Digitized by the Internet Archive 
 
 in 2012 with funding from 
 
 University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign 
 
 http://www.archive.org/details/checaugouhistory51chan 
 
SUBSCRIBER'S EDITION 
 
 This copy of Ganinwari 's "Chicago" being 
 No. <6 & y of a limited edition consisting of 
 one thousand copies, has been especially prepared 
 
 for •; 
 
 and duly certified by the author. 
 
GANINWARI'S CHICAGO 
 
CHE-CAU-GOU 
 
 A History - A Romance 
 
 In the Evolution of a Great City from the 
 
 Garden of Eden to the End of 
 
 The Twentieth Century 
 
 By Onkwe Gaxinwari 
 
 CHICAGO 
 
 V 
 
 1924 
 
 THE FAITHORN COMPANY 
 
 CHICAGO 
 
Copyright by 
 
 F. R. Chandler 
 
 1924 
 
 Printed in the U.S.A. by 
 
 The Faithorn Company, Chicago 
 
7. r <- 
 
 Dedicated to 
 THE CHICAGO HISTORICAL SOCIETY 
 
F. C. 
 
THE AUTHOR'S APOLOGY 
 
 / T S HE following work has been planned after the style of Washing- 
 ■*- ton Irving's Knickerbocker's New York and made adaptable to 
 an up-to-date history of Chicago, with quite a touch of fancy in the 
 past, and with a glowing imagination for Chicago's greatness in the 
 future. In place of New Amsterdam's Wouter VanTwiller, Patroon 
 Killian Van Rensellaer, Peter Stuyvesant, et al. appear names of 
 Indian chiefs and warriors, Tecumseh, Black Hawk, Menominee, 
 Pometacom of the Wampanoags and Simon Pokagon of the Pottawa- 
 tomi and Shabonee. 
 
 This history and romance goes back in prehistoric times to the 
 origin of man, and the Garden of Eden, and follows the evolution- 
 ary teachings of Darwin, Huxley, Haeckel and Romanes, but at the 
 same time shows the reconciliation of Theistic religion with science. 
 
 Belated justice is meted out to the Indians as the original posses- 
 sors of the land, or to what is left of them, who have attained civili- 
 zation and education. 
 
 I shall be pleased if Ganinwari's Chicago shall be received with 
 indulgence and thumbed and chuckled over at the family fireside. 
 
 Frank Chandler. 
 July, 1924. 
 

 CONTENTS 
 
 Page 
 The Author's Apology 9 
 
 Account of the Author 15 
 
 Address to the Public 17 
 
 Part I 
 PREHISTORIC 
 
 Chapter I. In the Beginning God Created the Heaven and 
 Earth. 
 
 Chapter II. Some Startling Figures on the Immensity of the 
 Universe. 
 
 Chapter III. Some Ingenious Theories of the Earth's Creation. 
 
 Chapter IV. God is a Spirit. They that Worship Him must 
 Worship Him in Spirit and in Truth. — John iv:24. 
 
 Chapter V. The Garden of Eden. 
 
 Chapter VI. Protoplasms, Monera and Evolution. 
 
 Chapter VII. The Gorillas, the Chimpanzees, and the Apes. 
 
 Chapter VIII. The Forging of the Missing Link and Emergence of 
 Adam and Eve. 
 
 Chapter IX. Reconciliation between Religion and Science. 
 Chapter X. Expulsion from Eden and Migration of the Races. 
 
 Part II 
 DISCOVERY OF AMERICA 
 
 Chapter I. Columbus lands at San Salvador and trades 
 Glass Beads for Handfuls of Gold with the Abo- 
 rigines. 
 
 Chapter II. Lo, the Poor Indian. 
 
 Chapter III. Magic Power in the Religions of the Indians. 
 
 Chapter IV. The Last of the Mohicans. 
 
 Chapter V. Civilization, Education and Citizenship. 
 
12 CHE-CAU-GOU 
 
 Part III 
 
 THE FOUNDING OF A CITY AND 
 HER MAGICAL GROWTH 
 
 Chapter I. The Baby is Born and Che-cau-gou is her Name. 
 
 Chapter II. The Windy Trading Post becomes a Prairie City 
 and changes her Cognomen to Chicago. 
 
 Chapter III. The Portage becomes a Raging Canal, Kicks its 
 Traces and flows backward. 
 
 Chapter IV. Civil War, Panics, Big Fires, Riots and Strikes 
 Ruffle her Childhood. 
 
 Chapter V. She Emerges from the Gloom, and with "I Will'* 
 as her Slogan, marches ahead 
 
 Chapter VI. Some Famous People of the Town. 
 
 Chapter VII. Thrift is Penciled in the Scenario "Hetty Green. " 
 
 Chapter VIII. Some Social Events of the Early Days well dressed 
 
 up by the Society Editor. 
 Chapter IX. Some Glorification of Deeds well done. 
 
 Part IV 
 
 ANNO DOMINI 2000 
 CONTRASTS AND PREDICTIONS 
 
 Chapter I. The Story of the Quarter Acre. 
 
 Chapter II. Some Modest Expectations as to Euture Expansion. 
 
 Chapter III. The Ten Million Club. 
 
 Chapter IV. The Sauganash Tavern and the Grand Palmer 
 
 Caravansary. 
 Chapter V. The Saloon Building and the Illinois Merchants 
 
 Banks. 
 Chapter VI. The Wigwam, and the Jackson Park Art Palace and 
 
 Convention Hall. 
 Chapter VII. The "Little Red Schoolhouse" and the Chicago High 
 
 School of 1856. 
 Chapter VIII. The First Courthouse, and the Cook County 
 
 Building. 
 Chapter IX. Transportation, Double-Decked Sidewalks, Aviation 
 
 and Radioaction. 
 Chapter X. A Greater Chicago. 
 
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS 
 
 Part I Page 
 
 Frontispiece 4 
 
 Frank Chandler 8 
 
 A Sachem of the Pottawatomi 16 
 
 Adam and Eve in the Garden of Eden 26 
 
 Troglodytes Gorilla 29 
 
 A Prehistoric Convention of Simians 32 
 
 Grand Kleagle 33 
 
 Map of Migrations 40 
 
 Part II 
 
 Christopher Columbus 46 
 
 Little White Cloud 50 
 
 Wau-kee-nah 52 
 
 Part III 
 
 William Butler Ogden 78 
 
 "Long John" Wentworth 80 
 
 Carter Henry Harrison 81 
 
 James Hamilton Lewis 83 
 
 Harry Gordon Selfridge 85 
 
 Jonathan Young Scammon 91 
 
 Part IV 
 
 Capt. George Wellington Streeter 117 
 
 The Sauganash Tavern, 1826 123 
 
 The Grand Palmer Caravansary 124 
 
 The Future Hundred-Story Press Tower 125 
 
 The Saloon Building 126 
 
 Illinois Merchants Bank Building 127 
 
 The Republican Wigwam 1 860 128 
 
 Art Palace and Jackson Park Convention Hall 129 
 
 The "Little Red School House," 1833 131 
 
 The Chicago High School, 1856 131 
 
 The First Courthouse, 1835 132 
 
 Cook County Building, 1907 133 
 
 The Future Grand Municipal Building 134 
 
 Some Present Types of Modern Evolution 136 
 
ACCOUNT OF THE AUTHOR 
 
 TN the early Spring of 1923, while on duty as an Indian Agent for 
 ■*- the United States Government at a reservation in the Indian 
 Territory, which was formerly Western Kansas, I ran across an 
 Indian Sachem of the Pottawatomies, Onkwe Ganinwari. He was 
 born on the reservation, and was educated at the Indian school at 
 Phoenix, Arizona, and graduated with considerable distinction, 
 having become well versed in the English language, acting often as 
 an interpreter among his fellow tribesmen. His grandfather was a 
 chief of the warlike Pottawatomi who came down from the north 
 with other tribes in canoes and battled successfully with the Miami 
 and the Illinois at Che-cau-gou. His father was likewise a Sachem, 
 and went with the rest of the Pottawatomi on to the reservation 
 when in 1832 they signed the Treaty of Greenville. 
 
 Ganinwari, a short time before I last met him, had been in Chicago, 
 and for several months had been occupied in writing up a history full 
 of facts, romance and prophecy, he contemplated publishing at an 
 early date. But before doing so he died at a ripe old age at the 
 reservation, leaving his well-prepared manuscript for me to edit, 
 which I very cheerfully have done. 
 
 William Tecumseh Smith. 
 
A Sachem of the Pottawatom! 
 
ADDRESS TO THE PUBLIC 
 
 r I s O rescue from oblivion the memory of former incidents, and to 
 -*■ render a just tribute of renown to the many great and wonderful 
 transactions among the Aborigines of North America and among 
 the valiant pioneers of early Chicago, Onkwe Ganinwari, Sachem of 
 the Pottawatomi, produces this historical essay. Like the great 
 Father of History, Herodotus, whose words I have just quoted, I 
 treat of times long past, over which the twilight of uncertainty had 
 already thrown its shadows and the night of forgetfulness was about 
 to descend forever. 
 
 I lament the great injustice of the white men done in the past to 
 my brave brothers, and appreciate the efforts made and continuing 
 by the Great Father to right the many wrongs hitherto inflicted. 
 
PART I 
 
 PREHISTORIC 
 
CHAPTER I 
 
 IN THE BEGINNING GOD CREATED 
 THE HEAVEN AND EARTH 
 
 TIT'ESKE Kutchiffik Kigi-Manito agum Kefuk ohke. Ohke mo 
 ** matta Kukenauineunkquittinno Monteagwuninno; pokennum 
 wos Keche moonoe: Nafhauanet popomfhau woskeche nippekontu. 
 Translation: In the beginning God created the heaven and earth. 
 Genesis 1:1 . And the earth was without form and void, and dark- 
 ness was upon the face of the deep. And the Spirit of God moved 
 upon the face of the waters. Genesis 1:2. 
 
 In early years noted astronomers gave much study and gained 
 much knowledge of the heavenly bodies, although their distance 
 from us was very great, that of the moon being nearest — some 
 238,818 miles. Scientists, however, had better facilities of observation 
 in regard to the Earth. They dug deep holes into copper mines, and 
 ran long tunnels and shafts deep into mountains seeking gold, silver 
 and coal, and examined the strata of rock, and from their formation 
 gained proof that Moses must have made some serious mistakes if 
 he wrote down that the world was created in six days! It, however, 
 was attributed as an error in the translation of the Bible from the 
 Hebrew, and that those days should be interpreted as eons, or 
 epochs, and with such interpretation Science would not be in conflict 
 with Theism. 
 
 Other errors in translation are also noted. According to the Bible, 
 the grass and trees were first created, and that was the end of the 
 third day, and then the Sun and Moon were created and that was 
 the end of the fourth day. Now, under natural laws, the Sun would 
 have been created first, and caused the grass to grow. Assuming that 
 the well-known theories of evolution are correct, God did not do 
 miracles, and wave a fairy wand at any period, nor create animal or 
 vegetable life by directing from inorganic substances spontaneous 
 combustion. 
 
CHAPTER II 
 
 SOME STARTLING FIGURES ON THE 
 IMMENSITY OF THE UNIVERSE 
 
 yy< HARLOW SHAPLEY, of Harvard University, estimates 
 *^ that the group of all the stars which we can see through the 
 telescope, and which the astronomers call the galaxy, is about three 
 hundred thousand light years from side to side. This means one 
 quintillion seven hundred sixty-four quadrillion (1,764,000,000,000- 
 000,000) miles. It is possible that some of the nebulae are outside of 
 this and therefore even very much farther away. The nearest star is 
 1 ,29 3,572,675,000,000,000 miles distant from the earth. 
 
 Allowing one million miles for possible errors in these calculations, 
 and very materially extending the possible infinity of the nebulae, I 
 estimate (according to the most optimistic theorems, problems and 
 formulae of trigonometry, including sines, tangents, secants, cosines, 
 and cosecants) that the whole group of stars and nebulae, as extend- 
 ing from length to length, is a distance of one decillion, nine hundred 
 and ninety-nine nonillion, nine hundred and ninety-nine octillion, 
 nine hundred and ninety-nine septillion, nine hundred and ninety- 
 nine sextillion,ninehundredand ninety-nine quintillion, nine hundred 
 and ninety-nine quadrillion, nine hundred and ninety-nine trillion, 
 nine hundred and ninety-nine billion, nine hundred and ninety- 
 nine million ( 1,999,999,999,999,999,999,999,999,999,000,000! ) miles. 
 
 The most distant fixed stars are so far off that light traveling 
 186,326 miles per second, takes to come to us, 220,000 years! 
 
 The Earth moves around the Sun each day, one million six hun- 
 dred thousand miles, or eighteen and a half miles per second, but no 
 speeding allowed. 
 
 The star Antares, in the Constellation of the Scorpion, is be- 
 lieved to have a diameter of 400,000,000 miles. 
 
 At any one time can be seen two to three thousand stars; from all 
 over the earth, about six thousand are visible; the total number of 
 stars known is about 2,000,000,000! 
 
 This is some conception of the magnitude of the Cosmos. 
 
CHAPTER III 
 
 SOME INGENIOUS THEORIES OF THE EARTH'S CREATION 
 
 SOME astronomers hold that eight or ten billion years ago, our 
 Sun and another star had a collision and this forced the Sun to 
 throw off masses of matter which later became the Earth and the 
 accompanying planets, and that was how the Earth was born. 
 
 The nebular theory is that the Earth, Sun and all the rest of the 
 bodies of the Solar System were produced by the condensation of a 
 great gaseous nebulae. 
 
 The Mohawk philosophers tell us that a pregnant woman fell 
 down from heaven and that a tortoise took her upon its back, 
 because every place was covered with water; and that the woman 
 sitting upon the tortoise, paddled with her hands in the water, and 
 raked up the earth, whence it finally happened that the earth became 
 higher than the water.* 
 
 Thus it is recorded by the Brahmins in the pages of their inspired 
 Shastah, that the angel Bistnoo transformed himself into a great 
 boar, plunged into the watery abyss and brought up the Earth on 
 his tusks. Then issued from him a mighty tortoise, and a mighty 
 snake; and Bistnoo placed the snake erect upon the back of the 
 tortoise and he placed the Earth upon the head of the snake. | 
 
 *Johannis Megapolensis. In an account of Maquaas or Mohawk Indians. 
 fHohvell Gent. .Philosophy. 
 
CHAPTER IV 
 
 GOD IS A SPIRIT, AND THEY THAT WORSHIP HIM MUST WORSHIP HIM 
 IN SPIRIT AND TRUTH John iv:2^ 
 
 I 
 
 A S God, the Father, is the Great Spirit, the Creator, Jehovah, the 
 -* *■ Lord Almighty, the Supreme Being, the Omnipotent, the Ever- 
 lasting, the Infinite, the Eternal, the Maker, the Preserver, the 
 Author of All Things, the Omniscient, the Omnipresent, the God of 
 Infinite and Universal Love, the Deity, the All Powerful, and the 
 Great First Cause, one need not now consider the method of crea- 
 tion, which millions of years required for the formation of the Uni- 
 verse; but rest content with the sayings of the Mosaic age, as in- 
 terpreted in the light of Science: that God created the Heaven and 
 Earth. 
 
 II 
 
 In front of the Art Museum, in Boston, is a bronze statue of 
 extreme beauty and suggestiveness. It is the figure of an Indian 
 seated upon his pony, stretching out hands in prayer and adoration 
 to the Great Spirit. Three orders of being are represented by the 
 sculptor. There is the solid Earth, inanimate, insensate. Upon it 
 stands the pony belonging to a higher grade of existence. Made of 
 the dust of the ground, in him is life. He can adjust himself to a 
 physical environment. Yet the beauty of the sunset means nothing 
 to him, nor do the glory of ideas disturb his contentment. The 
 Indian is formed of the dust of the Earth, and of living cells like the 
 animal; but a spark disturbs his clod. In his breast there is the push 
 of an impulse to which the pony is an utter stranger. He has yearnings 
 and aspirations which reach above himself. He is aware of a relation- 
 ship with a Power above, whom he conceives as a Great Spirit, not 
 unlike himself — stronger, wiser, eternal — to whom his heart goes out 
 in emotions of awe, reverence, adoration. In the dark breast of this 
 primitive man there is a sense — imperfect, indeed, but real — of an 
 order of values and forces which is lifted as far above the animal 
 upon which he is astride as the animal is elevated in the scale of 
 being above the Earth. 
 
 The impulse which leads the savage to pray and to worship a 
 Spirit akin to himself is part of the' furniture of human nature. It has 
 manifested itself in every age and in every race. "You may find," says 
 Plutarch, "communities without walls; without letters; without 
 kings; without money; with no courage; without acquaintance with 
 
CHE-CAU-GOU [25 
 
 theatres or gymnasia; but a community without holy rites, without 
 a God, that uses not prayer; without sacrifice to win good or to avert 
 evil — no man ever saw or will see." Religion begins in the response 
 of man to what he conceives to be a supernatural Power or Powers, 
 the response leads to an attitude, and the attitude results in expe- 
 riences which involve the whole man, his thoughts, his emotions, his 
 activities. This religious impulse may be very feeble in some men, for 
 we differ in our endowments. Some are blind to color, and others are 
 deaf to music, and yet the religious response is seldom lacking in a 
 human bosom. The Great Mvstery surrounds us all and all have 
 some sense of it. 
 
CHAPTER V 
 
 AND THE LORD GOD PLANTED A GARDEN EASTWARD IN 
 
 eden. — Genesis 1:8. 
 
 SOME ten thousand years before the Christian Era, Adam and 
 Eve left their native home, and in the buoyancy of youth departed 
 on their honeymoon to the eastward and settled down in the beauti- 
 ful Garden of Eden, between the headwaters of the Tigris and 
 Euphrates, in what is now known as the Vilayet of Diarbekr, a 
 fertile valley between the mountain ranges of Bingol Dagh, the 
 Indi Dagh and the Garuz Dagh, in the distant shadows of Mount 
 Ararat, the central point in the dividing line of Armenia, and the 
 great landmark between Russia, Persia and Turkey. 
 
 To them it was the happy hunting grounds of a golden period 
 in their lives. 
 
 They lived on the herbs, the wild fruits, and the small game of 
 the Garden. They drank from the cool springs, and they listened 
 with joy to the warbling birds among the blossoming boughs. The 
 tiny wild flowers opened their petals and lingered on the turf, whose 
 grassy ledges gently overhung the placid lakelet. The rushing, 
 rippling brooks, the dashing waterfalls, the limpid pools, the cool 
 retreats in the dense woods, added to the charm. 
 
 Quickly alive to the fascination of the scenery, they entered, by 
 degrees into the external beauties which every turn opened to their 
 view, and the silvery smoothness of the rivers Pison and Gihon, that 
 made the constant attraction of the landscape, the serenity of the 
 time, and the clearness of the heavens, assisted by these spells 
 which nature ever exercises over her votaries, tended to tranquilize 
 their minds, that like the sunflower so instinctively turns from the 
 shadow to the light. 
 
 Adam and Eve in the Garden of Eden 
 
CHAPTER VI 
 
 PHE Universe is governed by natural laws, that is by the laws of 
 
 *■ God, the Supreme Being, the Great Spirit, Kiyi-Manito. Electricity 
 
 is one of His most mysterious agents. Today trillions and trillions of 
 
 electrons permeate the air and in these modern times recite their 
 
 story through the broadcasting of radiograms. 
 
 As the learned Professor Haeckel says, "We regard it as a fact of 
 the greatest interest that the human child, like that of every other 
 animal, is, on its first stage of its individual existence, a non- 
 nucleated ball of protoplasm, a true cytode, a homogeneous struc- 
 tureless body without different constituent parts. For on this c monerula 
 form', the structure of the animal and thus of the human organism, 
 is of the simplest conceivable nature. 
 
 "The simplest known organisms and at the same time the simplest 
 conceivable organisms are the 'monera,' most of which are minute 
 microscopic and formless bodies, consisting of a homogeneous sub- 
 stance of an albuminous or mucous soft mass, and which, though 
 they are not composed of diverse organs, are yet endowed with all 
 the vital qualities of an organism. They move, feel and reproduce 
 themselves by division. These monera are of great importance, 
 owing to the fact that they afford the surest starting point for the 
 theory of the origin of life on our Earth. The human organism, like 
 that of the higher animals, exists for a short time in this simplest 
 conceivable form and its individual evolution commences from this 
 simplest form. The entire human child, with all its great future 
 possibilities, is in this stage only a small simple ball of primitive 
 slime (protoplasm)." 
 
 The origin of life is in this protoplasm and comes from the single 
 cell, the moneron, and the first breath came from the Great Spirit, 
 God the Infinite. 
 
CHAPTER VII 
 
 THE GORILLAS, THE CHIMPANZEES AND THE APES 
 
 TX the heart of Africa, under the equator, on the banks of Lake 
 ■■■ Tanganyika, near the source of the Nile, and under the shadows 
 of the lofty Mountains of the Moon, Kenia and Kiliamjaro, more 
 than 20,000 feet above sea level, a tiny moneron, ages and ages ago, 
 was washed ashore by the gentle south wind and landed in the first 
 cradle of the Monkey Kingdom. It became an amoeba, divided, 
 reproduced and in course of time multiplied and became the large 
 family Simiadae in the order of Quadrumana. Their food consists of 
 vegetables and insects. Their habits are arboreal and their habitat 
 the forests of tropical Africa, Asia and America. 
 
 The Chimpanzee (Troglodytes niger)and the Gorilla (Troglodytes 
 gorilla) are the nearest allied to man. 
 
 The Mandrill (Cynocephalus maimon) is known as red nosed 
 baboon (Mandrilla). 
 
 The Gibbon (Hylobates lar) is common to the Apes (Anthro- 
 poidae). 
 
 There are Old World narrow nosed monkeys (Cynopethecidae) 
 and Xew World broad nosed (Cebidee and Medidee). 
 
 The Diana monkeys (Cercopethicus diana) are closely allied to 
 
 man. 
 
 The Lemur rebur is much like the red fox, and nocturnal. 
 
 The Marmoset is a South American monkey (genus mycates). 
 
 The Orangutan (Simia satyrus) is an anthropoid ape. 
 
 The Pithecus Antuiquus is nearer to man than the Chimpanzee. 
 
 The Howling Monkeys have voices resonant and loud and make a 
 frightful noise at night. Monkeys are like men; some are ferocious, 
 some are kind. They have the same number of teeth, viz., 32. Some 
 are long tailed and some are long armed and all with prehensile tails. 
 The color scheme is variegated: Some are green and some are blue; 
 some are reddish brown and some are olive gray; some are shining 
 black with tails pure white; some have dirty white cheeks and some 
 yellowish white; many with spots of white, of olive green shading 
 into white; chins of white and bands of white over the eyes, showing 
 a preference for white effects, forecasting the trend of monkey 
 eugenics toward the final divergence to Adam and Eve. 
 
C H E-C A U -(. o r 
 
 [ ^9 
 
 Troglodytes Gorilla 
 
3<D ] CHE-CAU-GOU 
 
 The evolution of monkey to man has for centuries been of pro- 
 found study and investigation of philosophers and scientists. 
 Discoveries of comparatively recent times have thrown much light 
 on the period of the emergence of man from the anthropoid ape. 
 Man belongs to the primitive stock, which sprang from a common 
 Insectivore one, the one order diverging towards flesh eating and 
 hunting on the ground, the other diverging towards fruit eating and 
 arboreal habits. The main stem of the Primates diverged and gave 
 off the small anthropoid Gibbon. 
 
CHAPTER VIII 
 
 ADAM AND EVE 
 
 IT'TND reader, I am now approaching a subject of immense import 
 *** on the time immemorial when man was not known, but the Dino- 
 saurs, the Stegosaurus, the Diplodocus, the Ticeratops, the Proto- 
 ceratops, and all the animals, the serpents, the fishes, the birds, and 
 especially the vast monkey tribes, the Simiadae, inhabited the earth. 
 
 "Behold the mighty Dinosaur, 
 Famous in prehistoric lore 
 Not only for his weight and length 
 But for his intellectual strength. 
 You will observe by these remains 
 The creature had two sets of brains, 
 One in his head (the usual place), 
 The other at his spinal base. 
 Thus, he could reason a priori 
 As well as a posteriori. 
 No problem bothered him a bit, 
 He made both head and tail of it. 
 So wise he was, so wise and solemn, 
 Each thought rilled just a spinal column. 
 If one brain found the pressure strong 
 It passed a few ideas along. 
 If something slipped his forward mind 
 'Twas rescued by the one behind. 
 And if in error he was caught, 
 He had a saving afterthought. 
 As he thought twice before he spoke, 
 He had no judgment to revoke. 
 For he could think without congestion 
 Upon both sides of every question. 
 O! Gaze upon this model beast, 
 Defunct ten thousand years, at least. 
 
 B. L. T." 
 
 The various species of the animal kingdom have their language and 
 their signals and communications of ideas are evidently understood 
 
3^ 
 
 CHE-CAC-COt 
 
CHE-CAU-GOU 
 
 I 33 
 
 
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 Grand Kleagle 
 
34 J CHE-CAU-GOU 
 
 by each group; for example, the bees buzz, the snakes hiss and rattle, 
 the hogs grunt, the pigs squeal, the asses bray and the monkeys 
 chatter and gibber. The Simians have a language of their own, some 
 with loud and resounding voices, some are intrepid fighters, both 
 male and female, some gentle and pale faced, living near the top of 
 snow-capped mountains, others dark and dusky under the equator. 
 As you have seen hitherto they were evolved from the minute 
 protoplasm of the seas up to the robust condition as now seen in 
 Africa. The light colored apes of the Mountains of the Moon have 
 mingled with the ferocious baboons of the equator and after many 
 centuries of such mingling during their slow migrations across the 
 Nile and up the shores of the Mediterranean had advanced east- 
 ward to the country of Eden. 
 
