learning anb ^Cabor. LIBRARY OF THE University of Illinois CLASS BOOK. s'^Q-'Y N\tV ~T a : VOLUME, Accession No, THIS BINDING I (See pencil marks on I title page) /WARD BROTHERS, / PUBLISHERS 1 book binders ==-Blank Book Makers JACKSONVILLE, ILL. Send for Price List stat ing what you have to bind, Return this book on or before the Latest Date stamped below. University of Illinois Library Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2016 with funding from University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign Alternates https://archive.org/details/feedingexperimen9210voor FEEDING EXPERIMENTS WITII ^ORSF,3’ DRIED BREWERS' GRAINS VS. OATS. NEW JERSEY AGRICULTURAL ' Experiment Station* 92 (,30.-7 A I l/6> aT ,92 I NEW JERSEY ' Agricultural Experiment Station: BULLETIN 92. FEBRUARY 1, 1893. Feeding Experiments With Horses. Dried Brewers’ Grains vs. Oats. BY EDWARD B. YOORHEES. LOUIS A. YOORHEES. The work in connection with this experiment is discussed under six heads, viz. : 1. Feeding experiments with horses. 2. Plan of the experiment ; results secured. 3. Chemical composition of the rations used. Jf. Economy of the dried brewers’ grains ration. 5. Composition of wet and dried brewers’ grains ; methods of drying . 6. Estimated output of dried brewers’ grains . 1 . Feeding Experiments with Horses. A comparatively large number of the American Experiment Sta- tions have conducted feeding experiments with milch cows, beef cattle, pigs and young stock of all kinds, and much has been learned not only as to their needs, but as to the adaptability of the different fodders and feeds for various purposes of feeding. Practically nothing, however, has been done in studying the food requirements of work-horses. That no work has been done in this line does not prove that the system of feeding in common use is perfect, or that 4 the feeding of the work-horse is a matter of comparative insignifi- cance. We have abundant evidence that, on the whole, the feeding of wbrk^hbrses is /unsystematic, if not wasteful ; and the number of horses on farms in New Jersey is one-half as great as the number of milcSi &>ws , while the number in towns and cities probably exceeds that bn farms. This lack of experimental study in the feeding of work-horses may be due to the difficulty of accurately measuring the results of experi- ments, and to the extra care and expense required to secure uniform experimental conditions. In experiments with dairy animals the quantity and quality of the milk produced is a daily guide as to the general effect of the ration used ; while in those conducted with young and growing stock the amount and kind of gain made furnishes a fairly accurate statement of the results secured from the different methods of feeding. In the work-horse a product of an entirely different character is required ; it is not a gain in animal product or weight, but rather a maintenance of weight and vigor under conditions which permit of a maximum production of muscular energy. In a product of this character the actual changes due to differences of feeding are difficult of measurement. A rigid physical examina- tion may not discover considerable variations in the health or vigor of the animal, and an increase or decrease of weight within narrow limits is not conclusive, while the necessary expenditure of muscular energy cannot be readily distinguished from that of nervous excite- ment. Under ordinary circumstances, too, the work of the horse is more liable to sudden and extreme changes than that of the cow or pig, thus requiring frequent changes in rations, or a greater expense to secure the uniform and comparative conditions necessary in all experimental work. 2 . Plan of the Experiment; Results Secured. The opinion that hay and oats are peculiarly suitable feeds for horses is universally accepted. In many sections of New Jersey hay is the main money crop. Oats is not regarded as a highly profitable crop in any part of the State, and is raised mainly for horse feed. Under the conditions that exist, therefore, these feeds, though of un- questionable value, are expensive. In 1890 a number of farmers of the State, acting on the suggestion 5 of the Station, substituted dried brewers’ grains for oats in a ration for work-horses. The dried grains were cheaper, pound for pound, than the oats, and being richer in the valuable nutrients, protein and fat, permitted of a very material reduction in the cost of the ration. The work performed by the animals was quite as great, and their health and vigor quite as good, as when oats constituted the main part of the ration. These results, in connection with the recent rapid development of the business of preparing the dried grains, led the Station to plan and conduct an experiment in feeding work-horses, in order to secure more exact data in reference to their food requirements, and also as to the value of dried brewers’ grains as compared with oats. The feeds used in the various rations studied in this experiment were analyzed, thus making it possible to study the effect of different amounts and proportions of the actual nutrients consumed. The actual comparisons of the effect of the dried brewers’ grains and oats are made, however, on the basis of a pound- for- pound substitution. Through the courtesy of Mr. William F. Price, Superintendent of the New Brunswick City Railway, the horses were furnished by that company, and the interest shown by Mr. Price in providing full facilities for the work, contributed in large measure to the successful conduct of the experiment. The advantages were a relatively large number of horses and a practical uniformity in their work. The dried brewers’ grains for the experiment were furnished by the Long Island Drying Company, of Brooklyn ; the other feeds were provided by the City Railway, in such quantities and at such times as were desired. Beginning with July 1st, the dried brewers’ grains were fed to all the horses in the stable ; with but few exceptions the grains were readily eaten and with apparent relish. The previous ration used at the stable consisted of oats, ground-feed — corn and oats — and hay ; the oats were fed alone in the morning and the ground-feed and hay at noon and night. On July 12th, all the horses in the stable were examined by Dr. E. L. Loblein, a veterinary surgeon of New Brunswick, N. J., and eight animals which showed a sound constitution and vigorous health, were selected for the experiment. These were numbered consecutively, weighed, and divided according to weight and age into two lots of four each. The weight and age of the respective animals were as follows : 6 Lot No. 1. Lot No. 2 . No. Age, Years. Weight, Lbs. No. Age, Years. Weight, Lbs. 1 10 1,075 0 6 1,150 2 7 1,075 3 6 975 4 7 960 5 6 925 6 7 ....... 900 7 10 ....... 950 Total weight 4,010 Total weight 4,000 The oats ration which formed the basis of comparison was prepared with the idea of furnishing the nutrients in sufficient amounts and in good proportions for horses moderately worked. The dried brewers’ grains ration differed from the oats ration in the proportions, but not materially in the total amount of nutrients furnished. The propor- tions of feeds used in the rations were as follows : Dried Brewers’ Grains Ration. Hay 6 pounds. Wheat bran 2 “ Corn, unground 4 “ Dried brewers’ grains 8 “ Oats Ration. Hay 6 pounds. Wheat bran 2 “ Corn, unground 4 “ Oats 8 “ The daily rations were weighed by an employe of the Station, but were fed by the stableman at times convenient for the stable, usually at 5 A. m., 11a.m. and 5 p. m. ; the hay was given uncut at the night feeding. In each lot the two heavier horses were fed 15 pounds and the others 13.5 pounds per day of the above mixture of feeds. The daily work of each horse consisted of at least four trips of about six miles each ; on Sundays and special holidays the trips were increased to five and sometimes six, though in all cases the work of the horses in the experiment was increased proportionately. Horses No. 4 and No. 5 were used in a team ; the others were used singly. The work done was considered moderate, though it was impracticable to determine accurately the actual energy expended. The experiment proper continued three months, though an interval of twenty days occurred between the end of the second and the begin- ning of the third periods, during which time all the horses were fed the stable ration. The horses in lot No. 1 were fed the dried brewers’ grains ration from July 12th to August 11th, and from October 1st to October 31st, inclusive. They were fed the oats ration from August 12th to September 11th. Lot No. 2 were fed the oats ration from July 12th to August 11th, and from October 1st to October 31st; they were fed the dried brewers’ grains ration from August 12th to September 11th. Both lots were fed the stable ration from Septem- ber 12th to September 30th, inclusive. The following tables show the weights of the animals at the begin- ning and the end of the periods under experiment : First Period — July 12tli to August 11th. Lot No. 2. OATS. Weights. Lot No. 1. DRIED BREWERS’ GRAINS. | Number of Horse. Weights. Gain or Loss for 31 Days. July 12th. August 11th. lbs. lbs. lbs. 1 1,075 1,060 —15 2 1,075 1,060 —15 4 960 950 —10 6 900 915 +15 Total loss for the month 25 lbs. Average loss per horse 6.25 lbs. Total loss for the month 25 lbs. Average loss per horse 6.25 lbs. Number of Hors July 12th. August 11th. Gain or Loss for 31 Days. lbs. lbs. lbs. 0 1,150 1,150 0 3 975 975 O' 5 925 975 +50 7 950 990 +40 Total gain for the month 90 lbs. Average gain per horse 22.50 lbs. Total gain for the month 90 lbs. Average gain per horse 22.50 lbs. Second Period — August 12tli to September 11th. Lot No. 1. OATS. Lot No. 2. DRIED BREWERS’ GRAINS. 1 ... ..... Number of Horse. Weights. Gain or Loss for 31 Days. Number of Horse. Weights. Gain or Loss for 31 Days. August 12th. September 11th. August 12th. September 11th. lbs. lbs. lbs. lbs. lbs. lbs. 1 1,060 1,075 +15 0 1,150 1,150 0 2 1,060 1,050 —10 3 975 1,025 +50 4 950 975 +25 5 975 950 —25 6 915 900 —15 7 990 975 —15 Total gain for the month 15 lbs. Total gain for the month .... 10 lbs. Average gain per horse , 3.75 lbs. Average gain per horse ... 2.5 lbs. 8 Period from September 13th to September 30tli. Lot No. 1. STABLE RATION. Lot No. 2. STABLE RATION. Number of Horse. Weights. Gain or Loss for 19 Days. Number of Horse. Wei| *hts. Gain or Loss for 19 Days. September 12th. September 30th. September 12th. September 30th. lbs. lbs. lbs. lbs. lbs. lbs. 1 1,075 1,040 —35 0 1,150 1,110 —40 2 1,050 1,050 0 3 1,025 975 —50 4 975 930 —45 5 950 930 —20 6 900 900 0 7 975 980 +5 Total loss for 19 davs... ..... 80 lbs. Total loss for 19 davs.. 105 lbs. Average loss per horse 20 lbs. Average loss per hcrse 26.25 lbs. Third Period— October 1st to October 31st. Lot No. 1. DRIED BREWERS’ GRAINS. Lot No. 2. OATS. Weights. Weights. o 0) in J-i o £ in Sh C HH sj £ o CO 3 <4H o 3® CO O o & Jh O X? o ^ 02 O . o3 Fh Sh 02 O ^ 8 o o •§« a $ O o •3° £ O O Oeo z O O lbs. lbs. lbs. lbs. lbs. lbs. 1 1,040 1,120 +80 0 1,110 1,170 +60 2 1,050 1,080 +30 3 975 1,090 +115* 4 930 1,010 +80 5 930 970 +40 6 900 950 1 +50 7 980 1,020 +40 Total gain for the month ... 240 lbs. Total gain for the month .. 140 lbs. Average gain per horse ... 60 lbs. Average gain per horse .. 46.7 lbs. * Horse No. 3 was fed dried brewers’ grains from October 10th to October 31st; his gain is therefore not included in the total or average. The weights at the end of the first period showed a gain for horse No. 6 in lot 1, and for horses Nos. 5 and 7 in lot 2 ; a loss for horses 9 Nos. 1, 2 and 4 in lot 1, and neither gain nor loss for Nos. 0 and 3 in lot 2. With the possible exception of Nos. 5 and 7 in lot 2, the variations in weight were within the limits of changes due to natural causes for horses of this size. In fact, the weights secured were sur- prising in that they showed no serious losses, and their uniformity furnished evidence of the good character and adaptability of both rations, as well as of the good management of the horses during the period, in which the conditions other than feed were extremely severe ; the mean maximum temperature for the last twenty days was 87.9°. In the second period lot 1 was fed the oats ration and lot 2 the dried brewers’ grains ration. The weights at the end of the period, on September 11th, were again strikingly uniform. Horse No. 3 in lot 2 was the only one that showed a difference in weight large enough to be chargeable to changes in the nutritive effect of the rations. If the differences in the weights observed for both periods were entirely chargeable to the rations, then oats are shown to be slightly more satisfactory than dried brewers’ grains. Still, a comparison of the weights of the horses of both lots, at the beginning of the first period and at the end of the second, indicates that the differences may be due entirely to differences in the character of the individual horses rather than to the feeds ; for lot 1, fed identically the same as lot 2, shows a loss of 10 pounds for the two months, due to slight varia- tions in the weight of each horse in the lot, while in lot 2 there is a gain of 100 pounds, due to changes in the weights of two horses in the first period and of three in the second. At the end of the second period the horses of both lots were fed the stable ration until October 1st, in order that this entire month might constitute the third period, thereby enabling a comparison of the effect of the rations when conditions, other than feed, were as likely to be favorable as in any season of the year, the previous periods having been very unfavorable in this respect. The weights of the horses on October 1st showed a considerable loss during the nineteen days’ feeding of the stable ration ; the greatest difference, an average loss of 26.25 pounds per horse, was again shown in lot 2. The conditions other than feed during the third period were unusu- ally favorable, the weather was clear and cool, and free from storms, and the work uniform. Lot 1 were fed the dried brewers’ grains 10 ration and lot 2 the oats ration for this period. Horse No. 3 in lot 2 developed a sore on his right shoulder, and a necessary surgical operation on October 10th incapacitated him for work for the remainder of the period. The weights recorded on October 31st showed a total gain of 240* pounds for lot 1, or an average gain of 60 pounds for each horse on the dried brewers' grains ration. The lowest gain was 30 pounds for No. 2, and the highest, 80 pounds, for both Nos. 1 and 4. In lot 2 there was a total gain of 160 pounds for three horses, or an average gain per horse of 1^6.7 pounds on the oats ration. In this period, therefore, when owing to favorable conditions actual gains were to be expected, the increase in weight from the dried brewers’ grains ration was greater by 13.3 pounds per horse than that from the oats ration. The weight of horse No. 3 was the same at the beginning of the first and third periods, his weight having remained stationary on the oats ration, and the gain made on the dried brewers’ grains ration being lost on the stable ration in which oats was the chief feed. He was fed after October 10th, 6 pounds per day of dried brewers’ grains in addition to a liberal ration of hay, and gained while idle 115 pounds in 20 days. The following tabulation shows the weights of the horses at the beginning and at the end of the experiment : Lot No. 1. FED DRIED BREWERS’ GRAINS 62 DAYS AND OATS 31 DAYS. OJ Weights. Number of Horsi July 12th. October 31st. Gain or Loss for 93 Days. 1 lbs. 1,075 lbs. 1,120 lbs. +45 2 1,075 1,080 +5 4 960 1,010 +50 6 900 950 +50 Total gain - 150 lbs. Average gain per horse 37.5 lbs. Total gain - 150 lbs. Average gain per horse 37.5 lbs. Lot No. 2. FED OATS 62 DAYS AND DRIED BREWERS’ GRAINS 31 DAYS. Number of Horse. Weights. Gain or Loss for 93 Days. July 12th. October 31st. lbs. lbs. lbs. 0 1,150 1,170 +20 3 975 5 925 970 +45 7 950 1,020 +70 Total gain 135 lbs. Average gain per horse 45 lbs. Total gain 135 lbs. Average gain per horse 45 lbs. 11 On October 31st, after more than three months of severe labor, a gain is shown greater than could be expected from ordinary causes- The gain from lot 1 averages 37.5 pounds per horse ; for lot 2, 45 pounds per horse, No. 3 not included, though in the two periods under experiment he showed a decided gain when fed the dried brewers’ grains ration, and no gain from the oats ration. The physical examination of the horses was repeated by Dr. Loblein at the end of the experiment. He reported as follows : “ I have watched the horses closely from the beginning to the end of the experiment and have failed to discover any ill effects from the use of dried brewers’ grains. The horses fed the grains have been as healthy as I have ever known them to be.” The results of this experiment indicate — 1. That in both rations the nutrients furnished were sufficient to maintain the weight of the animals under average work ; and 2. That on the whole , a pound of dried brewers’ grains was quite as useful as a pound of oats in a ration for work-horses. 3. Chemical Composition of the Rations Used. The two rations used were not intended to furnish equal amounts and proportions of digestible nutrients. It was, however, the inten- tion that the composition of the oats ration should correspond as nearly as possible with the standard ration as given by German authorities for moderately worked horses of 1,000 pounds live weight, viz : Digestible. Fat, Protein, Carbohydrates, Nutritive Lbs. Lbs. Lbs. Ratio. 0.6 1.8 11.2 1 to 7. The analyses of the feeds used were made after the experiment began, hence the actual composition differed slightly from the standard : 12 Analyses of Feeds. Station Number. FEED. POUNDS PER HUNDRED OF PERCENTAGE OF Water. Crude Fat. 1 Crude Fiber. Crude Ash. Carbohydrates. Crude Protein. Albuminoid Protein. Nitrogen. Phosphoric Acid. Potash. 732 Timothy Hav 8.64 2.08 28.65 4.90 48.90 6.83 6.24 1.09 0.28 0.96 730 Wheat Bran 11.45 4.50 7.92 7.03 52.12 16.98 14.23 2.72 3.60 1.50 729 Corn 13.46 4.47 1.43 1.29 69.74 9.61 9.61 1.54 0.60 0.32 728 Oats 10.80 5.52 8.54 3.81 59.05 12.28 10.57 1.97 0.79 0.49 731 Dried Brewers’ Grains 9.90 5.54 13.32 3.50 44.03 23.71 21.14 3.79 1.05 0.09 The above analyses show these feeds to have been up to the standard in quality. The dried brewers’ grains differ from the oats mainly in showing a much higher content of crude protein and a lower content of carbohydrates, including fiber. The fat is practically the same in each. On the basis of dry matter, the dried brewers’ 1 grains contain 86 per cent, more crude protein than the oats ; the percentage of true protein or albuminoids is also proportionately greater in the dried brewers’ grains. These feeds also differ radically in the proportions and amounts of their ash constituents. The brewers’ grains contain less than one- tenth of one per cent, of potash, the oats about one- half of one per cent., while the phosphoric acid is one-third greater in the grains than in the oats. The daily rations fed on the basis of 1,000 pounds live weight con- sisted of 6 pounds of hay and 15 pounds of feeds, according to the proportions given on page 6. The following tabulation shows the digestible nutrients furnished by each ration : Dried Brewers’ Grains Ration. Fat, v Lbs. 6 lbs. hay 0.03 24 lbs. wheat bran 0.05 4f lbs. corn 0.12 84 lbs. dried brewers’ grains 0.38 Protein, Carbohydrates,. Lbs. Lbs. 0.25 2.37 0.27 0.84 0.32 2.87 1.73 3.77 Nutritive ratio, 1 : 4.4. 0.58 2.57 9.85 13 Oats Ration. Fat, Protein, Carbohydrates, Lbs. Lbs. Lbs. 6 lbs. hay 0.03 0.25 2.37 21 lbs. wheat bran 0.05 0.27 0.84 41 lbs. corn 0.12 0.32 2.87 8f- lbs. oats 0.37 0.92 4.09 0.57 1.76 10.17 Nutritive ratio, 1 : 6.6. The dried brewers’ grains ration contained 13.0 pounds of digestible dry matter, and the oats ration 12.5 pounds. The difference is due mainly to the amount of protein, the former containing 46 per cent, more than the latter ; the fat — a very essential nutrient in a ration for work-horses — and the carbohydrates are practically identical in both. The oats ration contains 1.1 pounds and the dried brewers’ grains ration 0.6 of a pound less dry matter than the standard, this loss falling chiefly on the carbohydrates, thus making the nutritive ratios 1 : 6.6 and 1 : 4.4, instead of 1 : 7, as in the standard. The stable ration, which was fed from September 12th to 30th, inclusive, con- sisted of 6 pounds of hay, 2 of wheat bran, 4 of oats and 8 of corn and oats feed. It furnished 1.51 pounds of protein, 0.46 of fat and 10.56 of carbohydrates, and had a nutritive ratio of 1 : 7.5. The total amount of digestible nutrients was 12.53 pounds, or practically the same as in the oats ration. It has already been shown that the horses on the oats and dried brewers’ grains rations fully maintained their weights under unfavor- able conditions and increased in weight under favorable conditions. It was also shown that under favorable conditions there was a loss of weight on the stable ration, that is : 1. That rations which contained at least as much of fat and 'protein , but less of carbohydrates than the standard , maintained and even in- creased the weight of the animals ; and 2. A ration that contained less fat and protein but more of carbo- hydrates than either of the others , resulted in a decrease in weight. These results verify the usefulness of the standard in reference to the amounts of protein and fat, and also indicate that the effect of these nutrients cannot be attained by a substitution for them of the carbohydrates. There was evidently a waste of protein in the dried brewers’ grains ration, since the oats ration, containing 30 per cent, less protein but practically the same fat and carbohydrates, gave rela- tively as good results. 14 4. Economy of the Dried Brewers' Grains Ration. By actual trial a pound of dried brewers’ grains was shown to be quite as useful as a pound of oats in a ration for work- horses. A comparison of the composition of the feeds indicates that the reason for this result lies in the fact that the dried brewers’ grains furnish more of the valuable digestible nutrients than the oats. The next question which is of importance to the practical feeder is : Will it pay to substitute grains for oats? This point admits of discussion from two standpoints — 1. The economy of a pound-for-pound substitution as in the experiment, and 2. A substitution based upon the composition. The actual cost, per ton, of the feeds used in the experiment was, hay, $18 ; wheat bran, $22 ; corn, $22 ; oats, $30, and dried brewers’ grains, $18. The amount and cost of the feeds consumed by the four horses in each lot, per period of 31 days, are shown below. Oats Ration. Dried Brewers’ Grains Ration. Lbs. Cost. Lbs. Cost. Hay 744 $6 69 Hay 744 $6 69 Wheat bran 252 2 77 Wheat bran 252 2 77 Corn 505 5 56 Corn 505 5 56 Oats 1,010 15 15 Oats 1,010 9 09 P0 17 $24 11 Cost per horse per day. 24.3 cents. 19.4 cents Saving per day per horse from the use of dried brewers’ grains... . 4.9 cents The substitution of dried brewers’ grains for oats resulted not only in a maintenance of the weight of the animals under equivalent work, but in a saving of 4.9 cents per day per horse, or 25 per cent, of the cost of the ration. This saving, though appearing small in itself, means considerable in the aggregate ; if applied to the forty horses at the car stables, it would represent a saving of $1.96 per day, or over $700 per year, a sum sufficient to pay the interest on a capital of $12,000. Of course, the saving in any case depends upon the relation between the cost of the grains and the cost of the oats. The cost of the grains per ton in car lots has been fixed at $16 for the summer, at $17 for the autumn, and at $18 for the winter and spring months. The cost of freight and handling to point of consumption would probably add, on the average, $2 per ton. The manufacturers of the grains claim that these prices will not be materially increased. 15 Variations in the cost to the consumer will doubtless occur; the following table of equivalents shows under what conditions of cost the substitution of one for the other may be profitable : Table of Equivalents. Dried brewers’ grains at it U U it $18 00 per ton — oats at 19 00 “ — ‘ “ .... m “ ... 30 “ per u bushel ii u u a c 20 00 “ — “ “ it U u u t cc 22 00 “ — “ “ .... 33 “ u u « a 24 00 “ — “ “ .... 36 “ u U Assuming $24 per ton as a maximum for dried brewers’ grains, they are then as cheap as the oats at 36 cents per bushel, which is certainly a minimum price to the consumer for oats of good quality. An increase of $1 per ton on the grains is balanced by an addition of 1J cents per bushel for oats. Another point which should be regarded, especially by farmers who make the exchange, is the relative content and value of the fertilizer constituents contained in these feeds. A ton of oats sold from the farm carries away, on an average, 37 pounds of nitrogen, 15 of phos- phoric acid and 12 of potash. A ton of dried brewers’ grains will bring to the farm 77 pounds of nitrogen, 19 pounds of phosphoric acid and 2 pounds of potash ; a gain to the farm, by the exchange, of 40 pounds of nitrogen and 4 of phosphoric acid, and a loss of 10 pounds of potash, or a net gain of $6.19 on the basis of their fertiliz- ing values. The gain would be proportionately the same if the feeds were used on the farm, since under uniform conditions of feeding the same relative amounts of the constituents would be retained in the manure. At the same cost per ton for the two feeds, therefore, there would be a considerable gain in fertility by a pound-for-pound substi- tution of the dried brewers’ grains for the oats. A study of the methods of feeding among farmers shows that the usual custom for horses performing ordinary work is to give about twelve pounds of grain per day, with as much hay as the animals will eat. The grain consists usually of corn or oats alone or the two mixed, and is fed ground or unground, as the case may be. Careful inquiry indicates that the following tabulation of rations^ would represent average conditions : ^No. 1 hay, 12 pounds; oats, 12 pounds * T o. 2 “ 12 “ corn, 12 “ _ ( corn, 6 “ N0 ' 3 “ 12 “ oats,* 6 “ The variations in the actual nutrients furnished by these rations, using both timothy and clover, are shown in the following table. Digestible. / * \ Total Digestible Fat, Protein, Carbohydrates, Dry Matter, Nutritive Lbs. Lbs. Lbs. Lbs. Ratio. Ration 1 { Timothy 0.58 1.61 11.76 13.85 1:8 '1 Clover 0.67 2.18 11.23 13.98 1:6 Ration 2. 1 Timot1 ^ °' 51 123 13 * 70 15 ‘ 4i 1 : 12 2 l Clover 0.60 1.80 13.17 15.57 1 : 8.1 RationS {Timothy 0.55 1.42 12.73 14.70 1:9.8 a ion . { clover 0 .6 4 1.99 12.20 14.73 1 : 6.9 All of the rations contain more digestible dry matter than the Ger- man standard demands. They also contain more than the oats ration fed in the experiment, which maintained the weight of the horses under moderate work In the clover hay rations, the different nutrients are in good proportion, except in No. 2, where corn is the grain used. The rations containing timothy hay are, with the excep- tion of No. 1, where oats is the only grain used, poorer in protein and fat than the standard, or than was found necessary in the experiment. The chief criticisms of these rations as a whole are, therefore — 1. That they are too rich in carbohydrates, and 2. That in their preparation the character and composition of the grains used are disregarded , thus giving widely different proportions of the various nutrients for the same work. The same criticisms apply to the rations for horses employed in government work. These rations consist of 14 pounds of hay and 12 pounds of corn, oats or barley per day, with the addition of 3 pounds of oats for heavy work. The corn ration for ordinary work contains 0.53 pounds of fat, 1.31 of protein and 12.74 of carbohydrates, with a nutritive ratio of 1 : 12.2. The oats ration contains 0.60 pounds of fat, 1.68 of protein and 14.68 of carbohydrates, with a nutritive ratio of 1 : 8.5. If these rations give equally good results, then either the carbohydrates may be substituted for protein and fat, or there is a sufficiency of protein and fat in the corn ration, and a consequent waste of a part of all the nutrients in the oats ration, and of a part of the carbohydrates in the corn ration. 17 While it is true that in a ration for work-horses the carbohydrates may, in part at least, substitute the fat, they cannot take the place of the protein ; hence, in making a substitution of feeds for the same works, if widely varying amounts of fat and protein are provided, there results either a loss of weight by the animal or a waste of food. The examination of the rations used in the experiment, as well as those in common use, shows that in what are regarded as the best rations, the fat approaches 0.6 of a pound and the protein 1.8 pounds per day, while the carbohydrates range from 10.17 to 14.68 pounds. It seems clear, therefore, that in the preparation of rations for work- horses, particular care should be exercised in reference to the com- pounds protein and fat. The following daily rations furnish as much fat, and slightly more protein than the oats ration of the experi- ment, and practically the same amounts of these constituents as are furnished by the rations now in general use by the farmers of the State ; the carbohydrates furnished are much less, and with the excep- tion of No. 4, are practically identical in each case : Furnishing Digestible Carbo- Ration. Fat, Protein. hydrates, Nutritive Lbs. Lbs. Lbs. Ratio. 1 ( Timothy hay Dried brewers’ grains, 10 lbs. ' ) No. 1 < 6 U \ 0.55 1.85 10.05 1 : 6.2 1 [ Corn.... 4 U I 1 f Timothy hay Dried brewers’ grains, 6 1 No. 2 < 6 [ 0.58 1.84 9.42 1:5.9 1 l Corn 6 “ J 1 f Clover hay 10 “ I 1 CO o Dried brewers’ grains, 3 it \ - 0.53 1.85 9.64 1:6 [ Corn 6 “ J 1 1 r Clover hay 6 “ 1 l No. 4 \ Dried brewers’ grains, 5 « 1 ► 0.57 1.90 8.72 1 : 5.3 ( Corn 6 Any of these rations is much cheaper than the dried brewers 7 grains ration used in the experiment, at the same cost of feeds as then used and with clover hay at $12 per ton. The most expensive ration is No. 1, costing 18.8 cents per day, and the least expensive, No. 4, costing 14.7 cents. Theoretically these should give quite as good results, under similar conditions of season and work, as were secured from the experimental rations. Where horses average over 1,000 pounds in weight the quantity of each of the feeds should be propor- tionately increased. If it is desirable to have more bulk than is here given, particularly for winter rations, cut straw may be added to the feeds used ; thus increasing the carbohydrates. 18 The chief advantages of these rations to farmers are, however, that their use permits first of a saving of timothy hay, a profitable money- crop in many sections, and of clover hay, particularly useful for dairy cows or sheep ; and second, it permits of the sale of oats, where for various reasons it may be advisable to raise them though not ordin- arily profitable. A saving of six pounds of hay in a daily ration means over one ton per horse, per year ; the saving in the substitution of dried brewers 7 grains for oats has already been discussed on page 14. In many cases it may not be convenient to secure dried brewers’ grains. Rations that will permit relatively the same savings may be made up from the concentrated feeds that have already been proved useful in practice, i. e . — 6 lbs. clover liay, or 6 lbs. timothy hay, 6 “ corn, 6 “ corn, 4 “ wheat bran, 5 “ wheat bran, 1J “ linseed meal, H “ linseed meal. Statistics as to methods of feeding horses have been secured from street railway companies in New York City and elsewhere, and from establishments where heavy horses are used. These show that in all cases the daily rations per 1,000 pounds live weight, and consisting entirely of hay, corn and oats, furnish practically the same amounts of fat and protein as are contained in those indicated in this bulletin, but they vary widely in the proportions and amounts of carbohydrates furnished. It is believed that rations prepared in accordance with the suggestions above given, would in these establishments, too, result not only in a greater economy of food constituents, but in an actual saving in cost. 5. The Composition of Wet and Dried Brewers’ Grains. Methods of Drying. The material known as brewers’ grains is, as the name indicates, a by-product from the manufacture of malt liquors, and consists of the residue from the extraction of the germinated grain, usually barley, with hot water. It contains, together with the husk of the original grain and some unconverted carbohydrates, a large amount of fatty and albuminous substance, upon which its value depends. This product, as discharged from the brewery, is sweet and fit for food for cattle, for which purpose it meets with considerable demand. It is, however, in a very wet condition, containing about 75 per cent, of water, which renders it extremely liable to fermentation and putre- 19 faction, whereby its fitness for food is diminished or destroyed. To* obviate this loss to producer and consumer, schemes have been devised in the past to remove the water to such an extent as to prevent these destructive processes before they have begun ; and renewed activity in this direction is noted at the present day with considerable promise of success. The utility of drying the grains is undoubted, since, by proper drying, they are preserved in their original sweet condition, with keeping qualities equal to any of the various feeds. The distance to which they may be transported is therefore unlimited, and at the same time the reduction in weight by the removal of over one thousand four hundred pounds of water from every ton effects a corresponding reduction in the transportation charges. A wider market is thus opened to the producer, and feeders, who, by reason of distance, freights, etc., are unable to use wet grains at all, find the same material in a dried condition within their reach. Thus prepared they furnish nutrients as cheaply at $20 per ton as the wet grains at twelve cente per bushel, with the further advantage, when carting and handling are considered^ of concentration to one*fourth the weight. In a feeding experiment with dairy cows, conducted by this Station in 1884, it was shown that practically as good a flow of milk followed the use of the dried grains as of the wet, and this conclusion has been verified by the experience of practical feeders. At the same time the health of the animals and the quality of the product are not impaired, as is frequently the case by the improper use of the wet grains. In order to study the quality and uniformity of the dried grains, the losses by drying, etc., the Station secured eight samples of the dried grains, representing the various commercial processes now in practical operation, and, for comparison, took a sample of the wet grains from each of five carloads consigned by the Farmers’ Feed Company, of New York City, to Mr. Benjamin S. Letson, of Stelton, a dealer in this article. In three instances the condition of the latter was excellent, and in the other two not bad, one having an acid odor and the other a slight odor of putrefaction, which, however, was not sufficient to affect its analysis. Weighed portions of each lot were preserved without delay by careful drying at a temperature not exceeding 130° F. The results of the analysis of these and of the dried grains are given in tabular form on page 20, showing the composition of these materials as received in the laboratory. COMPOSITION OF THE SAMPLES AS RECEIVED. 20 •qsRioj 0.06 0.11 0.12 0.06 0.09 0.08 0.08 0.06 •qsBjoj 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.01 •pioy ouoqdsoqj 0.79 0.95 0.91 1.35 1.05 0.94 1.17 1.54 •pioy ouoqdsoq: W Pi M Ei Farmers’ Feed Company •jaqranM uotpis QOOOOCOCOOOO I s oo oo oo h uaqran^ uoipis 10 0 0 10 CD O OO OO O l> I> I> O COMPOSITION OF THE DRY MATTER. 21 •qs^OJ G.07 0.12 0.13 0.07 0.10 0.08 0.10 0.07 •ppy Duoxidsoqj j 0.87 1.03 0.99 1.52 1.17 1.03 1.31 1.68 •naSojji^ ibjox 1 lO^OOH^^OOf' iq co cj i> cj w »o CO CO CC Tjl rjj cd CO TjJ •uoSojixsr piouiumqiy 3.51 3.27 3.25 4.40 3.76 3.06 3.55 4.38 •soj'Bjp^qoqi'BO 49.71 53.50 53.98 42.16 48.88 53.85 52.23 43.40 •qsy apaio 3.76 4.51 4.26 5.02 3.88 3.79 3.85 4.72 •ut8?ojj apnio 22.17 20.89 20.50 29.43 26.31 20.87 22.37 27.97 •JtaqM apruo 17.55 14.25 14.48 15.05 14.78 14.96 15.19 15.93 •psx apruo 6.81 6.85 6.78 8.34 6.15 6.53 6.35 7.98 •qsBioj 0.12 0.08 0.08 0.07 0.05 •pioy oxjoqdsoqj 0.83 0.97 0.99 1.15 0.98 •aoSojpM psiox 4.60 4.06 3.50 4.28 4.73 •uaSoaitN piomumqiv 4.34 3.99 3.46 4.17 4.71 •saiBipXqoqiBO 48.30 49.02 54.09 46.76 44.94 •qsy 9pniQ 2.98 3.62 3.52 3.98 3.80 •upiojj aptuo 28.77 25.40 21.85 26.75 29.55 •jaqij apiuo 10.39 13.83 13.98 14.66 13.89 apruo 9.56 8.13 6.56 7.85 7.82 H = = : = •jaqmnx uoiibis l§ § « « ® 22 An inspection of the table discloses at once the excessive water con- tent of the wet grains, and the richness of both wet and dried grains in albuminoids and fat. A decided variation, however, will be noticed in their composition. In the dried grains the content of water varies from 8 to nearly 12 per cent., while the protein and fat vary from 18.7 to 26 per cent., and from 5.6 to 7.4 per cent., respectively. But this should by no means be considered a serious lack of uniformity, for all vegetable material varies to a greater or less degree. Wheat flour shows a variation in moisture of from 8.2 to 13.6 per cent., and wheat bran from 7.4 to 15.8 per cent., while so uniform a product as corn meal is considered to be varies from 8.0 to 27.4 per cent, of moisture. The variations in moisture in these materials, however, are almost always accompanied by corresponding variations in the constituents of the dry matter, the composition of which is practically uniform. The latter variations, therefore, usually disappear when the analyses are calculated to the basis of water-free material. The tables on page 21, in which this calculation has been performed, show that with grains this is not the case. On the contrary, the samples now range from 20.5 to 28.0 per cent, of protein, and from 6.2 to 8.3 per cent, of fat, and the high protein in almost every case is accompanied by the high fat. In the wet grains, calculated in the same manner, a corresponding variation exists, the protein and fat increasing together, the one from 21.9 to 29.6 per cent, and the other from 6.6 to 9.6 per cent. Grains of this higher composition are of but recent occurrence. High amounts of both protein and fat were first noted by this Station in No. 568, a sample of dry grains analyzed in 1890, in which 9.5 per cent, of the dry matter was fat and 29.1 per cent, protein. Previously to this, a high fat was always compensated for by a low protein, or vice versa, and, in general, the composition of grains, both wet and dry, corresponded closely to the lower figures here given. This higher composition is undoubtedly due to a differ- ence of process in the brewery, or an admixture of other grain than barley — possibly corn. It certainly is not due to any difference in the drying processes of the different manufacturers, since samples of both high and low com- position were received from the same drying plant ; nor can any pro- cess be accused of producing a variable product through its own defects, for a product just as variable was produced by the process of 23 the laboratory, which, it is believed, had no defects. The variations in the composition of the dried grains would seem, therefore, to be due only to variations in the raw material, and therefore, as an argu- ment against them, would apply to the wet grains as well as the dry. The chemist of this Station visited three of the plants preparing the dried samples analyzed in this bulletin, and through the courtesy of those in charge was allowed to inspect the processes employed. With the data at hand, the lack of uniformity which has been shown to exist in the raw material, precludes any comparison of their effi- ciency. The methods employed were in general to conduct a current of hot air over or through the material in thin layers, properly agitated to expose fresh drying surfaces. In some cases a large part of the water was first removed by mechanical means ; in others pre- vious treatment was omitted. The use of centrifugals, presses and similar devices has been believed to be accompanied by a loss of soluble nutrients, which would remain in the dried product if the water were removed by evaporation alone. In order to learn the extent and character of this loss, a separate sample was taken of each of the wet grains whose analysis has been already given. These were pressed by hand in a small but comparatively powerful hand-press, and it is believed, on account of the care taken and the small quan- tity pressed at a time, that the results with this press were not widely different from those of more powerful machinery, working with less care upon larger amounts of wet material. The amounts of liquor and residue secured by this method from 100 pounds of wet grains, and the actual weights of dry matter and water in each, may be learned from the following table : 24 FROM ONE HUNDRED POUNDS OF WET GRAINS.

