^»J>*^' 
 
 
THE UNIVERSITY 
 
 OF ILLINOIS 
 
 LIBRARY 
 
 
 j ?2-7 
 
MANUAL. OF BOTANY, 
 
 FOR 
 
 NORTH AMZSRICA: 
 
 CONTAINING 
 GENiERIC AND SPECIFIC DESCRIPTIONS OP 
 
 THE INDIGENOUS PLANTS AND COMMON 
 CULTIVATED EXOTICS, 
 
 GROWING 
 
 NORTH OF THE GULF OF MEXICO. 
 
 ^ 
 
 BY PROF. AMOS EATON. 
 
 = T.BAT EXISTENCE IS SURELY CONTEMPTIBLE, WHICH REGARDS 0>-L\ 
 X>IE GRATIFICATION OP INSTINCTIVE WANTS, AND THE PRESERVA- 
 TION OF A BODY MADE TO PERISH." LimiCUS. 
 
 FIFTH EDITION. 
 
 REVISED, CORRECTED, AND MUCH EXTENDED. 
 
 ALBANY: 
 
 PRINTED BY WEBSTER9 AND SKINNERS, 
 At Ibeij? Bfeotstore, ia the White House, corner of State and FeaH Streef?, 
 
 1829. 
 
NORTHERN DISTRICT OF NEW-YORK, ss. 
 
 j^SSjg^ BE IT REMEMBERED, That on the twelfili day cf 
 H^^^H^^B January, in the fifty-third year of the Independence of the 
 |l BR^^I United States of America, A. D. 1829, Websters and Skin- 
 ififiUfeHi) NERS, of the said district, have deposited in this office, the 
 ^ ^^^^^ ^^ title of a book, the right whereof they claim as proprietors, 
 in the words following, to wit: 
 
 '* A Manual of Botany, for North America ; containing generic and specific 
 Descriptions of the indigenous Plants and common cultivated Exotics, grow- 
 ing north of the Gulf of Mexico. By Prof. Amos Eaton. Fifth Edition, 
 revised, corrected and much extended." 
 
 In conformity to the act of the Congress of the United States, entitled "an 
 act for the encouragement of learning, by securing the copies of maps, charts, 
 and books, to the authors and proprietors of such copies, during the times there- 
 in mentioned," and also to the act entitled " an act supplementary to an act en- 
 titled an act for the encouragement of learnijig, by securing the copies of maps, 
 charts, and books, to the authors and proprietors of such copies, during tli« 
 tirass therein mentioned, and extending the benefits thereof to the arts of de- 
 signing, engraving, and etching historical and other prints." 
 
 RICHARD R. LANSING, 
 Clerk of the Dis. Court of U. S. for the N. District of New-Ycrk. 
 
 <-^" 
 
^^^T^^^ 'M 
 
 /^X^ NOTICES. 
 
 BOTANICAL DISTRICTS. 
 
 % Tlie Nortliern and Southern districts are separated by a line 
 ^ flrawn from the mouth of the Delaware river (N. Lat, 39®— 
 AV. Lon. 75°) in a direction to intersect the south end of lake 
 -* Michigan (N. Lat. 41° SCK) — leaving all Pennsylvania and 
 Ip the north part of Delaware, of Maryland, and of Ohio, in the 
 ci Northern district. This direction of the division line is re- 
 quired, because southern plants extend to higher latitudes on 
 the western side of the Allegany range, than on the eastern 
 tilde. 
 
 Plants of the Northern district are set at the head of the ge- 
 » nera under each order or section, and at the head of the species 
 -wnder each genus. Exotics stand next; and plants of the 
 ^Southern district last. 
 
 -^ A plant of the Northern district, which grows in the Southern 
 ■ district also, is marked with the letter S, at the end of the de- 
 ^ scription. 
 
 (t^ The letters E and W are used, within the parenthesis follow- 
 P ing the specific names, to denote that the plant is found in the 
 
 Eastern or Western division of either of the districts. 
 ^ The Allegany mountain is the division line in the Southern 
 "< district ; a line drawn from the intersection of the Allegany 
 ^ mountain and the river Potomack, in the direction of Cayuga 
 lake, is the division line in the Northern district. 
 
 The letter O, (omiiihus locis) indicates, that the plant is coni' 
 ^ mon to the whole district. 
 
 >o Th* letter A, (alpine) indicates, that the plant is most com- 
 c mon on mountains or other highly elevated places, 
 
 3 3B1 '?^->^~' 
 
 ^i 
 
The letter L, (littorihns) indicates, tliat the plant is mofet 
 common at or near the seashore. 
 
 Particular locahties will be referred to places by name. Few 
 such cases, however, will occur. • 
 
 Miscellaneous Notices. 
 
 The alphabetical arrangement of genera, under which spe- 
 cies are described, presents numerous advantages. One in- 
 convenience, however, has hitherto attended this method. It 
 arose from the difficulty of distinguishing the genera in some 
 of those classes which include very natural assemblages of 
 them ; such as those of the classes Didynamia, Tetradynamia, 
 Diadelphia, &c. Consequently we are obliged to resort to the 
 chai'acters of the specie^^ umder several of the nearest genera : 
 which are widely separated by the alphabetical arrangement. 
 To obviate this difficulty, the name of the next genus, in the 
 arrangement of genera, is set at the end of the last specific de- 
 scription ; which will enable the student to follow the species 
 of genera, as set down where they are described. For exam* 
 pie, tlie student supposed his plant to be a Sium ; but could not 
 make it agree with any of the species. At the end of the des- 
 cription of tlie last species, he would find Cicuta, which is the 
 next genus. He would turn to that and proceed through the 
 species ; and at the end of the last find the name of the next 
 genus, &c. &c. 
 
 # 
 
 *For improvements in localities, arrangements, additional materials, &c. I 
 am chiefly indebted to the works of Pursh, Elliot, Torrey, Dewey, Nuttalt 
 Bigelow, Darimgton, James Beck, Halsey, Schwinilz, Schoolcraft, De Kay, 
 and Brace. Also to the labours and manuscript communications of many zeal- 
 ous friends of the science. Among other favours of this kind. Doctors Pitcher 
 aiidCooley furnished me with extensive catalogues, mostly aciompanied with 
 specimens, of the plants of the Michigan and Northwest territories. Dr. Em- 
 mons furnished me with the result of his investigations in the Cryptoganiou? 
 class in the western part of Massachusetts My deceased son, Timothy Dwight 
 E '.ton, left in manuscript his ramute investigations along the Erie canal line, ac- 
 companied with sptcimens. Me.»sr8. G. W. Clinton, J. Eights, and W. Akin, 
 have furnished occasionally very acceptable materials. Several officers of the 
 U. S. Army have contributed interesting localities This class of citisens ar« 
 becoming very zealous in the cause of natural science ; and will, probably^ 
 soon take the lead in this department of human knowledge. 
 
The generic descriptions are considerably enlarged in this 
 edition ; but some of the specitic descriptions contain fewer 
 words. In such cases, the terms used are more definite and 
 expressive ; but in no case have I omitted a character, which 
 was of any use in the description. In dilticult and doubtful 
 cases, the specific descriptions are enlarged. As the learner 
 always commences with comparing generic and specific des- 
 criptions with plants, which he has labelled from the mere dic- 
 tum of his teacher, such condensed descriptions are most fa- 
 vourable to his progress. 
 
 For a mere pocket manual and school book, every experienc- 
 ed coUecter and teacher feels the want of a more extended sys- 
 tem. Every where west of Cayuga lake, plants of a southern 
 character extend to higher latitudes than they do farther east. 
 But ib^ most important object in tliis extension of the Manual 
 to the Southern and Wes irn states, is, to furnish the student 
 with a convenient book for examining plants received from dis- 
 tant states by way of exchange. For, I presume, there is not a 
 Northern or Southern botanist, but exchanges plants with very 
 distant correspondents. 
 
 North A^ierican Phenogamous Genera. 
 
 139 genera peculiar to the Northern district. 
 203 genera peculiar to the Southern district. 
 438 genera common to both districts. 
 
 780 genera are indigenous to xVorth America. 
 85 genera of Exotics include those commonly cultivated. 
 
 865 genera are all, that may be expected by the student in 
 North American Phenogamous Botany. 
 
 North American Cryptogamous Genera, 
 
 28 genera of FiHces include the whole. 
 
 43 genera of Musci include about all the proper Mosses. 
 
 4 genera of Hepaticae include the Hepatic Mosses. 
 
 17 genera of Algae include about all that order. 
 
 33 genera of Lichenes mclude about all that order, 
 
 1* 
 
55 genera of Fungi include about all that order. 
 180 genera of Cryptogamous plants are described in this Ma- 
 nual. But, excepting Filices, the plants of this class 
 require much improvement. • 
 
 1045 genera are described in this Manual. See end of spe- 
 cies. 
 The star (*) is placed before generic names set at the end 
 of orders or of sections, to denote that they must be referred to 
 their proper places by the aid of the alphabetical arrangement 
 of the genera. Such plants separate themselves from their na- 
 t tural associates by varying from the artificial character. 
 
 Directions for Studying Plants. 
 
 We should always label our plants, before we put them in 
 press between sheets of paper. If we have doubts as io the 
 generic or specific name, we should annex the interrogation 
 character, and take time for a more critical examination. 
 
 Several specimens of a species should be collected for analy- 
 sis, and set into water pots. These will be suitable for exami- 
 nation for several days ; and some plants will remain in bloom 
 a week or more. But all specimens which are to be preserved 
 by absorbing the moisture contained in them with bibulous pa- 
 per, should be collected when dry, and preserved without im- 
 mersing any part of them in water. 
 
 Small plants, and all sizes of species which crisp readily on 
 being collected, should be put between the leaves of a port fo- 
 lio in the field. Others may be collected in a tin box — tlie 
 common tin candle box is well adapted to this purpose. 
 
 Those who intend to become authors of botanical treatises, 
 should collect large specimens. But small specimens are suf- 
 ficient and most convenient, when the object is merely to re- 
 fresh the recollection of a plant. In the former case, plants 
 must be put up in large folio — in the latter case, pocket duode- 
 cimos are best. Duplicates, triplicates, &c. should be collect- 
 ed and preserved, of all scarce plants, or of those which arc 
 
I^eculiar to a few districts. By this measure useful exchano-efe 
 may be made, and the science improved. 
 
 Specimens of all stages of growth and maturity should be 
 collected in the most natural families ; such as the umbellifer- 
 ous, labiate, cruciform, papilionaceous, syngenesious, &c. be- 
 cause the unopened and opened flower, the immature and ma- 
 ture pericarp, seed, &c. are often required in the analysis of a 
 plant belonging to such natural assemblages. 
 
 In cases of doubt and difficulty, we must collect specimens 
 in all stages of growth and maturity ; but we may generally as- 
 certain the genus and species without the developement of all 
 the characters. This may be effected by an examination and 
 comparison of all the descriptions in an order or section, so far 
 as to exclude the plant under consideration from all the genera 
 or species but one. This one may be assumed for the time ; 
 and the plant so labelled. 
 
 We should never presume that the plant under examination 
 is not described. Such a decision requires much reflection and 
 good advice. Many vain botanists are continually in search 
 of new species ; and their vanity leads them into gross absurd- 
 ities. Hence we see some of our ambitious botanists perpe- 
 tually offering new species to the scientific public ; which they 
 are compelled as often to retract. There is not, probably, 50 
 undescribed species of Phenogamous plants in the United 
 States — perhaps not one species, east of the Mississippi. But 
 many plants are still badly described ; and every botanist 
 should aid in correcting errors and deficiencies. 
 
 This may be received as the result of universal experience. 
 " No one can be a botanist, without collecting plants and mak* 
 " ing up an herbarium with his own hands." 
 
 To prepare for analyzing a plant, the student should study 
 the seven elementary organs, as defined by Linneus. The sta- 
 mens and pistils must be carefully examined. The plant may 
 then be referred to its place among the classes and orders. la 
 
8 
 
 case of doubtful terms, the grammar of botany must be 
 perpetually referred to. But in most cases, the annexed sy- 
 nopsis will be sufficient, after studying the grammar of botany, 
 or any other elementary system.* 
 
 As the study of plants by their natural affinities is essential to 
 a knowledge of the science of vegetables; a reference to the 
 natural order, to which every plant belongs, is set down, in a 
 corresponding number, at the end of the generic description. 
 The natural orders and the sub-orders are described in the gram- 
 mar. But for hasty reference I have inserted the names, some 
 examples, and the general properties of each order, in a com- 
 pact form, in this introduction. 
 
 AMOS EATON. 
 
 Rensselaer School, Troy, Jan. 12. 1829. 
 
 ^ 5Irs. Lincoln, of Troy Female Seminary, is preparing a familiar elemen- 
 tary system. Prof. Locke's little Treatise is valuable. _ Mr. Nuttall has lately 
 compiled a larger work of this kind. 3Ir. Sumner's Compendium contains 
 rijuch important matter. 
 
SYNOPSIS OF ARTIFICIAL CLASSES and ORDERS. 
 
 Classes. 
 
 iSumber 
 
 of 
 Stamens. 
 
 Jfuinber 
 
 and 
 Position. 
 
 JS^uraber 
 and rela- 
 tive 
 Length. 
 
 Connc:LioD 
 of the Sta- 
 mens by 
 filamets or 
 anthers. 
 
 Position 
 
 of the 
 
 Stamens 
 
 relative 
 
 to the 
 
 Pistils. 
 
 1. IMoNARDRiA, 1 etameo. 
 
 2. DiANDRIA, 2. 
 
 3. Triardria, 3. 
 
 4. Tetrandria,4. 
 6. Pentardria, 6. 
 
 6. Hexandria, 6. 
 
 7. Heptawdria, 7. 
 
 8. octardria, 8. 
 
 9. Enneandria, 9. 
 10. Decardria, 10. 
 
 Orders. 
 1 Number of styles ; it 
 styles are wanting, number 
 01 sessile stigmas. Mono- 
 gynia, 1 style or 1 sessile 
 stigma. Digynia, 2. Tri- 
 gynia, 3. Tetragynia, 4. 
 Pentagynia, 6. Hexagynia; 
 6. Heptagynia, 7 Octo- 
 gynia, 8. Enneagynia, 9. 
 Decagynia, 10. Polygy- 
 nia, any number over 10. 
 
 rii 
 
 12. 
 
 IcosARDRiA, over 10 
 stamens, on the calyx. 
 
 POLTARDBIA, OVer 10 
 
 stamens, not on calyx. . 
 
 seeds 
 
 13. DiDYRAMiA, 4 stamens, 
 2 of them longest. 
 
 14. Tetradtnamia, 6 sta- 
 
 mens,4 of them longest. 
 
 15. MoRADELPHiA, fila- 
 ments united in 1 set. 
 
 1 1. Gymnospermia, 
 I naked. 
 
 \2. Angiospermia, seeds in 
 capsules. 
 
 1. Siliculosa, pod short. 
 
 2. Siliquosa, pod long. 
 Characters and names of 
 
 preceding classes. As, 1, 
 j-Monandria, 2. Diandria, 3. 
 
 16. DiADKLpHiA, filaments f^^.^^jj,j^ 4 jgt^g^ndria, 5. 
 united in 2 setts— papi- j p^ntandria, 6. Hexandria. 
 , "4 Disk and rav florets com- 
 
 anthers Ip^u^j. 1. Aequalis,2. Su- 
 j perflua, 3, Frustranea, 4 
 
 17 
 
 lionaceous. 
 
 Synoeresia, 
 
 united — flowers com- 
 
 P°"°^- J iSecessaria, 5. Segregata. 
 
 18. Gfrandria, stamens on ] Characters and names of 
 
 Invisible 
 
 or 
 Caducous 
 
 19. 
 
 20. 
 
 the pistil, distant from 
 coral. 
 
 MoNOBCiA, stamens in 
 flowers separate from 
 pistils, on the 
 plant. 
 
 DiOECiA, stamens in 
 
 flowers separate from 
 
 pistils on separate plants- ^ 
 
 Cryptogamia, stamens 
 invisible, wanting, or 
 very caducous. 
 
 preceding cleisses, (as un- 
 der the classes 15 and 16.) 
 7 Heptandria, 8. Octan- 
 
 dria, 9. Enneandria, 10. 
 
 same \ Decandria, 12. Polyandria, 
 16. Monadelphia. 
 
 ^ Natural families. 1. Fi- 
 
 21. Cryptogamia, stamens jj^^^^ g Musci, 3. Hepati- 
 
 ^ invisible, wanting, or V _,^^^ 4 ^jg^g^ ^ Lichenes, 
 
 J 6. Fungi. 
 
 Omitted Classes. 
 The classes of Linneus, called Dodecandria, Polyadelphia, and Polygamia, are 
 omitted ; and their respective genera are distributed among other classes. For 
 the Dodecandria is a small class and the character variable. The Polyadelphia 
 is sxceedingly variable, and not necessary. The Polygamia is inconstant in its 
 character, and the plant may be classed by the perfect flowers. See each ot 
 these classes and their respective orders in the Botanical Dictionary, accompa;; 
 nying nr attached to, this Manual, under the words Rejected Classes ana 
 Rejected Orders. 
 
10 
 
 NATURAL ORDERS OF JUSSIEU. 
 
 Names. 
 
 1. Fungi. 
 
 2. Algae. 
 
 3. Hepaticae. 
 
 4. Musci. 
 
 5. Filices. 
 
 6. Naiades. 
 
 ACOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS. 
 
 Examples. 
 Mushroom, mould 
 Lichen, conferva. 
 
 Brook liverwort. 
 Proper mosses. 
 Brakes, polypod. 
 Duck meat. 
 
 Properties. 
 Tonic if dry f narcotic if juicy. 
 Tonic, some used in dying. 
 Tonic, refrigerant. 
 Tonic, rarely cathartic. 
 Secernant stimulants. 
 Astringent. 
 
 MONOCOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS. 
 
 Class L Stamens below the pistil. 
 
 Wild turnip. Warming stomachic and antispasmodb: 
 
 Cat tail. Weak tonic. 
 
 Sedge grass. To7iic, coarse cattle fodder. 
 
 Timothy grass. Tonic, farinaceoiis, cattle fodder. 
 
 Class IL Stamens surrounding the pistil. 
 
 Date, cocoanut. Weak toiiic, farinaceous. 
 
 Solomon seal. Secernant stimulant, mild tonic. 
 
 Sweet tlag. Secernant stimulant, antiscorbutic. 
 
 Tulip, addertongue. Emollient, weak secernant stimula/i' 
 Pine-app!e. Refrigerant. 
 
 Onion, hyacinth. Expectorant, tonic, cathartic, 
 DaiFodil. Weak t07iic, emollient. 
 
 Iris, blue-eyed-grass. Antiscorbutic, tonic. 
 
 Class IIL Stamens on the pistil. 
 
 Bread-tree. Tonic. 
 
 Ginger, Warming stomachic. 
 
 Ladies' slipper. Emxjllient, stomachic^ farinaceous. 
 
 Tape-grass. Weak tonic. 
 
 DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS. 
 
 Section first. Flowers apetalous. 
 Class I Stamens on the germ. 
 
 23. Aristolochiae. Wild ginger. ToJiic, jcarming stomachic. 
 
 Class 1L Stamens surrounding the germ. 
 
 24. Aeleagni. Pepperage tree. Week tonic. 
 
 25. Thymeleae. Leather-wood. Mi\t\ emetic, antiscorbutic. 
 
 26. Proteae. Silver tree. Vfe&k tonic. 
 
 27 Lauri. Sassafras. Secernant stimtUant, stomachic. 
 
 28. Polygoneae. Dock, rhubarb. Mild cathartic, antiscorbutic. 
 
 29. Atriplices. Beet, pokeweed. Aperient, cathartic. 
 
 T. Aroideae. 
 C. Typhae. 
 9. Cyperoideae. 
 10. Gramineas. 
 
 1 1. Palmae 
 
 12. Asparagi. 
 
 13. J unci. 
 
 14. Liliaceae. 
 
 15. Bromeliae. 
 
 16. Asphodeli. 
 3 7. Narcissi. 
 18. Irides. 
 
 19. Musae. 
 
 20. Cannae. 
 •2\. Orchideae. 
 22. Hydrocharides 
 
 30. Amaranlhi. 
 
 31. Plantaginea. 
 
 32. Nyctagines. 
 
 33. Plumbaiiines. 
 
 34. Lysimachiae. 
 
 35. Pedicularcs. 
 
 Class IIL Stamens below the germ. 
 
 Cock's comb. Weak tonic, secernant stimulant. 
 
 Plantain. Emollient. 
 
 Four-o-clock. Cathartic, emetic. 
 
 Sea -lavender. Cathartic, tojiic. 
 
 Section second. Floivers vwnopetalous. 
 Class IV. Corols below the germ. 
 Looseatrife. Weak tonic, secernant stimulant. 
 
 Snakeroot. Tonic, cathartic. 
 
11 
 
 Examples. Properties, 
 
 Malabar nut. Emollient, weak tonic. 
 
 Ash, lilac. Tonic, secernant stimulant. 
 
 Vervain. Deobstruent, secernant stimulant. 
 
 Sage, catnip. Secernant stimulant, stomachic, tonic 
 
 Foxglove. Narcotic, absorbent, deobstruent. 
 Solaneae. Red pepper, henbane. Narcotic,cathartic^v:arming stomachic. 
 
 Names. 
 36. Acanthi. 
 i37. Jasmineae. 
 .38. Vitices. 
 
 39. Labiatae. 
 
 40. Scrophulariae 
 41. 
 42 
 43. 
 44 
 45, 
 46 
 
 Boragineae. 
 
 Convolvuli. 
 
 Polemonia. 
 
 Bignoniae. 
 
 Gentianae. 
 
 47. Apocyneae. 
 
 48. Sapotae. 
 
 Comfrey 
 Jalap, dodder. 
 Lichnidia. 
 Snake-head. 
 Caroline pink. 
 Milkweed. 
 Sour sop. 
 
 Class V. Corols surrounding the germ. 
 
 Astringent, vulnerary, emollient. 
 
 Cathartic. 
 
 Feeble tonic. 
 
 Cathartic, narcotic. 
 
 Cathartic, tonic. 
 
 Cathartic, narcotic, deobstruent. 
 
 Cathartic, antispasmodic. 
 
 Tonic, zvar7ning stomachic. 
 Tonic, narcotic. 
 Tonic, astringent, 'refrigerants 
 Cathartic, emetic, deobstruent. 
 
 49. Guajacanae. Lignum vitae. 
 
 50. Rhododendra. Laurel. 
 
 51. Ericae. Wiotergreen. 
 
 52. Campanulaceae. Lobelia. 
 
 Class VI. Corols on the germ — anthers united. 
 
 53. Cichoraceae. Lettuce, endive. Aperient^ mild anodyne. 
 
 54. Cinarocephalae. Thistle, burdock. Tonic, if nauseous cathartic, 
 
 55. Corymbiferae. Boneset, fleabane. Tonic, secernant stiniularit. 
 
 Class VIL Corols on the germ — anthers separate. 
 
 56. Dipsaceae. Button bush, teasel. Weak tonic. 
 
 57. Rubiaceae. Bedstraw, venus pride. Weak tonic, aperient. 
 
 58. Caprifolia. Elder, dogwood. Tonic, cathartic if nauseous. 
 
 Section third. Flowers polypetalous. 
 
 Class VIIL Stamens on the germ. 
 
 Ginseng, spikenard. Toriic, expectorant. 
 
 Cicuta, fennel. Stomachic, narcotic if nauseou&i 
 
 Class IX. Stamens below the germ. 
 
 Crowfoot.gold thread. Narcotic, astringent. 
 
 '^' Narcotic, anodyne. 
 
 59. 
 
 Araliae. 
 
 60. 
 
 Urabelliferae. 
 
 61. 
 
 Ranunculaceae. 
 
 62. 
 
 Papaveraceae. 
 
 63. 
 
 Cruciferae. 
 
 64. 
 
 Capparides. 
 
 65. 
 
 Sapindi. 
 
 66. 
 
 Accra. 
 
 67. 
 
 Malpighiae. 
 
 68. 
 
 Hyperica. 
 
 69. 
 
 Guttiferae. 
 
 70. 
 
 Aurantia. 
 
 71. 
 
 Meliae. 
 
 72. 
 
 Vites. 
 
 73. 
 
 Gerania. 
 
 74. 
 
 Malvaceae. 
 
 75, 
 
 Magnoliae. 
 
 76. 
 
 Annonae- 
 
 77. 
 
 Menisperma. 
 
 78. 
 
 Berberides. 
 
 79. 
 
 Tiliaceae, 
 
 80. 
 
 Cisti. 
 
 «1. 
 
 Rutaceae. 
 
 82. 
 
 Caryophjlleae. 
 
 Bloodroot, popy, 
 Radish, cabbage. 
 Cleome, mignonette. 
 Soap-berry. 
 Maple tree. 
 Barbadoes cherry. 
 
 Diuretic, emollient stomachic. 
 
 Aperient, narcotic if nauseous. 
 
 Emollient. 
 
 Aperient, diuretic. 
 
 Aperient. 
 John's wort, sundew. Tonic, vulnerary. 
 Misseltoe-rose. Expectorant, secernant stimulant. 
 
 Orange, lemon. Tonic, refrigerant. 
 
 Tea. Astringent anodyne. 
 
 Grape. Astringent, refrigerant. 
 
 Wood-sorrel, geranium. Tonic, ref rigerant, narcotic if n^n- 
 
 Hollyhock. 
 White wood. 
 Custard apple. 
 Moonseed. 
 Witch hazel. 
 Basswood. 
 Rock-rose, violet. 
 Rue. 
 Pink, flax. 
 