 In absence of authentic history of these remote ages I have to 
 rely largely upon the realms of imagination for the account of the 
 forging of the Missing Link. Imagine, if you please, a large section of 
 Africa, protected by high mountains, by great oceans, and vast 
 deserts, centuries ago, and in undisputed possession of these Simian 
 tribes, a vast federation of chattering and gibbering monkeys form- 
 ing an Amalgamated Society, and calling together a representative 
 convention to meet on the tops of lofty trees of the forests of Victoria 
 Nyanza, the heaviest baboon presiding as chief and the smallest 
 gibbon acting as the nimble sachem of the assembly, and agreeing, 
 after much noise, chattering and gibbering (but without gun toting) 
 on the laws of eugenics for the betterment of the Simian race. 
 
 After many centuries of experimentation the final emergence 
 from successive stems resulted in the triumph of the evolution of 
 the Ayran race as pale faces, and such was the final outcome of the 
 origin of man and shown in the birth of Adam and Eve. 
 
 Later intelligence has come from Colon, Panama, as recent as 
 June 27, 1924, that the Marsh Expedition had arrived from the 
 upper headwaters of the Chucunague River with three "White" 
 Indians, apparently of Paleolithic type, whom Prof. Marsh says 
 differs from the Albino type so familiar to Isthmians. 
 
 There is much evidence concerning the forging of the Missing 
 Link divulged in the Strata of the early and later Pliocene rocks, 
 as well as of the Miocene, the Oligocene, the Eocene, the Inter- 
 Glacial, and other periods. These intermediate steps between mon- 
 key and man are shown in the discoveries of skulls, parts of bones, 
 teeth and fossils, as are here tabulated, enumerated and designated 
 in the successive lines of divergence from the Anthropoid apes or 
 highest primates. 
 
 From Moneron to Man the whole period is assumed as two mil- 
 lion years and each theoretical period is designated as a Dynasty. 
 
CHE-CAU-GOU 
 
 35 
 
 ist Dynasty. 
 
 B. C. 2,000,000 for a 
 million five hundred 
 years. 
 
 2nd Dynasty 
 
 B. C. 500,000 for a 
 
 hundred thousand 
 
 years 
 
 A. Dryopihecus 
 
 Found in the Siwalik hills, India. 
 
 B. Homenidae 
 
 Tertiary formation of the Upper 
 Pliocene, Miocene, Oligocene and 
 Eocene. 
 
 Pithecanthopus Erectus 
 
 Found in Java, 1891, in the Quar- 
 ternary Upper Pliocene. 
 
 3rd Dynasty 
 
 B.C. 400,000 for three 
 hundred seventy 
 thousand vears. 
 
 A. Paloeanthropus Heidelbergensis 
 
 The Heidelberg Man in Lower Pleis- 
 ocene or First Interglacial. 
 
 B. Homo Neanderthalansis 
 
 The Neanderthal Man in the valley 
 of the Dussel Tributary of the 
 Rhine. Also found in France, 
 Belgium, Holland, Germany, 
 Austria and Australia, Shetland 
 and Iceland. 
 
 C. Eoanthropus Dawsoni 
 
 The Piltdown Man is Sussex. 
 
 D. The Rhodesian Man 
 
 4th Dynasty 
 B.C. 30,000 for twenty 
 thousand years 
 
 Cro Magnon Gremaldi type Homo Sapiens. 
 In Upper Palaeolthic and Post 
 Glacial, found in Wales and 
 France. 
 
 5th Dynasty 
 B. C. 10,000 sti! 
 running 
 
 Homo The Aryan Race (Sanscrit Arya 
 noble) Adam and Eve 
 In Garden of Eden. 
 
 There is one fact indisputable — man did emerge, and, notwith- 
 standing wars, famine and pestilence, seventeen hundred million 
 (1,700,000,000) people still live on this mundane sphere. And the 
 original start was from one tiny moneron cell. 
 
CHAPTER IX 
 
 RECONCILIATION OF RELIGION WITH SCIENCE 
 
 THE great philosophers of evolutionary science, Darwin, Huxley 
 and Haeckel, have fully demonstrated the correctness of the 
 fundamental theories of organic evolution, and Herbert Spencer, 
 acknowledged to be the fairest and most unprejudiced of all the great 
 constellations of intellectual stars, whose coruscations have, as never 
 before, illuminated the path of scientific progress, has made chari- 
 table efforts to harmonize religion and science with his "First 
 Principles," his "Great Unknowables," his numerous "Unthink- 
 ables," and his Petitio Principii, and, in further elucidation, I add 
 the authority of Thomas Jay Hudson, LL. D.* that both Ontogeny 
 and Phylogeny begin with the undifferentiated cell of protoplasm, 
 and in both cases that cell culminates in Man, and that the facts of 
 organic and mental Evolution point clearly to a divine origin of 
 mind and life on this world. 
 
 The moneron is endowed with the creative energy Omnipotence 
 and there is a logical necessity of a mind antecedent to the moneron. 
 
 The theory of the Theistic evolutionment is that evolution is 
 God's method of creation; that life and mind had their origin in an 
 antecedent divine mind, an omnipresent mind energy, omnipotent 
 and omniscient; that this divine intelligent energy operates, not in 
 contravention of law, not by miraculous interventions, not by special 
 creations, but in pursuance of its own immutable laws, instituted 
 from the beginning, and that consequently the first mind-energy 
 that appeared on the earth was an emanation in the natural order 
 of events, from the Divine Intelligence. 
 
 Within the last year or two the revival of the age-old warfare 
 between science and religion, the development of the evolutionary 
 idea as the only logical explanation of the phenomena of life, and its 
 reconciliation with Theism, are very aptly expressed in a lecture by 
 Richard S. Lull, Professor of Vertebrate Paleontology, Yale Uni- 
 versity, Director Peabody Museum, Author and Editor of the 
 "Evolution of the Earth and Its Inhabitants." The question of 
 origins has been before the minds of men for thousands of years, and 
 stories of creation appear in the sacred writings of many people, 
 each one builded up of fragments from those which have gone 
 before. Thus, from the Hebrew scripture comes what has been 
 taught to many of us as the verbally inspired story, told with 
 beautiful simplicity, as to a child, and sufficient to satisfy the minds 
 
 *The Divine Pedieree of Man. 
 
CHE-CAU-GOL [37 
 
 of the primitive people whose sages penned the theme. But we are 
 told by high authority (Clay) that back of the Mosaic account lies 
 that in the Assyrian writings, certainly the prototype and most 
 surely the origin of the Genesis story. Back of the Assyrian in turn, 
 lie other creation myths, all in the nature of folk-lore, handed down 
 by word of mouth for thousands of years, and having their origin 
 in the sombre shadows of prehistory. 
 
 Father Suarez, a sixteenth-century Jesuit, was most rigid in his 
 interpretation, and such was his influence upon the Roman Catholic 
 followers of Europe that the story, as he told it, became the only 
 Orthodox belief for at least three hundred years, and for aught I 
 know, may yet be held to be. His statement, as quoted by Huxley, 
 was as follows: 
 
 "The world was made in six natural days. On the first of these 
 days the materia prema was made out of nothing, to receive after- 
 wards those "substantial forms" which moulded it into the universe 
 of things; on the third day the ancestors of all the living plants 
 came into being, full grown and perfect, and possessed of all the 
 properties which now distinguish them; while on the fifth and sixth 
 days the ancestors of all existing animals were similarly caused to 
 exist in their complete and perfect state, by the infusion of their 
 appropriate material substantial forms into the matter, which had 
 already been created. Finally on the sixth day the Anima rationalis — 
 that rational and immortal substantial form which is peculiar to 
 man — was created out of nothing, and 'breathed into' a mass of 
 matter which, till then, was mere dust of the earth, and so man 
 arose. But the species man was represented by a solitary male 
 individual until the Creator took out one of its ribs and fashioned 
 into a female." 
 
 Man's kinship with the rest of the animal kingdom is abundantly 
 attested, and this is no new invention, for did not Schoolmun speak 
 of him as animal rational? That he is one with them, is shown in 
 numerous ways, among the most significant of which is the sureness 
 with which he can be placed in the classiflcatory scheme. As a back- 
 boned animal, a mammal, a primate, there is no ambiguity about man 
 as there is among lower forms of life. His nearest relative, the great 
 or anthropoid apes, are strikingly similar, bone for bone, muscle for 
 muscle, organ for organ, and these by a method of transplanting 
 may actually be interchanged. The nervous system differs in pro- 
 portion, complexity and size of brain — difference of degree, not of 
 kind — and the functions are so similar that much of our knowledge 
 of the workings of the human nervous system has been gained 
 through experimentation on the apes. They have similar bodily 
 ailments, are tormented by similar parasites, and a very subtle and 
 
CHE-CAU -GOU 
 
 ingenious blood test, which, it is said, might be used for a second 
 judgment of Solomon, points not only to relationship, but to a 
 nearness of relationship between man and the gorilla and the orang 
 far closer than between these apes and the lesser primates. Human 
 development, including growth of body from a single minute cell, 
 growth of mind, maturity, old age and death, is similar to that of 
 other animals. This developmental history of the individual is an 
 accepted fact. Is it more difficult to accept the approximately 
 parallel evolution of the human race? 
 
 The Theistic evolutionist does not deny the Creator, nor the 
 creative act; he is concerned only with the method of creation, with 
 "God's way of doing things," whether by direct or immediate crea- 
 tion, as the literal interpretation of Genesis seems to teach, or by 
 experimental creation of matter and energy and the laws which gov- 
 ern their interactions. 
 
 The principle of continuity of creation seems to be the only 
 logical conclusion to be drawn from the vast array of proved facts 
 which have been revealed to us. To ignore these facts, and to try 
 to revive worn-out and generally fantastic beliefs, all of which are 
 merely man-made, will be in the end futile, for truth is mighty and 
 will prevail. 
 
 President Pritchett, of the Carnegie Foundation, quotes finally 
 in the reconciliation of religion with science: "The widespread in- 
 fluence of science in the last half-century — not alone in physical 
 science, but in the development of historical criticism — hascommitted 
 thinking men unreservedly to what is called the scientific method 
 in dealing with all facts, all theories, all beliefs. This scientific 
 method implies no new invention, but simply that truth must be 
 taught with open mind, and that it must be followed fearlessly 
 whithersoever it may lead, even though the path lie directly across 
 the oldest traditions. The day when thinking men are willing to 
 yield their intellectual sincerity in obedience to authority or to 
 tradition has gone by. Under the leadership of this spirit, scientific 
 men have come into a faith concerning man and the universe in 
 which he lives, not so precise, or so detailed as the faith of tradition, 
 but none the less a faith comforting and reassuring to a sincere 
 mind. Behind all phenomena of a physical universe, infinite in 
 extent, whose existence goes back to a time limitless in duration, 
 the man of science recognizes an infinite and eternal power, the 
 author and sustainer of the universe, in whom we live and have our 
 being. This universe he sees to be a universe of laws, although we 
 are not always able to distinguish the expression of these laws from 
 the complicated phenomena which their interaction brings about. 
 The man of science rests secure in the faith that he lives in a universe 
 
CHE-CAU-GOl | 39 
 
 sustained by an infinite power whose laws make for righteousness 
 and progress. Such a man looks therefore hopefully and confidently 
 not only on the physical processes of nature, but on the progress of 
 his own race. 
 
 "Rising out of brute ancestry, he sees the race growing century 
 by century in intelligence and moral power. He has faith, therefore, 
 that He who through millions of years has brought us up — it may be 
 slowly, painfully — will lead us gradually into a stronger, nobler 
 life in this world. Science has faith in God and in human progress." 
 
4° 
 
 CHE-CAU-GOU 
 
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CHAPTER X 
 
 THE EXPULSION FROM EDEN AND MIGRATION OF THE RACES 
 
 TTOWEVER gentle was the fall of man, his expulsion from the 
 * ■■■ Garden of Eden was inevitable. It was in obedience to natural 
 laws. The more beautiful the Garden, and the happier the people there- 
 in, the accumulating increase of population came to the saturation 
 point, and there must have occurred an overflow, and that was what 
 happened, and resulted in the migration of the races. It was always 
 thus, and will continue to the end of time. There will be recessions, 
 as wars, famine and pestilence intervene, but the general tenor is for 
 betterment and progression. 
 
 These migrations run in three streams, the white, the brown 
 and the black, to Europe, Asia, and Africa respectively. They all 
 started white, or pale faced, or what is now called the Aryan race, 
 but color came from climate and environment. The march was slow 
 and thousands of years were required to change the color scheme. 
 
 The negroid races were born under intense tropical conditions, 
 and it is easily conceivable how in generations after generations the 
 whitest skins would become colored. In Asia the modifications of 
 the original people of Eden were not so intensive and the brown 
 races in course of long periods were evolved. 
 
 Indulgent reader, let us trace down the Aborigines of North 
 America and surmise where they came from. They were known from 
 a very early date as Indians, and their traditions pointed to India as 
 their original home, as was most probable. The easy route led from 
 India to Mongolia and Siberia, and via Behring Strait to Alaska, 
 British North America, Minnesota, Wisconsin, Michigan and 
 finally to Che-Cau-Gou! There were found the Pottawatomi, a 
 warlike tribe who had come down from the north in canoes. And, 
 later on, the Europeans migrated and came to the same Che-Cau-Gou 
 and pushed out most shamefully the possessors of the soil, the 
 Pottawatomi. 
 
 These numerous migrations are more fully shown in the follow- 
 ing tabulations and map of the world on Mercator's Projection. 
 
 1 . The Monkey Migration — A — Route Lake Tangeyiki (5) to Garden of Eden (6) 
 
 2. The Aryan " 1st Trail I — " Eden (6) to Europe (4) 
 
 2d Trail II— " Eden (6) to India (7) 
 3d Trail III— " Eden (6) to Africa (5) 
 
 3. The Indian " IV— " India (7) to Che-Cau Gou (2) 
 
 via Siberia, Behring Strait (1), Alaska, 
 British North America, Montana, Min- 
 nesota, Wisconsin and Michigan 
 
 4. The Negro V— " Africa (5) via Atlantic Coast and South- 
 
 ern Cities to Che-Cau-Gou (2) 
 Note — All roads eventually lead to Che-Cau-Gou 
 
GENEALOGY 
 
 A — The Aryan Races in C 
 
 'haldea, Babylonia. 
 
 B — The Historical Generations: 
 
 ist Adam and Eve 
 
 13th Salah 
 
 2d Seth 
 
 14th Eber 
 
 3d Enos 
 
 15 th Peleg 
 
 4th Cainan 
 
 1 6th Reu 
 
 5th Mahalaleel 
 
 17th Serug 
 
 6th Jared 
 
 1 8 th Nahor 
 
 7th Enoch 
 
 19th Terah 
 
 8th Methuselah 
 
 20th Abraham 
 
 9th Lamech 
 
 21st Isaac and Rebekah 
 
 10th Noah 
 
 22d Jacob 
 
 nth Shem 
 
 23 d Levi 
 
 12th Arphaxad 
 
 24th Moses 
 
PART II 
 
 DISCOVERY OF AMERICA 
 
CHAPTER I 
 
 COLUMBUS LANDS AT SAN SALVADOR AND TRADES GLASS BEADS FOR 
 HANDFULS OF GOLD WITH THE ABORIGINES 
 
 CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS, on August 3, 1492, sailed from 
 Palos, in Spain, in the caravels Santa Marie, La Pinta, and La 
 Nina, seeking an unexplored route to the East Indies, and first saw 
 land on October 12 at San Salvador, one of the Bahama Islands of 
 the West Indies. 
 
 Supposing, as he did to his latest day, that he had found the 
 eastern coast of India, and not another continent, Columbus gave 
 the name of Indies to the islands he discovered, whose inhabitants 
 he also called Indians, yet he did not have the honor of giving his 
 own name to the New World which he made known to mankind. 
 
 On sighting land he beheld a great multitude of naked people 
 in paint and feathers, men, women and children. They were in fact 
 the descendants of the original people of India, who, as I have 
 before related, had migrated in course of centuries from the Garden 
 of Eden. From India, by the way of Mongolia, Siberia, and Behring 
 Strait, they had spread over North America from the Pacific Coast 
 to the Atlantic. They had discovered America long before Columbus 
 did, through the back yard, as it were. Some of the leading tribes 
 of Indians were the Manhattans, the Mohawks, the Oneidas, the 
 Senecas and the Cayugas of New York, the Mohegans, the Narra- 
 gansetts, the Pequots and the Wampanoags of New England, the 
 Seminoles of Florida, the Cherokees, the Choctaws, the Chickasaws, 
 the Chippewas, the Cheyennes, the Creeks, and the Crows; the 
 Apaches, the Assiniboine, Yankton and Teton Sioux; the Walla- 
 halla, the Tuscarora and the Kaskaskia, the Ojibways, the Navajos 
 and the Hopi; the Pawnee, the Winnebago and the Pamunkay; the 
 Utes and the Diggers; the Winnebago and the Shinnecock and the 
 Arapaho; the Algonquins, the Iroquois and the Illinois; the Miami 
 and the Pottawatomi; the Cathlakaheckit; the Mishe Khwertme- 
 tanne and the Pimpashauwagotsits. The Aztec tribes came down 
 the Pacific Coast to Mexico, and Montezuma was their king until 
 Cortez and the Spaniards conquered them. 
 
 Then again some five hundred years prior to Columbus came the 
 Norsemen from Norway, Iceland and Greenland, to America. 
 They didn't know what land it was, or even whether it was land, so 
 covered as it was with snow and ice, certainly very glacial. They 
 skirted along the shores further south and found wild grapes grow- 
 
4 6 
 
 CHE-CAU-GOU 
 
 ing, and they called the country Vineland. Possibly it was Martha's 
 Vineyard in Massachusetts. 
 
 The Aborigines in those wintry regions were Esquimaux, another 
 family of Indians originally from Behring Sea. Ethnologists class 
 
 them with the Mongo- 
 lians and give them 
 the same origin as the 
 hunting tribes of North 
 American Indians. 
 
 The Norsemen in 
 A. D. iooo projected a 
 prolongedvoyageofdis- 
 covery around Baffins 
 Bay, but in 1005 re- 
 treated to Greenland 
 and evidently aban- 
 doned for good those 
 inhospitable shores. 
 
 Amerigo Vespucii 
 in 1499 landed in South 
 America and gave his 
 name to the country, 
 but by prior right of 
 discovery byColumbus 
 it should have been 
 Columbia and not 
 America. In 1541 Her- 
 nando De Soto discov- 
 ered the Mississippi 
 river,which the Indians 
 had named Chucagua. 
 
 Columbus made 
 many explorations 
 among the islands of 
 the West Indies, Cuba, 
 Jamaica,Hayti,and San 
 Domingo, but did not 
 reach the mainland. He made three return trips to Spain and brought 
 back more ships, men and supplies. The Spaniards traded glass 
 beads and other trinkets with the natives for food, such as cassava 
 bread, made from the yuca root, fish, vegetables and fruits, domesti- 
 cated parrots, some pearls, much cotton yarn, handfuls of golddust, 
 and ear and nose ornaments in pieces of gold. 
 
 Christopher Columbia 
 
CHAPTER II 
 
 THE Indians were the original farmers of the land, although the 
 opinion seems to have been formed from tales and traditions of 
 early Indian life that those living north of Mexico at the time of 
 the first European settlements in this country were virtually 
 nomads having no fixed abode, and hence giving but little attention 
 to agriculture. On the contrary, the older records, particularly 
 concerning the temperate regions, show that almost without ex- 
 ception the Indians were generally found from the border of the 
 western plains to the Atlantic, dwelling in settled villages and culti- 
 vating the soil. De Soto found all the tribes that he visited, from 
 Florida to western Arkansas, cultivating maize and various other 
 food plants. The early voyagers found the same thing true along 
 the Atlantic from Florida to Massachusetts. Captain John Smith 
 and his Jamestown colony, in fact all the early colonies, depended at 
 first largely for subsistence on the products of Indian cultivation. 
 Jacques Cartier, the first European to ascend the St. Lawrence, 
 found the Indians in the present locality of Montreal cultivating 
 the soil and reports them as having "good and large fields of corn." 
 Champlain and other early French explorers testify to the successful 
 tillage of the soil for subsistence by the Iroquois. La Salle and his 
 companions observed the Indians of Illinois and along the Missis- 
 sippi southward cultivating and largely subsisting on maize. 
 
 Indian corn, the great American cereal, "was found in culti- 
 vation from the southern extremity of Chili to the 50th parallel of 
 north latitude." (Brinton, Myths of the New World, 22, 1868). 
 "All the nations who inhabit from the sea as far as the Illinois, and 
 even farther, carefully cultivate the maize corn which they make 
 their principal subsistence." (Du Pratz, History of Louisiana, II, 
 239, 1763.) "The whole of the tribes situated in the Mississippi 
 Valley, in Ohio, and the lakes reaching on both sides of the Alle- 
 ghenies, quite to Massachusetts and other parts of New England, 
 cultivated Indian corn. It was the staple product." (Schoolcraft, 
 Indian Tribes, I, 80, 1851.) 
 
 The foregoing applies chiefly to the region east of the Rocky 
 Mountains, but the native population of the section now embraced 
 in New Mexico and Arizona not only cultivated the soil, but relied 
 on agriculture to a large extent for subsistence. No corn was raised 
 nor agriculture practiced anywhere on the Pacific slope, but frequent 
 mention is made by the chroniclers of Coronado's expedition to 
 
48] CHE-CAU-GOU 
 
 New Mexico of the general cultivation of maize by the Indians of 
 that section, and also of the cultivation of cotton. It is stated in the 
 Relacion del Suceso (Winship, in 14th Report, Bureau of American 
 Ethnology, 575, 1896) that those who lived near the Rio Grande 
 raised cotton, but the others did not. The writer, speaking of the 
 Rio Grande Valley, adds: "There is much corn here." 
 
 The sunflower was cultivated to a limited extent both by the 
 Indians of the Atlantic slope and those of the Pueblo region for its 
 seeds, which were eaten after being parched and ground into meal 
 between two stones. The limits of the cultivation of tobacco at the 
 time of the discovery have not yet been well defined. That it was 
 cultivated to some extent on the Atlantic side is known; it was used 
 aboriginally all over California, and indeed a plant called tobacco by 
 the natives was cultivated as far north as Yakutat Bay, Alaska. 
 
 Even where the water supply of a pueblo settlement situated 
 several miles from a stream was obtained by means of canals, each 
 house cluster was provided with a reservoir; and in many instances 
 through the Southwest, reservoirs, sometimes covering an area 
 measuring one mile by one-half mile, designed for the storage of 
 rain water, were the sole means of water supply both for domestic 
 purposes and for irrigation. In the valleys of the Rio Grande and 
 its tributaries, in New Mexico, small reservoirs were the chief 
 means of supplying water to the ancient villages. 
 
 Although it has been stated that the Indians did not use fer- 
 tilizers, there is evidence that they did. The Plymouth colonists 
 were told by the Indians to add fish to the old grounds (Bradford, 
 History Plymouth Plantation, Massachusetts Historical Society 
 Collections, 4th Series, III, 100, 1856). It is also stated that the 
 Iroquois manured their land. Lescarbot says the Armouchiquois, 
 Virginia Indians, and others "enrich their fields with shell and fish." 
 The implements they used in cultivating the ground are described 
 as "wooden howes" and "spades made of hardwood." "Florida 
 Indians dig their ground with an instrument of wood fashioned like 
 a broad mattock," "use hoes made of shoulder blades of animals 
 fixed on staves," "use the shoulder blade of a deer or a tortoise shell, 
 sharpened upon a stone and fastened to a stick, instead of a hoe," 
 "a piece of wood, 3 inches broad, bent at one end and fastened to a 
 long handle sufficed them to free the land from weeds and turn it up 
 lightly." Mention is also made of shells used as digging implements, 
 and Moore and Cushing have found in Florida many large conch 
 that had served this purpose. 
 
 Farming life is no doubt conducive to happiness and longevity; 
 proof of this among the Indians is the extreme case of Navajo Pete, 
 who recently died at the good old age of 116. 
 
CHE-CAU-GOU [49 
 
 The Indians of North America, in their predominating traits of 
 character, are just, generous, hospitable, simple, frank, cordial and 
 chaste; often revengeful and generally superstitious. In war the 
 warriors are daring, boastful, cunning, ruthless, self denying, and 
 self devoted. It is generally believed the aborigines of the American 
 Continent have an Asiatic origin. The author of this book, Onkwe 
 Ganinwari, Sachem of the Pottawatomi, teacher and interpreter in 
 the United States Indian schools, from his profound oriental studies, 
 and from the excavations and researches among the Indian mounds 
 of this country, is firmly convinced that the descendants of one 
 branch of the Aryan race, whose first parents were Adam and Eve, 
 migrated from the Garden of Eden to India and thence, in the course 
 of centuries, via China, Mongolia, Siberia, Behring Strait, Alaska, 
 British North America, Montana, Minnesota, Wisconsin and 
 Michigan to Che-cau-gou! 
 
