Scientific and Medical 
 Books and Minerals. 
 
 A. E. FOOTE, M. D., 
 
 Philadelphia, Pa. 
 
 
 ITMENT OF 
 DEPAI V.3.. ?LTT\.. 
 
 5 51 . 1 ^ ^ 
 
 fiEOLOfil LIBRARY <3 Uinois. 
 
 University of Ii iibraryRoom . 
 
 Books are not to be taken from the 
 
 
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 11 
 
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 Sect ion 12 . 
 
 From a point • 3 M.S. 2 *W. of Cettyse 
 
 T< 0 ILLUSTRATE REPORT OF PROGRESS IN T 
 
 SURC S. 66 °E. TO A POINT I 
 
 HE YORK AND ADAMS DISTRICT FOR 1875. 
 
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 :K, ADAMS AND FRANKLIN COUNTIES IN 1875. 
 
 Pcrsifor Frazer,Jr. Asst. A. E. Leh man, A id. 
 
 LEVEL 
 
 sW. 
 
Digitized by the Internet Archive 
 in 2019 with funding from 
 
 University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign Alternates 
 
 https://archive.org/details/reportofprogress02fraz 
 
C. 1875 
 
 The supposed line of outcrop of the two trap dykes was calculated 
 
 FROM THE RECORDS OF BORE HOLES NO'S 1,3 AND THIS LINE WAS AFTER¬ 
 WARDS DRAWN AS MODIFIED BY THE TOPOCRAPHY IN DOTTED LINES. 
 
 An UPPER DYKE.OF WHICH THE EXISTENCE IS PRESUMED FROM THE OBSER¬ 
 VATIONS in Locan s Shaft, is drawn parallel to the lowermost.althouch 
 
 ITS EXTENSION IN BOTH DIRECTIONS FROM THE ABOVE SHAFT IS PURELY 
 SUPPOSITITIOUS 
 
 A THIRD DYKE OCCURS IN KlNC'S MINE ABOUT WHICH LITTLE IS KNOWN 
 
 AS YET, EXCEPT THAT IT APPEARS IjBl DIPPING = o.t. 
 
 The parallel dotted lines indicate the projections on the surface 
 
 OF THE VARIOUS SLOPES. 
 
 J.L.G ROVE 
 
 Geolocical Survey of Pa. 
 
 Map of the Group of 
 
 IRON ORE MINES 
 
 I MILE E. of. DILLSBURG. 
 
 Persifor Frazer Jr. Assistant 
 A. E.Lehman Aid 
 
 Drawn By A E.l _ 
 
 Scale or r eet 
 
 . Tr„ v "" ,1. 
 
 18 7 5 
 
 The figures on the lines indicate the 
 height above high tide at Philadelphia. 
 Contours every 5 feet. O.W. Old Workings. 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 . 
 
 
 
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 :■ :: 
 
 
 
 
 ■ 
 
General Ma 
 
 O F THE 
 
 WORK DONE BY THE Pi 
 
 York & Adams Coi 
 
 DURINCTHE SEASON C 
 
 Surveyed & Construe 
 
 ByA.E. Lehman, Aid. 
 
 p Second CeolocicalSurvey of Pa. J. 
 
 iRTY 
 
 INTIES 
 
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 NAAOi.S3“l-EJ.n 
 
 Assistant. 
 
 3 
 
 Key List of Ore Banks 
 
 UQ / V ; ft. Srn f th 
 
 120 LicAte 
 
 121 Mine JBcutk 
 
 122 Logan ‘s 
 
 153 McCormick fyCo's. long cut (Mu rape 
 
 12 3 a . . of n<j 
 
 124 UTuierwoorf's Slope 
 
 124 a .. .. 7teu> opening 
 
 'A B TOP 
 
 127 icing’s 
 
 128 JCz3‘cr Belt's 
 
 129 Grove's 
 
 130 Fi'ice's 
 
 131 duller ti 
 
 132 Gov. Porter’s Bank on YellowBreeches 
 
 133 Shelley's 
 
 134 Jacob He ikes 
 131 Filler's 
 
 136 Berghart 
 
 137 A.Uezges 
 
 138 Abraham Hoi gee 
 159 Geo.Heiges 
 
 140 John Lem m er 
 
 141 JohnJfuntzLimestom (hrany 
 
 
 142 
 
 „ ,, FctintMine 
 
 
 143 
 
 F. A . Meyer s 
 
 
 144 
 
 JSl taker'e 
 
 • sville 
 
 145 
 
 JCimjnel's 
 
 
 146 
 
 Cooper 
 
 @ 
 
 147 
 
 Morgen tha ler 
 
 
 148 
 
 kVi ley's 
 
 
 149 
 
 JBrennem cut‘s 
 
 vdoxuit^sRoyal 
 
 150 
 
 Griesti clay 
 
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 151 
 
 Harman.' 3 
 
 
 152 
 
 Gerber 
 
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 153 
 
 Altland's exploitation pits 
 
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 154 
 
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 154 a Crtdtualadei • # 
 
 155 Alarshatte 
 
 Dove r 
 
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 LBS 
 
 156 S l ulhou'er 
 /5 7 Cook non ‘s 
 
 158 J. T. Sm itli 
 
 159 Med ter If Saylor 
 
 100 Thomas Iron Co. f/olly Bank 
 161 Widotv Brush's 
 
 102 Albert Hunk {ncurWhitoftlou/n) 
 
 163 Centre-Mill* 
 
 164 Tine Grove Ora Ih/nJco 
 
 164 u ,, L imestono Quarries 
 
 Z6.5 Wolfs Ora 
 
 166 Good's 
 
 76 7 Tone! lic/n k 
 
 168 Fetor Comfort 
 
 169 Ad urn Minler 
 
 170 Mont Alt o Mutes 
 
 - Far plait at ton pits around (Jellyslru ry 
 
 771 Martin. Btxrhehuv QBoppr 
 17 2 Benner's Hill 
 173 Will cam's 
 
 pproximatelv 
 
 O.BH AHPEN DEL, j 
 
Ir 
 
 
PinJc yucLrtxite . 
 
 Section II. From a point 21 M. N.20°E of Caledonia Fu 
 
 TO ILLUSTRATE REPORT OF PROGRESS INI VOF 
 
 RNACE S. 38° 30 ’ E. TO A POINT 2 
 
 IK ADAMS AND FRANKLIN COUNTIES IN 1875. 
 
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 Persifor Frazer.Jr Asst. A. E. Lehman. Aid. 
 

TlOC ifVEL 
 
 * Section 7 . From a point SI f A . N.sE. of Mt. Holly; S 2 rE. to a point 21 M. S. W. 
 
 TO ILLUSTRATE REPORT OF PROGRESS IN ' i'ORK, ADAMS AND FRANKLIN COUNTIES IN 1875. 
 
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 Section 9. From a p< 
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SECOjSD GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF PENNSYLVANIA. 
 
 18 7 5 . 
 
 REPORT OP PROGRESS 
 
 IN THE 
 
 COUNTIES 
 
 OP 
 
 York, Adams, Cumberland, and Franklin. 
 
 ILLUSTRATED 
 
 BY MAPS AND CROSS-SECTIONS SHOWING 
 
 THE MAGNETIC and MICACEOUS ORE BELT 
 
 NEAR THE WESTERN EDGE OF THE 
 
 MESOZOIC SANDSTONE 
 
 AND THE TWO AZOIC SYSTEMS CONSTITUTING THE MASS OP THE 
 
 SOUTH MOUNTAINS. 
 
 WITH A PRELIMINARY DISCUSSION ON THE DILLSBURG ORE BED, AND 
 A CATALOGUE OP SPECIMENS COLLECTED IN 1875. 
 
 BY 
 
 PERSIFOR FRAZER, Jr. 
 
 HARRISBURG: 
 
 PUBLISHED BY THE BOARD OP COMMISSIONERS 
 FOR THE SECOND GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. 
 
 1 87 7. 
 
Entered, for the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, in the year 1876, according 
 
 to acts of Congress, 
 
 By JOHN B. PEARSE, 
 
 Secretary of the Board of Commissioners of Geological Survey , 
 
 In the Office of the Librarian of Congress, at 
 
 WASHINGTON, D. C. 
 
 LANE S. HART, 
 State Printer and Binder, 
 1878. 
 
BOARD OF COMMISSIONERS. 
 
 -BOB- 
 
 His Excellency, JOHN F. HARTRANFT, Governor , 
 
 and ex-officio President of the Board, Harrisburg. 
 
 Amo Pardee, - 
 William A. Ingham, 
 Henry S. Eckert, - 
 Henry McCormick, - 
 James Macfarlane,- 
 John B. Pearse, 
 
 Robert V. Wilson, M. D., 
 Hon. Daniel J. Morrell, 
 Henry W. Oliver, - 
 Samuel Q. Brown, - 
 
 Hazleton. 
 
 Philadelphia. 
 
 Reading. 
 
 Harrisburg. 
 
 Towanda. 
 
 Philadelphia. 
 
 Clearfield. 
 
 Johnstown. 
 
 Pittsburg. 
 
 Pleasantville. 
 
 SECRETARY OF THE BOARD. 
 
 John B. Pearse,. Philadelphia 
 
 STATE GEOLOGIST. 
 
 Peter Lesley,. Philadelphia. 
 
ASSISTANT GEOLOGISTS. 
 
 Persifor Frazer, Jr. —Geologist in charge of the Survey of York, Adams, 
 Franklin and Cumberland. 
 
 A. E. Lehman —Topographical Assistant. 
 
 Frederick Prime, Jr. —Geologist in charge of the Survey of Lehigh, 
 Northampton, Berks and Lebanon. 
 
 A. P. Berlin —Topographical Assistant. 
 
 John H. Dewees —Geologist in charge of the Survey of the Fossil Ore 
 belts of the Juniata country. 
 
 Franklin Platt —Geologist in charge of the Survey of Clearfield, Jeffer¬ 
 son, Cambria, Somerset, Armstrong, Blair, Ac., Ac. 
 
 W. G. Platt —Geological Assistant in Cambria, Somerset and Indiana. 
 
 R. H. Sanders —Topographical Assistant in Blair and Somerset. 
 
 J. J. Stevenson —Geologist in charge of the Survey of Greene, Washing¬ 
 ton, Fayette and Westmoreland. 
 
 I. C. White —In charge of the Survey of Beaver, Lawrence, Mercer, Ac. 
 
 J. F. Carll —Geologist in charge of the Survey of the Oil Regions. 
 
 H. M. Chance —Geological Assistant for the Survey of the Water Gaps, and 
 in Butler, Beaver, Mercer, Ac., Ac. 
 
 C. A. Ashburner —Geological Assistant in Mifilin and Blair, and in charge 
 of the Sujrvey of M’Kean, Elk, Forest, Ac 
 
 C. E. Billin —Topographical Assistant in Mifflin and Blair, and in charge of 
 the Survey of the Huntingdon Valley and Seven Mountains. 
 
 Andrew Sherwood— Geologist in charge of the Survey of Bradford, Tioga, 
 Potter, Lycoming, Ac. 
 
 F. A. Genth —Chemist and Mineralogist at Philadelphia. 
 
 A. S. M’Creath —Chemist, in charge of the Laboratory of the Survey, 223 
 Market street, Harrisburg. 
 
 C. E. Hall, Fossil Zoologist, in charge of the Collections for the Museum. 
 
 Leo Lesquereux —Fossil Botanist, Columbus, Ohio. 
 
 E. B. Harden —In charge of Illustrations for the Reports, 1008 Clinton 
 street, Philadelphia. 
 
 Charles Allen —In charge of the Collection of Records of Railroad and 
 other Levels, Harrisburg. 
 
 F. W. Forman —Clerk in charge of the Distribution of Reports from the 
 rooms of the Board, 223 Market street, Harrisburg. 
 
REPORT OF PROGRESS 
 
 IN 
 
 YORK, ADAMS AND FRANKLIN COUNTIES. 
 
 1875. 
 
 BY PERSIFOR FRAZER, JR., ASSISTANT GEOLOGIST. 
 
 CHAPTER VI * 
 
 Examination of Properties South of Littlestown , near the Mary¬ 
 land Line. 
 
 A number of trial shafts have been sunk on G. Kunkle’s prop¬ 
 erty, about 3 miles south of Littlestown. Some specimens 
 showed the presence of brown iron oxide, but nowhere among 
 the'debris were there indications.leading to a belief in any large 
 quantity of ore. Two or three tons of black magnetic dirt are 
 said to have been thrown up and carted away on the farm of 
 Mr. Ephraim Myers. 
 
 On G. Baer’s farm, half a mile from the Maryland line, there 
 is seen an opening out of which has been taken a mass of ferru¬ 
 ginous, or iron-stained, chlorite slates, resembling, to some ex¬ 
 tent, the Codorus ore, but poor in iron in the specimens ob¬ 
 served. 
 
 In the adjoining farm of Mr. Willet is a small opening out of 
 which has been taken a quantity of hard, compact chlorite rock 
 similar to that of which an analysis is given on p. 106 of Re¬ 
 port of Progress for 1874. 
 
 This rock is also said to contain a “native steel,” but this state¬ 
 ment is probably made for “native steel ore,” since neither of 
 the rival definitions of steel could be made to apply to the sub¬ 
 stance in question. 
 
 In a cut near Baer’s farm this compact chlorite is seen to be dip¬ 
 ping S. 10° W.—89°. 
 
 * Continuation of Chapter I of 1874. 
 
 14—C. 
 
 [C. 201] 
 
202 C. P. FRAZER, JR., REPORT OF PROGRESS, 1875. 
 
 In a cut 20 feet long on the property the following strata are 
 recognized: 
 
 Thickness. 
 
 Compact chlorite slate. 5 feet. 
 
 Overlain by: 
 
 Soft decomposed mass, stained red on weathered sur¬ 
 faces. 5 feet. 
 
 Fine-grained green chlorite rock, intersected with 
 
 quartz. 5 feet. 
 
 Soft decomposed talcose and hydro-mica slate. 5 feet. 
 
 Quartzite (at heading). ? 
 
 All these chlorite rocke are rich in pyrite, and the slates in 
 contact with them exhibit cast pseudomorphs of the crystals ; 
 but occasional streaks in the former rocks are much richer in py¬ 
 rite than adjoining portions and as a general rule thin streaks 
 are at or near lines of contact between the dark green chlorite 
 slates and rocks of different constitution. This would appear to 
 be an indication of a change of condition in the waters, culmi¬ 
 nating in the formation of pyrite, as that mineral is sometimes 
 now found in swamps and bogs. 
 
 There seems every probability that in many cases at least the 
 origin of the casts of pyrite was in the covering the exposed 
 angles of already formed crystals by the mud from which 
 the slates were formed, and their subsequent retention of the 
 impression when hardened. If this view be correct, there must 
 have been an exceedingly slow growth of the formations in 
 question, which allowed the pyrite crystals to develop to con¬ 
 siderable size, and during which the supply of iron to the sedi¬ 
 ment must have greatly decreased. Another oscillation of con¬ 
 ditions in the then existing ocean not less important in the gene¬ 
 sis of these rocks, was the deposit of large masses of quartzite 
 among them in thin layers. 
 
 It has been previously stated that among the chlorite slates 
 of the region south of Wrightsville quartzite was occasionally 
 found to intrude. 
 
 Without further evidence in any special case, it will be impos¬ 
 sible to assign any definite age to a quartzite as such. There 
 seem to be several horizons in these rocks, at which quartzite 
 beds of greater or less extent occur. A very thick bed under¬ 
 lies the slates and schists of the Wrightsville section, (Chicque’s 
 
C. 203 
 
 EXAMINATION OF PROPERTIES, &C. 
 
 rock, etc.,) and massive series are found intercalated with schist 
 and orthofelsite in various localities of the South mountain. 
 
 The following is an analysis by Mr. David M’Creath of two 
 limonite ores obtained from localities described on pp. 37 and 39 
 of the report for 1874: 
 
 Mickley’s Bank. 
 
 Iron sesqui-oxide_ 
 
 .... 74.285 
 
 Metallic iron. 
 
 52.00 pr ct. 
 
 Alumina. 
 
 
 
 
 Manganese sesqui-oxide, 3.900 
 
 Met. manganese.. 
 
 2.716 pr ct. 
 
 Lime.. 
 
 .... 0.340 
 
 
 
 Magnesia. 
 
 
 
 
 Sulphuric acid. 
 
 .... 0.211 
 
 Sulphur. 
 
 0.084 pr ct. 
 
 Phosphoric acid. 
 
 .... 0.948 
 
 Phosphorus. 
 
 0.414 pr ct. 
 
 Water. 
 
 ,... 12.140 
 
 
 
 Insoluble residue.... 
 
 ... 5.740 
 
 
 
 Sum. 
 
 .... 99.386 
 
 
 
 Loss. 
 
 
 
 
 Total. 
 
 ... 100.000 
 
 
 
 
 Bauman’s Bank. 
 
 
 Iron sesqui-oxide_ 
 
 ... 65.000 
 
 Metallic iron. 
 
 45.50 pr ct. 
 
 Alumina. 
 
 ... 2.355 
 
 
 
 Manganese sesqui-oxide, 1.712 
 
 Met. manganese.. 
 
 1.192 pr ct. 
 
 Lime. 
 
 ... 0.390 
 
 
 
 Magnesia. 
 
 
 
 
 Sulphuric acid. 
 
 ... 0.105 
 
 Sulphur. 
 
 0.042 pr ct. 
 
 Phosphoric acid. 
 
 ... 3.295 
 
 Phosphorus. 
 
 1.439 pr ct. 
 
 Water. 
 
 ... 11.790 
 
 
 
 Insoluble residue. 
 
 
 
 
 Sum. 
 
 ... 99.883 
 
 
 
 Loss. 
 
 
 
 
 Total. 
 
 ... 100.000 
 
 
 
 Note. —These ores are from York county and on the Hanover 
 range. Mickley’s was taken from the bank about one mile north¬ 
 east of Smith’s station. Bauman’s ore was obtained from a mine 
 immediately alongside York Road station. 
 
 \ 
 
 The clay formed by the decomposition of the layers of slate 
 is utilized for brick making in Mr. Barnetz’s brickyard, about 
 one mile from Hanover, on the line of the Hanover and Gettys- 
 
204 C. P. FRAZER, JR., REPORT OF PROGRESS, 1875. 
 
 burg railroad. About 3,000 to 4,000 bricks are made by hand per 
 day. The clay is mixed with the red sand from the Mesozoic beds. 
 About 100,000 bricks are averaged to the kilns, and and two or 
 three kilns are burnt in a season. The average market price is 
 $8 00 to $10 00 per thousand. 
 
 The limestones near Hanover were made the subject of a sec¬ 
 ond investigation. 
 
 One in a quarry about two miles N. by W. of Havover, dips 
 S. 30° E.—24°. The color of this limestone is dark blue, streaked 
 in all directions with calcite. 
 
 A dark slaty blue limestone (Roberts* farm?) with numer¬ 
 ous calcite streaks occurs in a field near the New Oxford road, 
 about 1 mile from Hanover, dips S. 20° E.—28°. It occurs in 
 flags of about H inches in thickness. 
 
GENERAL SCOPE OP OPERATIONS. 
 
 0. 205 
 
 CHAPTER VII. 
 
 General Scope of the Operations of the Party of York and 
 Adams during the Season of 1875. 
 
 The operations of the party of the district of York and Adams 
 counties for the season of 1875 were mainly directed to a belt of 
 country covering the contact of the South Mountain Rocks and 
 the Mesozoic Sandstones on its south-east slopes. In a few in¬ 
 stances lines of section were projected through the entire range 
 of the South mountain to the limestone of the Cumberland Val¬ 
 ley, but it was not attempted to include in the report the entire 
 topography of the range from Dillsburg to the Maryland line. 
 This is a work of great magnitude and difficulty, and a long time 
 will be required to accomplish it. 
 
 Besides this, lines were run from York to Dillsburg, (along 
 with an independent line of levels over the same route,) and 
 from Littlestown through Gettysburg to Graffenburg, in the South 
 mountain, thus connecting the work of the two seasons at both 
 extremities, and providing a basis on which to construct topo¬ 
 graphical maps of these and adjoining counties. 
 
 A contoured map of 156 square miles, about the Stevens prop¬ 
 erty, on the Gettysburg-Chambersburg pike, is expected to ac¬ 
 company next year’s report. 
 
 The line from York to Dillsburg is intended, so far as possible, 
 to present the different features of the various layers of the 
 Mesozoic Sandstone in the manner of a section, though from the 
 fact that the direction of the inclination of the strata differs 
 from the direction of the line in some places, special methods 
 were required in order to meet the difficulty. In the case 
 of the line carried from Gettysburg through the South 
 mountain, along the Chambersburg turnpike, to Greenwood, it 
 would have been very interesting to note on the same section 
 
206 C. P. FRAZER, JR., REPORT OF PROGRESS, 1875. 
 
 line the different attitudes of the different formations by pro¬ 
 jecting the sections of their strata on the same vertical plane, 
 but the difference of direction of dip is so material between the 
 upper layers of the Mesozoic and the eastern outcrops of the 
 South mountain rocks that to prolong the line through the moun¬ 
 tain successive offsets, of a couple of miles each, in the direc¬ 
 tion of the prevailing dip, were drawn across the line of the 
 turnpike. Thus the single section line was broken up into 
 several portions each of which was carried down bodily to the 
 south, so that its middle point corresponded with its intersection 
 with the turnpike, thus forming a series of lines in echelon. 
 But the great difficulty which was experienced in constructing 
 the structure of the South mountain lay in the rarity of rock 
 in place in accessible portions of the chain. 
 
 The region traversed by the Chambersburg turnpike is excep¬ 
 tionally poor in reliable exposures, though owing to the breadth 
 of the chain at this point, (some nine miles,) and the existence 
 of a rough sketch map containing studies of the vicinity made 
 by Prof. Lesley some few years ago, it was selected as the most 
 favorable spot to make the beginning of the final contoured maj 
 of the South Mountain chain, south of the Susquehanna river. 
 
THE DILLSBURG GROUP OF MINES. 
 
 C. 207 
 
 CHAPTER VIII. 
 
 The Dillsburg Group of Mines . 
 
 The first mines to be described are those in the vicinity of 
 Dillsburg, and about two miles from the boundary of the South 
 Mountain series, and within the Mesozoic formation. 
 
 About three-fourths of a mile due east of Dillsburg occurs a 
 group of iron mines which for some time past have claimed the 
 attention of iron masters on account of the richness of the ore 
 which they furnish. This ore will be elsewhere especially ad¬ 
 verted to. It is essentially of the same kind in a large number 
 of ore banks in this vicinity, and is generally known as the 
 u Dillsburg Ore.” The first and largest of these banks to be de¬ 
 scribed, is known as— 
 
 The Underwood Mine. 
 
 This is represented on the map as the mouth of a slope. 
 
 The Underwood Mine (XIII, 5, No. 124) was formerly known 
 as the Mumper mine, and was opened 27 to 28 } 7 ears ago. 
 Since 1868 it has been the property of Mr. Alexander Under¬ 
 wood, of Mechanicsburg, who first leased it for eighteen months 
 to the Wrightsville Iron Company, and since the expiration of 
 this lease has wrought it himself. 
 
 The mine is operated through a slope which enters the sur¬ 
 face in conformity with the strata of the Mesozoic series, and 
 sinks due north at an angle of 28° for 290 feet. Ore was not 
 followed, however, from the surface, but a slope was followed 
 till it reached a depth of 26 feet, when a body of eighteen feet of 
 ore was found which dips more steeply as it sinks to the north. 
 Eight drifts have been driven east and west of the slope at dif- 
 erent levels. The average length of these drifts is 70 feet. The 
 ore is blasted out as solid rock. The general dip of foot and 
 hanging walls is the same as that of the slope. The foot wall is 
 
208 C. P. FRAZER, JR., REPORT OF PROGRESS, 1875. 
 
 a sandstone intermixed with limestone. The hanging wall is a 
 trap. The distance between foot and hanging walls averages 
 five feet, but Mr. Underwood states that ore has been found in 
 the vein from 6 to 30 feet thick. Each drift is furnished with a 
 railroad. Three shafts have been sunk to connect with the un¬ 
 derground workings. The vertical depth of the lowest level is 
 140 feet, according to the statement of Mr. Underwood. (The 
 angle of inclination observed near the surface and length of 
 slope would give this depth as 98.12 feet). 
 
 Forty tons of ore are extracted daily. The daily average of 
 the mine for the last two years is 30 tons. 
 
 The drifts were as follows: 
 
 The first at 120 feet down the slope from the engine house, 
 and is driven horizontal and at right angles in both directions 
 from the same. 
 
 The second drift is driven in the same manner at 180 feet 
 down the slope. 
 
 The third is driven at 280 feet. 
 
 The first level is 100 feet to each heading from slope, and at 
 every 20 feet intermediate between these points slopes have been 
 commenced parallel to the main slope. 
 
 The second levels were 90 feet in each direction from the 
 main slopes, and the parallel slopes were 4 in each. 
 
 In the lowest level the eastern gallery is 110 feet long, and 
 the ore on the side of the main slope, and between this and the 
 second level, has been taken out. The western gallery of the 
 lowest level is 120 feet long, and contained six slopes upwards. 
 The ore in a westwardly direction connects with the fourth slope 
 in the second level. 
 
 The sixth slope ends on the line of the second level, and ten feet 
 west of the heading. The fifth continues upwards and connects 
 with the first level. 
 
 The ore is shipped from Dillsburg station and hauled there by 
 teams owned by private parties, at a contract price of 30 cents 
 per ton. The ore is used at the Pennsylvania Steel Works, the 
 Lochiel Iron Works and the Marshall Furnace, Newport, Perry 
 county. 
 
 About 30 men are employed—27 inside and 3 or 4 outside. 
 The wages to miners and outside laborers are $1 25 per day of 
 
THE DILLSBURG GROUP OF MINES. 
 
 C. 209 
 
 ten hours. The engineer obtains $45 per month and the fore¬ 
 man $80 per month. The engine is of twelve horse power. The 
 fuel is anthracite coal and is consumed at the rate of 4J tons per 
 month. The water for the boiler is taken from the mine, and is 
 more than sufficient, since no washing of the ore is necessary. 
 
 The pump shaft is 240 feet long, and the pump is worked about 
 two-thirds of the time. The property contains about 240 acres. 
 This pump shaft was sunk 28 feet to ore and 21 feet through ore, 
 and connects with the main slope, and also stopes wrought east 
 and west 150 feet, and north on the slope 100 feet. The ore has 
 recently become very hard. Perhaps 10,000 tons have been 
 taken out of the slope and shaft. Very little crystallized mag¬ 
 netite occurs. The average dip of the foot and hanging walls 
 of the ore and of the trap at this locality is N.—28°. 
 
 A hearsay statement of a vertical section of fifty feet, through 
 the strata near the old mine, was said to give: 
 
 Feet. 
 
 Soil. 14' 
 
 Hard blue altered rock. 12' 
 
 Gray.ditto. 3' 
 
 Ore. 21' 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 This section is very unreliable. 
 
 Underwood's New Opening. (XVii, No. 124 a .) 
 
 A little over 200 feet south of the mouth of the slope are two 
 excavations of irregular shape, one covering 10,000 and the other 
 about 3,300 square feet. The first of these excavations is about 
 fifteen feet deep, and contains a shaft (the “ derrick shaft”) which 
 was sunk two years ago about twenty-five feet through trap, and 
 twenty-eight feet below this through ore, the latter not having 
 been penetrated. (Note.—Another statement makes this twenty 
 feet of trap and twenty feet of ore.) 
 
 From the base of this shaft is a level east and west 110 feet 
 in ore, and a slope 50 feet long dipping gently north. About six 
 tons of ore were procured daily from this shaft. Three men 
 were employed, and the machinery is operated by the engine of 
 the older mine (the slope.) The cars are run from the drifts to 
 the bottom of the shaft, and are thence lifted on the hoisting 
 truck. 
 
210 C. P. FRAZER, JR., REPORT OF PROGRESS, 1875. 
 
 A layer of limestone was passed through. The dip of the 
 strata was not obtainable with certainty, the most probable data 
 being N. 10°, E.—40°. 
 
 The ore from this shaft needs no washing. 
 
 The excavation in which the lt new opening” was made is really 
 the first one in the region in which ore was discovered. 
 
 About 70 feet, south of the derrick shaft is a second shaft 12 
 feet deep, of which 2 feet were said by Mr. Letcher, the fore¬ 
 man, to have been through trap and 10 feet through ore. 
 
 From the bottom of this shaft a slope was opened through ore 
 to the derrick shaft. 
 
 About 100 feet east 20° north of the derrick shaft a new shaft 
 has been sunk, of which the record is similar to that of the der¬ 
 rick shaft. 
 
 From the north-east angle of the derrick shaft a drift has been 
 run 160 feet north-east. They stoped out 40 feet of ore all the 
 way along this drift. From the north-west corner of the new 
 shaft another drift was run 40 feet, which met the first drift at that 
 distance. This was also through ore. (The above statements are 
 from Mr. Letcher.) 
 
 Twenty feet south of derrick shaft is a heading about west 60 
 feet; 15 feet north-west from the new shaft, cross-headings 10 
 feet in each direction, have been cut, which will connect with 
 headings from the other drift. 
 
 A vertical section of the rocks from the surface gave 
 
 Feet. 
 
 Soil and gravel. 30' 
 
 Ore deposit. Thickness not known ? ? 
 
 This is a statement of Mr. U nderwood, and refers to the new 
 openings. 
 
 Another large excavation immediately south-west of the last 
 simply exhausted a large nest of surface ore. The amount taken 
 out is said to have been probably as much as 5,000 tons. 
 
 300 feet east of south of the two excavations last mentioned 
 is another pit, covering about 3,500 square feet, also made by 
 Mr. Underwood. It was a small opening made by Abraham 
 Mumper in 1862. It had caved in, and no data were obtainable 
 from it. 
 
THE DILLSBURG GROUP OP MINES. 
 
 C. 211 
 
 Logan's Mine.* (xvu, 8 No. m). 
 
 This mine, which has been leased by Mr. H. M’Cormick 
 & Co., of Harrisburg, lies 500 feet N. of E. of the Un¬ 
 derwood slope. It was opened in 1874 by Mr. Logan, of 
 Dillsburg. The shaft is fifty feet deep, and is cribbed for 
 most of the distance. The direction of the slope at the 
 bottom of the shaft is due north at an angle of about 
 28°, and is 80 feet long. This mine is wrought by day and 
 night shifts of ten hours. At present the average yield is about 
 25 tons per day. The ore is hauled at 35 cents per ton by pri¬ 
 vate teams to Dillsburg, a distance of about 1J miles, 4 to 6 
 tons constituting a load. The ore is used by Mr. M’Cormick in 
 his own furnaces. Twenty-one men are employed—2 engineers, 
 14 miners, and 5 outside men. Wages, $1 10 to $1 75 per day ; 
 engineer, $45 per month; foreman, $75 per month. The engine 
 is of eight horse power, and the fuel, of which 1 ton per day is 
 consumed, is anthracite. 
 
 The pump shaft is 53 feet long, and the pump is just able to 
 keep the mine free. The ore is of the same general character 
 as that of the mines just considered. It costs about $2 per ton 
 to mine. The east drift of the shaft ran into Mr. Smyser’s land, 
 who gave Mr. McCormick a lease for ten years from October 14, 
 1873 @ $1 per ton royalty. There is no washing machinery 
 here. The pump is run constantly to keep the water down. 
 
 A vertical section of the strata by Thomas Parfit, gave surface 
 of the ground. 
 
 Soil and gravel, containing some boulders of trap.28' 
 
 Sand. 6' 
 
 Ore. 20' 
 
 Foot rock. 2' 
 
 About 2,400 feet north of Logan’s present shaft, and in a 
 clump of woods, a trial shaft was sunk by him. No accurate 
 records of this shaft were obtained, further than the information 
 that ore was procured in some quantity. The vicinity of this 
 opening was strewn with large boulders of trap. 
 
 The cost of this ore delivered in Harrisburg was said to be 
 in the summer of 1875, about $3 95. 
 
 *An analysis of this ore will be found on p. 72 C, of the report of 1874. 
 
212 0. P. FRAZER, JR., REPORT OF PROGRESS, 1875. 
 
 King’s Mine, (xxu, 58 . No. 127.) 
 
 Is situated 3,300 feet E. 10° S. of Underwood’s slope, and on the 
 line between Ezra Bell’s and Jno. M’Clure’s farms. 
 
 A shaft was sunk 32 feet by Mr. King in the spring of 1876. 
 
 The record of this shaft is as follows: 
 
 Soil and loose fragments of trap. 6' 
 
 Hard traps. 17' 
 
 Ore. 9' 
 
 From the bottom of this shaft a horizontal heading was run 
 E. 20 feet, terminating obliquely against a wall of trap to the 
 south, and enclosing a wedge-shaped mass of ore between this 
 wall and the indurated sandstones to the north. From the east¬ 
 ern extremity of this heading a slope was cut upwards to clay 
 in a direction S. 3° W. and at an angle of 22° 30'. 
 
 From this point a drift has been commenced also N. 5° E., and 
 at present extending about 50 feet. 
 
 At about 20 feet from the foot of the slope two oblique head¬ 
 ings have been commenced, running about north-east and south¬ 
 west. At this point a dip in indurated sandstone gave N. 40° 
 W.—23°. 
 
 At the end of the 50 foot gangway, 12 feet of ore was taken 
 out, but its limits were not ascertained, according to the state¬ 
 ment of Mr. King. 
 
 Note.— Since the early spring of 1876, when Mr. Edwards was 
 detailed to get all the information in regard to this mine and to 
 collect samples of the ore for analysis, further developments have 
 been made by Mr. King, who writes, under date of May 15, 
 1876, to say that since Mr. Edwards’ visit the “quality of the 
 ore has steadily improved as we attained greater depth, the 
 amount of pyrites has decreased and the amounts of lime and 
 magnesia increased, and the vein has assumed a solid appear¬ 
 ance. We are 50 feet further on the dip of the vein and have 
 driven 40 to 50 feet east on the strike. 
 
 On the 22d of the same month and year, Mr. King writes: 
 “ None of the old mines hereabouts are in operation; conse¬ 
 quently, 1 can give you no information about them. We are now 
 80 feet through ore ( i. e., in the King Mine) on the dip of the 
 vein, or rather we have 30 feet of ore in direction of dip, but 
 having little or no dip, and 50 feet of ore with about 20° dip. 
 
THE DILLSBURG GROUP OF MINES. 
 
 C. 213 
 
 The vein is 9 feet 6 inches thick, arranged as follows, viz: 18 
 inches of ore on the bottom, then 12 inches of rock, like sand 
 rock, with vertical joints, then 7 feet of ore. The top and 
 bottom rocks seem to be light-colored sand-rock. We drove 
 50 feet east from the slope, along a fault with slickensides, 
 which crosses the slope at an angle of 70°. 
 
 “We had 7 to 8 feet of ore all along in front and at lower side 
 of gangway. 
 
 “ The fault rock is a mixed up, broken up mixture of sandstone 
 and trap rock, and running immediately behind it on the south¬ 
 east side is a ridge of that hard dark green syenitic (?) rock 
 found in this region. We found no ore till we got to the north¬ 
 west side of the fault, and it is considerably disturbed for about 
 20 feet from the fault. We are about 50 feet from the surface ver¬ 
 tically. We are driving our slope N. 5° E., but the dip of the 
 vein is N. 10° W., so that in driving west we will have to swing 
 round to the south considerably in order to keep the vein and al¬ 
 low the water to run off. 
 
 “We are mining about 25 tons per day and pump water at .the 
 rate of about 30 gallons per minute, doing all the work with three 
 horses—that is, hoisting and pumping.” 
 
 Three hundred feet west by north of the Underwood slope is 
 an excavation about twenty feet deep, with sides partially washed 
 in. The soil is sandy, and stained red with the oxide of iron. 
 It was opened about twenty five years ago by Abraham Mumper, 
 but no record of the mode of occurrence of the ore was obtained, 
 and it is more than probable that all of it was wash ore from 
 the fragments of the veins in that vicinity. At 200 feet and 300 
 feet respectively, north of this excavation a couple of pits are 
 found which have the same history as above, but are partially 
 filled with water. 
 
 Two hundred feet south-west of the mouth of the slope, and 
 100 feet west of the engine house are two pits about 10 feet 
 deep, but no ore was visible. 
 
 Old Working .—Situated a little over 200 feet east of north of 
 the slope’s mouth is an old opening of Underwood’s, said to have 
 been very deep. The sides show sandy or gravelly soil. The 
 best information at present obtainable in regard to this ore is that 
 
214 C. 
 
 P. FRAZER, JR., REPORT OF PROGRESS, 1875. 
 
 it was a deposit or pocket of wash ore about 7 feet thick. It is 
 said to have been exhausted, and the mine has been abandoned. 
 