PL, w o H p fc m M J H gg Eh ^ 3 & S w {H ti Q H w Eh go H GQ J <1 & <1 •qstqoj 0.12 0.08 0.08 0.07 0.05 0.08 0.05 0.11 0.07 0.07 0.05 i> © o 1.02 0.S5 0.62 0.61 0.93 oo o •pioy ouoqdsoqj 0.83 0.97 0.99 1.15 0.98 0.98 0.81 0.75 0.81 0.96 0.89 0.84 1.01 3.49 4.51 4.29 2.55 ! LVS •uaSoiq^ pqox 4.60 4.06 3.50 4.28 4.73 4.23 4.95 4.12 3.55 4.42 4.74 4.36 1.27 2.66 2.35 2.87 3.45 iO •jaqitf 9pruo 10.39 13.83 13.98 14.66 13.89 13.35 12.05 15.24 14.27 14.63 14.83 14.20 0.07 0.11 0.27 0.20 0.14 CD © •JR.! apniQ 9.56 8.13 6.56 7.85 7.82 7.99 10.03 8.11 6.65 8.16 8.07 8.20 0.25 0.96 1.41 1.11 8.87 UO ol •SUI'BIO jo aidraug racuj <1WOOH I j ANALYSIS OF THE DRY MATTER IN Unpressed Grains c< u Averages Residue from Pressing Averages Liquor from Pressing Averages •jaqranK uoipsjs lOO*OlQI> CO O rH CO CO t-H 03 O CD CO OO CO O CO CO CO Ci 0 N CO OO 05 I> l> I> l''- l> |> l> t* I> I> 1> 1> !>• 26 By an examination of the analysis of the dry matter in the liquor it is seen that it drew upon the constituents of the original grain dis- proportionately. Those soluble in water or easily suspended therein suffered the greater loss. Its composition is consequently entirely different from that of dried grains, being richer in carbohydrates, crude protein and crude ash, especially their soluble portions — sugar, non-albuminoids and potash — the accumulation of which, from a mere trace in the original grain, amounts to relatively considerable. Of the fiber, on the other hand, but a trace appears ; while the amount of the fat in most instances is also small, the average being raised by the abnormal content of sample No. 799. The total amount of this loss, as before stated, is equal to 1.28 pounds from 100 pounds of wet grains of 75 per cent, water content, or 5 pounds from a normal output of 100 pounds of dried grains. In a consideration from the consumer’s standpoint of the effect of this loss upon the dried grains thus prepared, account is to be taken of the nutrients contained not in the residual 95 pounds, but in 100 pounds of such a product. The results of the removal of 5 pounds of sub- stance having the composition of the dry matter in the liquor, and the addition of 5 pounds of material like the residue after that removal, may be shown as follows : ON THE DRY BASIS. 08 pH jQ K a> 'O a "3 o Pi 'P A (B 'O 03 | 'd © . 3 a li 0 O) 1 2 d < o o Ph 03 A 02 si P P p u g § .Q.-S o Jd O O O O o O Eh Pi Pi lbs. lbs. lbs. lbs. lbs. lbs. lbs. lbs. lbs. 100 lbs. of unpressed grains contain.. 7.99 13.35 26.46 3.58 48.62 4.13 4.23 .98 .08 5 lbs. of matter in the liquor re- ) move / .12 .01 .79 .55 3.53 .07 .13 .16 .04 95 lbs. of residue contain 7.87 13.34 25.67 3.03 45.09 4.06 4.10 .82 .04 5 lbs. like the above residue add... .41 .71 1.35 .16 2.37 .21 .22 .04 .02 100 lbs. as put on the market contain 8.28 14.05 27.02 3.19 47.46 4.27 4.32 .86 .06 It will be noticed that this calculated analysis of the dry matter of the pressed grains, as they would be put on the market, is slightly different from that given in the table, the one having been calculated from the analyses of the unpressed grains, and of the loss in the liquor, while the other is the direct analysis of the residue. Such 27 differences as these are to be expected when separate samples of the same material are taken for analysis, especially when each undergoes a decidedly different manipulation. Taking either set of figures as a guide, it is seen that the carbo- hydrates and ash are not fully replaced ; but as their loss is compen- sated for by a corresponding increase in the amounts of protein and fat, the previous pressing of the material does not, from the con- sumer’s standpoint, furnish an inferior product. The loss which occurs falls entirely upon the manufacturer, since he produces but 95 pounds of dried grains instead of 100; it concerns him alone whether it is more economical to lose the 5 pounds of product or evaporate 167 pounds of water. To the consumer the method of manufacture is of little practical account, since the variations in the composition of dried brewers’ grains, due to a difference of process, are trivial in comparison with those due to lack of uniformity in the raw material. 6 . Estimated Output of Dried Brewers’ Grains. There are at present four different plants engaged in drying the grains of Eastern breweries, viz. : The Empire Dairy Feed Company, of New York City ; The Long Island Drying Company, of Brooklyn, N. Y. ; The National Feed Company, of Philadelphia, Pa., and The Hill Drying Company, of Newark, N. J. These all employ different processes, though, as has been shown, the resultant products do not differ widely in chemical composition. The total calculated capacity of these plants aggregates about 15,000 tons annually. Their actual production for the past year, however, has been very much less, probably not more than 6,000 tons, owing to the fact that one of them has just fairly begun to produce the grains in commercial quantities, and that another, whose claimed capacity is the largest, is in operation mainly through the summer season. The production of the dried grains is likely to be very largely in- creased in the near future, since the parties interested in the present methods are now enlarging and extending their works, while parties representing another process are also engaged in the erection of a plant with a claimed capacity of 20,000 tons annually, making a total estimated output, when all are in operation, of 100,000 tons annually, thus utilizing a large portion of the wet grains produced by the breweries in the vicinity of New York and Philadelphia. The 28 production of wet grains is not less than 600,000 tons annually, and used almost entirely for milk dairies located within shipping distance of these cities. Plants are also in operation in Milwaukee, St. Louis and Chicago, the product of the latter of which has been used by farmers in this State. The future supply of dried brewed grains seems, therefore, to be well assured. According to leading authorities, the drying of all the grains depends upon two points : (1) An econom- ical process of drying, and (2) a proper understanding of the nutritive values of the wet and dry product on the part of the consumers. The first difficulty seems to have been overcome ; the second will require more time, because of the difficulty of directly reaching individual consumers in such a way as to overcome acquired prejudice in favor of the wet product for dairy cows, and to encourage the use of the dried grains for horses and other farm stock. This study of the food requirements of work-horses and of the preparation of rations suggests : 1. That at the present time too little attention is paid to the preparation of rations for work-horses. Rational feeding is quite as important for horses as for dairy cows. 2. That the hind and quality of specific nutrients contained in feeds, and not their names , should guide in the preparation of rations. 3. That while oats are an excellent horse feed, it it not alone because they are oats, but because of the amounts and proportions of the more valuable nutrients, fat and protein, contained in them. 4. That dried brewers’ grains are a wholesome, nutritious and palatable horse feed, and, at present prices, they may be substituted for oats, and a decided saving made in the cost of the ration. 5. Timothy hay and oats, at present prices, are expensive feeds. It does not follow, because a farmer raises these crops, that he should feed them, when other products, equally useful, may be purchased at a less cost per pound of actual nutrients. 6. The condition of the markets in this State furnishes abundant evidence that the selling price of fine feeds and farm products is not a correct basis for estimating actual feeding value. 7. A farmer who intelligently exchanges farm products for com- mercial feeds, even at the same prices per ton, may secure not only an increase in feeding value, but also a gain in fertility. Market condi- tions do not recognize differences in the fertilizing constituents of feeds JAMES NEILSON, Acting Director. New Brunswick, N. J., February 1st,' 1893. 2^c . /<$/ r ANALYSES AND STUDY OF HOME-MIXED FERTILIZERS AND FERTILIZING MATERIALS. NEW JERSEY AGRICULTURAL ent m 93 NEW JERSEY Agricultural Experiment Station. BULLETIN 93. JULY 1, 1893. Analyses and Study of Home-Mixed Fertilizers and Fertilizing; Materials. BY LOUIS A. VOORHEES, CHEMIST. JOHN P. STREET, CHEMIST. I. The consumption of fertilizers in the State. II. The preparation of formulas. III. Home mixtures; their mechanical condition , composition and valuation. IV. Comparison of methods of buying fertilizers. V. Trade values of fertilizing ingredients for 1893. VI. Average cost per pound of plant-food constituents. VII. Methods of buying raw materials; chemical analyses. I. The Consumption of Fertilizers in the State. Each year witnesses an increased use of commercial fertilizers by the farmers of the State, consisting both of the mixtures prepared by manufacturers and of raw fertilizing materials. Statistics gathered by the Station show that the use of mixed fertilizers has more than doubled in the last ten years, while the use of raw or unmixed ma- terials, not including ground and dissolved bone, has increased about 40 per cent. The figures are as follows : 4 Mixed fertilizers sold in 1882 15,941 tons. “ “ “ « 1892 33,821 “ Increase 17,880 “ Unmixed fertilizing materials sold in 188.2 6,081 tons. “ “ “ “ “ 1892 8,544 “ Increase 2,463 “ The total value of all reported sales in 1882 was $1,070,113 and in 1892, $1,509,921, an increase in 1892 over 1882 of $439,808. It is observed that the value of the sales made in 1892 is propor- tionately much less than in 1882. The decrease in cost is due in large part to three causes — first, to the increased supply of raw ma- terials, particularly the nitrogenous salts and phosphates ; second, to improved methods in the handling and manufacture of raw materials, and, third, to a better knowledge of fertilizing materials and their proper use, both on the part of the manufacturer and the consumer. The fact still remains, however, that the cost of fertilizers is a very considerable item in the expenditures of the farmer ; it is, therefore, of great importance, in order to make economical purchases, that he should have very definite knowledge as to what constitutes value in a fertilizer and of his own particular needs. II. The Preparation of Formulas. While it is now pretty generally understood that the value of a fer- tilizer depends upon the amount and kind of nitrogen, phosphoric acid and potash contained in it, on the whole the value of definite proportions of these elements, for the different crops, is not so clear. The evidence given by the manufacturers themselves indicates that even they do not agree as to what constitutes perfect proportions, since, in nearly all cases, their special formulas for the various crops are radically different, yet they uniformly insist that their own formula — for potatoes, for instance — is perfect for all conditions of soil and season, and will work equally well everywhere. Such claims have no foundation in fact. For general farming it is evident that it is more frequently a ques- tion of amount of plant-food applied, rather than the proportions in which the different elements exist in a mixture. Still there are many 5 good reasons for the preparation of special formulas for the different crops, special not only in amount but in kind of plant-food furnished. Our own experiments have shown this repeatedly. For instance, it has been shown that early tomatoes require, for the best results, not only an abundance of nitrogen, but that the nitrogen shall be in quickly* available forms. A formula, therefore, which contained a high percentage of nitrogen, derived from slowly-available organic forms, would not be likely to give as good results as one which con- tained a lower percentage, existing in the form of nitrates. Plants have also been classified as to their special needs for plant- food, and it is a useful classification, yet it seems that there should be a still further subdivision, since it frequently happens that the ele- ment which is specifically useful when the object is the largest mature plant, is not the one that is most useful when the object is a rapid, early growth rather than maturity. Furthermore, the kind of soil is an important factor, soils of equal quality in respect to con- tained plant-food not responding uniformly to equal applications of the same forms of fertilizer constituents. In the preparation of formulas, therefore, regard should be had to the character of soil, whether rich or poor, heavy or light, dry or wet ; the method of the growth, whether for quick and partial, or slow and full development. The character of the farming, too, should be regarded. It is obvious that heavy applications of quickly-available and relatively costly forms of plant-food would be less likely to prove profitable in general or extensive farming than in specific and intensive, though in all methods of farm practice there is some one crop regarded as more profitable than another. In such cases, frequent applications of dif- ferent fertilizers may be avoided, if, by heavy applications of good materials, the more profitable crop is made as large as conditions of season and climate will permit, trusting to the residues of plant- food left by it to bring forward the others in a rotation to a maximum. The duplication of formulas may be avoided, too, by the prepara- tion of what may be termed a basic formula ; that is, one rich in all the fertilizer constituents, without particular reference to any single element, this being applied heavily upon some one crop in the rota- tion, the other crops being furnished with such specific elements as they may require. Assuming, for instance, that the rotation is the common one, of corn, potatoes, wheat and hay, a rational fertilization, and one which would be likely to be quite as useful as any, would be 6 as follows : For corn, 300 pounds per acre of a mixture made up of 200 pounds of S. C. rock superphosphate and 100 pounds of muriate of potash, and such barnyard manure as may be available, all applied broadcast. For potatoes, apply as a minimum one-half ton per acre of a mix- ture made up as follows : Nitrate of soda . 200 pounds. Sulphate of ammonia 200 “ Tankage (ground fine) 200 “ Bone black or S. C. rock superphosphate 1,000 “ High-grade sulphate of potash 400 “ 2,000 “ At least two-thirds of this mixture should be applied broadcast, the remainder evenly over the row at time of planting. For wheat and timothy, apply, in early spring, a dressing of from 100 to 200 pounds per acre of nitrate of soda. By this method of fertilization, the potatoes, frequently the best- paying crop, would be supplied with sufficient plant- food of all kinds to insure a maximum growth, under normal conditions of season and average conditions of soil, and would leave a considerable residue, particularly of mineral constituents, available for the wheat and hay ; the total amount of fertilizer constituents, added in the rotation, would also be more than sufficient to supply the maximum needs of all the crops, thus insuring a gradual increase in fertility. This system may also be adopted where more intensive methods are practiced, such crops as tomatoes, onions, beets, turnips, cabbage, etc., receiving the constituents particularly useful in forcing early growth, the others being supplied by heavy applications of the basic formula. For fruit trees, vines and similar slow growths, the basic formula may consist of a mixture made up of two parts of ground bone and one of muriate or sulphate of potash. Nitrate of soda should supply the extra nitrogen required, which experience has found to be neces- sary after the bearing period has begun. One of the best-producing peach orchards in the State, now 10 years old, and still healthy and vigorous, has received a yearly appli- cation of 1,000 pounds per acre of this mixture and 200 pounds per acre of nitrate of soda during the period of bearing. 7 FORMULAS USED IN MAKING THE MIXTURES. No. 5036. John S. Collins. No . 5147. Swedesboro Grange. “200 lbs. of Nitrate of Soda. 200 lbs. of Nitrate of Soda. 200 “ “ Sulphate of Ammonia. 200 “ “ Sulphate of Ammonia. 400 “ “ Peter Cooper’s Bone. 400 “ “ Peter Cooper’s Bone. 400 “ “ Bone-Black Superphosphate. 400 “ “ Bone-Black Superphosphate. ■600 “ “ S. C. Rock Superphosphate, 600 “ “ S. C. Rock Superphosphate. 200 “ “ Muriate of Potash. 200 « “ Muriate of Potash. ■2000 2000 No. 5090. Runyon Field. No. 5176. Charles Tindall. 200 lbs. of Nitrate of Soda. 300 lbs. of Nitrate of Soda. 400 “ “ Tankage. 800 “ “ Ground Bone. 1000 “ “ Dissolved Bone. 500 “ “ Bone-Black Superphosphate. 400 “ “ Muriate of Potash. 400 “ “ Muriate of Potash. mo 2000 No. 5166. M. S. Crane. No. 5182. Amos Gardiner. 150 lbs. of Nitrate of Soda. 300 lbs. of Nitrate of Soda. .200 “ “ Sulphate of Ammonia. 700 “ “ King Crab. 300 “ “ Ground Bone, 300 “ “ Peter Cooper’s Bone. 900 “ “ Bone-Black Superphosphate. 500 “ “ Bone-Black Superphosphate. 450 “ “ High-Grade Sulphate of Potash. 200 « “ Muriate of Potash. .2000 2000 No. 5254. Monmouth Co. Grange. No. 5435. D. D. Denise. 200 lbs. of Nitrate of Soda. 2C0 lbs. of Nitrate of Soda. 200 “ “ Sulphate of Ammonia. 200 “ “ Sulphate of Ammonia. 800 “ “ Bone-Black Superphosphate. 200 “ “ Ground Bone. 400 “ “ S. C. Rock Superphosphate. 1000 “ “ Bone-Black Superphosphate. 200 “ “ Muriate of Potash. 200 “ “ Muriate of Potash. 200 “ “ High-Grade Sulphate of Potash. 200 “ “ High-Grade Sulphate of Potas] 2000 2000 No. 5353. J. H. Denise. No. 5499. John A. Layton. 200 lbs. of Nitrate of Soda. 200 lbs. of Nitrate of Soda. 150 “ “ Sulphate of Ammonia. 1000 “ “ Dissolved Bone. 50 “ “ Cotton -Seed Meal. 200 “ “ Muriate of Potash. 400 “ “ Dissolved Bone. 600 “ Hen Manure. 400 “ “ Bone-Black Superphosphate. ■ 400 “ “ S. C. Rock Superphosphate. 2000 200 “ “ High-Grade Sulphate of Potash. 200 “ “ Muriate of Potash. •2000 III. Home Mixtures: Their Mechanical Condition, Composition and Valuation. With one exception the home mixtures here reported were made up from high-grade materials, and may be regarded rather as basic in the sense already stated than as mixtures for special crops, though in many cases the formulas were adopted after a study of the require- ments of soil and crop in the section in which they are used. Chemical analyses were made of all the materials used in the mixtures and are all reported in this bulletin. 8 The Fineness of the Mixtures. It has been stated in our previous reports that the samples of home- mixtures, as well as manufactured brands, were, on the whole, fine,, dry and of good mechanical condition. It is claimed by manufac- turers and dealers, however, that a farmer with his ordinary farm* appliances cannot get that degree of fineness in his mixtures which is so essential for ease of handling and the best distribution of the material. Mechanical condition, though of unquestionable value, is a relative term ; that is, fineness in a mixture whieh has been made from ma- terials containing the fertilizer constituents in relatively insoluble forms, is evidently of greater importance than fineness in a mixture which has been made from materials containing easily-soluble and readily-available constituents. In our studies this year this point was made a matter of actual investigation. All the samples of home mixtures examined, 10 in number, were subjected to a mechanical analysis, and as a means of comparison 12 samples representing the leading brands of different manufacturers were also included. The standard of fineness or perfect mechanical composition was made one twenty- fifth of an inch in diame- ter ; that is, the condition was regarded as perfect if all of the material passed through a sieve, the holes of which were one twenty-fifth of an- inch in diameter. The fineness of the samples examined is given in* the following table : Home Mixtures. Manufacturers’ Mixtures, FINER THAN COARSER THAN 2 » 5 in. in. & in. No. per cent. per cent. per cent. 5036.. .... 89 7 4 5090... .... 70 24 6 5147... .... 83 10 7 5166... .... 92 5 3 5176... .... 73 15 12 5182... 14 15* 5253.. ... 90 7 3 5254... .... 74 21 5- 5435... .... 78 17 5 13- FINER THAN COARSER THAN sV Hi- A in. 12 in. No. per cent. per cent. per cent. 1 ... ... 86 9 5 2... ... 81 12 7 3... ... 85 10 5 4... ... 80 16 4 5... ... 78. 17 5 6... ... 81 14 5 7... ... 79 14 7 8... ... 76 17 7 9... ... 69 21 10 10... ... 71 22 0 11... ... 74 17 9* 12... ... 65 24 11 5499, 68 19 9 Of the home mixtures it is observed that in two cases only did the samples approach closely to perfection, 90 per cent, and over in each Percentage. Cost Per Pound. .Q 8 3 fc 3 .2 oi w FROM WHOM RECEIVED. Nitrogen. 1 Phosphoric j Acid. j Nitrogen. | Phosphoric Acid. Cost of 2,000 11 of Fertilizer. 5179 Amos Gardiner, Mullica Hill 9.48 1.06 cts 14.9 cts. 50 *$29 50 5291 Chas. Kraus, Egg Harbor City 8.72 7.77 17.3 5.0 f38 00- +38 00* 5292 7.46 7.61 20.4 5,0 5293 H U H H << " 5.73 10.14 19.9 5.0 f33 00 5311 I. W. Nicholson, Camden 5.43 9.43 15.3 5.0 26 00' 5501 Theo. F. D Baker, Bridgeton' 7.01 8 58 18.8 5.0 35 00 Average Cost per Pound of Nitrogen in Dried and Ground Fish. 16.3 * King Crab. f Retail price at point of consumption . COTTON-SEED MEAL. 21 GROUND BONE AND TANKAGE. Station Number. FROM WHOM RECEIVED. Mechanical Analysis. Percentage. | Cost of 2,000 lbs. j of Fertilizer. Finer than Ain. d sS .d M • o> a d cS A t-i . g.s Coarser than A in. Nitrogen. 1 | Phosphoric | Acid. Average of three samples 54 17 15 14 1.74 29.24 823 33 Cl CQ T TT riom’flA TTrPPhnlH . 93 7 3.23 21.52 27 50 OiOo 5168 M S Crane Caldwell TTT . t - 46 50 4 3.78 23.99 28 00 5175 Chas. Tindall. Middletown 54 23 18 8 3.50 23.95 27 75 5088 Runyon Field, Bound Brook 49 30 16 5 6.13 9.24 25 50 5141 Theo. Brown, Swedesboro 77 11 7 5 6.18 16.85 37 00 5299 Charles Kraus, Egg Harbor City 38 31 13 18 7.45 5.66 30 00 5502 Theo. F. D. Baker, Bridgeton 46 22 21 11 5.81 13.87 33 00 GROUND BONE AND TANKAGE. .d •-* S Finer than 1 Ain. d c3 A 3 la 8-b Ground Bone (Peter Cooper’s) cts. 10.0 cts. 8.0 cts. 6.0 cts. 4.7 cts. 4.0 cts. 3.3 cts. 2.7 cts. 2.0 5158 11.5 9.2 6.9 5.4 4.6 3.8 3.1 2.3 5163 “ U 11.5 9.2 6.9 5.4 46 3.8 3.1 2.3 5175 12.2 9.8 7.3 5.7 4.9 4.1 3.2 2.4 5088 Tankage 15.0 12.0 9.0 7.0 6.0 5.0 4.0 3.0 5141 15.5 12.4 9.3 7.2 6.2 5.1 4.1 3.1 5299 “ # |fffTtt 19.5 15.6 11.7 9.1 7.8 6.5 5.2 3.9 5502 “ 17.5 14.0 10.5 8.2 i 7.0 5.8 4.7 3.5 Average Cost per Pound 14.1 11.3 8.4 0.6 5.6 4.7 3.8 2.8 DISSOLVED BONE AND NITROGENOUS SUPERPHOSPHATES. PERCENTAGE. Cost per Pound. Phosphoric Acid. o m Station Number. FROM WHOM RECEIVED. Nitrogen. j Soluble in Water. I 1 Soluble in Ammo- nium Citrate. Insoluble, Available. Nitrogen. Available Phos- phoric Acid. Cost of 2,000 Pound Fertilizer. 5060 Coopertown Farmers’ Club 2.12 10.66 0.80 1.61 11.46 cts. 15.6 cts. 5.9 620 00 5087 Runyon Field, Bound Brook... 2.30 7.94 7.71 0.87 15.65 15.4 5.7 25 00 5157 J. H. Denise, Freehold 1.82 5.46 3.37 2.62 8.83 13.7 5.0 * 5470 Parsippany Grange 2.48 8.80 4.58 3.12 13.38 17.5 6.5 26 00 5525 John A. Layton, Liberty Cor- ner 1.92 6.68 1.61 3.60 8.29 18.1 6.7 18 00 Average Cost per Pound of Nitrogen 16.1 6.0 * Ammonia, 82.25 per unit ; Available Phosphoric Acid, 81 per unit. 22 PLAIN SUPERPHOSPHATES Furnishing Soluble, Reverted and Insoluble Phogplioric Acid, MANUFACTURED FROM BONE BRACK, BONE ASH, ETC., ETC. u Phosphoric Acid. 00 o a d £ a o 31 OQ FROM WHOM RECEIVED. Soluble in Water. Soluble in Ammonium Citrate. Insoluble. Available. Cost of Available per lb. Cost of 2,000 11 of Fertilizer. 5031 Moorestown Grange 13.80 0.04 13.80 cts. 5.8 * 5081 Purchased by Station 15.28 0.53 0.43 15.81 6.3 $20 CO 5143 Swedesboro Grange 13.72 0.18 13.72 5.8 * 5148 J. M. White, New Brunswick 13.18 0.55 1.11 13.73 6.6 18 25 5152 J. H. Denise, Freehold 14.92 0.07 0.19 14.99 6.3 19 00 5164 M. S. Crane, Caldwell 15.46 0.20 15.46 7.3 22 50 5171 Chas. Tindall, Middletown 13.00 0.64 0.79 13.64 5.6 15 40 5180 Amos Gardiner, Mullica Hill 12.42 4.95 0.40 17.37 5.8 20 00 5294 Chas. Kraus, Egg Harbor City 14.30 0.39 1.83 14.69 8.7 f24 00 5468 Parsippany Grange Theo. F. D. Baker, Bridgeton 16.74 0.15 0.13 16.89 5.9 20 00 5503 16.60 0.15 0.08 16.75 6.9 23 00 Average Cost per Pound of Phosphoric Acid. 6.2 *$1.15 per unit of Available Phosphoric Acid, f Retail price at point of consumption. SOUTH CAROLINA ROCK AND OTHER MINERAL PHOSPHATES. Sh lbs. corn fodder. 7 “ dried brewers’ grains. 5 “ corn meal. . 1 11 cotton-seed meal. No. 7. No. 8. No. 9. 8 lbs. corn stalks. 6 lbs. clover hay 8 “ oats straw. 6 “ wheat straw. 3 “ gluten feed. 5 “ corn meal. 3 “ dried brewers’ grains. 3 “ malt sprouts. •5 “ buckwheat middlings. 3 “ gluten feed. 3 “ linseed meal. 12 lbs. clover hay. 5 “ wheat bran. 5 “ ground oats. 5 “ corn meal. Rations for Horses. No. 1. No. 2 . No. 3. 8 lbs. timothy hay. 6 “ dried brewery’ grains, 6 “ corn. 8 lbs. timothy hay. . 6 “ corn. 5 “ wheat bran. 1J “ linseed meal. 6 lbs. clover hay. 4 “ corn stalks. 6 “ corn. 4 “ wheat bran. 1 “ linseed meal. No. 4. No. 5. No. 6. 4 lbs. clover hay. 8 “ wheat straw. 5 “ corn meal. 5 “ wheat bran. 2 “ linseed meal. 6 lbs. timothy hay. 10 “ corn stalks. 2 u wheat bran. 2 “ corn meal. 6 lbs. timothy hay. 8 “ oats straw. 3 “ wheat bran. 2 “ corn meal. For Fattening Steers. No. 1. No. 2 . No. 3. 10 lbs. corn stalks. 5 “ clover hay. 0 “ corn meal. 5 “ wheat bran. 3 “ cotton-seed meal. 5 lbs. clover hay. 10 “ oats straw. 6 “ corn meal. 6 “ wheat bran. 3 “ linseed meal. 10 lbs. corn stalks. 8 “ wheat straw. 6 11 gluten feed. 5 “ corn meal. 3 “ cotton-seed meal. 12 In these rations four pounds of wet brewers’ grains may be sub- stituted for one of dried grains, and ground corn and cob meal may substitute corn meal pound for pound without materially affecting the rations; buckwheat bran free from hulls may also substitute buckwheat middlings. The rations for dairy cows are intended for full flow of milk ; for cows approaching the calving period, the feeds should be reduced and coarse fodders increased. Rations 1, 2, 3 and 4 for horses are intended for moderate work, the others for simple maintenance, and perhaps will apply equally well for cattle; both cattle and horses will gain in weight on liberal rations of clover hay. Where stock is kept, clover hay should not be sold from the farm. For young and growing stock, as calves and colts, linseed meal, bran and middlings are the best additions to the rough fodders, stalks and straw, in the way of feeds, as they are rich in the muscle and bone- forming constituents; the amounts required should be adjusted by the feeder according to the age of the animals. Where farmers have not the appliances for making weights at each feed, and prefer to measure, the different materials should be weighed at least once, and the relation between a certain weight and a certain bulk ascertained. The weights of feed for a day’s ration for a herd may be mixed together in the proportions given, and in feeding they should be distributed in such a way as to give animals of different live weights and capacities for using food that amount best adapted for them. Where there are a number of dry cows in the dairy, then the mixtures for each lot had best be made separately. For horses the rations for work and maintenance may each be mixed in considerable quantities and placed in separate bins. Inquiries as to where to buy feeds are frequently received ; a list of the dealers in this State, from whom samples were received in 1892, is given in Bulletin 87, to which readers have already been referred for detailed information regarding the character of concentrated feeds. EDWARD B. VOORHEES, Director . New Brunswick, N. J., October 14th, 1893. ANALYSES AND VALUATIONS OF COMPLETE FERTILIZERS, GROUND BONE AND MISCELLANEOUS SAMPLES. NEW JERSEY AGRICULTURAL 97 NEW JERSEY Agricultural Experiment Station. BULLETIN 97. NOVEMBER 6, 1893. Analyses and Valuations of Complete Fertilizers, Ground Bone and Miscellaneous Samples. BY EDWARD B. VOORHEES, LOUIS A. VOORHEES, JOHN P. STREET. Bulletin 93, issued in July, contained the analyses of 95 samples of unmixed fertilizing materials, and 10 of home mixtures. This bulletin contains the analyses and commercial valuations of 248 samples of different brands of manufactured complete fertilizers, and 51 of incomplete fertilizers, which include ground bone, dissolved bone, wood ashes and miscellaneous products. The purpose of Bulletin 93 is to direct attention to the character and composition of standard fertilizer supplies, and to show the actual cost per pound of the constituents contained in them, though it also suggests economical methods of buying plant-food, gives useful formulas, and shows that farmers can make mixtures which, in mechanical condition, concentration and quality, are equal to the best manufactured brands upon the market. It shows how direct savings may be made in the purchase and use of fertilizing materials. The work of this bulletin has reference almost entirely to products manufactured from the supplies indicated in No. 93. The actual and guaranteed composition of manufactured brands are compared, 3 which shows whether the manufacturer fulfills his claims, and how far the guarantee given is a guide as to the actual composition. The application of the schedule of values, adopted for the various kinds and forms of fertilizer constituents, also shows whether the guarantee of a brand warrants the selling price attached, and the commercial value of the different brands studied in connection with their compo- sition, permits of a fair comparison of the charges of the different manufacturers for mixing, bagging and selling their goods. The value of this work to the intelligent consumer is direct, in furnishing definite information as to the composition and value of the different brands forced upon his attention, and of indirect value to all consumers in that it reduces to a minimum the amount of worthless products offered for sale. Inspection of Fertilizers. It is the aim of the Station to secure a sample of all the different brands and fertilizer products upon the market. It is believed that this aim has been practically attained this year ; the number of brands of complete fertilizers is nearly 20 per cent, greater, while the number of those of a miscellaneous character is quite as great as in any pre- vious year. This result is due both to a closer inspection and to the fact that new brands are constantly introduced, the product of both old and new firms. For instance, it is shown that while eleven firms entirely new to the State are represented by one or more brands, one manufacturer is represented by 14 brands, another by 13, and eight are represented by 8 or more brands. It is also shown by the results of analyses that in many cases the main difference in a brand is a difference in the selling price attached, the amount and proportion of plant-food constituents apparently being a less important factor to the manufacturer than selling price. While the multiplication of brands is not on the whole to be com- mended, a point worthy of consideration is shown, viz., that where dealers have brands made to their order by regular manufacturers the quality is always good and the commercial value is much nearer the selling price than those sold direct by the manufacturer himself. Commercial Valuation. The schedule of values adopted and used in the valuation of com- plete fertilizers this year as well as that of 1892, are added. 4 1892. 1893. cts. cts. Nitrogen from Nitrates 15 15J Nitrogen from Ammonia Salts 17£ 17 “ “ Organic Matter 16 17 J Phosphoric Acid, Soluble 7J 6J “ “ Reverted 7£ 6J “ “ Insoluble 2 2 Potash as Muriate 4J Potash free from Muriates 5J 5J The change in the schedule by the lowering of values for available phosphoric acid, and nitrogen as ammonia, and increasing those of both organic and nitrate nitrogen, makes the valuation per ton on the same basis of analyses slightly lower this year than in 1892. The work contained in Bulletin 93, however, showed that the schedule was entirely just to the manufacturer. Composition of Fertilizers. The brands examined this year in most cases contain an equivalent of plant- food guaranteed, though many brands show evidences of imperfect mixing or carelessness in fixing the guarantee. A guar- antee means nothing to the farmer from the standpoint of proportion and amount of plant-food, unless the analysis corresponds to that guarantee. In two cases, Nos. 5361 and 5623, the State law, which requires that a guaranteed analysis shall accompany each package of fertilizer for sale, was ignored. Sample No. 5361 is a poudrette, and is of a low-grade character. No. 5623 is of still lower grade, containing six-tenths of one per cent, of nitrogen, about one per cent, of available phosphoric acid, and but a trace of potash, and with a commercial value of only $3.92 per ton, though the selling price is $15. It may not have been the intention of the manufacturers in either case to defraud consumers, though ignorance of the law or of the constitu- ents that constitute value in fertilizers is no valid excuse for the sale of such products without complying with the law ; the actual result is, particularly in case of No. 5623, that farmers who buy the product are cheated. Neither is it any excuse that farmers cheat themselves in the purchase of fertilizers, by a careless comparison or no com- parison of guarantee and selling price. A case of this kind may be illustrated by sample No. 5577. The 5 guarantee calls for, even at the best interpretation, but $8.52 worth of actual plant-food, while the selling price is $30 per ton. The law does not fix the selling price, and purchasers should study the relation of these two factors. Selling Price. As has been the custom in the past, the selling price of the different brands entered in the tables is the price at which they are sold where sampled. These prices do, of course, vary somewhat, though the variation is between reasonably narrow limits. The average price is found in some cases to be lower, and in others to be higher than those given in the table. The average composition, selling price and com- mercial valuation for 1892 and 1893 are shown in the following tabulation : Total Total Available Insoluble Selling Station Nitrogen. Phos.Acid. Phos.Acid. Phos. Acid. Potash. Price. Valuation. 1892 2.74 10.38 7.70 2.67 4.50 $34.19 $25.66 1893 2.69 10.23 7.54 2.69 4.58 34.11 24.41 The average composition and selling price per ton are practically identical with those of last year, while the valuation this year is $1.25 less than in 1892, making the difference between valuation and sell- ing price $9.70, or the selling price 40 per cent, greater than the valuation, which represents the average charges per ton for mixing, bagging and selling. It is evident that the decrease in the cost of fertilizer supplies has not resulted in a lower selling price per ton for the mixtures made from them by the manufacturers. It is shown, too, from a study of the tables, that the difference between valuation and selling price in nearly half of the brands is above this average, ranging from $10 to $25 per ton, thus giving a wide opportunity for selection on the part of the purchaser. Ground Bone. The samples of ground bone examined this year are, on the whole, of good character. A criticism made prominent in previous discus- sions of the analyses of bone products, however, still holds good, namely, that the trade terms, bone meal, pure bone, steamed bone and raw bone, bear no exact relation to the kind of bone, nor do they in- dicate the method of manufacture. Sample No. 5054 is called a steamed bone. It contains as much nitrogen as the average sample of 6 ground bone, but less than half as much phosphoric acid as is con- tained in a pure bone. The simple steaming of bone would not have a tendency to decrease the amount of phosphoric acid, but rather to increase it. Samples Nos. 5020 and 5071 are also good examples of products that contain much less of both nitrogen and phosphoric acid than would be contained in pure bone, whatever the method of manu- facture. That the manufacturers did not regard the samples as pure is evident from the guarantee which accompanied the brands. In all cases, very much less, particularly of the phosphoric acid, was guaranteed than is known to be present in a pure bone. A guarantee of less than 4 per cent, of ammonia and 20 of phos- phoric acid, or its equivalent in bone phosphate of lime, may well create a suspicion that the product is not a pure bone. Samples Nos. 5556 and 5558 contain potash. While a mixture of bone and potash may be a very effective and profitable manure for general farming, the results of the analyses of these samples indicate that farmers would do better to purchase the bone and potash separately rather than together, as in these brands. Valuations. The schedule of prices used in computing values in 1892 and 1893, as well as the average per cent, of fineness of the bone, are added : Finer than in (( U 1 u ZS (C U 1 u TZ Coarser than j 2 “ Average per cent. Nitrogen. Phosphoric Acid, of Fineness. Per Pound. Per Pound. 1892. 1893. 1892. 1893. 1892. 1893. 