 The story of Pocahontas is known the world over, but it will bear 
 repetition even at this day as illustrating the self-sacrifice and noble- 
 ness of a native Indian girl. The notable case of deliverance from 
 death, which has been described in prose and sung in poetry, wher- 
 ever the history of Virginia has been told, was that of Captain 
 John Smith, one of the leading men of that colony. He was a man of 
 great energy and courage and possessed a spirit of adventure seldom 
 excelled. Not satisfied with remaining at the settlement, he pushed on 
 into the interior. This alarmed the Indians, giving them the im- 
 pression that the Whites were seeking to overrun the entire country. 
 He was attacked and all his men killed, he alone being taken a prisoner 
 to Powhatan, who was the great head chief of all that section. 
 Powhatan had heard of Captain Smith, and knew he was one of the 
 great chiefs of the "pale faces," so he was at a loss to know what to 
 do with him, having a fear that if he put him to death, the whites 
 would wreak terrible vengeance upon his nation. He therefore kept 
 him a prisoner for six weeks, treating him with great kindness. 
 Finally he determined that the captive must die, and gave his 
 orders to that effect. Two of the warriors bound the prisoner's hands 
 and feet, and laid his head upon the rock. At a signal from the chief, 
 two other warriors, each armed with the deadly war-club, stepped 
 forward and stood grim and still at the head of the prostrate victim, 
 awaiting the signal to deal the fatal blow. 
 
 At this moment a wild scream pierced the air, and Pocahontas, 
 the beautiful daughter of Powhatan, a girl of thirteen years, flew to 
 the captive, threw herself upon his prostrate form, and, staying the 
 arm of one of the warriors with her own, laid her head upon that 
 of the prisoner, so that if the blow fell it must be upon her own 
 head. 
 
<o 
 
 CHE-CAU-GOU 
 
 Powhatan was dumfounded. He dearly loved his little daughter; 
 but he was a great chief, and his orders must be obeyed. After a 
 moment's hesitation, he took her by the hand and raised her to her 
 
 Little White Cloud 
 
 feet, when, with tearful eyes, she implored her chieftain father to 
 spare the captive's life. Her plea was most eloquent, and Powhatan 
 listened in mute astonishment. When it was finished, and while the 
 sobbing girl was clinging to his knee, her streaming eyes fixed on his, 
 the chief gave the order to unbind the captive and return him to his 
 people. 
 
CHE-CAU-GOU [51 
 
 The story of Wau-kee-nah is another illustration of the bravery 
 of the native Indian girl and the depth and sincerity of Indian 
 friendship. 
 
 The following description is taken from "Wau-kee-nah and Her 
 People/' by Bvt. Brig. Gen. James C. Strong, Veteran Reserve Corps, 
 U.S.A.: 
 
 Wau-kee-nah (signifying "most beautiful") was of the Yakima 
 country, a daughter of one of the chiefs of an Indian tribe. At the 
 age of some fifteen or sixteen years, she entered into the domestic 
 service of the family of Judge Strong, of the United States Court in 
 the State of Oregon. She appeared so unusually intelligent and so 
 perfectly neat withal, it occurred to him that his wife might teach her 
 to be very helpful about the house. In face, form and lissome grace, 
 she was peerless among her race. She lived in the family for many 
 years. When she came to us she presented a striking picture. She 
 was dressed in the usual summer costume of the mountain Indian 
 girl of that section, a costume which disclosed rather than con- 
 cealed her beautiful figure. About her waist was a girdle some two 
 and a half inches in width, and into this was skillfully woven four 
 rows of cords, made from the fibre of bark and roots, which hung 
 down neatly to her knees and constituted her skirt. The only cover- 
 ing from the waist up was her very luxuriant black hair, which not 
 only grew very thick, but hung almost to her knees. 
 
 If to the above be added the daintily embroidered moccasins, 
 which shod her feet, we have the entire costume in which we first 
 saw her. But she had that simple native modesty that saw no 
 impropriety in such a dress." She looked very jaunty and handsome 
 in her native winter costume. This consisted of a pair of leggins made 
 of buckskin, beautifully worked with beads and porcupine quills 
 and fastened around the waist. Over these she wore a skirt, also of 
 buckskin and very elaborately embroidered, which reached a little 
 below the knee, and in shape was not unlike those worn by white 
 girls. The skirt was also heavily fringed around the bottom. The 
 costume was completed by a jacket or waist of embroidered buck- 
 skin, which in cut and shape was almost identical with the surplice 
 waist of our own fashionable ladies of the World's Fair year. It was a 
 very sensible and pretty costume. She was fleet-footed as a deer, and 
 while retaining all the quickness and alertness of the Indian, she 
 soon added to these the grace of a queenly woman. She was an 
 expert in the use of the bow and arrow when she came to us, but 
 knew little of the use of firearms. In those early days in Oregon it 
 was quite necessary that a woman no less than a man, should know 
 how to use the rifle and the revolver, and the ladies frequently 
 joined in the sport, and her keen eye and steady nerve soon made 
 her an expert shot. UN|VERS(Ty Qf 
 
 ILLINOIS LIBRARY 
 
5 2 
 
 CHE-CAU-GOU 
 
 At one time she wounded a deer, which fled to an island in the 
 Columbia river. She was a splendid swimmer. She divested herself 
 
 Wau-Kee-Xah 
 
 of her outer garment, tied her powder horn upon the top of her head 
 with the braids of her luxuriant hair, put some bullets into her 
 mouth, took the rifle in her left hand and plunged into the river. 
 
CHE-CAU-GOU [53 
 
 Not Leander, eager to meet his beautiful Hero on the other side 
 of the Hellespont, ever cleft the waters with stronger or more 
 efficient strokes than did this Indian Diana, swimming after her 
 more humble prize. 
 
 Steadily and quite rapidly she made her way to the island, and 
 after walking a short distance along the bank, she signalled to us 
 that she had found the trail. We waited quite a long time before we 
 heard again the ring of her rifle and then in a few minutes she 
 appeared upon the bank with a glad shout, and told us she had 
 killed the deer. 
 
 The next episode in Wau-kee-nah's life was the rescue of the 
 Judge's little boy from the deep waters of the Columbia. Wau-kee- 
 nah saw the child lose his hold and sink beneath the whirling waters. 
 She did not hesitate for a single instant. Marking with a quick eye 
 the spot where she wanted to strike the water, she plunged headlong 
 into the river to the very bottom, but she did not find the boy . For an 
 instant her brave heart sank within her, as she thought she had 
 made a miscalculation. But it was only for an instant. The eddy had 
 not permitted the boy to sink to the bottom. Wau-kee-nah came to 
 the surface with the child in her arms. This act of Wau-kee-nah's 
 made a very strong impression upon all of us. We fully realized that 
 but for her bravery and alertness, our little household would have 
 been in mourning. 
 
 Wau-kee-nah was always ready for any emergency and her 
 courage was unbounded. It may truthfully be said she was entirely 
 without fear. 
 
 There was one time when she had a thrilling experience. She had 
 started early enough to reach home before dark, but had gone only 
 a little way when she heard the howling of wolves in the woods. 
 As they seemed to be coming in her direction she hurriedly climbed 
 a tree and seated herself upon a limb. It was but a little while before 
 seven large mountain wolves made their appearance under the tree. 
 None of us ever went into the woods in those days without a revolver, 
 and she had not forgotten hers. She made prompt use of it and shot 
 the wolf that seemed to be the leader of the pack; but this did not 
 frighten the others away. They were hungry and they kept prowling 
 around the foot of the tree until it became so dark that she did not 
 dare to come down and continue her journey. She had looked in the 
 chamber of her revolver after she had shot the wolf and found that 
 there were but two shots left, and she wisely concluded that she had 
 better keep those for use in case a panther or a bear should come 
 upon the scene and attempt to climb the tree. There was nothing 
 for her to do then but fix herself to spend the night in the tree. So 
 she climbed further up among the branches until she found a safe 
 
54 J CHE-CAU-GOU 
 
 and comfortable seat, and there settled herself for the night with 
 naught but the hungry wolves and the dismal screech owls to keep 
 her company. 
 
 She heard the baffled wolves many times during the night, 
 sometimes at a distance and sometimes under the tree scenting their 
 dead leader. And thus this lion-hearted girl of eighteen spent the 
 summer night. At daybreak, while stretching her tired limbs into a 
 more comfortable position, she caught sight of another visitor creep- 
 ing through the underbrush towards her tree. The wolves had not 
 been heard for quite a long time, and it took but one quick glance to 
 assure the girl that it was a sleek and sinuous panther that was 
 approaching for this early morning call. Wau-kee-nah glanced at her 
 revolver and saw it was secure in her belt. Then she prepared to give 
 her unbidden guest a warm reception. With but two shots at her 
 command she could not afford to risk the chance of wasting even 
 one of them upon the panther while he was upon the ground. 
 There was no other tree near enough for him to climb and thus 
 spring upon her. He would have to climb her tree, and she must 
 wait until he did it. But she had no notion of letting her unwelcome 
 visitor select the place of meeting. She well knew if he obtained a 
 foothold upon a limb of the tree he could thus spring upon her. 
 Whereas, while climbing the body of the tree he could make no 
 spring. Lightly and very quickly she swung herself down to the 
 lowest limb and planted herself securely thereon, with her head close 
 to the body of the tree, pistol in hand, she waited his coming. She 
 had not long to wait, for the panther wasted no time. As soon as he 
 reached the tree he, catlike, began slowly and cautiously climbing it, 
 while Wau-kee-nah's dark head hung over toward the side on which 
 he came as if to meet him halfway. Their eyes met — the panther's 
 were eager, burning, fascinating — but W 7 au-kee-nah's dark orbs 
 were not disturbed. On came the panther, steadily, cautiously but 
 confidently. He had already covered half the distance between 
 her and the ground, but Wau-kee-nah held her fire. As the brute 
 came still closer and when she could almost have reached down and 
 touched his paw, the girl glanced along her pistol barrel. Her aim 
 was at one of those burning eyes that had not left her own. A shot 
 rang out in the still morning air, and an instant later the panther 
 lay kicking feebly on the ground, while Wau-kee-nah still had one 
 shot left! But there was no need for a second shot. The aim had been 
 true, and the panther soon ceased his struggles. Wau-kee-nah re- 
 mained in the tree until sunrise to make sure there were no more 
 panthers or wolves about; then she came down and soon reached 
 home without further adventure. 
 
 Just prior to the breaking out of the Yakima war in 1856, I 
 was hunting and one night while lying wrapped in my blanket under 
 
CHE-CAU-GOU [55 
 
 a wide-spreading cedar, and not yet asleep, I saw indistinctly some- 
 one approaching me. This nocturnal visitor approaching so noise- 
 lessly and so unexpectedly was Wau-kee-nah. She told me in low 
 tones that her people had determined to take the war-path. The 
 outbreak, she said, was very near at hand; in fact the Yakimas 
 were only waiting the return of the head war-chief, who had gone on 
 a mission to some of the neighboring tribes to get them to join in the 
 war, and that they would begin killing the whites as soon as he 
 came back and that if I remained there I would probably be the first 
 victim. She undertook to rescue me from my imminent though 
 unconscious danger entirely upon her own notion. This simple child 
 of the mountain forest unfolded to me a plan so simple and yet so 
 feasible for my getting away, that when I heard it I wondered why 
 I had not thought of it at once. I saw the Indians holding a long 
 council lasting until into the afternoon before anyone went to bring 
 me a horse, but finally they brought one as I had feigned sickness 
 and having taken the precaution to swallow some tobacco, not only 
 looked sick but felt so. It is needless to say I made good use of the 
 horse and escaped to the river in safety. 
 
 This noble girl had paddled a canoe up the river thirty miles, and 
 then traveled twenty-five miles through the dense forest on foot 
 and alone to save my life. 
 
 This incident, though it is more than usually striking by reason of 
 i ts principal actor being a girl, is but a typical illustration of the depth 
 and sincerity of Indian friendship. It is upon such acts that I found 
 my belief that there does not exist upon the face of the earth a race 
 that is less treacherous, or more true to a friend than the Indian. 
 
CHAPTER III 
 
 MAGIC POWER IN THE RELIGIONS OF THE INDIANS 
 
 AT heart the American Indian, as may be said of most primitive 
 ^ peoples, is essentially a devout person, his sacrifices, his fasts, 
 his fetishes, his ceremonies, being most rigidly adhered to, having 
 predominance over all other matters of merely temporal importance. 
 He acknowledges the existence of a Supreme Being, appeals to Him 
 in matters of importance to himself and his tribe, and expects to 
 spend the life beyond in accordance with his merits. To him, re- 
 ligion as introduced by the whites was no new thing; the dogma 
 was changed, but it was simply a variation of the old theories and 
 theoldceremoniesof his fathers, and in this variation the attraction lay. 
 
 The religious concepts of the Indians may be described in two 
 groups — those that concern the individual, and those that concern the 
 social group, such as tribe and clan. The fundamental concept 
 bearing on the religious life of the individual is the belief in the 
 existence of magic power, which may influence the life of man, and 
 which in turn may be influenced by human activity. In this sense 
 magic power must be understood as the wonderful qualities which 
 are believed to exist in objects, animals, man, spirits, or deities, and 
 which are superior to the natural qualities of man. This idea of 
 magic power is one of the fundamental concepts that occur among 
 all Indian tribes. It is what is called MANITO by the Algonquian 
 tribes; WAKANDA, by the Siouan tribes ORENDA, by the 
 Iroquois; SULIA, by the Salish, NAUALAK, by the Kwakiutl, and 
 TAMANOAS, by the Chinook. Notwithstanding slight differences 
 in the signification of these terms the fundamental notion of all of 
 them is that of a power inherent in the objects of nature which is more 
 potent than the natural powers of man. This idea seems adequately 
 expressed by our term "wonderful;" and it is hardly necessary to 
 introduce an Indian term, as has often been attempted. Among the 
 American terms, the word MANITO, has been most frequently used 
 to express this idea. The degree to which the magic power of nature 
 is individualized differs considerably among various tribes. Although 
 the belief in the powers of inanimate objects is common, we find, in 
 America, that, on the whole, animals, particularly the larger ones, 
 are most frequently considered as possessed of such magic power. 
 Strong anthropomorphic individualization also occurs, which justi- 
 fies us in calling these powers deities. It seems probable that among 
 the majority of tribes, besides the belief in the power of specific ob- 
 jects, a belief in a magic power that is only vaguely localized exists. 
 
CHE-CAU-GOU [57 
 
 In cases where this belief is pronounced, the notion sometimes 
 approaches the concept of a Deity, or of a Great Spirit which is 
 hardly anthropomorphic in its character. This is the case, for 
 instance, among the Tsimshian of British Columbia and among the 
 Algonquian tribes of the Great Lakes, and also in the figure of the 
 Tirawa of the Pawnee. 
 
 As stated before, the whole concept of the world — or, in other 
 words, the mythology of each tribe — enters to a very great extent 
 into their religious concepts and activities. The mythologies are 
 highly specialized in different parts of North America; and, although 
 a large number of myths are the common property of many American 
 tribes, the general view of the world appears to be quite distinct in 
 various parts of the continent. Taking into consideration the conti- 
 nent of America as a whole, we find a type of explanation of the 
 world which is psychologically quite different from the familiar 
 Semitic type. In the Semitic religion eternal existence appeared as 
 an unintelligible problem, and the mind preferred to assume a 
 beginning which was accounted for by transferring the existing 
 world, as it was known by observation, into the thought of a creator, 
 and interpreting the creation as a projection of his thoughts by his 
 will-power into objective existence. The Indian mind, on the other 
 hand, accepts the eternal existence of the world and accounts for its 
 specific form by the assumption that events which once happened 
 in early times settled for once and all the form in which the same 
 kind of event must continue to occur. For instance, when the bear 
 produced the stripes of the chipmunk by scratching its back, this 
 determined that all chipmunks were to have such stripes; or when 
 an ancestor of a clan was taught a certain ceremony, that same 
 ceremony must be performed by all future generations. This idea 
 is not by any means confined to America, but is found among 
 primitive peoples of other continents as well, and occurs even in 
 Semitic cults.* 
 
 As in the Iroquois and other Indian tribes, the Indian could 
 marry more than one wife, but on account of the ease with which 
 any marriage compact could be dissolved, this seldom happened. 
 A missionary was once talking to one of these Indians in regard to 
 the sin of such easy separation and received from him this senten- 
 tious reply: "You marry white woman. She know you have to keep 
 her always, so she scold, scold, scold, and no cook you venison; I 
 marry squaw; she know I leave her if she no good, so she no scold. 
 She cook my venison, and we live long and happy together." 
 
 It was his way of saying that the chain galls least that binds 
 most lightly. 
 
 *Indian Affairs, Bureau of Ethnology 
 
CHAPTER IV 
 
 THE LAST OF THE MOHICANS 
 
 AFTER the arrival of Columbus in the West Indies, colonization 
 -of America set in all along the Atlantic coast from Maine to 
 Florida. There were settlements of the Puritans in Massachusetts, 
 the Dutch in New York, the Quakers in Pennsylvania, the English 
 in Virginia, the Huegenots in Carolina, the Spaniards in Florida, 
 the French in New Orleans, the Germans, the Swedes and the Finns 
 elsewhere, and all seeking land to take it away from the Indians, who 
 originally held possession of all from the Atlantic to the Pacific, and 
 quite naturally considered themselves the rightful owners thereof. 
 
 The incoming whites, however, claimed ownership by right of 
 discovery, and asserted such right by force of arms whenever nec- 
 essary. There was much contention between the Indians themselves, 
 and much warfare and many tribal battles occurred. 
 
 To quarrel and fight is common with nations, tribes, families, 
 and individuals, whether in savage or civilized life, whether pre- 
 historic or today, and probably will continue until the millennium 
 comes or universal pacifism exists. 
 
 The following is a list of expeditions, troubles and disturbances 
 in the United States, 1782-1898: 
 
 1782-1787 — Wyoming Valley war in Pennsylvania. 
 
 1790-1795 — War with the Northwest Indians; Mingoe, Miami, 
 Wyandot, Delawares, Potawatomi, Shawnee, Chippewa, and 
 Ottawa, September 19, 1790, to August 3, 1795. Included are Har- 
 mar's and St. Clair's bloody defeats and Wayne's victory at Fallen 
 Timbers, which compelled peace. 
 
 1 8 1 1 — War with the Indians in Indiana, September 21 to 
 November 18, 181 1. General Harrison defeated the Confederate 
 tribes at Tippecanoe, Indiana. 
 
 181 2 — Florida or Seminole war, August 15 to October, 18 12. 
 Spanish Florida invaded by Georgia Militia under General Newman, 
 and the Seminole under King Payne, defeated. These disturbances 
 never ceased until Florida was ceded by Spain to the United States. 
 In fact, one band of Seminole was never conquered and reside in 
 Florida to this day. 
 
 1 8 13 — Peoria Indian war in Illinois, September 19 to October 21. 
 
 1 8 13-18 14 — Creek Indian war in Alabama, Georgia, Mississippi, 
 and Tennessee, July 27, 18 13, to August 9, 18 14. It was in this war 
 that General Andrew Jackson first attracted attention as a com- 
 
CHE-CAU-GOU [59 
 
 mander. He defeated the Creeks in a bloody engagement at Talla- 
 dega, November 9, 18 13; at Emuckfau, January 22, 1814; at 
 Enotochopco, January 24, and finally at the Horseshoe Bend of the 
 Tallapoosa River, March 27, 1814, which humbled the Creek pride 
 completely. At this battle 750 Creeks were killed or drowned, and 
 201 whites were killed or wounded. In this war the brave Creeks lost 
 2,000 warriors. Ten years afterward the tribe still numbered 22,000. 
 
 1 8 1 7-1 8 1 8 — Seminole Indian war in Georgia and Florida, Novem- 
 ber 20, 1817 to October 31, 1818. It was during this war that Jackson 
 took possession of the Spanish territory. He seized St. Marks and 
 Pensacola, Florida, hanged two Englishmen, Arbuthnot and Am- 
 brister, for inciting the Indians to hostilities, and brought the 
 Indians to terms. 
 
 1823 — Campaign against Arickaree Indians, upper Missouri 
 River. 
 
 1827 — Fever River expedition against the Indians in Illinois. 
 
 1827 — Winnebago expedition, Wisconsin, June 28 to September 
 27, 1827; also called La Fevre Indian war. 
 
 1 83 1 — Sac and Fox Indian war in Illinois, June and July. 
 
 1832 — Black Hawk Indian war, April 26 to September 30, 1832, 
 in Illinois and Wisconsin. Black Hawk escaped from General 
 Atkinson, but surrendered at Prairie du Chien, August 27, 1832. He 
 was taken to Washington to see the "Great Father/' and ever 
 afterward lived at peace with the whites. He was but a chief of a 
 secondary band. He settled upon the Des Moines River, in Iowa, 
 where he died October 3, 1838. 
 
 1834 — Pawnee expedition in the Indian Territory, June to 
 September. 
 
 1 835-1 836 — The Toledo war, or Ohio and Michigan boundary 
 dispute. 
 
 1 835-1842 — Florida or Seminole Indian war in Florida, Georgia, 
 and Alabama, December 8, 1835, to August 14, 1842. 
 
 1 836-1 837 — Sabine or Southwestern Indian disturbance in 
 Louisiana, April 1836, to April, 1837. 
 
 1 836-1 837 — Creek disturbances in Alabama, May 5, 1836, to 
 September 30, 1837. 
 
 1836 — Heatherly Indian troubles on Missouri and Iowa line, 
 July to November. 
 
 1 836-1 838 — Cherokee disturbances and removal to the Indian 
 Territory. 
 
 1837 — Osage Indian war in Missouri. 
 
60 ] CHE-CAU-GOU 
 
 1 847-1848 — -Cavuse Indian war in Oregon, December, 1847 to 
 July, 1848. 
 
 1 849-1 855 — Texas and New Mexico Indian war. 
 
 1 849-1 855 — Apache, Navajo, and Utah war. 
 
 1 849-186 1 — Navajo troubles in New Mexico. 
 
 1 849-1 861 — Continuous disturbances with Comanche, Cheyenne, 
 Lipan, and Kickapoo Indians in Texas. 
 
 1850 — Pit River expedition, California, April 28 to September 
 13, 1850. 
 
 1 850-1 853 — Utah Indian disturbances. 
 
 1851-1852 — California Indian disturbances. 
 
 1 851-1856 — Rogue River Indian war in Oregon, June 17 to July 
 3, 1 851; August 8 to September, 1853; March to June, 1856. 
 
 18^4 — -Oregon Indian war in Oregon, August and September, 
 1854. 
 
 1855 — -Yakima expedition, Washington Territory, October 11 to 
 November 24, 1855. Commanded by Maj. Gabriel J. Rains, after- 
 ward a Confederate general. Composed of a small body of regulars 
 and a regiment of mounted Oregon troops. The expedition was a 
 failure. The following year, under command of Col. Geo. Wright, 
 U. S. A., better success was had against the Indian allies, and peace 
 subsequently compelled. Lieutenant Sheridan, afterward lieutenant- 
 general, greatly distinguished himself at the Cascades. 
 
 1855 — Klamath and Salmon River Indian war in Oregon and 
 Idaho, January to March. 
 
 1855 — Winna's expedition against Snake Indians, Oregon, May 
 24 to September 8. 
 
 1 855-1 856 — -Sioux expedition, Nebraska Territory, April 3, 1855, 
 to July 27, 1856. 
 
 18^5-1856 — Cheyenne and Arapaho troubles. 
 
 185 <-i 8^8 — Florida Indian war, December k, 1855, to May 8, 
 1858." 
 
 1857 — Sioux Indian troubles in Minnesota and Iowa, March 
 and April, 1857. 
 
 1858 — Expedition against northern Indians, Washington Terri- 
 tory, July 17 to October 17. 
 
 1858 — Spokane, Coeur d'Alene, and Paloos Indian troubles. 
 
 1858 — Navajo expedition, New Mexico, September 9 to De- 
 cember 2;. 
 
 1 858-1 8^9 — Wichita expedition, Indian Territory, September 11, 
 1858, to December, 1859. 
 
CHE-CAU-GOU [ 6 1 
 
 1859 — Colorado River expedition, California, February n to 
 April 28. 
 
 1859 — Pecos expedition, Texas, April 16 to August 17. 
 
 i860 — Kiowa and Comanche expedition, Indian Territory, 
 May 8 to October 11. 
 
 1860-1861 — Navajo expedition, New Mexico, September 12, 
 i860, to February 24, 1861. 
 
 1861-1864 — Campaign against the Cheyenne Indians. 
 
 1 862-1 863 — Sioux Indian war in Minnesota and Dakota. The 
 Sioux killed upwards of i,coo settlers in Minnesota. They were 
 pursued by Generals Sibley and Sulley, with about 5,000 men, 
 scattering in Dakota. The operations against them were successful. 
 Over 1,000 Indians were made prisoners, and 39 of the murderers 
 were hanged after a fair trial. In 1863 the Minnesota Sioux were 
 removed to Dakota. 
 
 1 863-1869 — War against the Cheyenne, Arapaho, Kiowa, and 
 Comanche Indians in Kansas, Nebraska, Colorado, and Indian 
 Territory. 
 
 1 865-1 868 — Campaign against Indians in southern Oregon, 
 Idaho, and northern California. 
 
 1 867-1 869 — Campaign against Indians in Kansas, Colorado, and 
 Indian Territory. 
 
 1 867-1 88 1 — Campaign against Lipan, Kiowa, Kickapoo, and 
 Comanche Indians, and Mexican border disturbances. 
 
