding the small 
 sessile stigma. The leaves are of the pinnate order, that is, five or more leaflets of 
 elliptical form, are arranged on each side of a central stem, which is terminated by one 
 of the leaflets. They are sharply serrated, and at the base of the leaf stalk are wing- 
 like stipules. The flowers grow in twos or singly, branching from each side of the 
 main thorny stem. They are succeeded by the fruit or " hips," which appear in the 
 autumn and winter, turning from a green to a brilliant red, and forming very 
 decorative features. 
 
Plate 6. 
 
IMate 8. 
 
Plate 9. 
 
THE OX-EYE DAISY. Plate ii. 
 {Nat. Ord. Composite. Chrysanthemujn leucanthemum.) 
 
 This is a member of the large order of composite flowers ; it assists greatly in 
 turning our mowing grass fields, where it usually grows in groups, into luxuriant 
 flower gardens. It grows from one to two feet in height. The radical leaves or root 
 leaves are stalked and obovate in form, while those from the long flower stems are 
 stallcless or sessile, thinner and coarsely serrated, alternating up the stem. The 
 flower heads are solitary on terminal stems. Petals long and white, notched at the 
 outer extremity, centre yellow. Stems sometimes branched. The involucre 
 consists of a series of green scales overlapping each other and are membranaceous at 
 their edges. This flower is the original of the Chrysanthemum. 
 
Plate II. 
 
THE WHITE BRYONY. Plates 12, 13. 
 {Nat. Ord. CucurbitacecE. Bryonia dioica.) 
 
 This is one of the trailing plants which makes such a beautiful feature in some of 
 our hedgerows in July and August, forming a thick curtainlike mantle wherever it 
 grows, climbing by the aid of its beautiful tendrils from one object to another until it 
 reaches a height of 6 or 7 feet. Its flowers are small, and of a pale greenish-yellow 
 tint, bearing five petals, five stamens, and a calyx which is five toothed. The 
 flowers are followed by round berries changing from green to red, with a dry surface. 
 The blossoms grow in stalked racemes from the same attachment as each leaf and 
 tendril. The leaves are lobed and angular, and coarsely toothed. The root-stock is 
 thick and tuberous, sometimes branched. It is to be found in most English counties, 
 common in the South. It must not be confounded with the Black Bryony, with 
 which it has no relationship. 
 
Plate 12. 
 
Plate 13. 
 
 c 2 
 
THE HOODED BINDWEED. Plate 14. 
 {Nat. Ord. Convolvulacea. Convolvulus septum.) 
 
 Although this is of the same family as the small field Convolvulus (C Arvens'is) 
 it is a much more important-looking member, and, instead of trailing along the ground, 
 climbs up the hedges and thickets to a height of six or seven feet. Ifs flow^ers are 
 large and pure white, having a trumpet-shaped corolla of five lobes or petals, each 
 decorated by a broad plait. They are solitary at the end of their long stems ; at the 
 base of the tube are two large heart-shaped bracts, which form the hood, completely 
 hiding the calyx of five sepals. The petals in the bud form are twisted. There are 
 five stamens, one style, and two oblong stigmas. 
 
 The leaves are broad spear-head forms with angular lobes at the base, growing 
 alternately up the stem and from the same junction as the flowers. It may be found 
 from June to August or September in the hedgerows and bushy places. The 
 Bindweeds are no friends of the gardeners, who look upon them as troublesome weeds, 
 but to the designer they are rich in decorative suggestions. 
 
Plate 14. 
 
 « 
 
NASTURTIUM. 
 {Nat: Ord. Tropaolacea. 
 
 Plates 15, 16. 
 Tropceolum majus.) 
 
 The common Nasturtium of our gardens, or Indian Cress, as it is sometimes 
 called, is another very useful plant to the designer ; its flowers, leaves, and fruit, 
 combined with its trailing growth, offer plenty of material for decorative adaptation. 
 The flowers, which run from a bright yellow to a deep red, have five petals, the two 
 upper ones being slightly larger than the rest, and as a rule are patched and streaked 
 by deep rich markings running from the base upwards ; the three lower are fringed 
 near their bases by a hair-like growth. The calyx is one of five divisions terminating 
 in a long spur, from the under-side of which the long flower-stalk grows. The colour 
 of the calyx is a pale yellow generally, sometimes tinged with red ; these form the 
 outer covering of the flower-buds, and at this stage take the same pale green colour 
 as the stems. 
 
 The leaves are orbicular in form and flat, with a broadly scolloped edge, the 
 stalk is attached near the middle of the leaf on the under side, forming a centre from 
 which the veins radiate to the margin of the leaf Both leaves and flowers grow 
 from the same junction on both sides of the twisting stalks. The main stem is round 
 and branched. The flowers have eight stamens and a pistil. The fruit which 
 succeeds the flower usually consists of three lobes, which are grooved or channelled. 
 Flowers, buds, and leaves may all be found growing on the same plant together. 
 
 The Tropaolum claratum, which is figured on Plate 17, is another variety of the 
 same genus. The main difference will be seen in the leaves, which in 7". claratum 
 have a lobed character. 
 
Plate 15. 
 
Plate 16. 
 
t 
 
 MEADOW CRANE'S-BILL. Plates i8, 19. 
 [Nat. Ord. Geraniacea. Geranium pratense.) 
 
 Where it is found the Meadow Crane's-Bill is a striking feature, with its large 
 bluish-purple flowers and reddish-purple veins, its erect branching growth, and large 
 dull-green leaves. It is mostly to be seen in low-lying land and moist pastures, verv 
 often enriching with its purple blooms the long mowing grass, and growing from one to 
 three feet high. It bears five petals distinctly marked by purple veining, a calyx of five 
 sepals slightly hairy, ten stamens, five long and five short, the ovary is five lobed, 
 terminating in a long beak with five stigmas. The flowers grow in pairs, each with a 
 separate stalk or pedicel. The lower leaves are large and palmate, having five or 
 seven separate segments coarsely serrated and of a rather dark gteen, the radical leaves 
 are borne on long stalks. At the junction of the flower-stalks are thin pointed bracts, 
 sometimes resembling small leaves, while at the leaf-stalk junctions stipules of a 
 fibrous nature are found. The inflorescence is botanically known as a loose panicle. 
 The root stock is thick and woody, covered with the thin brown stipules of the older 
 leaves. The stems are much forked towards the top, and are somewhat swollen 
 at the nodes or joints. 
 
 The buds and fruit forms of this variety arc very decorative, and the whole plant 
 is one of the finest of its genus. The leaves in the autumn take on the most brilliant 
 colours, varying from a yellow to a deep scarlet. The flowers are to be found from 
 May to September, and measure about an inch to an incn and a half across. 
 
Plate I 8. 
 
Plate 19. 
 
SWEET PEA. Plates 20, 21. 
 {Nat. Ord. Leguminosa. Lathyrus odoratus.) 
 
 The Sweet Pea is one of the numerous cultivated varieties that adorn our 
 gardens through the summer and autumn. It climbs by its tendrils to a height of 
 seven or eight feet. The flow^er is of the papilionaceous order, having five petals, one, 
 the standard, being very broad. Stamens ten, the style and stigmas single. The 
 leaf-stalks are flattened or winged, terminating in a branched tendril, and bearing a 
 broad oblong leaf consisting of two leaflets. The stipules are arrow-shaped. The 
 peduncles or main flower-stems are six or eight inches in length, carrying several 
 large flowers, the colours of which vary from white, through pinks, purples, and blues. 
 The pod or seed-vessel varies from one to several inciies long ; the seeds are numerous 
 and rather flattened. The Everlasting Pea {Lathyrus latifolius) is very similar in every 
 respect, but the leaves are more lanceolate than oblong. 
 
Plate 20. 
 
Plate 21. 
 
 I) 2 
 
WOODY NIGHTSHADE. Plate 22. 
 
 {Nat. Ord. Solanacece. Solarium Dulcamara.) 
 
