ESSENTIALS OF EQUINE and 50V1NE Medicine and Surgery, WALTER LANGTRY, V.S. OAK ST. HDSF v«vA' ■"■■■ THE UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS LIBRARY (019 L2s. A thorough description of them is quite unnecessary. Suffice it to say they WORMS. are of no benefit to the animal and the sooner they are expelled from the bowels the better. Symptoms: — R ough, staring coat; ravenous appetite; rubbing the tail; loss of flesh; big or pot-belly; licking of dirt; pallor of the mucous mem- branes; sunken eyes; sometimes constipation, at others diarrhoea; frequent SYMPTOMS OF WORMS. switchings of the tail; worms protruaing or smashed around the anus, leav- ing a white or mattery substance. Treatment: — Various remedies are recommended for worms — such as tobacco, turpentine, sulphate of iron, oil of the Male Shield Pern, Santonine, etc. But I have not seen anything for removing them equal to the SCOTCH WORM DESTROYER, if the directions are strictly fol- lowed. I have heard men say after giving it that the worms ‘^passed by the peck.” Worms infest colts from one to four years old more frequently than old horses, and they should be attended to. A great many colts are lost every year from|worms, when a few doses of SCOTCH COMPOUND would have effected a permanent cure. MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 23 Nephritis, or Inflammation of the Kidneys. This disease is of infrequent occurrence but may be induced in various ways — as by spraining the loins while pulling hard carrying too heavy a weight; being heated and then exposed to the cold; absorption of Cantha- rides when applied as a blister to large surfaces; by the administration of severe diuretics, etc. Symptoms: — The animal walks with a straddling gait and with back “reached;” evinces pain similar to that of colic; if it lies down, will do so Tsry carefully; small and frequent passages of very highly-colored urine: INFLAMMATION OP THE KIDNEYS. fever usually very high; pulse cord-like to the touch, and very fast; breath- ing very much accelerated; in the course of a few days swelling of the limbs, which disappears upon exercising. Treatment: — Put the animal in a good comfortable place, blanket warmly and apply hot cloths around the loins. Give a good physic — Sulphate of Soda, one pound. Water, two quarts. Mix. Peed on soft diet and in a few days give FI. Ext. Buchu Juniper with Acet. Potass., half ounce doses morning and evening. Keep the bowels loose all the time with SCOTCH COMPOUND, and give injections of warm water and laudanum every hour for a few hours. Retention of Urine. This has yarious causes— such as spasm of the neck of the bladder; calculus (or stone in the bladder) working its way into the urethra; paralysis of the neck of the bladder; over-distension of the bladder with urine. The 24 EQUINE AND BOVINE more frequent cause is spasm. In spasmodic colic the neck of the bladder becomes constricted and is only relieved as the colic disappears. Symptoms: — See treatise on colic for symptoms of spasm. Prom other causes the animal will walk with a straddling gait: frequently attempt to urinate; stand stretched out and groan when attempting to urinate; some times pain is so severe as to cause perspiration to break out all over the body; urine is passed in small quantities. Treatment: — If from colic treat for that. If from other causes, as calculus (stone in the bladder), pass the catheter and afterwards remove the stone. If from spasm of the neck of the bladder or from over-distension with urine, pass the hand per rectum and apply extract of Belladonna, or give hot water injections, or pass the catheter. Inflammation of the Mammary Glands, or Mammits. Causes: Blows on the udder; lying on cold, wet ground; exposure to cold rains; neglect of milking; suddenly feeding rich food, causing indiges- tion, etc, Symptoms: — Loss of appetite; fever; hurried breathing; constipation; shivering spells, sometimes the whole bag is involved, but more frequently one-half or a quarter; the part of the bag affected will present a red ap- pearance and be hard and painful to the touch; there will be falling off of milk in that part and possibly in the whole bag; frequently streaks of blood will pass from the teat while milking; patient walks in a stiff or straddling manner and, quite frequently, will go lame. Treatment: — If the case is very mild bathe well with camphorated soap liniment or SCOTCH OIL, and a cure will result. If matter forms, open and let it escape; inject the abscess with two drams of Permanganate of Potass, in sixteen ounces of water, twice a day. Sometimes in the milder form it is advisable to let a hungry calf suck and burst it. If gangrene ensues, amputate that portion of the bag. Simple Opthalmia, or Infammation of the Eyes. Causes: Feeding from a rack above the head, thus getting chaff, etc., into the eyes: blows from whips or sticks; exposure to cold; obstruction of the lachrymal duct; irritating influence of a badly ventilated stable. Symptoms: — Whatever the cause, the eyes will be red, or blood-shot, and watery; swelling the eye-lids; eyes, hot and feverish; if not relieved a white film spreads over the eye; lids kept closed most of the time. Treatment:— If a foreign body gets into the eye," remove it, bathe the eye with hot water, and all will be well in a few days. A decoction of Opium may be added to the hot water. If from a blow or from exposure to cold, give a physic— MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 25 Aloes, one ounce. Ginger, one drachm. Water, one-half pint. Mix. Bathe the eye with hot water and apply SCOTCH EYE LOTION three times a day. Sometimes it is advisable to blister the temples with — Cantharides, one drachm. Vaseline, one ounce. Mix. In removing a foreign body, apply to the eye for a few minutes a solution of two grains of Cocoaine to one-half ounce of water. Apply five drops and in two minutes repeat, when the object can be removed with ease. Epilepsy, or “Falling Fits.” The exact cause of this disease is not known, but it undoubtedly arises from some trouble with the bowels or brain. For, horses troubled with worms frequently have fits, and when once rid of the worms will cease having fits. Others, perfectly free from worms, have “falling fits” for years, owing to some structural change in the brain — as tumors, abscesses, etc., pressing upon the nerve centres, causing a rush of blood to the brain. Fright will frequently cause “falling fits.” A horse, subject to them, when frightened will invariably fall over in a fit. Symptoms: — Generally the first symptoms noticed will be movement of the ears backward and forward, loss of motion or staggering gait, head drawn backward, with twitching of the muscles of the neck. Then the animal will rear and fall over; when down, the head will be drawn back- ward and the muscles of the body and neck will be rigid or trembling; sometimes the animal will kick and strike violently, remain for a minute or perhaps several minutes, then get up and move on; a wild or anxious ex- pression of the countenance will always be noticed; the eyes bulge out and are very red. Treatment: — As soon as the fit is seen* coming on bleed from the nostrils and the animal will inv^iably rise and go on; or give by inhalation chloroform or ether, which also relieves. When aware that a horse has fits, attention should be directed to prevention as far as possible. If intestinal worms are suspected, clean the bowels out with a physic and get rid of the worms. In a plethoric horse, an occasional physic will benefit by lessening the quantity of blood and cooling him off. But if the patient is of weak constitution give vegetable and mineral tonics, such as SCOTCH COM- POUND. In the summer, during hot weather, keep a wet sponge on top of the head and feed on soft feed. Above all, do not whip or excite the animal. Sometimes the Bromide of Potassium or Sodium may be given with benefit. 26 EQUINE AND BOVINE Tetanus, or Lock-Jaw. The great majority of cases of lock-jaw arise from puncturing the foot with a rusty nail, but it may be caused by wounds of any description. Quite frequently it is caused by castration — no matter how neatly or thoroughly TETANUS, OR LOCK-JAW. performed. It may also arise from exposure to cold or wet, nicking or dock- ing the tail, and from fractured bones. It will sometimes happen without any apparent cause, whatever, and sometimes from excessive fright. Symptoms: — The first observable sign is a great stiffness; then the eyes are drawn back into the sockets and the haw, membrana nictitanSj will al- most cover the eyes; grinding of the teeth follows, with stiffness of the jaws and dribbling of saliva from the angles of the mouth; on approaching the animal the eyes are withdrawn into their sockets, the haws protrude over the eyes, and the patient manifests great fear; the muscles along the neck are very rigid; the tail is slightly elevated; the animal will attempt to suck food or water, but the act of swallowing is extremely diffcult and very little food or water reaches the stomach; breathing is usually accelerated with the nostrils widely distended; pulse regular, but hard and incompressible; fever, in some cases very slight, but in the more severe cases somtimes reaching 107° to 108° P. If compelled to move the horse goes with a stiff, straddling gait; while standing its legs are spread apart, acting merely as props for the body. Treatment: — If possible, first ascertain the cause and remove it. If from a punctured foot; find the spot and pare it out to the bottom, and apply Solid Ext. Belladonia to the wound. Put in a comfortable stall and, as soon MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 27 as possible, place the slings under the animal to give it rest, but do so very quietly. Then, if you can, give a good physic — Aloes, one ounce. Ginger, one dram. Mix. Or, one pound of Sulphate of Soda. Give in drinking water or drench. Keep the bowels open by giving oil or Epsom Salts, or Sulphate of Soda in drinking water. Keep the wound well greased with Belladonna, every four to six hours, give by placing it between the back teeth or on the back part of the tongue. I have seen good results from giving two dram doses of Prussic Acid every five hours, or the following: Bromide of Potassium, one dram. Chloral Hydrate, one dram. Mix. Give with two ounces of Liq. Ammonia Acetatis every four or five hours. All remedies of an irritating nature applied externally, will do a great deal more harm than good. I have never seen any good results from their ap- plication, on the contrary, the patient invariably grew worse steadily. If the disease is occasioned by a wound of any kind, poultice well with flax- seed and apply Belladanna. One thing I wish impressed upon the mind of the attendant: Place the patient in a dark stall, put the slings under it as soon as possible, and allow no one to go near it hut yourself^ no matter how anxious they may be to see it. While going around the patient, go as quietly as possible. Do your work as quietly as it can possibly be done, as a little fright will sometimes place a convalescent in a worse condition than at first. Stomach Staggers, or Grass Staggers. This disease is seldom known in this locality, as but little rye is raised here for pasture. It seldom occurs except where there are such pastures. 28 EQUINE AND BOVINE It is caused by eating the flower and the seeds of the rye, which cause indi- gestion and exert a toxic influence upon the nerve centers. Use SCOTCH COMPOUND CONDITION POWDERS. Symptoms: — The first symptoms noticed are want of control of the vol- untary movements, and, in a few days, loss of control of the hind limbs. The animal moves with a staggering, weaving gait, and if turned in a short or limited space will almost fall over, or perhaps quite. Appetite, usually good; bowels constipated; pulse and respirations regular; disinclination to lie down; will stand and rest its haunches against the wall or stall. If the patient falls down and muscular spasms begin, with involuntary jerking of the legs, loss of conciousness (siffnifying cerebral disturbance), rapid pulse and loud respirations, death wjll shortly occur. If these symptoms do not present, recovery will take place in from one to three weeks. Sun Stroke. This disease attacks all kinds of horses during the summer heat, but is more prevalent in large cities than in small ones or in the country. The principal causes are badly ventilated, filthy stables, poor food, causing de- rangement of the alimentary canal, and afterwards being driven in the hot sun; over- work and tight-fitting collars are also causes. Symptoms: — Sometimes the horse will begin to hang back and seem stupid , hang his head and want to stop. If allowed to stop he will prop him- self with all four legs. The breathing is very rapid and heavy; skin hot and dry; the head about the poll very hot; nostrils widely distended; pupils of the eyes contracted; eyes bulged out and very red; if compelled to move the animal staggers and sometimes falls; pulse very quick and weak. If the pa- tient recovers it is comparatively useless in the summer, but will do all kinds of work in the winter. Treatment: — A s soon as noticed take oft' the harness and collar and ap- ply cold water to the head. Sometimes it is advisable to apply cold water all over the body. If the patient is failing give strong stimulents, as — Carbonate of Ammonia, four drachms. Whiskey, one pint. Mix. Give at one dose; or. Aromatic Spts. of Ammonia, one ounce. Water, one pint. Mix. Bathe and rub the limbs well with SCOTCH OIL. Give injections of hot water containing a little Ammonia. When the pupils begin to dilate and consciousness returns, give a quart of raw linseed oil. MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 29 Congestion of the Skin. Cause: Exposure to cold and rains; being driven in the mud in the spring and fall; imperfectly fitting harness and collar; chafing during the summer months, etc. Symptoms: — Redness of the skin, attended with itching; if between the thighs the horse will straddle when standing or when first driven; if under the collar the horse will keep stretching and bobbing the head; if in other parts of the body, they will invariably rub themselves. Treatment: — Bathe the parts well with hot water and castilesoap, and apply three times a day SCOTCH OINTMENT. Scratches and Grease Heel. Cause: — Continuous driving on muddy roads; to much washing in cold water and not being rubbed dry; irritating fumes arising from the manure; running in dirty, wet barnyards; weak or deficient circulation. Symptoms: — It is usually noticed in horses of lymphatic temperment, with thick, meaty legs, but may attack any horse. Cold or any irritation of the lymphatic or of the subaceous glands will cause the heels to swell and crack open; small scabs will form and be very painful; when first started the horse will lift his heels very high, owing to the pain; there will be more or less fever; appetite usually good; after being driven for awhile the horse gets over his lameness. If not attended to the case becomes more aggra- SCRATCHES. vated; the swelling increases; deep cracks will break across the heels, and a yellowish-white, foetid discharge will come oozing out and run down the EQUINE AND BOVINE heels. Later on the cracks become larger and often coalesce, forming a very large sore which, when washed, looks red and aggravated. ‘ Then comes what is termed the “grapy” stage — small lumps of flesh will raise in bunches very much resembling a bunch of grapes. The discharge still continues and is very foetid and offensive. GREASE HEEL. Treatment :--During the first stage, when the skin is swollen and ten- der. apply a hot bran poultice, and regulate the diet. Feed on soft feed and give at one dose— Aloes, one ounce. Ginger, two drachms. Mix. Quite frequently the disease will disappear. But as the disease becomes more advanced and small cracks appear with a discharge, continuous poulticing with hot bran will be very beneficial; also use a solution of — Sulphate of Zinc, one half ounce. Sugar of Lead, one ounce. Carbolic Acid, four drachms. Distilled Water, one pint. Mix. Apply three times a day. Also give SCOTCH COMPOUND ac- cording to directions. When the “grapy” stage appears cut the knobs off with a hot iron or with a knife and apply dilute Muriatic Acid. But at any stage there is no local application equal to SCOTCH OINTMENT, when used according to directions. A great many practitioners advise cutting the hair short for the application of local remedies. I would not advise such a course, as, in my experience; the short hair invariably proved a source of irritation. MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 31 Mange. At the commencement this is purely a skin disease, and is caused by a small insect called Acaria, which burrows into the skin and breeds. It forms small pustules which cause considerable itching. As the pustules break a small scab is formed, and so intense is the itching that the horse MANGE. will rub himself until the hair, and frequently the skin, are rubbed off. In severe cases the mane and tail will fall off, leaving the horse a pitiable object. Mange is very contagious — at least the Acaria will crawl from one MANGE INSECT. horse to another. It is even communicated to a healthy horse by its rub- bing himself against a post where a mangy horse has been rubbing. Treatment: — T he disease is seldom noticed until scabs are formed. 32 EQUINE AND BOVINE They should be well oiled with sweet oil, and in twenty-four hours washed warm water and castile soap, when the following liniment should be applied: Linseed Oil, eight ounces. Sulphur, two ounces. Oil of Tar, four ounces. Mix. Apply with a brush and wash off in twenty-four hours. If thought necessary apply a second or third time. Regulate the bowels with SCOTCH COMPOUND and keep in as good spirits as possible. Lice. These are small insects of a low grade which seldom attack horses in good condition, but invariably appear on horses in poor condition. The animal will rub itself and the hair will look rough and staring; there will be pallor of the mucus membranes; sunken eyes; frequently an unsteady gait. An examination will reveal the cause. Quite frequently horses are kept close to a chicken house and become infested with chicken lice; these are very small and not easily detected but are very troublesome. Treatment: — As lice seldom cover the whole body, examine and locate the place where they are. Apply diluted kerosene oil two or three times and they will generally disappear. Or, take one pound of Stavesacre seeds and two gallons of soft water; boil for two hours or till reduced to one gallon. Allow to stand twenty-four hours; then apply all over the animal. Two applications generally will suffice. Some prefer the use of tobacco in the same manner, but I am positive that the best results will be obtained from Stavesacre seed. Erysipelas. Cause: Anything which has a tendency to lower the vitality and vitiate the blood — such as diseases of the liver or kidneys, for they are great blood- purifying organs, and any affection of those organs tends to impair the blood by leaving within it the effete materials intended to be eliminated by these organs; feeding on musty or badly cured fodder; exposure to extreme heat; wounds; burns; scalds; bites of insects or reptiles. Symptoms: — Usually eaysipelas begins with fever, quite frequently preceded with a chill; the fever gradually rising; loss of appetite; pulse ranging from fifty to eighty beats per minute. The skin and connective tissues are the seat of the infiammation, which generally attacks the hind limbs; though the fore limbs, head and neck may be attacked. Owing to the attack the swelling of the skin is sometimes very great. If it begins near the foot it runs very rapidly up the limb. The swelling is hard, but pits on pressure. In a white horse the redness is perceptible, but in horses of any other polor the redness cannot be seen Sometimes, though not always, the swelling is painful to the touch. Small vesicles appear and dis- MEDICINE AND StJRGERY. 33 charge a yellowish serum; they then form a small scab and in a few days peel off. If for the better, they leave a dry surface; if for the worse, a deep sore, and quite frequently deep cracks having a ragged, unhealthy appear- ance, and disinclined to heal. Sometimes pus will form under the skin burrowing into the muscular tissues; sometimes it is very diffuse, and is re- absorbed by the system, when a fatal termination may be anticipated. When the swelling is great the hair invariably drops off and leaves a shining surface. Treatment:— Open the bowels thoroughly with — Aloes, one ounce. Calomel, one drachm. Ginger, one drachm. Mix. Give at one dose: then follow up with Tinct. Muriate of Iron in half ounce doses every five or six hours. As a local application, cover the swollen part with Tinct. of Iodine or the Fid. Ext. of Belladonna; but previously apply water and Sal Ammoniac. If pus has formed, make a free incision to allow it to escape, and dress the wound and abscess with one ounce of Permanganate of Potass, in one pint of soft water, twice a day; also use the same solution on unhealthy, ragged sores. Apply SCOTCH HOOF OINTMENT twice daily. When sores break out and become aggravated and when abscesses form, they should be washed twice a day with hot water and castile soap before the dressings are applied. The diet should be first-class in every particular, but ground feed is preferable to solid grain. The animal should be kept in a clean, comfortable, airy place. When convalescence is established, give SCOTCH COMPOUND POWDERS three times a day. Burns and Scalds. A great deal depends upon the extent and severity of the injury. Slight burns or scalds may be treated by using a solution of one-half dunce of Carbolic Acid to one pint of water, applied frequently. But, if the burn is very deep, cover over with linseed oil or vaseline, to exclude the air. After the pain has ceased open the blisters with a needle and allow the fluid to escape. Then press the skin down closely, so that, if possible, it may adhere. If it does not adhere and an open sore results, dress it twice a day with Carbolic Acid, five drachms in ten ounces of water. But there is nothing for any indolent sore equal to SCOTCH OINTMENT, if used according to directions. Frequent washing with castile soap and hot water are also beneficial. Inflammation of the Feet, Laminitis, Founder. This disease has various causes, such as picking up a nail; having a nail driven too close while shoeing; driving on hard roads barefooted; drinking u EQUINE AND BOVINE cold water when heated; eating too much grain; feeding green corn; giving a drastic cathartic; muco-enteritis; or from any affection of the alimentary canal or of the air passages. Symptoms: — When first noticed the patient generally will be standing with its feet well under the body, the fore feet both pointed forward, and so stiff that it is almost impossible to move it either for ivard or backward. The fore feet almost invariably are the ones attacked; the hind feet are some- times, but very seldom, affected. The breathing is greatly accelerated; temperature varies from 103° to 106° F. ; attempts to move the animal causes so much pain that it will groan; if forced to move, it goes with a jumping, staggering gait, almost falling down, and rests very lightly on the heels of the front feet. The feet will be very hot and tender, and if they are struck with a hammer the horse will groan and almost fall down. Sometimes the breathing will be so accelerated that the nostrils are distended to their fullest capacity. Sometimes only one foot is attacked; in such cases the patient will keep the foot raised the most of the time. Sometimes, in chronic cases, the feet become greatly distorted; the healthy rings around the wall of the foot coalesce; the feet grow crooked and are contracted at the heels. Sometimes the wall and sole become separated; an effusion takes place between the lamina and pedal bone, forcing it down and pressing the sole down along with it — sometimes penetrating through to the ground. Treatment: — Some practitioners prefer hot applications to the feet, but my experience has forced me to conclude that cold applications are preferable to hot ones. Place the feet in a tub of cold water, putting straw in the bottom of the tub to ease the feet; in the heated months put ice into the water; and keep the patient there for two hours at a time. Do this three or four times a day. When out of a tub, or if a tub cannot be ob- tained, put flaxseed poultices on the feet and keep pouring in cold water occasionally. Change the poultice every twenty-four hours. Give a physic — Aloes, one ounce. Ginger, one drachm. Mix. Give at one dose. Also prepare and give — Nitrate of Potass., one ounce. Acetate of Potass., one-half ounce. Mix. Make into eight powders and give one three times a day. While the fever is high give fifteen drops of fluid ext. Aconite every hour or two until the fever subsides. After the patient recovers so it can walk around, a little exercise on soft ground is beneficial; but too much exercise is harmful. Sometimes, in the acute stage, bleeding from the toe is very beneficial. But if this is done let the blood run freely, though it is a practice to which I seldom resort. If properly attended to, a large majority of cases will make complete recovery. After recovery is assured, shoe carefully and keep the feet soft. If slight lameness remains use SCOTCH OIL around the coro- net, and SCOTCH HOOF OINTMENT on the hoofs to keep them soft and flexible. MEDICINE AND SURGERY. S5 Crib-Biters, Wind-Suckers or Stump-Suckers. This is a habit that is formed principally when the young animal is cut- ting teeth. It is caused by the pain of cutting and shedding teeth. To re- lieve itself of the irritation the animal catches hold of the manger or any other object within reach. After a time the habit becomes fixed and when the animal catches hold of the object a gulping sound is heard. It is then sucking air into the stomach. Any irregularity of the teeth or decayed teeth may cause a horse to form the same habit. When the habit is once formed it is very hard to break it up. After the horse has been sucking wind for a considerable time it causes indigestion and colic. They are unsafe horses to own for they may bloat up and die at any time. Tkeatment: — Various devices have been used to break the habit, and sometimes with success. Attend to the teeth and, after you get them in good condition, make a paste of red pepper and flour and daub it on the manger; or fasten on the manger a sheep-skin with the wooly side out; or fasten a broad strap around the neck; or fasten some sharp object where the horse is in the habit of biting. Feed SCOTCH COMPOUND to im- prove the digestion. Poll Evil. Poll Evil consists of a swelling or an abcess just behind th« ears upon the top and sides of the neck, and the irritation extends down to the first two or three bones of the cervical vertebras. When the disease ex- tends downward to the bones and affects the joints the animal will carry the head and neck stiff. Treatment: — If the swelling has just begun, so that it is quite notice- able, cut off the hair and apply the following as a blister: Vaseline, one ounce. Powdered Cantharides, two drachms. Mix, and apply every fourth day for three times in succession. Then grease until well; or use SCOTCH OIL as directed. If this should fail to scatter the enlargement it will hasten the forma- tion of pus. The swelling should then be laid open with a knife. Make a bold incision and cut to the bottom of each and every sinus. Then dress the wound with SCOTCH OINTMENT. Wash the sore with castile soap and hot water and apply the medicine twice daily. If there be any sinuses running back, put some Corrosive Sublimate down to the bottom of them; then use the former remedy. If you object to using EQUINE AND BOVINE U the Corrosive Sublimate in the sinus, cut it down to the bottom and continue to do so as long as the sinuses continue to form. If you find that one remedy is failing, try — Carbolic Acid, two ounces. Listerine, four ounces. Water, ten ounces. Mix. Apply three times a day. It is good policy to wash out thoroughly with castile soap and hot water onee a day. Fistulous Withers. This disease very much resembles Poll Evil, only it is located upon the shoulders, as is also very obstinate to treat. It usually comes from a bruise, FISTULOUS WITHERS. from the saddle, from rolling, or striking the top of the shoulders against something; for instance, against the top of a low stable or shed. Treatment: — As soon as noticed apply the same remedies as for Poll Evil, and make a dependent orifice to allow the pus to escape, treating the orifice as directed for the sinuses in Poll Evil. Castration. There are various methods of performing this operation, but all tend to the same purpose, viz: removing the testicles and prevent hemorrhage. First cast the horse and confine him closely and tightly, drawing the hind feet well up along the sides. Have a good assistant to hold the head. Take hold of the testicle (always taking the smaller one first) and raise it well up. Hold it firmly and make a bold cut about three inches long, close to the dividing line of the testicles. Then take hold of the tes- MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 37 tide and cut off the white membrane at the back part of the testicle, but do not cut the speratic cord or artery. Then, if the ecraseurs are used, apply them and smash off the cord. The clamps should be grooved so they will have a firmer hold. Then cut off the cord and testicles about a half inch from the clamp. Some prefer ligating, which is simply cutting out the tes- ticle and tying the cord with a silk thread, to prevent hemorrhage. If the testicles are not down in the scrotum the horse is called a Ridge- ling. If one testicle is down and the other is not, the oae that is not down should be procured first. In order to get it, cast the horse and tie his hind feet close up along his sides. Then roll the patient upon his back and cut through the scrotum as if the testicle was there. Then oil your hand and pass it up through the internal abdominal ring, wheie you will almost in- variably find the testicle. Take hold of it firmly, draw it out and castrate it by any of the usual methods. If you do not find it between the internal and external abdominal rings pass the hand on up through the external abdominal ring and you will find it if he has one. Seize it, draw it out and take it off by any of the usual methods. My preference is for the ecraseiir, an instrument invented by M. Chas- saignac, of Paris. Take the opposite testicle in the same manner and the operation is com- plete. Always cut well down toward the sheath to allow the pus to escape freely and prevent any unnecessary swelling. If the clamps are used re- move them in twenty-four hours and turn the horse out or put him at mod- erate work and he will do much better than if standing in the stable. About the third day run your finger up around the cord and break off any attachment, so that it will not adhere too low down, and thus prevent scirrhus cord from forming. Be careful before operating to examine and see that the horse is not ruptured. If a rupture should exist castrate by what is called the covered method, which consists in cutting through the skin only, being careful not to cut through the tunics or coverings of the testicle. Then castrate with the clamps. Place the clamps over the covering of the testicle, testicle in- cluded, and clamp tightly. Then cut off the coverings and testicles together and allow the clamps to stay on until they come off of their own accord. If the bowels should come out return them and stitch up the internal abdom- inal ring with cat-gut. Then stitch up the scrotum, leaving a small opening for the escape of pus, and the operation will be complete. Seedy Toe. This term is used to denote an unhealthy condition of the foot, wherein the wall and sole of the foot partake of a mealy or dry, crumbling nature, thus separating them from the sensitive lamina of the Os Pedis, or bone of 38 EQUINE AND BOVINE the foot. It is principally caused from Laminitis, but sometimes by a large clip being fastened to the front part of the shoe and being hammered down har d on the wall of the hoof. It may also be caused by an ill-fitting shoe being irregular upon its bearings upon the wall and sole at the toe. Treatment: — Cut out the diseased parts and shoe with a bar shoe; and pad it in the crevices to prevent dirt from getttng in and accumulating. Applv SCOTCH HOOF OINl MENT. Corns. At first these consist of a simple bruise of the sole of the foot and are usually found in the inner quarter of the fore foot, they are sometimes found in the outer quarter. Some authors consider them to be horny tumors but such I could never find. However, I am inclined to believe that, from the constant irritation, they are the cause of inflammation of the lateral cartilages and thus of the formation of side-bones. Sometimes the corns suppurate and if an exit is not made for the puss to escape by it will cause a bulging of the coronet and will break and discharge there; or the puss will keep burrowing down toward the toe and thus separate the wall from the sensitive sole. Bad shoeing, or allowing the shoes to remain on too long are the principal causes. Symptoms: — Heat and lameness in the affected foot and invariably pointing it forward; heat and tenderness around the affected quarter; and a sulky stumbling gate when driven. If it is a suppurating corn the horse will scarcely put the foot to the ground and, if it does, will merely rest it on the toe. Treatment: — Take off the shoe and pare down the corn until the sole, between the bar and the wall, is compressible. Then place a sponge over the corn and nail on the shoe, retaining the sponge in position and wet two or three times a day; or shoe with a bar shoe and place the sponge. in position. If you suspect a suppurating corn cut down and allow the matter to escape; then remove the dead horn as far around as the pus cavity ex- tends. Afterwards apply Compound Tinct. Benzoin twice a day and shoe with a bar shoe or a hinge shoe, and apply SCOTCH HOOF OINT- MENT as directed. Thrush and Canker. The principal causes of Thrush and Canker are filth from standing in manure and urine in the stable, from poulticing with cow-dung, from wading around in a filthy barn-yard, from greese-heel, and from bruises to the frog. Symptoms: — In simple Thrush there is a foetid discharge from the cleft of the frog and, if allowed to run unchecked, it develops into Canker. You then have an aggravated case to deal with . In connection with the foetid discharge there will be red, tumor-like growths springing out of the frog MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 39 and they will sometimes bleed. If simply cut off they will grow very rapidly and bleed when cut, with a disinclination to heal. Sometimes these tumors grow until they fill up the whole bottom of the foot. Treatment: — If simply a case of thrush, cleanliness, with a few appli- cations of Friar’s Balsam will generally affect a cure. But if the disease ad- vances and Canker is the result you will have to treat in a different manner. Cut down the tumors that have formed to the bottom. Then pencil with Nitrate of Silver; afterwards apply SCOTCH OINTMENT and pad with cotton hatting or tow — or apply Tincture Muriate of iron and the SCOTCH OINTMENT afterward. Should the treatment not succeed well you may apply Butter of Antimony twice daily and after each applica- tion use SCOTCH OINTMENT and pad the foot. In the meantime keep in a dry place and put the blood in good condition by giving SCOTCH COMPOUND and you will thoroughly cleanse the whole system. Pricks From Nails. This is of frequent occurrence from the carelessness of the horse-shoer or from the nails splittiag while being driven; also from horses picking up nails while being driven or while running at large — more frequently from the latter than from the former. Symptoms: — Lameness, heat and tenderness in the foot affected. If a nail be withdrawn and the owner not informed, the patient in a few days may be very lame and suppuration may take place before the real cause is found out; and there will be heat and tenderness present. By tapping the foot with a hammer, you may find the exact pi ace. Or, if the nail is driven close enough to press the sensitive laminae, the patient may not go lame for a few days. Then it will be very lame, frequently holding the foot from the ground or merely resting it upon toe toe. By tapping the foot with the hammer you will discover the spot when you hit the nail that is pressing. Or, if the patient has picked up a nail and goes lame, by examining the foot you will find either the nail penetrating the foot or the place whence it was withdrawn. Treatment: — If from a split nail or one driven too close, draw it out and poultice the foot for a few days with ground fiaxseed; a cure will usually be effected. But if it suppurates, make an opening and allow the pus to escape, and treat as a suppurating corn (see corns). If the patient has picked up a rusty nail and you have withdrawn it, cut a hole into the bottom of the foot V here the nail entered about the size of a nickel. Then poultice for a day or two and apply Friar’s Balsam to the wound. If suppuration has taken place, remove all loose or dead tissues and wash out thoroughly with castile soap and hot water. Then dry it out and apply SCOTCH OINT- MENT, and protect the foot from dirt or filth. It is sometimes necessary to remove all of the frog and sometimes the sole. Be very careful if the horse has picked up a rusty nail, as Tetanus, or Lock-jaw frequently occurs. 