SlIRVr; • " JOHN A. HARRISON 
 
 STATE OF ILLINOIS 
 
 DEPARTMENT OF REGISTRATION AND EDUCATION 
 
 Chemical and Physical 
 Character of the 
 Pennsylvanian Sandstones 
 in Central Illinois 
 
 James C. Bradbury 
 
 Meredith E. Ostrom 
 
 J. E. Lamar 
 
 ILLINOIS STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 
 John C. Frye, Chief URBANA 
 
 CIRCULAR 331 1962 
 
Digitized by the Internet Archive 
 
 in 2012 with funding from 
 
 University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign 
 
 http://archive.org/details/chemicalphysical310brad 
 
CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL 
 
 CHARACTER OF THE PENNSYLVANIAN 
 
 SANDSTONES IN CENTRAL ILLINOIS 
 
 James C. Bradbury, Meredith E. Ostrom, and J. E. Lamar 
 
CONTENTS 
 
 Page 
 
 Abstract 3 
 
 Introduction 3 
 
 Geologic Identity of Sandstones Sampled 4 
 
 Geologic Occurrence of Sandstones 4 
 
 Results of Earlier Studies 8 
 
 Samples 10 
 
 Character of Unweathered Sandstones 11 
 
 Preparation of Sandstones for Testing 11 
 
 Results of Sieve Tests 11 
 
 Grain Shape 16 
 
 Heavy Mineral Content 17 
 
 Light Mineral Content 18 
 
 Clay Mineral Content 18 
 
 Character of Clay Minerals in Sandstones 19 
 
 Chemical Composition IS 
 
 Fusion Tests 25 
 
 Uses for Sandstones 28 
 
 Appendix - Description of Deposits Sampled 31 
 
 TABLES 
 
 Page 
 
 1 . Geologic Column and Number 
 
 of Samples Studied 5 
 
 2. Summary of Modal Analysis Data 6 
 
 3. Average Percentage of Carbonates, 
 
 Clays, and Feldspar 9 
 
 4. Results of Sieve Tests 12 
 
 5. Heavy Mineral Content in Sandstones 16 
 
 6. Clay Minerals 20 
 
 7. Chemical Analyses of Sandstones 22 
 
 8. Summary of Chemical Analyses 25 
 9 . Results of Fusion Tests 26 
 
 10. Results of Fusion Tests by Geologic Group 28 
 
 11. Sample Numbers with County and 
 
 Formation Identification 30 
 
 FIGURES 
 
 1. Index Map Showing Sample Locations 
 
 and Pennsylvanian Boundary 
 
 2. Data on Amount of Sand Retained on 48-, 
 
 100-, and 200-mesh sieves 
 
 3. Clay Content of Samples by Formations 
 
 4. Clay Minerals in Samples by Formations 
 
 5. Relation of Fusion Temperatures to Amount and Kind 
 
 of Clay and Ignition Loss 
 
 Page 
 
CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL 
 
 CHARACTER OF THE PENNSYLVANIAN 
 
 SANDSTONES IN CENTRAL ILLINOIS 
 
 James C. Bradbury, Meredith E. Ostrom, and J. E. Lamar 
 
 ABSTRACT 
 
 Basic data for more than 90 samples of sandstones of 
 Pennsylvanian age that crop out in the central part of Illinois 
 are presented in this report. Chemical composition, refractori- 
 ness, size of the grains composing the sandstones, and other 
 properties that might affect the commercial usefulness of the 
 sandstones either now or in the future are included. 
 
 INTRODUCTION 
 
 This report deals with the sandstones of Pennsylvanian age that crop out 
 within the coal basin of Illinois (fig. 1), except those sandstones in extreme south- 
 ern Illinois that have been discussed in an earlier report (Biggs and Lamar, 19 55) , 
 The sandstones dealt with here are undeveloped and constitute a mineral resource 
 of potential future usefulness, either in their natural state or disaggregated. 
 
 A number of papers have dealt with the distribution of certain Pennsylvan- 
 ian sandstones, their mineral composition, and to a lesser extent their grain shape 
 and particle size (Andresen, 19 61; Ekblaw, 1931; Glass et al, , 1956; Hopkins, 
 1958; Potter and Glass, 1958; Rusnak, 1957; Siever, 1949, 1957; Siever and Potter, 
 1956). To determine the possible usefulness of the sandstones, however, additiona 
 data are needed, including chemical analyses, detailed sieve tests, and fusion 
 point data. These data, along with information on mineral composition, percentage 
 of heavy minerals present, and grain shape, are given in this report for samples 
 representing considerably greater thicknesses of sandstone than were studied for 
 earlier reports. These data will enable the mineral industry to evaluate the present 
 uses of the sandstones and their potential value for new uses of mineral raw mater- 
 ials , 
 
 [ 3 ] 
 
ILLINOIS STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY CIRCULAR 331 
 
 Acknowledgments 
 
 Several staff members of the Il- 
 linois State Geological Survey assisted 
 in this investigation. L. D. McVicker 
 made chemical analyses. Jack A. Simon 
 checked Pennsylvanian stratigraphy, 
 William F. Bradley provided x-ray data 
 on the amount of clay in samples and 
 the identity of clay minerals, David A. 
 Schaefer and John D. Sims did field 
 sampling and laboratory preparation and 
 testing of samples, James W. Baxter 
 and Richard D. Harvey did field sam- 
 pling, and J. S. Machin supervised 
 fusion tests . 
 
 GEOLOGIC IDENTITY 
 OF SANDSTONES SAMPLED 
 
 Table 1 is a geologic column 
 that shows the formations and named 
 sandstones from which samples were 
 taken and the number of samples ob- 
 tained from each. The sampled units 
 are separated by rocks such as shale 
 and limestone and are not in contact ] 
 with each other. 
 
 Some of the Pennsylvanian sand- 
 stones in Illinois have been given spe- 
 cific names, such as Pleasantview Sandstone. In some cases different names have 
 been given to the same sandstone in different areas of the state before the sand- 
 stones were known to be equivalent. Many of the sandstones, however, have not 
 been given specific names, but the name of the formation in which they occur is 
 named. Such a sandstone might be referred to, for example, as "a sandstone in 
 the Mattoon Formation. " All samples described as coming from a " sandstone" of 
 a particular formation do not necessarily come from the same sandstone stratum 
 because most formations contain more than one sandstone. 
 
 We believe that this report includes samples from most or all of the major 
 Pennsylvanian sandstones of Illinois, excluding those of extreme southern Illinois 
 discussed by Biggs and Lamar (1955) . More samples were tested from the forma- 
 tions of the McLeansboro Group, especially from the Mattoon Formation, than from 
 other formations because this group contains many sandstone strata that are exposed 
 at many places in south-central and southeastern Illinois. 
 
 ■ Sample locations, group names, and 
 limits of areas underlain by 
 Pennsylvanian rocks. 
 
 GEOLOGIC OCCURRENCE OF SANDSTONES 
 
 The Pennsylvanian sandstones exhibit a wide variety of types of occurrence, 
 ranging from thick, massive sandstones of considerable geographic extent, through 
 
PENNSYLVANIAN SANDSTONES IN CENTRAL ILLINOIS 5 
 
 massive sandstones of limited geographic extent, to thin-bedded, shaly sandstones 
 of variable extent. 
 
 The thick, massive, widespread sandstones are found in the Caseyville 
 and Abbott Formations of the McCormick Group, the oldest of the three groups in 
 the Pennsylvanian System of Illinois. Sandstones of the McCormick Group crop 
 out around the edge of the Illinois Basin from southern and southwestern Illinois 
 to Rock Island County in northwestern Illinois. Outcrops become less prominent 
 in western and northwestern Illinois, however, as the thickness of the McCormick 
 Group decreases from about 700 feet in southern Illinois to 100 feet or less in 
 western Illinois (Kosanke et al., 1960). The Caseyville Formation, the lower of 
 the two formations of the McCormick Group, generally is restricted to the southern 
 part of the outcrop belt. 
 
 Sandstones of the McCormick Group are exposed best in extreme southern 
 Illinois where they form prominent cliffs along the southern edge of the Illinois 
 Basin. As most of this outcrop belt was included in the report by Biggs and Lamar 
 (19 55), the McCormick Group was not sampled extensively for our study. Only 
 one sample from the Caseyville Formation is included. The 11 sandstone samples 
 
 TABLE 1 -GEOLOGIC COLUMN AND NUMBER OF SAMPLES STUDIED 
 
 Number of samples taken for 
 
 Sieve Chemical 
 
 Geologic column tests analyses 
 
 McLeansboro Group 
 
 Mattoon Formation 31 16 
 
 Bond Formation (undifferentiated) 9 6 
 
 McWain Sandstone Member* 1 1 
 
 Mt. Carmel Sandstone Member* 1 1 
 
 Modesto Formation (undifferentiated) 10 5 
 
 Trivoli Sandstone Member 2 2 
 
 Kewanee Group 
 
 Carbondale Formation 
 
 Copperas Creek Sandstone Member!]^ 2 2 
 
 Anvil Rock Sandstone Member* 1 1 
 
 Vermilionville Sandstone Member 9 9 
 
 Pleasantview Sandstone Member 8 8 
 
 Spoon Formation (undifferentiated) 2 2 
 
 Isabel Sandstone Membert 4 4 
 
 Palzo Sandstone Membert 2 . 2 
 
 Granger Sandstone Member 1 1 
 
 McCormick Group 
 
 Abbott Formation (undifferentiated) 4 4 
 
 Bernadotte Sandstone Member+ 1 1 
 
 Murray Bluff Sandstone Member* 1 1 
 
 Finnie Sandstone Member 2 1 
 
 Babylon Sandstone Member 3 3 
 
 Caseyville Formation 1 1 
 
 * !f t + Each pair of symbols indicates rock units that probably are equivalent 
 but crop out in different parts of the state. 
 

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8 ILLINOIS STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY CIRCULAR 331 
 
 from the Abbott Formation were taken from 4 outcrops in western and northwestern 
 Illinois, a drill core in Jackson County in southwestern Illinois, and 4 outcrops 
 in southern and southwestern Illinois. 
 
 Sandstones of the Kewanee and McLeansboro Groups are not as well de- 
 veloped as those of the McCormick Group. Their massive sandstones typically 
 are found as fillings of channels in the underlying beds, and in the inter-channel 
 areas the corresponding sandstone units commonly are thin bedded and silty or 
 shaly. The distribution of the thick, massive sandstones, as deduced from out- 
 crop and drilling data, indicates that the channels have configurations similar to 
 present-day stream valleys and probably represent stream-cut valleys on ancient 
 land surfaces . 
 
 Depths and widths of the ancient valleys are variable, as would be expec- 
 ted, but some are of considerable size. For example, the main channel of the 
 Anvil Rock Sandstone, one of the more prominent channel sandstones, is 2 to 3 
 miles wide and, not uncommonly, contains thicknesses of sandstone in excess of 
 100 feet (Potter and Simon, 1961). However, where such great thicknesses are 
 encountered, it is probable that more than one sandstone unit is represented. 
 
 The Kewanee Group, represented by 29 samples mostly from western and 
 northern Illinois, is well developed throughout the Illinois Basin. Its outcrop belt 
 lies just inside that of the McCormick Group and forms a rude ring around the out- 
 crop area of the younger McLeansboro Group. 
 
 The McLeansboro Group, the youngest of the three Pennsylvanian groups, 
 forms the surface of the bedrock throughout most of the Illinois Basin and is, there- 
 fore, represented by the greatest number of samples— 54. However, the McLeans- 
 boro Group is present only locally in northern Illinois, and no sandstone outcrops 
 of this group deemed worth sampling were found farther north than Vermilion County. 
 
 RESULTS OF EARLIER STUDIES 
 
 Considerable data regarding the petrology of the Pennsylvanian sandstones 
 have been published (references cited in Introduction), most of which are based on 
 the examination of thin sections from hand-specimen sized samples. In this study 
 channel samples were used, each representing a much greater thickness of sand- 
 stone than does a hand specimen. The testing methods employed also were differ- 
 ent, except in the case of the heavy minerals tests. 
 
 Siever (19 57) presented the largest body of data regarding a variety of Penn- 
 sylvanian sandstones. The major features of his data on heavy minerals are similar 
 to those of the data in this report. Grain shape data, in so far as they can be 
 compared, also are roughly similar. More feldspar, however, was found during 
 the present study than in the earlier studies involving thin sections. The amount 
 of clay mineral material found in the samples of the present study generally is less 
 than that found in the earlier studies, although the amount of clay in some samples 
 is about the same in both investigations. 
 
 The results of the earlier studies are summarized in tables 2 and 3. The 
 carbonate data are not exactly comparable because some of them include only cal- 
 cite, others calcite and siderite or iron carbonate, and still other data presumably 
 cover all carbonates. However, the data suggest considerable variation in carbon- 
 ate content within geologic groups and between different specimens from the same 
 
PENNSYLVANIAN SANDSTONES IN CENTRAL ILLINOIS 
 
 TABLE 3 -AVERAGE PERCENTAGE OF CARBONATES, CLAYS, AND FELDSPAR 
 SHOWN BY PREVIOUS MODAL ANALYSES 
 
 samples 
 
 OUTCROP SAMPLES 
 
 Carbonates-**- Clay Feldspar No. of 
 (%) (%) (%) samples 
 
 WELL CORE SAMPLES 
 
 Carbonates Clay 
 
 (%) (%) 
 
 McLEANSBORO GROUP 
 (Siever, 1957; Potter & Glass, 1958) 
 
 Feldspar 
 
 (%) 
 
 Trivoli Sandstone Member 
 (Andresen, 1961) 
 
 KEWANEE GROUP 
 (Siever, 1957; Potter & Glass, 1958) 
 
 Pleasantview Sandstone Membert 
 (Rusnak, 1957) 
 
 Anvil Rock Sandstone Membert 
 (Hopkins, 1958) 
 
 Spoon Formation Sandstones in Western and Northern Illinoist* 
 (Siever and Potter, 1956) 
 
 McCORMICK GROUP 
 (Siever, 1957) 
 
 Babylon Sandstone Member in Western Illinoist# 
 (Siever and Potter, 1956) 
 
 13 
 
 Caseyville Formation Sandstones in Southern Illinoist 
 (Siever and Potter, 1956) 
 
 6 0.2 9 11 7 
 
 * Includes all carbonates except where specified otherwise. 
 t Calcite and iron carbonate. 
 
 t These data not included in those for the group. 
 
 * These samples were called Tradewater by Siever and Potter but are now 
 recognized as Spoon Formation. 
 