 Emollient, aperient. 
 Tonic, aperient. 
 Tonic, aperient. 
 Feeble narcotic. 
 Astringent, refrigerant. 
 Emollient, aperient. 
 Tonic. 
 
 Caustic, narcotic. 
 Emollient, ajperieiit. 
 
 [seous. 
 
12 
 
 Names. 
 
 33. Sempcrvlvae. 
 
 S4. Saxifragae. 
 
 85. Cacti. 
 
 86. Portulncceae. 
 
 87. Ficoideae. 
 
 88. Onagrae. 
 
 89. Myrti. 
 
 90. Melastomae. 
 
 91. Salicariae. 
 
 92. Rosaceae. 
 
 93. Leg^minosae. 
 
 94. Terebintaceae 
 
 95. RhamDi. 
 
 Class X. Stamens surrounding the germ. 
 
 Examples. Properties. 
 
 Houseleek, live-forever. Emollient, vulnerary. 
 Saxifrage, currant leaf Tonic. 
 Prickly pear, currant. Refrigermnt, emollient^ tonic. 
 
 Purslane 
 
 Ice plant. 
 
 Scabish. 
 
 Mock orange. 
 
 Deer grass. 
 
 Willow herb. 
 
 Apple, rose, peach. 
 
 Cassia, pea, clover. 
 
 Sumach, butternut. 
 
 Winter berry, jersey tea. Cathartic, tonic 
 
 Section fourth. Diclinious or anomalous. 
 
 Class XI. Flmcers mostly apetalous. 
 
 EmolTienty milnerary. 
 
 Emollient, refrigerant. 
 
 Tonic, aperient. 
 
 Tonic. 
 
 Feeble tonic. 
 
 Deobstruent, cathartic. 
 
 Refrigerant, tonic ^ astringent. 
 
 Aperient, diuretic^ emollient. 
 
 Cathartic, emetic, narcotic. 
 
 96. Euphorbeae. 
 97 Cucurbitacea*. 
 
 98. Urticeae. 
 
 99. Amentaceae. 
 
 100. Ceniferac. 
 
 Castor bean. 
 Cucumber, melon. 
 Hop, hemp, fig. 
 Oak, willow, elm. 
 Pine tree, cedar. 
 
 Cathartic, mild emetic. 
 Cathartic, refrigeraiit. 
 Tonic, anodyne. 
 Astringent, tonic, emolllenf. 
 Expectorant, secemant stimulant . 
 
 ABBREVIATIONS, CHARACTERS, &c. 
 
 Time of Flowering, 
 Ap. April — M. May — J. June — Ju. July — Au. August— 
 S, September — Oc. October. 
 
 Duration of Plants, 
 @ annual — S biennial — H perennial — 12 woody. 
 
 Colour of Corols, 
 r. red — p. purple — y. yellow — w. white — b. blue — g. green. 
 
 Abbreviations for S.tithor'^s NameSf 
 adjoining the specific name. 
 A. Aiton— B. Barton— Bk. Beck— Bl. Bridel— Bw. Bige- 
 low — Br. Robert Brown — C. Curtis — D. Desfontaines — Dc. 
 De Candolle— Dn. Darlington— E. Elliott— Ea. Eaton— Eh. 
 Ehrhart — G. Gronovius — H. Hedwig — Hn. Hoffman — Hr. 
 L'Heritier — J. James — Ju. Jussieu — Jn. Jacquin — L. Lin- 
 neus — Lb. Lambert — Lk. Lamarck — M. Muhlenberg — Mx. 
 Michaux — Mn. Moenchausen — Mr. Murray — N. Nuttall — 
 F. Persoon— Ph. Pursh— Pt. Poiret— Pb. Palisot de Beau- 
 vois — R. Rafinesque — Rs. Roemer and Shultes — Rd. Richard 
 — S. Smith — Sy. Salisbury — Sr. Screber — SI. Sprengel— 
 Sw. Swartz — Sh. Schkuhr — Sz, Schwinitz — Sp. Sibthorp 
 — T. Torrey— Tt. Tournefort— Tr. Turton — V. Ventenant— 
 W, Wildenow — Wr. Walter — Wm. VVangenheim. 
 
NORTH AMERICAN PLANTS. 
 
 CENEBA. 
 
 CLASS I. MONANDRIA. 
 
 Order I. Monogynia. 
 
 Saucornia. Calyx inflated, entire, 3 or 4-sided, obconic : corol o : style 
 ■2-cleft : seed 1, enclosed in the calyx. 12. 29 — (samphire.) S. 
 
 HippDRls. Calyx superior, obsolete, with a 2-lobed margin : corol o : seed 
 I : stigma simple : style iu a groove of the anther. 15. 88— (marestail.) 
 
 Souiher/i. 
 
 Canna. Calyx double ; outer one short, 3-cleft, permanent ; inner one (or 
 corol) 6-parted ; one of the divisions reflexed ; anther simple, attached to the 
 margin of the filament, which is petal-like and 2-lobed ; style thick, club-form ; 
 stigma obtuse : capsule muricate, 3-celled : seeds numerous and globose. 8. 
 ^0 — (flowering reed. ) 
 
 Thalia. Calyx double ; outer one small, 3-leaved ; inner one (or petal) 5> 
 parted : anther simple, ovate, inserted into a depressed filament : style short, 
 bent from the anther: stigma perforated, ringent : capsule 2-celled, (in some 
 species a 1-celled nut.) 8. 20 — (longstems.) 
 
 * Scispus, Cyperus. 
 
 Order II. Digykia. 
 
 Callitriche. Calyx inferior, 2-leaved : capsule 2-ceIled, raembranaceoae 
 and margined : seeds 4, naked, compressed : (flowers sometimes moncEcious, 
 and by some the calyx is called the corol.) 12. 88 — water-starwort.) /S\ 
 
 Blitum. Calyx 3-cleft, or 3-parted, berry-like : corol o : seed 1, immerscQ 
 JQthecalyx. 12. 29— (blite.) 
 
 Southern. 
 Corispermum. Calyx 2-parted : corol o : seed 1, naked, planO'Conves, ovalj 
 'having an acute, circular margin. 12. 29 — (tickseed.) S. 
 
 * Uniola, Saccharum. 
 
 CLASS II. DIANDRIA. 
 
 Order I. Monogvnia. 
 A. Corol l-petalled, viferior, regular : seeds in a drupe'or nut. 
 
 LiGUSTRUM. Cal}-x 4-toothed : corol with 4 ovate divisions : berry 1 or £• 
 ^,elled, 2 to 4-seeded. 44. 37 — (prim.) 
 
 Chion'anthus. Calyx 4-parted : corol 4-parted, with very long divisions i 
 nucleus of (be drupe striate-fibrous. 44. 37 — (fringe tree.) S. 
 
 Ornus. Calyx 4-parted : corol 4-parted ; divisions long, ligulate : stamens 
 VfHh ^vo barren filaments : fruit with a winged nut, 44. 37— (flowering ash,) 
 
14 CLASS II. OEDER J, 
 
 Exotics. 
 Jasmin'UM. Corol salver-form, 5 to 8-cleft : oerry 2-seedecl, each seed se'ii' 
 (arr, arilled. 44. 37— (jasmine.) 
 Syrisga. Corol salver form : capsule 2-celled. 44. 37 — (lilac.) 
 
 Southern. 
 Olea. Calyx small, 4-toothed : corol with a shorftube, 4-cleft, segments 
 ovate : drupe 1-seeded, often with an abortive rudiment. 44. 37 — (american 
 olive.) 
 
 Elytraria. Cab's 4-parted, with the front segment cleft ; corol S-cleft, 
 Segments nearly equal : stamens with 2 barren filaments: capsule 2-celled, 2- 
 valved ; each valve having half the partition attached to it. 40. 36. 
 
 B. Corol l-petalledf inferior, irregular ; seeds in capsules. 
 
 Veronica. Calyx 4-parted : corol cleft into 4 lobes, lower division small- 
 er : capsule obcordaie, few-seeded, 2-celled. 40. 35 — (speedwell.) S. 
 
 LeptaNDRA.* Calyx 5-parted, acuminate : corol tubular, 4-cleft, with one 
 division smaller : capsule ovate, 2-celled, opening at the top. 40. 35 — (cul- 
 ver's physic. ) S. 
 
 Gratiola. Calyx 5-parted or 5-leaved, sometimes with a 2-leaved caly- 
 cle : corol 2 lipped, reversed, tubular, upper lip 2-lobed, under one equally 3- 
 rleft: stamens 4, (2 of them barren :) stigma 2-lipped : capsule 2-celled. 40. 
 40 — (hedge-hyssop.) S, 
 
 LiNDERMA. Cah X 5-partcd, equal : corol reversed, tubular, ringent, the 
 upper lip very short, the lower one unequally 3 -cleft, 2-keeled at the base : an- 
 thers cohering by pairs, 2 stamens longer, forked, barren : capsule 2-celled, 2- 
 valved, the partition parallel to the valves. 40. 40. S. 
 
 PiNGUicuLA. Calyx 2-lipped, upper lip 3-cleff, lower one 2-cleft : corol rin- 
 gent, with a spur at the base ; limb 2-lipped, upper lip 3-lobed, lower one 2 ; 
 throat contracted : stamens and style short : stigma 2-lipped, covering the an- 
 ther : capsule 1-celled. many seeded, receptacle of the seed central, uncon- 
 nected. 24. 40 — (butterwort.) <S. 
 
 Hemianthcs. Calyx tubular, border 4-toothed, cleft on the underside; 
 corol with the upper lip obsolete, lower one 3-parted, with the middle segment 
 linear, or strap-iike and truncate, long, closely incui-ved : stamens with 2-cleft 
 filaments, bearing the anthers on the lateral branches: capsules 1-celled, 2- 
 valved, many-seeded : seeds ovate, shining. 40. 40. 
 
 Cat ALP A. Corol 4 or 5-cleft, somewhat inflated, bell-form : calyx 2-parted 
 or 2-leaved: stigma 2-lipped : capsule cylindric, 2-celled. 40. 45— (catalpa 
 
 tree.) <S?. 
 
 JusTiciA. Calyx simple or double, 5-parted : corol ringent, or nearly equal, 
 upper lip emarginate, lower one 3-cleft ; antbers 1 or 2 on each filament : cap- 
 sule 2-celled, bursting with an elastic claw : partitions transverse. 40. 36— 
 (malabarnut.) S. 
 
 Utricularia. Calyx 2-leaved or 2-parted, equal : corol ringent, with a 
 sub-cordate palate, the upper lip bearing the stamens, the lower lip spurred ; 
 Btigma 2-lipped : capsule 1-celled, globular. 24. 40— (bladder-wort.) »Sr- 
 
 Southern, 
 
 MlCRANTHEMUM. Calyx 4-parted: corol 4-parted, and somewhat 2-lipped, 
 with the upper one smaller than the rest : filaments incurved, shorter than the 
 corol : capsule sub-globular, l-celled, 2-valved, with many striate seeds. 20. 
 34. 
 
 C. Corol 1-petalled, inferior, irregular ; seeds naked, 
 
 LycopCS. Calyx tubular, 5-cleft or 5-toothed : corol tubular, 4-cleft, nearly 
 equal, 1 division broader and emarginate : stamens distant : seeds 4, retas«. 
 42. 39 — (waterhorehound.) S. 
 
 MoNARDA. Calyx cylindric, striated, 5-toothed : corol ringent, tubular, up- 
 per lip lance-linear, involving the filameots, lower lip reflexcd, d-lobed. 42r 
 39w(Oawego tea, mountain-raiot.) /S". 
 
CLASS III. ORDER I. 15 
 
 Salviv. Calyx tubular, striated, 2-lipped, under lip 2 to 3-tootbed, lower 
 iip 2-cleft : corol ringent : filaments transversely or laterally affixed to a pedicel. 
 
 42. 39 (sa'^e.) S. 
 
 CoLLiNsoNiA. Calyx tubular, 2-lipped, upper lip 3-toothed : corol funnel- 
 fonn, unequal, under lip many-cleft, capillary: one pertect seed. 42. 39— 
 (horse-balm.) S. 
 
 Exotic. 
 RosMARiMJS. Corol rinp^ent, upper lip 2-parted: filaments long, cun'ed, 
 simple, with a tooth. 42. 39 — (rosemary.) 
 
 D. Corol superior. 
 CiRCAEA. Calyx 2-leaved or 2-parted : corol 2-pctalled : capsule hispid, 2- 
 celled, not gaping; cells 1 or 2-seeded. 48. 88— (enchanter's nightshade.) 6'. 
 * Salicornia, Cunila, Schoeuus, Scirpus, Verbena, Hedeoma, Lemna, 
 Crypta. 
 
 Order II. DicyNii. 
 
 AsTHOXANTHUM. Calyx glume 2-valved, 1 -flowered : corol glume 2-valv- 
 ed, acuminate, awned nearer the base. 4. 10 — (sweet vernal grass.) S. 
 
 Crypta. Peplis. Calyx 2-leaved, inferior: corol 2 or 3-petalled, closed : 
 styks none : stigmas 2 or 3, very minute ; capsule 2or 3-cellea, 2 or 3-valved : 
 cells 4 or 5-seeded ; seeds sub-cylindric, striate, incurved. 13. 86^(mud- 
 purslane. ) The corol appears like a capsule with an aperture at the top, when 
 examined without a lens. 
 
 Southern. 
 Eriasthus. Calyx 2-valved, valv«?s nearly equal, villose at the base : corol 
 2-valved, unequal, inner glume bearing a long awn near its summit, 4. 10. 
 '^ Holcus, Festuca, Saccharum. 
 
 CLASS III. TRIANDRIA. 
 
 Order 1. Monogykia. 
 
 A. Flowers superior. 
 
 Fedia. Calyx 3 to 6-toothed, permanent : corol tubular, 5-cleft or 5-pavf- 
 4^d : nut or capsule, 2 or 3-celled : seed naked, or crowned with a tooth. 48. 
 56— (lamb lettuce.) iS. 
 
 Iris. Calyx spathe 2 or 3-valved : corol 6-parted, divisions alternately re- 
 flexed : stigmas 3, petal-like : style short : capsule 3-celled. 6. 18 — (flower- 
 de-luce, iris or flag.) S. 
 
 DiLATRiP. Lachnanthes. Perianth petal-like, hirsute outside, permanent, 
 deeply divided into 6 nearly equal parts : the third filament less than the rest : 
 stigma minute l^'S-lobed, style declining: capsule globose, 3 celled. 6. 18. 
 
 Exotic. 
 
 Valeriana. Calyx 0, or with an extremely small margin : corol funnel-fbrni, 
 5-cleft, base gibbous: seed 1 : stamens 1,2,3 and 4, exsert. 48. 56 — (vale- 
 rian.) 
 
 Crocus. Spathe radical : corol funnel-form, with a long slender tube : 
 stigma deep-gashed, crested. 6. 18 — (saffron.) . • 
 
 Southern. 
 
 Phyi.lactis. Involucre 1-leaved, sheathing : calyx marginal, minute : co- 
 rol 3-cleft : seed 1 : styles and stamens exsert. 48. 56. 
 
 Tripterella. Calyx (or corol) tubular, prismatic, with winged margins ; 
 base ventricose ; limb 6-cleft, internal teeth covering the stamens : corol none : 
 stigmas 3, capitate : capsule 3-sided, 3-celled, many-seeded: stamens included 
 within the tube of the calyx. 40.45. 
 
 Bo£RH.\AVU. Calyx tubular ; margin entire ; corol 1-pelalIed, bell-form, 
 
16 
 
 CLASS III. ORDEPw I. 
 
 plaited .'seed 1, invested by the permanent calyx, naked or tubcrcled, &-grooT- 
 ed, obconic : stamens various in number, as l", 2, 3, 4, 10. 54. 32. 
 
 Calt»iema. Allioma ? Involucre perianth-like, 5-parted, permanent, 1 
 to5-flowered: perianth none : corol sub-canipanulate, plaited, 5-parted; lam- 
 inae emarginate ; tube permanent: stamens exsert : seed 1, covered with a 
 coriaceous membrane, obconic, 5 -furrowf-d. 48 56. » 
 
 IxiA. Spathe 2 or 3-valved, ovate, short : corol 6-parled or 6-petalled : 
 sometimes tubular : stamens strait or incurved ; stigmas sub-filiform. 6. 18. 
 
 B. Flowers inferior. 
 
 CoMMELl?rA. Spathe cordate ; perianth 3-leaved : rorol 3-petalled sub- 
 equal : 3 barren filaments — sometimes the whole 6 filaments bearanthers : stig- 
 ma simple : nectaries 3, cross-form, inserted on peculiar filaments : capsule 
 aub-g-lobose, 3-celled, cells 2-seeded or empty. 6, 13— (day flower.) S. 
 
 Xyris. Calyx a cartilaginous glume, 2 or 3-valved, in a head : corol 3-pe- 
 tallcd, equal, crenate : capsule 3-valved. many-seeded. 6. 13 — (yellow-eyed- 
 grass. ) S. 
 
 ScHOLLERA. Leptantiius. Spathe l-flowercd : corol long-tubular; border 
 6-parted, with the stamens on the divisions; fila-nents equal. 6. 17. 
 
 Heteranthera. Calyx a 2 or 3-flowered spathe : corol dull-coloured, 
 membranaceous, with a long slender tube, border 4 to 6-parted : anthers 3, 2 
 of them attached to the divisions of the corol, the other attached to the top of 
 the style, and much longer : stigma sub-capitate, l-sided : capsule 3-celled, 
 many-seeded, dehiscent at the angles. This genus is intermediate between the 
 class Triandria, and the class Gynandria. 6. 17. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 Stena. Calyx deeply 3-parted (or 3 leaved) acute, permanent : petals S, 
 roundish : anthers oblong : stigma 3-cleft : capsule rendered acuminate by the 
 permanent style, 1 -celled, 3-valved. 5. 13. 
 
 Stipulicidia. Calyx 5-parted, permanent : corol 5-petalled, entire, as long 
 as the calyx: style short, stigmas 3; capsule 1-celled, 3-valved: seeds few, 
 attached by filaments to the receptacle. 22. 82. 
 
 PoLYCHNEMUM. Calyx 3-leaved : petals calyx-like : capsule 1 -seeded, 
 membranaceous, not opening, covered by the calyx. Stamens vary from 1 to 5. 
 12. 29. 
 
 C. Flowers ickh glumes. 
 
 Kyllingia. Spike (or ament) roundish-oblong, imbricate, sessile, or umbel 
 like: calyx of 2 unequal leaves, or valves, 1-ilowered: corol 2-val?ed, longer 
 than the calyx. 3. 9 — (bog-rush.) S. 
 
 ScRiPUS.* Glume i-va!ved, l-flowered, chaffy, scales imbricated every 
 way ; styles filiform, caducous : corol : seed single, naked, or surrounded 
 with hairs or bristles. 3. 9 — (club-rush.) <S. 
 
 ScHOEKUS. Spikelets sub-convolute, acute; scales or glumes heaped in fas- 
 cicles, outer ones dry, shining, empty : corol : seed 1, roundish, naked ; style 
 caducous. 3. 9 — (bog- rush.) *S. 
 
 Rhyncospora. Scales or glumes of the cahT fascicled into a spike, lower 
 ones empty : corol : styles permanent at the base . bristles surrounding the 
 base of the seed. 3. 9 — (false bog-msh.) jS?. 
 
 Mariscus. Flowers distinct, sub-imbricate in a few-flowered spike : calyx 
 2-valved, 3-flowered : corols 1-valved, the lower cords embracing the upper 
 style 3-cleft. 3. 9 — (hedgehog-rush.) S. 
 
 DuucHlUM. Spikes sub-racemed, proceeding from the axils of the leaves 
 spikelets linear-lanceolate, sub-compressed : scales or glumes somewhat 2- 
 ranked, closely embracing : styles very long, 2-cleft : germ with small bristles 
 rough backwards. 3. 9 — (galingale.) S. 
 
 * Trichophobubi is united to this genus. 
 
CLASS III. ORDER II. 17 
 
 CYPERt'?. Cm'ol : calyx scales imbricated 2-ways : seed single, beard- 
 less : spikelets compressed, distinct. 3. 9. jS. 
 
 Eriophokcm. Glume chafl'y, 1-valved, imbricated every way into a spike : 
 •corol : seed beset round with very long dense woolly hairs^ 3. 9— (cotton- 
 grass.) S. 
 
 FumENA. Scales of the calyx mucronate or awned, every where imbricate 
 in a spike : corol : seed beset round with broad chaff-like scales, sometimes 
 awned. These scales are called valves of a corol by some. 3. 9 — (umbrella- 
 grass.) 8. 
 
 Cenchrus. Involucre laciniate, echinate, 3 or 4-flowered : glumes 2-vaIr- 
 ed, 2-ilowered, one (lower barren : corol 2-valved, awnless : style 2-cleft. 4. 
 30— (hedge hog-grass. ) S. 
 
 LiMNETis. Spartina. Cal3'x 2-valved, compressed, one of them keeled and 
 longer than the other : corol 2-valved, avvnless, unequal : flowers in unilateral 
 spikes, somewhat imbricated in 2 rows. 3. 9 — (salt-grass. ) <Si. 
 
 Oryzopsis. Calyx 2-valved, lax, obovate : corol coriaceous, cylindric- 
 ovate, surrounded with hairs at the base ; valves 2, outer one awned at the tip : 
 seed with 2 linear appendages, or one 2-partcd : styles united. in one, with 2 
 diverging or reflexed stigmas. 4. 10 — (mountain rice.) 
 
 Southern. 
 
 MAPAyiA. Flowers in heads, involucre 3-leaved : perianth none : corol 
 glumaceous, 6-valved, toothed, imbricate : stigmas 3: seeds enveloped in a 6- 
 parted glume. 3. 9, 
 
 DiCHROMA. Flowers in a spike-form head with an involucre : scales imbri- 
 cated on all sides, lower ones empty : corol none : style brittle-form, 2-cleft : 
 seeds without bristles, sub-lenticular, sub-rugose, terminated by the 3-sided base 
 of the style. 3. 9. 
 
 FiMBRiSTTLis. Scales of the calyx imbricated on all sides into a sn ike : co- 
 rol none : style ciliatc, caducous, bulbous at the base. 3. 9. 
 
 Vaginaria. Spike ovate, calyx-like scales imbricated on all sides, acu- 
 minate ; corol none : stigmas 3 : seed surrounded at the base with three scales 
 and three bristles. 3. 9 
 
 Nardc3. Calyx 1-flowered, 1-valved : corol 1-valved, included in the calyx : 
 stigma 1. Flowers spiked, alternating and sessile. 4. 10 — (mat-grass.) 
 
 Miegia Arundinaria. Flowers polygamou3, panicled : calyx 2-valved, 
 many -flowered, short and unequal: corol 2valved, unequal, the larger one 
 acuminate : style very short, 3-cieft, plumose : nectary 3-parted, divisions lan- 
 ceolate, acute, as long as the germ : seed naked, large, acuminate. 4. 10 
 — (cane.) 
 
 Eriocoma. Calyx 2-valved, l-flowered; valves gibbous, compacted above, 
 longer than the corol, 3 nerved, cuspidate : corol 2-valved, roundish, coriace- 
 ous, invested with wool ; the outer valve terminated by a short 3-sided cadu- 
 cous awn : anthers bearded : seed sub-spherical, large. 4. 9 — (silk-grass.) 
 
 DicHROMENA. Spike in a bead, involucred ; scales imbricated on all sides 
 into crowded sessile spikelets, with the lower scales empty : corol none : style 
 bristle-form,2-cleft : seed without bristles, sub-lenticular, sub-rugose, terminated 
 by the triangular permanent style. 4. 9. 
 
 * J uncus, Galium, OryZiOpsis, Queria. 
 
 Order IF. Digynia, 
 
 A. S^ikeleis l-Jimcered : corols without abortive rudiments of Jloicers at the 
 
 base. 
 
 (Calyx and corol different in texture.) 
 
 Leersia. Calyx : corol 2-valved, closed : valves compressed, boat-form, 
 awnless: nectary obovate, entire i stamens 1 to 6 4. 10— (cut-grass.) /S. 
 • Paspalum. Ce2|;sia. Calyx in 2 membranaceous, equal, roundish, valves: 
 corol awnless, cartilaginous, of the form of the calyx : stigma plumose, colour- 
 ed : nectar/ lateral : flowers in unilateral spikes. 4. 10. S. 
 
 2* 
 
16 CLASS III. ORDER II. 
 
 Milium. Calyx 2-valved, herbaceous, ventricose : corol 2-valvecI, awnlcs?, 
 coriaceous, oblong, concave, shorter than the calyx: seed 2-horned : nectary 
 lateral: sti^as villose. 4,10 — (millet.) S. 
 
 PiPTATHERUM. Calyx membranaceous, longer than the corol : corol carti- 
 laginous, oval ; lower valve awned at the tip i nectary ovate, entire : seed coat- 
 ed. 4. 10. • 
 
 Stipa. Calyx 2-valved, membranaceous : corol 2-valved, shorter than the 
 ca'yx, coriaceous, sub-cylindric; valves involute, truncate ; awn terminal, very 
 long, caducous, twisted at the base: seed coaled. 4. 10 — (feather-grass.) S, 
 
 Aristida. Calyx 2-valved, membranaceous, unequal : corol 2-valved, pe- 
 dicelled, sub-cylindric ; lower valve coriaceous, mvolute, 3-awned at the tip ; 
 upper valve very minute or obsolete : nectary lateral. 4. 10— (beard- 
 grass.) S. 
 