 Old Pit .—Situated about 400 feet east of south of the mouth of 
 Underwood’s slope. Mr. Underwood states that the ore was fol¬ 
 lowed from the surface for 25 feet on the slope at this point, though 
 the greater portion of the 2,000 tons which it is said were taken 
 out of here was surface or wash ore. The rocks dipped north. 
 Strength not given. Mr. Underwood reports, also that trap was 
 encountered east of the ore, but Mr. Altland doubts the occur¬ 
 rence of trap at this place. 
 
 Mr. Edwards reports large masses of trap in place, of which 
 10 feet are visible in the south wall of the excavation and com¬ 
 ing to the surface. The general dip of the trap he reports as 
 south-west, with sandstone underlying. This information is only 
 partially reliable. 
 
 M’Cormick Co.’s Old Opening. ( xvu,9. No.ma.) 
 
 About 500 feet east of north of the Underwood slope is an 
 excavation covering 12,000 square feet of area, which was 
 opened by John Mumper twenty-five years ago. From a point 
 north of the middle of this pit a shaft was sunk for 140 feet ver¬ 
 tical depth. The shaft is now nearly filled with water. The ore 
 is said to have been exhausted. Parts of the machinery are ly¬ 
 ing about. 
 
 One hundred feet north of the bank is a slope constructed for 
 Mr. M’Cormick by the mine boss, Mr. Parfit. The inclination 
 of this slope was 200, and the slope was 60 feet in length. 
 
 It did not pay to work the ore all the way down. A t the bot¬ 
 tom of the slope a vein(?) of 4 feet was wrought. About ten 
 tons of ore altogether were taken out, and the mine was aban¬ 
 doned for a more profitable place. The ore spoken of as having 
 been got out by this slope may have been wash ore. 
 
 A superficial opening on the same vein has been made 50 feet 
 east of this slope, but the ore has not been wrought here, and 
 the excavation is only about six feet deep. 
 
 M’Cormick £ Co.’s Long Cut and Slope, (xxu, 9 . No. 123 .) 
 
 This is the most northerly of the group of mines which occurs 
 in this region. The cut, including a small opening in the west 
 
THE DILLSBURG GROUP OF MINES. 
 
 C. 215 
 
 end, is from four to five hundred feet in length along the out¬ 
 crop line of the ore-vein which it was intended to work. A 
 dolerite which occurs in this mine at the surface, and appears to 
 constitute the top rock of the ore, dips N. 5° W. from 27° to* 
 34°. The machinery is still standing, but the mine is practically 
 abandoned and is full of water. Two slopes were driven in to 
 find the ore. The upper one followed the ore vein in between 
 well defined walls at the normal angle of inclination of the sand¬ 
 stone layers. The upper sandstone was continued in the deep, 
 while the foot wall was cut out by a dyke of trap. The lower 
 slope of about 30° to 45° was continued for 180 feet, and passed 
 through the ore, which appeared to be a very irregular deposit. 
 It is now entirely exhausted. 
 
 One hundred and fifty-eight feet north-west of the middle of 
 this cut a bore hole (No. 1 on special map) was sunk, of which 
 the following is a record as given by Mr. King :— 
 
 feet. 
 
 Clay. 4' 
 
 Sandstone. Ql 
 
 Clay. 2' 
 
 Bastard limestone. 9.5' 
 
 Sandstone. 9.5' 
 
 Trap. 9' 
 
 Unknown, abotit. 20' 
 
 Brown sandstone. 12' 
 
 Iron ore. 6' 
 
 Sandstone. 4' 
 
 Lean iron ore. 4' 
 
 About 50 feet from the cut, and towards the western end, a 
 bore hole (No. 3 on special map) showed— 
 
 Clay. 
 
 White sandstone. 
 
 Red sandstone. 
 
 Trap. 
 
 Black and green sandstone 
 
 Brown sandstone. 
 
 Green sandstone. 
 
 White sandstone. 
 
 Feet. 
 
 4' 
 
 6 ' 
 
 7' 
 
 17.5' 
 
 4' 
 
 1 ' 
 
 8 ' 
 
 1.5' 
 
 *Mr. ALtland makes it “north 50® to 10° west, from the horizontal about 
 20 °.” 
 
216 C 
 
 P. FRAZER, JR., REPORT OF PROGRESS, 1875 
 
 Bore hole, No. 4, situated about 150 feet east of south of the 
 eastern extremity of the long cut, gave: 
 
 Surface. 
 
 Clay. 
 
 Gray sandstone. 
 
 Ked sandstone. 
 
 Unknown. 
 
 White sandstone. 
 
 Greenish-white sandstone 
 
 White sandstone. 
 
 Green sandstone. 
 
 Ked sandstone. 
 
 Black (?) trap. 
 
 White (?) trap. 
 
 Ore. 
 
 White sandstone. 
 
 Green sandstone.. 
 
 Red and white sandstone 
 
 Feet. 
 
 2 ' 
 
 8 ' 
 
 7* 
 
 10 * 
 
 7. 5' 
 6.16' 
 6.41' 
 2.83' 
 0.50' 
 16.08' 
 6 . 66 ' 
 1.50' 
 22.25' 
 13.16' 
 6 . 00 ' 
 
 Bore hole, No. 5, sunk in “ M’Cormick’s & Co.’s old bank,’’ 
 
 showed:— 
 
 Surface. 
 
 boil. 8.84' 
 
 Green sandstone.. 0.17' 
 
 iron ore. 0.17' 
 
 Gray sandstone. . 4.50' 
 
 White sandstone. 6.17' 
 
 Reddish green sandstone. 12.08' 
 
 Black (?) trap. 23.07' 
 
 Gray sandstone. 3.25' 
 
 Iron ore. 3.25' 
 
 White sandstone. 5.00' 
 
 Iron ore. 1.33' 
 
 White sandstone. 11.00' 
 
 Limestone and flint. 6.00' 
 
 Limestone and fire-clay. 10.00' 
 
 Red sandstone. 14.00' 
 
 Green sandstone. 4.00' 
 
 White sandstone. 9.00' 
 
 Green sandstone. 3.00' 
 
 Iron ore. 2.00' 
 
 Sandstone.. 2.00' 
 
 Sandstone and ore. 3.00' 
 
 Limestone and flint. 6.50' 
 
 Ore and sandstone. 0.50' 
 
 Green sandstone. 5.00' 
 
 White sandstone. 5.00' 
 
 Green sandstone. 6.00' 
 
 White sandstone. 1.00 
 
 Gray trap. 2.0G 
 
THE DILLSBURG GROUP OP MINES. 
 
 C. 217 
 
 White sandstone. 2.00' 
 
 Limestone. 3.00' 
 
 Gray sandstone. 4.50' 
 
 Red sandstone. 4.00' 
 
 White sandstone. 4.00 
 
 Red sandstone. 1.00' 
 
 White sandstone. 4.00' 
 
 Red sandstone. 3.00' 
 
 White sandstone. 4.50' 
 
 About 1,000 feet south-east of the point from which the dis¬ 
 tances have heretofore been given ; i. e., Underwood's slope, is 
 
 Smyser s Open Out. (xvii, n.) 
 
 This Bank was opened in 1852 by James Myers and Henry 
 Mussel man, of Marietta, to whom it was leased for ten years. 
 They wrought it for about eighteen months and threw up the 
 lease. 
 
 Abraham Mumper purchased the propertj^ and worked it for 
 six or eight months. Mr. Smyser subsequently bought the 
 farm back and worked the mine, taking out about 1,000 tons- 
 of ore. Altogether the amount of ore taken out was nearly 
 3,000 tons. It was of the same character as that at Under¬ 
 wood’s and M’Cormick’s. Most of the ore was used at Mari¬ 
 etta by Musselman ; the rest at Whitest-own. 
 
 The sides of the bank slope about 40° and the bank is about 
 30 feet deep and is partially shut. 
 
 The upper part is composed of gravel and loose soil. Ho 
 rock in place is at present visible. 
 
 Mr. Smyser (from whom the above data was obtained) states 
 that the lessees sank about 45 feet before ore was struck. This 
 ore had a thickness of 25 feet and “dipped gently south-east” (?) 
 
 The foreman of the working states that the ore dipped south¬ 
 west where worked, and rested on a saddle of trap. He adds 
 that a south-east dip would doubtless be obtained further to 
 the south. Neither of these statements form a satisfactory ba¬ 
 sis of any theory owing to their unreliability. 
 
 When the bank was operated the ore was hauled out by 
 horse and cart. It did not require to be washed. It was scat¬ 
 tered through the bank, but was hard to get at and does not 
 pay to mine. 
 
 15—C. 
 
218 C. P. FRAZER, JR , REPORT OF PROGRESS, 1875. 
 
 The trap which occurs in this bank was very confusing, and 
 Mr. King reports being unable to ascertain its direction of dip 
 after examining: it. 
 
 Mr. Altland mentions the same difficulty having occurred to 
 himself on the occasion of a visit last autumn (1875.) 
 
 Ezra Bell's Ore Mines. (XVH,u. No. m.) 
 
 This property was leased to Mr. M’Williams since April. 
 The shaft is 33 feet deep and a drift has been commenced. In 
 June last 100 tons, more or less, had been taken out but none 
 had been sold. 
 
 The terms of the lease are 50 cents royalty per ton for ten 
 years. The works were just commenced at the time of this 
 visit, in June, and only four hands were employed. The dip 
 of hanging and foot walls seemed to be about K. 10° E. 20°. 
 Specimens of the different strata were selected. Hard limestone 
 boulders were noticed from the surface to the ore, a distance of 
 25 feet. 
 
 A slope has been sunk about 100 feet south-west of Bell s 
 shaft 180 feet long. At 100 feet on the slope (assuming the 
 slope to be N. 10° E.—20°, the projection of this point upon the 
 surface would be 94 feet from the slope-mouth, and the point 
 itself 41 feet below the surface). 
 
 The drift has been cut (probably W. 10° K.) from the foot 
 of the slope for 75 feet. 125 down the slope (or 51 feet 
 vertically, under a point on the surface 117.5 feet H. 10° E. 
 from the slope mouth,) a second drift has been driven E. 10° S. 
 50 feet. 
 
 Ore has been obtained from this mine, but the precise local¬ 
 ities are not indicated. 
 
 If the surface were level between Bore Hole Ko. 3 and Bell’s 
 Shaft, and the traps continuous, the latter should have been 
 found at 30 feet below the surface. Allowing: for the difference 
 of level between the two points (between 5 and 10 feet) the 
 traps should have been struck at about 20 feet below the mouth 
 of the shaft. 
 
 The excavated material and ore from this shaft is raised b y 
 windlass. The shaft is cribbed from the top down and drifts 
 
THE DILLSBURG GROUP OF MINES. 
 
 C. 219 
 
 are driven from the bottom south and north. In September 
 this mine was said to have been leased by M’Cormick & Co. 
 
 Joseph L. Grove's Bank. (XVII, 12. No. m.) 
 
 Is situated about three-fourths of a mile south-east of the Un¬ 
 derwood slope, was opened about two years. Eagle & Schultz, 
 of .Newport, Perry county, are lessees. 
 
 Over 350 tons had been taken out altogether when business 
 difficulties caused the firm to cease operations. 
 
 The slope is about 25 feet long, and at an angle of 25°. The 
 horizontal distance of the drift at bottom (west) is about 50 
 feet. The royalty paid Mr. Grove was $1 00 per ton. The 
 ore, which is of the same character as that of the Underwood 
 and Logan banks, was taken to Newport and wrought in the 
 Marshall furnace. There is no lease upon the property at 
 present. 
 
 The ore was hauled to Dillsburg Station (1J miles) by private 
 teams, for 50 cents per ton. 3 to 8J tons constituted a single 
 load and were hauled by a four-horse team when the roads were 
 in good condition. The mouth of the mine has caved in and it 
 is full of water. The rocks (much resembling weathered traps) 
 dip N. 10° E.—24°. 
 
 The greater part of the old machinery has been taken away. 
 Specimens of the ore and trap were secured and the above infor¬ 
 mation was obtained from Mr. Grove. 
 
 Abraham Price's Mine (XVit, 72. No. iso.) 
 
 This bank is a large open cut, situated 4,800 feet south 41°, 
 30' east of the Underwood slope. 
 
 It was opened about twenty years ago by Henry Seidel, of 
 Dillsburg, and was afterwards wrought by Rufus Castell. For 
 the past eleven years it has been the property of Mr. Price. 
 The bank is at present 350 feet east and west by about 125 in 
 its broadest part north and south, and 15 to 20 feet deep. The 
 west end is filled with water. A large amount of magnetic 
 ore has been taken out of it. It has been unwrought for four¬ 
 teen years, and is now partially overgrown with vegetation. A 
 six foot vein is said to be fourteen feet beneath the surface of the 
 ground. An exposure of sandstone occurs on its north side, 
 but no dip was obtainable. Large quantities of ore are re- 
 
220 C. P. FRAZER, JR., REPORT OF PROGRESS, 1875. 
 
 ported to underlie various parts of the farm, hut no exhibit was 
 discovered. 
 
 Note.— For further analyses of these ores see report of pro¬ 
 gress for 1874, pp. C. 73 and 74. 
 
 Near Price’s bank the dip needle gave 10° to 30°, and close 
 to Price’s house and barn, near Stony Run, 40°. 
 
 Mr. Altland observed a strong attraction in the dip needle 
 along the woods near him. 
 
 An outcrop of ore is observed to cross the road. 
 
 A dip of sandstone was obtained here south-east—45° (?) 
 
 The Landis Ore Bank , better known as the 
 Fuller Mine (xvu, 49. No. 131.) 
 
 is situated 3.48 miles north-east of Dillsburg. The property 
 belongs to Mr. Landis, and was leased by Mr. Jos. Fuller, of 
 Philadelphia. The property originally belonged to P. Kneis- 
 ley, and was opened by him twelve } 7 ears ago, after which H. 
 II. Sheeley took a lease, and wrought the bank for three months. 
 Mr. Fuller leased from Mr. Landis for twenty years from June 
 1, 1875. The lease is at a royalty of 80 cents per ton, with a 
 proviso to pay that amount on at least 500 tons annually. Up 
 to June 19, 1,400 tons had been taken out, or an average of 15 
 tons per day. 
 
 The cost of mining is 75 cents per ton, including all mining 
 expenses. The ore is shipped per Harrisburg and Potomac 
 railroad to Wister’s furnace, at Hamburg, and to Daniel Ahl’s 
 furnace at Boiling Springs. 
 
 A tunnel from the railroad, and close to the bank of the Yel¬ 
 low Breeches creek, enters a steep bank due south for 200 feet. 
 Two drifts lead off west and one east of the main tunnel. The 
 hanging wall is trap dipping N. 45° W. 24°. 
 
 The ore is strongly magnetic.* Foot wall greenish colored 
 p. 74 c. 
 
 altered sand-rock. No machinery is necessary. The ore is 
 pushed by hand cars from the headings and loaded on the ore 
 cars of the Harrisburg and Potomac Railroad. 
 
 * For analysis of ore of the Fuller mine see Report of Progress for 1874, 
 
THE DILLSBURGr GROUP OF MINES. 
 
 C. 221 
 
 The tunnel is at present above water level, and no trouble 
 ** >m water is experienced. Six men are employed, all in the 
 mine. 
 
 The wages are $1 10 per day of 12 hours. They were at 
 first $1 75. 
 
 Mr. Fuller is sinking a slope to the main tunnel preparatory 
 to putting in machinery to raise the ore and pump out the 
 water which will accumulate as soon as either of the slopes 
 reaches a point below the level of the creek. 
 
 An analysis of the ore gave 62 per cent of both oxides of 
 iron, (see p. 74 C.,) phosphoric oxide, 0.05, and sesqui-oxide of 
 manganese, 0.352. In the furnace the ore is said to yield in 
 large quantities about 52 per cent of the mixed oxides. 
 
 Ex-Governor Porter’s Bank. ( xvii, 50 . No. 132.) 
 
 This open bank was commenced over 20 years ago by Gov¬ 
 ernor Porter, and was wrought 5 years by him. Abraham 
 Price then bought the property and worked the mine about 
 eight years. No machinery was ever used except a pump 
 driven by water power, obtained from the Yellow Breeches 
 creek close by. The ore was taken out in carts and sent to 
 Harrisburg, and was pronounced very good by the consumers, 
 whose names, however, were not obtained. The ore was mag¬ 
 netic. The excavation is about 40 feet deep and 14 feet below 
 the surface of the water in the Yellow Breeches creek. From 
 eight to ten men were employed in the mine. The wages were 
 from $1 25 to $1 50 per day. The ore was said to dip about 
 30° towards the creek and to underlie the latter. The mine is 
 at present very much overgrown with vegetation, and there is 
 no lease on it. The property belongs to the heirs of Abraham 
 Price. No rock is exposed in the banks at present, but a lime¬ 
 stone in a railroad cut close by (Auroral limestone ?) dips S. 
 10° E.—30°. The ore bed in this mine is said to have been 3 to 
 6 feet thick and was opened for 25 feet along the strike. 
 
 No specimens were obtained from the bank, and it is diffi¬ 
 cult to determine if by the reported “magnetic” ore is meant 
 ore resembling the Dillsburg type or the “magnetic” ore of the 
 York Valley. The probability is that the ore belongs to the 
 older rocks, the Yellow Breeches approximately dividing the 
 two formations. 
 
222 C. P. FRAZER, JR., REPORT OF PROGRESS, 1875. 
 
 Shelley's Ore Mine. (Xvn, 50. No. 133.) 
 
 This mine was opened about 8 years ago by P. J. Miller, 
 lessee, for ten years. It was worked for about two months, 
 and 300 tons of ore were taken out and sent via Meclianics- 
 burg, to M’Cormick & Co., of Harrisburg. 
 
 The ore is said to have been magnetic. The working has now 
 partially caved in. The bed is said by Shelley to be ten feet 
 thick. From the informant it was learned that under the soil 
 20 feet of trap was penetrated, under which was ten feet of ore 
 and the bottom was left in “Potomac Marble.” 
 
 The ore was partly obtained with a pick and partly by blast¬ 
 ing. Six men were employed. A shaft was also sunk through 
 30 feet of trap and ore was found. (The position of this shaft 
 was not ascertained.) Since that time the mine has been idle. 
 
 If the observation of Potomac Marble and trap be correct, a 
 slight alteration in the boundary line of the old geological map 
 between Hew Red and Auroral, will have to be made, bring¬ 
 ing the former up to the banks of the Yellow Breeches east of 
 the Harrisburg road. 
 
 Jacob HeiIces's Shaft. (XVii, 55. No. 134 .) 
 
 Ten years ago a shaft was sunk by Jacob Heikes about half 
 a mile south-west of Hillsburg. Mr. Porter states that 3 or 4 
 tons were taken out it, when, the pocket being exhausted, it 
 was abandoned. 
 
 1 
 
 A quarter of a mile nearer to Hillsburg, on the farm of Mr. 
 Porter, a few trial pits were said to have been opened, but 
 without findiug any ore. 
 
 Here there occurs a very feldspathic igneous rock to all ap¬ 
 pearances rich in hornblende. It will be more fully described, 
 along with the other traps, in another part of the report. 
 
 Filler's Ore Pit. (xvn , 69. No. 135 .) 
 
 / 
 
 Situated a little more than a mile south by west of Hillsburg. 
 It is now 8 feet deep and 4X6 feet in area. It has been sunk 
 through sandy soil and gravel, and partly through soft, much 
 disintegrated trap. 
 
I 
 
 THE DILLSBURG GROUP OF MINES. C. 223 
 
 Mr. Filler reports that when he discontinued work at the 
 bottom of his excavation the rocks seemed to dip westwardly 
 and the ore to conform to them. 
 
 The indications of a large body of ore are reported to be not 
 encouraging;. 
 
 Peter Berg hart’ s Ore Pit. (XVii,so. No. m.) 
 
 Situated about 1.7 miles a little west of due south of Dillsburg. 
 
 It was begun 18 months ago, and is now 18 feet deep. The 
 first 13 feet were sunk through soil and small fragments of red 
 sandstone. 
 
 Below this was 1 foot of red sandstone, which had to be 
 blasted. 
 
 Below this were six inches of ore. (Ho specimen fairly rep¬ 
 resenting the average of the ore was found.) 
 
 Below the ore more red sandstone was encountered and the 
 work was suspended before this rock was penetrated. 
 
 Hothing left on the ground implies the existence of any 
 quantity of ore worthy of consideration, and nothing to show 
 the character of the deposit. 
 
 Henry Heiges's Ore Pit. (xvu, 70, No. 137.) 
 
 Situated a little more than two-thirds of a mile S. W. of 
 the last mentioned ore pit. It was commenced about three 
 years ago. The holes appear now to be about 4 feet deep. Ore 
 is said to have been found, but no specimens were at hand. 
 
 The debris of the land in the vicinity, and especially the 
 heaps about the mouth of the shaft, seemed to be composed of 
 soft disintegrated masses of syenitic dolerite. 
 
 Ho solid rock was visible. 
 
 Abraham Heiges’s Ore Pits. ( xvu , 73 , No. m.) 
 
 Situated about one-third of a mile S. W. of Henry Heiges. 
 
 The excavations are about 4 feet in diameter, and 2 to 6 feet 
 deep. They have been dug from time to time during the last 
 ten years. Very little has been taken out but syenitic dolerite, 
 very much decomposed. Ho ore was to be found. Indications 
 are rather unfavorable to the belief in a large supply. 
 
 One of the pits on the farm (now filled up) is said to have 
 produced ore and “syenite” together. 
 
22^4 C. P. FRAZER, JR., REPORT OF PROGRESS, 1875. 
 
 Specimens were taken. 
 
 The above information was obtained through the courtesy 
 of Mr. A. Heiges. 
 
 George Heiges’s Ore Workings. (xvn, 7 s. No. 139.) 
 
 The occurrence of ore in this locality was discovered 12 
 years ago by Mr. George Heiges, and leased to him and Mr. 
 Baish, of Franklin township, for 5 years. Very little was 
 done towards opening the works, and when the lease expired, 
 the farm was leased again to Mr. John Underwood for 10 
 years. Mr. Underwood only sank a few small pits. After the 
 cancellation of this lease, Mr. Abraham Weigel, of Adams 
 county, took the lease. Finally, Mr. Hildebrand, of Whites- 
 town furnace, secured it. Hot much has been done by any of 
 the lessees towards developing the property to its full ca¬ 
 pacity. 
 
 A shaft (Ho. 1 of the map) has been sunk 30 feet through 
 trap rock, in which, however, no dip could be obtained. A 
 slope was sunk at 2 on the map, and a tunnel driven to connect 
 them together. The slope has now fallen in and resembles a 
 pit. 
 
 The material exposed in the banks of this cut is a greenish 
 sandstone. The slope begins at the H. W. end of the open 
 cut and extends for 15 feet. The bed of ore is said to be 4 to 
 5 feet thick, and is exposed for a width of 20 feet. Ho ma¬ 
 chinery was ever used here, the ore being taken out in a wheel 
 barrow. Ho lease exists at present on the property. The farm 
 covers about 176 acres. 
 
 The dip needle is deflected 10° to 20° all along this ridge. 
 Hip, H. W.—20°. 
 
 There are indications in this vicinity that the lower pre-Si¬ 
 lurian slates crop out here, though they are cut off between 
 here and the South Mountain by a mass of red shale which 
 crops out suddenly about one-fourth of a mile S. W. near Le- 
 rew’s. Close by Mr. Hare’s house, on the Petersburg road, the 
 slates resemble those just mentioned. A shaft is opened in a 
 field to the east. On Mr. Porter’s farm, one-half mile south of 
 Dillsburg, a very feldspathic dolerite is encountered. The S. 
 end of the dip needle is deflected 15°. The soil shows a sudden 
 change in passing from the older slates on to the Hew Red. 
 
THE DILLSBURG GROUP OF MINES. 
 
 C. 225 
 
 John Lemer’s Ore Pit . (xvn , 82. No. 140 ,) 
 
 Situated a little over a mile S. E. of Dillsburg. 
 
 Ttie pit is sunk through the red sandstone, and is four feet 
 deep. The ore was six inches thick about 2 feet from the sur¬ 
 face of the ground, and was exposed along its outcrop for 3 or 
 4 feet only. 
 
 The bed seemed to dip slightly to the E. of K. Only a 
 poor specimen was obtainable. 
 
 The rocks were loose, fragmentary, and very much broken 
 up. 
 
 John Kuntz’s Limestone Quarry. ( xvii , 20. No. 141 ,) 
 
 Situated about 1 mile K. W. of Dillsburg. The quarry is 
 in a coarse conglomerate resembling the Potomac Marble. 
 The lime is said to be equal as a fertilizer to that of the Cum- 
 oerland Valley. It sells in the neighborhood for nine cents 
 per bushel at the kiln. Mr. Kuntz pays $20 00 per thousand 
 bushels for the right of quarrying this rock. The admixture 
 of sandstone does not appear to interfere with the utility of 
 the conglomerate as a top dressing. 
 
 Two dips taken at the east end of the quarry gave, respect¬ 
 ively, S. 45° W.— 24°, and S. 10° E.—40°. 
 
 This belt of conglomerate limestone resembles that of the 
 Auroral limestone in being honeycombed into caverns below 
 water level. A stream flows into a hollow at this quarry and 
 disappears after the manner of similar streams at various points 
 of the great valley. 
 
 John Kuntz''s Paint Mine, (xvii, 21. No. 142 ,) 
 
 Situated about 400 feet K. W. of the limestone quarry. 
 
 These works were opened two years ago by Mr. H. 
 Hurst, of Mechanicsburg, who leased the property from Mr. 
 Kuntz for fifteen years from October, 1874, at $1 per ton roy¬ 
 alty. 
 
 The material which he mines is a red and a yellow clay 
 ochre. This is ground and prepared for shipment at a mill not 
 far off, and is then sold to all parts of the country. 
 
 Five hundred tons are taken out per year, but the mines as 
 yet are not in full operation. Mr. Hurst’s estimate includes 
 
226 C. P. FRAZER, JR., REPORT OF PROGRESS, 1875. 
 
 the taking out of 3,000 tons per year, but the mine is not yet 
 worked up to its full capacity. 
 
 The shafts are all small—from 5 to 15 feet deep, and 4 to 10 
 feet in diameter. The material is excessively soft, being the 
 wasted and kaolinized Iluronian schists which form the Hanks 
 of the South Mountain, and of course no blasting is required. 
 
 Christian Bender s Magnetic Ore Mine. (XVH, 64. No. 125 a.) 
 
 Situated in the Mesozoic Sandstone, and close to its border, 
 about 1 J miles S. W. of Dillsburg. 
 
 The working is all by open cut. 
 
 It was opened by Charles Bender in 1849, who used 200 
 tons of ore at the Whitestown furnace. It was idle from 
 1849 to 1873, when Taylor & Co., and Ruth & Co. took 
 possession of it. Eighty tons were taken out at this time 
 and used in Millersburg, Perry county. Under seven feet ol 
 stripping, a pocket of ore averaging 5 feet in thickness was 
 found. Altogether, 300 tons were taken out, according to Mr. 
 Bender. This pocket was worked out; but he states that within 
 a radius of 100 feet around the place originally wrought, trial 
 shafts have developed other deposits of about equal thickness. 
 
 The ore is reported by him to be magnetic, and of average 
 quality. 
 
 It was hauled by wagon at $1 50 per ton 11 miles to Whites¬ 
 town. 
 
 The pit is now caved in and partially overgrown with bushes. 
 A shaft was sunk from the bottom of the pit, and the total 
 depth of the bottom of this shaft below the surface was 32 
 feet.* 
 
 *Mr. Lovi Gross, of Dillsburg, states that two cart loads of magnetic ore 
 from Bender’s mine were dumped by him in a hole near the shanty, which 
 still stands near the edge of the bank next to be described. 
 
 Mr. Gross describes this ore as having occurred in a hard rock behind the 
 variegated clays , and dipping with them from the Mountain. This occur¬ 
 rence would be of singular interest if confirmed, for it would establish the 
 existence of large quantities of magnetite in the South Mountain rocks, and 
 renders the problem of the genesis of the Mesozoic magnetite more easy. 
 But however glad we might be to accept this fact, such careful examination 
 of this bank as its condition rendered possible, failed to exhibit more than 
 small quantities of magnetic ore scattered about; so that, for the present, I am 
 reluctantly obliged to suppose that there was some misunderstanding as to 
 which of Mr. Bender’s banks furnished this ore, and that this bank was the 
 one meant. 
 
THE DILLSBURG GROUP OF MINES. 
 
 C. 227 
 
 The following is an analysis by Mr. David M’Creath of 
 some ore from this bank, which, although poor as a specimen, 
 was the best that could be had. 
 
 
 Per cent* 
 
 
 Per cent. 
 
 Iron sesquioxide. 
 
 45.428 
 
 Metallic iron. 
 
 .. 31.800 
 
 Alumina. 
 
 8.676 
 
 
 
 Manganese sesquioxide.. 
 
 0.298 
 
 Metallic manganese.. 
 
 .. 0.208 
 
 Lime. 
 
 0.290 
 
 
 
 Magnesia. 
 
 0.987 
 
 
 i 
 
 Sulphuric oxide. 
 
 0.128 
 
 Sulphur. 
 
 
 Phosphoric oxide. 
 
 0.476 
 
 Phosphorus. . 
 
 .. 0.208 
 
 Water. 
 
 10.230 
 
 
 
 Insoluble residue. 
 
 33.330 
 
 
 
 
 99.843 
 
 
 
 Undetermined and loss.. 
 
 0.157 
 
 
 
 Total. 
 
 100.000 
 
 
 
 Christian Bender's Limonite Bank. ( xvu ; 66 . No. m,) 
 
 Situated about three-fourths of a mile of W. of the last 
 in the decomposed schists which as clay form the flanks of the 
 South Mountains. 
 
 The bank is an open cut covering an area of about half an 
 acre. 
 
 It was opened by Mr. Bender in 1874, and leased to Sam¬ 
 uel Bahn and C. S. Stone for 12 years, on condition that 
 a royalty should be paid on 1,000 tons a year @ 60 cents 
 per ton. They worked the bank for 18 months, and took 
 out 2,000 tons of ore which was used in Messrs. McCor¬ 
 mick’s & Musselman’s furnaces. The engine at the bank is of 
 twenty horse power, and the pump shaft 18 feet long. A dou¬ 
 ble cutter washer is used. The ore, which is mainly wash ore, 
 is hauled out of the banks by horse and cart at the rate of 
 about four tons per day. From 6 to 8 men are employed in 
 working this mine @ $1 25 per day of ten hours. 
 
 Twelve to 20 feet of stripping was removed before the imbed¬ 
 ded limonite fragments and streaks of testaceous ore were 
 found rich enough to pay. Twenty-three feet of this has been 
 passed through with no sign of diminishing in quantity. 
 
 The general direction of dip of the ore is towards the south. 
 
 But little lump ore of large size is found. After the bank had 
 been wrought about a year Mr. Bahn died, and Mr. Hilde- 
 
228 C. P. FRAZER, JR., REPORT OF PROGRESS, 1875. 
 
 brand became a partner. The bank was wrought altogether 
 about 18 months, and has been since idle. No machinery re¬ 
 mains but the washer. The sides have partially caved in. 
 There is no deficiency of water for washing the ore when the 
 bank is in operation, as it is brought from a spring not far off. 
 The sides are partially overgrown with vegetation. 
 
 A dip obtained from one of the layers of variegated clay 
 was about S.—56°. 
 
 McCormick’s Bank. ( xvn } 65 . No. m.) 
 
 Situated S. W. of the Bender bank; the N. E. edge of it 
 about 100 feet S. of the S. W. end of the latter. 
 
 It is said to have been known as a repository of ore up¬ 
 wards of 100 years ago, and it has been worked by different 
 parties lor many years. The wash ore used to be separated by 
 rakes before the improved washer was introduced. Mr. M’- 
 Cormick&Co. purchased the property from Mr. Atticks about fif¬ 
 teen years ago. Two barrel washers were in operation till re¬ 
 cently. The water was obtained from the same spring which 
 fed Bender’s washer. Very little ore is showing in the bank. 
 It was hauled out by horse and cart. Very few large masses 
 of ore have been met with in the bank. The direction of dip 
 cf the planes richest in ore seems to be the same as in Bender’s 
 bank, but the inclination to be less steep. The excavation is 
 about 85 feet deep, and the bottom filled with water. 
 
 No rock is exhibited, arid no termination of the ore-yield 
 has been found at the lowest level yet attained. The machin¬ 
 ery is entirely removed. The pit covers an area of about two 
 acres. 
 
 (XVI, 61.)—Both of these last mentioned banks are partly 
 segregations, partly alterations in place, of iron minerals in the 
 old decomposed crystalline schists. By paring down the edges 
 of a bank of this kind the streaks of variegated clay corres¬ 
 ponding to the edges of the former laminae are seen in their 
 normal positions. A plate of homogeneous matter can thus 
 be followed, and from its observed dip, that of the schists from 
 which it has been formed, established. These variegated clays 
 interstratified with testaceous and plate-like limonite gave in 
 the last two banks a dip of about S. 30° E.—30°. 
 
THE DILLSBURG GROUP OF MINES. 
 
 C. 229 
 
 Many of the leaves of clay are incrusted with light deposits 
 of the l^drous oxides, while, at intervals, irregular masses of 
 ore are found. 
 
 Many of the leaves are twisted and bent, and plates of hard 
 and brittle ore are seen following their courses, showing plainly 
 that this ore has become what it is, long after the folding took 
 place. 
 
 Jacob Lichte’s (or Liyhty’s.) (xvu, 99. No. 121.) 
 
 Situated about 5 T 3 ^ miles* S. 33° W. of Wellsville. 
 
 It was opened in October, 1872, by Mr. Henry Kraber and 
 Levi Oochenour, for three years, at a royalty of 75 cents per 
 ton. They extracted about 1,000 tons, and agreed to take out 
 as much as possible, suspending work in the winter. The ore 
 was taken out by horse power in a very rude manner by an in¬ 
 cline. The ore was not washed. The water in the mine was 
 pumped out b) hand. 
 
 The mine is a narrow cut, in which at two points slopes were 
 begun, but terminated in thirty-five feet from the initial points. 
 The ore which was said to occur in a vein of about 6 feet in thick¬ 
 ness, was hard lump and rock ore, and was pronounced red short 
 by Mr. Lighty. 
 
 The open work is about fifteen feet deep. A large dyke of 
 dolerite occurs in the roof of the mine and apparently follows 
 the ore in the deep, and dipping about N.—45°. 
 
 The gangue of the ore is an altered sandstone, in fine layers, 
 dipping JST. 20° W.—50°. It was magnetic, but no character¬ 
 istic specimens were obtained. The north end of the dip needle 
 was depressed 50° in the cut —L e. North 50°. 
 
 The following shafts in the region of the Mesozoic sandstone 
 north of the line from Dillsburg to Wellsville are mentioned 
 on account of the fact that some traces of micaceous ore have 
 been found in some of them. In addition, it is of advantage 
 to catalogue all the exploitation works of the district, even 
 though they have not succeeded in proving the presence of 
 ore. 
 
230 C. P. FRAZER, JR., REPORT OF PROGRESS, 1875. 
 
 Mr. Altland reported a deflection of the miner’s compass of 
 10°. Observations in the same locality by my party gave from 
 1° to 5°. No work has been done here. 
 
 Mr. Cannon’s farm lies 4J miles due east of Dillsburg. 
 
 P. A. Meyers ’ Pit. (Xix, 5. No. 14s.) 
 
 Situated about 600 feet south of the corner of Cannon’s 
 field. The shaft was sunk 16 feet deep through red sandstone, 
 when hard bluish trap was encountered. Some of the red 
 sandstone from the shaft was coated with micaceous ore. The 
 shaft is partly caved in. 
 
 Where Mr. Underwood reported a dip of 170° with the dip 
 needle, one of only 2° was observed by us. 
 
 Flicker's Trial Shafts. (Xix, 6. No. 144.) 
 
 Situated about 800 feet N. E. of Meyers’. 
 
 A small shaft 15 feet deep has been sunk, since May, 1875, 
 through loose masses of hard trap. 
 
 The dip of the rocks in the bottom of the shaft is W. 40° 
 N.—24°. 
 
 Some asbestiform hornblende was found in the shaft, and 
 also some micaceous ore. The shaft is being increased in depth. 
 Two men were at work on it at the time it was visited, (July 
 7, 1875). Some few specimens of rock were coated with mica¬ 
 ceous ore, but the place was probably exploited on account of 
 the indications of the dip needle, and the effect on the latter 
 was in all probability produced by the trap itself, which is fre¬ 
 quently strongly magnetic. 
 
 The rocks are very much broken in the shaft, and much loose 
 sand is found there. 
 
 Mr. Altland reports that one mile E. of this, on the Kline 
 farm, (now owned by Mr. Strayer,) shafts have been sunk, and 
 the “prospects are good.” 
 