 * Includes some samples that probably are in the Kewanee Group. 
 o Calcite. 
 
10 ILLINOIS STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY CIRCULAR 331 
 
 sandstone unit. With the exception of the Pleasantview Sandstone which is high 
 in carbonate content, the sandstones of the McLeansboro Group seem to be more 
 calcareous than those of the Kewanee Group, whereas the McCormick Group sand- 
 stones, excepting the Caseyville sandstone which was noncalcareous in all out- 
 crop samples examined, more often are of intermediate carbonate content. 
 
 The average carbonate content of the well core samples is higher than that 
 of the outcrop samples (table 3) . The difference in the averages is a matter of a 
 few percent, except for the samples of Caseyville sandstone for which it is much 
 greater. All of the Caseyville samples, most of the McLeansboro and Kewanee 
 samples, and some of the McCormick samples contain carbonate. 
 
 Generally, the average amount of clay in the outcrop samples from the 
 McLeansboro and Kewanee Groups was about the same, but some of the Trivoli 
 Sandstone samples contained less than the average. The McCormick Group samples 
 also had a lower clay average. The core samples show essentially the same re- 
 lationship, although the Kewanee samples have an average intermediate to those 
 of the other two groups . 
 
 Outcrop samples of the McCormick Group have the lowest average feldspar 
 content (l percent), whereas the outcrop samples from the other groups average 
 about 4 percent feldspar. Core sample data for all the groups show variations in 
 average feldspar content of between 2 and 5 percent. 
 
 SAMPLES 
 
 An index list of sample numbers, the counties from which the samples came, 
 and their geologic formation appear in table 11. Descriptions of the outcrops sam- 
 pled are given in the appendix and are arranged by counties. Most of the samples 
 were taken from sandstones more than 10 feet thick, but some thinner beds were 
 sampled either because they were the thickest available in the area or because it 
 was thought they might have uncommon mineralogical or chemical composition. 
 
 All but three of the outcrop samples were obtained by taking blocks of stone 
 at regular vertical intervals (generally not more than one foot) from the bottom to 
 the top of the outcrops. If an outcrop contained more than one major kind of sand- 
 stone in strata of considerable thickness, each kind was sampled separately. The 
 exterior weathered material was removed from each block of sandstone, but all of 
 the samples were more or less weathered, as indicated by the oxidized condition 
 of their iron content. 
 
 In some of the sandstones sampled, varying amounts of calcium carbonate 
 were distributed between the sand grains as a cementing material. Other predomi- 
 nantly noncalcareous sandstones contained lenses or beds of sandstone so cemen- 
 ted. Still other sandstones were completely noncalcareous. If the sandstones 
 contained only a few thin bands or lenses of firmly cemented calcareous sandstone, 
 the calcareous parts usually were not included in the sample. However, some 
 highly calcareous sandstone outcrops were sampled in their entirety. 
 
 A few of the samples proved upon testing to contain so much clay or carbon- 
 ate that strict lithologic usage might require some term other than sandstone for 
 them, but because they had the gross appearance of sandstone in the outcrops, 
 they are so described. 
 
PENNSYLVANIAN SANDSTONES IN CENTRAL ILLINOIS 11 
 
 CHARACTER OF UNWEATHERED SANDSTONES 
 
 Only rarely has it been possible to compare the character of the weathered 
 sandstone in an outcrop with that of the unweathered sandstone in the same deposit 
 several hundred feet back from the outcrop and thus determine lateral variation. It 
 is thought, however, that the sandstones that are calcareous in outcrop are likely 
 to be calcareous away from the outcrop. Some noncalcareous sandstone outcrops 
 may be more or less calcareous where freshly exposed and unweathered; others, 
 however, are believed to be noncalcareous when fresh. Test drilling is advisable 
 to determine the character of the sandstone away from the outcrop if the carbonate 
 content of a sandstone deposit is critical to its use. 
 
 Aside from the carbonate content, the chief differences between the fresh 
 and weathered sandstone are believed to be as follows: (l) The fresh sandstones 
 are more likely to be gray, or possibly nearly white, because the iron compounds 
 present are not oxidized; (2) the actual amount of analytically determined Fe203 
 in the fresh samples probably is about the same as it is in the weathered samples, 
 but the iron is present as hydrated oxides in the weathered rock, whereas in the 
 fresh rock it is present as pyrite or marcasite (both iron sulfides) or as other iron 
 minerals; (3) the clay mineral material in the fresh rock may be less degraded than 
 that in the weathered stone; and (4) the unweathered sandstone may be harder than 
 the weathered sandstone. 
 
 PREPARATION OF SANDSTONES FOR TESTING 
 
 Field samples were crushed to about one-fourth of an inch in a laboratory 
 jaw crusher. Two fractions of about 200 grams each were split out mechanically. 
 One was ground to 200 mesh in a ball mill and analyzed chemically. The second 
 was used for particle size determinations and other tests. A reasonable state of 
 disaggregation was achieved by means of a glass rolling pin and gentle rubbing in 
 a mortar and pestle. Grain breakage or damage is believed to have been minor. 
 Samples of firmly cemented calcareous sandstone were treated with hydrochloric 
 acid to remove carbonates before sieving. 
 
 RESULTS OF SIEVE TESTS 
 
 Sieve tests of all samples were made with Tyler sieves. The sieving period 
 was 10 minutes. The results of sieve tests are given in table 4. The sandstones 
 are generally medium to fine grained but many are silty and clayey. Only 4 of the 
 95 samples reported in table 4 contain more than 10 percent of sand retained 
 on a 35-mesh sieve Twenty-one samples have more than 10 percent sand coarser 
 than a 48-mesh sieve. The combined pan and clay fractions of 51 samples are 
 greater than 20 percent. A major percentage of most of the samples lies in two or 
 all three of the following sieve sizes: 65 by 100 mesh, 100 by 150 mesh, and 150 
 by 200 mesh. 
 
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PENNSYLVANIAN SANDSTONES IN CENTRAL ILLINOIS 
 
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 MESH MESH MESH 
 
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 lESH 100 MESH 200 MESH 
 
 -The three graphs at the left show the range (bars) and average (dots), in 
 percent, of sand retained on the 48-, 100-, and 200-mesh sieves. Sam- 
 ples are arranged by geologic formations and groups. The three graphs 
 at the right show the same data, arranged by geologic groups only. Five 
 samples containing less than 50 percent of sand retained on the 270-mesh 
 sieve were not included in this figure. 
 
 Figure 2 shows the range of the cumulative percentage of sand retained on 
 the 48-, 100-, and 200-mesh sieves and of the average percentage retained on 
 each of these sieves for the six geologic formations that were sampled, excluding 
 the Caseyville Formation from which only one sample was taken. Five samples 
 that contained more than 50 percent passing the 270-mesh sieve are not included 
 in this tabulation because their strict classification as sandstones is doubtful. 
 
 Of the three formations of the McLeansboro Group, the samples of the 
 Mattoon Formation show the greatest range in cumulative percentage of sand re- 
 tained on all three sieves, and those of the Bond Formation have the smallest 
 range. The Mattoon Formation also has the largest average percentage of sand 
 retained on the two finest sieve sizes, whereas the Modesto Formation has the 
 smallest average. The Bond Formation has the smallest average amount of 48- 
 mesh sand. 
 
 The Carbondale Formation of the Kewanee Group has a smaller average 
 percentage of sand retained on all three sieves and a smaller range in the cumu- 
 lative percentage retained, except on the 200-mesh sieve, than does the Spoon 
 Formation of the same group. 
 
16 ILLINOIS STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY CIRCULAR 331 
 
 The McCormick Group is represented only by the Abbott Formation whose 
 grain size characteristics generally resemble those of the McLeansboro Group 
 samples more than those of the Kewanee Group. 
 
 The data in figure 2 show that there are considerable size variations with- 
 in all formations, but in general the Carbondale and Spoon Formations vary least. 
 Of the samples tested, those of the Mattoon Formation contain the coarsest sand 
 and those of the Carbondale Formation the finest. 
 
 GRAIN SHAPE 
 
 Rough visual estimates of grain shape were made with the microscope. Ten 
 samples — M2C, M30C, M42, B3, B9, B55, B58, B62, B63C, and B67— consisted 
 
 TABLE 5 —HEAVY MINERAL CONTENT IN SANDSTONES*! 
 
 B65 0.3 VR 
 
 VR VR 
 
 VR A 
 
 C — R — 
 
 B8 0.1 -- — VR — VR — — A -- VC VC C 
 
 B5 0.3 VR — VR VR VR — — A — R -- VR 
 
 B9 0.4 VR VR VR VR C — VR A — C VR VR 
 
 M42 0.4 R — — C C VR C A — C — — 
 
 B55 0.2 VR — VR VR — — VR A VR R -- R 
 
 C VC Cassiterite 
 
 C VC Kyanite (?) 
 
 Bond Formation 
 
 0.6 VR VR VR VR C VR VR 
 
 C Zoisite 
 
 Modesto Formation 
 
 R — VRVR CVRVRAVR R— R — 
 
 -___-___ VR — C A VR VR -- -- VR 
 
 VR — — — — — VR A -- C -- VR -- 
 
 VR — --VRVRVRVRAVR R CVR — 
 
 — __ __ __ __ __ __ VC — A C VR — 
 
 Carbondale Formation 
 
 R __ __ ______ R A — R -- VR VR 
 
 R ~ — -- C -- R A — VR VR — -- 
 
 -_ _-_-______ VR A VR C -- VR VR 
 
 C -___ — __ __ c A C VR — — — 
 
 ______ C — VR VR A VC C C -- VR 
 
 R — — VR VR -- VR A -- R -- R — 
 
PENNSYLVANIAN SANDSTONES IN CENTRAL ILLINOIS 17 
 
 dominantly of angular grains. Sample B18 was composed largely of rounded grains. 
 Three samples, B37, Ml, and M13, were mainly subrounded but contained scat- 
 tered rounded grains . The rest of the samples were angular to subangular, sub- 
 angular, or subangular to subrounded. About 45 percent of the 95 samples examined 
 fell into the last category. The sandstones of the Mattoon Formation generally 
 were more angular than those of the other formations . No other differences be- 
 tween formations were noted. 
 
 HEAVY MINERAL CONTENT 
 
 The major heavy minerals (minerals heavier than quartz) in the plus 270- 
 mesh portions of 32 samples were separated in bromoform and identified with the 
 
 TABLE 5 —continued 
 
 Sample ro"S«o° SeeDS^M'-^^o-Dh 
 
 number ^ <<mu ox^^S'^sagHtSN Other 
 Spoon Formation 
 
 Ml VR R C — VR — C A VR VR -- VR VR VC C 
 
 M12 0.3 — — — — — R VC VC A C VR -- — — R 
 
 M40 C — — — VR — R A C R — — VR C A 
 
 B27 R — — VR VR VR VR A VR A — VR — C C 
 
 B37 0.1 VR VR — — — — VR A — VR VR VR -- C A Titanite 
 
 M9A _-__-_ — VR — C A VR R -- — VR VC C 
 
 B29 0.2 VR — — VR — — VR A — C C VR — R A 
 
 Abbott Formation 
 
 MIO VR VR VR — — -- C A R R — VR — C A 
 
 B36 0.2 VR — -- — — -- -- A — VC — VR -- C C Diopside 
 
 M41 VR — VR — VR -- R A VR C -- R — C A 
 
 M13 _-__ — __ — c C C A — VR -- VR VR C 
 
 B19 0.1 VR — — — — VR C A — -- VR R -- C VC 
 
 Caseyville Formation 
 0.2 VR — — -- — VR — A VR R 
 
 In estimating abundance of heavy minerals the letters used have the following 
 significance in terms of the total quantity of heavy minerals: 
 
 VR = to 2%, very rare VC = 16 to 2b%, very common 
 
 R = 3 to 4%, rare A = more than 25%, abundant 
 
 C = 5 to 15%, common 
 
 t Plus 270-mesh portion. 
 
18 ILLINOIS STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY CIRCULAR 331 
 
 petrographic microscope. The results of these tests are given in table 5. The 
 data indicate the relative abundance of the individual heavy minerals present with 
 respect to the total heavy mineral fraction. The latter was small in all samples. 
 The results of determinations of the actual percentage by weight of heavy minerals 
 in 22 samples are given in the second column of talale 5. 
 
 The table shows that garnet is common in some samples of the Mattoon, 
 Bondj Modesto, and Carbondale Formations but not in any of the older formations . 
 Ilmenite and magnetite are present in greatest quantity in the Abbott Formation 
 and in varying amounts in other formations. Leucoxene is abundant in 29 of the 
 32 samples and tourmaline is common or very common in 26 of 32 samples. 
 
 Zircon is common, very common, or abundant in 29 of the 32 samples and 
 is least abundant in the Mattoon and Bond Formations . Nine of the 32 samples 
 contain biotite but none is present in the Carbondale samples. It is most common 
 in the Mattoon Formation. Chlorite occurs most frequently in the Mattoon and 
 Bond Formations; none was noted in the Abbott or Caseyville Formations. 
 
 The amount and abundance of the other heavy minerals present do not 
 appear to be distinctive in any one or more of the geologic formations . 
 
 LIGHT MINERAL CONTENT 
 
 Fig. 3 — Range (bars) and average (dots) clay 
 content of samples, arranged by formations. 
 
 The principal light minerals in 
 the sandstones are quartz and feldspar. 
 Quartz is by far the more abundant, 
 usually constituting 85 percent or more 
 of the sand grains . The quantity of 
 feldspar varies. In 32 samples on 
 which grain counts for feldspar were 
 made, the feldspar ranged between a 
 trace and 20 percent by number of 
 grains, but values between 5 and 11 
 percent were the most common. The 
 amount of soda lime feldspar exceeded 
 potash feldspar in some samples; in 
 other samples the reverse was true, 
 but the difference generally was small. 
 
 CLAY MINERAL CONTENT 
 
 The clay mineral content data 
 shown in the last column of table 4, 
 are summarized in figure 3, which 
 shows the maximum, minimum, and 
 average percentage of clay for the 
 samples of the seven formations studied 
 The Mattoon and Carbondale Formations 
 showed the greatest range in clay min- 
 eral content. The average for the Mat- 
 toon, Bond, Modesto, and Carbondale 
 Formations is 10 or 11 percent, whereas 
 
PENNSYLVANIAN SANDSTONES IN CENTRAL ILLINOIS 
 
 - 
 
 ' ^ J 
 
 
 ' ' 
 
 :Lil±iJu 
 
 ' ., 1 1 1 i • 
 
 Mattoon i-m. 
 17 samples 
 
 Bond Fm. 
 10 samples 
 
 Modesto Fm. 
 6 samples 
 
 III! 
 
