LIBRARY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS AT URBANA-CHAMPAIGN 332 B875 v.l CENTRAL CIRCULATION AND BOOKSTACKS The person borrowing this material is responsible for its renewal or return before the Latest Date stamped below. You may be charged a minimum fee of $75.00 for each non-returned or lost item. Theft, mutilation, or defocement of library materials can be causes for student disciplinary action. All materials owned by the University of Illinois Library are the property of the State of Illinois and are protected by Article 1 6B of Illinois Criminal Law and Procedure. TO RENEW, CALL (217) 333-8400. University of Illinois Library at Urbana-Champaign IV) When renewing by phone, write new due date below previous due date. LI 62 THE STATE O F T H E NATION, In Refpeft to Her Commerce, Debts, and Money. BY ERASMUS THILITS, Efq; %iii jgtecono tuition, tott^ ^ooitiotus. wm LONDON: Printed for STEPHEN AUSTEN, at the Jfjgel and Bible, in St Paul's Church-Tard. MDCCXXXI. Pr. is.ei J i / 5 i^^ THE Author s Apology. Was not furprifeJ, nvhen my Bookfellerdejird I nvould gii^ him leanje to puhlijh a fecond Edition of this little Treatifcy he hawngy in a njery jhort time-y fold all the fv^ ImpreJJion. The Pomp of the Title has draivn a great many People in to fa-^ tisfy their Curiofttyy and I could 'wijh there had heen fome thing in the Contents ^orth their Pains in reading it o^er^ hut injignifcant as it is, it 'was Jlill rendred nvorfe for nvant of due Care in correBing the Errors of the Prefs, and the hajle I nvas in, in getting it print edy hefore his Majejly --went Abroad, A z It oOvioo.--^ The Author's Apology. It halving been detain d fome Weeks in the Hands of Per fans y nvhodidme too much Ho- nour in reading theManufcripty I "was not able e'ven to do Jujiice to myfelf, and there- fore left fome Pafages liable to ajufl Ex- ception j or loantofa common Explanation. But I am happy in oneRefpe^y that be- ing in no circumjiance of Life to expeU Flat" terVy Iha^emet'with fome y "who commend my Defgn at leajly ^hate'ver they may think of the Execution. Gratitude obligd me to take a little pains for themy and taprefent them aWorkfome- ^hatmore perfeB than it 'was before ^ tho after all I am afraid it is not in my po'wer ^ togi've that SatisfaBion I ivijh to do. This requires the Labour of a more expe- rienced Peny a Genius of another fort. For my party Ifiall be contented "with the Com- mendations of a pri'vate Labourer y ^ho has been concerned in laying the Foundation of a or eat Edifice y and hope to fee a StruUure built by this Plany equal to the Dignity and Ufefulnefs of theSubjeU. To ^^Sl i ^^13 ^p ^ ^ 12.' ^M i^^^Sify '^^^Hj ,^^^ Iffmlrnf'^" ^ m T O T H E K I N G. S I R, ^Mbition, which in one Shape or other tempts Si all Mankind, has led me to ask Prote6l:ion from the higheft Obje6t of human Greatnefs and Felicity. For DEDICATION. For to be the common Fa^ ther of above ten Millions of People, to govern them by Laws of their own making, and to fhew no Inftances of Power, but what is for their Benefit and Protection, is true Greatnefs ; and to fee them in the Pofleflion of a profufe Plenty and Fulnefs of Satif- fadlion, and to hear them, as often as they have an Oppor- tunity, exprefs their Gratitude in the moft dutiful Acknow- ledgments of their Happinefs under you, is true Felicity ; at leaft, Sir, 'tis your Felicity 3 who DEDICJTION. who feem born for the Benefit of Mankind, and who have made the Good of others your chief Care, as it has been the -firft Obje6t of your Thoughts* But Providence, not only indulgent to us at prefent, has given us the delightful Prof- pe6t of never cealing Happi- nefs for our Pofterity in your illuftrious Family; the nume- rous Offspring of this Royal Stock being a certain Bar to thofe inteftine Commotions which might otherways arife from a difputed Title, and fwal- low up our Liberties for ever. This I "DEBICATION. This is a Blefling we ought to value as what is moft dear to us. On this Bafis ftands our Religion, Lives, Liber- ties, Eftates; and that this Foundation may ever remain, are the fmcere Hopes ^4 Wilhes of, Sir, Tout moft faithful Suhje^ and moft devoted Servant^ Erafmus Philips. Muft own ; my fetf very itri-' equal to the Task t liaVe undertaken, which requir- ed greater Experience in pub- lick Bufinefs than I. could poffibly have 5 but that whicfi incited me to enter into this Affair, waL that I found fome Men fo gloomy/, that rneiy thought . us in a worfe Condition than we really are, and that it 'would be impoffible to pay the publick Debts 5 while others were fo fanguine to be- lieve it the eafieft Thing in the World'; nay^ fonae are fo credulous as t^ think, that tfiis Debt of 'fifty "tliree B Millions^ PREFACE. Millions, may not only be paid off, but ftill fubfift in the Creditors Hands. I could mih that Error had no Place in the Mind of Man 3 and that while I am endeavouring to undeceive the World, I may not fall into the Snare I would avoid. But this I am fure of, there is no Man of fo little Importance in Life, but that he may contribute fqmething to the Advantage of the Society he lives in, and if he who conduits us to Truth is moft laudable, he who endeavours to find it out, is not to be difcommended. It is in this Search I have taken fome iPains 3 and if I have given a proba- ble Account of our Affairs, it may ferve to quiet the Minds of the defponding, and damp the Infolence of fuch, who from amiftaken Notion of our Weak- nefs at Home, may be mifled to dif^ turb us from Abroad. But let them know, that in the Year 17 Z7, wefliall J have TREFACE. have near four Millions per Annum in cafe of a Rupture with an Enemy, without anticipating any new Fund, or breaking in upon the old. Becaufe fome People feem to doubt the Truth of this Auertion, I thought it proper to explain to them in what manner thefe Sums may be raifed. The prefent finking Fund, with the Augmentation occafioned by the Excife of Tea, Coffee and Chocolate, may be computed at per Annum 700,000 I per Cent, of the Inte-'^ reft of 3 3 Millions fubfcri-C 3 3 0,000 bed into South-Sea Stock 3 The Land-Tax at 4 s. in, the Pound p,OQO,ooo The Malt-Tax above <^oo,ooo Total 3,630,009 B 2 As vAM^ the Strength and Pow^r^^o^ E^gl^j^y it rneyjex \yas greater. .We have now abqV^. jtw^^; J^Iundrcjd-M o£ War^ a Force infinitely fiiperior toany 9thqr[NatiQf>;^ j^stoher ^ealtb, her Ijade^h^r Buildings, her^tpcjf.of all SertS'3: he,r iQ^rd^ns^ Pi6i;ure;S, Jewels, the Ptofuripn 6f P|af e in pmut^lipuksy flicw fuch an Ihcreafe, that the moft enfeii^Us Mafli,, muft own, that though Jjuxiiry h^S'jaig;;e^C; Share in .this Magr mfi^ej^ipe^ 'Y^.^.N^iPf Ji^ft (o Ippg^a Time^^ there muft be fome Foundatipn of real, Subjftance.; C'O^O But that is j^lf-e^ident : Yet there ^li^o^omc wjiq;\j^0uld iofinpatp that all this Pomp.'arKi^.Sjiew ;is\nQthir^^^ buc Tinfel, a l^lfe. j^^fce,; dut^ ^^ owe ^iVoST'^rhan 4 e are worth, that^QurMo- l^&y^.is- diniiniftgdj and that 'we have 4iit4e--}:eft--but Paper Credit amongft ii?. To To obviate fo ill-groindedl a Re- flection, I have endeavoured to fliew by what Channels our Specie has gone out J and in this Affair I have made large allowances. I have endeavoured like- wife to make it appear, that even in the Time of War, as well as in Peace, great Sums of Money have been pour- ed in upon us, fo that it may be pro- bable, that even now the Bullion may be near equal to what it was in 88, throwing the coined Gold and Silver into the Heap 3 though I am inclined to believe we have lefs Silver Money: But then furely no one will deny, that there is not more Plate worked up for Family Ufes now, than in the Period pf Time above-mentioned. 'Tis a hard Matter to trace all the Channels, by which Gold and Silver make their Flux and Reflux in and put of a Country, fo'as to meafure the 9REFJCR tlic Quantity exadly. But there are fome Symptoms which certainly de- mondrate whether a Nation gains or lofes by a Commerce in general y great Numbers of People, a rich Commonal- ty, Money at low Intereft, Land at a great Value, a quick Circulation, are inch certain Proofs of the Riches of a Count ry^that no Man ferioufly can deny. And if we confider only the Great? ncfs of our Imports, which has for thirty Years been one Year with an- other four or five Millions vifibly, it is not probable the Merchant would trade at a lefs Profit than lo per Cent, and the Duty at an Average has been 20 per Gent, fo that if we could fuppofe this Sum to be got clear out of thole we trade with;, this would amount to above 40 Millions in that Period of Time 3 nor indeed can it be otherways, when we confider the Greatnefs of our Expence, and our vifibje 'PREFACE. vifible Eftate. It is true, it may be objeded, the Merchant may gain, when the Nation lofes ; but then ic is as certain, there has not been for many Years but two TrafEcks, but what we have gained by 3 and they were the French y and the Baltick^ up- on account of our naval Stores. Both which, in my Opinion, from what I can colled from them that are ac- quainted with the Trade of thofc Countries, have been abundantly mif- taken, efpecially thatof /r^;ifc'^5 xhoAz Wine is a bulky Commodity, and bought cheap at firft Hand 5 their Silks are worn by few, and befides thefe^ unlefs it be for Paper, Cork, Capers, and Rofin, we have but little Dealings with them. As for the Baltkk Trade, it ha^ been very cxpenfive to us, but then out of this Expence we muft dedodl: what we get by Freight from other Countries, TkEFACk Countries, which never can be exa£t- ly computed 3 and therefore I have not fo much as reckoned it in the Balance of the Nation s Traffick, but without doubt it comes to a confiderable Sum. Upon the whole^ Probability is the only Path I can tread 3 and I hope whatever my Succefs otherwife may be, I may appear impartial 3 for this Maxim I have laid down in Life, ra- ther to be thought to want any Tfiing than Truth. ■fik\ THE CONTENTS. pG)QG'OS QQQ GOQj^g)GQf Eng- land. Page 1; CHAP. ir. The State of the Nation in the Tear i6%%i p. 15. CHAR I The C O N T E N T S. CHAP. III. The prefent State of the Ndtiony allowing for the Loffes fufiained in the two laji Wars with Fraacc. p. i9» CHAP. IV. Of the Circulation of Money. p. 40. CHAP. V. The Tofftbility of paying thepublick 'Debts depends on Circulation, p. $7, O F T H E STATE OF THE N A T I O N, e^A Chap. I. Of Trade in general -^ and particularly of the Trade of England. R A D E is to the Body Poll-' tick as the Blood is to hu- man Body ', it difFufes itfelf by the minuteft Canals into every part of a Nation, and gives Life and Vigour to the whole : Without this, no Country can be happy within hcr- felf, or fupport herfelf without againft the Attacks of a powerful Neighbour, C Trade ( o Trade it is that brings us all the Aids; the Conveniences, the Luxury of Life$ 'tis (he that encourages all Arts and Sci- ences, gives Hopes to Invention, and Riches to Induftry i Strength, Wifdom and Policy are in her Train j " Plenty, Liberty and Happinefs are her perpetual Compa- nions. Even Money itfclf without Trade, like ftagnated Water, is of little ufe to the Pro- prietor. Spam is a living Inftance of this Truth j the Mines of Teru and Mexico inade that People think themfelves above Induftry ,• an Inundation of Gold and Sil- ver fwept away all ufeful Arts, and a total Negleft of Labour and Commerce has made them as it were the Receivers only for the reft of the World. On the contrary, Holland is the moft lemarkablc inftance of the Advantages of Trade. It would be needlefs to mention the Feeblencfsofher Origin, or theSmalnefs of her Territory 5 this Country, the ftupendious Workmanfhip of Men's Hands, not able to fupport half her People from her native Produd, is at prefent the Seat of Riches and Plenty 5 notwithftanding the continual Expencc fhe is at to keep herfelf above Water, notwithftanding the fever^l Actacks that have been ma(de upon 'h&;by^^ three powerful Monsrcliiesi yet w^s'flie able to -- ' expend ( 3 ) expend 22 Millions in the War with France^ from the Year 8 8 to the Year 97 i^ and in the laft War with France her Pro-. portion of the Expence was 45 Millions, njtz. for about 12 Years 120, 000 Men every Year, which comes to (reckoning their pay- one third lefs than ours) near 18, ooo^ 00a Sterling. ^ , ;-iiiiiU The Charge of their Fleet might be ac- cording to their own Account of their Number, which is thus : All Ships of th^ Line, be- fides a great naany fmall- cr Veffds,, rin 1702 1703 1704 1705 1706 ; 17,07 1708 £709 17 10 i7Vr 50 5^ 50 40 Total 506 The Charge at the Rate of 30000 a Ship at an Ave- j rage, includiiig too their( fmallerVefTels, will come to I5p 69 O; 000^ B z Befidesi (4) Befidcs their Subfidies of ^ '40, 000 Crowns per An. to the Bifhop oi Munjlery 100, 000 Crowns fer An. ^^^^ from 1704 to 1709 to the > cl^/^w Duke of Wirtembergy and 400, 000 Crowns to the King of T^enmarky which in all may come to Sterling. The Extraordinary of the7 65, 861^ 821 y^TLtinthz Netherlands, y Livres. Which,"" according to^ their way of reckoning/ ^ ^^^ ^^^ r^ '7J ^ T» J > ^> 000, COQ II Gmlaers to a Pound,r > ^ may be about -) Beiides their Expencc of ^ Tranfports and ViftuallingjC 4, 000, ooo. which might come in all to 3 And the Charge of about ten thoufand Men in Spain and Tortugal from 1703, communibus annisy to 1712, 1,825, 000. allowing Twelve-pence per T^tem to each Man: And this, at very low Computa- tion, brings in their Expence to above 45,Qoo,ooQ Sterling, A very great Sum to be got in few Years time o^ily' by Induftry. England ( J) England too has had her Share in the Benefits of Trade, and her prcfeqt Afflu- ence is entirely owing to that Commerqe fhe has had with the reft of the World ; the many Millions fhe has expended fmcc the Year 8 8 have been replaced ; and on^ would think fiich an Overplus in the Ba- lance of the Account, by the Appearance of the Price oif Commodities, that fhe is become richer than fhe was at that time. Her native Commodities have been to her better than the Mines of ^eru and Mexico, Wool, Lead, Tin, Leather, But- ter, Cheefe, Corn, Tallow, ^c, fhe an- nual Growth of her Soil, befides her feve- ral