' " LINGUISTIC AND EPIGRAPHIC STUDIES/ I V'^ Some remarks on the Greek dialect. 1 The change of Y into C The doubts which Mr. R. Meister brings forward in "The Owl," 5 p. 33, against the reading I (v) to/ai dCaO-ai proposed by Ahrens do not stand the test. It seems to have escaped Mr. Meister that the change of a pure Greek y into C was already proved on the Idalion bronze (Deecke, Col- lect, nr. 60, vs. 8. 17.24.) in the word C* "earth"equal att. y-^. I publish- ed a second proof for the same appearance in "Bezzenb. Breitr. z. Kunde der indog. Sprachen" XIV, p. 287. It is the perfect irs-raCa of an inscrip- tion from Golgoi (Deecke. Collect. 88) w^hich stands tor TSxaYa equal att. ^yHfiw v.«»«^&».. ; 18 LINQfflSTICS AND EPlGRAPHItyS icemj^a. At last the origin of C from y in ^h® Hesychian glasses, is proved by the glasses contained as well in Hesych; > Ya^a^ov, Tpo[3Xtov Ydpippiov (corrupted from YaiA^ttov), xpo^Xwv. and hy the word gabata use(^ by Martial in the sense of "dish.'* • . ' All these examples prove, that in the Cyprian dialect the pure y stand- ing before a was changed into a palatal C- But this change did not spread over the whole island. By inscriptions we can as yet only prove it from Idalion and Golgoi. The inscription, nr. 37, in Deeoke*s collection contain •» ing the formula I (v) wxat dCaO-dt is not to be counted among the Paphian. I have proved in " Be?a;enb. Beitr. " XIV, p, 272, that it can only originate from Idalion, going by the dialect as well as by the alphabet. So we have not the least reason to doubt the old reading dCad-di^ especially as the formula zoyw. dYad-dt occurs often in the inscriptions of all the different Greek dialects. The etymology of dY^^s, proposed by Baunack in his ^'studies,'*!, 2^0^ is merely impossible, Rather d-Y^^-o? — with prosthetic a — belongs to, Y'^6''(o "to be proud" and means originally "proud, noble" 2, The nasal. :. It is well known, that there is no special sign for the nasal in the Cyp-. rian alphabet. But Dr. Deeoke in the preface of his collection p. 10' as-, j serts notwithstanding, that the nasal was{ pronounced. He therefore trans-, cribes a-to-ro-po-se by d(v)6-p(i)ico5. a-ti-ri-ja-ta--ne by d(v)8ptjd(v)Tav. How-, ever it can be proved by a metrical inscription from Golgoi (Deecke. Collect. 88), that the nasal was lost in the pronunciation in the Cyprian as weU as in the Pamphylian dialect. The said inscription (on an alabaster vase) consists in 2 hexameters, the proper way of reading these I have pubUshed in "Bezzenb, Beitr." XIV p. 286 sq. We are interested only in the first of these; AoXt{A£Xo(?) "Fk^oyo dXefo(v)t5; X^®W 'pd(v)S* l7usfaaa(v). "DoHmelos and Vethochos, departing' dedicated this vase." In the participle dXefo(v)t£5 as weU as in the accusative xao(v) the (v) oan-» not have been pronounced, as the pre^edipg vowel mnst h§ short op ac-. count of the metre. It is true, that this inscription dates only from later times, which is sufn ticiently proved by the throwing off of the suffix q in the nominative AoXc«» ■..■• /i ,-, *;v::--./:- SOME RtlMAnKS ON^ TH£: GREEK DIALECT '19 JifeXo. In the doubtless older* inscription (Deecke's Collect. 68) the first syllable of i:d(v)ta forins twice (in vs. 2 &4) the arsis of an hexameter. But this by no means proves^ that it wsiS really pronounced TzdYza. The nasal Was of course not at once lost, without leaving traces, but was assimilated to the following dental. So there became out of icdcvta firstly isdzzoi and from this formula by reduction of the doublc'consonant tt ludta. .r.