 1874 — -Sioux expedition, Wyoming and Nebraska, February 13 
 to August. 
 
 1 872-1873 — Modoc Indian war in Oregon and California, Novem- 
 ber 22, 1872, to October 3, 1873. 
 
 1873 — Campaign againts Apache Indians in Arizona and New 
 Mexico. 
 
 1 874-1 875 — Campaign against Kiowa, Cheyenne, and Comanche 
 Indians in Indian Territory, August 1, 1874, to February 16, 1875. 
 
 1875 — Expedition against Indians in eastern Nevada, September 
 7 to 27. 
 
 1 876-1 877 — Big Horn and Yellowstone expeditions, W 7 yoming 
 and Montana, February 17, 1876, to June 13, 1877. Three converging 
 expeditions under Generals Gibbon, Custer, and Terry were sent 
 against the hostile Sioux who had previously repulsed General 
 Crook in the Little Big Horn country. Custer divided his command 
 when in the vicinity of the Indians, and he with 250 of his men were 
 surrounded and killed to a man by at least some 3,000 Sioux war- 
 riors. The bands of Sitting Bull, Crazy Horse, and other hostiles 
 
62 ] CHE-CAU-GOU 
 
 afterward fled into Canada, and from whence they did not return 
 for some years. Eventually all came into the agencies. 
 
 1 876-1 879 — War with Northern Cheyenne Indians in Indian 
 Territory, Kansas, Wyoming, Dakota, Nebraska, and Montana. 
 
 1877 — Nez Perce Indian war in Utah, May 14 to October 1. 
 
 1878 — Bannock Indian war in Idaho, Washington Territory, 
 and Wyoming Territory. 
 
 1878 — Bannock and Piute campaign, May 30 to September 4. 
 
 1 878-1 879 — Campaign against Cheyenne Indians in Dakota and 
 Montana. 
 
 1879 — Ute expedition, Colorado, April 3 to September 9. 
 
 1879 — Snake or Sheepeater Indian troubles, Idaho, August to 
 October. 
 
 1879 — White River campaign against Ute Indians in Utah and 
 Colorado, September 29 to October 5. 
 
 1 890-1 891 — Sioux Indian disturbances in South Dakota, Novem- 
 ber, 1890, to January, 1891. 
 
 1898 — Chippewa Indian disturbances, Leech Lake, October. 
 
 Our Indian wars are apparently a thing of the past, but the record 
 shows that they were going on pretty constantly for over 100 years. 
 
 The increasing arrivals of the whites, and their superior intelli- 
 gence in methods of warfare drove the Indians back and eventually 
 confined to limited reservations, those who were not killed. 
 
 Much land was obtained through negotiating treaties with the 
 Indians to move off to special reservations. By the treaty of Green- 
 ville in 1795, six square miles, where the site of Chicago was Located, 
 was given up, the Indians agreeing to take three cents an acre. But 
 it was sixty-three years afterward that the Indians received their pay. 
 
 But to the vast area of lands to the Mississippi they did not give 
 up until 1833, and then were ordered removed to their reservation 
 in the Indian Territory. In 1835 tne Y were P a ^ ^ or tne ^ ast time m 
 Chicago, their annuity. When they sold their lands, some of the 
 Chiefs agreed that they would move to Kansas in 1838 with their 
 people, and now when the time approached, all were notified to 
 move; including Chief Menominee and Chief Pokagon. After the 
 order had been received it was discussed in Council. Menominee, 
 then a stately man of seventy, arose and with commanding dignity 
 delivered an oration in the peculiar Indian manner. He refused to 
 obey. 
 
 "Members of the Council : The President does not know the truth. 
 He, like me, has been imposed upon. He does not know that you 
 
CHE-CAU-GOU [63 
 
 made my young Chiefs drunk and got their consent and pretended 
 to get mine. He does not know that I have refused to sell my lands, 
 and still refuse. He would not, by force, drive me from my home, 
 the graves of my tribe, and of my children who have gone to the 
 Great Spirit, nor allow you to tell me your braves would take me 
 tied like a dog, if he knew the truth. My brother, the President, is 
 just, but he listens to the word of your Chiefs, who have lied, and when 
 he knows the truth he will leave me to my own. I have not sold my 
 lands! I will not sell them! I have not signed any treaty! And I will 
 not sign any! I am not going to leave my lands! And I don't want to 
 hear anything more about it!" 
 
 But nevertheless, Governor Wallace called out volunteers and 
 marched the Indians by force to Kansas. 
 
 J. Fenimore Cooper, in his book "The Last of the Mohicans" 
 closes with these words: "In the midst of the awful stillness with 
 which such a burst of feeling, coming as it did from the two most 
 renowned warriors of that region, was received, Tamenund lifted his 
 voice to disperse the multitude: 
 
 u c It is enough,' he said. 'Go, children of the Lanape, the anger of 
 the Manitou is not done. Why should Tamenund stay ? The pale-faces 
 are masters of the earth, and the time of the red men has not yet 
 come again. My day has been too long. 
 
 " Tn the morning I saw the sons of Unamis happy and strong; 
 and yet, before the night has come, have I lived to see the last 
 warrior of the wise race of the Mohicans.' " 
 
CHAPTER V 
 
 < y EDUCATION AND CITIZENSHIP 
 
 "^JEARLY a century has elapsed since the United States Govern- 
 ^ ^ ment established the Bureau of Indian Affairs to protect the 
 dependents and wards of the nation, and mete out some degree of 
 justice to those originally possessed of the land. On June 30, 1923, 
 there was an Indian population of 344,303, of which 803 were 
 Pottawatomi at the Pottawatomi agency in Kansas, 379 Pottawa- 
 tomi at Leona in Wisconsin, a few other Pottawatomi in Michigan 
 not under agency, and 2,227 citizen Pottawatomi in Oklahoma. 
 
 Two hundred and twenty-nine Indian schools have been estab- 
 lished. Among the leading ones is the United States Vocational 
 School at Phoenix, Arizona, and the Sherman Institute at Riverside, 
 California. Ceramic art and industries, metal, wood, root, fibre and 
 seed crafts have been studied, as well as animal industries. 
 
 In educating the Indians, the fact is more and more recognized, 
 that the Indian, in his tribal state, was not without a system of 
 education suited to his needs. The young men were trained in ad- 
 venture, endurance, and skill. The young women were trained in 
 making the camp and in keeping it in order, in providing fuel, and 
 in tanning and dressing skins and making them into articles of 
 clothing. In other words, the Indian youth was taught the things 
 he needed to know in order to protect himself and to provide for 
 his physical needs with due regard to the prevailing conditions of 
 his environment. While the chief aim of his education was to enable 
 him to get a living, just as the chief aim of our education is to give 
 us knowledge and the ability to make a living, still we should not 
 overlook the fact that the Indians' system of education did not 
 neglect cultural training. His tribal ceremonies, tribal lore, tribal 
 art, tribal handicrafts, and his native music are all evidences of his 
 appreciation of the cultural side of life. While he constantly empha- 
 sized the individualistic point of view, he also pursued cultural 
 occupations for the satisfaction they afforded; he developed skill and 
 courage for the purpose of advancing his personal standing in the 
 tribe; and he acquired a knowledge of tribal ceremonies for the sake 
 of individual salvation and influence over others. 
 
 This individual aim of education was necessarily narrow and 
 selfish. It tended to subordinate the welfare of the whole to the 
 advancement of the individual. The progress of the tribe as a whole 
 was not definitely planned and sought. The Indian under his tribal 
 organization did not reach the state of conscious evolution. He was 
 
CHE-CAU-GOU [65 
 
 content to pursue the even tenor of his way with little thought of 
 social progress or efficiency. 
 
 In our policy of absorbing the Indian into the body politic of the 
 Nation, the aim of his education must be broad enough to include 
 both the welfare of the individual and the good of society. We must 
 also take into account the development of those abilities with which 
 he is peculiarly endowed and which have come down to him as a 
 racial heritage — his religion, art, deftness of hand, and his sensitive, 
 esthetic temperament. 
 
 The course of study for Indian schools provides, through its 
 prevocational and vocational courses, for educating the Indian 
 youth along practical lines. The best part of all human knowledge 
 has come through the five senses — the sense of sight, hearing, 
 taste, smell, and touch — and the most important part of education 
 has always been the training of those senses through which that 
 best part of knowledge comes. The faculty of accurate observation, 
 the acquisition of skill in doing, and the habit of careful observation, 
 reflection, and measured reasoning are best acquired through the 
 proper training of the senses. The opportunity enjoyed by the man 
 on a farm for training eye, ear, and mind; the discipline and motor 
 training of the fundamental trades, such as those of the carpenter, 
 blacksmith, mason, painter, plumber, etc., for boys; and practical 
 courses in domestic science, domestic art, housekeeping, hospital 
 nursing, etc., for girls, are recognized by the leading educators of 
 the day as affording the best training possible for secondary schools, 
 and they are characteristic features of the curriculum for Indian 
 schools. 
 
 The Hon. Franklin K. Lane, Secretary of the Interior, says, 
 "Adaptation to new environment comes from education through 
 experience," and for the Indians "the way out, is gradually and 
 wisely to put the Indian out." And a civilized Yakima Indian says, 
 "We will never better our conditions whilewe are wards of the nation!" 
 
 So by all means get them out! 
 
 Office of Indian Affairs 
 Bulletin 20. (1922) 
 
 INDIAN CITIZENSHIP 
 
 The Act of April 9, 1866 (14 Stat. L., 27), new section 1992 of the 
 United States Revised Statutes provides that "All persons born in 
 the United States and not subject to any foreign power, excluding 
 Indians not taxed, are declared to be citizens of the United States." 
 
 The question of citizenship is as a general rule an individual 
 one to determine which the facts in each particular case must be 
 considered. There are a number of different ways by which Indians 
 
66] CHE-CAU-GOU 
 
 have become or may now become citizens. Some of the most im- 
 portant are as follows: 
 
 1. Treaty Provision — In some of the treaties or agreements 
 with certain tribes of Indians, provision was made whereby Indians 
 desiring to become citizens might become such by complying with 
 certain prescribed formalities somewhat similar to those required of 
 aliens. For example, see Articles 13, 17, and 28 of the Treaty of 
 February 23, 1867, with various bands or tribes of Indians (15 
 Stat. L., 513). 
 
 2. Allotment Under the Act of February 8, 1887 — In the 
 Act of February 8, 1887 (24 Stat., 388) Congress provided for the 
 allotment of land to the Indians in severalty and in Section 6 thereof, 
 declared that Indians so allotted should become citizens of the United 
 States and of the State in which they reside. (See the language of 
 the Act.) 
 
 3. Issuance of Patent in Fee Simple — In the Act of May 8, 
 1906 (34 Stat., 182), Congress amended the Act of February 8, 1887, 
 so as to postpone citizenship on Indians thereafter allotted until 
 after a patent in fee simple had been issued to said Indians. Provision 
 was also made whereby patent in fee might be issued by the Secre- 
 tary of the Interior to competent Indians before the expiration of the 
 twenty-five year trust period. Therefore Indians whose trust 
 patents are dated subsequent to May 8, 1906, and who have also 
 received patents in fee simple have become citizens under said Act 
 of May 8, 1906. 
 
 4. Adopting Habits of Civilized Life — Section 6 of the Act of 
 February 8, 1887, both before and after its amendment of May 8, 
 1906, provided: "That every Indian born within the territorial 
 limits of the United States who has voluntarily taken up within said 
 limits his residence, separate and apart from any tribe of Indians 
 therein; and has adopted the habits of civilized life is hereby de- 
 clared to be a citizen of the United States, and is entitled to all the 
 rights, privileges, and immunities of such citizens, whether said 
 Indian has been or not, by birth or otherwise, a member of any 
 tribe of Indians within the territorial limits of the United States, 
 without in any manner impairing or otherwise affecting the rights 
 of any such Indian to tribal or other property." 
 
 5. Minor Children — The Solicitor of this department has held 
 that where Indian parents became citizens upon allotment, their 
 minor children became citizens with them, and that children born 
 subsequent thereto were born to citizenship. 
 
 6. Citizenship by Birth — (a) An Indian child born in the 
 United States of citizen Indian parents is born to citizenship. 
 
CHE-CAU-GOU [67 
 
 (b) Legitimate children born of an Indian woman and a white 
 citizen father are born to citizenship. 
 
 7. Soldiers and Sailors — Congress in the Act of November 
 6, 1919, provided that Indian soldiers and sailors who served in the 
 recent World War and who have been honorably discharged may be 
 granted citizenship by courts of competent jurisdiction. (See Circu- 
 lars Nos. 1587 and 1618.) 
 
 8. Marriage — The Act of August 9, 1888 (25 Stat. L., 392), 
 provided that Indian women who married citizens of the United 
 States thereby become citizens of the United States. This provision 
 is apparently inconsistent with the Act of September 22, 1922, and 
 would probably be held to have been repealed by the latter Act, 
 though specifically mentioned therein. Marriages coming within the 
 Act of August 9, 1888, and consummated before the passage of the 
 Act of September 22, 1922, would not, of course, be affected by the 
 later Act. 
 
 9. Special Act of Congress — Sometimes Congress makes pro- 
 vision for a particular tribe of Indians or a particular group of 
 Indians to become citizens. For instance: 
 
 (a) In the Act of March 3, 1901 (31 Stat. L., 1447), provision was 
 made for the extension of citizenship to the Indians in the "Indian 
 Territory" by amending Section 6 of the Act of February 8, 1887 
 (24 Stat. L., 388). It should be observed, however, that in the Act 
 of May 8, 1906 (34 Stat. L., 182), amending said Section 6, the 
 language, "and every Indian in the Indian Territory," was not 
 included. 
 
 (b) In the Act of March 3, 1921 (41 Stat. L., 1249-50), citizen- 
 ship was extended to all members of the Osage Tribe of Indians. 
 
 The above is not intended to be a complete list of the acts of 
 Congress involving the citizenship of Indians, as there are a number 
 of other laws including those affecting particular tribes, but it is 
 believed the foregoing list or statement is sufficient to give a general 
 idea of the main principles or rules involved in the determination of 
 whether or not a particular Indian is a citizen. 
 
PART III 
 
 THE FOUNDING OF A CITY AND HER 
 MAGICAL GROWTH 
 
CHAPTER I 
 
 THE BABY IS BORN AND CHE-CAU-GOU WAS HER NAME 
 
 BEFORE the city was founded it was given the name of Che-cau- 
 gou by the Illinois Indians, the same parent stem as the Miami. 
 This name was also given quite indiscriminately to the three great 
 rivers, as Divine rivers, to the Mississippi, the Illinois, and the Ohio. 
 It is derived from Ka-gou, something great, with the prefix get-che. 
 It was also given to a noted Sac chief or "he that stands by the tree." 
 The following is a list meaning the same, but well differentiated 
 in the spelling: 
 
 Che- 
 
 ca- gow 
 
 Che- 
 
 ca- gou 
 
 Che- 
 
 ca- gu 
 
 Che- 
 
 ka- gou 
 
 She- 
 
 gaw-go 
 
 She- 
 
 gog-ong 
 
 Chu- 
 
 ca- goa 
 
 Chu- 
 
 ca- gua 
 
 Chi- 
 
 ka- gu 
 
 Chi- 
 
 ka- gou 
 
 Chi- 
 
 ca- gu 
 
 Chi- 
 
 co- gue 
 
 Chi- 
 
 ca- gua 
 
 Choc- 
 
 ca- go 
 
 Chi- 
 
 cau-gou 
 
 Chi- 
 
 ca- gou 
 
 d finally resulting in 
 
 
 CHI- 
 
 CA- GO 
 
 I find no foundation for the story that Che-cau-gou was synony- 
 mous with She-kung, a skunk, or in the Ojibway language, skunk- 
 weed, garlic or wild onion. This animal and the strong-smelling 
 vegetables may have been powerful in odor, but not Ka-gou, great. 
 
 The Miami were the original population in 1699, an( ^ now manv 
 centuries back of that we do not know, but what was left of them in 
 1840 were removed to the reservation in Kansas. Tradition has it 
 that a tribe of Indians, the Mascoutens, were the first people that 
 camped out on the site of Chicago, quite probably in a nomadic 
 manner. They originally lived beyond the Mississippi and some 
 claim their home was once on the shores of the Pacific. 
 
7 2 J CHE-CAU-GOU 
 
 In 1779, the first "white man" settled in Chicago, but he was a 
 negro, or rather a mulatto, Baptiste Point De Saible, from San 
 Domingo, who came up from what how is Peoria, and erected the 
 first cabin at Che-cau-gou. He was "a trader, pretty wealthy and 
 drank freely." He occupied this cabin for sixteen years and sold 
 it to La Mai in 1796. In 1804 La Mai sold it to John Kinzie (who in 
 1800 was stationed at St. Joseph, Michigan), who lived there until 
 1827, except in 1812 to 1816, during the destruction and rebuilding 
 of Fort Dearborn. The original fort was built in 1803 by Capt. 
 Whistler, who ordered his company from Detroit. When he arrived 
 there, there were only four cabins (La Mai, Ouilmette, Pettitt, and 
 Wm. Burnett). 
 
 Under the Treaty of Greenville, Aug. 3, 1795, signed by Gen. 
 Wayne at Fort Wayne, which remained unbroken until 181 1, when 
 the battle of Tippecanoe was won by General Harrison, there was 
 ceded "One piece of land 54 miles square at the mouth of Chicago 
 River, emptying into the southwest end of Lake Michigan, where a 
 fort formerly stood," by the Pottawatomi, a warlike race of Indians, 
 who came in canoes from the north, and drove out the Miami and 
 the Illinois, who were defeated at Starved Rock. 
 
CHAPTER II 
 
 THE WINDY TRADING POST 
 
 BECOMES A PRAIRIE CITY AND CHANGES 
 
 HER COGNOMEN TO CHICAGO 
 
 IT WAS not because of the prevailing freshness of Lake 
 Michigan breezes, or of the wide-sweeping, health-giving 
 streams of ozone over the flat and billowy prairies of Illinois, 
 that gave Chicago the name of the "Windy City." 
 
 When the smug Puritan Yankees of Boston and the broad- 
 brimmed Quakers of Philadelphia, in their long rows of two- 
 story brick houses, learned in 1832 that an old frontier trading 
 post at "Che-cau-gou," had expanded from the one cabin of 
 John Kinzie with five persons, to the full fledged town Chicago 
 with five or six log houses, and an army stockade, dubbed Fort 
 Dearborn, with real soldiers and guns, and with a combined 
 population of 350, a gain in five years of 700 per cent, they 
 wouldn't believe it, and this they charged as all braggadocio 
 and wind, but the breezes have kept up with the onrush of 
 immigration, trade and traffic, although quite to the astonish- 
 ment of this Indian, I, Onkwe Ganinwari, who makes affidavit 
 as Grand Sachem of the Pottawatomi, that it was more than 
 "windy," in short it was howling mad. 
 
 Civic authority at the Trading Post began in 1823, when 
 it was part of Fulton County, in the southern part of Illinois. 
 In 1825 it became detached and then belonged to Peoria 
 County, in the central part of the state. Later it belonged to 
 Cook County, which was newly organized in 1831. 
 
 The Illinois and Michigan Canal Company obtained its 
 land grant, and the commissioners were authorized to lay out 
 the Original Town of Chicago, which was platted August 4, 
 1830, as section nine, which was just north of school section 16, 
 and the Fort Dearborn Settlement disappeared. 
 
 The first United States Post-office was established in 1830. 
 The first election of Trustees was held August 10, 1833, 28 
 electors voting, of whom 13 ran for office! 
 
 The United States Indian Agency was established in 18 16, 
 John Kinzie sole agent. He was the Father of Chicago. He 
 died January 6, 1828, and is buried in Graceland Cemetery. 
 The Massacre of Fort Dearborn occurred August 15, 18 12, 
 when the Fort was evacuated. 
 
74 ] CHE-CAU-GOU 
 
 Chicago became a City March 4, 1837. It consisted of 
 six wards, with a total vote of 709, no women eligible for voting. 
 Wm. B. Ogden was its first Mayor. In 1844 was published the 
 first City Directory; in it were the names of 33 Smiths, 19 Browns, 
 18 Johnsons, 12 Jones, 7 Kings, 5 Youngs, 4 Murphys, 1 Sheriff, 
 1 Shoemaker, 1 Leg, 1 Lawless, 1 Row, 1 Rattle, 1 Tarbox, 1 Tew, 
 1 Snook, 1 Vial, 1 Yard, 1 Winegar, 1 Wiggins, 1 Waughop, 1 Too- 
 good, 1 Sofftze, 1 Zigler, 1 Van Drezar, 1 Van Sickle, 1 Landerviner, 
 1 Kantenburgher, 1 Brooksoponedt and 1 Kennekerbacker! 
 
 Among the distinguished pioneers, the following names are con- 
 spicuous either for their well established industries, their great 
 wealth, for those early days, their legal lore, their political promi- 
 nence, or common popularity: 
 
 Wm. B. Ogden, First Mayor. 
 
 "Long John" Wentworth, Ex-Mayor 
 
 Hon. Isaac N. Arnold, M. C. 
 
 John H. Kinzie, Indian Agent. 
 
 Archibald Clybourne, Butcher. 
 
 Silas B. Cobb, Harnessmaker. 
 
 Charles Cleaver, Candlemaker. 
 
 Isaac Cook, Post Master. 
 
 George Smith, Scotch Banker. 
 
 Jonathan Young Scammon, Lawyer. 
 
 Mark Skinner, Attorney. 
 
 Horatio O. Stone, Real Estate. 
 
 Mahlon D. Ogden, Real Estate. 
 
 Buckner S. Morris, Rebel Sympathizer. 
 
 A. N. Fullerton, built Fullerton Block. 
 
 Ezekiel and James M. Morison, Carpenters. 
 
 Julian P. Rumsey, Grain Merchant. 
 
 Philetus W. Gates, Manufacturer. 
 
 P. F. W. Peck, Capitalist. 
 
 Norman B. Judd, Philo Carpenter, Orson Smith, Grant Goodrich 
 
 and Hugh T. Dickey, Public Spirited Citizens. 
 
CHAPTER III 
 
 THF. PORTAGE BECOMES A RAGING CANAL AND LATER ON KICKS 
 THE TRACES AND FLOWS BACKWARD 
 
 THE Portage at the mouth of the river was called by Chevalier 
 La Salle, the great explorer, the channel, being in fact our little 
 Chicago River, which had its source just east of the Des Plaines 
 which ran into the Illinois. The land portion of this so'called portage 
 was very short and quite low, so that in an overflow of the Des 
 Plaines, the waters thereof would break through and run into the 
 Chicago river, and thence into Lake Michigan. 
 
 At one time a disastrous overflow did occur, which increased the 
 waters of the little river many fold, and caused volumes of filth and 
 sewage to spread out into the lake, thus endangering the city's water 
 supply that came through the lake cribs, although distant from the 
 shore four miles or more. 
 
 Thereupon Chicago determined to make that pesky little river 
 flow backward and to send the whole current down the Illinois and 
 Michigan Canal past Lockport and Joliet to the Illinois River, and 
 into the Mississippi. The old pumping works were thrown out, and 
 the lake water is now flowing unimpeded to St. Louis and beyond, at 
 the rate of 10,000 gallons a second. But it cost $40,000,000 to do it — a 
 mere bagetelle, when compared with its value for health, and for 
 unrestricted navigation for ships, tugs, and canal boats. 
 
CHAPTER IV 
 
 CIVIL WAR, PANICS, BIG FIRES, RIOTS AXD STRIKES 
 RUFFLE HER CHILDHOOD 
 
 /^HICAGO was a pretty precocious youngster, and just when she 
 ^-^ emerged from childhood is quite uncertain. But the very year 
 she became a city, the terrible Panic of 1837 occurred and twenty 
 years afterwafds, the greater one of 1857. From the first, the re- 
 covery was slow; from the second, she had a stimulus in the great 
 Civil War, i86i-6<, which brought on an inflated currency, high 
 prices, and for the time, apparent prosperity, but some won and 
 more lost in these tumultuous uncertainties. 
 
 But the Great Fire of 1871 almost put an end to her; the whole 
 world almost, rushed to her assistance, so she revived, and pushed 
 ahead with renewed pluck and courage. 
 
 Then came the strikes of the teamsters, the railroad men, the 
 barbers, thebutchersand bakers and the candlestick-makers, all under 
 the supposed beneficent rule of the American Federation of Labor, 
 who foster closed shop monopolies and upset the law of supply and 
 demand, and ride roughshod over the rights of the innocent public. 
 
 Then came racial riots "for a little fun now and then, "which were 
 quickly subdued by the good behavior of our leading gentlemen of 
 color, and an efficient police. 
 
 If now, the pavroll robbers, the labor sluggers, and gun toters, 
 the beer runners and the bootleggers, the kidnapers and the 
 criminal classes generally can be quieted, or what is better, cleaned 
 out of the city, peace and tranquillity will prevail and no longer 
 ruffle the temper of our good people. Even the wild heckling of La 
 Follette will pass unnoticed. 
 
CHAPTER V 
 
 SHE EMERGES FROM THE GLOOM AND WITH "i WILL" 
 AS HER SLOGAN MARCHES AHEAD 
 
 THE next period of our history dates from the Chicago Fire of 1 87 1 . 
 It is the period of some modern "Three R's" and more fully 
 stated, Resuscitation, Renaissance, Rebuilding. This period culmi- 
 nated in that wonderful achievement, the World's Columbian 
 Exposition at Jackson Park in 1893. 
 