 Exotic. 
 Saccharum. Calyx involucred with long wool at the base, 2-valved: corol 
 1 or 2-valved ; stamens 1 to 3. 4. 10 — (sugar cane.) 
 
 (Calyx and corol of similar texture— flowers in spreading panicles.) 
 
 MiTiLENBERGiA. Calyx 1 or 2-valved, very minute, truncate, unequal : corol 
 2-valved, base hairy, outer valve awned at the tip : seed 1, oblong, acuminate . 
 4. 10 — (dropseed-grass.) S. 
 
 Trichodium. Calyx 2-valved, valves nearly equal, acute ; keel with small 
 cpines : corol l-valved, awnless, shorter than calyx: stigmas nearly sessile, 
 £ub-hispid. 4.10 — (thin-grass.) (S'. 
 
 Agrostis. Calyx herbaceous, 2-valved, 1 -flowered, valves acute, a little less 
 than the corol : corol 2-valved, membranaceous, olten hairy at the base: stig- 
 mas longitudinally hispid or pluracse, florets spreading: nectary lateral : seed 
 coated. 4. 10 — (red top.) »S. 
 
 CiN>"A. Calyx 2-valved, compressed, nearly equal : corol linear, compress- 
 ed, short-stiped, naked at the base ; lower valve inclosing the upper, short-awn- 
 ed near the tip. 4. 10. 
 
 PoLYPOGOs. Calyx 2-valved, l-ilowered; valves nearly equal, terminating- 
 in a bristle : corol 2-valved, shorter than the calyx; the lower valve terminal- 
 in.^ in a bristle. 4. 10. 
 
 Trichochloa. Calyx 2-valved, l-flowered; glumes very minute: corol 
 fnuch larger than the calyx, 2-valved, naked at the base ; lower valve convolute 
 et the base, terminating in a long awn, not articulated. 4. 10. 
 
 Arundo. Calyx 2-valved, unequal, membranaceous, surrounded with hair 
 at the base ; lower valve mucronate or slightly awned. Sometimes thi re is a 
 pencil-form rudiment at the base of the upper valve. 4. 10 — (reed.) 
 
 ( Calyx and corol of similar texture— flowers in compact panicles, often 
 
 spike-form. J 
 
 Psamma. Calyx 2-valved, awnless: corol shorter than the calyx, surround- 
 ed with hairs at the base : nectary lance-linear, longer than the seed : style 3- 
 |)arted. 4. 10. 
 
 Crypsis. Calyx 2-valved, oblong, keeled, membranaceous : corol 2-valved, 
 longer than the calyx, which it resembles in texture and form ; nectary none : 
 Stamens sometimes but 2. 4. 10 
 
 Alopecurus. Calyx 2-valved, equal ; glume generally connate at the base : 
 corol I valved, utricle-like, cleft on one side, awned below the middle. 4. 10 
 —(foxtail-grass.) S. 
 
 Phleum. Calyx hard, '^-valved, equal, sessile, linear, truncate, bicuspidate • 
 corol enclosed in the calyx, 2-valved, awnless, truncate. 4. 10 — (timothy- 
 ^rass.) S. 
 
 Southern. 
 Ceresia. Flowers lateral, 2-rowed, under a wide membranaceous boat-fonA 
 rachis: calyx 2-valved. 4. 10. 
 
CLASS III, ORDER II. 19 
 
 CAr,AMAGROTis. Calyx 2-valved, l-flowered, valves acu(e or acuminate : 
 corol 2-vaIved, mostly shorter than the calyx, surrounded with long wool at the 
 base. 4. 10. 
 
 B. Sxnkelets l-Jlouered ; corol uith 1 or 2 abortive rudiments ofjloicers 
 
 at the base. 
 
 (Calyx and corol of different texture.) 
 
 CyNODON. Calyx 2-valved, lanceolate, spreading: corol 2-valved, longer 
 than the calyx ; the outer vaive larger, and somewhat oval, and surrounding 
 the inner one : rudiment minute, pedicelled : nectary truncate : spikes digitate 
 and fascicled : flow firs solitary. 4.10 — (dwarf finger-grass.) 
 
 Gymnopogon. Anthopogon. Calyx 2-valved, keeled, nearly equal, longer 
 than the corol : valves of the corol nearly equal ; a straight bristle a little below 
 the tip of the lower one : rudiment awn-form. 4. 10. 
 
 Southern. 
 AuLAXANTHOS. AuLAXiA. Calyx 2-valved, l-flowered, with the rudiment of 
 a second ; valves equal, furrowed, the furrows villous : corol with 2 nearly 
 equal valves. 4. 10. 
 
 (Calyx and corol of similar texture.) 
 
 PhalIris. Calyx membranaceous, 2-valved, valves keeled, nerved, equal 
 in lengtn, including the 2-valved pilose corol. The corol is shorter than the ca- 
 lyx and coriaceous : rudimenis opposite, sessile, resemblmg valves : nectary 
 lateral. 4. 10 — (ribbon grass, canary-grass.) iS'. 
 
 Brachyelttrum. Muhlenbergia. Calyx very minute; lower glume scarce- 
 ly perceptible : corol wiih the lower valve terminated by a long bristle; upper 
 one with a club-form rudiment at the base. 4. 10. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 Bruchmannia. Calyx 2-valved, 1 or2-flowered, valves somewhat obcordate, 
 inflated, equal : corol 2-valved, included in the calyx, valves unequal, the dor- 
 sal valve acuminate-awned ; one flower often abortive. 4. 10. 
 
 Orthopogon. Calyx l-flowered; valves 3, awned, nearly equal; awns 
 Straight, smooth, that of the outer valve longest. 4. 10. 
 
 C. Spikelets many-Jlowered. 
 
 (Flowers in panicles ; corol unarmed. ) 
 
 Phragmites. Calyx 5 — 7-flowered : the florets on villose pedicels, except- 
 ing that the lowest is sessile, and naked at the base ; lower valve elongated, 
 acuminate, involute; upper one somewhat condupiirate. 4 — 10. 
 
 Glyceria. Spikelets terete, elongated : calyx many-flowered, shorter than 
 the florets : lower valve oi' the corol membranaceous and somewhat herbaceous ; 
 tipper one somewhat conduplicate : nectary lateral, connate: stigma decom- 
 pound. 4. 10. 
 
 Uniola. Spikelets many-flowered, flat, 2-edged, ovate : calyx 3 to 5-glum- 
 ed : corol 2-valvpd. awnless, inner one smallest, concave on the back ; outer one 
 boat-form . stamens 1 to 3 : appendages 2, somewhat 2-horned or emarginate. 
 4.10 — (sea rush-grass.) S. 
 
 Briza. Spikelets heart-ovate, many-flowered: calyx chafi'y, shorter than 
 the 2- ranked florets: corol ventricose : lower valve cordate, upper one orbicu- 
 lar, short. 4. 10 — (quake-grass.) <S. 
 
 PoA. Spikelets oblong or linear, compressed; many-flowered : calyx shorter 
 than the florets : corol herbaceous, awnless, often arachnoid at the base ; lower 
 valve scarious at the margin. 4. 10 — (spear-grass.) S. 
 
 Exotic. 
 SoRGHtJM. Florets in pairs, one peifect, with a 3-valved corol, and sessile : 
 (he other starainate or neutral, and pedicelled. 4. 10 — (broom-corn.) 
 
29 CLA86 III. OBDER IT. ^ 
 
 (Floivcrs in panicles ; corol armed or fnucronate. } 
 
 ( Seeds free. ) 
 
 KoELERiA. Calyx 2 — 4-flowered, shorter than the florets : lower valve of 
 tiie corol mucronate, or with a short bristle a little below the tip. 4. 10; 
 
 Uralepsis. Calyx scariose, 2-valved, 2 or 3-flower^ : corol 2-valved, stip- 
 ed ; outer valve with hairy nerves, iriuch longer than the calyx, and tricuspi- 
 date, with the middle cus^p longest, and terminated with an awn ; inner valve 
 short and arched : seed arilled : florets alternate and distinct, both flowers and 
 culm purple. 4. 10 — (purple hair-grass.) 
 
 WiiNDSORiA. Tricuspis. Galyx 2-valved, keeled, 1 -nerved, scariose, acute 
 or cuspidate : corols 2-valved ; outer valves having nerves with mucronate 
 points, teeth between the points, and ciliate below ; inner valves mostly naked, 
 emarginate : flowers closely imbricated 2-'waY8 in a thick spike. 4. 10. 
 
 (Seeds adnate, ) 
 
 Festuca. Calyx 2-valved, many-flowered ; spikeletd compressed-teretish, 
 or diverging when mature, awnless, or furnished with a terminal awn : corol 
 somewhat terete ; upper vnlve acute, mucronate, or with a short bristle at the 
 tip: seed growing to the corol. 4. lO — (fescue-grass.) /S?. 
 
 Ceratochloa. Spikelets lanceolate, somewnat 2-edged, many-flowered : 
 calyx shorter than the imbricate florets : lower valve of the corol compressed, 
 mucronate below the tip ; upper valve somewhat conduplicate ; styles 2 — 3? 
 parted. 4. 10. 
 
 DiARRHEiVA. Calyx 2-valved, very unequal, 2 to S-flowered, rigid ; glumes 
 acuminate-mucronate : corol cartilaginous ; inferior valve entire, broad ; supe- 
 rior one very short, emarginate : seed.coated, in length equal with the superior 
 valve of the corol : nectary ovale, ciHate. 4. 10. 
 
 DactYLIS. Spikelets aggregated in unilateral heads, many-flowered : calyx 
 shorter than the florets, with one large glume, keeled, pointed : corol with the 
 lower valve keeled, emarginate, mucronate ; upper valve sub>conduplicate. 
 4, 10 — (orchard-grass.) S. 
 
 (Flowers in panicles ; corol more or less 2-cleft, and the lotcer valve avc7\ed 
 on the back or a little below the tip.) 
 
 Dan'THONIA. Calyx 2 lo 5-flowered. longer than the florets; glumes cuspi« 
 date: corol bearded at the base ; lower vaive 2-toothed, with a twisted awn 
 between the teeth; upper valve obtuse, entire. 4. 10 — (wild oats.) 
 
 Trisetcm. Calyx 3 to S-flowered, membranaceous, as long as the florets : 
 lower valve of the corol with 2 bristle-form teeth at the tip and an awn below 
 the teeth. 4.10. 
 
 Rromus. Calyx shorter than florets, 2-vaived : spikelets terete-2-ranked, 
 niany-flowered : corol, outer valves bifid, awned below the tip; inner valve 
 pectinate-ciliate, sub-conduylicate. 4. 10 — (chess, broom-grass.) <S. 
 
 Arrhesantherum. Calyx membranaceous, 2-flowered, rather shorter ihaa 
 the florets ; lower floret bearing anthers ; lower valve .2-cleft, awned below the 
 middle : upper floret perfect ; lower valve cleft, unarmed, or with a short awrj 
 below the tip. 4. 10. 
 
 AvE?fA. Calyx 2-valved ; 2, 3, or many-flowered : corol, valves mostly 
 bearded at the base, lower one torn, with a twisted awn on the back : glumee 
 niembranaceous, and somewhat follicle-like : seed coated. 4.10 — (oats.) S. 
 
 AiRA. Calyx longer than thti florets, glossy, 2-valved, 2 or 3-flowered : co* 
 rol 2-valved ; lower valve gnawed or toothed, awned on the back below the 
 .middle. 4. 10 — (hair-grass.) (S. 
 
 D. Flowers in spikes. 
 
 LoLlUM. Calyx 1-leafed, permanent, many flowered : florets in many-flow- 
 ered 2-rowed simple sessile spikelets on a rachis : lower valve of the corol 
 herbaceous-membranaceous, mucronate, or bristled at the tip. 4. l(h— {darnel* 
 grass.) 
 
CLASS HI. ORDER II. 21 
 
 EtEUSlXE. Calyx awnless, keeled, 5 to 9-nerved, membranaceous, 4 to 6- 
 ^owered ; glumes pbtuse, unequal: inflorescence an unilateral digitate spike . 
 corol 2-valved, awnless, membranaceous, unequal ; lower valve keeled, upper 
 one concave on the back : seed triangular, transversely rugose. 4. 10 — (dog- 
 tail -grass.) S. 
 
 Tbiticum. Calyx 2-valved, about 3-flowered ; florets sessile on the teeth of 
 the rachis, obtusish and pointed: glumes beardless, or interruptedly bearded. 
 4. 10— (wheat.) 
 
 Agropyron. Spikelets sessile on the teeth of the rachis, 3 to 9-flowered ■ 
 glumes lanceolate, keeled : corol vp^ith the lower valve mucronate, or endmg in 
 a subulate bristle. 4. 10. 
 
 Secale. Calyx 2-valved, 2 or 3-flowered : spikeletsseesile on the teeth of the 
 rachis, with the terminal floret abortive : calyx 2-va.veQ ; glumes subulate, op- 
 posite, shorter than the florets: corol witli the lower valve long-awned. 4. 10 
 —(rye.) 
 
 Elymus. General calyx involucre-Iike, with its glumes m pairs, subulate : 
 corol with its lower valve entire, mucronate, or will? a snort bristle at the tip: 
 spikelets 2 or more at each joint of the rachis : 3 to y-flowtred. 4. 10 — (lime- 
 grass, wild rye.) S. 
 
 Meijca. Calyx 2 valved, unequal, coloured, obtuse, -i to 4-flowered, and 
 as long as the florets ; one or more of the upper flortis abort., s ^nd incomplete : 
 corol unarmed, membranaceous : nectai-y cocuate ; aeed free. 4. 10 — (melic- 
 grass. ) S. 
 
 Atheropogon. Spikes in unilateral racemes : calyx 2-valved, membrana- 
 ceous, 2-tiowfcred ; inftrior valve bristle-form : penect floret 2-valved ; inferior 
 valve 3-toothed, or 3-bristled ; superior vaive bifid : abortive floret pedicelled, 
 2-valved, 3-brislled. 4. 10— (hairy beard.) 
 
 Soutliern. 
 
 Sesleria. Calyx 2 to 5-flowered : corol 2-valved, toothed at the tip : stig- 
 mas sub-glandular : flowers often purplish; base of the spike bractedor involu^ 
 cred. 4. 10 — (moor-grass.) 
 
 OxYDENiA. Spike panicled, filiform ; spikelets 3 or 4-flowered, alternating 
 on a one-sided rachis: general taiyx permanent, 2-valved, acuminate-subulate, 
 1-nerved, longer than the florets ; corol 2-valved, sma 1, caducous, obtuse, with 
 or without awns : seed roundish, naked, smooth, somewhat gibbous. 4. 10. 
 
 Chloris. Atheropogon. Spikes digitete, one-sided : caiyx 2-valved, 2 to 
 4-flowered ; valves keeled. Flowers dissimilar, and the abortive florets pedicell- 
 ed. 4. 10. 
 
 Aegilops. Calyx lateral, 2-valved, mostly 3-flowered ; valves coriaceous, 
 broad, with many rigid diverging awns : corol 2-valved, outer valvt 2 or 3-awn- 
 ed : spikes with the intermediate ones barren, lateral ones perfect, sessile. 
 4. 10. 
 
 E. Flcncers polygamous, 
 
 (III panicles.) 
 
 Panicum. Calyx 2-valved, 2-flowert d ; the lower glume generally very 
 small : the lower floret abortive, 1 or 2-valvf d ; the lower valve resembling the 
 calyx, the upper one membranaceous : perfect floret with cartilaginous valves, 
 unarmed. 4. 10 — (cockioot grass, panic-grass.) S. 
 
 Hierochloa. Calyx 2-vahed, 3-flowered, with scarious glumes: lateral 
 florets staminate, central ones perfect and diandrous, rarely triandrous. 4. 10. 
 
 HoLcus. Cdlyx 2-nowered ; with membranaceous, boat-form, mucronate 
 glumes : panicle compact ; lower florets perfect, sessile, unarmed ; upper ones 
 staminate or neutral, pedicelled, awned near the middle of the back. 4. 10— 
 (sweet seneca, or soft-grass.) 
 
 (In spikes.) 
 Penmsetum. Setaria. Calyx 2 valved, 2-flowered ; glumes unequal, her- 
 baceous; sometimes with a second staminate or neutral floret: 1 or 2-Talved, 
 
33 CLASS IV. ORDER I. 
 
 herbaceous : inflorescence a spike, with a 2 or many-bristled involucre. 4. 10 
 — (bristled panic.) 
 
 DiGiTARiA. Caljx 1 or 2-valved, 2-ffowered ; the outer valve very small or 
 none ; the inmost one of the length of the corol : corol 2-valved, oblong-ovate, 
 awnless: style very long ; spikes digitate, unilateral, linear : spikeletson short 
 bifid pedicels, in pairs, lower floret abortive, l-valved,iierbaceou8 ; upper floret 
 perfect, with coriaceous valves. 4. 10 — (finger-grass.) S. 
 
 Andropogon. Spikelets in pairs, involucred ; the lower one staminate ov 
 neutral on a bearded pedicel : calyx and corol often very minute or wanting : 
 Tipper spikelet sessile^ 1-flowered, perfect ; glumes sub-coriaceous ; corol 2-valv- 
 ed, shorter than the calyx, membranaceous, lower valve generally awaed. 4. 
 10 — (beard -grass.) S. 
 
 HoRDEUM. Spikelets 3 at each joint of the rachis, 1 or 2-flowered, all per- 
 fect, or the lateral ones abortive : glume lateral, subulate.: perfect flower with 
 a 2-valved corol ; lower valve ending in a bristle : seed coated. 4. 10 (bar- 
 ley.) 
 
 Southern. 
 
 MoNOCERA. Flowers in 2 rows on one side of the rachis: calyx 3-valv« 
 ed, many-flowered ; valves awned below the tip. Perfect flowers have the co- 
 rol 2-valved, unequal ; the outer valve awned below the tip. Neutral flowers 
 have corols with 2 awnless valves. 4. 10. 
 
 JMamsuris. Perfect flowers mixed with the staminate, the calyx 1-flowered, 
 valves 2, unequal ; outer one coriaceous, roundish, emarginate on each side of the 
 base : corol 2-valved, smaiier, and included in the calyx. Staminate and neu- 
 tral have the calyx uniform or regular. 4. 10. 
 
 Lepturus. Rotboellia. Rachis articulated, filiform ; articulations single- 
 flowered : calyx growing to the rachis, 1 or 2-valved ; valves simple or 2-part- 
 cd. 4. 10. 
 
 Rotboellia. Rachis fragile, articulated, cylindric, often filiform; arti- 
 culations 2-flowered or more : calyx lance-ovate, flat, 1 or 2-valved : corol 
 araaller, 2-valved. 4. 10. 
 
 Plkuraphis. Central spikelet perfect ; calyx 1-flowered, with vredge-obo- 
 ratc, 2-cleft, 5-bristled glumes : lateral spikelets staminate ; calyx 2-flowei'ed, 
 with one valve bri*tled near the base. 4. 10. 
 
 * Stellaria, Anthoxanthum. 
 
 Order hi. Trigynia. 
 
 HoLOSTEUM. Calyx 5-leaved, coloured withm : corol with five 2-parted pe- 
 tals : capsule 1-celled, bursting at the summit. 22. 82. 
 
 MoLLUGO. Calyx 5-leaTfd, inferior, coloured inside: corol 0: capsule 3- 
 celled, 3-valved, many-seeded. 22.82 — (carpet weed.) S. 
 
 Lechea. Calyx 3-leaved : petals 3, Unear : giigmas 3, plumose; capsule 
 3-celled, 3-valved, with 3 inner valvelets: seed 1. 22. 82— (pin-weed.) iS. 
 
 Proserpinaca. Calyx 3-parted, superior, permanent; corolO: nut bony, 
 3-sided, 3-ceiled, crowned by the calyx 15, 22 — (mermaid weed.) S. 
 
 Southern. 
 PorycARPON. Calyx 5-leaved : petals 5, very short, emarginate, perma* 
 nent : capsule ovate, 1 celled, 3-valved. 22. 82. 
 
 * Zanthoxylon, Stellaria, Eriocanlon, Queria or Anychia. 
 
 CLASS IV. TETRANDRIA 
 
 Order i. Monogynia. 
 
 A Flowers superior. 
 
 (l-petalled.) 
 
 Cephalanthus. Inflorescence in a head : general calyx none ; proper calyx 
 
 superior, minute, angular, 4-cleft : corol funnel-form : receptacle globular, 
 
 hairy; capsules 2 to 4-partiblc : seed soUtary, oblong. 48.56 — (button-bush.^: 
 
 S. 
 
CLASS IV. ORDEE I. <jg 
 
 DrpSAcrs. Common calyx involucre-like, many-leaveci ; proper calyx. I- 
 Jeaved, superior : receptacle chaffy: corol tubular,' 4-cleft : seed 1, crowned 
 with a wineglass-fonn egret : infloicscence an ovate head. 48. 56 (teasel ) 
 
 Galium. Calyx 4-toothed : corol flat, 4-cleft: fruit dry : seeds 2, roundish • 
 (leaves stellate.) 47.57 — (bedstraw.) S. 
 
 Spermacoce Calyx 4-toothed : corol funnel-form, 4-cIeft; caD«ule2-cel' 
 cd : seeds 2, 2-toothed". 48. 57. S. ^~ 
 
 DiODiA. Calyx 2-cleft: corol tubular, funnel-form, 4-cleft : capsule 2-celU 
 ed, 1 -seeded. 47. 57. S. 
 
 HKoyoTis. Oldenlakdia. Calyx 4-toothed or 4-parted : corol funnel-form 
 4-cleft, or 4-netalled : capsule 2-celled, many -seeded ; receptacle adnate to thJ 
 partition. 13. 84. jS^. 
 
 HousTOMA. Calyx half superior, 4-toothed : corol salver-form, 4.cleft • 
 capsule 2-celled, many-seeded, opening transversely. 47. 57 — (Venus-pride.) 
 
 MiTCHELi.A. Calyx 4-(oothed : corols2oneach germ, tubnlar, limb4-part- 
 ed, spreading, villose inside : stamens scarcely exsert : berry double, 4-seeded : 
 stigmas 4 or 4-cleft. 48.57 — (patridge berry, checker berry.) ♦S'. 
 
 LiNN^A. Calyx double ; that of the fruit 2-leaved, inferior ; that of the 
 flower 5-parted : corol bell-form, 5-lobed : stamens somewhat didynaraous : 
 aligma globose : berry 3-celled, dry, generally producing a perfect seed in but 
 one cell. 48. 58 — (twin flower*) 
 
 Exotic. 
 ScABiosA. Common calyx many-leaved ; proper ons double, superior : re 
 ceptacle chaffy or naked. (Flowers aggregate.) 47. 56 — (scabious.) 
 
 Southern. 
 
 PoLYPKEMCM. Calyx 4-parted : corol 4-cleft, wheel-form, bearded at the 
 orifice : stamens included : capsule compressed, 2-celled, many-seeded 40 
 40. 
 
 Allionia. Common calyx oblong, simple, 3-flowered ; proper calyx obsa# 
 lete : corol irregular receptacle naked. 48.56. 
 
 RcBiA. Calyx 4-toothed : corol 4 or 5-cleft, bell-form : berries 2, one-seed- 
 ed, (stamens 4-5 ; leaves stellate.) 47. 57 — (madder.) 
 
 (4-petalled.) 
 
 CoRNCS. Calyx 4-toothed : drupe with a 2-celled nut. Some species have 
 a 4-leaved involucre. 45.58 — (dogwood, false box.) S. 
 
 LuDWiGlA. Calyx 4-parted, the divisions long, permanent: capsule 4-cor* 
 nered, 4-celled, perforated at the top, many-seeded — (petals sometimes want- 
 ing.) 17. 88 — (seed box.) S. 
 
 ( Apetalous. ) 
 IsNARDiA. Calyx bell-form, 4-parted or 4-cleft, superior : casule 4-c«ned, 
 4-cornered, many-seeded, surrounded by the calyx. 17. 88 — (water purs- 
 lane.) 
 
 Southern. 
 Eleagmjs. CaljTt 4-cleft, bell-form, coloured within : stamens alternating 
 with the divisions of the calyx (corol .'') anthers sub-aessile : stjle short : drape 
 dry, 1-seeded, marked with 8 furrows. 31. 24. 
 
 ^ B. Flowers inferior. 
 
 fl-petalled.J 
 
 Plantago. Calyx 4-cleft : corol 4-cleft, reflexed : capsule 2-celled, open,' 
 Jng transTersely : stamens exsert, very long. 54. 31 — (plantain, ribwort.) S. 
 
 Sanguisorba. Calyx 2-leaved : corol 4-cleft, wheel- form, adhering t© the 
 germ so as to appear as if superior : capsule 4-sided. 54. 92— (burnet saxi' 
 irage.) S, 
 
24 CLASS IV. ORDER II, 
 
 Bahtonta. Calyx 4-parted, close-pressed, permanent: corol 4-cleft or 4- 
 parted bell-form, permanent : 8tig:ma thick, glandulous, sub-bifid : capsule 1- 
 celled, 2 valved, many-seeded. 20. 4G — (screw-stem.) 
 
 EsACUM. Calyx deeply 4-parted : corol 4-cleft-, tube globose : capsule 2- 
 furrowed, 2-celled, many-seeded, 0(jRnirigat the top ; cells 2-geeded. 47. 46. 
 
 SwERTiA. Calyx flat, 4 or 5-par(ed : corol 4-part#d, wheel-form, with nec- 
 tariferous pores at the base of the divisions : '^evm tapering to a point : style 
 short, terminal ng in 2 stigmas : capsule 1-celled, 2-valved, acujninate. 47. 46 
 — (false gentian.) 
 