^ For these reasons it seems to me advisable in publishing Cyprian in- scriptions never to supplement the nasal, not even in parenthesis. ' It is the same for the final sigma, preceding a vowel, which was already iost in pronunciation at the beginning of the IV, century C. Cht. GOttingen, November 1888. OTTO HOFFMANN^ : '.'>v _ Cypriot words in ancient Greek. i do not know that the peculiar verbal foi*ms of the dialect ol Greek Spoken in Cyprus before the development of the modern language have attracted the notice cf Scholars. The diUgence of Jo. Meursius extracted from Hesychius ( 4th century A.D. ? ) and the " Etymologicon Magnum " (cir. A.D. 1050) a considerable number of words used generally in the Island, or in particular cities ; but he offers but few comments on the texts" he quotes. From his work " Creta, Rhodus, Cj^rus," pubhshed posthumously at Amsterdam, in small quarto, in 1675, 1 have translated the whole of the twenty^fifth chapter, and have collected from the rest of the book his other notices of Cypriot words. May we hope that some European scholar, who has access to a classical library, will favour the readers of the *' Journal of Cyprian Studies " with notes illustrative and explanatory of all or any ot them. C. DELAVAL COBHAM. Lamaca, Cyprus, January, 1889. Jo. Meursius, Cyprus, Book II. Chapter XXV. Manners of the Cypriots ; and the comedies written upon them by Dicseogenes and Alexis. Peculiar laugh. Their language, formerly very 20 ^ '^ :- LINGUISTICS AND EPIGnAPBIC^ ,; accurafe, now five-fold. Peculiar words. AlXa^ ditptj^ (Jcotov, Pplv^t^. A passage of Hesychius, and one of the author of the "Etymologicon," •• amended. Fdvoc, Gpovov, bOjJio?, xspatib;. An error of the Scholiast on Dion Ghrysostom pointed out. KopS'jXv}. Suidas deceived by a reading of a cor^ - rupt MS. K6Xi^, {ictYi?, {xopov, psio?, oiy^JVO?, Td'f og, tpljiiOog. Many others j KglXyjCw for xaXso). „ I do not remember noticing that any one of the ancients has written particularly on the manners of the Cypriots. Athenseus, Book VI., hands down to us the tradition of the luxury of their kings, but no one is found to blame the people on this head. The Comic writers had their hits at them generally, as, for instance, Dicceogenes, who wrote a comedy, called "The Cypriots" against them, which Aristotle, de Poet. XVI. mentions.^ Alexis too, whose " Cypriots " is mentioned more than once by Atheneeus^ Book III. Of later writers Theodoric of Niem, who lived two hundred years ago, wrote of them (Xemus Unionis, Tract VI., cap. XXXII.) " In Cyprus, in which one island have met the love of display of Frenchmen, the effeminacy of Syrians, the fawning and fraud of Greeks." Plutarch ascribes to them a peculiar laugh. De discr. adul. et amici, p. 57. Their language was a correct Greek. Himerius (in exerptis orationis in adventum . Cypriorum) Ttjv K6-p5V o: ^uoivj^al 6sa)v 'A^po^ir/j /ctpiCovrat, waxsp x/jv Ar^Xov 'A::6XX(ovi yj ydp K'JTupog ^6X:? {isydX-/]- §f/jLot t/]V YXa)33av dxp^So)? "EXXtjvs?. 