 The Nightshade, or Bitter-sweet, is one of those trailing or climbing plants 
 which, not being self-supporting, leans and crawls over the thick vegetation of the 
 hedgerows. It is most conspicuous when bearing fruit in the autumn, its berries 
 being egg-shaped or oval, turning from a bright green to a bright red, and growing in 
 bunches with a very decorative growth. 
 
 The flowers are small and of a purple colour, having five pointed petals, which 
 are usually reflexed, i.e. turned backwards on to the flower stalk, the anthers are 
 united and form a pointed yellow centre, the calyx has five divisions ; there is also a 
 small green spot at the base of each petal. There are five stamens and a pistil. 
 The leaves vary in shape- considerably, commencing at the lower part of the stem by 
 being heart-shaped ; they gradually get more lanceolate, having often a pair of wing- 
 like lobes at the base, giving the leaf the hastate form. 
 
 The groups of flowers grow as a rule from the opposite side of the stem to the 
 leaves, but from the same point on the stem. This fact makes it rather difficult to 
 get a satisfactory view of both leaves and flowers or berries fr{)m the same piece. Its 
 flowering period is a long one, being from June to September, so that both flowers 
 and berries may be found growing together on the same plant, as is the case with 
 the HIackberry. 
 
BLACK BRYONY. Plate 23. 
 {Nat. Ord. Dioscoreacece. Tamus communis.) 
 
 Although this is a trailing or climbing plant it bears no relationship to the White 
 Bryony [Bryonia dmca\ which belongs to the Gourd tribe. The Black Bryony forms 
 a conspicuous feature in those southern counties where it is common, when its 
 clusters of large bright green and red berries in the autumn give patches of brilliant 
 colour to the hedgerows. It climbs to some considerable height up the hedges and 
 thickets, draping them with a thick covering of dark-green glossy leaves, growing 
 
 • BLACK-BRYONY BCRRlEl^ • 
 
 alternately up the stem, cordate and pointed in form, sometimes lobed at the base, 
 but otherwise entire, gradating from the lowest, which are very large, sometimes 
 measuring six inches across, to the upper ones, which are less than an inch. The 
 flowers, which appear in the spring and early summer, are small, and grow in slender 
 racemes from the junctions of the leaves, and are yellowish-green in colour, each con- 
 sisting of six segments, the flower being a perianth. The males have six stamens, and 
 the females the pistil with three stigmas, but grow on separate plants. The one figured 
 here is the male-bearing plant. The fruit or berries, of course, only succeed to the 
 pistillate or female flowers. The roots arc large and fleshy, black externally. 
 
Plate 23. 
 
HAWTHORN (May or Whitethorn). Plates 24, 25. 
 {Nat. Ord. Rosacea. Cratcegus oxyacantha.) 
 
 In May the hedgerows are white with this hedge shrub. This is a plant the 
 designer need feel no superstition about. Its groups of white-and-pinic blossoms are 
 not only attractive, by their particular form and sweet odour, to the ordinary flower 
 lover, but by their decorative possibilities to the artist also. The flowers grow in 
 the form of what is botanically known as a corymb; they are five-petalled, with calyx 
 of five divisions, stamens many. 
 
 The leaves are divided into three and five lobes, deeply serrated as a rule. 
 Stipules large and leafy. The fruit or haws are found through the autumn, forming 
 groups of red ovate berries. Flowers May to middle of June. 
 
Plate 25. 
 
THE BUTTERCUP. Plates 26, 27. 
 {Nat. Ord. Ranunculacece. Ranunculus hulbosus.) 
 
 There are some half-dozen species or this plant, all of which are common in 
 England. The one figured here is the bulbous Crowfoot, which, along with the 
 meadow Ranunculus, is perhaps the most abundant in our meadows. Designers as 
 well as landscape artists should feel particularly drawn towards this herald of summer, 
 as it not only turns our pastures and meadows into fields of " cloth of gold," but also, 
 from a decorative point of view, has a fine growth, and contains much material for 
 the designer. The flower has five bright yellow petals and five pale green sepals, 
 which, in this case, as soon as the flower is fully developed, are reflexed or thrown 
 backwards on to the stem. Sometimes they may be found with more than five 
 petals, the author recently found a specimen on the banks of the Trent with no less 
 than thirty petals ; it is shown in the plate, but of course is quite exceptional, and 
 must therefore not be taken as representative. The root swells out into a kind of 
 bulb, which is the chief characteristic of this variety. Its leaves near the root are 
 large and many lobed, deeply divided and serrated; those higher up the stem are 
 longer and thinner. Long leaf-like bracts are found at the junction of the flower- 
 stalks. The stamens are numerous and yellow, surrounding the pale green stigma. 
 The plant is erect and branched, growing to a foot or more in height. It is one 
 of the typical flowers of late spring and early summer, and may be found from 
 May to July. 
 
Plate 26. 
 
Plate 27. 
 
MARSH MARIGOLD. Plates 28, 29. 
 
 {Nat. Ord. Ranunculacece. Caltha pa/ustris.) 
 
 • 
 
 The Marsh-marigold, alias Mayblob, alias Mary-bud, is a strong healthy- 
 looking plant, appearing in the early spring and lighting up marshy land and the 
 banks of streams. Its flowers are a rich gold in colour, and its leaves are kidney- 
 shaped, large and glossy, and crenate. Most of the leaves grow from the root, but 
 some from the flower-stalk junctions clinging round the stem, from which point also 
 fibrous stipules grow. In the language of the botanist the flower is a perianth, the 
 petals and sepals being alike, not being difi^erentiated into calyx and corolla. It 
 grows in masses from six to twelve inches high. Petals five or more, stamens 
 indefinite in number, and the same colour as the petals. Designers will do well to 
 know this plant thoroughly, as it possesses many decorative qualities. 
 
Plate 28. 
 
Plate 29. 
 
 E 2 
 
THE HAREBELL. Plate 30. 
 (JSJat. Ord. Campanulacece. Campanula rotundifolia.) 
 
 Is to be found in pastures and moorland, or in the grassy banks of the roadside, 
 from July to September. 
 
 The flowers grow on very delicate stems, gracefully hanging their heads and 
 nodding to every breeze. Several blossoms usually grow at different angles from the 
 main stem, which reaches from an inch or two to about a foot in height. A pale 
 purplish blue is the colour of the flowers. The lowest leaves near the ground are 
 very round in form and serrated, getting long and narrow or linear the higher they 
 reach up the stem. The stem is very often branched, terminating in one or more 
 flowers. The segments of the calyx are long and pointed. The flower, as its name 
 implies, is bell-shaped, divided into five lobes. It has five stamens, a style with three 
 to five stigmas. To the designer it is a very useful plant. 
 
Plate 30. 
 
THE PRIMROSE. Plate 31. 
 {Nat. Ord. Primulacea. Primula vulgaris.) 
 
 The Primrose is a general favourite among lovers of wild flowers, partly due to 
 its early appearance in the spring. In April and May it can be found in profusion 
 along the hedgebanks, in copses and pastures. Its pale yellow blossoms, measuring 
 about an inch in diameter, grow singly on long radical, leafless stalks. The calyx is 
 slightly inflated, and has five angular divisions of a pale milky green. The petals are 
 five in number, each one being notched or cleft on the margin. There are five 
 stamens enclosed within the tube of the corolla, a style and stigma. The leaves are 
 about as long as the flower-stalks, and of a pale green, obovate in form, with a 
 wrinkled surface, crenate along the margin and radical. The root-stock is thick and 
 fleshy. There are several native varieties of this plant, such as the Oxlip, the Bird's- 
 eye Primrose, and the Scottish Primrose. One allied species, the Cowslip, forms the 
 subject of the next plate. It grows to a height of three to six inches. 
 
 The designer, unlike Peter Bell, should find in it something iriore than a yellow 
 Primrose. 
 
 3 
 
THE COWSLIP. Plate 32. 
 {Nat. Ord. Primulacece. Primula veris.) 
 