 Frasera. Calyx deeply 4-parted : corol 4-parted, spreading ; segments 
 with bearded glands in the middle : capsule compressed, sub-margined, l-cell- 
 ed, 2-valved: seeds few, imbricated, oval, with a tnembranaceoua margin. 41. 
 46— (pyramid flower.) <S. 
 
 Southern. 
 Lycium. Corol tubular, having the throat closed by the beards of the fila- 
 ments : stamens often .5 : berry 2-celied, many-seeded. 28. 41 — (matrimony.) 
 Centunculus. Calyx 4-cleft : corol 4-lobed, tubular, permanent, border 
 spreading : stamens short, naked : capsuie 1-celled, dividing into 2 hemis- 
 pheres, many-seeded. 20. 34. 
 
 Callicarpa. Calyx 4-cleft : corol tubular, border 4-cleft : stamens exsert : 
 berry 4-seeded. 46. 72. 
 
 Centaurella. Calyx 4-parted, close-pressed: corol somewhat bell-forra , 
 4-parted; segments sub-erec! : stigma thick, glandulous, sub-bifid : capsule 1- 
 f-elled, 2-valved, many-seeded, surrounded by the permanent calyx and corol. 
 47. 46. 
 
 (A-petalled. ) 
 Ammankia. Calyx bell-tubular, plaited, 8-toothed : petals 4, or none, ou 
 the calyx: capsule 4-celled, many-seeded — (sometimes 2-celled and 8-3tamea- 
 ed.) i7."91— (tooth cup.) ^. J. .. „ 
 
 Ptelea. Calyx 4-parted : petals 4, spreadmg : stigmas 2 : samare com- 
 pressed, orbicular, 2-celled, 2-seeded. 43. 94- <Sf. 
 
 Southern. 
 Kramerta. Calyx none : corol 4 or 5-petalled : nectary 4-leaved, 2-forft)- 
 ed : anthers perforated : drupe prickly. 33. 93. 
 
 f Apetalous. ) 
 Rivina. Calyx 4-parted, permanent : berry 1-seeded ; seeds lenti-form, 
 "scabrous : stamens 8, 4, 12. 12. 29. ,. , , ,, 
 
 Alchemilea. Calyx 8-cleft ; segments spreadmg, alternately smaller : 
 style lateral from the base of the germ : fruit surrounded by the calyx. 35. 
 92— (lady's mantle.) ^ , , , j- • 
 
 IcTODES. SymplocarPus. Pothos. General calyx a spathe ; spadix sim- 
 ple covered with flowers : perianth corol-like, deeply 4-parted, permanent, be- 
 corning thick and spongy : style pyramid-form, 4-sided ; stigma simple, minute: 
 berries globose, 2-seeded, inclosed in the tpongy spadix-receptacle. 2. 7— 
 (skunk -cabbage.) 
 
 Southerti. 
 CA3IPH0R0SMA. Calyx pitcher-form, 4-parted, segments alternately larger ; 
 •stamens exsert : style 2-cleft : capsule 1-seeded, covered by the calyx. 12. 
 
 29. 
 
 * Convallaria, Cardamine, Prinos, Calymenia. 
 
 Order II. Digynia. 
 
 Hami^MELIs. Involucre 3-leaved : perianth 4-leaved or 4-cleft: petals 4, 
 very long, linear: nut 2-celled, 2-horned. 54. 78— (witch hazel.) flowers 
 m autumn, and perfects its seed the following epring. S. 
 
CLASS V, ORDEB I. 25 
 
 Southern, 
 XphasE?. Calyx 8-cleft, alternate segments minute : petals none : stanrifens 
 minute : styles 2 : seeds 2, covered by the converging CQlyx, one of them oftai 
 hbortive. Stamens 1, 2, and 4. 
 
 * Sanguisorba, Cuscuta, Swertia, Oldenlandia, Gentiana. 
 
 Order IV. Tetragynia. 
 
 Ilex. Calyx minute, 4 or 5-toothed : corol 4-parted, wheel-form : style . 
 $<igmas 4 : berry 4-celled, cells 1 -seeded. 43. 95 — (holly.) 
 
 Sagina. Calyx 4-leaved : petals 4, often caducous ; capsules 4-celled, 4 
 valved, many-seeded. 22. 82 — (pearl wort.) S. 
 
 TiLLAEA. Calyx 3 or 4-parted : petals 3 or 4, equal : capsules 3 or 4, two_ 
 or many-seeded. Sometimes there are 4 btirren stamens. 13. 83 — (pigmy- 
 weed.) 
 
 PoTAMOGETOy. Calyx (or green corol) 4-leaved: petals : style : an- 
 ihers sessile, alternating with the divisions: nuts 4, 1-seeded, sessile: seed? 
 -I. 15. 13 — (pond-weed.) S. 
 
 KuppiA. Calyx 0: corol : seeds 4, pedicelled. 15. 18. 
 
 Souiherri. 
 Myginda. Calyx small, 4-parted ; corol 4-petalIed or deeply 4-parted 
 «tigmas2or4: drupe globose, 1-seeded. 43. 95. 
 
 CLASS V. PEiNTANDRIA. 
 Order I. Monogynia. 
 
 A. Fiouret's \-petalledy inferior ; seeds naked in the bottom of the calyx. 
 Rough-leaved plants. 
 
 PuLMONARiA. Calyx prismatic, 5-angled : corol funnel-form, with an open 
 throat : stigma emarginate : seeds roundish, obtuse, not perforated at the base. 
 41. 42— (lung- wort.) <S^. 
 
 LiTHOSPERMUM. Calyx 5-parted. with acute keeled divisions : corol funnel- 
 form, with an open throat, border 5-lobed : stigma 2-cleft : seeds ovate, point- 
 ed, stony, not perforated : stamens and pistils inclosed in the tube of the corol. 
 41. 42 — (stone-seed or gromwell.) S. 
 
 Onosmodium. Purshia. Calyx deeply 5-parted, segments linear : coroi 
 oblong, somewhat bell-form, with the acute divisions converging, the upper 
 part of the corol being ventricose and half 5-cleft, throat open ; anthers sessile, 
 enclosed: styles exsert, seeds not perforated at the base. (Spikes revolute. } 
 41. 42 — (false gromwell.) S. 
 
 EcHiUM. Calyx 5-parted, segments subulate, erect : corol bell-form, ob- 
 liquely and unequally 5-lobed, tube short, throat naked : stigma cleft : seeds 
 (ubercled, not perfcyated at the base. 41. 42 — (viper's bugloss.) 
 
 Myosotis. Calyx half 5-cleft or 5-cleft : corol salver-form, curved, S-cIeff, 
 vaulted, the lobes slightly emarginate ; throat closed with 5 convex converging 
 scales: seeds smooth or echinate. 41. 42 — (scorpion-grass.) >S\ 
 
 Lycopsis. Calyx 5-cleft : corol funnel-form; throat closed with ovate con- 
 verging scales : seeds perforated at the base. 41. 42. 
 
 Batschia. Calyx about 5-cleft : corol salver-form, with ai strait tube longer 
 than the calyx ; having a bearded ring within at the base ; throat naked, or 
 partly closed, with rounded divisionb : seeds hard and shining. 41. 42 — (false 
 frugloss.) S. 
 
 Cynoglossum. Calyx 5-parted: corol short, funnel-form, vaulted ; throat 
 closed by 5 converging convex processes : seeds depressed, affixed laterally to 
 the style. 41. 42 — (hound-tongue.) iS^. 
 
 RocHELlA. Calyx 5-parted : corol salver-form, throat closed with converg- 
 inS scales : yeeds pricklv, compressed, affixed laterally to the stvle. 41. 42. 
 
 3 
 
26 GLASS V. ORDEE I, 
 
 Exotic. 
 
 BoRAGO. Corol wheel-form, the throat closed with rays. 41. 42—- 
 (borage. ) 
 
 Anchusa. Calyx 5-parted : corol funnel-form, vaulted ; throat closed •. 
 
 seeds marked at the base, and their hurface generally ftined. 41. 42 (buff- 
 
 loss.) ° 
 
 SymphitUxM. Limb, or upper part of the corol, tubular-swelling ; the throat 
 closed with subulate rays. 41. 42 — (comfrey.) 
 
 Southern. 
 Heliotropium. Calyx tubular, 5-toothed : corol salver-form, 5-cleft, with 
 teeth or folds between the divisions ; throat open. (Spikes recurved, involute \ 
 41. 42--(turnsol.) r ^ i , .; 
 
 B. Floicers 1-petalledf inferior ; seeds covered. 
 (Capsule ^ -celled. J 
 
 Anagallis. Caljx 5-parted : corol wheel-form, deeply 5-Iobed : capsule 
 opening transversely, globose, many-seeded : stamens hairy. 20. 34 — (scar* 
 let pimpernel.) S. 
 
 Lysimachia. Calyx 5-cleft : corol wheel-form, 5-cleft : capsule 1-celled- 
 globular, 5 or 10-valved, mucronate : sfit ma obtuse, (in some species the fila- 
 ments are united at the base. ) 20. 34 — (loose-strife.) S. 
 
 Primula. Umbellets involucred : caiyx tubular, 5-toothed : corol salver- 
 form, 5-lobed ; tube cylindric ; throat open; divisions of corol emarginate : cap- 
 sule 1-celled with a 10-cleft mouth : stigma globular. 21. 34— (primrose 
 cowslip.) 
 
 DoDECATHEON. CaljTt 6-cleft : corol wheel-form, 5-parted, reflexed : cap- 
 sule oblong, 1-celled, opening at the apex : stamens on the inside of the tube 
 short; anthers converging : stigma obtuse. 20. 34 — (false-cowslip.) 
 
 Menyanthes. Calyx 5-parted : corol hairy, funnel-form, 5-lobed, equal 
 and spreading : capsule ovate, 1-celled, 2-valved, with the seeds attached to 
 the valves : stigma 2-cleft, capitate. 47. 46 — (buck bean.) 
 
 ViLLARSiA. Capsule 1-celled, 1 or 2-valved, many seeded : corol wheel- 
 form, 5-lobed; divisions bearded at the base ; margin inflexed, having 5 glan- 
 dular nectaries, alternating with the stamens : stigma 2-lobed. 47. 46 — (spur- 
 stem, heart water-shield.) S. 
 
 HoTTOMA. Calyx 5-parted : corol salver-forra, 6-lobed : stamens on the 
 tube of the corol : stigma globular : capsule 1-celled, globose, acuminate. 21. 
 34-«( feather-leaf.) S. 
 
 Samolus. Calyx 5-cleft, half superior, permanent : corol salver-form, 5- 
 lobed, with 5 intermediate scales fencing up the stamens between them : cap- 
 sule 1 celled, 5-toothed, many-seeded. 21. 34 — (brookweed.) (S. 
 
 Sabbatia. Calyx 5 to 12-parted : corol wheel-form, 5 to 12-parted : stig- 
 mas 2, spiral or coiled : anthers becoming revolute : capsule 2-valved, many- 
 seeded. 47. 46 — (centaury.) S. - 
 
 Hydrophvllum. Calvx 5-parted : corol bell-form, 5-%left, with 5 margin- 
 ed, longitudinal, honey-bearing grooves inside : capsule globose, 2-valved : sta- 
 mens exsert; filaments bearded in the middle : stigma 2-cleft. 41. 42 — (water- 
 leaf, burr-flower. ) (S. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 Ellisia. Calyx deeply 5-parted : corol smaller, funnel -form, 5-cleft, naked 
 within : stamens not exsert , filaments smooth ; anthers roundish : stigma 2- 
 cleft : capsule 2-celled, 2-valved, 2-seeded ; seeds punctate. Capsule on the 
 spreading ca'yx. 41. 42. 
 
 Androsace. Flowers in an involucred umbel : calyx 5-cleft, permanent : 
 corol salver-form, 5-lobed, tube ovate, orifices glandular : capsule 1-celled, 
 globe-ovate, 5-valved, many-seeded. 20. 34. 
 
 ( Capsule 2-celled — rarely Z-celled. ) 
 
 Phaceua. Calyx 5-parted : corol somewhat bell-form, 3-cIcft, with 5 mar- 
 
 ,.j 
 
CLASS V, ORDER I. 27 
 
 giucd, longitudinal, honey-bearing- grooves inside : styles filiform; stigmas 2: 
 :itamens exsert : capsule 2-celled, 2-valved, 4-seeded; with partitions attached 
 to the middle of the valves. 28.41. S. 
 
 Spigelia. Cal » X 5-parted : corol funnel-form : border equally 5-cleft : an- 
 thers converging : capsule twinned, 2-celled, 4 valved, many seeded. 47. 46. S. 
 
 Verbascum. Calyx 5-par'ed : corol wheel-form, 5-lobed, somewhat irregu- 
 lar : stamens declined, haii-y : capsules 2-celled, 2-valved ; valves inflexed 
 when ripened, many-jeeded. 28. 41 — (mullein.) jS'. 
 
 NicoTiANA. Calyx urceolate, sub-tubular, 5-cleft : corol funnel-form, 5- 
 cleft, limb plaited : stigma notched, capitate: stamens inclined: capsules 2- 
 celled, 2 to 4-valved. 28. 41 — (tobacco.) 
 
 Hyoscyamus. Calyx tubular, 5-cleft : corol funnel-form, 5-lobed, obtuse, 
 irregular: stamens inclined : capsule 2-celled, covered with a lid. 28. 41 — 
 (henbane.) 
 
 Convolvulus. Calyx 5-parted, with or without 2 bracts : corol funnel-form, 
 plaited : stigma 2-cleft or double : cells of the capsule 2 or 3 ; each 1 or 2- 
 seeded. 291 43— (bind-weed.) iS. 
 
 IpoM^A. Calyx 5-clef(, naked : corol funnel or bell-form, with 5-folds ; 
 stigma globe-headed, papillose : capsule 2 or S-celled, many-seeded. 29. 43 
 — (cypress vine, morning glory.) S. 
 
 Sotcthern. 
 
 OpHiORHiZA. Calyx 5-cleft : corol 5-cleft, funnel-form : germ 2-cleft: 
 •ftigmas 2 : capsule mitre-form, 2-lobed, 2-celled, many- seeded. 47. 46. 
 
 BuMELiA. Calyx 5-parted • corol salver-form, deeply 5-parted : nectary 
 {inner corol) 5-leaved : drupel-seeded. 43. 48. 
 
 LisiAXTHUS. Corol tubular, ventricose ; divisions recurved : calyx bell-form, 
 keeled: stigma in a 2-lobed head: capsule 2-- elled, 2-furrowed, 2-valved: 
 seeds numerous, sub-imbricate, surrounded with a very small membranaceous 
 margin. 47. 46. 
 
 (Capsule 3 to S-celled.) 
 
 Phlox. Calyx prismatic, 5-cleft; segments converging : corol salver-form, 
 Wobed, with a tube somewhat curved : filaments unequal in length, attached 
 to the inside of the tube of the corol : stigmas 3-cleft : cells 1-seeded, seeds ob- 
 long, concave. 20. 44 — (lichnedia.) S. 
 
 PoLEMOXiUM. Calyx bell-form, half 5-cleft : corol bell-wheel-form, 4 or 
 5-lobed, erect : stamens bearded at the base, on 5 valves, closing the bottom ot 
 die lube : stigma 3-cleft, capsule roundish, 3-celled, many-seeded ; valves 
 membrano-crustaceous : seeds oblong, sub-triangular. 29. 44 — (Greek vale- 
 rian, false Jacolj's ladder.) (S. 
 
 DiAPEXSiA. Caljx dee^ ]y 5-parted, at the base, imbricated with 3 leafets : 
 corol salver-form ; limb flat, 5-cIeft : stamens compressed, crowning the tube 
 of the corol: stigmas 3 : capsule 3-celled, 3-valved, many-seeded. 21. 43 — 
 (mountain box.) S. 
 
 Datura. Calyx tubular, angled, caducous, with a permanent orbicular 
 base : corol funnei-form, plaited : capsule 4-valved, 2-celled, and each cell half 
 divided; generally thorny. 28. 41 — (thorn-apple.) *S. 
 
 Azalea. Ca!}x 5-parted: corol tubular, half 5-cleft, somewhat oblique ; 
 stamens on the receptacle, declined; stigma declined, obtuse, usually ending 
 with 5 short papiilte : capsule 5-celled, 5-valved, opening at the top. 18. 50 
 — (wild honeysuckle.) S. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 IpoMERiA. Calyx somewhat bell-form, membranaceous at the base, 3-cleft ; 
 corol funnel-form, 5-lobed, entire : stamens unequal, exsert : stigma 3-cleft : 
 capsule 3-sided, 3-celled, 3-valved, many-seeded ; seeds angular, in 2 rows. 
 29. 43. 
 
 CoLLOML\. Calyx wineglass-form, lari^e, 5-cleft, acute : corol funnel-form 
 with 5 short oval-oblong lobes ; tube straight, long, slender : capsule 3-corner- 
 
^ CLASS V. ORDER I. 
 
 ed, 3-celle(J, 3 -seeded, and 8 obcordate valves ; Bced oblong, angular, mlh' » 
 muciolaginous covering. 29. 44. 
 
 Ca5TUa. CalyxS to 5-cleft : corol funnel-form : stigma 3-cleft : capsule su- 
 perior, 3-celled, 3-valved, many.secded; seeds winged. 29.44. 
 
 (Seed in a berry.) 
 
 PhTS.vlis. Calyx 5-tootbed : coroi bell or wheel-form ; tube with 5 concave 
 impressions : anthers converging : berries 2celled, contained in an inflated ca- 
 I jx : seeds numerous. 28.41 — (winter cherrj'.) S. 
 
 SoLASUM. Calyx 5 to 10-parted, permanent : corol bell or wheel-form, 5- 
 lobed, plailf-d : anthers thickened, partly united, with two pores at the top : 
 berry containing many seeds, 2 to 6-celled. 28. 41 — (potatoe, nightshade, bit- 
 ter-sweet.) S. 
 
 Exotic. 
 
 Atropa. Corol bell-form • stamens distant : berry globular, 2-celled, sit- 
 ting on the calyx. 28 41 — (deadly nightshade.) 
 
 Capsicum. Corol wheel-form : berry juiceless, inflated : anthers converg- 
 ing : calyx angular. 28. 41-r-(red pepper.) 
 
 Southern. 
 Androcera. (Solanum.) Calyx inflated, 5-cleft, caducous : corol sub-rin- 
 gent, wheel-form, 5-cIeft : stamens unconnected, unequal, declined, one larger 
 and horn-form; anther with 2 terminal pores : style simple, declined ; stigma 
 not distinct : berry dry; seed without margins, rugose. 28. 41. 
 
 C. Floicers l-petalled, superior. 
 
 (Seeds in a capsule.) 
 
 Campaxcla. Calyx mostly 5-cleft : corol bell-form, closed at the bottom by 
 valves bearing the flattened stamens : stigma 3 to 5-cleft ; capsules 3 to ScelU 
 ed, opening by lateral pores 29.52 — (bell-flower.) S. 
 
 Lobelia. Calyx 5-cleft : corol irregular, often irregularly slitted : anthers- 
 cohering, and somewhat curved : stigma 2-lobed : capsule 2 or 3-celled. 29- 
 52 — (cardinal flower, wild tobacco.) <Si. 
 
 DiERViLLA. Calyx oblong, 5-cleft, with 2 bracts: corol S-cleft, twice ai 
 long as the calyx, funnel -lorm: border 5-cleft, spreading : stigma capitate : 
 capsule oblong, 4-cellcd, naked, many-seeded. 48. 58— (bush honeysuckle.) <S^ 
 
 Sovihem. 
 
 PiycKNEYA. Calyx 5-parted, 1 or 2 of the divisions large, bract-like : corol 
 long, tubular ; border recurved ; stamens exsert : capsule roundish, 2 or 4- 
 valved with contrary partitions: seed winged. 47.57. 
 
 Chiococca. Calyx 5-toothed : corol funnel-form, equal : berry compress- 
 ed, twinned, 2-seeded : seed oblong, compressed. 47. 57. 
 (Seeds in a berry.) 
 
 LoxiCER.^. Capifoliu.m. Calyx 5-toothed : corol tubular, long, 5-cleft, 
 unequal : stamens exsert : stigmas globose : berry 2 or 3-celled, distmct; seeds 
 many. 48. 58 — (trumpet honevsuckle.) iS. 
 
 Xylosteum. Cal vx 5-tootbed, with 2 connate bracts . corol tubular ; border 
 5-parted, nearly equal : berries in pairs, united at their bases, or combined in 
 one; 2-celled. 48. 58— (fly honeysuckle, twin-berry.) 
 
 Symphoria. Calyx small, 4-toothed, 2-bracted at the base : corol tubular, 
 short, 5-clefi, sub- equal : stigma globose; berry ovate, small, crowned with 
 the permanent calyx, 4-celled, 4 seeded ; (sometimes two of ihe cells are 
 abortive.) 48. 58— S. , . , r .,. ,. 
 
 Triosteum. Calyx permanent, of the length of the corol, 5-cleft, with linear 
 divisions: corol tubular, 5-lobed, sub-equal, gibbous at the base; stigma capi- 
 tate, 8ub-5-lobed : berrj- 3-celled, 3-seeded. 48. 53— (feverwort, horse gm 
 
 seng.) S. 
 
 Exotic. 
 Mra\B iT.Tg. Corol fuonel-forrn, coarctate (compresed or narrowed) below, 
 
CLASS V, ORDER I. 29 
 
 calyx inferior : germ between the calyx and corol : stigma globular. 54. 32 
 
 (tour o'clock.) 
 
 D. Flowers 5'peialledf inferior. 
 
 (Seed in a capsule.) 
 
 Ttea. Calyx 5-cleft, minutf;, bearing: the 4 long linear reflexed petals ; stjo - 
 ma capitate, 2-iobed : capsule 2-celled, 2-valved. many-seeded; the valves 
 bearing the seeds, and having intlexed margins. 18. 30, jS'. 
 
 Impatiens, Calyx 2-leaved, deciduous: corol irregular, spurred: anthers 
 cohering at the top : capsule 5-valved, bursting elasticaily when ripe. 24. 73 — 
 (lonch-me-not, jewel weed.) S. 
 
 Viola. Calyx 5-leaved or deeply 5-cleft : corol irregular, with a horn be- 
 hind ; (sometimes the horn is wanting or a mere prominence) anthers attached 
 by a membranous tip, or slightly cohering : capsule 1-ceiled, 3-valved. 29. 80 
 • — (violet.) S. 
 
 Cl.AYTo.NLV. Calyx 2-leaved or 2-parted, the leaves valve like : corol "3- 
 petalled, emarginale : stigma 3-cleft : capsule 1-celled, 3-valved, 3 to 5-seeded. 
 13. 8t> — (spring beauty.) S. 
 
 Ceanothus. Petals scale-like, vaulted ; claws long, standing in the 5-cleft, 
 cup-form calyx ; stigma 3 ; berry or capsule dry, 3-graine i, 3-celled, 3-seeded, 
 3-parted, opening on the inner side. 43. 96 — (New- Jersey tea.) <S. 
 
 Elonymi s. Calyx 5-parted or o-cle^t, flat : corol flat, inserted on the outer 
 margin of a glandular disk: capsule 5-angled, 3-celled, 5-valved, coloured ; 
 cells 2-lobed : seeds calyptred or ai illed. 43. 95 — (spindle tree.) S. 
 
 Cei.astrus. Calyx 5-lobed, Hat : corol spreading : capsule, obtusely 3-an- 
 gled, 3-celled, berry-like; valve? bearing the partitions on their centres; cells 
 1 or 2-seeded : stamens standing around a glandular 5-toothed disk : style 
 thick: stigma 3-cleft: seeds calyptred or arilled. 43. 95 — (stall" tree, false 
 bittersweet.) 
 
 Exotic. 
 GoMPHREN'A. Calyx 5-Ieaved, coloured; exterior one 3-leaved; 2 leafets 
 converging, keeled: petals 5, villose, (or rather no corol ;) nectary cylindric, 
 5-toothed : capsule opening transversely, 1-seeded : style aemi-bifid, 55. 30 
 — (bachelor's buttons.) 
 
 Souihern. 
 
 CvRiLLA. Calyx minute, sub-turbinate, 5-parted : petals 5, stellate : stig- 
 mas 2 or 3 ; capsule 2-celled, "^-seeded, not opening : seed ovate, attached to 
 the summit of a columella by a nlameat. 40. 41. 
 
 Galas. Erythrorhiza. Sulandra. Calyx 5-parted, permanent : corol 
 twice as long as the calyx, 3-petalled, athxed to the base of the stamens ; anther- 
 bearing tube 10-cleft, the 5 shorter segments bearing the anthers : stigma 3- 
 iobed : capsule 3-celled, 3-valved ; seeds many, affixed to the columella. 23. 40. 
 
 ZiZYPHUS. Calyx 5-clet't: petals 5, resembling scales, inserted into the 
 glandular disk of the calyx: styles 2: drupe 2-ceiled, 1 or 2-seeded ; one cell 
 often empty. 43. 95. 
 
 loMDiUM. loxiA. (from Viola.) Calyx 5-leaved, with bases extended ; 
 corol somewhat 2-Jipped, not spui-jed : stig-ma simple ; capsule 1-celIed, 3- 
 valved; seeds on the middle valve. 29. 80. 
 
 (Seed ill a berry.) 
 