'The poets assign Cyprus to the tutelage of Aphrodite, as Delos to Apollo. For Cyprus is a considerable state ; its inhabitants speak a correct Greek." Martin Crusius (notes to his Turco-gi-aecia, Book II.) says that five languages are now used there, Greek, Hebrew, Armenian, Albanian and Italian. They had many peculiar words. Some of them I have mentioned in writing of the towns to which they were proper; I will now set down those common to aU alike. ' AO.a, fair. The author of the " Etymologicon." aiXa, dvtl toO xaXd, KuTuptot. aila for xaXa, Cypriot. dTCplJ, a kind of thorn. Etym. sub voce. dcoTov, a kind of cup. Athenaeus, in a fragment of Book XI. published by Casaubon in his notes, dwrov ::api KoTrpioi? to l;:-(o{ia, («? ndjx'fiXo?' Oi- X'/jta? 5s, TTOTY/piov G'jg O'jx £yov. Aoton, a cup, Cypiiot, according to Pam- philus ; Philetas however says a cup without handles. f psvOi?, lettuce. Athenseus II. NaavSpo? hi 6 KoXcf tov.o? sv Ss'jclpq) rXwaacbv, PpsvO'.v XsY^^Oai cpYjal Trapd K'j-pioi; Opi^axa. " Nicander of Colophon, in the "^^-■- ■■v ■-■ CYPRTOT WORDS 7.V ANCIENT GREEK * »l second book of his FXcbaaai says the lettuce is called by the Gypriots * brenthis.' Hesychius, j5p£v6ig, OpiSaxcvYj, Kazpioi. *'Breiithis, lettuce, Cyp- riot." pp£vQ'4 is a mistake. We must amend too the Etym. K'jzpioi Ss posvOiv r/jv 6p:t5axa XrfO'Jci* " The Gypriots call lettuce brenthis. BpevGtatriQy is wrong." Fdvos, a garden. Etym. in YSYavtojxsvo?. Y^"^^?, o5(op, X'^PI^^* ?^5^ ^^^ ^^ K'j-JTptcov, IlapdSs'wGO?. Ganos,water, pleasure, light. The Gypriots use it for a garden* nvv ;■:■.•, ;■■•./. ,,\a ■■^-a- ?i.n.-; - •' , ■. ■■:■ . 6p6vov , a flowered robe. The Schohast on Theocritus, Eid. II. 59 6p6va ^ZQQoXoi [Aiv zrx xs-oixiXjJLsva Ctoa- K^-Jipioi 5s td dvOivd tjidiict. " The Thes- salians called dappled beasts throna ; the Gypriots use the word for flower- ed robes, (cf. IHad XXII., 441). Ta6|JLov, a cup. Athenaeus XI. 'laO'xov. na|i'f6Xo5 ev xol? xspl bvo[idt(!)v. K'> TupioJi? to icozrjptov o'jko; xaXslv. Isthmon. Pamphilus, in his work on names, says the Gypriots called a cup isthmon. KspoL^o?, a prison. The Schohast on Homer, H. V. oi ydp KuTupioi to S£0[ia)- T/jp'-ov xspajiov xaXooai. " The Gypriots call a prison ceramos." Theon, in Progymn, chapter ' concerning Law.' et xt? Xeyot tbv x3pa»j,ov dvrt d£a|X(onQ- p'OD, otaOdirsp Koxpiot. "Should anyone, like the Gypriots, call a prison ceramos. Etym. dvdxaiov, to S3C|JL(or/jpiov, -rrapd xoig BouotoIc, outo) xaXo6{jL£- vov, (05 xai iiapd xoi? KD::ptot? 6 xspafiog. Anacaion, a prison, so called by the Boeotians, as ceramos by the Gypriots." Homer uses it with this meaning. Ihad V. 387. yaXxsq) ev xspdjio) SeSsio Tpioxatosxa (Jif^va? '• Thirteen months he lay bound in a strong prison." Nonnus also. Dionys. II. XaXxscp iv xEpdjiq) ^rs'^oXaYjAivov *' Guarded in a strong prison." The Scholiast on Dion. Ghrys. orat. XI. * Troica,' who assigns the word to the Gretans, is in error. Kpf^xs? zh 5~c|x(oxY;ptov xspajiov ^aat. " The Gretans call a prison ceramos." ^ Kopd6X7j, a head-dress. Etym. xai Y^p xop56Xr^v KuTipioi Xsyo'JCJi x6 £V£{X7j{jLa Tf^? xs'f a>v7jc, oTusp 'AQr^vaioi jisv xpcojS'jXov v.rjXo'Jzi, Ilspaat $£ xtSapiv. '' For the Gypriots call cordyle the head-dress which tb.e Athenians call crobylon, and the Persians cidaris." The Scholiast on Aristophanes, Glouds 10, Kop§6Xr^v 01 Kuxpioi XsYO'J^t to ^spici/.vjjjLa xfj? x£'f 0L>.fj?. "The Gypriots call a head-dress cordyle." Suidas,Kp£(ov Zk £V xw ^pwxq) xcbv 'Pyjxopcxwv, xopS'jXvjv fpyjal xaX£la6ai luapd KuTupiot? xo lupo; x£'f a).'