 The Cowslip, or Paigle, is another great favourite wild flower, and bears a close 
 relationship to the Primrose. Although the inflorescence is in both cases an umbel, 
 the arrangement of the blooms in the Cowslip is so distinctive as to make it appear 
 a widely different plant. They grow on short stalks from the same point at the 
 extremity of the long radical flower stalk ; from this point also two small bracts grow. 
 
 There are five small petals joining together to form a tube, which is mainly 
 hidden by the calyx. The colour of the blooms is from a pale to a deep yellow, with 
 sometimes a bright orange spot at the base of the petals. There are five stamens, and 
 a pistil within the tube. The calyx is five pointed, resembling that of the Primrose. 
 
 The leaves are radical, wrinkled and crenate along the margin, and pale green. 
 It grows from three to six inches high in fields and pastures and hedgebanks. Its 
 time of flowering is early spring, as in the case of the previous flower. Very 
 characteristic is the way in which the blossoms of the Cowslip hang their heads. 
 
 " Cowslips wan that hang the pensive heaii." 
 
Plate 32. 
 
THE DANDELION. Plates 33, 34, 35. 
 {Nat. Ord. Composite. Leontodon Taraxacum.) 
 
 Few flowers offer more material for decorative purposes than "this vulgar 
 Herb," the homely Dandelion. The bright yellow flowers may be found the greater 
 part of the year round along the roadside and on waste land, as well as in more culti - 
 vated spots. It is a composite flower, with long, narrow, strap-shaped petals, toothed. 
 When these decay the inner scales of the involucre close and the seed ripens, opening 
 out again into the well-known fairy-like seed-head, which is scattered by the wind 
 broadcast. The leaves and flower- stalks grow straight from the root, the flower-stems 
 being from six to eight inches long. There is considerable difference in the form of 
 the leaf, some being much more deeply lobed and notched than others. Stalks 
 hollow. Stamens five, one style, stigma cleft in two, to each floret. The leaf is, with 
 regard to the way in which the margin is divided, an example of the f uncinate form. 
 The root-stock terminates in a long tap-root. 
 
 J 
 
Plate 33. 
 
Plate 34. 
 
Plate 35. 
 
GOATS-BEARD. Plate 36. 
 {Nat. Ord. Composite. Tragopogo?} pratensis.) 
 
 The flower of this plant is very much like that of the Dandelion, but the sepals 
 or involucral bracts are very much longer, measuring from one inch to an inch and a 
 half. The leaves are long and grass-like, attached by their bases to the flow^er-stalk ; 
 the radical leaves grow from a few inches to nearly a foot in length. The flowers 
 are borne singly on long stalks, and are a bright yellow. The seed-head is also like 
 that of the Dandelion, but larger and coarser. The buds and opening seed-heads are 
 very beautiful in form, and will repay investigation. The plant is erect and slightly 
 branching, from one to two feet high, and having a long tap-root. It is also called 
 the Meadow Salsify, and from its early retiring propensities has earned the somewhat 
 clumsy, if picturesque, name of John-go-to-bed-at-noon. It flowers June and July 
 in meadows and rich pastures throughout Europe. 
 
Plate 36. 
 
THE DAFFODIL. Plate 37. 
 {Nat. Ora. Amary/lidacece. Narcissus Pseudo-Narcissus.) 
 
 The Daffodil, long a favourite with the poets, is fast becoming a favourite with 
 designers, and for good reasons. Its beautiful colour, form, and simple decorative 
 qualities render it specially adapted for simple and effective decorative arrangements. 
 
 The flower is a perianth and tubular, having six segments or sepals and petals 
 oblong, and of a more delicate and paler yellow than the crown or bell, which is 
 usually much more golden in colour, the edge of it being irregularly cut or waved. 
 The six stamens spring from the sides of the tube. The pedicel or flower-stalk is 
 short, and springs from a membranous sheath or spathe. The flowers are solitary and 
 terminal. It has a style and stigma which is three-lobed. The fruit is a capsule. 
 The leaves are long and linear, dark green and radical, but a little shorter than the 
 flower-stalks, which are hollow. The root is a bulb. It is to be found in moist 
 woods and copses in March and April. ^ 
 
COMMON IVY. Plates 38, 39, 40. 
 {Nat. Ord. Araliacece. Hedera helix.) 
 
 Of all the climbing plants perhaps the Ivy is the last that could be spared. We 
 are not only bound to it by many ties and associations of a more or less sentimental 
 nature, but it appeals to us also as a great decorator of our ruined shrines. It was 
 held in high esteem by the Romans, who weaved it into the poet's crown. The 
 Greek and Roman artists also selected it as a plant suitable for decorating in relief 
 their marble columns and urns, etc. It belongs, of course, to the family of Climbers. 
 The flower consists of five petals, and a calyx of five short teeth. They grow in 
 umbels at the ends of branches ; there are five stamens and a short style. Flowers 
 appear in October, but the fruit is not ripe until the following spring. The leaves 
 vary in outline very much, sometimes being deeply lobed or five-pointed, and 
 sometimes simple. The natural order of their growth on the stem is alternate. 
 
Plate 38. 
 
 F 2 
 
\ 
 
PRIVET. Plates 41, 42. 
 {Nat. Ord. OleacecE. Ligustrum vulgar e^) 
 
 The Privet is a hedge shrub, growing to six or eight feet in height, with long 
 slender branches. Its beautiful groups of white flowers growing in compact panicles 
 form a conspicuous feature in the hedges and thickets where it grows. In the 
 autumn and winter bunches of dry purple succulent berries succeed the flowers. It 
 is perhaps at this stage of greater use to the designer than when it is in flower. The 
 leaves are lanceolate or oblong, nearly evergreen, growing on short stalks in opposite 
 pairs {decussate)^ and are entire. Surface smooth and dark green in colour. The 
 flower has four petals and a calyx of four small teeth, cup-shape. It has two 
 stamens, a short thick style, and a two-lobed stigma. Petals terminate in a tube. 
 
Plate 41. 
 
Plate 42. 
 
DAHLIA. Plates 43, 44. 
 {Nat. Ord. Composite.) 
 
 The example here given is one or the single varieties, which offer greater 
 facilities to the artist than the complex double ones. 
 
 It is a vigorous-looking, shrub-like plant, bearing a dark-green foliage and rich, 
 variously coloured blooms, making a good show of colour in any garden during 
 August and September. 
 
 The flowers are of the composite order, consisting of an outer ring of petals, six 
 or eight in number, the centre being formed of closely packed yellow florets. The 
 calyx is of green sepals, and there is also an epi-calvx. The plant is much branched, 
 and the flowers are borne singly on long stalks. 
 
 The leaves are opposite, the lower ones consisting of three or more segments or 
 leaflets, the upper ones are simple, and all are serrated. The fruit forms a 
 conspicuous and interesting feature. The natural size of the flower is from two to 
 three inches across. 
 
Plate 43. 
 
THE GLADIOLUS. Plates 45, 46. 
 [Nat. Ord. Iridacece. Gladiolus ramosus.) 
 
 This plant is usually seen in its cultivated state in our gardens, where it forms 
 a conspicuous feature, assumes a greater variety of colours, and grows to a greater 
 height than it does in its wild state, when it is known as Gladiolus communis. 
 The root-stock is bulbous, the leaves those known as linear-lanceolate, and are 
 shorter than the flower-stem. The flower is a perianth, and grows in a one-sided 
 spike ; it has six petals or segments which are oblong, three stamens, style 
 three-lobed, larger than the stamens. The flowers are all turned to one side and 
 sessile between two bracts. A spike usually consists of from four to eight blossoms. 
 
Plate 45. 
 
G 
 
VEGETABLE MARROW. Plates 47, 48, 49. 
 {Nat. Ord. Cucurbitacea. Cucurbita pepo ovifera.) 
 
 This plant offers fine opportunities to the designer , its fine flower and bud 
 forms are extremely decorative, and its strong nervous tendrils and leaves not less so. 
 Creeping along the ground it ties itself by the aid of its tendrils to any other plant in 
 its path, and climbs by the same means up anything strong enough to support it. 
 Its stalks are thick, hollow, and hairy, throwing off, on either side alternately ; 
 broad heart-shaped leaves, slightly lobed and serrated. The flowers are yellow, and 
 about three inches across, having the stamens and pistils in separate flowers. The 
 stamens are five, and the anthers are twisted. The style is short and thick, the 
 stigma lobed. 
 