40 EQUINE AND BOVINE Quitter. The most frequent causes of Quittor are horses calking themselves and catching cold; suppurating corns; pricks from nails; bruises; gravel work- ing up through the feet; disease of the lateral cartileges; also quarter cracks, etc., etc. Symptoms: — First a tender swelling around the coronet, bursting after awhile and discharging a whitish fluid. By probing you will find fistulous openings running down into the foot in different directions. Treatment: — If much inflammation exists and a visible bulging of the coronet, lance it and apply flaxseed poultice for a few days Then into each sinus inject twice daily the following: Zinc Sulphate, one dram. Sulphate of Copper, one dram. Water, four ounces. Mix. After you have followed this up for about a week, and the foot is almost healed, stop the injections and apply SCOTCH OINTMENT twice daily until a cure is effected. If the disease affects the lateral cartileges, or if side-bones are formed and they are affected, they may have to be removed. Sand Cracks. Sand Cracks or Quarter Cracks most frequently comes from concussion; or from driving at a high rate of speed over rough roads horses whose feet have weak walls, or whose feet have been weakened by rasping; also, from QUARTER CRACK. ill-fitting shoes with uneven bearings. The cracks invariably begin at the coronet and extend downward, sometimes into the quick, causing lameness and bleeding. Sometimes fungus growths will spring out of the crack near the coronet. 41 MEDICINE AND SURGERY.v \ Treatment: — If Sand Crack appear in a strong footed horse I would adwse clinching with a nail, or clasp to hold the wall firmly together. But if in a weak footed horse, as it almost invariably is, commence at the coro- net and out the edges of the crack its full length so they will not rub to- gether. Then cut transversely (crosswise) at the coronet about three- quarters of an inch to each side of the crack and apply a bar shoe with even pressure all around. If the quarter is cracked all the way down to the shoe you may take the bearing off from that quarter. If a fungus growth springs out cut it off and touch with Nitrate of Silver. While the crack is growing apply SCOTCH HOOF OINTMENT twice daily. Navicular Diseases, or Coffin Joint Lameness. The disease consists in inflammation and alteration of the structures entering into the formation of the coffin joint. It is generally seen in horses that are used as roadsters or on the track. It may be caused by hard driv- ing; picking up nails; by nails being driven into the quick near the coffin NAVICULAR BONE DISEASED. joint: by bad shoeing, as uneven bearings, or contraction at the heel: by wearing the shoes too long and too much pressure upon the soles; by gravel working into the foot; by strain of the flexor tendon where it passes over the joint; also by concussions, bruises, or by standing too long in the stable. NAVICULAR BONE HEALTHY. Symptoms:— Pointing of one or both fore feet; if one foot only be affected it will be held in front of the othep and rest only upon the toe; if both are affected the animal will change from one foot to the other and point alternately. There will be an inclination to stumble when first driven, but as the animal is warmed up it will travel much better. The animal travels with a stumbling gait, the front part of the shoes being worn down when the 42 EQUINE AND BOVINE heels of the shoes will be almost as good as new. This may go on for some time before the lameness becomes a prominent symptom. Afterwards will be fever in heels with more or less contraction of the hoofs at the heels and a dryness throughout the foot, with lameness now as a prominent symptom. Treatment: — When first noticed take off the shoes and turn the horse out to pasture on swampy ground; or fix up a stall with a clay floor, softened with water, and keep the patient standing there through the day. During the night poultice the feet with flaxseed till you reduce the fever; then you may insert a frog seaton; or blister around the Coronet with SCOTCH OIL three times a day. The treatment of Navicular Disease is generally unsatisfactory; hut, if the foregoing fails. Neurotomy is the final resort. This may be performed either by the high or low operation. The high operation consists in cutting out a piece of the Planter Nerve, just below the knee. The lower operation is cutting out a piece of the Planter Nerve, at the pastern, between the fetlock and the foot. As the nervous communica- tion is cut off the lameness ceases, although the disease continues unabated. Nevertheless, to say the least, it is a humane operation. Curb, or Sprain of the Calcaneo Cuboid Ligament. This disease is always seen at the posterior aspect of the hock and con- sists of a sprain of the Calcaneo Cuboid Ligament. It is generally caused by horses jumping and rearing; by hacking up violently; or by slipping. It CURB, OR SPRAIN OF THE CALCANEO CUBOID LIGAMENT. sometimes appears as a small, very hard nodule; or it may be very large and soft, with heat and tenderness, and more or less lameness. The lameness does not depend upon the size of the curb.. Sometimes the curb is very large with no lameness; at other times it is very small with considerable lame- MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 43 ness present. Sometimes it is congenital, and in such cases it is not an unsoundness. It is best observed by standing over it and looking straight down the bind leg from the point of the hock to the fetlock, when you will observe the enlargement about three or four inches down from the point of the hock. Treatment: — First and foremost— rest. Apply high-heeled shoes, hot fomentations and use SCOTCH OIL LINIMENT. Capped Hock. This consists of a serous abscess, situated on the point of the hock, between the skin and the Gastrocnemius Internus, in areolar tissue. It is generally caused by the horse kicking the point of the hock against some hard substance, or by bruises on the point of the hock. The size varies from CAPPED HOCK. that of a walnut to that of a good large bowl. The abscess is soft and fluc- tuating. It seldom causes any lameness, but in rare instances it does. Treatment: — First of all prevent the cause, if from kicking in the stable which it generally is, change the patient to a stall where it cannot injure itself. Then apply high-heeled shoes, and foment with hot water until the inflammation subsides. Then open with a lancet from below and allow the serum to escape. Afterwards inject Tincture of Iodine into the sack and apply a cold bandage; if thought necessary repeat in two or three days. If it heals up and there is no serum accumulating, but just a slight thickening of the parts, apply — Rectified Spirits, four ounces. Tinct. Iodine, one and one-half ounces. Witch Hazel, two and one-half ounces. Mix. 44 EQUINE AND BOVINE Foment with hot water and apply the liniment twice daily; or apply SCOTCH OIL as directed, which is better. Sidebones. This consists in solidification or ossification of the lateral cartileges; situated on either side of the foot just above the heel. It may be caused by shoeing with too high calks; by pricks of nails; by corns; by uneven shoeing; by cutting away the bars of the foot; by bruises to the heels or soles of the feet, causing a deep irritation or inflammation. Symptoms: — Lameness, with short, stilty gait and a want of elasticity in movement. On pressing upon the cartilage on either side of the heel you will find it hard and unyielding, instead of soft and pliable; and the pressure will cause pain. Sidebones are almost always found in the heavy breed of horses. Whether in heavy or light horses it is considered an unsoundness. Treatment: — The treatment consists in absolute rest, and shoeing with 1 a bar shoe. If lameness continues blister with SCOTCH OIL. If this fail perform Neurotomy by cutting out the Plan! or Nerve. Thorough Pin. This is a disease of the sheath of the Flexor Perforans Tendons, and is usually caused by a sprain. It sometimes causes considerable lameness; at THOROUGH PIN. other times the lameness will be very slight, and, possibly, none at all. This tendon plays down the back part of the hock to the inside of the Os Calsis or point of the hock, and any sprain or irritation may cause an extra secre- tion within the sheath of the tendon and a bulging out on each side of the MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 45 back part of the hock, in the hollow or gambrel space. It is usually a soft, fluctuating tumor and if pressed on one side will cause a greater enlarge- ment on the other side. Treatment: — If there is lameness give absolute rest and apply hot fomentations for a few days. Then blister with — Vaseline, one ounce. Cantharides, one drachm. Bin. Iodide Mercury, one-half drachm. Mix. Use morning and evening; or use SCOTCH OIL according to direc- tions. After the lameness has subsided leave it alone unless it be a valuable horse. Then, if the swelling is great open it and allow the fluid to escape, afterwards injecting Tincture of Iodine into the sack until you are satisfied the sack is destroyed. Then keep cold water running over the hock or apply a sponge on either side of the hock and keep it wet with cold water to keep control of the swelling, and keep this up until the swelling subsides. Immediately after opening give physic — Aloes, one ounce. Ginger, one drachm. Mix. Give at one dose. Feed on soft feed and give SCOTCH COM- POUND three times a day . It will take about three months to effect a cure. If the limb swells much and the patient does not lie down place slings under it to give rest and relieve the other leg. Incised and Contused Wounds. An incised wound is the result of a cut from any sharp instrument. If an artery or vein be cut it should be taken up and tied. Then wash out any dirt that may have accumulated and bring the edges of the wound together, and fasten with stitches. This may be done by using a curved needle and white linen or silk thread, or catgut sutures The best mode is by the in- terrupted suture; viz.: by taking stitches one-half to three-fourths of an inch apart, tying a knot at each stitch and cutting the ends about one-half inch long. Then use SCOTCH OINTMENT two or three times a day. Should the stitch break out the wound will heal by granulation. When this occurs bathe with tepid water and castile soap, then apply SCOTCH OINTMENT twice daily. Contused wounds are those where the tissues are bruised or torn, and always require a careful and thorough examination, for fear some foreign body may be lodged deeply within them. This, if not removed, will be a constant source of irritation and thus prevent the wound from healing. After all foreign boaies are removed wash out thoroughly and stitch the edges of the wound together as best you can. As these wounds always heal by granulation begin at once to use SCOTCH OINTMENT two or three times daily. Occasionally an enlargement or inflammatory exudation 46 EQUINE AND BOVINE is thrown out, sometimes called ‘‘proud flesh.” When this happens touch every third day with Nitrate of Silver until it disappears, then use SCOT C H OINTMENT. If any portion of the skin becomes detached or fails to heal up cut it off with a knife . Parrot Mouth. This is a peculiar condition of the mouth, where the upper jaw is much longer than the lower. Consequently the upper and lower incisors fail to meet and the upper incisors grow down to an enormous length. The incissor PARROT MOUTH of the jaw also grow to such a length that they press upon the bars of the roof of the mouth, sometimes to such an extent as to injure the horse. In such cases the teeth must be filed or rasped down. Parrot mouth is a great inconvenience, as the animal cannot graze; it will, however, do well when in the stable. Irregularities of the Teeth. Sometimes from various causes the teeth of a horse become very irregu- lar. I have seen the molar teeth of a horse serrated like the teeth of a saw, so that they fitted nicely together. Such animals could not grind their hay, and had to be fed altogether on soft feed. The upper jaw is always a little wider than the other, just enough to fetch the molers nicely together. But sometimes the upper jaw is so wide that the teeth do not come together, consequently there is an irregular growth. At other times the surface of one tooth is harder than that of its fellow on the opposite jaw; the result is that one tooth grows long and its opposite is worn away. I remember seeing MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 4T a horse six years old, belonging to a Mr. Butler, near Spencerville, Indiana, almost dead from starvation, though it had plenty of hay and grain in the manger. The cause was irregular teeth. The horse was so poor that it could not stand, and so weak that it could not raise its-head, and was in fact, dying when I put it out of its misery. Had I seen the horse before it be- came so weak as to be unable to stand an operation on its teeth or to eat afterwards, it might have been saved. Horses also suffer from ulceration of the teeth. Carries of the Teeth. Carries of the teeth is generally caused by blows; by biting hard sub- stances, such as nails; or from food becoming lodged between the teeth, or between the cheeks and teeth; by an excessive flow from the mouth of a saliva, very ropy in consistency; by intense pain, exhibited when the tooth is struck by an instrument; by redness and swelling of the gums; by dropping of half-chewed food from the mouth; by the presence of whole grain in the manure. Other symptoms are unthrifty appearance of the animal; rough starring coat; weakness and emaciation, with profuse sweating on very little exercise; swelling of the jaw. If in the upper molar there frequently will be a foetid discharge from the nostril on the affected side. If in the lower molar, there may be, in connection with the swelling, a fistual of the lower jaw. Treatment: — The best mode of treatment is to turpentine the jaw, just above the fangs of the tooth, and punch the latter out. The punch should be not less than a quarter of an inch in diameter. Place the punch on the fangs of the tooth and hit it a few taps with a hammer, when the tooth will drop out; or you may take a pair of forceps and extract the tooth; this is generally a difficult operation, as they are not only hard to extract, but frequently break off. The after treatment consists in feeding soft food for a few days and washing out the cavity with a thirty per cent, solution of car- bolic acid twice a day. Wolf, or Supernumerary Teeth. Supernumerary teeth, more frequently called “wolf teeth,” are frequent- ly seen just in front of the molars in either the upper or lower jaw. They are small, conical shaped teeth and of little or no importance, whatever, except where they grow to a sufficient length to disturb the horse while eat- ing. Many persons labor under the mistaken idea that “wolf teeth” causes blindness in horses. This can hardly be the case. But horses having hered- itary opthalmia, or which are otherwise prone to weakness of the eyes, may be greatly disturbed during dentition fever; and after such fever is abated all symptoms of opthalmia disappear; and the credit is erroneously given to the extraction of the “wolf teeth.” But when called upon to extract do so for the price and for the owner’s consolation — but not for any great benefit to the animal. 48 EQUINE AND BOVINE Nasal Gleet, or Ozoena. Nasal Gleet consists of a suppurative inflammation of the lining mem- brane (Schneiderian membrane) of the nostrils and of the sinuses in the bones of the front part of the face. It is sometimes conflned to the nostrils alone, but more frequently the sinuses are also affected. The principal cause is a catarrhal inflammation of the membrane, but it may also arise from ulcerated teeth.* It may also be caused by injuries to the face; enlargement of the fangs of the teeth; abscesses forming in the sinuses; disease of the facial bone; or the lodging of foreign bodies in the nostrils. Symptoms: — A constant discharge from the nostrils or more frequently from one nostril, as one side of the head alone is more frequently affected. This discharge is of a bluish white color and tenacions, very much resem- bling the discharge of glanders. But the glanderous ulcerations are absent, although abrasions or excorations of the membrane are present, owing to their irritating influence of the discharge. The sub-maxilliary may be enlarged and if adherent to the jaw, should be looked upon with suspicion. Heat over the sinuses will generally be observed and sometimes a bulging out in their locality. Percussion on the side affected will produce a dull sound compared to that given by its fellow on the opposite side. This dis- charge is sometimes very offensive and when that is the case the teeth should be examined thoroughly, as it is indicative of the disease of the fangs. Treatment: — When the lining membrane of the nostril alone is affected throw a spray up the nostrils, of a five per cent, solution of Listerine, and administer internally of — Sulphate of Copper, one ounce. Nux Vomica, one ounce. Iodide of Potass., one ounce. Mix. Make into twelve powders and give one morning and evening. This will often effect a cure. But if the sinuses are affected and pus is contained therein, trephine the sinuses and evacuate all the pus. Then wash out thoroughly with a five per cent, solution of Listerine twice daily. Also throw up the nostril a spray of the same solution. If there is any diseased bone, or if there are any foreign bodies they must be removed. Prom one horse on which I operated, belonging to Edward Hoppel, near Eel River, Allen Co., Ind., I removed a stick two inches long and half an inch thick, that was lodged in the sinus. Alter its removal with the above treatment a complete cure was effected. If the bones are affected, syringe the cavity with — Hydro-Chloric Acid, one drachm. Distilled Water, ten ounces. Use every day for a week, and give SCOTCH COMPOUND. It will give good results, as it is a most excellent tonic. MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 49 Bone Spavin. Bone Spavin consists of an irritation sufficient to cause inflammation of the bones of the hock joint. When the inflammation exists between the bones, producing lameness, but without any osseous deposit thrown out to form an enlargement, it is called Occult Spavin. But when there is an exu- dation of bony deposit thrown out, causing an enlargement on either the inner or outer aspect of the hock and inducing lameness, it is called a Bone Spavin. This may occur from various causes, but in the majority of cases it is the result of a wrench or sprain. Still I am inclined to believe in the hereditary tendency to spavin. Whether it be in the peculiar conformation of the hock, which is marked and transmitted by certain sires, or if it be an ossiflc diathesis in the blood, I am unable to tell. But I have seen a colt not to exceed three months old with well-defined ringbones and spavins causing lameness, without any apparent reason therefor. And I could not attribute it to over-growth, with the consequent extra amount of weight to carry, for, in the majority of cases coming under my observation, it hap- pened in small breeds of horses and the colts were only in moderately good condition. Sometimes a small bony enlargement is situated at the internal aspect of the hock. It is called Jack Spavin and seldom does very much harm, merely serving as an eye sore. A horse with Jack Spavin should not be considered unsound, as lameness very seldom results therefrom. The symptoms of spasm are lameness of a peculiar character.'^ i*. The animal, when first driven after rest, will walk on the toe of the affected limb, with the fetlock bent forward and with a hopping movement of the hind parts. After driving a short distance it improves very much in its gait ; the lameness diminishes and sometimes after the animal is driven some distance, the lame- oO EQUINE AND BOVINE ness disappears altogether. In other cases, after driving, the lameness will diminish but still be quite perceptible. If in the stable the animal is made to turn round in the stall it does so with a stumbling hopping movement. On very forcibly flexing the leg at the hock, then dropping the foot and starting the horse on a trot, it will often go off on three legs. By sitting in front of the horse and looking between the front legs toward the hock you will perceive the enlargement, if there be any. By holding the hand over the antero-internal part of the hock, you will invariably detect fever. BONE SPAVIN. Treatment : — Various methods of treatment are used for spavin, but one very essential thing, and one upon which all must agree, is that the animal must have absolute quiet and rest. If the spavin be just started mild counter irritation will often effect a cure, and by applying SCOTCH OIL you will accomplish the object, in from one to three months. If the lame- ness does not cease in that time apply Vaseline, one ounce. Bin Iodide Mercury, one dram. Powdered Cantharides, one dram. Mix. Apply thoroughly; wash off in twenty-four hours and grease with fresh lard or oil every day for flve days. Then apply the foregoing prescription again, wash off as before and continue this treatment for three applications. Give the horse complete rest and tie it while the medicine is on so it cannot bite or rub the place. In the course of five weeks, if this fails, apply the actual cautery (firing irons) g-nd immediately afterward apply the before mentioned salve as directed. If it be an occult spavin or if the true hock MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 51 joint, that is the large Cuneiform and Astragalus bones are affected a failure to cure is almost certain and the animal remains lame as long as it lives The sole object in the treatment of bone spavin is to prevent the horse from SPAVIN BONE FIRED. going lame, and this is accomplished only when the inflammation exists between the Cuneiform and Metatarsal bones, and you establish comph te union between those bones, thus preventing the irritation from their gliding motion. Bog Spavin. This sometimes consists of an inflammation of the hock joint, but not always. I have seen bog spavin gradually developing upon horses without the existence of any perceptible inflammation. This kind is generally found in horses which have weak or very upright hocks. It consists of a fluctuating swelling, situated at the antero internal and upper part of the hock, and composed of synovia or joint oil. It is nature’s remedy to prevent disease by having an abundance of oil to lubricate the joint during work or violent exercise. This should be considered merely a blemish and not a disease. But when it is caused by over-work, sprains or wounds it is considered to be more serious. It is then accompanied by heat and lameness, varying in their intensity. When bog spavin occurs from these causes or from rheu- matic trouble absolute rest should be given, and the part fomented with hot water three times a day for a few days. Then apply SCOTCH OIL according to directions, or the following blister : Vaseline, one ounce. Bin Iodide of Mercury, one dram. Powdesed Cantharides, one dram. Mix. 52 EQUINE AND BOVINE After the lameness ceases stop treatm*^nt and allow nature to take its course, Sometimes bog* spavin causes thorough-pin, and when this is the case treat as for bog spavin alone. BOG SPAVIN. Stifle-Joint Lameness and Dislocation of the Patella. Stifle joint lameness is usually detected by the manner in which the horse brings the foot forward, which is done with difficulty, the leg swinging outward with a circular motion and dragging the toe (although they do not always drag the toe). The foot is sometimes raised clear off the ground but STIFLE- JOINT LAMENESS. with the circular motion and placed flat on the ground. Whilst the animal is at rest the leg is usually in a semi-flexed position. Heat around the stifle joint is quite a prominent symptom, but is sometimes wanting. Sometimes MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 53 wanting. Sometimes quite a prominent symptom is a fluctuating swelling or dropsy of the joint. If you have dislocation of the Patella, or what is more commonly called “stifle joint,” you will observe that while the horse is standing in the stall it may stand squarely upon both feet; but, if you force it to walk the stifled leg will fly backward acd the animal is powerless to bring it forward. If you examine the joint you will find the Patella on the outer side of the leg and the groove in the femur may he felt quite plainly. Treatment: — When lameness is present in the stifle-joint, without dis- location, give absolute rest and apply hot fomentations of water three or four times a day, to allay the inflammation. Then apply SCOTCH OIL three or four times daily until you blister thoroughly. Then allow to rest for three or four days and repeat several times in this manner. If the patella is dislocated fasten a rope or strap around the fetlock, then pass it through the collar and draw the leg forward; no matter if the patient struggles hard, force it forward. Then place your hand behind the bone, which will be felt at the outside of the leg, and force it forward, when you will feel it drop into place and the patient will have full control of the leg. Apply SCOTCH OIL three or four times a day for two or three days, allow the patient to rest for a week and all will be well. If the patient kicks it out or it drops out of its own accord immediately after you have placed it in position, you must apply SCOTCH OIL until it blisters thoroughly and the swelling will force it into position and strengthen the ligaments that have been relaxed. Then allow a longer rest than would ordinarily bq required. Ringbone. Ringbone very much resembles spavin, except in location. Ringbone consists of an osseous deposit upon the upper and lower pastern-bones. When the deposit is around the middle of the large pastern and not involv- ing the joint it is called an osselet or false ringbone and is seldom the cause of lameness ; it should not be looked upon as an unsoundness, as it calls for no treatment whatever. True ringbone acts very differently from the false and occasions more or less lameness. It may affect two very important artic- ulations, viz., the articulation between the large and small pastern or be- tween the small pastern and the coffin-bone. The former articulation is the one most frequently affected and where complete union is most easily ob- tained ; here less stiffness will be the result if a cure results than where the lower joint is diseased. But in either location the disease is difficult to treat with any satisfaction and it is sometimes incurable, the lameness con- tinuing through life. Sometimes the deposit completely encircles the joint ; at others is on one side, and directly in front of the joint. The degree of lameness does not depend upon the size of the enlargement but more upon 54 EQUINE AND BOVINE its location. If it is situated immediately in front of the pastern, the lame- ness will be greater than when situated on either side. The lameness is RINGBONE. greatest when the deposit is between the lower pastern and the coffin-bone. When between these two bones it frequently causes a bulging of the foot and not seldom causes the foot to turn inward, forming what is known as reel- RINGBONE foot. The lameness of ringbone always precedes the deposit and is caused by inflammation existing in the bone or in the synovial membrane surround- MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 55 ing it. Ringbone is occasioned by sprain ; by fractured bon© ; and by the hereditary tendency referred to in the treatise on spavin. Treatment : — When first noticed there will be no enlargement but con- siderable lameness and fever. Then apply cold water freely to allay the in- flammation and after bathing apply SCOTCH OIL. Give absolute rest and if the patient is inclined to walk upon the toe use high calks upon the heel of the shoe. But if inclined to walk upon its heels use a thin-heeled bar shoe. If all these fail Neurotomy may be performed with varying success. Sprain of the Fetlock Joint and Sesamoidites. It is possible to have sprain of the fetlock joint or its lateral ligaments with out. in jury to the sesamoid bursa ; but such cases, I think, are very rare. Owing to the particular manner in which the sesamoid bones are placed behind the joint, over which the flexor perforans tendons play, I am con- strained to believe that any exertion sufficient to cause sprain of the fetlock joint will, at the same time, produce inflammation of the sesamoid bursa. A sprain of this joint will be detected on observing inability to flex the joint ; fever ; swelling ; pointing of the foot ; and excrutiating pain when the joint is forciby flexed. Sometimes the sesamoid bursa will be greatly swollen, but not as a rule ; what swelling is there will be very hard and unyielding. Treatment : — Apply cold water frequently and bandage, after which apply counter-irritants, as SCOTCH OIL. If you do not consider it a very bad sprain apply after each bath the following : — Tincture Iodine, two ounces. Witch Hazel, two ounces. Alcohol, four ounces. Mix. Then bandage and give perfect rest. Sprain of the Suspensory