 RhammjS. Calyx cup-form, 4 or 5-cleft : corol consists of scales fencing ia 
 or opposite to, the stamens, and inserted on the calyx, (sometimes wanting:") 
 stigma 2 or 4-cleft ; berry 3 or 4-seeded, (sometimes polygamous or dioecious.) 
 43. 95— (buckthorn, dwarf alder.) S. 
 
 ViTis. Calyx 5-toothed, minute : petals cohering at the tip, heod-like, with- 
 ering: style 0: stigma obtuse, capitate : berry 5-seeded, globular, often di(E« 
 cious ; seeds sub-coi-date. 46. 72 — (grape vine.) S. 
 
 Ampklopsis. Cissos. Calyx minute, 4 or 5-toothed : petals reflexed, 
 spreading, 4 or 5, unconnected above, calyx-like, caducous : germs surrounded 
 
 3* 
 
30 CiASS V. ORDER 11. 
 
 with a glandular disk: h^rry 2-celIed, 2 to 4-seeded. 46. 72— (false grape, 
 creeper.) S. 
 
 E. Flowers S'petalhd^ superior. 
 
 RiBES. Calyx bell-form, 5-cleft, (sometimes fiat :) corol and stamens in- 
 serted on the calyx ; style 2-cleft : berry many-seeded. 36. 85 — (current, 
 gooseberry.) jS. • 
 
 Exotic. 
 
 Hedera. Petals oblong : berry 5-seeded, surrounded by tiie calyx : style 
 simple. 46. 58 — (European ivy.) 
 
 F. Corals wanting. 
 
 Thesium. Comandiu. Calyx superior, half 5-cleft, with petal-like edging 
 attached to its margin : anthers adhering to the edging by means of filamentou? 
 tufts: nut or capsule l-seeded, covered with the permanent calyx. 31. 24 — 
 (false toad-flax.) -S. 
 
 QuERiA. Paronychia. Akychia. Calyx 5-leaved or 5-parted, segment? 
 oblong, inferior, converging, tough, bag-like at the tip : capsule 1-celled : seed 
 1 : stigmas sub-capitate : the capsule is bladder-like, and the seed somewhat 
 reniform. Filaments 3 to 5. 22. 82 — (fork chickweed.) <S'. 
 
 Glaux. Calyx inferior, bell-form, 5-lobed, coloured : capsule globose, acu- 
 minate, 1-celled, 5-valved, 5-seeded, surrounded by the calyx : receptacle round- 
 ed and punctured. 17. 91 — (sea milkwort.) 
 * Queria, Prinos, Polygonum. 
 
 Order II. Digynia. 
 
 A. Corol l-petalledj inferior. 
 [Plants with follicles are removed to class gynaudria, order pentagynia.J 
 
 Gentiana. Calyx 4 or 5-cleft : corol with a tubular base, bell-form, without 
 pores, 4 or 5-cleft : stigmas 2, sub-sessile : capsule 1-celled, oblong : cohmiellas 
 ii, longitudinal: stamens but 4, when the aivisions of corol are 4. 47. 46— 
 (gentian.) 
 
 CuscuTA. Calyx 4 or 5-c.'eft : corol 4 or 5-cleft, sub-campanolate, withering : 
 capsule 2-celled, dividing transversely at the baise; seeds binaie. 29. 43 — (dod- 
 der.) 
 
 Sotithern. 
 
 Gelsemin'CM. Calyx 5-leaved, very small : corol funnel-form, border spread- 
 ing, 5-lobed, nearly equal : caosule compressed, flat, 2-partible, 2-celled : seeds 
 flat, attached to the margins of the valves. 40. 45. 
 
 Hydrolea. Calyx 5-parted : corol wheel-form or bell-form : anthers cor- 
 date, and their filament? cordate at the base : s-tyles long, diverging : 'stigmas 
 head-peltate : capsule 2-celIed, 2-valved. 29. 43. 
 
 DicHONDRA. Calyx 5-parted ; segTnenb« spatulate : corol short, bell-form, 
 5-parted: stigma head-peltate: capsule sub-compressed, twinned, 2-celled, 1- 
 sceded : seeds globose. 29. 43. 
 
 EvoLVULus. Calyx 5-parted, corol bcU-wheel-forra, with sub-emarginate 
 lobes : styles 2, deeply 2-cleft, with divergino: capillary divisions : stigma sim* 
 pie: capsule 2-celled, 4-valved, 2 to 4-seeded. 29. 43. 
 
 B. Corol S^etalled. 
 
 Hecchera. Calyx inferior, 5-cleft : corol on the calyx : petals small : cap- 
 6Ble 2-beaked, 2-celled, many-seeded. 13. 84 — (alum root.) <S. 
 
 Paj<ax. Polygamous. Umbelled. Involucre many-leaved : calyx 5-tooth- 
 ed in the perfect flower, superior : berry heart-form, 2 or 3-seeded : calyx, iu 
 the stanainate flower, entire. 46. 59 — (ginseng.) 
 
 C. Corol tcanting. 
 
 Atriplkx. Polygamouf. Calyx 5-leaved, or 5-parted, inferior; «tyle 2- 
 parted : seed 1, vertical ; fruit depressed. Pistillate flowert are iatermlxcd, in 
 ii-hirh the calyx is 2-le&Tei or 2-parted. 12, 28— (orach.) S, 
 
CLASS V. ORDER II. ^1 
 
 Che:n0P0DIC3I. Calyx 5-parted, obtusely 5-angled, inferior: slyle deeplv 
 li-cleft : seed 1, lens-like, horizontal, invested by the calyx. 10. 29 — (pigweed, 
 oak of Jerusalem.) S. 
 
 Salsola. Calyx 5-parted, with a capsular base : style 2-cleft: capsule 1- 
 celkd, with a spiral seed. The capsule is formed of the permanent calyx. 12. 
 29— (saliwort.) jS. 
 
 Ulmus. Calyx bell-form, withering; border 4 or 5-cleft: seed 1, enclosed 
 in a flat membranaceous samara. (Stamens vary from 4 to 8.) 63. 99 — 
 (elm.) S. 
 
 Celtis. Polygamous. Perfect flowers have the calyx 5-par(ed : styles thick- 
 fsh, spreading : drupe 1 -seeded: staminate flowers beneath the perfect ones, 
 with 6-partv'i calyxes : stamens often 6. 53.99 — (nettle-tree.) S. 
 
 Exotic. 
 Beta. Calyx 5-leaved : seed kidney-form within the fleshy substance of the 
 l»ase of the calyx. 12. 29— (beet.) 
 
 Southern. 
 
 KocHiA. Calyx inferior, bell-form, 5-cleft, forming a permanent band 
 around the fruit, somewhat resembling 5 petals : corol none: styles short, stig- 
 mas 2 or 5, long, simple : seed incurved. 12. 29. 
 
 PlaNERA. Polygamous. Calyx membranaceous, sub-campanulate, 4 or 5- 
 cleft : cor /i none: stigmas 2, oblong, glandular, recurved : capsule (nut) sub- 
 5;lobose, membranaceous, 1-celled, not opening, smooth or scaly, 1-sceded, noi 
 winged. 53. 99. 
 
 D. Plants umhelliferous ; Jloivers 5-petalled, superior ; seeds 2. 
 
 (Seeds prickly or hispid.) 
 
 Savicula. Seeds hispid with hooked prickles : calyx 5-parted, permanent '. 
 nnjbel sub-simple, capitate : involucre few-flowered. 45.60 — (sanicle.) S. 
 
 Dai^cus. Seeds striate on their joining sides ; outer sides convex, having his- 
 pid ribs: involucre pinnatifid : flowers sub-radiated, abortive in the disk. 45. 
 Bo — (carrot.) S. 
 
 Ubaspermum. Scandix. Mvrrhis. Chakrophtllcm.* Seeds sub-li- 
 near, solid, acute-angled, not striate ; ribs 5, acute; angles a little furroi¥ed, 
 hispid ; the joining sides furrowed, and attached to a 2-cleft columella-like re- 
 ceptacle : style subulate, permanent, rendering the seed caudate : involucre 
 none or few-leaved. Fruit stiped, oblanceolate, polished, part of it hispid. 45. 
 GO — (sweet cicely.) S. 
 
 Erykgium. Fruit oval-oblong, with chaflf-like scales, often hispid : calyx 5- 
 parted, permanent : petals oblong, inflexed at the apex and adnate at the base ; 
 flowers sessile, capitate, intermixed with chafl" : involucre many-leaved, sub- 
 spinous. 45. 60 — (sea holly.) S. 
 
 (Seeds with wing-like ribs.) 
 
 Heracleum. Seeds with winged margins and 3 ribs on the back, obtuse:;' 
 Snd 3 grooi^es on their outer sides, with the intervals dotted half way down • 
 joining sides flat, with 2 dots ; germ oval, emarginate at the apex : petals emar- 
 jinate, inflexed : general involucre none, partial involuci'e 3 to 7-leaved : flow- 
 ers somewhat radiated. 45. 60 — (cow-parsley.) 
 
 Anqblica. Seeds with 3 ribs on their backs, and winged margins ; inter- 
 vals between the ribs grooved : germ oval, corticate : general involucre none. 
 S>. 60— (angelica.) S. 
 
 Cmidium. Selinum. - Seed ovate, solid ; ribs 5, acute, somewhat winged ; 
 intervals furrowed, striate : general involucre wanting ; partial, 1-leaved t>r 
 none. 45.60. S. 
 
 • The sweet cicely is still an undefined plant BijeloiT has alujost settled jis 
 ^laiEtcter— aU others have obscured it. 
 
3^ CLASS V. OHDER II. 
 
 Pa.stijtaca. Seeds emarginate at the apex, somewhat winged; ribs 3 besides 
 'the wings; iitervals striate ; joining sides S-striate : germ oral, compressed : 
 perianth-calyx entire : petals entire, incurved, sub-equal : involucre ixoae. 43. 
 tiO — (i ari^nip.) 
 
 Thapsia. Fruit narrow, slightly compressed, scarcely ribbed ; wings 2, 
 dorsal, marginal : involucre none. 45. 60. 9 
 
 Exotic. 
 AxKTHEUM. Seeds flat or convex, 5-ribbed : germ lenticular, compressed . 
 calyx and petals entire : involucres nonf. 43. 60 — (fennel, dill.) 
 
 Southern. 
 Peucedanum. Calyx minute, 5-(oothed : petals oblong, incurved, equal . 
 fruit oval, compressed, surrounded with a winged margin, having 5 striae on 
 each seeH, and elevated intervals, joining sides flat. 45. 60 — (sulphur wort.) 
 
 Ferula. Calyx mmute, entire: petals oblong, sub-equal: fruit sub-oval, 
 compressed, flat, wing-margined : seeds with 3 dorsal lines ; intervals and join- 
 ing sides striate : general involucre caducous, partial ones many-leaved. 45. 
 160. 
 
 (Seeds with 3 ribs, nearly equal.) 
 
 Hydro COTYLF.. Crantzia. Erigema. Seeds 3-ribbed, fiat; dorsal rib 
 sometimes obsolete : joining sides flat, linear: germ sub-orbicular or reniform, 
 compressed laterally ; styles short . stigmas capitate : perianth none : petals en- 
 tire, spreading: involucres various 45.60 — (pennywort.) <S'. 
 
 Smvr.vium. Seeds convex-gibbous, marked with 3 angular elevations : germ 
 roundish-ovate and solid, somewhat compressed laterally : perianth obsolete : 
 petal? acuminate, incurved: involucre wanting or few-leaved. 45.60 — (alex- 
 anders.) S. 
 
 Oi NAN'THE. Seeds 3-rlbbed, (rarely 5-ribbed :) styles permanent: geroi 
 oblong-ovate, corticate, solid ; apex denticulate : perianth slenderly 5-toothed : 
 petals of the disk florets of the umbel cordate-infli^xed, sub-equal; those of the 
 ray-florets large and deformed : general involucre mostly wanting. 45.60 — 
 (water dropwort.) "•' 
 
 Exotic. 
 
 Carcm. Seeds oblong-ovate, striate : petals carinate, emarginate, inflexed 
 involucre about 1-leaved. 45. 60 — (caraway. ) 
 
 (Seeds uiCh 5 ribs, nearly equal.) 
 
 CoMUM. Seeds 5-ribbed : ribs at first crenate with flat intervals between 
 ibem : germ ovate, gibbous ; perianth entire : petals unequal, cordate, inllex- 
 <cl : general involucre about 3 to 5-leaved ; partial ones mostly 3-leared, uni- 
 lateral. 45. 60 — (poi.>on hemlock.) 
 
 SiUM. Seeds ovate, gibbous-convex, 5-ribbed, with 4 intervening grooves : 
 germ oblotig-ovate, glabrous, compressed laterally : perianth obsolete : petals 
 cordate, iniiexed ; mvolucres many-leaved, entire. 45. 60 — (water parsnip.) 
 
 ;s'. 
 
 CicuTA. Seeds gibbous-convex : ribs 5, obtuse, converging, with mterven- 
 ing tuberculate grooves and prominences ; joining sides flat : germ sub- globose, 
 corticate, compressed laterally ; calyx obsolete, 5-loothed : petals cordate-in- 
 flexcd ; partial involucres 5 or 6-leaved, or wanting. 45. 60 — (water hem- 
 lock.) /S. 
 
 SisoN. Ammi. Seeds 5 ribbed, ovate, solid ; intervals convex ; sides con- 
 tracted : general involucre wanting, and sometinies the partial also. 45. 60 — 
 (bishop weed.) S. 
 
 LiGCSTicuM. Seeds with 5 acute ribs and 4 intervening grooves : germ ob- 
 long, corticate : general and partial involucres many-leaved. 45. 60— (loT- 
 age.) S. 
 
 Exotic. 
 
 Apium. Seeds convex externally ; ribs 5, small, a little prominent : germ 
 sub-globose : perianth entire : petals equal, roundish, ioflexed at the ap€X j 
 involucre 1 to 3-leaved or wantiog. 45. *K>— (celery, pareie/.} 
 
GLASS V. ORDER V. 88 
 
 CoRiANDRilM. Seeds sub-spherical : germ spherical : perianth 5-toolhc() . 
 }jetals cordate-inflexed, outer ones largest: iarolucre 1-ieaved, or wautiny. 
 45. 60 — (coriander.) 
 
 Sovtherri. 
 Aethusa. Fruit ovate, sub-solid, having bark ; ribs acute and turgid, inter- 
 vals acute-angled ; joining sides flat, striate : iavolucre 1-sided or none. 45.. 
 (JD — (fool's parsley.) 
 
 Seseli. Fruit lance-ovate, solid ; ribs somewhat obtuse ; intervals partly 
 grooved : general involucre none, partial ones manj-leaved. 45. 60— (meadow- 
 saxifrage. ) 
 
 Polygonum, Scleranthus, Salis. 
 
 Ordeb IIF. Trigynu. 
 A.^ Flowers superior. 
 
 Viburnum. Calyx 5-parted or 5-loothed, small : corol bell-form, 5-cleft, with 
 spreading or rcflexed lobes : stigmas almost sessile: berry or drupe 1-seeded. 
 A3. 58 — ^(snowball, sheep-berrv, high cranberry.) S. 
 
 Sambucus. Calyx 5-partea or 5-cleft, small : corol sub-urceolate, 5-cleft : 
 fltigma minute, sessile : berry globose, 1-celled, 3-seeded. 43. 58 — (eider.^ 
 
 ^- 
 
 B. Floicers inferior. 
 
 Rhus. Calyx 5-parted : petals S : berry 1-seeded, small, sub-globular. 43. 
 94 — (sumach, poison-ivy.) S. 
 
 Staphylea. Calyx 5-parted, coloured : petals 5 on the margin of a glan- 
 dular 5-angled disk : capsules inflated, connate ; nuts globular, having a cica- 
 trice, 1 or 2 remaining iu each capsule, though several appear as rudiments 
 ivhile in bloom. 23. 95 — (bladder cut.) S. 
 
 Sarothra. Calyx 5-parted : petals linear : capsule 1-celled, 3-valved, co- 
 loured. 20. 82^pin-weed.) S. 
 
 Southern. 
 TuRJTEBA. Calyx 5-cleft, funnel-form, often with bracts at the base : petals 
 5, with claws, inserted on the calyx : stigmas manv-cieft : capsule 1-celled, 3- 
 valved. 37. 79. 
 
 Lepuropetalon. Calyx 5-parted : petals 5, resembling scales, inserted, 
 jnto the caiyx : capsul e !rf t near the summit, 1-celled, 1-val vtd. 21. . 
 
 Order IV. Tetragtsia. 
 
 ParNASSIA. Calyx inferior, permanent, 5-parted : corol 5-peta11ed : necta- 
 j-ies 5 fringed, with stamt-n-like divis'ons ; globular tips : stigmas'ses>i'e : cap- 
 sule 4-valved, 1 or 2-celled ■ seed niC abranaceous-margined. 14. 64 — (par- 
 nassus grass, flowering plantain.) <S'. 
 
 Order V. Pentagtnia. 
 
 Aralia. Umbellets iuvolucred ; perianth 5-toothed, superior petals 5 ; 
 Stigmas sessile, sub-globose ; berry crowned, 5-ceUed ; cells l-seeded. 46. 50 
 »— (spikenard, wild sarsaparilla.) S. 
 
 )Statice. Calyx 1 -leaved, entire, plaited, scarious, inferior : corol 5-petal- 
 Jed : capsule l-seeded, valveless, covered with the permanent calyx. 48. 33— 
 (marsh rosemary.) S?. 
 
 LixuM. Calyx 5-leaved or 5-parted, permanent : corol 5-petalled, inferior, 
 with claws : capsule 5 or 10-valved, iO-celled : seeds solitary, ovate, compress- 
 ed : filaments spreading or united at the base. 14. 73 — (flax.) S. 
 
 SiBBALDlA. Calyx 10-cleft, with the alternating segments narrower : petals 
 5, inserted in the calyx : styles attached to the germ laterally : seeds 5, in tht; 
 bottom of the calyx. 35. 92. S. 
 ^ Spergula, Cerastionj, 
 
Si CLASS VI. OEDER I, 
 
 Order VI. Hesagtkia. 
 
 Drosera. Calyx inferior, deeply 5-cleft, permanent : petals 5, marcescent : 
 anthers adnafe : styles 6, or one deeply divided : capsule round, 1 or 3-celled, 
 jnany-seeded ; valves equalling- the number of stigmas. 20. 68 — (sundew.) 
 The leaves of all the species are beset with glandularllairs resembling dew. S. 
 
 Order XIII. Polvgynia. 
 
 Zanthorhiza. Calyx : petals 5 : nectaries 5, pedicelled : capsule half 
 2-valved, 1-seeded, about 5 in number. 26.61 — (yellow-root.) S. 
 
 CLASS VU HEXANDRIA. 
 Order I. Monogynia. 
 
 A. Flowers having a perianth and corol, tcithout a spathe. 
 
 Tradescantia. Calyx inferior, 3-leaved : corol 3-petalled ; filaments with 
 jointed beards : capsule s 3-celled, many seeded. 6. 13 — (spider-wort.) <S. 
 
 Caulophyllum. Leontice. Calyx inferior, 3 to 6-ieaved, caducous : pe- 
 tals 6, opposite to the leaves of the calyx : nectaries 6, sub-reniform, fleshy, 
 glutinous at the margin, attached to the claws of the peta s : anthers adnate to 
 the filaments, opening longitudinally: drupe stiped, 1-seeded: anthers 2-celled, 
 dehiscent at the nia/gin. 24. 61 — (pappoos root.) <S'. 
 
 Berberis. Mahosia. Calyx interior, 6-leaved petals 6, with 2 glands at 
 the claw of each : style 0: berry 1-celled, 2 or 4-seeded : (stigma umbilicate: 
 stamens spring up on being irritated.) 51. 78 — (barberry.) <S'. 
 
 Prinos. Calyx inferior, 6-cieft, small : corol wheel-form, 6-cleft or 6-part» 
 ed : berry 6-seeded : seeds nut-like. 43. 95 — (winter-berry.) S. 
 
 Fl(ERKEa. Nectris? Calyx 3-leaved, inferior: corol 3-petalled, shorter: 
 style 2-cleft : capsulf bladdc^-like, 2or 3-grained. 15. 22 — (false mermaid.} 
 
 Cleome. PoLANisiA. Calyx 4-leaved, inferior : petals 4, ascending to one 
 side : glands 3, one at each sinuate division of the cal^x except the lowest ; 
 stamens from 6 to 20, or more : capsule stiped or sessile, silique-iike, often 1- 
 celled, 2-valved. Does not belong to the class Tetradynamia by its natural or 
 artificial characters. \i\\^& no siliqtie, though the capsule appears iikeasili- 
 que, until it is opened. 25. 64 — (false mustard.) 
 
 Southern. 
 TiLLANDRiA. Calyx 3-cleft, sub-convolute, permanent : corol 3-cleft, bell- 
 tubular : capsule 1 to 3-cel!ed : seedcomose. 10. 17. 
 
 'DlPHYLLiA. Calyx 3-leaved, caducous : petals 6, opposite to the divisions of 
 the calyx : anthers adhenng to the filaments, w.'th cells opening longitudinally 
 befry 1-celled : seeds 2 or 3, roundish. 54. 78. 
 
 B. Flowers having a spathe or glume, without a perianth. 
 
 Amaryllis. Coi ol superior, 6-petalled, unequal: filaments unequal in pro- 
 portion or direction, declined, inserted in the throat of the tube. 9. 17 — (ata- 
 mask lily.) S. 
 
 Allium. Spathe many-flowered : corol inferior, 6-parted, very deeply di- 
 vided ; divisions ovate, spreading : capsule 3-celled, 3-valved, many-seeded ; 
 (ilowers in close umbels or heads.) 9 16 — (leek, garlic, onion, cives.) S. 
 
 Hypoxis. Glume-like spathe, 2-valved : corol superior, 6-parted, perma- 
 nent ■ cap ul ' elongated, narrow it the base, 3-celled, many-seeded : seed 
 roundish. 10. 17 — (star-grass.) iS. 
 
 Pontederia. Corol inferior, 6-cleft, 2-lipped, with 3 longitudinal perfora- 
 tions below : capsule with utricles, fleshy, 3-celled, many-seeded ; 3 stamens 
 commonly inserted on the tip, and three on the tube of the corol. 6. 17 — (pick 
 erel-weed.) S. 
 
CLASS VI. ORDER I, 35 
 
 Exotic. 
 
 Galanthus. Petals 3, concave, superior: nectaries (or inner petals) 3, 
 ■small, emarginate : stigma simple. 6. 17 — (snowdrop.) 
 
 Narcissus. Corol bell-*orm, spreading, 6-parted or 6-petalled, equal, supe» 
 lior : nectary bell-form, 1-leafed, enclosing the stamens. 9. 17 — (jonquil, 
 daffodil.) 
 
 Southern. 
 
 Pancratium. Corol superior, funnel-form, with a long tube ; nectary 12- 
 cleft, bearing the stamens 9. 17. 
 
 Brodiaea. Corol mferior, bell-form, 6-parted ; filaments inserted in the 
 throat of the corol : germ pedicelled : capsule 3-celled, many-seeded. 9 17. 
 
 Crinum. Corol superior, funnel-form, half 6-cleft ; tube filiform ; border 
 spreading, recurved ; segments subulate, channelled ; filaments inserted on the 
 ihroat of the corol, separate. 9. 17. 
 
 C. Flowers having no calyx. 
 
 CoNOSTYLis. Corol more than half inferior, 6-cleft, permanent, with branch- 
 ing hairs : anthers erect : style conic, 3-parttd : stigma simple : capsule open- 
 ing at top, 3-celled, 3-valved, many-seeded. 10. 17. jS. 
 
 Aletris. Corol superior, funnel-form, wrinkled, somewhat 6-cleft, with the 
 stamens inserted at the base of its divisions : style 3-sided, 3-partible : capsule 
 3-celled, many-seeded, half inferior, opening at the summit, when mature. 10, 
 16— (false aloe.) -ST. 
 
 Hemerocallis. Corol 6-parted, tubular, funuel-form : stamens declined : 
 stigma small, simple, somewhat villose. 10. 16 — (day-lily.) 
 
 Agave " "Corol erect, superior, tubular, or funnel-form : filaments erect, 
 longer than the corol : capsule triangular, many -seeded. 10. 17 — (agave.) S. 
 
 I'HALANGiUM. Corol inferior, G-petalled, spreading : filaments smooth : cap- 
 sule ovate : seeds angular. 10. 16. 
 
 Narthecium. Corol 6-petalled, inferior, spreading, permanent : filaments 
 thread-form, hairy ; capsule prismatic, 3-celled : seeds many, appendaged, or 
 long and slender, at both ends. 10. 16 — (false asphodel.) 
 
 C^NITHOGALUM. Corol 6-petalled, inferior-, erect, permanent, spreading 
 above the middle : filaments dilated, or subulate, at the base: capsule round- 
 ish, angled, 3-celled ; sejmd roundish, naked. 10. 16 — (star of Bethlehem.) S. 
 
 LiLiUM. Corol inferior, liliaceous, 6-petalled : petals with a longitudinal line 
 from the middle to the base : sta».iens shorter than the style : stigma undivided ; 
 capsule sub-triangular, with the valves connected by hairs crossing as in a 
 sieve. 10. 14— (lily.) 8. 
 