38 43 15c. 15c. 7c. 6c. 28 27 12c. 12c. 5£c. 5c. 24 20 9ic. 9c. 4£c. 4c. 10 10 7%c. 7c. 3c. 3c. This year the value of the nitrogen in the coarser grades is re- duced one- half cent per pound, while the phosphoric acid is reduced in all cases except the coarser grade. The average per cent, of fine- ness is this year an improvement over that secured in 1892. The average selling price per ton, excluding those samples not comparable, is $32.50, and the average valuation $31.23 per ton. Miscellaneous Fertilizing Materials. The analyses of samples of dissolved bone contained in the table on page 41 are shown to be of good quality. The commercial valua- 7 tions of three out of the five samples bought in the usual manner, by the ton, are within $3 of their selling price. Sample No. 5621 was bought on the basis of $2 per unit for ammonia and $1 per unit for available phosphoric acid. The cost, delivered at consumer’s depot, including bags, freight, etc., was 14.3 cents for nitrogen and 5.3 cents for phosphoric acid. These figures for organic nitrogen and available phosphoric acid are 18 per cent, less than the Station’s valuations. While the valuation of the other brands is relatively high, the cost per pound of the nitrogen and the phosphoric acid is in every case greater than the Station’s valuations. Dissolved bone is an excellent fertilizer for wheat, and at the present low price of this cereal it is of the greatest importance that farmers should take advantage of such opportunities as are afforded by these products to reduce the cost of the crop. Sample No. 5598 is evidently a mixture of ground bone and dissolved S. C. rock superphosphate, and is an expensive product at the selling price given. In sample No. 5060 the superphosphate has been improved by the addition of sulphate of ammonia, and doubtless would serve a good purpose as a wheat fertilizer. The samples called dissolved bone and potash do not contain dis- solved bone, but dissolved S. C. rock to which potash has been added. While good, they are not cheap sources of phosphoric acid and potash. Sample No. 5622 was bought on the unit basis and in car-load lots. The price paid was 85 cents per unit, or 4£ cents per pound for avail- able phosphoric acid. This is but another illustration of the advan- tages to be derived from buying fertilizing materials on the unit basis and in large lots for cash. The samples of wood ashes examined this year were, with two ex- ceptions, below the average quality. The schedule of values adopted for ashes is 5 cents for phosphoric acid and 5J for potash. The average cost per pound for potash and phosphoric acid contained in these samples, not including 5562, is 9.7 and 10.7 cents, respectively.. 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rr e* rH 00 CO Ci rH 00 H © rH CO © Oi © © 00 rH © eo H © CO o •pnnoj i^jox © N ; © ©' rH H rH © © H ei eo © 6 © H s H H H H H H H H H H rH H H to to I> • O C5 s to o S S to to o T—i to o •aiqniosui to to i> oo 05 05 <£> CO to to CO c4 OJ 1 03* r-i o CO rH i-i o 03 to* rH rH rH r-i •axuiqo o to F- 03 to 00 rH 00 i> 05 ?J 05 CO to 05 o CO to C3 05 1> i> 05 to ad i> tO to ci 1> i> to 05 rH © ei to ei © © CO © © © rH e* © © rH © •p981U'Bj;miO T'BtOX CD © N © xSJ HiJ © N eo © © © rH ei rH rH H ei © H © ei oi rH H eo rH © ei rH rH ei © © © O © i- © © 10 f- rH ?- H e* ei 1- d •panoj mox © CO N H « H © N © I- © © © © © CD a> 60 N H H rH eo eo rH ei © rH H ei eo i-5 H eo 8 vraxpjpj; ora^Sjo tnojj | 1 O Is 2.30 1.20 1.04 1.05 2-30 !.75 1.20 2.051 !,97 2.06 1.87 !.85 i 1.76 1.03 CO CO o 03 to o •sqrcg 'Btuouuny moj^ 0.11 o' 6.51 1.22 CO o 0.28 TI'O 0.16 s rH 1 03 o to i.25 05 CO O CO 00 GO 00 03 •saj'BijijsI raoi^ o' © r> o 03 o to o to o c> rH tO o ' o a. 3 "S aJ "cl a Ph 'd Ph 'd m a> dS A w J I ol o o 6 d o d d a ci a o O dC P< d dS m QQ d o 3 s o M d pp pH C3 H m / "S rCj d" d o s 8 pq H •iaqum*i noi^g co to r* to (M 05 ^ tO o H I/O tO tO tO tO tO tO CO tO CO tO to CO Q CM CO 03 03 03 r-t 03 CO O CO CO CO 05 O O O rH to O iO to Complete Fertilizers Furnishing Nitrogen, Phosphoric Acid and Potash, 32 •jaqnmM noi^lS 3 8 © © © © © C > © © © © o © © © © © c > © © © © © C » © © © © MS © © MS •paa^u'Ba'Btio © i’ • © © © © © © © © © 2^ 2'» © MS © © 1 1 H 1 H ’eg © m; > *0 MS © © (Si © © © © © © © ft 2- f* •pnnoj MS c > H 2- © MS © m: 1 « M © ft eo © 2- © M 2- MS 2- MS © 2- MS © © © © © © © © •6 © © O © © © © © o © © © © MS MS © © •pea^ur-runo irjox © © H © © © © o ft ft H © K > ft M 2* o r- 1 © © 00 2^ M © (Si © o ft © « i r* ft © CO CO 1 © © r- MS © ft ft CD o •puno^ i'bxox © © ) H © © H rH : © ft © © © © © © rH ft ft H H H H H H r* 1 ft ft H H H H CO O Oi CO lO 00 CO CO ^ (M 05 T* iO CO 00 CO •aiqnxosni co to CO oo IO oc > CD r- CD CO CD ID °i CO CO iO 3 8 oo co OO CO 05 OJ 05 TtJ CO o 05 « s CO unnuoramv ui aiqnxos eo ft r-i < r*l ic iO oi ft ft ft CD ; 05 i rH i.02 2.60 o CO CD* 2.48 5.68 6.00 5 44 05 lO Nitrogen. •paaxuu.i'Bno i^jox 2.46 1.64 1.64 2.46 0.82 1.64 2.46 2.05 2.46 3.28 1.85 2.05 2.27 2.05 3.28 3.28 1.64 •pnnoj l^jox r-©^M©(Si(SiM©M5©M©©©©© MSiHe(S^ei© CO I> 00 CO cm cm O -H © .2 • o ® K ft 02 a w 0 $ £ 8 ft £ £ - a> - ; ft cj - ; o3 ft § ft SZ3 § o ft 6 r = s £5 3 9 § a o ft2 ft "So ft “3 I S a S d g s h ►> CO ft o . ft 9 '3 £ £ CO GO CO GO n3 o © ft ri rt oi ,d ft 3 g o .2 9 ft o m ft ft o 02 £ o M M cl o ft d o ft ft | -aaqranu noijuiS | g S I LO LO lO lO LO Complete Fertilizers Furnishing Nitrogen, Phosphoric Acid and Potash, 35 •jgqxnn^ uop^s 5227 5523 5067 5228 5433 5309 5614 5314 5465 m 5310 5136 5074 5075 5205 5206 m CO m •lodaq o © © © © © © © © © © c > © © © © © o © © © © © © © © © © c ) © © © © © ,sj[atnnsuo 3 iv *sqi ci 10 10 HI © eo © 10 © © © © •0 ci © 000‘S JO OOI-IJ Snni»S & St Ci eo CO CO © © « CO « CO © CO CO CO •itjoianx iv *sqi 000‘g jo Sunils OS rH N © St H © © fH as c I © Jr St as as saaijx s.uoiiris © 10 © © eo 00 TjJ © 10 © © 1 eo eo us © ci ‘sqi 000‘3 JO onivA Cl Ci © Ci Ci ci © N N N 00 N eo « H (N ci N c rH o 1> CO l> 05 co lO (N cm id id to o TT so CO Cl © © H us Cl H Ci © © r- © H © c 5 eo 10 as lr •punox US si 9* *0 SO 10 H ©' eo ci ci eo CO © eo © © © © © © © © © © © c > © © © © • © us © © © © © © © © © c » © © © © •paa^urarno r- 00 © © t* © © © © © © © 10 A c3 H H 3 © as 60 H « r- r- H © © rm ( Ci © lr us rH i- us SO 00 © © N © © CO H Ci 10 CD ’O h •panox © 00 © 00 00 10 © © ci > ir © © SO O © © o © © © © c > © © © © © < © © o © © © © c > © © © © © o •paa^uBJuno injox as © rH N N ci © Ci iC iC © © H o H H H fH H H 1“ < H St 10 us H US © N 00 © © o c 5 © © r> o (0 Ci us © rjt « r« 00 © © Cl H © © H o ,d •panox I«Jox as rH 6 © © © H5 © ci H r 1 i © © H ci CO P4 H H ri H H H H H l- i H H H CO CO a m 05 CM CO 05 tH 05 in 05 * 05 •axqnxosnj l> o 00 05 CM iO m oo o CO CM co rH CO rH cm rH rH CO CO rH CM CO tH rH rH CO 'rH i> •aX'BJXXO a 8 8 3 05 05 O 05 53 05 o CO o 00 8 rH 00 05 CO 05 CM nimuonnny ni axqnxos rH rH rH rH rH O CM CO c4 CM rH rH CM* rH CM m co 6.34 CM CM CM T* CO o o CM tH CO CO CO o : 8 O uax'BAV nx aiqnxog CO CO CM i> in iO id 05 TJJ CO CM CM CM l> 05 i> 00 in tH CM in rH in in cd cd © us tH © © © © © SO © © © © © © •paaiue.renf> tuiot. © © © © © Ci © N © Ci Cl Ci Ci i'- CO H ci eo ei « eo N rH iH ci eo ci eo eo 10 © © us © © © © © © CO c S 10 © SO © Ci rt •panox I^jox © H © « 10 oo N •# H i' as T H Ci © as © 1 H! M PJ 2 S « !q -a ft O A Pq © o pq PM © d o pq Ti Fh oS co a o ■§ o pq © d d o3 © V © i a 2 d C3 a W bp 3 aS O Ph a © © © Ph o m an .a p a < pq" f-t o "oa © M W © d o pq 2s s © o Plow Brand.. d M d § a o d «3 d fS 0) _N tn 02 pq c 0 * c a > J 1 i s ^ d o 2 I o © ft « o 02 “fl m d o 3 o A 3 s e ! 1 02 02 02 02 C2 o o3 d O O CH oj _w d a> ◄ © g H = = = Ph an © 2 3 1 0 Q 08 •8 pq M 6 pq pq SQ A 2 P3 pq • 3 = 0 3 d d > Fh a 0> ^ 'S o a w t/j >> W S f a s ,t 3 fl S « £ s g ft 5 ft 'S o o f -2 « ft i W <1 UU Z2 •rH ^ 03 O «§ a! ft g> l-s -<1 l-J a V •g =3 a ft o3 U fl . a> S tuo 5 3 °3 fl~ a s o -fl 8 s £ a ^ £ •jeqttmx noijBjs a? fl g .. m h •a -s § O © .d 03 flu, o S 3 s us to Complete Fertilizers Furnishing Nitrogen, Phosphoric Acid and Potash. 37 •jsqtnn^ uoiyeiS 5316 5073 5072 5585 5498 5070 5339 5230 5341 5628 •^od»G[ ,sj[arans«o3 :jb *sqi 000‘S jo SanioS oooooooooo ©o©©©©©©©© nj s’ « # ^ « a # a m MCOMMCO^NNCIN *sqi 000‘3 JO eotJtd; Sunios s 4 uoi^b^s 'sqi 000‘S jo oniBA f0©©00r-©30©©x o^r-wior^eoxi-j© HN©M«©*©©OH NNNNNNNHHN m •oauomo 0.27 5.20 5.86 2.45 6.74 5.06 2.35 3.39 3.39 2.76 Potash. •paa^uBJBtio 1.00 4.00 3.00 2.00 5.00 7.00 2.00 2.00 4.32 2.50 •punoj; 0.60 4.26 3.76 1.87 4.60 7.53 2.15 1.98 4.09 2.84 Phosphoric Acid. Available. •paa^uBJBtio 11.00 8.00 8.00 9.00 6.00 7.00 8.00 7.00 9.00 •punoj 10.18 6.30 6.63 8.74 6.89 7.66 8.05 7.29 2.04 8.05 •poa^uBaBno iujox 12.00 11.00 11.00 10.00 7.00 8.00 9.00 8.00 12.00 11.00 •ptmox ib^ox 12.77 10.31 9.66 11.16 8.11 9.46 12.26 9.87 11.36 11.65 •oiqniosui 2.59 4.01 3.03 2.42 1.22 1.80 4.21 2.58 9.32 3.60 •aiBiiio umiuounny ui eiqnjog 3.14 2.22 2.01 3.32 2.23 3.04 4.05 3.59 2.04 1.11 •jo^bav ui oiqniog 7.04 4.08 4.62 5.42 4.66 4.62 4.00 3.70 6.94 Nitrogen. •paa^uBJBno ib^ox 1.64 2.05 1.64 2.46 2.46 3.69 1.64 1.03 1.23 1.85 •pimoj i«jox 1.92 2.63 2.24 2.65 2.57 3.48 1.80 1.31 1.73 1.97 raoij 1.54 1.80 1.52 2.48 2.42 2.29 1.63 1.13 1.53 1.27 •siiBg 'Biaonmiy raojj 0.38 0.17 0.15 1.19 0.17 0.18 0.20 raoi^ 0.83 0.72 0.70 Wenderoth’s $25 Fertilizer Whann’s Chester Valley Special Potato.... “ “ “ Raw Bone Super Williams & Clark’s Amer. A Bone Super.. ‘ ‘ Americus Potato Phos “ “ Am H.G.Sp.forM.T. “ Ammon. Diss. Bones. “ “ Royal Bone Phos “ “ Peach Tree Fert Young’s Champion •jaquinii uojwg 5316 5073 5072 5585 5498 5070 5339 5230 5341 5628 Ground Bone Furnishing Nitrogen and Insoluble Phosphoric Acid. 38 •ok noftins H CO CO O O* CO tO lO CO tO r-H H H § 8 3 . o w £ £ 2 s 2 of of 3 | £ o - £ o ft s g w § ft -d* «r 'g § n g o o os 3 3 "S 3h W s ft © ft -O os tUD . 03 C? r-> 3 ft « § a a 2 1 § ® M w id S d M S * * d £ * £ ID c3 £ • d ft 9 d - (D g £ « - m w fH ~ a £ ^ w ^ 3 2 3 ^ n M ft £ m; d h W d ^ os . £ ^ ft - I iS 3 ft £ » ^ S ft ti ft ft S -8 r S ^ o 3 o ft o O 2 * o N ft © o ft {25 3 - ft d . Q x A 8 « 1 ft s 9 s I D •'So ft ft ^ 6 6 a 'g © ft 1 •8 ft S | CD ft w - 2 M ” o I 3 B 2 = ft te ft ft ft ^ ft ^ _jf ft a 1 a 1 1 -^O^dS©^© "» ft n M © l-H N bfl ft bo ft ft M ^ H d? 02 ^ ft d M o a 1 a © 3 ft fe 3 o ^ S O ^ ft O - 3 2 - ft ft I I o ft •-( o •ok uoiWS r-l CO 00 SS^g to to to to O *-i^t^o ddqiULL^ UU Lj 04.J5 lOntNOOiOiCMCO^fNiOiOdOOH^OOMOCO 1 lOiOiOiOiOiOiCiOiOiOiOiOiOiOiOiOiOiOiO'CiOOiO •^OdaQ ,SJ9tnnsno3 %ts *sqx 000‘S JO o»H«I Sainas $36.00 28.00 32.00 27.50 23.00 38.00 30.00 35.00 35.00 34.00 33.00 29.00 27.00 35.00 30.00 35.00 34.00 34.00 30.00 32.00 34.00 32 00 30.00 •sooijj s < uoix , bjs JB *sqi 000‘S jo ouiba 0^05C?H^^«0©MOr-WX«0^®T((NOe»0 ^0©ao^ooc5©eo^©©05NHeo'i|©MeocsJOX ^©io^©oiNN^©^©a6«'©*!jHHT)J^i©a6w© NMNH95«MMMWC0«HC0N«MMNNNNTj( (ft Chemical Analysis. •pioy ouoqdsoqj »-HO>oeiDooiOioi>ioc*i>a>cioo©^ao W W O H (N (X) H H l> W 05 O lO H H CO iO o^cocio6o>c s i"^o6»-Hi/!>'Tj5o7r > »c s ic s i 10 cm »— J ^ co 10 10 r l; IO ITD 05 O 00 Tp O ^ H 10 ^ IO H H lO 0 CO ^ CD Tji CO CO CO rH CO Tji iH ^ CM CM* ^ CO CM r* rji CQ ^ CO c4 CO Mechanical Analysis. •ux qjst-i ubth lasiBOO to # 'H* CM 1> CM ;Oi>Ot^ ; CO ; CO H O ; ; 1^ -rH ; ; CM : CM rH H ; CM CM ; CM ; rH rH • ; rH CM • ; •ui t[4ST-i UBq; joutj W'^H^O'NiOTf<»OOOOHiOt^»OCOOH(NOOO-H CM COrlHCOHHCMHCMCMHrH^HCOH CO CM CM •ux qjgg-x UBqi Jauij iOOHCMCMiOC^ a a> o dCQ d o PQ x) a . !3 8 g s § ” © g-ag-oo'Jl^S, UdK flCUO a s © a o PQ ^3 © d O rt © « d 03 O o« 'd . a ©. a o PQ 'd-s p oj d o PQ -d a d ® o g d ro O O w *-i PQ £0 © 03 © si 6s h d ^ d PQ-dPQ PQ g S rH - d 8 ^ «s ft t-S o t-9 £ £ * I ^ W O >• w 0 <1 I r «8 a - ■2 .d 3 h ft „ rj co 2 * Mi Ml © © bfl -d £ § H 02 ft be Si •jaqnm^ uoi)tflS ft 'd § © d - 0 - cq ^d « t> 'O 2 1 Pm Q CO # o ii h PtHPiHr-IHHH •ouuoiqo CO JO O to Potash. •paanrexeno w © © pi ei punoj; © ei ®i Phosphoric Acid. Available. •paaXU«a«no 7.00 10.00 5.00 13.00 10.00 13.00 8.00 13.00 13.00 16.00 •putlog 8.30 9.16 13.61 15.69 9.84 13.44 9.30 11.46 9.08 9.11 4.68 15.49 ’padjtraximo' rej°X 18.00 15.00 18.00 14.00 14.00 10.00 17 . 00 l •putlog x«J«x 11.63 13.66 17.66 30.38 14.83 30.35 18.40 13.06 5.58 4.90 13.05 13.43 18.41 17.06 •oxqnxosuj 3.32 4.50 5.05 4.59 4.98 7.91 9.10 1.60 3.97 3.31 13.73 1.57 •ap?Hio mmuonnnv m oiqntog 1.30 3.56 10.33 15.21 6.68 6.36 3.50 0.80 3.32 7.03 4.68 2.15 uomAV ni axqnxos 7.00 5.60 2.28 0.48 3.16 6.08 5.80 10.66 5.76 2.08 13.34 Nitrogen. •pae:pre.reno I'ejox 3.05 1.64 3.46 3.05 3.00 3.05 1.64 0.41 •pnnoj xuxox h^cOtHN-WONO'sH : : Ohcohosohh^co : • NNCOeOHrHi-IffiNrjH j • •JOxx'Bjst oiu'bSjo uiojj 2.63 2.14 3.66 3.14 1.92 1.88 1.10 0.76 2.40 4.34 •s^S 'Biuomniv moijf 0.28 98*1 •SOX'BIXT^I XUOJ^ « M a & © : : -d § pq & § -d O in fl ,d ° 03 & ^ r- S .s to to » 3 u N m o -g '5 h o 3 o 3 d •S3 d o o! £ Dry Matter. Crude Fat. Crude Fiber. Crude Ash. Crude Protein. Carbo- hydrates. Albuminoid Protein. 827 May 12 90.31 9.69 0.38 1.60 0.99 2.20 4.53 1.59 828 May 12.. 88.03 11.97 0.47 1.96 1.42 2.86 5.26 2.01 Average 89.17 10.83 0.43 1.78 1.21 2.53 4.90 1.80 831 May 24 84.76 15.24 0.51 4.41 1.21 2.82 6.29 1.99 834 May 24 83.70 16.30 0.55 4.32 1.40 3.18 6.85 2.18 Average 84.23 15.77 0.53 4.37 1.31 3.00 6.57 2.09 837 May 31 83.26 16.74 0.53 4 78 1.47 2.95 7.01 2.13 26 The samples taken on May 12th still show a high content of water, in composition not differing widely in any respect from those samples taken April 24th. The samples representing fall bloom on May 24th, and the fully matured plant on May 31st, show a much higher content of dry mat- ter, though still much less than is contained in other green forage crops. The samples at this time also show a much higher percentage of crude fiber than on the earlier dates. Table 7 shows the amount of food constituents, both total and digestible, contained in the crops obtained from one acre, as well as the residue of plant-food contained in roots and stubble. Table 7. POUNDS OF FOOD PER ACRE. POUNDS OF PLANT-FOOD REMAINING FROM STUBBLE AND ROOTS. 'DATE. j Fat. | Fiber. 1 I a *5 1 s Oh Carbo- hydrates. 4 < Organic Matter. Nitrogen. I Phosphoric j Acid. Potash. May 12 132.8 561.3 795.6 1,548.1 377.0 1,406.2 41.1 11.4 25.9 May 24 168 4 1,376.4 945.3 2,066.4 410.8 1,406.2 37.9 10.1 14.2 May 31 200.9 1,874.5 1,121.9 2,660.7 558.9 1,200.2 32.8 9.4 26.1 Average 167.4 1,270.8 915.2 2,091.7 448.9 1,337.5 37.3 10.3 22.1 ■Digestible food per acre. 80.0 610.0 658 0 1,486.0 1 In the use of forage crops, cutting begins as early as a good yield can be secured, and continues as long as the crop is suitable for the purpose; in studying the yields, therefore, the average of the thr*e cuttings will be taken as the basis for calculations. The digestion co-efficients determined for crimson clover hay at the North Carolina Experiment Station, and reported in their Bulletin 87d, were used to obtain the amounts of digestible food shown in the table. The clover in the earlier stages of growth, as represented by the samples, is too watery to give the best satisfaction as an exclu- sive feed, though in actual practice the forage would be much drier 27 than is indicated by the analysis. In the sampling no loss of water occurred between field and laboratory, in practice a considerable dry- ing is unavoidable, even when fed as soon as possible after cutting. Its Economical Use. The highly-nitrogenous character of the dry matter also indicates that it could be more economically used with cornmeal, which, in composition, is the reverse of the clover, viz., highly carbonaceous. Still excellent results, as in the case of pasturage, have been derived when it forms the entire ration. If so used the average amount of digestible food obtained per acre, on the basis of 1 5.4 pounds of digestible organic matter per 1,000 pounds live weight, is sufficient to feed 10 cows in full flow of milk for 20 days, the time during which, in average seasons, the product is suitable for the purpose. If not used exclusively, it should be the aim of the farmer to make the clover furnish the bulk of the protein, and a ration made up of from 50 to 75 pounds of clover, depending upon its content of water, and 8 pounds of cornmeal, is suggested. On this basis the number of animals that could be fed for the given time would be nearly doubled, because the carbohydrates furnished by the cornmeal permits a more economical use of the clover. Its Value. As stated in reference to pasturage, it is a difficult matter to fix a value on products of this kind in dollars and cents that would be applicable in all cases. It is, however, entirely legitimate in investi- gations of this kind to give as correct an idea as possible of the probable value. Farmers do have very positive knowledge as to the value of well- cured red clover hay ; they know that it is an excellent feed ; it is so because of the kind and proportion of the digestible constituents con- tained in it. The analyses of crimson clover hay made at this Station, and pub- lished on page 142 of the Annual Report for 1892, showed that a ton contained 83.6 pounds more of digestible matter than red clover, and that over 66 per cent, of this increase consisted of the most valuable 28 compound, protein. On the same basis of water content, the yield per acre of dry matter here indicated is equivalent to 2 66 tons of hay. The increased labor involved in using the clover as a soiling crop is somewhat greater than would be the case if the crop were made into hay, though this increased cost of food is probably balanced by the better quality of the product, the dry matter of the green forage showing a higher percentage of protein and lower percentage of crude fiber than the hay. At present prices of feeds a good crop of mature crimson clover should be worth for forage at least $25 per acre. In order to pro- vide an unbroken succession of forage crops for the dairy, crimson clover fits in nicely between rye and red clover, two or three acres being sufficient for a medium-sized dairy. If more is grown than is needed for forage, it is suitable for preserving as ensilage, and it also makes an excellent hay, the chief objection here being that it matures too early for good hay weather. That this clover is appreciated as a soiling crop is well illustrated by the following letter to the Director, dated May 17th, 1891, from Mr. I. W. Nicholson, a prominent and successful dairyman of Cam- den county : “As you are interested in the introduction of crimson clover, I would like you to see a piece I am now soiling to my stock. You would see what the possibilities are on a rather light soil, without any extra labor. “ I am prepared to say I think very highly of this clover for soil- ing. It is an early crop, which is eaten by the stock with great avidity. I had a neighbor who sowed it with corn the last time of tilling, and had upon 7 acres about four weeks’ pasture for a herd of 25 cows this spring, before plowing and planting in corn.” The Value of the Manure and Residue in Roots. When used as a soiling crop the organic matter and nitrogen remaining in the soil from stubble and roots are equivalent to the amounts furnished by about four tons of city manure, or but little in excess of that remaining when the crop is used as a pasture. The amount remaining in the manure from the crop fed on the assumption that 25 per cent, of the nitrogen is utilized by the animals, is much greater, or equivalent to 11} tons of city manure, a total of 15} tons for the whole crop. 29 The nitrogen assumed to be utilized by the animals when the tops are used as feed, is 35 pounds, or equivalent to that contained in 3^ tons of manure, which would cost $5.25, hence, when the manure is properly saved and applied, the manurial value of the crop is not materially reduced. Used as a manure only, the average crop per acre is worth $25.50; when used as a feed the value is increased to $45 25. This illustrates very clearly the wastefulness of using the matured crop solely as a green manure, wherever it is possible to use it as a feed. These experiments emphasize the points stated in the beginning as already well established for crimson clover, and also suggest further important advantages from its proper management and use. These are summarized as follows : Summary. I. Crimson clover is an annual plant, hardy for the whole State ; it has been successfully grown in every county from Cape May to Sussex. It is adapted for a wide variety of conditions, both in reference to character of soil, and method and time of seeding, though not as a substitute for red clover. II. Its best use is probably derived when seeded in the summer or fall for an early spring crop, either for pasture forage or green manure. The time of seeding may extend from July 15th to September 15th, depending upon the character of the season and the seed-bed ; good results have been secured when seeded later than September 15th. The value of a spring seeding for a summer crop, either upon raw ground or with oats, has not been thoroughly tested in the State ; experiments are now in progress here to study this point. It is the experience of growers that the seed takes better when lightly covered. Failures to secure a good stand from good seed are reported as due chiefly to hot, dry weather after the sprouting of the seed, and to heavy rains immediately after seeding. III. Crimson clover may be seeded in [orchards, berry patches, corn, tomatoes, etc., and upon raw ground following after potatoes, tomatoes, melons or other crops harvested before September. It is not adapted for seeding with wheat or rye. 30 The amount of seed may range within wide limits — 8 to 16 pounds- per acre ; larger amounts are usually required when sown with other crops, and smaller amounts when sown upon raw ground or in orchards. Twelve pounds per acre will doubtless be found to be sufficient. No failures to stand the winter have been reported when good,, American- grown seed was used. It is more hardy than red clover. Foreign seed has not proved satisfactory. It contains as impurities- weed seed and less hardy varieties of this clover. The seed is not as yet produced in any considerable quantity in this State. That used> in our experiments was raised in Delaware, where the business of seed- growing is assuming considerable proportions and is reported to be profitable. TV. This crop, in common with all other farm crops, requires good soils for its best development, though it is well adapted for light lands, catching readily and growing well where red clover will not thrive, and also making use of the mineral constituents not available to the cereals. The average yield secured from a full stand on May 24th, and representing soils of a different character, was 15.75 tons of green clover per acre, or equivalent to 2.7 tons of dry hay. It is believed' that this fairly represents the yield that may be secured under favor- able conditions, though very much larger yields have been reported. V. Regarded as a green manure, particularly as furnishing nitrogen derived from the air, this crop possesses many advantages due to its* time of growth and development. A crop six inches high April 24th, showed an accumulation of nitrogen in the whole plant at the rate of 104 pounds per acre, an amount equivalent to that contained in ten tons of city manure or 648 pounds of nitrate of soda, costing $15. The crop secured at this date may be utilized for early vegetables^ potatoes, melons, etc., crops usually benefited by liberal applications of nitrogenous manures. On May 12th, a crop averaging 13 inches high, which in many sections can be utilized as a manure for late potatoes, corn, and orch- ards, contained nitrogen at the rate of 168 pounds per acre, worth $25.50. The plant at maturity showed nitrogen at the rate of 200 31 pounds per acre, or an amount equivalent to that contained in 20 tons of city manure, which would cost in that form $30. Good crops of this clover can be obtained on naturally- poor or worn-out lands when fertilized with the mineral constituents only ; these soils are rapidly improved by the addition of the nitrogen and accompanying organic matter contained in the crop. VI. This plant provides a good pasture before other crops are available. An early pasture is not only valuable for the food con- tained in it, but also because it helps to insure proper feeding and to prevent too early use of other and later pastures. It was pastured this year in central New Jersey as early as April 10th. The crop when six inches high contained over 1,300 pounds of digestible food per acre, sufficient to properly nourish twelve cows for one week. The fertilizing value per acre of the residue in the roots, is equiva- lent in nitrogen and organic matter to that contained in three tons of city manure. VII. Crimson clover in average seasons provides a soiling crop excellent both in yield and quality of product ; it is satisfactory for the purpose for about twenty days, and at a time when other forage crops are not abundant. On the basis of the yield of digestible food secured in the experi- ments — 2,934 pounds per acre — it will provide sufficient for ten cows in full flow of milk for twenty days, worth at present prices of feed, at least, $25 per acre. The composition and digestibility of this plant show it to be superior to red clover, and when seasons are favorable for early hay- making, the product thus secured is not excelled by any of our farm crops as a feed for all purposes. The advantages derived from the crop when used solely as a green manure are but slightly reduced when the crop is used for food, pro- vided the resulting manure is properly saved and applied. EDWARD B. VOORHEES, Director. New Brunswick, N. J., June 11th, 1894. Wl r /t? 5 THE USE OF KOCH’S LYMPH IN THE DIAGNOSIS OF TUBERCULOSIS OF CATTLE. NEW JERSEY Agricultural College Experiment Station 101 NEW JERSEY AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE EXPERIMENT STATION. BOARD OF CONTROL. The Board of Trustees of Rutgers College in New Jersey. EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE OF THE BOARD. AUSTIN SCOTT, Ph.D., LL.D., President of Rutgers College, Chairman. Hon. GEORGE C. LUDLOW, HENRY R. BALDWIN, M.D., LL.D. Hon. HENRY W. BOOKSTAVER, LL.D., JAMES NEILSON, Esq. STAFF OF THE STATION. AUSTIN SCOTT, Ph.D., LL.D., Director. Professor JULIUS NELSON, Ph.D., Biologist. Professor BYRON D. HALSTED, Sc.D., Botanist and Horticulturist. Professor JOHN B. SMITH, Sc.D., Entomologist. ELISHA A. JONES, B.S., Superintendent of College Farm. IRVING S. UPSON, A.M., Disbursing Clerk and Librarian. CHARLES A. POULSON, Mailing Assistant. LEONORA E. BUR WELL, Clerk to the Director. AUGUSTA E. MESKE, Stenographer and Typewriter. NEW JERSEY Agricultural College Experiment Station. BULLETIN 101 . JULY 2, 1894. The Use of Koch’s Lymph in the Diagnosis of Tuberculosis of Cattle. BY JULIUS NELSON, BIOLOGIST. § 1. Brief Record of Operations at the College Farm. Early in June, 1893, I was asked to examine, with the microscope, the milk of a Holstein cow, Tryntje von Hollingen by name, a mem- ber of the College farm herd. This cow had been suspected of being tuberculous, although at this time she was in fair condition, coughed only occasionally, but was somewhat languid and the right hind quar- ter of her udder presented the symptoms of garget — being hard and swollen. A thorough and extended microscopical study of her milk by num- erous methods failed to give me any evidence of the presence of the germ of tuberculosis. The milk was of excellent quality. Finally it was decided to test her by the Koch test, which consists in the hypodermic injection of a 10 per cent, solution of Koch’s lymph (or tuberculin) in a 1 per cent, solution of carbolic acid. Experience had abundantly proven to previous observers that if this is done on a healthy cow no change of her temperature results, but if she have tuberculosis in the slightest degree there is a fever reaction, the tem- perature rises in from six to twelve hours after injection and remains up for a number of hours before falling back again to the normal. 4 It is well known to veterinarians that the normal temperature of a cow in the early morning is lowest, so that if the injection be made in the evening the reaction, if any, will occur when the temperature should be lower than the initial temperature observed in the experiment. When it is found that the morning temperature, after inoculation with tuberculin in the evening, is higher than the evening tempera- ture, a reaction is at once predicated and this reaction is all the more certain in proportion to the absolute rise. So certain is it that a cow which shows a reaction is tuberculous that the State would risk little if any money, should it promise to pay for every cow showing reaction which on being killed failed to show the presence of tuberculosis. Accordingly, on the evening of July 24th Tryntje was injected with 80 minims of tuberculin solution — a large dose, determined by the large size of the cow. The temperature record observed was as follows : 8:00 10:00 12:30 3:00 5:00 7:15 10:00 11:30 p . m. p. m. a. m. a. m. a. m. a. m. a. in. a. m. 103 35° F . 103.1 103.2 102.2 102.2 101.2 101.5 102 It is plain that the above record is not a reaction, and I so reported ; but in the light of subsequent experiments, it now seems possible that a reaction took place. August 11th. A cow from the farm, on being slaughtered, showed abscesses in lungs and near kidneys, which, on microscopic examina- tion, showed the presence of the germs of tuberculosis. At this date the milk from the gargety quarter of Tryntje’s udder suddenly changed for the worse ; it became watery, coagulated and had little fat or cream content. Microscopic examination showed it to be full of decomposing cells and various bacteria, among which the tubercle germ was found to be present. The cow was then isolated from the other members of the herd, and a continued observation made of her milk, which was thrown away so far as it was not used in experi- ments. October 29th a normal, apparently healthy, calf was born to Tryntje. This was isolated and fed by milk from the three teats which produced milk of good quality. The cow had been dry for several weeks before calving. The right hind teat continued to give a small amount of abnormal milk. November 9th the calf was killed and specimens taken of its different organs for microscopic examination and the rest of the carcass was buried, although to the eye it presented a wholesome appearance. At this time it was noticed 5 that the milk of the right front quarter of Tryntje’s udder was also becoming abnormal. Experiments were continued, and I was greatly interested in studying certain physico- chemical reactions which I supposed might possibly be used in determining whether the milk of a cow is affected by tubercle bacilli or not, when the news came, November 30th, that Tryntje was dead. The autopsy was held that afternoon, in a field distant from the barn, and it showed clearly that death was the result of tuberculosis. The muscles seemed to be the only tissues not yet converted into tuberculous masses, so extreme was the invasion of this mysterious and irresistible disease. After the birth of the calf, the failure of health of the mother was rapid ; the change during the last week was so great that whereas a few days before, the cow seemed likely to live for many months, after death (I meanwhile had not seen her) she presented an appearance of emaciation which, had I seen before, would have determined her immediate slaughter. Meanwhile, the farm management had called in Dr. E. L. Loblein, veterinary surgeon, to examine the herd. Two cows presented unmis- takable signs of tuberculosis, and it was determined to test Koch’s lymph again. November 8th, Tryntje’s calf was injected with 20 minims tuberculin, and Maria Starr, a Holstein, received 50 minims, the temperature record being as follows for the calf : 6:00 8:45 2:00 5:00 7:15 12:00 4:00 p. m. p. m. a. m. a. m. a. m. m. p. m. 102.6 (before injection). 102.8 103.2 103.2 104 104.8 103.6 102 (immediately after). This appeared like a reaction, although the normal temperature of young calves is much higher than of cows, and is readily disturbed, so there is some doubt. The record for the cow was : 6:30 8:55 2:15 5:00 7:30 12:00 4:00 p. m. p. m. a. m. a. m. a. m. m. p. m. 102.5 (before). 102.6 (after). 103.4 106.3 106.3 105.8 103 103.3 This is a decided reaction. A week later, the other cow, Marion Perkins, a native, was injected with 40 minims and gave this record : 5:00 8:00 2:00 5:00 8:00 12:00 3:30 6:00 8:00 p. m. P. ID. a. m. a. m. a. m. m. p. m. p. m. p. m. 102.4 103.4 105 104.4 105.8 106 105 105.8 105.6 6 Next morning at 6 A. M,, 101.8, or more than two and a half degrees (2.5°) lower than on the previous morning, when the tuberculin was acting ; hence, an evident reaction. After the death of Tryntje, the slaughter of these two cows, which had been isolated as soon as the reaction was shown, was decided upon, but the desire to continue certain researches upon the milk of Maria Starr delayed the execution. Her milk was fed to a calf born to Fillpail November 8th (the mother at that time not suspected, but later proved to be tuberculous). This calf was injected with 15 minims lymph December 11th, and gave this record : 5:30 9:00 2:00 5:00 9:00 12:00 4:00 8:15 10:00 p. m. p. m. a. m. a. m. a. m. m. p. m. p. m. a. m. 103 101.8 104.2 104.6 104 104.5 103 6 104 103.6 While this appeared to be a reaction, the fact of the youth of the creature caused a doubt to remain. Accordingly, on the night of December 15th, Mr. E. A. Jones, the College Farm Superintendent, who had taken the above record, observed, at my request, the tem- perature of the calf when it was not under the influence of tubercu- lin, with the following results : 6:00 p. m. 10:00 p. m. 2:00 a. m. 5:30 a. m. 101.8 102 101.6 101.8 A comparison with the corresponding hours of December 11th, after injection, shows an evident reaction. This calf was butchered January 15th ; it was in prime condition, without a flaw to the eye, neverthe- less specimens of various organs were taken and prepared for micro- scopic examination. December 23d, the two cows whose records we have presented, were killed and autopsied near the grave of Tryntje, with the following results : In the case of Maria Starr (66), the membrane lining the chest walls was studded with tubercles (pearl disease), the bronchial glands were enlarged with tubercles, the lungs were filled with large cheesy bunches, the liver was covered with similar tubercles, and the caul, mesenteries, and intestines showed small scattered tubercles or pimples, known as miliary tubercles. In the case of Marion Perkins (73), the left lung was nearly solid and the right partly invaded by tubercles ; the bronchial and medias- tinal glands were enlarged and converted into a bright-yellow cheesy material. She was evidently not so tuberculous as the former case. 7 but leaving Tryntje out of comparison, would be still considered as in an advanced stage of tuberculosis. The results of these autopsies determined the farnTmanagement on a thorough inspection of the herd. Dr. Loblein examined the herd, keeping his results to himself temporarily, and I injected the herd with tuberculin, Mr. Jones taking the temperatures. Sufficient tuber- culin (thirty dollars’ worth, or 240 minims, equals 15 cubic centime- ters) was secured, and on the 29th day of December, nineteen cows, and January 2d, sixteen others were injected, the records of which will be found in the tables accompanying this report. Two heifers and a bull were left uninjected, the lymph having been exhausted. The bull was killed without injection, but found to be healthy. The two heifers were injected by Dr. Loblein at a later date. (See Tables. Nos. 7-43.) The general results may be summarized as follows : Nine cows are apparently sound, four are doubtfully sound; two are doubtfully tuberculous, six are probably tuberculous, while eighteen may be safely killed as tuberculous. The veterinarian’s inspection showed fifteen cows as “ suspicious ” cases, varying from “ very suspicious ” to “ slightly suspicious.” When these suspicious cases were compared with the classification under the Koch test it was found that two cases came under the “ apparently sound ” group, one under the “ doubtfully tuberculous ” group, two under the “ probably tuberculous ” group and eight under the “ certainly tuberculous” group. The other eight tuberculous animals were pronounced O K. The cows were killed in the order of their certainty of reaction, and every member of the certainly- tuberculous and probably- tubercu- lous groups was seen to be decidedly tuberculous, except two cases in the “ probable” class, about which there is doubt until the micro- scopic evidence is in. Thus there has been a thorough weeding out of the tuberculous cattle, which, but for the use of the Koch test, would have been im- possible. Every new cow now added to the herd is first tested by injection, and she is purchased only when her temperature record is unaffected by the injection. The evidences that such cows are sound are discussed in a later section of this report. The stables and quarters which the College herd has used have been thoroughly cleaned and disinfected, and the Koch test will be used from time to time in the future to detect any case of tuberculosis 8 arising in the herd in its incipiencv. In this way the herd can be kept clean and reliable. The reason for all this care and expense will appear evident to one who considers the points presented in the next section. TABULATION OF RESULTS OF DIAGNOSIS BY KOCH TEST COMPARED WITH DIAGNOSIS BY PHYSICAL EXAMINATION. Diagnosis by Koch’s Lymph. Certainly tuberculous. Probably “ Doubtfully “ “ sound Probably “ Evidently “ 18 6 2 2 2 9 ! Of which, I ; y i i i 1 V respect- \ ively, j i\ [ J l i; j Were declared “sus- picious” from the physical examination. § 2. What is Known about Tuberculosis, Tuberculosis, also known as phthisis, pearl disease or consumption, has hitherto remained incurable ; it is the most widely spread scourge that mankind has to deal with. The proportion of adult deaths due to this cause has been placed at a third, while at least a fifth of the infant mortality has been traced to this cause. Some authorities say that about a seventh of the whole population is carried off prematurely by this disease. There are many persons who die of other diseases, and again many whose bodies are not examined, who in all likelihood have developed tubercles to an unknown extent. Then, too, there are other diseases, evidently closely related, but in just what way science has not yet discovered, such as scrofula and lupus ; even syphilis and leprosy have been suspected of having relationship here. With all due reserve, the most conservative of physicians admit the prime importance of studies relating to this prince of maladies. In 1882 Robert Koch definitely settled the question of the cause of tuberculosis by discovering the parasite, the presence of which in the animal tissues causes those degenerations and growths of abnormal tissue known as tubercles. This parasite is a bacterium or bacillus , a rod- like living organism less than one seventy- thousandth of an inch thick and averaging one eight-thousandth of an inch in length. Like other bacteria it grows and multiplies by feeding on the juices of the body and reproduces by continual breaking into halves, each of which is a complete organism from its birth. We can easily calculate the immense numbers that would exist in a short time if the condi- tions for feeding and reproduction continued favorable. Fortunately our tissues fight these parasites and it is probable that the tuberculous mass results from an attempt on the part of the tissue to imprison 9 , these marauders, because the blood-supply is cut off from the gland or locality of growth by the formation of fibrous material, so that the internal parts of the tubercle gradually change into cheesy material or undergo other degenerative changes the nature of which is obscure. Since this discovery by Koch, physicians have separated into three divisions on the question of the cause and nature of consumption. The first class says, let the germ once invade a healthy man and he will contract the disease ; hence the full cause of the disease is the presence of germs ; therefore we must combat them, kill them, isolate all consumptive persons and animals, destroy all tuberculous meat and food products ; in short, as soon and as thoroughly as possible, eradicate this germ. This group of physicians is giving way, in part, to a second group, now largely increasing in numbers, who believe that an appropriate soil is necessary, a weak condition of constitution, produced by poor feeding, bad habits and especially by poor ventila- tion. Such a constitution presents appropriate conditions for the in- vasion of disease germs. Science has considerable to say on this point just now, and it seems likely that the “ proper soil ” theory will narrow down to this, viz., the body is too weak to combat the entrance of germs or to restrict them after entrance . This is done in various ways, the most usual being the eating (to use a popular expression) of the germs by the white cells of the blood, the lymph corpuscles ; also the secretion of special poisons by certain tissues, inimical to the germs, which are thus met by their own weapons, for it is now recognized that bacteria produce disease by means of the poisons they excrete while trying to gain their own subsistence. Scientific investi- gation will doubtless discover other methods the body has of fighting against these germs, the sum total of which powers constitutes good health. The third group of theorists is loth to give up the old view of disease, that it is a condition of constitution produced by failure of life forces to keep up a certain “ vital force ” in face of external changes. Thus it follows that the environment causes disease in the weak, e. g. a cold is produced by exposure. The products of dis- ease, mucous or tubercle or what not, become breeding-grounds for the bacteria which may or may not find their way thither. Certain cases of tubercle, in which investigators failed to find the germs, are brought up in evidence, and the reply of their opponents that the 2 10 bacilli must have been present originally is ridiculed as begging the question. It seems apparent that the members of the second group hold all that is valuable in the evidence supporting the first and third classes of views, and those who are familiar with disease germs by actual experiment with them belong overwhelmingly to the middle class. Thus the present verdict of authority emphasizes hygienic as well as germicidal and quarantinal methods. Are all tubercular growths due to a single species of germ ? From what we know by analogy of germ investigations in general, we might expect that the varieties of tubercle and of consumption are due entirely to individual peculiarities of the person reacting on one species of germ. Thus, the germ of quick consumption, when trans- planted into another person, need not produce this variety of disease, and similarly, the germ of chronic tubercle, in all likelihood, does not change its nature when transplanted into a person who, as a result, suffers from quick consumption. It is rational to believe that when a person who has suffered for years from the “ slow ” variety suddenly develops the “ quick ” variety, that his constitution has finally given up the struggle. We all give up the struggle of life sooner or later, and these germs are only a specific form of the varied forces that cause death universally. The burden of proof lies with those who assert that there are various distinct species of consumption germs. Some tubercles, which are produced apparently without the agency of germs, may be due either to ultra-microscopic spores, or the germs may have disintegrated, possibly forming spores, which we know are difficult, if not practically impossible, to demonstrate in certain cases. The germ of tuberculosis in animals differs slightly as to size from that thrown up in the sputum of consumptives, yet the character- istic forms of tuberculosis have repeatedly been produced in animals inoculated with tuberculous germs taken from man and from other species of animals at will. Science has, indeed, shown that other germs, as in actinomycosis, for example, do produce forms of tubercle that have been mistaken for tuberculosis, but the same science that demonstrates this specific difference is competent, by means of similar methods, to pronounce upon the question of the unity of the disease tuberculosis. While we admit that the question is not finally closed, we must act on the evidence already in, and that evidence is in favor of such unity. 