 W. D. Kerfoot built the first office structure in the Loop district 
 before the ashes of the ruins had fairly cooled. It was a one-story 
 frame shanty of one room! A sign over the entrance read: "Every- 
 thing gone, except wife, children and energy." The City of Chicago 
 echoed this sentiment in the slogan "I Will" and she is still acting 
 upon it with unabated courage and efficiency. 
 
CHAPTER VI 
 
 SOME FAMOUS PEOPLE OF THE TOWN 
 
 I 
 
 WILLIAM BUTLER OGDEN was the first Mayor of Chicago, 
 born June 15, 1805, in the village of Walton, on the Delaware 
 River, in Delaware County, New York. The story was told by Hon. 
 
 William Butler Ogden 
 
 Isaac N. Arnold, M. C, that a lady born to affluence, but reduced to 
 poverty, asked Mr. Odgen how her sons could hope to earn a living. 
 His reply was: ''Madame, don't have the least concern. If your sons 
 are healthy, and willing to work, they will find enough to do, and if 
 
CHE-CAU-GOU L79 
 
 they cannot begin at the top let them begin at the bottom, and very 
 likely they will be all the better for it. I was born close by a sawmill, 
 was early left an orphan, was cradled in a sugar trough, christened 
 in a millpond, graduated at a log school house and at fourteen 
 fancied I could do anything I turned my hand to, and that 
 nothing was impossible, and ever since, Madame, I have been trying 
 to prove it, and with some success." Mr. Ogden was a man of 
 education, intelligence, and refinement, of noble character and com- 
 manding abilities, of broad and enlightened views, of unflinching 
 courage, coolness in times of danger, rare presence of mind in 
 emergencies, decision, a constitution of iron, great physical strength, 
 executive power of a high order, a bold spirit, and unerring sagacity, 
 a faith in his own judgment, and an unbending will to carry through 
 to completion and against all opposition, anything he undertook. 
 
 He was of courtly and polished manners, one of those sympathic 
 natures that brought gladness into every circle he entered. His smile 
 was like the sunshine to the landscape. He developed and brought 
 into action whatever was good in those with whom he associated. 
 His nature was an inspiration and a stimulant. He brightened the 
 path of everyone with whom he walked. No one entered his presence 
 who was not made happier, and made to think better of themselves 
 and of others, of life and humanity. 
 
 John Wentworth was a famous Mayor of Chicago, several times 
 Member of Congress, a Police Commissioner, Member of the Board 
 of Education, Editor for twenty-five years of the Chicago Democrat, 
 an LL. D., and with a height of six feet four inches, and a weight of 
 three hundred pounds, quite well entitled to the name of "Long 
 John." He was born March 5, 1 815, at Sandwich, Strafford County, 
 New Hampshire; graduated at Dartmouth College in 1831, and the 
 same year, on October 25, arrived in Chicago. His grandfather was a 
 member of the Continental Congress and bore the name of John 
 Wentworth, Junior. He was a statesman and an astute politician. 
 His famous slogan was "Liberty and Economy." He had an in- 
 flexible character and untiring energy, and a long career of service 
 in the economical expenditure of public money. 
 
 3 
 
 Joseph Medill was the Mayor who built up Chicago after the 
 Great Fire of 1 871 had almost destroyed it. He was the son of Irish 
 parents, born April 6, 1823, at New Brunswick, near St. Johns. He 
 moved to a farm near Massillon, Stark County, Ohio, and after 
 obtaining an academic education and teaching at times, engaged in 
 
8o 
 
 CHE-CAL'-GOU 
 
 "Long John" Wentworth 
 
CHE-CAU-GOU 
 
 8l 
 
 the study of law. He was admitted to the bar in 1846 and in 1849 
 became editor of the Coshocton Republican, a Free Soil and Whig 
 paper. He moved to Cleveland in 1852 and established the Daily 
 Forest City, subsequently merged into the Cleveland Leader, and 
 in 1 855 purchased the Chicago Tribune. He was its managing editor, 
 
 Carter Henry Harrison 
 
 and triumphantly directed its political and financial policies. It has 
 become one of the most prosperous as well as most powerful journals 
 in America and at its head appears the oft repeated words 'The 
 World's Greatest Newspaper." 
 
 Carter H. Harrison, Senior, and Carter H. Harrison, Junior, are 
 what might be termed a Mayoralty Dynasty. Carter H. I was born 
 near Lexington, Kentucky, February 15, 1825. He was left an orphan 
 
82] CHE-CAU-GOU 
 
 at eight months. His home was a log house and it is said his first 
 cradle was a new sugar trough. In 1845 ^ e graduated at Yale. In 
 1855 he came to Chicago. He entered into the regular practice of law, 
 but confined his efforts entirely to real-estate transactions. 
 
 His great-great grandfather was an ancestor of President William 
 Henry Harrison. His grandfather a cousin of Thos. Jefferson, and 
 he himself a cousin of John C. Breckenbridge. He was not in 
 politics until 1870, when elected to the Board of County Com- 
 missioners. In 1874 he was elected a Member of Congress. In 1879 
 elected Mayor of Chicago, and held office for five consecutive terms. 
 
 He was in active political life for fourteen years and a widely 
 known public character in the country. He was a brilliant orator, an 
 extensive reader and quite a world traveller. 
 
 Carter H. II was born April 23, 1 860, in Chicago. He graduated at 
 Yale Law School, LL. B., in 1883. He married Edith Odgen, Dec. 
 14, 1887. He was atone time editor of the Chicago Times. He belonged 
 to the Chicago, the Iroquois, and the Saddle and Cycle Clubs, a 
 member of the Masonic order, of the Sons of the American Revo- 
 lution, Society of War 1812, Society of Colonial Wars and an en- 
 thusiastic member of the Huron Mountain Hunting and Fishing 
 Club. 
 
 The extreme honor paid to him and his popularity are shown by 
 his election as Mayor of Chicago four consecutive terms of two 
 years each, 1897 to 1905. He was a Democrat and a politician of 
 extraordinary good tact. 
 
 William Hale Thompson, born May 14, 1869, in Boston, was one 
 of Chicago's more recent Mayors. He was elected by a tremendous 
 majority on a tidal wave of Republicanism. His ancestry was good, 
 his wealth large, and there was reasonable hope that he would 
 have a good administration. But it proved otherwise. Taxation was 
 increased, enormous experts' fees were extracted from the City 
 Treasury. School funds were heavily reduced through questionable 
 payments to favored contractors. Affiliations were made with the 
 unsavory State government of Gov. Small, and general demorali- 
 zation occurred, until the Mayor, who had made himself President 
 of the Chicago Booster s Publicity Club, declined to stand for 
 reelection and retreated in the face of fire to the role of a private 
 citizen. All this came about, without doubt, to the Mayor's ambition 
 to control votes, and by this means largely to keep his ascendency 
 in politics. It is said, at one time he aspired to the Presidency- He 
 was evidently ambitious to control the German-American vote in 
 Chicago — so much that at times his loyalty was called in question. 
 
CHE-CAU-GOU 
 
 «3 
 
 He boldly attacked the Chicago Tribune, charging quite unjustly, 
 corruption in the 99-year leasing of some school property. He 
 built up a strong political machine by the aid of patronage in every 
 department, especially in the Board of Education and in the Board 
 of Local Improvements. For this purpose, Fred Lundin was under- 
 stood to be the dispenser of power behind the scenes. Ambition for 
 political preferment is quite com- 
 mendable, but great care is needed 
 how rightly to obtain the honors. 
 
 James Hamilton Lewis, States- 
 man, Diplomat, Ex-United States 
 Senator, a Barrister-at-law, lead- 
 ing light of Democracy, a favor- 
 i te son of Illinois, a blazing orator, 
 a Beau Brummel with flaming 
 whiskers, and a mighty good 
 fellow. Need more be said? 
 
 Marshall Field, the most 
 noted and successful merchant 
 of Chicago, was born August 18, 
 1834, on his father's farm, known 
 as Field's Hill, near the village of 
 Conway,Massachusetts. Hisearly 
 ancestorwas Zechariah Field, who 
 cametOxAmericain i630,andmade 
 a leap into the dark among the 
 aborigines of the western wilder- 
 ness. On one side of the farm was Pumpkin Hollow, into which, it 
 they became separated, the pumpkins of the hillside farm would roll. 
 He left the farm and went to Pittsfield in 1852 and began clerking 
 in a general store and remained there five years, learning to become 
 a merchant. In 1856, he came to Chicago with less than a dollar in 
 his pocket and entered into the employment of Cooley Wadsworth & 
 Co., which soon after became Cooley, Farwell & Co. In 1 861 he 
 became general manager and junior partner in the firm. Levi Z. 
 Leiter was later admitted and the firm became Field, Leiter & Co. 
 Mr. Field had an organizing mind, which enabled him with growing 
 experience to conceive a highly developed system and to develop 
 his conception into a well nigh perfect organization which functioned 
 simply, efficiently, economically and profitably. He had in an 
 eminent degree the New England virtues of thrift and perserverance 
 
 James Hamilton Lewis 
 
84 ] CHE-CAU-GOU 
 
 a mind active, alert and penetrating. He was a man of highest 
 integrity. He had a peculiar charm of manner, a geniality in social 
 intercourse, never effusive, but always quiet and self-contained. 
 He contributed liberally to institutions devoted to charity, educa- 
 tion and the general welfare, such as the Free Public Library of 
 Conway; the Chicago Historical Society, the Chicago Manual 
 Training School, and more especially to the University of Chicago, to 
 which he gave land and money. His colossal gift was the munificent 
 endowment and maintenance of the Field Museum of Natural 
 Historv. 
 
 Harry G. Selfridge, an American merchant in London, born in 
 Ripon, Wisconsin, January 11, 1858; a bank clerk in Jackson, Mich. 
 Came to Chicago in 1879, as a clerk in the store of Marshall Field & 
 Co., rapidly promoted and then manager and junior partner. 
 
 The advice of Horace Greeley to "Go West, young man," was 
 quite reversed and Selfridge went the other way. East across the 
 Atlantic to London, to engage in running a new shop in the English 
 metropolis. But at the time it was done, he had sold out his Chicago 
 interests and taken with him a goodly pile of money on which most 
 men would have retired and been content. But not so Selfridge. He 
 was aiming, not for more gold, but for success in establishing the 
 par excellence Department Store of the World — an institution of 
 trade, the best equipped, the best organized and the best paying, and 
 at the present time he bids fair to put Excelsior on his banner. 
 
 Whether "time is money" or not, Mr. Selfridge has a mania for 
 the non-waste of time. Every minute must count to some good pur- 
 pose, x^nd he has his fads, one of which was orchids. W T hile at his 
 summer home in Lake Geneva, Wisconsin, he built several green- 
 houses, and made, in the course of seven years, a collection of several 
 thousand plants of a thousand varieties. The most aristocratic one 
 of these patrician flowers is the "Cattleya Rose Selfridge," which is a 
 seedling from "Cattleya W 7 arnerii" and "Laella Purpurate." There 
 were two varieties said to be extinct in their native country, the 
 Philippines, "Incidium ornithoryuchium alba" and "Vanda Sand- 
 eriana". Of the Cypripedium (Lady Slipper) there are several hun- 
 dred specimens. On his leaving America, he gave the whole collection 
 to Lincoln Park. 
 
 The "Self-winding" spirit is well illustrated in the following 
 recent sayings of Mr. Selfridge: 
 
 "Initiative in business, as in nearly everything else, means the 
 doing of things — the getting started. It means the putting into action 
 of a thought. It stands for progress, development, and even achieve- 
 ment. 
 
CH E-CAU-GOU 
 
 [»5 
 
 "We have an expression which we often use in business instead 
 of the word initiative, and that is 'self-winding.' 
 
 Harry Gordon Selfridge 
 
 "One who comes to business in the morning prepared to begin 
 and carry out a well-thought out programme has initiative. He, or 
 she, is a self-winder. He does not require to be told, or shown how, 
 
86] CHE-CAU-GOU 
 
 by some overseer. He does it himself. But how many are self-winders? 
 How many wind themselves up and start the wheels themselves? 
 
 "Initiative means something more than this. It means recogniz- 
 ing and grasping an opportunity. It means being wide awake. It 
 means the willingness to assume responsibility and the determination 
 to fit oneself continually more and more to carry that responsibility 
 — that authority — with the greatest possible wisdom. 
 
 "Initiative has little sympathy for that old worn-out adage, 'Let 
 well enough alone,' and it objects in the strongest manner to that 
 stupid and totally unprogressive saying, 'What was good enough for 
 my grandfather is good enough for me.' Initiative doesn't say 
 'Safety first.' It says instead, 'I'll chance it.' Initiative is never 
 satisfied, for when satisfaction arrives initiative has either hurried on 
 or has stepped from activity into do-nothingism, and has therefore 
 ceased to be initiative. 
 
 "When the laziness in one's nature says, 'W 7 hy bother?' or 'What's 
 the use?' initiative says, 'Nonsense! Of course it's worth while — 
 there's no fun like work.' 
 
 "We as a people need more initiative. One rarely discovers a 
 person with too much. We need, for example, a stronger determi- 
 nation to force the trade and commerce of this country further and 
 further afield — to fill to a point even of absolute saturation every 
 market in the world which is possibly open to our products. We need 
 to adapt ourselves more completely to the people with whom we 
 are trying to trade, and initiative can as truly show itself in these 
 as in any other directions. 
 
 "I should like to see every business in this great country, 
 no matter how large or how small, geared up to the top speed 
 of efficiency. I would applaud the development of a great 
 fresh wave of initiative which would so associate itself with British 
 trade and commerce as to make that British trade competitive 
 to the highest degree. I should enjoy feeling that the initiative, 
 efficiency, determination, and imagination were so wonderfully 
 strong that the simple presence of a representative of any business 
 house of this country at any meetings, in whatever corner of the 
 earth they may be held, where orders would be forthcoming, would 
 ensure to his firm, or to some firm in this country, those orders. I 
 should delight to see men of business from all over the world look 
 to this country as the one which with the highest degree of per- 
 fection carried out the systems, the methods, the science, or the fine 
 art of that great, interesting, fascinating thing called business. 
 
 "To achieve this enviable position initiative must be encouraged 
 to the full." 
 
CHE- C A U-GOU [ 87 
 
 Another fad of his, or more likely he would call it a recreation, 
 was the writing of a book, "The Romance of Commerce." 
 
 Romances in general are calculated rather to fire the imagination 
 than to inform the judgment. This book is written in a most fasci- 
 nating manner and prosaic trade is treated indeed like an entertain- 
 ing novel or rojuance. The arrangement of the twenty-four chapters 
 covering over four hundred pages, supplemented by a full and com- 
 plete index, is admirable. The binding, with its uncut leaves, quite 
 commercial, and the typography clear and easily readable. The 
 illustrations are very copious and many quite remarkable, especially 
 the old map of Syria and Phoenicia, the Chinese market and the 
 several Royal Exchanges and Guildhalls of old London. Among 
 the illustrations, the many portraits appealed to me. There was that 
 eminent buccaneer and slave trader, Sir John Hopkins, with jaunty 
 Irish cap, a French moustache, and Medici ruffles. Then old Jacobus 
 Fugger of Ausburgh, with his big fur cap and capacious fur collar, a 
 Roman nose and penetrating Jewish eyes, indicating the shrewd, far- 
 reaching trader and money getter he was. And then the numerous 
 gentry of the curled wigs and all the way along, from the sleepy 
 heathen who pushed the early Chinese cart (B. C. 1000) to the 
 wide awake Donald Smith, who was ennobled as Lord Strathcoma, 
 and though very wealthy and distinguished, died in harness, a 
 worker at the age of ninety-four. 
 
 There was a very lengthy and rather monotonous account of 
 numerous Earls, Dukes, Lords, Knights, Baronets, Squires and 
 Peers, evidently put in to show the dignity of trade. 
 
 In the chapter on Guilds, the indefatigable historian might have 
 visited the British Museum and added much to his valuable re- 
 searches concerning labor unions back in the first century A. D., 
 bv examining the papyri exhumed from Oxyrhynchus in ancient 
 Egypt, expecially those of the fullers, the weavers and the gold- 
 smiths. 
 
 The author states that Sir Robert Peel was a merchant, 
 that he started life as a farmer, and then became a manu- 
 facturer of calico prints, to which he attained great celebrity and 
 became very wealthy, and a distinguished statesman. He could 
 hardly be classified as a merchant adventurer, but as a manufacturer 
 in his early search for wealth and fame. 
 
 The author gives, perhaps, too much encouragement to be extra 
 venturesome, possibly is too imaginative, much too optimistic, 
 especially in the realms of commerce, where among the great rank 
 and file, failure results, it is said, in 97 per cent of all efforts. Is there 
 not a happy medium P Why take enormous risks, and if not successful, 
 
88] CHE-CAU-GOU 
 
 lose all? Why play a zestful game, even one well worth playing for, if 
 the hazards of complete loss be possible? Are there not other games 
 quite spirited and less hazardous? Nerve is applauded. But be sure 
 you are right, then go ahead. Push the game to the limit, but keep 
 in touch with the reserve behind you. Keep up the safety insurance, 
 strengthen the bank balance, fortify the margins — then fire! Ulti- 
 mate success may be slower, but it is the successful outcome that 
 counts. 
 
 Whether all these merchant adventurers played fair at the start, 
 I do not know, but the author of the Romance under review, cites 
 some pirates and slave traders, very virile with high strung nerve 
 and successful, but no doubt quite amenable to good morals, as we 
 understand honesty. They probably thought the end justified the 
 means. Even in this day of 20th Century enlightenment, the Kaiser 
 was a big pirate, a would-be land robber and enslaver of peoples, 
 much devoid of the sense of honor, and endeavored to force Prussian 
 Kultur on the world under the plea "necessity knows no law" — 
 momentarily successful but in the end a disastrous fall. On the other 
 hand, Sir Robert de la Pole of Hull was a fine example of a rich man 
 of the 13th Century possessing wealth gained by honest means. 
 
 There should be an addendum to the book, reciting — behold the 
 new Merchant Adventurer of more recent days, who came to London, 
 not from Phoenicia, Babylonia or Venetia, but from that nervy, 
 virile, plunging city of the Western prairies on the shores of Lake 
 Michigan, originally pioneered by those masterful Indian traders, 
 John Kinzie and Gurdon Hubbard of the early 19th Century. The 
 adventure was really a"backfire," a veritable counter attack, that has 
 disrupted the old grand-daddies of shopkeepers in London's famous 
 town, dissipated snobbery, and is piling up guineas for the far-sighted 
 innovator and gaining fame and honor beyond his fondest ambitions. 
 The reviewer deletes the well-known name, but it can be readily 
 imagined and guessed under the initials "H. G. S." 
 
 9 
 Charles L. Hutchinson, banker, born at Lynn, Mass., March 
 7, 1854; son of Benjamin P. "Old Hutch" of Board of Trade fame. 
 Came to Chicago in 1856; graduate of Chicago High School in 1873; 
 President of Corn Exchange National Bank; Director of Northern 
 Trust Company; Ex-President of Chicago Board of Trade; was 
 Director and Chairman of Fine Arts Commission, World's Colum- 
 bian Exposition; Vice-President Egypt Exploration Fund; President 
 Chicago Orphan Asylum; Treasurer University of Chicago; 
 Treasurer of Auditorium Association; President of American Asso- 
 ciation of Arts; member of South Park Board of Commissioners; 
 
CHE-CAU-GOl I 59 
 
 member of Chicago Club, Union League, Chicago Athletic, Cliff 
 Dwellers, Quadrangle, Caxton, Commercial, Literary, and for more 
 than twenty-five years President of the ChicagoArt Institute. In con- 
 clusion, a financier, a patron of art, a gentleman and a scholar. 
 
 10 
 
 Jens Jensen, landscape architect, born September 13, i860, in 
 Denmark. Ex-editor Agricultural College in Jutland, Denmark. 
 Studied at Berlin and Hanover in Germany; Superintendent Union 
 Park and parks of West Side System; Superintendent Humboldt 
 Park; Secretary State Art Commission; Director Municipal Art 
 League; member Chicago Architectural Club; member Cliff Dwellers; 
 President Friends of Our Native Landscape; Director Prairie Club, 
 etc. An idealist, a dreamer and lover of nature, taking recreation in 
 nature studies. 
 
 Mr. Jensen wants the new State Park of the Dunes of Indiana 
 made a "sanctuary for wild life which is for the soul and not for 
 human beings to desecrate." The Mohammedans approached their 
 holy places by taking off their shoes; so in this way the Friends of 
 Our Native Landscape, with President Jensen at the head, and all 
 the many other enthusiasts for the Dunes might with the right 
 spirit worship therein undisturbed by the inevitable coming crowds 
 of summer resorters from the gay and festive city of Chicago. 
 
 1 1 
 
 William C. Egan, Esq., of Egandale, Highland Park, Horti- 
 culturist, Arboriculturist and Floriculturist. A retired gentleman and 
 President of the Amalgamated Societies of Jumping Jacks; born less 
 than a hundred years ago; studied the nomenclature, propagated 
 and cultivated innumerable specimens of trees, shrubs, plants, 
 mosses and lichens. Mr. Egan was known familiarly as Billy Egan, 
 the suburban naturalist and poet laureate of Egandale, with 
 accompanying poetry, vintage of '99: 
 
 "On Christmas eve in ninety-nine 
 All Jumping Jacks are asked to dine 
 At Central station number eight, 
 The cost will be ten cents a plate. 
 You are expected to appear 
 In full-dress suit from heel to ear; 
 With kid gloves of some color light, 
 And patent leathers, rather tight. 
 Moustaches waxed and hair-locks oiled, 
 With a linen shirt not over-soiled, 
 
90 J CHE-CAU-GOU 
 
 Claw-hammer suit, quite long in tail, 
 
 In this particular, do not fail. 
 
 In manners at the table's strife 
 
 Don't eat your peas with a neighbor's knife, 
 
 Nor poke your elbows in his ribs, 
 
 Nor use your napkin like some bibs. 
 
 Restrain your hunger, don't ask twice 
 
 For any dish you think so nice; 
 
 And when they pass the bottle 'round, 
 
 Don't think yourself a lake or sound, 
 
 That can take in all liquid stuff, 
 
 And never seem to have enough. 
 
 Don't talk too much, give all a chance, 
 
 Nor on the tables try to dance. 
 
 If in your cups, you feel too gay 
 
 And want to fool and try to play, 
 
 Write name and number on your hat, 
 
 So when you don't know where you're at 
 
 The ambulance can take you where 
 
 With butler's aid you climb the stair; 
 
 Be put to bed, a sweet fatigue, 
 
 To wake next morn with head too big 
 
 To fit the hat you're wont to wear — 
 
 So oft the case, when on a tear." 
 
 By order of the Committee 
 
 J- Jack 
 
 12 
 
 Charles Carroll Bonney, Counselor-at-law, born in 1831 at 
 Hamilton, New York; named from Charles Carroll of Carrollton, the 
 last survivor of the Declaration of Independence. Educated in the 
 public schools of Peoria; taught school in the public schools for two 
 years; came to Chicago and admitted to the Bar in 1852; Vice- 
 President of the State Teachers' Institute; President of the Illinois 
 State Bar Association; President of the Chicago Library Associa- 
 tion; President of the International Law and Order League; Presi- 
 dent of the World's Congress of Religions at the Columbian Expo- 
 sition in 1893. 
 
 Isaac N. Arnold, Counselor-at-Law, born November 20, 18 15, at 
 Hartwick, Otsego County, N. Y. Came to Chicago in 1836; earned 
 enough money by teaching to pursue his law studies; elected City 
 Clerk at time Wm. B. Ogden was Mayor; was partner with Mahlon 
 D. Ogden, his brother; elected to the Illinois Legislature in 1842 
 
CHE-CAU-GOl 
 
 and in lS;;; elected Member of Congress in [860; was President ol 
 the Chicago Historical Society in [868. 
 
 Jonathan Young Scammon 
 
 '4 
 
 Jonathan Young Scammon, Lawyer and Banker, horn in 1S12 
 at Whitetield, Lincoln County, Maine. Came to Chicago in [835, 
 and read law, putting up at the old Sauganash Tavern; in [836 
 formed a law partnership with Buckner S. Morris, and in 1 847 with 
 Norman B. Judd; elected to the Board of Aldermen in 1845, ana * to 
 
CHE-CAU-GOU 
 
 Congress in 1848; was President of the Chicago Marine and Fire 
 Insurance Bank in 1849; was elected in i860 to the Legislature; 
 Treasurer of the ''Old Settlers" Society eligible to membership 
 prior to 1837. He was president of the Chicago Historical Society, 
 1876 to 1884. 
 
 *5 
 
 Indulgent reader, behold a sextette of Financiers, a veritable 
 group of financial giants, men of vision, self-winders, boosters and 
 pushers. Had they reached Chicago at the same period, and formed 
 a co-operative syndicate, in trade and speculation, they would have 
 been invincible. But unfortunately, they arrived at various times 
 and could not wait to form an effective combination. They were on 
 the right track and could see the pot of gold at the end of the rain- 
 bow, but in chasing it they got out of breath, and the money lenders 
 of New York and Boston shut off the supply to them of cash, and 
 in the end caused them some inconvenient discomfort. The great 
 panics of 1857,1873 and 1893 raged furiously, but reactions set in as 
 thev always have come heretofore in this wonderful city, and today 
 prices of real estate are away beyond the expectations of the most 
 optimistic. This noble far-seeing sextette is herewith registered: 
 
 1. Col. James H. Bowen, merchant, born March 7, 1822, at 
 Manheim, Herkimer County, X. Y. At fourteen, clerk in a country 
 store at thirty dollars per year. Treasurer of the Wool Growers 
 Manufacturing Co. at Little Falls, N. Y.; came to Chicago in 1857; 
 senior member of Bowen Brothers, dry goods merchants; member 
 of the Chicago Board of Trade; father of Calumet Lake and South 
 Chicago wet lands. 
 