 Erythronium. Corol liliaceous, inferior, 6-petalled ; petals reflexed, hav- 
 ing two pores and two tubercle-form nectaries at the base of the three inner al- 
 ternate petals : capsule somewhat stiped; seeds ovate. 11. 14 — (dog-tooth vio- 
 let, or adder-tongue.) iS 
 
 UvuLARiA. Corol inferior, 6-petalled, with a nectariferous hollow at the 
 base of each petal: filaments very short, growing to the anther : stigmas re- 
 flexed : capsule 3-cornered, 3-celled, 3-valved . with transverse partitions 5 
 seeds many, sub-globose, arilled at the hilum. 11 14 — ( bell wort. ) ^. 
 
 Streptopus. Corol inferior, 6-petalled, sub-campanulate : stigma very 
 short : berry sub-globose, smooth, 3-celled : seeds few, not arilled on the hilura. 
 11. 14 — (rose bellwort. ( jS 
 
 * CoNVALLARiA. Smilacina. Polygonatum. Dracaena. Corol inferior, 
 6-cleft : berry globose, 3-celled, spotted before ripening. 11. 12 — (solomon 
 seal.) S. 
 
 Asparagus. Corol inferior, 6-parted, erect ; the three inner divisions re- 
 flexed at the apex : style very short ; stigmas 3 : berry 3-celled, cells 2-secded. 
 11. 12 — (asparagus.) &'. 
 
 * I follow Dr. Terrey, with pleasure, ia bringing back these three genera to 
 ihe Cenvallaria. 
 
S6 CtASB VT. ORBEE III. 
 
 Exotic. 
 
 PoLTANTHES. Corol fonnel-fonn, incurved : filamenls inserted in tie 
 tbroat: stigma 3-cleft : germ within the bottom of the corol. 10. 17 — (tuber- 
 ose.) 
 
 HYACISTHC3. Corol roundish or bell-form, equal, deleft : three ttfectariferous 
 pores at the top of the germ : stamens inserted in the middle of the corol : cells 
 somewhat 2-seeded. 10. 16 — (hyacinth.) 
 
 Tulip A. Corol 6-petalled, liliaceous : style none ; stigma thick : capsule 
 oblong, 3.sided. 10, 14— (tulip.) 
 
 AsPHODELUS. Co:ol 6-parted, spreading : nectary covering the germ with 
 9 valves. 10. 16 — (king's spear, or asphodel.) 
 
 Southern. 
 
 Yucca. Corol inferior, bell-form, segments not nectariferous : 61ament9 sub- 
 clavate : style none : capsule oblong, with 3 obtuse angles, 3-celled, opening at 
 the summit : seeds flat. 10. 14 — (adam's needle. | 
 
 Frittillakia. Corol inferior, 6-petalled, bell-form, with a nectariferous 
 cavity above the claw of each : stamens of the length of the corol : seeds flat, 
 iO. 14 — (crown imperial ) 
 
 SciLLA Corol 6-petalled, spreading, caducous : filaments thread-form, at- 
 lached to the base of the petals. 10. 14^ — (squills.) 
 
 D. Flowers incomplete ; having perianth-like calyx or corol ; bui neither in 
 
 perfection. 
 
 Oronticm. Receptacle spadix-like, cylindric, covered with florets ; spathe 
 
 : corol 6-petalled, naked : style : capsule bladder-like, 1-seeded. 2. 7— 
 (floating arum.) S. 
 
 AcoBUS. Receptacle spadix-like, cylindric, covered with florets : calyx 6- 
 parted, naked : corol ; (or calyx none, corol 6-parfed or 0-petalled :) style 
 none; stigma a mere point : capsule 3-celled, 3-seeded. 2. 13 — (sweet flag.) 
 
 S. 
 
 JcNCUS. Glume or outer calyx, 2-valved ; perianth inferior, 6-leaved, glume* 
 like, permanent: stigmas 3 : capsules 1 or 3-celled, 3-valved, many -seeded ; 
 seeds attached to a partition in the middle of each valve. 5. 13 — (rush-grai5i 
 bulrush.) S. 
 
 LuziTLA. Glume, or outer calyx, 2-valved ; periar4th 6-leaved, glume-like : 
 capsule 3-celled, 3-valved, many-seeded ; valves without partitions. 5. 13-— 
 (false rush-grass.) S. 
 
 •* Trientalis, Lauras, Lythrum, Corydalis, Polygonum. 
 
 OrDEB II. DiGTRlA. 
 
 Exotic. 
 
 OrYZA. Calyx, glume 2-valved, 1 -flowered: corol 2-valved, adhering^ td 
 tljeseed. 4. 10— (rice.) 
 
 Southern. 
 
 OxTRiA. Perianth pimple, 4-leaTpd, 2 inner leafets largest : corol node ; 
 uut 3-sided, with a bi-oacf membranaceous margin : stamens 2 to 6 : stigma 
 large, plumose. 12. 28 
 
 Nbctbis. Cabomba Calyx inferior, 6-leaved : corol none : capralesS, net 
 opening. The calyx may be considered as 6-parted, and the 3 inner divisions 
 are petal-like, obtuse, and smaller. The capsule is bladder-like, 1 or2-cclled, 
 
 1 or 2-seeded. 15. 22. 
 
 Order I^. Tbiothia. 
 
 Melanthium. Polygamous. Calyx : corol wheel-form, 6-part«d or 6- 
 aetalled, each part with 2 glands at the base : stamens from the l«ngth«ued 
 claws of the petals : capsule ovatish, somewhat 3-cl«»ft at the apei, Scelled : 
 seeds membraae-wingeo, numerous. 10. 13 — (black-flower.) >?. 
 
CLASS Vr. ORDER VT. 37 
 
 2lcJADENT5. Calyx 6-leaved, spreading, with 2 glands above the narrow 
 base of each leaf: stamens inserted in contact with the germ : capsule mem- 
 branaceous, 3-celled, many-seeded. (Calyx is coloured and coroi-like.) — (7.ig:\« 
 dene.) S. 
 
 Veratrum Polygamous or dioecious. Calyx : corol 6-parted or G-pe(all • 
 ed, sessiies, spreading, without glands: capsules 3, adnate, many-seeded. (The 
 sfaminate flowers have the rudiment of a pistil.) 10. 13 — (itchweed, or swamp 
 hellebore.) S. 
 
 Hei.onias. Calyx : corol 6 parted or 6-petalled, spreading, glandless : 
 styles distinct : capsules 3-celled, 3-horned, few seeded. 10. 13 — (helonias.) 
 S\ 
 
 Xerophyllum. Corol wheel-form, deeply 6-partcd : filaments contiguous 
 at the base : stigmas 3, revoiute, sub-connate at the base : capsule sub-globose, 
 opening at the top into three fissures, C-celled, each 2-seeded. 10. 13. 
 
 ToFiELDA. Calyx 3 cleft or 3-leaved, inferior : petals 6 : anthers roundish : 
 styles vertical, short : capsules 3, joined at the base, raany-sfeded. 10.13. *y. 
 
 ScHEUCHZKRiA. Calyx 6 parted, inferior : corol : (or corol 6-parted and 
 calyx :) anthers linear : stigmas sessile, lateral : capsules 3, inllated, 1 or 2- 
 setded. 5. 13 — (less flowering rush.) 
 
 TRiGLOCHiy. Calyx 3-leaved, inferior : corol 3-petalled, resembling th--; 
 calyx : (or a double calyx with 3 outer and 3 inner leaves) stamens 3 or 6 : 
 styles 0: stigmas 3 or 6, hairy : capsules 3 or 6, united above and separate at 
 their bases, l-seid-_d, not opening-. 5. 13 — (arrow-grass.) S. 
 
 Gyromia. Medeola.^ Calyx 0: corol deeply 6-parted, revoiute: anther- 
 slightly attached to the filaments : style : sfigmas 3, long-linear, revolutr - 
 spreading, slightly united at the base : berry 3-celled, cells 5 or 6-seeded : 
 seeds compressed, 3-sided. II. 12 — (indian cucumber. ) ^S*. 
 
 Trillium. Calyx 3-leaved, inferior, spreading: corol 3-petal!ed : stvlesO: 
 stigmas 3: berry 3-ceiled, many-seeded. Jl. 12 — (false wake robin.) jS".' 
 
 Kl'mex. Calyx 3-leaved : petals 3, valve-like, conver^nng, (or calyx 6-leav- 
 ed, and corol none :) stigmas many-cleft: seed 1, naked, three-sided. 12. 25 
 — (dock, field-sorrel.) S, 
 
 Scnthern. 
 
 •Sabal. Flowers perfect : spathes partial : filaments unconnected, thickish 
 
 at the base : drupe spherical, dry-cartilaginous : seed 1, indurated. 1. 11 
 
 (false fan-palm.) 
 
 Chamaerops. Flowers polygamous : spathe compressed ; spadix brancii- 
 ed : perianth 3-parted : corol 3-petalIed : filaments panly united: drupe S- 
 celled, 2 of them often empty. The staminate flowers grow on distinct plant*. 
 1. 11 — (fan palm.) 
 
 Calochortus. Corol 6-parted, spreading: 3 inner segments larger, with 
 tl«i upper side woolly, and marked near the base with a roundish smooth spot : 
 lilaments short, inserted on the base of the petals : anthers arrow-form, erect: 
 stigmas reflexed : capsule 3-cellcd. 10. 17. 
 
 K'oLiSA. Corol 6-parted, spreading ; segments nearly equal ; styles verv 
 sbort ; stigmas recurved : capsule 3-sided, membranaceous, 3-celled", opening' 
 by a divisible partition: seed 1, incurved, convex, abortive in 1 or 2 of the 
 '.ells. 10. 13. 
 
 Order VJ. HjiiXAoyjfu. 
 
 •'' Saururus (rarely.) 
 
 Southern. 
 Wendlan'bli. MB!fis?ER.MTyji .' Calyx 6-ieaTed : corol 6-petalled (succn- 
 Tent .') styles reclined : geinrs 6 : berries with 1 compressed nut- like seed. 11, 
 "t: — (fala mo«nj!ced.) 
 
 4 
 
S8 CLA89 VIII. OBDER I. 
 
 Order XIII. Poltgysia. 
 
 Alisma. Calyx 3-leaved : petals 3 : capsules numerous, l-seeded, not opee- 
 ing. 6. 13 — (water-plantain.) S. 
 
 CLASS VII HEPTANDRIAT 
 
 Order I. Mokogynia. 
 
 TrienTALIS. Calyx 7 I aved : corol 7-parled, equal, flat : berry iuiceles«, 
 1-celled, luany-seeded : number of stamens yariable. 20. 34 — (chicK-winter- 
 green.) 
 
 ^scuLUS. Calyx inflated, 4 or 5 toothed: corol 4 or 5-petalled, in«erted 
 on the calyx, unequal, pubescent : capsule 3-celled : seeds large, solitary, 
 chesnut-form. 23. 66 — (hor«e-chesnut,) S. 
 
 Order III. Trigynia. 
 
 * Polygonum. 
 
 Order IV. Tetragynia. 
 
 Saltiurus. Calirx in an ament or spike, with 1 flowered scales : corol 
 anthers adnata to the filaments : germ 4 : berries or capsules 4, l-seeded : sta- 
 mens 6, 7, 8 or more. 2. 6 — (lizard tail.) S. 
 
 CLASS VIII. OCTANDRIA. 
 
 Order 1. Monogyjtia. 
 
 A. FloiL-ers superior. 
 
 Rhexia. Calj'X pitcher-form, 4 or 5-cleft : petals 4, oblique, inserted on tht 
 calyx : anthers declined, attached to the filaments br-hind, naked at the base . 
 capsule 4 celled, within the calyx, setose : seeds numerous, cochleate. 17. 90 
 —(deer-grass.) S. 
 
 Oenothera. Calyx 4-cleft, tubular, caducous: divisions deflected : petals 4, 
 inserted on the calyx : stigma 4-cleft : capsule 4-celled, 4-valved ; seeds not 
 feathered, affixed to a central 4-sided columella. 17, 88 — (scabish, or tree- 
 primrose.) S. 
 
 Gaura. Calyx 4-cleft, tubular: corol 4-petal!ed, ascending towards the 
 upper side ; nut 4-cornered, l-seeded. !7. 88 — (virginian loose-slrife.) S. 
 
 Epilcbium. Calyx 4 cleft, tubular: cotjI 4-peialled : capsule oblong and 
 of great length : seeds feathered. 17. 88 — (willow-herb.) S. 
 
 OsYCOCcus. Calyx superior,^4-toothed : corol 4-parted, the divisions sub- 
 linear, revolute : filaments converging; anthers tubular, 2-parted : berry ma- 
 ny-seeded. 18. 51 — (cranberry.) &'. 
 
 Exotic. 
 Fuchsia. Calyx funnel-form, coloured, superior, caducous : petals (or 
 nectaries) 4, sitting in the throat of the calyx, alternating with it? divisions : 
 stigma 4-sided-capitate : berry oblong, 4-celied : seeds numerous. 17. 88— 
 (ear-drop.) 
 
 Southern. 
 Clarkia. Calyx 4-cleft, tubular : corol 4-petalled, 3-lobed-crossform, with 
 claws : stamens 4, with roundish anthers, imperfect ; stigma petal-like, 4-lobed -" 
 'Capsule 4-celled. 17. 88 — (false tree-primrose.) 
 
 B. Flowers inferior. 
 
 Mettziesla. Calj-x monophyllous : corol moaopetalous, ovate : filaments 
 inserted on the receptacle ; anthers awnless : capsules 4-celled, the partition;* 
 Gom the inflexed margioa of the valves : Sfied&many, oblong. 18, &l jS". 
 
CLASS IX, ORDER I. 39 
 
 Acer. Polygamous. Sometimes hexandrous. Calyx j-cleft : corol 4 or o- 
 ^jetalled, or wanting- : samaras 2, united at the base, 1 -seeded, often one rudi- 
 ment of a seed. 2 J. 66 — (maple.) S. 
 
 DiRCA. Calyx : corol tubular; Imb obsolete, unequal ; stamens unequal, 
 lonj^er than the tube of the corol : style filiform : berry or drupe 1 seeded. 
 (The corol may be taken for a coloured calyx.) 31. 25 — (leather-wood.) jS. 
 
 Jeffersoma. Calyx 4 or 5-leaved, coloured, caducous: corol 8-petalled ; 
 capsule obovate, sub-stiped, 1-celled, dehiscent below the top : seeds many, 
 oblong, aril led at the base. 27. 62 — (iwin-leaf.) 
 
 Exotic. 
 
 Erica. Calyx 4-!eaved, permancn; : corol 4-cleft, permanent : filaments 
 inserted on the receptacle : anthers bifid : capsules membranaceous, 4 to 8- 
 celled, thr partitions from the margins ©f the valves : seeds many in each cell. 
 18. 51— (heath.) 
 
 Daphne, Calyx : corol 4-cleft, withering, including the stamens : drupe 
 1-seeded. 31. 25 — (mezereon.) 
 
 Tropaeolum. Calyx 4 or 5-cleft, coloured, spurred : petals 4 or 5, un- 
 equal : nuts leathery, sulcate. 23. 73 — (nasturtion.) 
 
 Southern. 
 Elliottia. Calyx 4-toothed, mferior ; corol deeply 4- parted : stigma capi- 
 tate. 18. 51 — (false spiked alder.) 
 
 Order II. DrcyNiA. 
 
 Chrysosplemoi. Calyx superior, 4 or 5-cleft, coloured : corol : cap- 
 sule 2-beaked, 1-celled, many-seeded. (The terminal flowers in the European 
 specimens are decandrous, but the plant is always octandrous in America.) 13, 
 24 — (golden saxifrage, water-carpet.) <S. 
 
 Order III. Trigynia. 
 
 Polygonum. Calyx inferior, 5-parted, coloured : corol ; seed 1, angular, 
 covered with (he calyx. Stamens and pistils var\ in number. The calyx in 
 some species might be taken for a corol. 12. 28^ (knot-grass, water-pe'ppei', 
 buckwheat, hearts-ease.) S. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 BRirracHiA. Calyx tubular, inflated, 5 cleft ; angular at the base and de- 
 cun-enl into the dilated peduncle, becomin ■ coriaceous : corol none : styles 
 short : stigmas 2-cieft : pericarp lobed ; seed 1, 3-sided. Stam( ns vary from 8 
 to 10 12. 28. 
 
 Cabdiospermum. Calyx 4-!eaved : petals 4 : nectary 4leavtd, unequal: 
 capsule membranaceous, inflated, 3-lobtd, 3-celled : seeds round, marked at 
 the hiluni with a he »rt form spot. 23. 6-5 — (heart sead.) 
 
 Sapindu?. Calyx 4-leaved : petals 4, glandular at the base : capsule 3, con- 
 nate, lleshy, inflated, 2 of them often empty : seed spherical. 23. 65 — (soap- 
 berr}'. 
 
 Order IV. Tetragynia. 
 
 Southern. 
 Adoxa. Calyx inferior, 2 or 3-clelt : corol 4 or 5-cleft, apparently superior : 
 berry 1-celled, 4 or 5-seeded, attached to the calyx. Flowers lateral, stamens 
 8 to 10. 13. 84. 
 
 CLASS IX. ENNEANDRIA. 
 
 Order I. Monogynia. 
 
 Laurus. Calyx 4 to 6-parted ; corol : nectaries 3, each a 2-bristled or 2- 
 Isjbud gland, surrounding the germ : drupe 1-seeded. Stamens vary from 3 to 
 
40 ' CLASS X. ORDER I. 
 
 14, but they are generally in two series of 6 each, with 3 of the inner serier 
 ijarren — often dioecious. The calyx may be taken for a corol. 12. 27 — {sasf 
 ■■afras, spice-bush.) >S'. 
 
 Order II. Digyma. 
 
 Southern. • 
 
 Ef.IOGOKU.m. Calyx wincglass-fonn, tubular at the base ; border 6-cleft * 
 segments unequal, villous outside : corol none: seed 1, 3-sided, without ma.'- 
 gins, covered by the calyx. Flowers involucred — no stipules. 12. 28. 
 
 Pjleea. Calyx none : corol G-parted, spreading: segments linear, acute 
 • apsule roundish, 3-angled, 3-celled ; partitions obsolete : seeds numerous, mi- 
 nute, sub-tcrcte and caudate, attached to the margin of the valves. 5. 13. 
 
 Order III Trigykia. 
 
 Exotic. 
 Rheum. Calyx none: corol 6-cltfr, permanent : seed 1, S-sided. 12. 28 — 
 (rhubarb.) 
 
 CLASS X. DECANDRIA. 
 
 Order I. Monogynia. 
 A. F/ouers 2'>olr/petalous, irregular, ( mosthj papilionaceotis, ) 
 
 Cassia. Cahx 5-leavcd : corol 5-petalled : anthers, 3 lower ones beaked- 
 •<md on longer incurved filaments ; legume membranaceous. 33. 93 — (cas- 
 sia.) S. 
 
 Baptisia Podalyria. Calyx 4 or 5-cleft half-way, (sometimes 4-toothed) 
 somewhat 2-lipped : corol papilionaceous ; wings of the length of the reflexed 
 banner: stamens caducous : legume inflated, smooth, many-seeded. 32. 93 — 
 (wild indigo.) S. 
 
 Cercis. Calyx 5-toothed, gibbous below : corol papilionaceous ; wrings 
 longer than the banner : keel 2-petalled : legume compressed : seed-bearing 
 :^Uture margined : seeds obovate. 33. 93— (Judas-tree.) (S. 
 
 Rhodora. Calyx 5-toolhed: corol 3-petalled ; or 2-petalled, with the up- 
 per ine deeply parted : stamen- declined: capsule 5-celied, 5-valved, open- 
 ing at the top; partitions formed of the jnflexed margins of the valves. 18^50 
 — (rhodora.) 
 
 Southern. 
 
 SoPHORA. Calyx 5-toothed» bell-form, gibbous on the upper side: corol. 
 'papilionaceous, wings of the length of the banner : legume with globular joints. 
 
 32. 93. r ^, 
 
 Thermia. Thermopsis. Calyx somewhat bell-form, half 4clcft ; the up- 
 per segment truncate and emarginate . corol papilionaceous, with petals aboiil 
 equal length ; banner reflexed at the sides, keel obtuse : legume many-seeded, 
 compres'sed, falcate, tapermg to the base. 32. 93. 
 
 VlRGiLiA. Calyx 5-cleft : corol papilionaceous, with petals of about equal 
 length ; sides of the banner not reflexed : stigma beardless : legume compress- 
 ed, oblong, rnany-seeded. 32. 93. , r • i u * i 
 
 PoMARiA. C »lyx turbinate, 5-parted, caducous : petals 5, with short claws^ 
 upper ones concave, short : filaments hirsute below : stigma capitate ; legume 
 1 -celled, 2-seeded. 32. 93. 
 
 B. Floivers pohjpetalous, regular. 
 
 Pyrola. Calyx 5-parted : petals 5 ; styles longer than the stamens : an^ 
 thers with 2 pores at the base before, and the top after, the opening of the flow- 
 er : capsule 5-celled, dehiscent at the angles near the base. 18. j1— (shm- 
 
 ^Chimaphila. Calyx 5-parted : petals 5 : anthers beaked, with 2 pores ai 
 the base before, and at the top after, the opening of the flower : style lounerscd • 
 
CLA^S X. ORDER I. 41 
 
 Sti"ina tliick, oibiculate : capsule S-celled, dehiscent at (be angles near the 
 S"umniit. 18. 51 — (prince's pine, pipsissiwa.) ;§. 
 
 Leucm. Calyx small, 5-toothed : corol flat, 5-petalledor5-partpfl : stamens 
 exsert : anthers opening- by 2 terminal pores: capsule 5-celi('d, dehiscent at 
 the base, 5-vah>-d, valves with approximating-, inflfcxid margins : receptacle 5- 
 lobed ; columella 5 angled, pediielied ; seeds numerous, winged. (Stamens 
 iometimeso; leaves downy.) 18. 50 — (labrador-l<a.) 
 
 Leiophylujji. Calvx 5-parted : coro' flat, 5-parted or 5-petalled : stamens 
 longer than the corol, with lateral an'.htis openmg longitudinally on their in- 
 sides : capsule 5 celled, dehiscent al >t)e top, 5-valved ; valves ovate with 
 margins mtlexed, remote, straight; columella sub-ovate, terete, rugose: 
 seeds small, not winged, (leaves aiwuys glabrous.) 18. 50 — (nleek leal.) »S'. 
 
 Clethua. Calyx 5-parled, permanent : corol 5-petal ed : style permanent: 
 stigma short, S-cleft : capsule 3-celled, 3 valved, enclosed b\ the calyx. (Spik- 
 ed ) 18. 51 — (sweet pepper-bush ) S. 
 
 Exotic. 
 
 RuTA. Calyx 5-parted : petals conciive : receptacle surrounded by 10 nec- 
 tariferous dots : capsule lobed (Petals sometimes 4, and stamens 8.) 26. 81 
 —(rue.) 
 
 Southern. 
 
 RItlocarum. Calyx 5-toothed : ptlals 5 : stigma capitate, 3-cornered, ses- 
 sile : capsule superior, somewhat corky, 2 or 3-winged, 3-celled, l-seeded: seed 
 subulate. 23. 71 — (bui kwhtat tree.) 
 
 Melia. Calyx 5-parted, small: petals 5: nectary cylindric, 10-toothed ; 
 teeth 2-cleft at the points, orifice bearing the anther w thin : style cylindric : 
 stigma 5-rayed : drupe . lobose; nut 5-celled. 5-seeded. 23. 71. (pride of china.) 
 
 Tribulus. Calyx 5-parted : petuls 5, spreading: style none : stigma p-art- 
 ly 5-cleft: capsules generally 5, gibbous sub-spinose, 2 or 3-seeded. 14. 87 — 
 (caltrops. ) 
 
 DiONAEA. Calyx 5-paried or 5-leaved : petals 5 : stigma fringed : capsule 
 roundish, gibbous, 1 -celled, many seeded. Petals sometimes 6. 20. 68— (ve- 
 llius flj-tran.) 
 
 JussiEUA. Calyx 4 or 5-parted, superior, permanent : petals 4 or 5, ovate : 
 capsui< 4 or 5 celled, 4 or 5-valved, oblong, cydiidric or angular ; many-seed- 
 ed; seeds minute, attached to an angular columella. Stamens sometimes but 
 8. 17.88. 
 
 Prosopis. Calyx hemispherical, 4-toothed : petals 5, lance-linear, recurr- 
 ed at the apex : filaments capillary, adnate at the base : stigma simple ; le- 
 gume long, many-seeded. 33. 93. 
 
 C. Flowers monopetalous. 
 
 Arbutus. Calyx inferior, 5-parted, minute : corol ovate, pellucid at the 
 liase ; border small, 5-cleft, revolute : filaments hairy : berry 5-celled. 18. 
 51 — (bear berry.) 
 
 EpiGAEA. Calyx double, outer 3-leaved, inner 5-parted : (or calyx 5-part- 
 ed, with 3 bracts) corol salver-form ^ border 5-parted. spreading ; tube villose 
 •\Tithin : capsule 5-celled, many-seeded ; receptacle 5-parted. 18.51 — (trail- 
 ing arbutus.) »S*. 
 
 Gaultheria. Calyx inferior, double ; outer 2-leaved, inner 5-cleft ; (or 
 calyx 5-cleft, with 2 bracts :) corol ovate ; border smal!, 5-cleft, revolute : fila- 
 ments hairy ; receptacle 10-toothed ; (or witha lO-pointed nectary:) capsule 
 5-celled, invested with the inner berry-like calyx. 18. 51 — (spicy winter- 
 green. ) &'. 
 