 John KimmeVs Farm. (Xix, 8 . No. 145,) 
 
 Situated about two-thirds of a mile north-east of Elicker’s. 
 Small amount of micaceous ore have been found coating the 
 sandstones of the vicinity, hut none in large quantity. Most 
 of the specimens thus found were ploughed up from the soil, 
 in which they were simply loose fragments. 
 
THE DILLSBURG GROUP OF MINES. 
 
 C. 231 
 
 Cooper’s Exploitation Shafts. (XIX, 19. No. 146.) 
 
 Situated about 1J miles a little east of north of Wellsville. 
 
 ]STo. 1 is a shaft sunk hy Messrs. Cooper and Monosmith two 
 years ago to a depth of 27 feet. Fo ore was obtained and the 
 shaft has now caved in. The first four feet were sunk through 
 soil and loose sand of a deep red color. Gray sandstone ap¬ 
 pears in the bottom of the pit. 
 
 No. 2 gave very nearly the same record as No. 1. The rock 
 specimens strongly deflect the needle. This shaft was 20 feet 
 deep, but has now fallen in. From the fragments of rock 
 around its mouth the excavation must have been to a great ex¬ 
 tent through the same gray sandstone met with in No. 1. 
 
 Morganthaler’s Ore Shaft. (Xix, 19. No. 147.) 
 
 Situated a couple of hundred feet south-west of Cooper’s 
 shaft, No. 2, last mentioned. This place was opened 4 years 
 ago by Jacob Morganthaler, and leased by Messrs. Cooper and 
 Monosmith. The lease has since expired. The shafts were 
 originally 20 to 30 feet deep, but are now almost completely 
 caved in. The ore obtained from all the openings is strongly 
 magnetic. 
 
 The shafts marked 2 and 3 on the maps were connected by a 
 tunnel ten feet below the surface. From 6 feet below the sur¬ 
 face the ore occurred in large lumps. 
 
 About 800 feet north by west of these two shafts occurs a 
 field underlaid by an extensive deposit of plastic clay, of which 
 the constitution will probably accord with that of Mr. Griest’s 
 clay analysed by Mr. Ford, and to be found on the next page. 
 
 A dip in the sandstone appeared to be N. 20° E.—58° (?) 
 
 Michael Wiley’s Outcrop. (Xix, 20. No. 14s.) 
 
 Situated about 600 feet south-west of the last mentioned. 
 
 Iron ore can be picked up over a large area around this 
 point. An outcrop of ore is reported by Mr. Lehman in front 
 of Mr. Wiley’s house. 
 
 A large specimen of magnetic ore was taken from a point 
 1,000 feet east of the house. 
 
 A purplish colored trap is reported on the same authority as 
 being found very extensively distributed over'the property. 
 
232 C. P. FRAZER, JR., REPORT OF PROGRESS, 1875. 
 
 Jacob Brenneman's Clay Deposit. (Xix, 22. No. 149.) 
 
 Situated about one-fourth of a mile N. W. of the town of 
 "Wellsville. No exploitation has been made here, and the speci¬ 
 mens selected were mere fragments of outcrop strewn over the 
 ground. The clay was said by Mr. Brenneman to be found 
 over the greater portion of the farm. This region is low, and 
 in many cases swampy, the clay deposit being found between 
 the lines of low hills, which are due to the traps and the indura¬ 
 ted rocks associated with and accompanying them. 
 
 James Griest’s Clay Beds. (xix, 23. No. 150.) 
 
 About one-fourth of a mile 17. "W. of Mr. Brenneman’s Clay 
 deposit is a similar deposit of James Griest. 
 
 No opening of any extent has been made. A quantity of 
 this clay was collected and forwarded to Harrisburg for exami¬ 
 nation. It yielded to Mr. Ford’s analysis, 
 
 Per Cent. 
 
 Silica. 57.590 
 
 Alumina... 19.297 
 
 Ferrous oxide. 6.429 
 
 Lime. 1.285 
 
 Magnesia. 1.502 
 
 Alkalies. 1.970 
 
 Sulphuric acid. 0.016 
 
 Water and organic matter. 12.049 
 
 Sum. 100.138 
 
 On comparing the above analysis with any analysis of 
 good clays, it will be seen to be too low in alumina and too 
 high in ferrous oxide for a good fire clay, and it is only mod¬ 
 erately good for common bricks. 
 
 J. Harman's Exploitation Pits. (Xix. 24-25. No. 151.) 
 
 Situated a little more than half a mile N. W. of Griest’s. 
 
 Here occurs an exposed ridge of a very coarsely crystal¬ 
 line syenitic granite. This rock is strongly magnetic from 
 large numbers of fine crystals of magnetite which are scat¬ 
 tered through it, but it nowhere assumes the character of an 
 ore. The rock is anomalous, and will be treated at length in 
 a future page under the head of “the igneous rocks.” 
 
 The deflection of the dip needle at the S. E. side of the pit 
 was 46°. On the other side it varied from 5° to 25°. In the 
 
THE DILLSBURG GROUP OF MINES. 
 
 C. 233 
 
 pit the deflection was only 5°. The pit was dug by Daniel 
 Altland two years ago, and was at one time 14 feet deep, but 
 has now caved in. 
 
 Ore is reported as having been taken out here, and from the 
 adjoining farm bought by Mr. Altland from Mr. Burd, but no 
 indications of ore were observed. 
 
 John Gerber’s Exploitation Pit (Xix, 26. No. 152.) 
 Situated about 1,000 feet U. E. of James Griest’s. A shallow 
 pit of 4 feet or more has been dug by the roadside. Frag¬ 
 ments of a light yellowish rock were found, much disintegrated, 
 and covered with ferrous hydrate. 
 
 Daniel G. Altland’s Exploitation Pits . (Xix, 27. No. 153.) 
 Situated on his land about one mde W. of Wellsville. Some 
 very shallow pits were made about a year ago, and some rock 
 impregnated with ferrous hydrate was taken out. 
 
 Henry Comfort’s Ore Pits , (Xix, 28. No. 154.) 
 
 Situated about one-third of a mile south-west of the last men¬ 
 tioned pits. Some small openings were made here by Daniel 
 Altland for Mr. Kraber, of York, two years ago. Light col¬ 
 ored sandstones, with a few patches of lean ore were found. 
 John Underwood also worked to a small extent, and has now a 
 lease on the farm, but has done no work. An outcrop of dol- 
 erite is inferred from a large number of boulders of this rock 
 strung along the road. 
 
 The ore is feebly magnetic. 
 
 An analysis of specimens of Comfort’s ore was made by Mr. 
 D. M’Creath, and is as follows: • 
 
 
 Per cent. 
 
 
 Per cent 
 
 Ferrous oxide. 
 
 ... 8.485 ) 
 
 Metallic iron. 
 
 33.450 
 
 Iron sesquioxide... 
 
 ... 38.357 $ 
 
 
 
 Alumina. 
 
 
 
 
 Manganous oxide... 
 
 
 Metallic manganese... 
 
 trace. 
 
 Lime. . 
 
 ... 2.620 
 
 
 
 Magnesia. 
 
 ... 0.627 
 
 
 
 Sulphuric oxide.... 
 
 
 Sulphur. 
 
 0.045 
 
 Phosphoric oxide... 
 
 
 Phosphorus. 
 
 0.105 
 
 Water. 
 
 ... 2.515 
 
 
 
 Insoluble residue.. 
 
 ... 43.490 
 
 
 
 Sum. 
 
 ... 99.451 
 
 
 
 Loss.. 
 
 ... 0.549 
 
 
 
 Total.. 
 
 ... 100.000 
 
 
 
 16 C. 
 
234 C. P. FRAZER, JR., REPORT OF PROGRESS, 1875. 
 
 David Cadwalader's Ore Pits. (Xix, 29. No. 154 a.) 
 
 Situated on the opposite (north) side of the road from Com¬ 
 fort’s. The diggings were made by Mr. Altland, four years 
 
 ago, who then had a lease on the property. The conditions of 
 the occurrence here are similar to those at Comfort’s, across the 
 road. 
 
 « 
 
 The pits were originally fourteen feet deep, but are now 
 caved in. 
 
 Joseph Bentz's Farm. 
 
 An analysis of a magnetic ore taken from the farm of Jos. 
 Bentz, about two miles south-west of Wellsville, was made by 
 Mr. D. M’Creath, is given below: 
 
 
 Fer cent. 
 
 
 Per cent. 
 
 Ferrous oxide. 
 
 Iron sesquioxide... 
 
 ... 11.700 ) 
 
 Metallic iron. 
 
 63.700 
 
 ... 78.000 S 
 
 
 Alumina... 
 
 ... 5.420 
 
 
 
 Manganous oxide.. 
 
 
 Metallic manganese... 
 
 0.367 
 
 Lime. 
 
 ... 0.280 
 
 
 
 Magnesia. 
 
 ... 0.169 
 
 
 
 Sulphuric oxide.... 
 
 
 Sulphur. 
 
 0.031 
 
 Phosphoric oxide... 
 
 
 Phosphorus. 
 
 0.044 
 
 Water. 
 
 ... 0.250 
 
 
 
 Insoluble residue... 
 
 ... 3.120 
 
 
 
 Sum. 
 
 .. 99.783 
 
 
 
 Loss. 
 
 0.217 
 
 
 
 Total. 
 
 .. 100.000 
 
 
 
 Mr. Bentz is of the belief that his whole farm is underlaid 
 by this ore. 
 
 J. Marshall's Exploitation Pits, (xix, so. No. 155.) 
 
 At the road corners near J. Marshall’s house is an outcrop of 
 micaceous ore in the boulders of trap. 
 
 The color of the soil changes from a light drab to a yellow¬ 
 ish red. No ore was shown, but the place is but little off the 
 line of strike of ore in the Altland bank. 
 
 John Shluthower’s Shaft. (Xix, so. No. 156 .) 
 
 Situated about If miles south-west of Wellsville. It was 
 commenced last fall and is 42 feet deep. No ore was observ¬ 
 able. The shaft was sunk through a bluish-green hard rock. 
 Some of the fragments taken out have a bright green color 
 from malachite. The material was the same to the bottom of 
 the shaft, except a few feet of loose sandstone at the top. 
 

 . 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 - 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
THE DILLSBURG GROUP OP MINES. 
 
 C. 235 
 
 The Mine School-house or Altland Ore Bank. (xix, 35. No. 121.) 
 
 Ore was first discovered in the vicinity of the present work¬ 
 ings about 70 years ago. It was picked up on the surface of 
 the ground in lumps of irregular and various size. The prop¬ 
 erty was then, as now, in the hands of the school trustees, hav¬ 
 ing been donated to the county many years before. 
 
 Mr. Dan’l G. Altland, Jr. first remarked the presence of ore 
 in August, 1872. He found and dug up numerous large masses 
 of mixed micaceous and magnetic ore at stations 3,226—27> 
 and at 3 (See plan of south-west gangway). 
 
 A shaft has passed through 5 feet of soil and 25 feet of sand¬ 
 stone, and struck a 6 foot bed of micaceous ore, the foot wall 
 of which was the same sandstone as the hanging rock, but 
 harder. The slope then followed the dip of the sandstones un¬ 
 til it abutted upon a dyke of trap which barred further pro¬ 
 gress for the time. 
 
 A larger shaft, 7'X8 r , was sunk in November, 1872, (No. 
 3.132 B) and is now in operation by M’Cormick & Co. 
 
 The lease was made by the school trustees to Messrs. Alt¬ 
 land, Beitzland & Hetrick in 1871, for 5 years. 
 
 It was re-leased in 1872 by the same parties for ten years. 
 Mr. Hetrick retired a few months afterwards, selling his interest 
 to Mr. Altland. 
 
 M’Cormick & Co. bought Mr. Beitzland’s interest. The pre¬ 
 sent proprietors of mining rights pay 85 cents per ton to the 
 trustees of the school board, with the guarantee that this 
 royalty shall be paid upon at least 500 tons annually. Since 
 the virtual ownership and direction of the mine by M’Cormick 
 & Co. only the main shaft has been in operation. 
 
 At first this company paid to Mr. Altland 85 cents per ton 
 for his interest in the ore and 85 cents to the trustees, making 
 in all $1 70 of royalties, but more recently the royalties were 
 reduced to 60 cents to the trustees and 50 cents to Mr. Altland. 
 
 Sandstone carries the ore. The top rock is a light greenish 
 gray hard sandstone, and the bottom rock bluish gray and 
 very hard. 
 
 The trap rises and cuts off the continuity of layers along 
 the dip, as shown in Fig. 1 and Fig. 2, 
 
28G C. P. FRAZER, JR , REPORT OP PROGRESS, 1875. 
 
 The ore lies between the sandstones in regular layers varying 
 from 6 inches to 7 feet, with occasional sandstone partings- 
 (See Fig. 1.) 
 
 The ore is frequently found continuing a short distance into 
 the trap. The approximate position of the latter will be seen 
 from the illustrations. 
 
 The boundary between trap and sandstone is very clearly de¬ 
 fined. 
 
 Ore has also been found in the 17. W. side of the dyke, but 
 thus far not in paying quantities. 
 
 Dip of the sandstone £7. W—81° to 35°. 
 
 Both gangways have been driven almost level along the 
 strike with the trap dyke as the hanging wall on the 17. AV. 
 side. 
 
 Sixty feet down the shaft, and on a level 50 feet 17. W. of it, 
 the sandstone dips 17. 30° W.—30°. The trap dips 17. 30° W. 
 —30°. The wall of trap is four feet thick. Thirty feet north 
 of the shaft two or three yards of rock in contact with the 
 dyke showed no ore, but the vein was proved from this point 
 up to day and south to the shaft. 
 
 Five or six tons are taken out per day. Formerly more were 
 extracted. 
 
 Thirteen hands are employed—nearly all in the mine. The 
 ore is drawn out by horse whim in buckets. A railroad is 
 laid in the gangways, and cars transport the ore from the head¬ 
 ings to the shaft. The water is pumped out by a Hardwick 
 steam pump The accumulation of twenty-four hours is thus 
 disposed of in two hours. 
 
 The ore, (which is all used by M’Cormick & Co. of Harris¬ 
 burg,) is hauled to Dillsburg by private teams for shipment 
 over the Dillsburg Branch of the Cumberland Valley Railroad 
 to Harrisburg. The teams charge $1 35 per ton, and carry 5 
 tons to a load per six horses. The ore is very micaceous. 
 
 Over 4,000 tons have been already taken out. 
 
 An analysis of the ore from the Mine Bank was made by 
 Mr. David M’Creath, and resulted as follows: 
 
 l’er cent. 
 
 82.607 Metallic iron... 
 
 0.222 Metallic copper 
 4.843 
 
 Iron sesquioxide 
 Cupric oxide.... 
 Alumina. 
 
 Per cent. 
 . 57.825 
 , 0.177 
 
Second Geological Survey of Pennsylvania. 
 
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THE DILLSBURG GROUP OF MINES. 
 
 C. 237 
 
 
 Per cent. 
 
 
 Per cent. 
 
 Manganese sesquioxide, 
 
 0.041 
 
 Metallic manganese... 
 
 . 0.029 
 
 Lime. 
 
 0.760 
 
 
 
 Magnesia. 
 
 0.918 
 
 
 
 Sulphuric oxide.. 
 
 0.150 
 
 Sulphur. 
 
 . 0.060 
 
 Phosphoric oxide. 
 
 Trace. 
 
 Phosphorus... 
 
 
 Carbonic oxide. 
 
 0.123 
 
 
 
 Water. 
 
 1.277 
 
 
 
 Insoluble residue. 
 
 9.530 
 
 
 
 Sum. 
 
 100.471 
 
 
 
 On Solomon Greist’s property, on the Carlisle road, and on 
 the west flank of the Mine Bank Ridge, large boulders of ore 
 are to be observed lying loose. 
 
 About three-fourths of a mile E. of the Mine Bank, a red 
 sandy shale dips N.W. 1.5° on the lower part of Mine Bank 
 Ridge. The upper part of the ridge is composed of a yellow¬ 
 ish gray rock of this same nature.* 
 
 Franklin Cook son's Exploitation Pit. (Xix, 42. No. 157 .) 
 
 Mr. D. Altland sank a pit on Mr. Cookson’s farm last Au¬ 
 gust. The opening is through a hard and tine-grained sand¬ 
 stone, much of which was coated with micaceous ore. 
 
 The dip needle showed a deflection of 2° North. A bed of ore 
 is said to have been struck at 8 feet below the surface which 
 measured 2 feet to 2 feet 4 inches in thickness. East of the 
 opening about 20 feet an out crop of hard mud-rock dips about 
 north-west, strength uncertain. 
 
 A magnetic ore from the farm of Mr. S. Marsh, about 1} 
 miles south-east of Wellsville, was analysed by Mr. D. M’Creath 
 and yielded— 
 
 
 Per cent 
 
 
 Per cent. 
 
 Ferrous oxide. 
 
 .. 20.442) 
 
 Metallic iron. 
 
 63.600 
 
 Iron sesquioxide.... 
 
 .. 68.142 S 
 
 
 
 Alumina. 
 
 
 
 
 Manganous oxide... 
 
 .. 0.278 
 
 Metallic manganese... 
 
 0.216 
 
 Lime. 
 
 .. 1.570 
 
 
 
 Magnesia. 
 
 
 
 
 Sulphuric oxide. 
 
 .. 0.225 
 
 Sulphur. 
 
 0.090 
 
 Phosphoric oxide ... 
 
 .. 0.448 
 
 Phosphorus. 
 
 0.096 
 
 Insoluble residue.... 
 
 
 
 
 Sum. 100.207 
 
 Mr. D. Altland reports that he has followed the range of the Mine Bank 
 ore about seven miles S. W. into Adams county, and four miles N. E. by 
 means of numerous outcrops and trial shafts. He asserts that a ridge is«on- 
 tinuous for this entire distance, (II miles). 
 
238 C. P. FRAZER, JR., REPORT OF PROGRESS, 1875. 
 
 W. R. Smith’s Exploitation Pits. (xix , 90. No 119.) 
 
 Situated about one mile north of the junction of the Lit¬ 
 tle Conewago and Bermudian. The openings were made in 
 January, 1875, and are two in number and about 8 feet deep. 
 The first three feet was through a very hard blue mud-rock, 
 then through a soft greenish sandstone in which its ore was 
 found in seams of from 1" to 8" in thickness. 
 
 The ore does not generally affect the magnetic needle, but 
 some specimens are magnetic. 
 
 The rock in the pit is said to dip R. 20° W.—45°. 
 
 A crude observation made it H. W.—20°. 
 
 Some micaceous and magnetic ore were found among the 
 sandstone. 
 
 The east flank of a spur of the Black Ridge, west of W. R. 
 Smith’s, is composed of doleritic trap. 
 
 Jacob T. Smith’s Exploitation Pits and Shaft, (xix, 94. No. 158 .) 
 
 Situated about three-fourths mile south-west of W. R. 
 Smith’s at a sharp bend in the Bermudian. The mining rights 
 were leased and some pits dug by Mr. Wells, of Wellsville, one 
 year ago. A shaft 35 feet deep was driven through sandstone 
 and hard, indurated mud rock, the latter occurring in the up¬ 
 per part. Some fine specimens of micaceous ore were obtained 
 here. A slope penetrates the rocks at a sharp angle north 30° 
 west. The general dip of the measures is north 45°, west—30°. 
 
 These openings are all more or less filled with water at the 
 present time. 
 
 A tunnel has been driven in on the adjoining Hess property. 
 Very little if any of the ore showed magnetism. 
 
 About quarter of a mile west of Mr. J. Smith’s house Mr. J. 
 Drownson sank a slope, from which were extracted yellowish 
 green sandstone more or less filled with micaceous scales. The 
 shaft sunk by J. Smith is about 150 feet south-west of this. 
 
 In the shaft 12 feet was driven through various forms of 
 mud rock, when 8 to 10 inches of micaceous ore are reported 
 to have been found beneath, which was an impure limestone, 
 stained black.(?) 
 
 The dip here appeared to be N. 15° W.—45°. 
 
THE DILLSBURG GROUP OF MINES. 
 
 C. 239 
 
 At the Bermudian, just below here, the rocks are well ex¬ 
 posed, dipping ]ST. 30° W.—35°. On the strike of this bed of 
 ore, and where it should appear on the side of the deep cutting 
 made by the Bermudian creek, two exposures of double yel¬ 
 lowish green sandstones, in each case the layers separated by 
 about 1J feet of softer rock, occur on the hillside, with an in¬ 
 terval of 50 feet between them ; but in these instances the 
 gangway appear to contain no ore, while at the shaft it is in 
 very similar material that the ore was found. This offers a 
 good illustration of the capriciousness of these deposits, which 
 are neither constant in the direction of dip nor in that of 
 strike. 
 
 Mr. Abraham Hickey opened a shaft on his farm, adjoining 
 that of Mr. Smith’s, and sank for 25 feet. Some piles of ore, 
 said to come from there, were found by the side of the road 
 near Mr. Smith’s gate post. It does not differ in general ap¬ 
 pearance from that which Mr. Smith obtained. 
 
240 C. P. FRAZER, JR., REPORT OF PROGRESS, 1875. 
 
 CHAPTER IX. 
 
 Iron Ore Banks on the N. W. Flank of the South Mountain , 
 in Cumberland and Franklin Counties. 
 
 Medler £ Saylor's Bank. (xx , 48. No. 159 .) 
 
 This large excavation lies close alongside that of the Thomas 
 Iron Company, and separated by it from the road. It is a lit¬ 
 tle over a mile south-east of Papertown. Its area is over two 
 acres ; its depth below the surface 30 feet on its south-east side 
 and 20 feet on the north-west. 
 
 It was originally opened thirty years ago by Geist & Krauft, 
 who took out very little ore, and the mine remained idle until 
 1870, when Messrs. Medler & Saylor took the work in hand. 
 It was leased from the Paper Company of Papertown, which 
 owns the property, to which a royalty of 75 cents per ton is 
 paid, with the agreement that 4,000 tons shall be annually 
 taken out. 
 
 This company stopped work last fall, having up to that time 
 taken out 40,000 to 50,000 tons. The average daily yield is 70 
 to 80 tons. 
 
 Forty-five men are employed and one 35-horse power engine, 
 consuming three-fourths ton anthracite per day. The wages 
 were $1 40 per day, up to 1874, since which time $1 00 has 
 been paid. The engineer receives $40 00 per month. The 
 pump shaft is 40 feet long. * Two Thomas washers are employed 
 Water is plenty, and is obtained from mountain springs and 
 from a back creek. Medler, Saylor & Co.’s lease runs from 1870 
 for fifteen years. The appearance of the strata exposed in the 
 banks of this mine resembles that in the Thomas Iron Co.’s 
 mine. 
 
 The mine is not at present wrought. 
 
IRON ORE BANKS ON SOUTH MOUNTAIN. 
 
 C. 241 
 
 Thomas Iron Co.’s Bank. (xx , 4. No. m.) 
 
 Situated 200 feet north-east of the last named. It was 
 opened about five or six years ago by Zachariah Boyer. It has 
 been wrought for the Thomas Iron Co. for the last 18 months, 
 Mr. Jos. Kirkslager having had possession of it between the 
 times of its occupation by Mr. Boyer and the Thomas Iron Co. 
 All the leases are from the Paper Co., of Papertown, which 
 owns the property. Mr. Boyer paid 75 cents per ton to the 
 Paper Co. The Thomas Iron Co. paid 40 cents The average 
 production is said to have been about 30 tons per day, but the 
 mine is said to be now nearly exhausted. One washer and one 
 two-horse power engine are employed. 
 
 Plenty of surface water for washing was obtained from a 
 mountain stream. The bank was drained through a tunnel in 
 which a railroad connected the bank with the South Moun¬ 
 tain railroad. At present it is no longer wrought and is half 
 full of water. Its area is about 1J acres. 
 
 These Mount Holly ore banks, taken together, occupy two 
 acres, more or less, (see map,) and are very large excavations. 
 In the south-east heading of that one nearest the road the edges 
 of the slates, now converted into clay, are plainly visible, and 
 appear to retain their shape and position, with a dip of W. 
 30° H.—55°. 
 
 Bands of testaceous limonite are interbedded with the slates 
 or are concretionary in character. The walls of the bank are 
 about 40 feet high. At the north-west side, where the inclined 
 railroad is situated, these clays are of pink, white and yellow 
 color, are much convoluted and appear to roll with north-west 
 and south-east dips. 
 
 Some red oxide of iron is mixed with the ore and stains the 
 clays in places a brick red, but not a great deal is now visible. 
 The bank has been closed for about one year. 
 
 An analysis of a number of the best specimens which could 
 be obtained from this bank gave Mr. D. M’Creath the follow¬ 
 ing results: 
 
 © 
 
 Per cent. Per cent. 
 
 Ferrous oxide. . 
 
 Iron sesquioxide. 46.214 Metallic iron.. 32.352 
 
 Alumina. 2.654 
 
 Manganese sesquioxide.. 1.944 
 
 Metallic Manganese... 
 
 1.354 
 
242 C. P. FRAZER, JR., REPORT OF PROGRESS, 1875. 
 
 
 Per cent. 
 
 Per cent. 
 
 Lime. 
 
 0.260 
 
 
 Magnesia. 
 
 0.540 
 
 
 Sulphuric oxide. 
 
 0.222 Sulphur. 
 
 . 0.088 
 
 Phosphoric oxide. 
 
 3.472 Phosphorus. 
 
 . L516 
 
 Water. 
 
 9.840 
 
 
 Insoluble residue. 
 
 34.840 
 
 
 Sum. 
 
 99.986 
 
 
 Undetermined and loss.. 
 
 0.014 
 
 
 Total. 
 
 100.000 
 
 
 Of course this will not furnish a correct idea of the average 
 value of the ore while the mine is in active operation, because the 
 wash of the rains will have both added unduly to the residue 
 and reduced thereby the per cent of metallic iron. The phos¬ 
 phate present being very insoluble also are more concentrated 
 in their surface specimens than in the commercial ore. 
 
 Widow Bruch’s Ore Bank, (XX, 67—xvi, 75 . No. 151 .) 
 
 Situated about 1J miles south-east of Idaville, in Hunting¬ 
 don township, Adams county. The main excavation covers 
 about half an acre, but has now almost entirely fallen shut. 
 From Mr. Benj. Asper, who lives on the adjoining property, 
 the following facts were ascertained: 
 
 Matthew & Duncan opened the property about 40 years ago. 
 The ore was used in the old Whitestown furnace. The deposit 
 (of which the outcrop is seen yet in the road) proved tolerably 
 regular at first. The bank was dug about 50 feet deep and a 
 drift was commenced at the bottom. Some of the ore was 
 washed, and Mr. Asper thinks it was magnetic. It was hauled 
 out by hand windlass and all sent to Whitestown (or Idaville). 
 The mining operations were seriously interfered with and 
 finally stopped by the encroachment of the water on the works. 
 It was made into pigs and sold from Whitestown. 
 
 A new place behind the barn was opened 3 years ago. The 
 old bank was wrought till 20 years ago. 
 
 The ore in the old bank is said to be at present exhausted. 
 
 Peter Dalhammer’s property lies south of the bank. Ore is 
 found lying about the surface. A great deal of trap is found 
 lying along-side the road. Mr. Dalhammer reports the pre¬ 
 sence of a dyke in place in the field to the west. A trial shaft 
 sunk in the orchard revealed large masses of ore. 
 
IRON ORE BANKS ON SOUTH MOUNTAIN. 
 
 C. 243 
 
 Chestnut Grove Furnace , near Whitestown , ( Idaville ,) Adams Co. 
 (.Information Derived from Mr. C. Wharton). 
 
 This furnace was built in 1837, by Duncan & Mahon. 
 
 The dimensions were, 
 
 Height. 30 
 
 Boshes. 8' 
 
 It was used solely as a cold blast furnace, and was blown at 
 first by the old Dottener tubs, which only blew one way. The 
 ore was obtained from a bank about one mile south-east of the 
 furnace, and was purely magnetic and of very great richness. 
 The water power was limited, so that as a consequence with 
 light power, weak blast, refractory ore, and a low stack, the 
 fact that the furnace often chilled is not to be wondered at. 
 In fact it never cleaned its hearth out well, and the slag was 
 largely mixed with iron. Owing to the above fact, the owners 
 could do nothing with it, and it came into the hands of John¬ 
 ston & Lyons, and then to Mr. Johnston alone. 
 
 The latter was equally unfortunate in his attempt to make 
 the furnace pay, and it was finally bought by Charles Whar¬ 
 ton, who had it in operation from 1850 to 1855, and again from 
 1858 to 1801. Since the last date, although the property of 
 Mr. Wharton, the furnace has been run by other persons, and 
 (up to the panic of 1874, when it was blown out,) without pecu¬ 
 niary success. 
 
 The furnace was in operation altogether about *25 years. 
 After Mr. Wharton assumed the management he got magnetic 
 ores from Dillsburg and limonite from Mt. Holly. 
 
 The furnace is now partially dismantled and idle. 
 
 The average consumption of fuel was 600 bushels @ 5 cents 
 per bushel delivered at the furnace bank. 
 
 Albert Ore Bank , (near Whitestoivn) 
 
 Situated about 1 mile S. E. of Idaville. 
 
 It was leased by Duncan & Mahon, and afterwards by 
 Johnson and Lyons, up to about 1840. The character of the 
 ore was decidedly magnetic. The average daily yield of the 
 mine was ten tons per day, of which one-third was lump ore 
 and was burned, the balance was wash ore. 
 
244 C. P. FRAZER, JR., REPORT OF PROGRESS, 1875. 
 
 The employees of furnace and ore bank together, were as 
 follows: 
 
 Founder. 
 
 Keepers. 
 
 Gutterman. 
 
 Fillers. 
 
 Bankman. 
 
 Coal stacker. 
 
 Blacksmith. 
 
 Ore bank hands. 
 
 Choppers and colliers 
 Teamsters. 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 15 
 
 40 
 
 7 (half of the year.) 
 
 Total number of hands.71 
 
 An engine of 15 horse power was erected in 1851. 
 
 The average quantity of fuel consumed daily was 600 bush¬ 
 els. There was no machinery of importance. 
 
 For 15 years the product of the furnace was sent by wagon 
 to Carlisle at a cost of $1 per ton. During the last five or ten 
 years it was carted to Hunter’s Run Station, on the South 
 Mountain railroad, 4 miles distant, for which 50 cents per ton 
 was paid. This would amount to 12J cents per ton per mile. 
 
 Five teams were owned by the company and five were hired 
 by the load. 
 
 The Albert mine has been abandoned for many years, owing 
 to the expense of mining. 
 
 Work was impeded before it was entirely stopped by an ex¬ 
 cess of water, though it is probable that with modern ap¬ 
 pliances the difficulty could be overcome. 
 
 The ore was taken out altogether by cart. 
 
 In the opinion of Mr. Wharton, the Dillsburg banks are (to 
 some extent at least) stratified, but often run into clay. The 
 Albert ore seemed to be merely a nest or pocket of some thous¬ 
 ands of tons, with no stratification and no more ore in the 
 neighborhood. 
 
 During the time that a judicious mixture of the magnetic 
 and hematite ores was made, guided by an extensive experience 
 of the properties of the Dillsburg and Mt. Holly ores, the iron 
 manufactured was of superior quality for boiler-plate and other 
 purposes for which great tensile attributed strength is re¬ 
 quired. Its possession of these qualities is by Mr. Wharton 
 to the magnetic ore. 
 
 o 
 
IRON ORE BANKS ON SOUTH MOUNTAIN. 
 
 C. 245 
 
 Centre Mills Ore Deposits. (.Information derived from Mr. Chas. 
 
 Wharton.) {No. ws.) 
 
 Centre Mills is a small settlement lying about 2J miles south¬ 
 east of Bendersville, at a point where the Iclaville-Gettysburg 
 road crosses Opossum creek. In 1864 ore was found on several 
 farms in the vicinity of this settlement. 
 
 A vein (bed?) was found from 15 to 24 inches thick, dipping 
 at an angle of about 45°, and continuing below the water level 
 so far as to render it impracticable to mine it economically on 
 account of the intrusion of water. The ore was of tine quality; 
 in fact too rich to work without admixture with a leaner ore. 
 
 The following letter from Dr. Genth (kindly furnished me 
 for publication by Mr. Wharton) will give the chemical char¬ 
 acter of the ore: 
 
 C. A. Poizat & Co., 1 
 
 108-112 Arch St., > , _ _ _ „ » ~ 
 
 Philadelphia. ) “ PHILADELPHIA, July 25, 1868. 
 
 u Mr. Chas. Wharton, Esq., 225 N. Third St., Phila.: 
 
 “ Dear Sir :—-An average sample of the two lumps of mag¬ 
 netic iron ore, which I have examined at your request, con¬ 
 tains 67.97 per cent of metallic iron, no sulphur and 0.17 per 
 cent phosphoric acid, equal to 0.07 per cent of phosphorus. It 
 contains also a minute quantity of manganese. 
 
 “Yours truly, 
 
 “ F. A. GENTH.” 
 
 This ore lies regularly between a continuous roof and floor, 
 but its extent, is not known. 
 
 Mr. Wharton adds that owing to the thinness of the seams 
 (15 to 24 inches) it was too expensive to mine, but the hanging 
 and foot walls were maintained throughout the entire course 
 of the exploitation. 
 
 The following is a partial analysis by Dr. Genth of the pig 
 made from this ore: 
 
 C. A. Poizat & Co., 1 
 
 10 philadeTphfa t .'’ \ PHILADELPHIA, Oct. 21, 1868. 
 
 Charles Wharton, Esq., 225 N. Third St., Phila.: 
 
 Dear Sir: —The sample of cast iron which I have examined 
 at your request contained— / 
 
246 C. P. FRAZER, JR., REPORT OF PROGRESS, 1875. 
 
 Phosphorus. 0.147 
 
 Sulphur. 0.026 
 
 Silicon. 0.560 
 
 Yours truly, 
 
 (Signed) F. A. GEYTH. 
 
 Pine Grove Ore Banks and Limestone Quarries and Furnace. 
 
 Are situated at the terminus of the South Mountain railroad, 
 in a valley between the main ridge of the South mountain and 
 a couple of outlying spurs, about twelve miles south-west of 
 Carlisle, in Cumberland county. 
 
 The Thomas Iron Co.'s Ore Bank. (xx , 92. No. 164.) 
 
 Situated on the side of the mountain, about three-fourths of 
 a mile south of the furnace. It was opened in 1874, and work 
 was continued for several months, but the ore had not been 
 used up to September, 1875. The general dip of the ore was 
 said to be south-east and into the mountain. The ore is to be 
 washed at the mine. Twelve men are employed and one en¬ 
 gine of 40-horse power. The ore is to be smelted at Pine Grove 
 Furnace. The ore was wash or screen ore. There is said to be a 
 large body of ore not yet reached underlying the present work¬ 
 ings. Six to ten feet of stripping overlies the ore. Test pits have 
 been sunk from 50 to 100 feet above (south of) this bank, in 
 which limestone has been found. The shafts have now fallen 
 shut. 
 
 The bank in its present state lies on the north side of the 
 Bendersville-Pine Grove road, and about three-fourths of a mile 
 from the furnace erected at the latter place. Its area covers 
 about one-fifth of an acre. The walls are 25 to 30 feet deep 
 through loose clay and rock fragments. The ore is a testaceous 
 and concretionary limonite, in which much red oxide is inter¬ 
 mixed. The seams appear to be lying in their natural positioin 
 as evidenced by the yellow and white plates of clay which were 
 found to cut the walls of the bank. 
 
 One of these seams appeared to dip Y. W.—?, but this was 
 very uncertain. Many instances might be mentioned where 
 the loose edges of such sott seams of rock bend downwards in 
 time so as to form a minute anticlinal roll whose axis is a very 
 few feet inside of the exposed wall, so that while to the ob¬ 
 server facing such a wall the clay layers seem to be dipping to- 
 
IRON ORE BANKS ON SOUTH MOUNTAIN. 
 
 C. 247 
 
 wards him, on removing a few feet of this wall the dip is proved 
 to be away from him. 
 
 Limestone Quarries of the Thomas Iron Co. (AJ, 94 . No. 164 a .) 
 
 Two large quarries lie about a thousand feet south-east of 
 the village of Pine Grove. The northernmost has an area 
 of about three and a fourth acres, and the southernmost 
 (distant only 150 feet) of a little more than five acres. They 
 were opened many years ago, and are now leased from the 
 Thomas Iron Company by Mr. Chas. Stewart, who pays a roy 
 alty of one cent per bushel. The dips obtained in a series of 
 small quarries west of the south quarry were, S. 60° E.—30°; 
 S. 30° E.—40 ; and S. 30° E.—45°. 
 
 Limonite was taken out of these larger excavations many 
 years ago, one block thus taken out weighing 30 tons. The 
 limestone in these quarries is whitish blue, yellowish, and bluish 
 white. It is said to be very pure and good. Limestone is said to 
 have been found in place one-half mile up the mountain side 
 from this quarry. 
 