Ligament. This is a very large ligament composed of white fibrous tissue, and extends from the knee in the fore leg and from the hock in the hind leg down the back part of the cannon-bones. Just above the fetlock it divides and becomes attached to the sesamoid bones, below which it re-unites and joins the flexors of the foot. Sprains of this ligament happen only through severe exertions, and sometimes the strain is sufficient to cause rupture of the ligament. This generally happens near the dividing point, just above the fetlock. The most prominent symptoms are lameness; heat; and swell- ing beneath the flexor tendons and down behind the cannon-bones; with swelling of the leg at the fetlock joint. If the ligament is ruptured th© 56 EQUINE AND BOVINE fetlock will spring down close to the ground and the toe will be turned upward. The rupture may occur higher up, or at the attachment of the ligament to the sesamoid bones, or even below the fetlock; the result is the same. This is what is meant by the term, “broken down.” Treatment: — Absolute rest in a comfortable box stall, well bedded to entice the patient to lie down. Bathe with cold water, after which apply bandages and keep wet with cold water. After the fever has subsided apply SCOTCH OIL to remove the swelling or use. Tincture Iodine, two ounces. Bin Iodide Mercury, two drachms. Tincture Myrrh and Capsicum, six ounces. Mix. Apply three times a day. If the ligament is ruptured bandage the leg in a set of splints, so as to hold it in a proper position. Heavy belting makes a good support for the limb, by cutting it to fit and packing the space be- tween the fetlock joint and the heel to form a prop. This will hold the limb in proper shape. Or put on a bar shoe and fasten an iron brace to it, bend- it to fit the fetlock and extending it up to the knee. Pad it well with cotton batting and bandage. After complete union is secured remove the support and blister a few times to remove the swelling. Horses that have once “broke down,” or ruptured the suspensory ligament, should not be put on the track nor at heavy pulling; but they may be used to good advantage for ordinary work, after a rest of six or eight months. Sprain of the Flexor Tendons. Sprain of the flexor tendons, like sprain of the suspensory ligament, is caused by heavy pulling and fast running or trotting; also by wearing shoes with .high toe-calds. The symptoms observed will be lameness; heat and swelling at the back part of the leg; and the peculiar way in which the horse moves the limb, which is with a stiff, stubby movement; the toe touches the ground first and the horse bears most of its weight upon it, seldom bringing the heel to the ground during the first stages. After it becomes chronic, or the more severe symptoms have subsided, the heels will be brought to the ground, there will be a shortening of the tendons and a knuckling over of the fetlock joint. The swelling, which is a prominent symptom, will diverge from the seat of the sprain and extend up and down the tendon, involving the thecae, or sheaths of the tendons to such a degree that the tendons with difficulty pass through them. Treatment: — Shoe the horse with a bar shoe without calks, to give the shoe an even pressure when standing. This will prevent shortening of the tendons, which is likely to occur with high heel-calks, which only afford temporary relief. Apply cold bandages, occasionally pouring on cold water until the fever subsides. Then apply SCOTCH OIL. If shortening of the tendons should take place Tenotomy may be performed if the patient is MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 57 a young horse, But if an old horse the operation had better be let alone. The operation is performed by casting the horse and securing it firmly. Then loosen the leg to be operated upon; fasten it as straight out as possible by a rope or strap tied to the fetlock. Make a small incision midway between the knee and the fetlock, the smaller the incision the better, Pass the knife flat-wise beneath the tendons, taking care to keep outside the blood-vessels, until you feel the knife against the skin on the opposite side. Then turn the edge of the knife towards the tendons and cut outward very slowly until you have severed the tendons. Then withdraw the knife. Be very careful to only cut the skin in one place, and that a very small opening where the knife enters. Place your knee against the leg and forcibly straighten it to break up any adhesions which may have formed. After the operation keep the leg straight by putting on a shoe with a high toe-calk; or fasten a piece of iron to the shoe and let it extend six inches in front of the foot. If the toe should turn up a little have no fear, for when the tendons grow together it may shorten a little too much. After union has taken place remove the thickening with a few applications of SCOTCH OIL. Broken or Bruised Knees. Whenever you see a bruise or a scar upon the knees of a horse, the animal, as regards value, should be looked upon with suspicion, unless the horse has good free action and the bruise is known to be purely accidental. BROKEN KNEE. For a majority of cases arise from faulty action of the fore legs; vertigo or fits; “speedy cut” or interfering; diseased feet or navicular disease; over- reaching; or from bad shoeing; and possibly from the driver’s awkward- ness. The disease is more frequently noticed in the form of bruises than as broken bones. Treatment: — When bruises exist, without any abrasion of the skin, apply cold water frequently, with dressings of vaseline. Give rest, with good, deep bedding, and probably no other treatment will be necessary. But when the skin is lacerated, if none of the deeper tissues are involved, 58 EQUINE AND BOVINE wash the wound well and bring its edges together with heavy court-plaster, leaving an opening below for the escape of pus; give rest and tie the horse up so it cannot lie down, to prevent it from breaking any of the adhesions while flexing the leg. Never use any stitches, as any movement of the knee will tend to tear them out. Where, besides the laceration of the skin, deeper tissues are inved, so that the tendons and synovial membrane are torn, and “open joint” is the result, you have a more serious case in hand. The wound may set up an extensive inflammation, the surrounding parts become greatly swollen, followed by so extensive a sloughing of the parts as to expose the bone. There will then be considerable constitutional dis- turbance; high fever; loss of appetite; bowels constipated; difficult voiding of the urine; and a foetid discharge from the wound. It is then as serious as a broken bone, and the animal should be destroyed unless valuable for breeding purposes. If the animal is to be preserved force the leg out straight and fasten, it with splints to maintain it in that position, leaving the knee exposed for treatment. Wash it out three times a day with tepid water and castile soap and apply SCOTCH OINTMENT. Carpitis, or Inflammation of the Knees. Inflammation of the knees may arise from different causes, such as con- cussion, rheumatism, sprains, etc. The animal is observed to hold the leg stiff and to exhibit intense pain upon either flexion or extension of the knee. If the animal walks it will carry the leg stffly. Sometimes there is swell- ing of the knee; at others there is perceptible no swelling whatever. If the disease exists between the bones there will be no swelling until an exud- ation is thrown out, and when this happens, a stiff knee is almost certain to be the result. Treatment:— Give complete rest and, if thought necessary, place the patient in slings. Use applications of cold water until the fever subsides; then apply a strong blister, as — Vaseline, one ounce. Bin Iodide Mercury, one drachm. Cantharides, one drachm. Mix. Use repeatedly. If there is a fluctuating swelling in front of the knee, puncture it and allow the fluid to escape, after which apply a wet bandage and keep it wet. Should it fail to disappear apply the foregoing blister. Elbow Lameness. Disease of the elbow is -not an unfrequent occurrence. Symptoms: — While standing the horse holds its leg in a peculiar man- ner — carried well back, the- leg flexed and resting upon the toe. In walking the limb is brought forward with difficulty and when putting it to the MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 59 ground to make the step, the patient drops the head and shoulder as though about to fall. There may not be very much heat or swelling. If there is fracture of point of the elbow you will see the excessive dropping of the head and shoulder; the leg will be flexed or seemingly in a pendulous con- dition, with heat and swelling and pain upon pressure. Sometimes ‘‘capped elbow” causes lameness, but not always; when it does you do not have such excessive dropping of the head. Treatment: — If there is lameness, without swelling or heat, apply SCOTCH OIL according to directions. Allow sufficient rest and a cure will result. If there is fracture of the elbow swing the patient up imme- diately and feed on soft feed. Apply splints and bandage from the knee up above the elbow to hold it in position, and keep the patient swung up until complete union has taken place, which will be in from six to ten weeks. Broad rubber belting makes a good splint, and bandage combined. If the lameness comes from capped elbow (usually heels of its shoes), remove the shoes and place a roll of sheepskin, or other soft material, around the back part of the fetlock, to prevent the feet from irritating the bruise. Then apply hot water to the elbow until the inflammation subsides, when the lameness will usually disappear. But, to remove the enlargement,’ make a free incision low down to allow the fluid to escape; then apply some irritat- ing substance to cause it to slough out. After it heals and there is a small nodule left, dissect it out and treat as an ordinary wound. Widen the stall and allow plenty of room for the animal to lie down. Shoulder Slip, or Sweeny. SHOULDER SLIP, OR SWEENY. This disease, generally termed “sweeny,” consists in atrophy, or wast- ing away, of the Antea aud Postea Spinatus muscles. A brief description 60 EQUINE AND BOVINE of the parts forming the shoulder joint will facilitate an understanding of the matter. The glenoid cavity, or hollow in the lower end of the shoulder bone, is very small compared to the head of the humerus, which plays within it, thus giving it great liberty of motion, especially as the joint is not bound down with inelastic ligaments, but by muscles and tendons only. The Antea and Postea Spinatus muscles occupy the outer surface of the shoulder blade and extend down over the external and lateral surface of the joint. The Sub-Scapularis muscle occupies the inner surface of the shoulderblade and extends down over the inner and lateral surface of the joint. The Coraco Humeralis muscle extends down over the front of the joint. So it will be seen that, when the external muscles are wasted away (atrophied), there is nothing left strong enough to hold the joint to its proper position, and it has an outward movement or slipping — but not a dislocation. ' It may be caused by a bruise; heavy pulling; or walking on uneven ground, as the furrow horse is compelled to do while plowing. It is more frequently seen in young horses, used for plowing, especially in the spring when the muscles are soft and flaccid. Symptoms: — There are generally swelling, heat and tenderness, all along the external surface of the shoulder blade; but in the majority of cases the patient shows no lameness until the swelling and heat have sub- sided and atrophy, or wasting of the muscles, has begun. This generally takes place in a week or two from the time of the injury. The hollow space is usually the full leugth of the shoulderblade, and is sometimes very deep, so that the spine of the bone is prominent. Treatment: — During the inflammatory stage, while there is heat and swelling, foment well with hot water; and after the swelling has disap- peared, apply a mild stimulating liniment, as SCOTCH OIL. Use three times a day, rubbing in thoroughly. Do not be afraid of rubbing, as it stimulates the muscles to development. Use at light work on level ground, or turn out to pasture, for the patient needs exercise to develop the muscles. Do not be discouraged, but be persistent in your treatment, as it frequenty takes six months, and sometimes a year, before the hollow is filled up and muscles fully developed. If it seems very slow apply at intervals the fol- lowing: Vaseline, one ounce. Bin Iodide Mercury, one drachm. Cantharides, one and one-half drachms. Mix. If you are persistent success will crown your effort and reward your trouble. Shoulder Lameness. 4 Shoulder lameness may arise from different causes, but the most fre- quent are kicks, bruises, sprains and rheumatism. It is characterized by the peculiar manner in which the patient holds the leg, which is flexed and MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 61 resting upon the toe; also, the great difficulty with which the leg is brought forward in walking, with, at the same time, a dragging of the toe. If from kicks or bruises the lameness will be observed at the injured place: but if from sprain of the Coraco Humeralis muscle, which plays on the front of the joint in the form of a tendon, there will be observed flexing of the limb and great difficulty in bringing it forward, with swelling heat and tender- ness upon pressure at the point of the shoulder. As inflammation of a tendon frequently results in formation of bone material, you will readily see the need of prompt and careful treatment. Treatment: — Put on a very high heeled shoe and apply frequent fomentations of hot water; or place a rug on the point of the shoulder and keep applying hot water until the inflammation has subsided. Then remove the shoes and keep quiet on a level floor and apply SCOTCH OIL three times a day. Allow the patient to rest for some time and use only at light work for about four months. Rheumatism. This is a peculiar disease, and none too thoroughly understood. It attacks the fibrous structures, such as muscles, tendons, etc. It is apt to move suddenly from one joint to another, or to some internal organ, as the heart. It is seldom that acute rheumatism terminates in chronic rheumatism or that the reverse occurs. Chronic rheumatism is not with most frequently among the domesticated animals. Symptoms: — The patient will appear dull and stupid with an inclination to be let alone and not to be moved about. If the affection be in the limbs or joints and the animal be forced to move, it either goes very lame or is very stiff. The parts affected may be swollen and hard, or, if in the joint, soft and fluctuating; or there may not be any swelling, but a cracking noise at the joints when moved. There is generally fevei with a full hard pulse, increased temperature, hurried breathing, costiveness, and scanty, high colored urine. In acute rheumatism, the disease will generally terminate in about six or eight weeks; but, if chronic, it may last until warm weather comes. Treatment: — Give as a physic — Aloes, one ounce. Ginger, one diachm. Mix. Administer at one dose; and, if the pain be excessive, give ounce doses of laudanum, to be followed by — Acetate of Potass., one ounce. Bi-Carbonate of Soda, one ounce. Nitrate of Potass., one and one-half ounces. Mix. Make twelve powders and give one powder three times a day. Apply hot clothes, or hot bran, or hot corn, and use SCOTCH OIL. Apply 62 EQUINE AND BOVINE two or thre® times a day. There is no liniment for rheumatism equal to SCOTCH OIL. Sprained Back. Sprained back is not of frequent occurrence, but it may happen from the hind feet slipping while the animal is pulling hard to start a heavy load, or from its struggling when cast in the stall. The Psoas muscles, which are the seat of the sprain, are situated underneath the lumber vertebrae, and are attached anteriorly to the heads of the last ribs and dorsal vertebrae and posteriorly to the brim of the pelvis and internal trochanter of the femur; their action is to bend the haunch upon the pelvis, and, when the horse is pulling, to produce the appearance of a “roached back.” When sprained these muscles lose their tone and power, and instead of a “reached SPRAINED BACK. back” there will be the reverse, except there be swelling over the loins, which is frequently the case. If both the Psoas muscles are strained the aiiimal will be unable to rise from a recumbent position, though when placed on its feet, it may stand; it will walk with a drunken, staggering gait and a knuckling over of the fetlocks. It is easily distinguished from broken back by the power to move its limbs, and the sense of f eeling in the hind extremity. Examination per rectum reveals heat and swelling, with pain upon pressure along the spine. After these symptoms have passed away and the animal is restored to usefulness there will be a weakness of the MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 63 back for some months, or until the muscles are again fully developed and regain their natural power and tone. Treatment: — If the patient is able to stand, place the slings under it, but if unable to stand you had better let the slings alone. Apply frequently hot fomentations across the loins and afterwards’ use SCOTCH OIL. Apply three times a day. If the patient is dragging along and not improv- ing very rapidly, in the course of a month apply a good blister across the loins and it will help materially to develop the muscles and to regain their natural tone and power. A blister may be applied every two or three weeks: the following will answer nicely: Vaseline, two ounces. Bin-Iodide Mercury, one and one-half drachms. Powdered Cantharides, two drachms. Mix. Stringhalt. This disease consists of an involuntary spasmodic contraction of the muscles of the hind leg. The horse raises and lowers the foot in a peculiar manner, with a quick jerky motion, which it cannot control. The causes are not thoroughly understood. It is by some attributed to injuries; by others to inflammation of the nerves; and others still attribute it to tumors variously situated — as in the brain, in the spinal cord, in the muscles of the 64 EQUINE AND BOVINE legs, etc. : and some attribute it to a peculiar condition of the blood. These theories are all suppositions; possibly all are, to a certain extent, true. The disease generally comes on very slowly but may develop very rapidly, even in so short a time as twenty-four hours. At first the foot may be slightly elevated, with a quick jerking motion, and brought to the ground in the same manner. This may be noticed in the winter season, and during the heated months the animal may travel all right. When this is the case it may be regarded as a rheumrtic form of stringhalt. If it does not improve during the summer months, as age advances the disease gradually continues to grow worse, until it strikes the belly with the fetlock. The disease is purely nervous in nature, as, for instance, should the animal pick up a nail with the foot, the stringhalt is manifested in a severe form, and extreme pain is manifested. Except for the rheumatic form, there is no treatment that wilj benefit the patient. In that case treat for rheumatism; or when first noticed, give strychnia in full doses for a few months. Traumatic Inflammation of the Joints/or Open Joint. An open joint may be caused by a puncture from a knife, from splinters of wood, or from the prongs of a fork; or by bruises, by kicks, or by lacera- tiods from falling on a hard or rough surface. It is always attended with more or less danger. Symptoms: — If the opening is small with but a trifling leakage from the joint, the patient will not at first exhibit any distressing symptoms; but in the course of a few days it will manifest pain by going very lame and, possibly, not resting upon the limb at all but holding it up and keeping it in continuous motion on account of severe pain. The leakage will then be more profuse and accumulate on the outer edge of the wound. The patient will now lose its appetite and have very high fever with constipation. The pulse will be quick, hard and wiry; and, from extreme pain, the patient will break out in a sweat. If at this stage the patient does not receive prompt attention, the disease will continue in force, and from between the opening and the accumulation on the outer edge of the wound a thin watery dis- charge, accompanied by streaks of blood and small scales of cartilage and bone, will issue. The ends of the bone entering into the formation of the joint are now undergoing a destructive change; and a cure can only be effected by a consolidation of the joint. A stiff joint is inevitable; and if it be a joint requiring great motion the patient had better be destroyed. During the whole time the tissues surrounding the joint will be enlarged and inflamed, sometimes very hard and at others soft and doughy. Treatment: — Two things are very essential to a favorable termination. The first is endeavoring to heal the wound by the adhesive process (or first intention) and thus prevent suppuration. The second is preventing the air from penetrating the joint, thus avoiding extensive inflammation. Never probe around in the wound to find if there be any dirt, gravel or any other MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 65 foreign substance lodged there, but wash it out carefully with a sponge and syringe with tepid water; if any foreign substance be found remove it care- fully. If the tissues are lacerated cut off the small particles that will not adhere, but do not cut the skin, and bring the edges of the wound together with stitches of cat-gut; then place half a teaspoonful of Iodoform upon the wound and bandage. Immediately after place the animal in slings, as it not only affords the patient complete rest but prevents the stitches from being torn out by the flexing of the limb in lying down. If complete union is effected and there is enlargement of the joint with some inflammation, apply a good blister or SCOTCH OIL according to directions. If there is not complete union of the parts and they burst out, and the synovia, or “joint oil,” comes oozing out, accompanied by pus, you then only can expect to heal by granulation. The best method to secure this is to apply a good blister, as it not only sets up a healthy inflammation but frequently produces a swelling sufficient to bring the edges of the wound together, thus exclud- ing the air and, before the swelling subsides, forming granulations enough to close the wound, and so effecting a cure. The following is a good blister: Vaseline, two ounces. Powdered Cantharides, four drachms. Mix. Apply every third day for four applications. If much swelling remains after the wound is healed apply SCOTCH OIL. If small abscesses form around the joint and cause much pain, open them; if they do not cause much pain, allow them to burst. The constitutional treatment should be to open the bowels with a physic — Aloes, one ounce. Ginger, one drachm. Mix. Give at one dose. Then give, three times a day one powder of the fol- lowing: Quinine Sulph., four drachms. Nitrate of Potass., one ounce. Bi-Carb. Soda, one ounce. Mix. Make into twelve powders. For the first few days feed on a soft diet, as bran mash, chopped feed, etc. Afterwards feed on the most nutritious diet in limited quantities to build up the strength. If the appetite is poor give SCOTCH COMPOUND three times a day. DISEASES OF CATTLE ABORTION. This disease is becoming more prevalent in this country since the intro- duction of the finer breeds of cattle. Some years ago the abortion of a cow, except through injury, was rarely heard of. Since the finer breeds have become pretty widely distributed, abortion is more and more prevalent. Possibly these cattle are inbred to such an extent that it produces a weakened system — especially weak in the generative organs. Or, derange- ment of the digestive organs by the feeding of highly nutritious and artificial foods may produce a sympathetic derangement of the generative organs. Another cause may be found in the construction of the modern stable, with its deep receptacle for urine and manure, into which, possibly, the hind feet of the cows slip, thus inducing abortion. These matters can- not be too carefully analyzed; and I am of the opinion that here may be found some of the principal causes. When one cow in a herd has aborted sqe should be removed immediately, as her condition excites sympathy in the others, which affecting the generative organs, more abortions may follow. Other causes producing abortion are feeding smutty or diseased rye; colic; some cows constantly “bulling” others in the herd and leaping upon them; or injuries from various sources. We must distinguish between abortion and premature labor. The term abortion should be used when the cow loses her calf during the first six months of pregnancy; the term “premature labor” is applicable after the first six months are passed. The one should not be confounded with the other, although abortion is as dangerous as premature birth, and vice versa. Sometimes breeding cattle are sold under a guarantee that they have never aborted, and the purchaser, ignorant of the fact that “premature birth” is the term used during the last three months of pregnancy, buys some that have had premature birth, and, when too late, regrets his purchase. Anything which will produce excite- ment of the nervous system is liable to produce abortion. Symptoms: — Sometimes abortion is so easily produced and performed with so little difficulty that it has no premonitory symptoms, whatever. But, after it has taken place, there will be observed a falling in of the fianks and a discharge from the vagina, sometimes emitting an offensive odor. Sometimes premature birth occurs with the same ease, but, more frequently, the animal will appear dull; with loss of appetite; suspended 68 EQUINE AND BOVINE rumination, bloating; dark colored discharge from the vagina of a foetid odor; sometimes protrusion of the membranes; pulse quickened, small and wiry; more or less uneasiness, with straining and a disposition to seek a place of seclusion. Treatment: — If the foetus is expelled within the membrane and with- out difficulty, little or no treatment is required, but if the membranes are retained they should be removed mechanically. (See Retention of Placenta.) If the patient cannot expel the foetus and there is a foetid smell or the mem- branes protrude, the calf should be delivered at once and the membranes immediately removed. Should the mouth of the womb be closed and not dilated, grease it thoroughly with extract of Belladonna, and in the course of twenty or thirty minutes it will be found dialating. You should then assist the dialation with the hand and remove the contents. Afterwards wash out the womb with a solution of Permanganate of Potassium — one drachm to a gallon of warm water. Afterwards give three times a day the following, for two or three days: Aromatic Spirits of Ammonia, one ounce. Tincture Ginger, one ounce. Warm Beer, one quart. Mix. At firs tadminister a physic — Epsom Salts, one pound. Powdered Ginger, one-half ounce. Mix. , Give in half a gallon of warm water; and give SCOTCH COM- POUND twice a day for two or three weeks and feed on soft feed. V Diarrhoea. Diarrhoea is observed in cattle as well as in all other animals, and its causes are many and various. Among them are eating irritating substances; eating too large quantities of food; eating to excess of sloppy bran or linseed meal; change from dry to green food; the injudicious or continued use of purgative medicines; indigestion or disordered stomach. Diarrhoea in calves may be caused by giving very rich milk in large quantities, or by feeding sour milk; the latter curdles in the stomach, and passing on into the bowels in a halt digested state, acts as an irritant, producing what is known as the “white scours.” Whilst diarrhoea is a disease, it is sometimes a boon to the animal, being nature’s effort to cast off some deleterious matter that has impregnated the system. Symptoms: — The most prominent symptoms are a copious discharge, of a liquid consistency, from the bowels, accompanied by flatulence and con- tinued strainina; sometimes a good appetite, but more frequently it is diminished; cramping pains; staring coat; and the animal will stand all drawn up; if the patient be a calf whose diarrhoea is caused by sour milk the faeces will emit a sour odor; the amimal will lose flesh rapidly and have a dejected appearance generally. MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 69 Treatment: — Too much cannot be said against the use of astringent remedies at the commencement of diarrhoea, unless the cause be known to be the use of purgatives, bran or linseed meal. The reason for this is that there is generally within the bowels some irritant which nature is trying to expel. Instead of giving remedies to prevent it, give half a pint or a pint of linseed or castor oil to aid in removing the offending object, it will usually effect a cure. If not, you may then resort to astringents and give one of the following, every four or five hours until a cure is effected: Tincture Catechu, two ounces. Tincture Kino, two ounces. Tincture Opium, two ounces. Tincture Ginger, two ounces. Mix. Give two ounces at a dose in a little water as a drench. If, after giving this remedy, the bowels become too much constipated, give a pint of raw linseed oil, or castor oil. Feed on dry feed, give no grain and limit the amount of drinking water to a half gallon at each drink. For calves give one-fourth the amount prescribed above. Acute Dysentery. The disease consists in an infiammation of the mucous membrane of the bowels, with ulceration and hemorrhage, and is sometimes called bloody flux. It is very often the sequel to diarrhoea and has similar causes. The symptoms, too, are about the same, only of a more aggravated form. There is great constitutional disturbance with a liquid or watery discharge inter- mingled with blood, from the bowels. The animal appears very dull, with clammy mouth, flurried tongue; sunken eyes, discharging a thin watery 70 EQUINE AND BOVINE or mattery discharge; rapid, small and wiry pulse; dry, harsh, staring coat; great emaciation, with a hidebound appearance. The animal grunts, grinds its teeth and stands with its back arched. Pain in the bowels is manifested by uneasiness and frequent straining; the straining is sometimes so hard tha it forces the bowels out, when it presents a red and inflamed appearance. Sometimes, but not always, there is considerable bloating on the left side. The horns, limbs and ears are cold. If a cow, she loses her milk. Loss of appetite is noticed, with suspended rumination and increased desire for water: Treatment: — Place the animal in a good comfortable place, well bed- ded and blanket well. Feed choice, clean nutritious food and allow drink- ing water sparingly. Give the following: Castor Oil, one pint. Powdered Opium, one drachm. Powdered Catechu, one drachm. Mix. Give at one dose; and afterwards give every four or five hours, till the bowels stop running off and the patient stops straining, of the following: Tincture Opium, one ounce. . Tincture Catechu, one-half ounce. Tincture Kino, one-half ounce. Pure Carbolic Acid, thirty drops. Sweet Spirits of Nitre, one and one-half ounces. Mix. Give in a pint of linseed gruel. Sometimes acute dysentery subsides and takes a chronic form, when the length of time for recovery will be prolonged. Select one or two of the fore- going prescriptions containing chalk and continue to use it twice daily; the results will be very satisfactory. But, if the chronic form is the result of old age and general debility, the bowels become so weakened that any treat- ment is of little avail and death closes the scene. Tympanitis, Hoven or Bloating. This is a common disease, or rather accident, among cattle and has been pretty generally observed by almost every person who is in the babit of keep- ing or handling them. The complaint is usually observed in cattle which are greedy eaters and have just been turned out to feed on red clover pasture of rank growth and covered with moisture or dew. The greedy animal eats more than the stomach can handle and force up for mastication. In the rumen, or first stomach, which is merely a receptacle for food, a fermenta- tion takes place, gasses are formed and the paunch is distended to an enorm- ous size and is notice on the left side. If relief is not speedily obtained rup- ture of the stomach or bowels takes place and death ensues. Cattle that have been fed on dry feed, and are turned upon green pasture that is wet from rain or dew, are most liable to become effected. Great care should. MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 71 therefore, be exercised in not allowing the cattle to eat too much such grass before being removed to a place of confinement where they may ruminate or “chew the cud.” Cattle fed on frozen turnips, carrots or other roots, are subject to tympanitis. So, also, cattle which are choking, or have any for- eign substance within the oesophagus, are liable to bloat; but on removal of the obstruction the bloating disappears. I have seen a case where the cow had attempted premature birth. The calf was dead and partially decayed within the womb; rumination was suspended; appetite lost; rough coat; de- jected appearance generally. Bloating was a prominent symptom. An ex- amination by the vagina revealed the