/jg 'irpoaEtXTjixa- o Srj Tcap' A6r^vaiot? xaX£lxac xpw^oXov, irapd $£ Ilspaat^ vtSdpiov. " Greon, inthefii'st book of his h ( 22 - ;' LINGUISTICS AND EPiGiiAPHiCfS Khetoric, says that a head-dress Was called among Cypriots (Joraylef/ Athenians called it crobylon; Persians nidarion." He should have writtetl -rcapa Tol? Hspoaig x^Sapiv. " Among the Persians cidaris," as in the Etjmi* That Suidas used a corrupt MS. is clear from the fact that latei' again^ vmder the letter N, he sets down ViJapwv in these woi'ds, NtSdptcv luapot; UipaoLie, to icphq v^ xerpa).*^ -TcpoastXTjiia. 8 $7j Ttdp^ 'AQTjv&iotg ^oXsltat TipwpoXov/ i:apa Ss Ka:cpwt? xGpS6X7j' (05 Kpswv, ev xcp -jcpcoxcp tajv TTjtoptxcbv. '• The? Persians call nidarion the head-dress which the Athenians call crobylonV and the Cypriots cordyle ; so says Creon, in the first book of his Rhetoric'^ K6XtJ, a cup. Athenaeus XI., FXauxcov Si sv tal? rXwoaat^, Koizpioo^ (fTjol r/jV xoi6Xy2V xokxa xaXelv, " Glancon, in his ' Tongues,' says that the C3rpriots; call a cup cylix. {jLaYi?, Athenseus mentions the word witholit explaining it^ Book XlV.y d'f' 06 xat ri |AdCa aur/j (i)vo[Ada8r^, xat i^ icapd Kaiupiot? xaXoojisvYj jJiaYCS/ " Whence the maza too is named, and what the Cypriots call magis. ^ [lopov, sharp. Et. Mag. Mopov yap XsYouat K67uptoi to oib. The Cypriots say" moron for sharp. pslo?, Ill weak. Et. Mag. psioc, outo) Ss XirfooGV^ 01 Ko-jcptoi tov doSsy^. Kheus, so the Cypriots caU an invalid. > Gi-Xoyoq, a spear. Et. Mag. Kdt 01 Ku-rcpioi Ss td §6pata aiY^JVOog (faai, " The Cypriots call spears sigyni. Aristotle, Poetics XXI., does not explain the word, to Ydp otY^^vov Ko^cptoi? {xev x6piov 7jj1.lv §§ Y^wtra, **For sigynon is peculiar to the Cypriots ; we say glotta. Tdrpo?, slaughter. The Scholiast on Homer, Iliad XXHI.^ 619^, ot K6iuptot xai tov o$, jjL66a, 5Xlvoi for xcxXeo), 0s appears, under this word, in the Etymo- logicon Magnum^ J^ot.e too wMt I b3.ve said before about the names ot jthie mojitha> < ;^; i-^-^- Hesychius also preserves, as peculiar to Amathus, saQXat, xy^dpSa and jidXixa. To Paphos, -jreXgxo?, a weight often minse, STrtxoopov, s? luoG' Ipxeg, suTpdaeaGat^ C^PaGo^^ Cd^P^a'^o?.* Gppdva^^ l^TT^o^? l|AiTpavov^ l{A7cd'caov, xd^eto?, xd- pXYj, xaxxslvctt, xoXs^s?, xdicaxa, xd^pa^ov, xaTspeai, xipov, xt8v6v, xopCta, xOpo?, XttxT/v, {JLOxot^ odmQi^, [aeg, oia, yegi$, words which Meursius thinks were com- mon to old aud new Paphos, To Salaims, ^bypoq, Beayov, KdYp«, adSajioc, x6pG?, oYTe|io?, 5v Tetpo- <3i:iav, optYYCt- Meureius mentions also xtrcapo?, a diadem : |iavao7j!iuXYjG()iuat05, dpxtspsi)?, soGio?, T«)[iaL05: also Fop^cwo?. Titles of Zeus elXaitt- /yaaiYj?, OTuXaYXVOtojio?, siXtjtios, eXaGooa?, eusXcStjc, ZTjnfjp. Of Hera, eXsta; of Aphrodite, s-Xstjiacdv, and Jier priest dY^xcop. An imknown feast was xjalled ;:spiopia. .^ 'I(v) T6/at dCatal. If two scholars are desirous to solve a scientific question, they often enough commence from two extreme views whilst the solution lies in the centre. I hope I have found this centre in the question of t(v) to/at dCarat in order to compose the different opinions expressed on this subject by R. Meister (The Owl p. 33) and C. D. Cobham (idem p. 47), This formula has already been observed twice in the Kyprian inscriptions (W, Deecke's Sammlung, Nos. 37 & 56). Meister deduces the word dCato? from the root dCa and explains dCat6§ ,as a verbal adjective "drying up, dry, arid," because, he says, the pure Oreek y does not change into C in the Kyprian, Cobham on the other hand, considers Meister's conjectm-e more in- genious than convincing and feels disposed to admit a sHp of the engraver or copyist and is of the opinion, that these should be read dYad-al. I believe the correct explanation lies between these two, because y is 24 ; 'I (v) vsfpx dCatolt. changed into C in t-ho old Kyprian dialect (SakBllarios Td K'jTcptaxa. HT., p. 39). Also f. i., oX'lCov for oXt^fov appears in the Thessalian and Aeolian dialect (G. Curtius. Etymologic, p. 661. V Further, if we accept with Curtius (idem, p. 619), that, the C is formed from the Y hy the intermediate steps dj and gj, or if we incline to O. Hoff- mann's explanation, (Neue lesungsvcrsaclie zu den Kyprischen Inschriften. In the "Beitrilge z. Kunde indg. sprachen XIV), that the C is the conse- quence of the introduction of a parasitic t after the y like in dCopiai from. ayLO?, we obtain the same result. The word d^afl-o; or dCaro? derives from the verbum ctYa^ai or dYdCo»iai. - ^ : ^:-;^^r>^^^ ,:vv/^^.^i^ It is at least extremely improbable that the engraver should make twice the same mistake in such short and important votive inscriptions. Therefore I believe it must be written t {y)vjyw. dCa^ai and translated as. *'lucky (or divine) fortune," . % = : .. . ^-, - EVSTATHIOS KONSTAlsTINiPESv'f^ V Nicosia. April, 1889. \' ^^, v . j v ^m NEW LIFKEATURE IN AND ON CYPRUS '■',. '.?v Mr. C. D. Cobham, B.C.L., MA., OZvON : M,R.A.S Commissioner of Lamaca., has lately pnblished a second edition cf — An ai tempt at a bibliography of Cyprus. Since the. first edition appeared in 1886, the number of entries lias increased from 152 to 309. The book, which has been nicely got up at the Government Pnnting Office, will be an excellent i^ade mecum to all those who, like ourselves, have chosen to make a special subject of the study of science in connection with Cyprus. In addition to books a number of articles which have appeared in periodicals and newspapers ure referred to. A list of Parliamentary papers referring to Cyprua from 1878 — 88, a list of newspapers, the first of which was published in 1878, and to use Mr. Cobham's own words, a list of the fugitive pieces concerning the transformations and migrations of Cypriot antiquities purchased from Signor L. P. di Cesnola, by the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New -York, add to the value of this careful compilation. 'Ilmu hal. A manual of the Doctrine and Pratice of Islam. Translated from the Turkish by Claude Delaval Cobham, B.C.L., etc.. Commissioner of Larnaca. (Nicosia 1889), The trans- lation is accompanied by a short preface and sixteen useful notes. Following Mr. Cobham's preface 'Ilmu hal, by an unknown compiler, is a succinct but authoritative statement of the leading principles, both of Faith and Life of Isslum. It bears the imprimatur (A.H.1270. A.D.1873) of the Imperial Ottoman Ministry of Public Ins ruction. For further details we refer the reader to the interesting little book itself, which doei j^raat credit to one of our most indefatigable collaborators on 'scientific matters in connection with Cyprus and its bibli- ography. Errata. Page 18, 1st and 4th lines. — For "glasses" read "glosses." ICth line For ''xc>xdi" read ^'z'j/rx:'' ■---^■^■::\^:-^^ ^^W"? V.- %■ /v i^^ i'*-