 Hote.— Analyses of this limestone will be found 011 another 
 page of this report. 
 
 Sami. Wolfe’s Ore Exploitation Pits, (xxiv, 42. No. 165 .) 
 
 Situated about a mile W. of Greenwood, in Franklin 
 county. 
 
 A small shaft was sunk by Mr. Wolf two years ago for ore. 
 
 Soil and cover. 2' 
 
 Wash ore (and clay?). 17' 
 
 Reddish and yellowish clay. 2|' 
 
 Total deposit. 27p 
 
 Mr. Wolf reports that float ore of very good quality was 
 found underlying the entire farm. 
 
 Michael Goods Ore Bank. ( xxiv ; 52. No. me.) 
 
 Situated at the point where Cold Spring crosses the Scotland 
 road. It was opened in the summer of 1873, and was 23 feet 
 deep. Ore was struck about 4 feet below the surface, and the 
 bottom of the deposit has not yet been reached. [Note.—The 
 ore which Mr. Good here speaks of is undoubtedly wash ore 
 scattered through the clay and soil.] The ore las no decided 
 
248 C. P. FRAZER, JR., REPORT OF PROGRESS, 1875. 
 
 shape. Four hundred and thirty-two tons were taken out. 
 M’Cormick & Co., in Harrisburg, received the first 150 tons ; 
 the remainder was sent to the Franklin furnace, 11 miles west 
 of Chambersburg, and of which Hunter and Spring are the 
 owners. The ore sold for $3 per ton at the bank to the above 
 persons. 
 
 It is washed at the mine by water power, of which there is 
 plenty in the vicinity. The washer is a single row of 117 
 blades. Eight hands are employed in the bank when it is in full 
 operation, at $1 25 per day. 
 
 An analysis of the ore from this bank made by Mr. D. M’- 
 Creath is as follows: 
 
 
 Per cent. 
 
 • 
 
 Per cent. 
 
 Iron sesquioxide. 
 
 76.571 
 
 Metallic iron. 
 
 .. 53.600 
 
 Alumina. 
 
 5.010 
 
 Metallic manganese. 
 
 .. 0.273 
 
 Manganese sosquioxide.. 
 
 0.392 
 
 
 
 Lime. 
 
 0.200 
 
 
 
 Magnesia. 
 
 0.281 
 
 
 
 Sulphuric oxide. 
 
 0.185 
 
 Sulphur. 
 
 
 Phosphoric oxide. 
 
 0.409 
 
 Phosphorus. 
 
 
 Water. 
 
 10.980 
 
 
 
 Insoluble residue. 
 
 6.100 
 
 
 
 Sum. 
 
 100.128 
 
 
 
 The ore was a limomte. 
 
 The mine has not been operated since last fall. The pump 
 is a four inch square plank shaft with sixteen inch stroke and 
 eight strokes to the minute. It is only required for one hour 
 per day to keep the mine dry. The shipping to the (wash) ore 
 is about 4 feet thick. About one-third of the yield is lump 
 ore. 
 
 An analysis is said to have given 58.56 per cent of metallic 
 iron. 
 
 This analysis is as follows: 
 
 Per cent. 
 
 Ferric oxide. 83.67 
 
 Silica. 12.02 
 
 Water. 3.97 
 
 Lime.trace. 
 
 99.64 
 
 This analysis was made for Mr. Good, by Chambers & Nixon, 
 of Chambersburg. 
 
IRON ORE BANKS ON SOUTH MOUNTAIN. 
 
 C. 249 
 
 Three hundred feet S. of E. of this pit was a trial shaft 
 sunk 2 \ years ago, of which the following is the record: 
 
 Soil, sand and gravel. 13' 
 
 Ore. 5' 
 
 The bottom of this shaft was still in ore. 
 
 G. M. Howell's Ore Opening . (. xxm ; 32.) 
 
 This opening is made on the farm of Mr. Howell, one-half 
 mile north-west of Reynold’s Tavern, and about 1J mile W. 
 by E". from Gettysburg. 
 
 The opening is 6X4 feet in area, and is at present nearly 
 filled with water. 
 
 The debris shows grayish shale and sandstone and frag- 
 ments of trap. 
 
 E"o ore is at present visible, but Mr. Reynolds, of the hotel, ex¬ 
 hibited a quartzose limonite resembling some of the specimens 
 taken from the Pigeon Hills, which he asserted was taken from 
 there. The first pit, (in a private lane by a walnut tree,) gave 
 a dip of S. 25° E—60°. 
 
 G. Cole's Ore Opening, (xxm, 46.) 
 
 About 1J miles from Newman’s, on the Coles’ Valley road, 
 Mr. Benj. Steward opened a pit in 1873, but did not lease the 
 property for himself. 
 
 The agent of M’Cormick & Co., Mr. Findlay, on behalf of 
 Pine Grove furnace, and Mr. Weaver were inspecting the prop¬ 
 erty with a view to leasing it, but the Brothers Coles determined 
 to work it themselves. A number of holes were sunk, but no 
 ore was found except in the place where it was first worked. 
 One party offered 50 cents royalty and another 62 cents. The 
 excavation is about 4 feet deep. The ore is apparently a very 
 pure, crystallized, micaceous specular ore, occurring in milk 
 quartz and in orthofelsite. It occurs in large bunches of plates 
 weighing several pounds, and is generally free from magnetism. 
 
 The country rock is a light colored orthofelsite, which is 
 temporarily replaced by unctuous slates a short distance south 
 of Mr. G. Coles’s farm. Mr. Coles reports that in several of 
 the pits dug to prove this ore a light white powdery material 
 was taken out from a few feet below the surface of the ground. 
 17—C. 
 
250 C. P. FRAZER, JR., REPORT OF PROGRESS, 1875. 
 
 This ore will be more especially noticed in connection with 
 its analysis in the report for 1876. 
 
 Some of these lumps of quartz weigh over a ton. 
 
 Pond Bank. ( xxvii, s . No. 107 .) 
 
 Situated about 6| miles south south-east of Chambersburg, 
 Guilford township, Franklin county. It has been for some 
 years unworked. At present it is a very large irregular or 
 pear shaped excavation, covering about 2J acres, and with a 
 bank 35 feet deep at the northern end. The debris on the side 
 of the banks consist of a “flaky” sandstone, i. 6., an arenaceous 
 rock, with a suggestion of slaty structure from the thin plates 
 into which it breaks. These thin plates are largely charged 
 with iron oxide and are intermixed with testaceous ore. Other 
 portions of the debris are quartzite, with occasional thin plates 
 of pyrite in its upper surface. 
 
 About 1,200 feet due west of this large excavation is a 
 quarry of limestone in which the dip is S. 25° E.—80°. 
 
 Ten feet further S. 25° E. of this point is doubtful exposures 
 giving N. 35° W. —70°. Even if not out of place the dip is 
 evidently local. 
 
 On the present site of the bank but little can be observed 
 but the fragmentary pebbles which compose its sides, inter¬ 
 mixed with which are frequent specimens of hard, glassy, tes¬ 
 taceous limonite (manganiferous ?). 
 
 A stake on the surface is immediately above the point where 
 the limestone was first struck in the drift. 
 
 About 100 yards H. 8° E. from here is a pit in which a quan¬ 
 tity of lignite, containing fossils of nuts and deciduous wood 
 was discovered a few years ago. Of course this deposit is 
 very local and belongs probably to the newer Tertiary. 
 
 Peter Comfort's Mine, (xxv, S2. No. ms.) 
 
 Situated on the upper part of Marsh Creek, about 1J miles 
 H. N. W. of M’Knightstown. The opening was made by 
 the Wrightsville Iron Company in the spring of 1867, from 
 which date a lease of 25 years was obtained at a royalty of 30 
 cents per ton. The mine has lain idle since the summer of 
 1874. The southernmost slope of the group of openings being 
 the last which was wrought. The slopes are sunk along the 
 
IRON ORE BANKS CN SOUTH MOUNTAIN. 
 
 C. 251 
 
 bedding of the rock to the depth of 125 feet, with drifts in 
 each direction from the bottom. 
 
 Several additional slopes have been from time to time con¬ 
 structed, but all are abandoned at the present time. The ore 
 is magnetic. The bed of ore is about 2 feet thick in the last 
 slope in operation. Numerous slopes, pits and small shafts 
 have been opened over an area of about seven acres from all ot 
 which more or less ore has been obtained. 
 
 Also a large amount of lioat ore of good quality is found in 
 the soil of the neighboring fields. Ore was obtained from the 
 open cuts of this character. 
 
 The ore was shipped by team to Gettysburg—distant, seven 
 miles, @ $1 65 to $1 85 per ton. Four or five tons constitute 
 a load. The ore was hoisted by a windlass worked by horse 
 power. No other machinery was used. The timbering has rot¬ 
 ted and the underground works are out of repair. 
 
 Adam Minteds Mine, (xxv, S2. xvi, 47. No. 169 .) 
 
 Situated 800 feet N. W- of the Comfort Mine. M’Cormick 
 and Co. were induced to look here for ore in the summer ot 
 1874, from the developments previously made in the adjoining 
 (Comfort) property. 
 
 The mine was opened and machinery erected, and ore was 
 extracted at the average rate of $1 96 per month. Eleven men 
 were employed—9 in the mine and 2 outside, besides the boss. 
 The wages to miners were $1 20 per day of ten working hours. 
 The engineer received $1 60 per day, and the boss, $75 per 
 month. For running the engine till midnight the engineer 
 was paid for 1J days. 
 
 They usually do not pump at night, but in August, 1875, 
 they were compelled to do so on account of the leakage of sur¬ 
 face water into the mines due to the excessive rains of the pre¬ 
 vious few weeks. 
 
 One 15-horse power engine is at the mine. 
 
 The ore occurs in irregular beds. The levels at which ore 
 was being taken out at the above date were from drifts at 47 
 feet and 132 feet on the slope. At the former level a drift has 
 been driven 96 feet east of south. At the 132 foot level the 
 ore is about 2 feet thick. For about 20 feet on the slope the ore 
 thickens to 2J feet. 
 
252 C. P. FRAZER, JR., REPORT OF PROGRESS, 1875. 
 
 First level: In the first level, about 52 feet from the slope, 
 there is a clay filling, which cuts out the ore and takes its 
 place between the wall rocks for five or six feet. Beyond the 
 clay the ore widens out, and the drift ends in the swell. 
 
 Second level : The second level is begun 79 feet down the 
 slope, and is driven in both directions, the distance on its 
 north-west side being about 25 feet. 
 
 To the south-east the level was driven 179 feet to where the 
 ore was cut out by soft, slaty rocks of reddish color and unctu¬ 
 ous to the touch. These slates were penetrated for 3 or 4 feet, 
 when work was stopped by order of Mr. King, the superin¬ 
 tendent for M’Cormick & Co.. The ore is otherwise very regu¬ 
 lar in this level. 
 
 The specimens of foot and hanging w^alls shown by Mr. 
 Jenkins were calcareous conglomerate, in which the pebbles 
 were small. 
 
 Third level: The third level is 40 feet below the second, and 
 at the date of its inspection (August, 1875,) the south-east drift 
 was 17 feet, the ore holding out well, and the north-west drift 
 but 5 feet. 
 
 The ore promised well to the bottom of the slope at this 
 time. 
 
 During the year that the mine was worked about 2,500 tons 
 were extracted and shipped via Gettysburg to Harrisburg. It 
 has lain idle since September, 1875. 
 
 At first anthracite was used as the fuel, but after June 1, 
 1875, wood was substituted for it. The consumption was 15J 
 cords from June 1st to August 5th. The water was pumped 
 by a Smedley pump, but the latter was not in repair: The 
 discharge pipe was 3 inches in diameter, diameter of cylinder 4 
 inches ; 1 foot stroke, 25 strokes per minute. 
 
 The teams were hired and hauled the ore to Gettysburg for 
 $1 20 per day, making one trip. Two wagons did all the haul¬ 
 ing, the owners of which live in M’Kniglitstown. The wagons 
 are loaded and hauled one and a half miles to the turnpike in 
 the evening, and are started for Gettysburg early in the morn¬ 
 ing. The load is four to five tons, with five horses in one team 
 and six in the other. 
 
IRON ORE BANKS ON SOUTH MOUNTAIN. 
 
 0. 253 
 
 The cost per rail from Gettysburg to Harrisburg was not as¬ 
 certained. 
 
 There was generally no trouble from water. 
 
 The hoisting out of the mine was done in small cars. 
 
 The roof of the slope is supported by a single row of timbers 
 down the middle. 
 
 The slope is 20 feet wide and 5 feet high, and the track is 7 
 inches in width. The slope at the surface is 22°, but a short 
 distance in, and to the bottom, 28°. 
 
 At the heading of the first level the sandstone shows a 
 cleavage plane more distinctly marked than the place of bed¬ 
 ding, which dips S. 45° E.—32°. 
 
 The sketch of the workings made by Mr. Hand King accom¬ 
 panies this report by the kind permission of Mr. H. M’Cor- 
 mick. 
 
 The following is the result of analyses of this ore from the 
 upper and lower levels made by Mr. Ford at Harrisburg. 
 
 
 Minter Mine. 
 
 
 
 Upper Level. 
 
 
 
 Per cent. 
 
 
 Per cent. 
 
 Ferrous oxide. 
 
 Sesquioxide of iron 
 
 12.214 ) 
 53.376 i 
 
 Metallic iron. 
 
 \ 9 5 ^46.9 
 U7.4 $ 
 
 Ferric sulphide.... 
 
 0.050 
 
 
 
 Alumina. 
 
 4.424 
 
 
 
 Manganous oxide . 
 
 0.896 
 
 Metallic manganese.. 
 
 0.700 
 
 Lime. 
 
 1.868 
 
 
 
 Magnesia. 
 
 4.198 
 
 
 
 Phosphoric acid... 
 
 0.128 
 
 Phosphorus. 
 
 0.056 
 
 Potash and soda... 
 
 0.953 
 
 
 
 Water. 
 
 5.000 
 
 
 
 Silica... 
 
 17.024 
 
 Sulphur. 
 
 0.027 
 
 Arsenic acid. 
 
 Not estim’d. 
 
 
 
 Sum.. 
 
 100.131 
 
 
 
 
 Lower Level. 
 
 
 
 Per cent. 
 
 
 Per cent. 
 
 Ferrous oxide. 
 
 Sesquioxide of iron 
 
 15.429 ) 
 48.565 \ 
 
 Metallic iron. 
 
 j 12 -° l 46.00 
 i 34.0 $ 
 
 Ferric sulphide ... 
 
 0.009 
 
 
 
 Alumina. 
 
 3.486 
 
 
 
 Manganous oxide.. 
 
 0.617 
 
 Metallic magnanese.. 
 
 0.481 
 
 Lime. 
 
 4.746 
 
 • 
 
 
 Magnesia. 
 
 6.866 
 
 
 
254 C. 
 
 P. FRAZER, JR., REPORT OF PROGRESS, 1875. 
 
 
 Per cent. 
 
 
 Per cent. 
 
 Phosphoric acid... 
 
 0.160 
 
 Phosphorus. 
 
 0.070 
 
 Carbonic acid. 
 
 1.375 
 
 
 
 Potash and soda... 
 
 1.143 
 
 
 
 Water. 
 
 1.888 
 
 
 
 Silica. 
 
 15.466 
 
 Sulphur. 
 
 0.005 
 
 Arsenic acid. 
 
 Not estim’d. 
 
 
 
 Sum. 
 
 99.750 
 
 
 
 Undetermined 
 
 
 
 
 and loss. 
 
 0.25 
 
 
 
 Total. 
 
 100.000 
 
 
 
 MacNair s Ore Openings . 
 
 These openings are upon the farm of Mr. MacHair, about 5 J 
 miles from Gettysburg and 2J miles from Emmetsburg. Ore 
 had been found on the property of Mr. Rhodes, adjoining, but 
 not in paying quantities. Mr. Robt. MacHair states that Jacob 
 Peters brought a dip needle to the farm, and said that the cor¬ 
 ner of the corn field was the only place in all the country round 
 where the needle was measurably dejected. He sank a small 
 shaft about 8 feet deep and found about J bushel of magnetic 
 ore. 
 
 The principal rock thrown out of this pit appears to be a 
 coarse-grained dolerite, though some of the feldspar looks un¬ 
 der the magnifying glass like orthoclase and some of the am- 
 photerolite mineral like hornblende. (These specimens will, 
 however, be analysed and studied under the microscope.) An¬ 
 other neighboring rock is a compact, brittle rock, with con- 
 choidal fracture, and containing, like a porphyry, prisms of 
 a white substance, as yet undetermined. 
 
 At the mouth of pit dSTo. 1 are blocks of a greenish trap, (?) 
 called copper rock or copper stone by the inhabitants, in contra¬ 
 distinction to iron stone , which is their name for the common 
 dolerite. 
 
 One hundred yards, more or less, west of Mr. MaciNair’s 
 house, on the lane, a hard, compact, gray sand rock crops out, 
 appearing to dip vertically, but in fact dipping about W. 10° 
 N.—20°. About 50 feet west of this is a finely laminated rock, 
 in which the cleavage seems to dip S. 10° E.—85°. 
 
IRON ORE BANKS ON SOUTH MOUNTAIN. 
 
 C. 255 
 
 (An analysis of a specimen of the ore furnished by Major II. 
 S. MacNair, of York, and stated by him to be taken from the 
 MacNair farm, will be found on p. 75 of the Report of Progress 
 for 1874.) 
 
 Mr. George Krise’s Ore Mine. 
 
 Situated about one mile west by south of Mr. MacNair’s. 
 Mr. Krise states that in the spring of 1874 Mr. Wm. Letcher 
 opened the mine and took out a quantity of ore. Mr. John 
 Davis came from Winchester in the following spring. The 
 opening is about 1,000 feet S. 30° E. of the house, and consists 
 of three or four irregular pits lying along a line H. 10° E. per¬ 
 pendicular, to which a trench and pit were cut 25 feet to 30 
 feet W. 10° H. This represents the direction of the dip, and 
 the strength is about 30°. (Country rock dips W. 10° H. 
 -—30°.) 
 
 The gangue is a banded sand rock, the separate bands being 
 alternate layers of about one-half inch in thickness, of dark 
 green, gray, and brick-red mud rock. The latter is of resinous 
 lustre, and looks like shellac. 
 
 On some of the faces of this rock thin films of crystals of 
 undetermined composition have been laid down. The surface 
 of the ground sparkles with the fine spangles of these little 
 crystals, which glint from the dirt with which they are mixed. 
 
 Twenty feet east of the opening a yellow and red shale is ex¬ 
 posed in a gully, having about the same dip. 
 
 Parts of the machinery are lying around the abandoned 
 mine. 
 
 Leases were taken on the farm adjoining properties through 
 which the ore was thought to strike, viz : George H. Krise, 
 Ross White, Flemman White, (close to Middle Creek,) and 
 Jacob Iker. On the last farm they never opened, but the ore 
 was proved to extend through the farms of the other two—it is 
 said, of an inferior quality to that found on Mr. Krise’s. 
 
 Mr. Krise dug a ditch and struck a body of good ore in the 
 opposite direction, viz: S. 10° W. 
 
 He states, also, that Mr. King, for M’Cormick & Co., sank a 
 slope some 90 feet, and while the deposit was followed for the 
 
256 C. P. FRAZER, JR., REPORT OF PROGRESS, 1875. 
 
 entire distance it was found to be irregular, occurring in nests 
 and strings. Mr. Johnson, formerly the boss of the Minter 
 mine, suggested drifting, but this was never done. 
 
MONT ALTO FURNACE AND BANKS. 
 
 C. 257 * 
 
 CHAPTER X. 
 
 The Mont Alto Furnace and Ore Banks. 
 
 These are situated at the extremity of the Ohambersburg 
 and Mont Alto railroad, in Franklin county, Quincy town¬ 
 ship, about nine miles south-east of Ohambersburg. 
 
 The works are owned, together with a large tract of timber 
 land in the South Mountain, by Waterman & Co., and the di¬ 
 rection of operations is confided to Colonel George B. Wiest- 
 ling, who kindly furnishes the survey with the following 
 statement: 
 
 “Mont Alto, December 31, 1875. 
 
 “ Prof. Persijor Frazer , Jr.: 
 
 “ Bear Sir: —In accordance with my promise, I herewith send 
 some statements of our operations at this point: 
 
 “We adopted, and still resort to different modes in some lo¬ 
 calities, in testing the existence and extent of our ore beds. 
 
 “ Some places we use a common spiral auger about four inches 
 in diameter, with an extensible stock. The apex of a light 
 tripod made with poles, serves to guide the auger, keeping it 
 vertical. . Two men with a wrench which fits square places on 
 the stock do the boring, while a small sheave, or pulley block, 
 fastened to the tripod with a rope and rough windlass barrel 
 serves to withdraw the auger and borings. 
 
 “ With this, two men can bore forty feet per day, if not hin¬ 
 dered by large round stones, or lumps of hard ore.* 
 
 *In a great majority of instances, however, we sink circular pits, about three 
 or four feet in diameter. We prefer the circular section, as the pit is less 
 likely to cave in; no timber or props being used in testing. These borings 
 and pits are all numbered to correspond with similar numbers on map, and 
 in “ Exploration Book.” In this book a memorandum is made of each pit; 
 the character of the material passed through in detail; the dip and such ex- 
 
258 C. P. FRAZER, JR., REPORT OF PROGRESS, 1875. 
 
 “Having selected a locality at which we propose opening a 
 bank, and knowing from our tests that the ore is there, we re¬ 
 sort to the auger and additional pits or drifts in order to make 
 sure that we locate our machinery off the ore if possible. The 
 ore from borings and pits and drifts, we in some cases subjected 
 to analysis; in other cases we secured enough from a vicinity 
 to try in our blast furnace, forge and rolling mill. In this 
 case, samples of the iron thus made are shelved, labeled with 
 the number of pit or pits from which the stock came. 
 
 “ Some of the analyses were as follows : 
 
 MINES. 
 
 
 No. 3. 
 
 No. 4. 
 
 No. 5. 
 
 No. 8. 
 
 English 
 or No. 65. 
 
 Metallic iron. 
 
 Alumina. 
 
 Carbonate lime. 
 
 Silica. 
 
 Water.. 
 
 46.27 
 
 trace. 
 
 51.86 
 
 .70 
 
 trace. 
 
 16.30 
 
 8.20 
 
 51.39 
 
 57.27 
 
 37.25 
 
 Sulphur. 
 
 Phosphorus... 
 
 Prot. manganese. 
 
 None. 
 
 .15 
 
 .31 
 
 None. 
 
 — 
 
 None. 
 
 .10 
 
 trace. 
 
 None. 
 
 trace. 
 
 trace. 
 
 None. 
 
 .64 
 
 7.90 
 
 “The remainder in each ore, not given above, is chiefly sili¬ 
 ceous matter and moisture. 
 
 “Ore has been mined at Mont Alto since 1808. 
 
 “I gave you the detail of Pit Ho. 90, in which a body of lig 
 nite was found, as well as specimens of the lignite. 
 
 “ Our furnace stack was built in 1808, in the style then ruling. 
 It is a stone stack, and was 31 feet high and 8 feet diameter of 
 boshes, with two tuyeres, when we acquired possession in 1864. 
 
 “ Previous to 1864 the power was water. We placed flues on 
 furnace top, thus raising her 6 feet, making height now 37 feet. 
 We increased her diameter of bosh to 9 feet. (It is now 9J 
 feet.) We introduced a third tuyere, and put her in as good 
 shape and condition as her age and the surroundings would 
 
 planatory comments as seem desirable for future reference. The finding 
 ore in a pit remote from others is, of itself, no evidence of the extent of the 
 deposit. Neither does a pit disclosing only clay, prove the non-existence of 
 of ore. I have sunk one hundred feet deep in what proved to be a “chim¬ 
 ney” of clay, getting from it not over a bushel of ore lumps, while three feet 
 on either side of the pit, the ore proved to be abundant. Whether to per¬ 
 sist in a given locality, or to abandon with a single or very few trials, is a 
 question of judgment based on the surroundings, and what little of science 
 we gather from books and contact with experts. 
 
MONT ALTO FURNACE AND BANKS. 
 
 0. 250 
 
 permit, and changed to steam power. We pay special atten¬ 
 tion to the proper preparation of the stock. The charcoal is 
 handled with forks and the fine screened. The screenings are 
 used for ore washing, generating steam at mines or in black¬ 
 smith forge. 
 
 “ The limestone is broken in a Blake crusher to a uniform size 
 with the ore, viz : from a hen’s egg to a pea. I believe a per¬ 
 fect operation would require the ore, coal and limestone to be 
 of uniform and the same size. 
 
 “ The ore receives careful attention. I find different definitions 
 apply to the term “clean ore” among iron masters. For in¬ 
 stance, a quantity of ore may be perfectly free from adhering 
 dirt, each separate piece perfectly cleansed, but if it have mixed 
 with it pieces of sandstone or quartz, also equally clean of 
 themselves, the ore is pronounced “not clean.” Of course it 
 may be extravagant to use ore thus unclean, especially if this 
 foreign mixture is not required for fluxing. Again, if you 
 take the perfectly cleansed ore, free from any foreign mixture 
 of clean pieces of sandstone, &c., and bathe it in a solution of 
 clay, or in white-wash, this would he rendering it unclean. 
 This latter dirty ore would generally be regarded much more 
 favorably than the first named. The ore itself being some¬ 
 times of a yellow cast, the thin coating of clay wash is not so 
 easily noticed. The small quantity of dirt is looked upon as a 
 slight affair, not necessitating much additional coal. 
 
 “Brown hematite wash ore is generally thus dirty. Just as 
 the ore leaves the wash-trough it is treated to a bath of dirty 
 or claye}' water, and, as I say, is not strongly objected to, and 
 yet I find this is a more objectionable form of uncleanness than 
 the first. 
 
 “It is not the quantity of dirt, hut the shape it is in, coating 
 each separate piece of ore, stopping up the pores of the ore, 
 preventing the proper preparation while descending, rendering 
 it impenetrable by the gases, that makes it a far worse feature 
 than if many times the bulk of the same or other objection¬ 
 able material was intermingled with the ore. 
 
 “ Even if the clay or lime is necessary as a flux, this way of 
 introducing it is bad. And the wrong way is just as bad as 
 the wrong thing. 
 
260 C. P. FRAZER, JR., REPORT OF PROGRESS, 1875. 
 
 “ This receives our careful atttention ; our ore goes in clean— 
 not only washed, but rinsed in clean water. To accomplish 
 this more perfect cleansing, we invented a shaking screen and 
 attached it to our ore washer. It is inexpensive, works well, 
 serving the purpose admirably, and is not patented. Thus the 
 yield in the furnace closely approximates the analysis of a fair 
 sample of ore, the fuel used is the minimum of its kind re¬ 
 quired, the quantity of flux used is known, the product of the 
 furnace is increased and the quality of the product is improved. 
 
 “ Our furnace works regularly and produces as much as, or 
 more iron than any of her size, that I know of in Pennsyl¬ 
 vania, using the same percentage ores and kind of charcoal. 
 
 “ I add a statement from our blast book, giving her work for 
 a week in August, 1875. (See page 261.) 
 
 “The ore used was from Mine 4. The charcoal varied in quality 
 from hard and soft wood, hut was better than our average. 
 
 “ The foregoing is our best week’s work. The average for this 
 year is 90 tons product per week, requiring per ton of pig iron 
 
 tons ore, 120 bushels charcoal and 8 cwt. limestone. 
 
 “ Although we have about 20,000 acres connected with the es¬ 
 tate, and use our own wood, make the charcoal and haul it, yet 
 charcoal varies greatly in quality from the different kinds of 
 wood, from variableness of weather, difference in skill and care 
 of colliers, and the same uniformity in work is scarcely attaina¬ 
 ble that should characterize anthracite furnaces. 
 
 “ Our objective point, so far as the works are concerned, is a 
 uniformly best quality of product for the purposes to which 
 our iron is suited, and secondly, quantity and cheapness. 
 
 “You will readily perceive from the difference in the few par¬ 
 tial analyses of our ores that we can make different kinds of 
 iron, or iron suitable for different purposes—any of it would be 
 “ good.” 
 
 “ Consumers of iron are generally careless in the use of the 
 terms they apply to it. Send the best Scotch Pig to a puddling 
 mill or forge, and it would be condemned as “ had,” unfit for 
 use. The best Norway or Swedish iron would be just as un¬ 
 suitable for the head of a railway bar, as cold short or red 
 short iron would be for flange, plate or rivet rods. 
 
MONT ALTO FURNACE AND BANKS 
 
 C. 261 
 
 1 
 
 Density blast, lbs. 
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262 P. FRAZER, JR., REPORT OF PROGRESS, 1875. 
 
 44 Pine wood has its valuable uses, just as has hickory or white 
 oak, and I believe any iron may be good for some purpose. It 
 is important to know what particular purpose a specified make 
 is good for, and this largely governs its value. The best iron 
 might as well be bad as be applied to some purpose to which 
 it is unsuitable. Iron made from our Ho. 3 mine is strong and 
 chills well, making it valuable for car wheels. That made 
 from Mine Ho. 4, Ho. 8, Pond Bank. Mill Bank and others, 
 more closely resembles Horway iron in its softness and tenacity, 
 fitting it for rivet rods, flange plate and fire-box iron. 
 
 11 We have a Steam Bloom Forge connected with our works, 
 and manufacture blooms for the above purposes. The surplus 
 pig iron, over what we consume in the forge, is principally 
 consumed for car wheels, and until 1874, we were always 
 closely sold up, and indeed found it impossible to fill all orders. 
 We are proud of the reputation of our iron, and do our utmost 
 in every department to improve it. 
 
 44 Respectfully yours, 
 
 “GEO B. WIESTLFNG.” 
 
P. FRAZER, JR., REPORT OF PROGRESS, 1875. C 263 
 
 Exploitation Pits in the Vicinity of Gettysburg. 
 
 Martin, Barbehue & Koppe opened several small pits on M’- 
 Knight’s Hill. At the time these were visited no ore was ob¬ 
 served around the opening. The stripping was ten feet thick, 
 and the excavation was alongside a wall of coarse dolerite sim¬ 
 ilar to that occurring on Culp’s Hill, and Round Top, &c. 
 
 This rock, which is dark colored by weathering, and hard 
 and contains from 11 to 15 per cent of magnetic oxide of iron 
 frequently gives rise to the belief that itself, as well as the 
 adjacent rocks over which its debris are distributed, are ores. 
 Indeed it may well be considered whether the constant and 
 frequently large percentage of magnetic oxide in these specu¬ 
 lar ores is not mainly, if not entirely, derived from the disin¬ 
 tegration of the traps which are generally to be found in this 
 vicinity. 
 
 A couple of openings lower on the hill, out of which the rock 
 has been taken by a windlass, are about 15 feet deep. In some 
 of the fragments exhibited near these openings the trap is seen 
 to increase in weight and magnetic force so as to prove a transi¬ 
 tion from the trap to a kind of magnetic ore. 
 
 An Opening on Benner’s Hill , East of Rock Creek, 
 
 At the time this opening was visited it was nearly filled 
 with water. The rocks thrown out show no indications of 
 ore, but are principally indurated blue mud rock. On top of 
 Benner’s Hill is a quarry of loose and broken gray sandstone dip¬ 
 ping H. 25° W.—25°. This stone was used for the foundations 
 of the Methodist Church in Gettysburg. 
 
 In the gutters alongside the road leading from the top of 
 Cemetery Hill, and near the Soldier’s Home, many specimens 
 of pyramidal epidote are to be found, varying in size from one- 
 half inch in length, and one-eighth inch in thickness, to two 
 inches long, and one-fourth inch in thickness. 
 
 Major Benner, of Gettysburg, has presented several of these 
 very perfectly terminated to the survey. 
 
 Exploitation Pits for Copper Ore. 
 
 Copper ore has been recently discovered five miles east of 
 Gettysburg, near Bonneauville, (Bonnaughtown, or Bonnaugh- 
 
264 C. P. FRAZER, JR., REPORT OF PROGRESS, 1875. 
 
 ville,) and at various other points in Adams and York coun¬ 
 ties. 
 
 The out-crop of the ore near Bonneauville, like similar out¬ 
 crops near Dillsburg, on the Bull Road in York county, and in 
 many other places, is merely a bed vein of malachite of a few 
 inches in thickness, from which a foot or more of both foot and 
 hanging wall have been, to some extent, saturated with soluble 
 salts of copper. 
 
 The farm on which this discovery was made is the property 
 of Mr. J. L. Livers, whose house is nearly the western limit of 
 the hamlet above mentioned. About 800 yards south of this 
 house, and in the middle of a field, Mr. Livers ploughed up 
 several specimens of green copper ore, and on digging discovered 
 the vein. The Mesozoic rocks of this vicinity are very much 
 broken. The most homogeneous layer of the strata is a red 
 sandstone, which is hard and compact in blocks, which latter 
 are unevenly divided by numerous cleavage planes. They dip 
 north-west 30°. 
 
 Nothing has been done but the most superficial scratching 
 of the surface, but the occurrence of float ore in the direction 
 of the strike, for some distance each way on the neighboring 
 farms, augurs well for the productiveness of this vein. 
 
 These localities will be commented on in a future report. 
 
DESCRIPTION OF CROSS SECTIONS. 
 
 C. 265 
 
 CHAPTER XL 
 
 DESCRIPTION OF CROSS SECTIONS. 
 
 Section No. 6. 
 
 Section 6 runs S. 47° 30' E. from a point 1J miles north of 
 Dillsburg, across the belt of Hew Red Sandstone to Berler’s 
 cross-roads, and the eastern boundary of the same and a point 
 located on the map of 1874. 
 
 The commencement is in the limestone conglomerate,(Potomac 
 marble, (?) which forms the north-west margin of the HewRed 
 Sandstone. Several conflicting dips were observed at the north¬ 
 west end of Kuntz’s quarry, and the difficulty of obtaining 
 one entirely reliable here is very considerable. The first re¬ 
 corded is S. 45° W.—24° ; but at the same place, or so close to 
 it as not to be susceptible of separate delineation on the map, 
 is the dip of S. 10° E.—40°. Four hundred feet further on 
 in the direction of the section is a dip in the same rock of W. 
 8° H.—22°, which clearly indicates a small fold towards the 
 margin of the Hew Red. 
 
 About three-fifths of a mile over the section occurs a dip in 
 altered Mesozoic greenish sandstone of W. 25° S.—50°. With¬ 
 in a few hundred feet of this occurs a gray limestone conglom¬ 
 erate, (partially altered by decomposition into a marl,) dipping 
 S. 10° E.—28°. 
 
 Following this further in the direction of the section, and 
 close by, is a conglomerate composed of fragments of the old 
 chlorite and crystalline schists imbedded in calcareous matrix. 
 This rock is quite commonly found in this vicinity ; an entirely 
 similar one is raised out of a shaft from a depth of 75 feet, 
 near the Mumper & Logan mines. 
 
 The dip of S. 10° E.—28° not only renders probable the cor¬ 
 rectness of the somewhat doubtful dip with which the section 
 18 C. 
 
266 C. P. FRAZER, JR. ; REPORT OF PROGRESS, 1875. 
 
 began, but proves a very considerable thickness of this com¬ 
 ponent of the New Red Sandstone to have the unusual direc¬ 
 tion of dip to the south-east, and subtracts somewhat from the 
 thickness of this formation here. 
 
 It has been assumed that this dip indicates a synclinal of at 
 least 1 \ miles between the exterior limits on the present surface, 
 and in the absence of further recorded outcrops between the last 
 mentioned dip and the few obtained at the mines east of Dills- 
 burg, the structure would seem to suggest the placing of an 
 axis somewhere near this point, because these synclinal troughs 
 have heretofore been considered rare in these measures, and this 
 would reduce the extent of this one to a minimum. 
 
 But 5,000 feet, or nearly a mile, further on the line of sec¬ 
 tion, and 75 feet below the surface, and north-west of M’Cor- 
 mick & Co. J 3 long cut, a conglomerate has been found in a bore 
 hole very nearly resembling that just mentioned. Supposing 
 the dip of this bed (as we must do) to conform to the dips of 
 the measures immediately above it, the limits of this synclinal 
 of limestone conglomerate would intersect the plane of the 
 horizon at points nearly 1J miles apart, or at the distance above 
 given. 
 
 The limestone conglomerate without schist fragments (a) 
 which was found in Kuntz's quarry, and which most probably 
 underlies the limestone with schist fragments, ( d ,) exhibits a 
 roll in the quarry itself. The north-west dip which was the 
 second recorded on this line ( b ) would bring it to the surface 
 to sink again at some point not definitely ascertained, but fur¬ 
 ther to the south-east (or between a and c). Again, the north¬ 
 west dip of the altered sandstone close by the schist conglom¬ 
 erate (c) would cause that to sink to the north-west, and rise 
 with the supposed, but not recorded, south-east dips, which 
 probably intervene between it and the commencement of the 
 line (6 and c). 
 