11 To what extent are our domestic cattle affected with tuberculosis ? Statistics of slaughter-house and meat inspection in various countries rand cities give as an average about 3 per cent., but locally the .percentage may rise far higher or may be lower ; 16 per cent, and 26 per cent, are some of the figures quoted. One authority has stated that 50 per cent, of the cattle of Holland was infected. The entire College herd of fifty-seven animals of the Maine State Agricultural •College was slaughtered and buried as the result of physical examina- tion alone. Our herd has been found tuberculous to the extent of 70 per cent. A herd at Burlington, N. J., injected with tuberculin last autumn, was found affected to the extent of 60 per cent. A herd of high-bred Jerseys at Villa Nova, Pa., was tuberculous to the extent of 50 per cent. The Willard Asylum, N. Y., lost nearly two hundred high-bred Holsteins. And, as inspection goes on, cases of similar great infection are continually being reported. When once tuberculosis has gained foothold in a herd, it rapidly spreads through the entire lot. Our statistics show that by the use of tuberculin twice as many cows were discovered infected as physical examination ; alone would have revealed. Statistics gathered in the past, based on physical examination alone, are undoubtedly too small. Even those based on meat inspection are probably under the truth. The majority •of the cows shown to be tuberculous by our use of the Koch test had tuberculosis in either incipient degree or so slightly that very thorough examination of entrails and the lymphatic structures connected with the lungs became needful in order to diagnose the disease from autopsy. Are we sure that such examination of structures, usually thrown on the refuse pile, though sometimes used in the manufac- ture of sausages, was absolutely thorough ? As regards the carcass, trimmed of these organs, it has been shown that only in the severest oases, and then only to the extent of 10 per cent., is the muscular portion invaded by bacilli, and then only to microscopic extent, requiring inoculation experiments to demonstrate. Most observers have failed utterly to find the bacilli in the meat of tuberculous animals after the most careful work, consisting of inoculation experiments. How far are other animals affected? The domestic fowl is even more subject to tuberculosis than the cow. Zurn found sixty- two oases in six hundred examinations. More than ten per cent. Cats, Hogs and especially swine are susceptible to this contagion, as are, in a 12 greater degree, captive animals. Rabbits, guinea pigs and mice are so very susceptible that they are used in all delicate inoculation ex- periments to test the presence of bacilli. This disease has been termed both contagious and infectious, but both these terms grow out of the fact that it is due to a germ, and thus the old distinction between these terms is seen to be of secondary, perhaps trivial, value. Certain it is that no matter how susceptible a person or animal may be, if the germs are not introduced into the system no disease of this sort will result. It is this conviction, rest- ing on sure foundations, that is the real animus in the work of physicians as they agitate in favor of methods for stamping out or restricting the disease, on the one hand, by a quarantine of con- sumptives, with extreme care in dealing with sputa ; and on the other, by the destruction of tuberculous animals and care in the dis- posal of their carcasses. What conditions favor the state of susceptibility to consumption ? First and foremost is bad ventilation. Naturally this weakens the life-forces, and at the same time presents the germs in increased num- bers in every breath. While in cultures, and in very susceptible bodies, a single germ can generate millions of offspring, it is found that the question of numbers of these parasites counts for much. There is plenty of evidence to show that tuberculous subjects, whether human or animal, are almost exclusively or at least in great majority produced in ill-ventilated habitations. Next, if not of equal import- ance, is sunlight. I find this point not sufficiently emphasized in the numerous reports and hygienic recommendations that have been sent out. People, as a rule, are afraid of the light. This is one of the most sinful of unhygienic practices. The shady side of streets receives more visits annually from the physicians than do the sunny side, in spite of numerous sun shutting-out devices. Koch states that a few hours of sunlight acting on a tuberculous germ will destroy it, and a few days of diffused daylight are germicidal. Why neglect this chief of disinfectants? We have bacteria classified as aerobic and anaerobic, according as they thrive with or without access of air. We need to classify bacteria as photic and aphotic. A next fertile source of sus- ceptibility is heredity. I find this word used hardly a single time, by writers, in its proper sense. The transmission of a germ from a mother to a foetus is congenital transmission of disease (or congenital infection) and never is itself true heredity, which word means the sum total of 13 the species characteristics as modified by the special environment in which the individual is produced and to which the individuality is due. Thus, if the tissues, by heredity, are strong, the tendency to contract consumption at any period of life, prenatally or postnatally, is slight. But if they are weak, the susceptibility in this regard is strong or certain. This explains why consumption runs in families. Possibly in these cases, many times, the foetus is infected from a con- sumptive mother during gestation, or even from a father, before con- ception, but such transmission is simply early infection. The acquir- ing of consumption by infection in later life is as truly due to heredi- tary influence as is foetal infection, in such cases. In this sense all cases of consumption are always both hereditary and due to infection ; but the special sort of infection termed “ hereditary” should always be designated as “ congenital ” infection or transmission. Finally, we have to enumerate general unsanitary living, overwork, bad feeding, lack of exercise, dissipation and all bad habits that tend to weaken the organism. It has been stated that a healthy lung can- not be infected with tubercle germs, but there must exist some abrasion or lesion, an inflammation, perhaps, due to the irritation of dust par- ticles. Statistics show that workers in an atmosphere filled with dust of various sorts suffer proportionally more from consumption. Such abrasions and inflammations are less apt to arise in one who takes good care of his health, original hereditary endowment being equal. But we all have our special weaknesses, and at those points the fortress is taken by some germ species or other. The weakest are first weeded out. It is our duty to fight disease germs by scientific methods, as well as by our phagocytes and toxalbumins ; thus our energies are available in other lines and last longer. But it must never be for- gotten that our present immunity from many of the germs about us, at least for the average lifetime of man, has been purchased at the expense of the weeding out of susceptible ancestors, so that we who remain are the descendants of the strongest. I point out a danger that may arise could we really succeed in ex- tinguishing this species (which is not probable), viz., the evolution of a weakened race, into which, at some future time, some germ now restricted in its operations, shall suddenly make an incursion as a Xi scourge of God.” We, in fact, aid the beneficent work begun by these bacteria when we hasten the death of the animals which we are responsible for having produced, with their weak constitutions : a 14 weakness due to our forcing methods of feeding, with brewers’ grains,, for example, our overcrowding and, above all, our close inbreeding. Biology teaches us that the great use of crossing is to produce vigor,, but in the evolution of our dairy breeds this is, to a large extent, neglected. We should always emphasize the importance of hygienic methods of life without lessening that fear of the germs which leads to cleanliness. The promotion of aseptic and antiseptic conditions is only a particular branch of hygiene. In what ways do the germs enter the body — human and animal ? Some cases are undoubtedly due to congenital infection or transmission. A case has been clearly established in which a foetus was tuberculous, while the mother had tubercle in the lung only. It is presumed that at some period a few bacilli or spores had been carried by the blood to the placenta and had been trans- ferred to the foetal circulation. Possibly, certain leucocytes had been the carriers of the germs, for they, by diapedesis, it seems to me, could be the only agents in such a transfer, as these bacilli are not known to possess locomotor powers. That bacilli multiplying in one part of the body may be transferred to distant portions of the body is evident from an inspection of the evidence presented by numerous histories of cases. It is also shown by the experiment of a Greek physician, who inoculated a man in the thigh, and in a few weeks the lungs, hitherto sound, were thoroughly infected. It is a plausible supposition that the intrasomatic distribution of the bacilli is due to the lymphatic circulation, although we have no evidence as yet that the blood does not also aid. Tuberculosis is primarily a lymphatic- disease : the lymph glands are the first to show signs of its presence. We must also remember that the serum currents flow from the blood vessels into the lymphatics. A second method of infection is through abrasions or wounds of the- skin and mucous membranes. Of this several cases are recorded. A third method is through the breathing of air containing the bacilli. In some way due to a lack of proper vigor of the cells lining the bronchial tubes the bacilli are not carried out, but lie and probably breed on the surface before penetrating into the interior. It seems to have been taken for granted that every case of lung consumption has arisen in some way similar to this. But it may be that the lung is frequently infected through intrasomatic distribution. A fourth point of entrance is through the walls of the alimentary canal. The pres- 15 ence of miliary tubercles on the intestine is supposed to point to this conclusion. But we must not forget that intrasomatic distribution may have followed a primary lesion in the lungs which may have gone no further than a localized abrasion or inflammation of the air- passages. If infection through the food be granted, we must assume that the gastric and intestinal juices have failed to destroy the germ. Then we have still to get it through the mucous membrane, and in this instance the possibility of leucocytal infection and diapedesis must likewise be granted. It is plain that the inference of the method of infection from location of tubercular lesions is a complex one. That infection may be produced both by inspiration and by ingestion, has however, been abundantly proven by experiment. Next as to the method of intersomatic transmission. We know that in the human subject the expectorations are the prime source of contagion. “ Millions of bacilli ” have been estimated as the daily output from a single patient. The sputum, dried and turned to dust, is in fit condition to contaminate both air and food. The atmosphere in a room occupied by a small-pox patient is no more filled with dis- ease germs than that occupied by a consumptive. But, of course, we have to take many modifying circumstances into account when we calculate the relative amount of “ risk ” of contagion or infection in the two cases. These circumstances have been discussed in the pre- ceding pages ; they are : light, air, cleanliness, vigor, heredity, close- ness of contact, length of exposure and many others. Instances of infection introduced by accessions of consumptives to healthy schools could be cited. A number of cases are on record of pet animals catching consump- tion from their masters and mistresses. Even hens fed by a con- sumptive have become infected. On the other hand, what risk is there of transmission from animals to one another and to man ? They do not, as a rule, expectorate, still it has been frequently noticed that the introduction of a tuberculous animal in a herd has been followed by the gradual spread of the disease throughout the herd, beginning with the cows nearest to the source of contagion. In such cases it is said that the drinking vessels receive the germs. This presupposes that there is a gradual working up of small quantities of mucus con- taining the bacilli. The excrement has been examined and is gener- ally free from these bacilli. It has been suggested that the expiratory 16 breaths carry out the tuberculous germs, but we certainly need more careful study of these points. Finally, we have to ask, Does the milk of a tuberculous animal contain tubercle bacilli ? This is important because milk is univer- sally used, and is generally taken uncooked. Cooking destroys its digestibility ; four per cent, of the fat of raw milk fails to be assimi- lated ; this rises to six per cent, in the case of boiled milk. The non- assimilable nitrogenous ingredients are similarly raised from seven to eight per cent., and the milk-sugar also undergoes a change. These changes do not take place if the milk be heated for a moment up to 185° F., a temperature which is germicidal, provided the milk be not allowed to cool too rapidly. The high percentage of infants showing intestinal tuberculosis has been thought due to the use of contaminated milk. Older persons using the same milk may not become infected. Other things being equal, the number of germs per volume of milk is very important. The subject has been investigated by feeding experiments, by culture experiments, by inoculation of susceptible animals and by micro- scopic examination. It was for some time believed, on the statement of Koch, that the milk of a tuberculous cow would not contain tubercle bacilli until the udder tissue became the seat of a tuberculous process. But plainly the bacilli must be transferred thither before the udder can become diseased. In the early stages of tuberculosis very few, if any, bacilli are carried to the udder ; but in more ad- vanced cases, showing tuberculosis by physical examination, Ernst and Peters have found bacilli in the milk of one-half of the cases (the udders apparently healthy), although other observers have secured less striking, or more often negative, results. Even with inoculation it is found that if milk which is tuberculous be diluted to a consid- erable extent, forty or fifty to one hundred parts water being added (or less if milk be added), it loses its infectious properties. Mixed milk is therefore safer than the milk from a doubtful cow, provided only one or two cows in a herd are affected. Feeding experiments with calves and pigs have given positive results with Ernst and Peters and others, and less positive or negative results with still other observers. Microscopical examination, espe- cially of milk, is the least satisfactory of all methods, because the germs must be sufficiently numerous to give at least one germ for each drop of milk, otherwise the chance of finding the germ is so small as to 17 increase the tediousness of search beyond practical limits. Ernst and Peters, however, were successful in demonstrating the presence of the germs in one- fourth of the cases. In the light of these experiments the milk of a tuberculous cow must be regarded with suspicion until proven pure . It is probably easier to sterilize the milk than to have it examined. It is certaibly risky to use it for feeding animals without boiling. It may, however, be safely used as a whitewash on the outside of buildings, as when prop- erly salted it makes a valuable paint. The germs have been found equally in the cream and in the milk, so that we are as open to infection through our butter as through our milk. It is the belief of some physi- cians that if all tuberculous cows were destroyed consumption would disappear from the human family. This is based on the observation that where cows are absent there is no consumption. By the use of Koch’s lymph we are now able to detect twice as many tuberculous cattle as was possible by former methods. Should it prove infallible,, succeeding in demonstrating every tuberculous animal (when used in connection with physical examination), we have the means wherewith to test the truth of the belief that human consumption is derived from bovine tuberculosis. Nothing but good can be the ultimate result from an attempt to weed out the tuberculous stock in our dairies, and doubtless the breeder and the dairyman will find it to their highest interest to effect this result as promptly as necessary. § 3. Detailed Record of Operations Relative to the Diagnosis of Bovine Tuberculosis. This section supplements section 1, and presents the scientific data' of the experiments and observations which are to be discussed in section 4. The following order of work was followed as nearly as possible, in the case of each cow in the herd : (1) Physical examination by a veterinarian. (2) Temperature per vaginam by means of a self- registering clinical thermometer. (3) Washing (with warm water and soap) of the right shoulder and rinsing. (4) Washing with a 4 per cent, solution of creoline, an antiseptic claimed to be superior to carbolic acid. 3 18 (5) Injection, hypodermically, of approximately 50 minims (=3 cc.) of a 10 per cent, solution of tuberculinum Kochii in a 1 per cent, solu- tion of carbolic acid — the puncture swabbed with creoline solution. (6) Temperature tested approximately every three hours for a period of twenty-four hours. (7) Examination of the records made by each cow and ascertain- ment of the amount of reaction, as measured by the highest record compared with the highest normal record. The latter, presumed to be about at evening time, was given by the first two readings taken before the tuberculin had time to act. In some cases a curve of the temperatures was plotted, and in doubtful cases the temperatures were observed again when the animal was not under the influence of the “ lymph.” (8) The assignment of each animal to a certain rank, determined by the extent and certitude of the reaction ; the order of rank from highest to lowest being taken as determining the order of slaughter. We also determined, in case any doubt remained as to the stopping point, that the occurrence of two successive cases of tuberculous-free autopsies be the signal for stoppage. (9) Samples of milk were drawn into clean tubes stopped with cot- ton, the milk being taken from each teat separately. (10) A portion of the milk was prepared by Thorner’s method for determining the presence of tubercle bacilli by microscopic examina- tion, after the use of the centrifugal machine. This method consists in first alkalinizing the sample in a test tube with potash to the extent of 1 per cent., next heating until the milk turns brownish and the fat is partly saponified and the casein rendered soluble in acids, then adding an equal amount of glacial acetic acid and heating until a tolerably clear liquid results. This liquid is then whirled with four thousand revolutions per minute, the sediment, containing tubercle germs in a concentrated or aggregated mass, is washed in hot water, which is again whirled for ten or fifteen minutes, and the new sedi- ment is prepared for microscopic examination. The object is, first, to get rid of the fat globules which always rise in a centrifugal machine and drag at least half the bacteria with them ; second, to gather the germs from a relatively large quantity of milk into a small compass, so as to insure their being found under microscopic examination. Our centrifugal machine was a Babcock tester, run by hand-power, capable of giving only one thousand revolutions per minute, and after 19 thoroughly testing its ability to separate bacteria, and discovering that •even after an hour’s whirling no appreciable diminution of germs resulted near the surface, while only the coarser sediment (which, however, dragged down a few bacteria) gathered at the bottom of the tubes, I dropped this link in the series of tests. (11) A portion of the milk was evaporated on glass slips and slides in an incubator at 104° F., and some at 70°. All samples thus pre- pared were inclosed, when dry, in envelopes and stored for future work. (12) A final portion of the milk was preserved, either by addition of corrosive sublimate or of bichromate of potash, and stored in cotton-plugged tubes for examination. (13) The animals were next led to execution, killed, skinned and opened by a butcher, under guidance of the observer. (14) Samples from each quarter of the udder were preserved in a weak alcohol, saturated with corrosive sublimate. To each piece of tissue was pinned a number, and a record was kept of the reference of each number to the proper kind, location, etc., of specimen. The udder was, in each case, split down into the middle of each side to note if any lesions were present. The inguinal glands were also examined. Specimens of tissues other than udder were usually not taken, except they presented either doubtful features, or something peculiar, or possessed typical value. (15) The trachea, heart, lungs and mediastinal glands were next removed and thoroughly examined. Note was made of the extent to which these structures were tuberculized, and often samples were pre- served for microscopic examination. (16) The liver and intestines and other abdominal organs were next inspected. If tuberculosis was evident in the thorax, as our object was primarily to test the diagnostic value of the lymph and to destroy the diseased animals, we allowed only a superficial examina- tion of the abdominal viscera to pass. We learned, however, soon to look for lesions in certain favored localities, and these were quickly inspected. These regions usually furnished the largest number of specimens preserved for microtomic work. (17) The uterus was examined, and if any foetuses were present, if of small size, they were preserved, and if too large for the museum jars, samples of their organs were taken. In the later cases, but, I regret to say, not in the earlier ones, the ovaries were examined and samples preserved. 20 We have, therefore, material for study which will throw light on the following points : (a) What tuberculous lesions can be diagnosed by physical exami- nation, and what cannot ? (b) What peculiarities characterize a tuberculous reaction with Koch’s lymph — that is, can we certainly, by this test, select all tuber- culous cattle ? (bb) What may be expected as the normal range of temperature of a cow? (c) To what extent is the milk or udder involved in cases of bovine tuberculosis ? ( d ) To what extent is congenital transmission or " foetal infection operative ? (dd) Does the feeding of milk from tuberculous cattle to calves- produce infection ? On all these points we have already more or less evidence, but not so much but that we require more light before any consensus of opinion and legal activity will result. While the primary object has been the removal of tuberculous animals from the College herd, the work has been so done as to enable us to increase our knowledge of this disease, and it is expected that the publication of these results will serve to increase any efforts now made in augmenting scientific knowledge by others who are engaged in a similar work. Science depends on a “ multitude of witnesses.” The reports we now have,., in many instances, give only one or two “ supposed ” cases, on the strength of which important conclusions are made. Finally, I must call attention to the fact that this is a report of progress and is partial. The study has not gone far enough to allow of publication of results under the heads of (bb), (c), ( d ), (dd) ; special bulletins or reports will appear on these subjects as fast as the work is completed. The main object of the present report is to introduce the subject, to record the outline of work, to test the exact value of Koch’s lymph and to indicate the rules for its use and the interpreta- tion of “ reactions.” In chronologic order, the work progressed as follows : June 22d, 1893. First examination of Tryntje’s milk. July 14th. First conference with Dr. Pearson. July 24th. Injection of Tryntje. See Tables, Case 1. 21 August 11th. Milk from right hind quarter of Tryntje’ s udder gargety ; micro- scopic examination shows tubercle bacilli. August 15th — September 15th. During my absence in the West, Mr. Jones •observes milk from each separate teat at each milking of Tryntje, and reports at the close of the month that no change in the quality of the milk had taken place. The milk from the one teat remained uniformly “gargety.” October 7th. Second conference with Dr. Pearson. Doubt having been expressed as to the conclusiveness of the evidence presented by my microscopic preparations, I was asked to send sample of milk for study at the Laboratory of Hygiene, under Dr. A. C. Abbott, University of Pennsylvania. October 9th. Milk sent to Dr. Abbott. Misunderstanding having arisen as to the use to be made of the sample, explanatory correspondence ensued. October 18th. Dr. Abbott reported that microscopic examination showed presence •of tubercle bacilli in said sample of milk. October 29th. Tryntje gave birth to heifer calf. November 8th. Tryntje’s calf and cow 66 injected, See Table, Cases 2 and 3. November 9th. Tryntje’s calf killed. Dr. H. E. Baldwin, Dr. A. Y. N. Baldwin and Mr. E. A. Jones assisted at the autopsy. Specimens preserved as follows : Lung, tmse of left lung, apex of right lung, thymus gland, submaxillary salivary gland, spleen, mesenteric glands, Peyer’s patches, liver, kidney capsule, kidney, small colon. No microscopic lesions visible. November 10th. Milk from right front quarter of Tryntje’s udder becomes gargety. Kecommended that samples of milk from different teats be analyzed •chemically. The chemical analysis was made under direction of Dr. E. B. Voorhees, in the €>tate Laboratory, with the following result, comparison being made with normal milk and cases published by A. W. Blyth : Solids. "oi & Albumens. Sugar. Ash. f Eight back teat 621 0.20 5.13 0.13 0.75 Case j “ front “ 7.79 1.81 4.33 0.60 1.05 1. ] Left back “ 8.83 1.93 3.92 2.11 0.87 L “ front “ 9.79 2.58 3.93 2.24 1.04 Cow 73, entire bag 15.88 8.11 3.34 3.69 0.74 Cow f Normal milk (Blyth, p. A. \ 221) water. 86.87 3.50 4.75 4.00 0.70 q ow f Five-year-old cow, right p, < lung tuberculous l (Blyth, p. 263) s. gravity. 1.029 2.77 4.51 2.82 0.86 Dates. Dec., ’78. 1.034 3.83 5.76 3.34 0.77 Feb, ’79. p ( Two-year-old cow ad- n < vanced phthisis (Blvth, 1 i c.) :.... 1.033 2.60 3.00 2.89 0.91 Jan. 1.033 3.28 4.00 4.10 0.78 Feb. f Cow with tubercular (?) Cow j gargety udder (Blyth, D. | 1 c.) water. 94.64 0.49 3.60 0.47 0.76 s. gravity. 1.018 22 Remarks on above table: Fat content of tubercular milk is progressively reduced,. The albumens vary considerably, the main change being in reduction of casein and increase of “ albumen ” Sugar is greatly decreased, the ash is nearly unchanged, the specific gravity is also reduced. The carbonaceous constituents suffer most change^ (reduction). November 15th. Received letter from chairman of Farm Committee stating that Dr. Loblein had examined cow 73 and diagnosed tuberculosis, locating the lung deposit behind the left shoulder. The milk of this cow had been used to feed Fill- pail’s calf (Case No. 5). Isolation and trial of tuberculin on both the cow and the calf was recommended. November 16th. Cow 73 injected; showed reaction. See Case 4. November 30th. Tryntje died this morning. Autopsy held at 3 p. m., at which were present Dr. Austin Scott, Director of the Agricultural College Station ; Dr. H. R. Baldwin, Dr. A. V. N. Baldwin, Dr. E. L. Loblein, P. Calydon Cameron and the- writer, besides the butcher and farm hands. The following notes were made. Specimens numbered were preserved : (1) Posterior part right hind quarter of udder, when cut, pus issued from, milk ducts. (2) Middle portion of same quarter. (3) Right fore quarter of udder. (4) Left fore quarter of udder. (5) Left hind quarter of udder. (6) Peritoneal tubercle from left side. (7) Tubercles from pleura. (8) Spleen. (9) Omentum* [caul]. (10) Small colon near ileocolic valve. (11) Tubercle from small colon. (12) Mesenteric gland near small colon. (54) Left lung. (312) Liver. (119) Kid- ney. (107) Base of right lung. (68) Muscle tissue, subscapular. The lumen of small intestine and small colon practically obliterated by presence of a large sausage- shaped tubercle that had grown into it. Thoracic and abdominal viscera adhered to. pleural and peritoneal walls. Tubercles seen on the meninges of the cerebellum. Part of posterior cerebral lobes also preserved. A heavy, peculiar odor arose from the tissues, which had a very depressing effect on the author and was felt for several days, although he has been accustomed to the dissection of “ rank” carcasses. December 11th. Injected Fillpail’s calf, born November 8th, and fed on milk of 66. See Case 5. Calf strong and thrifty. December 15th. Mr. Jones observed record of calf again without injection. See- Case 5a. December 23d. Held autopsies of Cases 3 and 4, Dr. H. R. Baldwin and Dr. E. L. Loblein assisting. For general description, see section 1. Tag 73. (1) Isolated tubercle from left lung. (2) Thymus gland, tuberculous; mediastinal glands breaking down in center. (3) Apparently healthy tissue from- right lung. (4) Right fore quarter of udder. (5) Yellow spot from surface of kid- ney. (6) Nodules from liver ; four months’ bull foetus present preserved, also the- amnion and placenta. Tag 66. Right pleura studded with tubercles, of which (7) is a specimen ; left pleura ditto ; both lungs tuberculous throughout; anterior and posterior mediastina solid with tubercles. (8) Right front quarter udder. (9) Left front ditto. (10) Right hind ditto. (11) Left hind ditto ; liver lead colored, studded with tubercles and tubercle masses all through ; bile abnormal. (12) Pedunculated tubercle from* liver. (13) Friable tissue of liver. (14) Omental tubercle. (15) Part of smalb colon. 