cause. Symptoms. — The symptoms are developed very rapidly. After being turned on clover or wet grass a swelling appears on the left side and grad- ually increases in severity. The bloating becomes greater, breathing is most difficult and the patient moans and grunts; the eyes become blood-shot; saliva drivels from t'^e mouth; the back is arched. The animal seems riveted to the spot on which it stands, or staggers around and falls to rise no more. Treatment: — If the case is not too far advanced give the following at one dose: Aqua Amonia, one ounce Tincture of Ginger, two ounces. Tincture of Anise, one ounce. Water, one quart. Afterwards place a large gag in the mouth to keep it wide open and fasten it there by ropes tied around the horns or neck; this will permit the free outlet of eructations of gas from the stomach. If the symptoms increase in severity it is best to tap the stomach with a trocar and canula, which is done as tollows: Fasten the animal so that it cannot get away, then shove 12 EQUINE AND BOVINE the beast against the stall or fence. Then, standing on the left, somewhat in front to prevent being kicked, measure about half way between the last rib and the hip bone, and about six inches from the lumbar vertebrae. Now plunge the instrument inward and downward and witdraw the trocar leaving the canula, through which the gas will come rushing out. The canula may be fastened there, and, if necessary, kept in position for twenty-four hours. The trocar and canula should be eight or nine inches in length and three- eighths of an inch in diameter. If you have no instrument use an ordinary jack knife, as there is very little danger from such an operation. After dis- charging the gas, to empty the stomach, give the following: Epsom Salts, twelve ounces. Sulphate of Soda, twelve ounces. Powdered Ginger, four drachms. Water, one gallon. Mix. Give immediately. Sometimes the hollow probang is introduced into the stomach, to allow the gas to escape; but this is not very practical, as you cannot allow it to remain very long and the opening is liable to become plugged with food. After giving the physic you may give some brandy, whiskey or ale to tone up the stomach. Albuminuria, Inflammation of the Kidneys, or Bright’s Disease. This disease is not very frequent, except as the result of injury, when it sometimes occurs in a violent form. Still it may arise from bad feeding, from feeding poorly matured or marsh hay, which causes derangement of the digestive organs and irritation of the kidneys through reflex action of the brain. This form is seldom observed among the lower animals. But when an injury is received upon the brain or spinal cord Albuminuria is frequently the result. Symptoms: — Generally the first symptoms observed are the animals standing with its legs gathered under it, and the back arched; or the legs will be somewhat stretched out, the hind legs wide apart, and the back sunken or straight. The animal is loth to move, appears stiff, and if com- pelled to move does so with a painful, straddling movement. The bowels are usually constipated and the breathing accelerated. The urine is thick and dark colored, and sometimes passed with difficulty; if tested for Abulmen it will be found in varying amounts. The attack is usually very sudden, and, if not speedily relieved, the patient usually dies from blood poisoning. Treatment: — If there is inability to void the urine it should be drawn away. In the cow this is easily done with a straight catheter; but in the ox, owing to the curviture in the penis, it can only be done by making an in- cision into the urethra below the anus, through which pass the female cathe- ter. Then immediately give a strong physic to unload the bowels and keep MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 73 their contents in a liquid state, to relieve the kidneys of a share of their work. Give the following: Epsom Salts, sixteen ounces. Sulphate of Soda, twelve ounces. Ginger, one ounce. Warm Water, one and one-half gallons. Keep hot cloths across the loins and occasionally rub SCOTCH OIL across the region of the Kidneys. Keep in comfortable place, and feed on a soft nutritious diet. Give the following every three or four hours: Strychnia, twenty-four grains. Hydro-Chlorate of Morphia, thirty-six grains. Tincture Per-Chloride of Iron, six ounces. Mix. Dose, one ounce in a pint of water. This should be continued for a week or ten days. Anthrax, Black Leg or Quarter 111. This disease is known by several names, but the affection is the same nevertheless. It is very seldom seen in the eastern or middle states, but on the ranges in Dakota, Montana, Nebraska and those western states and ter- ritories, where the cattle have to gather their own fodder during the greater part of the year, it is quite prevalent. Where cattle are compelled to live outdoors and gather their own food during the winter season they are ex- posed to all kinds of weather, and sometimes have a very scanty living, on account of the ground being covered with snow. The result is they become so poor as to barely be able to walk in the spring. When the snow leaves and the weather turns warm a very luxuriant growth of grass starts up, affording the very finest kind of nutritious food. The cattle fiesh up very rapidly. A superabundance of blood is formed in the system. Fever sets in, complicated with eruptions or sloughing of the tissues, and death usually results. Sometimes one will appear in perfect health, and the following day it will be seen to be lame in one quarter. That quarter will begin to swell, and, on examination, it will be found to be black in color and to emit a crackling sound from under the skin as if filled with air. Putrefaction sets in and the animal dies in from one to four days, and in the greatest misery. Sometimes this disease is more prolongued and not so severe in character. In such cases there will be swellings at different parts of the body or on the limbs, emitting a crackling sound when pressed upon. There will also be an eruption upon the mucous membrane of the mouth and tongue. The ani- mal is somewhat costive and what dung is passed is covered with blood, scanty and high-colored. Breathing is difficult. The animal walks as if stiff and sore. The thirst is intense, with entire suspension of rumination. The ears, horns and legs become cold. Sloughing of the swollen parts takes place and the animal usually dies from blood poisoning. Treatment is usually unsatisfactory and seldom attempted. Prevention is the cure that 74 EQUINE AND BOVINE should be looked to. The best mode is not to let the cattle fatten too rapidly. When they cannot be herded so as to fatten slowly a seaton should fee in- certed through the dew-lap. This will keep a constant drain on the system and there will seldom be any trouble from black-leg. Epizootic Aphtha, or Foot and Mouth Disease. It is proper to state here that a simple form of aphtha appears in young animals during detention, when small vesicles or blisters break out around the mouth, on the tongue, and sometimes around the feet. But this is in no way contagious and calls for little or no treatment except the application of EPIZOOTIC APHTHA, OR FOOT AND MOUTH DISEASE, some healing lotion. But Epizootic Aphtha is a different disease and highly contagious, often fatal; and like small-pox and measles in man is seldom seen twice in the same individual. It is purely an eruptive fever and des- tined to run a certain course, until a favorable termination may be reached despite all treatment. Symptoms: — The symptoms vary in intensity according to the condition, temperament of the animal. It develops from the commencement and is generally ushered in by a chill which is succeeded by a staring coat, dry cough, quick hard pulse and a temperament ranging from 103° F. to 106° P.; the appetite is poor and sometimes entirely suspended. Thick ropy saliva drivels from the mouth and, as the vesicles rupture, it becomes mixed with blood. Upon examining the mouth vesicles varying in size will be seen on the tongue, lips and cheeks. The feet are not always attacked, but generally are. If so, there will be swelling around the coronets covered with small blisters, also small blisters between the coronets. The swelling presses the toes apart and, on standing or walking, cause great pain. The blisters or vesicles soon burst, discharge their contents and, in the majority of cases, scab over. Sometimes the teats and udders of cows become affected, break out, swell and prove a great source of irritation. MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 75 Treatment:— Give a mild laxative as, Sulphate of Soda, ten ounces. Ginger, one-half ounce. Foenugrec, one- half ounce. Mix. Give in a quart of warm beer. The mouth should be washed twice or thrice daily with the following: Chlorate of Potassium, one ounce. Powdered Alum, one ounce. Water, one quart. Mix. If matter forms around the feet grease the parts thrice daily with SCOTCH OINTMENT and feed SCOTCH COMPOUND to purify the blood. If the udder is swelled and painful apply with SCOTCH OIL twice daily. Haematurea, or Bloody Urine. This disease is seen amongst all breeds of cattle and is caused by in- juries over the back and loins; by cattle jumping upon each other; by eating herbs which cause irritation of the kidneys; or by the administration of painful diuretics. Symptoms: — The symptoms develop very rapidly. The animal appears weak, scarcely able to rise, and when standing the back is arched; there is a straining; the annimal voids small quantities of urine mixed with blood globules and albumen: pulse quick, small and wiry; appetite and rumination partly suspended; legs and horns are alternately hot and cold; mouth hot: bowels constipated; flow of milk decreased: on applying pressure along the back the animal evinces pain; if compelled to walk it moves with a strad- dling gait. 76 EQUINE AND BOVINE . Treatment:— Apply hot fomentations across the loins and give the following: Sulphate of Magnesia, sixteen ounces. Sulphate of Soda, eight ounces. Ground Ginger, one-half ounce. Gentian, one-half ounce. Give in a gallon of water at one dose; to be followed with tonics, as, Tincture Per-Chloroid of Iron, one ounce. Tincture Cinchona, four ounces. Tincture Nux Vomica, two ounces. Tincture Opium, four ounces. Infusion of Quassia, five ounces. Mix. Give two ounces three times a day. Feed on a soft nutritious diet and give SCOTCH COMPOUND to build up the system. Cancerous Ulcers. When the Veterinary surgeon’s attention is called to these cases he can do little more than to advise concerning the best mode of destroying the ani- mal. These ulcers generally appear as small hard nodules, situated upon either the upper or lower jaw, principally the latter. Usually they are at first movable, the skin playing over them with perfect ease. As they^ gradually develop in size they become adherent to the bone and continue to grow for months before breaking. When one breaks it discharges either a thin liquid or pus and presents an ugly ragged appearance of a fibrous nature and sometimes bleeds profusely. It may partially heal up, then it will swell up and discharge and lumps of tissue will slough away. Gradually becoming worse it eventually affects the teeth, causing them to fall out and establish- ing an opening in the mouth, through which the food will drop out. There is no special treatment save to fatten the animal for the butcher — that is when the swelling is first noticed. After it has broken and discharged for some time the flesh ought not to be used. Still destroying the animal is a humane act. Phrentis, Inflammation of the Brain. Inflammation of the brain usually results from injuries to the head, or as the sequel of fevers caused by eating hot buckeyes; also from indigestion, from exposure to the hot sun, from extensive inflammations of the ear, etc. Symptoms: — Sometimes an animal suffering from inflammation of the brain will appear stupid, pressing its head for a considerable time against a wall, fence or some stationary object, and occasionally running about wildly as if it were both drunk and blind. Others act as though seized with a fit of madness and acting fiercely; the eyes are inflamed and staring — constantly watching. The animal in rushing about will fall down in most any position. MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 77 The breathing will be slow and the pulse strong and full at first, will grad- ually decline with throbbing of the temporal arteries. The disease generally occurs during the hot months. Treatment:— Give a brisk physic, Epsom Salts, twenty-four ounces. Ginger, six drachms. Chloride of Sodium, six ounces. Mix. Put in a gallon of warm water and give at one dose. Bleed from the jugular vein, while the pulse is full, from one to two gallons. Apply ice cold water to the head constantly. If the limbs are cold apply friction or SCOTCH OIL LINIMENT and bandage. Give full doses of Aconite and Bromide of Potassium and as convalescence is taking place apply a good blister on the head back of the horns. Catarrh, or Cold. This is a term used to denote an inflamed condition of the lining mem- brane of the nostrils, sinuses of the head and upper air passages ; it may extend to the eyes and throat. The causes are changes of climate, sudden changes of weather, bad ventilation, deficient drainage, being turned from a warm stable out into a cold storm, etc., etc. Symptoms: — The lining membrane of the nostails is at first reddened and dry, soon becoming moist with a thin watery discharge, The eye-lids become swollen and red and discharge a watery secretion, soon assuming a mattery appearance. The forehead and butts of the horns are very hot. The animal snuffles and sneezes and sometimes coughs. The breathing is somewhat difficult. The animal occasionally shivers. Appetite and rumination are partly suspended. The urine is high-colored. Coat is rough and staring. Sometimes a light diarrhoea is present and later on a thick viscid discharge from the nostrils. Treatment: — Give as a mild laxative — Epsom Salts, twelve ounces. Ginger, one-half ounce. Gentian, one-half ounce. Mix. Give in a half gallon of warm water. Keep the patient in a comfortable place, blanket well and feed on hot mashes. Give SCOTCH COM- POUND three times a day. If the discharge becomes stopped before a favorable termination is reached, steam the nostrils with scalded bran or oats and add a little vinegar to the hot water. . Choking. This is u common accident among cattle that are fed on such ropts as turnips, carrots, potatoes, beets, etc., etc. In greedy eaters it is also caused 78 EQUINE AND BOVINE whilst eating grain or chaff; in the hurry to eat, the food is not thoroughly mixed with saliva, and being swallowed about half dry, it frequently be- comes lodged in the oesophagus. Choking also occurs from eating leather, clothing, etc. , of which cattle frequently attempt to eat. MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 79 Symptoms: — If the obstruction is high up in the throat or in the pharynx the animal will slaver considerably— the saliva running profusely from the mouth. There will be difficult breathing and much uneasiness. The head will be held low down with the nose straight out; sometimes at- tempts at coughing are made. The eyes are starring and blood-shot. If the obstruction is lower down the neck or within the chest the symptoms are not so severe. The breathing may be but little altered and the slaver- ing greatly less and probably absent. If the animal attempts to drink and the obstruction is large the water will be ejected through the mouth and nostrils; but if the obstruction is small it may pass by it and go to the stomach. Bloating is a prominent symptom — the left side will sometimes be greatly distended. Treatment: — If the obstruction is within the pharynx, place a gag in the mouth and remove it with the hand or with a pair of forceps. If you fail to withdraw it give a half pint of sweet oil or melted lard; administer SACCULAR DILITATION OP THE GULLET FROM USING BROOM-STICKS AND WHIP-HANDLES WHILE CHOKING. carefully and the obstruction may pass downward or be expelled in an attempt to cough. Should this fail or should the animal be in great distress, pass the probang immediately. This should be done as follows: Place a gag in the mouth and have an assistant hold it; then grease the probang and pass it slowly down the throat. When you come to the obstruction press heavily but slowly, and when it starts force it on in the stomach. If the obstruction is low down or within the chest, give six or eight ounces of sweet oil or melted lard, also a quart or two of water, and it will frequently pass on. If it does not, pass the probang; but do not attempt to force it down with sticks or whip-stalks, as you are liable to produce great injury by rupturing the oesophagus. When this occurs and inflammation sets in apply SCOTCH OIL to the side of the neck, and give internally — 80 EQUINE AND BOVINE Powdered Alum, one-half ounce. Powdered Opium, three drachms. Warm Water, one pint. Mix. Give wine-glass full three times a day. Peed on soft feed, allow drink- ing water at pleasure, and fatten for the butcher, as there will always be more or less trouble. Chronic Indigestion. This is a disease of the fourth stomach, and is caused by irregular feed- ing, bad ventilation, feeding innutritions and badly cured fodder, exposure to cold and rain, feeding on marsh grasses, etc. Symptoms: — At first the animal will have a whimsical appetite and eat irregularly; later on they will begin eating dirt, filth, dirty straw, manure. MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 81 etc. The skin becomes harsh and dry, with a staring coat. The dung will be passed in small lumps which will be hard and dry and covered with mucous. The loss of flesh will be rapid and the creature at the flanks will look as thin as a sunfish. The blood becomes depleted, with pallor of the mucous membranes; and if the disease is allowed to progress diarrhoea will supervene and death will result. But if attended to in time a favorable termination may be looked for. Treatment: — Put the animal in a comfortable place and give a mild laxative — Epsom Salts, twelve ounces. Ginger, one-half ounce. Gentian, one-half ounce. Aromatic Spirits of Ammonia, two ounces. Water, one quart. Give at one dose, and afterwards give SCOTCH COMPOUND. Feed on soft, nutritious food in small quantities, often repeated; or feed roots, as turnips, carrots, beets, etc., with a little linseed meal occasionally. Give plenty of fresh drinking water, with a teaspoonful of soda, three times a day. Colic. This disease is seldom seen in cattle, and when it occurs the animal is not very violently attacked. Compared with the same disease in the horse, the symptoms are very mild. The animal will appear a little uneasy, stamp with its hind feet, twist its tail around from side to side, and possibly lie down and remain quiet; sometimes it will turn its head around to its side. The breathing and pulse will remain about normal. Treatment: — Administer a physic; the following will answer very well: Epsom Salts, sixteen ounces. Powdered Ginger, one ounce. Gentian, one-half ounce. Warm Beer, one quart. Warm Water, one quart. Mix. Give at one dose. Bathe the lower part of the abdomen with SCOTCH OIL and allow the animal to rest. If it still appears uneasy give the following: Tincture Opium, two ounces. Tincture Ginger, one ounce. Tincture Caspicum, one-half ounce. Whiskey, one-half pint. Mix. Give at one dose, and, if the pains still continue, repeat in two hours. Afterwards give SCOTCH COMPOUND to tone up the bowels, 82 EQUINE AND BOVINE Affections of the Reticulum, or Second Stomach. The reticulum, or second stomach, of the ox is sometimes the seat of trouble. It is -this stomach which presents a honey-combed appearance. The usual trouble here is the accumulation of foreign bodies — such as pins, nails, shoesoles, pieces of tin, wire, etc. — which cows are liable to pick up. Many of these articles find a resting place in the rumen, or first stomach, but some pass on into the second stomach. Needles or nails sometimes pierce the stomach and pass out to the ribs or on through the flesh and form an abscess, finally sloughing their way out of the animal’s body. Others may pass forward through Ihe diaphragm and pierce the heart, causing instant death. Others may pierce the walls of the stomach and excite an inflammation there; and they may be encased in tumors which have formed around them, there to remain for months or even years; or abscesses may form and break, assisting to destroy the life of the animal. It may not show any signs of illness and yet have within the stomach quite an accumulation of bits of iron, etc. But, if tumors and abscesses form, the animal will begin to lose flesh; an intermittant diarrhoea will be noticed, with rough staring <5oat and yellow skin, full of dandruff, impaired appetite, sunken eyes, and aversion to movement. The treatment is unsatisfactory, as the offending object is difficult to locate. All that can be done is to feed on good, soft, nutritous diet, and, if able to locate the irritating substance, operate and remove it. Conjunctivitis, or Inflammation of the Eyes. Inflammation of the eyes arises from various causes, such as blows from sticks or stones, being struck with a whip, dir t or chaff getting into the eye, foul stables, exposure to cold, etc. Symptoms: — Swelling of the eye-lids, with water dropping from the inner corners; eye-lids closed most of the time; intolerance of light; im- paired appetite; feverishness; conjunctiva swollen and red, with a whitish film covering the anterior portion of the eye-ball; if from a bruise, red streaks of blood will be seen rMiating from the seat of injury. Treatment: — If a foreign body is in the eye, remove it; bathe the eye well with hot water and apply SCOTCH EYE LOTION. If from other causes give a physic — Epsom Salts, sixteen ounces. Ginger, one-half ounce. Foenugreec, one-half ounce. Mix. Give at one dose. Then bathe the eyes three or four times a day with hot water; feed on soft feed and apply twice daily — Powdered Opium, one drachm. Hot Soft Water, six ounces. Mix. MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 83 SCOTCH EYE LOTION used according to directions is better than the above. Keep the patient in a clean, dark, airy stable; if at pasture^ and only one eye is affected, bandage the affected eye. Dislocation of the Patella, or Stife Joint. Among cattle this is quite a common affection, usually resulting from slipping on the ice, or in stables where the drop or receptacle for manure is very deep and the floors not well cleaned. DISLOCATION OF THE PATELLA. Symptoms: — When once seen it wrill be readily recognized again. The animal can walk only on three legs; the stifled one will be dragged along behind and will be stiff and rigid. Where the patella should be, when, in position, a hollow spot will be observed. There will be inability to flex the affected limb; more or less swelling around the joint. Treatment: — Fasten a strap around the fetlock of the dislocated leg, pass it forward, when the pastella will often drop into place; if not, press forward on the bone (which is always on the outside) and it will readily drop into place. Then apply a blister or SCOTCH OIL three times a day, until the lig^iments are strengthened. Enteritis, or Infammation of the Bowels. Among cattle this disease is not very frequent, but when it does occur it is usually very fatal. The causes are obstruction of the bowels; feeding on musty hay; drinking ice-cold water; administration of powerful, irritat- ing medicines; change of feed, etc. 84 EQUINE AND BOVINE Symptoms:— The animal will be seized with colicky pains; will strike at the abdomen with the hind feet; suspension of appetite and rumination; pulse, at first full and hard, gradually growing quick, small and wiry: the animal lies down and rises up frequently; pain is constant; moaning; nose hot and dry; mucous membrane very red; anxious expression of countenance. ENTERITIS, OF INFLAMMATION OF THE BOWELS. Treatment: — Place the animal in a comfortable stall well bedded. If the disease is caused by obstruction of the bowels give a mild laxative — as a pint and a half of sweet oil, or a pound of sulphate of soda in half a gallon of water. Follow up with drachm doses of powdered opium, to relieve the pain, or twenty-drop doses of fluid extract aconite, every thirty minutes until relief is obtained. Apply to the abdomen blankets wrung out of hot water, and rub SCOTCH OIL on the abdomen and legs. Blanket well and feed on soft bran mashes for a few days, to relax the bowels. Avoid giving brisk purgatives as evil results are liable to follow their use. Infammation of the Liver, or Hepatitis. Inflammation of the liver is most frequently the result of high feeding in warm stables without sufficient exercise to keep the circulation of the blood active. The bowels become constipated and the liver suffers from an extra amount of blood sent to it, cansing congestion and resulting in in- flammation. Symptoms: — When the liver is first attacked with congestion the animal exhibits no very distressing symptoms. But when inflammation sets in the pulse is slow and intermittent; respiration slow; the mucous mem- branes are pale or tinged with yellow; bowels constipated; the dung harsh and black; urine high colored; coat staring, dry and hard to the touch; MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 85 horns, ears and legs cold. On applying pressure to the right side, behind the last rib, the animal will evince pain and try to get away from you, and sometimes moan; you will also feel a hard tumor-like substance. FIT FROM INFLAMMATION OF THE LIVER. Treatment: — At the outset give a brisk cathartic — Epsom Salts, twenty ounces. Aloes, one ounce. Calomel, two drachms. Ginger, one ounce. Mix. Give in a gallon of warm water at one dose. After the physic has operated, give, morning and evening for a week or ten days, in a pint of gruel, the following: Iodide of Potassium, one drachm. Calomel, twenty grains. Extract Taraxacum, two drachms. Nitrate of Potassium, two drachms. Mix. If the bowels become costive give a physic or COMPOUND CON- DITION POWDERS three times a day. When convalescence is estab- lished great care in feeding should be obseiwed. Give highly nutritious food in limited amounts, and that which is easily digested — as scalded bran mash, linseed meal, boiled barley, turnips and choice hay. Sometimes much benefit is derived from blisters applied on the right side. Fits From Eating Buckeyes (CEscubis Hippocastanum.) Buckeyes are nuts which grow on trees in a great many parts of this country. In the autum, when they fall to the ground, they are a source of 86 EQUINE AND BOVINE great annoyance to the farmers who use forest pasture lands. Some cattle ard particularly fond of these nuts and eat them readily, seldom, however, eating them a second time if they eat many the first. When once observed the symptoms will never be forgotten For a whille the animal will appear dull and stupid; respirations natural; pulse, at first full and quick, gradually growing small, weak and rapid. When the animal attempts to walk it stag- gers around like a drunken man, striking all around with its forelegs and falling in almost any position as if in a fit. After lying a short time it gets FITS FROM EATING BUCKETS . up very awkwardly and may stand perfectly quiet; but, if forced to walk, it will stagger around until it either regains its balance or falls to the ground. The animal may lie perfectly quiet, stretched out on the ground for two or three days, and if relief is not obtained, death ends the scene. By pressure on the stomach you will generally feel the offending agents. There will be involuntary twitchings of the muscles and grinding of the teeth. Treatment: — W hen first noticed give a brisk physic to expel the buckeyes — Epsom Salts, twenty-four grains. Powdered Aloes, one ounce. Ginger, one ounce. Mix. Put in a gallon of water and give at one dose. Give per rectum frequent injections of warm water. If within twenty-four hours the animal is not convalescent, rumenotomy should be performed (see Impaction of the Rumen), after which give SCOTCH COMPOUND three times a day according to directions. Peed on soft feed — as bran mash, or linseed gruel. The balance of the herd should be moved to other pasture, or the nuts should be gathered and destroyed. MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 87 Impaction of the Omaseem, or Fardel-Bound. Impaction of the manifolds, or third stomach of the ox, is sometimes met with; more especially when the cattle are poorly kept during the winter season and are fed on innutritions food, containing a great amount of woody fibre. Even soft, nutritious food, when thoroughly masticated, appears very dry whUe passing through the manifolds of the third stomach. Con- sequently when the food is innutritions, dry, possessing a vast amount of woody fibre, it is liable to become impacted while passing through this stomach. Symptoms: — At first the animal may be uneasy, but this is only of short duration, as it soon grows dull and stupid, resting its head upon the manger or on other objects. The head is carried low down; appetite and rumination are suspended; if in a cow the flow of milk decreases; the tongue protrudes from the mouth; eyes are staring and blood-shot; colicky pains arise; the tail is switched from side to side. The first stomach some- times fills up with gas; then the breathing is accelerated. The eyes are affected and will bear the touch of the finger without closing the lid. Some- times the brain is affected, when the animal will rush around as though it were mad, fall down and struggle as if in a fit, when death puts an end to its misery. Sometimes the dung passed while the animal is straining will be thin and frequently blood and mucous are passed. The urine is high colored; pulse at first full and natural but gradually growing weaker. The disease may last but a day, or it may continue for a week. Treatment: — Give a good, brisk cathartic, as the following: Epsom Salts, two pounds. Calomel, two drachms. Gentian, one ounce. Mix. 8S EQUINE AND BOVINE Give in half a gallon of warm beer. Follow this up with hourly in- jections of warm water and castile soap, as long as deemed advisable. Allow all the water an animal will drink, but allow no food until the bowels are moved by the physic. If the first stomach bloats up draw off the gas with a probang or trocar and canula. Rub the legs with SCOTCH OIL. Blanket well to keep the body warm and give the following stimulant every two hours, in a quart of warm beer: Aromatic Spirits of Ammonia, two ounces. Tincture Nux Vomica, two drachms. Tincture Ginger, one ounce. Mix. Never bleed in this disease as it is dangerous, even while the animal has a full pulse. Be careful after giving the first dose not to give any more physic for forty-eight hours. Then, if the bowels do not move, give half of the first dose. Impaction of the Rumen, This affection is quite common among cattle. It is caused by cattle eating too large quantities of food which they may particularly like and of which previously they may have been deprived. Cattle are particularly fond of clover, and if deprived of it for some time, and then obtaining free access to it, they are liable to eat so much that the stomach becomes so gorged that the muscular coats become partially paralyzed. Or cattle that have gained access to a large quantity of grain will devour a large amount of it, overloading the stomach and causing impaction with more or less tympanitis. Symptoms: — Usually, at first, the symptoms are not severe. The MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 89 animal will appear dull, and possibly, somewhat distressed; bowels consti- pated; appetite and rumination suspended; nose dry and mouth hot; pulse full at first but growing* gradually faster and weaker; horns, ears and legs grow cold; labored respiration; sometimes the animal will groan or grunt, and the breath be foetid or sour; paleness of the visible mucous membranes; if lying down the animal usually lies on the right side. By pressing the fingers on the contents of the stomach will be felt like a hard mass within it and will pit, upon pressure, leaving the indentions of the fingers there for some time. On percussion the resonant sound is absent, unless tympan- itis supervenes; but if no gas is present, the doughy feel of the stomach remains. Treatment: — If there is tympanitis relieve by giving the following: Liquor Ammonia, one ounce. Tincture Ginger, one-half ounce. Water, one quart. Mix. Or, pass the hollow probang, or tap with the trocar and canula; after which give at one dose in a gallon of warm water the following: Epsom Salts, twenty-four ounces. Ginger, one ounce. Mix. Give repeated injections of castile soap and warm water, and every two hours give the following: Aromatic Spirits of Ammonia, two ounces. Ginger, one ounce. Warm Beer, one quart. Mix. If the bowels fail to respond in from twenty four to thirty hours rumen- otomy should be performed, as later the animal may become exhausted and unable to stand the operation. The operation should be performed as fol- lows: First prepare yourself with the necessary instruments, which consist of a scalpel or an ordinary sharp jack-knife, two pairs of hooks, needles, white silk thread of the heaviest kind, some clean white linen cloths, a sponge and a pail full of clean warm water. Next fasten the animal by ropes with