 This structure, however indefinite, is something like that 
 which must obtain in the portion of the section now under 
 consideration, and must result in bringing the conglomerate 
 nearer together (perpendicularly) than would be the case were 
 the wave a simple synclinal from a to d. 
 
DESCRIPTION OF CROSS SECTIONS. 
 
 C. 267 
 
 Some idea of this perpendicular distance may be had by a 
 comparison of the perpendicular distance of the limestone 
 found in Bell’s or MacWilliam’s slope (which resembles that 
 at a) from that just mentioned, which occurs 75 feet below the 
 surface near M’Cormick & Co.’s cut. 
 
 This distance is about 1,400 feet, and the whole thickness of 
 measures from the slope of the South Mountain to Bell’s mine, 
 or over a distance of more than two miles, only 2,400 feet, in¬ 
 stead of 6,000 feet, as would be the case were the bedding regu¬ 
 larly monoclinal. 
 
 Three dips obtained in the rock bedding where the mining 
 of ore is being carried on ( e ) and to which the limestone with 
 schist fragments, found at a depth of 75 feet, was adjusted, 
 give N.—28° twice, and ~N. 10° E.—20°. 
 
 Two thousand feet further on the line, and a few hundred 
 feet north-west of Grove’s bank, a dip in altered Mesozoic sand¬ 
 stone of S. E.—85° seems to betoken an anticlinal between ^and 
 /, which, however, is rapidly succeeded by the dip of JST. 10° 
 E.—24° in the sandstone which accompanies Grove’s ore. The 
 projection of Price’s ore on the line is made from a point too 
 remote to serve as a guide to the structure even if an exposure 
 were to be found here, which is not the case. At this point is 
 the margin of a wide belt of trap which covers the whole 
 country, to the exclusion of other rocks, for 3J miles on the 
 line of section, and for several miles north and south of it. 
 But though this outburst of trap conceals from view the sedi¬ 
 mentary members of the series of Kew Red Sandstones, there 
 are indications from its observed position that some of these 
 sedimentary strata had south-east dips, Such is an exposure (A) 
 about a mile S. 47° 30' E. of the contact between trap and sedi¬ 
 mentary rocks, (y,) where a coarse grained dolerite dips S. 10° 
 E.—30°. 
 
 Of course it is not certain that the inclination of the trap 
 was determined by that of the true bedding since it will be 
 
 seen that in the case of a dyke near Dillsburg* these traps fre¬ 
 quently followed planes of cleavage ; but in this case both the 
 
 direction and strength of the apparent dip coincide so nearly 
 with that of true sedimentary rocks noted at the beginning of 
 
 *See chapter on the geology. 
 
268 C. P. FRAZER, JR., REPORT OF PROGRESS, 1875. 
 
 this section, that the conclusion is almost forced upon us that 
 this trap is a fossil dip of the FTe w Red Sandstone, and indicates 
 the position of things before the strata of the latter were re¬ 
 placed. 
 
 This trap outburst occupies a little less than 3J miles of the 
 gray sandstone. Here a greenish gray sandstone gives a dip 
 of W. 35° 1ST. —40°. Following this exposure is half a mile 
 more of trap, and then a large clay deposit of Morganthaler’s, 
 which fills two or three fields of meadow land. Succeeding the 
 clay is a certain magnetic ore, the analysis of which will be 
 found in another place. 
 
 Here come in bluish shales and Red Sandstone dipping W. 
 31°R.—20° for 400 feet, after which, in the next 800 feet, noth¬ 
 ing but an exposure of coarse dolerite was observed; and again 
 a red sandstone with a dip of W. 40° FT. —24°. Six hundred 
 feet further on are found sandstones coated more or less with 
 micaceous ore, on top of gray and greenish shales in A\hich 
 three outcrops not far apart, gave respectively, H. 45° W.— 
 16°, W. 40° H.—20°, and a cleavage plane, E.—85°. 
 
 In the midst of this series occurs Corkson’s ore. Its analy¬ 
 sis will be found elsewhere. The locality is just north-west of 
 the town of Wellsville, within the limits of which another 
 sandstone exposure exhibits a cleavage plane of E. 5° S.—. 
 85°. (j) This new plane of cleavage which commences near 
 Corkson’s is found for a longdistance further along our line, or 
 to a point just south-east of the town of Dover, (l) beyond 
 which no record of it was made. 
 
 A peculiarity of this plane is, that its direction of dip 
 changes gradually and regularly from Wellsville to Dover, 
 commencing with east and dipping at the latter town S. 40° 
 E. Its steepness also varies, but not regularly. First it de¬ 
 creases to 67°, and then it increases to 80°, or the same angle 
 which it exhibits when first mentioned. 
 
 If this plane be taken, a powerful thrust from the eastward 
 along a line dipping but 5° to 10° below the western horizon 
 this change in its direction could be accounted for by suppos¬ 
 ing the effect of the pressure to cause these soft measures ly¬ 
 ing between the more rigid jaws on which pressure and resis¬ 
 tance were exerted, to assume a curved line between them as is 
 
DESCRIPTION OF CROSS SECTIONS. 
 
 0. 269 
 
 the ease when one presses together the edges of a pack of 
 cards. Of course the same application would apply if the 
 cause of the pressure were to be sought in the gradual or sud¬ 
 den giving way of the strata below the Mesozoic deposits, 
 while the Eozoic rocks on the margins stood firm. Gravity in 
 drawing the whole basin into a necessarily more limited area 
 would produce the same effect upon them as if the Pigeon 
 Hills and Codorus Range on the one side and the South Moun¬ 
 tain on the other gradually approached each other; except so 
 far as the first hypothesis would render probable a different 
 kind of fracture on the margins from that which would result 
 from the latter and from that which is observed. 
 
 That is to say, that by the settling down of the middle of the 
 New Red Sandstone area, its edges would be pulled down after 
 the sinking rocks and there would result chasms and rilts 
 where the rocks thinned out. On the contrary, in case the two 
 jaws of such a vice approached each other, the margins would 
 be crushed against and over the adjacent portions of the for¬ 
 mation aud while there would be no breaks, it would result 
 that the rocks would be very much crushed. In either case, 
 in all probability, clay deposits would be frequent. 
 
 It may well be, that the determination of trap in large mass 
 to the edges of the New Red, and the isolation of patches of 
 sedimentary strata as at Morganthaler’s, etc., were the conse¬ 
 quences of the production of the rifts here alluded to, through 
 which molten rock would naturally find its way. 
 
 But it ought to be borne in mind that in the great erosion 
 which has taken place since these events, the detached and 
 crumbled portions must, for the greater part, have been carried 
 away. 
 
 There is little danger of having mistaken a plane of bedding 
 for one of cleavage in the observed dip of S. E. 67° to 85°, be¬ 
 tween Wellsville and Dover, for the former, (as is sufficiently 
 seen by the part already described,) is N. 5° W. to N. 10° W., 
 seldom N. 40° W., with corresponding reverse dips at the com¬ 
 mencement of the line S. 5°—10° E., whereas the law gov¬ 
 erning this plane (be it caused in whatsoever manner it may) 
 is E., to S. 40° E., and at a uniform rate of change which makes 
 
270 C. P. FRAZER, JR., REPORT OF PROGRESS, 1875. 
 
 a direct proportion between the southing in the direction of its 
 dip and the distance S. 47° 80' E. over the line of section. 
 
 Leaving out of account these alternate exposures of trap and 
 of sediments as not giving definite enough information of the 
 position of the strata to depend upon, we may follow our line 
 of section 8J miles over the upturned edges of the New Red 
 Sandstone, dipping with apparent regularity from N. 37° W. 
 to W. 35° N., and with a steepness of from 20° to 38°. There 
 are no dykes of trap along lines of fracture which may be 
 supposed to have thrown up the measures and repeated them 
 along this line. Allowing for the flexions in the strata, there 
 is a thickness of from 16,000 to 19,000 feet of the New Red 
 Sandstone in this portion of York county. Mr. Heinrichs, of 
 the Midlothian collieries in Virginia, in several borings which 
 he made, found the thickness of the measures to be between 
 1,500 and 1,600 feet. But pending the direct investigation 
 of this point by exploitation drill holes, sunk under the au¬ 
 spices of the survey, the thickness of the New Red Sandstone 
 in this portion of our State might be taken provisionally at 
 somewhere near 16,000 feet. 
 
 So far as the measurement is based upon the observations 
 contained in this section line they are rendered of doubtful au¬ 
 thority if unsupported by other facts; for, owing to the large 
 area covered with intrusive traps the estimation was stopped 
 at (k), or the last trap met with between Wellsville and Beel¬ 
 er’s cross-roads, as nothing could be definitely predicated in re¬ 
 gard to the relation of the beds on the opposite side of such 
 trap intrusions. But within this area many favorable spots 
 can be selected for sinking a bore hole to prove the 'thickness 
 of this formation, because the region is quite free from indica¬ 
 tions of trap dykes. 
 
 The occurrence at (i) of greenish gray sandstone—a color sug¬ 
 gestively like the chloritic schists which formed much of the 
 bottom of the early Mesozoic sea, and with which our line 
 commenced; makes the hypothesis a plausible one that this por¬ 
 tion of the section represents rocks near the bottom of the se¬ 
 ries. 
 
 Attention was paid to the order in which the variegated 
 
 © 
 
 sandstones or slabs followed each other, but as yet no structure 
 
DESCRIPTION OF CROSS SECTIONS. 
 
 C. 271 
 
 has been made out of such notes. This whole subject will be 
 discussed again when the data from actual observations on the 
 thickness are at hand. 
 
 The last dip occurs near Beeler’s cross-roads, which is near 
 the starting point in Section 2 a in Report of Progress for 1874. 
 Here the coarse limestone conglomerate dips H. 60° W.—80°. 
 It appears by the work already done on that section (which 
 commences 1,000 feet or more north-west of the cross-roads) that 
 this steep dip of the conglomerate is very local, and merges 
 gradually into a gentle dip in the same direction, instead of 
 changing suddenly, as it would do in an overthrown anticlinal; 
 and this turning up of the edge could easily be explained by 
 the settling of the floor on which this Mesozoic estuary deposit 
 rested. Its marginal portions would tilt upwards in a sort of 
 conglomerate floe, like the upturned sheets of ice on the banks 
 of a frozen river on the recession of the tide. 
 
 Sub-Section, No. 6a. 
 
 The line of this section lies wholly within the Hew Red 
 Sandstone formation. It starts from two miles S. 25° W. from 
 Franklintown (a) and runs S. 40° E. to a point 4J miles S. 15° 
 W. of the town of Wellsville. 
 
 It was constructed from the data collected on that part of 
 the transit line which was employed in locating the ore banks 
 of J. Lichte and Jacob Smith, in Washington township, York 
 county, and the length of the section is about 6J miles. Ow¬ 
 ing to the circumstance of its lying entirely within the Meso¬ 
 zoic strata, it offers no means of estimating the entire thick¬ 
 ness of these strata. 
 
 The first dips are in red shale, with variable amounts of sand, 
 but very generally arenaceous. 
 
 The following table will give the dip and cleavage as accu¬ 
 rately as this could be ascertained, together with the material 
 in which the dip was observed and the number which distin¬ 
 guishes it in the collection to be forwarded to Harrisburg: 
 
272 C. P. FRAZER, JR , REPORT OF PROGRESS, 1875 
 
DESCRIPTION OF CROSS SECTIONS 
 
 C. 273 
 
274 C. P. FRAZER, JR., REPORT OF PROGRESS, 1875. 
 
 Section No. 7. 
 
 This section starts from a point If miles E. 40° H. of Mount 
 Holly, and runs S. 27° E. to a point 2f miles S. W. of Median- 
 icsville, Adams county. 
 
 A complete construction of the curves of the strata between 
 the terminal points of the line cannot be accomplished with the 
 data above given, because there is a long distance from the Yel¬ 
 low Breeches creek, where the Auroral rocks were found in place, 
 to Mount Holly ore banks, where the slates and quartzite were 
 first observed in place. This is a distance of nearly two miles. 
 Omitting this then from the account we come upon a wave in 
 the strata 2,300 feet south-east of Papertown, the sandy quartzite 
 showing a narrow synclinal of a few hundred feet followed by 
 an anticlinal of about 1,000 feet. Eollowing over 17,000 feet 
 (perpendicular thickness) of quartzite and sandy slates there is 
 met another north-west dip in the weathered slates in the 
 south-east end of the Thomas Co.’s Mt. Holly Ore bank, which 
 affects the structure to an uncertain extent, but probably indi¬ 
 cates a shallow and short synclinal trough. 
 
 Succeeding this at a distance is a south-east dip in quartzite, 
 and then another absence of exposures for about If mile to an 
 outcrop of shaly orthofelsite porphyry. How the intervening 
 rocks connect these two points is not clear. 
 
 Another hiatus of 2f miles occurs here, where no details of 
 rock position were discovered, but in the succeeding 2f miles 
 there seems to be sufficient evidence for believing* the remains 
 of an overturned anticlinal to fill up this latter space. This is 
 begun by a dip of E. 30° S.—55°, and another 1,800 feet S. E. 
 on our line gives E. 40° S.—65°, both in chlorite slates, which 
 represent the steep or overturned side of the anticlinal, whereas 
 the same material dipping E. 30° S.—25°, and S. 30° E.—30° 
 is found occupying a broad area of 1,600 feet or more, at a dis¬ 
 tance of 3,000 feet further on the line, and is in all probability 
 the gently and normally dipping limb of this anticlinal. This 
 indicates a total thickness of these slates of about 2,000 feet. 
 Beyond this the structure is made again obscure, owing to nu¬ 
 merous intrusions of igneous rocks. As a result of this action, 
 
DESCRIPTION OF CROSS SECTIONS. 
 
 C. 275 
 
 after a mile from the last exposure, which is filled up with 
 traps, a dip occurs just north-west of Lear’s limestone quarry, 
 of E. 20° 1ST.—50° (?) probably cleavage. 
 
 The limestone itself dips S. 35° E.—25°, and is followed by 
 the New Red Sandstone, which in an exposure, 3,000 feet further 
 on dips N. 25° W.—30°, a general direction of dip maintained 
 to the end of the section. 
 
 The principal information which this section affords us is 
 that there are a few shallow flexures in the South mountain 
 rocks near Papertown, in Cumberland county, and a long in¬ 
 verted anticlinal in Adams county, near their contact with the 
 overlying New Red. 
 
 The structure here assigned to the South mountain is in the 
 main the same as that published in Rogers’ report as part of 
 Section YII of the last Survey, but Mr. Rogers does not men¬ 
 tion the occurrence of limestone, which is an important ele¬ 
 ment of the problem, be it of what age it may. I am obliged 
 to confess, too, that in spite of considerable trouble I was una¬ 
 ble to get the data necessary for making this section continuous. 
 
 The following table sums up the information to be derived 
 from a study of section 7 : 
 
276 C. r. FRAZER, JR., REPORT OF PROGRESS, 1875. 
 
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278 C. P. FRAZER, JR., REPORT OF PROGRESS, 1875. 
 
 Description of a route over the South Mountain from Petersburg 
 to Boiling Springs , covering part of the ground which was studied 
 for the construction of Section 7. 
 
 Passing west on the turnpike to Carlisle, a turn to the right 
 on the outskirts of Petersburg and close by a blacksmith’s shop 
 leads the traveller over a hill composed of Mesozoic sandstone 
 and mud rock and shale, interspersed here and there with blocks 
 of trap (dolerite.) This continues to Lerew’s store, where the 
 route chosen causes one to turn to the left. In the vicinity of 
 this store are confused masses of schists, shales and quartz, 
 which line the way as far as Fickle’s. 
 
 A short distance beyond here, and on the edge of a grove, 
 were observed large boating boulders of a sandy schist, much 
 decomposed, but still hard. 
 
 Just be 3 r ond this appear large blocks of u jaspery quartzite ”— 
 or orthofelsite, and still further (say £ mile from Fickle’s) large 
 slabs of this rock, possibly in place, and dipping south-west, but 
 nearly horizontal. 
 
 The compact schists are most abundant, but occasionally there 
 appears sandy greenish rock, laminated in layers of about J 
 inch in thickness, and intersected by veins of quartzite. At 
 about 180 yards from the intersection of this road with the Car¬ 
 lisle turnpike compact schists dip S. 40° W.—14°. 
 
 The rock observed for several hundred yards along the pike 
 was brown on the external surface, but on being broken showed 
 itself to be a sandy white, very much weathered, crystalline 
 schist, with which was interbedded a considerable thickness of 
 orthofelsite. Much of the same white sandy weathered rock 
 occurs beyond (north-west.) 
 
 These schists continued, wherever seen, to show numerous 
 intersections by quartz veins, and to be interstratified with 
 quartzite up to within three miles of Boiling Springs on the 
 road which extends northward from the Carlisle turnpike in 
 this direction. 
 
 One of their outcrops observed shortly before their replace¬ 
 ment by sandstone gave W. 10° S.—20°, while the following 
 dip in sandstone was N. 30° E.—20°. 
 
DESCRIPTION OF CROSS SECTIONS. 
 
 C. 279 
 
 This would seem to show not merely a non-conformability 
 between the older (ITuronian?) orthofelsites and schists and 
 the more recent (Cambrian?) sandstone, but it would seem ad¬ 
 ditionally to imply that the alignment of the one system was 
 the result of causes entirely different from and anterior to those 
 that formed the other. It is not forgotten in this connection 
 that the dip of 17.10° E., recorded for the newer of these rocks, 
 is abnormal, and if not due to the suppression of the true plane 
 of bedding by the cleavage, is the result of one of those local 
 disturbances, of which the traces are so abundant along the 
 flanks of this mountain. This dip was obtained in many places 
 along a ledge of rocks, where it was very improbable that the 
 bedding could have been successfully counterfeited, and the 
 force, whatever it may have been, which produced this inclina¬ 
 tion, seems to have had effect on the sandstone, to the exclusion 
 of the schists. 
 
 Large numbers of boulders of dolerite are observed not far 
 from the toll-gate, lining the Hew Oxford road southward from 
 its junction with the Carlisle turnpike, filling the gutters in 
 places, and covering the surfaces of the fields. 
 
 This locality is outside of any vestige of the Hew Red 
 Sandstone, and is nearly between two parts of the long broken 
 line of trap; one of which, on the last State geological map,is 
 seen to pass nothward from the Maryland line near Cashtown, 
 Arendtsville and Whitestown, where it is lost in the border of 
 the South Mountain system ; and another to begin not far from 
 Boiling Springs, and to continue to cut all the measures, till 
 its trace is finally lost far north of the Susquehanna. Ho trace 
 of trap has been noticed from here northward to a point in the 
 Cumberland Valley. The locality where these boulders 
 of trap were observed was entirely within the limits of the 
 South Mountain system, and almost directly between the 
 south end of this long dyke and the north extremity of the 
 thread of trap first noticed. If this should prove to be in re¬ 
 ality a continuation of this dyke through the area of the pre- 
 Silurian rocks, it would be a phenomena of great interest. The 
 circumstances are very unfavorable for observing any effect on 
 the topography of such a dyke, for the mountains are very much 
 eroded, and for the most part covered deep under their own de- 
 
280 C. P. FRAZER, JR , REPORT OF PROGRESS, 1875. 
 
 bris; nor is the power of the dolerite to resist this erosion so 
 different from the surrounding rock (as is the case in the soft 
 Mesozoic measures) as to give rise to any higher ridges than they. 
 
 Except by some favorable accident, then, the only manner of 
 proving the existence of such a dyke would be by such frag¬ 
 ments and boulders as are here seen. 
 
 Section No. 8. 
 
 This extends from a point on the Yellow Breeches creek, 1J 
 miles N. 20° W. of Milltown, Cumberland county, to a point { 
 of a mile north-east of Bendersville, Adams county, a distance 
 of 9J miles. 
 
 The first exposures noted are in the limestone quarry about 
 l mile north-west of the Yellow Breeches Creek, and forming 
 a low bluff parallel to the stream. 
 
 A dip*of E. 40° S.—50° was followed by another exposure in 
 the same rock, and at a distance of 150 feet, of 17. 20° W.— 
 25°. One of these planes may be cleavage, and as the next 
 following 2J miles of section are over a flat bottom land, cov¬ 
 ered perhaps several hundred feet deep with the debris of the 
 mountain rocks, there is no means of determining this point. 
 
 The bed of the Yellow Breeches creek occurs at a distance 
 of 1,500 feet from the starting point. There is a gradual rise 
 of the country from there to 14,300 feet from the initial point, 
 where an exposure of quartzite proves to dip S.—40°. 
 
 The section can be most succinctly described in the follow¬ 
 ing table: 
 
Distance in Provisio n a 1 
 
 feet from field num- 
 
 Observations. Cleavage. Dip. Character of Rock. starting berofspeci- 
 
 p’t of sec- men in coi¬ 
 
 tion. lection 
 
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 H} r dro-mica schist.I 37,900 ‘ 989 
 
DESCRIPTION OF CROSS SECTIONS 
 
 C. 283 
 
284 C. P. FRAZER, JR., REPORT OF PROGRESS, 1875. 
 
 This section presents a few noticeable features which serve 
 to corroborate the structure of the South Mountain, as inter¬ 
 preted from other sections. There is the usual absence of ex¬ 
 posures between the first distinctly marked outcrop of limestone 
 and the first dip in the South Mountain rocks. 
 
 Omitting the 2 J miles which intervene between these two out¬ 
 crops in this section, we have first an overturned synclinal of about 
 1,100 feet between the exterior limits of the limbs on the present 
 surface. Between the axis of this and the next synclinal there 
 intervene about 4,800 feet, chiefly filled with the successive over 
 lying strata of the south-east limb of an anticlinal. 
 
 To what extent the shortly following dip of S. 30° E.—80° 
 may affect the measures is not certain, but it is clear that this 
 dip occurs very near the axis of the anticlinal to which it be¬ 
 longs, for a few hundred feet further on occurs a dip of E. 40° 
 S.—45°. 
 
 This is closely succeeded by a very gentle north-west dip, 
 viz: N. 20° W.—25°, which is again joined to one of E. 40° 
 S.—40° 
 
 Between the steep dip of S. 30° E.—80° and E. 40° S.—40°, 
 there intervene about 1,600 feet, and the synclinal which this 
 space includes is doubtless part of a collapsed anticlinal fold. 
 Two-thirds of a mile further along the line is another gentle 
 north-west dip, which, however, owing to the decomposition to 
 which all these rocks have been subjected, is somewhat doubt¬ 
 ful, and if it exist will only subtract a small amount from the 
 thickness of the measures. 
 
 But a short distance from this north-west dip occurs the Au¬ 
 roral limestone of the Thomas Iron Co.’s quarries, near Pine 
 Grove, with a dip of S. 30° E.—40°. There are no notes of 
 this line which settle the question of the conformability or non- 
 conforraability of this limestone, and as the proximate portions 
 of the line contain no exposures, and only loose fragments of 
 quartzite, it is left as a single outcrop to divide the series of the 
 north-west from those of the south-east. 
 
 1 he varieties of rock which have been met with heretofore 
 are all more or less related to the quartz conglomerate schist, or 
 quartzose schist, which has been elsewhere referred to as 
 “ Mountain Creek Rock.” 
 
DESCRIPTION OF CROSS SECTIONS. 
 
 C. 285 
 
 At this point a gradual change begins as induced from the 
 loose boulders and fragments, whereby orthofelsite and its many 
 modifications, takes the place of this conglomerate and persists 
 to the end of the line. 
 
 The quartzose schists north-west of this line dividing the two 
 series appear to underlie the before-mentioned orthofelsite group 
 to the south-east of it, which first appears in a steep and short 
 synclinal and anticlinal, each having a spread of about 800 
 feet and the latter being followed by a broad and gently 
 sweeping synclinal which covers the last two miles of this sec¬ 
 tion. 
 
 Hence, it is made apparent that the great South Mountain 
 chain is composed essentially of two groups of rocks, the 
 lower (and along this line the north-western) consisting of va¬ 
 rious modifications of the quartz conglomerate above spoken of, 
 and in which quartzite occurs under various forms. The upper, 
 and south-easterly group is felsitic in character, but contains 
 also large beds of hydro-mica and chlorite schists, intersected 
 by veins of milk quartz; while the orthofelsite itself presents 
 every variety of appearance, from a sandy and earthy slate, in 
 which the crystals of orthoclase are very much decomposed, in¬ 
 deed are sometimes almost clay, through the jasper-like variety 
 to the massive and coarsely porphyritic structure in which it is 
 suited to be used as an ornamental building stone. 
 
 This section ends about 1J miles north-west of the edge of 
 the Mesozoic sandstone, which cuts the Bendersville-Gettysburg 
 road about 1 mile south of the former town. 
 
 Note.— The districts which furnished the data for sections 
 Nos. 9, 10 and 11 of this report were more thoroughly in¬ 
 vestigated during the summer of 1876. The sections here given 
 under those heads will be regarded as provisional simply, and 
 subject to modification from the work of the present year. 
 
 Section 9. 
 
 The line starts from a point on the Gettysburg and Shippens- 
 burg road, at the summit of the South mountain, eight miles 
 N. 48° W. of Arendtsville, and runs S. 42° 30' E. to a point 
 three miles W. 35° N. of Arendtsville. 
 
286 C. P. FRAZER, JR., REPORT OF PROGRESS, 1875. 
 
 The surface of the mountain in this the first 4,600 feet of the 
 section is sandy and destitute of exposures, though there are 
 found many fragments of quartzite strewn over the surface. At 
 this point an outcrop of quartzose schist exhibits a dip of S. 45° 
 E.—60°. 
 
DESCRIPTION OF CROSS SECTIONS. C. 287 
 
! Dist’ce in Provisional 
 feet from; field num- 
 
 Clearage. Dip. Character of Rocks. starting berofspec- 
 
 p’tofsec- imens in 
 tion. collection. 
 
 288 C. P. FRAZER, JR., REPORT OF PROGRESS, 1875 
 
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DESCRIPTION OF CROSS SECTIONS. 
 
 C. 289 
 
 Again in this section the orthofelsite seems to overlie the 
 quartzose conglomerate schist, although there is the same gap 
 filled with the debris of igneous rock, which was noticeable in 
 a previous section. But whether this unexplored region repre¬ 
 sents a line of displacement or not, it is still true that the rocks 
 increase in felsitic character to the south-east, and in conglom¬ 
 erate schistose character to the north-west. 
 
 The data do not admit of the structure being laid down con¬ 
 tinuously with certainty. 
 
 Section 10. 
 
 This section commences at a point 2J miles IT. 7° E. of Green¬ 
 wood, and runs to a point 2J miles E. 40° S. of Caledonia Fur¬ 
 nace. Its length is 5.75 miles. It is in fact part of one long 
 section from Greenwood to Littlestown which, however, owing 
 to the non-conformability of the dip of the rocks to the line 
 above indicated, and the absence of topographical notes on the 
 line of mean direction of dip must needs be broken up into three 
 parts to avoid projecting the outcrops too great a distance to 
 the line of the section. 
 
 The South Mountain presents a persistent series of ridges 
 from Cashtown to Greenwood, (a distance of over eight miles,) 
 which the nearly east and west turnpike cuts at an oblique an¬ 
 gle opposite Greenwood, the ends of the ridges quite suddenly 
 falls off to the N. W., making a continuation of the ridges in 
 echelon and leaving open a wide funnel-shaped gorge from the 
 conical hill near Africa, 1 mile S. of Greenwood to the mouth of 
 the ravine made by Phillaman’s Bun. The commencement of 
 this section line being north-east of Greenwood, lies within the 
 mountains, but not far from their north-west margin. The coun¬ 
 try is very inaccessible and wild, and presents great obstacles 
 to topographical work. 
 
 The first dip (a) is in whitish gray sandstone, or a material 
 into which the quartzite conglomerate seems to weather. 
 
290 C. P. FRAZER, JR., REPORT OF PROGRESS, 1875 
 
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DESCRIPTION OF CROSS SECTIONS, 
 
 C. 291 
 
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 1,200 
 
 Dist’ce in 
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 25,050 
 26,300 
 26,420 
 
 30,700 : 
 
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292 C. P. FRAZER, JR., REPORT OF PROGRESS, 1875. 
 
 So far as this portion of the longer section is concerned it 
 shows a prevalence of south-east dips from its north-west to its 
 south-east extremity. The character of the rock is either a 
 conglomerate or quartzite for nearly five miles. At this point 
 the quartzite becomes more blue in color and is replaced by or- 
 thofelsite porphyry. If the long gap of two miles near the com¬ 
 mencement of the section prove to contain also quartzite with 
 the average south-east dip, the thickness of that rock here ex¬ 
 posed will be not less than 14,000 feet, or little less than three 
 miles. It is yet premature to discuss the possibility of such an 
 enormous production of quartzite. 
 
 The breadth of the mountains is here at its greatest. It is 
 natural to seek the explanation of the sudden change in direc¬ 
 tion of dip between the north-west, or quartzite, series of the 
 rocks of this part of the South Mountain, and the orthofelsite, 
 or south-east series of the same range. Where the change of 
 formation occurs (at 25,050 feet from the starting point) the 
 dip is also changed from E. 10° S.—40° to S. 30° E.—39°. 
 
 This would be very strong evidence of non-conformability did 
 not the previously examined structure of similar passages fail 
 to support it, and were not the equally abrupt changes of dip in 
 the quartzite itself numerous. It certainly seems as if the line 
 of' this alteration were one pretty distinctly marked, and divided 
 two classes of rocks, each of which had its own characteristic 
 strike. 
 
Section 11 . 
 
 Commences 2 | miles N. 2C° E. of Caledonia Furnace, and runs S. 38° 30' E. to a point 2J miles W. 5° S. 
 
 of Cashtown. 
 
 DESCRIPTION OF CROSS SECTIONS. 
 
 C. 293 
 
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Section 11.—Continued. 
 
 204 C. P. FRAZER, JR., REPORT OF PROGRESS, 1875. 
 
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DESCRIPTION OF CROSS SECTIONS. 
 
 C. 295 
 
 We have in this section (commencing north-east of the Cale¬ 
 donia Furnace) first a quartzite colored pink by its fragments of 
 amethystine quartz. 
 
 This is followed by about 2^ miles of a schistose conglomerate 
 consisting of a nacreous base, with fragments (rounded or angu¬ 
 lar) of quartz. Within this distance occur three small syncli¬ 
 nals, which appear, however to be mere shallow rolls. It is not 
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 row anticlinal. These measures are not more than 700 or 800 feet 
 thick, and carry above them (S. E.) a thin layer of quartzose schist. 
 
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 great variation of dip and strike, (i. e. 7 from S. 40° E.—35° in 
 quartzose schist to S. 15° E.—70° in orthofelsite). This latter 
 exchanges the steep dip of 70° very soon for gentle dips of 30° 
 to 35°, increases the easting of its direction from S. 15° E., 
 to S. 30° E., and appears to continue monoclinal from the point 
 of its commencement for a mile and a half, or to the end of 
 this section, representing (if there be no unknown reverse dips) 
 nearly 5,000 feet thickness of strata. 
 
 Section 11 a. 
 
 Starts from Cashtown and proceeds S. 58° E. along the Get- 
 tysburg-Chambersburg turnpike, 7f miles, to Gettysburg. 
 
 Close by the western end of Cashtown is the not very distinctly 
 marked dividing line between the Hew Red Sandstone and the 
 older rocks of the South mountain series. The latter are found in a 
 bank as debris, but both the color of the soil and the absence of the 
 characteristic traits of the Mesozoic sandstone leave no doubt as to 
 the general position of the boundary line between these measures. 
 
 Commencing the line at the centre of the town, we have, at 1,000 
 feet towards Gettysburg, fragments of quartzite, with Scolithus. 
 
 At 2,000 feet the soil exhibits a very gradual increase in red 
 color. Fragments of quartzite and quartz conglomerate are found. 
 
 At 2,880 feet occurs the projection of Minter’s, and at 3,800 
 feet of Comfort’s ore. 
 
296 C. P. FRAZER, JR., REPORT OF PROGRESS, 1875. 
 
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208 C. P. FRAZER, JR., REPORT OF PROGRESS, 1875. 
 
 The topographical features of this section line between Cash- 
 town and Gettysburg would seem to indicate a larger number 
 of trap ridges than are here mentioned as having been passed 
 over, and no doubt there are several such ridges made by the 
 greater or less induration of the Mesozoic rocks by contact 
 with molten matter, which either never reached the surface or 
 of which the traces have since been destroyed by erosion. 
 
 It is not impossible that masses of sedimentary rocks extend¬ 
 ing to considerable depths may have been baked from above by 
 surface overflows of molten trap, similar to those which produce 
 the 11 Mesas 11 of Colorado and Hew Mexico, and that afterwards 
 the whole of these horizontal plates of hard rock may have been 
 planed off and carried away, together with part of the extremi¬ 
 ties of the inclined strata upon which such plates rested. Be¬ 
 sides this, however, we must consider that rocks of certain com¬ 
 position are more easily altered or indurated than others, and 
 that the same amount of heat transferred to both kinds would 
 produce much greater hardness, and capacity to resist attrition 
 in one than in the other, so that if this mesa hypothesis be not 
 deemed untenable it would seem to account for the presence of 
 hills and dales, the former caused by hard rocks, altered by heat, 
 though the agent which supplied this heat had entirely disap¬ 
 peared. 
 
 A careful examination of the trap dyke which makes Semi¬ 
 nary Ridge in the cutting made for the old “Tape Worm” rail¬ 
 road elicited the following facts : 
 
 A sketch and description of this cut is given in the 2d vol¬ 
 ume, part II, of H. D. Rogers’ final report, but then the obser¬ 
 ver was impressed differently as regards the parts which were 
 altered and those which were of true igneous origin, (pp. 691 
 and 913 Rogers’ Report, Yol. II, Part 2.) 
 
 On the two pages above mentioned are cuts, each of which is 
 apparently intended to represent this same portion of the ridge, 
 but they are not identical, for whereas that on p. 691 is repre¬ 
 sented without a fault, the other shows a fault of strange shape. 
 
 The text accompanying the former of these cuts gives the 
 trap as 150 feet wide, with 50 feet of altered sandstone on each 
 side of it, gradually passing into the normal red sandstone of 
 
DESCRIPTION OF CROSS SECTIONS. 
 
 C. 299 
 
 the region. The following is the description of its appearance 
 June 9, 1875: 
 
 The railroad cutting through the Seminary Ridge is 600 feet 
 long, and for the north-west half of this distance the red sand¬ 
 stone is seen to dip gently north-west. In the middle is a bluish 
 indurated mud rock, with about the same dip, and from this 
 point for 50 feet to the south-east the sides of the cut are so 
 completely decomposed to earth that the nature of the rock is 
 not clearly distinguishable. 
 
 The rock underlying these debris appears to be a trap of 
 alteration; that is, a sandstone originally altered to a trap by 
 heat and pressure, and subsequently partly disintegrated on the 
 outside, so as to resemble a sandstone, and leaving two planes 
 of cleavage perpendicular to the bed planes of the adjacent 
 strata. 
 
 Many boulders of dolerite of over two tons in weight, and 
 exhibiting fresh surfaces of fracture, lie in the cut, and prob¬ 
 ably have been detached recently from the true dyke whose 
 edges are now covered. 
 
 The foot and hanging wall of this dyke appear to dip south¬ 
 east, and this looks as if the dyke had followed a plane of cleav¬ 
 age to the surface, a phenomenon closely allied to that of the 
 opposite directions of dip of trap and sandstone observed and 
 remarked in the vicinity of the ore mines near Dillsburg. 
 
 According to this view, there are not, at the highest estimate, 
 more than 50 feet of true trap, the rest being merely altered or 
 indurated rocks for 50 feet or more on either hand. The cleav¬ 
 age planes parallel with that of the dyke fade rapidly and soon 
 disappear, both east and west of the latter. 
 
 Section 12. 
 
 This section, which is a complement to Section 11a, and 
 with it spans the New Red Sandstone belt, commences at Get¬ 
 tysburg and runs nine and one-tenth miles to Littlestown, but 
 dips were obtained only over a part of this distance, viz : from 
 a point 3 miles S. 24° W. of Gettysburg to a point 1 mile N. 
 11° E. of Littlestown. Proceeding from the square of Gettys¬ 
 burg outwards to where the dips on the line actually commence, 
 we have: 
 
300 0. P. FRAZER, JR., REPORT OF PROGRESS, 1875. 
 
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 19,420 
 
DESCRIPTION OF CROSS SECTIONS. C. 301 
 
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 Cleavage. Dip. Character of Rock. star ting ber of spec- 
 
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 302 C, 
 
 P. FRAZER, JR., REPORT OF PROGRESS, 1875 
 
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DESCRIPTION OF CROSS SECTIONS. C. 303 
 
 In glancing over this part of the section of the Mesozoic belt, 
 which crosses this State and extends north-east across New Jer¬ 
 sey into New York, and south-west across Maryland into Vir¬ 
 ginia, there is very little material on which to base hypotheses. 
 There appear to be a remarkable uniformity of north-west dips, 
 broken only by the intrusion of igneous matter and by planes of 
 cleavage ; and not a very great variety of rocks when regarded 
 from a general point of view. 
 