23 December 28th. Dr. Loblein begins thorough physical examination of herd. December 29th. Injected cases 7 to 25, inclusive. See table. Time occupied, 6 p. M. to 8 p. M. One assistant washed the right shoulder, followed by second assistant, who applied creoline. Two men held the animal in place by means of rails on both sides. Mr. Jones took the temperature. Amount of dose for each case determined by rough guess at relative size of cow. January 2d, 1894. Injected cases 26 to 41, inclusive. Time, 6 p. m. to 7 p. m. January 5tli. Received a bottle of milk from cow in herd of George VandrufF, Deckertown, N. J., which differed in no microscopic respect from the “gargety” milk of Tryntje. At this time I was engaged in certain microscopic investigations bearing on the interference of chromatic aberration of bacteria with diagnosis by staining, so did not study this milk microscopically, but determined to visit the herd and test it with tuberculin first. I had hitherto supposed that Trjntje’s milk received its characters from the presence of tubercle in her udder, but after investi- gating this herd I adopted the opinion that the condition of Tryntje’s milk was due to garget, and not to tubercle. The correctness of this view would be somewhat shaken should microscopic examination of Tryntje’s udder show that tuberculous lesions were present only on the right side. At this date this conclusion was not fully matured, and I expected to find evidence of tuberculosis in the VandrufF herd. January 6th. Asked Mr. Jones to retake the temperatures of cows 11, 68, 244, 4, 16 and 71 without injection. This was done January 9th, and repeated January 10th, making two records for each cow. January 12th. Held autopsies on cows 15, 13, 39 and 77, being Cases 27, 17, 23 and 15, respectively, Dr. Loblein directing. Tag 15, Case 27. Lungs were sound, anterior and posterior mediastinal glands tuberculous, liver friable. (1) Inguinal gland. (2) Right hind quarter of udder. Tag 13, Case 17. Large tubercles in left lung, bronchi filled, mediastinal glands tuberculous, liver leaden and friable. (6) Left front quarter of udder. (7) Left hind ditto. (9) Right front ditto. (10) Right hind ditto. Tag 39, Case 23. Posterior lobe of right lung has large tubercle ; many small tubercles attached to pleural membrane of luDgs, of which (4) is sample. Small tubercles on and in left lung. Mediastinal glands decidedly tuberculous, liver leadeD, friable and with its surface covered with small tubercles. Surface of intes- tine covered with miliary tubercles. (3) Left front quarter of udder. Eight months’ foetus present. (40) Thymus of foetus. Tag 77, Case 15. Miliary tubercles on intestines, liver leaden and friable, medias- tinal glands with incipient small tubercles, lungs apparently sound. (35) Inguinal gland. (36) Right front quarter of udder. (37) Left front ditto (38) Right hind ditto. (39) Left hind ditto. Inspected the VandrufF herd, thirteen animals Six, on physical examination, were supposably sound. Eight were chosen for injection at 9 p. m., each with 50 minims tuberculin. The herd seems to have been invaded by a disease, either con- tagious or due to conditions affecting all, or nearly all, the cattle alike. Swellings had appeared at the joints of the legs, the coat was rough, considerable coughing was heard, one or more of the quarters of the udders had swollen and the milk had become wheyey, with clots. In fact, the symptoms of garget were typically exhibited, together with pneumonic troubles. The disease had come and subsided in some of the cases, and at times re-appeared. The attack had begun with the advent of cold 24 weather. One animal, sick in November, had been purged and was found dead next morning. This was dug up and an examination of its lungs made, January 13th, 3 p. m. These organs were in a highly-inflamed and congested condition, being dark purple in color, but showed no lesions of a tubercular nature. In detail, the animals injected were as follows : Black heifer, sound ; range, 2.5°. Jumbo, left front quarter first affected two months before ; still somewhat hard, but milk all right again ; on auscultation, heard slight murmur ; range, 1.2°. Yellow heifer, left hind quarter of udder began to show signs of disease December 22d ; the swelling has disappeared from the legs ; the left hind quarter of udder is still hard ; no especial sounds heard on auscultation ; range, 1.4°. Gray heifer, left front and left hind quarters of udder have been affected six weeks ; legs had been swollen and bowels loose ; slight murmurs heard on right side ; range, 1.6°. Ollie is lean, coughs a good deal, muzzle ‘ sweats ; ” entire udder enormously swollen and hard ; cow lies down a great deal ; legs not swollen, hair rough ; initial temperature, 103.2°, is highest ; range, 1.2° ; samples of milk secured; respiratory murmurs very strong; evident lung trouble; record re- sembles that of Tryntje, and many physical signs seem to point to same conclusion ; nevertheless, did not diagnose a case of tuberculosis, owing to the records shown by other cows and the evidence for garget and pneumonia. I reasoned that probably one affection was present. The absence of tubercular reactions from the other sick members as well as from Ollie, shows that tuberculosis is not present in the herd, for if present, the likelihood would be that all cows would have it and some reaction would be shown. Hence, the high initial temperature of Ollie points to the presence of a disease other than tuberculosis. Brown cow, whole udder swollen ; right hind quarter hard, pressure causes shrinking ; left horn is warmer than right ; left hock is swollen and painful ; range, 0.2°. Star cow, right side and left hind quarter of udder swollen and hard; respiratory soughing heard; range, 2.1°; the initial temperature, 102,1, is highest. Brindle, was very bad, but now the milk is coming down ; the legs were sore and swollen ; now much better ; range, 0.8°. The temperatures of these cows were taken at 9 to 10 in the evening, before injec- tion, again at 6 in the morning, at 9:30 A. m., at 2:30 p. m. and at 4 p. m. (See Table XVI., at close of this report.) In February, a letter from Mr. Vandruff tells us that there has been slow improve- ment and only in case there is a decided change for the worse will he consent to have a cow killed, without compensation, by the National Bureau of Animal Industry, which has become interested in the case through notice given by Dr. Hunt, Secretary of the New Jersey State Board of Health. January 15th. Held autopsy on cow 6. Case No. 39. Left lung, anterior lobe, has a large tubercle. (1 ) Small tubercles on ventral lobe of right lung ; liver leaden, friable with tubercles on surface and within it. Mediastinal glands greatly enlarged and tuberculous; numerous miliary tubercles on small intestines. (41) Right front quar- ter of udder. (43) Left front ditto. (44) Right hind ditto. (45) Left hind ditto. (5) Small intestine. Fillpail’s calf (Case 5) autopsied in the afternoon, shows no macroscopic lesions of tubercle. (11) Glands from ileum near ileo-colic valves. (12) Thymus. (13) Pos- terior mediastinal gland. (14) Anterior mediastinal gland. (15) Encysted blood clot(?) on stomach. Also a dark lymph gland from liver preserved. January 16th. Autopsied cows 51, 8, 5 and 71, i. e. Cases 40, 19, 18 and 36. Dr. Loblein, examiner. 25 Cow 51, Case 40. Several incipient tuberc’es fc und on all three lol es of left lung; mediastinal glands apparently sound, liver slightly leaden. (68) White spot on liver. (55) Posterior mediastinal gland. (64) Lung. (56) Mesenteric gland, also (o). (70) Peyer’s patch. Cow 8, Case 19. Left lung with incipient tubercles, right, marbled, pneumonic; pos- terior mediastinal glands tuberculous, yellowish green; liver apparently sound ; five months’ foetus present. (28) Small intestine. (51) Left front quarter of udder. (59) Left hind ditto. (63) Right hind ditto. (66) Right front ditto. Cow 5, Case 18. Congested area on right lung, posterior mediastinal glands tuber- culous, right side of udder at base, tuberculous ; miliary tubercles on intestine and liver; seven months’ foetus present. (71) Inguinal gland. (27) Left hind quarter of udder. (61) Left front ditto. (50) Right hind ditto. (52) Right front ditto. (23) Thymus of foetus. Cow 71, Case 36. Inflammations and miliary tubercles on pleura of libs, left side; mediastinal glands extremely hypertrophied, with tuberculous deposits; large tubercles on superior part of anterior lobe, right lung, while posterior lobe of same side presents gangrenous and congested condition, with miliary tubercles; left lung more tuber- culous than the right; pancreas appeared abnormal; liver is tuberculous, and some miliary tubercles present on the intestine ; three months’ foetus present. (60) Pan- creas. (17) Left hind quarter of udder. (58) Left front quarter. (21) Right hind ditto. (19) Right front ditto. January 20th. Autopsies of cows 9, 12 and 16, Cases Nos. 14, 12 and 28, Dr, Loblein assisting. Cow 12, Case 12. Posterior mediastinal glands tuberculous; anteiior apparently absent or rudimentary; lungs apparently sound ; liver leaden, has large tubercles;, ovaries abnormal ; miliary tubercles on intestine. (53) Left ovary. (16) Right hind quarter of udder. (83) Left hind ditto. (88) Right front ditto. (91) Left front ditto. (62) Bronchial gland. Cow 9, Case 14. Posterior lobe of left lung very tuberculous; liver apparently healthy ; miliary tubercles on small intestine ; left ovary abnormal ; mediastinal glands rudimentary; apparently garget-like condition in left hind quarter of udder. (20) Left hind quarter. (84) Left front ditto. (22) Right front ditto. (87) Right hind ditto. (26) Left ovary. (25) Small intestine. Cow 16, Case 28. Posterior mediastinal glands tuberculous, and one broken down in center to fluid condition ; spot on lung congested and gangrenous ; pimples (miliary tubercles?) on colon ; abnormal growth on left ovary. (33) Udder. (86) Broken-down mediastinal gland. (57) Posterior mediastinal gland. (89) Congested pait of lung. (18) Lymphatic gland from stomach. (32) Tubercle pimple from colon. (65) Small intestine, with pimples. (69) Colon, with pimples. (54) Left ovary. (29) Upper part of Fallopian tube. January 22d. Autopsies held on cows 68, 244, 56 and 4, Cases 20, 21, 32 and 25. Cow 68, Case 20. Lungs sound, bronchial glands tuberculous, miliary tubercles on intestine. (94) Right front quarter of udder. (115) Right hind ditto. (103) Left hind ditto. (82) Left front ditto. (104) Bronchial gland. (24) Left ovary. (98) Right ovary. Cow 244, Case 21. Posterior cephalic lobe of right lung one mass of small tuber- cles; posterior mediastinal glands tuberculous. (110) Right hind quarter of udder. (92) Right front ditto. (113) Left hind ditto. (106) Left front ditto. (107) In- guinal gland. (96) Left ovary. (85) Right ovary. 4 26 Cow 56, Case 32. Large tubercles on principal lobe of left lung ; bronchial and mediastinal glands highly tuberculous; tuberculous (?) papillae on intestine; left ovary bears papillae that require investigation ; very large tubercle in dorsal medias- tinum, near diaphragm. (Ill) Inguinal gland. (67) Left front quarter of udder. (101) Left hind ditto. (109) Right front ditto. (80) Right hind ditto. (93) Intes- tinal papilla. (31) Left ovary. (102) Right ovary. Cow 4, Case 25. Very fat ; inguinal glands perhaps abnormal ; dorsal mediastinal glands very tuberculous ; right lung a mass of small tubercles ; liver abnormally soft and leaden ; miliary tubercles on intestine ; twin foetuses present in uterus. (105) Left hind quarter of udder. (114) Left front ditto. (112) Right front ditto. (108) Right hind ditto. (97) Inguinal gland. (81) Intestine. (100) Right ovary. (99) Left ovary. February 5th. Autopsy of cow 11 (Case 16) imperfect, due to ignorance of butcher, who failed to keep the parts most needed for examination ; no responsible parties being present during the slaughter. The butcher reported pleural adhesions of lung walls. A portion of lungs recovered failed to show macroscopic tuberculous lesions. (A) Bronchial gland. (AA) Part of lung. February 6th. Writer and Mr. Jones present during slaughter of cow 75 (Case 13). Principal lobe of right lung showed large tubercles (size of a fist) ; mediastinal glands tuberculous, inguinal glands enlarged ; no macroscopic tuberculous lesions seen on section. (B) Left hind quarter of udder. (C) Inguinal gland. (D) Small bronchial gland. February 8th. Lungs and inguinal glands of cow 17 (Case 26) were brought to the laboratory by Mr. E. A. Jones. He reported that he saw no tubercles on the intestines. Examination of material brought showed inguinal glands rather larger than normal, but on section no tuberculous lesions visible ; lungs were apparently sound. Samples preserved were marked XVII. February 15th. Dr. Loblein injected 52 and 53 (Cases 42 and 43), the results plainly showing a reaction with 52 and a doubtful reaction with 53. February 24th. Lungs of 52 (Case 42) and liver and lungs of 2 (Case 8) left by Mr. Jones to be examined at the laboratory ; animals killed the day before. Cow 2 (Case 8) showed extreme tuberculosis of the brochial glands ; milk taken, but udder was thrown away. Liver congested and with incipient tubercles. (2a) Liver.* Case 42. Mr. Jones reported that the lungs and intestines had been examined by him and no lesions discoverable. Dr. Loblein joined me in examination of these lungs. Near the surface were local areas of superficial inflammation, in which were very small tubercles, with cheesy deposits in their centers. The bronchial glands presented small pus (?) cavities within. (52a) Lung tissue. (52 b) Bronchial gland. Samples for desiccation also taken. February 28th. Mr. Jones brought portions of intestine, udder, liver and lungs of 55 (Case 24) to the laboratory. On posterior part of main lobe of right lung, a spherical tubercle of the size of a hazelnut was found, otherwise the lungs appeared sound ; liver was peculiarly pitted, otherwise tuberculous lesions appeared absent ; the intestines were well covered with miliary tubercles the size of small peas and caseous in center. Samples preserved. 27 § 4. Summaries of Data , Tables and Discussion of Same. Milk has been preserved from the four teats, separately, in the •cases of cows 66, 77, [Ollie, yellow heifer, brown heifer and Jumbo, of Vandruff herd], 6, 8, 71, 5, 14, 20, 9, 30, 25, 22, 23, 56, 4, 68, 244, 2 and 55, or more than twenty cases. Foetuses have been found in cows 73, 39, 8, 5, 71, 4, and Tryntje and Fillpail also had each a calf that were used in feeding experi- ments. Excluding the bull and a cow sold early in the season of experi- mentation and including the tuberculous cow slaughtered early in August, and the heifers and calves, 43 animals are to be counted as included in this investigation, and of these, 28 animals have been under autopsy, in which two calves and two cows did not show macro- scopic tuberculous lesions and are therefore still in doubt ; the others were decidedly tuberculous. The temperature records of the calves and the doubtful cows are in themselves not decisive, although run- ning as high as some cases showing decided tuberculosis, but every case of undoubted reaction proved to be undoubtedly tuberculous, whether diagnosed “ suspicious ” or as “O. K.” by physical examina- tion. These and other facts become more strikingly apparent from inspection of the succeeding tables. College Farm Herd, Injected December 29th and January 2d, 1893-94. 28 •ainiuiaduiax umnnx'Bft jo aanj, 8 p. m. 12 m. 5 a. m. 12 m. 5 am. 10 p. m. 6 p. m. 1 p. m. 4 p. m. 4 pm. 6:30 p. m.. 1 p. m. 4 p. m. 6 a. m. 1 p. m. 1 p. m. 6 a. m. 4:30 p. m. 5 p. ni, •amvBjadutax umtmxBj\[ oj auttx £© CO 00 OO CM ^ ©00CMOO 00 CM CM CM £ rH t-H iH HW CM CO TfJ C> rH CM CO CO CM © rH CO CO CM CO r*1* lO © © l6 24 hours. Period VIII. •ui d i-9 •smoq QZ-fZ 6 p. m. 105.8° 6:30 p. m 100.5 101.7 100.0 101.8 100.8 104.2 101.8 101.2 103.3 103.4 105.2 105.0 7:30 p. m. 1Q3.5 21 hours. Period VII. •ui d f-z •smoq ZZ-QZ 4 p. m 103.6° 103.3 3:30 p. m. 105.0 4 p. m. 103.6 4 p. m. 101.1 102.4 102.6 102.6 100.0 105.2 103.4 101.5 104.0 102.0 105.0 106.2 5 p. m. 105-4 18 hours. Period VI. •ui -d z-Zl •smoq 61-81 11:30 a. m. 102.0° 12 m. 104.8 103.0 106.0 1045 1 p. m. 100.7 103.1 101.4 100.2 99.6 105.2 102.7 103.7 105.3 103.6 105.5 105.0 2 p. m. 104.6 15 hours. Period V. •ut *B it - i •smoq 81-SI 7:15 a. m. 101.2° 7:15 a. m. 104.0 7:30 a. m. 105.8 8 a. m. 105.8 9 a. m. 104.0 9 a. m. 101.4 102.6 101.0 102.0 101.0 104.6 101.6 104.5 105.2 101.2 106.0 104.9 10 a. m. 104.8 12 hours. Period IV. •ut ”8 i~q •smoq 81-ix 5 a. m. 102.2° 5 a. m. 103.2 106.3 101.4 104.6 5:30 a. m. 101.8 100.0 100.8 101.0 101.8 99.8 104.6 100.8 105.4 103.6 100.4 106.5 103.2 6:30 a. m. 101.3 9 hours. Period III. •ut -b f-z smoq u-8 3 a. m. 102.2° 2 a. m. 103.2 106.3 105.0 104.2 101.6 6 hours. Period II. •ui -b z~Zl smoq 8-S 12:30 p. m. 103.2° 1 a. m. 101.0 100.0 100.0 101.2 98.0 100.8 100.0 101.8 100.6 98.4 101.8 101.8 2 a. m. 100.4 3 hours. Period I. ui d oi-8 smoq f~z 10 p m. 103.1° 8:15 p. m. 102.8 8.55 p. m. 103 4 8 p. m. 103.4 9 p. m. 101.8 10 p. m. 102 0 9 p. m. 101.2 100.8 99.2 101.4 100.6 101.2 100.2 101.0 100.6 101.6 101.0 99.8 10 p. m 100.6 < « w H 2 w 2 05 2 o 3 w s a ^ H •ut d 8*S amj -Biadutax iBiqui 8 p. m. 103.35° 6 p. m. 102 6 6:30 p. m. 102.5 5 p. m. 102.4 5:30 p. m. 103.0 6 pm. 101.8 6:15 p. m. 101.8 100.0 100.6 6:30 p. m. 102.2 102.4 100.0 101.4 302.0 101.2 7 p. m. 100.4 100.2 100.0 7:15 p. m. 100.2 sramiH— asocr ® O O © lO © OOO lOOiflOifliO OO® © 00 OJ iO T* -H HO HT © © © O •asBQ jo laquintf I rH 0C® ©HNM^o ©l>00 ©> .o HHHHHH HHH tH Not under influence of injection. 29 a s . aa'a a 5 a a a a a a a a p. a a p- 03 * a a a a . ft si oijf as = aa si s g a a a s ft p. »DIM SO lOOO £3 too5n 00 oitg 00 oo oJ35££j o £32 e^eo ooj (NO ■n< t»> o o oooooooi 0(0 0 OO O t" t~- 03 ift ifl lO SO O (Nm O T |5 SO rH Y O Hji o r- o o o (N i> INHMlO r-i O oi oooo o o o ddoico t> O r-lOSOO KOifl ON' r- O lO t> 00 CO eo ft8 So'oooSoo -.-OO ft O OOO a-s ,r " ' iH Nqin H o ,t>m po Sn ? i-i . rd O cj rH -i ed o nj — i ci.»o rH P rH • rH oo ooo^o ^000880080 Joo w o o o o o o • o « o ^8; po 1-i oo 88 OJ (N rf l> 3 ©q o o 8* 8* ft8" fl33 ftSS av p&\ Oh* O (N OO 1-i oi O 1-i 00 O O O O 05 a'o^ OOOOOOUiCOTfO fl'oio a o oo o to a. ■ui cd — i o oo' ih o' i-i o' H ft o jo o' — ' i-i _j . popocsppoo -oo ® oooo »< « 1—1 1—1 _ i-l i—( i—l f—l a®! ftS 0)0 HjMNN ”tO SiJlOOOWONOON rjl>tO 3-^1 o' i-i 1-i i-i — i id oi (N i-i r-i i-i i-i —' ~i -i M r-i — ' dy— ' *— i *— *' rH X 1 -? O O OOO ^o fto OOOOOOOO ■ O O OOO fto TTO ^COOIHI • O •OHDJOliOOinOOl '(DO •t'MOOO o' o' c o' i-i oi a O a oi oi -i i-i -h ,-! h oi — 3 i-I i-i 3 -i —i OO 0005 o OOOOOOOOO OO OO • rH rH ft’ -1 1-1 ft^ ft^ "HHHnnnn dH i-l o a >o o t» J> o’ . : : ABDOMEN. •o?3 | 50 rH CM CM : 05 t-I rH 1 CM ^ CO : ; :05!>©iOiO’*fiCOOOOOQO©©'^OOOOiO© : to CO ^ OOI>IO CM l> t'* CO cc to CM ■noijBniTU'Bxa; IBOisTqj jo 'unsay; Tuberc O. K Tuberc Tuberc O. K Suspected... 0. K Suspected .. 0. K 0. K Suspected... Suspected .. Doubt Suspected... Suspected .. O. K Tuberc f> K Tuberc O K 33 J’O : : u : 1 ■ C ia 2 yrs. 11 mos..] TO mos 1 •ooanos U. P Bred I IM ; ;d j jd* idmmd^dmQoo^EH^aQcc^^o- : ;H|>0 | ; !<= ip. D. H. V... P. D *8§Y . 9 yrs 1 mo 10 yrs 2 yrs 9 weeks 13 yrs 7 yrs 2 yrs. 6 mos... 12 yrs 12 vrs • a 7 yrs 10 yrs 6 yrs 9 yrs 6 yrs 8 vrs 9 yrs 2 vrs 9 yrs 7 vrs 9 yrs 2 yrs. 4 mos... 1 yr. 11 mos... ) i ■>> < a 9 yrs 6 yrs •poaig Holstein Jersey Holstein... Holstein Shorthorn Jersey Holstein... Ayrshire Holstein Holstein Shorthorn Holstein Holstein Ayrshire Shorthorn Shorthorn Jersey Guernsey Holstein Shorthorn tirade Holstein Native Jersey Shorthorn Holstein i 12 \s Grade Holstein... [Native NAME OF ANIMAL. Tryntje No. 2 Trvnt.ie’s Calf Maria Starr j Marion Perkins Fillpail’s Calf. Mary Gold Woodland Caphea Edith Thompson Fillpail Chine > £ s >r=S Miss Cornelia 8th Kitty Clay 2d 1 Chautauqua Bell 1 Lily Champion Bertha Hadley Ada Neilson Winifred Miss Thompson Rena Grace Buttercup Kittv Clay 3d Hulda Chloe i > b l i > a » £ ; c ii Pauline Marjory •osbo jo aoqranfj H(NMT(lint'«0>OH(NM'jiiO®l>00®O^(NM^iQ!0t>00®OH HHr : HHtOnh* t>*rHiH tO ^ l> CO lO HHHtOOlO • CM 32 © K a? © •rH tr. P. O P ◄ s O to a -g 0 5 O A 1 .a l-H £ •o to © w © bo © o O bo fl '% o X CQ Result of Autopsy. •stsoinoiaqnx mox I 2 1 s •H CO* o to # •jsax qoox Xq stsouSbiq i © J i | j fH : si o5 5- ■uoiiob 3 h wox is« 8 i •uoiiBnmBxg IBOisXqj jo 'qnsa'a co : : : rH tO • • rJ • • • ! • • QJ • • • : :© • : : : : a> : : : j s O 1 ddxdo i ft •caiuj jb SaoT ayoh •aDinog o o aa a|a N “N — ' rH . — - . X GO CO X x C . O O O O ££kkakaaaa MfJ-'OOVSOl Eh far’d i ^ © ; tsM 5 b>-ad ^eqcctaw •oSy •ps^a E E >» '^ >» >>” P>> (>> <©c*ooc^So "^^saaa © o‘ W a 'O sc go os © : x ! o : >,p-. 5 : © > =U>>aa .P.£.Pt 3 © drc ® E- .g.g .5 ^ © ~ ^ © a a •8sbo jo aaqxnnx 'O cci P. © «- . OJ © : M og^s & g © _ °= fr O'P ® . . . _, K © © « t*; . 2 . u *g a © iaUsss^ii 'O S S 3 -2 ■C o 3 © © Wft ) CO CO CO CO CO CO CO ’ •joqran^ Sbx * No tag. 33 EXPLANATION OF TABLE II. This table gives tag and name, the breed and age of the cows in the herd. The column headed “ source ” gives the initials of the man from whom the cows were bought, the locality of his residence being reserved for later tables. The next column shows how long the cows have been at the College farm, then follow the results of physical examination. The succeeding columns were calculated from the temperature figures and the autopsies. The first three columns have been borrowed from tables to be hereafter discussed, and need not now receive further attention; the columns under “ result of autopsy” were calculated as follows : 0=no tubercle. l=suspected microscopical tuberculosis. 2=incipient tuberculosis. 3=several small or few large tubercles. 4=miliary tuberculosis, many large, or very many small tubercles. 5= thoroughly- advanced tuberculosis of an organ, seriously injuring its functions 6=extreme tuberculosis ; on the verge of death. Each lung and each pleuron counted as a separate organ, the thoracic lymphatic glands, the liver, the intestinal canal and mesenteries, spleen, caul, etc., and finally the ovaries, kidneys, etc., each received counts by itself— judged on the above scale — and the sum is the “ total tuber- culosis ” — necessarily rough, and not so valuable as if we had given the values at the time of autopsy, this evaluation will still help to give indications of a general nature in succeeding studies. 5 TABLE III. Temperatures of Tuberculous Cows After Influence of Tuberculin Has Ceased. 34 •apiaqnj, jo lunoniv | : : t> : 8 L 01 96 11 91 L TIIA pouaj uiojj 8 sih | «ooqeor- ■*» i-j in os o ao os o i> eo © ^ t> iq oo to : § S § § ^ : •sSubh !OOMH>»iOH05050«OOOn<0>tOUiWMMto • 05oaoto05i>coini>05oc ; ooqo5i>e<5'«#i>otoaoiqtq j SSoSoSoooS 08 o" o' 3 o § o S o *' S j •m "8 og:Q •AI POII8J 99.5 100.0 99.0 100.6 98.9 i lni.o > Tf T* l-H O O to O O ■<* TjH TP O 1> 01 00 t* I §§||§lill’g|§|| s ’ g ’ i DATE. January 9 “ in • • • • • • • J • • • • 2*5 • • • • • ! • • J ) CO TT C5 c «dco^ccVco^co«i* : i f-H rH r-t HdCl OUNd • j ’8S80 jo laqnmM I 8at)'8eae«8 l oe*5oeoeoe'oe'0 8 * See Table I. TABLE IV. Temperatures of Non-reacting Cows After Influence of Tuberculin Has Ceased. 35 *IIIA poua j moij asin 0.3 0.4 0.2 0.1 Fall. Fall. 0.6 Fall. •amjBiadtnax umunxBK jo amix 6 a. m. 9 a. m. 6 a. m. 9 am. 6 p. m. 6 p. m. 4 p. m. 4 p. in. •ainj -Bjadniax nmnnxBK 100.7 101.2 101.2 101.9 100.8 100.7 101.2 101.0 •aSuBg inionoot'Ot'ia ooodHHod •at -d 9 *IIIA pouaj 100.4 100.8 101.0 101.8 100.8 100.7 100.6 101.0 •in *d f *IIA pouaj 100.5 101.0 101.2 101.3 99.9 102.2 101.2 101.0 •in zi *IA pouaj © .H ^ t> ifi 8 § 3 S§ig§§ •in "B 6 •A poxiaj 100.5 101.2 101.2 101.9 100.0 100.7 100.8 100.8 •Hi -B os:g *AI pouaj 100.7 100.9 101.2 101.6 99.9 100.0 100.5 100.5 : : : : : ! 3- = = = = r = a •asBQ jo laqnmtf 36 EXPLANATION OF TABLES III. AND IV. Table III. gives the temperatures of cases at first considered doubt- ful in their reaction, taken after the influence of the injection ha& ceased and for two days, the hours chosen being those at which the apparent reaction took place. By comparison with the corresponding temperatures under Table I., we can gain important information as to the presence of reaction. As will be seen, reaction took place in* every case, and the autopsies justify the conclusion. The “approxi- mate reaction ” (that is, the difference between initial evening tem- perature and the maximum, though, of course, no real reaction can be present in absence of injection) could in these cases be calculated from the evening temperature at close of day. Of course, this is just as allowable as to use the temperature of the evening of the previous- day, as is ordinarily done. It could be used in tubercular cases, except that the reaction often lasts over into the night, thus disturbing this temperature; but, as a rule, previous observers have not extended their observations to the second evening. Cases 9 and 10 of Table IV. seem to show small reaction, and have, therefore, been included with reacting cases in subsequent tables. Cases Arranged in Order of Absolute Height, Giving Class, According to Koch Test, Based on Height, Apparent Reaction and Range. 37 •UOIIOBOH l^OJj CD GO I> CD t> I> >LOt>GCC>OHHrH 1 ^+++ ‘Isdojny jo aveci C 4 C * 00 j U » O b ^ a S3 03 a ° I s . >.03 is s a 3 03 g32 02 3 r ®g '-sf’H Q '©eocoosoc^os'ioeieicicooioJtoo^iC) MHHfJHIM rH 04 0^4 C4 C4 COMH Sh «x 03 >, >, 03 >> 32 >, b>,b 32 b>» s- gsn aihai anJi- _ _ ci „ g oj _ 3 d 3 » g a3 22 32222 32 :: 2 SsS: p £ 3 g > g 32 (332 >32 g § O.S ®§® 5 ®§ a> v &h”&h S 5 £h> •aioisqnx jo junoniv » IT* g^.. r- | Qw. O 0 0 t> O * •uotioalui jo 9i^a 05 CO Os i45 a; >>® 02 as >>32 32,0 (h 32 ,Q >>jg % B 8 % p % 8%8 rj 0 > 032 > 0-)0 2 O 0 a)l) 0 a)S 3232 ; a a : 2 03 03 2 1 > 03 O 03 S 5 Q >. - s - ■s >03 s j g oj g a g u 032 2 g32 03 •nOTJBUTta'BXa | x'BOis.Cqj ac[ sxsouSBia -dl ® 23 « g m : ||w : OodHO I'd PS 03 t3 |S. |s Eh CO ' d ’ J-d 03 "d 03 O *W 03 rfW. h Oh Q^o CO S'd 03 -S •2 23 3 .2 E-icoO oqO •ainjuiaduiax IBtqui 9A0qiJ asm •jsax qoox aqj >Cq sisonSma a 32 d32 03 g g oj 03 oj _ T3 32'332- r p-g p OhHPh 03- I* i 8 = e j |d- >> <-'^>> 1- § 3 i L ■o’ g|p’ t-t O o f-i Qh C Ph • 9 SITB 3 I OOCOOO^JOJOOrHTt<(NI>(MiO CD CD # rfj CD CO' CD CD* CD* CD iD iO »C iC iO iO iO lO T»i Tji ^ rf CO* CO CO* CO CO* c4 c4 c4 • 8 SB 0 t^t>eCOO4 Tt< rH rH rl CC CO CO C4 C4 04 C42 4> CO iO 4>rHt^iO ; ; : t>< h* oo i> to -j i« rH C 4 to cc o hj< as • *HH (OHHHt* lOrHr-140 ! <24 Cases Arranged in Order of Absolute Height, Giving Class, According to Koch Test, Based on Height, Apparent Reaction and Range. 38 •UOI10B8H IBJOX •isdojny jo a yea •apiaqnx jo ynnouiv 00 •uopaafai jo a^a . ,Q >> pO S 3 _ S o 3 _ „ _ ^ S a> a> 3 : : s - a> o a « a o Q " Q> •uotyBninrBxa; reaisiqj Aq sisouSbiq •ajtUBjadraax XBiyiui aAoq* asta •ysax qoox aqj Iq sisoudBia . c >» .o £ «8 ■g &5 8 o-> OhCW as o>: pQ-Cl P'S •aSu^a oOOI OAoq'B asxa eoocsooooi>i>t' i iO'^c^ex c4 pi r-i IH rH r-i rH i-H rH rH i-i rH •as^o •Sbx iCI>iQ «OiOi O 39 EXPLANATION OF TABLE V. After the perceding tables were prepared in the rough, a chart of temperature curves was plotted (Chart I.), from which, by taking the absolute height of the curves as a basis, the cases were arranged as in Table V., in the order of the maxima, by comparing the rise above the initial temperature, and the entire range of the temperatures for maxima between 102° and 103° (the chart apparently showing that everthing above 103° is tuberculous), I could arrange these doubtful cases in sequence, and characterize them as doubtful, probably, or possibly tuberculous or O. K., as the case might be. So little has this order been disturbed by introduction of a more accurate method of determining the reaction that the old table has been introduced here without change, except slight new choice of words, and that the order of maxima has given the succession. The killing has been done in accordance with the column headed “ diagnosis by the Koch test,” no great effort being made to take up the cows in the order here given, except to keep to the order of the groups, “ decidedly,” “ evidently ” and “ probably,” tag 6 excepted. (The “ possibly ” and “ doubtful” [9 and 43] have at this writing not yet been killed.) This marks the limit, so long as cases 16 and 26 remain doubtful in the autopsy. The last column shows they have a very low total reaction. They will, however, receive further study, and may yet pay the penalty. It will be noticed that I ignored the ordinary method of calculating the reaction, viz., by taking the difference between the initial tempera- ture and the highest later observed temperature. Such a procedure seemed to me to be extremely inaccurate, but careful studies of my data have shown that this method is not so bad as it at first sight ap- pears. I have, therefore, called it the “ approximate reaction.” It is easy to see that in some cases it is too great, and in others too small, thus the cases are not treated alike, and it is impossible to grade them in proper order. Fortunately the majority of cases react so markedly that the margin of inaccuracy is more than swallowed up, so that if the operator chooses a sufficiently high reaction as his limit, he has no difficulty in showing that the verdict rendered by the injection of Koch’s lymph is infallibly justified by the autopsy. Practice seems to have settled on this limit as 2.5° above initial evening temperature, experience having shown that to take a smaller limit is apt to include 40 some sound animals which result is of course naturally avoided ; but experience has equally shown (our own in particular) that tuberculous animals have given a smaller “ approximate reaction,” and thus we may be certain that Koch’s lymph as ordinarily used fails to stamp out tuberculosis, root and branch , from large herds. I believe that evidence sufficient has been accumulated to make any experimenter certain that every reacting animal has tubercle , but the trouble lies in determining what is a reaction in certain exceptional instances. Case 1 , the most tuberculous of all our herd, gave no approximate reaction, in fact it resembled the healthy cows in giving the uninfluenced maximal temperature at evening ; though to be sure this temperature was relatively high, it was no higher than dozens of normal tempera- tures recorded in tables by other observers, such as those recorded by Dr. Leonard Pearson, for the Pennsylvania State College herd (Bulletin 21) ; Dr. E. P. Niles, for the Virginia State Station herd (Bulletin 26) ; and Dr. Conrow, for the Taylor herd, Burlington N. J. (Vet. Mag., Jan., ’94). Case 1 was, however, so advanced as to make error of physical diagnosis impossible; but, unfortunately, there is no absolute relation between amount of reaction and amount of tuberculosis ; while some “ incipient ” cases give an extremely high reaction, others give low and doubtful reactions. It is, therefore, worth while to study into this matter closely, to see if a more equable reaction determination be possible. Now, what causes the “ fever reaction ” — the rise of temperature ? Evidently an increased oxidation, accompanied by increased activity in the tissue cells, due to increased stimulation. How does Koch’s lymph secure this result? The subject is practically a mystery. The best answer yet made runs somewhat as follows : The lymph is an extract of tuberculous tissue, and hence, among other matters, con- tains the toxines which the tubercle bacilli have produced. A small amount of these toxines is readily excreted from the body before they can produce any serious effect on the tissue cells. This explains why a small dose injected into a healthy animal produces no effect. But if the tubercle germs have been for some time at work, they have manufactured an additional amount of toxine (or ptomaine). If this amount is very great, the small amount added by injection increases this amount by so small an increment as to be unnoticed ; but when the ptomaine in the tissues is less, the increment is noticeable. Ac- cording to this explanation, the healthy cow receives the maximal 41 increment, and so we see a fault in the theory. I would offer this amendment, viz., the presence of the bacilli, and of the poisons they excrete, causes an increased activity of the tissues, both in the work of getting rid of the poison by excretion and in the work of secreting toxalbumens inimical to the germ, and we may also include the work of producing tubercle. This increased work is so little, or is dis- tributed over so long a time, as at no period to seriously influence the general temperature until the disease has reached an extreme point. That is, there is always a reaction present in a tuberculous animal , but usually so small as to be unnoticeable. The rate at which the bacilli secrete the toxine is so uniform as not to present any special breaks or accessions that may serve as stimuli, but the injection of a quantity bearing an appreciable relation to that which the tissues are already responding to, is such a sudden increment that the tissues respond by a sudden increase in the work they are already engaged in. The tissues of a sound animal are not adjusted to take any special notice of a slight and temporary accession of poison. It requires the presence of this slight amount for such protracted periods as the bacilli supply, to develop this sensibility of the cells. It follows that any observed temperature is a resultant of two sets of forces — first, those that produce the normal temperature, or the temperature that would be present if the injection lymph were absent ; second, the sensibility of the tissues to the particular increment of stimulus. Both this sensibility and the magnitude of this increment are unknown quantities, and if injection be made, the normal curve of temperature for all the time the lymph is acting is, of course, also unknown. We possess simply the observed temperature, and no one is competent to declare how much of this temperature is " reaction.” That is, the exact amount of reaction in any given case is, on a priori grounds, absolutely unknown now, and perhaps impossible of knowl- edge to future science. We may, however, approximate to this quantity by gaining some idea of the probable normal temperature at the particular time the temperature was taken, i. e. what would the temperature have been if injection had not been made? It becomes first and foremost necessary to study the behavior of temperature curves for normal cases. This work we did not at first realize the importance of, so that the data herewith presented are neces- sarily less full than is desirable. We may include as “ normal tern- 42 peratures” all those temperatures, of cows under injection, which manifestly have not been disturbed by injection, viz., the initial tem- perature, and all subsequent observations up to the point where the reaction becomes manifest. As our injection was made on a falling thermometer, such point of reaction is in the majority of instances easily discoverable. There is a latent period after injection, before the lymph produces its effects. As to the law of this latent period we refer to later pages. Of course, the entire series of observations, for sound cows under injection, becomes available, and also the data collected in Tables III* and IV. TABLE VI. Showing Relative Distribution of Normal Temperatures. 43 <£> TfNOOO®^NOOO«^NqoO(O^NOOO(D^NO o ' * ’ ' —'o^ 00 C-H •MOI ■wiia •S8in^j9dm8x ■Sn ' nSm * 8 iPP*re ’ MOr i RVLf;.— JLigast concentration of temperatures occurs at minimal periods, and vice versa , 44 EXPLANATION OF TABLE VI. In accordance with the reasoning just presented, these data of normal temperatures were plotted into a table shown in No. VI. The tem- peratures on each side (above and below) 99° are grouped as “ ultra- low,” those about 100° as “low,” those about 101° as “ middle,” those about 102° as “ high,” and those above 102.5° as “ ultra-high.” Only the even tenths are presented. All readings falling on odd tenths have been shoved up one-tenth of a degree. Following these temperatures are the figures representing the number of times this reading was presented in each period. The percentage of cases for each group was calculated, and a study of the table shows that neglecting the period from 2:30 A. M. to 5 A. M., called “ foredawn,” for which we have scarcely any readings, the other periods present three columns in which the temperatures range lowest, two in which they range highest and two connecting, “ middle ” periods. The highest maximal and the lowest minimal periods are numbered “ 1 ” respectively, and fall at evening and at morning respectively. The other maximal period is shortly before noon, which is itself the second minimum (minimum No. 3, coming at mid- night). At the top of the columns are the maximal temperatures for normal cases, so that any cow presenting a higher reading at these periods than these maxima, must be considered “suspected.” The “ minimum ” periods are produced by a certain number of cases drop- ping, some further than others, and the maximal periods by the reverse process, so that viewed from above downwards, the maxima show a much better concentration of the temperatures than do the minima, but all these periods give us a range of four degrees or more within which the temperature of a cow may occur and still be normal. But this is for the entire herd ; no one cow is apt to run the gamut of these four degrees. What may be considered the highest range to be expected of any particular animal ? We have data bearing on this point, but unfortunately the number of observations are less exten- sive than should be required, and future work along this line has been planned. We may, however, present what facts we have as follows: 45 TABLE VII. Showing Highest Variation in Temperature of Same Animal in Each Period. Calculation of the vari- ation of single animal in evening temperatures, for successive evenings, for thirty cases, gave the maximum variation as 2 . 2 °. a o § *8 u o a £8 8 0.6 1.2 9 0.3 0.7 10 0.6 0.7 11 0.2 1.0 13 0.8 0.9 16 1.6 1.4 20 2.1 0.3 21 0.0 0.3 25 0.1 0.3 26 0.0 1.2 28 0.6 0.2 36 0.0 0.2 1 Maxima : 2.1 1.4 j Noon. c c o c S <1 bb *3 a> > w 1.8 1.8 1.4 0.7 1.4 0.8 0.9 0.1 0.8 0.6 0.3 0.1 0.4 0.8 0.4 0.6 0.8 22 (30) 0.1 0.1 1.2 1.0 0.2 0.6 0.9 0.2 0.7 0.2 2.2 0.3 0.7 1.8 1.8 2.2 (?) From Table VII. we may conclude that the greatest departure any animal is likely to show from any observed temperature of any day, on any preceding or succeeding day, at the same hour, is in the neigh- borhood of two degrees for the morning and evening, and less than two degrees during the day. This must guide us in any comparison we may make between a supposed reaction temperature of any period and a known normal temperature for same period twenty-four hours removed therefrom. TABLE VIII. Normal Temperatures of Critical Periods, Associated with Evening Temperatures, in a Herd. 46 a ^ ft o h •- g> £ i§ s' 3 •soiniBjadniax SaiuaAa ^ o aoo 8 8 8 88 ■sdnojf) *qStH •AVOl-TUim 48 TABLE IX. Showing the Maximal Departure from Initial Evening Tempera- ture, of Temperatures of Critical Periods. Evening Tempera- tures. Period IV. Morning. Period V. Forenoon. Period VI. Noon. Period VIII. Evening. © .00 2 3 N © 1 L 2 13 a5 to 2 '3 © to 2 102.6° 102.4 102.2 102.0 101.8 101.6 101.4 101.2 101.0 100.8 100.6 100.4 100.2 100.0 99.8 99.6 99 4 98.0 Maxima .... 2.2° 1.6 1.0 1.4 1.7 0.9 0.6 0.7 1.6 0.5 0.6 0.9 2.2 (3.8°) 1.0 1.8 1.8 1.6 0.2 .8 1.0 1.0 0.6 0.2 0.2 1.0 . 2.0° 0.2 1.2 0.4 1.2 0.4 0.6 0.4 0.8 1.0° 2.0 (4.6) 1.6 1.2 1.4 (2.8) ? 2.6 1.0 1.6 1.2 0.8 0.6° 0.8° 0.4° 0.7 0.5 0.9 0.8 1.6 1.4 0.6 1.6 1.7 1.0° 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.4 0.4 1™ 1.2 0.8 0.2 0.6 1.2 1.0 1.4 0.4 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.2 1.4 0.8 1.8 1.0 1.0 0.8 1.6 2.2 2.6 2.8 —2.6 +18 —2.8 —2.0 1.4 2.8? —2.2 2.2 Laws for occurrence of max- ima and minima of normal tem- peratures calculated from the initial evening temperature. Above 101° (initial) the normal coincides; below this temperature, count from 101°. Runs below 100 6° in pro- portion as initial exceeds 100.6°. Below 102° (initial) runs a degree above initial, but does not exceed 102.4°. Averages a degree below initial temperature. oj S2 p i « o o >* '© a5 a 8 & "s 3 ' a i © © £1 & to a p Runs 1.5 above initial temperature, but does not exceed 102 6°. Averages 1.5° below ini- tial temperature. Max. Min. Max. Min. Max. Min. Max. Min. Suppose, however, we have but one series of observations for less than a twenty-four-hour period. What departure from any initial temperature may be expected in any subsequent period ? Our data must be judged from the initial evening temperatures. Table VI II. shows the temperatures for the critical periods (when reaction is measured) that were associated in the same animal with the evening temperatures shown in the first column. From this table and other data we have prepared Table IX., which shows the greatest amount of departure from the initial temperatures which the various cases presented, both in an upward and downward direction. From this 49 table we see that we have departures from the initial temperature ranging from 1.4° to 2.8° (neglecting one or two very aberrant cases). The general average of these departures is about 2.5°, which has already been independently chosen by operators as the limit of legiti- mate variation from the initial temperature. An examination of these tables shows further that the general tendency of these associa- tions is to keep within still narrower limits of the initial temperature, so that a degree, or at most two degrees, limit of variation is more nearly approximately the true normal departure. Thus we have now seen the strongest evidence that can be offered in favor of using this method for “ approximate ” determination of the reaction. When, however, the initial temperatures are relatively high, it is manifestly wrong to allow any margin in an upward direction. Our data show that in such cases the subsequent temperatures are corre- spondingly lower than they would be if the initial temperatures were low, and the reverse rule also holds good. Thus it follows that we can use, with equal certainty , a fixed standard of reference , and this was employed in Table V. with marked success. After finding how much the initial temperature was a guide to the subsequent normal, I con- eluded to calculate the reaction from rules discoverable by inspection of Table IX. These rules combine the advantages of both methods in such a way as to eliminate some of the factors of error present in each. The rules are in place on Table IX., and need not be repeated here. It will be noticed, however, that there is some variation in the rules for the different periods. The difference between the maximal normal, as calculated by these rules, and the actual record may be termed the u supra-maximal excess,” or simply “ maximal excess,” it being understood that no reaction is to be predicated if the recorded temperature falls below the calculated normal. As this maximum is based on data from all the herd, and up to which only a few animals come, there is left a wide zone in which individual cases of normal temperature may occur, clear down to the minimal normals of a herd. That is, the maximal excess is the “ least actual reaction,” while it is possible that the real reaction may also include this wide zone (greatest downward departure to greatest upward departure). When so in- cluded, we have the “ possible excess.” To determine the probable location of the real reaction between these limits, it is necessary to observe the individual cow for a protracted period, in order to learn the most usual associations with the initial temperature, or to deter- 50 mine the usual habit of variation at the hours the reaction occurred. Such a calculation will give the “ mean reaction,” which, of course, is only the nearest approximation which it is possible for us to make. Unnecessary as it is in the majority of cases to go to all this trouble, it is necessary , if we wish to determine all the cases of reaction. Let the reader emphasize this point. We see just what care must be exer- cised if we would reduce the present element of uncertainty which all operators realize exists, and which has been well expressed by Dr. Pearson as follows (italics his) : “ But we have not yet reached the time when it will he possible to give each animal in a herd the same dose of tuberculin, measure the tem- perature and blindly declare each animal which reacts , tuberculous and the others healthy. v So far as our experience goes, the above quotation may be revised to read : “ We have not yet sufficient knowledge of the true normal tempera- ture which we may expect of any particular cow so that we can de- clare what, if any, the reaction in her case is.” I think, however, that we can attain a closer approximation to this knowledge by proceeding according to the rules laid down in this paper. 