 2. Samuel J. Walker, real estate operator and money borrower of 
 note. Born at Covington, Kentucky. Lived in Chicago since 1872. 
 
 3. William Sturges, banker and investor in Kansas lands and 
 railroads, born May 27, 1824. His early ancestor was John Sturges 
 (sometimes spelled Sturgee), who settled in Fairfield, Connecticut, in 
 1660, and owned "a long gun, a little gun, his negro woman Jenny 
 and various parcels of land." 
 
 4. Henry Hamilton Honore, real estate plunger, born February 
 19, 1824, at Louisville, Ky. His grandfather came from Paris. 
 His daughter, Bertha Honore, married the great merchant, Potter 
 Palmer. Mr. Honore came to Chicago in 1855. He was instrumental 
 in organizing and building the Public Park Systems of Chicago. 
 
 5. Herman H. Kohlsaat, editor and owner Chicago Times- 
 Herald and Chicago Inter-Ocean. Born March 22, 1853, at Albion, 
 Edwards County, Illinois. Started as carrier for Chicago Tribune. 
 Trustee of University of Chicago. He took a very active part in the 
 
CHE- C AU-GOl I 93 
 
 election of President Mckinley. He is a son-in-law of E. Nelson 
 Blake, and father-in-law of the junior Potter Palmer. 
 
 6. Joseph Leiter, grain speculator and coal mine operator. 
 Born in Chicago, December 4, 1868; son of the late Levi Zeigler 
 Leiter. He bought wheat on the Board of Trade to such extent that 
 at the beginning of 1898 he was the largest individual holder of 
 wheat in the history of the grain trade. He was president of the 
 Zeigler Coal Company. 
 
 16 
 
 In the 1 8 jo's there was a considerable body of young, ambitious 
 and unusually able men who made homes in the village of Chicago, 
 and almost at once became leaders, and the following list might be 
 multiplied several times over: Philo Carpenter, Judge John Dean 
 Caton, Judge George Manierre, Judge Mark Skinner, Judge Grant 
 Goodrich, Thomas Hoyne, Tuthill King, Gurdon S. Hubbard, and 
 Capt. Redmond Prindiville. In Goodspeed's volume of University of 
 Chicago Biographical Sketches will be found excellent portraits of 
 Wm. B. Ogden, Marshall Field, E. Nelson Blake, Sidney Albert 
 Kent, George C. Walker, Silas B. Cobb, Gustavus F. Swift, Charles 
 Hitchcock, La Verne Noyes, Frederick Augustus Smith, John 
 Crerar, Nathaniel Colver (Baptist minister), Dr. H. W. Thomas 
 (Methodist), Charles Jerold Hull, of Hull House, Joseph Reynolds 
 ( Diamond Joe). 
 
 Among the women's clubs in Chicago are noted the Fortnightly, 
 the Colonial Dames, the Daughters of the American Revolution, 
 the Founders and Patriots of America, the Women's City, the 
 Arche, and the Antiquarian Society. And the famous women of 
 Chicago are legion. Some of the most distinguished are recalled in 
 Kate Doggett, Jane Addams, Mrs. Potter Palmer, President of the 
 Women's Building of the World's Columbian Exposition, Mrs. 
 Cyrus H. McCormick, philanthropist, Mrs. Ellen M. Henrotin, 
 Mrs. Laura Dayton Fessenden, Mrs. H. M. Wilmarth, Miss Carolina 
 Mcllvaine and Madame X. 
 
 In the following Bibliography will be found biographical sketches 
 of many more famous people, quite as distinguished, perhaps even 
 more so, than have already been honored in the preceding pages of 
 this book, as well as other interesting information pertaining to 
 this history and romance: 
 
 History of Chicago— Andreas. 
 Story of Chicago — Joseph Kirkland. 
 Book of Chicago — Shackleton. 
 
94 
 
 CHE-CAU-GOU 
 
 Book of Chicagoans — Marquis. 
 
 Chicago Yesterdays — Caroline Kirkland. 
 
 Chicago's Highways— Quaife. 
 
 Bygone Days in Chicago — Cook. 
 
 My Chicago — Anna Morgan. 
 
 Chicago and Its Environs — L. Schick. 
 
 Northwest and Chicago — Blanchard. 
 
 Chicago and Old Northwest — Quaife. 
 
 What Shall We Think of Chicago— Walter Dill Scott. 
 
 University of Chicago Biographical Sketches — 
 
 Thos. Wakefield Goodspeed. 
 Autobiography of Gurdon S. Hubbard. 
 The Story of Lake Geneva — F. R. Chandler. 
 The Wonders of the Dunes — George A. Brennan. 
 The Story of the Chicago Fire — David Swing. 
 Chicago Directory of 1844. 
 Chicago Directory of 1923. 
 
 Chicago's Natural Advantages — Geo. E. Plumb, A.B., LL.D. 
 Men of America, A Biographical Dictionary, 1908. 
 Assessor's Land Valuations, 1908 — F. R. Chandler. 
 The Pocket Guide to Science, 1923. 
 Leading Men of Chicago (Biographical Sketches), 1868. 
 Solomon Sturges and His Descendants — 
 
 Ebeneezer Buckingham. 
 
 J 9 
 
 The Ancient and Honorable Company of the Charter Members of the 
 
 CHICAGO REAL ESTATE BOARD 
 
 Surviving September /, 1924 
 
 T. Horace A. Goodrich 
 
 2. Aaron Benedict Mead 
 
 3. Frank Randolph Chandler 
 
 4. Frank A. Henshaw 
 
 5. John Bryan Knight 
 
 6. John McConnell 
 
 7. John H. Trumbull 
 
 8. William A. Bond 
 
 9. Frederick C. Gibbs 
 
 10. Bernard F. Weber 
 
 11. Edgar Morton Snow 
 
 12. J. H. VanVlissingen 
 
 13. Wyllys W. Baird 
 
 b. July 9, 1837, at Chicago 
 
 b. Nov. 7, 1838, at Franklinville, Cattaraugus 
 
 Co., New York 
 b. Oct. 2, 1840, at Putney, Vermont 
 b. Nov. 5, 1846, at Cambridge, Mass. 
 b. Oct. 1, 1847, at Hopkinsville, Ky. 
 b. Dec. 8, 1847, at Chicago, 
 b. June 5, 1849, at Belleville, 111. 
 b. Nov. 15, 1849, at Newark, N. J. 
 b. Oct. 15, 1852, at Chicago 
 b. Jan. 6, 1853, at Chicago, 
 b. Sept. 16, 1856, at Whately, Franklin Co., 
 
 Mass. 
 b. Feb. 16, 1857, at Spykenisee, Province of 
 
 South Holland, The Netherlands. 
 b. Aug. 23, 1859, at New Haven, Conn. 
 
CHAPTER VII 
 
 THRIFT IS PENCILED IN THE SCENARIO 
 
 "HETTY GREEN" 
 
 \ TITLE FOR A PROPOSED PHOTO DRAMA 
 
 'The world has not learned the riches of frugality ." ~ Cicero. 
 
 "He will aways be a slave who does not know how to live upon a little." 
 
 — Horace. 
 
 THE CAST 
 
 Captain James Bobson, a whaler. 
 
 Jane Armstrong Bobson (later Jane White), his daughter. 
 
 Mr. E. Markham White, a merchant in Manila. 
 
 Col. E. Markham White, Jr., his son. 
 
 Susanne White, the daughter of E. Markham White. 
 
 Col. Phil. Lauderbeck, an U. S. Officer in the Philippines. 
 
 Chief Moro, Captain of the Iggorots. 
 
 Mr. Kent Blackstone, attorney for Jane W T hite. 
 
 Rufus Sloat, LL.D., counselor for defendant in will contest. 
 
 Isadore Stillwater, Esq., a New York bank cashier. 
 
 Hon. Thomas Tyler, a country bank president. 
 
 Dr. Paul Pillman, the family physician. 
 
 Sir Gordon Pusher, a world merchant. 
 
 Jabez Hills, a miser. 
 
 Soldiers, Sailors, Fishermen, Harpooners and Pirates, Filippinos, 
 Brokers, Countrymen, Dance Girls, Lawyers and Reporters. 
 
 Accessories, Ships, Whaleboats, Catamarans, Sampans, Icebergs, etc. 
 The action takes place in the last hundred years prior to 1916. 
 
 THE SCENARIO 
 
 Captain James Bobson was born in New Bed- 
 ford, became a sailor, and in the early years of the 
 The Whaler nineteenth century embarked in whale fishery. He 
 was a successful whaleflsher, a whaler, taking and 
 trying out on shipboard the blubber and shipping the 
 
9 6 
 
 CHE-CAU-GOU 
 
 oil and whalebones to the New England market. 
 Through lucky "strikes," close application, unusual 
 thrift and saving, and inexpensive living, after long 
 service he became rich, and died many times a mil- 
 lionaire. 
 
 He had an only child, a daughter Jane, a comely 
 and buxom girl. Her mother was much of an invalid 
 and died before the girl was in her teens. Her father 
 was close and penurious and not himself appreciat- 
 Jane the ing education and refinement, sadly neglected her 
 Daughter proper bringing up and so she grew somewhat like 
 Topsy. She inherited, however, natural shrewdness, 
 and under the guidance of her father imbibed his 
 ideas of excessive thrift and saving of a miserly 
 degree. 
 
 Jane in her girlhood life had many happy days. 
 Her frequent short journeys in a Concord coach, on 
 visits to her cousins, the Armstrongs in Vermont, 
 Queen of were red letter days with her, especially when she 
 the May was "Queen of the May" on the occasion of a May- 
 pole dance on the village green. These visits 
 counted much in retaining the simple homelike and 
 wholesome ideas prevailing in her naturally well 
 poised character. 
 
 Jane Bobson's great social triumph, when only 
 eighteen, was during a visit to New York on the 
 The Ball occasion of a grand ball in the Academy of Music, 
 to the Prince given in honor of the Prince of Wales. The mothers 
 of Wales and daughters of the aristocratic newly rich Arm- 
 strong families, with their French maids and coquet- 
 tish Paris costumes, were full of excited anticipa- 
 tions of the coming dance with royalty. 
 
 Jane Bobson was on the favored dancing list. She 
 
 had lain awake nights beforehand in planning how to 
 
 Dancing make a decided impression on the young Prince. For 
 
 with the occasion she appeared in a simple white Swiss 
 
 Royalty muslin dress with pink sash, and pink slippers on her 
 
 feet and tiny gold drops in her ears, a charming 
 
 picture of girlhood simplicity. 
 
 She had heard the Prince was much interested in 
 
 "Elevating the wonderful progress in America and especially 
 
 the about education among the common people, and so 
 
 Masses" in the last figure of the first dance with him, in the 
 
CHE-CAU-GOl [97 
 
 grand right and left of the Lancers she plumped the 
 
 question, "Oh, your Highness, do you know how the 
 great masses of our people are being elevated?" The 
 bugle rang out for the next quadrille and off Jane 
 was rushed to dance with a democratic Colonel of 
 Militia, and for lack of opportunity, no answer was 
 then given. The Prince's curiosity, however, became 
 immensely aroused and when the next dance was 
 called the usher was asked to find Miss Bobson. 
 Away back to the top of the dress circle she had sped 
 purposely, and was discovered, and to the consterna- 
 tion of the dowagers, and the competitive young 
 damsels, she was called back to the dancing floor for 
 her second dance with the Prince, and when he 
 pressed the subject foremost in his mind, she laugh- 
 ingly responded, "Go West to the Mississippi, go 
 aboard a high -pressure side-wheel steamboat, and 
 more than likely you will soon realize how in one 
 tremendous explosion the masses are elevated!" 
 
 By this quick-witted Yankee girl the plan suc- 
 
 Envy of ceeded, a decided impression on royalty was made, a 
 
 New York's practical joke perpetrated on a serious minded 
 
 "^00" Knglishman of royal pedigree, and furthermore Jane 
 
 Bobson made a great point in exciting the envy of 
 
 New York's "four hundred." 
 
 Captain Bobson on one of his whaling voyages to 
 Stop-off at the South Pacific Seas was accompanied by his 
 Manila daughter Jane, she stopping off at Manila to visit an 
 aunt residing there while he continued on his whale- 
 fishing. 
 
 Among the few Americans was E. Markham 
 White, who represented a Boston importing house 
 buying the rich products of the Philippines. Trading 
 expeditions were made to the various islands under 
 the military protection of Col. Lauderbeck with the 
 I nited States troops. There was more or less friction 
 between them and the Filippinos, until the Iggorots 
 and other hostile tribes under Chief Mom were 
 finally put down. 
 
 Markham White made his mark in Manila, a 
 gentleman and a scholar and most efficient in busi- 
 ness, a brilliant and popular bachelor, an all around 
 man, generous, whole-souled, liberal and benevolent. 
 
9 8 
 
 CHE-CAU-GOU 
 
 The 
 
 Markham 
 
 White 
 
 Family 
 
 Hoboken 
 
 Flat 
 
 vs. 
 
 Club Life 
 
 On the 
 
 Chicago Board 
 
 of Trade 
 
 On the 
 
 New York 
 
 Stock 
 
 Exchange 
 
 The Gary 
 Riots 
 
 Ku Klux 
 Klan 
 
 Jane 
 
 Starts on 
 
 Her Career 
 
 She Piles 
 Up Money 
 
 He acquired much wealth, returned to the States and 
 in due course married Jane Bobson. They had two 
 children, a son, E. Markham White, Jr., and a 
 daughter, Susanne White. He became President of 
 the Texas International R. R. and she married into 
 an old Knickerbocker family, where much wealth 
 was inherited through fortunate investments in 
 Manhattan real estate. 
 
 Markham White, Sr., after his marriage with 
 Jane Bobson was much of a speculative genius. Her 
 large means more or less at his disposal stimulated 
 his speculative impulses. At Manila he was a high 
 spender and lavish entertainer, and when after mar- 
 riage he took his wife to the cheap four-room Hobo- 
 ken flat, as she insisted on their doing, for economy's 
 sake, the reaction- was too much for him. He shunned 
 such life and plain living and took up to a larger 
 degree club life in New York and then launched into 
 schemes of speculation and high finance. At first he 
 met with considerable success on the Chicago Board 
 of Trade, running by private wire a corner in wheat, 
 and then afterwards he made a big plunge in United 
 States Steel, but a strike at the Gary works knocked 
 the common stock flat and Markham White landed 
 at the bottom of his financial career, his careful and 
 thrifty wife refusing to help him out. 
 
 E. Markham White was at one time a Colonel 
 of a Texas militia regiment and won great eclat in 
 breaking up a night procession of Ku Klux Klan 
 who were pursuing a fleeing negro escaping across 
 the Rio Grande into Mexico. 
 
 The drama is a contest between two schools of 
 actors of strong, ambitious and aggressive desires, 
 generosity versus parsimony, and centers around 
 Jane Bobson, who, since her marriage with Mark- 
 ham White, was familiarly known as Jane W 7 hite. 
 Her character is portrayed from year to year, start- 
 ing with most commendable motives, from generous 
 childhood through devoted motherhood to the sharp 
 and shrewd woman of business, who piles up money 
 with never ending assiduity, her whole object in life, 
 apparently, until the soul and the finer sensibilities 
 are quite submerged. "He that heaps up riches and 
 lives poorly is like an ass that carries gold and eats 
 thistles ." — Quotation. 
 
CHE- C AU-GOU 
 
 99 
 
 Her Ideas 
 of Charity 
 
 Jane Talks 
 to 
 
 Reporters 
 
 She Saves 
 the Nickels 
 
 Saving 
 
 is a 
 
 Hobby 
 
 "Pa is 
 
 Dead" 
 
 Sheneverwould reveal hercharities toanyoneand 
 so secretive was she that no one was ever heard of 
 having received any from her. She did not propose 
 to be guilty of " That charity which longs to publish 
 itself and thus ceases to be a charity."- — Quotation. 
 
 Jane White was very free in expressing her views 
 on charity, on money getting, and on money saving, 
 to reporters, who repeatedly interviewed her, and 
 especially about lawyers was she extremely talka- 
 tive and beligerent and telling how at times she fell 
 down on her knees in the courtroom praying for 
 their defeat. 
 
 Jane White did not keep her money in a stock- 
 ing, but intrusted it to the strongest bank of the 
 metropolis, of which she was a stockholder, and in- 
 vested it as soon as possible in safe and conservative 
 securities bearing the highest rate of interest. At 
 such remunerative rates she considered it a real 
 praiseworthy charity to loan largely to churches. 
 
 An example of thrift and economy was to have 
 her office in a rear room of the bank and thus save 
 office rent. 
 
 Her bookkeeping was of no expense as she kept a 
 memoranda of her transactions in a little green bag, 
 while Isadore Stillwater, the cashier, told daily the 
 amount of her money on deposit. She walked to the 
 bank and saved her nickels. She lunched on the 
 street at the sign of "3 Donuts for a Dime." And 
 this close economy was a source of delight to her. 
 Then the real fun she had at the bargain counters in 
 the basement of the big department stores, whether 
 in Chicago, New York or London. She possessed a 
 little sales ticket from Berlin which she kept as a 
 mascot, showing she had purchased for two pfennig, 
 or one fiftieth of a mark, a chromo of a savings bank. 
 The idea of saving and accumulating was always 
 uppermost in her mind. 
 
 At the time of her father's last sickness and when 
 during the night he passed away, his own teachings 
 of economy guided this daughter Jane, who when in 
 the morning seeing the Doctor getting out of the 
 coupe, rushed to a second-story window, flung it 
 open, and shouted, "Doctor you needn't come in, 
 Pa is dead!" 
 
ioo] 
 
 CHE-CAU-GOU 
 
 Jane White's domicile was a great perplexity to 
 
 her; where did she live? It was much a question of 
 
 Her Defense taxation, and the date of tax levying. The Hon. 
 
 Against Thomas Tyler, President of her bank in the country, 
 
 Tax Dodging was reliable authority for financial advice, and her 
 
 defense against any charge of tax dodging that 
 
 annually arose. 
 
 Jane White, as her fortune kept increasing, was 
 much involved in lawsuits. Notwithstanding her 
 
 In Many constant fears of being cheated, her attorney, Mr. 
 
 Lawsuits Kent Blackstone, "kept the wolf from her door," and 
 saved her property from confiscation through over- 
 taxation and distressing assessments and unreason- 
 able partnership claims against her father's estate. 
 "Men who prefer any load of infamy, however great, to 
 any pressure. of taxation however light. " — Sidney Smith. 
 
 Jane White's greatest perplexity was the will con- 
 A Will test for the share bequeathed to her by her Aunt 
 Contest Susanne Armstrong, for which the eminent counselor, 
 
 Rufus Sloat, fought "tooth and nail" to her final 
 
 discomfiture. 
 
 Jane White became a large holder in bank stocks 
 and corporation securities and had thereby a wide 
 acquaintance with financial men, many of whom 
 were members of the prominent clubs. She did not 
 hesitate to use the power of wealth thus gained in 
 Jane Shows undoing her enemies, especially judges and lawyers 
 Her Power who opposed her contentions. As an incident most 
 in Politics marked, reading in the papers that Rufus Sloat was 
 up for nomination to the United States Senate and 
 subject to confirmation, she quickly hurried from 
 New England to New York City. She took the tele- 
 phone and rung up the President of the Union 
 League Club. "This is Jane White. I understand 
 you are favoring the nomination of Sloat for Sena- 
 tor; all I want to say, if you and your club directors 
 push such nomination, it will be a sad day for each 
 of you." She said no more but simply hung up the 
 'phone. The sequel was that Sloat did not get the 
 nomination. 
 
 Jabez Hills, the miser, was the character that 
 Jane White, even in her early years, much esteemed. 
 He was thrifty and most frugal, but in hiding his 
 gold talents behind wainscots and ceilings, he did 
 
CHE-CAU-GOU 
 
 OI 
 
 not possess her better and more secure methods of 
 Misers saving. There were other shining examples in the 
 World of Thrift and Frugality: Vaudille, a French 
 miser, Julius Schmauss of Dantzig, Thomas Cooke 
 of Islington, Thomas Guy of Cornhill, Jacques Gar- 
 got of Marseilles, and Elizabeth Bolaine of Canter- 
 bury. 
 
 "Jabez Hills was active in the propaganda of the 
 Amalgamated Society of Thrifters and Frugaliters 
 who had their ramifications in all parts of the world. 
 A recent district council was held in an abandoned 
 woodshed at Woodchuck Hill, a remote village in 
 Vermont, and there was collected for this cause thirty 
 cents! 
 
 Jane White died an octogenarian; she left a last 
 will, which gave her all to chanty, that is, to herself; 
 in other words, to her only heirs-at-law, her two 
 children, Markham White, Jr., and Susanne White, 
 under her own long adopted philosophy, that 
 "Charity begins at home, and — ends there." It is 
 rumored that it is the intention of these most 
 opulent children, some day in the future, when un- 
 selfish charitable impulses may prevail, to support a 
 White Foundation for the establishment and en- 
 dowment of an International University for the 
 Better Encouragement of Industry, Thrift and Fru- 
 gality, and thus in a measure to atone for their 
 mother's extreme frugality, and on the other hand 
 to honor their father's well intentioned generosity, a 
 combination of heritage eventually for the finest 
 good of mankind. 
 
 "Those who give not till they die, show that they would 
 not then, if they could keep it any longer." 
 
 -Bishop Hall. 
 
 The tomb was to be of Vermont white marble, 
 
 The Gold and inside thickly lined with gold coin, so that she 
 
 Lined Tomb might take it with her, as she prayed she could, and 
 
 superstitiously ; no doubt, believed. 
 
 At the church the choir chanted the hymns so 
 dear to her — 
 
 "Thrift is the Philosopher's Stone." 
 
 "Glory to the Goddess of Thrift." 
 
 "Saving is greater than gaining." 
 
 "Glory to the Goddess Prosperity." 
 
 She Dies 
 Leaving a 
 Last Will 
 
 Great 
 Expectations 
 
102] 
 
 CHE-CAU-GOU 
 
 cc He that eats and saves sets the table twice.'* 
 Chanting "Glory to the Goddess of Prudentia." 
 
 the Hymns "Economy is a great revenue." 
 of Praise "Glory to the Goddess Aeconomia." 
 
 "Plain living and high thinking." 
 
 "Glory to the Goddess Temperantia. ,, 
 "A handful of common sense is worth a bushel of 
 learning." 
 
 "Glory to the Goddess of Psychology." 
 "Be just before you are generous." 
 
 "Glory to the Goddess Justitia." 
 "Frugality may be termed the daughter of Prudence, 
 the Sister of Temperance, and the Parentof Liberty." 
 "Glory to the Goddess Frugalitas." 
 Jane White was an honest woman. She did not 
 An Honest believe in waste or extravagance. If she was at 
 Woman times penurious, covetous, suspicious, vindictive and 
 miserly, it was all to worship the Goddess Frugalitas, 
 to save and increase her fortune for some good pur- 
 pose. For this she waited too long, but the fortune is 
 still intact and has still grand opportunities to func- 
 To Her tion in the acts of her children in establishing the 
 Last Resting White Foundation. She was followed to the grave 
 Place by many bereaved relatives under the strains of 
 Chopin's Funeral March. 
 
 THE APOTHEOSIS 
 
 The transformation, personification and glorifi- 
 cation of Jane White was as she would have wished. 
 The Glorifi- The illuminated spirit, symbolical of the Goddess of 
 cation Frugality, arose in the heavens above her tomb, and 
 underneath in letters of gold was emblazoned the 
 name — HETTY GREEN FRUGALITAS. 
 
 The End. 
 
 SUPPLEMENTAL 
 
 SYNOPSIS OF PRINCIPAL SCENES AND INCIDENTS 
 
 The old Colonial Homestead in New Bedford. 
 Jane opens a savings bank account in her toy bank. 
 The Harbor of New Bedford. 
 
 Capt. Bobson aboard the Ship Whalo. 
 The ship under sail. 
 
C H E -C A U-GOU 
 
 °3 
 
 Hcttv Howland Robinson Green 
 
IO4J CHE-CAU-GOU 
 
 The Whale Fishery. 
 
 Whales spouting and flapping their tails in midair. 
 
 Shoals of Porpoises, some Sharks, etc. 
 Return of the Ship W 7 halo, with the Captain, the crew, the oil and 
 
 the whalebones. 
 The Country Home in Vermont. 
 The May-pole Dance on the Village Green. 
 The Ball in honor of the Prince of W 7 ales. 
 
 "Elevation of the Masses," or a Mississippi steamboat explosion. 
 A stop-off at Manila. 
 
 Parade of the Soldiers. 
 
 An upheaval among the Natives. 
 Last sickness and death of Capt. Bobson, "Pa is dead." 
 Jane's W T edding in the Quaker Church of the Society of Friends. 
 A Corner in Wheat on the Chicago Board of Trade. 
 The Strike Riots at Gary. 
 Meetings with bank directors and corporation magnates. 
 
 A collapse in United States Steel Common on the New York Stock 
 
 Exchange. 
 Telephoning the Union League Club. 
 A Bargain Counter in Pusher's Department Store. 
 Many interviews by reporters and "snapshots" of Jane. 
 