 There seems to be decidedly more westing in the direction of 
 the dip of the measures on the eastern side of the Mesozoic ba¬ 
 sin than on the western side. A comparison of the dips taken 
 in sections Nos. 10a and 12 will show this. The average of twenty- 
 five dips taken from Cashtown to Gettysburg gives a direction of 
 W. 35.4° N.—22.44°, whereas the average of forty-five dips be¬ 
 tween Gettysburg and Littlestown gives W. 22.5° N.—20. 76°. 
 
 It is significant that the intensity remains nearly the same in 
 these two parts of the estuary, while there is a variation of about 
 13° in direction. The deductions of Dana and others as to the 
 supposed enormous thickness of these deposits seems to be con¬ 
 firmed by these facts, and yet there is good reason for believing 
 from the observations on this formation made by Mr. Heinrichs, 
 of Virginia, and especially from his exploitations with the Diamond 
 drill; that the normal thickness of the New Red Sandstone, in 
 this part of America at least, will be found not very much to ex¬ 
 ceed 1,500 feet, though if there be nothing but a continuous se¬ 
 ries of superposed layers this section alone would require them 
 to be over three miles (or 16,400 feet) thick, and section 11a 
 somewhat more. 
 
 The only safe method of settling this very important question 
 of the thickness of these measures is by boring. 
 
 Three or four bore holes judiciously located and pushed through 
 the Mesozoic sandstones would not only be of the greatest ser¬ 
 vice in settling the present position of this formation, but would 
 serve to answer many questions of economic importance, as well 
 as those relating to the genesis of these most curious rocks. 
 
 The following are some of these questions demanding solu¬ 
 tion : 
 
 What is the actual thickness of the Mesozoic series at its mid¬ 
 dle point ? 
 
304 C. P. FRAZER, JR., REPORT OF PROGRESS, 1875. 
 
 Does it thin out towards both edges ? 
 
 What is the contour of its bottom ? 
 
 Are the iron ores of this formation all deposited between bed 
 plates, or in cleavage planes, or in both? 
 
 Is the bed rock upon which this series rests the same from one 
 extremity of the basin to the other, or do rocks of different ages 
 form its bed at different localities ? 
 
 How far continuous in a lateral direction are the copper, iron, 
 fossils and coal ? 
 
 Are different periods of Mesozoic time represented in differ¬ 
 ent portions of the New Red Sandstone? 
 
DESCRIPTION OF ROCKS. 
 
 C. 305 
 
 CHAPTER XII. 
 
 Description of Rocks . 
 
 The rocks which formed the objects of investigation during 
 the season of 1875 belonged to the same three ages which were 
 touched upon in the previous report, nevertheless few analyses 
 of these were finished in time for this continuation of it. 
 
 LIMESTONES. 
 
 Some very interesting speculations have been made as to the 
 limestones of the pristine earth, and the condition of the 
 earth’s crust during the production of dolomites, (see Dr. T. 
 Sterry Hunt’s Chemical and Geological Essays,) and it is clear 
 that the subject is worthy of careful study. 
 
 Another line of investigation of great importance is the infiu- 
 fluence which dolomitic limestone must exercise on the topogra¬ 
 phy of a country. Prof. Lesley has shown the important part 
 in the production of the present surface that the slow solution 
 and destruction of the limestones of the earth below water level, 
 with the consequent caving in of the strata which rest on them, 
 has played. 
 
 It is easy to see that different kinds of effects would be pro¬ 
 duced by the rapid waste of pure carbonate of lime and the 
 slower destruction of magnesian or dolomitic rocks. And the 
 effect of water on either of them singly would not resemble that 
 on their combination in separate layers or benches, an association 
 in which they are so frequently found in the great valleys of Si¬ 
 lurian and pre-Silurian rocks on the Atlantic border. 
 
 As these limestones of the Cumberland and York Valleys are 
 more thoroughly investigated, the heterogeneous character of 
 the layers which compose them will be much more perfectly 
 understood. 
 
306 C. P. FRAZER, JR., REPORT OF PROGRESS, 1875. 
 
 I have sought to ascertain the horizon of a given stratum 
 in these measures by ascertaining its percentage of magnesium, 
 and, indeed, were any such test reliable, it would be of the 
 greatest importance for the stratigraphical geologist. 
 
 With the purpose of submitting to this test as many of the 
 limestones as possible, I made a selection of representatives 
 of the principal beds whose place in the series has been estab¬ 
 lished by the party of York, Franklin and Adams counties. Their 
 names are as follows: 
 
 No. 1 is a sandy limestone from the west branch of Creitz’s 
 creek, in the town of Wrightsville. If the interpretation of 
 the structure given in my Report of Progress for 1874 be cor¬ 
 rect, this limestone belongs at or near the base of the “Auroral” 
 series, and immediately above the chlorite and hydro-mica schists. 
 
 No. 2 is a specimen taken from the upper bench of a quarry 
 near Pine Grove Furnace, Cumberland county. It probably 
 represents one of the higher beds of the “Auroral.” Upon it 
 was found crystallized calcite containing over 98 per cent of 
 CaCo 3 , with hardly a trace of magnesia. 
 
 No. 3 is a specimen taken from a lower bench (perhaps 25 
 feet perpendicular to the measures) of the same quarry. 
 
 No. 4 is an example of the white or buff-colored limestones 
 which occur, together with the blue limestones, often in the 
 same quarry, but, nevertheless, usually exhibiting indications of 
 unconformability with them. These limestones are usually poor 
 in magnesia. 
 
 No. 5 is taken from DetweileFs quarry, north of the Colum¬ 
 bia bridge, in Wrightsville. Its position is, in all probability, 
 midway between the upper and lower benches of the Auroral 
 limestone. 
 
 No. 6 is taken from DetweileFs quarry, south of Wrights¬ 
 ville, and is (as its analysis shows) a calcareous slate underly¬ 
 ing one of the many belts of the formation. 
 
 The limestone slates which occur with this one in the foot of 
 the quarry are remarkable for the very large amount of pyrite 
 crystals which they contain. Some of these crystals are half 
 an inch on one edge. 
 
 The specific gravity was determined with care. 
 
. DESCRIPTION OF ROCKS. 
 
 C. 307 
 
 *For this determination the specific gravity bottle was not em¬ 
 ployed, its mission being considered rather to obtain the density 
 of chemically homogeneous compounds. For determinations of. 
 the specific gravity of rocks, coals, etc., etc., whose weight be¬ 
 comes an important item in their transportation for the great in¬ 
 dustries, it was believed that the weight of a given bulk could 
 be more accurately determined without taking especial care to 
 exclude the air with which they are partly tilled. 
 
 ANALYSIS OF LIMESTONES. 
 
 
 tzj Sandy limestone, 
 ? west branch of 
 Creitz’s creek. 
 
 o Pine Grove quarry, 
 ^ upper bench. 
 
 ^ Pine Grove quarry, 
 
 * lower bench. 
 
 03 
 
 * 
 
 ^ White limestone, 
 ? lOOy’ds E.of Bee- 
 ler’s Cross-roads. 
 
 ^ Detweiler’s quarry 
 
 ? north-west of 
 
 Wrightsville. 
 
 ^ Detweiler’s quarry 
 
 ? south of Wrights- 
 
 •p ville. 
 
 . 
 
 Specific gravity (in lump).. 
 
 2.832 
 
 2.735 
 
 2.731 
 
 2.750 
 
 2.737 
 
 2.770 
 
 Insoluble siliceous residue, 
 
 4.400 
 
 12.270 
 
 12.000 
 
 3.570 
 
 0.490 
 
 41.710 
 
 Alumina and ferric oxide.. 
 
 1.170 
 
 1.540 
 
 0.450 
 
 0.210 
 
 1.440 
 
 6.350 
 
 Carbonate of lime. 
 
 |49.920 
 
 J75.320 
 
 81.617 
 
 §91.580 
 
 91.400 
 
 43.728 
 
 Cabonate of magnesia. 
 
 ,42.980 
 
 10.750 
 
 6.400 
 
 1T4.no 
 
 7.290 
 
 6.450 
 
 Sulphur. 
 
 0.220 
 
 0.120 
 
 0.422 
 
 0.113 
 
 0.003 
 
 1.480 
 
 Sum. 
 
 98.690 
 
 100.000 
 
 100.489 
 
 99.583 
 
 100.623 
 
 99.718 
 
 Undetermined and loss. 
 
 1.31 
 
 
 
 
 
 0.282 
 
 Excess. 
 
 
 
 0.489 
 
 0.417 
 
 0.623 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Metallic iron. 
 
 0.354 
 
 0.698 
 
 
 
 0.196 
 
 1.827 
 
 Alumina... 
 
 0.505 
 
 0.541 
 
 
 
 1.454 
 
 3.740 
 
 Determinations of the carbonate of lime and magnesia in these 
 rocks were made independently by Mr. D. M’Creath, and are as 
 follows : 
 
 *In all the subjoined specific gravity determinations, fragments weighing 
 from 3 grammes to 12 grammes, were gently warmed and turned over in dis¬ 
 tilled water and set aside for 24 hours. 
 
 The temperature of the water in which the second weighing tooK place, 
 was 62° Fah. 
 
 f Determined by Mr. David M’Creath. 
 
 J By loss. 73.6 as determined directly by Mr. D . M’Creath. 
 
 § Mean of two determinations. 
 
 If Determined by Mr. D. M’Creath. 
 
308 C. P. FRAZER, JR., REPORT OF PROGRESS, 1875. 
 
 
 No. 1. 
 
 No. 2. 
 
 No. 3. 
 
 No. 4. 
 
 No. 5. 
 
 No. 6. 
 
 Calcium carbonate. 
 
 Magnesium carbonate. 
 
 49.92 
 
 42.98 
 
 73. GO 
 10.98 
 
 86.39 
 
 6.42 
 
 91.67 
 
 4.11 
 
 91.25 
 
 7.58 
 
 0.760 
 
 0.196 
 
 44.50 
 
 8.56 
 
 * 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 I am indebted to Dr. Cresson for his courtesy in offering the 
 facilities of his laboratory for this investigation. 
 
 As a supplement to this table the following is taken from p. 113 
 of my Report of Progress in the District of York and Adams 
 for 1874.f 
 
 LIMESTONES. 
 
 7. New Red Sandstone near Dillsburg, foot of MacWilliams , 
 slope. 
 
 8 . Opposite Allison’s Mill, Xenia P. 0., York county. 
 
 9. From Shaft No. 5, three-fourths of a mile east from Mont 
 Alto furnace. 
 
 10 . Half a mile south of Seitzland, in a cutting of the N. C. 
 R. R. (A calcite very similar to that above described as occur¬ 
 ring on the upper bench of the Pine Grove quarry is found 
 here.) 
 
 
 MI. 
 
 VIII. 
 
 IX. 
 
 X. 
 
 Calcium cabonate. 
 
 73.18 
 
 62.35 
 
 77.89 
 
 93.87 
 
 Magnesium carbonate. 
 
 4.37 
 
 6.32 
 
 2.83 
 
 0.96 
 
 Metallic iron . 
 
 0.52 
 
 5.27 
 
 1.33 
 
 0.30 
 
 Insoluble siliceous residue. 
 
 21.50 
 
 20.06 
 
 15.89 
 
 4.30 
 
 
 Sum . 
 
 99.57 
 
 94.00 
 
 97.94 
 
 99.43 
 
 
 Oxygen, organic matter, water and 
 loss. 
 
 0.43 
 
 6.00 
 
 2.06 
 
 6.57 
 
 Roofing Slates. 
 
 Mr. Benade, of Hanover, opened a slate quarry^ about three- 
 fourths of a mile east by north of the cross-roads near Hofacker’s 
 mine, and a line was run from the latter place (which was lo¬ 
 cated on the map of last year) to the quarry for the purpose of 
 
 *Some sulphide is present, assulphydric acid is produced when the rock 
 is treated with hydrochloric acid. 
 
 \ These analyses were made by Mr. A. S. M’Creath, Chemist of the Second 
 Geological Survey of Penns\ r lvania. 
 
 J This quarry is briefly alluded to on p. 101 of the report for 1874. 
 
DESCRIPTION OF ROCKS. 
 
 C. 309 
 
 determining its geological position with reference to other 
 rocks described in the report for 1874. 
 
 The quarry is on the right (north-east bank of a small tribu¬ 
 tary of the west branch of the Codorus, on the steep side of a 
 bill 
 
 The rock is a soft chloritic hydro-mica schist. Two dips, taken 
 at different parts of the quarry, gave— 
 
 S. 30° E.—76° 
 
 S. 30° E.—82° 
 
 The average dip might be best stated at S. 30° to 40° E.—76° 
 to 82°. 
 
 At the time of the examination (July 8, 1875,) ten men were 
 employed in the quarry and three men in the dressing works. 
 Slates were cut from 6"X7"XJ" to 14"X24"XJ". 
 
 The average thickness was about a quarter of an inch. The 
 prices paid for them were from $5 00 to $7 00 per hundred 
 square feet. There were then stored from 35 to 40 “squares” 
 (i. e., 100 square feet,) and the quarry was then paying ex¬ 
 penses. j 
 
 One of the station houses on the newly constructed Short 
 Line railroad, between York and Hanover, was said to be tiled 
 with this slates and the latter to be satisfactory. 
 
 Microscopic Examination of Rocks . 
 
 The collection of rocks during the season of 1875 consider¬ 
 ably exceeded 1,000 specimens, and on the return of the party 
 from the field, by the permission of the Chief Geologist, I en¬ 
 gaged a large and well lighted room, (615 Walnut street,) where 
 after unpacking and laying out the collection, suitable apparatus 
 was provided for making thin sections of as many of the speci¬ 
 mens as permitted this kind of study. Where it was possible to 
 do it, duplicates of the sections were made, both in order to en¬ 
 able a better study to be made of them, and also to put it in the 
 power of the Board to exchange specimens for similar sections 
 from other localities. 
 
 It is hardly necessary to say that most of the rocks which 
 were prepared for study under the microscope were traps or basic 
 igneous rocks. 
 
 Dr. Genth has commenced the analyses of some of them, and 
 it is hoped to carry on the microscopic examination systemati- 
 
310 C. P. FRAZER, JR., REPORT OF PROGRESS, 1875. 
 
 cally until the greater number of the traps of Pennsylvania 
 have been reviewed. 
 
 An important addition to our knowledge, by Dr. Genth, may, 
 however, with propriety, be mentioned here. 
 
 In discussing the constitution of the traps in my report for last 
 year I compared the “ Bausch” analysis of the dolerite obtained 
 near Beeler’s, York county, with an hypothetical mixture, contain¬ 
 ing two molecules of labradorite and one of pyroxene. The con¬ 
 stitution of the latter of these minerals was assumed to be that de¬ 
 termined as the constitution of a pyroxene occurring in a dolerite 
 of Connecticut; while a mean of forty analyses of labradorite, as 
 given in Dana’s Hand-Book of Mineralogy was calculated to rep¬ 
 resent the other constituent. Since then enough material has been 
 extracted from specimens of traps sent by me to Dr. Genth 
 to enable him to determine the constitution of the labradorite 
 and pyroxene as they occur in our own traps. 
 
 The following parallel tables exhibit the differences in per- 
 centage between these and the data made use of in the last 
 report: 
 
 Average of forty an- 
 Feldspar selected from alyses ot labradorite 
 
 dolerite near Oettys- from all localities.— 
 
 burg.—(Dr Genth.) Dana’s Mineralogy. 
 
 a. b. Percent. 
 
 Silicic oxide. 54.05 53.85 53.00 
 
 Alumina. 28.81 28.91 27.96 
 
 Ferrous oxide. 1.36 1.16 (Ferric) 1.33 
 
 Magnesia. 0.26 0.22 0.93 
 
 Lime. 11.05 11.79 10.88 
 
 Soda. 3.36 3.23 4.09 
 
 Potash. 0.59 0.77 1.08 
 
 Ignition. 0.45 0.76 (Water) 0.84 
 
 Total. 99.93 100.69 99.39 
 
 Specimen (a) was taken from the north side of a Devil’s Den.” 
 
 Specimen ( b ) from the west side of “ Round Top.” 
 
 The agreement of the results of these evidently careful and val¬ 
 uable analyses of Dr. Genth with those of the calculated mean 
 is very close and confirms the opinion heretofore expressed with 
 regard to the relation of labradorite to the traps of this region. 
 
 The brown amphoterolite heretofore considered pyroxene from 
 its behavior under the microscope in this section has also been 
 extracted from specimens taken, (like specimen (a) of the labra¬ 
 dorite analysis,) from the north side of Devil’s Den, three miles 
 
DESCRIPTION OF ROCKS. 
 
 C. 311 
 
 south of Gettysburg. 
 
 The comparison of this with the Con- 
 
 necticut pyroxene from the trap analysed by Mr. Hawes, is ren¬ 
 dered easy by the following tables: 
 
 Devil’s Den, Connecticut Trap, 
 
 Dr. Genth. Mr. Hawes. 
 
 Silicic oxide. 
 
 . 51.64 
 
 50.71 
 
 Alumina. 
 
 
 3.64 
 
 Ferrous oxide. 
 
 
 15.30 
 
 Magnesia. 
 
 . 15.93 
 
 13.63 
 
 Lime. 
 
 . 10.05 
 
 13.35 
 
 Manganous oxide.. 
 Soda. 
 
 . 0.46’i 
 
 • .81 
 
 Potash. 
 
 Ignition. 
 
 Loss. 
 
 0.72 f 
 . 0.77j 
 
 2.56 
 
 Sum. 
 
 . 100.00 
 
 100,00 
 
 The traps in the vicinity of Gettysburg, 
 
 and especially in 
 
 the neighborhood of the Devil’s Den, were found last season to 
 exhibit a peculiar kind of weathering whereby the faces of 
 large rocks were crossed by more or less regular furrows from 
 one-half inch to an inch in depth, giving the boulders and 
 cliffs thus weathered the appearance of being built up of sepa¬ 
 rate blocks, after the manner of a Cyclopean wall. It was also 
 noticed that between these furrows the rock consisted of one 
 or more superposed shells conchoidal in form, and ready at a 
 blow from a hammer to fall off from the nucleus. It was na¬ 
 turally thought that this peeling off of the outer surface of the 
 rocks thus affected was due to the action of the sun on that side, 
 in expanding the surface superficial parts more than the inte¬ 
 rior, while the net-work of furrows, it was thought, could be ac¬ 
 counted for by the unequal resistance of different lines across the 
 face of the rock to the dissolving and abrading action of the 
 rains with their suspended sand. An examination of these su¬ 
 perficially altered rocks showed that the sides thus affected were 
 mainly those which were turned to the south and east. 
 
 It is not clear why the south-east faces should be more sub¬ 
 ject to this action than those of the south-west, for the pre¬ 
 vailing thunder showers come from the west. However, sta¬ 
 tistics of the mean annual direction of the rain storms are not 
 at hand to decide the question. 
 
 An interesting specimen of dolerite intersected by a vein of 
 quartz was found. 
 
312 C. P. FRAZER, JR., REPORT OF PROGRESS, 1875. 
 
 The specimen exhibits a central band of quartz, (part ot 
 which appears to be hyaline and part anhydrous,) enclosing 
 within it small fragments of dolerite similar to that in which 
 itself is enclosed. Between this central quartz vein and the dole- 
 rite on either side, is a band of darker color also containing small 
 fragments of the trap. Beyond these bands are broad margins 
 of unaltered dolerite on either side, in which minute quartz 
 veins can be detected. This specimen would seem to show that 
 the quartz was deposited at a temperature at which it was not 
 capable of combining with the basic compounds in contact 
 with it except by that slow process which is well known to pro¬ 
 duce silicate of lime from the contact of quick lime and sand 
 in the slow setting of mortar. The deposit was probably from 
 aqueous solution, and the darker bands separating the quartz and 
 rap may very likely be the product of this slow combination. 
 
 Another specimen of great interest is a block of sandstone 
 from the Mesozoic series, in which an irregular portion at one 
 end appears to blend into and gradually become a coarsely crys¬ 
 tallized syenite. This specimen was obtained from the vicinity 
 of Harman’s blacksmith shop, in the north-western corner of 
 York county. There is some considerable obscurity as to the 
 distinctions to be made between those traps which have been 
 cooled from a molten mass and those which have been altered 
 in time under pressure and at high temperatures. There seems 
 no perfectly satisfactory manner of distinguishing the one class 
 from the other, whether by chemical analysis or otherwise. 
 
 Chloritoid. 
 
 A chloritoid has been analysed by Dr. Genth from specimens 
 obtained by me from near Whitestown, at the Centre Mills Ore 
 Bank. The rock in which these scales of chloritoid occur are 
 of Mesozoic age, though most of their constituents have been 
 obtained by re-making the older crystalline schists. They are 
 sandstones and shales stained dark brown, green or black on the 
 surfaces or clefts. With these is associated a hard, brittle, fine 
 grained, sandy slate, containing lumps of feldspar, mica, chlo¬ 
 rite and magnetite (?). The specimen from which the chloritoid 
 was extracted, was one of a large number strewn over the sur¬ 
 face and not certainly in place. 
 
DESCRIPTION OF ROCKS. 
 
 C. 313 
 
 The specific gravity of the mineral was found by Dr. Genth 
 
 to be 3.197. 
 
 Silicic oxide. 28.19 
 
 Alumina. 37.67 
 
 Ferric oxide. 3.12 
 
 Ferrous oxide. 22.21 
 
 Manganous oxide. trace. 
 
 Magnesia. 2.28 
 
 Water. 6.53 
 
 Total. 100.00 
 
 Dr. Genth adds, (see his report), that 5.91 per cent of silica, 
 and 1.92 per cent of titanic oxide were deducted from the re¬ 
 sults of the analysis. The former being supposed to be present 
 as quartz, and the latter as rutile. 
 
 Mineral Waters. 
 
 A number of spots in this district are remarkable as the* 
 sites of springs supposed to possess medicinal virtues. Of these 
 the springs near Gettysburg are the most notorious. The 
 Katalysine Spring is situated about half a mile west of the 
 Theological Seminary. It is generally a moderately strong 
 flowing spring, which breaks out from between the Triassic- 
 Jurassic shales and flows into Willoughby’s Run close by. Its 
 curative powers were not discovered until after the celebrated! 
 three days’ battle had made Gettysburg famous. 
 
 From a little book advertising the Spring, and issued from 
 Philadelphia in 1872, the following analysis of the water, by 
 Trof. A. M. Mayer, is given, and alongside of it the analysis 
 made subsequently for the owners by Dr. F. A. Genth. 
 
 In the following table the two published analyses of this water 
 are compared. One imperial gallon, of 231 cubic inches, gave— 
 
 Prof. A. M. Mayer. Dr. F. A. Dentil. 
 
 Drains. Drains. 
 
 Barium sulphate. 
 
 Strontium sulphate. 
 
 Calcium sulphate. 
 
 Magnesium sulphate ... 
 
 Potassium sulphate. 
 
 Sodium sulphate. 
 
 Sodium chloride. 
 
 Lithium chloride. 
 
 Sodium bicarbonate 
 Calcium bicarbonate.... 
 Magnesium bicarbonate 
 Iron bicarbonate. 
 
 -- 
 
 trace. 
 
 — 
 
 0.00427 
 
 53.20 
 
 0.83145 
 
 -- 
 
 0.77940 
 
 —— 
 
 0.20836 
 
 r - — 
 
 2.46776 
 
 
 0.65790 
 
 trace. 
 
 trace. 
 
 -- 
 
 0.70457 
 
 81.00 
 
 16.40815 
 
 76.05 
 
 0.54260 
 
 trace. 
 
 0.03585 
 
 21—C. 
 
314 C. P. FRAZER, JR., REPORT OF PROGRESS, 1875. 
 
 Prof. M. A. Mayer. Dr. F. A. Genth. 
 Grains. Grains. 
 
 Manganese bicarbonate. 0.00669 
 
 Nickel bicarbonate. trace. 
 
 Cobalt bicarbonate. trace. 
 
 Copper bicarbonate. 0.00050 
 
 Magnesium borate. 0.03492 
 
 Calcium phosphate . trace. 0.00679 
 
 Calcium fluoride. 0.00954 
 
 Alumina. 0.00380 
 
 Silicic oxide. 10.00 2.03078 
 
 Organic matter, with traces of ni¬ 
 tric acid . 0.70870 
 
 Impurities suspended in water 
 
 like clay, etc. 1.10069 
 
 Sodium and lithium bicarbonate, 46.05 -- 
 
 Potassium bicarbonate. trace. - 
 
 Total. 266.30 32.54272 
 
 After giving these results (but not in columns for compari¬ 
 son) the advertisement for 1873 adds: “The reports of these 
 analytical chemists present the usual diversity of results of chem¬ 
 ical analysis conducted by different persons. 57 * 
 
 The water is a clear, tasteless, odorless water, of which the 
 mean temperature is 57° Fall. 
 
 This temperature is interesting from the fact that it is some 
 six degrees higher than the average temperature of those 
 springs which were examined in this district. But the others 
 were situated on or near the mountains and close to or beyond 
 the margin of the New Red Sandstone. 
 
 The whole question of springs is an important one in a geo¬ 
 logical, as well as an economical, point of view, and it is hoped 
 that new data on this subject will becollected during the course 
 of the next year. It is interesting to know the causes which com¬ 
 bine to cool the rain which falls and from which these springs 
 are derived. It is quite probable that under otherwise similar 
 conditions, such as length of course under ground, equal depth 
 of sources, etc., two springs in different formations will have dif¬ 
 ferent mean temperatures. But whether, as has been asserted, 
 this temperature will be the mean annual temperature of the 
 region requires additional facts to determine. 
 
 Gettysburg Lithia Spring. 
 
 This spring is situated about half a mile north-west, of the 
 
 *It is proper to add that in tht new edition of the little pamphlet now cir¬ 
 culated only Prof. Genth’s analysis finds a place. 
 
DESCRIPTION OF ROCKS. 
 
 C. 315 
 
 Kata lysine spring, and a short distance north of the Gettysburg- 
 Chambersburg turnpike. The basin has been excavated for the 
 water in the same argillaceous sandstones, and the water fills 
 it to a depth of about three feet. The property is owned by 
 Mr. Stremmel. 
 
 An analysis of this water had been made as follows by Prof. 
 Oscar Oldsberg, Prof, of Chemistry in Howard Universit}', 
 
 Washington, D. C.: 
 
 One litre contained, 
 
 Centigram ans. 
 
 Sodium bicarbonate. 8.509 
 
 Magnesium bicarbonate... 12.512 
 
 Calcium bicarbonate. 13.697 
 
 Iron bicarbonate. 0.085 
 
 Calcium sulphate. 9.431 
 
 Sodium sulphate. 0.342 
 
 Potassium chloride. 0.183 
 
 Lithia . trace. 
 
 Silica. 0.287 
 
 A sample of this water was procured by myself in a five gal¬ 
 lon demijohn, which had been half a dozen times well rinsed 
 out with the water, and forwarded to Dr. Genth for analysis, 
 which here follows, together with the preceding reduced to 
 grains to the gallon for the purpose of better comparison. 
 
 One gallon of 231 cubic inches contains, 
 
 Calcium sulphate 
 Magnesium sulphate 
 Potassium sulphate.. 
 Sodium chloride. 
 
 GRAINS. 
 
 Dr. F. A. Genth. Prof. O. Oldsberg. 
 
 0.47998 0.25176 
 
 3.30063 - 
 
 0.14984 - 
 
 0.28209 - 
 
 Lithium chloride....... 
 
 Sodi um bicarbonate.... 
 
 Calcium bicarbonate.... 
 
 Magnesium bicarbonate 
 
 Iron bicarbonate. 
 
 Silicic oxide. 
 
 Sodium sulphate. 
 
 Potassium chloride. 
 
 trace. Lithia, trace. 
 3.20308 4.97045 
 
 10.71144 8.00097 
 
 5.30595 7.30876 
 
 0.03116 0.04965 
 
 1.77606 0.16765 
 
 - 0.19977 
 
 - 0.10690 
 
 Total matter dissolved in one gallon, 25.24023 21.05591 
 
 Dr. Genth adds: u The water was only examined for the 
 principal constituents, which can be found in the quantity of 
 water sent, not for the minute traces of boric acid, fluorine, 
 &c., found in the Gettysburg Katalysine by evaporating over 
 twenty gallons. Lithia can be shown by the spectroscope in 
 the residue from one litre/’ 
 
816 C. P. FRAZER, JR., REPORT OF PROGRESS, 1875. 
 
 In the Mineralogy of Pennsylvania, 1875, Dr. F. A. Genth pub¬ 
 lishes a new analysis of this same spring, confirming his first re¬ 
 sults. 
 
 In one gallon of 281 cubic inches, 
 
 Grains. 
 
 Magnesium sulphate. 3.29559 
 
 Calcium sulphate. 0.48243 
 
 Potassium sulphate. 0.15399 
 
 Sodium chloride. 0.31836 
 
 Lithium chloride. trace. 
 
 Iron bicarbonate. 0.04203 
 
 Manganese bicarbonate. 0.00485 
 
 Magnesium bicarbonate. 5.82961 
 
 Calcium bicarbonate. 9.95838 
 
 Sodium bicarbonate. 3.37602 
 
 Calcium phosphate. 0.00963 
 
 Alumina. 0.02425 
 
 Silicic oxide. 1.75473 
 
 25.24987 
 
 In a note concerning this analysis, Dr. Genth says “ it is a 
 new analysis which I made with the balance of the water you 
 sent and with a larger quantity. It is more complete, as it* has 
 been tested for rarer substances. 
 
 The agreement between the analyses of Dr. Genth and of Prof. 
 Oldsberg is very close, especially considering the difference of 
 time and perhaps of season at which the two samples were taken. 
 
 Medicinal Water of Hanover. 
 
 Hanover, York county, in order not to be behind-hand with 
 her sister town, to which nature seems to have been so bountiful, 
 recommends the excellent water which is brought by pipes from 
 the Pigeon Hills, distant about four miles, and furnishes the 
 following analysis printed on a card recommending the place 
 as a good abode for invalids. 
 
 Unfortunately, it is not stated how large a quantity of the 
 water contains the following constituents. The analyst is Prof. 
 Ilollenbush, of Reading, Pennsylvania. 
 
 There were found (probably in one gallon): 
 
 Protoxide of iron. 184 * 
 
 Protoxide of magnesia.].*...*!!! 21 
 
 Calcium carbonate.’ # . ’ 29 
 
 Sodium carbonate. . . trace. 
 
 Magnesium sulphate... . .. 42 
 
 *Albumena ..*.*.*.*!! 16 
 
 Total..*.. 292 
 
 * Possibly meant for alumina. 
 
GENERAL NOTES ON GEOLOGY OF REGION. 
 
 C. 317 
 
 CHAPTER XIII. 
 
 General Notes on the Geology of the Region. 
 
 The magnetic and specular ores occurring within the bounda¬ 
 ries of the Mesozoic Sandstone, and of which this little group 
 of mines around Dillsburg constitute at once a striking exam¬ 
 ple and an important fraction, differ from the exhibitions of 
 these oxides in other formations in several particulars. 
 
 That they in their present state belong to the horizon of the 
 Mesozoic series and to no other, seems to be beyond question ; 
 first, because the same variety of that micaceous ore which is 
 so eminently characteristic of these deposits can almost always 
 be traced in any iron-mining locality of this formation from 
 massive plates filling more or less regular interstices between 
 sand rocks, altered mudrocks, traps and shales; to scattered 
 flakes of the same ore spread lightly over the inner surfaces of 
 joints and cracks in the sedimentary beds of the above. Sec¬ 
 ond ; nowhere else is an exactly similar series to be found. 
 
 In his Final Report, Yol. II, Part 2d, p. 763, Prof. Rogers 
 sums up the metalliferous veins of the Mesozoic Sandstone by 
 remarking that they are not associated with dykes of trap 
 rock, but are independent metalliferous injections. But in 
 enumerating the different kinds of ores, singularly enough no 
 mention is made of the iron ores, which are now under consid¬ 
 eration, although some of those in the vicinity of Dillsburg 
 have been wrought for a very long period. The ores of Corn¬ 
 wall and of the Jones mine are referred to the older formations. 
 
 The Dillsburg ores are all more or less soft lumps of specular 
 and micaceous ore carried in clay. Their general appearance 
 is dark dirty green, with streaks of black and glistening pul¬ 
 verulent ore. They are very irregularly deposited, but almost 
 
818 C. r. FRAZER, JR., REPORT OF PROGRESS, 1870. 
 
 or quite without exception are found between the plates of rock 
 which make up this portion of the Mesozoic Sandstone. 
 
 An ideal section north from the Grove mine will reveal this. 
 The region is very much covered with disintegrated rocks such 
 as clay or sand, and very few surface exposures are to be found 
 in the neighborhood of Dillsburo;. 
 
 The rocks which have best resisted the weather have been 
 the traps, and as a general rule in this region their dip corres¬ 
 ponds to that of the beds between which they were poured out. 
 .Next to the trap (and sometimes even before it) in capacity to 
 resist the disintegrating action of the water and atmosphere 
 comes the altered and indurated mud rocks and argillaceous 
 sandstones which frequently form the foot or hanging wall (or 
 both) of these veins. 
 
 Commencing our line at the Grove slope and gettingall the 
 dips possible, both from rock in place and also from the angle 
 of the slope itself, (an almost equally good plan, since the 
 miner is sure to keep in the bed) the dip is about 1ST. 10° E.— 
 24°. 
 
 For about 2,200 feet north no mines are observable; but 
 here occurs the projection of the Bell slope, in which the hang¬ 
 ing and foot walls dip about E". 10° E.—20°. 
 
 Supposing these two mines to be in two different veins of ore, 
 and to be continuous, their horizons in the measures would be 
 at a perpendicular distance of 750 feet apart. 
 
 Again for 1,400 feet northwards no ore mine is projected, 
 and at a little over this distance occurs the old excavation, 
 (the ffrst in this vicinity to be exploited,) in which Mr. Under¬ 
 wood has recently sunk a new shaft.* 
 
 The pit of this old working is about 15 feet deep, and the 
 shaft is sunk from its lowest point for 25 feet, where a body of 
 ore is said to have been struck. If so, and the dip of the rocks 
 is here similar to that in the slope, the outcrops in the vein 
 ought to be seen crossing the neck of the narrow southern pro¬ 
 longation of the pit about 80 feet south. 
 
 v There is an excavation between this and Bell’s slope, but no accurate in- 
 tonnation in regard to it was obtained: 
 
GENERAL NOTES ON GEOLOGY OF REGION. 
 
 C. 319 
 
 About 150 feet further north on this line occurs the projec¬ 
 tion of the ore in Underwood’s slope, which is probably the 
 same bed as that struck in Logan’s shaft. 
 
 The enclosing rocks and the slope dip about 28° due north 
 and the latter extends 290° feet below day, and proves the ore 
 for that distance. 
 
 Five hundred feet a little E. of U. of the mouth of Under¬ 
 wood’s slope, on ground 30 feet below it, the Logan shaft has 
 been sunk which reached the ore at 50 feet, from which point 
 a slope was begun and extended downwards 80 feet at an angle 
 of 28°, coforming to the dip of the measures. 
 
 Projecting this vein upwards it is found to intersect the sur¬ 
 face on the same horizontal plane with the mouth of Under¬ 
 wood’s slope, at a point 170.4 feet south of the mouth of the 
 shaft. 
 
 Connecting this point with the point of outcrop of the Un¬ 
 derwood vein by a supposititious outcrop-line, it is found to run 
 E. 8° S., and the direction of dip of the vein to which it cor¬ 
 responds, is U. 8° E. 
 
 The coincidence of this direction with that of the Grove 
 and Bell banks (2L 10° E.) is too striking to be overlooked, 
 and leads to the conclusion that the true and false bedding of 
 the rocks between these points are comparatively regular and 
 the strata for over half a mile south of the Underwood-Logan 
 ore are undisturbed by faults. 
 
 One hundred and sixty feet north-east of the Underwood 
 slope is an excavation 140 feet in length north-east, and about 
 35 feet broad in its broadest part. 
 
 The Wrightsville Co. is said to have wrought this bank to a 
 
 o O 
 
 very considerable depth, and to have had 18 feet of ore in the 
 bottom of it. It was not satisfactorily ascertained at what 
 depth this ore occurred, and the settlement of this doubt has 
 an important bearing on the question of the number of the 
 ore veins here represented. 
 
 One hundred feet north of this latter opening (now a pond) 
 is the southern margin of a very large excavation 100 feet long 
 and 125 feet north and south. 
 