 Vaccikium. Calyx superior, 5-toothed or 5-parted : corol bell or pitcher- 
 form, 5-cIeft, the divisions reflected : filaments mserted on the germ with the 
 corol: berry 4 or 5.-Gelled, many-seeded. (The foreign species are some- 
 'timesoctandrous.) 18. 51 — (whortleberry.) ;S^. 
 
 AnteOiMEDa. Lvoyu, Calyx 5-parted or 6-toothed, inferior : carol ovale, 
 
 4* 
 
43 CLASS X. ORDER III. 
 
 roundish, or sub-cylindric, with a 5-cleft reflexed mouth : capsule S-celled, 5- 
 valved, with partitions contrary. (Stamens sometimes 8.) 18. 51 (white- 
 bush, leather-leaf.) jS. 
 
 Kalmia. Calyx 5-parted : cdi-oI wheel-salver-form, with 10 horns beneath 
 and 10 cavities within, containing the anthers until the pollen ismatare: cap- 
 sule 5-celled, many-seeded. 18. 50 — (laurel.) S. * 
 
 Rhododendron. Calyx 5-parted . corol 5-cleft, somewhat funnel-form and 
 oblique : stamens declining : var\ in2 from 5 to 10 ; anthers opening by 2 ter- 
 minal pores : capsules 5-celled, 5-valved, opening at the top. 18. 50 (rose- 
 bay.) S. 
 
 D, Floicers without a calyx ; (or icith a coloured petal-like one J whole 
 plant destitute of green herbage. 
 
 Monotropa. Corol confusedly polypeinlous, permanent: petals about 5, 
 with nectariferous hollows at trieir bases : anthers renitorm, sub-peltate, 1 -cell- 
 ed, giving out pollen by 2 holes near the middle : stigma orbicular, not beard- 
 ed : capsule 5-celled, 5-valved. 18. 51 — (birds' nest.) ^S'. 
 
 Htpopithis. Corol confusedly po!yp< talous, permanent; inner 4 or 5 pe- 
 tals with nectariferous hollows at their bases ; outer ones without the hollows : 
 anthers sub-peltate, 1-celled, f pening their whole length: stigma orbicular, 
 with a bearded margin: capsule 5-celled, 5-valved. 18. 51 — (false beech- 
 drops.) 
 
 Pterospora. Corol 5-parted: nectary ovate, with a 5-toothed reflexed 
 margin, enclosing the stamens : anthers 2-celled, 2-bristled, sub-peltate ; fila- 
 ments flat : style short : stigma capitate : capsule sub-globose, 5-celled. The 
 nectary is considered as a corol, and the corol as a calyx, by some. But these 
 three genera should be united in one, by altering two or three words in the defini- 
 tion. 18. 51 — (albany beech-drops.) 
 
 Southern. 
 MoNOTROPSis. Corol 5-lca7ed, withering, ovate-acuminate, close-pressed 
 to the nectary : nectary bell-Iorm, fleshy; limb with 5 ovate-acute divisions: 
 anthers clavate, bag-like : germ 4 or 5-sided : stigma sub-globose. 18. 51 — 
 (Carolina beech-drops.) 
 
 Order II. Digynia. 
 
 Hydrangea. Calyx 5-toothed, superior: corol 5-petalled : capsule 2-relled, 
 2-beaked, dehiscent between the beaks. 13.84 — (hydrangea.) Vid. Horten- 
 sia. S. 
 
 Saxiftu-GA. Calyx 5-parted, mostly half superior : corol 5-petalled : cap- 
 suh- 2-celkd, 2-beaked, opening between the beaks; many-seeded. 13. 84 — 
 (saxifrage.) »S'. 
 
 TiARELLA. Calyx 5-parted, permanent : corol inserted on the calyx, 5-pe- 
 talled ; petals entire, with claws : capsule 1-celled, 2-valved, one valve larger. 
 Sometimes the petals are more or less toothed. 13. 84 — (mitre-wort.) S. 
 
 MiTELLA. Calyx 5-cleft, permanent : petals 5 on the calyx, pinnattifid : cap- 
 sule 1 celled, 2-valved, valves equal. 13 84 — (false sanicle currant leaf. ) 
 
 Saponaria. Calyx inferior, l-leafed, tubular, 5-toothed, without scales : 
 petals 5, with claws : capsule oblong, 1-celled. 22. 82 — (soap-wort.) S. 
 
 DiANTHUS. Calyx inferior, cylindrical, l-leafed, with 4 or 8 scales at the 
 base : petals 5, with claws : capsule cylindrical, 1-celled, dehiscent at the top. 
 22. 82-— (pink, sweet-william.) 
 
 ScLERANTHUS. Calyx inferior, l-leafed, S-cleft: corol : seeds lor2, en- 
 closed in the calyx: stamens inserted on the calyx. 22. 86 — (knawell.) 
 
 Order III. Trigynia. 
 
 Cdcuealus. Calyx inferior, l-leafed, bell-form, inflated : petals 5, with 
 claws, not much appendaged at the mouth : capsule 3-celled. 22. 82— (blad- 
 der-campion.) *S^. 
 
CLASS XI. ORDER I. 43 
 
 SlLENE. Calyx 1-leafed, 5-toothed, inferior, cylindric, prismatic or conic : 
 petals 5, with claws, appendaged at the mouth : capsule imperfectly 3-cclled, 
 G-toothed, many-seeded. 22.82 — (catch-Uy. ) S. 
 
 Stellaria. Calyx 5-leaved, inferior, spreading: petals 5, deeply cleft, 
 mostly to the claw, spreading : capsule ovate, 1-celled, many-seeded, 6-toothed 
 at the top. 22. 82 — (starwort.) S. 
 
 Abbnaria. Calyx inferior, spreading, 5 leaved: petals 5, entire: capsule 
 l-celled, many-seeded. 22. 82 — (sandwort.) S. 
 
 Exotic. 
 HoRTENSiA. Flowers deformed : florets solitary : calyx 5-toothed, minute : 
 corol 5-petalled : the gay flowers composing the cyme have a large coloured, 
 permanent, petal-like, 5-leaved calyx, and a minute caducous, 4. or 5-petalled 
 corol: stamens 8, 10 or 11. 13.84 — (changeable hydrangea.) 
 
 Order IV. Tetragvnia. 
 
 MiCROPETALUM. Spergulastrum. Calyx 5-!eaved, expanding : petals 5, 
 minute, en(ire, often wanting : stigmas 4, sessile : capsule ovate, longer than 
 the calyx, 4-valved. 22. 82— (blind starwort.) S. 
 
 Order V. Pentagynia. 
 
 Spergula. Calyx 5-leaved, inferior: petals 5, entire: capsule ovate, 1- 
 celled, 5-valved : (stamens often j.) 22. 82 — (spurry.) <Si. 
 
 Cerastium. Calyx 5-leaved: petals 5, 2 cleft, or emarginate : capsule 1- 
 celled, dehiscent at top, 10-toothed. 22. 82 — (mouse-ear chick-weed.) S. 
 
 Agrostemma. Calyx 5-cleft, prismatic or tubular ; coriaceous : petals 5, 
 with claws; border obtuse, entire: capsule l-celled, many -seeded, opening 
 with 5 teeth. 22, 82— (cockle.) S. 
 
 OsALis. Calyx permanent, 5-parted or 5-leaved, inferior : petals 5, coher- 
 ing by the claws : capsule 5-celled, 5-cornei'ed, dehiscent at the corners : seeds 
 2 or more in a cell, covered with an elastic aril : stamens with 5 shorter, outer 
 ones adhering at their bases. This genus and the Linum might be removed to 
 the class 3Ionadelphia. 14.73 — (wood sorrel.) S. 
 
 Penthorum. Calyx 5 to 10-cleft : petals 5 or : capsule 5-cuspidate, 5- 
 celled ; cells divided transversely, many-seeded. 13. 83 — (virginian or- 
 pine.) S. 
 
 Sedum Calyx inferior, 5-cleft : petals 5 : 5 nectariferous scales at the base 
 of the germ: capsules 5. 13. 83 — (live-forever, or orpine, stonecrop.) 
 
 Exotic. 
 Lychnis. Calyx 1-leaved, oblong, 5-toothed : petals 5, with claws : the 
 limb somewhat 2-cleft : capsule 1 or 5-celled, with a 5-toothed opening. 22. 
 82 — (campion.) 
 
 Order X. Decagynia. 
 
 Phytolacca. Calyx 0: corol 5-petalled or 5-cleft, calyx-like, inferior: 
 berrv 10-celled, 10-seeded. By some authors the calyx is called a corol. 54. 
 29— (poke-weed.) ^. 
 
 CLASS XI. ICOSANDRIA.* 
 
 Order I. Monogynia. 
 
 CACTtJS. Calyx superior, many-cleft, imbricate : petals numerous, in many 
 series, the mnerones larger : stigma many-cleft ; berry l-celled,many-seedea> 
 umbilicate. 13. 85 — (prickly pear.) S. 
 
 • Darlington proposes Caxycai^dra (calyx-stamens) as a substitute; and to 
 «xiend the class to all stanaen-bearing calvxes. 
 
44 CLASS XI. ORDER V, 
 
 PruxU5. Ciilvx o-cleft, inferior, bell-form : corol 5-petalled ; nut of tlie 
 <^rupe smooth, with prominent seams at the sutures. 36. 92 — (cherrv, plum.) 
 S. 
 
 Lythrum. Calyx bell-tubular, €, 8, '0 or 12-toothed, inferior: petals 5 or 
 Q, equal, on the calvx : cap?uhe 2 to4-celled, many-seeded, covered. 17. 91 — 
 ^luilk willow-he lb.) A genus. Decodon, has been^taken from this. It i= 
 ibunded on the celN of the cap^ule beings always more than 2, and the teeth ot 
 the calyx bein^^ always 10, and of a peculiar form. Elliot places the species 
 verticillatum under it. <S. 
 
 CuPHEA. Calyx tubular-ventricose, 6 to 12-toothed, unequal : petals 6, 
 mostly unequal, inserted on the calyx : capsule 1 -celled, dehiscent, longitudinal- 
 ly with the calyx, follicle-like, S-sided : seeds lenticular. 54. 91 — (wax- 
 bush.) ii\ 
 
 Exotic. 
 
 Mtrtus. Calyx superior, 5-cleft • petals 5 : berry 2 or 3-celled, many-seed- 
 ed. 19. 89— (myrtle.) 
 
 Amygdalus. Calyx 5-cleft, infrrior : petals 5 : drupe with a nut, perforat- 
 ed with pores: flowers Sfssile. 36.92 — (peach.) 
 
 Armeniaca. Flowers sessile : ca yx 5-c;eft, inferior : ]>etals 5 : drupe 
 fleshy, pubescent : nut with one margin acute and the other obtuse, furrowed 
 fx>th sides. 36 92 — (apricot.) 
 
 PuNiCA- Calyx 5-cleft, superior: petals 5: pome or berry many-celled, 
 many -seeded : receptacle parietal : se'd berried. 36. 92 — (pomegranate.) 
 
 Southern. 
 
 Mextzelia. Calyx 5-t!eft, superior, caducous : petals 5 : capsule 1-cell- 
 ed, 3-valvcd, cyUndric, 3 to 6-sceded ; top flat : seeds oblong, somewhat angu- 
 jar, arranged longitudinally. 17 88. 
 
 Decvmaria. Calyx superior, 8 to lO-cleft: petals 8 to 10 : capsule 7 to9- 
 celled, many-seeded : seeds subulate, minute. 19. 39. 
 
 Philadelphus. Calyx 4-5-parted, superior, top-form: corol 4 or .5-petall- 
 ed: style 4-cleft : capsule 4-5-cered, many -seeded ; seed arilled. 19, 89 — 
 (false syringa, or mock orange.) 
 
 Chrysobalamjs. Calvx 5-cleft, inferior : petals 5 : style lateral: drupe 
 prune-form; nut 5-grooved, 5-valved, 1-seeded. 36. 92. 
 
 Tigarea. Calyx inferior, 5-cleft : petals 5: capsule l-eeeded, oblong, acu- 
 minate, pubescent, opening longitudinally within. 36. 92. 
 * Lythum. 
 
 Order II. Digynia, to Order V. Pentagynia ; or Di-pektagy- 
 
 NIA. 
 
 Agrimoxia. Calyx inferior, 5-cleft or 5-toothed, invested with an outer lob- 
 £done; petals 5 : stamens 12: seeds 2, in the bottom of the calyx. 35. 92 — 
 (agrimony.) S. 
 
 CRATiEGUS. Calyx superior, 5-cleft: petals 5 : styles 1 to 5 : berry mealy : 
 .<?eeds 2 to 5, bony. 36. 92— (ihorn-busii.) «Sf. 
 
 SoRBCS. Calyx 5-clpft, superior: petals 5: styles 2 to 3: berry pomaceouS 
 or farinaceous : seeds 2 or 3. cartilaginous. 36. 92 — (mountain ash.) <S. 
 
 FoTHERGlLLA. Calyx inferior, truncate, obsoletely crenate : corol 0: gernj 
 2-cleft : styles 2 : capsule 2-lobed, 2-celled : seeds solitary, bony. 50. 99 — 
 (witch -alder.) S. 
 
 Sesuvium. Calyx superior, 5-parted, (oloured: corol none : capsule ovate, 
 3-£elled, opening transversely, many-seedtd (S. ^ik 
 
 Akonia. Calyx superior, 5-too»hed : petals 5 : fruit pomaceous : berry 5 or 
 10-celled ; cells 1 or 2-seeded ; seeds cartilaginous. 36. 92 — (shad-flower, 
 choak-berry. ) S. 
 
 Pyrus. Calyx 5-cleft, superior: corol 5 petalled : pome 5-celled, many' 
 seeded; seed compressed-ovate. 36.92 — (pear, apple, quince.) S. 
 
 SriR.V£A. Calyx 5-cleft, inferior, spreadiog : corol 5-petalled ; petal! equal. 
 
CLASS XII. ORDER I. 45 
 
 i-ouiulish : stamens numerous, exsert : capsules 3 to 12, 2-valved within, each 
 1 to 3-9eeded. 36. 92 — (*tftople-bush, hard-liack.) iS 
 
 GiLLENiA. Calyx bell-tubular ; border 5-toothed : corol partly unequal ; 
 petals 5, lanceolate, tapering" at the claws : stamens included : styles 5, comig 
 uous : stigmas capita'.e : capsules 5. <onnate at the base, opening on the in- 
 ner side, each 2-seeded. 36.92 — (Indian physic.) S. 
 
 ^ Exotic. 
 
 Mespilus. Calyx 5-cleft, superior ; divisions generally foliaceous, serrate : 
 corol 5-petalled : stvles 2-5 : drupe or berry with froni 2 to 5 bony seeds. 36. 
 92— (medlar.) 
 
 Mesembrvanthejium. Calyx superior, 5-cleft : petals numerous, linear, 
 cohering at the base ; cap'sule fleshy, many-seeded, turbinate. 13. 87 — (ice- 
 })lant.) 
 
 Order XIII. Polyginia. 
 
 Rosa. Calyx urn-form, inferior, 5-clcft, fleshy ; contracted towards the top : 
 jietals 5 : seeds numerous, bristly, fixed to (he sides of the calyx within. A 
 genus remarkable for the multipiicatiou of its petals, by rich culture. 35. 92 — 
 (rose.) <S\ 
 
 RuBtJS. Calyx o-cleft, inferior: corol 5-petalled : pistils numerous : berry 
 composed of many juicy, 1-seeded aciues, on a dry receptacle. 35. 92 — (rasp- 
 berry, blackberry.) S. 
 
 Dalibarda. Calyx 5-c!eft, (S-cleft.-') inferior: corol 5-petalled: styles 
 long, caducous, 5 to 8 ; berry composed of dry granulations. 35. 92 — (dry 
 strawberry.) <S. 
 
 Dryas Calyx 8 or 10-cleft, segments equal : seeds 5 to 8, with long plu- 
 mose awns. 35 92. 
 
 Gecm. Calyx inferior, 10-cleft, 5 alternate divisions smaller : corol 5°pe- 
 talled : seeds with a bent awn : receptacle columnar, villous. 35.92 — (avens, 
 or herb bennet. ) S. 
 
 BooTiA. Calyx i ferior, 10-clpft, 5 alternate divisions lanceolate, having at 
 the base of the germ aerainst them 5 nectariferous pits : corol 5-petalled : seeds 
 awnless, affixrd to a juicekss receptacle 35. 92 — (false avens.) S. 
 
 Potentilla. Calyx flat, inferior, 10-cleft , 5 alternate diri>i')n- smaller: 
 corol 5-petalled : petals ruundish or obovate : seeds awnless, roundish, rugose, 
 lixed to a dry small receptacle. 35. 92 — (five-finger, cinquefoil.) S. 
 
 CoMARCM.' Calyx inferior, lO-cleti : 5 alternate divisions smaller ; pe- 
 tals 5, lanceolate, acuminate, half as long as the calyx : receptacle ovate, 
 spongy, permanent, villous. 35. 92 — (marsh five-finger.) The habit of this 
 genus diflers sufficiently from the Potentilla. S. 
 
 Fragaria. Calyx inferior, 10-cleft , 5 alternate divisions smaller : corol 5- 
 petalled: receptacle ovate, berry-like : acines naked, immersed in the recep- 
 tacle, caducous. 35 92— (strawberry.) ;b'. 
 
 Calycanthus. Calyx 1-leafed, pitcher-shap^^d, scaly, with coloured pc 
 tal-like divisions : corol none . str'es many, with glandular stigmas : seeds 
 many in the succulent calyx. 35. 92 — (Carolina allspice.) <S. 
 
 CLASS XII. POLYANDRIA. 
 
 Order I. Mqkogynia. 
 .Tii.lA. Calvx 5 or 6-parted, inferior, caducous : corol o or 6-petalled : cap- 
 sule 5 or 6-celled, globular, coriaceous, dehiscent at the base; 1-seeded. Often 
 4 of the cells are emptv. 37.79 — (bass wood.) S. 
 
 CisTUS. Helianthemum. Calyx 5-leaved, superior, 2 of them smaller 
 corol 5-petalled: capsule 1-celled,' 3-valved, opening at the top; partition.'^ 
 contrary: seeds angular. 20.80 — (rock-rose, frost-punt.) iS. . 
 
 HuDSOMA. Calyx tubular, inferior, unequally 5-parted : IKO of the div;^ 
 
46 CLASS XII. OBOEB I. 
 
 sions obsolete, coloured : corol 5-petalIed : stamens 15 to 30: capsule I-cell- 
 ed, 3-valved, 1 (o 3-seeded. 18, 80— (false heath.)- 
 
 PoRTULACCA. Calyx 2-clett, inferior: corol 5-petalled : capsule 1-celled^ 
 opening transversely : columellas, filiform. 13.86 — (purslane.) S. 
 
 Talinum. Calyx inferior, 2or5-leaved: corol 5.pet--il|pd : capsule 1-ceIl- 
 ed, 3-valved, many-seeded : soeds arillate : columelfe globose — (talinv.) S. 
 
 Chelidonium. Calyx 2-leav(^d, caducous : coro' 4-petailed : sifique-like 
 capsule 1-celled, S-valved, linear: seeds crated, many. 27. 62 — (celan- 
 dine.) S. 
 
 Glaucium. Calyx 2-leaved, caducous : corol 4-petaIled: capsule l-ceHed, 
 linear: -eeds many, punctate. 27. 62. 
 
 Meconopsis. Calyx 2-1; aved, caducous : corol 4 petalled : style distinct ; 
 stig-ma 4 to 6-rayed : capsule oblong, generally prickly, l-celled,4 to 6-valved : 
 columella slender. 27. 62. JS. 
 
 Arge.mone. Calyx 3-leaved, caducous : corol 4 to 6-petalled : stigma ses- 
 sile, capitate, 4 to 7 lobed : capsule ovate, angular. 1-celled, opening at the top 
 by valves; columella linear: seeds spherical, pitted. 27. 62 — (horned pop- 
 py.) S. 
 
 Sanguinaria. Calyx caducous, 2-leaved : corol about 8-petalled : stigma 
 sessile, twinned. 2-gro()ved : capsuie pod-like, ovate, 1-celled, 2-vaIved, acute 
 at each end; valves caducous: columella 2, permanent. 27. 62 — (blood- 
 root) <S. *^ ^ 
 
 PoDoPHVLLUji. Calyx 3 leaved, minute: corol about 9-petal led : stigma 
 large, creiiate, sessile : berry l-cel!ed. crowned with tht stigma, large, many- 
 seeded : columella one-sided. 27. 61— (wild mandrake.) S 
 
 Agtaea. Calyx inferi )r, 4-:e.aved, < aducous : corol 4-petalled : sligma ses- 
 sile, capitate : berry 1-cetIed : seeds many, half orbicular. 26. 61— (necklace 
 weed, bane-berry.) S. 
 
 Macrotis. Actea? CiMiciFUGA? Calvx about 4-leaved, becoming co- 
 loured before expanding, caducous : corol many minute petals, very caducous, 
 or wanting : stigma simple, se^-sile, cuiving towards the gibbous side of thr 
 germ : capsule 2-valved, dehiscent at its strait suture.* 26. 61 — (cohosh, black 
 snake root, bug-bane ) S. 
 
 Sarracenia. Calvx double, permanent, 3 and 5-leaved : corol 5-petalled, 
 caducous: stigma pi-ltate. p«rmanent, vf-r\ large, covering the stamens : cap- 
 sule 5-cell.d, o-vaived, many-seeded. 54.62 — (side-saddle flower.) S. 
 
 NupHAR. Caivx 5 or 6-leaved: petals manv, minute, inserted on the recep- 
 tacle with the stamens, nectariferous on their backs : stigma with a broad disk, 
 and radiiite fu rows, se.ssile : pericarp berry-like, many-celled, many-seeded. 
 13. 62 — (water My. or yellow pond-liJy.) <Si 
 
 Nymphaea. Calyx 4 o 7-leaved : corol manj -petalled, petals about equal- 
 ling the length of the c:il\x leaves, attached to the germ beneath the stamens 
 stigma a broad disk, marked with radiated lines : pericarp berry-like, many- 
 celled, many-seeded. 13. 62— (pond-lily.) 
 
 Exotic. 
 
 Papater. Calyx 2-leaved, caducous : corol 4-petalled : stigma a broad 
 disk, with radiating lines: capsule 1-celled, dehiscent by pores under the per- 
 manent stigma. 27. 62 — (popy.) 
 
 Thea. Calyx 5 or 6-leaved: corol 6 or 9-petalled : capsule 3-eeeded. 54. 
 71— (tea.) 
 
 Citrus. Calyx 5-cIeft : petals 5, oblong : filaments dilated at the base, in 
 several parcels: berry 9 to 18-celled — Polyadelphous. 18. 70 — (orange, 
 lemon.) 
 
 * I see no good reason for changing this name to Botrophis, according to 
 Rafinesque. Our plant does not agree with the description of Actea or Cimici- 
 fuga. 
 
CLASS XII. ORDER XIII. ^ 
 
 Southern. 
 Bejaiua. Befabia. Calyx 7'clett : petals 7 : stamens 14 : capsule 7-celI« 
 ed, man} -seeded. 18. 50. 
 
 Lewisia. Calyx 7 to 9-leaved : petals 14 to 18 : stamens 14 to 18 : style 
 about 3-cleft : stigmas 2-cleft : capsule 3-celled, many-seeded ; seeds shining. 
 13. 83. 
 
 * Jeflfersonia, Taxus. 
 
 OrDEII II. DiGYNIA, TO OrDER V. PeNTAOYKIA : OR Dl-PEN- 
 
 TAGYNIA. 
 
 Delphinium. Calyx : corol 5-f>etaIled, unequal : nectary 2-cleft, horned 
 behind : capsules 1 or 3, pod-Iik< . By some the corol is considered as a col- 
 oured calyx. 26. 61 — (larkspur.) jS. 
 
 AcoNiTUM. Calyx : petals 5, upper one vaulted : nectaries 2, hooded, 
 peduncled, recurved : capsule 3 or 5, pod-. ike. By some the corol is consid- 
 ered as a coloured calyx.) 26. 61 — monk's hood.) jS 
 
 Aqi'ILEGia. Calyx : peiaU 5, caducous : nectaries 5, alternating' with 
 the petals, and terniinating- downwards in a spur-like nectary : capsules 5, 
 erect ; acuminated with the permanent styles, many-seeded. By some the 
 nectaries are considered as petals and the corol as a coloured calyx. 26. 61 — 
 (columbine.) jS. 
 
 AscYRUM. Calyx 4-leaved ; 2 interior leafets cordate, larger: corol 4-pc- 
 talled : stamens with the filaments disposed in 4-parcels : styles 1 to 3 : capsule 
 •blong-, 1-celled, 2-valved, included in the calyx leaves. 20. 68 — (st. peter's 
 ■jvort. ) S. 
 
 Hypericum. Calyx 5-parted ; divisions equal, subovale • corol 5-petalled : 
 filaments often united at the base in 3 or 5 sets : styles 2 to 5 : capsule membrana- 
 ceous, roundish, with a number of cells equal to the number of styles. The bases 
 of the filaments are often in groups, when they are not united. 20. 68. (st. 
 John's wort ) S. 
 
 Exotic, 
 
 Nigella. Calyx none ; petals 5 : nectaries 5 ; three-cleft, within the corol ; 
 capsules 5, convex. 26. 61 — (fennel-flower.) 
 
 PaeoNIa. Calyx 5 leaved : petals 5 : styles : stigmas 2 or 3 : capsules 
 pod-!ike, many-seeded. Remarkable for the multiplication of petals by rich 
 culture. 26. 61 — (peony.) 
 
 ' Fothergillia, Juglans, Myriophyllum. 
 