Manufaftures, have been an inexhaufti- ble Fund of Wealth : Yet it is probable that our Negotiations with the reft of the World for other things may bring us three part in four rpore Profit thai> arifes from our own natiye Commodities. Tobacco, Cotton, Ginger, Sugars, Indi- go, Rice, and the reft of the Plantation Goods have brought us (befides what was ncceffary for our own Confumption) a Balance fronft France^ Flanders^ Hambo- rough y Holland and the Eaft Countries, of above fix hundred thoufand Pounds a Year. Our Tralfick with the Eajt^ Indies for C^I-' licoes, wrought Silks, Drugs, Salt-petre, raw (6) raw Silk, Tea, Coffee, and Cottons^ Co^ ton Yarn, Carmania Wool, &c. is, over and above our own Ufe, a great Gain tq us. If the Value fcnt to Eaft- India be 500, 000. Pounds /^r An. their Sales have been many Years for above 2, 200, 000 pit An, of which 'tis fuppofed one Milli- 6h may be confumed at home, the reft ex-^ ported 5 out of this we muft dedud about 400, 000 for the draw-back, then the Ba» lance of the Account will be above 300,066 Pounds per An, clear Profit : But then as this Trade has maintained fo riiany People befides, and furnifh'd us with what other- Ways we muft have bought of the Hollands ers, as well as brought down the Price of other European Commodities we made ufd 6( before our entring into this Trade, it tnuft be faid the Nation's Profit is annu'- ally above a Million : It is not to be un- derftood, that on the Balance of this Ac;- count we receive above a Million of Specie j but if thefe Indian Commodities pay for Goods in thefe feveral Parts for which we muft have othcrways fent Gold or Silver, it is in effeft the fame thing. I fhall not' contend with thofe that fay that this Commerce is not carried without a Lofs of Silver to us 5 but then it muft be confidered too that we only lofe in Pro- portiou ( 7 ) portion to the refl: of Europe] every Nation bearing feme fhare in the general Lofs, and ours perhaps iefs than any other. It IS not unlikely but that of the Silver that has been brought into Europe fince 1 602;, there has been above one hundred and fifty Millions buried in the Eaft-Indies. Had that Money been proportionably di- fperfed over the feveral Countries of this Part of the World, and our Share treble what it is now j if Commodities and La- bour too had rifen in a treble Proportion, 'tis no Paradox to affirm that in effed wc are as rich now as we fhould have beeqi under thofe Circumftances ^ Gold and Sil- ver being only valuable as they relate to other Commodities. But as the Riches of a Country does not confift in any Quantity of Gpld and Silver, if it cannot keep them, or acquire morci fo our utmoft Attention fhou'd be to pre- ferve thofe Methods 5 and I believe I may with Certainty affirm that one way to ef- fed this is to lefleri the Price of our La^ bour, which only can be done by employ- ing the Poor, I mean ereding Work-houfes in every Parifh, and obliging them that are able to maintain themfelves. It has been computed that above 600, 000 Poiinds are rais'd annually xox the Subfift- cnce . of the Pgpr in En^lmd,\y^ which 2 ^ " " Account, ( 8 ) Account, at the Allowance of eightceil Pence per Week to each Perfon, we may reckon an hundred and fifty thoufand I'oor that live by Alms > the Labour of thefc Perfons, one with another, at Six- pence per T)iem would be worth to the Nation about i, 350,000 Pounds per An. and how fuch a Quantity of Labour would C)perate on the Woollen Manufa(flure (Spin- ning and Carding being the chief Employ- ment of thefe poor People) I leave to every body's Cbnfideration. Next to the Icffening the Price of La- bour is to bring down the Price of Wool i it has been irl a great meafure owing to the Dearnefs of our Woollen Manufadure, that both Holland and France have thought it worth their Caire to fet up Looms of their own, to our great, if not irreparable Detriment ; and France has fo far fucceed- ed, that fhe feems to have no farther Oc- tcafion for our Cloths at all. And Holland has found out this Secret of Trade, to buy up our raw Cloths (if I may be allow'd the Expreffion) and dye and nap them fo much cheaper than we, that they are able to under-fell us in Goods of our own Produce. The Prohibition of the Export of the Irijh Woollen Manufafture'abroad, and the Duty o,a IriJh Wool imported in England^ has ( j> ) has in a great Meafure contributed tS this 5 and Ireland \\2Lsioi many Years run all Ha« zards, and fcnt an annual Supply of Wool to France^ which has enabled her to carry on this profitable Employ. We cannot wonder that fo rieccflary a Branch of Trade fhould not efcape the Ob- fcrvation of fo wife a Miniftcr as Colbert, or the indefatigable Hollanders ^ but why fo much Remiflhefs on our Part is unac- countable : And, perhaps, it would not be Prudence to give theRcafons. But we are not to wonder that any Nation takes the Ad- Vantage of our Negligence 5 nor is it impof- fible that Spain herfelf may^ in fome time, fet up a Woollen Manufadure of her own ; ib that if we are cut out of this Trade from Holland, France and Spain, in all Probabi- lity, they may, in time, fupply Denmark,. Norway, Sweden, RuJJia, and Germany, with what they want, as well as furnifh a finer fort of fcarlet Drapery for the Levant Trade, by which means we fhould lofe the Vent of feveral Millions per Annum *, for fo much the Export of our Woollen Manu- fafture from his Majefty's Dominions have been computed at, over and above the Cloaths fent to America, Though this Pro- • Sir Wilhekm Vetty, p. 83. has computed it at f Miilioos, but 1 believe he has over-rated it. fped ( lO ) fpcft is at a Diftancc, yet certainly it i3 worth our Attention, the Poffibility of the Event alone miglit alarm us. Our Plantation Trade has been a conftant Source of Wealth to us, and might yet b© improved to a much greater Advantage ; our naval Stores might in a great Meafure be fupplied from New Englandy and wc might fave a great Part of four or five hun- dred thoufand Pounds per Annum in thefe Commodities, which we bring from "Den- tnarky Sweden^ and the Eaft- Countries. To- preferve this valuable Commerce, we ought to have a vigilant Eye on FrancCy who has made great Encroachments fmce our firft Settlements there, and watches an Oppor- tunity to divert us of our Properties in that Part of the World. , Perhaps it might be advifable to give fo me additional Strength to our Forts and Places, to prevent any Surprize that may arife from any Rupture with an Enemy i it being much eafier to keep Poffeflion, than to regain it after it is loft. Our Trade to Turkey y which once was cfteemed among the beft Branches, becaufc it took off fo much, of our Woollen Manu- fafture, is in a great Meafure gonej and, it is thought, we are obliged to fend Money every Year to pay the Balance of our Ac- counts there. Italy ( li ) Italy and Spain have paid us a conftant Tribute. And Portugal ioi many Years has opened her Treafures with a liberal Hand to us. France has enjoyed a long Advantage of us in point of Commerce, but the Ne- ceflities of the Government obliging them to raife the Value of their Money fo often- has coft them very dear ; and it may be a Queftion, whether fome Years the Difference of the Exchange did not pay the Balance of the Trade. Hollaridy no doubt, takes off many of our Eafi^India Goods, and a great deal of our coarfer Woollen Manufacture; but 1 am afraid, they do us more Hurt in the Markets where they carry them, than Good in the buying them here. Hamborotigh and the Eaft-Countries take- off the fame Commodities, and, no doubt, return Gold and Silver to balance. Ireland for what fhe has, or can get out of other Countries, is a conftant Stream running into this great Lake. As iot Newfoundland 2ind Greenland they have been long negledted, but might prove of the greateft Confequence to us. The African Trade might be improved to a great Height, and is a moft beneficial Trajffick, forafmuch as it takes off chiefly our Manufacture; and except their Gold D z Duft, (11) Duft, the Commodities brought from thence are but of little Value in that Country. But before I quit this Subjed of Trade I (hall fpeak a litrle more largely of ithat of France-^ and I rather choofe to do it, becaufe there is no Traffick looked upoa with a more malignant Eye than this by niany People. Some have affirmed, that the Goods imported out oi France have a- mounted yearly to two Millions fix hundred thoufand Pounds. Sir William 'F^etty on the contrary fays, that they cannot come to five hundred thoufand Pounds / for by the 20^^ Article of that Treaty, we had Liberty to import in France every thing but warlike Inftruments, fubjed only to the Duties they were wont to pay by the Tariff of 1664, except the following Goods, viz. the Produd of Whales, Woollep Manufadurcs, Salt-Fifh and Sugars, whidi were provided for in a fep^rate Inftrumcnt^, rqiz. The ( *3 ) The Proctuft of Whales were to pay the Duties appointed by the Tariff of 1699. The Woollen Manufafture the fame. Salt-Fifli, the Duties appointed before 1 664, and befides 40 Livres per Laft. All refined Sugars by the Tariff of 1699, as you may fee more particularly in the Treaty itfelf, which I have fubjoin'd in the Afpendix. Had we gone on this Plan, we might have better fupported that luxurious Traffick, and our Woollen Manufafture mufl have found Vent in that Country. But high Duties and Prohibitions on our fide beget high Duties and Prohibitions on theirs; but there is this Difference between us, that large Impofls deter them from the Ufe of thofe Commodities; but on the contrary, our Affectation makes us run the more greedily lafter them 5 notwithflanding the great Im- provement^ we have made in a few Years in the Manufadlure of Silks, yet we fee no* thing elfe in aDrawing-Room but prohibit- ed French Silks. Vaft Quantities oi French Wine and Brandies come into our Cuflom- Houfes 5 for all the great Duties, and per- haps, as much more is run in upon us, fo that I don't find that our high Impofts and Prohibitions fave us any thing at Home, the Damage they have done us Abroad is but ^00 well known. I The ( 14) The Policy of Holland might infl:ru(JI us not to prohibit Commerce of any Kind, or load any Branch of it with Duties which makes it impradicable. A trading Nation fhould be an open Ware-Houfe, where the Merchant may either buy what he pleafes, or fell what he can. Whatever is brought to you^ if you want it not, you will not purchafe it ^ if you do want it, the Large- nefs of the Impoft does not keep it from you. However, this is certain, that a pru- dent People will always keep thofe Gates open, that let out their Manufaftures or native Commodities. But to do any Ad which may draw upon you the Lofs of the beft Branch of your Manufafture, is wretch- ed Policy. If this has not been our Cafe, I wifh it never may; but this one Thing I am fure of, that there hardly ever was a more critical Jundure m England, to look into the feveral Branches of our Trade, than the prcfcnt. Chap, ( ty ) Chap. H, The State of the Nation in the Year 1^88. JST, order to have a more perfeft Idea of our prefent Condition^ it will be neceffary to look back oa the Situation of our Affairs a- bout the Year 88 5 and if the Accounts of thofe Times meet with any Credit, they may be a Foundation of greater Certainty for me to work upon. The Year above-mentioned was, perhaps^ the Time when England was in Poffeflion of the greateft Quantity of Wealth (he ever did enjoy. She was then enriched with the Treafures fhe had been accumulating for a- bout one hundred and fifty Years,- for ^o long we may date the Progrcfs of Trade in this Nation 5 nor had fhe been at any great Expence, but what was made within her- felf for a long Series of Time, The ( t6 ) The Rcprifals made on the Spaniardft under T>rake, Rawleigh, and EJfex^ might over and above bear the Charge Queen Eli- zabeth was at upon the account of the Spanijh Invafionj and though the Ruffia and Eaft- India Trade were then in their Infancy, yet thefe were the Foundation df a vaft future Profit, as the Hanfe Towns, under an en- tire Submiflion to £;ig-/^;2^, wei?e an imme- diate and a great Advantage to her prefent Commerce. During the pacifick Reign of King yames the Firft, this Nation had little clfe to do but to receive the Benefits of het TrafRck j her extraordinary Expences were very fmall. That Prince indeed attempted to reftorethc Palatinate to his Son-in-Law, but as his Aids were feeble, fo his Attempts proved ineffedual. The latter Part of the fucceeding Reign was attended with many Calamities, but Hill the Expence was chiefly within our- felves ; . our Trade went on, and the extra- ordinary Charge of equipping fo many and fo great Fleets was made up by the Secu- rity of our Commerce, and fubduing our Rivals in naval Power, the T>utch, The Conqucft of Jamaica has well anfwered the Expence of that Expedition, and ^^/« paid dear for the War fhe declared afterwards agaiuft ( 17 ) againft England^ in her Refentment of that Indignity. From the Year 1659 to the Year 1688 we increased in Wealth of all Kinds. HoU land, after two naval Wars, yielded us up the Dominion of the Ocean, and our Trade extended itfelf every where. It has been obferved by an ingenious Writer *, " That the Rental of England *^ was in the Year 8 8 about fourteen Mil* ^^ Wons per Annum h that the Cultoms yield- " ed Neat to the Crown, from Michaelmas " 1671 to Michaelmas \ 6%% y — ^9,447,799 ** Pounds, which at a Medium for fcventeen " Years, is 555,752 Pounds 5" and if we fuppofe the Duties at an Average ten per Cent, ad Valor em, fliews our Imports at that Time to be for above five Millions fer An- num^ As to the Specie of the Nation, the re- coining three Years afterwards makes that Sum almoft apparent, as to the Silver 5 for from 1 69 1 to the i^'^oiAiiguft 1697, there was brought to the London and Country Mints eight Millions, four hundred thou- fand Pounds, of dipt, light, and hammered Money, and in all Probability there might be a great Sum Handing out. The miird • Ddv. Eflays, E Silver ( i8 ) Silver coined in King Charles the Second's and King "James the Second's Reign might be two Millions, two hundred thoufand Pounds, fo that we may fuppofe, fubfift- ing in Silver Money at that Time, about i r Millions. The Gold we may reckon thus. Coin d in Queen Eltza-^ ^^^//s Time, who reformed > i, 500, 000 moft of the old Specie, J In King 'James the Firft'sl Time, S- SCO, 000 In King C^^r/ 875, 000 But fure no one will fay that we loft twelve Millions of Specie by this War : How then can we account for this vifible Expence but by our Trade, which fpight of all thofe Difadvantages has broke thro' and gain'd us many Millions > fo that I am of opinion that notwithftanding the great Ex- pence of that War, the Nation had not five Millions lefs in Specie at the End of it than fhe had before it began. And I do not doubt but it may be made appear that the Balance of Trade, even du- ring the time of this War, was i, 500, 000 J>er An. in our Favour ; and this will be thought credible, when People (hall know, that in the laft War with France and Spainy when our Expence was much great- er, as our Arms were more extended, from 2 the the Year 1702 to 1712, the Balance of Trade Wis iri our Favour above two Milk- ens perJri. and for a Proof of this I will only appeal t6 the Cuftoin-Houfe Books, and the comttioil Valuatioh Of the Goods exported and imported. „ ^■ The Accounts takeii of thdfe Years by them whofe Bufinefs it is to faiake that En- janiiy, are as follow, m" ■ ■^^'•- ■. ■i^oi— * I, 5^7, 948 1703 — - >v 698, 23Z i704 — 2, 57^0, 109 1705 ■ — - 2, 377, 355 - JitiS ^^^^. Iv 650, 57Ci ^^^'^^•^-iW •L^ 3> ±66, 651 1 70S' U— ^i 164, 988 l>6^ ;. j. '^v 7^5^ 266 1710' ;^ y> ibo. S68 i7ii ^-:- 3> 109, 755 I7t2 ..