Plate 47. 
 
 G 2 
 
Plate 48. 
 
CRAB-APPLE. Plates 50, 51. 
 {Nat. Ord. Rosacea. Pyrus Mains.) 
 
 The Apple blossoms in the month of May, forming a picturesque sight in the 
 hedgerows and fields when in bloom. The flowers grow in little tufcs or umbels 
 along the branches. The leaves are egg-shaped and serrated. The flowers are 
 succeeded by small fruit, which vary in shape according to the particular variety of 
 tree, some being quite spherical, others are elongated. 
 
 The flower bears five petals, and varies in colour from almost a white to a deep 
 pink. The calyx has five sepals or small teeth ; the stamens numerous and yellow. 
 
Plate 50. 
 
THE CHRYSANTHEMUM. Plates 52, 53, 54. 
 {Nat. Ord. Composite.) 
 
 The variety of form and colour to be found in the Chrysanthemum is endless, 
 but the simpler forms are more useful, from the student's point of view, than the 
 more complex ones. The plant is erect and branching, with single flowers on 
 terminal stems, or it is a shrub w^ith flowers in corymbs. The flower-heads are 
 radiating, consisting of a number of long florets, tube-like for a portion of their 
 length, the outer ones being the largest, diminishing in size towards the centre, 
 which is a compact mass of small florets. The calyx is formed of close scaly bracts, 
 and thin pointed bracts occur on and at the base of the flower-stallcs. The bud 
 forms are very decorative features, and frequently grow from the axils ot the 
 leaves, or are surrounded by a leafy whorl. The leaves vary a good deal on difterent 
 plants, but all have the same broad characteristics ; they are mostly lobed, some of 
 them almost to the midrib, and deeply serrated, with broad and narrow stipules at 
 their junctions, some of which take the form of separate small leaves, and others are 
 wing-like appendages to the petiole. The growth up the stem is in this case a 
 spiral. The colour of the flower figured here is a pale yellow ; its form will be 
 found sufiiciently complex for the student to deal with ; in fact, the nearer it 
 approaches its original primitive form, as in the Ox-eye Daisy, the more manageable it 
 is for decorative work. The student should look carefully at the separate studies of 
 the leaf growth given on the two succeeding plates. 
 
 Varieties of the plant may be found from May to December ; the example here 
 given is an autumn-flowering variety. 
 
Plate 54. 
 
COLUMBINE. Plates 55, 56, 57. 
 (Nat. Ord. Ranuncu/acet^. Aquilegia.) 
 
 By a study of this ornamental plant, the designer will find himself repaid 
 several times over ; it is graceful in growth, and abounds in beautiful and 
 suggestive forms. 
 
 The colour varies from a white to a deep purple ; the sepals are same colour 
 as the petals, which terminate in a horn-like spur ; these and the sepals alternate 
 The leaves grow chiefly on long radical stalks, and are g.nerally divided into three 
 very distinct segments, which are again lobed and serrated. It grows from one to 
 three feet high, and flowers in June and July. Some of the radical leaves are several 
 inches across, the flowers about one and a half inch across. 
 
Plate 55. 
 
Plate 56. 
 
H 
 
THE WOOD ANEMONE. Plate 58. 
 {Nat. Ord. Ranunculacec^. Anemone ne?norosa.) 
 
 This dainty little flower is one of the early spring blooms, making its 
 appearance in March in the copses and woods, and flowering till June. It is 
 sometimes prettily called the Wind-flower. In fact, it derives its name from 
 Anemos — the wind. 
 
 Its six petals, or its sepals, as the flower is a perianth, are white on the inside 
 and delicately tinted and streaked with purple at the back. Each stem has generally 
 three leaves, arranged in a whorl round the stem, divided into as many lobes, which 
 are again serrated. The radical leaves are similar, but larger and on long stalks. It 
 grows from about four to eight inches high. The blossoms measure from one to 
 one and a half inches across. Each stem bears one flower only. The stamens are 
 indefinite in number, and bright yellow. 
 
 Designers would do well to cultivate the acquaintance of this little plant, for its 
 poetical suggestiveness as well as for its decorative qualities. 
 
Plate 58. 
 
 H 2 
 
THE VIOLET. Plate 59. 
 {Nat. Ord. Violacea. Viola.) 
 
 This is one of the several wild varieties of the Violet, one or other of which 
 colours the hedgebanks and woods from March to July. From the designer's point 
 of view it matters not whether it be the wood-violet, the sweet-violet, the dog-violet, 
 or the hairy-violet, as they are all equally beautiful in form. The flowers and leaves 
 grow practically straight from the root on several varieties, but on the one figured 
 here, they grow from the stems also. The usual height is from about three to five 
 inches. The flowers have five petals and five sepals, the centre petal being the 
 largest and ending in a spur at the back of the flower. The colour varies from 
 a pale blue to a deep purple. The leaves are broad and heart-shaped or cordate, and 
 serrated, rather dark green in colour. There are five stamens, the anthers of which 
 and the pistil are united. The stipules are long and pointed. The fruit is a 
 capsule of three divisions. Found on hedgebanks, in thickets, and pastures. 
 
Plate 59. 
 
THE BLUEBELL, or WILD HYACINTH. Plate 60. 
 {Nat. Ord. Liliacea. Scilla nutans.) 
 
 This must not be confounded with the Scottish Bluebell, which is the same as 
 the English Harebell. In the early spring the leaves of the Hyacinth begin to break 
 through the earth, and are soon followed by the pale buds of the flower. Its root is a 
 small bulb. The leaves are linear and slightly grooved, growing straight from the 
 bulb and attaining in cases to fully a foot in height, but they do not reach the height 
 of the flower-stalk. The growth of the flowers is a terminal, one-sided raceme of 
 drooping flowers. The flower itself is a perianth, and is a long bell-shape, divided 
 into six segments, reflexed at their extremities. There are six anthers attached to 
 the inside of the flower, a style, and stigma. The bracts grow in pairs at the base of 
 the flower stalks. The fruit is a capsule containing black shiny seeds. This flower 
 is to be found in plenty in woods and copses during May and June, giving a rich depth 
 of colour to the undergrowth, and furnishing, one may imagine, a practical illustration 
 to the fairy tale that the " sky has fallen." It is a graceful and useful plant to the 
 designer. 
 
Plate 60. 
 
THE CUCKOO-PINT. Plate 6i. 
 {Nat. Ord. Aroiaece. Arum maculatum.) 
 
 Despite the commonness or profuseness of this plant, which in addition to the 
 above name, bears also the names of Wild Arum, Lords-and-Ladies, and Walce-Robin, 
 it is not a very common object during its term of flowering, as it is then hidden by 
 the thick covering and growth of the hedge bottoms where it grows ; but when the 
 hedges have thinned down in the autumn you may then see it in its autumn garb — 
 a short thick stem with a group of bright red berries on the top. The leaves are 
 large and glossy, and arrow-head shape or ovate-hastate^ sometimes spotted with 
 purple. The inflorescence is insignificant from our point of view, but is nevertheless 
 interesting. The flowers are very small and are borne in rings on a stout column, 
 which is continued upward to some length and terminates in a club-like head ; this is 
 called the spadix^ near the base of which the large greenish spafthe, like a large bract, 
 springs and encloses the greater part of the spadix, growing some distance beyond the 
 top of it, but not completely surrounding it, like a pointed hood. Beneath the ring 
 of florets are a number of sessile ovaries with each a style and stigma. When the 
 berries ripen the spathe and upper portion of the spadix have fallen away, leaving for 
 the winter the aforementioned group of red berries. The root is a tuber, and the 
 leaves are carried on long radical stalks clothed at the base by sheaths. It may be met 
 with in April and May. 
 