51 TABLE X. Giving* a Comparison Between the Least and the Possible Reactions, as Calculated by General Rules and from Individual Records. ts ft 'a a i-h a > -cH a . S’S |> 55 W a8 16 December 29. January 9. “ 10. “ 23. “ 24. 100.4 101.6 98.4 Approx, react., 3.2 100.4 99.5 100.0 99.0 100.6 101.2 100.6 100.2 101.3 103.6 99.8 100.4 99.9 102.0 100.6 100.0 100.5 100.8 103.4 98.0 100.2 100.0 101.0 { Least excess Possible excess., Mean excess 3.2 3.8 1.2 2.0 1.5 2.4 5.4 3.4 /Least excess. General 1 Possible exce 2.0 4.2 101.0 101.0 101.4 102.6 100.0 100.7 100.5 100.2 100.5 100.4 100.9 101.2 100.7 101.0 100.8 100.9 101.0 101.9 100.4 1.5 December 29. January 23. “ 24. March 20. loo.e fto ■£'2 ® S|s £5 W ^ 100.4 100.2 101.0 < 101.6 98 9 101.0 104.2 101 2 100.9 101.4 100.5 100.4 100.6 100.7 100.2 100.7 100.6 Individual.... Least excess , Possible excess. 2.7 3.0 3.3 General Least excess Possible excess. 2.8 3.8 18 21 [December 29. January 9. “ 10 . ioo.e ‘l 101.0 102.4 104.6 100.4 100.4 104.1 101.4 101.1 102 5 101.3 101.2 100.9 100.0 101.5 101.1 100.5 Individual.... < Least excess. 1.4 4.2 27 1.2 General j f Least excess [ Possible excess 3.6 2.5 4.5 0.9 3.0 December 29 January 9 “ 10 - 100 6 .g iUU b 100 6 SI eo 102.4 100.1 100.0 104.0 101.0 100.7 104.3 101.2 25 104 4 100.8 100.6 103.4 100.3 100.9 Individual. Least excess. 23 3.0 31 36 2.3 General. ( Least excess 1 Possible excess. 1.4 1.8 2.4 44 2.7 4.7 2.2 | 1.3 26 [January 2. 21. “ 24. 102.2 . & £ g” 102.4 104.0 102.0 1004 100.4 101.5 100.3 101.4 | 103.8 | 101.8 100.4 I 101.7 I 101.6 1015 101.9 102.3 llndividnal J Least excess j individual.... j Possible excess ! General, ( Least excess (Possible excess. 1.6 ~ 2 . 2 ~ 1.6 0.1 1.2 3.6 0.3 28 [January 2. I “ 9. .s -I **<3 P-t CM 101.3 101.8 101.8 103.5 100.0 100.6 104.0 101.0 100.8 1.9 1.6 100.4 104.0 100.9 100.7 101.8 100.2 98.0 Individual. f Least excess ( Possible excess 2.9 3.5 3.0 3.1 3.8 General f Least excess (Possible excess. 1.2 2.6 1.7 3 7 [January 2. ! “ 23. “ 24. 101.5 101.0 98.0 100.0 100.5 100 5 100.4 . 100.8 i 100.8 I 100.5 100.7 1010 101.2 101.0 101.0 100.6 101.0 36 January 2. ! " A 101.0 101.6 100.6 103.6 100.0 100.0 105.1 100.9 100.7 100.8 103.5 100.8 100.5 103.7 100.3 101.0 Individual,... 4 Least excess.. 3.6 42 2.7 2.7 I General. f Least excess (Possible excess 2.6 3.2 3.1 5.1 1.7 53 Not any of our cases have been observed long enough to determine the probable reaction. The few records we have on this line we pre- sent in Table X., an inspection of which table serves to show how great the difference is in the application of these various methods. The “ approximate reaction” compared with these figures shows how, atone time, the coincidence is with the “least excess;” at another, how it falls in with the greatest “ possible excess.” However, the best that can be done is to take the “ general rules ” and to determine the maximal excess, if any, for each period. Of that much reaction we are at least sure, and we are also sure that the figures more equably represent the true state of things than if we had used the approximate reaction. Accordingly we have Table XI. TABLE XI. Showing Excess of Temperatures for the Different Periods ; and Comparison of Total Tuberculosis with 54 •sxsox -noiaqnx xuiox •noip^aa I^iox •SS30X3 3S'BJ8Ay t>^o«oooo^Tj<'^eooit>r-(05rH«oc^'^«D«o^ „ © rH 0©H, ( Hj,©^©rHrH© , 0 00 « 00 c> , (N c4ei o © rt <© ■ oo > t ' :::::: ; edrHTH * drH * i | CO rH* d CO * < N * CO * CO CO * S © ^ ©* t > ia rH h # i : ed i-i e 4 ed ih 3.1 3.5 • Suiuioh S233S IN. I SIN iiocieo :< o © • ^ jcdci : d 1 1 II II i i II II •SuiusAa S HU INI mu mn II II Mil INI n n mn mn 1 1 I II II II II Ml Ml • as^o (NeoHjtifice ,©.001 CO IS 55 EXPLANATION OF TABLE XI. This table was calculated by the methods jUst discussed; for bed- time period we added a degree to the initial to get the normal, not to exceed 102.2° ; for midnight we chose the maximum 101.8° as a fixed normal; for afternoon the fixed normal maximum of 102.2° was chosen. The first thing that strikes us is that by these rules the period having the highest temperature need not be the one necessarily which gives the highest reaction. Thus we discover that No. 1, which had a con- tinuously falling temperature, shows a decided reaction at midnight. We also learn that the reaction period is one of varying length, and that the highest point in it, is not necessarily at its middle, although there seems to be a general tendency towards a regular curve, whose height increases with the length, but not directly so, the longer curves being much flatter than the shorter ones. In calculating the “ dura- tion of a reaction,” we have been guided largely by the general nature of the few curves that are complete, as most of the longer ones have both ends disappearing in periods where no observation was taken. Thus the figures on this head are probably rather roughly approxi- mate. The total reaction was calculated by multiplying the average reaction into the “ duration.” * TABLE XII. Showing Duration of Reactions, and Height and Location of Their Maximal Points. 56 •ranunxEK oj uorpafai tuojj arnix ■srsoi l -najaqax jo itmouiv •SamsAa to co o oo ci oo ooooeN — - cn oo ^ S i2 S Sh oo.oo 50 00 *{5 n in « 'I II A •noonioyy II A •noovj •IA noonaaoj *A •SnmaOH AI •UAVBpaJO.J HI •iqgiupiK II •atnppag SaiuaAa ‘ 8 S 130 jo aaqxun^ K5M Cl ON O O 1' 00 a s 04 0404 04 H 00 jt- eo >-3 co to r» c 4 c 4 o d S 3 33 JS 8 « o a eg o 2 a w Q o “?Xl 6 =* o.g 0 -a> S JO 3 g> 'd oo So cS J; W 02 -J . t> ^04 ■N eo tjufl co cion eo ® > ec o> o h » SiSStr: » o » o r— t i—l i-H Hn H rl H rl N N N CN CN CN CN N M CO CO 57 EXPLANATION OF TABLE XII. This table is partly also a chart showing by means of lines the length of the reactions, the height of the highest reaction, and the point in the line where this maximum occurs. The main object of the chart is to show that observation at morning, forenoon and noon strikes most (though not all) the reactions at some point where reaction can be determined. These periods are, therefore, the most “ critical ” in importance ; but the midnight and afternoon periods are needed to include all the cases, while if one desires to get a proper idea of the “ duration ” from which to calculate the total reaction, it becomes need- ful to observe, not only in all the periods of the first night and day, but indefinitely into the second night. For practical purposes this is not needful, as the long reactions are easily diagnosed from a single observation, which is likely to strike them anywhere. It is the short reactions that may escape us ; these, as can be seen, occur late in the day. Thus in selecting cows for purchase, if on being tested for twelve or fifteen hours, and no reaction occurs, it is not safe to stop at this point, because a reaction may be found at eighteen or twenty-one hours after injection. 58 TABLE XIII. Showing the Co-Variants of H, M. E. I Highest Maximal j Excess. Time from Initial Temperature to Beginning of Re- action. Duration of Re- action. Maximal Tempera- ture. j O’clock of M. T. Total Reaction. Rise from Initial Temperature. Amount of Tubercle. Number of Case. 1 5.5 6 hrs. +21 hrs. 106.5 6 a. m. 84 6.3 11 17 4.6 3 21 106.8 2 p. m. 65 4.7 7 27 4.4 3 24 106.0 12 m. 72 3.6 21 4 4.3 3 18 106.3 5 a. m. 47 3.8 29 3 4.0 6 21 106.2 4 p. m. 69 6.2 15 18 4.0 6 18 105.8 10 a. m. 70 4.6 20 23 4.0 6 21 106.2 8 p. m. 63 5.2 3 42 3.7 +6 18 105.3 12 m. 45 4.1 9 15 3.7 6 18 105.5 6 a. m. 50 3.7 4 40 3.6 6 18 105.2 1 p. m. 59 5.2 14 12 3.6 6 18 105.4 5 p. m. 58 52 6 19 3.6 +3 15 104.6 6 a. m. 28 4 0 7 21 3.4 6 12 105.4 6 a. m. 30 3.4 11 14 3.2 3 18 104.8 12 m. 27 2.2 2 2 2.8 12 3 104.2 10 a. m. 8 3.8 7 20 2.7 9 18 104.4 5 p. m. 38 3.8 16 25 2.6 —6 18 104.6 5 a. m. 32 1.6 2 5 2.6 +6 18 105.1 11 a. m. 43 4.1 26 36 2.5 12 15 105.0 11 a. m. 34 3.5 16 32 2.2 3 +6 104.0 12 a. m. 33 1.6 1 26 2.0 15 3 103.6 1 p. m. 5 3.2 ? 16 1.8 9 12 104.0 11 a. m. 20 2.7 ii 28 1.8 9 9 103.0 11 a. m. 14 2.4 19 39 1.6 12 9 103.1 1 p. m. 9 3.1 7 8 i.4 0 12 +103.3 8 p. m. 8 48 1 1.2 15 6 103.4 4 p. m. 7 2.0 10 13 .7 15 6 102.3 2 p. m. 4 2.9 8 24 .5 6 3 102.7 8 p. m. +1 1.9 43 .4 18 3 102.6 4 p. m. +1 2.0 9 .4 18 3 102.6 4 p. m. +1 4.0 10 A STUDY OF CO- VARIANTS AND DI- VARIANTS. We have now, from direct observation and from calculation, quite a number of facts pertaining to each case, and it behooves us to com- pare these facts to see how they are related. DISCUSSION OF TABLE XIII. This table has the highest maximal excess figures placed in the order of their magnitude, beginning with the highest. In succeeding columns are placed the facts that are associated with each “ H. M. E. number,” and from a diligent study of them the following laws appear : 59 (1) The higher the reaction the sooner it occurs. Should this law be definitely established, it would show that the calculated reaction for No. 1 gives a greatly too low figure. (2) The higher the reaction the longer it lasts. Should this law be shown to be absolute, we have but to determine the duration of a reaction to enable us to judge of its probable height. (3) Naturally, the maximal temperature will directly co-vary with the H. M. E. (4) Naturally, also, it follows from (1) that the o’clock of the occurrence of the maximal temperature is later in the day, the smaller the H. M. E. (5) Naturally, the total reaction will vary, but not uniformly, with the H. M. E. If we had a true record of maximal excesses and of “ durations,” I believe that the “ total reaction,” as calculated from their product, would be a valuable set of data from a purely physio- logical standpoint, for this alone would really express the “true reaction.” (6) The next column gives the “ approximate reaction,” and shows how far this varies from the order of the H. M. E., although a gen- eral co- variation is naturally to be expected. (7) The amount of tuberculosis seems to be thoroughly disvariant with H. M. E., and about everything else in the table. This shows that the reaction is in no wise directly dependent on the amount of tuberculosis. Sometimes the high reaction indicates a small amount, and in other cases a large amount of disease, and vice versa for low reactions. What is to be ascertained is the presence of a reaction. Let no one think that he may allow a few cows to go scot free, as “probably not much affected,” because the reaction was “low or doubtful.” Herein lies the real reason for emphasizing work of this sort. Let us have all the light we can ; let the observations be ex- tended ; let the slaughter be extensive until sound animals are sacri- ficed ; let the facts be carefully and fully observed, and with great detail and accuracy, and above all, let them he published. Are we to be treated to the spectacle of men going about injecting herds of cattle, making a few temperature observations, killing the cases most obviously reacting, finding, naturally, that their diagnoses were correct, and then pocketing their data, no one knows what they may be ? The scientific world gets only the brief mention, “ such and such a herd was injected, so many animals were diagnosed as tuberculous, and have been 60 slaughtered, the diagnosis confirmed, and the carcasses have been buried.” Will any one dare believe that tuberculosis has been stamped out of these herds f And yet that is what the public are led to think. TABLE XIV. Showing Co-variants of Age. Breed. AGE. Highest Maximal Excess. Total Reaction. Amount of Tubercle. | Initial Tempera- j ture. C3 t- s o 02 Locality. Range. Number of Case. A. 13 years 1.6 9 7 100.0 i J. O. M. N. J. 3.1 8 S. H. 12 years. 3.6 59 14 1000 s. s. N. Y. 5.2 12 H. 12 years 1.2 7 10 101.4 M. P. N. J. 3.4 13 H. 10 vears 4.3 44 29 102.5 G. W. T. N. B. 3.8 3 S. H. 10 years 2.0 5 ? 100.4 s. s. N. Y. 5.2 16 N. 10 years 2.6 43 26 101.0 D. H. V. N. B. 4.5 36 G. 10 years 1.8 14 19 100.6 L. P. M. N. Y. 2.4 39 H. 9 years 1.4 8 48 103 3 M. P. N. J. 1.2 1 H. 9 years 3.4 30 11 102.0 T. C. N. B. 4.4 14 J. 9 years 4.0 69 15 100.0 J. O. C. Conn. 6.4 18 H. 9 years 3.6 28 7 100.6 J. N. N. B. 4.0 21 H. 9 years 4.0 70 20 101.2 G. W. T. N. B. 4.6 23 J. 9 years 2.7 38 16 100.6 A.H C. N. Y. 3.8 25 N. 8 years 2.8 8 7 100.4 P. D. N. B. 4.0 20 H. 7 years 0.4 +1 100.6 G. W. T. N. B. 3 4 9 A. 7 years 3.7 45 9 101.2 L. S. D. Vt 4.7 15 N. 7 years 0.7 4 8 109 4 D. H. V. N. B. 3.7 24 S. H. 6 years 5.5 84 11 100 2 s. s. N. Y. 6.3 17 G 6 years 3.6 58 6 100.2 w. A. R. Mass. 5.2 19 G. H. 6 years 2.5 34 16 101.5 G. W. T. N. B. 4.2 32 H. 2 vears 6 months 0.4 +1 102.2 Bred. N. B. 27 10 S. H. 2 years 4 months 2.2 33 1 102.2 Bred. N. B. 2.3 26 S.H. 2 years 4.4 72 21 102.4 Bred. N. B. 3.6 4 H. 2 years 4.6 65 7 102.1 Bred. N. B. 4.8 27 J. 1 year 8 months 1.8 20 11 101.3 Bred. N. B. 2.7 28 G. A. 9 months 3.7 50 4 101.8 Bred. N. B. 4.1 40 G. 9 months 4.0 63 3 101.0 Bred. N. B. 5.2 42 G. 9 months 05 +1 100.8 Bred. N. B. 1.9 43 J. H. 2 months 2.6 32 2 103.0 Bred. N. B. 2.8 5 J. H. 1 month 32 27 2 102.6 Bred. N. B. 2.2 2 STUDY OF TABLE XIY. I This table exhibits the co- variants of the age of the animals. We see first that the different breeds are pretty uniformly represented for the different ages. The highest maximal excess seems also to be dis- tributed without reference to age. The total reaction preponderates in amount with the younger animals. They have a greater power to react. They also have a less amount of tubercle, and this of itself may explain why the reaction is higher ; for, while from Table XIII. we saw that the amount of tubercle did not vary per individual with the reaction, on summing up the amount for a number of cases, we 61 get indications that a small amount of tuberculosis produces a greater total reaction (not necessarily a greater a approximate reaction” or even H. M. E.) than does a more advanced state of the disease. Cows over nine years old have three times as much tuberculosis as those under three years of age. The initial temperature also seems to be higher with young animals, averaging about 102° for those under three years and 101° for those above nine years. This fact is easily observed. Almost any temperature chart where the young animals are exhibited by themselves shows this, and, coupled with the fact that they are less tuberculous, no wonder veterinarians are cautious in diagnosing reaction. But age is one factor to be considered in such a judgment. The next column of this table shows that the older animals have come from other herds, while all the youngest (below three years of age) have been bred on the farm. The column giving locality shows that not only this State but New York and several of the New Eng- land States had their representatives in the herd — all tuberculous. Are we to judge that these States are also saturated with tuber- culosis ? TABLE XV. Showing Variations of Amount of Tubercle with other Co -Variants and Di- Variants. 62 •asBO jo laqxnn^ •ojaqnx Sairi ^OOiiOiOOIO HONOTfM •OJOqux IBJOX 00 05— lte>H . 3 OHO®® O HHrfCOOJN C> lOt'OOt'O < S S3 o o •uoxjBuiin'Bxa x'BOtSiiqj o® ©•&•&§§§ S 3 S 3 S 3 § § ° O O : a: k : ss S3 so o :'o o :'S.'3, • w 03 05 S3 S |^|||o|o||S 13,2 ’p’s 2 s 2 2 2 3 S3 S3 o a» 3 2 S 5 S-sO o o o o o o o o umScoQQQizi^a^^^OOOOOOOOO •os^o jo aaqinriK •aioaaqnx jo junoray Sgg — 1(0 0503 : lO OO — 1 1> 05 CM CM eo ■*< f» OO « S^S \M • 0 gy 05 © t- CM^eM 05 » 05 CM CM CM ©toSho© \tf\^05 C5ri CO \^00 t> © •8SB0 jo laqraaj^ •oSy o : o S jS S 2§5 08 W QJ O 0 ) bL !>. i>. & E 1 1 80 M 05 B o3o8 ! -oJ t -oi*-' s “ ajoSoSoSoSWCB/fjOCSOoSooScS a>oa>a>a>ir,>,a>>,a> - « S» >» >> f» >» t» ^, 1 * o o < 05 05t^lM05■ — d . P S P o • 05 05 05 05 00 CM . •axoiaqux jo junotay 1 05 - 05 TT i I CM *" rH < •p^a : c £ i S 3 i | 3 !c ! s s 1 ig! c 1 s- ) c :e 3 *£ \‘SS5 i!c II ;£ iS 5 O s_ : £ c i oo o: f- ) rz rz c ; k ! c ) c !E i&g 1 O O r- i» >5 u •raj'BX no Suox avoh 00505 05 050505 050:0(30500 CO 2000000 000000 Jsssssaasaaas S 05050500 « 0 OrTTTTt> u 3 S3 a 3 •d $ 8 ‘ 5 s •d ft W fa 3 *h •d a 3 > © A •ajniBjadraax ranraiXBH jo oraix •aarqBjadraax ramnixBj\[ 0 } ainix •aaiUtf -aadtaax tnnxnixBj^ •eanj'Baodixtax taojj esiH •aSnua •ra *d 08 : * ‘IIA poaad •in -d z •IA Poprad ta "b 08 : 6 'A pouad •ta "B 08-9 *AI POUQd •ra -d 01-6 •papafni uaqAV 9jrnBi8dca9X >0000000 OOOO-hOi-JO OOONtO^iN^JO ridde^o^o NHHHrlONO | OOOOOOOO 88888888 38888888 08888888 pq'^>*do 2 cc| Si a o q-^ >,« s u a 1 ,5 I® 2 s 2 5 a t M^OOmcoM'' gargel 65 OTHER HERDS. Table XVI. shows the data observed on the Vandruff herd, near Deckertown, N. J. This certainly presents a remarkable case in Ollie, who, in many respects, suggested our Case 1. The temperature curve is almost identically similar. No doubt would have remained in my mind of this cow being tuberculous had she been alone. But so many other members of this herd had been sick “ like her ” and were recovering, and showed no reaction, that I concluded that this herd was free from tuberculosis — pneumonia and mammitis being probably the true dis- eases present, and accounted for the high temperature of Ollie. Never- theless, the possibility remains that this one animal may be tubercu- lous, although from the evidence I had, I was not justified in diag- nosing a case of this disease. I have already referred to the work of other men, and three or more sets of their temperature tables lie before me. Were these tem- peratures recorded in connection with those presented in my tables, I would be justified in putting the mark of condemnation upon many cases that have been ,l passed” as sound. But I dare not go so far as to pronounce judgment against these creatures whom, in the first place, I have never studied, and, in the second place, are members of herds with peculiarities different from our own. I merely mention this to emphasize the point that we need to experiment along these lines with greater care than ever. There should be no unscientific haste. For thousands of years have we battled with these unseen and undreamed-of germs, and now that we know them, let us study them more carefully. If legislation be needed to aid in the stamping out of this disease, let the work be done thoroughly and not superficially. It is not for the experimenter to pronounce on the advisability of certain features of a law on this subject, e. g. the matter of pecuniary reimbursement by the public to the loser of tuberculous animals. I would merely suggest that if the matter be brought properly before the public, the people will insist on getting milk from herds that have stood this test. Thus will dairy- men be compelled, for their own interests, to call in the veterinarian — first, to test the herd ; secondly, to disinfect the premises ; thirdly, to suggest sanitary modifications in the stables, and lastly, to test all new- comers. This work no doubt is expensive, but it will 'pay . 66 I would also suggest that if the State assume control of this busi- ness of stamping out tuberculosis, that first of all the temperature record of each cow be published, and that all suspected cases be quar- antined until we know about how many cases there are, then it will be easier to judge what strain the treasury will stand. But, seriously,, these cows should not be slaughtered until they have been properly studied. We need to know a good deal more about many points ; all those studied in connection with our rather meager data should be viewed from a broader standpoint, but especially do we need to know more about the methods of infection and the presence of bacilli in the milk. We ought also to know to what extent it is true that a second injection produces a greatly reduced reaction, as suggested from the work of Dr. Pearson. There should also be a series of analyses made of the meat of tuberculous animals to see to what extent tuber- culin may be stored in the tissues, so as to be an element of danger as presupposed by Dr. Low in his recent pamphlet issued from the Cor- nell Station, N. Y. A pamphlet, by the way, which gives an admirable synopsis of what is known about tuberculosis, in more detail than our section 2. SUMMARY OF CONCLUSIONS. In summarizing this paper only the last section will receive extended attention. Section 1 outlines the work done in stamping out tuber- culosis at the College farm. Forty-one animals were injected with tuberculin ; twenty- four showed reaction, and the autopsies revealed tuberculous lesions in all except two doubtful cases. Half, only, of these cases had been " suspected ” from physical examination. Section 2 considers among other things the question of liability to infection, in man, from the milk of tuberculous cows ; discussion of the work of other observers on these subjects being presented. Section 3 is a record or journal of the operations in connection with the autopsies. Samples of milk and of various organs were preserved for microscopic work, to be prosecuted later. Section 4 presents the tables of data, both those ascertained by direct observation, and those from calculation, together with a detailed com- parison of the facts to discover co-variants. The following results are those most clearly indicated : 67 (1) A “ reaction” consists in the recognition, by the body, of the presence of toxines, to which the previous presence of tubercle bacilli has rendered the tissues sensitive. It is incapable of exact measure- ment and can best be determined from a calculated normal, the loca- tion of which can be approximately fixed from an extended series of temperature observations on the individual whose record is in doubt. It can also be located as being certainly below a fixed maximum determined for the herd, and, finally, the initial temperature gives a clue to it, because the latitude of individual variation is only half that of the herd as a whole, viz., about 2.2°. Furthermore, the associations of normal temperatures with the initial evening record is such that a yet closer approximation may be made. The special rules governing this for the different hours of the day and for various tem- peratures are presented with Table IX. (2) Thus, the determination of the reaction reduces itself to a revi- sion of the ordinary method (that, viz., by taking the difference between the initial temperature and the maximum record) by incor- porating the principle that the temperature of an animal tends to vibrate about a fixed mean, with fixed maximal limits of oscillation, beyond which any excess must be certainly predicated as a reaction. Furthermore, that this reaction is an extended affair, the true total reaction being the integral of the reaction curve. • (3) The duration of a reaction is proportional to the greatest height thereof. (4) The higher the reaction the sooner it occurs. (5) The height of reaction is no index to the amount of tubercu- losis present. (6) The amount of tuberculosis increases regularly with the age of the victim. (7) There is little difference between the different breeds of high- bred cattle, so far as their susceptibility to tuberculosis goes; but grades, crosses and especially “ native ” cattle appear somewhat less subject to its development. (8) The total reaction tends to be greater in cases of slight than in cases of well- developed tubercle. (9) The normal temperatures of young animals range higher than those of the older ones. 68 (10) While the diagnosis of tubercle from physical examination is dependent on the presence of tubercle in the lungs, there is no cer- tainty that even well-advanced cases can be thus discovered, nor does it necessarily follow that all suspected tuberculous animals have lesions of the lungs. In the absence of lung lesions, however, the chance of discovery of advanced cases of this disease by physical means is but slight. It also happens that a number of cows not suffer- ing from tubercle are usually included as “ suspected ” by this sort of diagnosis. Certainly at least twice as great accuracy in discovering tuberculous cattle results from the use of Koch’s lymph as from all other means combined. (11) Slight cases of reaction may occur later than fifteen hours after injection ; and, to be certain that all cases have been given a chance to make a record, the observations following injection should be continued for twenty- four hours at least. (12) If the object of injection be to eradicate the disease utterly from a herd, the reacting cases should be arranged in the order of the certainty of the reaction (in a few cases it will be needful to continue the temperature observations for several days to gain a knowledge of the probable “ normal ”) and killed seriatim until among the doubtful cases there occur at least two in immediate suc- cession which are adjudged sound after extremely thorough examina- tion of all lymphatic structures and places where connective tissue abounds. Then the premises should be thoroughly cleaned and dis- infected, and no new animals admitted until they have passed the “test.” Finally, to keep the herd “clean,” the animals should be tested annually or biennially. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS. In conclusion, I desire to acknowledge, with thanks, the various services rendered me by the different persons named below. These services have been of material aid to me and to the securing of the data for this publication. Dr. Leonard T. Pearson, of Philadelphia, Professor in the Veterinary Department of the University of Penn- sylvania, for kindly granting me several audiences in which confer- ence was had on my work and valuable directions given as to pro- cedure ; Dr. Henry R. Baldwin, for much general direction, counsel 69 and interest in the autopsies ; Dr. A. V. N. Baldwin, for assistance at several autopsies; Dr. E. L, Loblein, veterinarian, for personal conducting of many of the examinations ; last, though not least, Mr. E. A. Jones, who observed nearly all the temperatures — perhaps the most important and arduous portion of the work. ( I ■% f I • • 1 • ' 1 ^ * * /c //' /Ji / *z & & j*- & 7 $ Hott>Us CHART EXPLANATION OF CHART I. Chart showing temperature curves for twenty-four hours after in- jection of the members of the College herd, each curve kept separate from its neighbors. While two main courses are pursued by these curves, namely, the upward course in Period III. of most of the reacting cases, and the lower course for those not reacting, we find many cases that vary widely from the average, and some cases of late reaction. The numbers at the top of the plate are the hours of the night and the daytime. The degrees of temperature are shown at the sides from 99° to 106°. CHART EXPLANATION OF CHART II. Chart showing the association of temperatures at critical periods, with initial evening temperature, for non- reacting cases in the College herd. Morning, forenoon, noon and evening, periods are shown. The central vertical line in each period represents the scale of initial evening temperatures, the degrees of which are shown at the left of the plate. On the right-hand side of each period the rising lines show the highest temperatures associated with the particular evening temperature, and on the left-hand side the lines slanting down from the middle vertical one show the minimal associations. A general parallelism in these lines suggests the law which for all periods may be stated as follows : The highest expected temperature for any period does not exceed 102.6°, nor fall below 100.2°, and between these points is roughly 1° above the initial evening tempera- ture. Especially in the morning is a rise of more than a degree above the initial evening temperature (between 100° and 102.6°) to be looked at with suspicion, if injection has taken place. (73) •Ill EXPLANATION OF CHART III. Chart showing ranges of temperature in individual cases. Six equal scales are drawn. The heavy vertical lines show the ranges, the dotted “ curves ” represent injection temperatures, the unbroken ones are normal temperatures, the broken vertical lines show the extent of the probable reaction, positive or negative, for the different periods. In Case 9, the lower dotted line represents the second injection. In Case 10, the noon reaction is greater than that of the afternoon, even though the temperature was rising. In Case 43, the injection occurred in the morning, so that only a small part of the reaction curve coincides with the other curve periods, the record not being begun before 6 p. m. Case 8, compared with Case 24 (both tuberculous), shows, first, that a true reaction curve may lie below the normal of a different case, and secondly, that a rise of only half a degree above normal, if the latter be already high, indicates a true reaction. In this instance there was a rise of more than two degrees above initial temperature, but a higher initial was possible, and such would have probably had a lower normal at noon, thus tending to increase the “ real ” reaction while lessening the “ calculated ” one. In the sixth scale, three cases (20, 26 and 28) have been plotted, the reaction curves being shown for two of them (20 and 26). ( 75 ) CHART IV, ft EXPLANATION OF CHART IV. Chart showing the temperature curves of Pennsylvania State Col- lege herd, injected by Dr. L. F. Pearson. The dotted lines in the right-hand set of curves show the temperatures for calves. The curves C, G, M, B are of cows injected twice. The right-hand set of curves shows the effect of a second injection on these curves. Only C and G were condemned, but according to our formula four or five others besides M would have been suspected. It is to be noted, however, that all the temperatures average a degree higher than with our herd, possibly due in part to a different method of taking temperature, viz , deeper insertion, for longer time, and to the fact that these were taken in midsummer, ours in midwinter. It also seems likely that a few cases reacted later in the day. These sug- gestions are with diffidence put forward only as possibilities, and as incentives to increased carefulness for future observers. ( 77 ) CHART EXPLANATION OF CHART V. Chart showing temperature curves of the older members of the Taylor herd, injected by Dr. Conrow. See “ Veterinary Magazine,” January, 1894. It will be seen at a glance that the temperature averages higher than in our herd and that a higher limit for condemnation was set. The dots show curves of uncondemned cases, which had they occurred in our herd would have been certainly tuberculous. The general effect of these charts upon the observer is to make it seem a difficult task to draw the line between a normal and a “ reacting ” case. ( 79 ) £ /r?6" ANALYSES OF FERTILIZING MATERIALS AND HOME MIXTURES. THE EXPERIENCE OF FARMERS WITH HOME MIXTURES. NEW JERSEY AGRICULTURAL Experiment Station 102 NEW JERSEY Agricultural Experiment Station. BULLETIN 102. JULY 30, 1894. Analyses of Fertilizing; Materials and Home Mixtures. The Experience of Farmers with Home Mixtures. LOUIS A. VOORHEES, CHEMIST. JOHN P. STREET, CHEMIST. I. Trade values of fertilizing ingredients for 1894 , • II. Average cost per pound of plant-food constituents. III. Chemical analyses of fertilizing materials . TV. Home mixtures ; Formulas , analyses. V. Home mixing ; The experience of farmers. I. Trade Values of Fertilizing Ingredients for 1894.- It is the custom in many States where a fertilizer control is exer- cised, to affix a commercial valuation per ton to the various brands analyzed. This ton valuation is derived by applying to the various kinds and forms of fertilizer ingredients values previously determined upon for them. These values are fixed from year to year ; they vary according to the cost of the standard materials containing them, which are the sources of the constituents contained in mixed fertilizers. 4 At a meeting of Stations’ Directors and Chemists, the following schedule was arranged for use in Connecticut, Massachusetts, Rhode Island and New Jersey during the season of 1894 : Schedule of Trade Values Adopted by Experiment Stations for 1894. Cents per pound. Nitrogen in Ammonia Salts 19.0 “ “ Nitrates 14. J Organic Nitrogen in dried and fine ground fish, meat and blood, and in mixed fertilizers 18.J “ “ castor pomace and cotton-seed meal 15.0 “ “ fine ground bone and tankage 16. J “ “ fine-medium bone and tankage 15.0 “ “ medium bone and tankage 12.0 “ “ coarser bone and tankage 7.0 “ “ horn shavings, hair and coarse fish scrap 7.0 Phosphoric Acid, soluble in water 6.0 “ “ “ “ ammonium citrate* 6.0 “ “ insoluble, in fine bone and tankage 5.J “ 1 “ fine-medium bone and tankage 4.J “ “ “ ‘ ' medium bone and tankage 3.0 “ “ “ coarser bone and tankage 2.0 “ “ “ d •S'” S , -ls d c3 £ a> E"h Coarser than iVin 03 .a a> o n— 1 SHs a o3 £ Sh . a) a KHS d o3 £ i-s d c3 ■d £ . S.2 cts. cts. cts cts. cts. cts. cts. cts. 5714 Tankage 14.8 13.4 10.7 6.3 4.9 4.0 2.6 1.8 5803 19.1 17.4 13.9 8.7 6.4 5.2 3.5 2.3 5844 “ tff 17.7 16.1 12.8 7.5 5.9 4.8 3.2 2.1 6026 a 12.6 11.5 9.2 4.2 3.4 2.3 6032 « 19.9 18.1 14.5 ”8.4” 6.6 5.4 3.6 2.4 5638 Ground Bone 14.3 13.0 10.4 6.1 4.8 3.9 2.6 1.7 5941 (< ** 19.9 18.1 14.5 8.4 6.6 5.4 3.6 2.4 5652 i( a 11.1 10.1 8.1 4.7 3.7 30 1 2.0 1.4 6027 n a 14 3 13 0 10.4 6.1 4.8 3.9 2.6 1.7 5660 ft! ftft 11.7 10.6 8.5 4.9 3.9 3.2 2.0 1.4 6059 ftl ftft 13 8 12.6 10.0 4 6 3.8 2.5 5749 n u 13.6 12.4 9.9 5.8 4.5 3.7 2.5 1.7 5804 (ft iC 15.8 14.3 11.5 6.7 5.3 4.3 2.9 1.9 5864 H (( 12.8 11.6 9.3 5.4 4.3 3.5 2.3 1.6 Average Cost per Pound 15.1 13.7 11.0 6.1 5.0 1 4.1 2.7 1.9 GROUND BONE AND TANKAGE. Station Number. FROM WHOM RECEIVED. Mechanical Analysis. Percentage. Cost of 2,000 lbs. of Fertilizer. d 03 £ o> a d” SHS d oS rg « - 5 J 2 g X a ° « s £ ns ◄ s ◄ & m •asquint uoii'Bjg Complete Fertilizers Furnishing Nitrogen, Phosphoric Acid and Potash. 13 •laqran^j uoipjg 1 6011 5996 6006 6012 5721 5720 5753 5754 5937 5938 6019 5968 5970 5969 5986 5971 •iodaa , 80:910118003 :jb *sqi ooo ‘3 jo ooj-ia: sanies $41.00 41.00 35.00 38.00 38.00 30.00 34.00 34.00 22.00 40.00 42.50 42.00 40.00 37.50 37.50 32.00 •AatpaB j; %vt *sqi 000‘8 jo ootJdL Soni»S •saotoj; s^uoi^bxs J« *sqx O 00 ‘o jo ani«A $28.86 30.55 27.00 30.61 29.11 23.15 32.00 31.18 13.67 32.90 34.22 32.87 27.54 28.03 31.04 22.81 •anuomo 3.94 2.51 0.60 5.00 2.93 2.73 5.94 6.18 0.16 3.38 3.23 4.39 5.29 3.85 0.34 5.47 Potash. •paapiBJBti*) 9.00 5.00 3.78 9.00 10.00 2.00 6.00 6.00 1.00 10.00 7.00 7.00 8.00 12.00 2.00 2.25 •ponoj; 7.48 4.98 3.67 9.45 5.59 2.74 6.37 6.42 0.23 11.04 11.37 8.30 9.20 12.87 3.33 2 91 Phosphoric Acid. ,2 , •paapre.iBno i 1 7.00 10.00 9.00 9.00 5.75 6.25 5.00 6.00 5.50 10.00 8.00 *s 4 ‘ponoj; 7.72 6.92 8.96 7.80 9.35 8.46 8.85 6.90 1.45 5.65 5.97 5.51 6.46 5.67 10.51 8.62 •paapiB-iBno i«jox 8.00 8.00 10.00 7.00 10.00 11.00 4.00 •ponoj irjox 9.73 9.20 10.94 8.90 11.45 13.23 12.82 12 53 1.84 7.95 7.69 9.21 8.62 8.40 11.53 10.16 aiqniosni 2.01 2.28 1.98 1.10 2.10 4.77 3.97 5.63 0.39 2.30 1.72 3.70 2.16 2.73 1.02 1.54 •apjpo mninouinxy ut ajqniog 3.12 3.22 3.84 4.30 3.03 3.50 4.05 3.10 1.45 1.13 2.59 3.17 3.70 3.01 1.49 2.14 •I 8 PAV ni aiqntog 4.60 3.70 5.12 3.50 6.32 4.96 4.80 3.80 4.52 3.38 2.34 2.76 2.66 9.02 6.48 Nitrogen. •paa^oromo ib^ox ®o^ooet<«®®4e|H^®e«90 w ^ « r w « eo w ei m ei h ei h •ponoA irjox 3.14 4.51 3.15 3.18 3.69 2.59 3.96 4.17 3.10 3.89 4.07 4.66 2.74 1.97 3.92 2.53 uapBH oiubSio moj^ 2.08 2.60 2.37 2.02 1.33 1.38 2.02 2.14 2.23 1.95 2.01 1.14 0.94 0.93 1.53 1.04 •s^ug Binoimny uioj^ 1.06 1.61 0.78 1.16 1.07 1.18 0.87 1.59 1.83 2.77 1.80 1.04 2.23 1.16 •sapMiiti raoij 1 0.30 2.36 1.21 0.87 0.85 0.35 0.23 0.75 0.16 0.33 Acme Fertilizer, No. 1 “ “ No. 2 “ “E” Brand “ Potato Allen’s Potato and Truck “ Complete Phosphate Atkinson’s Special Potato, No. 1 “ “ “ No. 2 Baker’s Rotted Bone Manure Baker & Bro.’s Potato Manure. ... “ “ Corn Manure “ Cabbage Manure “ Strawberry Manure “ Vegetable and Vine “ “AA” Am. 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Available. *X>a3jur.nmo 8.00 8.00 8.00 7.00 10.00 7.75 9.00 9.50 8.25 7.00 7.50 7.50 7.00 •panox 7.79 6.85 8.39 8.18 7.98 4.65 9.90 8.26 9.08 9.59 9.06 7.10 7.24 9.70 7.36 7.91 •paajurjrno ibjox 9.00 10.00 10.00 12.00 12.00 11.00 8.00 9.25 •X>unox jrjox 8 97 9.77 9.33 10.15 9.94 10.35 12.68 9.06 12.07 12.68 12.05 9.47 8.40 12.00 8.56 9.47 •aiqnxosni | 1.18 2.92 0.94 1.97 1.96 5.70 2.78 0.80 2.99 3.09 2.99 2.37 1.16 2.30 1.20 1.56 •9JBIXI0 1 raniuoraray ui otqnios 1 0.83 2.49 3.39 1.42 2.88 4.65 2.24 1.58 2.88 1.27 2.40 4.10 2.00 3.40 1.48 5.47 •jaiBAV ni aiqnios | 6.96 4.36 5.00 6.76 5.10 7.66 6.68 6.20 8.32 6.66 3.00 5.24 6.30 5.88 2.44 Nitrogen. •paojunjrno irjox 1.64 1.64 2.46 1.64 3.00 3.00 2.34 3.69 1.80 1.23 1.80 1.31 3.69 1.80 3.69 1.64 •punoj injox 2.35 2.12 3.18 1.64 1.17 2.20 2.63 3.77 2.07 1.52 2.11 1.64 3.79 1.91 3.69 1.77 •laiXBH oinuSio tnoi^ | 1.66 1.49 3.06 1.64 0.69 2.20 2.20 2.13 1.63 1.31 1.79 1.42 1.80 1.69 1.74 0.83 •subs Biuoraray raoi^ | 1 0.10 0.12 0.43 0.31 0.44 0.21 0.32 0.22 0.18 0.22 0.19 0.11 •saiBJxi^ mojj | 0.69 0 53 0.48 1.30 1 81 1.76 0.83 Great Eastern General Wheat Special Hess’ Potato, Tobacco and Truckers’ Man. “ Plain Potato Manure “ Fish and Potash Hopler’s Potato Fertilizer “ Grass Fertilizer Lister’s Standard Pure Bone Superphos “ Vegetable Compound “ Ammon. Dissolved Bone Phos “ Standard Success Fertilizer “ Buckwheat Fertilizer,. “ Standard U. S. Phosphate “ Celebrated Corn Manure “ Corn Fertilizer, No. 2 “ Cauliflower and Cabbage Fert “ Lawn Fertilizer •jaqnmsj uoixbxs 6065 3880 6030 3038 3068 5069 >790 3764 3874 3876 3875 3977 3991 3990 3979 3992 Complete Fertilizers Furnishing Nitrogen, Phosphoric Acid and Potash. 