^ i> 583> 20(S ,'3 So that allowing a great Abatement fof falfe Entries, here is rooni enough for the grcateft Sccptlck td admit of a large Balance^ Sver and above the neceffary Expcnees of the War. , ^ . ^ , „ The Peace concluded in 1697 gavt us a little breathing time, and by the Encrcaft F ^^ ( IC ) of our Trade wc might be fuppofed in thole five Years to regain all our Lofles. . And tho' perhaps this Computation may be thought to run very high, yet I can ao count no other way for thofe ,vaft Sums tliat were raired,in the fubfequent War \jix\\ France zni Spain: Befides, whoever will look into the Cuftom-Houfe Bgoks will befurpris'd to fee fuch a Riie in the Duties paid there as was from the Year 1695, when the Tonnage^an4 Poundage was but 362, 707. ; ; ' ;"^ _ And the Year 1701, when the Cuftoms came to i, 608, 645. And tho' it may be faid^tkat this high Duty IS occafioned in fome! meafure by the additional Impofts, yet. it Qi^ft. be allow'd too that there ^has, been a ^reat Increafe of Trade fince the Xcax 1695, and that even durmg the laft War with France and Spain, the Duties one Year with another amounted to about I, 250, 000. 'to> ^t; ^^1 perhaps give Satisfaftion to fomc .;.^o le^ them fee. what the Payments from .;^he Cuftoms into the Xxcheq.uer have been • irom 1701 to -47.23 in^luCvo : ^ "Payments ( 17 ) payments into, his Majeftfs Exchequer 'i)n the fever M Branches oftheCuftumsand on Seizures for the fflloWing Tear'tl " ' ■' '' ' ' .'i'JlT J., Cars t ft- f i5i7854bij I tjipf,4<5f li 1701 2, ? 4 i P 10 11 14 If 16 17 18 IP 21 Zl 38,24(5 J5JP2'jOi ) 4 ■: 11 Seizures. t',z'68^2pl i,3rf,42.3 ,?,-f4i,i7o 4 15714) HP P I jf op, 178 i<5 r,<^p8,,f4f 17 i57^8,P3z 18 1,7^0,313 <5 i,fpi,ofo 17 I,f ip^Lff. I5 i,Ti. Ini703ac}dcdioooMenv 912,500 more , /• 912, 500 . In JL7P4 aad 1705 lJtno\ ^^^^ ^^^ In 1706 moire added a-%j ^^^^ ^^^ |D0Ut2006 / JS;:.. In 1707 more added a-i; ^^ ^^^^ ^^^ bout 3390 Ii^ 1708 more added a-r ^^^ ^^^ ^^ bout 3000 ^ In 1709 more added a-V ^^ ^33, S75 bout 9500 In 1710 more added a-^. ^^ ^^^^ ^^^ bout 200Q In 171 1 "Dim I, 275, 375 Total 10, 4<54> 375 Contingencies ?i ^^7^ ^9<5 TothcKin^ofDenmark'^ Crowns. - for Subfidies in Bank Mo-p- i, 575, 006 ^eyfrom 1701 to 1711,' Jf 1 70 1 to 1 7 1 o to theLand- 1 ^gr^ve QfHeJfe-Caferm thc^ . 350,- 000 whole Subfidy J 1703/ To augment hisV Tfoopsjandmatchthemin-^ * '' ' "3i|."7; ^24. to Itafyy ) 0.0 tr>j-*^ ^ '" ■ '■ ' ■ ■•• ■ ' ''■o\: ill 170*5. Bread; Waggons,^ v od-: i:;oci Hofpitals^c^r. forhisTroopsr 154, 041 To the Elector oiTriers\ e^pmthcXearjros, : :.^-r ; ??^r^^^ '■» 1703. To the Duke of^ .Savoy, , .:r; -.!.'■ r-i^: ?' ?«°"°°° 1703. To the Kmg ofl Tortugah ^ ^' "^^^^ ^^^ 1705. To the King of-> 170(5. For Bread and Fo- rage for 12000 Men in^ 860, 231 t'laniersi Total Crowns carried over 15, 630, 360 I B rought (C 3r 5) •170+. Tdtiie^\c&6c'&£, ' ■ '! -> J.;..-n >'•'-;- > '- ■■''■ ■ ^n] ,■r~/:^^^^ •(• . :,i,,a To the Kihg dfTrti^dt'wdi v jM^ri v^ ^ b thirds of 70,000 Crowm.'> ^^' ^°°r ■1 ■■' ■■ m i I I ■■! Of our Money: perhaps 4, 000, 000 Bcfides to the King of^ A5)>^/»forfourYe^rs 1 50,000 C 600, 000 per An. >J:^ '• Befides the ordinary Sub-*) /. fidy of 6^0,000 CrowmperC ' '^^'^^'^^ ./^.totheDukeof^wr,her iJ^:>S^^ had given to him in. 1706, ^ And in the Yekrs 1700,'^ '^v'^ 1710, 1711, "itcry YearV 300, 000 100,000 Poun4^, J V J.. ■J* So that the Money remit-\ ted to Foreigners clear oirj?^^^v^* this Account of the War^#p ^^^'Av. lone in Flanders, over and >i6;i 787,0 26f o ai)oye all Expences of Trarrif portation and Viaualiing'; ^mounts to about J I Ifhall ( 3* > I (hall be excus'd for placing to the A<* countof thcWarmF/^» i , 2 50 J 000, ' f r> «^ V »» In 1 706 augmented with^ ^^^^ ^ ^o above 4000, Englijh and French Re-%^ ^^^^ q^o fugces added above J 000 f In 1708 Germans znd Ita-^ Hans 43 60, more Germans( ^bout 5 500.Tortuguefeznd> ^t4, 0^0 "palatines about 7000^ in all^ about 1 6,700, In 1 709. Engli{h,Germansr g 1 4, S(Sq and J^/^/i^^ added 1 1000, > In 17 lOy Germans Jtaliansy ^g^. g^o and 2^ 39<^/i25 So that the total Expcnce,. of the War, as it relates on- ly to the bare Subfiftence of^ the Troops with the Subfi-f dies comes to 24, i6S, 871 I omit ( 34 ) I omit the Charge of Ships for Spain Qiid Portugal, which came to 6, 540, 966, as likcwile the Charge of Tranfports on this Account, which came to 1,336,719 befides the viftualling the Land Forces 5^3,770. I omit in this Account too the Charge of the Fleet, which was thus: Ships of the Line ^n 1702 74 1703 79 1704 74 1705 79 1706 7^ 1707 72. I70S 69 1709 67 I7I0 6Z •^1711 59 Total 713 Which at an Average of;^ 30000 a Ship, will come to>^2i, oqo,ooo above ^ But r3j ) But as this Expence is chiefly within our felves, and part of it remains a Debt upon us now, I fliali only confider it in that Proportion I that Foreigners have to our publick Funds 3 my Defign being chiefly as near as I can to find out what Quantity of Money or Bullion we may probably have gaind or loft fince the Year 88, I itiuft however add to our 1 1 Lofs the extraordinary Ex- 1 pence of naval Stores for ten j. Years, whicik in fuch great Fleets mufl: amount to at leaft 3,000; coo J ^ And then' the Spiscie ac-' countable for in refpedto thel Confumption for this WarQ^^^ ^^^^^^^ will be I mufl: add to this Account' the Charge of remitting a- broad the Sum above men-C ^ tion'd of Which at 3 j^er Cent.! comes to about ^ 7 ^ o G 2l I mud (3^ ) I muft alfo add the Intc-^^ reft Money that has been drawn out from our Funds by Foreigners from the Year 1702 to the prefent time, be- ing twenty two Years i and as that has been an increaf- ing Debt of about forty Milli- ons fmce 1701, of which it ^ is fuppos'd they generally had>- 5/500,000 a fixth part 5 it may be reck- oned at a Medium at 150,000 per An, which with the fame Proportion of the Debt of fourteen Millions contra6led in the preceding War might ^be in the wl^olc: 2^0,000 per ^An, for twenty two Years, which comes to., Whichaddedtothc reft7 ^,33^3^^ amounts to f inuoj-ji ' 'to' balance .this wq havqT received of i^oreigners about j" ; / .1 The Succefj; of this War was near equal to the laft with France at Sea 5 for befides thofe Ships that were deftroy'd at ThouloUy the French loft in their Ships of War 1498 Guns more than we, Vfz. Our (37) Our Lofs was The trench 1596 3094 And the Rjbprifals made upon Spain this War might io a great way to make good the Lofles our Merchants may fiave fuf- ftained from the French. The extraordinary Export- of our own Commodities,, viz,. Wool, Cloth, Corn,> 5,000,000 Lead, (^c. for about ten' Years So that to recover the Mo-1 ney we loft in the laft War I with France^ we muft have j gained in thefe laft twelve! Years upon our own Com- 2,400,000 modities exported a Ballance of two hundred thoufand Pounds /^r An. And a Million/>^r An. up-' on the Re-exportation of fo- reign Commodities for twen-(^ 22, 000, 000 ty two Years paft one Year with another I only rnention this Manner of our Ac- quifition, to fhew that even thefe Sums were ( 58 ) \vcte fufficient to defray our Expenccs, but flierc can be no doubt but our Gains were abundantly more. Nor call tht doubt of there being i s Millions of Specie now, in the Kingdom, he iuppo'rted by any Argument 5 on the contrary, there is the ftrongeft Reafon to believe there is much more, which I fhall en^ deavour to nie\ Thustho' in proportion to the People the Demand for Wheat might be the fame in Qiiecn A/^r^'s Time that it is now, yet then Wheat was at 7 s. and 6 d. per Quarter, which is now above four times as much. This Difference can only arife from the Quantity of Qold and Silver which has Icf- izi-vdi the Demand* for them. There can be no doubt but in 1750,01 thereabouts, when we may fuppofe the whole Debt paid off, and all the Paper Ef- feds annihilated, and confequently the pub- lick Taxes abated, all Goods will falljin their Price ,• . and there are two Reafons for this way of thinking. The firfl is, that when thefe Paper Ef- fefts (which now have the Operation of Money) are funk, their Operation mufl ceafe of Courfe ; for as the Value of Com- modities has rifen by the Increafe of Gold and Silver within thefe 150 Years, fo wou d they of Neceffity fall in their Price, if our Gold and Silver were confiderably diminifh- edj the Confequence muft be the fame if there is a Diminution of that which has the Operation of Money. The fecond Reafon is very obvious ; for as Goods that are tax'd bear a Price in proportion to the Impoft upon them, when they are free from this Incumbrance, there can be no Reafon, why they fhould not ( 43 ) not come to their natural Value , (if I may ufe the Expreffion,) for Inftance, if the Duty on Malt he 6 d. a Bufhel ; when this Duty is taken off. Malt of Courfe fhould be 6 ^. a Bulliel cheaper than it was before : The fame thing muftbe faid of all other Commo* dities that are taxed. And this Difference does not only relate between Gold and Silver, and other Com- modities, but alfo to one another. The Quantity of Silver, by the opening of the Mines of Teru and Mexico^ being greater than Gold, gave an extraordinary Value to Gold ; and hence it was that in the eleventh of King y^/i^^jl.the Unity-piece of Gold was raised from 20 to 23 s. On the contrary, a few Years ago the Demand for Silver was fo great, that we were obliged to lower the Value of Gold ; and, in all Probability, in a , little time we fhall think a farther Dimi- nution abfolutely neccffary. But it is not alone the Quantity of Gold and Silver that Icffens the Demand for them, but the Cir- culation too 5 a great Trade, making a great- er Demand for Induftry and Commodities than Money, leiTens its Value, and confe- quently raifes the Price of the other two. Trade and Credit, as they are infcparable in themfelves, fo they are the Parents of Circulation: Money without thcfe would be but a dead Treafure in few Peoples Hands, H 2 and ( 44 ) and cohfcqucntly the Community little the better for it. France is to England zs eight to three, their Specie perhaps proportion- able, yet there is a greater Shew of Money in England than in France j but if the Cir- culation of France were equal to that of England^ then flie would appear of courle fo much richer than England. 'Tis a ftupendious Thought' to confider the Money-Tranf- a6lion of this Kingdom 3 per- haps it may not be unaccepta- ble to give fome Account of it. I believe I fhall be al- lowed to compute the Rents of this Kingdom at O, GOO; GOO And upon the Suppofition that the Lands of England are not tax'd at half the Value, this Account may be near the Truth. The Duties on the Cuftoms? produce jC'^r Annum about ^ Which upon an Average' of 3G I. per Cent, ad Valor emi fhews our Imports to be for' about I, 6go, ggo 5, 300, GOO Bcfides ( 45 ) /. Befides our Re-export,? ^^ ^00,000 which may be about 3 The reft of the Duties and^ ^ 199, 328 Funds A ' ' If it is allowed me that therel are eight Millions of People I in this Nation, I believe 1 (hall ^ ^ ^^ ^^^ ^q^ not exceed if I reckon the Ma- 1* nufaftures confunVd at Home I to amount to per An. J I fhall not mention the In-" tereft arifing from mortgaged Land, that being computed be- fore in the Rental 5 but I muft take notice of the Mortgages I themfelves, becaufe they ^^e^^^ ^^ ^^^ often transferr'd, and may be reckon'd Money in Circula- tion 5 and thcfe have been computed at a fifteenth part of the Land, which will come to about Principal Money. The next thing Ifliall mention is the great National Debt 5 And this is about 2 5 3> 000,000 The ( 4<5 ) The Malt produces more a- bout /. 