Plate 6i. 
 
COMMON POPPY. Plate 62. 
 
 {Nat. Ord. Papaveracea. Papaver R/iceas.) 
 
 Thk cornfield would lose some of its beauty, and the railwaj' embankment 
 would become somewhat more monotonous, were it not for the abundance of the 
 scarlet Poppy. The designer would also lose a large amount of valuable material. 
 
 It has a calyx of two sepals, which fall at the opening of the bud, giving 
 the flower the appearance of a perianth. The petals are four, and usually of a 
 bright scarlet ; the two outer ones are the larger ; the buds hang gracefully down the 
 stem covered with short hairs, as are the stems. The stamens are very numerous, 
 and the stigma is sessile and raved. The fruit is a capsule, nearly globular, opening 
 by valves. The leaves varv in size and form ; the lower ones are large and 
 stalked, the upper ones stalkless or sessile ; they are very much divided or pinnatifid 
 and serrated. The plant is erect and branched, carrying its blossoms on long 
 stalks. 
 
 Its flowers may be found the greater part of the summer, but mostly in July. 
 The Shirley Poppy [Papaver Rhaas) is a hybrid, having the same characteristics as the 
 common red Poppy, but a greater variety of colours. 
 
Plate 62. 
 
OPIUM POPPY. Plates 63, 64. 
 {Nat. Ord. Papaveracea. Papaver somniferum.) 
 
 This is usually an occupant of the garden ; occasionally one is found growing 
 in a wild state, but this is mainly due to accident. 
 
 The foliage is very beautiful, but probably not so useful to the designer as that 
 of the common Poprpy ; it is of a glaucous green, and the leaves clasp the stem by 
 their base ; they are slightly lobed, and are irregularly toothed. The flowers are 
 usually bluish-white, with a purple splash at the base of the petal, but the colour 
 varies a deal. The capsule is large and globular. Flowers July and August. Sepals 
 two and petals four. 
 
Plate 63. 
 
Plate 64. 
 
SLOE, or BLACKTHORN. Plate 65. 
 {Ord. Rosacea. Prunus spinosa.) ■ 
 
 The Sloe is another of the hedge shrubs, and though not so well known" as some 
 others, is not by any means the least beautiful. It is known in the spring during its 
 term of flowering as the Blackthorn, when its pure white flowers contrast strongly 
 with the black thorny stems; at this time it is without a developed leaf. 
 
 When the fruit appears, with the leaves, later in the year, it is then known as 
 the Sloe. The perfectly rounded fruits are a deep purple, covered with a rich 
 bloom. Its leaves are small and elliptical, finely serrated. The flowers have five 
 petals and five sepals ; stamens numerous. The shrub is much branched, some of 
 the smaller branches ending in a sharp thorn. 
 
I 
 
CAMPION, RED. Plate 66. 
 {Nat. Ord. Caryophyllacece. Lychnis diurna.) 
 
 Found plentifully in hedge-bottoms and copses from June to September. 
 Commonly known as the Cuckoo. Colour of flowers is from a light to deep pink ; 
 five petals, each of which is cleft ; the calyx is purplish and hairy, with five angular 
 divisions, connected into a tube ; stamens ten. The leaves are pointedly oval, grow 
 in pairs opposite, upper ones are sessile, lower ones stalked, entire. The White 
 Campion is another variety, the flowers being larger, and the plant generally coarser 
 in growth. The calyx is also larger and rounder. The White Campion opens its 
 blossoms in the evening air, and is slightly scented ; the Red blossoms all the day, and 
 is scentless. 
 
Plate 66. 
 
GROUNDSEL. Plate 67. 
 {Nat. Ord. Compositce. Senecio vulgaris.) 
 
 This is a little plant growing abundantly in Britain as a common weed, but 
 singularly attractive from a decorative point of view. It is erect and branching, 
 growing from six to twelve inches in height, with pinnatifid leaves having toothed, 
 jagged lobes, growing spirally up the stem ; some of them being stalked, while 
 others are sessile, clinging to the stem by their bases. The flower-heads are terminal 
 corymbs or clusters of small yellow-headed flowers, consisting only of tubular florets 
 without any outer ray or petal whatever. The involucre is cylindrical, of about 
 twenty bracts, having smaller outer ones. It is to be found practically all the year 
 round. 
 
THE AUTUMN ANEMONE. Plates 68, 69. 
 {Nat. Ord. Ranunculacece. Anemone japonic a ^ 
 
 The Autumn or Japanese Anemone is in nearly all respects, except that of size, 
 like the little Wood Anemone {Anemone nemorosa). 
 
 It grows from one to two feet high in rather a loosely branching manner. 
 When in blossom its graceful growth and white, as in this case, or pinkish blooms, 
 and its dull green vigorous-looking leaves, offer beautiful material to the student of 
 design and plant form. The flower itself is a perianth somewhat irregular in form, 
 consisting of six or more petals or sepals, delicately tinged with purple on the outside. 
 The anthers are numerous and bright yellow, forming a ring of gold round the green 
 globular stigma. The leaves are radical, excepting three involucral leaves placed on 
 the stem at the junction of the flower-stalks, which are from six to eight inches in 
 length. This whorl of leaves or bracts is one of the characteristics of the whole 
 genus. 
 
 The radical leaves are large and three-lobed, rather sharply serrated, and with 
 pronounced veining. The buds are roundish and vigorous-looking, enclosed by the 
 three outer sepals. Flowers in the autumn. 
 
Plate 68. 
 
WILD TEASEL. Plates 70, 71, 72. 
 {Nat. Ord. Dipsacacece. Dipsacus syhestris.) 
 
 The heads have numerous slender spiny bracts, from eight to twelve forming 
 an involucre at base ; they are curved upwards, ending in a sharp point. The 
 flowers are purple and expand in irregular patches on the head ; the corolla is tubular 
 and consists of four unequal lobes. The stem leaves are opposite and not stalked ; 
 the lower couples are joined together by their bases. I.e. connate., forming a cup in 
 which the water collects. They grow from three to six feet high. The stems are 
 angular and spiny. It is the general growth and form of this plant, the beautiful 
 heads and bracts, which make it a successful designer's plant. To be found on the 
 roadsides and waste places. Flowers in the late summer and autumn. 
 
Plate 70. 
 
Plate 71. 
 
Plate 72. 
 
THE RHODODENDRON. Plates 73, 74. 
 [Nat. Ord. Ericacea.) 
 
 The Rhododendron, although not a native of Britain, has formed for so long a 
 conspicuous feature as an ornamental evergreen shrub in our parks and private 
 grounds, that we can quite look upon it, at least, as a naturalised tree. In our 
 illustrations of it only the foliage is dealt with, but which, as will be seen, offers great 
 possibilities to the decorative student. 
 
 The leaves, which are thick and glossv, grow spiral-wise or in whorls round the 
 stems, and are oblong-lanceolate in form, with entire margins. The flowers appear 
 early in May and June, and are in terminal groups ; each has five petals or divisions, 
 ending in a tube attached to the ovary, and twice as many stamens ; the calyx is 
 minute and five-toothed. Colour of flowers pink, purple, and red. 
 
4 
 
THE FUCHSIA. Plates 75, 76. 
 {Nat. Ord. Onagracece. Fuchsia globosa.) 
 
 This is a plant or shrub of which there are many varieties, and the tendency ot the 
 gardeners is to keep on increasing them. It is not a plant that has been overdone by 
 the designer, considering its beautiful forms and pendulous blossoms. This particular 
 variety is one of the older ones, and its form is indicated by its Latin wT^m^^ gtoboia — 
 globe-flowered. It is a dwarf shrub from one to four feet in height. T^e leaves are 
 usually opposite, sometimes in threes, bright green, smooth, serrated, ovate in form, 
 and pointed. The flowers ^re axillary and pendulous, the calyx is four-cleft and rich 
 crimson, the petals are four, and purple, about half the length of the calyx. The fruit 
 is a berry. Flowers in the late summer and autumn. 
 
K 2 
 
Plate 76. 
 