 The abode of Jabez Hills, the miser, counting over his money and 
 hiding it away. 
 
 At the church; the choir and congregation, chanting the hymns to 
 the Goddess Frugalitas. 
 
 The Funeral Procession. 
 
 The Apotheosis, or the Glorification of Jane White, alias "Hetty 
 Green." 
 
 ADDENDA 
 
 Jane White is the heroine and was glorified as the Goddess of 
 Frugality. 
 
 E. Markham White, her husband, is the hero and would be 
 entitled to be called the real founder of the "White Foundation." 
 
 Jabez Hills, the typical miser, is the mild villain of the play. 
 
 This title has been given as emblematical or typically re- 
 presentative of a historic character of the nineteenth and twen- 
 tieth centuries, noted for her great wealth and continuing frugality. 
 
 "Without frugality none can become rich and with it jew would 
 be poor." — Johnson. 
 
CHAPTER VIII 
 
 SOME SOCIAL EVENTS OF THE EARLY DAYS WELL DRESSED UP 
 BY THE SOCIETY EDITOR 
 
 THE following account is copied from the February 5, 1868, issue 
 of the Chicago Times: 
 
 CHANDLER BUCKINGHAM 
 
 WEDDING IN HIGH LIFE 
 
 A Brilliant Marriage Festival 
 at the First Presbyterian Church Yesterday 
 
 The Spacious Edifice Crowded 
 with the Wealth and Fashion of Chicago. 
 
 The Scene — The Ceremony — The Toilettes of the Ladies — 
 Reception — The Bridal Trousseau. 
 
 Departure of the Newly Wedded Couple for Europe. 
 
 The nuptials of Frank R. Chandler, Esq., and Miss Anna S. 
 Buckingham were celebrated at the First Presbyterian Church on 
 last evening. 
 
 The social position of the parties, and the prominence of their 
 respective families, imparted to the ceremony wide-spread interest, 
 which evoked an immense attendance at the church to witness the 
 ceremony. Most of the old citizens, and all the acquaintances of 
 the parties, were invited to be present at the solemnization of the 
 nuptials; and, as few "regrets" were exchanged, the assemblage 
 was unusually large. The publicity of the wedding which, was 
 general, also contributed to increase the number of spectators, and 
 seldom have church services, of whatever character, elicited such 
 large congregations as was that gathered within the walls of the 
 First Presbyterian edifice last evening. 
 
 THE ATTENDANCE 
 
 The ceremony was performed at 6 o'clock p. m., but long before 
 that hour the avenue in the vicinity of the church was thronged with 
 vehicles and pedestrians. Carriages, containing feminine loveliness 
 robed in costly garments, drove up, and, after discharging their 
 
106 ] CHE-CAU-GOU 
 
 burdens, formed in line near the curb; chattering girls and simpering 
 boys in eager expectance wended their way toward the church; 
 mothers, fathers, sons, and daughters — all might have been ob- 
 served on their way towards the sacred building. Equipage followed 
 equipage, and couplets and triplets of visitors in a strange con- 
 tinuity of succession arrived and entered until the church was 
 filled. Aisles and pews, galleries and chairs, were thronged, and 
 wherever the eye glanced, layers of human faces, alternate sand- 
 wiches of males and females, were to be observed. Everybody was 
 desirous of securing eligible seats, and in the endeavor it must be 
 confessed that decorum was not always preserved. Notwithstanding 
 that there was not standing room within, new accessions were con- 
 tinually arriving, and at one time it was doubtful whether the entree 
 of the bride and her companions would not be effectually debarred. 
 
 DECORATIONS 
 
 The interior of the church was tastefully decorated for the 
 occasion. The candelabra of the pulpit was festooned with evergreens 
 and roses, the pulpit itself was embowered in wreaths and festoons, 
 while directly in front of it was a beautiful arch of evergreens taste- 
 fully inlaid with white roses, its center sustaining a beautiful imi- 
 tation of a marriage bell, wrought with exquisite floral skill. Pendants 
 of evergreens connecting the arch with the candelabra completed 
 the ornamentation. The church was brilliantly illuminated, and the 
 mellowed combination of the twilight stealing in the painted win- 
 dows, and the brilliancy emanating from sparkling jets of gas, im- 
 parted to the scene an accessory in pleasing accord with the character 
 of the ceremony. 
 
 THE SCENE IN THE CHURCH 
 
 Until the arrival of the celebrants, the assemblage engaged in the 
 conversation and dialogue which the occasion was most calculated 
 to develop. On every tongue were queries as to who were the grooms- 
 men, who the bridesmaids, what was the bridal trousseau, and what 
 its worth. Young misses surmised on the self-command of the bride 
 to" sustain herself in such an ordeal; conjectures were expressed as 
 to whether a European tour would be chosen, or would the parties 
 immediately settle down into the routine of matrimonial life? These 
 and a hundred other verbal inquiries were the stable of conversation, 
 and being indulged in by so many gave to the interior of the church 
 characteristics easily separable from the sacredness of the sanctuary, 
 but irresistibly associated with the nature of the ceremony soon 
 to be celebrated. And then everyone looked so happy and spoke 
 in such dulcet tones that the volume of sound was robbed of its 
 asperities and really constituted a pleasing prelude to the wedding. 
 
CHE-CAU-GOU [ 107 
 
 Charming girls, expectant and blushing, stole coyish glances at their 
 friends, as if guilty of misdemeanor in being present. They imagined 
 that their presence might be construed into a desire to become 
 conversant with the details of an event which was inevitable. 
 Others, who had never essayed the role of sweetheart, thought it 
 looked envious to appear when "Love's young dream" to them was 
 far removed from realization. They all, however, affected a charm- 
 ing insouciance, and gave gaze for gaze without a tremor. The 
 young men of course were out in numbers; to them the event was a 
 momentous one, and the most imaginative of them easily traveled 
 on fancy's wings to the hour when he should lead a gentle lassie to 
 the altar. It was likewise an occasion replete with incentives to love; 
 a sidelong glance, a soft, persuasive tone, a gentle pressure of the 
 hand during the ceremony, and wavering affections were enchained. 
 Weddings like that of last evening save many a verbal hesitancy, 
 inspire more fond affection, and are more effective agencies in wooing 
 than all the potions of the east or the dicta of a hundred writers on 
 the art of fascination. 
 
 ENTRANCE OF THE WEDDING PARTY 
 
 The intonations of the court-house belfry had scarcely ceased to 
 toll the "knell of parting day" when the hum of conversation 
 suddenly ceased as the groom and bride, followed by their compan- 
 ions, entered the church. Then all eyes were turned upon them, the 
 organ poured forth its volume of harmony, and they ranged them- 
 selves around the altar. 
 
 THE BRIDESMAIDS 
 
 The bridesmaids were Miss Carrie Roberts, of New York; Miss 
 Mary Luddington, of Chicago; Miss Mary De Forest, of New Haven; 
 Miss Edna Valentine, of New York; and Miss Sophie Foster, of 
 Chicago. Seldom has a wedding in Chicago elicited such a galaxy of 
 beauty, such a representation of wealth and intelligence of the east 
 and west. Miss Roberts is the daughter of Marshall O. Roberts, of 
 New York, the well-known millionaire steamboat owner, and rival 
 of Commodore Vanderbilt. The other ladies, like her, are from the 
 best families of their respective cities. 
 
 THE TOILETTES 
 
 The toilettes of the bride and bridesmaids were of course the 
 attraction to the many ladies present. Miss Buckingham's dress was 
 of white satin, with train a la Imperatrice and point-lace flounces. 
 Her hair was tastefully adorned with orange flowers, and a coronet 
 of gems and flowers wreathed her brow, from which suspended a 
 
108 ] CHE-CAU-GOU 
 
 cloud of illusion enveloping the whole figure. She looked charming, 
 and as she stood before the altar her attitude and expression were the 
 embodiment of naivete and beauty. 
 
 The bridesmaids were dressed in white silk and tarlatan, with 
 satin trimmings and long trains. Their hair was ornamented with 
 diamonds and wreaths of flowers, over which were exquisite veils of 
 point-lace. They presented a bevy of beauties, and provoked 
 general admiration by their appearance and exquisite taste in dress 
 and ornament. 
 
 THE CEREMONY 
 
 The ceremony was performed by the Rev. Z. M. Humphrey, 
 pastor of the church. In its brief simplicity there was impressiveness, 
 and during its progress silence almost oppressive prevailed. The 
 questions and responses could be plainly heard, and, until the final 
 vows were exchanged and the benediction uttered by the clergyman, 
 the silence continued. The immediate friends and relations of the 
 parties were present, and were seated in proximity to the altar. The 
 bride was accompanied by her mother and only sister, and by her 
 grandfather, J. S. Potwin, Esq., a venerable old gentleman, who gave 
 her away. Peyton R. Chandler, Esq., the father of the groom, his 
 mother, and other relations, were seated near the parties during the 
 service. 
 
 THE BRIDAL RECEPTION 
 
 When the ceremony was concluded, the bridal party left the 
 church and proceeded to the residence of the bride's mother, Mrs. 
 B. H. Buckingham, No. 154 Rush Street. Here the happy couple 
 received their friends. The house was brilliantly illuminated, and the 
 capacious parlors were profusely decorated. Festoons, wreaths, and 
 pendants of evergreens and flowers hung from the ceiling, ornamented 
 the walls, adorned the chandeliers, and ornamented the mantels. 
 At the western end of the room was an evergreen arch surmounted 
 by the monogram "C and B" and ornamented by marriage bells 
 wrought in roses. Beneath this the bridal reception took place, the 
 congratulations and exchanges of well-wishes incident to such 
 occasions were given. The youth and beauty of the city were present, 
 many friends and companions of the groom and bride, and of course 
 the scene was one of splendor. Vaas' band discoursed the choicest 
 airs from an ante-room, the air was filled with fragrance and har- 
 mony, and the guests in their delight moved from room to room and 
 laughed and gossiped. 
 
 The toilettes of many of the ladies at the reception were es- 
 pecially noticeable. Among those who attracted particular attention 
 were Miss Jennie Stewart, Miss Harris, Miss Cobb, Miss Guthrie, 
 
CHE-CAU-GOU [109 
 
 and Miss Owens of New Orleans. Among the married ladies, Mrs. 
 Perry H. Smith, Mrs. Wm. Sturges, Mrs. Nixon, and Mrs. C. M. 
 Smith were the recipients of approbative glances at their tasteful 
 dress and ornaments. 
 
 A COLLATION 
 
 A collation sumptuous and comprehensive in details, was spread 
 during the -reception, in the dining room, and there, during the 
 evening, wine was quaffed in bumpers, and the health of the newly- 
 married couple repeatedly toasted. The collation was elegant in its 
 conception, and, as an accessory to the wedding, gave general 
 satisfaction. 
 
 THE BRIDAL TOUR 
 
 At 9 o'clock, the reception terminated. The gentleman and the 
 lady having engaged passage for Europe on Saturday, their immediate 
 passage for New York was necessary. The directors' car of the Michi- 
 gan Central Railway was tendered them, and at 9:20 last evening, 
 Mr. and Mrs. Chandler left Chicago for a six months' tour of the 
 continent. They were accompanied by a large party of friends. 
 
 THE BRIDAL PRESENTS 
 
 The bridal presents were numerous and valuable, in the aggre- 
 gate, being worth many thousand dollars. At the reception they were 
 arrayed on a side table, and attracted much attention, mingled with 
 appreciative comment. The following were among the most notice- 
 able: Bride's mother, silver tureen and ladle; bride's grandparents, 
 silver pitcher and goblets; children of the late Alvah Buckingham, 
 bronze clock and vases, silver fruit stand and one dozen silver 
 knives. Miss. H. of New York, jeweled perfume box; Mr. and Mrs. 
 Van A., silver vases; Mr. and Mrs. W. S., silver vase; Mr. and Mrs. 
 J. R., porcelain card receiver; the groom, solitaire diamond ring; 
 Mr. P. R. Chandler, pair solitaire diamond eardrops. The above 
 were the principal presents, but there were many others. One hundred 
 and fourteen pieces of silver, from 23 different persons; lace, em- 
 broideries, paintings, and enamels were noticeable among the gifts. 
 A painting entitled the " Sybil" by the artist, Theodore Pyne of 
 New York, and presented the bride by him, attracted deserved 
 attention. 
 
 FINALE 
 
 The bridal party continued after the departure of the youthful 
 couple, and the Buckingham mansion echoed with the laughter of 
 youth and maiden, as buoyant heart and tripping feet abridged the 
 passage of time, and joined in celebrating the Chandler-Buckingham 
 nuptial festivities. 
 
 (Copied from the February 5th, 1868, issue of the Chicago 
 Times.) Original copy of paper in safety deposit box of Bucking- 
 ham Chandler — May 1, 1924. 
 
CHAPTER IX 
 
 SOME GLORIFICATION OF DEEDS WELL DONE 
 
 THE next period in our history was the thirty years after the 
 Columbian World's Fair of 1 893, which caused much overbuilding 
 for a time, but the reaction was of short duration and soon greater 
 progress than ever took place. The height of buildings was increased 
 and lofty skyscrapers were built in the loop and even beyond. The 
 Blackstone, the Drake, the La Salle, and the New Sherman, and 
 many other hotels arose like magic. 
 
 Michigan Avenue was widened, and the new Boulevard Link and 
 Bridge opened. The Forest Preserve was created with seventeen 
 thousand acres devoted to health and recreation. Lincoln Park 
 was materially enlarged and many small parks dedicated to the 
 public. The new Edith Rockefeller Zoological Gardens were estab- 
 lished. There were new railroad terminals and increased track 
 elevation. Indeed this period was a proud record for Chicago and the 
 spirit "I Will" still continues. Prophetic in vision was La Salle, when 
 in 1682, he wrote in reference to what is now Chicago :"This will be 
 the Gate of the Empire; this the seat of commerce. The typical man 
 who will grow up here must be an enterprising man. Each day, as 
 he rises, he will exclaim, T act, I move, I push/ and then will be 
 spread before him a boundless horizon, an illimitable field of activity. 
 A limitless expanse of plain is here — to the east water, and all other 
 points, land. If I were to give this place a name, I would derive it 
 from the nature of the man who will occupy this place— Ago, I act: 
 circum, all round: Circago." La Salle's conception of the virile type 
 of manhood which has made its name known all over the earth, the 
 last two syllables, "Ago," I act, fitting perfectly our citv's motto, 
 "I Will." 
 
PART IV 
 
 ANNO DOMINI 2000 
 CONTRASTS— PREDICTIONS 
 
CHAPTER I 
 
 THE STORY OF THE QUARTER ACRE 
 
 The Evolution of Wild Land Into the Highest Priced 
 Corner in the City of Chicago. 
 
 Increase of Population, and Historical Events 
 Affecting Values. 
 
 I. PERIOD OF THE ABORIGINES 
 
 A. D. 
 
 1492. Discovery of America. 
 
 1682. La Salle proclaims dominion in name of Louis XIV. 
 
 1765. France cedes Chicago to England. 
 
 1773. William Murray, an Englishman, settled at Kaskaskia, 
 Pioneer of Chicago Real Estate Agents forms the "Illinois 
 Land Company," claiming a tract which included "Chi- 
 cagou or Garlick Creek," as purchased of the Indians. 
 (Congress in 1801 disallowed the claim). 
 
 1778. George Rogers Clark, sent by Patrick Henry, Governor of 
 Virginia, conquers Illinois from the British. 
 
 1784. Virginia cedes her conquest to the United States. 
 
 1787. Territorial government under the United States. 
 
 1795. T^aty with Indians, securing six miles square at mouth of 
 
 Chicago River. 
 1803. First Fort Dearborn and actual possession. 
 181 2. Massacre at Fort Dearborn and dispossession. 
 1 8 16. Second Fort Dearborn and possession recovered. 
 
 1 82 1. Second treaty with Indians, gaining continuous way to sea- 
 board. 
 
 1830. Third treaty with Indians, giving up all their land east of 
 the Mississippi. 
 
 1832. "Black Hawk War." 
 
 1833. Final treaty with Indians. 
 
 1835. Farewell Indian War Dance in Chicago. 
 
II 4 ] 
 
 CHE-CAU-GOU 
 II. PERIOD OF THE WHITE MEN 
 
 
 
 Popula- 
 
 Annual 
 
 Value 
 
 Annual 
 
 Date 
 
 HISTORICAL 
 
 tion 
 of 
 
 Increase 
 Per 
 
 of 
 Quarter 
 
 Increase 
 Per 
 
 
 
 Chicago 
 
 Cent 
 
 Acre 
 
 Cent 
 
 1830 
 
 Chicago up to this date a garrison and 
 
 
 
 
 
 Indian trading post. In this rear its 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 first postoffice is established 
 
 50. 
 
 
 $ 20 
 
 
 1831 
 
 First bridee across the Chicago river. 
 
 100 
 
 100 
 
 22 
 
 10 
 
 1832 
 
 
 200 
 350 
 
 100 
 
 75 
 
 30 
 
 50 
 
 40 
 
 1833 
 
 
 67 
 
 1834 
 
 Last Black Bear shot, corner Market 
 
 
 
 and Jackson Streets 
 
 2,000 
 
 467 
 
 200 
 
 300 
 
 1835 
 
 First Bank opened 
 
 3,265 
 
 60 
 
 5.000 
 
 2400 
 
 1836 
 
 Illinois Canal is commenced and garrison 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 of Fort Dearborn withdrawn 
 
 3.820 
 
 17 
 
 25.000 
 
 400 
 
 1837 
 
 Chicago organized as a City. Financial 
 Panic. Second payment on Canal 
 Trustees' last year's sales all in default 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 except P. F. W. Peck 
 
 4.179 
 
 10 
 
 3,000 
 
 —88 
 
 1838 
 
 
 4,000 
 
 —4 
 
 2.500 
 
 —17 
 
 1839 
 
 
 4,200 
 
 5 
 
 2,000 
 
 —20 
 
 1840 
 
 
 4,470 
 
 6 
 
 1,500 
 
 —25 
 
 1841 
 
 First Water Works built 
 
 5,000 
 
 12 
 
 1,250 
 
 — 17 
 
 1842 
 
 First Propeller launched. State of Illinois 
 
 
 
 in default on its interest and work 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 recommenced on Illinois Canal 
 
 6,000 
 
 20 
 
 1,000 
 
 —20 
 
 1843 
 
 Wheat 38 cents, corn 18 cents, in Chi- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 cago market 
 
 7,589 
 
 25 
 
 1,100 
 
 10 
 
 1844 
 
 First meat packed for English market . . 
 
 8,000 
 
 6 
 
 1.200 
 
 10 
 
 1845 
 
 First Public School building built 
 
 12,088 
 
 50 
 
 5.000 
 
 20 
 
 1846 
 
 
 14,169 
 
 16 
 
 15.000 
 
 200 
 
 1847 
 
 First permanent theatre opened, and 
 River and Harbor Convention meets 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 in Chicago 
 
 16,859 
 
 18 
 
 12,000 
 
 —20 
 
 1848 
 
 First telegram received, Board of Trade 
 established, first Municipal building 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 built and Illinois Canal opened 
 
 20.023 
 
 25 
 
 13.000 
 
 9 
 
 1849 
 
 First Railroad (Galena) opened, and the 
 great flood in Chicago river. First 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Savings Bank started (I. H. Burch) . . . 
 
 23,047 
 
 15 
 
 15,000 
 
 15 
 
 1850 
 
 First Philharmonic Concert, and first 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Fire Limits established 
 
 28,269 
 
 22 
 
 17,500 
 
 17 
 
 1851 
 
 First Grain Elevator built (Fulton") 
 
 34,000 
 
 22 
 
 20,000 
 
 14 
 
 1852 
 
 First railroad from the East 
 
 38,754 
 
 14 
 
 25,000 
 
 25 
 
 1853 
 
 
 60,662 
 
 65,872 
 
 60 
 9 
 
 30,000 
 35,000 
 
 20 
 
 1854 
 
 Cholera 
 
 17 
 
 1855 
 
 Illinois Central Railroad Station built, 
 
 
 
 and Fort Dearborn Disappears 
 
 80,023 
 
 23 
 
 40,000 
 
 14 
 
 1856 
 
 First Suburban Trains (Hvde Park), and 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 first Iron Bridge (Rush Street) 
 
 84,113 
 
 ^ 
 
 45,000 
 
 12 
 
 1857 
 
 First through Railroad to New York, 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 and first big fire (Lake Street) 
 
 93,000 
 
 11 
 
 35,000 
 
 —22 
 
 1858 
 
 Paid Fire Department established 
 
 91,000 
 
 —2 
 
 30,000 
 
 —14 
 
 1859 
 
 First Street Railroad (south side) 
 
 95,000 
 
 4 
 
 29,000 
 
 —3 
 
 1860 
 
 
 * 109,000 
 
 15 
 
 28,000 
 
 —3 
 
 1861 
 
 
 120,000 
 138,000 
 160,000 
 
 10 
 15 
 
 16 
 
 28,000 
 32,000 
 33,000 
 
 — 
 
 1862 
 
 
 15 
 
 1863 
 
 First Pullman Palace Car runs 
 
 3 
 
 1864 
 
 First Public Park (Lincoln), also Union 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Stock Yards . . 
 
 169,353 
 178,900 
 
 6 
 6 
 
 36,000 
 45,000 
 
 13 
 
 1865 
 
 Clearing House established 
 
 25 
 
 1866 
 
 
 200,418 
 
 12 
 
 57,600 
 
 28 
 
C H K -C A U-G O U 
 
 Date 
 
 1868 
 
 1869 
 
 1870 
 1S71 
 
 HISTORICAL 
 
 is:: 
 
 1873 
 1874 
 
 1875 
 
 IS 76 
 1877 
 L878 
 1879 
 
 1880 
 1881 
 1882 
 
 1883 
 1884 
 
 1885 
 
 1886 
 
 1887 
 1888 
 1889 
 1890 
 
 1891 
 L892 
 1893 
 
 1894 
 1 895 
 
 1897 
 
 1898 
 1899 
 
 1900 
 
 1901 
 1902 
 1903 
 
 1904 
 1905 
 1906 
 
 First Lake Water Tunnel 
 
 First Railroad. Chicago to the Pacific 
 
 Coast. 
 
 First River Tunnel ( WashingtonJSl reet I. 
 
 The Great Fire, and second River Tun- 
 nel I LaSalle Street ). Deep cut in Canal 
 finished and improved sewerage, and 
 
 Canal debt all paid. First building 
 after fire erected by W. I). KLerfoot & 
 Co., a live type of the Chicago Real 
 Estate Agent 
 
 Rebuilding of the City 
 
 The Financial Crisis 
 
 The "Little Fire" of 74. South and 
 
 West Park systems well under way 
 
 of 1869) '. 
 
 The Great Railroad Riots 
 
 Union League Club organized 
 
 Commencement of the City of Pullman. 
 
 Conviction of the Anarchists. Founda- 
 tion of the Newberry Library 
 
 Foundation of the John Crerar Library. 
 Inception of the World's Columbian 
 Fxposition 
 
 New Drainage Canal begun 
 
 Culmination of the World's Fair tri- 
 umphant success 
 
 The Pullman Strike 
 
 The burdens of Special Assessments. . . . 
 
 Bryan's Nomination for President 
 
 Continual despondency among Real Es- 
 tate Owners 
 
 The Spanish-American War 
 
 The Philippine War. The Anglo-Boer 
 War 
 
 Bryan's second Nomination for Presi- 
 dent 
 
 Assassination of President Mckinlcv 
 
 The Anthracite Coal Strike 
 
 The Iroquois Theatre Fire, and Wall 
 Street depression 
 
 The Russo-Japanese War 
 
 Election of Dunne as Mayor 
 
 Internal dissensions concerning Traction 
 
 settlement 
 
 Popula- 
 tion 
 of 
 Chicago 
 
 220,000 
 
 252,054 
 
 272,043 
 '298,977 
 
 325,000 
 367,396 
 
 380,000 
 
 395,408 
 
 400,000 
 407.661 
 420.000 
 436.731 
 465.000 
 "503,298 
 530,000 
 560,693 
 590,000 
 629,985 
 700,000 
 
 825,880 
 850,000 
 875,000 
 900,000 
 
 1,098,570 
 
 1.200,000 
 1,300.000 
 
 1,400.000 
 1 ,400,000 
 1.450,000 
 1,500,000 
 
 1,550,000 
 1 ,600,000 
 
 1.650,000 
 
 1,698,575 
 
 1,750,000 
 1,800,000 
 
 1,850,000 
 
 1,9(X),000 
 1,960,000 
 
 2,015,000 
 
 Annua! 
 