600, oca So that the whole Money- Tranfaftion of this Nation^ 126,199,3 28 feems to be for about And all this is carried on| 15,000,000 with no more than 3 Specie. In order to make a proper Judgment of this Affair, it will be very material to know what Qiiantity of Money may be ne- ceffary to carry on the Bufinefs of the Nation. Sir William Tetty was of an Opinion in this Cafe, that fo much Coin was ne- cefTary, as would pay a half Year's Rent of all the Lands, a Quarter's Rent of all the Houfes, a Week's Expence of all the People, and a quarter Value of all exported Com- modities; to which Mr. "Davenant adds an eighth Part of the Value of our Manufac- tures, (omitted by Sir William Tetty) which when he wrote about the Year 1698, he computes thus. Half a Year's Rent of all the Lands 5,000,000 A Quarter's Rent of the ? , ^^^ ^^^ T-T^ r J ' < 1,000,000 Houfes, &c. 3 A Weeks ( 47 ) A Week's Expence of all the 7 People r 7<59,230 A Quarter Value of exported^ Commodities |.i,SOO,ooo An eighth Part Value of Ma-> nufadures ^i,oco,ooo Total 9,269,230 But fince their Time, the Rents, the Trade, and the Expence of the People have confiderably increased, as I have already fhewn 5 and by comparing thefe Articles (which I believe have not been exaggerated) with thofe of Mr. ^avenanfs, it will be eafily allowed me, that there cannot be lefs Specie to carry on the Bufinefs of the Nation than 15,000,000 I muft own this Account lies open to one Objedion, which is, that thefe feveral Sums, tho' confidcred feparate, muft in their Rotation be often blended, and confequent- ly fome part of them be reckoned twice over. But this Objeftion will have the lefs Force when we confider, that only to pay one (48 ) one half Year's Rent of the Land and Pub- lick Debt it will require at lead 11,250,000. So that upon this Suppofition, there will be left only two Millions and a half to carry on all the reft of the Nation's Buflnefs without any Allowance for pri- vate Hoards. And perhaps I may be particular in fay- ing, the Reafon of this prodigious Circula- tion is the Debt itfelf; for the large and re- gular Intereft that has been paid on thefe State-Adions have exhaufted all private Hoards, and made thefe Securities become like a new Species of Money, current in e- very body's Hands. People are by this means enabled to make a greater Expence, and as the Fafhion of Life extends it felf, and afFeds mediately or immediately almoft every Branch of Trade, 'tis not wonderful to fee that Increafe of it. A great Confumption of Commodities ge- nerally attends Affluence, and a loofe Oe- conomy is often the EfFcd of great Plenty. This large and regular Intereft has not only made a Circulation amongft one ano- ther, but has drawn great Sums from Fo- reigners, which has help'd to ballance the Loflfes of our Specie, we fuftain'd in the two laft Wars with France. It ( 49 ) lit niuft be admitted wc owe this Moncy^^ and the Irtrereft is an annual Lofs, as well as the Principal will be a real one when paid off. But fuppofiiiig we fhould ftate this Ac- cojmt At Six Millions, which is about the ninth part of our Debt, the Intercft of thi^ Sum, 100,000 L per Ann. yet I will not al- low thiols all loft to us: On the contrary the Difad vantage may not be half fo much as it appears to her for if A. the Govern- ment, borrows of B. CD. loo/. a piece, at 5/^rO?iaf. laterefti if A. in Trade em- ploys ioo/.:ai,ad gains i6 per Cent, this Loan is .an Advaitt^ge to. him ; and tho' ^:his Em- (pl-oymiedt iCaHnot be fuppos'd to be madeof ail theMtmeyJentco us^.-yet if a fix.thparjt -cauid bethusus'd itwouW reduce oi^rLofs ifrom soOiO.oor/. tp ;i4iQ>ooo/. //^r Jnnuffi. Which icoi^fiitoing 'C^vtr yaft Trr^f^ck ,is ,i^-^ confiderablc. .^iDi .'. Agaija, this large and r-cgulofr I^tcrcft Jhas made a P.ap^r^Coin cvirrent among ,u^, which fervcs the Office of twe^ity times the Spjeeie 5 Aat 15, an Aumuity of 5 /• per ^^. is eeaeraliy taken for 100/. for though , no boAy.i^ .obiig d to t^ke^Annuitiesw Pay- ments for Money, yet, they are feldqip xp- iii5-xi(5:anjl, rf they are, .ai^d Money tequir'd, :thi^ Money pqbics at jAft-to. :^^^ack«t.'tIo .pui- ;d:inib luch. Smirities, and itisjbyithis m^j^us J the ( 50 ) the moneyed Man always find a ready Inte- rcft, and confcquently is enabled to live at greater Expence, which muft neceflarily o- perate an Advantage to all that part of the Society that have to deal with him, a De- mand rifing from the Confumption of Goods certainly raifmg the Price of them. And this is likewife a great Advantage to the trading Part of the Nation, who have an OpportLinity of immediate Intercft for their Money till they can employ it in Traf- fick. \ This quick Circulation of fo many Mil- lions gives the Profits of our Trade and In- duftry to the whole Society 5 for the Duties on the Goods of B. C. D. Merchants, go towards paying the Intereft of Money due to F. G. H. who have Occafion for the Pro- dud J. K. L. Landed Men, which puts a greater Value on their Eftates, and confe- quenly the Tenants of J. K. L. are Gainers too in their Proportion, which enables them to give their Labourers a Part of their Profit. And thus it is, the Price of Labour is raised, the Demand for Goods being great, the Dealers ftrive to excel in Quality or Quantity, and confcquently outbid one an- other in the Price of Labour. And by this means we may account for the Difference of thefe Times, and what they might be a Hundred Years ago, becaufe t^ ^ an ( 5» ) an Addition only of Four Pence a Day Ex- p^nce to every Individual, reckoning Eight Millions of Souls in England and IVales, amounts to above Porty eight Millions /^r jinn, fpent now more than at that time. But without doubt the Increafe of People in this Series of Years has been very much 5 for m the ordinary way of Reckoning it is judg'd that in one hundred Years a Nation increafes one half in Number. Mr.S^W- nant fays, in his Eilays, Part the zd, and Page 41. ^^ That fuch as are vers'd in " Political Arithmetick have fufficient " Grounds to believe, that the. People of " England were about 300,000 more in " 1688, than they were in 1665. not- " withftanding the laft great Plague. Sir William Tetty fays, that a Nation will double their Number in. Two hundred Years, whichjmuft be always- underftood thus, that it muit be exempt from the P^avage of War, the Deftruftion of Peftilence, ox being drain d for diftant Colonies. And indeed, whofoever has the leaft fha^ dow of Reafon muft allow this Truth ^ for were it not for fuch an Increafe, it would be impoffible to account for thofe Num- bers which are now in the World (not- withftanding the Deftrudion of Wars, Earth- qviakes, Inundations, and the Hayock of I z Plagues) iifrifflnsiYOP ( 5^ ) Plagues) from fo fmall an Origin as Noab'$ Family. And it is to this as well as to the Quan- tity of Gold and Silver, that the Lands of this Kingdom have increased fo much in Value, Numbers of People making great Demands for the Produft of the Earth, and putting Men upon the Neceffity of cultiva- ting and improving for their Suftenance. But 'tis obfcrvable that Corn has not rifen in Proportion to the Price of Land, or o- ther Commodities, within thefc fifty Years, a Sufhel of Wheat being near the fame Va- lue now it was then : But by anewfafhion'd Induftry the fame Quantity of Ground is more produdivc, and the Tenant has his Advantage in fomething elfe. And had this Nation double the Riches they have, the Demand for Corn might not be greater than it is now, and confc- quently not of more Value 5 nor indeed can it be of more Value, unlefs in Times of Pamine, becaufe the Eaft Countries woulcl furnilli you with any Quantity at a little more than at the prefcnt Price, Numbers ""> ^/Ti»tf' ' ( 55 ) Numbers of People always* make a great Expenct, a great Expence of cdurfe a great Cir- culation } but when you add Credit to them there is no /. end of the Account 5 thus we ^47? 399r3^;?. fee in Englcmd Fifteen Mil- , more, lions of Specie ferve to an- fwer a Debt of Seventy. nine Millions, and perform the Office of I am inclined to believe, that notwith- ftandingwhat has been expended in the two laft Wars, there is more than 15,000,000 of Money i for the Coinage from the Be- ginning - of Queen Anns Time has been for above Ten Millions of Gold and a- bove Five himdred Thoufand Pounds Ster- ling of Silvef, as may be feen in the fol- lowing Account of the Quantity of Gold and Silver that has 'been Coin d from 170 1, to 1724 inclufive. And confidering t^ whole Extent of our Trade, which, I have already fliewn, has even in the Time of the moft expen- five War brought us in fo large a Balance, there is little Reafon to think our Bullion or Specie has not rather increased fmce the Year 1688, A$ ( H ) As for the Wafte which may be fup- pos'd to have been made in the Fabrication of Gold and Silver into Utcnfils and Lace, the Allowance muft be but fmalL Lace is generally burnt, and the Silver brought back again and put to the fame Ufe, and the Pro- portion of Gold is fo very little, that half an Ounce of Gold will gild a Wire 370,200 Feet long. GOLD i 55 y GOLD and SILVER Goind be^ tween 1701 and 1724 inclufive. Gold Silver tb tb 1 70 1- — . 25742 37477 1702- i6^z -- — 114 1703 34 71^ 1704 .— - 4007 ^ ^ 1705- ■ 104 p.^— , 429 1706 — 5-57^. 9J2 1707 — r—' (S07 . I 174 1708 lOIO .: • 37fl I7OP -u 2468 if 42. 5 171Q -r-r 37i<^. ' 817 1711.^^-7- PU4 r?r— " 2^47^8 1712 :— - 28ff -^— . 1784 1715 — 13157 __ 2535 1714 — 2,pf26 — ^ I5'(5(^ 171 f ' 3^'^P'^ — ^ 1^45 1716—^ ^^7^S ^^S^ 1717 ' ij-186 948" 1718- 3010 ■ ^^^5* 171P H74r ' i7f<^ 1720 iSpfp • 7832 1721 f832 2313 1722 — 12728 • 1P85 1723 8305 • • 480PP 1724 — — 5*860 — *• i<5f2 Total tb 241 183 lbi75'4<^4 And thp' ill a Nation of great Commerce **the Fabrication of Gold and Silver in tbe Mints may nat bean exaftRuleto meafure thofc Commodities by, becaufc the Diffi- culties that attend the E^^portation of coin- ed Money make People to keep Bullion for their Traffick j yet it may be allowed me, that were there more Silver or Gold Metal than coatd be us'd in Traffick, they wou d naturally "be brought to the Mints ^ lb without doubt we may conclude a Na- tion gai^ns by. Trade, when we. fee a great Stock of: Specie in Currency j on the con- trary Twc may -conclude there is fomething wrong in that Oeconomy which makes a Scarcity of Monry, efpecially Silver, which is the Meafure of the Commerce of almoft the whole World. The great. Scarcity of this Commodity we laboured -under a few Years fince, was owing to the too great Value we put on Gold' in Proportion to Silver, and not fo much to the Exportation xrf that Metal for the Eaji-In^id 'Trzdcy a^ fome have ima- gin'd. And the great Coinage of Gold about that time makes it apparent that Poreigners gaind by the E-xchange of Gold for Silver. The Ceffation of that quick Coinage and the Currency of Silver fmce, will enforce this Truth. Chap.' ( 57 ) Chap. V. The Pojfthility of paying the puhlick Dehts defends on Circulation. HE paving the publick Debts is a matter of the greateft Con- cern, and fecms to be the chief- eft Care ofthe Adminiftration 5 the Meafures that have been al- ready taken will in all Probabihty, in the Year 1727, produce a finking lund of a- bove a Million of Money. And fappofe we (late the Debt at fifty three Millions, the Fund at 1,200,000, it is no great Difcovery to fay, that in lefs. than twenty fix Years this great Debt may be paid off. - But I muft beg leave to obfcrve, that notwithfta^ding this Account is mathema- tically true, upon the Suppofition of fo much Money received annually, yet, upon the whole, cither the Creditor or the Com- munity muft lofe fo much of their Prmci- K P^^ ( 5^ ) pal brfore this Debt can be paid off, or clfe they muft acquire a new Eftate. For Inftarice, A, the Government, owes B, C, D, 2000 /. E, F, G, H, have Lands and Goods to the Vahic of 20,000, and the whole Community have but 500/. amongft them in Money, of which 100/. a Year arc the Revenues of A j if the Debt is at ^J?er Cent, the Revenues of A, in lefs than twenty Years, will be fufBcient to pay it. But how ? It muft be out of the Eftates of B, C, D, E, F, G, H, fo that their E- ftates muft be diminiilied by fo much, or they muft acquire a new Eftate anfwerable for this Debt. It is true the Lofs may not fall upon B, C, or D, the immediate Creditor, becaufc any of them may purchafe the Lands or Goods of E, F, G, or H. But then at laft it muft fall on him or them that have thfc Money, becaufe that A has no other Eftate to pay with, but the Money of B, C, D, E, F, &c. If it could be fuppofed that B> C, D, State Creditors, fliould keep all the Money that was paid them by A, in five Years time they muft have all the Money of the Com- munity j but as this is unlikely, and their neceflary Expences muft make a Circula- tion, fo of Courfe it muft come about to A, z C 59 ) A, who has part of almoft every thing that is bought or fold. Perhaps it may be asked how fo large a Money Debt could grow out of fo fmall a Capital ? To which I anfwer, that the annual Charge of our Fleets and Armies, chiefly confifting in Commodities of our own Growth, the Creditors were fatis- fied with an Intereft for their Money, fo that the annual Payment of the eighteenth or twentieth Part of the Value of their Goods was Satisfaftion till the whole could be paid. And as to the Money it was generally lent by the fame People who fold their Se- curities to others at an advanced Price, and by this means were enabled every Year to lend more, they being the Refervoirs of all thofe little Streams or Parcels of Money which belonged to the Multitude, who de- manded an Intereft for them, the Pundua?