 Hear the south eastern corner of this pond, and high upon 
 the bank, is the site of the former mouth of a slope. A little 
 
320 C. P. FRAZER, JR., REPORT OF PROGRESS, 1875. 
 
 west of north of it, and in the north-western angle, is the 
 place of a former bore hole, (No. 5,) the record of which has 
 been already given*, and 50 feet north of this bore hole is a 
 stake said to have been vertically over the slope. This stake 
 bears N. 3° 30' west of the mouth of the slope, and if these 
 data may he depended upon, indicates an alteration in the di¬ 
 rection of the dip from that observed at the Grove and Bell 
 slopes or 11° 30' to the westward. 
 
 One hundred and twenty-five feet north-west of bore hole 
 No. 5 are two openings ; the first an open cut long since aban¬ 
 doned, and and a little south-west of it the mouth of a slope 
 which was said to have been formerly driven 158 feet, at an angle 
 of 18°, and to have been left in four feet of ore at a vertical 
 depth beneath the surface of 60 feet. 
 
 If the 18° slope were maintained the vertical depth to the 
 bottom of the slope would be 48 feet. 
 
 This ore, if carried down at the same angle of 18°, would 
 coincide closely with the bed of ore said to have been struck in 
 bore hole No. 4, at a depth of 74 feet and 2 inches. The 
 thickness of the bed is reported to be 7.25 feet, which (allow- 
 ing for the obliquity of its plane to the direction of the bore 
 hole) would indicate that the ore has widened at that depth 
 to 6.8 feet, a variation by no means uncommon. It may bo 
 assumed, therefore, that this ore has been proved for a distance 
 of 260 feet on its slope. 
 
 One hundred and fifty feet from bore hole ISTo. 4 occurs the 
 long cut of M’Cormick & Co. 
 
 This cut has been opened 400 feet W. 20° N. along an out¬ 
 crop of rock ore and two slopes have been driven downwards. 
 
 Both the direction and the strength of dip of this deposit are 
 suddenly altered; the former being N. 20° W. and the latter 
 45°. 
 
 A slope of 18° was started from the cut and carried 30 feet, 
 when a wall of hard trap (dolerite) was encountered, ap¬ 
 parently cutting off the ore. Another slope was begun at an 
 angle of 45°, and after proceeding a short distance the trap 
 was again encountered and penetrated, and the vein beneath it 
 
 *See page 21G. 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
SUPPOSED OUTCROP LINE OR TRAP 
 
 V' 
 
Plate 2. 
 
 
 Cvj 
 
 CO 
 
 
 i 
 
 £ 
 
 
 *1 
 
 S C ALE OF FEET 
 
GENERAL NOTES ON GEOLOGY OF REGION. 
 
 C. 321 
 
 observed to be continuous, with the normal dip of the country 
 rock, or about 18°. 
 
 From the records of bore holes 1, 3 and 4, (see pp. 215, 216) and 
 the light thrown upon the structure by the slope from this cut, 
 this plate of trap seems to strike north-eastwardly and to dip 
 gently south-east, conforming, no doubt, to some plane or 
 planes of cleavage, which are frequently met with throughout 
 the entire area of the Few Eed. This dyke would cross the 
 axis of the open cut at or near its south-western extremity ; 
 and this is possibly the reason that an exploitation pit sunk 
 some 50 feet from the latter point discovers the ore “pinched 
 out.” 
 
 From the records of bore holes Fos. 1, 3 and 4, a trap dyke 
 is recorded at a depth of 33 feet, 17 feet and 51 feet from the 
 surface, respectively. This dyke is represented as at least 9 
 feet thick in Fo. 1, (with a possible extension downwards of 
 42 feet, marked “unknown,”) 17J feet in Fo. 3 and 16 feet in 
 Fo. 4. 
 
 The positions of bore holes Fos. 1, 3, 4 and 5 can be ob¬ 
 served upon the special map of this property. It appears that 
 in Fo. 1 a mass of trap was struck at 33 feet from the surface 
 and entered for 9 feet. For the next 20 feet no record of the 
 boring was kept. 
 
 In Fo. 3 the trap was struck at 17 feet below the surface, 
 and entirely penetrated the thickness, proving to be 17J feet. 
 
 In Fo. 4 trap was encountered at 51 feet below the surface, 
 and proved to be 16 feet 1 inch thick. 
 
 In Fo. 5 a trap was met with 23 feet below the point of 
 starting, at the bottom of the bank, (or 78 feet below the sur¬ 
 face,) and is said to be 23 feet 1 inch thick. 
 
 There is nothing inconsistent with the idea that these oc¬ 
 currences of trap represent the upper surface of a large dyke 
 from these records of varying thickness. These differences 
 will frequently arise from inaccurate observation, owing to the 
 close resemblance which the altered rock in contact with the 
 dyke bears to the latter, while the exhibition of plates of trap 
 between the regular beds and in the planes of cleavage, and 
 jointing is not rare in the Few Eed Sandstone. The ascer- 
 
322 C. P. FRAZER, JR., REPORT OF PROGRESS, 1875. 
 
 tained thickness of the plate in bore hole No. 3 agrees very well 
 with that in No. 4. 
 
 The thickness in No. 1 is not given. Independently of the 
 fact just alluded to that much is called “ trap,” which is noth¬ 
 ing but indura-ted sediment, the expansion of the bed, (if it 
 be the same,) to 23 feet in bore hole No. 5, is not altogether 
 anomalous. 
 
 By assuming, then, that the upper surface of this same bed 
 of trap was met with in bore holes Nos. 1, 3 and 4, at 33 feet, 
 17 feet and 61 feet* below a common plane, (the 650 feet con¬ 
 tour,) we have the data for calculating the inclination and di¬ 
 rection of dip of the bed, and the line of strike on this plane. 
 The latter proves to be N. 33° 30' W. It was obtained by cal¬ 
 culating the point at which a straight line passing 33 feet be¬ 
 low the mouth of 1, and 17 feet below the mouth of 3, would 
 intersect the horizontal plane from which the depths of Nos. 
 1 and 3 were both reckoned. 2d. Calculating similarly the point 
 on this plane at which the straight line 51 feet below the surface 
 at 4, and 17 feet below the surface at 3 would emerge. 3d. 
 Establishing similarly the intersection of the datum plane by 
 a straight line passing 51 feet below 4, and 33 feet below 1. It 
 is evident that if these three points thus projected fall into 
 the same straight line, the inference is very strong that the 
 three occurrences of trap from which these were independently 
 calculated, are parts of one large surface or approximate plane. 
 
 This they very nearly do. The deviation of the last named 
 point being hardly to be avoided owing to the acuteness of the 
 angles made by the lines joining the bore holes and the conse¬ 
 quent enormous alteration in the distance which a slight error 
 in the observed angle would cause. 
 
 In Plate I, the letters I, N, M and V are chosen to represent 
 the bore holes, I, III, IY and V, respectively, the number of 
 downward strokes in the first three letters corresponding to the 
 number of the bore hole in each case. 
 
 (Plate II, Fig. 1). Selecting bore holes, Nos. 1 and 3, (I and 
 N,) we have the distance between them I N=116 feet. 
 
 *Ten feet must be added to the recorded 51 feet below the surface, because 
 the datum plane of No 4, (the surface at that point,) is ten feet lower than 
 the the surface at Nos. land 3. 
 
GENERAL NOTES ON GEOLOG 5T OF REGION. 
 
 C. 323 
 
 I I'=depth from the surface to trap, at No. 1=33 feet, 
 
 N J =depth from the surface to trap, at No. 3=17 feet: 
 to find the length of the line A I, or the distance from the 
 mouth of the bore hole No. 1, at which a line passing through 
 it and 3, would intersect the outcrop line. 
 
 Through I' draw a line parallel to A I. (PI. 2, fig. 1.) 
 Produce the vertical N J till it intersect this line A' Pat J'. 
 Let the angle A P A'=a. 
 
 Let the line A I=£. 
 
 J Jr l I'—N J 
 Then pj,— IN 
 
 16 
 
 116 
 
 « =7° 51' 
 
 2=61 cot.a =239.35 feet. 
 
 -,=0.13791=tan.« 
 
 In the triangle M B M.' (Plate 2, Fig. 2.) 
 
 Let x=M B M N =412 feet. 
 
 Let P=M B M' M M'= 61 feet. 
 
 N J= 17 feet. 
 
 tan. /3 = ^t=0.10679=tan.6°6' 
 
 £=61 cot. [1 =570.791 feet. 
 
 In the triangle Y C V'. (Plate 2, Fig 3.) 
 
 Let £=V C Y N =602 feet. 
 
 Let y—Y C V' Y Y'= 58 feet. 
 
 N J = 17 feet. 
 
 Then tan.?' =^| 9 =0.068106=tan. 3° 54' 
 
 £=58 cot.?' =850.77 feet. 
 
 In the triangle M D M'. (Plate 2, Fig 4.) 
 
 Let £=M D MI =390.5 
 
 Let =M I) M' M M'= 61 
 
 .11'= 33 
 
 28 
 
 Then tan. ' = 2 ^=0.071702=tan. 4°6' 
 
 £=61 cot.£ =850,99 feet. 
 
 If we plot these points accurately on the map, and lay off 
 distances corresponding to the calculated lengths of the several 
 perpendiculars of the three triangles, viz: I A I', M B M', 
 Y C Y', and M 1) M' it will he found that the three points A, 
 
324 C. P. FRAZER, JR., REPORT OF PROGRESS, 1875 
 
 B and D fall very nearly in a straight line. But owing to the 
 greater angle which I A and M B make with the outcrop line 
 the points calculated from them are more reliable than the points 
 as calculated from M D M', in which the angles M 1) M' and 
 M M' D are so small that a very slight error in the experi¬ 
 mental data would change the resulting side M D very greatly. 
 Neglecting the point I) for the moment, and drawing the line 
 through A B, it is observed that it passes within five feet of the 
 point as determined by M 1) M'. In view of the fact that na¬ 
 ture neither pours out trap nor arranges the layers of rock in ab¬ 
 solutely geometrical planes, this deviation of 5 feet from the 
 line, due to an excess of 15 feet in a length of 841 feet (or 1.7 
 per cent) is inconsiderable. 
 
 In the triangle V C V' the conditions are yet more unfavora¬ 
 ble for accurately determining the position C. The angle be¬ 
 tween A B and Y C is but 13° 25' and the angle VV' C is 86° 
 6', while the rough statements in regard to the bore hole No. 
 5 render it very difficult to locate the point V' with exactitude. 
 Of course, in a triangle whose hypotheneuse and perpendicular 
 make so small an angle, a very slight error in angle will pro¬ 
 duce a very considerable one in length of side. Owing 
 to these facts (and very probably also to local irregularities 
 in the bed) the point 0 falls 50 feet short of the outcrop-line, 
 and 212 feet short in a line of 841 feet, showing an error of 25 
 per cent. 
 
 On the other hand the close agreement of the other more fa¬ 
 vorably constructed triangles lends a strongsupport to the above 
 supposition as to the location of this bed of trap. 
 
 The dip ot the bed of trap as calculated by assuming this 
 line of N. 23° 30' W. as the correct outcrop on a plane 650 feet 
 above high tide in Philadelphia is given in the following ta¬ 
 ble : 
 
 Dip calculated from No. 1. E. 23° 30' N.—9° 29' 
 
 Dip calculated from No. 3. E. 23° 30' N._9° 39' 
 
 Dip calculated from No. 4. E. 23° 30' N._8° V 
 
 Dip calculated from No. 5. E. 23° 30' N._9° 39' 
 
 Dip calculated assuming the trap in Logan's shaft to 
 be the same as that in the above bore holes . 2° 51 
 
 It is evident from this that there are two plates of trap oc¬ 
 curring here at a perpendicular distance from each other of 
 
GENERAL NOTES ON GEOLOGY OF REGION. 
 
 C. 325 
 
 about 15 to 20 feet. The analogies which this structure presents 
 to that of the Cornwall mines will be reserved for a future 
 page. Continuing this assumption as to the identity of these 
 scattered occurrences of trap in one bed, we find that trap 
 should have been met with in the south west slope of M’Cor- 
 mick & Co.’s long cut at 30 feet below the surface, and in the 
 north-east slope of the same cut, at about 54 feet below the sur¬ 
 face. 
 
 The first of these statements accords well with the facts. 
 
 These slight discrepancies in the calculated dip of the trap 
 are of no importance, and are far within the limits of accuracy 
 of observation. 
 
 The outflow of trap probably followed one or more of the 
 planes of cleavage, of which these rocks are full. If this in¬ 
 terpretation be correct, the upper surface of the lower dyke 
 would emerge on the surface midway between the south-west 
 end of the long cut and the exploitation pit, still further to the 
 south-west, where the ore was reported to have “ pinched out,” 
 and if we assume 17 feet as the thickness of the bed and 9° 29' 
 as the dip, the breadth of the outcrop would be about 69 feet. 
 This would embrace the entire area of the pit. 
 
 It is not clear how far this outcrop extended S. 23° 30' E., 
 nor whether its breadth was maintained. If persistent it would 
 pass between Underwood’s slope and the old abandoned exca¬ 
 vation next north-east of it, and would thus interpose a wall 
 of igneous matter between the Underwood, Smyser, Bell and 
 Grove banks on the one side, and those of M’Cormick & Co., 
 including the Logan shafts and Price’s, on the other. 
 
 There is nothing in these observations of the thickness in¬ 
 consistent with the view that they are made on the same dyke, 
 and the probability that Hos. 3 and 4 are so is very strong. 
 Assuming this to be the case, an inspection of the above table 
 will show the average dip to be E. 23° 30' N.—9° to 12°, and pro¬ 
 jecting its outcrop on the surface, it is found to pass through 
 the small excavation, where no ore was found south-west Df the 
 main cut. 
 
 It is perhaps owing to this circumstances that the outcrop 
 of the Logan ore is not seen to connect the Underwood slope 
 with some point 100 feet or more south of the Logan shaft, for 
 
326 C. P. FRAZER, JR., REPORT OF PROGRESS, 1875. 
 
 if this dyke be continuous in a cleavage plane or other joint 
 in a direction S. 23° 30' E. from its supposed outcrop at the 
 M’Cormick cut, it would cut off that portion of the vein be¬ 
 tween the shaft mouth and the natural line of outcrops of the 
 Logan ore by cutting the vein a short distance west of the for¬ 
 mer. It follows also that if continuous under the surface, and 
 with the observed gentle dip of 9° 12', it will intersect the 
 Logan slope at a point far below where the trap was observed, 
 viz: at 12 feet below the 340 foot contour line. The record 
 of this Logan shaft is not at hand, but specimens of dolerite were 
 obtained from there, which in mineral constitution (i. e., num¬ 
 ber and distribution of apatite crystals, etc., etc.,) agreed very 
 closely with similar specimens from the Mumper or M’Cor¬ 
 mick & Co.’s cut. 
 
 This renders it likely that this outflow of trap along the 
 two planes just mentioned, viz: in the Logan shaft and in the 
 Underwood and M’Cormick mines, was contemporaneous, or 
 at least had the same origin. 
 
 The whole ore-deposit, of this part of the Dillsburg region 
 seems to be reducible to ; 1st. Deposit of ferruginous matter 
 along the planes of the rocks of the New Led Sandstone, in 
 an irregular manner. 2d. The presence of one large dyke (and 
 probably more) following a plane of cleavage or joint, which had 
 a north-west and south-east strike and a gentle dip. 3d. 
 The alteration of mud-rocks and slates to “traps’' (?) of indu¬ 
 ration and of the more ore less hydrated iron oxides to mag¬ 
 netic and specular ores. 
 
 The greenish color of these soft ores when not derived from 
 the oxidation of copper, is due to the commingling of the 
 lower chlorite and hydro-mica slates with the iron ore, and in¬ 
 dicates possibly that at least some of this ore was obtained 
 from its depositories in the older slates. But that, even if en¬ 
 tirely deiived from this source, they have been re-made up in 
 the course of their transfer to the beds of the New Red Sand¬ 
 stone appears to be beyond question. 
 
 The observations of Prof. Lesley, Dr. Hunt and others on 
 the great Cornwall iron ore deposit agree in ascribing its ex¬ 
 istence to several protecting plates of hard trap which have 
 resisted the erosion by which the soft ore, if not thus protected, 
 
GENERAL NOTES ON GEOLOGY OF REGION. 
 
 C. 327 
 
 would probably have been entirely destroyed. It is not quite 
 clear how much of the magnetic particles with which these 
 ores are mixed may have come from the trap itself. It is 
 likely that much is to be ascribed to this source; but how¬ 
 ever that may be it cannot but be of the greatest signifi¬ 
 cance that the two plates of trap which occur near these 
 mines enclose or cover the greater number of the producing 
 deposits. 
 
 From the description elsewhere given, it will be seen that 
 the King bank, which seems to lie outside of this protecting 
 influence, has a d} 7 ke of its own on the eastern (upper) side. 
 
 The points in favor of the above structure are as follows : 
 
 1. The existence of trap in bore holes Kos. 1, 3,4 and 5, and 
 in M’Cormick’s cut, Underwood’s slope and Smysers bank, at 
 points which are very approximately in one plane 
 
 2. The non-occurrence of trap in bore hole No. 2 (though so 
 near to Nos. 1 and 3) because No. 2 is located below the edge 
 of the lowermost of these plates of trap. 
 
 3. The corroboration of the supposed position of trap in Lo¬ 
 gan’s shaft by the appearance of the topography as seen in the 
 contours*. Its supposititious outcrop clearly coincides with the 
 nose of a small hill as it necessarily would do, owing to its su¬ 
 perior resistance to erosion. 
 
 4. The practically similar thickness of the trap as measured 
 in bore holes 3 and 4. 
 
 5. The cutting out of the ore in the pit at the south-west end 
 of M’Cormick & Co.’s long cut. 
 
 6. The similarity in the mineralogical constitution and me¬ 
 chanical arrangement of the traps of Logan’s shaft, and of the 
 long cut when viewed under the microscope. 
 
 The supposed outcrops of the trap have been drawn in with 
 reference to the 5 feet contours, on the assumption that the 
 tangent of 9° 12', (the assumed average dip of the trap,) or 
 0.1620 is one-sixth, or in other words, that the ratio of the per¬ 
 pendicular distance apart of the contour lines is to horizontal 
 distance apart of the projections of the trap at those contours :: 
 1: 6. More accurately it is, 1: 6.1. 
 
328 C. P. FRAZER, JR., REPORT OF PROGRESS, 1875. 
 
 If these facts be accepted as conclusive as to the structure, 
 the idea of faults bringing up the same bed of ore successively 
 to the surface must be abandoned, unless it be supposed that 
 the dislocations took place before the injection of the molten 
 rock, in which case it must be supposed as a result of the dis¬ 
 location, that two independent cleavage planes of exactly the 
 same inclination and direction were brought together, so that 
 their two lines of intersection with the opposite walls of the 
 
 fault agreed exactlv. 
 
 © •/ 
 
 If, for example, the ore of the Underwood slope be supposed 
 to be brought up to the surface by a fault of which the direc¬ 
 tion was approximately east and west and the position some¬ 
 where between the Underwood slope and M’Cormick & Co.’s 
 cut; the agreement of the upper surface of the trap in the 
 former with the position of the dyke in the latter must be con¬ 
 sidered either entirely fortuitous, or it must be assumed that a 
 cleavage plane south of this fault formed a geometrical con¬ 
 tinuation to that one north of the fault through which the mol¬ 
 ten rock was poured out, a supposition which is in the highest 
 degree improbable. 
 
 But independently of the difficulty in accounting for a con¬ 
 tinuous bed of trap dipping at an uniform angle and spreading 
 over an extensive area, while there were within its limits nu¬ 
 merous faults and up- or down-throws; the number of places 
 where micaceous ore is found renders this fault hypothesis un¬ 
 necessary. The coating of specular oxide of iron which is 
 sometimes so thick as to be a most valuable ore, is also some¬ 
 times so thin as to be barely visible; and between these ex¬ 
 tremes it occurs in all quantities and over every amount of 
 space. A few localities where this ore was observed may be 
 here mentioned. Half amile south of Dillsburg, near the fork 
 ot the new York and Carlisle road, a small outcrop of ore 
 was observed crossing both roads. This small bed can scarcely 
 be related to the Mumper-Underwood deposits, of which the 
 strike would cut the road much further to the north : nor can 
 it be identified with the Grove and Price ores, because there 
 the general dip is N. 10° E., which would, if maintained, again 
 swing their outcrops too far to the north. 
 
GENERAL NOTES ON GEOLOGY OF REGION. 
 
 C. 329 
 
 One and one-half miles south-east of the fork of the new 
 York and Rossville roads, Mr. Deardorf has sunk a shaft about 
 
 57 feet, (according to Mr. Altland,) in the course of which he 
 passed through several seams of micaceous ore. 
 
 One and one-half miles W. by N. of Rossville, Mr. D. Alt- 
 land sank a shaft and passed through 6 inches of micaceous ore 
 ten feet below the surface and close to the trap. 
 
 Mr. Altland reports having found scattered deposits of mica¬ 
 ceous oreune-half mile north-west of Wellsville post office, and 
 also one and one-half miles west by south of Wellsville post 
 office, at the intersection of two roads. 
 
 Mr. Altland reports having found the strike of the Mine 
 Bank ore, and proved it for a considerable distance N. E. and 
 S. W 
 
 A ridge running N. E. and S. W. nearly parallel to a line 
 joining Wellsville and Rossville, and distant from such a line 
 about one-half mile S. E., rocks have been found by Mr. Alt¬ 
 land coated with micaceous ore. In Monaghan township, Mr. 
 Altland reports having found micaceous ore on the farms of 
 D. Cannon and E. Ellicker, but my party was not able to ve¬ 
 rify this observation. 
 
 The same authority may be given for the localities 1J miles 
 south-west of Franklintown, on S. Filler’s farm, and at B. 
 Meyers’, all in Franklin township. (The latter observation was 
 verified). 
 
 Another locality referred to by Mr. Altland is two miles 
 south-east of Dillsburg, on the property of Mr. J. Cook, where 
 a shaft is said to have been opened in 1874 for seven feet, out 
 of which was taken some micaceous ore in a very much weath¬ 
 ered rock. 
 
 On Mr. M’llwee’s farm Mr. Altland sank a shaft 46 feet deep, 
 and reports passing through sandstone coated with quartz, and 1 
 inch of micaceous ore. This locality which lies about 1} miles 
 north-east of Mount Top P. 0., was visited and was found to 
 be sunk in sandstone dipping about north-west. The shaft is 
 at present about 30 feet deep. A similar exposure is found on 
 the property of Michael Bentz about one-half mile from here. 
 
 Adhesive clay is reported 46 feet down above the trap and 3 
 feet thick. 
 
 22 — 0 . 
 
330 C. P. FRAZER, JR., REPORT OF PROGRESS, 1875. 
 
 On David Bentz’s farm, two miles east of Dillsburg, trial 
 shafts were sunk and some micaceous ore was found. 
 
 On the Lewisberry road, north of its junction with the York 
 road, Mr. Altland found numerous specimens in place coated 
 with micaceous ore. 
 
 About one-half mile east of Cannon’s is a shaft of Peter A. 
 Meyer’s about 12 feet deep. The rock thrown out is a stained 
 sandstone, with some little micaceous ore. Some small speci¬ 
 mens found one-half inch thick. 
 
 Instances of the occurrence of micaceous ore in these and 
 similar rocks of the Mesozoic sandstones might he multiplied 
 almost indefinitely. 
 
 It is an important fact, however, that almost all, if not all, 
 these localities are situated on the western side of the “New Red ” 
 from the Susquehanna to the Maryland line. 
 
 Yow these localities where more or less micaceous ore has 
 been observed are selected at random, from notes, on an area of 
 scores of square miles in extent. Some of the surfaces of rock 
 on which this ore was observed dipped in the normal direction 
 ot the bed plates of the Mesozoic sandstone of Middle Penn¬ 
 sylvania ; and some in very contrary directions and with very 
 different degrees of steepness. That is to say that some of this 
 ore was deposited along the planes of bedding, and much of it 
 along different planes of cleavage. 
 
 This of itself shows a very general distribution of the mate¬ 
 rial, (though in but few localities has it as yet been proved to 
 exist in paying quantities,) and where one thick deposit is found 
 others are likely to be found near it. 
 
 It seems, then, unnecessary to seek to account for the presence 
 of two beds of micaceous ore situated near each other by as¬ 
 suming a repetition of the same bed by an upthrow, even 
 were other facts such as have been mentioned as existing in the 
 Dillsburg region not opposed to such an hypothesis. 
 
 The quantity of micaceous ore massed together in one de¬ 
 posit depends upon causes entirely unknown. All degrees of 
 quantity can be observed, from the solid mass of glistening 
 black ore, three or four teet thick, to the faint glimmer of the 
 crystalline scales only observable under a powerful magnifying 
 glass. One thing deserves to be mentioned which seems to 
 
GENERAL NOTES ON GEOLOGY OF REGION. 
 
 O. 331 
 
 show that in whatsoever way the micaceous ore first appeared, 
 it was an incident to the rock making of the geological Middle- 
 Age or subsequent to it. A large number of specimens of sand¬ 
 stone, coated more or less completely with micaceous ore, were 
 broken and examined, and in no case was ore found in the in¬ 
 terior of a solid specimen. In some cases, indeed, flakes of the 
 ore parallel to those on the outside were discovered, but this 
 was invariably when the manner of fracturing of the rock ren¬ 
 dered it likely that this deposit was in an obscure bed plane. 
 
 From this fact, then, it would appear that whether the par¬ 
 ticles of magnetite from the adjoining traps were oxidized * or 
 hydr oxidized and carried over between planes of bedding and 
 cleavage, or whether the limonites of the older formations were 
 stirred up and spread over these planes, to be afterwards de¬ 
 prived of their water by heat; or whether chalybeate waters 
 left such a deposit, (there must have been an enormous quan- 
 ti y of iron used in giving this formation its red color,) the beds 
 and cleavage planes were there when the iron came to them, 
 and as this must have been an action extending over a vast ter¬ 
 ritory, it is as much to the purpose to seek why iron ore is not 
 in any given locality as to attempt to simplify the problem by 
 making a broken bed do double duty, unless there appear strong 
 evidence in favor of the existence of faults. 
 
 *Many chemists doubt the wholesale decomposition of magnetic oxide of 
 iron (its most stable compound) into the less stable forms of limonite and 
 hematite. 
 
CHAPTER XIV. 
 
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 332 C. P. FRAZER, JR., REPORT OF PROGRESS, 1875. 
 
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 *The very detailed and accurate map of the Gettysburg battle field in contour lines made by the officers of the TJ. S. army, 
 was used for the purpose of locating geological features. Tho data thus obtained will be transferred to maps illustrating my 
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 336 0, 
 
 P. FRAZER, JR., REPORT OF PROGRESS, 1875 
 
 472 . Decomposed trap.. S. Marsh’s farm, li miles south-east of 
 
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CATALOGUE OF SPECIMENS 
 
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LIST OP BOXES, 
 
 C. 383 
 
 List of the boxes in which are stored the specimens collected, dur¬ 
 ing the year 1875 , with the catalogue numbers of the specimens in 
 each box. 
 
 The boxes in which the specimens for 1875 were packed are painted brown 
 on the ends and are marked 
 
 1875 
 
 No. — 
 
 P. F., Jr. 
 
 Box 1—376,377,-, 383,384,385,386,387,388,389,390, 
 
 -,398, -,400,401,402,403,404,405,406,407, - 
 
 -,392,393,394,-, 396, 
 
 -, 409,410,411,412,413,414, 
 
 , 421,422,423,424,425,426,427,428,429. 
 
 •, 441,-445,-, 447,-, 453,454,455,-, 457,458,459, 
 
 -, 474. 
 
 415,416,417,418,- 
 Box 2-431,432,433,- 
 
 -462,463,-, 465,466,467,468,469, 
 
 Box 3—481,482,-, 484, —, 486,487,488,489,490,-, 493,-, 496,498,499,500, 
 
 501,502,503,504,505,506,507,508,509,510,511,512,513,514,515,516,517,518,519, 
 520,521. 
 
 Box 4—525,526,527,528, -,530,531,532,533,534,535, -,538,539,540,541,542, 
 
 543,544,-, 546, 547,-, 549,-, 551,552,553,-557,558,559,560,561,562, 
 
 564,565, 566, -,568,569,570,571,^-,573,574, -,576, -,578, 579,580, 
 
 -, 582,583,584. 
 
 Box 5—585,586,587,588,589, - 
 605,606,-, 609,610,611,612, 
 
 , 591,-, 596,-, 598,599, 
 
 627,628,629,630,631, 632,633,-, 636,637,638, 
 
 -, 601,602,603,604, 
 
 -, 616,617,618,619,620,621,622,623,-, 626, 
 
 -, 646,647, 
 
 -, 641,642,643,- 
 -, 651,652,653,654,655,656,657,658,659,660,-, 665. 
 
 Box 6—666,667,668,639,670,-, 672,673,-, 675,676,677,678,-, 680,681,682, 
 
 683, -, 685,686,687,688,689,690,691,692,693,694, -, 696,697,698,699,700, 
 
 701,702,703,704,795,706,-, 708,709,710,711,712,713,714,715,716,717, -; 
 
 720,721,722,723,724,725,726,-, 728,729. 
 
 Box 7—730,731,-, 733,734,-, 736,737,738,-740,741,742,743,744,745,-, 
 
 747,748,749,750,751,752,753,754,755,756,757,758,759, -, 761,762, -, 765, 
 
 766,767,-, 769,770,-, 772,773,774,775,776,777,778,779,-, 781,-783 
 
 784,-, 786,787,-, 789,-, 791,792,793,-, 795. 
 
 Box 8—798,-, 800,801,-, 803,804,805,-, 807,808,809, 
 
 —,830,831,832,833,834, - 
 
 -,811,812,813,814, 
 
 815,816,817,818,819,820,821, -, 830,831,832,833,834, -, 836,837,838,839, 
 
 840,841,842,843,844,-,846,847,848,849,850,851,852,853, 854, 855, 856, 857, 
 
 858,859,860,861,862,863,864,865, -, 867,868,869,870,871,872, -, 874,875, 
 
 876,877,878,879,880,881,882,883,884,885,886,887,888,889, -, 892, -, 894, 
 
 895,896,897,898,899,900,901,902. 
 
 Box 9—903,904,905,906,-,908,909,910,911,912,913,914, 915, 916, 917, 918, 919, 
 
 -, 921,922,923,-, 925,926,927,928, 929,930,931,932,934,-, 936,937,938, 
 
 939,940,941,942,943,-, 945,946, 948,949,950,-, 952, 953,954, 955,956,957, 
 
 956,959,960,961,962,963,964,965,966,967,968,969,970,971,972,973,974,975,976. 
 
384 c. 
 
 LIST OF BOXES, 
 
 Box 10 —977,978,979,980,981,982,983,984,985,9S6,987,938,989, 990, 991, 902, 993, 
 994,995,996, 997,998,999,1000,1001, 1002,1003,1004,1005, 1006, 1007, 1008, 1009, 
 1010, 1011,1012, 1013,1014,1015,1016,1017,1018,1019,1020,1021,1022,1023, 1024, 
 1025,1026,1027, 1028,1029, 1030,1031,1032,1033,1034,1035,1036,1037, 1033, 1039, 
 
 1040,1041, 1042, 1043,1044, 1045,1046,1047,-, 1049, 1050,1051, 1052,1053,1054. 
 
 1055,1056,1057, 1058,1059,1060,1061,1062,1063,1064,1065,1066,1067, 1068,1069. 
 1070, 1071, 1072,1073,1074, 1075,1076, 1077,1078,1079,1080,1081,1082,1083,1084, 
 1085,1086,1087,1088,1089, 1090,1091,1092,1093,1094, 1095,1096,1097,1098,1099, 
 
 -,1101,1102,1103,1104,1105,1106, 1107,-,1109,1110,1111,-,1113,1114, 
 
 111c,1116,1117,1118,1119,1120, 1121,1122, ;123,1124,1125,1126,-, 1128,1129, 
 
 1130,-, 1133,-, 1136,-, 1142,1143,1144,1145,1146,1147,1148,1149, 1150 
 
 Box 11—1151,1152,1153,1154,1155,1156,1157,1158,1159,1160,1161,1162,1163,1164. 
 
 1165, 1166,1167,1168,1169,1170,1171,-, 1173,1174,1175,1176,1177,1178,1179, 
 
 1180, 1181, 1182, 1183,1184,1185, 1186,1187,1188,1189,-, 1191, 1192,1193,-, 
 
 1195,1196,1197,1198,1199,1200,1201, 1202,1203,1204,-, 1206,1207,1208,-, 
 
 1210,1211,1212,1213,1214,1215,1216,1217,1218,1219,1220,1221,1222,1223,1224, 
 1225,1226, 1227,1228,1229,1230,1231,1232,1233,1234,1235,1236, 1237, 1238, 1239, 
 
 -,1241,1242,-, 1244,-, 1246, 1247,-, 1251, 1252,1253,1254,1255,1256, 
 
 1257,1258,1259,-, 1262,1263,1264,-, 1266,-, 1270,-, 1272,1273,1274, 
 
 1275,1276,1277,1278,-, 1280,1281,1282,1283,-, 1286,1287,1288,1289,1290, 
 
 1291,1292,-,1298,1299,1300,1301. 
 
 Box 12—1248, 1249,-, 1256,-, 1261,-, 1303,1304,1305, 1306,1307,1308,-, 
 
 1310,1311,-, 1317,1318,1319,1320,1321,1322,1323,-, 1327,-, 1329,1330, 
 
 1331,1332,1333,1334,1335,1336,1337,1338,1339,- 
 -, 1353,-, 1355,1356,1357,-, 1359,-, 1361, 
 
 , 1341, 1342,1343, 
 -1363,1364. 
 
 -, 1346, 
 
 The blanks in the above list are mainly filled by specimens of trap, which 
 have been left out for further study and comparison. 
 
 The boxes above named have been sent to the University of Pennsylvania 
 
ERRATA 
 
 Page 213, 9th line; for “fault rock” read “foot rock.” 
 
 Page 215, foot note; for “50°” read “5°.” 
 
 Page 220, 8tli line ; for “near hinf” read “near here.” 
 
 4th line from bottom, “p. 74 C” should follow “1874” in foot note. 
 Page 230 ; 1st line of page should be “ Cannon's ore pita." 
 
 Page 244, last line ; insert “ascribed” before the words “to the.” 
 
 Page 265, 2d line ; for “Berler’s” read “Beeler’s.” 
 
 Page 266, 3d line from bottom ; for “conglomerate” read “conglomerates.” 
 Page 268, lines 20 and 25; for “Corkson” read “Cookson.” 
 
 Page 270, 13th line; for “Heinrichs” read “Heinrich.” 
 
 Page 284, 11th and 12th lines from bottom; for “the Auroral limestone” read 
 “the limestone.” 
 
 Page 286, insert the following; “On the next succeeding pages will be found 
 a tabular statement of the rocks and their structure, as deter¬ 
 mined by the data employed in the drawing of this section.” 
 Page 289, 10th line from bottom, insert a period after “angle.” 
 
 9th line from bottom, for “falls” read “fall.” 
 
 Page 294, after “S. 40° E.—35,” for “laminated quartz” read “weathered or- 
 thofelsite.” 
 
 Page 304, after last line insert the following: “Note.—Section 13 was also 
 constructed and its location will be found on the map, but its 
 description will be reserved for another report.” 
 
 Page 310; after 2d line insert sub-heading “ Traps." 
 
 Page 318, 3d line from bottom ; for “in the veixi” read “of the vein.” 
 
 Page 319, 5th line; for “below day” read “on the slope.” 
 
 Page 322, 5th line; for “indura-ted” read “indurated” 
 
 Page 325, 2d line ; for “mines” read “mine.” 
 
 Page 341, foot of left hand column, transfer 567 and 568. 
 
 
 [ C. 385 ] 
 
INDEX. 
 
 Page. 
 
 Africa, (near Greenwood,). 289 
 
 Alteration in place. 228 
 
 Altland, D. G.— 
 
 Statement as to trap in M’Cormick & Co.’s cut. 215 
 
 Exploitation pits near J. Harman’s. 233 
 
 School-house, or Mine Iron Ore Bank. 235 
 
 Beitzland & Hetrick, original lessees of Altland or Mine 
 
 Bank. 235 
 
 Bank, range of ore of.. 237 
 
 Albert Ore Bank, (near Whitestown or Idaville,) leased by Duncan 
 <fc Mahon, Johnston & Lyons, Johnston, and Charles Wharton.... 243 
 
 Alto (Mont)— 
 
 Furnace and ore banks. 257 
 
 Letter of Col. Weistling concerning. 258 
 
 Preparation of stock for. 259 
 
 Shaking screen. 259 
 
 Kinds of iron and their uses. 259 
 
 Statement from blast book. 261 
 
 Kinds of wood and uses. 262 
 
 Bloom forge. 262 
 
 Analyses— 
 
 Henry Comfort’s ore. 233 
 
 Altland, School-house, or Mine Bank Ore. . 236 
 
 Thomas Iron company, Mount Holly Ore. 241 
 
 Partial, of Centre Mills Ore. 245 
 
 M. Good’s Ore. 248 
 
 Minter Mine Ore. 253 
 
 Of limestones. 307,308 
 
 Labradorite of traps. 310 
 
 Pyroxene of trap. 311 
 
 Chloritoid. 313 
 
 Katalysine spring, by Prof. Mayer. 313 
 
 Table for comparing analyses of Prof. Mayer and Dr. Genth. 314 
 
 Anticlinal— 
 
 Roll, apparently north-west in clay slate of Pine Grove Bank, 
 
 (Thomas Iron company.). 246 
 
 In edge of Mesozoic, (section 6,). 267 
 
 Anthracite as fuel for engine of Minter Mine. 252 
 
 Arendtsville dyke of trap passes near. 279 
 
 Asper (Benjamin). 242 
 
 Asbestiform hornblende—Ellicker’s trial shaft. 230 
 
 [C. 387.] 
 