WOOD SORREL. Plate 77. 
 {Nat. Or J. Geraniacea. Oxalis corniculata.) 
 
 Thts is of the yellow flower-bearing species, carrying from two to five pale 
 yellow flowers on one slender stem, forming an umbel. The flowers are smaller than 
 the common Wood-sorrel (O. Acetosella), which is to be found in moist shady woods in 
 April and May. 
 
 It has five sepals, five petals, ten stamens, and stigmas five. The stalk is much 
 branched. Flowers from June to September. The other yellow variety (0. str'icta) 
 has a more erect stem, and has from two to eight flowers on one peduncle. The 
 leaves of the Oxalis are trefoils, consisting of three obcordate yellow-green leaflets, 
 which droop down on to the stalk at night. 
 
Plate 77. 
 
 OX;^UIS or WOOD-SORREL- 
 
COMMON MILKWORT. Plate 78. 
 {Nat. Ord. Folygalacece. Polygala vulgaris.) 
 
 The Milkwort is not a very conspicuous plant, although it is abundant in this 
 country. Its inflorescence consists of a raceme of bright blue or pink flowers hanging 
 on short stalks. The calyx has five sepals, the three outer ones being small, linear, 
 and greenish. The inner two are called wings, and are large and petal-like. When 
 the flower has fallen they enclose the capsule, but become greener in colour. The 
 petals are small, the two lateral ones being somewhat oblong. The lowest is keel- 
 shaped, and crested at the tip. The leaves are more numerous at the base than 
 higher, and also broader ; those higher up are longer and thinner. Bracts at the base 
 of flower stalks. The stamens are united to the petals, and are in two divisions, 
 each with four anthers. Style one, with single stigma. 
 
Plate 78. 
 
THE' OAK. Plates 79 and 80. 
 {Nat. Ord. Ciipulijerce. Quercus Robur.) 
 
 Speaking of the Oak is like speaking ot one's oldest friends. Perhaps no school- 
 boy remembers the time when he knew nothing of acorns and oak-apples. 
 
 But to speak of them from a decorative standpoint will appeal to a much smaller 
 but not a less appreciative community. The British Oak is the longest-lived among 
 the native trees of our islands. The leaves are short-stalked, sometimes sessile, and 
 are obtusely lobed. The fruit, which is the well-known acorn, is carried in a shallow 
 cup, consisting of a series of closely-knitted scales forming an involucre. They grow 
 sometimes in clusters, sometimes in spikes. The tree flowers in the spring, when 
 the leaves are growing. There are many varieties, and the leaves vary considerably. 
 The Oak was frequently used as an ornamental motive by the ancients, and by the 
 Artists of the Middle Ages. 
 
Plate 80. 
 
HORSE-CHESTNUT. Plates 8i, 82, 83, and 84 
 {Nat. Ord. Sapindacece. Msculus hippocastanum.) 
 
 What was said of the Oak might as fitly be said of the Horse-chestnut. It has 
 figured much ofteiier as a weapon in schoolboy games than as a decorative feature in 
 the hands of the designer. But its power in the latter capacity is much greater than 
 its power in the former. The schoolboy would not agree, but the artist knows ! It 
 is not a native of the British isles, but has been long enough introduced (1629) to 
 become quite naturalised. It bears a beautiful cluster of flowers, varying from white to 
 pink, In the form of a panicle or thyrsus. The leaves are palmate, consisting of five 
 or seven leaflets, and grow in opposite paiis. The young leaf buds (illustrated on 
 plate 84) and fruit form extremely decorative forms, and the flower, which is figured 
 on plate 83, should not fail to attract the designer's attention. 
 
 * 
 
Plate 8 1. 
 
Plate 82. 
 
Plate 83. 
 
Plate 84. 
 
THE SYCAMORE. Plates 85, 86, and 87. 
 {Nat. Ord. SapindacecE. Acer Pseudo-Platanus.) 
 
 This is not really a native of Britain, but it has been long established here. It 
 is extensively used as an ornamental tree for our streets, parks, and squares. It 
 belongs to the Maple tribe [Acer], and is also called the greater Maple. The 
 flower is only indicated in the drawing as not being of much use to the designer, but 
 the two-winged fruit, the leaves and leaf buds are very decorative. 
 
 The leaves are large, five-lobed, and unequally toothed. It flowers in May and 
 June. The English, or lesser Maple [Acer campestre) is very common, and is in our 
 hedgerows. It is figured on Plate 85. The foliage is very beautiful. 
 
Plate 85. 
 
 L 
 
Plate 86. 
 
Plate 87. 
 
 L 2 
 
THE ASH. Plate 88. 
 {Nat. Ord. Oleacece. Fraxinus excelsior^ 
 
 The Ash is a native of Britain. The Privet and this are the onlv native 
 representatives of this order. The flowers appear in April and May, the leaves are 
 very late in developing, and are amongst the first to fall in the autumn. The fruits, 
 or " keys " as they are sometimes called, each contain two seeds, and consist mainly 
 of a membranous wing. The flowers have neither calyx nor corolla, but merely 
 consist of the essential organs, a pistil and two stamens. The young leaf buds are 
 very beautiful, and will probably appeal more to the designer than the more fully 
 developed leaf. The leaf is an example of the pinnate form of leaf. 
 
Plate 88. 
 
CLEMATIS. Plate 89. 
 {Nat. Ord. Ranunculacea. Clematis viticella.) 
 
 This is a climber which makes rich with its purple blooms any trellis or house- 
 front up which it is trained to climb. It is useful from the designer's point of view in 
 many ways ; it is not too complex, as are most cultivated flowers, possessing but four 
 petals or sepals — some varieties having six or eight — and is a perianth. Its leaves are 
 bold and entire, and grow in pairs and opposite, its stamens and carpels are numerous. 
 Beginning to flower in the early autumn, it lasts until winter commences. The 
 designer should also make the acquaintance of the wild member of this family, 
 Clematis vitalba. Its petals are four in number, small and are reflexed, the stamens 
 or filaments are long, giving the name of Old Man's Beard^ another and more 
 common name being TraveUer s Joy. The petals are whitish-green. It is to be 
 found abundantly in the South of England. The Clematis is one of those plants that 
 climb by means of their leaf stalks and not by tendrils. 
 
THE HONEYSUCKLE. Plates 90, 91, 92. 
 {Nat. Ord. Caprifoliacece. Lonicera Periclymenum.) 
 
 The Woodbine, as it is frequently called, forms a prominent feature along some 
 of our country lanes and hedgerows ; and in some of the southern counties may be 
 found from June to September. It is one of our favourite climbers, not only on 
 account of its beautiful flower forms, but also by reason of its strong, sweet odour. 
 Its flowers grow in terminal heads; each one consists of a long tube, from one to 
 two inches in length, splitting into two petals, the larger one being divided into 
 several lobes. 
 
 The calices are small and have fine teeth. The leaves grow in pairs, and the 
 upper ones, as a rule, have no stalks. The main stem grows to a great length, and 
 twines from left to right round any obstacle in its path. From a decorative point of 
 view it is one of the most useful plants obtainable. Its flowers are succeeded by a 
 group of green berries, gradually turning to a deep red. The stamens are five, and 
 the stigma knobbed. 
 
Plate 91. 
 
HONESTY, or MONEY-PLANT. Plate 93. 
 {Nat. Ord. Crucifera. Lunaria.) 
 
 There are two cultivated species of this interesting plant, whose glistening seed 
 vessels have earned for it the name of Money-jiower ; one is biennial, the other is 
 perennial. Its flowers are ot different colours, white, lilac and purple, from May to 
 August. The seed-pods are flat and oval, containing a satin-like tissue, in which the 
 seeds are hidden. It is these satin-like discs which form so characteristic a feature of 
 the plant and render it so useful to the designer. Of recent years it has possibly been 
 exploited rather too frequently by designers affecting a certain style, with a resulting 
 loss of originality. But to a designer approaching it without preconceived notions it 
 offers interesting opportunities, both from an aesthetic and symbolic point of view. 
 