* lity, of Payments and Sacrednefs of the Se- curity in fome time making the Intereft more valuable than the Principal. Hence it is that People finding themfelves in a State of Safety, and that their Intereft is well paid, raife the Price of their publick Securities, which of Neceftity lefTens the Value of Money. If a Million of the publick Debts were paid off, this Money muft come again to K z Market Market to look out for Intcreft, and con- lequcntly the remaining part of the Debt would incrcafe in its Value from the Diffi- culty of finding Employment for that Mil- lion elfewhere; but then it miift be allow- ed that there is a Million lefs in Circula- tion than there was before, bccaufe this Mil- lion, call it Annuities or Stock of any kind, did the Office of fo much Money ; the fame thing muft be faid of every Milli- on that is paid off. It may be a Queftion, whether after ten Millions paid off (and confequcntly fo much lefs. in Circulation) there will be the fame Confumption of Commodities as there is at prefent 3 if not, the fame Annuity can- not be collected, and confequcntly the Debt will take a longer time in clearing off Tis demonftrable, unlefs Peole fpcnd out of their Capital, the Confumption can- not be fo great, becaufe after ten Millions paid, there muft be fo much Principal and Intereft lefs in Circulation than there was before, unlefs we fuppofc, that by the Ap- plication of this Money in Trade, we get a Sum equal to the Intereft and Principal. I am aware of an Objeftion that may be made to this Hypothefis, which is, that fup- pofe ten Millions paid off, and the Fund to revert to the Mortgagers, then the fam^ Expencc ( 6i ) Expence may ftill be made, becaufe it is e- qual to the Publick, whether A, who has ten Pounds aYear, fpends it all himfelf, or allows B forty Shillings out of it to fpend. Were this the Fad, it would admit of fome Difpute, becaufe when the publick E- ftate is diffused, it is more likery the Con- fumption will be greater, than when it is in a few Hands. But this is not the Cafe, for \zt us fup- pofe the publick Debt fifty Millions, the lute- reft two Millions and a half j fuppofe then ten Millions paid off, by which means the Go- vernment have a Fund of 500,000/. more fer Annum in their Hands to pay off ano- ther Part of the original Debt, it cannot be faid this Sum comes to the Mortgagees in the fame manner it did before 5 for now it is paid as principal Money, whereas before it being for Intereft, it was in all probabi- lity expended in the Neceflarics or Delica- cies of Life. If fo much then is taken outoftheCon- fumption, it muft follow certainly that thofe Funds which arife out of Confump- tion muft be affeded, unlefs we fuppofe that the Mortgagees fhall fpend an equal Sum out of their Capital, or get fuch an Intereft out of Trade and fpend it. There is another Objedion which is hard- ly worth mentioning, which is, that as foon as ( 61 ) as the State Creditor is paid off, he may lend his Money out again, or employ it in Trade, and confequently be enabled to fpend the fame Income he received from the Go- vernment. Astothefirft Part of the Objeftion, it has not been confidcred who is to borrow j if the landed Man, why then of courfc there muft be a Diminution of his Expencc in Proportion to the Intercft he pays : As 1 inftanced before i A, poffelled often Pounds a Year, pays forty Shillings per Annum to th# Government. E, Stare Creditor, re- ceives twenty Pounds of his Debt from the Government whichhelends to A. A pays B twenty Shillings per Anmtm^ then of confequence the Expence of A is reducd to feven Pounds per Aytnumy fo' that by this Loan there is not a Shilling more in Circulation, than there was before. As to the fecond Part of the Objeftion, that the Money received may be employ 'd in Trade ; it muft be confider'd in the firft Place, that of the national Securities, I mean of that Part which belongs to our own Countrymen, perhaps not the 30^^" Part is in fuch Hands as know any thing of Trade. Befidcs Trade, boundlefs though it may feem to be, isiinite, and depends entirely upon ( 6^ ) upon your own Confumption or that of other Countries. Whatever you fpend within yourfelves, cannot be confidered as a national Advan- tage in any other Light, but as it difFufes our Riches and contributes to make the Multi- tude live well, and puts them out of a ftate of Vaffalage : But this great Expence at Home may really be injurious to us in another Light, as it may occafion a high Price upon fuch Commodities as may hinder foreigners from buying of us, and, perhaps, put them upon fuch Meafures, as has made them Matters of thofe Manufaftures, or other Commodities, they were accuftomed to have of us. In a State of Tranquillity, it is not to be imagined but every Nation will look with- in herfelf, and fee, what Methods fhe may take, to fave the Charge of foreign Expence, and eftablifh thofe neceflary Arts and Sci- ences among her own People, the. want of which has been prejudicial to her Intcrefts before. In 1665, the Cxov7w oi France, grown immenfely great by innumerable Conquefts, but greater Hill by the Effeds of the jP/r^- nean Treaty, being in a profound Peace, .thought it worth her while to look into ^the ftate of the Kingdom in refpcft to Xommercc, and fuch effectual Meafures were ( <^4 ) were taken, as gained her the Balance o£ Trade from the reft of the World. His Imperial Majefty has thought it his Intereft to eftablifh an E aft- India Tradmg Company at Oftend, and to give the great- eft Encouragement to Traffick at Triefte, and it will be hard for Human Forefight to fct Limits to the growing Commerce of his wide Dominion. Even SpaiUy (low and unaftive as fhe is, begins to think Trade a neceffary Branch of a wife Government 5 and if we may believe publick Accounts, the Duke de Ripperda has already gone great Lengths in iettU^g a Woollen Manufadurc in the Province of Andaloiifia, What I infer from thefe Obfcrvations, is, that it is probable, if Europe reft in a ftatc of Peace, the Commerce of Britain will not be fo advantageous to her as it has been, and confequently there will not be that Opportunity of employing thofe great Sums in Trade, as People may imagine. If, after twenty Millions paid, the Diffi- culty of employing Money will become fo great as that half of it may become ufelefs, that is, hoarded up, which may very well be the Cafe -, it is not then to be imagined the Confumption of Goods can be fo great as now 5 the Duties then of Neceffity muft be Icfs. ( ^^ ) If the Confumption diminifhcs, who is it that us moft like to fufFer > Why the trading Man, Mechanick, and landed Marl. For Inftance, if the moneyed Man is reduced to live on three Fifths Icfs than hereto- fore, or which is the fame thing, the mo- neyed Eftate is three Fifths wof fe than it was before, the Confumption of the Proprie- tors miift abate in proportion 5 and confe- quently this muft fall on the trading Man, Mechanick, or landed Man, becaufe under thefe three Heads all the necejGTary Expences of Life almoft may be rang'd. The landed Man will be very much fur- priz'd to find his Rents diminidi, and yet his Land rife in value as to the Purchafe of it i the Merchant will wonder, that in a profound Time of Tranquillity and Plenty he has not that Vent for his Commodities he was accuftomed to have. The poor Mechanick will pine for want of Employment , and this muft be the Con- fequence if we have lefs to fpcnd than wc had before. But perhaps it will be thought advifeablc to leave open all the Gates of Circulation, that this Alteration may come gradually, and not furprize us; that the Advantages we may have from Trade may fill up thofe Gaps which muft be occafioned by fuch a tagnation as the Payment of ten Millions L will ( 66 ) will make. If an Annuity-Office fhould be open to all Purchafers for their Lives, Peo- ple would, doubtlefs, rather than have Mo- ney lye idle, buy Annuities either for them- felves or their Children 5 and this would be always Money in Circulation; and I am certain, that were this under a good Regu- lation, at the Price Annuities are now, the Government would be Gainers by the Pro- jeds and were it to continue, would, in the Procefs of Time, raife a Sum of Mo- ney for any Emergency. One thing I am fureof, it would greatly facilitate the Circulation of Money, with- out which our Debts can never be paid off. If the Value of a Life of 2 6 Years old be 1 5 Years and three fifths Intereft at 5 per Cent. that is, the Purchafer and Government make an equal Bargain 5 if the Purchafer gives thirteen hundred and fixty Pounds for a hundred Pounds a Year during his Life, when the Difficulty of getting Intereft for Money fliall be great, it will be a great Temptation to People to receive about 8 per Cent, for their Money. The Government too will find an Advan- tage in this Circulation j and if thefe An- nuities are confined to People refident in England^ in all Probability it will bring over many Strangers to dwell amongft us, whofe ( 67 ) whofe Wealth can be no Difadvantagc to us, and who can no where elfe find fuch an Employment for their Money. An ingenious Calculator has upon pro- bable Principles computed the Values of Annuities for every lo'^ Year of a Man's Life, for an Intereft at 5 fer Cent, as fol- lows : Perfons 5 per Cent. Age Years Purch. 76 3,7s 66 — — 6,46 ' 56 8,88 ^6 — — 10,62 36 — 12,20 Z6 — — lZ^6o 16 — - 14584 6 — - IS,21 I 11,70 But as Money may (till fall in its Value, yet the fame Reafon will continue for cm- ploying great Sums this Way. If national Intereft (hould come to 4 f^r Cent, then the Purchafe Money would be ftill more, as in the following Table. L a Perfons ( 6i ) Pcrfons 4.fer Cent. Ag e. Years I 13,5 6 17,9 16 17,4 2(5 15,7 3<5 14,0 46 11,9 56 9,8 66 6,9 76 3,9 A p. ( ^p) APPENDIX. The Treaty of Commerce between their Britannick and mofi Chrijiian Ma- jejiiesy &c. Article I. T is agreed and concluded be- tween the moft ferene and po- tent Queen of Great Britain^ and the moft ferene and moft potent, the moft ChriftianKing, That there fhall be a reciprocal and entire perfeft Liberty of Navigation and Com- merce between the Subjefts on each Part throughout all and every the Kingdoms, States, Dominions and Provinces of their Royal Majefties in EuropCy concerning all and fmgular Kinds of Goods in thofe Places and on thofe Conditions and in fuch Man- ner and Form as is fettled and adjufted in the following Articles. 3 11. But ( 70 ) 11. But that the Commerce and Friendfhip between the Subjefts of the abovefaid Par- ties may be hereafter fecure, and free from all Trouble and Moleftation, it is agreed and concluded, that if at any time any ill Underftanding, and Breach of Friendfhip, or Rupture, fhould happen between the Crowns of their Royal Majefties, (which God forbid) in fuch Cafe the Term of fix Months fhall be allowed after the faid Rup- ture to the Subjeds and Inhabitants on each Part refiding in the Dominions of the other, in which they themfelves may retire, toge- ther with their Families, Goods, Merchan- dizes and EfFefts, and carry them whithet- foever they fhall pleafe; as likewife at the fame time the felling and difpofing of their Goods, both moveable and immoveable, fhall be allowed them freely, and without any Difturbance, and in the mean time their Goods, EfFefts, Wares and Merchan- dizes, and particularly their Perfons, fhall not be detained or troubled by Arreft or Seizure. But rather in the mean while the Subjeds on each fide fhall have and enjoy good and fpeedy J uftice, fo that during the faid Space of fix Months they may be able to recover their Goods and EfFeds entrufted as well to the Publick as to private Perfons. IIL ( 71 ) III. It is likewifc agreed and concluded^ that the Subjefts and Inhabitants of tlie Kingdoms, Provinces and Dominions of each of their Royal Majeftics (hall exercifc no Afts of Hoftility and Violence againft each other, neither by Sea, nor by Land, nor in Rivers, Streams, Ports or Havens, under any Colour or Pretence whatfoever, fo that the Sub) efts of either Party fhall re- ceive no Patent, Commifllon or Inftruftion for arming and afting at Sea as Privateers, nor Letters of Reprifal, as they are calFd, from any Princes or States, which are Ene- mies to one fide or the other i nor by Vir- tue, or under Colour of fuch Patents, Com- miflions or Reprifals (hall they difturb, in- fcft, or any way prejudice or damage the aforefaid Sub) efts and Inhabitants of the Queen of Great Britain^ or of the moft Chriftian King, neither (hall they arm Ships in fuch manner as is abovefaid, or go out to Sea therewith ^ to which end, as often as it is required by either fide, ftrid and exprefs Prohioition (hall be renewed and publifh- ed in all the Regions, Dominions and Terri- tories of each Party wherefoever, that no one fhall in any wifeufe fuch Commiffions or Let- ters of Reprifal under the fevereft Punilh- ment ( 7i ) meat that can be inflifted on the Tranfgrcf- (ors, befidcs Rcftitution and full Satisfadion to be given to thofe to whom they have done any Damage ; neither fhall any Letters of Reprifal be hereafter granted on either fide by the faid Confederates,, to the Detri- ment or Difadvantage of the Subjcdls of the other, except in fuch cafe only as Juf- tice is dcny'd or delay 'd, to which Denial or Delay Credit fhall not be given, milefs the Petition of the Perfon who defires the faid Letters of Reprifal be communicated to the Minifter refiding there on the Part of the Prince, againft whofe Subjefls they are to be granted, that within the fpace of four Months, or fooner if it be poflible, he may evince the contrary, or procure the Per- formance of what is due to Juftice. IV. The SubfcSs and Inhabitants of each of the aforefaid Confederates fhall have Liber- ty, freely and fecurcly, without Licence or Pafport, general or fpecial, by Land or by Sea, or any other way, to go into the King- doms, Countries, Provinces, Lands, Iflands, Cities, Villages, Towns walled orunwalled, fortified or unfortified, Ports, Dominions or Territories whatfoevcr of the other Con- federate in EtiropCy there to enter, and to re- turn from thence, to abide there or to pafs through ( 75 ) through the fame j and in the mean time to buy and purchafe, as they pleafe, ajl things neceffary for their Subfiftence and Ufe, and they Ihall be treated with all mu- tual iCindnefs and Pavour 5 provided how- ever, that in all thefe matters they behave and comport themfelves conformably to the Laws and Statures, and live and con- verfe with each other friendly and peace- ably, and keep up reciprocal Concord by all manner of good Underftanding. V. The Subjeds of each of their Royal Ma- jefties may have Leave and Licence to come with their Ships, as alfo with the Mer- chandizes and Goods on board the fame (the Trade and Importation whereof are not prohibited by the Laws of either King- dom) to the Lands, Countries, Cities, Ports, . Places, and Rivers of either Side in Europe, to enter into the fame, to refort thereto, to remain and refide there, without any Limi- tation of Time 5 alfo to hire Houfes, or to lodge with other People, and to buy all lawful Kinds of Merchandizes, where they think fit, from the firft Workman or Seller, or in any other manner, whether in the pub- lick Market for the Sale of things, in Mart- Town, Fairs, or wherefoever thofe Goods are manufaftured or fold. They may like- wife lay up and keep in their Magazmes M and ( 74 ) and Warehoufcs, and from thence cxpofc to Sale Merchandizes brought from other Parts, neither (hall they be in any wife oblig- ed, unlefs willingly, and of their own ac- cord, to bring their faid Merchandizes to the Marts