the right side against the stall or fence; be sure to fasten it securely, so it cannot get away; have three or four assistants to hold it up and steady it. Commence the operation by making an incision through the skin midway between the last rib and the point of the hip, and about five inches from the bones which protrude from the back (vertebrse). The in- cision should be downward and about eight inches in length. Then divide the muscles successively and cut through the peritoneum. Lastly the walls of the stomach should be divided about the centre; first make a small open- ing into the stomach; then secure the edges of the stomach with hooks and gradually pull it outward, while the incision is being lengthened both up- ward and downward, but not to the extent of the external opening. The edges of the wound in the stomach should be drawn outward to cover the 90 EQUINE AND BOVINE external wound so as not to allow any of the food to fall into the abdominal cavity, as that would surely cause the death of the patient. The hand is then introduced and about three-fourths of the contents of the stomach removed, leaving* about one-fourth behind. Be careful not to leave any hard, dry lumps. You may then pour into the stomach through the opening the following: Epsom Salts, ten ounces. Warm Beer, one quart. Warm Water, one quart. Mix. Next wash off the wound and sew up the stomach with the uninter- rupted suture, bringing the edges neatly together. Then stitch up the muscles in layers, taking deep stitches with the uninterrupted sutures. Lastly sew up the skin in the same manner. Immediately after apply SCOTCH OINTMENT. Continue its use until the wound is healed. The food should be light aud soft, of the most nutritious kind, and given in small quantities. If the wound heals except a small opening scarify its edges and stitch them together again. Hide-Bound. A great many diseases of the alimentary canal in cattle cause great de- pletion in flesh, whereby the skin assumes an unhealthy appearance; the cellular tissue loses its elasticity, and, to all appearance, the skin is fastened to the bone. Then ihe animal is said to be hide-bound, when, in reality, the disease exists in the alimentary canal, and the tightened appearance of the skin is only a symptom of some other affection, such as indigestion, diarrhoea, disease of the liver, or failure of the secretory glands in the in- testines to perform their work. Some animals present a pinched-up, poor, unthrifty appearance, without any tendency to take on flesh. Such animals may have some derangement of the system over which medicines would have no control, and may be classed as worthless, as you cannot make beef out of them, and they are useless in the dairy. The treatment should be to find^out the real cause of the trouble, which is generally in the alimentary canal, and if this is properly treated the skin will soon assume a healthy appearance. But I know of no disease among the lower animals which could properly be called hide-bound. Pneumonia, or Inflammation of the Lungs. Inflammation of the lungs may have various causes, such as exposure to cold aud damp; being kept in filthy, ill ventilated stables; a morbid con- dition of the blood — the lungs, in their endeavor to throw off its impurities, becoming altered in tissue with inflammation as the result; injuries, etc. Symptoms: — The disease is generally ushered in with a shivering chill, which is not always noticed, after which the animals appear dull and stiff. MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 91 The skin is dry and harsh; coat staring; nose dry; mouth hot; pulse, at first full and strong — from fifty to sixty beats per minute — later becoming small, weak and rapid; mucous membranes are red; slight cough; anxious counte- nance ;cbieathing short, quick and chiefly abdominal, the chest and ribs being held, as much a possible, in a fixed position; bowels constipated; urine scant INFLAMMATION OP THE LUNGS. and high colored; patient lies down most of the time; dullness on per- cussion; on applying the ear to the sides of the chest no respiratory mur- mur will be heard over the affected part, but the unaffected portion will be heard with increased force; as the disease advances the legs and ears be- come cold, the breath becomes foetid and shorter, and an unfavorable termi- nation seems imminent. Treatment: — When first seen, while yet the pulse is full, bleed to the amount of two quarts; but, should the pulse be weak, do not bleed, and give every three or four hours two ounces of the following, in a little water as a drench: Liq. Ammonia Acet., twelve ounces. Spirits Aeth. Nit., four ounces. Fluid Extract Aconite, two drachms. Mix. Also give the following powders every four or five hours: Quinine Sulph., three drachms. Dover’s Powders, one ounce. Mix. Make into twelve powders. If the bowels are constipated give — Epsom Salts, twelve ounces. Ginger, one-half ounce. Mix. Give in two quarts of warm water. Apply SCOTCH OIL freely to the sides of the chest: feed on soft feed; blanket well; allow the patient to breathe cold, fresh air and give plenty of fresh, cold w'ater; if the limbs become cold rub them thoroughly with dilute alcohol and bandage. 92 EQUINE AND BOVINE Inversion of the Bladder. Among cattle this is not a very common affliction, except during difflcult labor. However it may occur from other causes, as administration of pow- erful diuretics ; use of too much cantharides, either internally or exter- nally; any irritation of the bladder causing continuous straining. By violent attempts to pass water, followed by continuous straining, the vagina is ruptured and the bladder is everted, when it appears as a red fluctuating tumor gradually filling with water, as it is unable to discharge its contents owing to the twisted condition of the neck of the bladder. Treatment: — Oil the hands with sweet oil and carefully replace the bladder ; then draw off the urine and, while the catheter remains in position inject a decoction of opium and warm water. Then, if possible stitch up the rupture in the vagina and allay the irritation and overcome the strain- ing by giving dram doses of powdered opium every hour until relieved ; or you may give twelve-grain doses of sulphate of morphia until relieved. Afterwards give a physic : Magnesia Sulph., twelve ounces. Sulphate of Soda, eight ounces. Ginger, six drachms. Mix. Give at one dose in a gallon of water. To assist in preventing the straining tie a rope or strap tightly around the body immediately over the loins. Inversion of the Vagina. "W ith cows this is quite a common occurrence and is the ^result of diffi- cult parturition, the animal receiving some injury therein ; also is caused MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 93 by tumors in the vagina or womb ; straining after calving ; retention of the placenta or afterbirth ; swinging animals so the whole weight is upon the abdomen, etc. Treatment : — First ascertain the cause and, if possible, remove it ; then oil the hands with sweet oil and carefully press the vagina into posi- tion ; then wash it thoroughly with a decoction of opium. Place the animal in a stall, with the hind parts elevated fifteen or twenty inches above the front. Then apply a truss of rope, fasten it around the neck and bring the ropes straight down along the back ; pass one down on each side of the tail to the udder, and on each side between the udder and hind leg ; fetch it up past the flank and tie it just over the loins to the rope coming down the back. Then make a few circles around the body and tie the ends of the rope securely. Thus you have the animal harnessed securely so that it cannot strain any, as the back will be kept in a straight line. Give twelve-grain doses of morphia every hour until the attempts at straining cease ; also inject every three or four hours into the vagina a decoction of opium. If the bowels become constipated give a mild physic and feed on soft nutritious food, with a teaspoonful of SCOTCH COMPOUND twice a day. Lice. Cattle are affected by several kinds of lice but those chiefly met with are the small red lice and the large gray ones which have black spots on their backs and sides. They are most frequently seen on poor debilitated cattle that are poorly fed and cared for. Their propagation is very rapid : when an animal becomes infested they are soon numbered by thousands and the whole herd is speedily possessed by them. They may be speedily exter- minated by the use of some of the following remedies : Take one pound of staves-acre seeds, soft water two gallons ; place over the fire and simmer down to one gallon. Sponge the animal all over and repeat every third day until three applications have been made. Or, take leaf tobacco one pound, water two gallons ; boil thoroughly and apply every other day for four or five times. Or, take blue ointment and ruu it back of the horns and down the back every third day for three applications ; this is the most dangerous and the animal must be kept tied so it cannot lick itself ; also protect it from storms. If the staves-acre can be obtained it will be found to be the most effective. Pleurisy. The term pleurisy is used to denote an inflammation of the membrane covering the heart and lungs, which is also the lining membrane of the chest. Sometimes pleurisy occurs in pneumonia or inflammation of the lungs on account of the proximity of this membrane to the lung tissue. 94 EQUINE AND BOVINE Sometimes it occurs as a separate and independent disease. The causes are exposure to wet and cold ; filthy stables ; sudden change by being turned from warm stables into the cold ; injuries to the chest, etc. PLEURISY. Symptoms : — The animal appears dull and stiff, without desire to walk around. Fever is present from the beginning of the attack. The breath- ing is chiefly abdominal, the chest being held, as far as possible, in a fixed position. The patient seldom coughs as the act is very painful. The pulse is wiry, ranging about sixty beats per minute. The head is carried low with drooping ears. Appetite and rumination are suspended ; nose dry ; eyes about half closed. On applying the ear to the part affected a grating sound is heard, although the lungs give forth a healthy respiratory mur- mur; pressure between the ribs causes great pain sometimes causing the animal to groan or grunt. While breathing inspiration is short, becomes painful, while the expiration is more easily performed and therefore lengthened. Treatment : — Put the animal in a good comfortable place and blanket well. Apply poultices of linseed meal to the chest ; in its absence poultice freely with mustard. Give every two hours two ounces of the following mixture : Liq. Ammonia Acet., twelve ounces. Spirits ^th., four ounces. Fluid Extract Aconite, two drams. Mix. Regulate the bowels by giving a pint and a half of raw linseed oil and injections per rectum of warm water every two hours. Also give one of the following powders every six hours : Nitrate of Potassium, two ounces. Chlorate of Potassium, one ounce. Iodide of Potassium, one ounce. Mix. Make into twelve powders. If it terminates in resolution the disease will last but a few days ; but if it terminates in hydrothorax, or water in the MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 95 chest, it may last some considerable time and require a different treatment. If there is much effusion into the chest it should be drawn off with a trocar and canula. The place to pass the trocar and canula is between the eighth and ninth ribs ; after they are inserted withdraw the trocar and allow the canula to remain until all the fluid runs out. Sometimes bands of lymph plug up the canula ; these should be removed with a long needle. After the fluid has all drained out remove the canula. Then administer tonics and stimulants to support the system. Give every six hours one of the following powders : Powdered Digitalis, six drachms. Nit. Potass., one and one-half ounces. Sulphate of Iron, two ounces. Powdered Nux Vomica, one ounce. Mix. Make eight powders. Give in a pint of warm beer. Also give twice a day dram doses of Iodide of potassium, with four ounces of brandy and a little water. Feed on soft nutritious diet. Sore Teats- Around the teats some cows are more tender than others. The skin is tender and easily cracked, forming open and indolent sores which are hard to heal. These sore may occur at any season of the year and are most com- monly seen on cows which have just calved. Cow-pox is liable to break out on the teats at any time and to cause considerable annoyance. It first forms a round blister which bursts and discharges a bluish liquid. It then scabs over with a thick crust which cracks open during milking, or comes loose TEAT SYPHON. around the edges ; or comes off altogether, when it leaves a small depression in the structure of the teat. It gives considerable annoyance to the milk- man, as the sores frequently bleed and his hands become covered with mat- ter, and blood frequently gets into the milk. When the teats are in this condition calves should not be allowed to suck as it aggravates the sores and tends to make the cows professional kickers. SCOTCH OINTMENT will be found to be very beneficial, especially during the season of flies. Use SCOTCH OINTMENT according to directions. Great care should be exercised in milking such animals and if badly affected the teat syphon should be used. 96 EQUINE AND BOVINE Mammitis, or Infammation of the Udder.. Inflammation of the udder arises from many causes, such as bruises, wounds, bites of insects and reptiles; allowing the animal to go unmilked for a day or so; taking cold; rheumatism and other fevers; being over- heated ; allowing a superabundance of milk to remain in the udder previous to calving. The last named is the most frequent cause among cattle of all ages; but especially with young cows which are having their first calf. Symptoms: — Inflammation of the udder may exist in a mild form for a few days and then subside, without any alarming symptoms beyond a slight increase in heat around the affected parts. But with the severe form there will be considerable fever and dullness. The animal will have a capricious appetite and rumination be partially suspended; bowels slightly constipated; the udder becomes very hot, swoolen and tender; milk will be decreased and sometimes totally suspended; skin covering the udder is very red and glistening; if only one or two quarters of the bag are affected they will appear and feel like hard tumors and may continue swollen for some time The operation of milking is performed with difficulty on account of the painful condition of the udder. The milk from the affected quarters will be thick and curd-like and frequently streaked with blood. If not relieved suppuration takes place within the udder, the hardened parts becoming soft and discharging matter during the operation of milking; or the affected quarter may point and break externally, in which case its usefulness is generally gone forever. BANDAGE FOR SUPPORTING THE UDDER. Treatment: — If properly attended to when first noticed mammitis will generally result satisfactorily. But if left unattended for some time the opposite state of affairs is certain. Put the animal in a good dry comfort- able place, free from drafts, and administer in a gallon of warm water the following: Magnesia Sulph., one pound. Ginger, one ounce. Nitrate of Potassium, two drachms. Mix. MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 97 Afterwards apply to the udder, for two hours at a time, fomentations of hot water; to each gallon of water used add four ounces of powdered sulphate of iron. Immediately after bathing apply a hop poultice as hot as can be borne; or a poultice of fried onions will do as well. Use a broad bandage and tie it up around the back to support the bag. If the animal shows signs of high fever administer the following draught every four or five hours: Liq. Ammonia Acet., four ounces. Fluid Ext. Aconite, fifteen drops. Spirits Aeth. Nit., one ounce. Water, one quart. Mix. Milk the patient frequently, but if it causes much pain, insert the teat syphon. Occasionally rubbing the bag with fluid extract belladonna is frequently beneficial. If the udder still remains hard apply SCOTCH OIL three times a day from the commencement of the attack until the end. If mortification sets in cut out that quarter of the bag and dress frequently with SCOTCH OINTMENT. Feed on soft, nutritious diet, ond keep as clean as possible. Splenic Apoplexy. This disease seldom occurs except among cattle which are fed for beef and fattened rapidly. It consists of a poisonous ferment created within the blood itself during an unnaturally plethoric condition of the system; and it is demonstrated by the ext) avasation of blood throughout the intestinal canal, brain, serous membranes, pericardium, etc., as found in post mortem examination. That it is poisonous is shown by the fact that dogs and pigs have died within a few hours after eating the flesh, and that men have died from cutting themselves while skinning animals dead from this disease. Symptoms: — Great excitement; eyes staring; mucous membranes red; mouth hot and dry; urine and manure mixed with blood; colicky pains; breathing accelerated and short; pulse, from full and hard becomes quick and feeble and almost imperceptible. These symptoms are not always ob- served, as the disease is of such short duration; the animal may be left to all appearance perfectly well in the evening and found dead in the morning. Treatment: — When seen in the first stages give immediately the fol- lowing: Epsom Salts, sixteen ounces. Chloride of Sodium, twelve ounces. Calomel, two drachms. Ginger, one ounce. Warm Beer, two quarts; or Warm Water, one gallon. Mix. 98 EQUINE AND BOVINE Constantly apply cold water or ice to the head and give every two hours the following: Carbonate of Ammonia, two drachms. Ginger, one drachm. Beer, one quart. Mix, Bleeding is sometimes beneficial. Strangulation of the Intestines or “Gut-Tie.’" This disease is seen only in steers and work oxen. When the animal is castrated the spermatic cord recedes and becomes adherent to the abdominal ring. The cord is united to the pelvic bones by a fold of peritoneum, which by pressure is sometimes ruptured and allows the gut to pass in and out and thus become strangulated. SYMPTOMS : — The animal appears dull ; colicky pains are present ; appetite and rumination suspended ; frequent straining with great effort, but nothing passed save a little mucus and possibly blood ; pains become more violent and the animal kicks at its belly with the hind feet, lies down and quickly rises again ; pulse small and quick ; the animal points its nose to the affected side ; moaning and grinding of the teeth frequently occur ; pressure upon the right side causes great pain ; the back is curved down- ward ; administration of purgatives produces alarming symptoms. Treatment : — The only sure treatment is by operating. Place the animal with its left side against a stall and fasten there securely. Make an incision in the right side large enough to admit the hand. Pass the hand down to examine the abdominal rings and trace up the cord. When you come to the strangulation sever the adhesions of the cord and the intestine is then liberated. Draw out the cord and excise two or three inches, then return it, and treat as an ordinary wound by applying SCOTCH OINT- MENT. Warbles, or Grubs Under the Skin. This is really no disease but simply the manner in which an insect, called the (Estrus Bo vis, develops itself. During the warm months of sum- mer this insect, flies about and attacks cattle by piercing the skin and de- positing an egg in the orifice. In the course of time a swelling is observed, caused by the deposition of lymph and the development of the larvae from the egg, which is in time discharged by the process of suppuration. It may fall upon the ground or in the stable. If the temperature is sufficiently warm to develop it, it puts forth wings and soon begins to deposit eggs for the continuance of its race in the manner already described. Sometimes there are a number of these tumors that acquire the size of a butternut, and MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 99 suppurate and discharge to such a degree that they call for treatment. This consists of pressing them out and using some mild astringent lotion ; the following will suffice : 7 Zinc Sulphate, two drachms. Acetate of Lead, two drachms. Water, ten ounces. Mix. Apply twice daily. Parturient Apoplexy. This disease is seen in all breeds of cattle and generally attacks cows which give large quantities of rich milk. It is seldom seen during the first, second or third calving period, but usually from that time on, and almost always in cows that are highly fed and in good flesh. It usually occurs within three days after calving, and is very fatal — fully one-half of those attacked die. If recovery does result great care should be taken at the next time of calving, as a recurrence of the attack at that lime is frequent and generally proves fatal. Symptoms : — Usually between the first and third day after calving the cow will stand around dull and stupid ; appetite, rumination and milk will be suspended — ^or only a slight flow of milk present ; the cow walks as if weak across the back : staggers around shaking her head ; as the disease advances she falls to the ground unable to rise again. She may rest in a recumbent position with her head carried around to her side, or she may lie stretched out upon her side with her head lying upon the ground. Some- times the head is shaken viciously from side to side, endangering those about her and liable to break off her horns. Occasionally, but not often, a few kicks with the feet are given. The eyes become glassy and staring, soon growing insensible to the touch, with total blindness. Sometimes the eye-lids will quiver and jerk for some time. The pulse, at first full and soft, later on becomes slower and feebler, gradually becoming almost imper- ceptible. The breathing, at first almost normal, becomes gradually slower, prolonged and difficult ; and frequently a rattling sound is heard within the wind-pipe At the commencement of the attack the temperature will range from 103° to 104° F., and as the disease progresses will gradually sink to 3° or 4° below normal. At first the bowels may appear loose, but soon become constipated, and the urine is usually retained within the bladder. Treatment : — I wish here to impress upon the reader’s mind that to be successful in the treatment of parturient apoplexy demands persistent attendance until death has actually occurred. I have seen cases, where the owner considered treatment useless and momentarily looked for death, make complete recovery. If the patient is seen when the pulse is still full PARTURIENT APOPLEXY. MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 101 and strong bleed to the amount of six quarts : but if the pulse is weak and the animal down, with the eyes insensible to light, do not bleed. As soon as possible give the' following physic : Epsom Salts, twenty ounces. Calomel, one drachm. Croton Oil, twenty drops. Ginger, one ounce. Warm Beer, one-half gallon. Mix. If the animal has become unconscious give very slowly as it is liable to run down the wind -pipe. Then draw away the urine by means of a catheter ; or by slipping the finger well-oiled into the neck of the bladder the urine will frequently be passed. Give injections of warm water every hour. Constantly apply rugs wrung out of hot water over the loins and apply ice-cold water or ice bags to the head, as the brain is badly congested. Frequently draw away the milk and keep the body and limbs warm by fric- tion and blankets. Keep the animal in a position as nearly erect as possi , ble and give the following every two hours until recovery begins when the time should be lengthened : Aromatic Spirits of Ammonia, eight ounces. Tincture Ginger, four ounces. Tincture Nux Vomica, two ounces. Tincture Gentian, six ounces. Mix. Give five ounces in a quart of warm beer. Prevention is the best and safest treatment for parturient apoplexy. When an animal is known to be a heavy milker and is fleshy or plethoric in condition, she should be fed previous to calving on a laxative diet and but sparingly. The milk should be drawn away for ten days previous to calving ; immediately after calving give the following drench : Sulphate of Magnesia, twelve ounces. Chloride of Sodium, two ounces. Ginger, one-half ounce. Poenugrec, one-half ounce. Water, one-half gallon. Mix. If these directions are followed you will not be troubled with parturient apoplexy. PARTURITION AND PREGNANCY. PARTURITION-ITS SYMPTOMS, ETC. During parturition, from the earliest symptoms developed by the attempted expulsion of the foetus until the foetus and membranes are de- livered, is called Labor. Symptoms of approaching labor and the termina- tion of the period of gestation are sometimes observed for several days before the event transpires. One of the most important symptoms is en- NORMAL PARTURITION, OR NORMAL LABOR. largement of the mammary glands sometimes to such an extent that swell- ings, from the size of a saucer to that of a large plate, appear in front of the bag, also behind the bag up between the hind legs to the lower part of the vulva. Later on, if pressure is applied to the teat, it yields a watery secretion which sometimes escapes unaided and accumulates around the lower part of the teat, forming a gum-like substance or wax. The vulva increases in size and its lining membrane becomes reddened; sometimes a whitish, glairy secretion is formed and discharged as a long, stringy, sticky substance hanging from the vulva and sticking to the tail and legs. The croup, on either side of the tail, looks hollow and feels soft and pliable from relaxation of the broad ligaments. The back is somewhat sprung down- ward, the abdomen distended and hanging low down. The animal walks about carefully and is somewhat inclined to leave the balance of the herd. MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 103 In mares swelling of the hind legs is frequently seen. As the time for the expulsion of the foetus draws nearer the animal has pains of a colicky nature; gets up and lies down frequently, and, if permitted, usually will seek a place of seclusion. As the uneasiness and pain increase the os uteri, or mouth of the womb, continues to dilate until the womb and vagina form one large continuous passage. The membranes are now observed externally NORMAL PARTURITION, OR NORMAL PRESENTATION. in the form of a water bag which on pressure is usually ruptured. The pains become more severe and frequent. The animal takes a full breath (as if preparatory to making a deep sigh), filling the lungs, and holding it there for a time, brings the diaphrrgm and abdominal muscles into action to assist the uterus in the expulsion of the foetus. If the animal is standing it brings its four feet close together, arches its back, elevates the tail, and takes a deep inspiration, the same as if lying. These labor pains are con- tinued for a time when the fore feet and head are observed to be passing. The spine of the foetus should be resting against the spine of the mother and the breast and abdomen against the lower part of the vulva In the mare, a few more labor pains and all is over. But in the cow labor is more prolonged and an extra effort is made when the chest is forced through the vagina to the outer world. As soon as the young animal is born the um- bilical cord is torn apart, and, if bleeding much, should be tied; but this is seldom necessary. The remaining fluid now escapes from the womb and is sometimes tinged with blood from the sudden separation of the membranes. Sometimes the foetus is delivered encased in the membranes, the uterine passage being sufficiently large to admid it and the membranes very thick and strong. When such is the case the foetus sometimes ruptures them when struggling, or the mother tears them apart with her teeth; if not speedily ruptured the young creature soon expires for want of air. After 104 EQUINE AND BOVINE the young animal has been delivered the next act is to get rid of the foetal membranes — “the after-birth.” In the mare the placenta will have such delicate attachment that slight contractions of the womb, together with the weight of the protruded part, cause speedy expulsion. But in the cow the placenta is not readily expelled; its attachment is by cotyloedons instead of villi, and the contractions of the womb do not so readily detatch them. There may be from forty to a hundred attachments and from four hours to three or four days are required before the membrane is expelled, and then it may have to be removed artificially. If the mother is not seen during the act of parturition, or for some time after, the after-birth may never be seen, as cows, and sometimes mares, devour it as soon as expelled. Hygiene of Pregnant Animals. The measures for preservation of health in animals during pregnancy are those which should be observed generally with animals which are not pregnant, except a few extra precautions which should be taken in order that the mother may pass the periods of gestation and delivery in safety. When an animal has been served by the male and has conceived she should not be allowed to associate with the male either in tne stable or pasture, as attempts on the part of the male at coition and casual excitement on the part of the female may do considerable harm, and even produce abortion. With such animals as are kept at work — as the mare — it is bad policy to work them very hard, especially after pregnancy is well advanced. Great care should be taken not to put them in a position where their sides are apt to receive blows, such as from heavy wagon tongues, etc. Neither should they be pampered and nursed in a stall without exercise. The work should be slow, and if at all slippery, the mare should be well shod. They should not be used for saddle purposes, but, if used, spurs should not be worn. Galloping, jumping, or in fact, anything producing excitement should be avoided. Should the patient be a mare used exclusively for breeding pur- poses, she should have a box stall and a yard in which to exercise. It is not at all necessary to cease working a mare for the two or three months pre- vious to foaling; better to give slow, light work, so that they will have exercise up to the day of foaling. The food is a most important factor of success. Milch cows or working animals should be well fed, as not only their appetiti but their physical condition demands it. Some animals are prone to lay on flesh when pregnant. With such you should be very careful about feeding, as it may prove troublesome, especially if allowed to proceed to the extreme. It may retard the growth of the foetus, produce abortion, cause difficult parturition, or give rise to some other serious trouble, which will be more likely to take place during the last few months of pregnancy than at first. The food should be clean, of good quality and easily digested. Damp, bulky, mouldy or fermentable food should be discarded, as evil re- sults are nearly certain. Grazing is beneficial if the pasture is nutritious. MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 105 If not, supply the deficiency. The animals should have all the clean pure water they desire, for when at liberty with free access to water they seldom drink much at a time. The water should not be too cold, and ice water is to be strictly avoided. When animals are housed, strict cleanliness must be observed, and when near foaling time they should be placed in roomy box stalls. If one animal aborts and there are others pregnant on the same farm, the one aborting should be removed, as the excitement amongst the others is liable to produce similar results. The stall in which abortion took plac3 should be white-washed and strewn with slacked lime to destroy the smell. Harsh or cruel treatment on the part of attendant or groom should be suppressed. Young animals, about to bring forth their first offspring, should be handled very gently. Their udders and teats should be handled frequently, thus preventing aversion to suckling their young. As much as possible surgical operations and the administration of medicines should be avoided. Above all things avoid giving drastic purgatives, as the irritation they produce is apt to cause contractions of the womb, resulting in abortion, and endangering the life of the mother. The stables in which pregnant animals are kept should have floors as nearly level as possible, for if the incline is at all great, the gravid uterus pressing backward may cause eversion of the vagina and abortion. The doors should be wide to prevent the animal’s striking or crowding together its sides on entering or going out. Oedema in Pregnancy. In some of the coarser breeds of animate and, occasionally in some of the finer, during pregnancy swellings appear around the udder, extending forward as far as the breast and backward and upward as high as the vulva. The hind legs will begin swelling just above the hoof and the swelling will extend upward to the hocks or even to the groin. These swellings are serous or watery in character, diminish rapidly during exercise and increase upon rest. The disease is not of much consequence, being caused by de- ficient circulation occasioned by the presence of the foetus upon the crural vessels. It is never seen in the cow as in her the circulation through the mammary veines is more complete than in the mare. In mares it sometimes appears three or four months previous to foaling ; but when at pasture where they can get regular exercise it rarely occurs. It depends very much upon the conformation and temperament of the individual animal as well as on season and hygienic management. No fear need be entertained, as it dis- appears in a few days after foaling. Should it occasion any inconvenience, give exercise. Or, bandaging, the application of a mild stimulating lini- ment, or scarification may be resorted to. However this is very seldom necessary. 