 388 C. 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Page. 
 
 Atticks—former owner of property of M’Cormick & Co.’s limonite 
 
 bank. 228 
 
 Baer’s (G.) Farm— 
 
 Half a mile from Maryland line, rock cut on. 201 
 
 Strata exposed in cut. 202 
 
 Bahn (Samuel)—lease of C. Bender’s limonite bank. 227 
 
 Baish—lease of ore property with G. Heiges. 224 
 
 Bauman’s iron ore bank (analysis of ore). 203 
 
 Barbehue, Martin & Koppe, exploitation pits around Gettysburg .... 263 
 
 Beeler’s cross-roads, end of Section 6 at. 271 
 
 Bell’s (Ezra) Ore Mine— 
 
 Property leased to MacWilliams. 218 
 
 Hard limestone boulders and limestone. 267 
 
 Perpendicular distance between limestone and that in bore hole 
 
 by long cut. 267 
 
 Different ore from that of Grove. 318 
 
 Beitzland—Altland & Hetrick, original lessesof Altland or Mine Iron 
 
 Ore bank. 235 
 
 Benade—opened slate quarry. 308 
 
 Bender (Christian) 
 
 Magnetic Ore Mine. 226 
 
 Opened by Chas. Bender in 1849. 226 
 
 Taylor & Co. and Ruth & Co. successively wrought it. 226 
 
 Ore shipped to furnace at Miliersburg, Perry county. 226 
 
 Gross, Levi’s, statement regarding this mine. 226 
 
 Limonite bank. 227 
 
 Leased to Bahn & Stone. 227 
 
 Ore used in M’Cormick & Co.’s furnace... 227 
 
 Partnership of Hildebrand. 228 
 
 Benner’s Hill (near Gettysburg)—exploitation pits on. 263 
 
 Bendersville, Pine Grove road. 246 
 
 Bentz (Joseph) — 
 
 Magnetic ore on farm of.. 234 
 
 Analysis of ore of . 234 
 
 Berghart’s (Peter)—ore pit. 223 
 
 Bermudian creek—exposure of J. T. Smith’s ore in bank of. 239 
 
 Boiling Springs—section across to.... 278 
 
 Bonnaughtown (Bonnaughville or Bonneauville)—Liver’s outcrop 
 
 of copper ore near. 264 
 
 Bore holes near M’Cormick & Co.’s Dillsburg mines— 
 
 No. 1, record of.. 215 
 
 No. 3, record of.. 215 
 
 No. 4, record of.. 216 
 
 No. 5, record of.. .... 216 
 
 Boyer—origina-l proprietor of Thomas Iron Co.’s Papertown or Mt. 
 
 Holly ore bank. 241 
 
 Brenneman’s (Jacob)—clay deposit. 232 
 
 Brown hematite (see limonite)—its preparation for Mont Alto fur¬ 
 nace . 259 
 
 Bruch’s (Widow) ore bank. 242 
 
 Cadwalader’s (David) ore pits. 234 
 
 
INDEX. 
 
 C. 389 
 
 Page. 
 
 Caledonia furnace, near end of Section 10. 289 
 
 Cannon— 
 
 Exploitation pits on farm of... 230 
 
 Dip needle angle on farm of. 230 
 
 Carlisle—turnpike to. 278 
 
 Cashtown—dyke of trap passes near. 279 
 
 Castell (Rufus)—working Price’s mine. 219 
 
 Catalogue of specimens of rocks and minerals collected during 1875, 
 
 (chapter XIV).... . 332 
 
 Cemetery Hill—epidote found on.. 263 
 
 Centre Mills ore deposit. 245 
 
 Cham bersburg-Gettysburg turnpike—poor in exposures of rock. 206 
 
 Chambers & Nixon—analysis of Good’s ore. 248 
 
 Charge—preparation of, for Mont Alto furnace. 259 
 
 Chestnut Grove furnace—under Duncan & Mahon, Johnston & Ly¬ 
 ons, Johnston and Chas. Wharton. 243 
 
 Chicques’ (or Chickies) quartzite. 202 
 
 Chlorite rock (Thtiringite)—Willet’s farm. 201 
 
 Chlorite slates— 
 
 Ferruginous, Baer’s farm. 201 
 
 Compact fine grained, green, intersected with quartz. 202 
 
 Chloritoid— 
 
 Occurrence of, at Centre Mills. 312 
 
 Analysis by Dr. Gentli. 313 
 
 Clay— 
 
 Barnetz’s brickyard, near Hanover. 203 
 
 Plastic (Morganthaler’s). 231 
 
 Yellow and white, Pine Grove ore banks. 246 
 
 Apparent north-west dip in. 246 
 
 Thin films of, on ore—eftect in blast furnace. 359 
 
 Cleavage— 
 
 Trap follows planes of. 267 
 
 The plane of, noticed in Section 6. 268 
 
 Hypothesis in regard to origin of. . 268 
 
 Planes in trap of railroad cut at Gettysburg. 299 
 
 Plane followed by traps near Dillsburg. 321 
 
 Coincidence of strike of Underwood and Logan ore with that of neigh¬ 
 boring rocks. 319 
 
 Cold blast furnace. 243 
 
 Cole (George) ore deposit on property of. 249 
 
 Color, greenish, of soft Dillsburg ores. 326 
 
 Comfort (Henry)— 
 
 Exploitation pit. 233 
 
 Analysis of ore from ore bank of. 233 
 
 Comfort (Peter)— 
 
 Iron Ore Mine of.. 250. 
 
 Projection of ore of on Section 11a. 295 
 
 Conglomerate— 
 
 Calcareous with chlorite schist fragments. 265 
 
 Ditto, near M’Cormick & Co.’s long cut. 266 
 
 Floe . 271 
 
390 C. 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Page. 
 
 Cookson’s (Franklin)— 
 
 Exploitation pits. 237 
 
 Dip needle angle on property of. 237 
 
 Cooper— 
 
 And Monosmith’s trial shaft... 231 
 
 Deflection of needle at shaft of. 231 
 
 •‘Copper stone,” MacNair’s farm. 254 
 
 Cresson (Dr. Chas. M.). 308 
 
 Cross-sections— 
 
 No. 6, two conglomerates. . . 265 
 
 Synclinal near edge of Mesozoic,. 266 
 
 Thickness of measures above lower. 267 
 
 Trap in mass. Fossil dip. Plane of cleavage followed. 268 
 
 Hypothesis to account for it. 269 
 
 Thickness of Mesozoic series by this section. 270 
 
 Mr. Heinrich’s estimate in Virginia. 270 
 
 No. 6a, tabular statement of. 272,273 
 
 No. 7. 274 
 
 Lear’s limestone quarry on. Resume of structure. 275 
 
 Tabular statement of. 276,277 
 
 Description of rough section across South Mountain from Peters¬ 
 burg. 278 
 
 Probability of trap-dyke cutting South Mountain. 279 
 
 No. 8. 280 
 
 Tabular statement of.. ... 281,282,283 
 
 Corroborates structure derived from other sections. 284 
 
 Mountain Creek group underlies Orthofelsite group. 285 
 
 No. 9. 285 
 
 Tabular statement of. 287,288 
 
 No. 10. 289 
 
 Tabular statement of.. 290,291 
 
 Computation of thickness of South Mountain rooks from. 292 
 
 No. 11. 293 
 
 Tabular statement of. 293,294 
 
 R6sum6 of structure. 295 
 
 No. lJa. 295 
 
 Scolithus linearis near beginning of. 295 
 
 Tabular statement of. . 296,297 
 
 Description of railroad cut near Gettysburg. 299 
 
 No. 12. 299 
 
 Tabular statement of. 300,301,302 
 
 Resume of structure derived from. 303,304 
 
 Culp’s Hill, coarse-grained dolerite in. 263 
 
 Cumberland Valley railroad. Branch to Dillsburg. 236 
 
 Dallhammer. 242 
 
 Davis (John). 255 
 
 Decomposition of magnetic oxide of iron to other oxides. 331 
 
 Difficulties in the way of hypotheses of faults to explain Dillsburg 
 
 ore deposit. 328 
 
 Dillsburg group of iron ore mines. 207 
 
 Ore stratified. 244 
 
 General geology of. 318 
 
INDEX. 
 
 C. 391 
 
 Page. 
 
 Dip- 
 
 Apparent north-west, in clay of Pine Grove bank.... 246 
 
 Fossil . 268 
 
 Of trap in Dillsburg group, calculated from various data. 324 
 
 Dip needle— 
 
 In G. Heiges’ bank. 224 
 
 In Lichte’s bank. 229 
 
 Cannon’s farm. 230 
 
 Myers, P. A.’s pits. 230 
 
 J. Harman’s farm. 232 
 
 F. Cookson’s farm. 237 
 
 Dirt—its effect upon the product of an iron furnace. 259 
 
 Discussion of trap dykes of the Dillsburg region. 321 
 
 Displacement line of. 289 
 
 Dolerite— 
 
 Henry Comfort’s farm. 233 
 
 In Altland Bank. 233 
 
 Boulders of, in South Mountain. 279 
 
 In It. It. cut at Gettysburg. 299 
 
 Drownson slope sunk on J. T. Smith’s farm. 238 
 
 Duncan & Mahon built Chestnut Grove furnace. 243 
 
 Duncan & Matthew opened Bruch’s ore bank. 242 
 
 Dykes— 
 
 Of trap near Bruch’s ore bank. 242 
 
 Of trap crossing South Mountain. 279 
 
 Numerous between Cashtown and Gettysburg. 295 
 
 Eagle & Schultz, lessees of Grove’s bank. 219 
 
 Edwards, (J. W. Aid,) report on King’s mine. 312 
 
 Elicker— 
 
 Trial shaft. Asbestiform hornblende. 230 
 
 Micaceous iron ore in mine of. Trap in. 230 
 
 Expansion of beds of trap underground. 322 
 
 Examination microscopical ot rocks. 309 
 
 Exploitation pits and shafts— 
 
 In Mesozoic series north of line from Dillsburg to Wellsville.... 229 
 
 Cannon’s farm. 230 
 
 Myers, P. A., Flicker’s, Kimmel’s. 230 
 
 Cooper’s, Monosmith’s, Morganthaler’s, Wylie’s. 231 
 
 Brenneman, Jacob’s clay, Grie.st, James’ clay beds. 232 
 
 Harman, J.’s... 232 
 
 Burd’s, Gerber J.’s, Altland, D. G.’s, Comfort, H.’s. 233 
 
 Cadwalader, D’s, Bentz. Jacob’s. 234 
 
 Marshall, J.’s, Sluthower, John’s. 234 
 
 Mine or Altland Bank. 235 
 
 Cookson’s F.’s. 237 
 
 Smith W. R., Smith J. T.’s. 238 
 
 Bruch Widow’s. 242 
 
 Albert ore opening. 248 
 
 Centre Mills. 248 
 
 Pine Grove. 246 
 
 Wolf Samuel’s, Good Michael’s. 247 
 
 Howell G. M.’s, Cole G.’s. 249 
 
392 C. 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Page. 
 
 Exploitation pits and shafs— 
 
 Pond Bank, Comfort Peter’s. 250 
 
 Minter Adam’s. 251 
 
 MacNair’s. 254 
 
 Krise G.’s. 255 
 
 Mont Alto. 257 
 
 Around Gettysburg, Benner’s Hill. 263 
 
 For copper in Mesozoic sandstone. 263 
 
 Fault- 
 
 Line of . 289 
 
 Use in explaining structure of Dillsburg region. 328 
 
 Feldspar of trap in M. Porter’s farm. 222 
 
 Fickle's rough section across South Mountain (—). 278 
 
 Filler ore pit. 222 
 
 Findlay of Pine Grove furnace. 249 
 
 Float ore in P. Comfort’s mine. 251 
 
 Ford, (chemist, 2d G. S.) — 
 
 Analysis of Griest’sclay. 232 
 
 Of Minter mine ore. 253 
 
 Fossil— 
 
 Nuts and wood of deciduous trees. 250 
 
 Dip . 268 
 
 Franklin furnace owned by Hunter & Spring. 248 
 
 Frazer (P., Jr.') analysis of limestones.. 307 
 
 Fuller Mine, property belonged to Kneisley, P., leased afterwards 
 to Sheeley H., description and economical statistics, of ore strongly 
 
 magnetic. 220 
 
 Furnace— 
 
 Chestnut Grove (cold blast). 243 
 
 Franklin, eleven miles west of Chambersburg. 248 
 
 Geist & Krauft opened Medler & Saylor’s ore bank. 240 
 
 Geology of District—notes on, Chapter XIII. 317 
 
 Resistance of traps to weather. 317 
 
 Indurated mud rock, Grove & Bell slopes, in different ore. 318 
 
 Underwood’s slope and Logan’s shaft probably in same ore. 319 
 
 Strike of Underwood-Logan ore, ore of old working proved for 
 
 260 feet, trap in long cut. 319 
 
 Discussion of records of bore hole. 319 
 
 Dillsburg mine separated by trap. 325 
 
 Geometrical establishment of the identity of the trap found in the 
 
 bore holes near the Dillsburg mines. 221 
 
 Genth (Dr. F. A.)— 
 
 Opinion of Centre Mills ore. 245 
 
 Partial analysis of pig from same. 246 
 
 Labradorite from trap near Gettysburg.. 310 
 
 Pyroxene from trap near Gettysburg. 311 
 
 Chloritoid from Centre Mills. 3 J 3 
 
 Katalysine Spring of Gettysburg. "’’***’ 313 314 
 
 Gettysburg Lithia (Stremmel) Spring..’ ’ ’315 
 
 General n< tes on geology of district, Chap. XIII (see Geology) ...*!!.* 317 
 
 Gerber’s (J.) exploitation pits. " 233 
 
 Good’s (Michael) o~e bank. . . ,>47 
 
INDEX. 
 
 0. 393 
 
 Page. 
 
 Gravity, Specific—determination of objects for commercial uses. 307 
 
 Granite, Syenitic— 
 
 Harman’s farm. 232 
 
 Magnetite in. 232 
 
 Greenish color of the soft Dillsburg ore, origin of. 32G 
 
 Greenwood—starting point of Section 10. 289 
 
 Greist (Solomon)—trap on property of.. 237 
 
 Greist (Jacob)—Clay beds, analysis of; value of tire clay. 232 
 
 Gross (Levi)—statement regarding Bender’s ore. 226 
 
 Grove’s (Jos. L.) bank. 219 
 
 Anticlinal north-west of. 207 
 
 Different ore from that of Bell. 318 
 
 Guilford township, Franklin county. 250 
 
 Hanover range of ores. 203 
 
 Hardwick steam pump, Altland mine. 236 
 
 Harman’s (J.) exploitation pits. 232 
 
 Syenitic granite in place. 233 
 
 Deflection of dip needle. Workings by D. G. Altland. 233 
 
 Heinrich (Oswald J.)—observations on thickness of Mesozoic in Vir¬ 
 ginia. 270 
 
 Heiges’ (Henry) ore pit... 223 
 
 Heiges’ (Abraham) ore pit. 223 
 
 Heiges’ (George) ore workings— 
 
 Dip needle deflection at mine of. Pre-Silurian rocks in mine, 224 
 
 Change of character of soil near mine . 224 
 
 Heikes (Jacob)—shaft, Porter’s statement of. 222 
 
 Hematite, brown (see Limonite). 259 
 
 Treatment at Mont Alto in preparation for charge. 259 
 
 Hess—tunnel through to J. T. Smith’s property. 238 
 
 Hetrick, Altland & Beitland, original lessees of Altland ore bank.... 235 
 
 Hildebrand— 
 
 Leases S. Heiges’ ore mine. 224 
 
 Becomes partner in Bender’s limonite bank. 227 
 
 Hofacker—mine south-west corner of "Xork county. 308 
 
 Hollentush—analyst of Hanover water. 316 
 
 Hornblende—asbestiform in Elicker’s trial shaft. 230 
 
 Howell’s (G. M.) ore opening. 249 
 
 Hunt, (Dr. T. Sterry)—on Cornwall mine. 326 
 
 Hunter & Spring, owners of Franklin furnace. 248 
 
 Huronian schisis. 226 
 
 Hurtz (H.) lease of Kuntz’s paint quarry. 225 
 
 Hydrous oxides of iron. 229 
 
 Hydroxidation of magnetic oxide. 331 
 
 Idaville ( Whitestown). 242 
 
 Chestnut Grove furnace. 243 
 
 Albert ore bank. 243 
 
 Iron Ore. (See Limonite.) 
 
 Micaceous Altland bank.. 236 
 
 Banks on north-west slope of the South Mountain. 240 
 
 Washing of, at Mont Alto. 259 
 
 Johnston & Lyons, owners of Chestnut Grove furnace. 243 
 
 26—C. 
 
 % 
 
 I 
 
394 C. 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Page. 
 
 Jenkins (boss of Minter mine). 252 
 
 Katalysine Spring. 313 
 
 Kimmel’s farm, float and micaceous ore in. 230 
 
 King (D. A., mining engineer,)— 
 
 Letters of, on new Diilsburg mine. 212 
 
 Report of trap in Smyser’s open cut. 218 
 
 Minter Mine. 252 
 
 Ore mine of, section of shaft at, pyrite in. 212 
 
 Kirkslager, former lessee of Thomas Iron Co.’s Mount Holly bank.. 241 
 
 Kline farm, owned by Strayer, prospects of ore. 230 
 
 Kneisley (P.) owned property on which is Landis or Fuller bank... 220 
 
 Koppe, Barbehue & Martin, exploitation pits near Gettysburg. 263 
 
 Ivraber (Henry C.) opened Lichte’s bank. 229 
 
 Krauft & Geist opened Medler & Saylor bank. 240 
 
 Kunkle’s (G.) property. 201 
 
 Kuntzs’ (J.) limestone quarry, resembles “Potomac Marble,” lime 
 as fertilizer, subterranean cave in “Paint” Mine, opened by H. 
 
 Hurtz, Huroman schists in. 225 
 
 Landis’ Ore Bank— 
 
 Property belonged to Kneisley, P., leased afterwards to Sheeley, 
 
 H., description and economical statistics of, ore strongly mag¬ 
 netic. 220 
 
 Lehman (A. E., aid of party C,) noticed outcrops of ore by M. Wy¬ 
 lie’s house. 231 
 
 Lemer’s (John) ore pit. 225 
 
 Lerew’s store.. 278 
 
 Lesley, (J. P.) opinion of Cornwall ore deposit. 326 
 
 Letcher, (Mr.) statement as to Derrick shaft of Underwood Mine... 210 
 
 Level line from York to Diilsburg. 205 
 
 Lichte, Lighty or Lichty (Jacob)— 
 
 Dolerite in mine of. 229 
 
 Dip needle deflection. 229 
 
 Lignite from Pond Bank. 250 
 
 Limonite (see description of banks, etc.)— 
 
 Testaceous. 228 
 
 In Thomas Iron Co.’s limestone quarries. 247 
 
 Washing of, at Mont Alto. 259 
 
 Limestone— 
 
 Robert’s farm, near Hanover. 204 
 
 Hard boulders in E. Bell’s mine. 218 
 
 From Kuntz’s quarry, as fertilizer. 225 
 
 Quarries, Pine Grove furnace.. 247 
 
 Lear’s quarry. 275 
 
 Auroral, in Pine Grove quarry. 284 
 
 Of the earliest geological ages. 305 
 
 Heterogeneous character of, in Cumberland and York Valleys.. 305 
 
 Selection of various kinds for analysis. 307 
 
 Analysis of, from Creitz Creek, Pine Grove, (upper and lower 
 benches, and buff-colored intermediate layer,) Detweil-er’s 
 quarry north and Detweiler’s quarry south of Wrightsville 
 by P. Frazer, Jr. . . 306,307 
 
INDEX. C. 395 
 
 Page. 
 
 Limestone— 
 
 Corroborative determination of lime and magnesia in, by D. 
 
 M’Creath... 307 
 
 Analyses of Mesozoic, Allison’s Mill, Mont Alto, Seitzland Sta¬ 
 tion, N. C. R. R., by A. S. M’Creath. 308 
 
 Littlestown, examination of properties south of. 201 
 
 Livers (J. L.,) copper ore upon his farm near Bonnaughtown. 264 
 
 Localities where specular ore was found coating rocks. 328,329 
 
 Logan’s shaft, description and statistics of.. 210 
 
 Lump ore, M. Good’s mine. 248 
 
 Lyons & Johnston, owners of Chestnut Grove furnace. 243 
 
 MacNair (Major H. S.,) ore opening on farm of. Coarse-grained dol- 
 
 erite. “Copper Rock.”. 254 
 
 Magnetic dirt on S. Meyer’s farm south of Littlestown. 221 
 
 Magnetite— 
 
 In Syenitic Granite, J. Harman’s farm. 232 
 
 On F. Cookson’s farm. 237 
 
 With micaceous iron ore on W. R. Smith’s farm. 238 
 
 Derivation of from trap. 326 
 
 Mahon & Duncan built Chestnut Grove furnace... 243 
 
 “ Marble Potomac”— 
 
 In Shelle 3 '-’s ore bank. 222 
 
 In Kuntz’s quarry. 225 
 
 At commencement of section 6.. 265 
 
 Marietta, Smyser’s (Dillsburg) ore shipped to.. 217 
 
 Marshall’s (J.) exploitation pits. 234 
 
 Marsh’s (S.) magnetic ore. Analysis of. 237 
 
 Martin, Barbahue & Koppe exploitation pits near Gettysburg. 263 
 
 Maryland line examinations of properties south of Littlestown and 
 
 near. 201 
 
 Matthew & Duncan opened Brush ore bank. 242 
 
 Mayer (Prof. A. M.,) analysis of Katalysine Spring. 313 
 
 M’Cormick & Co., lease of Mumper mine. 210 
 
 Old opening, long cut and slope... 214 
 
 Limonite bank. Lessees of Altland ore bank. 235 
 
 M’Creath’s (David) analyses— 
 
 Of limonitesof Mickley& Baumann banks. 203 
 
 Of Bender’s magnetic ore. 227 
 
 Of H. Comfort’s ore. 233 
 
 Of J. Bentz’s ore. 234 
 
 Of Altland bank ore. 236 
 
 Of F. Cookson’s ore. 237 
 
 Of Ore of Thomas Iron Co.’s Mt. Holly bank. 241 
 
 Of M. Good s ore. 248 
 
 Determination of lime and magnesia in six limestones. 308 
 
 M’Knightstown. 255 
 
 MacW illiams— 
 
 Lease of ore property from E. Bell. 218 
 
 Slope. Limestone in. Perpendicular distance limestone and 
 
 that in bore hole near long cut. 267 
 
 Medler & Saylor ore bank near Papertown. Mount Holly Springs.. 246 
 
 “ Mesas,” their former existence over parts of the Mesozoic series... 298 
 
39(5 C. 
 
 INDEX 
 
 Page. 
 
 Mesozoic Sandstone— 
 
 Its thickness. 303 
 
 Questions to be solved by experimental bore holes. 303,304 
 
 Meyers (P. A.,) exploitation shafts. Dip needle deflection. 230 
 
 Micaceous Iron Ore— 
 
 Elicker’s trial shafts. 230 
 
 Kimmel’s farm. 230 
 
 Altland mine. 236 
 
 W. R. Smith, J. T. Smith. 231 
 
 On Orthofelslte and Milk Quartz. 249 
 
 Mickley’s Iron Ore Bank—analysis of ore from. 203 
 
 Microscopical Examination of Rocks. 309 
 
 Miller (P. J.,) opened Shelley’s mine... 222 
 
 Mineral Waters— 
 
 Mode of occurrence. 313 
 
 Analyses of Ratalysine by Prof. Mayer and Dr. Genth compared, 314 
 
 Interesting questions regarding their temperature. 314 
 
 Gettysburg Lithia (Stremmel) Spring. Analyses by Prof. Olds- 
 
 berg and Dr. Genth compared. 314 
 
 New analysis of Lithia (Stremmel) Spring by Dr. Genth. 316 
 
 Mine—School house or Ashland,ore bank. 235 
 
 Range of its ore. 237 
 
 Minter’s (Adam) ore mine and beds irregular. 251 
 
 Description of workings. 252 
 
 Projection of ore on Section 11a. 295 
 
 Monosmith & Cooper— 
 
 Trial shaft sunk by. 231 
 
 Deflection of needle at shaft. 231 
 
 Mont Alto— 
 
 Furnace and ore banks. 257 
 
 Letter of Col. Wiestling concerning analysis of ore. Preparation 
 
 of stock. 258 
 
 Shaking screens. 258 
 
 Kinds of iron and their uses. 259 
 
 Statement from blast book. 261 
 
 Woods. Bloom forge. 262 
 
 Morganthaler (Morgenthaler)—Trial shaft. Lease of Cooper <fc Mono¬ 
 smith. Plastic clay. 231 
 
 Mountain Creek Rock (quartzose schist and quartz conglomerate 
 
 schist). 284 
 
 Mount Holly— 
 
 Ore banks. 240 
 
 Sub-Section 7. 274 
 
 Mud rock— 
 
 Underneath bluish. 299 
 
 Resistance to weather. 318 
 
 Mullin (Superintendent Paper Co. of Papertown.). 240 
 
 Mumper’s (Abraham) opening, made in 1862. 210 
 
 Purchased property of Smyser. 217 
 
 Mussel man (Henry) of Marietta—opening Smyser’s ore bank near 
 
 Dillsburg. . 217 
 
INDEX. 
 
 C. 397 
 
 Page. 
 
 Myers (James) opened ore bank now called Smyser’s. 217 
 
 Needle dip— 
 
 In G. Heiges’ bank. 224 
 
 In Lichte’s bank. 229 
 
 Cannon’s farm, Meyers, P. A.,Cooper. 230 
 
 Monosmith’s trial shaft. 231 
 
 J. Harman’s pits. 232 
 
 F. Cookson’s farm. 237 
 
 Nickey’s (Abraham) shaft. 239 
 
 Nixon & Chamber’s analysis of Good’s ore. 248 
 
 N on-con formability— 
 
 Between Huronian schists and Potsdam sandstone. 279 
 
 Norway iron. 260 
 
 Old Pit, near Underwood’s slope. 214 
 
 Old working— 
 
 Near Underwood’s mine. 213 
 
 Ore in, proved for 260 feet. 319 
 
 Ore, Iron (See Limonite and Brown Hematite.) 
 
 Penetrating trap in Altland’s bank. 236 
 
 Banks on north-west slope of South Mountain. 240 
 
 Lump, of M. Good. 248 
 
 Float, P. Comfort’s mine. 251 
 
 Orthofelsite— 
 
 Micaceous ore in. 249 
 
 Group overlies Mountain Creek Rock group. 285 
 
 Outcrop— 
 
 Of ore in old workings nea** Dillsburg... 325 
 
 Of Logan ore not seen to connect with Underwood’s. 325 
 
 Oxides— 
 
 Of iron hydrous (see Limonite and Brown Hematite). 229 
 
 Red, anhydrous (see Micaceous and Specular). 241 
 
 Papertown. 240 
 
 On Section 6<x. 274 
 
 Parfit, (Thomas.) mining boss for M’Cormick&Co. 211 
 
 On section of strata at Logan’s shaft. 211 
 
 Phil Inman’s run, near Scotland. 289 
 
 Pine Grove ore banks, limestone quarries and furnaces. 246 
 
 Pit, old, near Underwood’s slope. 214 
 
 Pits, exploitation (see Exploitation.) 
 
 Pond bank. 250 
 
 Porter (Ex-Governor) ore bank near Dillsburg. 221 
 
 Porter (Matthew) trial shaft and felspathic trap on farm. 222 
 
 “ Potomac Marble”— 
 
 In Shelley’s ore mine. 222 
 
 Kuntz’s quarry. 225 
 
 Commencement of Section 6. 265 
 
 Pre-Silurian rocks in G. Heiges’ ore bank. 224 
 
 Price’s (Abraham) Mine. 219 
 
 Dip of needle near. 220 
 
 Bought Ex-Gov. Porter’s Mine. 221 
 
 Pseudomorphs. Casts in chlorite slates, genesis of. . . 202 
 
398 C. 
 
 INDEX, 
 
 Page. 
 
 Pump, steam— 
 
 Used in Altland Mine. 236 
 
 Used in Good’s bank. 246 
 
 Smedley, in Minter Mine. 252 
 
 Pyrite— 
 
 In chlorite. 202 
 
 In ore of King’s Mine.—. 212 
 
 In Pond Bank ore.... ..*. 250 
 
 Quartz. Milk. 249 
 
 Veins intersecting schists. . 276 
 
 Quartzite— 
 
 In cut on Baer’s farm. 202 
 
 In Pond Bank. 250 
 
 “Jaspery’’. 278 
 
 Interstratitied with schists. 278 
 
 Range of Altland Bank ore. 237 
 
 Red oxide of iron (see micaceous ore). 241 
 
 R6sum6— 
 
 Of the conditions under which Dillsburg ore appears. 326 
 
 Of phenomena corroborating hypothesis of structure of Dills¬ 
 burg ores.. 327 
 
 Resemblance between trap of Underwood, Logan and Long Cut 
 
 Mines near Dillsburg. 326 
 
 Reynold’s Tavern. 249 
 
 Rhodes... 254 
 
 Robert’s farm, limestone in. 204 
 
 Rocks, description of, Chapter XII. 305 
 
 Rogers’ (H. D.) structure of strata of South Mountain. 275 
 
 Railroad cut at Gettysburg. . 298 
 
 Roofing slates. 308 
 
 Round Top, Gettysburg, Adams county. 263 
 
 Round Top, Warrington township, York county. 268 
 
 Sandstone, flaky. 250 
 
 Greenish-gray. Cause of color. No regularity of the series es¬ 
 tablished. 270 
 
 Whitish-gray. . 219 
 
 Mesozoic. 303 
 
 Taylor & Medler bank. 240 
 
 School-house, Altland or Mine Ore Bank. 235 
 
 Range of ore of. 237 
 
 Schists. Huronian and Sandy. 225 
 
 Orthofelsite. 278 
 
 Schultz & Eagle, lessees of Grove’s Bank. 219 
 
 Scolithus linearis near Cashtown. 295 
 
 Scotch pig. 260 
 
 Sections (see cross-sections). 265, etc. 
 
 Segregation. 228 
 
 Seidel (Henry). 212 
 
 Shale— 
 
 Sandy, one mile south-east of Altland Bank. 237 
 
 Grayish.. 249 
 
 Bluish and greenish. 268 
 
INDEX. 
 
 C. 890 
 
 Page. 
 
 Sheeley, (H.,) leased property on which is Landis or Fuller bank... 220 
 
 Shelley. Ore mine opened by P. J. Miller. Potomac marble and 
 
 trap in. 222 
 
 Sluthower, exploitation shaft. 234 
 
 Smedley pump in Minter Mine. 252 
 
 Smith’s (Jacob T.) exploitation works. 238 
 
 Smith's (W. R.) pits and iron ore on farm of.. 238 
 
 Smyser’s open cut, one mile east of Dillsburg. 217 
 
 Trap occurring in. 218 
 
 Statement of operations of party “ C ” during 1875... 205 
 
 Steel ore, Willet’s farm.. .. 201 
 
 Stock, preparation of, at Mont Alto furnace. 259 
 
 Strayer farm, formerly Kline, prospect of ore. 230 
 
 Stremmel owner of farm on which is the Lithia Spring. 315 
 
 Strike of Underwood Logan ore. 319 
 
 South Mountain R. R. 246 
 
 Specular Iron Oxide, (see Micaceous ore)—coating Mesozoic Rocks 
 
 some localities where found. 328 
 
 Specific Gravity, determination of objects for commercial uses. 307 
 
 Spring & Hunter, owners of Franklin Furnace. 248 
 
 Steam Pump used in Altland Mine. 236 
 
 “Steel Native (?)” Willet’s farm, south of Littlestown. 201 
 
 Steward (Benj.) opened Cole’s ore, Catholic Valley. 249 
 
 Sulphide of Iron present in limestone of Detweiler’s quarry. 308 
 
 Swedish Iron. 260 
 
 Syenitic Granite, J. Harman’s farm, magnetite in. 232 
 
 Synclinal— 
 
 Basins in the Mesozoic series. 274 
 
 Near Papertown. Sub-section 6 a . 274 
 
 Testaceous limonite. 228,241,254 
 
 Thuringite, Willet’s farm. 201 
 
 Trap— 
 
 In the Underwood Mine. 208 
 
 In M’Cormick & Co.’s long cut. 215 
 
 In Smyser’s (Dillsburg) open cut. 218 
 
 In Shelley’s ore mine. 222 
 
 Felspathic on Porter’s farm. 222 
 
 In Flicker’s trial shaft. 230 
 
 Purplish over part of M. Wylie’s property. 231 
 
 Syenitic Granite on J. Harman’s farm. 232 
 
 Dolerite on Henry Comfort’s farm. 233 
 
 In Altland Ore Bank. 235 236 
 
 On Solomon Griest’s property. 237 
 
 Dyke near Bruch’s ore bank. 242 
 
 Greenish. MacNair’s farm. 254 
 
 Large mass east of Price’s bank. 267 
 
 Fossil dip in.... 268 
 
 Numerous ridges of, between Cashtown and Gettysburg. 298 
 
 Table of comparison between the theoretical and actual constitu¬ 
 tion of some constituents of. 310 
 
 Curious w r eathering in coarse-grained dolerite. 311 
 
400 C. 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Page. 
 
 Trap— 
 
 Intersection by vein of quartz. Alteration of sandstone to 
 
 coarse grained dolerite. 312 
 
 Resistance to weather. 318 
 
 Wall of, in Long Cut.. 320 
 
 Dykes cut in bore holes, 1, 3 and 4. 321 
 
 The great plate of, dividing the Dillsburg Mines. 325 
 
 Influence of, in protecting soft ore... 326,327 
 
 Theological Seminary. 313 
 
 Thomas Iron Company— 
 
 Bank near Papertown, (Mount Holly Bank,). 241 
 
 Pine Grove Bank. 245 
 
 Limestone quarries. 247 
 
 Underwood (John,) — 
 
 Statement of section at new opening. 210 
 
 Leases G. Heiges’ ore mine. 224 
 
 Worked H. Comfort’s ore. 233 
 
 Underwood Mine. 207 
 
 Description of workings in, etc. 208 
 
 New opening. 209 
 
 Variations in observed thickness of a trap dyke. 325 
 
 Water— 
 
 Excess of, in Albert ore bank. 244 
 
 Mineral, (see “Mineral” and “Analyses.”) 
 
 Waterman <fc Co., owners of Mont Alto furnace. 257 
 
 Weaver. 249 
 
 Weigel (Abraham,) leases G. Heiges’ ore mine. 223 
 
 Wellsville, interesting plane of cleavage beginning at. 268 
 
 Wharton (Charles) owner of Chestnut Grove furnace. 245 
 
 White, Ross & Flemman. 255 
 
 Whitestown, (or Idaville,) Smyser’s (Dillsburg) ore shipped to.... 217 
 
 Chestnut Grove furnace at. 243 
 
 Albert ore bank at. 243 
 
 Dyke of trap passes near. 279 
 
 Wiestling (Col. Geo. B.) 
 
 Director of Mont Alto furnace. 257 
 
 Mode of exploitation of. 257 
 
 Preparation of stock. Shaking screen. 261 
 
 Statement from blast book. * . 261 
 
 Different kinds of wood. Bloom forge. 262 
 
 Willet’s farm, south of Littlestown. 201 
 
 Wiley (Michael)—Ore outcrop. Magnetic and lump ore.. 231 
 
 Wrightsville— 
 
 Chlorite slates and quartzite near. 202 
 
 Iron Co. lessees of Underwood mine. 207 
 
 Wrought bank near Dillsburg. 319 
 
 Wolfs (Samuel) exploitation pits. 247 
 
 Working,( old,) near Underwood mine. 213 
 
 Yellow Breeches creek— 
 
 Close by Fuller or Landis mine. 220 
 
 Approximately dividing formations. 221 
 


 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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