and Fairs ^ on this condition however, that they fhall not fell the fame by retail in Shops or any where alfe 5 but they are not to be loaded with any Impo- fitions or Taxes on account of the faid Freedom of Trade, or for any other Caufe whatfoever, except what are to be paid for their Ships and Goods, according to the Laws and Cuftoms received in each King- dom. And moreover they fhall have free leave, without any Mokftation, to remove thcmfelvesi alfo if they fhall happen to be married, their Wives, Children, and Ser- vants, together with their Merchandizes, Wares, Goods and EfFcds either bought or imported whenfoever and whithcrfoever they fhall think fir, out of the Bounds of each Kingdom, by Land and by Sea, on the Rivers and frefh Waters, difcharging the ufual Duties, notwithftanding any Law, Privilege, Grant, Immunity or Cuftom in any wife importing the contrary : But in the Bufmefs of Religion there fhall be an entire Liberty allowed to the Subjefts of each of the Confederates, as alfo, if they are married, to their Wives and Children, neither / 75 ) neither thzll they be compelled to go to the Churches, or to be prefent at the re- ligious Worfhip in any other place. On the contrary, they may without any kind of Moleftation perform their religious Ex- crcifes after their own Way, although it be forbid by the Laws of the Kingdom, pri- vately and within their own Walls, and without the Admitance of any other Per* fons whatfoever. Moreover, Liberty fliall not be refuted to bury the Subjects of ci- ther Party, who dye in the Territories of the other in convenient and decent Places, to be appointed for that Purpofe, as occa- fion ihall require. Neither fliall the dead Bodies of thofe that are buried be any Ways molefted. The Laws and Statutes of each Kingdom fliall remain in full Force, and fliall duly be put in Execution, whe- ther they relate to Commerce and Navi- gation, or to any other Right, thofe Cafes only being excepted, concerning which, it is otherwife determined in the Articles of this prefent Treaty. VL The Subjefts of each Party fliall pay the Tolls, Cuftoms and Duties of Import and Export, through all the Dominions and Provinces of either Party, as are due and M 2 accuftooied. ( 76 ) accuftomed. And that it maybe certain- ly known to every one, what are all the laid Tolls, Cuftoms and Duties of Import and Export, it is likewife agreed, that Ta- bles fhewing the Cuftoms, Port -Duties, and Impofts, fhall be kept in publick Places, both at London and in other Towns, with- in the Dominions of the Queen of Great Brittany and at Roany and other Towns of France where Trading isufed, whereunto Recourfe may be had, as often as any Quef- tion or Difpute arifes, concerning fuch Port Duties, Cuftoms, and Impofts, which are to be demanded in fuch manner, and no other- wife, as fhall be agreeable to the plain Words and genuine Senfc of the abovefaid Tables, And if any Officer, or other Perfon in his Name, fhall under any Pretence publickly or privately, diredly or indirectly, ask or take of a Merchant, or of any other Perfon, any Sum of Money, or any thing elfc, on account of Right, Dues, Stipend, Exhibition, or Compenfation, altho' it be under the Name of a Free Gift, or in any other man-, ner, or under any other Pretence, more or otherwife, than what is prefcribed above, in fuch cafe the faid Officer, or his Deputy, if he be found guilty, and convifted of the fame before a competent Judge in the Coun- try where the Crime was committed, fhall give full Satisfadion to the Party that is wronged, ( 77 ) wronged, and fiiall likewife be puniflied, according to the Diredtion of the Laws. VII. Merchants, Mailers of Ships, Owners* Mariners, Men of all Kinds, Ships, and all Merchandizes in general, and Effcds of one of the Confederates, and of his Subjeds and Inhabitants, fhail, on no publick or pri- vate Account, by virtue of any general or fpe- cialEdift, befeizedin any the Lands, Ports, Havens, Shores, or Dominions whatfoever of the other Confederate, for the publick Ufe, for warlike Expeditions, or for any o- ther Caufe, much lefs for the private Ufe of any one, fliall they be detained by Arrefts;, compelled by Violence, or under any Co- lour thereof, or in any wife moleftcd or in- jured. Moreover, it fliall be unlawful for the Subjefts of both Parties, to . take any thing, or to extort it by Force, except the Perfon to whom it belongs confent, and it be paid for with ready Money i which, however, is nottobeunderftood ofthat Detention and Seizure, which fhall be made by the Com- mand and Authority of Juftice, and by the ordinary Methods, on account of Debt or Crimes, in refpeft whereof, the Proceeding muft be by way of Law, according to the Eorm of Juftice, VIIL ( 78 ) VIIL Furthermore it is agreed and concluded as a general Rule, that all and fingular the Subjeds of the moft ferene Queen oi Great Britain^ and of the moft ferene the moft Chriftian King, in all Countries and Places fubjeft to their Power on each fide, as to all Duties, Impofitions, or Cuftoms whatfo- ever, concerning Perfons, Goods, and Mer- chandizes, Ships, Freights, Seamen, Navigati- on, and Commerce, (hall ufe and enjoy the fame Privileges, Liberties and Immunities at leaft, and have the like Favour in all Things, as well in the Courts of Juftice, as in all fuch Things as relate either to Commerce, or to any other Right whatever;? which any foreign Nation the moft favour- ed, has, ufes, and enjoys, or may hereafter ^lave, ufe, and enjoy. IX. It is farther agreed, that within the Space of two Months after a Law ftiall be made in Great Britain, whereby it Ihall be fuffi^ ciently provided, that no more Cuftoms or Duties be paid for Goods and Merchandizes brought ftom France to Great Britain^ than what are payable for Goods and Merchandizes of ( 79 ) of the like Nature, imported into Great Britain^ from any other Country in Eu- rope 5 and that all Laws made in Great Bri- tain fincc the Year 1664, for prohibiting the Importation of any Goods and Mer- chandizes coming from France, which were not prohibited before the Time, be repeal- ed, the general Tariff made in France the 18^1* Day of September in the Year 1664, fhall take Place again, and the Duties pay- able in France by the Subjefts of Great Britain^ for Goods imported and exported, ftiall be paid according to the Tenour of the Tariff abovementioned, and fhall not exceed the Rule therein fettled, in the Pro- vinces whereof mention is there made 5 and in the other Provinces, the Duty fhall not be payable, otherwifc than according to the Rule at that Time prefcribed. And all Prohibitions, Tariffs, Edifts, Declarations, or Decrees made in France, fince the faid Tariff of the Year 1664, and contrary there- unto, in refpeft to the Goods and Merchan- dizes of Great Britain fhall be repealed. But whereas it is urged on the Part oiFrancCy that certain Merchandizes, that is to fay, Manufaftures of Wool, Sugar, falted Fifh, and the Produft of Whales, be except- ed out of the Rule of the abovementioned Tariff, and likewife other Heads of Mat- ters belonging to this Treaty remain, which having ( 8o ) having becnpropofed on the Part of Great Britain:, have not yet been mutually ad- jufted, a Specification of all which is con- tained in a feparate Inftrument, fubfcribed by the Ambaffador Extraordinary and Ple- nipotentiaries on both Sides. It is here- by provided and agreed, that within two Months from the Exchange of the Ratifica- tions of this Treaty, Commiffaries on both Sides fhall meet at Londor^y to confider of, and remove the Difficulties concerning the Merchandizes to be excepted out of the Ta- riff of the Year 1664, and concerning the other Heads, which, as is abovefaid, are not yet wholly adjufted. And at the fame Time, the laid Commiffaries fliall likewife endeavour (which feems to be very much for the Intercft of both Nations) to have the Methods of Commerce on one Part, and 'Of the other, more thoroughly examin- ed, and to find out and eftablifh juft and beneficial Means on both Sides, for remov- ing the Difficulties in this Matter, and for regulating the Duties mutually. But it is ■always underftood and provided, that all and ftngular the Articles of this Treaty, do in the mean while remain in their full Force, and efpecially that nothing be deemed, un- der any pretence whatfoever, to. hinder the Benefit of the general Tariff of the Year 1664. from being granted to the Subjedts 3 of ( 8i ; of her Royal Majefty oi Greatt Britain^ and the faid Britijh Subjcds, from having and enjoying the fame, without any Delay or Tergiverfation, within the Space of two Months, after a Law is made in Great Br i- taifiy asabovefaid, in as ample Manner and Form, as the Subjefts of any Nation, the moft favoured, might have and enjoy the Benefit of the aforefaid Tariff, any thing to be done or difcuffed, by the faid Com- miffari^s to the contrary, in any wife not- Avithftanding. X. The Duties on Tobacco imported into France, either in the Leaf or prepared, fhail be reduced hereafter to the fame moderate Rate as the faid Tobacco, of the Growth of any Country in Europe or Americay being' brought into Francey does, or fhall pay. The Subjefts on both Sides fhall alfo pay the fame Duties in France for the faid To* bacco : There fhall be like wife an equal Li- berty of felling it i and the Britijh Subjeds fhall have the fame Laws as the Merchants of Fr^/^f^ themfelves have and enjoy* N XL ( 8z ) XI. It is likewile concluded, that the Impo- fitioii or Tax of fifty Sols Tournois laid on Britifl) Ships in France^ for every Ton, (hall wholly ceafe, and be from hencefor- ward annulled. In like manner, the Tax of 5 J. Sterling, laid on French . Ships in Great Britain for every Ton, Ihall ceafe ^ neither ihall the fame, or any the like Im- pofitions, belaid hereafter on the ,S|hips of the Subjefts on either Side. XII. It is further agreed and concliicied, that it fhall be wholly free for all Merchants, Com- manders of Ships, and other the Subjeds of the Qiicen of Great Britain^ in. all Places of France^ to manage their own Bufinefs themfelves, or to commit them to the Ma- nagement of whomfoever they pleafe ; nor fhall they be obliged to make ufe of any Interpreter or Broker, nor to pay them any Salary, unlefs they chufe to make ufe pf them. Moreover, Mailers of Ships ihall not be obliged in loading or unloading their Ships, to make ufe of thofe Workmen, ei- ther at BotirdeauXy or in any other Places, as may be appointed by publick Authority for ( 83 ) for that Purpofe, • but it fliall be entirely free for them to load or unload their Ships by thcmfelves, or to make ufe of fach Per- fons in loading or unloading the fame as they fhall think fit, without the Payment pf any Salary to any other whomfoever 5 nei- ther fhall they be forced to unload any fort of Merchandizes, either into other Ships, or to receive them into their own, or to^ wait for their being loaded longer than they pleafe. And all and every the Subjcfts of the moft Chriftian King, fliall reciprocally have and enjoy the fame Privileges and Li- berty in allPlaces in EuropCy fubjeft to the Dominion of Great Britain, XIIL It fhall be wholly lawful and free for Merchants and others, being Subj'edls ci- ther to the Queen of Great Britain^ or to the moft Chriftian King, by Will, and any other Difpofition made, either during the Time of Sicknefs, or at any other Time before, or at the Point of Death, to dcvife or give away their Merchandizes, EfFefts, Money, Debts belonging to theni, and all moveable Goods, which they have, or ought to have at the Time of their Death, within the Dominions, and any other Places be- longing to the Queen of Great Britain^ and N 2 to ( 84 ) to the moft Chriftian King. Moreover, whe- ther they die, having made their Will, or Inteftate, their lawful Heirs, and Executors or 4 vrir; r^ -l'j ,-^i:jr'^:;i.c !■ ^.^11 ;^^j^ pi^put^r^^Qfrng J^etween -any Co»j-: ri^^ji^cr of the :§ihip5 on both Sides, an4> \\\\^ Seamen in any Port of uhe -pther Party, (ttOnfj^i'ning, .Wa§^5 dnp to the. Aid Seamen, 9|-;|0thcr^i.yi{ Cajifcs, the Magi/lrate ofthc Plape ih^U' require jio more from the ^er- ^.i]L^. ^ojlcdj i:4i^^)th^t.ij^e givx ]t^:the Ac- - cufer ( 8; ) qufer a Declaratiori in Writing, witneffed by the Magiftrate, whereby he fhall be bound to anfwer that matter before a com- petent Judge in his own Country, which being done, it {hall not be lawful either for the Seamen to dcfert their Ship, or to hin- der the Commander from profecuting his Voyage. It fhall moreover be lawful for the Merchants on both Sides, in the Places of their Abode, or elfewhere, to keep Books of their Accounts and Affairs as they fhall think fit, and to have an Intercourfc of Letters, in fuch Language or Idiom, as they Ihall pleafe, without any Moleftation pr Search vvhatfoever. But if it fhould hap- pen to be neceffary for them to produce their Books of Accounts for deciding any Dif- pnte and Controverfy, in fuch Cafe they fhall be obliged to bring into Court the en- tire Books or Writings, but foas that the Judge may not have Liberty to infpefl: any pther Articles in the faid Books, than fuch as fliall relate to the Teftimony or Autho- rity in Queftion, or fuch as ihall be necejfTa- ry to give Credit to the faid Books. Neither fhall it be lawful, under any Pretence, to take the faid Books or Writings forcibly out of the Hands of the Owners, or to retain them, the Cafe of Bankrupcy only excepted. Nei- thier fhall the faidSubjefts of the Queen of Qr^at Britain be obliged to write their Ac- counts, ( S6) counts, Copies of Letters, Ads or Inftru-- mcnts relating to Trade on ftampcd Paper, in French, 'Papier timbre, except their Day-- Book, which, tharit may be produced as Evi-I dence in any Law-Suit, ought, according to the Laws, which all Perfons trading in France are to obferve, to be fufcribed^r^f/> by the Judge, and figned by his own Hand. XV. It (hall not be lawful for any foreign Pri* vatecrs, not being Subjects of one or of the other of the Confederates, who have Com- miffions from any other Prince or State iii^ Enmity with either Nation to fit their Ships; m the Ports of one or the other of the afore- faid