 E 
 < 
 
 McLeansboro 
 
 Kewanee 
 
 Mc 
 
 Group 
 
 Group 
 
 
 McCormick 
 
 Fig. 4 — Range (bars) and average amounts 
 
 (dots) of clay minerals in clay fractions of 
 
 samples, arranged by formations. 
 
 it is 8 percent for the Spoon Formation 
 and only 3 percent for the Abbott For- 
 mation. 
 
 CHARACTER OF CLAY MINERALS 
 IN SANDSTONES 
 
 The character of the clay min- 
 erals in the clay fraction of all the 
 samples analyzed chemically is shown 
 in table 6 and summarized graphically 
 in figure 4. The Mattoon, Bond, and 
 Carbondale Formations have similar 
 average amounts of kaolinite, ranging 
 between 4.4 and 4.9 parts in 10, 
 whereas the kaolinite averages of the 
 Modesto, Spoon, and Abbott Formations 
 range between 6 . 3 and 6.9. 
 
 Mica decreases as kaolinite 
 increases . The Mattoon, Bond, and 
 Carbondale Formations have mica aver- 
 ages that range between 2.8 and 3.6 
 parts in 10, and the averages of the 
 other three formations range between 
 1 . 9 and 2 . 1 . 
 
 Average chlorite content also 
 decreases as kaolinite increases. The 
 average chlorite content of the Mattoon, 
 Bond, and Carbondale Formations ranges 
 between 1.1 and 1.8 parts in 10, where- 
 as the other three formations have a 
 range of between . 4 and 0.9. 
 
 In general the average amounts 
 of other clay minerals are small and 
 do not vary significantly with the 
 amounts of kaolinite, mica, and 
 chlorite . 
 
 CHEMICAL COMPOSITION 
 
 Table 7 gives the chemical composition of 71 samples of sandstone. 
 A considerable variation exists among the different sandstones and between 
 samples of the same formation, but the broad features shown by the analyses 
 are indicated in table 8. Data for three samples having an ignition loss of 
 more than 6 percent are not included in table 8 because of their high carbon- 
 ate content. 
 
 The sandstones of the McCormick Group in general have a higher silica 
 content, and a correspondingly lower content of other components, than those of 
 
ILLINOIS STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY CIRCULAR 331 
 
 TABLE 6 - CLAY MINERALS IN THE CLAY FRACTION OF SANDSTONES* 
 
 le Name of Clay minerals (parts in 10 parts) 
 
 er County sandstone Kaolinite Mica Chlorite Other 
 
 Ml 
 
 Adams 
 
 Isabel (?) 
 
 9.0 
 
 0.5 
 
 — 
 
 M2AB 
 
 Adams 
 
 Pleasantview 
 
 3.5 
 
 4.5 
 
 -- 
 
 M2C 
 
 Adams 
 
 Pleasantview 
 
 2.0 
 
 6,5 
 
 1.0 
 
 M6A 
 
 Brown 
 
 Babylon (?) 
 
 3.5 
 
 4.0 
 
 2.0 
 
 B68 
 
 Christian 
 
 Bondt 
 
 2.0 
 
 4.0 
 
 2.0 
 
 B65 
 
 Clark 
 
 Mattoont 
 
 5.0 
 
 2.5 
 
 2.5 
 
 B57 
 
 Clay 
 
 Mattoont 
 
 5.5 
 
 2.0 
 
 2.5 
 
 M42 
 
 Coles 
 
 Mattoont 
 
 8.0 
 
 1.5 
 
 0.5 
 
 B61 
 
 Crawford 
 
 Mattoont 
 
 5.0 
 
 3.0 
 
 2.0 
 
 BIO 
 
 Cumberland 
 
 Mattoont 
 
 2.5 
 
 3.5 
 
 2.0 
 
 B58 
 
 Edwards 
 
 Mattoont 
 
 4.0 
 
 3.5 
 
 2.5 
 
 B9 
 
 Effingham 
 
 Mattoont 
 
 5.5 
 
 3.0 
 
 1.5 
 
 B8 
 
 Fayette 
 
 Mattoont 
 
 3.5 
 
 3.5 
 
 3.0 
 
 B32A 
 
 Franklin 
 
 Bondt 
 
 7.0 
 
 2.0 
 
 1.0 
 
 B32B 
 
 Franklin 
 
 Bondt 
 
 3.0 
 
 2.0 
 
 3.0 
 
 M9A 
 
 Fulton 
 
 Spoont 
 
 8.0 
 
 1.5 
 
 — 
 
 MIO 
 
 Fulton 
 
 Bernadotte 
 
 8.5 
 
 1.0 
 
 -- 
 
 M40 
 
 Fulton 
 
 Isabel 
 
 6.0 
 
 3.0 
 
 — 
 
 BIOIA 
 
 Gallatin 
 
 Modestot 
 
 8.5 
 
 1.5 
 
 -- 
 
 B39 
 
 Gallatin 
 
 Anvil Rock 
 
 9.5 
 
 0.5 
 
 — 
 
 B40A 
 
 Gallatin 
 
 Finnie 
 
 8.5 
 
 1.5 
 
 — 
 
 B51 
 
 Greene 
 
 Pleasantview 
 
 5.0 
 
 2.5 
 
 2.5 
 
 M32A 
 
 Grundy 
 
 Pleasantview 
 
 2.0 
 
 4.5 
 
 1.5 
 
 M32BC 
 
 Grundy 
 
 Pleasantview 
 
 4.0 
 
 4.0 
 
 0.5 
 
 B41 
 
 Hamilton 
 
 Mattoon (?)t 
 
 3.0 
 
 4.0 
 
 3.0 
 
 B26 
 
 Jackson 
 
 Modestot 
 
 7.0 
 
 2.0 
 
 1.0 
 
 B60 
 
 Jasper 
 
 Mattoont 
 
 3.0 
 
 2.5 
 
 2.5 
 
 B54 
 
 Jefferson 
 
 Bondt 
 
 6.5 
 
 2.0 
 
 1.5 
 
 B55 
 
 Jefferson 
 
 Mattoont 
 
 5.5 
 
 2.0 
 
 2.5 
 
 M28A 
 
 LaSalle 
 
 Copperas Creek 
 
 4.5 
 
 4.0 
 
 0.5 
 
 M28B 
 
 LaSalle 
 
 Copperas Creek 
 
 2.5 
 
 4.5 
 
 2.0 
 
 M29 
 
 LaSalle 
 
 Vermilionville 
 
 5.0 
 
 3.5 
 
 1.0 
 
 M30A 
 
 LaSalle 
 
 Vermilionville 
 
 3.0 
 
 4.5 
 
 1.0 
 
 M30B 
 
 LaSalle 
 
 Vermilionville 
 
 5.0 
 
 3.5 
 
 0.5 
 
 M30C 
 
 LaSalle 
 
 Vermilionville 
 
 4.5 
 
 3.5 
 
 1.5 
 
 M31 
 
 LaSalle 
 
 Vermilionville 
 
 2.5 
 
 5.0 
 
 2.0 
 
 M39 
 
 LaSalle 
 
 Vermilionville 
 
 5.5 
 
 2.5 
 
 1.5 
 
 B63A 
 
 Lawrence 
 
 Mattoont 
 
 5.5 
 
 3.5 
 
 1.0 
 
 B63C 
 
 Lawrence 
 
 Mattoont 
 
 5.5 
 
 0.5 
 
 — 
 
 B52AB 
 
 Marion 
 
 Mattoont 
 
 5.5 
 
 4.5 
 
 — 
 
PENNSYLVANIAN SANDSTONES IN CENTRAL ILLINOIS 
 
 TABLE 6 — continued 
 
 Sample 
 number 
 
 County 
 
 Name of 
 sandstone 
 
 Clay minerals (parts in 10 parts) 
 Kaolinite Mica Chlorite Other 
 
 M8AF 
 
 McDonough 
 
 Pleasantview 
 
 2.5 
 
 5.5 
 
 1.5 
 
 0.5 
 
 M8G 
 
 McDonough 
 
 Pleasantview 
 
 3.0 
 
 5.0 
 
 1.0 
 
 1.0 
 
 M15 
 
 Mercer 
 
 Abbottt 
 
 7.0 
 
 1.5 
 
 — 
 
 1.5 
 
 Ml 7 
 
 Mercer 
 
 Isabel (?) 
 
 5.0 
 
 4.5 
 
 -- 
 
 0.5 
 
 B3 
 
 Montgomery 
 
 McWain 
 
 4.0 
 
 2.0 
 
 2.0 
 
 2.0 
 
 M35 
 
 Peoria 
 
 Vermilionville 
 
 3.5 
 
 4.0 
 
 1.5 
 
 1.0 
 
 M36 
 
 Peoria 
 
 Vermilionville 
 
 5.5 
 
 2.5 
 
 0.5 
 
 1.5 
 
 M37 
 
 Peoria 
 
 Vermilionville 
 
 7.5 
 
 2.0 
 
 0.5 
 
 -- 
 
 B24 
 
 Perry 
 
 Bondt 
 
 5.5 
 
 3.5 
 
 1.0 
 
 -- 
 
 B36 
 
 Pope 
 
 Murray Bluff 
 
 5.0 
 
 5.0 
 
 — 
 
 
 B18 
 
 Randolph 
 
 Caseyvillet 
 
 3.5 
 
 — 
 
 1.5 
 
 5.0 
 
 B19 
 
 Randolph 
 
 Babylon(?) 
 
 6.0 
 
 2.5 
 
 1.5 
 
 -- 
 
 B59 
 
 Richland 
 
 Mattoont 
 
 5.0 
 
 2.5 
 
 2.5 
 
 — 
 
 M12 
 
 Rock Island 
 
 Isabel 
 
 8.0 
 
 1.5 
 
 -- 
 
 0.5 
 
 Ml 3 
 
 Rock Island 
 
 Babylon 
 
 9.0 
 
 0.5 
 
 — 
 
 0.5 
 
 B14A 
 
 St. Clair 
 
 Modestot 
 
 3.5 
 
 1.5 
 
 1.5 
 
 3.5 
 
 B37 
 
 Saline 
 
 Spoont 
 
 7.0 
 
 1.5 
 
 1.5 
 
 -- 
 
 B38 
 
 Saline 
 
 Palzo 
 
 6.0 
 
 2.0 
 
 2.0 
 
 -- 
 
 M38 
 
 Sangamon 
 
 Trivoli 
 
 6.0 
 
 2.5 
 
 1.0 
 
 0.5 
 
 B50 
 
 Scott 
 
 Pleasantview 
 
 4.0 
 
 2.0 
 
 2.0 
 
 2.0 
 
 B5 
 
 Shelby 
 
 McWain 
 
 6.0 
 
 3.0 
 
 1.0 
 
 __ 
 
 M33 
 
 Vermilion 
 
 Trivoli 
 
 5.5 
 
 2.5 
 
 0.5 
 
 1.5 
 
 M34 
 
 Vermilion 
 
 Bondt 
 
 3.5 
 
 4.5 
 
 1.5 
 
 0.5 
 
 B69 
 
 Wabash 
 
 Mt. Carmel 
 
 4.0 
 
 2.0 
 
 2.0 
 
 2.0 
 
 M41 
 
 Warren 
 
 Abbottt 
 
 8.0 
 
 1.5 
 
 — 
 
 0.5 
 
 B21 
 
 Washington 
 
 Bondt 
 
 4.5 
 
 4.0 
 
 1.5 
 
 __ 
 
 B48 
 
 Wayne 
 
 Mattoont 
 
 8.0 
 
 2.0 
 
 
 -- 
 
 B47 
 
 White 
 
 Mattoont 
 
 4.0 
 
 3.0 
 
 3.0 
 
 — 
 
 B27 
 
 Williamson 
 
 Palzo 
 
 8.5 
 
 1.5 
 
 -- 
 
 -- 
 
 B28 
 
 Williamson 
 
 Abbottt 
 
 3.0 
 
 1.5 
 
 — 
 
 5.5 
 
 B29 
 
 Williamson 
 
 Granger 
 
 4.5 
 
 3.5 
 
 2.0 
 
 __ 
 
 B30 
 
 Williamson 
 
 Modestot 
 
 7.0 
 
 1.5 
 
 1.5 
 
 ~ 
 
 * Determined on -2 micron material for M samples and on -270 mesh material for 
 
 B samples. 
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PENNSYLVANIAN SANDSTONES IN CENTRAL ILLINOIS 2J 
 
 TABLE 8 - SUMMARY OF CHEMICAL ANALYSES OF SANDSTONES BY FORMATION 
 
 Dominant percentages or percentage range* 
 McCormick Kewanee McLeansboro 
 
 Group Group Group 
 
 SiO^t 
 AI2O3+ 
 
 MgO+ 
 CaO+ 
 Ti02 
 Na20 
 
 Ignition loss+ 
 Number of samples 
 
 95, 90 
 
 
 (2, 4) 
 
 
 I, 2 
 
 
 <i 
 
 
 <i 
 
 
 .25 to 
 
 .50 
 
 to 
 
 .25 
 
 to 
 
 .50 
 
 80 (75, 85) 
 
 10 (12, 13) 
 
 2, 3 
 
 <i, 1 
 
 .51 to .75 
 
 1.01 to 1.50 
 
 1.26 to 2.25 
 
 2, 3 
 
 26 
 
 (3 highly 
 
 calcareous 
 
 samples omitted) 
 
 85, 80 
 
 9, 7 
 
 2, 3 
 
 <h 1 
 
 <i, 1 
 
 .26 to 1.00 
 
 .76 to 1.50 
 
 1.01 to 1.75 
 
 2, 1 
 
 31 
 
 The figures on domii 
 in order of decrees 
 two numbers indicate 
 Percentages rounded 
 Percentages rounded 
 
 nant percentages (first five and last lines) are arranged 
 ing importance from left to right. Parentheses around 
 e the percentages occur with equal frequency. 
 
 to nearest 5%. 
 
 to nearest 1%. 
 
 the other two groups. The samples of the Kewanee Group generally are somewhat 
 lower in silica content and higher in content of most other components than those 
 of the other two groups . The McLeansboro Group samples are mostly of an inter- 
 mediate compositional character. 
 