26 uaqtanM noi^is * S ® 00 CM CM CM tO ^ SB S a> co « O « ffi ft Hi ^ > O > CO 55 td d ft ^ rt ft 50 g §■ a i « * ■§ O ^ I * fc' I 5 5 * fi 0 ) S 3 S 5 « ! a' *=■’ = * s ss 5 * a 0 9 ---- - -- -- - o ~o ; » ft i ft =5} | 1 : : = 3 : 3 = = 3 « « I a ft I a a (D 0 ) ftr------ = -- ft JH H_i o 55 ,*• S Potato Potato ft £ g o Potato > X X eg '5 Sh ft 'S. a 0 0 'ft a 0 0 ft 3 eg O ft M 6 03 M Cfl O 'ft 1 0 0 a 0 O' ft ft a 3 Buffalo j§ S CM CM lO CM O 8 0 g> eo CO 0 s 8 to 0 to »o Jo Oi tO o tO q> to 00 to £3 00 to Oi tO to 0 to 0 to 2 00 to to Ci to uaqiun^ noti^jg Complete Fertilizers Furnishing Nitrogen, Phosphoric Acid and Potash. 11 •laqum^j uorpsis 5788 5928 6022 5952 5892 5793 5860 5931 6103 6077 5954 5885 5854 6101 5956 •jodaa ,SJtaaiusuo 3 *sqx 000‘3 jo »OHd[ Sui[i»s $42.00 35.00 38.00 42.00 27.00 40.00 43.00 43.00 40.00 41.00 40.00 35.00 38.00 40.00 35.00 ij'B *sqx 000‘g jo ooij S aiuds •soaijj s.uoix'bxs * sqx 000‘£ jo or»x«A $28.55 25.35 27.60 31.31 19.18 29.54 33.11 33.42 29.93 30.72 30.63 27.00 29.99 29.51 18.62 •auuoxqo 6.37 3.50 7.04 0.81 0.87 0.72 0.48 5.92 6.23 6.36 5.90 2.96 8.05 4.12 1.34 Potash. •paajii'Ba'BnO 7.00 4.00 7.00 6.00 1.00 10.00 3.00 6.00 6.00 6.00 5.00 2.50 8.00 4.00 1.50 •punoA 7.51 3.63 6.69 7.85 1.02 10.75 3.76 6.69 7 39 7.04 6.29 3.46 9.17 4.76 1.82 Phosphoric Acid. Available. •paaxuu.i'eno 7.50 7.00 8.00 7.00 5.00 8.00 6.00 6.00 8.00 7.00 10.00 6.00 8.00 8.00 qjunoj 7.40 10.43 9.56 7.15 8.33 7.08 9.08 6.62 6.26 8.08 6.97 10.18 8.68 9.20 7.25 •paaxur.reti*) xejox 9.25 8.00 8.00 7.00 10.00 8.00 6.00 10.00 7.00 12.00 8.00 10.00 10.00 •puuoj I'BJOX j 8.48 12.25 11.68 9.21 9.89 8.66 11.68 8.58 8.01 10.91 8.95 12.74 10.07 11.29 10.16 •aiqniosui 1.08 1.82 2.12 2.06 1.56 1.58 2.60 1.96 1.75 2.83 1.98 2.56 1.39 2.09 2.91 •ajBixio 1 ummoccany ux aiqnpg | 2.12 2.59 3.22 4.63 4.89 1.82 1.88 4.00 1.72' 3.96 2.49 4.26 3.34 3.48 1.35 fH* Q) "5 f£ a » 42 d. “ 3 § 'O w 8 o £ 1 c o > k. >ts Oh 2 3 ffl 0) o Oh a> 2 O 3 d i O Hj 6 . •“5 55* 05 - 2 CO CS Ed 5 o s_i bo 2 £ o 55* 4d O 55* a o s Pi H PE r-1 2 a 5* - _ 03 tr •* 2 ~ O o d 6 £ o Jh * " V - W o3 05 8 O o Pi" =3 o o> N a t- N o o , Od o S3 !5 o O 3 £ af a o> 42 Pd o Oh H a? a o ~ - s I = . 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Ou > d d X d at X d > .X ‘E fe 2 X D- X .2 u c ) : ! < 13 X > b 'f! 2 X a 05 £ X ! fl § a O 6 •8 d 3 H T3 Ch ai B d X 'O o Q Ul X X p o E X fe d tn o o 3 0 3 1 o t * s £ 2 X u at X 3 ai X 00 X x Ch ai d o E >. ai 5 a 6 0 § Oh ^ X | 01 3 ^ o s d o a a "co w 09 [a, > B s E ro O < P d o *3 y- oc 3 5 © * co 2 - - - d b X F r 90 X = z z 1 £ i£ £ 3 ai (S 1 1 ) <£> OO Oi Hi CO 6035 6036 Cl •jaqnin^ uo.^'b^s s i 3 n£> tC lO »o 2 § to >o ia o tn © © © © W N N M liCKKt'OOQnL*)} NN2>XNecMMWNeo •XjojsbjI *sqj 000‘2 jo ooia^I Sainas © 0 N r» M •5 N © C © •t rd r- •89DJJ,I S.UOfJBJg j« *nqi 000*2 JO oniBA © x IQ n N H 15 h N w d 18.0 15.8 © © N © N « 21 1“ N 21 © N 2» rH « | © N »C (M t O CO CM to o o> CO •auiaomo CM CC to oo (N CM °0 CM r- to CO CM Ci 00* id «o c4 CM 04 r>: ed Mji to -r ^* to - © © © o © c — © © © © © © © © © © b 10 © © © L* © © © © o •paajuBJBnfj N f- d H N X ei *2 © © 2t © ! & \ * N N N X N >2 rH © © © X © © £ 1 X ©. h* t n n N M © N © 2* N | •punoj l = X N d N N N X >2 © © 2* d — © - © © © © © © © © © © © •paa^uBaBno Ci X e X X X X X © © X © 3 4 r J2 i i © r- rH~ " »2 © © X N J- © r» © rH eg » * « X N © © IQ rH X X r- N « < •punoj r x © X X X © © (i X* h ■d i O 1 © © ~~~~ " c o -c“ i I -X rH rH X Q © •t cS c i 1 b ** | N N © 12 © X "cT CC © 12 X -t X X §■ |« X 1~ w X w c N Z X X w h JS •punox i«»ox M © X © ci r« c c c rH c « Ht ©’ 1 a. 1 b H •aiqniosai | s iC 6^ CM OQ S s Si to 8 CO § o CM CO CM* CO cm’ c4 c4 id M* X CM* (N r-’ to* CM* •94BJ4JO 1 "oT cn <£> lO CM FI 8 8 8 ec S MJ* X •punoj i«;ox •JL9JJBPI DiaBSiO UI0JJ •sjiBg Biuorauiy otojj raojj NNNI-©H#rJ OS H £H c o P3 o a ci CL, Ci _o oi © o m : © : a u V tx- 5 JS tc 5 o — o a E X E-i © _ir W X o a. ti S o C-c : H : •© : c : 04 C £ 5 O © 55 o X O «2 ,o : a < CO _cc © : © c <£ r S3 > «a lO >T3 eo co eo eo 0J £ o3" S3 SuD ay o : S = 2 £ a" D 'S fl 2 a z 3 - O 5 s S o> p. p, - w rz o o 03 0/ H E- 1 '3 rp - o o <5 3 p * ^ *g •pj 3 05 « m O o> cS CQ W £ m .. z - d P ft . - - M «. Q ... t-s b S3 £ P S3 ◄ O £ § S & o S PQ O o O ■s •§ *2 Vi C 5 O j bo to a S £ co 33 N 3 •O 13 •3 o a c» 3 a> P tH H fH 3 c3 O » a> © P o t3 Vi «3 -3 3 S3 3 2 o3 a 3 o3 fl 2 o a bp © a o c 2 M O s Pui <5 Pi 03 o o •aaqxun^ uoiws Complete Fertilizers Furnishing Nitrogen, Phosphoric Acid and Potash. uaqumK noi^g 5923 5835 5653 5656 5655 5666 5772 5914 5738 5733 5734 5737 6053 6050 5877 5S78 •^odaa .sjaransuoQ x« *sqx 000‘S jo 30T-i«I SunioS $35.00 35.00 38.00 28.00 34.00 48.00 35.00 36.00 45.00 40.00 28.00 32.00 36.00 32.00 29.00 29.00 •Aaoxorj; jr *sqx 000‘8 JO Sunils •saaijj; s 4 uoix«xs XB *sqx 000‘S jo onx«A « q « o o b « « h 15 « w n n » w NttOiHftJO^iOioOHOJCrtSO wNNNNeoeieteoeoNweieiNN •auxjoxqo 10.56 9.29 6.69 4.09 6.60 2.54 3.55 2.91 6.28 10.27 6.17 10.78 8.27 5.05 5.68 5.56 Potash. 1 •paaxn'Ba'Bno 10.00 10.00 6.00 1.50 6.00 3.00 3.00 2.75 5.00 10.00 1.50 10.00 7.00 2.50 5.00 3.00 •puno^ 11.30 9.54 7 30 1 - 71 ..79 2.72 3.30 3.05 6.51 10.96 3.51 11.11 9.03 3.55 5.74 4.18 Phosphoric Acid. Available. •paaxurarno 9.00 8.50 9.00 7.00 8.00 10.00 8.00 10.00 8.00 10.00 8.00 10.00 10.00 7.00 •punoj; 10.02 4.89 7.75 9.13 7.80 4.27 7.57 8.47 5.30 6.89 6.67 7.69 6.27 7.45 6.87 6.05 •paaXU'Bjrno x«jox 12.00 9.00 10 00 10.50 10.50 8.50 9.00 13.00 •punox xrxox j 12.30 10.68 9.00 11.45 8.98 5.55 8.47 10.23 7.62 9.21 8.63 10.34 9.08 10.00 9.11 7.39 •oiqniosui | 2.28 5.79 1.25 2.32 1.18 1.28 0.90 1.76 2.32 2.32 1.96 2.65 2.81 2.55 2.24 1.34 •axuqto nraiuonnny ui aiqniog 3.44 3.77 0.99 1.37 0.74 2.63 1.37 1.03 3.90 4.11 3.25 2.69 3.59 3.95 4.07 3.95 •ja^AV hi aiqniog | 6.58 1.12 6.76 7.76 7.06 1.64 6.20 7.44 1.40 2.78 3.42 5.00 2.68 3.50 2.80 2.10 Nitrogen. •paaxnr.i'eno l^jox 00 TjH N N W *H Tjn »a tJJ O rjj © ** «© •punoj; x«J»x 2.74 2.66 3.88 2.20 3.69 8 60 4.18 3.44 6.60 3.27 2.80 3.16 3.25 2.33 3.58 2.47 •jaxxBK oiwbSio tnoi^j 1.88 1.91 1.98 1.39 2.22 2.35 3.32 2.33 3.29 2.30 2.21 1.32 2.53 1.77 2.60 2.00 •sires 'Biaotmny raoi^j 016 0.21 [0.28 4.27 0.14 0.12 0.25 0.14 0.11 •sax’BJXiM tnojj 0.86 0.75 1.74 0.60 1.19 1.98 0.72 0.99 3.06 0.83 0.59 1.81 0.72 0.56 0.87 0.47 Taylor’s H. G Pot., Truck and Tob,. “ Potash Mixture. Thomas’ Potato Manure, No. 1 “ Wheat Manure “ Potato and Tomato Man.... “ High-Grade Bone Phos “ King Crab Compound “ Tip-Top Raw Bone Super... Trenton H. G. Truck and Cabbage... “ Potato Fertilizer “ Ammon. Dissolved Bone.... “ Atchley’s Special Potato “ Potato Fertilizer, Special..., “ Standard Fertilizer “ Corn and Truck Fertilizer... “ Corn Mixture •aaqrantf uoiX'BIS 5923 5835 5653 5656 5655 5666 5772 5914 5738 5733 5734 5737 5053 5050 5877 5878 Complete Fertilizers Furnishing Nitrogen, Phosphoric Acid and Potash, 36 •laqronx noij'Bjg r- h «— < oo UJ VJ w $ £ s 2 8 >o to to to to ©“ 2 fc >* t- « « £ fe d t-J 2 o tA U £ £3 O o « £ 0) *£ £ © W s £1 © £ O £ 3 tH £ £ O g £ O Pt Pt 6 cT CD £ s‘ c © § r cT 'O -S. O £3 O £ •6 T3 S ■D fi 'C O £ PP s £ PQ S 'w d M £ •-H < t-s *-» w M W * ■§. SZ5 . £ I ’ s a £ Ph £ £3 ^ 5 6 „ ® o el | | £ = ^ r •£ o •jaqran^ uoi^S os S s -2 o a s o o Ph P-, p-l Complete Fertilizers Furnishing Nitrogen, Phosphoric Acid and Potash. 37 •joqranii uoi^jg IC CO CM CM CM CM CM to to to to to to i> © lO lO to to to •jodaa I © ©co©©©©©©©©®©©© © © © © © © © © © © © © © © « .sjauinsuoQ ’sqx 000‘g JO 93UJ SaillOS NMiON'ltNNMNN^^MMNM *sqx 000‘g jo o»ia eo o S 8 52 05 S 00 CM iG CM lO CM o © o o O o' iG oo CM CM* to © © © © ~ta © us © © © © © © us © © © © © © i'* US e* © # K5 © © © © et © © A CO •paaxara'Biio et ei N 00 H «5 ei et si »o eo ei ei © rH © r* © © i- X © © X et et et £ © © © © H i- l- 00 © tF eo © tF et •panoj eo to ei ei ei H *5 ei ei 00 © eo ei et ©" © © © © © © ’©“ ~© _ c "©“ c "o' "6“ “©“ ”©~ • © © © © © © © © © © © © © © © © 1 •paa^arxeno j i LO © oo si © © to © to © J3 i ®> ft fH eo © X © © © et to © c8 et N 00 © © © © US m 00 H © 00 ri, © ^ ! s > < •panoj r © oo i- i' si L0 © to si X t' o © © © © © © © © o © © © © © © © © © © 10 LO US © © © © © © ® # © © © | o •p9ajur.tmo xnjox © si © i- 00 si 00 si H ©' si si 00 ©* 00 ©‘ *5 o 1 H rt ft 00 © © O X CO CO e* CO IF X eo © © »F o If et ft o 10 us © 00 et eo © i' et •punoj xrjox 00 © 00 H ©‘ H H © ei oo 00 © © © © ft 1 H H fH H rn H H H H H •aiqniosaj OS (M © 00 to CO o 05 >o @ S 00 o OS to S! §0 to 8 l> 1 CM eo rH CO c4 CO eo„ CQ # CM el CM CO rH eo CM •8XBJXI0 1 1 ^ OS § rH iO IO § 00 to 30 oo o SB CM 00 8 8 OO umiuonnny m aiqnios I CM CM* rH rH ft rH ft ft CM ft rH rH CM © ei CM •lapjAi aiqnios | 5.16 5.61 6 48 6.00 6.00 6.16 6.30 7.06 4.00 4.70 5,84 3.36 8.261 5.76 1 5.32j et tO © oo X « ei us et X © X © “© •paaiuraBno xrjox 00 © et et « et 00 © 00 00 et © et et © © ei oo eo eo H © fH fH ©* eo eo eo et H et ; © r* X H © «5 © © X X W F^ d •panox I«»ox t-* N oo H eo e* eo H © © H| 00 © et 00 If a> S? H « eo « fH ei iH fH eo eo ei Fi ei o 00 CO iG OS lO OS 1.35 rH as oo Ol to 3.63 CM as s •lajiBpi oiubSjo xnoij; 3 CO 1C CM lO to rH o 05 o' IO CM to •sjx'BS Binounny raoj^ 4.72 1.59 0.86 0.59 0.38 0.16 0.14 lu-o! •sapniisj inoix O 55 ® 2 a £ Z5 os O P ft o a H o> S >» « H H A „• ft £ he H o5 O _* 5 a S = eS S 03 g o 5 •3 g © = S ^ O aj •joqumx noims > o « O 2" 8 - = = a a> •2 0 oS o ef 8 g 5 3 a § aT © 3 a 1 43 © © t-i a 0 - 43 ' © £ 5 3 •d d m 0) .g 0 0 > B 03 4= © £ 8 5 © Q a 5 I CG (3. - 0 0 02 a 8 ! .2 O £ - - - *-i cd W w W r _ « = d M w d »-9 •"8 •“9 ◄ l-i o : 2 r s - : O <3 ■"J N S - 55 > o 2 .2 oS Q 43 ” o, -d os a a < a o 43 a & §• B 00 a © «s § a « 8 o © os .2 o a H 1 0 8 05 « §• 3 H •c 3 # w a h h h 0 00 W»«S^«®W«J®ei5N®»^ eONWN NNiHMNNNNHNW •0nuomo 6.70 7.84 1.41 1.21 5.72 8.06 2.02 5.91 3.58 7.08 2.27 4.00 2.26 7.22 5.28 Potash. •paaju«.iim*) 4.00 5.00 1.00 1.00 3.50 5.00 8.00 5.00 8.00 7.00 8.00 3.00 8.00 8.00 5.00 •punoj 6.03 7.91 1.30 1.88 3.93 5.G4 1.97 5.85 8.82 7.14 1.99 3.77 3.15 7.10 5.18 Phosphoric Acid. 1 Available, j •paajuBJBtio 7.00 7.00 11.00 8.00 7.00 6.00 8.00 7.00 9.00 8.00 7.00 8.00 9.00 •pnnoj |lOhh©«K5^ia®^80^«X^ 1 •paojuBarno rejox 11.00 9.00 9.00 12.00 6.00 11.00 8.00 7.00 9.00 8.00 10.00 9.00 8.00 10.00 10.00 •punox mox 11.72 13.19 14.18 14.59 9.56 8.59 12.68 10.24 12.04 10.80 12.93 11.55 12.00 9.35 9.34 •oxqntosux 6.08 4.42 6.34 3.98 2.62 3.05 4.88 4.62 2.28 3.68 4,15 4.01 5.38 0.83 2.24 ramuonnny ni oiqniog 5.58 2.27 1.70 2.29 1.28 0.86 6.40 4.36 3.68 5.36 6.27 4.78 6.00 3.46 1.72 •joibav ui oiqnios 0.06 5.50 6.14 8.32 5.66 4.68 1.40 1.26 6.08 1.76 2.50 2.76 0.62 5.06 5.38 j Nitrogen. •paajuBJBno rejox 5.74 3.28 3.38 1 64 1.64 2.05 1.03 2.46 1.64 3.69 3.46 2.05 1.03 1.23 4.10 •puno^ ibxox 5.75 2.94 3.45 [ 1.97 2.34 3.38 1.46 2.73 1.92 3.78 2.59 3.36 1.64 3.17 3.95 oiubSjo raoij 5.75 2.94 3.45 1.97 2.34 1.44 1.32 2.34 1.69 2.40 1.90 1.41 1.44 3.04 2.76 •sq^s Binomuty hiojj 0.14 0.13 0.23 0.67 0.15 0.19 0.20 0.13 0.13 •saiBiji^ raoi^ 0.94 0.26 0.71 0.54 0.76 1.06 •jaqnin*i noi^is §3 8 g S g Furnishing Nitrogen and Insoluble Phosphoric Acid 40 •jaqumtf noil's 5 g I ! I -■§> 1 5 Sr Kfi >H Qj o ^ © ® ^ £ 2 3 ^ M £ £ 8 3 A 3 M 03 ta « 3 m 15 .5 £ 3 - « d 8 « 1 N S 3 B © o a , CQ O 5 « a 2 3 S - o 5 - o a cc © o § I n « © ® .2 0 h PQ •joqnin>i noii^ig § 5 2 § Ground Bone Furnishing Nitrogen and Insoluble Phosphoric Acid, 41 •laqranrc uoixisxs 5864 6059 5631 6147 5829 5781 5749 5804 5786 6152 6029 5981 5791 5897 6164 qodaa .sjtomnsuoQ x« ’sqi 000 S jo wpj Saxiios oooooooooonooooo SOOOOOOOONOOOO© » » 6 «’ « M i ^ 00 10 H « « H ia «NNMe0MNeiMNe0NMMN ^ * * •saouj; s,uoi;«!jg *sqx 000‘3 jo oiil«A $33.40 33.48 37.10 37.86 37.78 30.01 30.33 38.17 33.09 37.11 35.00 19.57 33.10 38.96 19.77 Chemical Analysis. •ptoy ouoqdsoqj 26.44 22.80 26.10 22.04 20.32 25.60 29.30 28.20 25.52 26.72 17.88 13.24 24.80 25.34 14.68 •uaSoiXfM 2.73 4.05 3.71 4.25 3.13 3.08 1.65 1.95 4.08 2.62 3.16 3.20 3.89 3.66 1.78 Mechanical Analysis. •ui qxzx*X nrcqx lasxeoo 5 13 2 17 14 22 11 1 7 22 18 5 *m qxzi-X nuqx isnij 13 18 7 40 21 19 17 19 29 2 23 16 31 34 9 •at qxes-X uraqx aanij 24 39 43 25 35 22 22 18 29 6 24 18 34 18 22 •ui qX0S-X n«qx Jauij; 58 43 50 22 42 42 47 41 31 91 46 44 35 30 64 'jaqumtf noiX'BXS • 00 i-l K3 lO lO ID oo o qs i> lO if5 * Wholesale price at factory. Ground Bone Furnishing Nitrogen and Insoluble Phosphoric Acid. 42 •jsquin^ nop'Bis OS * <3 CQ a © ft p" e3 a © 3 p~ 03 a © p~ o m © £ ft p~ ft aS a p o a § ro Ol w © 83 oo © 1 s m © O ft o s a? OO P ^ © ft oj © ft o s o o PI V m w © ft ◄ ft Eh ft £ W s d W i d Kj EH 5P ft ft W ft ft 2 ft ft •— i © ^ s & ft a © 'd P i “ ft -a b ft o3 ft ft " 2 d Ph .2 d O >H 2 p 5S = - 6 Ph O o 2 © o ft I © S-l EH 6 * S-4 03 5 w S 6 ft © N be be ft d © ft 3 - ft .a o S m 03 © « a e I § ft § a ft h £ p « a £ w m ft £ § 5 s 2 CO a P 5 O O pq PQ § I 2 § o o uaqtnnK noxwg § 3 OO — I 8 8 2 t-H OS 05 Ground Bone Furnishing Nitrogen and Insoluble Phosphoric Acid. 43 * i 3 qnm & uoiiuig 5898 6141 5908 6149 5912 6130 5920 5919 6027 5962 6155 6091 6092 6093 rjodaQ jSaaransuo ^ r^n -sqx 000 ‘K jo 98 ijj Suixi»S oooooooo ©©©©©© ©©©©©©©©© o©©©© « ^ ^ l <5 ^ M >5 N ia H Til o O ^ «««««»«««««»»» m * •saaiJti s , uoix«js J « *sqx 000‘K jo ani«A o «»< iieewK ) i 5 ®^ iaHt ( | «# 10 ffi ® N M ffi ^ 00 00 « 00 H iNMdTP ^ dddoodd ^ ffi ^ MMCONCONNNNCtNNeOW 1 <» Chemical Analysis . •ppy ouoqdsoqj 1 26.48 22.06 20.80 19.20 28.08 25.24 20.96 20.26 23.42 15.30 22.44 24.10 25.90 23.46 - uaSojxi ^ J 2.94 4.00 5.58 4.17 2.08 3.89 4.07 4 27 2.11 2.05 1.30 4.22 4.03 3.96 Mechanical Analysis . | •nx qx ? I-I nnqx josiboo 7 7 2 37 22 10 2 1 16 3 •ui qi 3 l-l nnqx J 8 uij [ 21 12 14 50 10 24 29 23 15 17 9 45 1 61 •ui qigs-T n«qx janttf 23 89 37 35 23 18 28 28 27 26 31 24 30 29 •ui qxOQ-I nnqx maM 49 49 49 8 65 21 21 39 56 56 60 15 69 7 •jaqranN noi^g g 3 £ * 2 § p o P* pq W a ) •8 x 03 „ © " -53 CD aS fl . S M CD c3 O -a .a 02 02 > o «j o a Eh H H O O ® cn .2 ^ 2 B £ t a fl 2 § a s (D :fl Eh £ £ 8 2 —I 03 03 ® ffl K 3 cm co m 05 Wholesale price at factory. Miscellaneous Fertilizers Furnishing Nitrogen, Phosphoric Acid or Potash. 44 uox^s if ^ ft a £ § W S & fl ft W M 'O 'O w “ of 43 - 03 © H o 43 p ft ft o 02 02 o ft © ft s 6 © ft © O CO oS ft S3 oj d o pp ©“ ft ft S ft pp g ft _N M os ft . ft pP hH Q pp ft « SP ft ft d w. ft ft ft ft fi ft ◄ M ft Ph" © ft 5 ft Fh Q *-* ft fl' d Ph - sf o ft o d ft © S3 JH ft O ft a >* <£ +» £ o3 Ph £ © ft ft S3* fl 2 H © 1 = St © ft ft a "© ft ft o i d o ► o O O ft o* u 1 >* St tH o (H sd r be ft © • 'S ft ,5 § 3 ft S3 O o s 2 » ^ £ s bo *2 N 5 S 3 S ft & Q w ^ CL> — ( pq e* 1i bo ^ £ 2 - S o* o ° pm a « o o a a •£ « g 8 £ a © iS ft 3 & B © O ft Ph El O -2 « -2 Ph ft 'g 43 £ & 1 | •X m I 1 43 o & Ph O rd ?? S3 Ph aj © § S P3 © W ft m o 43 3 & aS P. 43 S3 a co o *^3 ft 2 Ph cS o a o 8 •jaqotn^ uoi^ig OO lO t-» OO 5 § sg ss to to lO lO Miscellaneous Fertilizers Furnishing Nitrogen, Phosphoric Acid or Potash. 45 •aaqran^j noijBjg 6045 CO Cl 0 Ci GO CO 00 CO |> S O iO O l> CO iO GO l> lO GO O lO 00 Ci 00 o S 00 GO o s§ GO CO S 1 iO lO GO CO to GO iO lO GO GO GO iO GO iO iO qodea © © © © © © © © © © © © © © © © © © © © o © © © © e © © © © © .saamnsuoQ *sqi © WI ci 10 ci •* ci 10* ci © ci 10 000‘S jo ooijj Samos Ci 1 eo © Ci eo Ci Ci Cl eo Ci Cl eo Ci H H *x« ’sqx 000‘g jo ooia fH © © © ftt © © ftj « N q c i © CO © •# © Cl © q ftj q r« ft •panox I«J<>x ci ci © © ci 90 6 ci eo © I ^ H ft! r! 00 ft! o H H H fH 1- 1 H H H H H H Fft H H ft< ft ft 1> TtJ I> Ci Ci s CO* CO CO CO* CJ 1-1 ci l/=) r» (N § CO Ci m Ci 8 • CO Ci GO a Cl o •siBiato iothuiv ui aiqnjog I> 05 O Ci ^ iO o i r- GO GO on Ci - < Ci C4 Ci ci ni aiqtqog l> c4 Ci* © rl4 ci go GO i> 00 eo i> CO GO T}i iH Ci’ CO © © © © © rft iH •paajarjBno I r ’J°X © ci © H © ci © ci © ci © ci q H o \ 90 © eo © Ci ft 5 © © © ft •panox irjox © « q © « ) © Ci N g> SP C? H ci H ci e ! ci ci ci ci o 2.28 Id o G£ > O GO CO uaWBpi oiubSjo ihojj <» 00 c4 CO GO o ci ci Ci ci o ci 'Binomray moj& : S5 : © raojj ft e3 O .§ d o ffl • « % 5 1 o a .2 ft o ft ft ft ” £ o %4 p « t-- GQ d .2 ft d -< w> % os t>> r; ft H ^ ft > | 1 o “ cc ft M ft ft ft ft a> 33 72 a o © ft 2 O § ft o £e “ O M ■g o 13 ►, O os ft H •jaqtanH uoijuxg S 2 S ^ i-H © ® ® ffl eo 46 Canada Ashes. Station Number. MANUFACTURER. SENT BY. 5634 Jas. Thomas, Williamsport, Pa. (Shipper ) W. H. Ellis, Hammonton. 6090 The Forest City Wood Ash Co., London, Ontario. W. M. Simonton, Asbury. 6148 “ T. T. Hoffmann, Bloomsbury. 5821 Munroe, Lalor & Co , Oswego, N. Y. J. Scullion, Hammonton. 5862 “ C. Kraus, Egg Harbor City. 5863 “ it u a 6151 “ P. Q. Hoagland, Frankford. •6153 Allison, Stroup & Co , New York City. P. J. Staats, Bound Brook. 6166 Chas Stevens, Napanee, Ontario. B. M. Field, Bound Brook. 5634 6090 6148 5831 5863 5863 6151 6153 6166 Phosphoric Acid 1.34 1.28 Potash 0.51 4.08 Lime 34.26 24.88 Valuation per Ton $1.88 $5.56 Selling Price per Ton 11.00 11.00 1.16 1.57 1.43 1.54 1.45 1.75 1.67 3.26 3.82 6.93 4.97 8.81 4.10 4.19 23.71 28.76 31.26 35.24 32.90 33.06 38.10 $4.58 $5.58 $8.71 $6.76 $10.70 $6.06 $6.07 11.00 13.00 12.50 12.00 13.00 12.00 15.00 EDWARD B. VOORHEES, Director. New Brunswick, N. J., November 19th, 1894. /LA * Sr?*'- GLUTEN FEEDS. THEIR SOURCE, COMPOSITION AND METHODS OF USE,. NEW JERSEY AGRICULTURAL Experiment Station 105 NEW JERSEY Agricultural Experiment Station. BULLETIN 105. NOVEMBER 20, 1894. Gluten Feeds— Their Source, Composition and Methods of Use. In recent years there has been a considerable addition to the number of concentrated, or commercial feeds, upon the market ; many of these products are extremely valuable, not only because they are concentrated in bulk, but also because their purchase and use serve to make more palatable and economical the feed- ing of the coarser and more bulky products of the farm ; in many cases, too, such a practice diminishes the exportation of plant-food constituents consequent upon a direct sale of grain crops, or of beef, pork or milk. The better utilization of the coarse products, particularly corn stalks and straw, by means of concentrated feeds, and the economic bearings of such methods of feeding, were discussed at length in Bulletin No. 96, distributed in November, 1893. Among the list of useful feeds, those which consist of the parts of the cereal grains, as wheat bran, middlings and brewers’ grains, with the manufacture of which the farmers are familiar, and into which no foreign or deleterious substances enter, have- reached a wide use ; their value is well established ; while those- which result from the manufacture of vegetable products with which they are not familiar, and which in some cases are not strictly food products in their original form, are slowly accepted,, and even now sparingly used in many sections of the State,. 4 Such has been the case, for example, with cotton-seed meal, not- withstanding its very great value, both from food and fertility standpoints. In other words, a familiarity with the value of the original product as a feed, coupled with a knowledge of the processes by which the by-products have been secured, are factors which largely influence introduction and use. It is well understood by many, that the removal of a part of the whole grain does not destroy, though it may modify, the value of the residue, but that greater skill may be required in order to obtain satisfactory results in its use, because it may be less perfect, or complete, in itself as a general food than the original product. Foods one-sided in the sense that one or more of the digestible constituents may be in too great excess, or too deficient, are not necessarily very good or very poor, though such may be the case ; they are, however, less likely to prove valuable as exclusive diets than the entire grains. For instance, oats, wheat bran and linseed meal are all excellent horse feeds, yet of the three, oats is the only one that can be fed exclusively with safety ; the total value of the food compounds in one ton of linseed meal is, how- • ever, quite as great, if not greater than in the oats ; the main fact is that it is not as perfect in its proportions of food com- pounds, or in its physical character, for the purpose of horse- feeding. Illustrations of this kind could be multiplied to show that it is physical character, or bulk of the product, and proportion, as well as kind and amount of constituents, that gives value in a complete diet. Gluten Feeds. These feeds have been introduced in our Eastern markets recently in large quantities, under the general name of “Gluten Meal” or “Gluten Feed.” The fact that they are relatively new, and because the various products differ in their appearance, their feeding value and price per ton, there has arisen frequent inquiries as to their composition and value, particularly from those progressive dairymen who closely study economical methods of purchasing and using feeds. The analyses of certain of these feeds have been published by a number of Experiment Stations, a few have conducted feeding experiments to test their value, and the results secured indicate for them a high position among the concentrated feeds. A diffi- culty, however, still exists in that the names attached are too indefinite, and do not indicate the true composition of the vari- ous products. The object of this bulletin is, therefore, to publish an analysis- of all of these products, to indicate their sources and method of manufacture, and as far as possible, from a study of tho analyses, to classify them according to their composition and relative feeding value. In prosecuting this work representative samples were secured both from dealers in the State and directly from the manufacturers. In some instances it was possible to secure a number of samples of the same kind, thus permitting a study of possible variations in composition. How the Products are Derived. These feeds occur as residues in the manufacture either of starch, or of glucose (grape sugar), from maize or Indian corn. It is the aim of the manufacturer to secure from the corn a maxi- mum product of starch or sugar ; the whole resultant residue, therefore, is relatively low in starch, and varies in composition according to the excellence of the method of manufacture, and the variation in the composition of the original raw material — corn. The average of a large number of analyses shows that one hundred pounds of the dry matter of corn contain : Crude Fat 5.59 pounds. Crude Fiber (cellulose) 2.46 “ Crude Protein 11.52 “ Crude Ash 1.68 “ Carbohydrates (chiefly starch) 78.75 “ A glance at these figures shows that corn is made up chiefly of the class carbohydrates, or starch ; it is evident that the re- 6 inoval of any part of it must increase the proportion of the other constituents in the residue. The constituent contained in corn next in amount to carbo- hydrates is protein — a collective term which includes all of the albuminoids — and to which the name “ gluten” is commonly applied ; hence, the partial or complete removal of the starch makes this constituent the most prominent, and the general name “ gluten” has been applied to the feeds so derived, and in point of amount the protein is the most important constituent in many of the products. The starch in the class carbohydrates is, however, not entirely separated even under the best methods of manufacture now employed ; hence, the total residue still contains a large portion of carbohydrates, often amounting to more than one-half of the total dry matter. Parts of Corn. The accompanying enlarged cut of a corn, or maize, kernel will assist in locating the four distinct parts which are of interest in this study. a is the husk, or skin, which covers the whole kernel ; it (consists of two distinct layers, the outer and inner, which when removed constitute the bran, and contain practically all of the crude fiber of the whole grain. b is a layer of gluten cells, which lies immediately under- neath the husk ; it is yellow in color, and cannot be readily sepa- rated from the remainder of the kernel. This part is the richest of any in gluten. c is the germ, which is readily distinguished by its position .and form ; it also contains gluten, though it is particularly rich in oil and mineral constituents. The large portion, d, is composed chiefly of starch ; the dark color indicates the yellowy flinty part, in which the starch-hold- ing cells are more closely compacted. A perfect separation of the corn kernel into its ‘parts as de- scribed is difficult, if not impossible. It was found possible, however, to partially separate 100 grammes of kernels of new corn, so as to secure for analysis the skin and the germ in a state of comparative purity. To do so it was necessary to leave por- tions of each attached to the starchy and hard part of the corn. The parts analyzed as follows : Station Number. Amount Secured from 100 parts of Original Corn. Per cent, of Water. COMPOSITION OF THE WATER-FREE MATERIAL. J Crude Fat. Crude Fiber. Crude Protein. Crude Ash. . 1 Carbohydrates. Nitrogen. Phosphoric Acid. 1 Potash. 905 Original Corn 100.00 24.71 4.31 2.02 12.65 1.73 79.26 2.02 0.83 0.47 906 Skin 5.56 15.29 1.59 16.45 6.60 1.27 75.36 1.06 0.23 0.38 907 Germ 10.17 29.62 29.62 2.83 21.71 11.13 45.79 3.43 6.16 2.91 939 Starchy and hard part.... 84.27 24.66 1.54 0.65 12.23 0.68 1 85.58 1.96 0.35 0.17 The germ, although only about 10 per cent, of the wdiole kernel, contains 65 per cent, of the fat, 61J per cent, of the mineral matter, 71 per cent, of the phosphoric acid, 60 per cent, of the potash, and 16 J per cent, of the nitrogen, or protein. The 8 remaining portions are characterized, the skin by its content of fiber, 51 per cent, of the whole, and the starchy part by its carbo- hydrates, of which it contains nearly 90 per cent, of that in the- whole grain. The processes by which the starch is obtained, while perhaps differing somewhat, consist essentially in the separation first of the germ and hull from the starch and albuminoids contained in the remainder either directly by machinery, or by soaking in warm water, crushing into a coarse powder, and separating by gravity, the hulls floating on the surface, and the germs sinking to the- bottom ; and second, the final separation of the gluten from the- starch, which is effected by allowing the fluid containing them to run slowly through long troughs, the heavier starch settling to the bottom, and the lighter yellow substance, containing the pro- tein and fat, floating off. The residue in this manufacture may, therefore, consist either of one product, a mixture of the gluten, germ and hulls, or of three, when the gluten, germ and hulls are each separated. In any case, however, the feeds are parts of the original corn, though when dried for market they differ in appearance, in pro- portion of food constituents, and in physical character. The entire residue is in color brighter yellow than corn meal, and of a much more bulky character, owing to the presence of a larger proportion of bran ; the trade name of this product is. “ Gluten Feed.” The gluten is distingushed by a higher content of both protein and fat, and a bright-yellow color, and is called “ Gluten Meal.” The germ is more bulky than the meals, shows a high content of crude fat, and is called “ Germ Meal” or “ Germ Food.” The hulls are very bulky, show a high con- tent of crude fiber, and are usually sold as “ Corn Bran.” Gluten Feed. Table I. shows the composition of the- feeds of the various- manufacturers, and with one exception they consist of the entirn residue. The samples are arranged in the order- of their richness in fat and protein — the two compounds of highest value in foods of this class. No. 862 is much less valuable in this respect than the others, though much richer in carbohydrates, which appears to be due in large part to a less perfect extraction of the starch. TABLE I. Gluten Feeds. POUNDS PER HUNDRED OF Name and Address. j Water. Crude Fat. 1 Crude | Fiber. Crude Protein. j Crude Ash | Carbo- | hydrates. 871 Chicago Gluten Feed American Glucose Co., Chicago, 111. 7.61 14.18 6.31 24.03 0.87 47.00 883 Peoria Gluten Feed Peoria Grape Sugar Co., Peoria, 111. 6.91 14.84 7.11 22.64 0.97 47.50 903 Buffalo Gluten Feed American Glucose Co., Buffalo, N. Y. 10.20 13.67 7.17 22.65 0.84 45.47 859 Buffalo Gluten Feed American Glucose Co., Buffalo, N. Y. 8.74 11.91 7.75 23.39 1.01 47.20 899 Buffalo Gluten Feed American Glucose Co , Buffalo, N. Y. 9.82 13.44 6.98 21.38 0.82 47.56 813 Buffalo Gluten Feed American Glucose Co., Buffalo, N. Y. 8.62 12.83 7.20 19.54 0.93 50.88 862 Dry Gluten Feed National Starch Mfg. Co., New York City. 6.33 8.31 5.34 17.61 0.59 61.82 875 Chicago Maize Feed * Chicago Sugar Refining Co., Chicago, 111. 8.50 8.28 7.43 25.91 1.20 48.68 Average 8 32 12.74 6 84 21.61 0.86 1 49.63 * Not included in average. No. 875, “ Chicago Maize Feed,” is claimed to be a mixture of the hull and yellow portion, without the germ, and is less rich in fat ; it is included because in chemical composition it corre- sponds more nearly with the whole . residue than with any of the separate parts. In Table II. the samples have been reduced to the “water-free basis,” and the average composition of the dry matter compared with that of the corn kernel of the yellow dent variety, and also with the calculated composition of the total residue from it, 10 when 75 per cent, of the class carbohydrates has been removed in the form of starch. TABLE II. Composition of Dry Matter. Name. Crude Fat POUNDS V !_• •c D S-l ’W PER HUND a a -a -c d 3 O - Sh CPh RED OF ■d < 6 || C A 869 Cream Gluten Meal Chas. Pope Glucose Co.. Chicago, 111. 7.37 15.64 1.45 41.76 1.58 32.20 885 King Gluten Meal... National starch Mfg. Co.. New York City. 9.36 19.77 1.47 35.09 1.90 32.41 872 Iowa Golden Gluten Meal Firmenich Mfg. Co., Marshalltown, Iowa. 7.61 12.65 3.60 30.47 1 1.00 44.67 881 Gluten Meal (Flour).. Continental Food Product Co , Waukegan, 111. 8.51 11.78 0.67 30.27 1.09 47.65 892 Hammond Gluten Meal Stein, Hirsh & Co., Chicago, 111. 7.85 10.48 1.12 26.56 1.00 52.99 Average 8.15 14.06 1.66 32.83 1.31 41.99 876 Chicago Gluten Meal Chicago Sugar Refining Co., Chicago, 111. 8.70 6.52 1.42 42.96 0.94 39.46 856 Chicago Gluten Meal Chicago Sugar Refining Co., Chicago, III. 8.95 4.98 1.45 33.70 0.83 50.(9 878 Chicago Gluten Meal ; Chicago Sugar Refining Co., Chicago, 111 10.82 5.18 1.64 30.71 0.81 50.84 Average 9.49 1 5.56 1.50 i ! 35.79 0.86 46.80 An examination of the chemical composition of these samples shows considerable variation in the proportion of the nutritive compounds, fat, protein and carbohydrates, though they all agree with each other in showing much less crude fiber than the gluten feeds, as a result of the more or less complete separation of the hull and germ. The product of the Chicago Sugar Refining Co. is less rich in fat than any of the others, and therefore belongs to a separate- class, and is distinguished from the others by adding the name “ Chicago.” It contains less than half as much fat, and about 60 per cent, more protein than the feeds. The gluten meals are calculated to serve the same purpose as 16 tlie feeds in the preparation of rations, though in a still greater degree — i. e., it will require less amounts to accomplish the purpose. Gluten meal has an attractive appearance and a pleasant flavor, though, as with the gluten feed, animals do not eagerly eat it at first. In case of one meal it was reported that animals refused to eat it altogether ; a sample was carefully examined and found to be in good condition, perfectly sweet, and, as far as could be discovered, free from any objectionable qualities. The co-efficients of digestibility of the meal were shown by experiments conducted at the Maine Experiment Station to be 88 for fat, 87 for protein and 91 for carbohydrates, somewhat higher for all of the food compounds than those reported for the gluten feed, and higher for protein than American digestibility experiments have shown for the whole corn. Use of Gluten Meal. Because of its high content of proteiti and fat, gluten meal re- quires to be more carefully used than the gluten feed. Its use should be similar to that of old-process oil meal, with which the “ Chicago Gluten Meal ” compares, or cotton-seed meal, to which the others are similar. In our experience four pounds per day may be used with entire safety. It is shown by the following tabulated ration that four pounds of gluten meal furnishes practically the same amounts of fat and protein as are furnished by six pounds of the gluten feed, since ^witli this amount the total digestible nutrients in the ration are nearly identical with those shown in ration No. 3, when the -other products are the same in. amount and kind : Corn Stalks . 5. Gluten Meal Ration. ... 10 lbs 1 CONTAINS Fat. POUNDS Protein. OF DIGESTIBLE Carbohydrates. Hav •Gluten Meal. Wheat Bran. ... 5 “ [ ... 4 “ | ... 5 “ j 1.15 2.55 11.16 Nutritive ratio 1 to 5.4. 17 The “ Chicago Gluten Meal,” containing less fat and more- protein, would show practically the same nutritive ratio if used as follows : 6. CONTAINS POUNDS OF DIGESTIBLE Chicago Gluten Meal Ration. Fat. Protein. Carbohydrates. Corn Stalks 15 lbs. 1 Chicago Gluten Meal 4 “ .55 2.57 12.53 Wheat Bran 6 ‘‘ j Nutritive* ratio 1 to 5.4. It is, therefore, observed that in the preparation of rations one pound of gluten meal is as efficient as one and one-half pounds of gluten feed in narrowing the nutritive ratio of a ration, or in furnishing the nutrients deficient in coarse products. As in the case of the gluten feeds, other rations than these, which are used for the sake of example, may be more desirable, using either larger or smaller amounts of the meal to suit the conditions of the feeder. Grano Gluten Feed. This feed, while not strictly a corn product, being the residue from the manufacture of alcohol from corn, barley and oats, will answer practically the same purpose as the gluten meal in the preparation of rations. TABLE IV. Grano Gluten Feed. POUNDS PER HUNDRED OF Name and Address. Water. 1 Crude Fat. 1 Crude Fiber. Crude Protein Crude Ash Carbo- hydrates. 884 Grano Gluten Feed H. H. Shufeldt & Co., Chicago, 111. 5.17 13.91 10.82 31.51 2.71 35.88 888 Grano Gluten Feed H. H. Shufeldt & Co , Chicago, 111. 6.86 13.72 11*49 30.38 2.58 34.97 Average 6.01 13.82 11.15 30.95 2.65 35.42 The two samples examined are practically identical in com- position, showing a high content of fat and protein, but less of carbohydrates than the gluten meal, owing to the relatively high percentage of crude fiber. 18 Corn Oil Meal and Cake. These products consist of the corn germ, from which the oil has been partially extracted by pressing. The samples differ -considerably in their composition, owing, doubtless, to the more or less complete extraction of the fat. TABI/E V. Corn Oil Meal and Corn Oil Cake. POUNDS PER HUNDRED OF Name and Address. Water. Crude Fat Crude Fiber. Crude Protein. A ce < a) TS 3 U Carbo- hydrates. 873 Corn Oil Meal Chicago Sugar Refining Co., Chicago, 111. 8.12 17.11 5.60 23.69 2.20 43.28 877 Corn Oil Cake Chicago Sugar Refining Co., Chicago, 111. 8.08 12.72 7.62 25.83 2.37 43.38 90U Corn Oil Cake Chas Pope Glucose Co , Chicago, 111. 10.87 10.67 7.00 24.80 2.50 44.16 Average 9.02 13.50 6.74 24.77 2.35 43.62 On the average these products contain slightly higher per- centages of fat and protein, considerably more ash, and less fiber and carbohydrates than the gluten feeds. We have no extended data in reference to the palatability of these products, our ex- perience being limited to feeding one lot of two animals ; it was absolutely refused by one, however disguised by mixing, and •eagerly eaten by the other. Nothing in the appearance, mechan- ical condition or taste would lead to the suspicion that these feeds were not quite as palatable as the products already discussed. As yet no results of digestion experiments have been reported ; assuming the same co-efficients of digestibility as those found for the gluten feed, their influence in supplying the constituents fat and protein is shown in the following tabulation : 7. CONTAINS POUNDS OF DIGESTIBLE Corn Oil Meal Ration. Corn Stalks .. 10 lbs. 1 Fat. Protein. Carbohydrates. Clover Hay Corn Oil Meal Wheat Bran • 5 “ .. 5 “ | ,. 5 “ 1 .90 2.46 11.53 Nutritive ratio 1 to 5.6. 19 With the same amounts and kinds of other feeds as in ration iNo 3, it is shown that five pounds of “ Corn Oil Meal ” furnish practically the same amounts of fat and protein as six pounds of the “ Gluten Feed it is, however, less rich in carbohydrates, thus giving a slightly narrower nutritive ratio. Since there is some doubt as to the palatability of these feeds, It is perhaps desirable that in the first trials of them small amounts, not more than two pounds per day, be used in con- nection with products of known palatability. The following is, therefore, recommended as a trial ration : 8 . Corn Oil Meal Ration. Corn Stalks 10 lbs. Clover Hay 5 “ Malt Sprouts 4 “ ! Corn Meal ; 1 “ J CONTAINS POUNDS OF DIGESTIBLE Fat. Protein. Carbohydrates. .62 2.47 11.97 Nutritive ratio 1 to 5.4. Corn-Germ Meal and Corn Bran. These products, as their names signify, consist in part, at least, •of the germ and hull, or bran, of the corn. TABLE VI. Corn-Germ Meal and Corn Bran. POUNDS PER HUNDRED OF Name and Address. Water. Crude Fat. Crude Fiber. Crude Protein. Crude Ash. Carbo- hydrates. i 870 Corn-Germ Food Chas. Pope Glucose Co., Chicago, 111. 4.94 16.90 7.96 12.07 0.76 57.37 880 Germ Meal Continental Food Product Co., Waukegan, 111. 9.52 4.81 7.70 10.63 2.32 65.02 842 Corn Bran Chicago Sugar Refining Co , Chicago, 111. 8.96 7.84 10.10 11.83 0.83 60.44 874 Corn Bran Chicago Sugar Refining Co., Chicago, 111. 8.07 8.32 12.90 10.92 0.79 59.00 879 Corn Hulls Continental Food Product Co., Waukegan, 111. 9.15 3.75 10.88 10.16 0.93 65.13 20 A study of the table of analyses shows that all of the products examined agree very closely in their content of protein. Samples Nos. 870 and 880 are claimed to he mixtures of the germ and hull ; they, however, differ widely in composition, par- ticularly in their content of fat. It is quite evident that 870 contains relatively more germ than bran, and that 880 contains more bran than germ. Samples 842 and 874 agree with each other in composition, showing a much higher content of fat than the corn hulls, and a much lower amount than is contained in the “ Corn-Germ Food.” Samples Nos. 879 and 880 agree closely in their content of fat, protein and carbohydrates, differing only in their content of crude fiber and ash. It is quite evident, therefore, that the germ meal consists more largely of hulls than germ. The manufacturers claim that the corn hulls are separated from the whole corn entirely by machinery, which may account for the difference in composition of the hulls and bran. It is- apparent, however, that the common name as applied to these products does not give definite information as to their compo- sition. These products, too, while differing in the relative amounts of their constituents, practically correspond with the original pro- duct, corn, in the ratio of the flesh-formers to fat-formers ; hence, their usefulness in the preparation of rations lies in the same direction, viz., in widening rather than narrowing the nutritive ratio by furnishing chiefly carbohydrates. In the following table an average analysis of “ Corn Bran ” is compared with “ Hominy Chop” and “ Cerealine Feed,” products derived in the manufacture of hominy and cerealine from corn,, and consisting largely of the germ or hull : 21 TABLE VII. Corn Bran, Hominy Cliop and Cerealine Feed. POUNDS PER HUNDRED OF Name and Address. j Water. j Crude Fat. | Crude Fiber. Crude Protein. Crude Ash. Carbo- hydrates. Corn Bran (Average Analysis) 8.52 8.08 11.50 11.37 0.81 59.72 868 Hominy Chop Baltimore Pearl Hominy Co., Baltimore, Md. 11.80 11.17 '2.58 11.00 2.92 60.53 860 Hominy Chop Hudnut Co., Terre Haute, Ind. 8.50 8.72 3.35 11.30 2.66 65.47 808 Cerealine Feed Cerealine Mfg. Co . Indianapolis, Ind 9.39 7.82 5.01 10.12 2.50 65.16 The composition of these three products, in reference to fat and protein, is very uniform, and for most purposes of feeding will answer the same end in the preparation of rations, though the hominy and cerealine feeds are much superior in that they -contain less crude fiber than the corn bran. They may all be made to serve a very valuable purpose as substitutes for corn. The effect of the substitution of any of these products for corn meal is illustrated in the two rations given below, which are well .adapted for milk dairies : 9. ' CONTAINS POUNDS OF DIGESTIBLE Corn Meal Ration. Fat. Protein. Carbohydrates. ■Corn Stalks 10 lbs. '\ ' Hay 5 (C 1 i Corn Meal 5 u .61 2.45 12.46 Malt Sprouts 3 u i Cotton-Seed Meal 2 u j Nutritive ratio 1 to 5.6. 