106 EQUINE AND BOVINE Inversion of the Womb. Inversion of the womb can only happen when the os uteri, (or mouth of the womb) is dilated. Consequently it happens only shortly after parturi- tion or during the act of parturition. It is liable to occur amongst all breeds and all classes of animals. Mares seldom suffer from it, though it is quite common among cattle. I cannot say whether or not it be from peculiar con- formation, but some cows are more subject to this affection than others. The uterine ligaments of the cow are so extensive and elastic that a few extra efforts or labor pains after the foetus is expelled send the womb along with it, or shortly after. If inversion of the womb is thought probable, the animal should be watched and before the womb can be inverted a pessary should be introduced and the womb maintained in its position. A truss should be used to prevent straining and the following drench should be given at one dose : Chloric Ether, one ounce. Tincture Opium, two ounces. Brandy, two ounces. Water, one pint. Mix. Previous to inserting the pessary remove all of the after- birth. Should the womb be inverted and lying on the ground, or hanging from the animal as it stands, gather it on a clean linen sheet, remove all the membranes and wash it thoroughly with warm water, to which may be added a mild solution of listorine. Then commence to replace it. Oil your hand thoroughly, then close your fist and place it in the hollow spot or cen- ter of the womb. Press inward slowly and carefully. If the animal strains be very careful, for fear of rupturing the womb. Have your assistants press on the sides of the womb towards your arm. In this way the womb MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 107 will be returned. This should be done as quickly as possible after inversion has taken place. As soon as the womb is replaced, insert a pessary and keep it there from four to ten days. The pessary should be made of light wood, about twenty-two inches long and two inches thick, with the end inserted covered with a smooth oiled cloth and the outer end having a hole bored through it in which to pass a rope to hold the pessary in position. Fasten a truss made from rope around the patient ; but do not fasten it too tight. Leave loose enough to allow the patient to get up and down. Feed on soft feed to prevent constipation and give SCOTCH COMPOUND three times a day. It is a rather difficult job to return the womb and main- tain it in position. But be persistent in your work and your efforts will be crowned with success, at least if the patient is a cow. In mares fully three- fourths of the cases prove fatal. Premature Labor Pains. Premature labor pains frequently occur in the lower animals and are sometimes attended with considerable danger. Various things are supposed to cause them, some of which are exposure to cold rains ; injuries ; admin- istration of certain drugs ; feeding upon rye grasses, etc. I am inclined to believe that the quality and quantity of the food exerts upon the uterus a greater influence in producing premature labor pains than any thing else. Musty, mouldy, indigestible or fermentable food will cause derangement of the bowels and, through sympathy, involuntary contractions of the womb. Frozen food or ice-cold water acts similarly. The symptoms are similar to natural labor except that, in premature labor, the animal almost always strains while standing, while in normal labor the position may be either lying or standing and frequently both positions are taken alternately while straining. During natural labor the mouth of the womb is open while, dur- ing premature pains, it is closed for a considerable length of time. The straining is intermittent and sometimes very forcible and, if not overcome, results in abortion. Treatment Give dram doses of powdered opium every hour until the straining stops ; then give at one dose the following mild physic : Magnesia Sulph . , twelve ounces. Ginger, one half ounce. Water, two quarts. Mix. If this fails to act in thirty-six hours, repeat the dose. Post- Labor Pains. The painful sensations of the womb after the expulsion of the foetus and secundines {which are frequently observed) are sometimes termed after- pains. They are due to contractions of the womb which continue for some time in order to reduce its volume and cast off the membranes. They are AFTER PAINS. MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 109 seldom seen after an easy delivery, and when they are seen, last but a short time. But when there is difficult or protracted labor the after-pains may last twenty-four or forty-eight hours, or, if some of the placental membranes are attached, the straining is liable to be prolonged. The animal will arch its back, contract the abdominal muscles and strain violently, as though trying to deliver another foetus. If retention ol the membranes is the ex- citing cause, they should be removed at once, as otherwise the after-pains will be continued and result in inversion of the womb. After an explora- tion to discover the cause of the after-pains, and removal of the membranes, should you find any bruises or lesions of the vagina or womb, wash out thoroughly with warm water and afterwards with a fifty per cent, solution of Permanganate of Potassium. Also give at one dose the following mild physic: Sulphate of Soda, twelve ounces. Ginger, one-half ounce. Warm Beer, one pint. Mix. Then apply a truss, such as is used for inversion of the womb. Post-Partum Hemorrhage, or Flooding. Bleeding from the womb, or “flooding,” after abortion or after delivery at full term, occasionally occurs among domesticated animals and is very fatal. Causes: Injuries to the womb during expulsion of the foetus; prema- ture removal of the placenta; partial adhesion of the placential membranes; POST-PARTUM HEMORRHAGE, OR FLOODING. feeble development of the uterine walls and insufficient contraction of the womb. If a slight dribbling stream is noticed, an examination of the vagina will probably reveal slight lesions there, which seldom do any harm. But if the blood issues forth in torrents and there are a quick, weak pulse, 110 EQUINE AND BOVINE pale mucous membranes, increasing prostration, staggering gait, chilliness of the surface, coldness of the limbs and breaking out of a cold, clammy sweat, the bleeding is great, and, if unrelieved, will terminate shortly in death. The treatment must be very prompt and effective or death will speedily follow. First, examine to ascertain the cause. If part of the membranes still adhere at once remove them; but do so carefully or you will increase the hemorrhage. Remove all clots of blood. Then apply cald water over the loins. Also dip your arm into cold water, insert it into the womb and move it around, which sometimes will induce contraction of the womb and thus stop the bleeding. If not, take a soft cloth or a sponge, dip into cold water, and insert in the womb; or inject cold water into the womb: or use injections of cold water and Per-chloride of Iron. If there is much prostration the following will prove very beneficial: Brandy, one pint. Tinct. Per-chloride or Iron, four ounces. Mix. Give three ounces every two hours in a half pint of hot water as a drench, after which place the patient in a good comfortable stall, well bedded, and feed on soft, nutritious food. Retention of the Placenta, (After-Birth.) Beyond a certain period after the expulsion of the foetus, the retention of the placentia or “after-birth” should be considered unnatural and to re- quire some attention. With mares this seldom occurs, but in cows, owing to the peculiar attachment of the membranes, it is quite frequent. In the mare the placenta is attached by fine villi, which are easily detached, and the placenta is only retained by abnormal adhesions. In the cow the placenta is attached by cotyledons varying from forty to one hundred in number, which are so constructed that entanglement of the membranes is liable to occur at any time after calving. From this peculiarity of con- struction abnormal adhesions are more frequent than in the mare. The natural mode of expelling the placenta is by the contraction of the womb, although I have seen cases where the womb had contracted and the os utei% or mouth of the womb, completely closed and the foetal envelopes, com- pletely encased within the womb, and could only be removed by forcible dilatation of the os. But these are exceptional cases. The general rule, where there is retention of the membranes, is that the womb will contract but its mouth will remain open with part of the membranes protruding through it. More frequently the membranes are visible, hanging down from the vulva. In the mare, the placenta, if not expelled by the efforts of nature, should not be allowed to remain undisturbed, but should be removed within twelve hours after foaling. With the cow danger is less imminent, and unless straining or hemorrhage are prominent symptoms, the placenta should not be disturbed for at least three days, during which time — if not detached naturally — decomposition is liable to occur. If this be the case it Ill MEDICINE AND SURGERY. should be immediately removed or chronic inflammation of the womb and vagina may follow and leucorrhoea (or whites) be the result. When the placenta is not expelled shortly after calving the following may assist its removal: Gentian, one-half ounce. Ginger, one ounce. Foenugrec, one ounce. - Anise, one ounce. Bi-Carbonate of Soda, one ounce. Mix. Make two powders and give morning and evening. After a lapse of three days it is advisable to remove the placenta by a manual operation. First see that there are no abrasions of the skin on your hand or arm, through which absorption of putrid matter can take place and so lead to blood poisoning. Then grease your hand and arm and pass between the placenta and the walls of the womb. As you meet the cotyledons unfasten the membranes in the same manner in which you unbutton your coat; pro- ceed to the next and so on until you have unfastened them all. Use gentle traction with the other hand all the time, as some of them will be detached by traction alone. When you have detached the placenta from all the cotyledons it will drop out easily. After the placenta is detached when there is a very foetid odor, wash out the womb thoroughly with a soft cloth and warm water to which may be added a dram of Permanganate of Potassium. Then feed on a nutritious diet, to which add a dessert spoonful of SCOTCH COMPOUND, morning and evening. In the mare take the same precautions before removing the placenta. Grease the arm thoroughly, then pass the hand gently between the placenta and womb, separating the attachments slowly and carefully, using traction with the other hand. If the attachments are very close or abnormally adhered break them down, when the placenta is easily removed. Keep her quiet for a time; feed soft food to which add twice daily a spoonful of SCOTCH COMPOUND. Hernia of the Uterus (or Womb.) This accident is not frequent though it sometimes occurs. During the eleven years of my practice I have worked extensively in obstetrical cases and have seen only flve mares with hernia of the womb and not one cow. Hernia of the womb consists of a breaking down or separation of the abdominal muscles through which the womb and contents pass until they come in contact with the skin, which, from its elastic nature, is carried down sometimes within fifteen to eighteen inches from the ground. The bag and teats are generally carried down with the skin and frequently form the lowest point of the tumor. The causes of uterine hernia are none too thoroughly understood, but that which seems to me the most reasonable supposition is that the uterine muscles become ruptured or relaxed, thus 112 EQUINE AND BOVINE allowing the gravid uterus to rest entirely upon the abdominal muscles. These become weakened from the abdominal strain, after which the energetic movements of the fcetus materially assist in forming the rent in the abdominal muscles. The first case of this description that I ever saw I was somewhat puzzled as the owner did not know whether the mare was in foal or not; and I was unable to ascertain any signs of life, though the mare presented the appearance of being with foal. I then determined upon exploring the tumor by inserting a small trocar and canula. In a moment HERNIA OF THE UTERUS (OR WOMB.) fluid began to escape and soon the foetus began to struggle. I immediately withdrew the canula and applied bandages. In about a month after I delivered her of a dead colt fully developed. The operation was rather difficult and the mare died in a few hours. A post mortem examina- tion revealed a complete rupture or rather lacerations of the Oblique muscles as well as of the Rectus muscles and Linea Alba. Had the mare lived she would have been useless either for work or for breeding purposes. This accident seldom takes place until within the last two months of pregnancy. When it befalls a cow I would recommend that she be fattened and sold to the butcher. But mares, which are not used for food and can be utilized in no way other than breeding, may be bred again. I have known one mare, which I was called to deliver on account of a wrong presentation, and which had a comparatively bad uterine hernia, to bring forth two MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 113 living foals, entirely unassisted, during the next two years after my attend- ing her. After this she was sold, left the neighborhood, and I lost trace of her. When females are found to be in this condition previous to time of delivery, they should be supported with broad bandages. At the time of delivery trouble should be anticipated and they should receive prompt atten- tention. If unable to deliver spontaneously have a number of assistants to place a broad blanket under the abdomen and raise it up as high as possible. Then, should the presentation be the buttock, the operator should push it a little toward the side opposite to the legs and seize the hind legs, one at a time, and bring them into the natural passage. Fasten a quarter inch rope, well greased, around the pasterns separately. Then pull with considerable force, the assistants still holding up the abdomen, and you may expect a safe delivery, providing there are no malformations. If it be a head pre- sentation, fasten a rope around the neck and lower jaw; then push the head in and to one side. Next endeavor to bring the front feet up into the natural passage, fasten a rope around the pasterns, then draw the head back between the front legs and pull. Use plenty of fresh hog’s lard if the membranes are in the least dry, also have all ropes or straps well greased while using them to assist delivery. If you are unable to deliver in this position make a deep soft bed of straw, and if the animal will lie down, all the better, If she will not lie down herself, lay her down as easily as possible. Then secure her limbs to prevent her doing injury, roll her on her back, and have plenty of assistants to hold her there with her hind quarters raised higher than the fore. Have some handy assistant to try to reduce the tumor while the operator is trying to seize the parts which are most convenient. If there be a head or a breast presentation secure it in the manner prescribed before, and, when everything is straight, apply traction and complete the delivery. But, in case you cannot deliver by the natural passage, and the colt is living and would prove more valuable than the mother, you can secure the animal and perform the Caesarean section, which is to open the abdomen sufficiently to deliver the foetus in that way, after which I believe it profitable to destroy the mare and raisb the colt on cow’s milk. But in the case of the cow you may stitch up the womb after removing the after-birth; then stitch up the integument (skin) and try to save her. If she lives, she should be fattened for slaughter. Rupture of the Perineum, Generally this accident is the result of difficult parturition, though sometimes it is caused by unruly stallions. As a result of parturition rupture of the vagina is a frequent occurrence, and sometimes we meet with rupture of the perineum find rectum combined. In other cases the prineum may be ruptured and the sphincter muscles undisturbed; while in some cases the rupture will extend clear out, severing the sphincter muscles. If the foetus be not in a natural position, the uterine contractions driving it 114 EQUINE AND BOVINE backward may force the limbs, or the head may be forced through the perineum, and be presented at the anal opening. If assistance is not at hand and the parts presenting are not returned and placed in the proper channel the expulsive efforts of the mother will cause them to tear the perineum and sphincter muscles asunder and thus deliver the foetus — some- times dead and sometimes living — but leaving an unsightly appearance, as the vagina and rectum are one continuous slit. The results vary, owing considerably to the extent of the injury. If the laceration is not great no serious results need be anticipated. But if the laceration be great and the sphincter be torn through, a suppurative inflammation may occur with a continuous discharge of pus, smearing the tail and legs and causing the animal to present an unsightly appearance. Others seem to experience no inconvenience, a partial recovery takes place, the animal appears perfectly healthy, may breed again and bring forth its progeny without any evil results. Treatment: — Trim off evenly the lacerated margins, bringing them together with the cat-gut suture, using the interrupted stitch. Then intro- duce a tampon or plug into the vagina to support the septum during defeca- tion. Apply cold water frequently to keep down the inflammation, and twice daily use SCOTCH OINTMENT as per directions. Should the stitches tear out you may replace them a second or third time. After that it will be useless. While the stitches are intact place the animal in a narrow stall to prevent her lying down. If there is much bleeding when the laceration occurs, arrest it with cold water; if that fails, apply Tinct. Per-sulphide of Iron. Feed on soft, sloppy food, and give frequent injec- tions of pure water, to soften the dung and thus relieve the strain on the perineum. Metro-Peritonitis, or Inflammation of the Womb and Peritoneum. This disease affects animals of all ages and results from difficult partu- rition, retention of the foetal membranes, inversion of the womb, exposure to wet and cold, drinking ice-cold water, etc. Symptoms: — The disease may occur from within a few hours after parturition up to the fifth or sixth day. At first the animal will appear dull with loss of appetite; visible mucous membranes injected (red); secretion of milk diminished; pulse quick, full and hard; bowels constipated; urine diminished in quantity; colicky pains are present, manifested by frequently lying down and getting up until lying down becomes too painful, from the pressure of the abdominal muscles on the womb; striking at the belly with the hind feet; pointing with the nose at the flanks; respiration accelerated; abdomen tucked up. As the disease advances the pulse grows small, feeble and wiry; the animal becomes insensible of objects around her and plunges about with great violence; death shortly follows. MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 115 Treatment: — First examine the womb. If any of the membranes adhere they should be removed at once. Wash the womb out thoroughly with warm water, to which add a little Carbolic Acid — one part of acid to forty of water. This should be repeated twice daily. If the bowels are constipated and the patient is a mare give the following physic at one dose in half a pint of water as a drench : Aloes, one ounce. Calomel, one drachm. Ginger, one-half ounce. Mix. For the same condition in a cow give at one dose in a gallon of water, the following: Magnesia Sulph., twenty ounces. Calomel, two drachms. Ginger, one ounce. Mix. After which give every four or five hours one of the following powders: Quinine Sulph., four drachms. ” Salicylic Acid, four drachms. Mix. Make into six powders. If the animal’s temperature remains high, place a sheet, wet with cold water, around the body and keep wetting it with a sprinkling can for an hour, after which rub the animal dry and place warm dry blankets over it. When convalescence has occurred good food and tonics should be administered. Give one of the following powders three times a day : Powdered Sulphate of Iron, one and one-half ounces. Nux Vomica, two ounces. Ginger, one ounce. Potass. Nit., one and one-half ounces. Mix. Divide into sixteen powders. While the pain is very severe the appli- cation of mustard to the abdomen is very beneficial. After the disease has abated, if there is a chronic discharge from the womb, the treatment given for Lencorrhoea will suffice. The person examining the womb should be very careful and see that there are no fresh sores on the hands or arms, and grease them thoroughly to prevent innoculation and blood poisoning. Umbilical Hemorrhage, or Bleeding From the Navel. Bleeding from the umbilical cord, of an alarming nature, is not a very common accident, nevertheless it sometimes occurs, and occasionally so profusely as to cause death. It generally happens immediately after birth or within a short period afterwards, and may continue for some time in small quantities, but sufficient to produce great debility. The bleeding is generally caused by the cord’s being cut or broken off too close, to the abdomen; it may be due to a varicose condition of the cord. Sometimes, after the cord is tied, when sufficiently long enough to admit of it, the mother will nip it off closer and so induce bleeding. 116 EQUINE AND BOVINE Treatment:— When the bleeding is slight and not likely to he con- tinued, little or no treatment is required. If possible, seize the cord and tie; if not, apply tandic acid, alum, or perchloride of iron and bahdage, after placing some cotton batting saturated with Monsell’s solution of iron upon the cord. Or you may take a needle and thread and pass it through the skin on both sides of the cord, then tie it tightly and you will completely close the opening, but in doing this be careful not to penetrate or include the intestines. Persistence of the Urachus, or Urine Passing from the Navel. What is understood by the urachus is the canal formed by the middle portion of the atlantois, which passes through the umbilical ring aud com- municates with the bladder, and through which the urine is conveyed to the atlantoid sack, during foetal life. After birth the urachus should become obliterated and the bladder should be retracted and further developed within the pelvic cavity, the urine then passing through the natural channel. It sometimes happens the urachus does not close up and disappear and the urine is passed through the navel. It more frequently occurs in males than in females. In the latter it generally comes by drops and quite frequently ceases spontaneously, while in the male it usually runs in a stream and is more dangerous. Treatment : — In a great many cases no treatment is required, the es- cape of urine ceasing in a few days after birth ; but, where treatment is de- deman ded, a cure can usually be effected. If the urachus is sufficiently long, seize it and tie it. If this cannot be done, grasp the cord between the thumb and fingers and raise it up ; then pass a stitch in a circle clear around the cord and tie it tight. The urachus is then closed. But be careful not to gather any more skin than is actually necessary into the stitch. If the uretha, or natural channel for the urine to pass by, is not opened; get the longest human catheter obtainable and pass it to open the channel. Umbilical Hernia, or Rupture of the Navel. Rupture of the navel is most frequently congenital, although it some- times occurs two or three months after birth, when it would be called acci- dental hernia. A small round tumor, situated at the navel opening and varying in size from that of a bird’s egg to that of a goose egg or even larger, is observed. It is usually soft and fluctuating and easily reduced within the abdominal cavity by manipulation with the fingers, just as readily returning when the hand is moved. Sometimes it presents a doughy or hard appearance, when probably the intestines within the sack are filled with alimentary matter. When the intestines are returned the opening will pre- sent a circular or elliptical shape and around the edges it will be tense and hard to the touch. MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 117 Treatment : — In a great majority of cases when the tumor is not very large, if allowed to remain undisturbed, nature will bring about a complete cure varying in time from three months to three years of age. I have ap- plied a broad bandage with very gratifying results and would recommend it strongly. Constriction of the tumor is an excellent method of effecting a cure. First cast the animal and secure it firmly, place it on its back and maint^iin it in that position. Then manipulate the tumor until the intestines are returned to the abdominal cavity. Next grasp the skin over the tumor and raise it up as far as you can stretch it and fasten a pair of clamps as close to the abdomen as possible. Fasten them tightly. Then put a couple of wooden pegs through the skin, protruding beyond the clamp, to keep it from slipping off when the animal is standing. In this way you set up an adhe- sive infiammation, forming a plug filling up the opening by the time the clamp sloughs off. Some practitioners recommend the application of nitric acid to the tumor and report good results ; but I have never tried it. But to inject into the sub-cutaneous connective tissue a few drops of salt water, around the rupture, will, in a great many cases, through irritation set up a healthy inflammation, throwing out a plastic substance, filling the cavity, thus forcing the intestines back within the abdominal cavity and completely plugging up the opening. This operation can be done with the ordinary hypodermic syringe, care being taken not to insert it too deep. Retention of the Meconium, or Constipation Shortly After Birth. The contents of the intestines previous to birth are called Meconium. This is generally expelled immediately after birth ; but when it is retained for any length of time serious results follow if left unrelieved. This occurs, perhaps, more frequently with the colt than with any other animal, but oc- casionally happens with calves. It generally occurs in animals that are weakly and not thoroughly developed. It is generally caused by the mother’s being fed on dry fodder for a length of time or by her milk being thin and not rich in those purgative elements so necessary for the newly born animal. Hence it is generally seen in those colts and calves that come in the winter and early spring, previous to the mother being turned out to pasture. Symptoms: — Within a few days after birth the little animal appears uneasy and refuses to suck ; shows symptoms of colic, lies down and rolls around, occasionally looking toward the abdomen ; when standing, the back is arched and attempts to pass manure and water are frequent ; pulse and respiration are frequent, and sometimes the respiration is labored ; the eyes are injected (red); grinding of the teeth is a frequent symptom. Treatment : — The proper treatment is to attend to the feed and con- dition of the mother previous to parturition. The diet should be soft and nutritious. Immediately after birth the young animal should be fed the first milk the mother gives as it contains purgative elements so necessary for the 118 EQUINE AND BOVINE moving of the bowels. If the bowels do not move, remove air the foecal matter you can with the oiled finger, after which give frequent injections of warm water and castile soap, or injections of oil. Feed the mother on a soft sloppy diet, to which may be added a mild physic. Should the bowels fail to respond, give two ounces of castor oil, to which you may add a desert spoon- ful of brandy with a little sweetened water ; or you may give every two or three hours two ounces of cod liver oil with a little brandy an(l a little sweetened water. Keep the little creature warm with blankets, rub the limbs with dilute alcohol and bandage. Presentations and Positions of the Foetus. We have before spoken of normanal parturition, where the foetus was presented in a natural position and the mother had power to expel it. We will now consider the various ] resen tations and positions of the foetus during parturition. They should be well studied, as the different modes of delivery are of much importance practically to the obstetrician. When we remember that during gestation the foetus in the womb assumes so many different positions, it is not surprising that in delivery so many different presentations occur. Notwithstanding there is supposed to be some agency or influence to induce the foetus to assume a natural position and presenta- tion at delivery this is not always the case; and, instead of the foetus being in a favorable position, it frequently requires assistance to change the false position assumed by the young animal at the termination of gestation. What is understood by presentation is that part of the foetus which I presents itself first at the pelvic inlet, or that part of the foetus which the lhand of the operator touches when making an examination as to position — ^ «vhich may be the head, forefeet, hocks, breast, abdomen, sides, etc. Pre- sentation may vary exceedingly as any part of the foetus may occupy the Space at the mouth of the womb. I will condense and simplify as far as possible, the description of these presentions and positions, in order not to confuse the mind of the reader. Presentations may be grouped in four classes, viz. : Anterior Presenta- tion, when the head, neck, cheit, forefeet or forelimbs are presented; Shoulder and Loin Presentation, when any portion of the body is presented, as the shoulder, withers, back, loins or haunches; Breast and Abdominal Presentation, in 'which the limbs are most frequently felt first, possibly all four feet, or only three of them, and sometimes only one; Posterior Pre- sentation, in which the breech or croup is facing the inlet and the presence of the limbs there only constitutes a different position. The different positions in which a foetus may be found with any of these presentations are numerous. For instance, with Anterior Presentation the withers of the foetus may rest against the spine of the mother, and the breast against the lower part of the pelvis; or it may be just the reverse; or the foetus may be lying on its right or left side, when its ribs would rest against MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 119 the mother’s spine and against the lower part of her pelvis, the breast facing either the right or left ileum, and the withers the opposite; the head may deviate to the right or left; one limb may be retained, or crossed over the neck; or both limbs may be retained, etc. Anterior Presentation. This is the only natural presentation of the foetus, and in this presenta- tion the different positions of the young creature frequently require the aid of art to complete the delivery. But when the presentation is natural and nature has brought about the necessary changes in the generative organs of the mother, delivery is comparatively easy and successful. In this position the foetus at the inlet should present the fore feet first with the head lying upon or between them, the withers toward the spine of the mother, and the breast resting upon the pubes. When the foetus is found in this position, it should be left undisturbed for a time, as the contraction of the womb gradually increase in force. The abdominal muscles are now brought into play, the animal makes a few extra efforts, and, generally, the foetus is expelled But, if the mother is laboring hard and the progress is very slow, man’s intervention is necessary. You should then seize the young animal by the forelegs, and, at each succeeding labor pain, use traction until the little creature is born. In using traction, always pull out- ward and downward toward the mother’s heels. Immediately after the birth, tie up the navel about three inches from the abdomen. Then allow the mother lo have care of her young. 