Parties, to fell what they have taken,; or in any other manner whatever, to ex- change either Ships, Merchandizes, or-a-^ ny other Ladings. Neither Ihall they be al- lowed even to purchafc Viduals, except fuch as fhall be neceffary for their going to the rcxc Port of that l^rincG from whom they have Commiflions. XVI. The Ships of both Parties being laden, failing along the Coafts or Shotc^s of the other; and being-forced by- Storm into the * ! • /'» Havens ( 87 ) Havens or Ports, or coming to land In any other manner, fhall not be obliged there to unlade their Goods, or any Part thereof^ or to pay any Duty, unlefs they do of their own accord unlade their Goods there, or difpofe of any Part of their Lading, But it may be lawful to take out of the Ship, and to fell, Leave being firft obtained from thofe who have the Infpedion of Sea Af- fairs, a fmali Part of their Lading, for this end only, that' Neceflaries, either for the Refrefhment or Viftualling of the Ship may be purchafed, and in that Cafe, the whole Lading of the Ship fhall not be fubjedl to pay the Duties, but that fmall ,Part only, twhich has been.takenout and fold. xvn. It fhall be lawful for all and fuigular the Sub j efts of the Queen oi Great Britain^ and of the moft Chriftian King to fail with their Ships with all manner of Liberty and Security, no Diftinftion being made who are the Proprietors of the Merchandizes laden thereon from any Port to the Places of thofe who are now or fhall be hereafter at Enmity with the Queen oi Great Britairiy or the moft Chriftian King j it fhall likewife be lawful for the Subjefts and Inhabitants aforefaid to fail with the Ships and Mer- chandizes aforementioned, and to trade with ( 88 ) with the fame Liberty and Security from the Places, Ports and Havens of thofe wIk) art Enemies of both, or of either Party with- out any Oppofition or Difturbance whatfd- ever, not only diredly from the Places of the Enemy aforementioned, to neutral Places, but alfo from one Place belonging to an Enc^ my to another Place belonging to an Enemy, whether they be under the Jurifdidtion of the famePrince, or under feveral. And as it is now ftipulated concerning Ships and Goodsf, that free Ships fliall alfo give a Freedom to Goods, and that every thing fhall be deemed to be free and exempt which fhall be found on board the Ships belonging to the Subjcds of either of the Confederates, altho' the whole Lading, or any part thereof fliould appertain to the Enemies of either of theit Majefties, contraband Goods being always excepted, on the Difcovery whereof Matters Ihall be managed according to the Scnfe of the fubfequent Articles. It is alfo agreed in like manner, that the fame Liberty be extended to Perfons who are on board a free Ship with this Effeft, that altho' the Enemies to both, or to either Party, they are not to be taken out of that free Ship unlefs they are Soldiers, and in aftual Ser- vice of the Enemies. j.r xiir. ( Sp ) xvm. This Liberty of Navigation and Ccjiti- mcrcc (hall extend to all kind of Merchan- dizes, excepting thofe only which follow in the next Article, and which are fignified by the Name of Contraband* XIX. Under this Name of contraband or pro^' hibited Goods fhall be comprehended Arms^ great Guns, Bombs with their Fufees, and other Things belonging to them, Fire-Balls, Gun-Powdet, Match, Cannon-Bails, Pikes, Swords, Lances, Spears, Halberds, Mortars, Petards, Granadoes, Saltpetre, Muskets, Musket-Balls, Helmets, Head-Pieces, Breaft- Plates, Coats of Mail, and the like Kinds of Arms proper for arming Soldiers, Muf- ket-Refts, Belts, Horfes with their Furni- ture, and all other warlike Inftruments whatever. XX. Thefc Merchandizes which follow Ihall not be reckoned among prohibited Goods 5 that is to fay, all forts of Cloths, and all other Manufadures woven of any Wool, O Flax» (9^) Flax, Silk, Cotton, or any other IVIaterlals whatever ; all kind of Cloaths and wearing Apparel, togctlier with the Species whereof they are ufed to be made. Gold and Silver, as well coined as uncoined, Tin, Iron, Lead, Copper, Brafs, Coals; as alio Wheat and Barky, and any other kind of Corn and Pulfe, Tobacco, and likewifc all manner of Spices, falted and fmoaked Flefli, faked lifh, Cheefe and Butter, Beer, Oyls, Wines, Sugars, and all forts of Salt, and in general, all Provifions which ferve for the Nourifh- ment of Mankind, and the Suftenance of Life. Furthermore, all kinds of Cotton, Hemp, Flax, Tar, Pitch, Ropes, Cables, Sails, Sail-Cloths, Anchors, and any Parts of Anchors, alfo Ship-Mafts, Planks and Boards, and Beams, of what Trees foever, and all other Things proper, either for building or repairing Ships, and all other Goods whatever, which have not been work- ed into the Form of any Inftrument or Thing prepared for War, by Land or by Sea, fhall not be reputed contraband, much Icfs fuch as have been already wrought and made up for another Ufe 5 all which fhall wholly be reckoned among free Goods, as likewife all other Merchandizes and Things which are not comprehended and particu- la;rly mentioned in thcpreceding Article, fo that they may be tranfported and carried in the ( pi ) the freeft manner by the Subjefts of both the Confederates, even to Places belonging to an Enemy, fuch Towns or Places being only excepted, as are at that Time befieged, blocked up round about or invefted. XXL To the end that all manner of Diflenti ^ ons and Quarrels may be avoided and' pre- vented on one fide and t'other, it is agreed, that in Cafe either of their Royal Majefties who arc allied fhould be engaged in War, the Ships and Veffels belonging to the Sub- jefts of the other Ally muft be furnifhed with Sea Letters or Paffports, exprefling the Name, Property and Bulk of the Ship j as alfo the Name and Place of Habitation of the Matter and Commander of the faid Ship, that it may appear thereby, that the Ship really and truly belongs to the. Subjcds of one of the Princes j which Paffports fhall be made out and granted, according to the Form annexed to this Treaty : They Ihall likewife be recalled every Year 5 that i^, if the Ship happens to return home with- in the Space of a Year. It is likewife agreed, that fuch Ships be- ing laden, are to be provided, not only with Paffports as abovementioned, but al- fo with Certificates containing the feveral O z Parti' ( 9^ ) Particulars of the Cargo, the Place whence the Ship fail'd, and whither fhe is bound, that fo it may be known whether any for- bidden or contraband. Goods, as are enu- merated in the 19^^ Article of this Treaty, be on board the i*"amc, which Certificates fhall be made out by the Officer of the Place whence the Ship fet fail, in theac- cuftomed Form. ;, . ■. ^ And if any one fhall think, fit or 'i^dvif- ablc to exprcfs in the faid Certificates the Perfons to whom they belong, he m^y frecr ly do fo. XXII. ^ ' The Ships of the Subjefts and Inhabi- ,tants of both their ferene Royal Majefties coming to any of the Sea-Coafts within the Dominions of cither of the Confede- rates, but not willing to enter into Port, or being entered, yet not being willing to fliew or to fell the Cargoes of their Ships, fhall not be obliged to give an Account of their Lading, unlefs they are fufpeded up- on fure Evidence, of carrying to the Enemies of the other Confederate prohibited Goods, Called contraband, XXIIL ( 93 ) XXIIL And in cafe of the faid manlfeft Sufpi- cion, the faid Subjeds and Inhabitants of the Dominions of both their moft ferene Royal Majefties fliall be obliged to exhibit in the Ports their Paffports and Certificates, in the manner before fpecificd. XXIV. But in cafe the Ships of the Subjeds and Inhabitants of both their moft ferene Roy- al Majefties, either on the Sea-Coaft, or on the high Seas, fliall meet with the Men of War of the other, or with Privateers, the faid Men of War and Privateers, for preventing any Inconveniences, are to re- main out of Cannot-fliot, and to fend a Boat to the JSderchant Ship, which has been met with, and ftiall enter her with two or three Men only, to whom the Mafter or Commander of fuch Ship or Vef- fel fliall fliew his Paflport, concerning the Property thereof, made out according to the Form annexed to this prefent Treaty ; and the Ship which fliall exhibit one fliall have free Paflage i and it fliall be wholly unlawful to moleft her, fearch, or compel her to quit her intended Courfe. XXV. ( 94 ) XXV. But that Merchant Ship of the other Party, which intends to go to a Port at Enmity with the c her Confederate, pr concerning whofe Voyage, and the fort of Goods on Board , there may be juft Su- fpicion, (hall be obagcd to exhibit, either on the high Seas, or in the Ports and Ha- vens, not only her Paffports, but her Cer- tificates, cxpreffing, that they are not of the kind of Goods prohibited, which arc ^ecificd in the 19^^ Article. XXVI. But if one Party, on the exhibiting the abovefaid Certificates, mentioning the Par- ticulars of the Things on board, fhould difcover any Goods of that kind which are declared contraband or prohibited by the 19^^ Article of this Treaty, dcfigned for a Port fubjeft to the Enemy of the other, it fhall be unlawful to break up the Hatches of that Ship, wherein the fame fhall happen to be found, whether fhe be- long to the Subjeds of Great Britain'ot of France, to open the Chefts, Packs, or Casks therein, or to remove even the fmal- Icft Parcel of the Goods, ualefs the Lading be (9S ) be brought on Shore, in the Prefencc of the Offivcrs of the Court of Admiralty, and an Inventory thereof made j but there Ihall be no Allowance to fell, exchange or alienate the fame in any manner, un- lefs after that due and lawful Procefs fhall have been had againft fuch prohibited Goods, and the Judges of the Admiralty refpedively fhall, by a Sentence pronounced, have confifcated the fame, faving always as well the Ship itfelf, as the other Goods found therein, which by this Treaty are to be efteemed Free 5 neither x^zy they be detained on Pretence of their being, as it; were, infeded by the prohibited Goods, much lefs fhall they be confifcated as law- ful Prize : But if not the whole Cargo, but only Part thereof, fhall confifl of pro- hibited or contraband Goods, and the Commander of the Ship fhall be ready and willing to deliver them to the Captor, who has discovered them, in fuch cafe the Cap- tor having received thofe Goods, fhall forth- with difcharge the Ship, and not hinder her, by any means, freely to profecute the Voyage on which fhe was bound. xxvii. On the contrary it is agreed, that what- ever fhall be found to be laden by the Sub- jedls (5^ ) jcAs and Inhabitants of either Party on ariy Ship belonging to the Enemy of the other> and his Subjeas, the whole, although it be not of the fort of prohibited Goods, may- be confifcated in the fame manner as if it belonged to the Enemy himfelf, except thofe Goods and Merchandizes as were put on board fuch Ship before the Declaration of War, or even after fuch Declaration, if fo be it were done within the Time and Li- mits following i that is to fay, if they were put on board fuch Ship in any Port and Place within the Space of fix Weeks ^fter fuch Declaration within the Bounds, called the Naze in Norway, and the Sound* ings ; of two Months from the Soundings to the City of Gibraltar ,• of ten Weeks m the Mediterranean Sea 5 and of eight Months in any other Country or Place in the World; fo that the Goods of theSubjcds of either Prince, whether they be of the Nature of fuch as are prohibited, or other- wife, which, as is aforefaid, were put on board any Ship belonging to an Enemy before the War, or after the Declaration of the fame, within the Time and Limits abovefaid, fhall no Ways be liable to Con- fifcation, but fhall well and truly be re- ftored, without Delay, to the Proprietors demanding the fame 5 but fo as that if the faid Merchandizes be contraband, it I {hall (97 ) fiiall not be any Ways unlawful to carry them afterwards to the Ports belonging to the Enemy. XXVIIL And that more abundant Care may be taken for the Security of the Subjects of both their moil ferene Royal Majefties, that they fufFer no Injury by the Men of War or Privateers of the other Party, all the Commanders of the Ships of the Queen of Great Britain:, and of the moft Chriftian King, and all their Subjeds, fhall be forbid doing any Injury or Damage to the other fide i and if they ad to the con- trary, they fhall be puni{hed,and fhall more- over be bound to make Satisfaction for all Caufe of Damage, and the Inter eft thereof, by Reparation, under the Bond and Obli-* gation of their Perfon and Goods. XXIX. For this Caufe all Commanders of Pri- vateers, before they receive their Patents, or fpecial Commiffions, fhall hereafter be obliged to give before a competent Judge, fufficient Security by good Bail, who are Men able to pay, and have no Intereft in the faid Ship, aiid arc each bound in the " P whole (9^ ) whole for the Sum of 1500/. Sterling, or 16500 Livrcs Tournoisy or if fuch Ship be provided with above 150 Seamen or Soldi- ers for the Sum of 3000/. Sterling, 33000 Livres Tournois, that they will make entire Satisfadion for any Damages and Injuries whatfoever, which they, or their Officers, or others in their Service commit during their Courfe at Sea, contrary to this prefent Trea- ty, or the Edids of either of their moft fe- rene Royal Majcftics, publifhed by virtue thereof, under Penalty likewife of having their fpecial Commiflions revoked and an- nulled. XXX. Both their abovenamed Royal Maj efties being willing to fhew a mutual and equal Favour in all their Dominions refpeftively, to the Subjefts of each other, in the fame manner as if they were their own Subjeds, will give fuch Orders as fliall be neceffary and effeftual, that Juftice be adminiftred concerning Prizes in the Court of Admiral- ty, according to the Rule of Equity and Right, and the Articles of this Treaty, by Judges who are above all Sufpicion, and who have no manner of Intercft in the Caufe in difputc. XXXL ( ^9 ) XXXL Whenever the Atnbafladors of each of their Royal Majefties abovenamed, and o- ther their Minifters iiaving a publick Cha- rafter, and refiding in the Court of the otiier