Plate 93. 
 
EASTER, OR BERMUDA, LILY. Plates 94, 95. 
 {Nat. Ord. Liliacece. Lilium longijiorum Harris!.) 
 
 This beautiful Lily is so well known to designers and floral decorators that a 
 description seems superfluous ; but as this might also be said or many other flowers 
 figuring here it is not a sufficient excuse for omitting it. The flower is a perianth, 
 and is terminal. It has six oblong and pointed segments, creamy-white with 
 distinct parallel markings, terminating in a tube. The stamens are six in number, 
 the anthers of which are a deep yellow, the pistil is long and has a three-lobed 
 stigma. The leaves are lanceolate and sessile, with parallel veining, and grow 
 spirally round the stem. The main stem is branched and round in section. 
 Flowers in spring and summer. 
 
Plate 94. 
 
Plate 95. 
 
 M 
 
COMMON HOLLY. Plates 96, 97. 
 {Nat. Ord. Ilicinece. Ilex Aquifolium.) 
 
 The Holly is well known as an erect much-branched evergreen shrub, bearing 
 in the spring whitish-green flowers of four petals, and calyx of four divisions, growing 
 in thick clusters in the axils of the leaves. The fruit is the well-known red or yellow 
 berry, giving a vivid touch of colour in contrast to the sombre green of the leaves. 
 The leaves are shortly stalked, ovate in form, thick and shining ; they are sometimes 
 entire, sometimes with wavy outlines and strong, sharply-pointed coarse teeth. The 
 stamens are also four in number, inserted on to the corolla and alternating with the 
 petals. Berries Autumn and Winter. The leaves grow spiral-wise on the stem. 
 
Plate 96. 
 
 M 2 
 
Plate 97. 
 
COMMON MISTLETOE. Plate 98. 
 
 [Nat. Ord. Lorauthacea. Viscu?n albinji.) 
 
 This is the only British species of this order, and is to be found on a variety o\ 
 trees, but particularly on the Apple, for which it seems to have a decided predilection, 
 and rarely on the Oak. The stem is green and smooth, with bonelike joints. The leaves, 
 which are thick apd yellowish, grow in pairs opposite. It is most familiar to us in 
 the winter, when bearing its whitish-green berries. The flowers appear in March 
 and May, but are rather inconspicuous ; they are nearly sessile in the forks of the 
 branches, having four short, thick, triangular petals. The male flowers grow in 
 groups of three and five, in a sort of cup-shaped bract. The female usually solitary, 
 but sometimes two or three together. 
 
Plate 98. 
 
 • MISTLElTOEl • 
 
THE LESSER CELANDINE. Plate 99. 
 {Nat. Ord. Ranunciilace(r. 'Ranunculus Ficaria.) 
 
 " Spring is coming, thou art come," writes Wordsworth of this little flower, 
 which accurately describes its early appearance. There are few more welcome or 
 brighter blooms that usher in the early spring than the little Celandine coming " ere 
 a leaf is on a bush." Its golden star-like blossom lights up the hedge banks and 
 moist shady places in most pastures and lanes. Belonging to the Buttercup order, it 
 consists of from six or eight to ten or more bright yellow glossy petals, and a calyx o\ 
 three sepals of a pale green. The leaves are mostly radical, and are cordate and 
 sometimes angular in form, slightly thick, and dark green in colour. The flowers are 
 borne singly, on stems that are a little longer than the leaf stalks and are slightly 
 channelled, and also taper rather quickly to the flower, broadening very much at the 
 root. The root consists of a number of oblong or cylindrical tubers and fibres. The 
 height of the plant is from three to eight inches. Although looked upon as a common 
 weed, it inspired the above qubted poet to sing its praises often, and a copy of it is 
 carved upon his tomb. It might fittingly serve as an inspiration to designers and 
 craftsmen. 
 
Plate 99. 
 
THE CROCUS. Plate loo. 
 (Nat. Ord. Iridea. Crocus vernus.) 
 
 This is an early-flowering spring plant, bearing flowers of purple, yellow, and 
 white. When the Crocuses begin to push up their heads through the earth in spite of 
 biting east winds, we begin to realise that "Springe ys i-comen in." from an 
 ornamentist's point of view it is a very useful little plant, and might with advantage 
 be more often turned to account. Its root is a bulb with a scaly covering and white 
 rootlets. The leaves are narrow, linear and radical, dark green in colour, enclosed at 
 the base by fibrous sheaths, they grow nearly as high as the flower and are angular in 
 section. The flower, which in the example figured was purple, has nearly six 
 equal petals or sepals, ending in a very long tube the same colour as the perianth, 
 and which does duty as a flower-stalk, reaching to the root. The stamens are 
 three, and the pistil has three stigmas, which are wedge-shaped and notched. Both 
 stamens and stigmas are a deep bright yellow. 
 
Plate loo. 
 
A SHORT GLOSSARY OF 
 
 BOTANICAL TERMS. 
 
 AcicuLAR, needle-shaped, see fig. lo, pi. 2. 
 
 Amplexicaul, embracing or clasping the stem, as the leaf in fig. 26, pi. 2. 
 Anthers, the heads of the stamens which contain the pollen, usually lobed. 
 Axil, the angle formed by the leaf and stem of a plant. 
 
 Blade, the broad part of a leaf as distinct from the stalk or petiole. 
 
 Bract, irregularly developed leaves, generally found at the base of the flower-stalk. 
 
 They are, as a rule, different in form and colour from the stalk leaves. See the 
 
 bracts on the Bluebell. 
 Berry, one form of fruit. The fruit of a plant is formed by the pistil or, usually, 
 
 that part of it called the ovary ^ which does not ripen until the petals have fallen. 
 
 Calyx, the outer whorl of leaves of a flower or bud, usually green and smaller than 
 
 the petals, sometimes very minute. It is made up of the sepals. 
 Capsule, a dry, hollow seed-vessel, as in the Poppy. 
 Capillary, hair-like. 
 
 Capitulum, a form of inflorescence ; a head of flowers without pedicels or etalks, as 
 
 in such flowers as the Cornflower or Dandelion. 
 Carpel, the divisions of the ovary or seed-vessel. 
 
 Corolla, the petals of a flower. They are either separate or united. 
 Cone, is a hard fruit of the Pine or Fir tree, consisting of scaly bracts which shelter 
 the seed. 
 
 Connate, is applied to opposite leaves which clasp the stem by being united at their 
 bases. 
 
 Cordate, heart-shaped, as the Violet leaf, see fig. 1 1, pi. 2. 
 
 Corymb, a form of inflorescence, arranged as a raceme, but with the lowest flower 
 
 stalks longest, giving a flat top to the group. 
 Crenate, notched round the edge with rounded teeth, see fig. 2, pi. 2. 
 Catkin, a close spike of small flowers and bracts, which hangs loosely, as in the 
 
 Hazel and Alder. 
 
 Claw, the narrow base of a petal ; the broad upper part is called the limh. 
 Cruciferous, cruciform, with four petals arranged in the manner of a cross. 
 Cyme, an inflorescence which resembles the corymb, but develops from the centre 
 — i.e. is centrifugal, as the Golden Saxifrage. 
 
 Decussate, referring to leaves which grow in opposite pairs, crossing each other at 
 right angles. 
 
 Dentate, tooth-like divisions round the margin. 
 
 Drupe, a nut enclosed in a fleshy covering, as the Plum or Cherry. 
 
Drupel, the small drupes which compose the Blackberry or Raspberry. 
 
 Entire, applied to leaves having undivided margins. 
 
 Epicalyx, the outer calyx or involucre, consisting of bracts or scales. 
 
 Fascicle, resembles an umhel^ but with stalks of different lengths. 
 Filament, the thread-like portion of the stamen supporting the "anther. 
 Floret, a small flower. Composite flowers are made up of florets, which are usually 
 called petals. 
 
 Fringed, having a border of fine hair-like projections, see fig. g, pi. 2. 
 Fruit, the ripened seed-vessel of a plant, with its contents and covering. 
 