120 EQUINE AND BOVINE Fore Limb Crossed Over the Neck, It is not at all uncommon to find colts and calves in this position, and delivery very much retarded or incomplete without assistance. Though I have no doubt that delivery has been completed in this position without assistance, the cases where the mother has not been more or less lacerated are exceptional. In this position, instead of the shoulders being lodged in the hollow space along the side of the neck, they are held back along the side of the chest, increasing the transverse diameter as it enters the pelvic inlet, instead of diminishing it, thus retarding the delivery. But if the limbs are crossed over the neck up at the poll it is still more dangerous. In FORE LIMBS CROSSED OVER THE NECK. all complications tending to retard delivery the mother becomes more excited aud the labor pains more violent and irregular. Then with the limbs crossed at the poll, the feet are pushed against the roof of the vagina, causing laceration of that part. Sometimes they are pushed through the roof of the vagina into the rectum, producing a rupture of the perineum. In the more favorable cases the limbs are crossed far enough over the neck to allow the knee to become flexed, turning the feet downward. There is then but little danger of rupture of the perineum, but the labor is pro- tracted and severe and certain to result in contusions of the vagina, to a greater or less extent. This position is frequently recognized before an examination is made. If the fore feet are seen pressing against the roof of MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 121 the vagina, or if both feet are observed on one side of the head, the one leg shorter than the other, only one leg is crossed. If only one leg is crossed it may be placed in position without much difficulty and without the trouble of pressing the foetus back into the uterine cavity: Seize the leg above the fetlock, raise it up and draw it to its proper side; then place one hand on the head of the foetus and hold it firm, with the other hand extend the leg forcibly, when it will readily straighten out into position. Delivery may then take place without help, or a little help with the head and limbs may be beneficial. When both fore limbs are crossed over the head the case is more difficult to handle. If the feet are visible, fasten a half inch rope to each separately, then force the foetus back within the womb by pressing upon the head. Then the operator should place the feet to their proper sides, if possible. If he cannot do this, bring the ropes to their proper sides, and, while the operator holds the head back firmly, let an assistant pull the rope on one side until that limb is brought into position. Then take hold of the other rope and fetch that into position. Then place the head straight in a line above and between the limbs, and delivery will be effected with but little help. Fore Limbs Flexed at the Knees. In this position the difficulty, as a rule, is easily overcome. When the labor pains first commence, if the feet are not lifted high enough to enter the pelvic cavity, they become lodged against the lower border of the pubes; and, as labor progresses, the head is forced onward, the feet being retained, the fore legs become flexed at the knees and there they remain with the knees pressing up against the lower part of the neck. If an examination is made before labor has progressed any length of time, the nose and knees will be felt at the same time. But if labor has progressed any length of time, the head will be forced farther out. Then the operation on exploring, will first come in contact with the head, for sometimes it is advanced in the passage even as far as the out-let. The ouject now to be obtained is to straighten the forelegs, in order to complete the delivery, as the vertical diameter of the pelvis will not admit of delivery with the fore limbs beneath the breast. The operator will have but little difficulty, if called early enough, or before the head has passed any great distance into the vagina. If the head has made but little progress, the operator, upon examination, will feel the knees as readily as the head. While ascertaining the position of the legs you will almost always find that one has greater liberty than the other, and, if seized by the fetlock, can be thrown easily into its natural position. Then seize the other leg just below the knee, raise it up with the lower part of the hand, while pressing backward with the upper part of the hand, and that leg can be brought easily into position. Use the right hand to handle the left fore leg, and the left hand for the right fore leg. If the head has been forced well into the passage or presented beyond the outlet. 122 EQUINE AND BOVINE the case will have to be handled differently. First fasten a small, well greased rope around the neck, then grasp the head, and, during the inter- vals between the labor pains, force it back into the womb. Then grasp the legs separately below the knee and raise them up, pressing backward at the knee end forward further down the leg, and in this way bring them into position. If they cannot be brought up in this manner, fasten a small rope around the fetlock of each leg, then bring them into position separately. The operator must take hold of the knee and force it back into the womb while an assistant draws on the rope. In this manner you will force the leg FORE LIMBS FLEXED AT THE KNEES. upward and outward, into the proper position. Then fetch the other limb up in the same manner. If the head is presented beyond the outlet and the little creature is dead, the only thing to be looked after is the preservation of the mother. First cut off the head close to the skull, then cut a hole through the skin and flesh about six inches back on the top of the neck and guide the knife so as to piece between the first two bones of the neck. Then pass a small rope through the first bone of the neck and through the open- ing and tie it. You then have a hold that will stand a pull. You must then force the foetus back into the womb, .raise the fore feet as described, fetch the neck into position and deliver. If the colt or calf is lying upon its back with the legs turned upward within the womb, it will be impossible to extract it in that position. It must MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 123 be turned which will prove a difficult task. In this position a great deal de- pends upon the judgment of the operator. If the mother is lying down the hind parts should be raised higher than the fore quarters. Seize the foetus and fasten a small rope around each fore fetlock and another around the jaws. Then, if the foetus is slightly turned to the left, let the operator pass his right hand under the left shoulder. Have the rope attached to the right leg pass out on the left side of the head. Then, at each labor pain, draw tightly upon the rope, and with the hand under the shoulder, raise up with a rotary movement. In the course of time you will completely turn the little creature around to a proper position. Proceed in a manner precisely the reverse if the foetus is turned to the right. When the proper position is gained, delivery will be easy. If the mother can be kept in a standing posi- tion the foetus can be much more easily handled. Fore Legs Completely Retained. The complete retention of one or both of the fore legs of the foetus within the womb with head presentation is frequently met with in veterinary ONE FORE LIMB COMPLETELY RETAINED. practice. With the mare the case is somewhat serious, the colt usually dy- ing before delivery is completed. But with the cow the danger is not so great ; the calf, in all probability will be delivered alive. The position is, no doubt, assumed during birth in the same manner as knee flexion. It is 124 EQUINE AND BOVINE possible for the foetus to be delivered in this position, but it would have to be very small, and the vagina of the mother very large and roomy. This position is more frequently seen in the colt than in the calf, a fact probably due to its having much longer legs. In making an exploring examination, to determine the true position, the hand will touch first the head, sometimes at the inlet, at others further outward within the vaginal passage. If both limbs are completely retained, the head may be forced well into the vaginal FORE LIMBS COMPLETELY RETAINED. canal or even to the outlet at each labor pain, but retracting immediately after each pain ceases. Sometimes it is with the greatest difficulty that the fore legs are reached, owing to the vast dimensions of the womb, although the arm may be introduced without trouble. When the legs can be felt they are usually lying immediately under the abdomen or beside the chest and flanks. The main object now is to reach the legs with the hand and bring them forward to the knee position first. In order to do this it may be nec- essary to force the head back within the womb. If so, first place a rope around the neck and lower jaw, then force it back within the womb during the intervals between the labor pains. Then pass a rope around the fore- arm of the colt or calf, pushing it well down toward the knee, and use gentle traction until you bring the knee up to the passage. You may then fasten the rope to the fetlock, and have an assistant to use traction upward and out- ward, while you grasp the knee and force it upward and backward within the womb. Next bring the other leg into position in the same way. In this MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 125 manner the fore legs are brought into proper position. Then you should find the head and place the hand under the nose and lower jaw, and have an assistant pull upon the rope which was fixed to the jaw until the head is brought into position, but little force may be required after this to complete the delivery. If the head presents beyond the outlet and the foetus is dead you should remove the head before forcing it back within the womb, (this operation is described under the head of Fore Legs Flexed at the Knee). Then FORE LIMBS CXIMPLETELY RETAINED— REVERSE POSITION. proceed as before described. Indeed it is sometimes necessary to decapitate a living-foetus, in order to save the mother. To place a rope around the neck in this position and apply force without placing the foetus in position is brutal and the law for the prevention of cruelty to animals should be rigidly enforced in such cases. Downward Deviation of the Head. Downward deviation of the head may exist from mere flexion of the head on the first bone of the neck, the nose being caught on the lower bone of the pelvic inlet But when the downward deviation is great the upper part of the head comes in contact with the lower border of the inlet and is forced down beneath the chest and abdomen. The cause usually is prema- ture rupture of the foetal membranes and the nose or head catching on the pelvic border as the foetus is entering the inlet. If the feet are in a proper position and the nose catches on the lower border of the inlet, the contrac- tions of the womb will force the upper part of the head and neck into the 126 EQUINE AND BOVINE genital passage along with the feet. Then the operator, on passing the hand to explore matters, will come in contact first with the feet and next with the top of the head. During the intervals of labor he should press backward and upward against the top of the head; then pass the hand down under the nose, seize the lower jaw and raise upward and outward. The head will be easily thrown into the natural position, when delivery may be completed in the usual way. But, if the pains have forced the head and DOWNWARD DEVIATION OF THE HEAD. neck outward, so that they are firmly wedged in the passage, take a crotch and place it against the shoulder and force the foetus back within the womb a distance sufficient to admit of raising the nose and placing the head in a proper position to allow a natural birth. This may take some time but can be accomplished. When the top of the head rests against the lower border of the inlet the case is a little more diffcult but can be brought into position by passing the hand down to the nose and fastening a rope to the upper jaw. Then let the operator press backward on the side of the neck and an assistant draw upward and outward on the rope, and most frequently the head will be brought in position. But, if labor has been progressing some time, and some wise fool has been pulling at the legs, the head will be forced down underneath the chest, and possibly as far back as the abdomen. You then MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 127 have one of the most critical cases to deal with. Indeed, so critical is the case, you may consider yourself extremely fortunate should you complete a delivery and save the life of the mother. You may take a couple of blunt crotches and place them against the shoulders of the foetus and push it back within the womb. If you succeed in this, you may reach the head, which you may fasten with cords, as before described, and raise it up. If you fail in this, you may return the fore limbs and try to turn the foetus around and deliver the hind feet first. Failing in this, you may cut off the head when you feel the neck, and then deliver; or, amputate the legs at the shoulder, and then deliver. Use plenty of fresh lard and handle the knife carefully. Lateral Deviation of the Head to the Right or Left. In this position the head is carried either to the right or left side of the foetus, and the fore legs presented either in the genital passage or at the outlet. It may be caused by uterine contractions taking place too strongly LATERAL DEVIATION OF THE HEAD TO THE RIGHT OR LEFT IN AN UPWARD POSITION. before the mouth of the womb is thoroughly dilated. If the nose is not in a straight line with the opening, when partially dilated the fore feet may pass through and as the uterine contractions increase in force the head is forced off to one side. Sometimes it rests back on the shoulders, at others down along the back or sides, and it may be down by the fianks of the mother. I have delivered two cases when the deviation was to the right side and the colts were wry-necked and could not be straightened after delivery. One was born dead and the other, to my knowledge, lived for two years with a crooked neck. It was then sold and taken out of the neighborhood. As a rule it is not hard to distinguish this position of a colt or calf. The fore legs will be presented in the genital canal, but birth is retarded and on the side to which the head is turned the leg will appear 128 EQUINE AND BOVINE shorter than the other. On being passed beyond these the hand comes in contact with a bulky mass occupying the whole space of the inlet, rendering access to the uterine cavity difficult. Upon examination this will be found to be the neck; and, by tracing it up, the ears, eyes and frequently the nose can be felt — if a calf. But, if a colt, it is seldom that the nose can be felt if the uterine contractions have continued for any length of time. The colt’s head will be pushed back toward the chest, abdomen or flanks, when it LATERAL. DEVIATION OF THE HEAD TO THE RIGHT OR LEFT. scarcely can be reached. This position is not only frequent but serious, as it is impossible for birth to occur without assistance, and this requires strength, perseverence and ingenuity. The object now is to get hold of the head and bring it into a favorable position and then complete the delivery. But this cannot be done very easily, especially when the head is lying along the abdomen or down in the flank and beyond reach of the operator. If the head can be felt by the hand, you should catch hold of the cheeks, by putting your hand into its mouth, and raise it into position. Failing in this, fasten a rope around the lower jaw, then secure the legs with ropes and push the foetus back into the womb. Then have an assistant pull on the rope attached to the jaw while the operator pushes inward on the neck just at the bend. The head will readily be brought into the vaginal passage. Then draw up the feet and complete delivery. In case the feet present and the head cannot be*reached by the operator, first fasten small ropes to the fore MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 129 fetlocks. Then return the legs to the womb, pressing them to the opposite side from that to which the head is bent. Then, if the head is turned to the right, press against the left shoulder, and vice versa if it is turned to the left. With the hand or a crotch you can fasten a rope around the neck. Pass the rope along the neck as near the head as possible, then twist the rope until it presses deeply into the flesh of the neck, care being taken not to entangle the membranes in the rope. Then press inward on the shoulder LATERAL DEVIATION OF THE HEAD TO THE RIGHT OR LEFT. and draw outwards and sideways on the neck and you will draw the head backward toward the natural position. Continue in this until you can reach the head, when you should fasten the rope to the head or lower jaw, after which you can easily bring it into position. Then draw up the feet and complete the delivery. Sometimes an advantage is gained by securing the legs with cords, then placing a crotch against the neck or upper part of the chest and forcing the foetus back into the womb, while the operator fastens a blunt hook into the eye or mouth of the foetus and uses outward traction on the head. But if the mouth can be reached I would prefer catching the hold there. If the foetus is dead and the membranes are dry, use copious injections of warm water. Perseverence and good judgment will nearly always effect a delivery in this position. Let the knife for dissecting pur- poses be the very last resort. 130 EQUINE AND BOVINE Deviation of the Head Upward and Backward. In this position the head will be found more or less extended along the back or slightly deviated to one side with the inferior border of the lower jaw resting against the mother’s back. In this position the head may be forced through the womb into the rectum, causing rupture of the perineum, and the foetus may be delivered in that way. On examination the fore-feet will first be felt, possibly well advanced into the vagina, and beyond them at the inlet the hand meets the chest and, above, the lower part of the neck which, if traced backward, will lead to the head more or less back on the DEVIATION OF THE HEAD UPWARD AND BACKWARD. withers and loins or very slightly inclined to one side, the lower jaw facing the back of the mother. In order to place the head in a natural position it is necessary to force the foetus back within the womb by pressing the chest downward. Should the head not drop down into the natural position, intro^ duce the hand and seize the head by the mouth or lower jaw, and pull it downward, slightly sideward and outward into the natural passage. If this cannot be done with the hand, place a small rope around the lower jaw and have an assistant pull while the operator guides the head with his hand until it is brought into the natural passage, when delivery will be completed easily. This is not a difficult position and can be rectified with ease and safety. MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 131 Hind-Leg Deviation— Anterior Presentation. In this position the operator may consider the case a natural presenta- tion, which it is as far as the head and fore-feet are concerned. Birth may be proceeding favorably, the fore-legs, head and body being normal and in a natural position protruding well beyond the outlet; when, suddenly, the foetus becomes locked or wedged within the passage, notwithstanding the mother increases her efforts at straining; and powerful traction upon the foetus fails to bring it beyond a certain point. The operator should pass his hand underneath the abdomen of the foetus, along the genital passage, until he reaches the inlet, where he will find the obstruction. Here he may find the thighs of the foetus turned out- HIND LIMB DEVIATION— ANTERIOR PRESENTATION. ward from its flanks, forming too broad a surface to pass through the genital canal. Sometimes he will find the hind legs flexed forward underneath the belly of the foetus and the feet or fetlocks caught under the brim of the pelvis at the inlet, so that to deliver by force would cause the hind-legs of the foetus to force their way through the tissues into the abdominal cavity of the mother before the delivery could be completed; and this might cause the death of both mother and offspring. A safe delivery can be effected only by the proper adjustment of the hind legs. This is all the more difficult when the foetus is well advanced in the passage and much traction has been employed If, upon examination, the thighs are extended outward from the flanks of the foetus, it should be forced back within the womb and the limbs drawn as closely together as possible with the hand. If this can not be done, you may take a half inch rope, well greased, and fasten it around the body of the foetus with a running noose. Then the operator should work the rope just beyond the rump of the foetus or midway between 132 EQUINE AND BOVINE the rump and the hocks. He must hold it there while an assistant draws tightly on the rope and forces the thighs together. The delivery can then be completed. If, however, the foetus can not be forced back into the womb to adjust the thighs, cut it off close up to the mother; then force the remainder back within the womb and deliver the hind feet first. But, if upon examination, the hind feet or fetlocks are found to be caught below the brim of the pelvis at the inlet, you should pass your hand between the belly of the foetus and the genital canal, until you come in contact with the feet or fetlocks. Then pass the hand with the palmar surface against the feet or fetlocks and extend it backward and inward as far as the arm will reach, when traction may be applied to the foetus and delivery completed. Deviation of the Hind-Legs into the Genital Canal— The Anterior Part of the Body Presenting. In this position we have a serious case to deal with. Generally the principal object is to save the life of the mother. The foetus generally is dead or in a dying condition before help is thought necessary to complete DEVIATION OF THE HIND LIMBS INTO THE GENITAL PASSAGE — THE ANTERIOR PART OF THE BODY PRESENTING. the delivery. Outward appearances may reveal nothing but a natural pre- sentation — the fore-feet and head being presented and sometimes so well advanced that part of the chest will be presented to view beyond the outlet, when progress ceases, notwithstanding the violent efforts of the mother are MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 133 increased and forcible traction has been used. The operator now has great difficulty to ascertain the cause of the delay, the difficulty depending upon the size of the foetus and the amount of space in the genital canal occupied by it. The hand should be introduced to ascertain the cause of delay, which may .be very difficult. When the feet are found they should be examined to make certain they are the hind ones. Sometimes the hind legs are well advanced in the passage, even as far as the hocks; but this depends greatly upon the size of the foetus and the capacity of the mother. It is impossible to extract the foetus until this position is rectified, no matter what amount of force may be used; and violent force is certain to injure the mother. It is, therefore, necessary to ascertain the exact state of affairs before using any force, As to saving the life of the foetus, should it be living, your decision generally must be unfavorable. In a great majority of cases the young animal, if not already dead, must be sacrificed to save the life of the mother. If attention is given to the mother before the foetus has advanced far into the passage and the hind feet are found mingled with the fore feet, the operator will have little difficulty in pusning them back to the lower border of the pelvis. Then push them downward and inward and immediately after grasp the fore feet and head and hasten the delivery, which can be done successfully. Or the operator may hold the hind feet back while an assistant extracts the foetus. But if the foetus is well advanced, the fore legs, head and chest being beyond the outlet, you may try and force it back within the womb until you can reach the hind feet. Then, if possible, push them back within the womb, oither with the hand or with a crotch. Then, the head and fore legs being in good position, delivery can be effected easily. When the foetus has advanced so far and is very large, it is very seldom possible to force it back into the womb or even to introduce the hand beside it. The only recourse left then is to cut the foetus off close up to the mother; then force the remainder back within the womb, turn it around and deliver the hind feet first. Posterior Presentation. In posterior presentation, as in anterior presentation, the foetus may assume several positions, in only one of which a spontaneous and natural delivery can result. This is when the back of the foetus is next to the back of the mother, the abdomen next to the lower part of the pelvis and the thighs occupying the horizontal diameter of the genital canal, the hind legs being fully extended outward and entering the inlet, first gradually dilating the mouth of the womb. Birth in this position without assistance is more frequent with cows than with mares acd the calves are generally alive. With the mare parturition is more prolonged and laborious, and the foal quickly dies after rupture of the membranes, or ^’s suffocated im- mediately after birth for want of attention. Colts that are foaled in this 134 EQUINE AND BOVINE position should be raised by the hind legs until the head is clear off from the ground, to allow the escape of any fluid that may be in the wind-pipe. I have seen as much as a pint escape and the little animal begin to breathe and do well. When colts are foaled with an anterior presentation the head and neck hang down so that if any fluids have accumulated in the wind-pipe the escape spontaneously. With the posterior position it is just the reverse, hence the necessity of raising the hind quarters and allowing the fluid to escape. The foal sometimes perishes quickly after rupture of the mem- branes. It is therefore necessary, in a posterior presentation, when every- thing is favorable, to hasten the delivery to save the life of the colt. POSTERIOR PRESENTATION, OR HIND FEET PRESENTATION. In the posterior reversed position, when the hind feet are presented with the foetus lying on its back within the mother, its belly against the back of the mother and its back upon the lower bone of the pelvis, there is danger ahead and trouble to be anticipated. As a consequence of this reversed position, the hind legs (which enter the passage first) are directed upward and outward, and are the parts first met by the hand in making an examination. The operator can make no mistake if he notices whether the back or front of the hind leg is uppermost. This can be told easily from the shape of the feet or the position of the hocks, the point of the latter being downward, and the bend upward in the same direction as the wall of the hoof. Whereas, the bend of the knee is in the same direction as the sole of the foot. The obstacle to birth lies in the buttocks resting against the lower border of the pelvis, while the legs are extended upward towards MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 135 the mother’s back, and to a certain extent held rigid. There is danger of lacerating the perineum; or the feet may be pushed through into the rectum, causing rupture of the perineum. Besides this, the body of the foetus itself forms a curve exactly opposite to that of the genital canal, so that it can not easily accommodate itself to the Dony canal through which it must pass. From these circumstances the position not only is unfavorable to birth, but must be remedied or serious accidents may follow. When the foetus is found in this position the operator must take great care in conducting the feet through the genital canal, to prevent lacera- tions of the perineum. Sometimes, in order to bring the feet beyond the outlet, it is necessary to pass the hand and raise the hocks above the brim of the pelvis. As soon as the feet appear beyond the outlet they should be secured with ropes, and, while an assistant seizes the legs and attempts to turn the foetus on its belly, the operator should pass his hand under its rump and assist in turning it over so that its back rests against the mother’s back. When this position is gained, extract the foetus — if necessary, by forcible traction. If the foetus is small, or if the rump has passed into the genital passage, it should be drawn far enough into the passage to have the rump beyond the outlet; then twist it half way round, or until the back is uppermost, and complete the delivery. If the foetus be a colt delivery must be completed within half an hour; otherwise it is likely to die before entirely born. If it be a calf it may live for several hours and be born alive. Hock Presentation. This presentation is liable to happen when there is a posterior presenta- tion and the womb contractions force the foetus toward the inlet before the hind legs are completely extended. Consequently, the back part of the legs below the hocks come in contact with the brim of the pelvis. The croup, being above, naturally forces the legs into a cramped position. The labor pains continuing, the croup has a tendency to descend, and, with the hocka, to enter the pelvic inlet. The legs now being thoroughly flexed, the croup pressing upon them they become jammed tightly in the inlet, forming too large a mass to advance further. Therefore labor is suspended and the animal becomes exhausted by continuous straining. On making an examination in hock presentation, the point of the hock is always the first part encountered, but it may be found at different points. Sometimes it is well advanced in the inlet, the croup and body of the foetus being still within the womb. In other cases the body and croup are in the inlet and thoroughly wedged in the passage. As a rule, if the mother has run the full period of gestation, birth cannot take place until the deviation has been rectified; and until this has been done, a forcible attempt at delivery is likely to take the life of the mother. Therefore it is necessary to place the hind legs in a favorable position, by extending them into the 136 EQUINE AND BOVINE genital passage. This is more easily done with the calf than with the colt, owing to the shortness of the legs of the former. If the offspring be very small and the mother large and roomy in the genital canal the foetus may be delivered in this position, by extending its legs forward underneath its abdomen. But this would be a very exceptional case. The best mode of completing delivery is to so adjust the fcietus that the hind legs are completely extended outward. This is quite easily accom-* plished, if an examination be made before the foetus has entered the pelvic HOCK PRESENTATION. inlet, or, at the most, the points of the hocks and raising them upward, at the same time pressing inward, the operator can draw the feet into the pelvic inlet. Or, if the operator has secured the feet by ropes previous to handling the hocks, as he raises and forces them inward an assistant can pull on the ropes and bring the feet onward into the, genital canal, and can then complete the birth with ease. But at a later period, when labor is more advanced and the croup is well advanced or wedged in the inlet along with the hocks, the case is more troublesome. First, fasten a rope around each hock separately; then apply pressure to the croup, forcing it inward and upward until you force it within the womb, or far enough inward to secure the feet with ropes. Then take hold of the hocks and press upward and inward, when an assistant may draw upward and outward on the ropes and bring the feet into position. If there is much trouble in forcing the foetus back and it is known to be dead, or if it must be sacrificed to save the mother, ropes may be fastened MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 137 HOCK PRESENTATION— REVERSED POSITION. 