 FUSION TESTS 
 
 Because many of the sandstone samples were so friable that it was not 
 feasible to cut specimens from them for fusion tests, portions of all the samples 
 were disaggregated to sand. The sand was mixed with a binder (an aqueous solu- 
 tion of gum tragacanth) and molded into 2|-inch pyramidal "cones." The cones 
 were dried, then heated to various temperatures in an electric furnace at a rate of 
 about 150°C per hour. The cones were held at peak temperature for about 40 minutes . 
 
 Cones of all samples were initially heated to 1300°C (2372°F). Fresh 
 cones of those sandstones that had fused or were badly bent over and thus were 
 near fusion were heated to I100°C (201 2 °F). Fresh cones of those sandstones that 
 did not fuse or approach fusion at 1300°C were heated to 1500°C (2732°F). The 
 results of these tests follow. 
 
 Samples Not Fused at 1500°C (2732°F) 
 
 Nine samples (table 9) had not fused at I500°C. The cones of all these 
 samples were brown or a dirty cream color except Ml 3, which was mottled black, 
 and red. The samples, except MIS, are characterized by a content of more than 
 
ILLINOIS STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY CIRCULAR 331 
 
 TABLE 9 — RESULTS OF FUSION TESTS 
 Samples that had not fused at 1500°C (2732°F) 
 
 B18 
 
 MIO 
 
 B19 
 
 M13 
 
 BlOO 
 
 Ml 5 
 
 Ml 
 
 M41 
 
 Samples that fused between 1300 and 1500°C (2372° - 2732°F) 
 
 B17 
 
 B36 B50 
 
 
 
 
 B63C 
 
 M12 
 
 B24 
 
 B38 B52B 
 
 
 
 
 B64 
 
 M28A 
 
 B25 
 
 B39 B53 
 
 
 
 
 B65 
 
 M29 
 
 326 
 
 B40A B54 
 
 
 
 
 B67 
 
 M30A 
 
 B27 
 
 B40B B57 
 
 
 
 
 B68 
 
 M30B 
 
 B30 
 
 B41 B58 
 
 
 
 
 B69 
 
 M33 
 
 B31A 
 
 B45 B59 
 
 
 
 
 BIOIA 
 
 M35 
 
 B32A 
 
 B46 B60 
 
 
 
 
 BIOIB 
 
 M40 
 
 B32B 
 
 B47 B61 
 
 
 
 
 M8AF 
 
 M42 
 
 B33 
 
 B48 B62 
 
 
 
 
 M8G 
 
 
 Samples 
 
 that fused between 1100 a 
 
 ind 
 
 1300°C 
 
 (2012 - 
 
 2372°F) 
 
 B3 
 
 B23C B51 
 
 
 
 
 M6A 
 
 M36 
 
 B7 
 
 B28 B52A 
 
 
 
 
 Ml 7 
 
 M37 
 
 B8 
 
 B29 B55 
 
 
 
 
 M28B 
 
 M38 
 
 B9 
 
 B35 B56 
 
 
 
 
 M30C 
 
 M39 
 
 BIO 
 
 B37 B63A 
 
 
 
 
 M31 
 
 
 B14A 
 
 B43 B66 
 
 
 
 
 M32A 
 
 
 B21 
 
 B44 M2AB 
 
 
 
 
 M32BC 
 
 
 B22 
 
 B49 M2C 
 
 
 
 
 M34 
 
 
 
 No samples fused at 1100°C 
 
 (2012°F) 
 
 
 90 percent silica, 5 percent or less alumina, less than 1 percent iron oxide, less 
 than one-half percent calcium oxide, and less than 1 percent alkalies (sodium and 
 potassium oxides) . Sample Ml 3 is high in iron oxide and contains only 84 percent 
 silica. 
 
 To determine whether pieces of actual sandstone would give results similar 
 to those for the cones when heated, specimens of the sandstone roughly 2 inches 
 long and one-half to three-fourths inches in diameter were fired at 1500°C. None 
 of the samples fused. Samples Ml and BIB were friable after the firing and sample 
 M13 was somewhat friable. The other six samples were hard. 
 
 Sample Ml was light tan, sample M9A was gray with brown spots, sample 
 MIO was grayish white with small brown spots, sample M13 was cream with brown 
 spots, sample M15 was grayish white with brown streaks, sample M41 was white 
 with scattered tiny brown spots, sample B18 was light cream with brown spots, 
 sample 319 was light brown and brown, and sample BlOO was brown. 
 
 Samples Fused Between 1300°C (2372°F) and 1500°C (2732°F) 
 
 Forty-nine samples (table 9) fused between 1300° and 1500°C. The samples 
 in this group generally contain less silica, more alumina, more iron oxide, somewhat 
 
PENNSYLVANIAN SANDSTONES IN CENTRAL ILLINOIS 27 
 
 more calcium oxide, and much more of the alkalies than those above. 
 
 Samples Fused Between 1100°C (2012°F) and 1300°C (2372°F) 
 
 Thirty-six samples (table 9) fused between 1100°C and 1300°C. The sam- 
 ples in this group were mostly lower in silica and much higher in calcium oxide 
 than those in the preceding group. 
 
 Refractoriness, Clay Content and Character, and Loss on Ignition 
 
 Figure 5 shows that the samples whose fusion points were above 1500°C 
 contained only a small amount of clay mineral and that the major clay mineral 
 present was kaolinite . The average and range in amount of clay in the samples 
 that fused between 1300° and 1500°C and those that fused between 1100° and 
 1300°C were about the same, but the samples that fused at the higher temperatures 
 on the average contained a greater amount of the more refractory clay mineral kao- 
 linite and somewhat less of the other three less refractory clay minerals. 
 
 The figures for loss on ignition show an increase in range and average value 
 from the most refractory to the least refractory groups of samples . AA^hereas a small 
 loss on ignition value may not reflect the presence of carbonates, the larger values 
 do and therefore probably indicate a high carbonate content in some of the samples 
 that fuse between 1100° and 1300°C. The carbonate is thought to occur mainly as 
 calcium carbonate, which is a flux. 
 
 Refractoriness and Geologic Age 
 
 Table 10 shows the relation between the fusion temperatures of the sand- 
 stone samples and their geologic age according to groups . The samples of the 
 
 1100- I300°C 
 
 Q 
 
 3 
 
 Amount 
 Fig. 5- 
 
 M 
 
 of clay Character of clay Loss on ignitic 
 
 •Relation between fusion temperature and amount of clay, character of clay. 
 
28 ILLINOIS STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY CIRCULAR 331 
 
 TABLE 10 - RESULTS OF FUSION TESTS BY GEOLOGIC GROUP 
 
 Group No. of samples Percentage 
 
 Fused between 1100 and 1300°C 
 McLeansboro 20 56 
 
 Kewanee 14 39 
 
 McCormick 2 5 
 
 McLeansboro 
 
 Kewanee 
 
 McCormick 
 
 MeLeansboro 
 
 Kewanee 
 
 McCormick 
 
 Fused between 1300 and 1500°C 
 
 Not fused at 1500°C 
 
 McLeansboro Group were the least refractory, those of the McCormick Group the 
 most refractory, and those of the Kewanee Group intermediate. 
 
 USES FOR THE SANDSTONES 
 
 Some of the Pennsylvanian sandstones of northern Illinois possibly could 
 be used in their natural state as building stone or firestone, as an additive in the 
 making of mineral wool, or as an abrasive. As no exact specifications are known 
 for some of these uses, it is impossible to give specific recommendations. Sand- 
 stone to be used as building stone should have a pleasing color, occur in well 
 layered deposits, be adequately cemented, and have good resistance to weather. 
 
 Firestone is a refractory sandstone used for the upper side-walls of soaking 
 pits for steel ingots (American Society for Testing Materials, 1957) and for lining 
 acid Bessemer converters and cupolas (Camp and Francis, 1957). Among other 
 important properties that firestone must possess are good coherence and refractori- 
 ness. A high silica content generally is a rough measure of the latter property. 
 Camp and Francis (1957) stated that firestones contain 90 to 93 percent silica, 
 about 4 percent alumina, and 2 to 4 percent ferric oxide, lime, and magnesia. 
 
 Samples Ml, M9A, MIO, M15, M41, B19, and BIO approach or virtually 
 equal this composition and they withstood a temperature of 2732 °F in the fusion 
 tests . 
 
 In making mineral wool from slag it is sometimes desirable to add "silica 
 rock" in relatively small amounts. The desired composition of the rock varies, 
 and, as the table of chemical analyses (table 7) indicates, sandstones of widely 
 diverse composition are available for this purpose, including sandstones of rela- 
 tively high silica, alumina, or lime content. 
 
 Various kinds of abrasive stones, such as grindstones and whetstones, are 
 made in limited numbers from sandstone. A combination of proper grain size, de- 
 gree of cementation, and grain shape usually is required, and these characteristics 
 vary for different abrasive stones. No exact specifications have been found for 
 abrasive stones, but it is unlikely that the high clay and high carbonate samples 
 
PENNSYLVANIAN SANDSTONES IN CENTRAL ILLINOIS 29 
 
 in this investigation would be promising for such use. 
 
 If the sandstones were mechanically broken down and the sand suitably 
 processed, glass sand, molding sand, asphalt sand, or sand for other purposes 
 might be produced from some of these sandstones . The sandstones high in silica 
 normally would offer most promise for such uses. 
 
 American Society for Testing Materials, 1957, Standards of Refractory Materials: 
 A.S.T.M. Committee C8, Manual, p. 278. 
 
 Andresen, M.J,, 1961, Geology and petrology of the Trivoli Sandstone in the 
 Illinois Basin: Illinois Geol . Survey Circ . 316. 
 
 Biggs, D. L., and Lamar, J. E., 1955, Sandstone resources of southern Illinois: 
 Illinois Geol. Survey Rept. Inv. 188. 
 
 Camp, J. M., and Francis, C. B., 1957, The making, shaping, and treating of 
 steel: 7th ed.. United States Steel Co., p. 180, 182, 271, 274. 
 
 Ekblaw, S. E., 1931, Channel deposits of the Pleasantview Sandstone in western 
 Illinois: Illinois Acad. Sci. Trans., v. 23, p. 391-399. 
 
 Glass, H. D., Potter, P. E., and Siever, Raymond, 1956, Clay mineralogy of 
 some basal Pennsylvanian sandstones, clays, and shales: Am. Assoc. 
 Petroleum Geologists Bull., v. 40, no. 4, p. 750-754. 
 
 Hopkins, M. E., 1958, Geology and petrology of the Anvil Rock Sandstone of 
 southern Illinois: Illinois Geol . Survey Circ. 256. 
 
 Kosanke, R. M., Simon, J. A., Wanless, H. R., and Willman, H. B., 1960, 
 
 Classification of the Pennsylvanian strata of Illinois: Illinois Geol. Survey 
 Rept. Inv. 214. 
 
 Potter, P. E., and Glass, H. D., 1958, Petrology and sedimentation of the Penn- 
 sylvanian sediments in southern Illinois - A vertical profile: Illinois Geol. 
 Survey Rept. Inv. 204. 
 
 Potter, P. E., and Simon, J. A., 1961, Anvil Rock Sandstone and channel cutouts 
 of Herrin (No. 6) Coal in west-central Illinois: Illinois Geol. Survey Circ. 314, 
 p. 8. 
 
 Rusnak, G, A., 1957, A fabric and petrologic study of the Pleasantview Sandstone: 
 Jour. Sed. Petrology, v. 27, no. 1, p. 41-55. 
 
 Siever, Raymond, 1949, Trivoli Sandstone of Williamson County, Illinois: Jour. 
 Geology, v. 57, no. 6, p. 614-618. 
 
 Siever, Raymond, 1957, Pennsylvanian sandstones of the Eastern Interior Coal 
 Basin: Jour. Sed. Petrology, v. 27, no. 3, p. 227-250. 
 
 Siever, Raymond, and Potter, P. E., 1956, Sources of basal Pennsylvanian sedi- 
 ments in the Eastern Interior Basin. Part 2. - Sedimentary Petrology: Jour. 
 Geology, v. 64, no. 4, p. 317-335. 
 
ILLINOIS STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY CIRCULAR 331 
 
 TABLE 11 
 
 - SAMPLE NUMBERS WITH COUNTY AND FORMATION IDENTIFICATION 
 
 Sample 
 
 
 
 
 Sample 
 
 
 
 number 
 
 County 
 
 Format ior 
 
 
 number 
 
 County 
 
 Formation 
 
 
 