10. CONTAINS ! POUNDS OF DIGESTIBLE Hominy Meal or Corn Bran Ration. Fat. Protein. Carbohydrates. Corn Stalks 10 lbs. l Hay 5 u i Hominy Meal or Corn Bran 5 a | .78 2.47 12.28 Malt Sprouts 3 u i Cotton-Seed Meal 2 u j Nutritive ratio 1 to 5.6. 22 Suggestions. A careful review of the composition and uses of the various products shows that, while all are valuable feeds, there is, in the- case of gluten meal, oil cake meal, germ meal and corn bran, or hulls, the uncertain factor of variability in composition, and in case of gluten meal and corn oil meal the further disadvantage- for general feeding of too great concentration in fat and protein. In the gluten feeds, or total residue from the manufacture of starch, these criticisms do not apply, since they are practically uniform in composition, and possess a physical character which permits a generous use for most purposes of feeding. It would seem, therefore, that unless some good, reason exists from the manufacturers’ standpoint for the separation of the vari- ous parts of the corn that general use would be promoted by making but one product, which should consist of the total residue. It would relieve the purchasers of the uncertainty as to composition, reduce the danger liable to result from the care- less feeding of the more highly concentrated parts of the residue, and abolish the necessity of a study of comparative values as now manufactured. As before stated, the nutrients contained in the various residues described are similar in that they have all been derived from the same source. The fat is corn fat, and the protein is corn protein, whatever the name may be that is given to the product. That these nutrients do virtually have practically uniform nutritive effects is shown by the studies of digestibility already made. The Ash Constituents of Feeds. In addition to the organic food compounds in feeds, the mineral, or ash, constituents are of considerable importance, though they are seldom taken into consideration, because in most natural food products the amount present is always more than sufficient* to supply the needs of the animal for them. It has already been noted that in many of the processes of manufacture of starch there is a very considerable extraction of the ash constituents ; this is shown by the following tabulation : 23 POUNDS PER HUNDRED OF Ash. Phosphoric Acid. Potash. Corn 1.50 0.70 0.40 Buffalo Gluten Feed 87 .31 .08 Gluten Meal 1.29 .56 .07 Chicago Gluten Meal 89 .35 .06 Corn Oil Meal 2.28 1.36 .14 Corn Bran 81 .24 .06 With one exception the original corn contains more total ash, and more phosphoric acid, and in every case more potash than any of the products derived from it as feeds. The effect of this exhaustion upon the feeding value of the residues might not be noticeable, except when used as a large part of the total ration for milch cows or growing stock ; when the products are used in connection with other feeds no trouble is liable to result from this source. Fertility in Feeds. The composition of the ash is of importance, however, when feeds are considered from the standpoint of fertility. In the feed products derived from the manufacture of flour from the cereal grains, wheat and rye, the ash constituents — phosphoric acid and potash — exceed in amount those contained in the original grain. From this standpoint, therefore, they are valuable because of mineral constituents and nitrogen, while the gluten feeds are mainly valuable because of nitrogen alone. The average amount of nitrogen, phosphoric acid and potash contained in one ton of the various grains, the gluten or corn products, and of wheat bran and cotton-seed meal, clearly illustrates this point : POUNDS PER TON OF Nitrogen. Phosphoric Acid. Potash. Wheat 37.8 18.6 12.8 Corn 33.0 14.0 8.0 Oats 37.0 17.0 13.4 Bye 34.0 17.0 11.2 Gluten Meal 10.5 11.2 1.4 Chicago Gluten Meal 11.4 7.0 1.2 Buffalo Gluten Feed '69.4 6.8 1.6 Corn Oil Meal 79.2 27.2 2.9 Corn Bran 37.2 4.8 1.2 Hominy Meal 35.8 28.4 14 6 Wheat Bran 49.2 57.8 32.2 Cotton-Seed Meal 135.4 61.6 38.0 24 When it is remembered that a pound of any one of the fer- tilizer constituents contained in these feeds is quite as useful, as far as fertilizer effect or the prevention of soil exhaustion are concerned, as when contained in the original grain, it is apparent that in the exchange of grain for commercial feeds— when the exchange on the basis of food values alone is advisable — a very considerable increase in fertility values may be obtained without any direct expenditure. A number of these feeds have been used with satisfaction by our farmers ; if they are not obtainable from local dealers they may doubtless be secured from the manufacturers, whose addresses are given in the tables of analyses. In purchasing it should be remembered — 1. That while all are derived from corn, the gluten feed con- sists of the whole corn less a large part of the starch, and that because of its good physical character and richness in fat and protein, it is well adapted for use with coarse farm products in the preparation of rations either for dairy cows or for fattening stock. 2. That the gluten meal, which does not contain the hull or germ, is still more valuable as a source of fat and protein than the feed, and because of its concentration in bulk and richness, in these constituents, should be fed with greater care. 3. That the corn oil meal and cake, which consist of the pressed germ, are very rich in fat and protein, and should not be fed in excessive amounts. 4. That the corn bran and corn germ, wdiich consist chiefly of the hulls and germ, are rich in fat and carbohydrates, and are excellent substitutes for corn meal. EDWARD B. VOORHEES, Director . New Brunswick, N. J., November 20th, 1894. 7 ^. £ /W O / THE SAN JOSE SCALE IN NEW JERSEY. NEW JERSEY Agricultural College tatton 106 NEW JERSEY AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE EXPERIMENT STATION. BOARD OF CONTROL. The Board of Trustees of Rutgers College in New Jersey. EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE OF THE BOARD. AUSTIN SCOTT, Ph.D., LL.D., President of Rutgers College, Chairman. Hon. GEORGE C. LUDLOW, HENRY R. BALDWIN, M.D., LL.D., Hon. HENRY W. BOOKSTAVER, LL.D., JAMES NEILSON, Esq. STAFF OF THE STATION. AUSTIN SCOTT, Ph.D., LL.D., Director. Professor JULIUS NELSON, Ph.D., Biologist. Professor BYRON D. HALSTED, Sc.D , Botanist and Horticulturist. Professor JOHN B. SMITH, Sc.D., Entomologist. ELTSHA A. JONES, B.S., Superintendent of College Farm. IRVING S. UPSON, A.M., Disbursing Clerk and Librarian. CHARLES A. POULSON, Mailing Assistant. LEONORA E. BURWELL, Clerk to the Director. AUGUSTA E. MESKE, Stenographer and Typewriter. NEW JERSEY Agricultural College Experiment Station. BULLETIN 106. NOVEMBER 22, 1894. The San Jose Scale in New Jersey. BY JOHN B. SMITH, ENTOMOLOGIST. The above species, Aspidiotus perniciosus, Comstock, is said by its describe!* to be “the most destructive of the scale-making Coccids.” It is supposed to be a native of Chile, or to have been first brought from that country to California about 1870. It was noticed at San Jos6 in 1873, the popular name being derived from this fact, and spread rapidly until 1880, when Prof. J. H. Comstock, then U. S. Entomologist, collected it in Santa Clara county and first gave it a scientific name. The specific name, perniciosus , was intended to express the author’s estimate of its character, as he found it swarming in countless numbers in cer- tain orchards, infesting all deciduous fruit trees except the apricot and Black Tartarian cherry. In 1892 the insect had spread through all the fruit-growing regions of California, through Oregon and into the State of Washington. It has caused great pecuniary loss, many crops of fruit have been ruined and thou- sands of trees have been killed. The insect enemies of farmers more than a thousand miles off do not greatly interest the agriculturists of New Jersey, who have enough to attend to at home ; hence, naturally, no one ever con- 4 sidered the San Jos6 scale as a creature which it was necessary to know ; and this proved unfortunate. In the summer of 1893, Dr. C. V. Riley, then U. S. Entomolo- gist, announced to the Association of Economic Entomologists, meeting at Madison, Wisconsin, that the insect had been found infesting a small orchard at Charlottesville, Virginia. At that time the source from which the infection came was not known, and an accidental introduction on infested fruit was deemed probable. Radical measures were to be adopted to stamp out what was then supposed to be a solitary plague-spot. In April, 1894, a circular was issued from the Division of Entomology, U. S. Department of Agriculture, calling the atten- tion of fruit-growers to this scale, stating its history and spread, enumerating the points in the East at which it was known to occur, and closing one paragraph with the words : “ The owner stated that the scales were first noticed three years ago, and expressed himself as of the opinion that the insect was brought into this orchard on nursery stock purchased from a New Jersey dealer.” This attracted my attention at once, and I decided to find the offending nursery or nurseries, to check, if possible, further dis- tribution of the pest. Letters were sent to the leading establish- ments in our State, and I made excursions in rapid succession to those points where horticulture is a leading industry, examining the stock in the hands of dealers, and also many orchards recently set out. I soon located two nurseries, both large and well known, which were infested by the scale, and these, so far as I have been able to ascertain, are the only distributing centers in our State. It is not deemed necessary to name at this time the establish- ments which have unintentionally introduced the scale into New Jersey and into a number of surrounding States. The gentlemen concerned acted in ignorance and not in bad faith ; they are taking active steps to stamp out the insect on their bearing trees, and have adopted measures which will, if faithfully carried out, prevent the shipment of other infested stock. It is also con- sidered advisable to induce farmers to examine all fruit stock carefully before setting it out, and to that end they should be suspicious of all nurseries. This is perhaps as good a place as any to say that there are several nurseries on Long Island in which the scale is present ; that one at least, in another part of New York State, is suspected, and that in Missouri we know of another which has distributed scaly stock. All material, therefore, whether received from our own or foreign nurseries, should be critically looked over before being set out. Introduction of tlie Scale. The history of the introduction of the scale is practically the same at both the infested nurseries in our State. In either 1886 or 1887 each imported from California a lot of Kelsey plum trees, the fruit of which was said to be “ curculio-proof,” and otherwise desirable, and with them other Japanese varieties were- also received. In both cases the trees looked bad, w r ere weak, made little growth, and after remaining in the nursery for two< years were taken out and destroyed. It was afterward remem- bered that they seemed scaly ; but no especial attention was paid to this at the time, and the nature of the scale was not suspected. It is almost certain that these trees carried this scale in large numbers, and from them the insects spread to the nearest bear- ing fruit trees, on which they multiplied exceedingly. In one case a row of Bartlett pear trees adjoined the block in which the- Kelsey plums were grown, and these I found to be covered from base of trunk to the tip of the twigs ; scarcely a bit of bark being visible. The trees were nearly dead, and were at my suggestion taken out at once and burnt. From this row of trees the scales annually spread to the nursery stock round about, so that in an entire block, containing thousands of young fruit trees, scarcely one could be found without a few scales fixed on it. At all events, in both instances, the scale spread rapidly, and about 1889 or 1890 the first scaly stock was distributed. Since that time every year has continued the distribution of the insects,, though it is probable that in the majority of instances they failed to establish themselves in their new homes. There is reason to believe that some Idaho pear stock, received from Western nurseries and shipped without further growth to purchasers, was also infested when set out. 6 Spread of the Scale in New Jersey. It was considered important to ascertain just how far the scale had been distributed in our State, and to what extent the insect had spread from the points at which it was introduced. The nurserymen could and did give me willing and efficient assist- ance here, and furnished lists of names of persons to whom suspicious stock had been sent for five years past. These lists aggregated nearly 1,000 names, and to each individual a letter was written, inclosing a copy of the circular above referred to as published by the U. S. Department of Agriculture. A supply of these circulars was kindly furnished the Station at different times by the Department, through Dr. C. V. Riley and Mr. L. 0. Howard, each at the time holding the position of U. S. Ento- mologist, and these gentlemen have in all ways facilitated my work by suggestions, information and assistance. Replies to my letter were received in considerable number, and I soon located a number of infested orchards and centers of infection. I real- ized that I could not depend upon correspondence alone in this matter and spent more than twenty days in active field work, examining thousands of trees and visiting a very large number of orchards. My plan was to visit one of the horticulturists on my list, and have him drive me about in his neighborhood ; especially to those places where young orchards had been recently .set out. Thus, I found a large number of places where the scale was present, and owe thanks to the gentlemen who so willingly gave their time and local knowledge to aid my investigations. The result has been, on the whole, encouraging. In one case only had the scale spread beyond the trees that were infested when received from the nurseries ; and while many of these were so badly infested that I advised taking them out immediately, I believe that in most instances they can be easily cleaned. I found, curiously enough, that all the infested orchards are south of the red shale. This formation crosses the State obliquely from Island View, opposite Staten Island, on the Atlantic Coast, to Trenton, on the Delaware, and extends northward ; clay, marl, loam and sand succeeding it to the south. I do not mean to assert that the scale does not exist on the red shale or northward ; 7 but simply that I have not found it there, and have not had any information which leads me to suspect its presence. South of the border indicated I have located the insects in every county. It is certain that climate has nothing to do with the absence of the pest in the northern half of our State, because it is known to exist on Long Island and in an orchard in Columbia county, N. Y., and it may be accident, merely, that is responsible for the .apparent exemption from attack of the region mentioned. It w T ill not do for farmers to assume that the scale cannot maintain itself in localities thus far uninfested ; but, on the contrary, they should be especially cautious not to introduce it where it does not already exist. Nothing will be gained by enumerating the orchards in which this insect occurs, or even the townships in wdiich they are located ; there are nearly one hundred of them known to me, and probably there are more in places not visited, ;and from which I received no replies to my letter. It is prob- able, also, that the insect exists on fruit trees in some of the gardens in the many towns and villages along the Delaware, and within a short distance south and west from Camden on all the ;railroads. Its absence should be nowhere assumed. California Fruit Infested. While, so far as we know at present, all the existing scales in Yew Jersey are traceable to nursery stock, yet there exists a con- tinuous danger from California fruit, and especially pears. I found in the markets of Philadelphia, Newark, New York and Brooklyn any number of pears with this scale conspicuously present, and noticed it on some of the fruit sold on the trains out of Philadelphia and New York. At the meeting of the Association of Economic Entomologists, at Brooklyn, N. Y., during August, 1894, this insect was discussed, and I purchased at the first handy fruit stand half a dozen California pears and exhibited them. Every fruit was infested mpre or less, male and female scales being equally abundant, and on one fruit the active yellow larvae were found in some numbers, crawling about and .seeking a place to fix. Should a pear of this kind, or the peel- 8 ings from it, find lodgment near or on any plant suitable for its existence, there would be nothing to prevent the establishment of a colony. Life History. As the study of this insect is a matter of national importance, it has been taken in hand by the Division of Entomology of the- U. S. Department of Agriculture. Indeed, the insect had been SAN JOSE SCALE. a, California pear, moderately infested— natural size; b, female scale — enlarged. studied, and its life history ascertained in California years ago r so we are quite familiar with its general habits and development. I deemed it unnecessary to duplicate work, and have made no attempt at an original study. I have confined myself to observ- ing the development and habits of the insect in our State, and 9 to ascertaining those points that are practically important in its treatment. The life history that follows is therefore taken in its •essential features from Circular No. 3, Second Series, of the U. S. Department of Agriculture, Division of Entomology, supple- mented by my New Jersey observations. The illustrations are also from the above-mentioned circular, electrotypes being pro- cured by the courtesy of the officers of the Department. The San Jose scale belongs to the group of armored scale in- sects to which the common oyster-shell bark-louse of the apple belongs. It differs from that species in that the scale is perfectly round, or at most very slightly elongated and irregular. In these particulars it resembles the “scurfy scale,” Chionaspis furfurus, or “ Harris louse,” as it seems to be quite universally called in this State ; but it is decidedly smaller and more convex than the latter species. Its round shape and small size dis- tinguish it at a glance from all the other species infesting decid- uous fruit trees in our State. It is quite flat, a little raised in the center, pressed close to the tree around the edges, resembles the bark of the twigs in color, and when full grown is decidedly less than one-eighth of an inch in diameter. Perhaps the ma- jority of the scales do not equal one-sixteenth of an inch wdiere they are closely crowded together ; but where a few only are found on the succulent shoots, or on fruit, they become larger, and the females may in extreme cases reach nearly one-eighth of an inch. The males rarely exceed one-sixteenth inch in diameter. At or near the middle of each scale is a small, round, slightly elongated black point ; or this point may some- times appear yellowish. Fig. 2. SAN JOSE SCALE. Apple branch, with scales in situ — natural size ; enlarged scales above, at left 10 When occurring upon the bark of twigs or leaves in largo numbers the scales lie close to each other, frequently overlapping, and they are at such times difficult to distinguish without a mag- nifying glass. The general appearance which they present is a grayish, very slightly roughened, scurfy deposit. This is much more prominent on trees like the peach, or those varieties of apple and pear that have a reddish color, and when these are thickly infested they seem to be coated with dust or ashes. When the scales are crushed by scraping, a yellowish, oily liquid will appear, coming from the soft yellow insects beneath the- scales, and this will at once indicate to one who is not familiar with their appearance the existence of healthy living insects beneath the scaly covering. They are easily scraped off with the finger nail, and the bark beneath them will be seen to he darker in color. The natural larger ones, and sometimes appear quite black ; while on the other hand, those that are just set may be white or yellowish. During the winter the insect is to be found in the half or SAN JOSE SCALE. a, young larva— greatly enlarged ; b, antenna of same— still more enlarged. Fig. 3. color of the bark is also somewhat changed, as will be seen by comparing the places from which the scales have been removed with the spots upon which the scales do not occur, while the cir- cumference beyond the scales frequently becomes changed in color to a somewhat purplish or crimson shade. Where the scales do not occur so thickly they are more perceptible, and upon young, reddish twigs the contrast is quite noticeable as the scales there appear light gray. Younger and smaller scales are darker in color than the older and 11 nearly full-grown condition, and as soon as the trees resume activity in spring the insects resume their feeding. In New Jersey they reach their full growth during the latter part of May, and the young begin to hatch and to crawl from under the female scales during the first week in June, and from this time through the summer there is a constant succession of generations. The first living larvae that I received reached me June 11th, having been gathered June 10th, and at that time I found on the twigs a number of young scales that had just set, indicating that active larvae had been about at least three or four days previously. Up to June 15th every infested tree examined showed active young larvae, and after that time there seemed to SAN JOSE SCALE. Male adult— greatly enlarged. be a period of about a week or ten days during which no larvae were noticed. Early in July, however, young larvae were again active and crawling about everywhere, and this condition of affairs continued throughout the balance of the summer, extend- ing through October, and even into the first part of November ; until, in other words, the trees had become quite dormant. The young louse is an active, crawling creature, very minute and yellowish in color. The young spread out upon the new growth of the tree, settle down, and each begins to secrete a scale. The male is an active two-winged insect, while the full-grown female loses her legs and antennae, and bears a very slight resemblance to a living creature. SAN JOSE SCALE. c, adult female containing young— greatly enlarged ; d, anal fringe of same— still more enlarged. The insect affects not only the young twigs and limbs, but covers as well the trunk to the surface of the ground, and exists upon the leaves and upon the fruit. When it is abundant the fruit is destroyed, or at least rendered unfit for market. One of the most characteristic points in the appearance of the insect upon fruit is the purple discoloration around the edge of each scale. So far as we know, this result is confined to this species alone. Upon the leaves the insects have a tendency to collect along the midrib on the upper side of the leaf in one or more quite regular rows, and also to some extent along the side ribs. The infested leaves turn brown ; but do not have a tendency to fall as a result of the damage. 13 There are two points of interest and importance to be noted in this life history. The first is, that the insect passes the winter beneath the scales in a partly-grown condition. Usually they are about half grown ; but some will be younger and some will be older. They seem to continue reproduction until the tree is entirely dormant, and no further food is obtainable. On the other hand, they do not seem to renew growth very early in spring, but are slow to begin reproduction ; no larvae having been noted until June, as has been already stated. The second point is, that once they begin there is practically no period dur- ing the summer at which the young, active, crawling lice are not to be found upon the tree. The length of time during which a given female will continue to reproduce has not been ascertained ; but it seems likely from what has been observed that breeding continues for quite a long time, and that the female scales that have lived during the winter may continue to live on and repro- duce during the greatest portion of the summer, when their daughters and grand-daughters are already full grown, with nearly full-grown progeny. There may be, therefore, upon a plant at one time, young born of as many as three or even four distinct generations. As nearly as I have been able to ascertain from my observations during the present season, a little less than a month is required to bring an insect to maturity. That is, a larva hatched to-day will be ready one month hence to bring forth living young in turn, and this will allow at least four if not five distinct broods during the summer and fall. How the Insect Spreads. It has been stated that the male of this species is a winged insect. It is very minute, scarcely noticeable without a lens, very light and frail, at the mercy of the least puff of wind, and incapable of any great journey. The female has no perceptible legs, and is utterly incapable of motion. She resembles a yellow- ish or orange, flattened seed, in bulk many times that of the male ; but firmly fixed to one point by the scaly covering w T hich is at once her protection and her grave. The young are active for a very brief time, two or three days at most, and they crawl 14 with considerable rapidity and great persistence, so that they might possibly descend from one tree and crawl for a number of yards to another ; but the spread in this manner is insignificant. Where trees are close together they may pass from the branches of one to the branches of another ; but I have found that they rarely crawl long in any one direction ; they rather move around, rapidly enough, yet irregularly and at random. Usually they do not go farther than is necessary to find a good place to fix, and at once begin to form a scale. This process is rather interest- ing and can be watched. As soon as the young louse has inserted its beak into the plant, and has begun to feed, a change comes- over it, and within a few hours it is entirely covered by a fine, white, waxy film. This turns first yellow and then gray or even black, and the creature is a fixture, absolutely incapable thereafter of shifting its location under any possible circumstances. Strong winds may carry the young bodily from' one tree to another ; but the principal method of spread is by means of other insects which are winged, and by birds. The active young lice will soon crawl upon any small winged insect, particularly if the latter is of a dark color, and they may be carried by it to con- siderable distances. They also crawl upon the feet of birds which visit the trees, and may thus be carried for miles. They are- often found upon ants, and ants, as everyone knows, are great travelers. This difficulty in moving from one place to another, and the dependence upon external agency for their distribution, will account for the fact that trees here and there in an orchard newly set out, may be very badly infested, while not a trace will be seen on the trees on either side. Few birds or insects visit a. young orchard that is at all well kept, and the distance between the trees, especially if the land is cultivated, is altogether too- great to be covered by the young lice, even did they know enough to make a bee-line for the nearest point. The result is that every- thing fixes upon the tree on which it was hatched, killing it more rapidly than would otherwise be the case ; but at all events confining and preventing spread to points not theretofore infested. This also explains why nursery stock is so evenly troubled : here the trees are grown just as closely together as is possible, in rows, and there is no hindrance to crawling from one to the other. 15 As the insects must feed for a time in spring before attaining their full growth, it follows that only such as are fixed to the- tree itself have any chance of reproducing their kind. Those- that fix to the leaves fall with them, and as these dry or decay the insect dies for want of food before attaining maturity. We- have, thus, to consider only the wood, free of all leaves, when attempting the destruction of the insect. Varieties of Fruit Infested. All our deciduous fruit trees are attacked by this insect ; though not to the same extent. In addition, currant, gooseberry and rose-bushes are infested, and it is probable that the entire natural order Rosacese will support the species. In addition, a single specimen of a European variety of elm was found densely cov- ered by it, and I found a few specimens apparently of this species; on an English walnut, growing next an infested pear tree. Com- paratively few scaly peach trees were found in my observations. This is due to the fact that the infested nurseries do not grow their own stock of this fruit, but have it grown elsewhere. It is. shipped to them in bulk, heeled in, and reshipped as ordered. Anything left over is destroyed. Apples, pears, plums and cherries are the usual victims, and pear trees more than any others. Quince is more rarely troubled. Among the plums the Japanese varieties are favorites, while those of American and European origin suffer much less. The apples seem to be equally affected, and I noticed no markedly exempt varieties. Pears differ greatly in susceptibility. European stocks and varieties are nearly equally subject ; Idahos, in my experience suffer most, closely followed by the Lawson, Garber, Madam von Siebold, Sin-Sin, Lawrence and Bartlett. The varieties of pears are legion,, and all of them support the scale. The Japan Golden Russet is a vigorous grower, and is not a favorite with the insect. Still less infested is the Leconte, while the Keiffer is almost exempt. A striking example of this difference I found in a tree upon which both Lawson and Keiffer were grafted ; the Lawson branches, leaves and fruit were completely covered, while the Keiffer portion was entirely free from scales. In several instances 16 where Keiffers were set in trial-rows with other varieties, the branches intermingling, the Keiffers were entirely clear, while all the others were more or less infested. The Leconte was nearly as fortunate, and where there is opportunity for choice these varieties will be exempt. I was inclined to believe that the Keiffer was scale-proof until October, when I received specimens of infested twigs of this variety, and learnt of an orchard of these trees in which the insects were abundantly present. I have learnt since that time of several instances where this variety has been more or less troubled, and no further doubt exists, therefore, that under proper conditions — unfortunately we do not yet know what these conditions are — the insects will exist and multiply on it as readily as on any other. Yet withal, the Keiffer is least likely to be attacked in my experience where other varieties are at hand. But it is not exempt, and no variety is •entirely immune. Natural Enemies. I have been asked on several occasions whether this insect had no parasites. It has. I have bred specimens of Aphelinus Juscipennis, Howard, a very minute, yellowish, parasitic wasp, from the scales in moderate numbers, and this same species has been bred from it in California. I am informed by Mr. Howard, U. S. Entomologist, that up to September no parasites had been bred in the East by any investigator other than myself, and also that this little Aphelinus occurs all over the country, and is a foe to scale insects generally. Not one per cent, of the scales collected by me and carried through in the laboratory were parasitized, and in the field it was difficult to find a destroyed specimen. As a slight check to increase, this little species has a value ; but no actual reduction, or even a restriction to present numbers, is to be hoped for from its efforts. It is only fair to add, however, that in one case in California the insect “ had been found doing such effective work in subduing the species in an orchard in the neighborhood of Los Angeles that a complete restoration of the orchard was confidently expected.” Two species of lady-birds were also observed in some num- bers feeding on the scale. The most prominent was Chilocorus 17 bivulnerus, the “ twice-stabbed lady-bird,” which is black, almost hemispherical above, one-eighth of an inch in length, and has a blood-red spot in the middle of each wing-cover. The other species is Pentilia misella, to which no common name has been applied, and which is a minute black creature, scarcely as large as the scale itself. These beetles and their larvae undoubtedly devour many of the scales and their larvae ; but they do not occur in numbers great enough to check the increase and further spread of the pernicious scale. No trust can he safely placed in these natural enemies. A little active winter work now, will benefit the farmer more than all the “natural enemies” can possibly advantage him in ten years to come. Remedies. This scale can be so much more satisfactorily treated in winter that I strongly urge an attack upon it during the present season. No fruit-grower, on ever so small a scale, can afford to allow this insect to remain on his trees, and all farmers should carefully examine every tree received and set out within the six years last past, to make sure that the pest does not exist upon any of them. Our large orchardists are, as a rule, careful of their trees, and many are in the habit of winter-treating them. In two or possibly three instances, I feel convinced that the scale has been killed off where it was present without the knowledge of the owner. In one case the trees were washed with a saturated solution of commercial potash ; in another the trees were kept constantly whitewashed ; in the third, and doubtful case, whale- oil soap was used, and here I am not so certain that the scales had been really present. In another instance I found a number of apple trees with a few scales near the tip of the twigs, and a very few on the fruit. In this case the arsenites and Bordeaux mixture are used each year, and whenever the trees are sprayed the trunks and larger branches receive a special coating. No scales were found there, and though the trees had been set out five or six years, and must have been infested when received, they were thrifty and vigorous. The scale had barely main- 18 tained itself, and there were probably fewer specimens than when the trees left the nursery. If such good results follow from what is considered by some of our horticulturists merely proper care of an orchard, we may reasonably hope that special treatment directed to the extermina- tion of this particular scale may be even more successful. In selecting materials to use for the destruction of scales, we liave to consider, first, the character of the creatures to be reached, and second, the way in which we expect to reach them. The insect itself lies close to the bark, completely covered and protected by the scaly secretion which is closely applied to the surface by its entire circumference. We must, before we can get at the living creature, either corrode or dissolve the scale ; we must employ an agent subtile enough to penetrate any minute opening, able also to kill the specimens when it reaches them ; or we must coat the scale with a wash which will fix it permanently to the tree and which cannot be penetrated by the males when they seek to emerge, or by the larvse should the female scale be fertilized. As a solvent or corrodent, lime is of some use ; but only when freshly slaked and to a small extent. It is not sufficiently certain for use in this case. Caustic soda and crude potash are very much better and more reliable. Potash is used by a number of our growers as a winter wash, and it has proved effective in destroying the scurfy scale, and the oyster-shell bark-louse. In California, so it is stated in Dr. Riley’s Report as U. S. Entomo- logist, for 1893, “A seriously infested orchard was treated with absolutely complete success, by means of a wash composed of one-half pound of commercial potash, one-half pound of caustic soda, and five quarts of water. This was applied when the trees were in a dormant condition.” Both potash and soda corrode the scales, and when they reach the insect, burn through it as well. Potash is used in my labor- atory practice to destroy rapidly all muscular and other tissues of the insects I wish to prepare for study, leaving only the chitinous framework, and even this is dissolved in time. This substance is, therefore, theoretically and practically a good one for the destruction of scale insects. Potash alone will act as well as 19 in combination with soda, and may be purchased in one hundred- pound lots at seven cents per pound. If this is used, it should be as a saturated solution ; i. e., use only water enough to fully -dissolve all the potash, and this will be facilitated by heating the water. Apply thoroughly to the entire tree when it is dormant. As a penetrating material nothing is better than kerosene. It will find its way through the smallest opening, and where used pure, will kill every insect with which it comes into contact. To dormant trees it may be applied pure, and where thoroughly used will prove effective. It is, however, even more effective w r hen emulsified with soapsuds and somewhat diluted. The formula is as follows : Hard soap, shaved fine J pound. Soft water 1 gallon. Kerosene 2 gallons. Dissolve the soap in boiling water, add to the kerosene, and