138 EQUINE AND BOVINE to the hind legs and the hocks drawn as near the outlet as possible. Then amputate the legs at the hocks, remove the detached parts and the re- mainder is easily brought into position for delivery. If the mother persists in lying you may elevate her hind quarters by packing straw under her. If thought necessary place the hobbles on the hind feet, then place a rope over a high beam and draw up the hind parts. This, sometimes, will greatly lessen the danger to the operator and assist him in extracting the foetus. Thigh and Croup Presentation. The cause of this mal-position is the same as that operating in the hock presentation. It occurs frequently with both mares and cows. When the thigh and croup are presented and the legs are flexed slightly forward the mass is too large to enter the pelvic inlet. But, as labor progresses, THIGH AND CROUP PRESENTATION. the croup is forced into the pelvic inlet, while the thighs are forced down- ward and the legs forward until the latter are pressed up against the abdo- men. In this position birth is possible; but the foetus must be very small and the pelvis of the mother large and well formed. In this position, upon examination, the hand first encounters the tail and buttocks of the foeetus, then the thighs, and possibly the hocks. But if labor is somewhat advanced MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 139 the legs will be pressed up along the abdomen, when the hocks will be beyond the reach. The croup and haunch may have passed some distance into the pelvic inlet, yet it is very unusual for any part of the foetus, except the tail, to be discernable externally, no matter how long labor may have been progressing. This mal-position is the most difficult encountered in veterinary obstetrics. Sometimes the mother perishes without being de- livered. Though a living calf sometimes is delivered in this position, a THIGH AND CROUP PRESENTATION— THE HOCK CORDED. living foal is very raiely obtained; and only too often the mare dies after the foal has been taken away. The chance of saving either mother or offspring depends greatly upon the length of time the mother has been in labor, and the amount of injury or irritation sustained by the genital organs through improper handling. The chances are lessened if it be the first foal or calf, or if the foetus be unusually large. To complete birth it is necessary to extend the limbs of the foetus backward, as in ordinary breech presentation, the hind feet first so that the mother’s efforts with slight assistance from the operator will effect a delivery. This will prove a difficult task. Though, in some instances, where labor has not advanced very far and the foetus is still in the uterine cavity and can be moved around so that the feet can be reached and brought into the genital passage, it is not verv difficult. When labor has progressed far enough to force the croup into the pelvic inlet delivery will be completed only by hard work and perseverence. If possible place a small rope around each leg separately, as low down as the hock. Then take a repeller, or use the hand, placing it against the croup, and force it inward, the assistant drawing upward and 140 EQUINE AND BOVINE outward upon the hock. Continue in this way until you have a hock pre- sentation. Then fasten ropes to the fetlocks, and, while the operator seizes the hocks and presses upward and inward, the assistant may draw upward and outward on the fetlocks, until they are brought into the passage, when the delivery may be completed. But if the croup and thighs are completely wedged in the genital passage and can not be moved, either inward or out- ward, which sometimes is the case, no recourse but embryotomy is left. THIGH AND CROUP PRESENTATION— THE THIGHS CORDED. This is a very tedious manner of completing delivery. Take a guarded knife and cut through the skin and muscles until you come to the hip joint. Then detach that limb and remove the other in the same manner, after which you can insert hooks in the cavity of the hip-joint and extract. Or, place a rope completely around the body of the foetus and extract. Or, sever the muscles from the bones of the haunch as much as possible, then fasten a hook into the bones and extract them. After you have severed the haunch bones remove the bowels. Then fasten a rope to the remaining skin and complete delivery. Transverse Presentation. The foetus is in a transverse position when, upon examination, the hand of the operator first encounters the shoulders, withers, sides, flanks, haunches, loins, back, breast, belly, or all of the limbs collected together. The possibility of the foetus assuming a transverse position within the womb is by some strongly disputed, but entirely without reason, because the womb is a soft, yielding membraneous sack, capable of assuming almost any position; so it readily appears that its transverse diameter may be increased at the expense of its length. Though transverse presentation sometimes is observed, it is not nearly so common as an anterior or posterior presenta- tion. Still it is quite as necessary that the operator should understand MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 141 something of this presentation, as with it birth is impossible when un- assisted. No matter whether the foetus presents in the transverse vertical or transverse horizontal position, version must he accomplished in order to change it to either an anterior or posterior presentation. For in one of these ways only can the foetus be brought into the pelvic inlet and delivery be effected. This presentation occurs more frequently in the mare than in the cow, perhaps, owing to the stronger contractions of the womb of the former, not allowing proper adjustment of the foetus, should it not be in a position exactly favorable at the commencement of labor. Shoulder and Loin Presentation. When labor has continued for some time with little or no progress, and, upon examination, the hand of the operator comes in contact with the shoulder and loins, he knows that he has to deal with a transverse presenta- tion. If labor has lasted some time, the straining has been energetic and the waters have escaped, it sometimes is a difficult matter to decide what part of the foetus the hand encounters first. There is first felt a more or less rounded surface that has no special characteristic by which it may be recognized. The hand should then be introduced farther into the womb and search should be made for some part of the foetus that can be recog- nized. Then study the position of the young creature in the womb. The presentation having been recognized, the position must be determined by ascertaining the direction in which the head lies. With the foal this is accomplished by feeling for the mane and tracing it as far as the arm can reach. It may lie in the right or left fiank of the mother, or up along her back, or down toward the fioor of her uelly, the legs assuming different 142 EQUINE AND BOVINE positions in a direction opposite to the head; although sometimes one leg is found crossed over the neck. To learn the exact position is absolutely necessary, before venturing upon any attempt at extraction, as in nearly every case the presentation is a difficult one and requires all the skill and SHOULDER AND LOIN PRESENTATION. judgment of the operator to rectify it. But if labor has not continued any length of time before the operator discovers the presentation, and if the membranes are soft and yielding from the natural fluids, the position, generally, is easily converted into an anterior or posterior presentation and living foetus is delivered. If labor has continued for some time and the patient is a mare, you may depend upon it the foal will be dead. But with a cow a living calf may be delivered — the tenacity of life and the power of endurance are wonderful. The principal object is to convert the transverse presentation into either an anterior or a posterior presentation, for only in this way can delivery be effected. If the foetus lies or can be moved so that the head and fore legs are most convenient and can with the least difficulty be brought into the pelvic inlet, the position should be converted into an anterior presentation. If the hind legs are most accessible and can be brought into the inlet with less difficulty, convert the position into a pos- terior presentation. But to do either is, generally, a difficult task, as the presentation offers nothing to take hold of advantageously, or to which ropes could be attached. If labor has progressed for some time and the membranes are dry, before attempting to turn the foetus, it is a good treat- ment to inject warm water into the womb, to moisten the membranes, which will greatly aid the operator in his efforts at version. The foetus must not be pushed directly forward into the womb, but rather obliquely and in a MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 143 direction opposite to that of the parts we wish to bring into the inlet. If the mother be lying down, the operator will find it greatly to his advantage to raise her hind quarters very high. He should be persistent in his work, use frequent injections of warm water, and, in the great majority of cases, the foetus will glide around the inner surface of the womb until a convenient part presents itself. Then the fore legs and head, if they are the parts SHOULDER AMD LOIN PRESENTATION. sought, or the hind legs, are brought into the genital canal by the hand or by ropes, when slight traction will complete the delivery. When all these maneuvers have failed embryotomy should be performed in such manner as the operator deems most advantageous. At the best it will be a difficult, tedious and laborious task, seldom attended with satisfactory results. The mother generally perishes, either during the operation or shortly afterward. Breast and Abdominal Presentation. This presentation is quite common in both mares and cows, but more frequently occurs in the former. Generally the foetus is lying on its side with its legs fiexed, or extended, or presented at the inlet, or engaged in the passage. There is no difficulty in discovering and recognizing ihis position, as the operator passes the hand to explore the parts it first encounters the feet — usually all four of them. They may be within the womb, or one or more of them engaged in the passage. In the majority of cases either the hind parts or fore quarters are near the passage, a condition recognized by the legs of that part being further advanced than those of the other. Th© 144 EQUINE AND BOVINE position must now be ascertained, which can he done readily if the head can be felt. But this, generally, is beyond reach and the position can be determined only by a careful examination of the limbs. In this we must distinguish between the hind legs and fore legs as these alone can show the direction of the head. To do this the operator should remember that the hind leg flexes in the direction of the wall of the foot, whereas the knee BREAST AND ABDOMINAL PRESENTATION. flexesin the direction of the sole of the foot. The hock can also be recog- nized by its flatness. It must be remembered that, in this presentation the fore legs and hind legs are cross each other when engaged in the genital passage. The hind legs, crossing the fore legs, are pointing toward the an- terior part of the body of the foetus ; while the fore legs, crossing the hind legs, point toward the posterior part of the foetus. This is not a very serious presentation, as a rule. The gravity of the case depends somewhat upon the length of time labor has continued. As it is impossible for birth to occur spontaneously while the foetus is in this position, if the mother has not re- ceived the necessary aid for some time after the commencement of labor, her continued straining may not only cause the death of the colt but the mother’s death from prostration. When the legs have been distinguished, fasten ropes around the ones you wish to extract first. Generally the opera- tor will find it most advantageous to convert the position into a posterior presentation and deliver the hind feet first. If only one hind foot and one fore foot are engaged in the passage, fasten a rope around the one hind foot and search for the other one ; secure it and bring it into the passage. Then return the fore leg to the womb, as far in as possible, apply traction and de- liver. But if all four legs are engaged in the passage, fasten ropes to the hind feet ; then return the fore feet as far as possible within the womb. MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 145 Sometimes this is more easily and more advantageously accomplished by flexing the fore legs at the knee until the foot rests against the elbow ; then force it within the womb in a downward direction, while the assistant draws upon the hind feet. The foetus will straighten out generally and birth will be completed. Even if the head be engaged along with all four legs in the BREAST AND ABDOMINAL PRESENTATION. passage, I would recommend returning it to the womb in a downward direc- tion along with the fore legs, and that delivery be made with the hind feet first. When the foetus is partially deliyered, say the hind legs, croup and hips are without or beyond the outlet, the operator should pass his hand be- tween the belly of the foetus and the floor of the genital canal, to ascertain whether the fore legs have become cramped or fastened within the inlet too soon. If so, straighten them by pushing them inward, for if not straight- ened serious results might follow. In delivering the foetus with a posterior presentation — ^^that is the hind feet first — the back of the foetus should be against the back of the mother. Twin Foetus— In Different Presentations. With mares and cows it is not an uncommon occurrence for them to bring forth twins, though it is rarely, indeed, that assistance is needed to complete delivery. Usually, when the mother is carrying twins, either they are expelled before the full period of gestation is completed, or each is much 146 EQUINE AND BOVINE smaller than if she were carrying one only. Indeed, birth usually is much easier with a twin pregnancy than with only one. When the most advanced foetus is expelled a variable period elapses before the second birth. During the interval the mother generally is uneasy and pays little or no attention to the one already born ; but manifests a peculiar anxiety, which is a good in- dication that delivery is not complete. But when the second foetus is born the mother generally turns her attention to her offspring. This is the gen- eral order of twin births. But it is not always so fortunate. In some cases, after the first one is born, a long interval occurs before the birth of the sec- ond one, which is usually fatal to its existence. This suspension of labor in twin-birth is generally due to a mal-position of the foetus. Difficult parturi- tion from this cause also happens when the twins are about equally distant TWIN FCETUS— IN DIFFERENT PRESENTATIONS. rom the mouth of the womb and are presented at the inlet together. Of course they cannot pass through the canal together, hence the difficulty. Upon examination the operator will experience great difficulty in determin- ing the positions of the two foetuses. This can be done only by careful ex- amination, and then the operator will find himself somewhat embarrassed. For example, the fore feet of one foetus may be presented with the head of the other ; or the head and one fore foot may present with one fore foot of the other ; or one hind foot of each foetus may present together ; or a fore foot of one with the hind foot of the other, etc. In some instances the legs of the twins are so interlaced that they are separated only with the greatest MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 147 DOUBLE-HEADED MONSTROSITIES. Sometimes these monstrosities are born alive and live a considerable time The one that I saw was living at three years of age, to all appearance healthy and a good feeder. It was placed on exhibition. She only used one difficulty. One thing is certain, only one can be delivered at a time. There- fore they must be separated and one pushed back into the womb while the other is being delivered. When the one is born, the other, if in a wrong position, must be straightened and removed. This is quite easily written, but not so easily performed. If assistance is not afforded before both foetuses become wedged into the pelvic inlet the operator will experience great trouble in adjusting them. But if distinguished before entering the inlet, but little trouble need be anticipated. Select the one most favorably sit- uated, fasten ropes to the head and fore legs or to the hind legs, as the case may be, and arrange them in a direction proper for delivery. Then let an assistant draw the foetus toward the outlet while the operator pushes the other back within the womb. After delivering the first one, search for the other, which probably will be in a mal-position, requiring adjustment before it can be born. Double-Headed Monstrosities. Very seldom, indeed, do we witness double-headed monstrosities with mares or cows. In the former I have neither seen nor read of any; but in the cow I have seen one and read of others. But they are very rare indeed. EQUINE AND BOVINE US mouth while feeding. The other mouth was well formed and had a full set of teeth, but she had little control of the lower jaw. Though, if the mouth was opened with a little assistance, it would close spontaneously. Both heads were well formed, uniting at the neck, both mouths emptying into the one oesophagus. The existence of this mal-formation renders birth more or less difficult and sometimes impossible, according to the size of the heads. But some- times birth occurs without assistance and with little difficulty. An exami- nation will reveal the condition, when the operator will adopt the measure necessary to complete the delivery. If the mother is large and the genital canal well formed, forcible traction may complete the delivery. But if, in the judgment of the operator, this will not do, embryotomy must be resorted to. Cutting off one or both of the heads may be necessary before delivery can be completed. If the heads are united closely, split them with a chisel and then remove them; or, in such cases, bone forceps may be used. If it be a double head and neck, cut off the neck as low down as possible and remove it first; then remove the balance. There are several other forms of monstrosities, but as they so seldom occur a description here is quite un- necessary. Suffice it to say that, if it be impossible to deliver them by moderate traction, amputate such parts as cause the obstruction and deliver. Hydrocephalus, or Water on the Brain. This anomaly is found in both colts and calves. The enormous size of the head is the obstacle to a natural delivery. If with an anterior presenta- HYDROCEPHALUS, OR WATER ON THE BRAIN, ion birth will be delayed, and, on making an examination, the operator MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 149 will soon discover the deformity. But, if with posterior presentation the operator discovers this deformity, he should endeavor to change the position to an anterior presentation, and, after bringing the nose into the inlet, he should plunge a knife through the head, making a free incision to allow the water to escape. After which, on applying traction, the tissues gradually flatten down and birth is completed. But if it be presented hind feet first and birth is complete with the exception of the head, which is too large to pass throught the genital canal and prevents delivery, the operator should pass the hand along the neck and examine the head. If hydrocephalus is recognized he should open the head with a knife or trocar and canula and allow the fluid to escape, after which the tissues will flatten down and trac- tion will complete the delivery. Ascites, or Abdominal Dropsy. With this disease the abdomen of the foetus will be swollen to such an extent that it cannot enter the genital passage, though the head and fore feet may be presented in a natural position and well advanced in the canal. On examination, if the operator cannot pass the hand between the head and the walls of the passage to ascertain the cause of the obstruction, he should first secure the head and fore feet with ropes, then force them back into the womb. After that he will have no difficulty in ascertaining the trouble if dropsy is the cause. He should then plunge a knife into the abdomen of the ASCITES, OR ABDOMINAL DROPSY. foetus, making a large incision to allow the fluid to escape into the womb, after which delivery can be completed. But if he cannot return the head to the womb, or does not think best to do so, he must either plunge a knife into the abdomen of the foetus and allow the fluid to escape into the womb, or use a trocar and canula, plunging it into the abdomen and allowing the fluid to escape externally. Afterwards moderate traction will complete the delivery APPEARANCE OF HORSES’ TEETH — AT— DIFFERENT AGES: TEETH AT TWO YEARS OLD. 152 EQUINE AND BOVINE TEETH AT THREE YEARS OLD. TEETH AT FIVE YEARS OLD. MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 153 TEETH AT SIXTEEN YEARS OLD. 154 EQUINE AND BOVINE TEETH AT TWENTY YEARS OLD. YEARS OLD. TEETH AM TWENTY-FOUR TEETH AT THIRTY YEARS OLD. 1 • \ ^ « . 1 1 s 1' ii. 1 i 1 ^ ] f * f ' ^ J ( f Vi/'t DRUGS AND DOSES. FOR HORSES AND CATTLE. NAME OF DRUG. ACTION AND USE. DOSE. HORSES. CATTLE. Aoetio A Old Febrifuge and Caustic 1 dram 2 drams Aconite Tincture Sedative, Diaphoretic 20 to 40 dps 30 to 60 dps Alcohol Stimulant, Dieuretic, Nar- cotic i to 1 oz 1 to 2 ozs Ale Stimulant, Dieuretic, Nar- cotic 1 to 2 pints 2 to 4 pinls Aloes Barbadoes Purgative 4 to 8 drams 6 to 12 dr’m Aloes Cape Alum . . Purgative Astringent 5 to 10 drams 2 to 3 drams 7 to 14 dr’m 3 to 4 dr’ms Ammonia Liquid Stimulant, Anti Spasmodic, Dieuretic 1 to 2 oz 2 to 4 oz Ammonia Carbonate. Stimulant, Anti Spasmodic, Dieuretic 2 to 4 drams 4 to 6 dr’ms Aromatic Ammonia. Stimulant, Anti Spasmodic, Dieuretic 1 to 2 oz 2 to 4 oz Ammonia Muriate. . . Stimulant, Discutient, Al- terative, Dieuretic 2 to 4 drams 4 to 6 dr’ms Ammonia Acetate So- lution Diaphoretic, Dieuretic, Stimulant, Febrifuge . . 2 to 3 oz 3 to 4 oz Anise Seed Stomachic Carminative i to 1 oz 1 to 2 oz Antimony Tartarized Sedative, Diaphoretic 1 to 2 drams 2 to 4 dr’ms Areca Nut Arnica Tincture Vermifuge Stimulant, Dieuretic 1 ounce 1 dram 1 ounce. 1 dram Arsenic Alterative, Nerve Tonic. . . 5 to 10 grains 5 to 15 grs Assafoetida Stimulant , Carminative Vermifuge 1 to 3 drams 2 to 6 drams Azedaroch Atropia Vermifuge Anodyne, Anti Spasmodic, Narcotic i to 1 ounce i grain 1 ounce i grain Belladonna Extract. Anodyne, Anti Spasmodic, Narcotic 2 drams 2 to 3 drams Balsam of Peru Stimulant, Anti Spasmodic Expectorant 1 ounce ounces Benzoin Stimulant, Anti Spasmodic Expectorant 1 ounce li ounces Borax Sedative, Uterine Stimul’nt 4 drams 7 drams Bismuth Subnitrate . Soothes Irritation of Stom- ach and Bowels 2 drams 5 drams 156 EQUINE AND BOVINE NAME OF DRUG. Blackberry Root .... Soneset Bromide of Potass’m Buchu Buckthorn Syrup Calomel Camphor Cantharides Cayenne Pepper Caraway Seeds Cardamons Carbolic Acid Castor Oil Catechu Chamomile Chloral Hydrate Chloroform Cinchona Cinnamon Cod Liver Oil Colchicum Columbo Copavia Copper Sulphate Croton Oil Cream of Tartar Digitalis Dover’s Powder Ergot Ether Fennel Seeds Pern Male Shield Ext Galls Oak Gallic and Tannic Acid Gentian Ginger Glauber Salts Hyoscymus Extract. . Iodine Iodide of Potassium. Iron Peroxide Iron Sulphate Iron Tincture of Mu- riate ACTION AND USE. DOSE. HORSES. CA TTLE. Astringent 3 drams 4 drams Stimulant, Tonic, Dieuretic 7 drams 1 ounce Nerve Sedative 2 to 4 drams 4 drams Stimulant, Dieuretic 4 drams 7 drams Physic for dog, ^ to 1 oz Purgative 1 dram i dram Anti-Spasmodic i dram 2 to 4 dr’ms Stimulant, Dieuretic 5 grains 5 to 10 grs Stimulant, Aromatic 3 drams 4 drams Stomachic 1 ounce i ounce Stomachic 1 ounce i ounce Sedative, Anodyne, Astrin- gent Antiseptic, Disin- fectant i dram 1 dram Purgative 1 pint li pints Astringent 2 to 5 drams 2 to 8 dr’ms Stimulant, Tonic Sedative, Anti-Spasmodic . 1 ounce i ounce 4 drams 4 drams Stimulant i dram i dram Tonic, Antiperiodic i ounce 1 ounce Stomachic 5 drams 7 drams Tonic 5 ounces 7 ounces Dieuretic, Sedative i dram i dram Bitter Tonic 5 drams 1 ounce Stimulant, Dieuretic, Ex- pectorant 4 drams 4 drams Tonic, Astringent. 1 dram i dram Purgative 15 to 20 drops 20 to 30 dps Dieuretic 1 ounce i ounce Sedative, Dieuretic 20 grains i dram Sedative, Diaphoretic 3 drams 4 drams Checks Bleeding from the Womb 1 ounce 1 ounce Stimulant 1 to 2 ounces 2 to 3 oz Stomachic 1 ounce 1 to 2 oz Vermifuge 1 ounce Astringent 4 to 6 drams 1 to 2 oz Astringent 2 scruples 2 scruples Tonic 4 drams 6 drams Stimulant, Stomachic Tonic Purgative 1 ounce 2 ounces li pounds 2 pounds Sedative, Anti-Spasmodic. . Alterative 2 drams 4 drams 15 drams 25 grains Alterative, Dieuretic 1 dram 2 drams Tonic 2 drams 4 drams Tonic 3 drams 3 drams Tonic, Astringent 7 drams 1 ounce MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 157 NAME OF DRUG. ACTION AND USE. 1 DOSE. HORSES. CATTLE. Kino Astrinp’ent . i ounce 1 ounce Laudanum Nareotie, Sedative, A no- dyne, Anti-Spasmodic. 1 to 2 oz 1 to 2 oz Lime Water Lime Chloride Antacid, Astringent Relieves Bloating, Disin- 4 to 5 oz 4 to 8 oz fectant 2 drams 3 drams Linseed Oil Lobelia Laxative Sedative, Anti-Spasmodic, Expectorant 1 to 2 pints 2 drams 1 to 2 quarts 3 drams Magnesia Antacid, Antidote for Ar- senic 1 to 2 oz 2 to 4 oz Magnesia Sulphate— Epsom Salts Muriatic Acid Laxative, Physic Tonic, Astringent, Caustic 1 1 ound : 1 dram 1 to 2 lbs 2 drams Myrrh Stimulant, Tonic 3 drams 6 drams Morphia Muriate .... Narcotic, Sedative, Anti- Spasmodic, Anodyne . . 5 to 10 grs 10 to 15 grs Nitric Acid Tonic, Astringent, Caustic. 1 dram 2 drams Nux Vomica Nerve Stimulant, Tonic . . . ^ to 1 dram 1 dram Oak Bark Olive Oil Astringent Laxative 1 ounce 1 to 2 pints ^ to 2 drams 4 ounces 2 to 3 pints 2 to 4 drams Opium Narcotic, Sedative, Anti- Spasmodic, Anodyne. . . Peppermirit Oil Stomachic, Anti-Spasmodic 20 drops 20 to 30 dps Pepper, White and Black Stomachic, Stimulant. . 2 drams 3 drams Podophyllin Purgative, Sedative 1 to 2 drams 2 to 3 drams Pomegranate Root Bark Vermifuge, Expels Worms 1 ounce 1 to 2 oz Potassa Acetate Antacid, Dieuretic, Diapho- retic 7 drams I ounce Potassa Nitrate Dieuretic, Pebrifuo’e 6 to 8 drams 1 ounce Potassa Chlorate Stimulant, Dieuretic , Re- frigerant, Antiseptic. . . 2 drams 2 drams Potassa Bromide Nerve Sedative 4 drams 4 drams Prussic Acid Sedative, Anti-Spasmodic.. i dram i dram Pumpkin Seeds Quinine Sulph Rhubarb Vermifuge, Tsenifuge, Dog, i ounce Bitter Tonic Laxative, Tonic. ... 30 grains 1 ounce 30 grains 2 ounces Resin Dieuretic 4 to 6 drams to 1 oz 1 to 8 drams Soda Bicarbonate. . . . Antacid, Dieuretic 4 to 6 drams ' Santonin Vermifuge 1 to 3 drams Squills Silver Nitrate Dieuretic, Expectorant. . . . ; Nerve Tonic . . . ; ^ dram i 5 grains • 1 to 1 dram ) to 8 grs I to 2 oz Spigelia Yermifuge ^ 1 to 1 oz j Strychnia ; Sulphur i Nerve Tonic. ^ Expectorant, Diaphoretic. . • L to 2 grains ^ 1 to 4 oz t i to 3 grs ) to 6 oz Sweet Spirits Nitre. . ^ Stimulant, Anti-Spasmodic Dieuretic, Diaphoretic. J L to 2 oz c 1 to 4 oz 158 EQUINE AND BOVINE NAME OF DRUG. ACTION AND USE. DOSE*. HORSES. CATTLE. Stramonium Narcotic, Sedative 20 to 30 grs I dram 1 to i dram 2 to 4 drams Sulphuric Acid Tonic, Refrigerant, Caustic Tobacco Sedative, Anti - Spasmodic, Vermifuge 4 drams 4 to 6 drams Tar Expectorant, Antiseptic . . . i to I oz 1 to 2 oz Turpentine Oil Stimulant, Anti-Spasmodic Dieurotic 1 to 2 oz 1 to 2 oz Valerian Stimulant, Anti-Spasmodic Vermifuge 2 ounces 2 to 4 oz Veratrum Sedative 1 scruple 1 ounce i to 1 dram 1 to li oz Wild Cherry Bark . . Expectorant Whisky, Brandy, Gin Stimulant, Dieuretic, Nar- cotic 3 to 6 oz 6 to 12 oz Zinc Carbonate Astringent, Tonic* 2 drams 2 to 4 drams Zinc Sulphate ‘ Astringent, Tonic 1 to 2 drams 2 to 3 drams INDEX. HORSES. Azoturia 12 Back, Sprain of 62 Bone Spavin 49 j Bots 21 Bronchitis 13 Broken Knees 57 Bruised Knees 57 Burns 33 Carpitis 58 Canker 38 Castration 36 Chapped Hock t 43 Corns 38 Colds in the head 13 Congestion of the Skin 29 Coffin- Joint Lameness 41 Cramps 7 Crib Biters 35 Curb 42 Diarrhoea 20 Distemper 5 Dysentery 20 Elbow Lameness 58 Enteritis 18 Epistaxis 13 Epizootic 5 Epilepsy 25 Erysipelas 32 Eye, Inflammation of 24 Farcy 11 Fetlock- Joint, Sprain of 55 Feet, Inflammation of 33 Fits, Falling 25 Fistulous Withers 36 160 EQUINE AND BOVINE Flatulent Colic 10 Founder 33 Glanders 11 Grass Staggers 27 Grease Heel 29 Heaves 17 Hock, Chapped 43 Inflammation of the Bowels. 18 “ Eye 24 “ “ Joints. 64 “ “ Kidneys 23 “ “ Knees 58 ‘‘ “ Lungs 14 “ “ Testicles 24 Influenza 6 Intestinal Worms 22 Irregularities of the Teeth 46 Joint Open 64 Kidneys, Inflammation of 23 Knees, Broken and Bruised. 57 Knees, Inflammation of 58 Lampas 18 Laminitis 33 Laryngo Pharyngitis 14 Lice 32 Lock-Jaw 26 Lung^ Inflammation of 14 Lymphangitis ^ . 17 Lymphatics, Inflammation of 17 Mammitis 24 Mammary Glands, Inflammation of , . . . 24 Mange 31 N asal Catarrh 13 Nasal Gleet 48 Nephritis 23 Nails, Pricks from 39 Navacular Disease 41 Ophthalmia, Simple 24 Open Joint 64 Ozoena ^ 48 Paralysis, Partial 12 Patella, Dislocation of 52 Parrot Mouth 46 Pleurisy 16 Pneumonia 14 MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 161 Pool Evil 35 Pricks from Nails 39 Quarter-Cracks 40 Quittor 40 Retention of Urine 23 Rheumatism 61 Ring Bone 55 Roaring Chronic 12 Sand Cracks 40 Scratches 29 Scalds 33 Seedy Toe 37 Shoulder Slip • 59 Shoulder Lamness 60 Side Bones 44 Skin, Congestion of 29 Sore Throat 14 Spavin Bog 51 Spasmodic Colic 7 Sprain of the Suspensory Ligament 55 Sprain of the Flexor Tendon 56 Sprained Back 62 Strangles 5 Stifle-Joint Lameness 52 Strain of the Fetlock Joint 55 String-Halt 63 Stump-Suckers 35 Stomach Staggers 27 Sun Stroke 28 Sweeney 59 Swelled Gums 18 Teeth, Irregularities of 46 Teeth, Caries of 47 Tetanus 26 Thoroughpin 44 Thrush 38 Wind-Suckers 35 Wolf Teeth 47 Worms, Intestinal 35 Wounds, Contused 45 Wounds Incized 45 CATTLE. Catarrh or Cold 77 Chronic indigestion 80 162 EQUINE AND BOVINE Choking Colic Conjunctivitis Diarrhoea Dysentery, Acute Enteritis Epizootic Aphtha Eye, Inflammation of Fardel Bound Foot and Mouth Disease Fits from Eating Buckeyes . . . . Grubs under the Skin Gut-Tie Hsematurea Hepatitis Hide-Bound Hoven Impaction of the Rumen Intestines, Strangulation Inversion of the Bladder Inversion of the Vagina Indigestion, Chronic Kidneys, Inflammation of Lice Liver, Inflammation of Lungs, Inflammation of Mamitis Omassium, Impaction of Patella, Dislocation of Parturient Apoplexy Pneumonia Phrenitis Pleurisy Reticulum, Affections of Rumen, Impaction of Sore Teats Splenic Apoplexy Second Stomach, Affections of Stifle-Joint, Dislocation of. . . • Teats, Sore Tympanitis Udder, Inflammation of Urine, Bloody Ulcerous Cancers Vagina, Inve'a'on of Warbles MEDICINE AND SURGERY. 163 OBSTETRICS. )irth, Retention of 110 ior Retention 119 !S 149 Lng from the Naval 115 fc and Abdominal Presentation 143 pation Shortly after Birth 117 tion of the Head Upward and Backward 130 tion of the Hind Legs into the Genital Canal, the Anterior Part of Body Presenting 132 ward Deviation of the Head 125 e-Headed Monstrosities 147 y, Abdominal 149 ing 109 Limb Crossed over the Neck 120 Limbs Flexed at the Knees 121 Limbs Completely Retained 123 la of the Uterus or Womb Ill Leg Deviation, Anterior Presentation 131 ^ Presentation 135 Spra ^cephalus 148 Stra^ me of Pregnant Animals 104 nmation of the Womb and Peritoneum 114 sion of the Womb 106 c Pains— Premature 107 •al Deviation of the Head to the Right or Left 127 g Foetuses in Different Presentations 145 0 Peritonitis ' 114 1, Bleeding from 115 Urine Passing from 115 na in Pregnancy 105 5 after Birth 107 irition and Pregnancy 105 leum, Rupture of 113 istence of the Urschus 116 A dons and Presentations of the Foetuses 118 ^ 3rior Presentations 133 y Labor Pains 107 Portum Haemorrhages. 109 nant Animals, Care of 104 nancy, Dropsical Swellings in 105 lature Labor Pains 107 C entations and Positions of the Foetuses 118 C ntion of the Meconium 117 164 EQUINE AND BOVINE Retention of the Placenta *. 110 Rupture of the Navel 116 Rupture of the Perineum 11^ Shoulder and Loin Presentation ; . . . . 141 Teeth 151 Thigh and Croup Presentation 138 Transverse Presentation 140 Umbilical Hernia 116 “ Haemorrhage 115 Urine Passing from the Navel 115 Uterus or Womb. Hernia of Ill Water on the Brain. 148 Womb, Inversion of 105 Womb and Peritoneum, Inflammation of 114 FORT WAYNE, INDIANA. . IMPORTERS AND BREEDERS OF . . . CLYDESDALE STALLIONS! ID GALLOWAY CATTLE! H ave always on hand a good supply of the above breeds, of the fines- quality that can be imported from Scotland and England. We have a resident buyer there who knows the best strains of blood and takes advantage of the market. This enables us to sell the best bred stock at prices that beat all competition. Terms as good as can be had in America. Address BROOKSIDE FARM CO., PORT WAYNE, IND. PACKARD GRAND ORGAN This Grand Instrument is constructed on an entirely new principle, the discovery of which enables us to gain power which has never before been obtained from reeds; also a pipe quality of tone remarkable in its distinct- ness. The variety of com bina ions is equal to that of larger pipe-organs. In the construction of this organ simplicity was our aim, and we have succeeded in producing an instrument that is simple, easy working and most durable. Practically, nothing to get out of order. With all these qualities It is most admirably adapted to Churches, Chapels, Lodge Rooms, as well as Parlors. For further information, write to the FORI' WAYNE ORGAN CO., FORT WAYNE, IND., U. S. A. Prairie View Farm Company. HIGH-BRED TROTTNG HORSES. “STRATHMORE” Sire of Forty-two 2 :^o-PerJormers. Sire of the Dams of Twenty-six ,2:^0 Performers, 2ERYIDE FEE, TD INZURE - - - |250.00 W E have at all times a large supply of YOUNG STOCK on the Farm, out of Well-Bred and Pro- ducing Dams, that we will sell worth the money. Breed- ing and Individuality Considered. ^ SHROPSHIRE % SHEEP K- .... FOR INFORMATION APPLY TO ... . B. BABB, FORT WAYNE, INDIANA. C. R. JENNE Stump before a blast I Fragments after a blaa*^ flepcdles Stiimp Blasting PouJder Works, iimdia-inca. WHEREVER THE ROCKER WASHER is used the 'Washboard becomes aa Relic of Barbarism. It is war- ranted to do the washing of an ordinary family in one hour as clean as can be washed by hand. Write for full description ind prices. Rocker "Wash- er Co., Fort Wayne, Ind. Agents wanted. THB BINCOBN TEA. FAMILY REMEDIES. THE BEST TEA IN THE WORLD. WORTH ITS W BIGHT IN GOTO, LINCOLN TEA is the best Bowel Remedy in the "World, and cannot be excelled. Gruaranteed to cure Constipa- tion, stimulates the Liver and Kidneys, keeps the system in a healthy condition. Harmless but effective. Unequalled for Dyspepsia. As a Complexion Purifier it has no equal. Send FOR A free sample. Put up in packages, $1.00, 50c. and 25c. sizes. Sent on receipt of price, prepaid. If your druggist cannot supply you, we vidll. McCLURE DRUG COMPANY, Props. FORT WAYNE, INDI \y