 Samples 
 
 with 
 
 "B" Prefix 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 Montgomery 
 
 Bond 
 
 
 43 
 
 Hamilton 
 
 Mattoon 
 
 5 
 
 Shelby 
 
 Bond 
 
 
 44 
 
 M-iite 
 
 Mattoon 
 
 7 
 
 Shelby 
 
 Mattoon 
 
 
 45 
 
 White 
 
 Mattoon 
 
 8 
 
 Fayette 
 
 Mattoon 
 
 
 46 
 
 White 
 
 Mattoon 
 
 9 
 
 Effingham 
 
 Mattoon 
 
 
 47 
 
 White 
 
 Mattoon 
 
 10 
 
 Cumberland 
 
 Mattoon 
 
 
 48 
 
 Wayne 
 
 Mattoon 
 
 14A 
 
 St. Clair 
 
 Modesto 
 
 
 49 
 
 Wayne 
 
 Mattoon 
 
 17 
 
 St. Clair 
 
 Modesto 
 
 
 50 
 
 Scott 
 
 Carbondale 
 
 18 
 
 Randolph 
 
 Caseyvill 
 
 e 
 
 51 
 
 Greene 
 
 Carbondale 
 
 19 
 
 Randolph 
 
 Abbott 
 
 
 52A 
 
 Marion 
 
 Mattoon 
 
 20 
 
 Clinton 
 
 Modesto 
 
 
 52B 
 
 Marion 
 
 Mattoon 
 
 21 
 
 Washington 
 
 Bond 
 
 
 53 
 
 Marion 
 
 Mattoon 
 
 22 
 
 Washington 
 
 Bond 
 
 
 54 
 
 Jefferson 
 
 Bond 
 
 23C 
 
 Washington 
 
 Modesto 
 
 
 55 
 
 Jefferson 
 
 Mattoon 
 
 24 
 
 Perry 
 
 Bond 
 
 
 56 
 
 Effingham 
 
 Mattoon 
 
 25 
 
 Perry 
 
 Modesto 
 
 
 57 
 
 Clay 
 
 Mattoon 
 
 26 
 
 Jackson 
 
 Modesto 
 
 
 58 
 
 Edwards 
 
 Mattoon 
 
 27 
 
 Williamson 
 
 Spoon 
 
 
 59 
 
 Richland 
 
 Mattoon 
 
 28 
 
 Williamson 
 
 Abbott 
 
 
 60 
 
 Jasper 
 
 Mattoon 
 
 29 
 
 Williamson 
 
 Spoon 
 
 
 61 
 
 Crawford 
 
 Mattoon 
 
 30 
 
 Williamson 
 
 Modesto 
 
 
 62 
 
 Crawford 
 
 Mattoon 
 
 31A 
 
 Franklin 
 
 Modesto 
 
 
 63A 
 
 Lawrence 
 
 Mattoon 
 
 32A 
 
 Franklin 
 
 Bond 
 
 
 63C 
 
 Lawrence 
 
 Mattoon 
 
 32B 
 
 Franklin 
 
 Bond 
 
 
 64 
 
 Clark 
 
 Mattoon 
 
 33 
 
 Franklin 
 
 Bond 
 
 
 65 
 
 Clark 
 
 Mattoon 
 
 35 
 
 Jefferson 
 
 Mattoon 
 
 
 66 
 
 Edgar 
 
 Mattoon 
 
 36 
 
 Pope 
 
 Abbott 
 
 
 67 
 
 Wabash 
 
 Mattoon 
 
 37 
 
 Saline 
 
 Spoon 
 
 
 68 
 
 Christian 
 
 Bond 
 
 38 
 
 Saline 
 
 Spoon 
 
 
 69 
 
 Wabash 
 
 Bond 
 
 39 
 
 Gallatin 
 
 Carbgnda 
 
 e 
 
 100 
 
 Jackson 
 
 Abbott 
 
 40A 
 
 Gallatin 
 
 Abbott 
 
 
 lOlA 
 
 Gallatin 
 
 Modesto 
 
 40B 
 
 Gallatin 
 
 Abbott 
 
 
 lOlB 
 
 Gallatin 
 
 Modesto 
 
 41 
 
 Hamilton 
 
 Mattoon 
 Samples v 
 
 vith 
 
 "M" Prefix 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 Adams 
 
 Spoon 
 
 
 30A 
 
 LaSalle 
 
 Carbondale 
 
 2AB 
 
 Adams 
 
 Carbonda 
 
 e 
 
 30B 
 
 LaSalle 
 
 Carbondale 
 
 2C 
 
 Adams 
 
 Carbonda 
 
 e 
 
 30C 
 
 LaSalle 
 
 Carbondale 
 
 6A 
 
 Brown 
 
 Abbott 
 
 
 31 
 
 LaSalle 
 
 Carbondale 
 
 • 8AF 
 
 McDonough 
 
 Carbonda 
 
 e 
 
 32A 
 
 Grundy 
 
 Carbondale 
 
 8G 
 
 McDonough 
 
 Carbonda 
 
 e 
 
 32BC 
 
 Grundy 
 
 Carbondale 
 
 9A 
 
 Fulton 
 
 Spoon 
 
 
 33 
 
 Vermilion 
 
 Modesto 
 
 10 
 
 Fulton 
 
 Abbott 
 
 
 34 
 
 Vermilion 
 
 Bond 
 
 12 
 
 Rock Island 
 
 Spoon 
 
 
 35 
 
 Peoria 
 
 Carbondale 
 
 13 
 
 Rock Island 
 
 Abbott 
 
 
 36 
 
 Peoria 
 
 Carbondale 
 
 15 
 
 Mercer 
 
 Abbott 
 
 
 37 
 
 Peoria 
 
 Carbondale 
 
 17 
 
 Mercer 
 
 Spoon 
 
 
 38 
 
 Sangamon 
 
 Modesto 
 
 28A 
 
 La Salle 
 
 Carbonda 
 
 Le 
 
 39 
 
 LaSalle 
 
 Carbondale 
 
 28 B 
 
 La Salle 
 
 Carbonda 
 
 e 
 
 40 
 
 Fulton 
 
 Spoon 
 
 29 
 
 LaSalle 
 
 Carbonda 
 
 Le 
 
 41 
 42 
 
 Warren 
 Coles 
 
 Abbott 
 Mattoon 
 
APPENDIX 
 DESCRIPTION OF DEPOSITS SAMPLED 
 
 ADAMS COUNTY 
 Sample Ml - SW^ SW^ NWJf sec. 36, T. 2 
 N., R. 8 W., 2 miles north of Men- 
 don. Bank on west side of creek. 
 
 Ft 
 Spoon Formation 
 
 Isabel (?) Sandstone Member 
 Upper part of outcrop tan, 
 lower part gray; beds range 
 from thin to about 2 feet 
 thick, bedding irregular; 
 outcrop weathered; overlies 
 limestone of Mississippian 
 age (sample Ml) JL 
 
 Samples M2AB, M2C - NE% SE% SE% sec. 
 9, T. 1 N., R. 6 W., 3 miles north- 
 west of Camp Point. Roadcut. 
 
 Carbondale Formation 
 
 Pleasantview Sandstone Member 
 
 Sandstone, fine grained, mica- 
 ceous, thin bedded, shaly; 
 lower 8 inches carbonaceous; 
 slightly calcareous (sample 
 M2AB) 21 
 
 Sandstone, gray, micaceous, 
 very calcareous, fine 
 grained, hard; base covered 
 (sample M2C) 6 
 
 BROWN COUNTY 
 Sample M6A - NE% SE^ SE%, sec. 11, 
 T. 2 S., R. 2 W., 3 miles east of 
 Versailles. Stream cut. 
 Clay shale, gray 4 
 
 Limestone, brown, sandy 
 
 Abbott Formation 
 
 Babylon (?) Sandstone Member 
 
 Sandstone, reddish brown and 
 gray, massive, dense, very 
 calcareous; many bands of 
 limestone up to % inch thick 
 (sample M6A) 12 
 
 Sandstone, gray, fine grained, 
 yellow-brown 1 
 
 Siltstone, brown 
 
 Siltstone, clayey; base covered 4 
 
 CHRISTIAN COUNTY 
 Sample B68 - SW^ NW^ SW% sec. 19, T. 
 13 N.j R. 2 W., % mile southwest 
 of Calloway. Northwest bank of trib- 
 utary to South Fork Sangamon River. 
 Glacial till 4 
 
 Bond Formation 
 
 Sandstone, massive, medium bedded. 
 
 buff, fine to medium grained; 
 base covered (sample 868) S 
 
 CLARK COUNTY 
 Sample B64 - SW^ SWJj NW^ sec. 4, T. 
 9 N., R. 12 W., 2% miles south of 
 Allright. Ledges in banks of ra- 
 vine, south side of Joes Fork. 
 Soil ] 
 
 Mattoon Formation 
 
 Sandstone, massive, thin cross- 
 bedded zones, light brown, 
 locally reddish brown from 
 iron oxide; weathered, soft 
 and friable; base covered 
 (sample B64) li 
 
 Sample B65 - SE^ NE% SE^ sec. 34, 
 T. 12 N., R. 12 W., 3% miles 
 north of Marshall. High bluffs 
 southwest side of West Fork just 
 west of bridge . 
 
 Covered; probably largely sand- 
 stone as below; glacial drift 
 may be 10 to 20 feet thick 4( 
 Mattoon Formation 
 
 Sandstone, massive, buff to 
 brown, medium grained; weath- 
 ered, very soft and friable 
 (sample B65) 25 
 
 Conglomerate, shale pebbles 1 
 Shale, black, fissile; at 
 water level 
 
 CLAY COUNTY 
 Sample B57 - NI% SE% SE^ sec, 4, T. 
 2 N., R. 6 E., 3 miles southwest 
 of Flora. Overhanging bluffs a- 
 long south bank Raccoon Creek 
 for about 3j mile west of bridge. 
 Glacial till 2 
 
 Mattoon Formation 
 
 Sandstone, massive, light 
 brown to brown, medium to 
 coarse grained; base cov- 
 ered (sample B57) IE 
 
 CLINTON COUNTY 
 
 Sample B20 - SE3j SW^ NE% and NW^ SE^ 
 NW^ sec. 35, T. 2 N. , R. 3 W., 3 
 miles southwest of Carlyle. Ten 
 foot thickness of sandstone ex- 
 posed in two outcrops on Stone 
 Quarry Creek. Lower 7 feet ex- 
 posed in east bank of tributary 
 from south, 100 feet up tributary 
 
(CLINTON COUNTY Cont.) Ft. In. 
 from junction with Stone Quarry 
 Creek; upper 3 feet is in ledges 
 along and in bed of Stone Quarry 
 Creek, exposed more or less con- 
 tinuously for 1/8 mile downstream 
 from bridge, % mile west of lower 
 outcrop . 
 
 Soil 1-2 
 
 Modesto Formation 
 
 Sandstone, thin bedded, gray 
 fine grained, micaceous, some- 
 what calcareous 2 
 
 Sandstone, gray, calcareous, 
 
 fossiliferous 1 
 
 Sandstone, as in uppermost unit, 
 shaly in bottom 1 foot; base 
 covered 7 
 
 (Sample B20 from all 3 sand- 
 stone units) 
 
 COLES COUNTY 
 Sample M42 - NW^ NE^ SE^ sec. 18, T. 
 12 N., R. 10 E., in bluff of Embar- 
 rass River east of Charleston. 
 Soil 1+ 
 
 Mattoon Formation 
 
 Sandstone, weathered and soft 4 
 Sandstone, tan and light gray, 
 fine to medium grained, friable, 
 massive, with scattered limonite 
 nodules and rarely thin shaly 
 lenses; base covered 
 (Sample M42 from the 2 sandstone 
 units 30 
 
 CRAWFORD COUNTY 
 Sample B61 - SE^ Nli% sec, 36, T. 6 N., 
 R. 12 W., 1% miles northwest of Flat 
 Rock. Outcrops in roadcut, in stream 
 bank \ mile northwest of bridge 
 at roadcut, and in streambed ledges 
 between roadcut and stream bank 
 outcrops . 
 
 Soil 1-2 
 
 Mattoon Formation 
 
 Sandstone, massive, light brown, 
 medium grained; weathered, very 
 soft and friable; exposed in 
 roadcut 15 
 
 Sandstone, as above, but not so 
 deeply weathered and soft; 
 exposed in stream bank 7 
 Sandstone, as above; base cov- 
 ered 
 (Sample B61 from the 3 sandstone 
 units) 4 
 
 Sample B62 - SW^ NE^ SW^ sec. 5, T. 
 8 N., R. 12 W., 2% miles northeast 
 of Annapolis. Overhanging bluff 
 southeast side of stream 50 feet 
 
 west of road. 
 
 Soil 1-2 
 
 Mattoon Formation 
 
 Sandstone, massive, light brown, 
 fine grained; 2 thin bedded 
 zones with carbonaceous part- 
 ings, one near middle, other 
 at base, each about one foot 
 thick (sample B62) 10 
 
 Sandstone, as above, contains 
 abundant, thin, discontinu- 
 ous seams of coal 1 
 Shale, black, fissile; at water 
 level 
 
 CUMBERLAND COUNTY 
 Sample BIO - SW corner, sec. 27, T. 
 9 N., R. 8 E., 3 miles southwest 
 of Jewett. Bluff on south side 
 of Webster Branch, nearly on sec- 
 tion line between sees. 27 and 28. 
 Covered; hill rises steeply from 
 top of bluff to generally flat 
 upland; bedrock, probably sand- 
 stone as below overlain by 
 shale with chance of limestone 
 and sandstone beds; probably 
 considerable glacial drift 40 
 Mattoon Formation 
 
 Sandstone, massive, yellowish 
 buff, medium grained; cal- 
 careous in places; few thin 
 bedded, carbonaceous zones; 
 base covered; calcareous por- 
 tions not included in sample 
 (sample BIO) 15 
 
 EDGAR COUNTY 
 Sample B66 - NE% SW^ SW^ sec. 12, T. 
 12 N., R. 13 W., 3% miles south- 
 east of Grand View. Bluff at bend 
 in east- flowing tributary to West 
 Big Creek, \ mile east of road 
 comer . 
 
 Glacial drift st 
 
 Mattoon Formation 
 
 Sandstone, massive, light brown, 
 generally medium grained, 
 coarser at bottom; lens of 
 conglomerate 2 to 3 feet a- 
 bove base included in sample; 
 ironstone nodules typically 
 % inch in diameter scattered 
 throughout but more abundant 
 in basal 2 feet (sample B66) 20 
 Conglomerate 1 
 
 Sandstone, very calcareous; 
 at water level 
 
EDWARDS COUNTY 
 
 Sample B58 - NW^^ NE% NE% sec. 18, T. 
 
 IN., R. 10 E., at Blood. Bluff 
 
 east side of Little Wabash River 
 
 at west edge of Blood at bridge. 
 
 Ft, 
 Covered; hill rises steeply from 
 top of bluff; bedrock probably 
 sandstone as below overlain by 
 predominantly shale beds; thin 
 glacial drift 2( 
 
 Mattoon Formation 
 
 Sandstone, massive and thin 
 bedded, light brown changing 
 to gray in lower 3 feet, medi- 
 um to coarse grained, slightly 
 calcareous in places; base 
 covered; calcareous portions 
 not included in sample (sam- 
 ple B58) K 
 
 EFFINGHAM COUNTY 
 Sample B9 - NE% SW^ SW% sec. 30, T. 8 
 N., R. 4 E., 3% miles northwest of 
 Altamont. Bluff in ridge between 
 two tributaries to Cedar Creek from 
 south. 
 
 Covered; hill rises about 20 feet 
 in 100 feet from top of bluff to 
 generally flat terrain; bedrock 
 probably sandstone as below over- 
 lain by shale with chance of some 
 limestone; thin glacial drift 2( 
 Mattoon Formation 
 
 Sandstone, massive in 2 to 4 foot 
 beds with interbedded thin 
 bedded zones which have carbon- 
 aceous partings; lower 10 feet 
 gray, upper 10 feet buff; base 
 covered (sample B9) 2i 
 
 Sample B56 - SE^ Wk NW^ sec. 27, T. 
 6 N., R. 6 E., 3 miles west of 
 Eberle. Outcrop in south bank of 
 Ramsey Creek at mouth of tribu- 
 tary from south; scattered out- 
 crops of massive sandstone along 
 tributary . 
 