 Increase 
 
 Per 
 
 Cent 
 
 10 
 
 15 
 
 8 
 9 
 
 22 
 
 10 
 
 9 
 
 Value 
 
 of 
 
 Quarter 
 
 Acre 
 
 % 65,000 
 
 80,000 
 
 90,000 
 
 120.000 
 
 100,000 
 125,000 
 
 100,000 
 
 95,000 
 
 92,501 
 
 90,000 
 
 90,000 
 
 95 ,00C 
 
 119,000 
 
 130,000 
 
 145,000 
 
 175.000 
 
 2 3 8, 000 
 
 250,000 
 
 275,000 
 
 325,000 
 435,000 
 
 600,000 
 750.000 
 
 900,000 
 1,000,000 
 1.000.000 
 
 1,000.000 
 900,000 
 900,000 
 900,000 
 
 930.000 
 973,000 
 
 1.012,000 
 
 1.052,000 
 1,093,000 
 1.157,000 
 
 tl, 183,000 
 1.500,000 
 1,430,000 
 
 1,575,000 
 
 Annual 
 
 Increase 
 
 Per 
 
 Cent 
 
 12 
 
 23 
 12 
 33 
 
 17 
 25 
 20 
 
 — 5 
 —3 
 —3 
 
 5 
 2 5 
 10 
 12 
 21 
 36 
 
 5 
 10 
 
 18 
 34 
 38 
 
 20 
 11 
 
 10 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 10 
 10 
 
 10 
 
u6 
 
 CHE-CAL'-GOU 
 
 
 
 Popula- 
 
 Annual 
 
 Value 
 
 Annual 
 
 Date 
 
 HISTORICAL 
 
 tion 
 
 Increase 
 
 of 
 
 Increase 
 
 
 
 of 
 
 Per 
 
 Quarter 
 
 Per 
 
 
 
 Chicago 
 
 Cent 
 
 Acre 
 
 Cent 
 
 1907 
 
 Following a severe decline and panic in 
 Railroad Stocks on March 14th, came, 
 on April 4th, the election of the first 
 four-year Mayor, Fred A. Busse, the 
 overturn of the Dunne radical admin- 
 istration, and the settlement of the 
 Traction question. October 22, sus- 
 pension of the Knickerbocker Trust 
 Company in New York, and general 
 
 
 
 $ 
 
 
 
 panic in Wall Street 
 
 2,075,000 
 
 3 
 
 11.717,000 
 
 9 
 
 1908 
 
 Taft President of the United States .... 
 
 1,924,060 
 
 
 1,717,000 
 
 
 1909 
 
 The Chicago Plan Commission pre- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 sented and adopted 
 
 2,000.000 
 
 4 
 
 1.600,000 
 
 —6 
 
 1910 
 
 
 *2, 189,520 
 
 9 
 
 1,600.000 
 
 
 
 1911 
 
 Carter H. Harrison, Jr., elected Mayor 
 
 
 
 
 
 (four-year term) 
 
 2,200,000 
 
 1 
 
 1,625,000 
 
 Wz 
 
 1912 
 
 Roosevelt President of the United 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 States 
 
 2.250,000 
 
 2 
 
 1.650,000 
 1,675,000 
 
 IK 
 
 1913 
 
 
 2,325,000 
 
 3 
 
 1914 
 
 The World War commenced. Forest 
 
 
 
 Preserve District Adopted. Federal 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Reserve Banking System inaugurated 
 
 2.400,000 
 
 3 
 
 1,500,000 
 
 —10 
 
 1915 
 
 Thompson elected Mayor 
 
 2.457,526 
 
 23^ 
 
 1,500,000 
 1,500,000 
 
 
 
 1916 
 
 Wilson President of the United States. . 
 
 2,500.000 
 
 — 
 
 1917 
 
 United States enters World War. Feder- 
 al Reserve Bank Xotes in circulation. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 3972,585.000 
 
 2,550,000 
 
 2 
 
 1.500,000 
 
 
 
 1918 
 
 World War ends on Armistice Day. Fed- 
 
 
 
 
 eral Reserve Bank Xotes in circulation 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 32,555.215.000 
 
 2,600,000 
 
 2 
 
 1.550,000 
 
 3 
 
 1919 
 
 Re-election of Thompson as Mayor. 
 
 
 
 
 
 Gold coin and bullion in U. S.. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 33,112,320.347 
 
 2,650,000 
 
 2 
 
 1,500,000 
 
 ■} 
 
 1920 
 
 Boulevard Link Bridge opened. Hard- 
 
 
 
 
 
 ing President of the United States .... 
 
 *2,701,70S 
 
 2 
 
 1,550,000 
 
 3 
 
 
 Prohibition 18th Amendment effective. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Federal Reserve Bank Xotes in cir- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 culation. 35.325.629.000.00 
 
 2,750,000 
 
 2 
 
 1,600,000 
 
 3 
 
 1921 
 
 This vear's cost of new buildings. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 3124,028,010.00 
 
 2,800,000 
 
 2 
 
 1,700,000 
 
 6 
 
 1922 
 
 
 2,701,705 
 
 
 
 
 
 1923 
 
 Dever elected Mayor. 40th Anniversary 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Chicago Real Estate Board 
 
 2.925,000 
 
 8 
 
 ±1,840,392 
 
 8 
 
 1924 
 
 
 3,000,000 
 
 2H 
 
 "2,000.000 
 
 s% 
 
 
 
 
 *U. S. Federal Census. fAssessors* official figures. JBoard of Review. 
 
 The 1906 estimate by the Government Census Bureau was 2,049,185 population; the 
 January 1, 1908, estimate of Chicago Bureau of Statistics was 2,540,896; Donnelley's 
 City Director}- estimated 2,300,000 population. 
 
 50' x 218' in depth 
 60' x 180' in depth 
 
 QUARTER ACRE EQUIVALENTS 
 
 68' x 160' in depth 
 70' x 155' in depth 
 72' x 150' in depth 
 
 87' x 125' in depth 
 100' x 109' in depth 
 
 In the 8th Biennial Reportof the Bureau of Labor Statistics of Illinois on the sub- 
 ject of Taxation, 1894, by George A. Schilling, Secy., will be found on pages 368-379 an in- 
 teresting account of this "Story of the Quarter Acre." 
 
 F. R. Chandler. 
 
CHAPTER II 
 
 SOME MODEST EXPECTATIONS AS TO FUTURE EXPANSION 
 
 AFTER Columbus discovered America and colonization set in, 
 and the Indians driven out, a new discoverer or adventurer 
 turned up in the person of Captain George Wellington Streeter, who 
 
 Capt. George Wellington Streeter 
 
 while cruising about Lake Michigan was stranded in a storm and his 
 ramschackle boat was cast on the sands of the lake front, in (the 
 vicinity of Chicago Avenue. He flung out the red flag of the mythical 
 
I I 8 ] CHE-CAU-GOU 
 
 "Deestrict of Lake Michigan" and thereupon issued a proclamation 
 claiming all the land, made since the glacial epoch, in the range of 
 his spyglass, which land extended some two miles, from the river 
 to North Avenue, and in loud stentorian tones called it Streeterville! 
 
 He propped up his damaged boat, called it his castle, and defied 
 the peaceable people thereabout and told them to ''Keep off the 
 grass!" He recorded a bogus patent, and made a subdivision into 
 lots and offered them for sale at extremely low acre prices. A few 
 credulous persons bought, but when they attempted to take pos- 
 session soon discovered they were trespassing under the law of 
 Riparian Rights, that all accretions belonged to the land adjoining 
 and not to the squatter sovereign, Streeter, or his assigns. Riots oc- 
 curred, one man, a police guard, was shot, and not until several 
 years of legal controversy was Streeter driven off. 
 
 He was accompanied on his land-stealing voyage and adventure 
 by his faithful wife, Maria. So literally it can be said in the fracas 
 that it was "Hell an' Maria," and now "Streeterville" and the 
 "Deestrict" are episodes of the past and Chicago holds as ever 
 victorious. 
 
 After Captain Streeter's modest efforts for expansion came to 
 nought there was a decided reaction. The Association of Commerce, 
 with its five thousand members, a most conservative and law-abiding 
 body of virile men of vision, took hold and recently issued a procedure 
 and the detail is herewith presented for Chicago betterment: 
 
 South Shore boulevard linking Grant and Jackson 
 Parks, including Grand boulevard plaza, bridges 
 between the outer and inner drives and $12,000,- 
 
 000 for general park improvements $ 55,000,000 
 
 South Park avenue widening 2,000,000 
 
 Indiana avenue widening 1,500,000 
 
 Prairie avenue widening 1,500,000 
 
 Twenty-second street widening 3,000,000 
 
 Twenty-second street viaduct across I. C. right of way i,ooo,cco 
 
 South Water street improvement 24,000,000 
 
 Robey street improvement 18,000,000 
 
 Ogden avenue project 13,000,000 
 
 Ashland avenue project 25,000,000 
 
 Western avenue project 17,000,000 
 
 Chicago river straightening, with viaducts and ramps 20,000,000 
 
 Rearrangement of railroad freight facilities 23,000,000 
 
 Roosevelt road viaduct and widening 6,882,000 
 
 Polk, Taylor, Clinton, Jefferson and Desplaines street 
 
 projects 4,180,000 
 
 McCormick road 1 ,000,000 
 
CHE-CAU-GOU [ll9 
 
 Street openings, paving and ordinary road-building. . .$ 38,000,000 
 
 Extension of street lighting system 1,550,000 
 
 Three new bridges to be built by the city 5,400,000 
 
 Four new bridges to be built by the Sanitary District . . 5,850,000 
 Sewer system extensions, new sidewalks and water 
 
 works extensions 34,000,000 
 
 Sewage treatment works 120,000,000 
 
 Fine Arts Building restoration and reconstruction .... 5,000,000 
 
 Shedd aquarium in Grant Park 2,000,000 
 
 Municipal stadium 2,500,000 
 
 Track elevation 95,000,000 
 
 New bathing beaches, park and playground extensions 6,oco,cco 
 
 New produce market 10,000,000 
 
 Forest Preserve extensions 6,200,000 
 
 Police building 1,500,000 
 
 Lake Calumet harbor 3,500,000 
 
 Illinois Central station and electrification 88,oco,cco 
 
 Union station, including viaducts and Canal street 
 
 widening 75,000,000 
 
 Elevated railway extensions 23,000,000 
 
 Surface line extensions 6,coo,cco 
 
 Northwestern University downtown campus develop- 
 ment 1 6,00,0000 
 
 University of Chicago building program 15,000,000 
 
 New School buildings, two years i6,cco,coo 
 
 New Wesley Hospital and St. Luke's annex 22,750,000 
 
 State Street retail store expansion 30,000,000 
 
 New Wieboldt department store 4,000,000 
 
 Commonwealth Edison extensions 30,000,000 
 
 People's Gas extensions 2,000,000 
 
 Telephone company extensions and improvements, 
 
 three years 41,250,000 
 
 Addition to Ford assembling plant 4,000,000 
 
 Fourteen new clubhouses 46,500,000 
 
 Western Electric rod mill and other extensions 5,000,000 
 
 Other industrial extensions and new projects an- 
 nounced since January 1 14,525,000 
 
 Straus building 14,000,000 
 
 Tribune tower 7,oco,cco 
 
 New Masonic Temp.e 5,oco,cco 
 
 American Furniture Mart io,oco,cco 
 
 Illinois-Merchants banks 9,000,000 
 
 Stevens Hotel 22,cco,cco 
 
 Palmer House 20,000,000 
 
 Sherman annex 7,000,000 
 
1 20 ] CHE-CAU-GOU 
 
 Morrison annex $ 8,000,000 
 
 Congress Hotel 22,000,000 
 
 Jewelers' building 10,000,000 
 
 Elks' memorial 3,000,000 
 
 New Bismarck hotel 21,000,000 
 
 New Auditorium hotel and theater 15,000,000 
 
 Nine new Y. M. C. A. buildings 9,000,000 
 
 New Moody temple 1 ,000,000 
 
 All other building this year 200,000,000 
 
 Still Further Projects 
 
 Commerce's additional list gives these projects now in a pre- 
 liminary stage: 
 
 Pershing road improvement $ 3,000,000 
 
 New east and west boulevard, probably Ohio street . . 5,000,000 
 
 La Salle street widening 15,300,000 
 
 Avondale avenue second-story roadway paralleling 
 
 Milwaukee avenue 5,000,000 
 
 Extension of west side medical, hospital and institu- 
 tional group 7,000,000 
 
 Proposed harbor drive connecting Grant and Lincoln 
 
 parks 3,ooo,cco 
 
 Ten-story development of "air rights" over freight 
 
 houses 95,000,000 
 
 New jail and county temple project 63,000,000 
 
 Chicago zoological gardens 2,000,000 
 
 Illiana harbor 350,000,000 
 
 New York Central station 100,000,000 
 
 Dearborn station 55,000,000 
 
 Subway, first period of construction 217,800,000 
 
 Purchase by city of surface lines 162,000,000 
 
 Purchase by city of elevated lines 86,000,000 
 
 Board of Education office building 6,000,000 
 
 New postoffice io,ooo,oco 
 
 Proposed federal building on site of present postoffice . 1 5,000,000 
 Roofing of I. C. railroad for hotel and commercial 
 
 development 100,000,0000 
 
 Proposed Machinery arcade 5,000,00 
 
 ran 
 
 d Total $2,679,687,000 
 
 The editor of Ganinwari's original manuscript has taken the 
 liberty to discount $179,687,000 from above figures to guard against 
 
CHE-CAU-GOU [ I 2 1 
 
 over optimism, leaving a total for this net budget for the grandeur 
 and glorification of the Greater Chicago, Two Billion Five Hundred 
 Million Dollars! This stupendous expenditure will be quite attain- 
 able, if the State of Illinois' bonding power is not snatched from the 
 close, hard-fisted taxpayers, who often grumble even when lightly 
 hit in the solar plexus. Micawber may have had the right idea of 
 paying debts, by giving new I. O. U.'s for old ones, and taxpayers 
 are easily cheered by the Jay Cooke's financiers that "a public debt 
 is a public blessing/' 
 
CHAPTER III 
 
 THE TEN MILLION CLUB 
 
 TT seems, then, quite in order to set Chicago's standard of popula- 
 -*- tion at a higher notch than the present three million. Based on 
 the well established facts of the "Story of the Quarter Acre," hith- 
 erto shown, a Ten Million Club is well in the range of probability, 
 long before the end of the Twentieth Century. Hitherto predictions 
 on this score have never been optimistic enough. 
 
 Onkwe Ganinwari, Sachem of the Pottawatomi, outlines this 
 prospectus for a "Ten Million Club" as a stimulus to the future 
 development and grandeur of the Greater Chicago. It will be unique 
 in this, that it is self-winding and starting with a membership ot 
 three million, as the present population, it will increase automat- 
 ically, as each citizen arrives at the voting age until the whole 
 total reaches ten million people, when it will be organized from 
 one thousand arrondissements, having an Imperial Wizard (a Presi- 
 dent) at its head, and one thousand auxiliary King Kleagles (Vice- 
 Presidents). No masks at any time may be worn, but Sachem caps 
 for men, and beaded amulets for women. 
 
 As the clock dial in the Lord Mayor's office registers 10,000,000, 
 a proclamation will be issued, broadcasting by radio the joyful 
 news; a thousand guns will be fired; a thousand bands rend the air; 
 military parades, citizens' processions, fireworks, orations and 
 dances; a hundred thousand "red, white and blue" banners flung to 
 the breeze; a ten days' festival and jollification, and the famous 
 slogan yell Chi — Chi — -Chi Ca — Ca — Ca Go — Go — Go 
 
 CHICAGO!!! 
 
CHAPTER IV 
 
 THE SAUGANASH TAVERN AND THE 
 NEW PALMER CARAVANSARY 
 
 MARK BEAUBIEN, born in 1800 at Detroit, the father of sixteen 
 children, came to Chicago in 1826. No road, only an Indian 
 trail; camped outdoors, bought a log house from Jim Kinzie and 
 
 The Sauganash Tavern 1826 
 
 opened it as a tavern. He built alongside of it a pretentious white 
 two-storv frame building with bright blue wooden shutters, the 
 admiration of all the little circle at Wolf Point at the fork of the 
 river which is now known as corner of Lake and Market Streets. 
 This was the famed Sauganash Tavern, named after "Billy Cald- 
 well," an Indian. Mark was a jolly host, and for those days a 
 skilled performer on the fiddle. This noted tavern was destroyed 
 by rire on March 3, 1851. 
 
I2 4 ] 
 
 CHE-CAU-GOU 
 
 The Grand Palmer Caravansary 
 
CHE-CAU-GOU 
 
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 - nn 
 
 FUTURE GRAND MUNICIPAL PALACE FOR CHICAGO 
 
 An architect's dream of a building to house all of the governmental de- 
 partments of a future Greater Chicago. The plan consists of fourgreat 
 buildings, each occupying a city block and surmounted by a fifth. 
 The two streets intersect the group of buildings and pass through 
 the central building in both directions. One building is assigned to 
 City executive offices, one to County offices, one to State offices 
 and departments, one to the Police and Courts, and these four 
 crowned by the Education building. The author is Mr. Hugh 
 M. G. Garden of the firm of Schmidt, Garden & Martin, Architects. 
 
CHAPTER V 
 
 THE SALOON BUILDING AND THE ILLINOIS MERCHANTS 
 BANK BUILDING 
 
 THIS structure stood on the southeast corner of Lake and Clark 
 Streets, and was erected in 1836. It was the first office building, 
 and used in connection as a "City Hall" and at that time was not 
 
 The Saloon Building 1836 
 
 eclipsed by anything of the kind in theWest. Its use was synonymous 
 with the French Salon which literallymeant a grand and spacioushall. 
 And it was thus used, being located on the third floor of the build- 
 ing. When first completed it was considered the largest and most 
 beautiful hall west of Buffalo. 
 
CHE-CAU-GOU 
 
 I2 7 
 
 hJ>a- 
 
 Jill rare ? i] : 
 
 ram ?!?twtii«m 
 
 flfe 
 
 
 mm 
 
 '"C 
 
 Bl « 
 
 
 
 ni* •i&Uf.-i. 1 th ~#»* 
 
 Illinois Merchants Bank Building. 1924 
 
CHAPTER VI 
 
 THE WIGWAM AND THE JACKSON PARK ART PALACE AND 
 CONVENTION HALL 
 
 This is the historic building erected on Market Street by the 
 Republican Convention that nominated Abraham Lincoln for Presi- 
 dent in i860. 
 
 The Republican Wigwam 1860 
 
CHE-C \ \ - (, o \ 
 
 [ 129 
 
CHAPTER VII 
 
 THE LITTLE RED SCHOOLHOUSE AND THE 
 CHICAGO HIGH SCHOOL, 1 856 
 
 IN THE fall of 1836, the school trustees voted a tax of $5,000 to 
 build a school house in District 1, comprising what was afterwards 
 that portion of the First Ward, east of Clark Street. At that time 
 building materials and labor were extremely high and scarce, and 
 it was thought by the trustees that it would be much cheaper and 
 quicker to secure, to put up a temporary building, so they were 
 authorized to borrow $200 for that purpose, and employ a teacher 
 at $400 per annum. For several years it was thus occupied for school 
 purposes, until, as it was so old, small and dilapidated, it was sold 
 by the trustees for the sum of $40. Thus began and ended the first 
 public school of the Board of Education of the City of Chicago. 
 It was a two-story frame structure, the upper story for school, the 
 lower for church purposes, and cost about nine hundred dollars, 
 originally. 
 
CHE-CAU-GOU 
 
 *3 X 
 
 The "Little Red School House" 1833 
 
 I lift W' 
 
 *4.. "Still. : •■} y-gR'S' 
 
 
 The Chicago High School 1856 
 
CHAPTER VIII 
 
 THE FIRST COURT HOUSE AND THE 
 COOK COUNTY BUILDING, I907 
 
 THE First Municipal Structure, the Market Building, was erected 
 in 1848. The building was situated in the center of State Street, 
 fronting forty feet on Randolph and running north toward Lake 
 Street one hundred and eighty feet. It was built of brick and 
 stone, two stories in height. The entire cost was $11,070. 
 
 
 
 ^•-■f"-;3fe^ 
 
 The First Court House 1835 
 
 During the fall of the year 1835, a one-story and basement 
 brick courthouse was erected on the northeast corner of the square 
 on Clark and Randolph Streets; the county offices were in the lower 
 story, the courtroom which was above being one oblong room. 
 Seating capacity two hundred. 
 
C H E -C \ r - (, o U 
 
 33 
 
 - 
 
J34 
 
 CHE-CAU-GOU 
 
 THE PRESS TOWER — A DREAM OF THE FUTURE 
 
 An office building of 100 stories. Designed by Mr. Hugh M. G. Garden of Schmidt, 
 Garden & Martin, Architects. For comparison the Methodist Temple, 556 feet high, is 
 shown to the left and the Tribune Tower, 456 feet high, to the right. Between the latter 
 and the Press Tower is shown a future Tribune Tower of 760 feet, which under existing 
 ordinances is possible. The Press Tower is shown with a height of 1360 feet — the 
 highest structure in the world. 
 
CHAPTER IX 
 
 TRANSPORTATION, DOUBLE DECKER SIDEWALKS, AVIATION 
 AND RADIOACTION 
 
 HORSES and mules are almost becoming extinct species. Possibly 
 in Chicago at the present time one in a thousand are horse-drawn 
 vehicles. The business streets are so congested with traffic that the 
 surface lines of street cars in the loop district must be put under- 
 ground in subways. Double-decker sidewalks are inevitable and even 
 three-decker ones may be advisable. 
 
J 3 6 
 
 CHE-CAU-GOU 
 
 Postscript to the Author's Apology 
 Some Present Types of Modern Evolution (Chandlaria Chicagoana) 
 
CHAPTER X 
 
 THE GREATER CHICAGO 
 
 TNDULGENT reader, you have reached the final stages of the 
 -^ story; you have seen the little beginnings from early Indian days; 
 the contrasts therefrom and some few predictions, illustrating what 
 may be coming in the further evolution of the magnificent city. 
 Indeed it is a romance, founded on such indisputable facts that 
 cannot be gainsaid. 
 
 The practical solution is shown in the accompanying map, exhib- 
 iting the proposed Greater Chicago, extending northward to the 
 City of Evanston and Niles Center, eastward to the State of Indiana, 
 southward to the Cook County line, and westward taking in the 
 Des Plaines River and Forest Preserve sections, an area of some 
 forty miles in length and twenty miles in width, approximately 
 eight hundred square miles, or some five hundred thousand acres on 
 the shores of Lake Michigan. Kind reader, adieu, may the souls of 
 the Pottawatomi rest in peace. 
 
 THE END 
 
INDEX 
 
 Part Chapter 
 
 Adam and Eve I 8 
 
 Apes I 7 
 
 AssociationofCommerce.lv 2 
 
 Aviation 9 
 
 Arnold, Isaac N Ill 6 
 
 Bibliography Ill 6 
 
 Bonney, Charles C Ill 6 
 
 Bowen, James H Ill 6 
 
 Che-cau-gou Ill 1 
 
 Chicago Nomenclature. . .Ill 1 
 
 Courthouse, 1835 IV 8 
 
 Columbus II 1 
 
 Convention of Simians .. .1 8 
 
 Creation I 1 
 
 Deeds well done Ill 9 
 
 Discovery of America. . . II 1 
 
 Egan, William C Ill 6 
 
 Evolution I 6 
 
 Eugenics I 8 
 
 Expulsion from Eden .... I 10 
 
 Field, Marshall Ill 6 
 
 Garden of Eden I 5 
 
 God is a Spirit I 4 
 
 Gorillas I 7 
 
 Grand Municipal Building IV 8 
 
 k Green, Hetty (Scenario) . . Ill 7 
 
 Greater Chicago IV 10 
 
 Harrison, Carter H Ill 6 
 
 Harrison, Carter H. 2d.. Ill 6 
 
 Honore, Henry H Ill 6 
 
 Hutchinson, Charles L. . .Ill 6 
 
 Part Chapter 
 
 Indians II 2 
 
 Indian Citizenship II 5 
 
 Indians' Religion II .3 
 
 Indian Wars II 4 
 
 Jens Jensen Ill 6 
 
 lackson Park Convention 
 
 Hall IV 6 
 
 Kerfoot, Wm. D Ill 6 
 
 Kohlsaat, Herman H .... Ill 6 
 
 Last of the Mohicans. ... II 4 
 
 Lewis, J. Hamilton Ill 6 
 
 Leiter, Joseph Ill 6 
 
 Little Red Schoolhouse ..IV 7 
 
 Medill, Joseph Ill 6 
 
 Migration of the Races. . . I 10 
 
 Missing Link I 8 
 
 Monkeys I 7 
 
 Ogden, Wm. B Ill 6 
 
 Palmer Caravansary IV 4 
 
 Pioneers of the 1830's . . . .Ill 6 
 
 Pocahontas II 2 
 
 Press Tower IV 5 
 
 Protoplasms I 6 
 
 Radioaction IV 9 
 
 Religion and Science I 9 
 
 Saloon Building 1836 . . . . IV 5 
 
 Sauganash Tavern IV 4 
 
 Scammon, J. Young Ill 6 
 
 Science and Religion .... I 9 
 
 Selfridge, Harry Gordon.. Ill 6 
 
 Senior High School IV 8 
 
INDEX— Continued 
 
 Part Chapter 
 
 Sidewalks, Double Decked IV 9 
 
 StoryoftheQuarterAcre.IV 1 
 
 Streeter, Capt. J. W IV 2 
 
 Sturges, William Ill 6 
 
 Ten Million Club IV 3 
 
 Thompson, Wm. Hale. . .Ill 6 
 
 Transportation IV 9 
 
 Part Chapter 
 
 Universe, The I 2 
 
 Walker, Sam. J. .......Ill 6 
 
 Wau-kee-nah II 2 
 
 Wedding, Chandler- 
 Buckingham Ill 8 
 
 Wentworth/'Long John" .III 6 
 
 W 7 igwam of i860 IV 6 
 
 Women's Clubs Ill 6 
 


mffizsm 
 
 UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS-URBANA 
 917.731C36C C002 
 
 CHE-CAU-GOU, A HISTORY CHGO 
 
 3 0112 025338648