 Glabrous, without hairs, smooth. 
 
 Glaucous, covered with a bloom of pale bluish-green, like the leaves in the Opium 
 Poppy. 
 
 Genus (Genera), a division of a natural order, comprising allied species and varieties. 
 
 Hastate, a leaf form so-called from its resemblance to a halberd, see fig. 20, pi. 2. 
 Hybrid, a cross between two varieties, e.g. the Shirley Poppy. 
 
 Imbrication, the overlapping of scales or bracts, like roof tiles. See the scales that 
 
 protect the leaf-buds of the Horse-chestnut or the Ash. 
 Inflorescence, a term used to denote the arrangement of flowers on the stem. 
 Involucre, an arrangement of bracts or scales, calyx-like in form, enclosing man)- 
 
 florets, as in the Daisy or Dandelion. 
 
 Lanceolate, the shape of a leaf when it is much longer than it is broad, broadest 
 below the middle, tapering towards the summit like a lance head. 
 
 Leaflet, the separate divisions of a compound leaf, when divided to the 'talk or 
 petiole, e.g. the Dog-rose leaf. 
 
 Legume a form of fruit, produced by the plants in the order Leguminosse ; e.g. Peas 
 and Beans. 
 
 Ligulate, strap-shaped. 
 
 Linear, long and narrow, as the leaves of Grasses, see fig. 15, pi. 2. 
 Lobe, the division of a leaf, when such division does not reach the midrib. 
 
 Membranous, a thin fibrous substance. 
 
 Monopetalous, when the petals are united, as in the Convolvulus. 
 
 Natural Order, the name under which genera resembling each other are classea. 
 It has the same meaning as family. 
 
 Net-veined, when the veins of a leaf are spread and connected with each other, 
 forming a network. Reticulated. This is one of the principal distinctions 
 between leaves; the parallel-veined leaves, like the leaf ot the Solomons Sea/, 
 form the next greatest variety, as distinguished by the vcining. 
 
 Node, that part of the stem whence the leaves spring. An internode is the part ot 
 the stem between two nodes. 
 
 Nur, one form of fruit, hard and dry. A one-seeded carpel, e.g. the Acorn and 
 Hazel nut. A samara is a winged nut. 
 
 Obcorda i e, the form of a leaf which is inverse heart-shaped, see fig. I2, pi. 2. 
 Obli^^ue leaves, leaves with unequal sides, see fig. 22, pi. 2. 
 
 OBOVATEjthe same as ovate, but with the broadest part of leaf a little above the middle. 
 Orbicular, of circular form and flat, applied to rounded leaves, see fig. 2, pi. 2. 
 
Ovate, egg-shaped, with the broad end downwards, see fig. 6, pi. 2. 
 Ovary, situated at the base of the pistil, contains the rudiments of the future seeds. 
 It becomes the fruit of a plant. 
 
 Palmate, shaped like the hand, digitate, diverging frohi one point like the Horse- 
 chestnut leaves. 
 Panicle, a form of inflorescence, like the raceme^ but branched. 
 Papilionaceous, butterfly-shaped, see Sweet Pea. 
 
 Parasite, a plant which derives its nourishment from another, as the Mistletoe. 
 Pedicel, the stalk of a single flower. 
 
 Peduncle, a flower-stalk, sometimes only supporting a single flower, .more generally 
 the main floral axis. 
 
 Peltate, a flat form of leaf, like the Nasturtium, when the petiole or leaf stalk is 
 
 attached to the under-surface, and from which point the veins radiate. 
 Pepo, is a fruit form produced by the order Cucurbitaceae, as the Marrow. 
 Perfoliate, a form of leaf attachment, when the base of the leaf not only clasps the 
 
 stem, but passes round it, so that the stem appears to pierce the leaf. 
 Perianth, generally applied to the floral envelope, when it is not differentiated into 
 
 calyx and corolla. When either the calyx or corolla is absent. 
 Pericarp, the outer covering of the fruit or seed. 
 Petiole, the leaf-stalk, as distinct from the pedicel, the flower- stalk. 
 Pinnate, feathered, the form of some compound leaves, when the lobes or leaflets 
 
 are arranged regularly on either side of a midrib, as in the Wild Rose, or the 
 
 Ash. 
 
 Pistil, the centre form or organ of a flower, usually consists of a delicate column ot 
 
 three parts — the ovary, the style, and the stigma. 
 Pod, a dry fruit, a one-celled, two-valved, many-seeded vessel. Applied to the fruits 
 
 of the Pea and Bean tribe. A legume. 
 Pome, a fleshy seed-vessel, such as the Apple and Pear. 
 
 Pouch, sometimes used to denote a short seed-pod or vessel, such as that of the 
 Honesty. 
 
 Raceme, a form of inflorescence ; when the flowers are arranged in the manner of a 
 spike, but each having a separate stalk or pedicel direct from the main axis. If 
 the pedicel is branched, the arrangement becomes a panicle. 
 
 Radical Leaves, growing straight from the root, at the base of the flower-stalks. 
 
 Ray, a term applied to the outer florets of some of the Composite flowers, as the 
 Daisy. 
 
 Receptacle, that part of the flower which supports the other parts ; well seen in the 
 
 Dandelion details. 
 Reniform, kidney-shaped, see fig. 13, pi. 2. 
 
 Rhizome, a root-like stem or root stock, often underground, putting forth roots from 
 the under-side. 
 
 RuNCiNATE, deeply toothed at the margin, the teeth pointing to the root, as in the 
 Dandelion, see fig. 23, pi. 2. 
 
 Sagittate, shaped like an arrow, see fig. 17, pi. 2. 
 Samara, a winged fruit, see fruit of Sycamore. 
 
 Scape, a long leafless stem, straight from the root, carrying a flower. 
 Segment, the division of a leaf or flower. 
 
Sepal, a segment of the calyx. 
 
 Sessile, applied to flowers and leaves without stalks. A stigma is sessile when it has 
 
 no style, as in the poppy, an anther when it has no filament. 
 Serrate, notched or toothed like a saw, as in the leaf of a Wild Rose, see fig. 3, pi. 2. 
 Sheath, the lower part of a leaf or its stalk when it is rolled round the stem. 
 SiLiQt!E, a long pod, such as those borne by the Cruciferae, or of the Pea. 
 SiLiCLE, a short or broad pod. 
 
 Simple, when the blade of a leaf is of one piece, the reverse of compound, see fig. i, 
 pi. 2. 
 
 Spadix, a succulent spike, bearing small, sessile flowers, enclosed in a spathe, as in 
 the Cuckoo Pint. 
 
 Spathe, a sheath-like bract or floral leaf, enclosing the inflorescence, as in the Cuckoo 
 Pint. 
 
 Spatulate, applied to a leaf when the top part is short and broad, and the lower part 
 
 long and tapering, see fig. 4, pi. 2. 
 Spike, a form of inflorescence, when the blossoms are numerous and sessile, arranged 
 
 on a central axis or stem. 
 Stamen, a number of delicate organs within the corolla or centre of flower, consisting 
 
 of the anther and filament. 
 Standard, the large upright petal of a papilionaceous flower, e.g. the Pea. 
 Stigma, the summit of the pistil, receiving the pollen. 
 Stipule, lateral appendages, or small leaf forms at the base of the leaf-stalk. 
 
 Tap-root, when the main root descends perpendicularly into the earth, sending oft 
 only fine fibers. 
 
 Thyrsus, an inflorescence similar to a panicle, but the flowers set close to the central 
 
 axis by more solid pedicels, as in the thyrsus of the Horse-chestnut. 
 Terminal, ending a stalk, proceeding from the end, as in the Ox-eye Daisy. 
 Tuberous, thick fleshy roots or tubers. 
 
 Umbel, an inflorescence, when the pedicels apparently start from the same point, and 
 are nearly all the same length. 
 
 Venation, applied to the arrangement of the veins in the leaves. 
 
 Whorl, leaves, branches, or flowers, when arranged in a circular manner round the 
 stem or central axis. 
 
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