 Glacial till K 
 
 Mattoon Formation 
 
 Sandstone, massive, light brown, 
 medium to coarse grained; base 
 covered (sample B56) 
 
 FAYETTE COUNTY 
 Sample B8 - S% NE^ SE^ sec. 11, T. 5 
 N., R. 4 E., 3 miles southwest of 
 Edgewood. Outcrop in bluff on the 
 south side of an east-west tribu- 
 tary to Dismal Creek. 
 Covered; hill rises 30 feet in 
 300 feet from top of bluff; bed- 
 
 rock probably sandstone over- 
 lain by shale; glacial drift c 
 unknown thickness 
 
 30 
 
 Mattoon Formation 
 
 Sandstone, massive, cross bed- 
 ded, light brown, fine grained, 
 soft and friable, slightly 
 calcareous; contains lenses 
 of harder, calcareous sand- 
 stone as much as 4 feet thick 
 and 15 feet long; base cov- 
 ered (sample B8) 18 
 
 FRANKLIN COUNTY 
 Sample B31A - NW^ NE% SE^ sec. 20, 
 T. 7 S., R. 2 E., at north edge 
 of Plumfield. Bluffs along east 
 side of Muddy River, ^ mile north 
 of Plumfield. Exposures of mas- 
 sive and thin bedded sandstones 
 at same elevation indicate that 
 the massive sandstone occurs as 
 lenses in the thin bedded stone. 
 Covered; apparently sandstone, 
 
 thin bedded, shaly 10+ 
 
 Modesto Formation 
 
 Sandstone, massive, light brown, 
 
 fine grained (sample B31A) 8 
 Covered to water; probably 
 
 shaly sandstone 5 
 
 Samples B32A, B32B - SE% NW^ SW^ 
 sec. 23, T. 7 S., R. 4 E., % 
 mile south of Thompsonville. 
 Railroad cut east of Thompson- 
 ville. Massive sandstone lenses 
 in thin bedded, shaly sandstone. 
 Samples taken from two different 
 lenses . 
 
 Soil 2± 
 
 Bond Formation 
 
 Sandstone, massive, buff to 
 brown, medium grained, 
 slightly calcareous (sample 
 B32A) 12 
 
 Soil 
 
 Bond Formation 
 
 Sandstone, thin bedded, shaly 5 
 Sandstone, massive, buff to 
 brown, medium grained; base 
 covered (sample B32B) 7 
 
 Sample B33 - SW^ NE% SW^ sec. 2, T. 
 6 S., R. 2 E., 2 miles northwest 
 of Benton. Bluff on east side of 
 Big Muddy River just south of 
 mouth of Sugar Creek. 
 
 Covered; hill rises steeply from 
 top of bluff; probably mostly 
 shale. 30 
 
(FRANKLIN COUNTY Cont.) Ft. In. 
 
 Bond Formation 
 
 Sandstone, massive, thinner bed- 
 ded in top 3 feet, buff, med- 
 ium to coarse grained; base 
 covered (sample B33) 12 
 
 FULTON COUNTY 
 Sample M9A - SW^ mk SW^ sec. 10, T. 
 6 N., R. 1 E., 1 mile northeast 
 of Marietta. Stream cut. 
 Carbondale and Spoon Formations 
 Shale; sandstone; carbonaceous 
 shale or coal and clay inter- 
 bedded 30+ 
 
 Spoon Formation 
 
 Shale and sandstone interbedded 12 
 Siltstone, very clayey, thin beds 1 
 Sandstone, light tan becoming 
 gray toward base, fine grained, 
 dense, massive (sample M9A) 12 
 Clay shale, coal and shale 2 10 
 Sandstone 4 
 
 Coal; base covered 6+ 
 
 Gravelly sand and loess 10 
 
 Abbott Formation 
 
 Bernadotte Sandstone Member 
 Sandstone, tan, 2 to 12 -inch 
 beds, friable; base covered 
 (sample MIO) 9 
 
 Sample M40 - Center sec. 24, T. 3 N., 
 R. 2 E., 4 miles southeast of Sum- 
 mum. Along Kerton Creek. 
 Soil 2+ 
 
 Spoon Formation 
 
 Isabel Sandstone Member 
 Sandstone, fine to medium 
 grained, tan, friable, mica- 
 ceous, with scattered car- 
 bonaceous streaks; massive 
 in lower 8 feet, thin bedded 
 above; base covered (sample 
 M40) 14 
 
 GALLATIN COUNTY 
 Sample B39 - SW% NW% SE^ sec. 4, T. 
 10 S., R. 8 E., 4 miles south of 
 Equality. Ledges in floor of gully 
 on southeast slope of Poplar Hollow. 
 
 Soil 1 
 
 Carbondale or Modesto Formation 
 Anvil Rock (or higher) Sand- 
 stone Member 
 
 Sandstone, massive, light 
 brown, medium grained; base 
 covered (sample B39) 20+ 
 
 Samples B40A, B40B - NE% NW^ sec. 31, 
 T. 10 S., R. 9 E., 5 miles north- 
 east of Karbers Ridge. Ledges in 
 stream and along bank southwest 
 of Blue Blaze Coal Mine . 
 
 Covered; overburden increases rap- 
 idly a short distance back from 
 stream; mostly shale and sand- 
 stone 40 
 Abbott Formation 
 
 Finnie Sandstone Member 
 
 Sandstone, massive, light brown 
 to brown, medium grained; 
 occasional thin cross-bed- 
 ded zones with carbonaceous 
 partings (sample B40A) 20 
 Shale 10 
 
 Sandstone, massive, light 
 brown, fine grained; 1 
 foot at top and bottom is 
 thin-bedded with carbona- 
 ceous partings; base cov- 
 ered (sample B40B) 7 
 
 Samples BIOIA, BIOIB - SE% SE% SE^ 
 sec. 3, T. 10 S., R. 8 E., 5 miles 
 southeast of Equality. Core from 
 diamond drill hole Bransford Min- 
 ing Company No. 142, 
 Modesto Formation 
 
 No core 30 
 
 Sandstone, light gray, fine 
 grained, slightly calcareous; 
 shaly and carbonaceous streaks 
 and partings; occasional 1 
 to 2-foot intervals of shale 
 or interbedded sandstone and 
 shale 26 
 
 Sandstone, light gray, fine 
 grained, slightly calcare- 
 ous (7% soluble in acid); 
 thin carbonaceous streaks 
 and specks (sample BIOIA) 19 
 Sandstone, as above, with a- 
 
 bundant carbonaceous partings 4 
 Sandstone, light gray, medium 
 to coarse grained, friable, 
 slightly calcareous (10% 
 soluble in acid); contains 
 scattered sand-size fragments 
 and occasional thin (l/S 
 inch) seams of coal (sample 
 BIOIB) 46 
 
 Sandstone, as above, with a- 
 bundant thin coal seams; 
 shale pebbles in 1-inch thick 
 layer at middle 3 
 
 Carbondale Formation 
 
 Bankston Fork Limestone Member 
 Limestone, gray % 
 
GREENE COUNTY 
 Sample B51 - SEij SWij SWJj sec. 24, T. 
 12 N., R. 11 W., 4 miles east of 
 Roodhouse. High wall of coal 
 strip mine. 
 
 Ft. I 
 Carbondale Formation 
 
 Pleasantview Sandstone Member 
 
 Sandstone, thin bedded, gray, 
 
 fine grained; carbonaceous 
 
 partings; some interbedded 
 
 shale 8 
 
 Sandstone, massive, light gray, 
 
 fine grained 3 
 
 Sandstone, thin bedded, gray, 
 fine grained; shale and car- 
 bonaceous partings 2 
 Sandstone, massive, light gray, 
 
 fine grained; base covered 2 
 (Sample B51 includes all 4 sand- 
 stone units.) 
 
 GRUNDY COUNTY 
 Samples M32A, M32BC - NW^ NE^ W\ sec. 
 13, T. 33 N., R. 7 E., 2 miles south- 
 east of Morris. Bluff of Mazon 
 Creek. 
 
 Clay and large boulders 2+ 
 
 Carbondale Formation 
 Pleasantview Sandstone Member 
 
 Shale and calcareous sandstone 4 
 
 Sandstone, fine to medium 
 
 grained, gray-brown, slightly 
 friable; clayey zones in 
 lower 9 feet; calcareous 
 (sample M32A) 13 
 
 Sandstone, cross bedded, me- 
 dium grained, slightly fri- 
 able, micaceous 9 
 
 Sandstone, gray to brown, thin 
 bedded, clayey, fine grained; 
 lenses of medium grained sand- 
 stone; base covered 6 
 
 (Sample M32BC from lower 2 sand- 
 stone units) 
 
 HAMILTON COUNTY 
 Sample B41 - SE^ NE% NE% sec. 24, T. 
 5 S., R. 5 E., 3 miles west of 
 McLeansboro. Ledges along ditch and 
 bank on east side of road across 
 from Ten Mile Church. 
 Soil 1-2 
 
 Mattoon Formation 
 
 Sandstone, massive, buff, fine 
 grained; interbedded with sand- 
 stone, thin bedded, buff, very 
 fine grained; base covered 
 (sample B41) 10 
 
 Sample B43 - SE% SW^ SE% sec, 28, T. 
 4 S . , R . 5 E . , 7 miles northwest 
 of McLeansboro. Ledges in north- 
 
 south gully crossing abandoned 
 road along south line of section. 
 
 Covered; slopes on- either side 
 of gully apparently underlain 
 by sandstone as below 15+ 
 Mattoon Formation 
 
 Sandstone, massive, cross bed- 
 ded, brown, fine grained 10 
 Conglomerate lens; shale and 
 sandstone pebbles; calcareous 
 (Slj'o soluble in acid) 0-4 
 Sandstone, as above 1 
 
 Sandstone, thin bedded, gray 
 
 shale partings 1 
 
 Sandstone, in floor of gully; 
 
 base covered 
 (Sample B43 from 3 uppermost 
 sandstone units) 
 
 JACKSON COUNTY 
 Sample B26 - SW% SE% SW^ sec. 35, T. 
 7 S., R. 1 W., 3 miles northeast 
 of Bush. Bluff in east bank Little 
 Muddy River. 
 
 Soil 1-2 
 
 Modesto Formation 
 
 Sandstone, massive, buff, me- 
 dium to coarse grained, mi- 
 caceous; base covered (sam- 
 ple B26) 20 
 
 Sample BlOO - SW^ NWJj SW^ sec. 34, 
 T. 7 S., R. 3 W., 2% miles west 
 of Oraville. Core from diamond 
 drill hole no. 4 Albert White. 
 No core 21 
 
 Abbott Formation 
 
 Sandstone, white to light brown, 
 fine grained, brown to dark 
 brown limonite staining in 
 places; few shale pebbles near 
 base (sample BlOO) 24% 
 
 Shale, light gray 1 
 
 Sandstone, similar to above 
 with zones of shale pebble 
 conglomerate 9% 
 
 Sandstone, light brown, fine 
 to coarse grained; brown to 
 dark brown in places from 
 limonite staining 4 
 
 JASPER COUNTY 
 Sample B60 - SE^j NE^ NE^ sec. 8, T. 
 6 N., R. 10 E., 2 miles east of 
 Newton. Cut north side of road. 
 
 Soil 1-2 
 
 Mattoon Formation 
 
 Sandstone, massive, light brown, 
 
 medium grained (sample B60) 8 
 Shale, black, fissile; base 
 
 covered 
 
JEFFERSON COUNTY 
 Sample B35 - SE^ SE^ NW^ sec. 20, 
 T. 2 S., R. 4 E., 1% miles north- 
 east of Marlow. Roadcut on Route 
 15 exposes lenses of massive 
 sandstone in shale. Sample from 
 one of thicker lenses. 
 
 F1 
 Soil 
 
 Mattoon Formation 
 Shale 
 
 Sandstone, massive, buff to 
 brown, medium grained (sam- 
 ple B35) 
 Shale; base covered 
 
 Sample B54 - NW^ SE^ NE^ sec. 31, 
 T. 4S.,R. IE.,4% miles east 
 of Tamaroa. Bluffs along south 
 bank Little Muddy River for about 
 1/8 mile east from bend to east, 
 \ mile west of Rock Bridge. 
 Glacial drift 
 Bond Formation 
 
 Sandstone, massive, occasional 
 thin bedded zones , buff; few 
 carbonaceous partings in lower 
 9 feet; base covered (sample 
 B54) ] 
 
 Sample B55 - SW^ SE^ SE^ sec. 10, T. 
 1 S. R. 3 E., 2 miles east of Tex- 
 ico . Massive sandstone exposed in 
 roadcut and in creek bank 200 to 
 300 feet north from bridge. 
 Glacial till 2- 
 
 Mattoon Formation (?) 
 
 Sandstone, massive, light brown, 
 medium grained; weathered, 
 soft and friable 
 Covered; probably sandstone as 
 
 above 
 Sandstone, as above; base cov- 
 ered 
 (Sample B55 from the 2 sandstone 
 units) 
 
 LASALLE COUNTY 
 Samples M28A, M28B - N% NW^ NE% sec. 
 31, T. 33 N., R. 2 E. Roadcut in 
 Matthiessen State Park. 
 Clay, stony ] 
 
 Carbondale Formation 
 
 Copperas Creek Sandstone Member 
 Sandstone, as below but badly 
 
 weathered 
 Sandstone, tan to brown, fine 
 to medium grained; massive 
 (sample M28A) ] 
 
 Sandstone, as above except 
 thin bedded; base covered 
 (sample M28B) ] 
 
 Sample M29 - NE^ SW^ NW^ sec. 21, T. 
 33 N., R. 5 E., 1 mile southeast 
 of Marseilles. Fresh cut along 
 secondary road . 
 
 Clay, gravel, sand 20 
 
 Carbondale Formation 
 
 Vermilionville Sandstone Member 
 Sandstone, dark brown, fine 
 to medium grained; in ^ to 
 3-inch beds (sample M29) 12 
 
 Samples M30A, M30B. M30C - NE^ SW^ 
 NW^ sec. 13, T. 33 N., R. 4 E., 
 at west edge of Marseilles. In 
 east bank of Long Creek. 
 