Prince, fliall complain of the Unjuftnefs of the Sentences which have been given, their Majefties, on each fide, fhall take Care, that the fame be revifed and re-examined in their refpeftive Councils, that it may ap- pear whether the Direftions and Provifions prefcribed in this Treaty have been obfer- ved, and have had their due EfFed : They fhall likewife take Care, that this Matter be efFedually provided for, and that Right be done to every Complainant, within the Space of three Months. However, before or after Judgment given; the Revifion thereof ftill depending, for the avoiding of all Damage, it (hall not be law- ful to fell the Goods in difputc, or to un- lade them, unlefs with the Confent of the Perfon concerned. XXXII. A Suit being commenced between the -<;aptors of Prizes on one Part, and the Reclaimers of the fame on the other, and P 2 a Sen- ( lOO ) a Sentence or Decree being given in favour of the Reclaimer, that fame Sentence or Decree, Security being given, fliall be put in Execution, the Appeal of the Captqr to a fuperior Judge in any wife notwithftand- ingj which however is now to be obferved when Judgment has been given againft the Reclaimer. XXXIII. In cafe that either Ships of War, or Mer- chant Men, forced by Storm or other Mit fortune, be driven on Rocks or Shelves on one or the other Party, and are there brok- en to pieces and Ihipwreck'd, whatever Part of the Ships, or Tackling thereof, as alfo of the Goods and Merchandizes ihall be faved, or the Produce thereof, fhall be faith- fully reftored to the Proprietors, Reclaim- ers, or their Fad:ors, paying only the Ex- pences of preferving the fame, in fuch man- ner as it may be fettled on both Sides, con- cerning the Rate of Salvage: Saving at the fame Time the Rights and Cuftoms of each Nation. And both their ferene Royal Majefties will interpofc their Authority, that fuch of their Subjefts may be feverely punifhed, who in the like Accident fhall be found guilty of Inhumanity. XXXIV. ( loi ) XXXIV. It (hall be free for the Subjeds of each Party to employ fuch Advocates, Attornies, Notaries, Solicitors and Fadors, as they fhall think fiti to which endthefaid Advocates, and others abovementioned, may be ap- pointed by the ordinary Judges, if it be needful, and the Judges be required there- unto. XXXV. And that Commerce and Navigation may be more fecurely and freely followed, it is farther agreed, that neither the Queen of Great Britain-, nor the moft Chriftian King fhall receive any Pyrates and Robbers into any of their Ports, Havens, Cities, or Towns 5 neither fliall they permit them to be received into their Ports to be protcft- ed, or aflifted by any manner of harbour- ing or fupport by any the Subjeds or In- habitants of either of them , but they fliall rather caufe all fuch Pyrates and Sea Rob- bers, or whoever fhall receive, conceal, or aflift them, to be apprehended, and puniflied as they deferve, for a Terror and Example to others. And ( 101 ) And all Ships, Goods, or Merchandizes, being pyratically taken by them, and brought into the Ports of the Kingdom of either, as much as can be found, although they have been by Sale conveyed to others, fhall be reftored to the lawful Owners, or their De- puties, having Inftruments of Delegation, and an Authority of Procuration for Re- claiming the fame 5 and Indemnifation fhall be made, proper Evidence being firft given in the Court of Admiralty, for proving the Property. And all Ships and Merchandizes, of what Nature foever, which can be refcued out of their Hands on the high Seas, fhall be brought into fome Port of either Kingdom, and fhall be delivered to the Cuftody of the Officers of that Port, with this Intention, that they be delivered entire to the true Proprietor, as foon as due and fufficient Proof fhall have been made concerning the Property thereof. XXXVI. It iiall be lawful as well for the Ships of War of both their mod fcrene Royal Majefties, as for Privateers, to carry whi- ther foever they pleafe the Ships and Goods taken from their Enemies; neither fhall they be obliged to pay any Thing to the Officers ( Vo3 ) Officers of the Admiralty, or to any other Judges 5 nor fhall- the aforementioned Pri- zes, when they come to, and enter the Ports of either of their mod ferenc Royal Majc- fties, be detained by Arreft : Neither fhall Searchers, or other Officers of thofe Places, make Examination concerning them, or the Validity thereof 5 but rather they fhall have Liberty to hoift Sail at any Time, to depart and to carry their Prizes to that Place, which is mentioned in their Commiffion or Patent, which the Commanders of fuch Ships of War fhall be obliged to fhew : On the contrary, no Shelter or Refuge fhall be given in their Ports to fuch as have made a Prize upon the Subjefts of either of their Royal Majefties. And if perchance fuch Ships fliall come In, being forced by Strefs of Weather, or the Danger of the Sea, particular Care fhall be taken (as far as it is not repugnant to former Treaties, made with other Kings and States) that they go from thence, and retire elfewhere as foon as poffible. XXXVII. Neither of their moft ferene Royal Ma- jefties fhall permit that the Ships or Goods of the other be taken upon the Coafts, or in the Ports or Rivers of their Dominions, by ( 104 ) by Ships of War, or others having Cotnmif- fion from any Prince, Commonwealth, or Town whatfoever. And incafefuch a Thing fhouxi happen, both Parties fhall ufe their Authority and united Force, that the Damage done be made good. XXXVIII. If it hereafter fhairhappen through Inad- vertency, or otherwife, that any Contra- ventions, or Inconveniences on either fide rife concerning the Obfervation of this Trea- ty, the Friendlhip and good Intelligence (hall not immediately thereupon be broken ofFs but this Treaty fhall fubfift in all its Force, and a proper Remedy for removing the In- conveniencies Ihall be procured, as likewife Reparation of the Contraventions ; and if the Subjedsoftheoneorthe other be found in fault, they only fhall be feverely punilhed and chaAifed. XXXIX. But if it fhall appear that a Captor made ufe of any kind of Torture upon the M af- ter of the Ship, the Ship's Crcw, or others who fhall be on board any Ship belonging to the Subjefts of the other Party 3 in fuch 2 Cafe, Cafe, not only the Ship itfelf, together with the Perfons, Merchandizes, and Goods what- foever, fhall be forthwith released without any farther Delay, and fet entirely free ; but alfo fuch as (hall be found guilty of fo great a Crime 5 as alfo the Acceflanes there- unto, fhall fuffer the mod: fevere Punifh- ment, fuitable to their Crime j this the Queen of Great Britam, and the moft Chriftian King do mutually engage fhall be done without any Refpcfl: of Perfons, ARTICLE r 10^ ) Article I. Manufafturcs of cither King^ dom, and the Dominions belong- ing thereunto, fhall hereafter be fubjedtobe infpeded and con- fifcated, under any Pretence p{ Fraud or Defed in making or working them, or becaufe of any other Imperfedion there- in 5 but abfolute Freedom fhall be allowed to the Buyer and Seller, to bargain and agree for the fame as they fhall fee good ; any Law, Statute, Edid, Arreft, Privilege, Grant, or Cuftpm to the contrary notwithftinding. II. And forafmuch as a certain Ufagc, not confirmM by any Law, has obtained in fe- veral Towns oi Great Britain and oi France 5 that is to fay, that every one for coming in, and going out, fhall pay a Tax, called in Englijh, Head Money, and in French^ T)ti Chefy it is concluded, that neither the fame. ( i07 ) hot any other Duty on that Account fliall any more be exafted. IIL • And the fir/Vi/^ Merchants fiiall not here- after be forbidden to fell Tobacco to any Buyer whom they pleafe 5 for which Pur- pofe, the letting out the Duties on the faid Tobacco to Farmers, which has been hitherto praftifed, fhall ceafe. Neither ihall fuch Farm^ ing be ufed again hereafter. IV. The following Cafe only being excepted, that is to fay, where Britifly Ships fhall take ^^p Merchandizes in one Port, and carry them to another Port of France, in which Cafe, and no other, the Britijh Sub) efts fhall be obliged to pay the Duties abroga- ted and abolifhed by this Article, only in Proportion to the^ Goods which they take in, and not according to the Bulk of the Ship. Whereas fever al kinds of Goods contain- ed in Casks, Chefts, or other Cafes, for which the Duties are paid by Weight, will 0^2 be ( io8 ) be exported from, and imported into France hy Britifh Subjeds : It is therefore agreed, that in fuch cafe the aforefaid Duties fhall be payable only according to the Weight of the Goods themfelves 5 [but the Weight of the Casks, Chefts, and other Cafes what- ever, fhali be dedufted in fuch Manner, and in. fuch Proportion, as has been hitherto in Ufe in England, and is ftill praftifed. VI. It is fartiier agreed, that if any Miftake or Error fhall on cither fide be committed by any Maftcrof a Ship, his Interpreter, or Paftor, or by others employed by him, ia making the Entry or .Deckration of the Goods on board his Ship, for fuch Dcfed, if To be fome Fraud does not evidently ap- pear, neither the Ship nor the Lading thei-e- of fliall be fubjcct to be confifcated 5 but it ihall be free for the Proprietors to take back again fuch Goods, as were omitted in the Entry or Declaration of the Mafter of the Ship, paying only the accuftomed Duties, according to the Rates fettled in the Books ; neither Ihall the Merchants, or the Mafter of the Ship lofe the faid Goods, or fufFer any other Punifhment, if fo be that the faid Goods were not. brought on Shore before the Declaration Was made, and the Cuftoms paid for the fame. VII. ( ^op ) VII. And whereas the Quality of the Ship; Mafter, and Goods, will fufficiently appear from fuch Paflports and Certificates, it fhall not be lawful for the Commanders of Men of War to exaft any other Verification un- der any Title whatfoever. But if any Merchant Ship fliall want fuch Paflports or Certificates, then it may be ex- amined by a proper Judge, but in fuch man- ner, as if it fhall be found from other Proofs and Documents, that it does truly belong to the Subj efts of either of the Con- federates, and does not contain any prohi- bited Goods, defigned to be cartied to the Enemy of the other 5 it fliall not be liable to Confifcation, but fliall be releafed, to- gether with its Cargo, in order to proceed on its Voyage, fince it may often happen that fuch Papers could not come tothe Ship when flic was fetting fail from any Port, or that they have been lofl: by fome Chance or other, or that they have been taken away from the Ship. And if befidcs the Paflports and Certifi- cates made according to the Form of their Treaty, other Paflports and Certificates hap- pen to be found in the Ship in another ' Porm, and; perhaps, according to the Pre- fcription ( no ) fcription of Treaties made with others, nc Pretence (hall be taken from thence, of de- taining, or in any wife molefting, cither the Ship, or Men, or Goods. • If the Mafter of the Ship named in thd Paffports be removed by Death, or any o- ther Caufe, and another be put in his Place, the Paffports fliall neverthelcfs retain their Force, and the Ships, and Goods laden thereon fhall be fecure. VIIL It is farther provided on both Sides, and fhall be taken for a general Rule, that a Ship and Goods, although they have remained in the Enemies Power for four and twenty Hours, fhall not therefore be efteemed as Capture, and be immediately made a Prize ; but if on other Accounts they ought to be reftored, they may be reclaimed, and Ihall be given again to the Proprietors. IX. It fhall be free for both their Royal Ma- jefties, for the Advantage of their Subjeds trading to the Kingdoms and Dominions of the other, to conftitute national Confuls of their own Subjefts, who fhall enjoy that Right and Liberty which belongs to them, by ( III ) by Rcafon of the Exercife of their Funftion $ but as to the Places where fuch Confuls arc to be appointed, both Sides ihall afterwards agree between themfelves. In witnefs whereof, we the Ambaffadors extraordinary and Plenipotentiaries of her facred KoydlM^jcHy of Great Britain, and of his facred Royal moft Chriftian Majefty, have fubfcribed this prefent Inftrument with our Hands, and fet our Seals thereunto. At Utrecht the 44- Day of the Month of ^^;i^ in the Year 1 7 13 . L.S. Job. Briftoly C.P.S. L.S. Huxelles-, L.S. Strafford. L.S. Mefnager. Article ( Hi) ARTICLE I. alcbone cut and prepared. Fins arid Oils of Whales, fh'all pay at all Places of Importation in the Kingdom, the Duties appointed by the Tariff of the 7th of December ^ 1699. -^ "^"^^ IL Cloths, Ratines and Serges, Ihall be like- wife fubjeft to the fame Duties of the Tariff of the 7*^ oi^ecemher 1699; and in order to facilitate the Trade thereof, it fhail be allowed to import by St. Valery upon the Somme, by Roueriy and by BotirdeauXy where thele Goods fliall be fubjeft to Vifitation, in the fame manner as thofe which are made in the Kingdom. III. ( ^^5 ) III. Salt-Fifh in Barrels only are to be im- ported into the Kingdom, and at all Places of Entrance in the Kingdom, Comitries, and Territories under the Dominion of the King 5 even at all free Ports, the EHities of Landing and of Confumption (hall be paid, which were appointed before the TatifF of 1664, and befides 40 LmcsJ>er Laft, con- fifting of twelve Barrels, weighing each 3 00 /. for the Duties of Entry, which Entry fhall not be permitted but by St, Valery upon the Somme, Rouen, NantSy Libourne and BourdeauXy and fhall remain prohibited at all other Harbours or Ports, as well in the O- cean as in the Mediterranean, IV. Refined Sugar, in Loaf or in Powder, white and brown Sugar Candy, fhall pay Duties appointed by the Tariff of 1699. In Confirmation of which, we the olpi- derwritten AmbafTadors Extraordinary ancf Plenipotentiaries of her Majefty the Queen of Great Britain^ and the Moft ChrifU- R ^ an King, have fign*d and feal'd thefc Pre- fents. At Utrecht the 2 8^^ Day of j4j)ril In the Year 1713- L.S. Jfth. Briftol, C.P. S. L.S. Htixelles, X.S. 'Strafford. "L^SMefnager. FINIS. ERRATUM. AGE 48. line four read three Millions.