 Covered; probably gravelly sand 
 
 and sandy shale 10+ 
 
 Carbondale Fonnation 
 
 Vermilionville Sandstone Member 
 
 Sandstone and shale interbedded, 
 about 65 percent sandstone 
 and 35 percent shale, thin 
 bedded; shale is gray; sand- 
 stone light brown and friable, 
 occurring in beds up to 1% 
 inches thick (sample M30A) 14 
 
 Sandstone, light brown, mas- 
 sive; scattered, thin, shale 
 partings (sample M30B) 12 
 
 Sandstone, light brown to 
 gray, medium grained; a 
 few shale zones up to ^ 
 inches thick (sample M30C) 11 
 
 Shale, black, carbonaceous; 
 base covered 3 
 
 Sample M31 - SE% NW% NW^ sec. 26, T. 
 33 N., R. 3 E., 2 miles south- 
 east of Ottawa. At east end of 
 cutbank along Covel Creek. 
 Carbondale Formation 
 
 Vermilionville Sandstone Member 
 Sandstone, light gray and 
 brownish gray, massive, 
 friable (sample M31) 22 
 Undifferentiated 
 
 Shale, sandstone, clay, and 
 coal; base covered 80t 
 
 Sample M39 - NE^ SW^ SW^ sec. 23, T. 
 31 N., R. 3 E. Bluffs of Vermilion 
 River northwest of Streator. 
 
 Soil and sand 10 
 
 Carbondale Formation 
 
 Vermilionville Sandstone Member 
 Sandstone, massive, dense, 
 tan; surface pitted by 
 weathering 7 
 
 Sandstone, tan; beds % inch 
 to 6 inches thick separa- 
 ted by shaly sandstone up 
 to 2 inches thick; thin 
 
(LASALLE COUNTY Cont.) Ft. In. 
 
 Canton Shale Member 
 
 Shale, sandy, laminated, gray; 
 base covered 3 
 
 (Sample M39 from the 2 sand- 
 stone units) 
 
 LAWRENCE COUNTY 
 Samples B63A, B63C, B63AC - NW^ SW^ 
 NW^ sec. 33, T. 5 N., R. 12 W., 
 
 1 mile north of Westport. 20- 
 foot bluff east bank of Embar- 
 rass River, \ mile north of 
 bridge at Westport. 
 
 Covered; hill rises 40 feet in 
 200 feet from top of bluff; prob- 
 ably sandstone as below over- 
 lain by predominantly shale beds 40 
 Mattoon Formation 
 
 Sandstone, massive, brown, coarse 
 
 grained (sample B63C) 7 
 
 Sandstone, thin bedded, light 
 brown, medium grained, cal- 
 careous (28% soluble in acid);' 
 occurs as lens 6 inches to 
 5 feet thick 3 
 
 Sandstone, massive, light brown, 
 
 medium grained (sample B6'3A) 10 
 (Sample B63AC combines material 
 from upper and lower units) 
 
 MARION COUNTY 
 Samples B52A, B52B, B52AB - SW^ NE^ NE^ 
 sec. 32, T. 2 N., R. 2 E., 4 miles 
 southwest of Salem. Outcrops along 
 bluff south side Crooked Creek, east 
 of bridge, 1 mile north of Lake Cen- 
 tralia. Upper 12' as ledges in steep 
 gully 100' east of bridge; lower 
 13' in tributary valley from south, 
 400' east of bridge. 
 
 idstone as be- 
 
 10 
 Mattoon Formation 
 
 Sandstone, mostly thin bedded with 
 an occasional bed 2 to 3 inches 
 thick, light brown, very fine 
 to fine grained; shale partings 
 (sample B52B) 12 
 
 Covered; probably sandstone as 
 
 above and below 6 ■ 
 
 Sandstone, as above, except 
 light brown to gray near base 
 of formation; base covered 
 (sample B52A) 13 
 
 ( Sample B52AB combines material 
 from upper and lower sandstone 
 units) 
 
 Sample B53 - NE^ NE% NE^ sec. 33, T. 
 
 2 N., R. 4 E., 3 miles southeast 
 
 of luka. Cutbank east side of 
 Skillett Fork at sharp bend. 
 Covered; hill rises 50 feet in 
 200 feet from top of bluff; 
 probably sandstone as below 
 overlain by predominantly 
 shale beds . 5( 
 
 Mattoon Formation 
 
 Sandstone, massive with occa- 
 sional thin bedded lenses, 
 light brown, medium to coarse 
 grained; zone 2 feet thick 7 
 feet from bottom contains cav- 
 ities up to 1 inch diameter 
 lined with limonite; base 
 covered (sample B53) i; 
 
 MCDONOUGH COUNTY 
 
 Samples M8AF, M8G - m\ m\ SW^ sec. 
 
 7, T. 5 N., R. 3 W., % mile north 
 of Colchester. 
 
 Carbondale Formation 
 
 Pleasantview Sandstone Member 
 
 Sandstone, very badly weath- 
 ered 3 
 
 Sandstone, fine grained, light 
 brown, micaceous; lower foot 
 calcareous 8 
 
 Shale, gray, sandy 
 
 Sandstone, fine grained, 
 greenish gray, shaly, thin 
 bedded, non calcareous; 
 upper foot red-brown and 
 massive 6 
 
 Sandstone, fine grained, 
 clayey, very thin bedded, 
 gray-greenish, micaceous; 
 2 -inch gray shale parting 
 at base 6 
 
 Sandstone, light tan, fine 
 grained, massive 3 
 
 Sandstone, light gray, fine 
 grained, thin bedded 5 
 
 (Sample M8AF from above 5 
 sandstone units) 
 
 Sandstone, dark reddish brown 
 to light gray, fine to me- 
 dium grained, thin bedded; 
 base covered (sample M8G) 17 
 
 MERCER COUNTY 
 Sample M15 - NW cor. NW% NE^ NI% 
 sec. 2, T. 14 N., R. 3 W., 3% 
 miles northeast of Medo. 
 
 Loess 5 
 
 Abbott Formation (?) 
 
 Clay , sandy 6 
 
 Sandstone, light tan, dense 0-3 
 
 Limonite concretions, sandy 0-3 
 Sandstone, light gray to tan. 
 
(MERCER COUNTY Cont.) 
 dense, micaceous; in 1 to 4^ 
 inch beds (sample M15) 
 Shale; base covered 
 
 10 
 
 Sample M17 - SE3i SW^j SEJj sec. 32, T. 
 14 N., R. 1 W., 3^ miles south of 
 Hopewell. 
 
 Sample M17 taken from 10 feet of 
 sandstone, probably in the Isabel 
 Sandstone Member of the Spoon 
 Formation, exposed in an abandoned 
 stream channel. The character of the 
 material overlying the sandstone 
 is obscure and the base of the 
 sandstone is covered . 
 
 Sandstone, clayey, thin and 
 irregularly bedded, fine 
 grained, micaceous; con- 
 tains a few sideritic 
 bands K 
 
 Sandstone, thin bedded, gray, 
 fine and medium grained; a 
 discontinuous lens S 
 
 Sandstone, fire grained, very 
 clayey and micaceous, gray; 
 irregularly bedded; base 
 covered ■ 
 
 (Sample M3 5 from the 7 sand- 
 stone units) 
 
 MONTGOMERY COUNTY 
 Sample B3 - SW^ SE^ NW^ sec. 25, T. 
 9 N., R. 5 W., 2 miles northwest 
 of Litchfield. Bluff on east 
 side West Fork Shoal Creek, where 
 stream makes sharp bend to south, 
 about l/8 mile south of road. 
 
 Covered; probably sandstone as 
 below in lower part overlain by 
 predominantly shale beds 1 
 Bond Formation 
 
 McWain Sandstone Member 
 Sandstone, massive, light 
 brown, medium grained, mica- 
 ceous, friable; lenses of 
 sandstone, thin bedded with 
 carbonaceous partings; 2- 
 foot calcareous layer (28% 
 soluble in acid) near top of 
 exposure not included in sam- 
 ple (sample B3) < 
 Covered 
 
 PEORIA COUNTY 
 
 Sample MS 5 - NW^^ SE% SW^ sec. 24, T. 
 8 N., R. 7 E., Bartonville. Road 
 cut. 
 
 Soil, very sandy 
 
 Carbondale Formation 
 Shale, gray 
 
 Shale and coal interbedded 
 Coal and clay interbedded 
 Underclay 
 Shale, gray 
 
 Vermilionville Sandstone Member 
 
 Sandstone, light gray, fine 
 grained, micaceous, very 
 clayey 
 
 Sandstone, very hard, massive; 
 makes lens commonly 6 inches 
 to 2 feet thick, rarely ab- 
 sent 
 
 Sandstone, like 7-foot bed 
 above but gray 
 
 Sandstone, like 1-foot bed a- 
 bove 
 
 Soil 
 
 Carbondale Formation 
 
 Shale 5 
 
 Vermilionville Sandstone Member 
 Sandstone and shale inter- 
 bedded; sideritic concre- 
 tions 1 
 Sandstone, clayey and mica- 
 ceous, mostly fine grained, 
 carbonaceous (sample M36) 16 
 Covered 2 
 Shale; base covered 7 
 
 Sample M37 - SW% NV% SW^ sec. 13, 
 T. 8 N., R. 7 E., near Peoria. 
 Along Kickapoo Creek. 
 Soil and clay 10+ 
 
 Carbondale Formation 
 
 Vermilionville Sandstone Member 
 Sandstone, argillaceous; poor- 
 ly exposed 20± 
 Sandstone, massive, cross 
 bedded, fine to medium 
 grained, dense, calcareous, 
 slightly argillaceous 18 
 Covered 3 
 Sandstone, like bed above; 
 
 base covered 10 
 
 (Sample M37 from the 2 low- 
 er sandstone units) 
 
 PERRY COUNTY 
 Sample B24 - SE% NW% SW% sec. 4, T. 
 3 S., R. 2 W., 9 miles northeast 
 of Pinckneyville. Bluff along 
 tributary to Beaucoup Creek. 
 
 Soil 1-2 
 
 Bond Formation 
 
 Sandstone, massive, cross bed- 
 ded, light brown, medium 
 grained; base covered (sam- 
 ple B24) 20 
 
(PERRY COUNTY Cont.) Ft. 
 
 Sample B25 - S% N% NW^ sec. 21, T. 
 5 S., R. 4 W., 3 miles north of 
 Cutler. Bluff on east side Galum 
 Creek at bend, l/8 to \ mile 
 south of Route 154. 
 Covered; sandstone as below; prob- 
 ably overlain by thin glacial 
 drift 10 
 
 Modesto Formation 
 
 Sandstone, massive, few thin- 
 bedded lenses, light gray to 
 light brown, fine to medium 
 grained, micaceous, friable 
 except for one 6 -inch lens 
 3 feet long; base covered 
 (sample B25) 14 
 
 POPE COUNTY 
 Sample B36 - NW^ m\ NW^ sec. 5, T. 
 11 S., R. 5 E., \ mile south of 
 Oldtown. Railroad cut. 
 Soil 1 
 
 Abbott Formation 
 
 Murray Bluff Sandstone Member 
 Sandstone, massive, buff, gray 
 in bottom 3 feet, coarse 
 grained (sample B36) 20 
 
 RANDOLPH COUNTY 
 Sample B18 - NW^ NE^ NW^ sec. 13, T. 
 5 S., R. 7 W., 3 miles west of 
 Schuline. Bluff along east bank of 
 Little Plum Creek, 150 feet north 
 of bridge. 
 
 Soil and silt 5+ 
 
 Caseyville Formation 
 
 Sandstone, massive, cross bedded 
 in part, buff to brown, medium 
 grained, calcareous in places; 
 ironstone nodules in two zones, 
 each 1 to 2 feet thick; base 
 covered; calcareous portions 
 not included in sample (sam- 
 ple B18) 20 
 
 Sample B19 - SE^ NW^ sec. 33, T. 6 
 
 S.5 R. 5 W., 4 miles west of Willis- 
 ville. Bluff and stream-bed out- 
 crops in continuous section down- 
 stream northeast from bridge for 
 \ mile. 
 
 Soil and silt 
 Abbott Formation 
 
 Babylon Sandstone Member 
 
 Sandstone, massive, cross bed- 
 ded in part, buff, medium 
 grained; base covered (sam- 
 ple 819) 
 
 2-3 
 
 RICHLAND COUNTY 
 Sample B59 - SW'^ SE^ SE% sec. 13, T. 
 3 N., R. 10 E., 3 miles southeast 
 of Olney. Bluff east side of 
 stream just north of bridge. 
 
 Ft. In. 
 Soil 1-2 
 
 Mattoon Formation 
 
 Sandstone, massive, cross bed- 
 ded, light gray to light brown, 
 fine grained; base covered 
 (sample B59) 10 
 
 ROCK ISLAND COUNTY 
 
 Sample M12 - SW^ SW^ SE^ sec. 6, T. 
 16 N., R. 5 W., 2 miles southeast 
 of Muscatine, Iowa. 
 
 Spoon Formation 
 
 Isabel Sandstone Member 
 Sandstone, yellow-brown, 
 
 friable (sample M12) : 
 Undi f f erentiated 
 
 Clay shale, dark gray 
 Coal 
 
 Sandstone 
 Clay 
 
 Shale, dark gray, base cov- 
 ered ; 
 
 Sample M13 - NE^ SW3j SWJj sec. 31, 
 T. 17 N., R. 1 W., 2 miles south- 
 east of Milan. Stream cut along 
 Mill Creek. 
 
 Covered 
 
 100 
 
 Abbott Formation 
 
 Shale, brownish gray 5+ 
 
 Sandstone, brown, fine grained 1 
 Shale, dark gray 9 
 
 Babylon Sandstone Member 
 Sandstone, light tan, fine 
 grained, massive, (sam- 
 ple M13) 14 
 Sandstone, fine to medium 
 grained, tan; contains 
 chert pebbles and locally 
 a conglomerate layer to 
 4 feet thick at base 13-17 
 
 ST. CLAIR COUNTY 
 Sample B14A - SE^j SE^ NW% sec. 6, T. 
 1 N., R. 8 W., 4 miles northwest 
 of Belleville. 20-foot bluff west 
 side of Shoenberger Creek, l/8 
 mile downstream from Highway 161, 
 300 feet west of L. & N. Railroad. 
 Covered; hill rises from top of 
 bluff 30 feet in 100 feet, then 
 another 40 feet in 500 feet to 
 
(ST. CLAIR COUNTY Cont.) Ft. In. 
 level of drainage divides; bed- 
 rock probably sandstone as below 
 overlain by shale; probably con- 
 siderable glacial drift chiefly 
 as silt 70 
 
 Modesto Formation 
 
 Sandstone, massive, brown, medi- 
 um grained, friable; ironstone 
 nodules in band 3 feet from 
 top (sample B14A) 15 
 
 Shale, gray, top 1 foot sandy 5 
 Covered to water; apparently 
 
 shale as above 5 
 
 Sample B17 - SE^ SE^ NW^ sec. 20, T. 
 1 S., R. 7 W., ^ mile east of Free- 
 burg. Massive sandstone in two 
 adjacent exposures. Higher is 6- 
 foot bluff on north side of road 
 just west of bridge; lower is 12- 
 foc+" bluff in west bank of Jacks 
 Run, 200 feet north of bridge. 
 Covered; sandstone as below in low- 
 er part; probably mostly glacial 
 drift above 20 
 
 Modesto Formation 
 
 Sandstone, massive, medium 
 grained, light brown; some 
 thin cross-bedded at top 6 
 Covered; probably sandstone as 
 
 above 2 
 
 Sandstone, massive, medium 
 grained, light brown; lower 
 5 feet is cross bedded with 
 many carbonized plant remains; 
 calcareous beds in basal 2 to 
 3 feet; base covered 12 
 
 (Sample B17 from the 2 sandstone 
 units; calcareous layers in 
 basal 2 or 3 feet not included 
 in sample) 
 
 SALINE COUNTY 
 Sample B37 - NW% NE% sec. 30, T. 10 
 S., R. 5 E. Railroad cut at Stone- 
 fort, along curving tracks from 
 north-south C.C.C. and St. L. 
 tracks to east-west I. C. tracks. 
 Soil 1 
 
 Spoon Formation 
 
 Sandstone, massive, cross bedded, 
 light gray, fine grained, few 
 thin-bedded zones with carbon- 
 aceous partings; base covered 
 (sample B37) 15 
 
 Sample B38 - Near center NW% sec. 16, 
 T. 10 S., R. 6 E., 4 miles south of 
 Harrisburg. Highwall of coal mine. 
 Spoon Formation 
 
 Palzo Sandstone Member 
 
 Sandstone, massive, light gray 
 
 to light brown, fine to 
 medium grained, calcareous 
 in places; occasional minor 
 thin bedded zones with carbon- 
 aceous partings; bottom 3 
 feet thin bedded with car- 
 bonaceous partings; base 
 covered; calcareous portions 
 not included in sample (sam- 
 ple B38) 30 
 
 SANGAMON COUNTY 
 Sample M38 - NE^ SE^ NE^ sec. 2, T. 
 16 N., R. 5 W., near Springfield. 
 In bank of Sangamon River. 
 Soil, sandy 3 
 
 Modesto Formation 
 
 Trivoli Sandstone Member 
 
 Sandstone, moderately friable, 
 calcareous, in beds from 
 1 inch to 8 inches thick; 
 contains scattered, thin, 
 shaly layers; a few small 
 clay nodules and limonite 
 nodules present; base cov- 
 ered (sample M38) 40 
 
 SCOTT COUNTY 
 Sample B50 - NE% SW^ SW^ sec. 4, T. 
 13 N., R. 12 W., 1 mile east of 
 Alsey. Bluff on south-flowing 
 tributary to Little Sandy Creek. 
 
 Covered; hill rises 40 feet in 
 200 feet from top of bluff; 
 bedrock probably sandstone as 
 below overlain by predominantly 
 shale beds; moderate thickness 
 of glacial drift 40 
 
 Carbondale Formation 
 
 Pleasantview Sandstone Member 
 
 Sandstone, massive, light brown 
 to brown, fine grained; two 
 thin bedded lenses, one at 
 middle, other near base, 
 each average 1 foot thick 
 (sample B50) 15 
 
 Covered to water; appears 
 to be mostly black shale 
 and coal 10 
 
 SHELBY COUNTY 
 Sample B5 - NE% NE% SW^ sec. 17, T. 
 11 N., R. 3 E., 4 miles west of 
 Shelbyville. Bluff on east side 
 Robinson Creek where stream cuts 
 into bank from west. 
 Covered; apparently sandstone as 
 
 below overlain by glacial drift 5 
 Bond Formation 
 
 McWain Sandstone Member 
 Sandstone, massive, medium 
 
(SHELBY COUNTY Cont.) Ft 
 
 grained, buff, friable; thin- 
 ner bedded in top and bottom 
 5 feet; band of ironstone 
 concretions at base of upper 
 thin beds (sample B5) 2( 
 Covered to water; probably 
 
 sandstone as above 2( 
 
 VERMILION COUNTY 
 Sample M33 - SE^ SWJj NWJj sec. 5, T. 
 19 N., R. 12 W. 2 miles northeast 
 of Oakwood. Bluff along road. 
 Modesto Formation 
 
 Trivoli Sandstone Member 
 Sandstone, fine to medium 
 grained, thin bedded, mica- 
 ceous; becomes clayey in 
 upper 5 feet 1( 
 
 Sandstone, medium grained, 
 
 massive, micaceous 1< 
 Sandstone, medium to coarse 
 grained, cross bedded, mi- 
 caceous; scattered lenses 
 of tightly cemented sand- 
 stone; base covered f 
 (Sample M33 from the 3 sand- 
 stone units) 
 
 Sample M34 - SW^ SW^ NW^ sec. 32, T. 
 19 N., R. 13 W., 1% miles north- 
 west of Fairmount. Roadcut. 
 Clay, sand, and gravel 1!: 
 
 Bond Formation 
 
 Sandstone, mostly fine grained, 
 slightly friable, massive with 
 irregular bedding, slightly 
 clayey (sample M34) Ic 
 
 Shale; base covered 2 
 
 WABASH COUNTY 
 Sample B67 - NE^ NW^ NE^ sec. 19, T. 
 1 N., R. 11 W., 2 miles southeast 
 of Allendale. Bluff along Wabash 
 River. 
 
 Mattoon Formation 
 
 Sandstone, massive with thin 
 cross-bedded zones, buff, me- 
 dium to coarse grained; base 
 covered (sample B67) 15 
 
 Sample B69 - SW^ SW^ SE% sec. 4, T. 1 
 S., R. 12 W., 2 miles north of Mt. 
 Carmel. Bluff along Wabash River. 
 
 Covered; probably sandstone as be- 
 low overlain by glacial till and 
 silt 10-15 
 
 Sandstone, massive, cross 
 bedded, light to dark brown, 
 fine to medium grained; 
 base covered ^sample B69) 35 
 
 WARREN COUNTY 
 Sample M41 - m\ NW^ SW% sec. 14, T. 
 9 N., R. 1 W., four miles southeast 
 of Berwick. Outcrop in west bank 
 of stream. 
 
 Covered 2+ 
 
 Abbott Formation 
 
 Sandstone, thin bedded, gray 
 and white, with numerous car- 
 bonaceous streaks, shaly, 
 micaceous 6 
 
 Sandstone, gray and white, 
 medium to fine grained, fri- 
 able, abundant carbonaceous 
 streaks; beds average about 
 1 foot thick; base covered 6 
 (Sample M41 from the 2 sand- 
 stone units) 
 
 WASHINGTON COUNTY 
 Sample B21 - NW^ NE^ NE^ sec. 24, T. 
 2 S., R. 3 W,, at east edge of 
 Nashville. Bluff on west side of 
 stream at bend to north, south 
 edge Memorial Park. 
 Covered; probably sandstone as 
 below overlain by glacial 
 drift 10+ 
 
 Bond Formation 
 
 Sandstone, massive, buff, fine 
 to medium grained; 1-inch 
 shale seam about 3 feet a- 
 bove water; occasional car- 
 bonaceous partings and 
 limonite-stained layers; base 
 covered (sample B21) 10 
 
 Sample B22 - SE^ NE% and SW^ NE^ 
 sec. 22, T. 2 S., R. 2 W., about 
 1 mile south of Beaucoup. Sand- 
 stone exposed as ledges along 
 stream crossing road. Main 
 outcrop is 5 feet high in east 
 bank, 50 feet east of bridge; 
 bottom 2 feet exposed in stream 
 and bank downstream around bend; 
 top 2 feet in bank 500 feet 
 west of bridge. 
 
 Glacial drift 5+ 
 
 Bond Formation 
 
 Sandstone, massive and cross 
 bedded, light brown to brown, 
 fine grained, micaceous 7 
 Sandstone, thin bedded, fine to 
 very fine, micaceous; car- 
 bonaceous partings in lower 
 
(WASHINGTON COUNTY Cont.) Ft. In. 
 
 few inches; base covered 2 
 (Sample B22 from the 2 sandstone 
 units) 
 
 Sample B23C - SW^ SW^ sec. 27, T. 3 
 S., R. 1 W., 1 mile northeast of 
 Dubois . Roadcut on northwest side 
 of road down hill (northeast) to 
 creek . 
 Covered, probably sandstone as 
 
 below overlain by glacial drift 10 
 Modesto Formation 
 
 Sandstone, thin bedded, fine to 
 very fine grained, argilla- 
 ceous, becoming shaly in lower 
 5 feet; grades to black silty 
 shale with streaks of sand at 
 base; base covered (sample 
 B23C) 15 
 
 WAYNE COUNTY 
 Sample B48 - NW% SE% SE% sec. 21, T. 
 2 S., R. 9 E., 2 miles south of 
 Golden Gate. Bluff east side Little 
 Wabash at Old Iron Bridge. 
 Soil 1 
 
 Mattoon Formation 
 
 Sandstone, massive, gray to 
 light brown, medium to coarse 
 grained; basal 3 feet cal- 
 careous in part; base covered; 
 calcareous portions are 30% 
 soluble; not included in sam- 
 ple (sample B48) 30 
 
 Sample B49 - SE^ SE% SE% sec. 32, T. 
 2 S . , R . 8 E . , 2 miles northeast 
 of Barnhill. Sandstone exposed 
 in small abandoned quarry, road- 
 cut 75 feet east, and stream bed 
 50 feet south of quarry. 
 
 Soil 1 
 
 Mattoon Formation 
 
 Sandstone, massive, occasional 
 thin bedded zones, light brown, 
 fine to medium grained; ex- 
 posed in quarry 5 
 
 Covered; probably sandstone 
 
 as above 2 
 
 Sandstone, as above; exposed 
 
 in roadcut 2 
 
 Sandstone, as above; exposed 
 
 in stream bed; base covered 3 
 
 (Sample B49 from the 3 sand- 
 stone units) 
 
 WHITE COUNTY 
 
 Sample B44 - NW^ NE% SW^ sec. 19, T. 
 
 5 S., R. 8 E., 2 miles southwest 
 
 of Enfield. Ledges in ditch in 
 
 abandoned north-south road about 
 
 Soil 1 
 
 Mattoon Formation 
 
 Sandstone, thin bedded, light 
 brown, fine to medium grained; 
 little shale in basal 2 to 
 
 3 feet; base covered (sam- 
 ple B44) 10 
 
 Sample B45 - SW^ NE^ SW^ sec. 29, 
 T. 4 S., R. 9 E., 5 miles north- 
 west of Carmi. Bluff in northwest 
 bank of Seven Mile Creek 50 feet 
 north of bridge. 
 
 Soil 1 
 
 Mattoon Fomiation 
 
 Sandstone, massive to thin bed- 
 ded, buff, fine grained; thin 
 bedded layers somewhat shaly; 
 one 3 -foot bed 2 to 3 feet 
 above base of outcrop is 
 calcareous in part; upper 6 
 feet mostly massive, lower 
 
 4 feet mostly thin bedded; 
 base covered (sample B45) 10 
 
 Sample B46 - SE^ NW^ SE^ sec. 1, T. 
 7 S., R. 9 W., 3 miles north- 
 west of New Haven. Bluff at fork 
 in east-flowing tributary to 
 Little Wabash River. 
 Covered; probably mostly shale 
 
 and shaly sandstone 5+ 
 
 Mattoon Formation (?) 
 
 Sandstone, massive, light gray 
 to light brown, medium 
 grained; base covered (sam- 
 ple B46) 10 
 
 Sample B47 - NW^ NE% SE^ sec. 21, 
 T. 3 S., R. 10 E., 6 miles north 
 of Crossville. Bluff along east 
 bank Little Wabash River. 
 Soil 1 
 
 Mattoon Formation 
 
 Shale 20 
 
 Sandstone, massive, light brown, 
 
 medium grained (sample B47) 20 
 Covered to water; probably 
 
 sandstone as above 3 
 
 WILLIAMSON COUNTY 
 Sample B27 - S% N^ NW^ sec. 30, T. 
 9 S., R. IE., 3 miles east of 
 Carbondale. Ledges exposed in 
 spillway at southeast end of 
 Crab Orchard Lake Dam; exposure 
 about 100 feet wide and several 
 hundred feet long. 
 
(WILLIAMSON COUNTY Cont.) Ft. In. 
 
 Spoon Formation 
 
 Palzo Sandstone Member 
 
 Sandstone, massive, cross 
 bedded, medium to coarse 
 grained, apparently mostly 
 white where fresh but mostly 
 stained brown by iron oxide; 
 base covered (sample B27) 40 
 
 Sample B28 - SE^ SW^ NE% sec. 17, T. 
 10 S . , R . 2 E . , 3 miles northwest 
 of Wolf Creek. Bluff in south side 
 of ridge at intersection of trib- 
 utary from east with flood plain 
 of Wolf Creek. 
 
 Soil 1-2 
 
 Abbott Formation 
 
 Sandstone, massive, cross bed- 
 ded, white to light brown, 
 fine to medium grained; fair- 
 ly well cemented; base covered 
 (sample B28) 25 
 
 Sample B29 - NE3j SE% SE% sec. 25, T. 
 10 S., R. 3 E., 1 mile east of 
 Creal Springs. Lower part of quarry 
 and bluff along creek below quarry. 
 
 Covered; overburden varies from 
 none at bluff below quarry to 
 70 feet at quarry face; mostly 
 shale 0-70 
 
 Spoon Formation 
 
 Granger Sandstone Member 
 Sandstone, massive, cross 
 bedded, light gray to buff, 
 fine grained becoming 
 coarser towards base; base 
 covered (sample B29) 40 
 
 Sample B30 - NE% SE% SW^ sec. 36, 
 T. 8 S., R. 4E., 6% miles east 
 of Pittsburg. Exposure in north 
 part of railroad cut. 
 
 Soil 1 
 
 Modesto Formation 
 
 Trivoli Sandstone Member 
 
 Sandstone, massive, cross bed- 
 ded, buff, fine to medium 
 grained; base covered (sam- 
 ple B30) 20 
 
Illinois State Geological Survey Circular 331 
 43 p., 5 figs., 11 tables, app., 1962 
 
 Printed by Authority of State of Illinois, Ch. 127, IRS, Par. 58.25. 
 
CIRCULAR 331 
 
 ILLINOIS STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 
 
 URBANA 
 
WW 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 WFWF 
 
 10 
 
CIRCULAR 331 
 
 ILLINOIS STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 
 
 URBANA