 Order XIII. Polygysia. 
 A Perianth none. 
 
 Hydrastis. Petals 3, ovate (by some considered a coloured calyx :) berry 
 compo.sed oi 1-seeded acines. 26. 61 — (orange-root.) S. 
 
 Clematis. Petals 3, 4, 5 or 6 : seeds compressea : styles permanent, bcr 
 coming long plumose tails. (Some species are dioecious.) 26. 61— (virgin'^ 
 bower.) By some the corol is considered a coloured calyx. S. 
 
 Atrageke. Clematis. Corol double, many petalled ; outer ones largest, 
 inner ones nectary-'ike, spatulate : seeds with pilose (or plumose) tails : (ou 
 petals 4 to 6, with spatulate nectaries alternating with the petals ; and the out- 
 er filaments dilated.) 26. 61 — (false virgin's bower.) S. 
 
 Thalictrum. Petals 4 or 5 : filaments very long : seeds without tails, bU'x.- 
 ate, terete. (Some species ai-e dioecious.) 26. 61 — (meadow rne.) The CO- 
 lol is considered a coloured calyx by some. S. 
 
 AsEMOSE. Petals 5 to 9 : seeds numerous, naked. 26. 61f— (wind-flower, 
 jue anemone.) The corol is considered a calyx by some. S. 
 
 Trollius. Petals 5 to 15, caducous : nectaries 5 to 20, small, (ubnlayat- 
 the base, line;xr : capsules numerous, ovate, sessile, many 8e«ded. 26. 61*;— 
 (globe flower,) By some the nectajies are considered corols, aod the cords', 
 calyxes. 
 
4B CLASS Xllt. OKDEB I. 
 
 CopTls. Petals 5 or 6, caducous : nectaries small, 5 or 6, cowled : capsuks 
 oblong, 5 to 8, stiped, stellate, beaked, jnany-se« ded. 26. 61 — (goldthread.) 
 By some the nectaries are mistaken torcoruls. and (he corols for calyxes. 
 
 Caltha. Petals 5 to 9, orbicular: capsules numerous, (5 to 10) many- 
 seeded, compressed ; 1 -celled, spreading : nectaries : (pistils variable m 
 number.) 26 61 — (american cowslip.) S. By soAe the corol is mistaken 
 for a coloured calyx. 
 
 Exotic. 
 
 HrxLEBonus. Petals 5 or more : nectary 2-lipped, tubular : capsules o or 
 6 ; many-seeded, erectish, compressed. 26. 61 — (hellebore ) 
 
 B. Having a perianth. 
 
 Magnolia. • Calyx 3-leaved : corol 6 to 9-petalled : capsules numerous, im- 
 bricate on a strobile-like spike, 2-valved : seeds arilled, pendulous on Ion*"-- 
 cerds ; berry-like. 52. 75 — (magnolia, or beaver-tret.) S. , 
 
 LiRioDENDRON. Calyx 3-leaved : corol 6 or O-pctalled, liliaceous : seeds 
 in a sub-lanceolate samara, imbricate on a strobile-like spike. 52. 75 — (tulip 
 tree, or whitewood.) S. 
 
 PoncELiA. AsiMiNA Calyx 3-leaved or 3-parted : petals 6, spreading, ob- 
 long-ovate ; the inner ones largest : anthers sub-sessile : stigmas sessile, ob- 
 tuse : berries several, sessile, ovate, obtuse, many seeded -, seed arilled. 52. 
 76 — (custard apple.) S. 
 
 Hepatica. ('alyx 3-leaved, a little distance belovv the corol, entire : petals 
 6 to 9: -eeds without tails. 26. 61— (liverleaf.) ,S. 
 
 Ranunculus. Calyx 5-leaved : petals 5, with claws, and a nectariferous 
 pore or scale on the inside of each ; seeds without tails, naked, numerous, 26. 
 <»1 — (crow-foot.) Some mistake an extra tegument for a capsule. ^. 
 
 Hydropeltis. Brasenia. Calyx 6-!eav.3d, somewhat converging ; 3 or 4 
 inner leaves longest : corol : stamens equalling the length of the calyx : cap- 
 sules oblong, somewhat lleshy, numerous, 2-celicd, 1 or 2-seeded. The inner 
 leaves of the calyx are considered as petals. 26. 61 — (water-shield ) ;S, 
 
 Nelumbium. Cyamus. Calyx 4 or 5-leaved: petals 5 or more: nuts half 
 immersed in a truncaie obconic, very large, receptacle, and crowned with the 
 permanent style. 26. 61 — (nelumbo.) iS. 
 
 Exotic. 
 
 Sebipervivum. Calyx 9 to 12-parted : petals 8 to 12 : capsules 12, many- 
 seeded ; (stamens 16 or 20.) 13. 83 — (house-leek.) 
 
 Adonis, Cal\ x 4-5 leaved: petals 5 or more, without nectariferous pores: 
 seeds awnless. 26 61 — (pheasant's eye.) 
 
 Southern. 
 IlliciU3I. Calyx 6-leaved : petals 27, in three series : capsules many, dl*- 
 posed in a circle, 2-valved, 1 -seeded. Sometimes 6-petalled. 12. 27 — (anise 
 iree.) 
 
 * Zostera. 
 
 CLASS XIII, DIDYXAMIA. 
 Order I, Gtmnospermia. 
 
 A. Calyx b-cleft, icith the divisions, or teeth, nearly equal. 
 
 TeUCRIUM. Corol di-ep deft on the uppt^r side, and without an «pp«y lip-.; 
 l«wer lip 3-cieft, the middle division rounded : etamene and pistils incurved ; 
 stamens exsert through the cUavage on the upper side of the corol. 43. 3^— 
 (wood sage, wild germander.) ,'^'- , ^ , . ,,,... 
 
 Mbhtha. Corol nearly equal, 4-lobed; broadest division emargmate : sta- 
 mens erect, distant. 42 39— (spearmint, peppermint.) 8. 
 
 ISASTHOS. Calyx «omewhrtt bell-form : corol 5-parted ; tube strait, mar- 
 row ; divisions ovate equal : stamens aearlj ctjual ; atigpja tiwar., j«CutY«d'. 
 4a 39^(blae gentian. ) 
 
tLASS Xni. ORDER I. 49 
 
 H£DEOMA. Calyx 2-lipped, gibbose at the base; upper lip with 3 lanceo- 
 late teeth ; 'ower lip with 2 subulate ones: corol ringent : 2 short stamens 
 barren. 42. 39 — (pennyroyal.) S. 
 
 CuNiLA Calyx cylindric, 10-.«(riate, 5-toothed, throat villose : corol rin- 
 g^ent : upper lip erect, flat, emarginate : 2 of the stamens usually barren and 
 very short ; the other two exsert : stigma unequally bifid. 42. 39 — (dittany.) 
 
 HYSS0PU3. Corol with (he under lip8-parted, its intermediate divisions sub> 
 crenate : stamens strait, distant. 42. 39 — (hyssop.) S. 
 
 Nepeta. Calyx dry, striate : corol with a longish tube ; under lip with the 
 middle division crenate : throat with a reflectedf margin : stamens approxi- 
 jnate 42. 39— (catmint.) /S. 
 
 Lamium. Segments of the calyx subulate, spreading : corol with the upper 
 lip entire, vaulted ; under lip 2-lobed; throat with a tooth at each margin. 42. 
 39— (dead nettle^ *S. 
 
 Galeopsis. Calyx axVned : corol with the upper lip sub-crenate, vaulted; 
 lower lip unequally 3-lobed, havmg 2 teeth on its upper side near the margin 
 of the orifice, and opposite to the sinuses dividing the lobe?. 42. 39 — (flower- 
 i-ng nettle.) 
 
 Stachys. Calyx with its divisions awned : corol with the upper lip vault- 
 ed ; the lower lip 3-lobed ; the middle divisions largest, emarginate ; the later- 
 al divisions reflexed : stamens reffexed towards the sides after discharging the 
 pollen. 42. 39 — (wound-wort, hedge nettle.) S. 
 
 Leoncrds. Calyx 5-angIed, 5-toothed: corol with the upper lip erect, vil- 
 lose, flat, entire; lower lip 3-parted ; middle division undivided: lobes of the 
 anthers parallel, having shining dots. 42. 39 — (mother-wort.) S. 
 
 Verbexa. Calyx with one of the teeth truncate : corol funnel-form, with a 
 carved tube : border 5-cleft, nearly equal : seeds 2 or 4, with an extra vanishing 
 tegument: sometimes 2 stamens are barren. 42. 39 — (vervain.) S. 
 
 Marrubivm. Calyx salver-form, rigid, marked with 10 lines : corol with 
 the upper lip 2-cleft, linear, strait. 42. 39 — (horehound.) S. 
 
 Glechoma. Calyx 5-cleft : corol double ihe length of the calyx ; upper lip 
 2-cleft; lower lip 3-cleft, with the middle segment emaiginate; each pair of 
 anthers approaching so as to exhibit the form of a cross. 42. 39 — (ground ivy, 
 gill-overground. ) 
 
 Pycnanthemum. Involucre bract-like, many -leaved ; under small heads of 
 flowers : calyx tubular, s^triate : corol with (he upper lip sub-entire ; lower lip 
 3-cleft ; middle segment longer : stamens dis(aut, nearly equal; cells of the 
 anthers parallel. 42. 39 — (mountain mint.) S. 
 
 Exotic. 
 
 Lavandula. Calyx ovate, sub-dentate ; bracts under-studded : corol resu- 
 pinate : stamens in the tube. 42. 39 — (lavender.) 
 
 Ballota. Calyx salver-form, 5-toothed, 10-striate : corol with the upper 
 Jip concave, crenate : seed ovate, 3-sided. 42. 39 — (false mother-wort. ) 
 
 SaTCReja. Calyx tubular, striate : corol with divisions nearly equal : sta- 
 mens distant 42. 39 — (savory.) 
 
 MoLUCEiXA. Calyx very large, bell or shell-form : margin repand-spinose : 
 corol much smaller, in the bottom of the calyx. 42. 39 — (shell-flower, molucca 
 balm.) 
 
 Southern. 
 
 Ajuga. Corol with the upper lip minute and 2-toothed: stamens longer than 
 the upper lip; anthers all reniform, 1-celled. 42 39. 
 
 Sysandra. Calyx 4-cleft; segments unequal, subulate, inclined (o one side : 
 upper lip of the corol entire and vaulted ; lower one unequally 3-lobed ; throat 
 inflated, naked : upper pair of anthers cohering, with the adjoining cells empty; 
 ilaraents downy. 42. 39. 
 
 Leucas. Calyx 10-striate, 6 to 10-toothed : upper lip a bearded helmet, en- 
 tire ; lower one long, 3-cleft; middle segment largest; lobes of the anthers 
 spreading : stigma shorter than the upper lip. 42. 39. 
 
 5 
 
^ CLASS XIII. ORDER II. 
 
 HyptiS. Calyx 5-toothed : corol 2-lipped ; upper lip 2-lobed, lower one^- 
 lobed, with the middle lobe calyx-like, involving the stamens and style until it 
 becomes reflexed : stamens declined. 42. 39. 
 
 B. Calyx 2-lipped. 
 
 Clinipodium. Involucre many -bristled, bract-like, uflder head-form whorls : 
 perianth 2-lipred: corol with the upper lip flat, obcordate, strait. 42. 39 — 
 (field thyrae.) 
 
 Origanum. Calyxes collected into a 4-sided strobile-like cone, with broad 
 intervening bracts : corol with the upp^r lip erect, flat, stra-ght, emarginate : 
 under lip S-parted, divisions nearly equal. 42. 39 — (jDarjoram.) 
 
 Dracocephalum. Calyx sub-equal, 5-cleft : corol with the throat inflated : 
 the upper lip concave, the middle division o! the lowei hp roundish, notched, 
 stamens unconnected. 40. 40 — (dragon-head.) (S. 
 
 Prunella. Calyx with the upper lip dilated: filaments 2-forked, with an 
 anther on one of the points : stigma 2-cleft 42. 39 — (self-heal, or heal-all.) S. 
 
 Scutellaria. Cal} x with an entire mouth, which is closed with a helmet- 
 form lid after the corol falls out: tube of the corol bent. 42. 39 — (scull-cap.) S. 
 
 Trichostema. Calyx resupinate : corol with the upper lip falcate ; the un- 
 der lip 3-parted, with the middle division small, oblong : filaments very long- 
 exsert, incurved or coiled. 42. 39 — (blue-cuils.) S. 
 
 Phryma.* Calyx cylindnc, upper lip longer, 3-(left; lower lip 2-toothed : 
 corol with the upper lip emarginate ; lower lip much larger : seed single. 42. 
 39._(lopseed.) iS\ 
 
 Exotic. 
 
 Thymus. Calyx sub-campanulate, with the throat closed with hairs : corol 
 with the upper lip flat, emarginate ; lower lip longer. 42. 39 — (thyme.) 
 
 Melissa. Calyx dry, flattish above, wi'h the upper lip sub-fastigiate : corol 
 with the upper lip somewhat vaulted, 2-cleft; lower lip with the middle lobe 
 cordate. 42. 39— (balm.) 
 
 OcYMUM. Calyx With the upper lip orbiculate, the lower one 4-cleft : corol 
 resupinate ; one lip 4-cleft, the other undivided : outer filaments sending out a 
 process from the base. 42. 39 — (sv/eet basil.) 
 
 Southern. 
 
 Macbridea. Calyx top-form, 3-cleft, 2 segments large : corol 2-lipped ; the 
 upper entire, the under. 3-parted : anthers 2-lobed ; the lobes spreading, fring- 
 ed with small spines. 42. 39. 
 
 Calamintha. Calyx closed with hair* after flowering : throat of the corof 
 somewhat intlited ; upper lip emarginate ; lower one 3-parted, middle segment 
 somewhat emarginate or entire. 42. 39. 
 
 CeraNTHera. Calyx 2-hpped, the upper lip emarginate, the lower one 2- 
 cleft: upper lip of the lorol 2-lobed, the lower one 3-parted . stamens exsert ; 
 anthers horizontal, awned at each end. 42 39. 
 * Lycopus, Monarda, Salvia, Collinsonia. 
 
 Order II. Angiospermia. 
 
 A. Calyx 2-cleft or 2-leaved. 
 
 Obolaria. Calyx bract-like : corol 4-cleft, bell-form: capsule 1-celled, 2- 
 valved, many-seeded : stamens from the divisions of the corol nearly equal : 
 Stigma 2-cleft or emarginate. 40.35 — (penny-wort.) ^V 
 
 Castilleja. Calyx spathe-form, upper lip 2 cleft, lower one wanting : corol 
 2-lipped: lower one verv short, 3-cleft, with 2 glands between the divisions : 
 capsule 2-celled. 40. 35. (ST. 
 
 * When the seed approaches maturity, the calyx closes upon it, which ha*- 
 induced some authors to remove it to the next order. But the Scutellaria pre- 
 sents nearly the same character. Other genera approach it also, in this partl- 
 -cular. It is, io my opinion, an unnecessary innovation. 
 
CLASS XIII. ORDER 11. 51 
 
 B. Calijx A-cleft. 
 
 ScHWALBEA. Calyx tubular-inflated; upper division small ; lower division 
 jarge, einarginate or 2-too;hed : corol ringent, upper lip entire, arched, lower 
 lip3-Iob«d: capsule ovate, compressed, 2-celled, 2-valved,with a double par- 
 tition: seeds many, chatfi . 40. 40 — (chafl'-seed ) S. 
 
 EucHROMA. Calyx inflated, 2 or 4-cleft : corol 2-lipped ; upper lip long li- 
 near, embracing the style and stamens: anthers linear, with unequal lobes, co- 
 hering so as to form an oblon,;^ disk : capsule ovate, compresst'd, 2-celled : 
 seeds numerous, surrounded with an inflated membrane. 40. 40. S. 
 
 Bartsia. Euchroma ? Calyx lobed, eniarginate, coloured : corol less than 
 calyx ; upper lip longest, concave, entire ; lower lip .'^-cleftand reflexed : an- 
 thers with equal lobes, not cohering : capsule 2-celled : seed angled. 40. 35 
 — (painted cup.) 
 
 Rhinanthl'S. Calyx inflated: corol ringent; the upper lip mostly com- 
 pressed ; the under lip spread, 3-parted : capsule 2-celled obtuse, compress- 
 ed. 40. 35 — (yellow coxcomb.) 
 
 Mel.vmpvrum. Corol with the upper Up compressed, the margin folded 
 back; lower lip grooved, 3-cleft, sub-equal : capsuk 2-cellcd, oblique, dehis- 
 cent.on one side: seeds 2, cylindric, gibbous, cartilaginous and smooth. 40. 
 ,35 — (cow-wheat.) jS'. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 Lantan'a.. Flowers in a head : calyx obsoletely 4-toothed : border of the 
 corol 4-lobed, unequal, throat open: stamens within the tube : stigma hooked : 
 drupes aggregated . nut 2-celled, even, 2-seeded. 40. 35. 
 
 Euphrasia Ca!)x •. ylindric : C0'0l2-iipped ; the upper lip 2-cIeft; lower 
 lip 3-lobed, with the divisions 2-cleft : lower anthers lobed, spinose. 40. 35 
 — (eye-bright.) 
 
 ORTHOCARPtfS. Calyx tubular, somewhat 4-cleft : corol 2 lipped, closed; 
 upper lip smaller, <.omi)re.ssfd ; margin inflexed ; lower lip concave, obsoletely 
 3-toothed, unexpended; lobns of anthers unequal, spreading: capsule straight- 
 ovate, 2-celled, 2-valved, tnany-seeded. 40 35. 
 
 C. Calyx 4 or o-cleft, or 5-tootlied ; plant rcithout green herbage. 
 
 Orobanche. Cal\ X 4 or 5-cleft ; segments often unequal : corol ringent: 
 capsule ovate, acu: , !-( elled, 2-valved : seeds numerous : a gland beneath the 
 base of the germ. 40. 35 — broom rape.) S. 
 
 Epiphegus. Pol}gamous. Calyx abbreviated, 5-toothed: corol of the bar- 
 ren flowers ringcn!, t ompressed, 4-cleft : lower lip flat ; of the fertil flowers 
 minute, 4-toothed, ;aducous : capsule truncate, oblique, 1-celled, imperfectly 
 two-Talved, opening on one side. 40. 35 — (beech drops, cancer root.) 
 
 D. Calyx 5-leaved or o-cleft : plant tvith green herbage. 
 
 Zapakia. Flowers capitate : calyx 5-toothed : corol 5-iobed ; stigma head- 
 peltate, obliqu : p<'ricarp bladder-like, vanishiusr, connecting the two seeds. 
 40. 40— (fog-fruit.) S 
 
 Herpestris. C-t'yx unequal, 2-bracted at the base: corol tubular, some- 
 what 2-lipped : stamens included : capsule 2-valved, 2-celled ; partitions par- 
 allel with the valvpj. 40. 40. <S'. 
 
 LiMosELLA. Calyx 5-c eft : corol 4 or 5-lobed, equal ; stamens approach- 
 ing each other by pairs : capsule 1 or 2-celled, 2-valved, many -seeded. 40. 
 40 — (mud wort.) 
 
 ScROPHULARiA. Calyx 5-cIeft : corol sub-globose, resupinate ; lips short, 
 middle division of lower fip reflexed : capsule 2-celled. (Generally a stamen- 
 like organ U attached to the corol.) — Corol dull purplish, green, or brown. 40. 
 40 — (figwort.) S. 
 
 BiGNONiA. Calyx 5-toothed, cup-form, sub-coriaceous : corol bell-form, 5- 
 lobed, ventricose beneath : capsule silique-like, 2-celled : seed membrane-wing- 
 er!. 40. 45— (trumpet-flower.) S. 
 
53 CLASS XIV. ORDER S. 
 
 RuELLiA. Calyx 5-parted, often 2-bracted •, corol someivhat bell-form, Umi' 
 5-lobed : stamens approaching by pairs : capsule tapering to both ends, tooth- 
 ed, elastically dehiscent: seeds few. 40. 35 — (ruei.) S. 
 
 JBucH5ERA. Calyx 5-toothed : corol with a sle;ider tube, and the Vunb in 5 
 equal divisions, the lobes cordate : capsule 2-celled 40. 35— (blue hearts.) *V. 
 
 Antirrhikum. Calyx o-leavedor deeply 5-parted ; ttft two lower divisions re- 
 mote ; corol personate or ringent, spurred, or with a prominent base ; the throat 
 closed with a prominent palate ; capsule ovate, 2-valved, dehiscent at the apcK, 
 with reflexed teeth. 40.40 — (snapdragon, toad-flax.) iST. 
 
 CoLLiNSiA. Calyx 5-cleft : corol 2-lipped, throat closed: upper lip 2-cleft : 
 lower one 3-cleft ; intermediate segment keeled, bag-like, and covering the de- 
 clined s'amens and style : capsule globose, somewhat 1 -celled and 4-valved. 
 Seeds 2 or 3, umbilicate. 40. 40. 
 
 Gerardia. Cahx 5-cleft or 5-toothed: corol sub-campanulate, unequally 
 5-lobed; segments mostly roundtd : capsule 2-celled, dehiscent at the top. 40. 
 10 — (false-foxglove.) *?. 
 
 Pedicularis. Calyx ventricosc, 5-cleft or obliquely truncate : corol ringent; 
 upper lip arched, emarginate and compressed : capsule 2-celled, mucronate, 
 oblique : seed? numerous, angular, coated. (Leaves many-cleft.) 40. 35 — 
 (lousewort, high heal-all.) *S'. 
 
 MiMLXUS. Calyx prismatic, 5-toothed : corol ringent ; upper Irp folded back 
 upon its sides, lower lip v.h a prominent palate : stigma thick, 2-cleft : cap- 
 sule 2-cell.'-d, many-seeded ; seeds minute. 40. 40 — (monkey-flower.) »S'. 
 
 Chelone. Calyx 5-cleft or 5-leaved, 3-bracted : corol ringent, inflated 
 the u;per lip emarginate-obtusc, under lip slightly 3-cIeft ; the rudiment of a 
 smooth filament between, and shorter than the two tallest stamens; anthers 
 woollv : capsule 2-celled, 2-valved : seeds with membranous margins. 40. 45 
 ■—(snake-head.) S. 
 
 Pextstemon Calyx 5-cleft or 5-leaved: corol ringent, inflated ; the rudi- 
 ment of a bearded filament between, and longer than, the two tallest stamens : 
 anthers smootti : capsule 2-celled, 2-valved, ovate ; seeds numerous, angular. 
 (Taken from the last genus.) 40. 45— (beard tongue.) iS^. 
 
 Martvma. Calyx 5-cleft: corol ringent, alm.ost bell-form : capsule woody 
 and barked, with a hooked beak, 4-celied, 2-valved. 40. 45 — (unicorn-plant.') 
 
 Exotic. 
 
 Digitalis. Calvx 5-parted : corol bell-form, ventricose, 5-cleft : stigmn 
 simple or bilamellate: capsule ovate, 2-celled. — (Flowers racemed.) 40. 40— 
 (foxglove.) 
 
 Southern. 
 
 Capraria. Calyx 5-parted : corol somewhat bell-form, 5-cleff, nearly equal 
 capsule 2-vaived, 2-celled, manv-seeded. 40. 45. 
 
 Sevmeria. Afz.eua. Calyx 5-parted nearly to the base : corol bell-wheel- 
 form, almost equallv 5-lobed : 'stamens sub-equal, near the throat : anthers ob- 
 lon?,' naked : style'declined : capsule inflated, ovate, acute, 2-celled, 2-valved, 
 opening at the top. 40. 40. ^ , .. . ^ , , , , 
 
 Sesamvm. Calyx 5-parted : corol bell-form, 5-cleft, with the lower lobc- 
 largest : stamens with the rudiment of a fil'th : stigma lanceolate: capsule ob- 
 miely4 angled, 4-celled. 40. 45 — (oily grain.) 
 * Catalpa, Gratiola. 
 
 CLASS XIV. TETRADYNAMIA. 
 
 Order 1. Silicclosa. 
 Bu.NlAS. Cakiee. Flower minute. Silicle sub-laiiceolate, 4-ang]ed, with 
 two separable, 1 -seeded, valveless articulations ; lower one with a depressed line, 
 upper one furnished with an emarginate tooth on each side, and an elevated 
 line ; seed erect in the upper joint, and pendulous or abortire in the lower one» 
 39. 63— (sea-rocket.) S. 
 
CLASS XIV, OEDER II. 53 
 
 Thlaspi. Calyx spreading, equal at the base : filaments dis<inct, without 
 teeth : gilicle compressed, emarf^inate, obcordate, many-scedrd ; valves re- 
 semble two boats with the keels outward. 39. 63 — (shepherd's purse.) jS. 
 
 Draba. Silicle oval-oblong, many-seeded^ valves ilatti^h, parallel to the 
 partition ; serHs not margined : filaments without teeth : style none Cotyle- 
 dons accumbent.* 39. 63 — (whitlow-grass.) S. 
 
 Alyssum. Vesicaria. Calyx equal at the base : petals entire : filaments 
 of the two shorter stamens marked with a tooth : silicle entire, acuminate with 
 the style, oval or globose, often hairy : seeds 2 to 4 in each cell, compressed or 
 mcmbraiious-winged. Cotyledons accumbent. 39. 63 — (madvvort, gold-of- 
 pleasure.) 
 
 Lepidium. Calyx spi-eading : corol regular: silicle emarginate, cordate or 
 oval; cells l-seeded ; valv-es carinate, dehiscent ; partition contrary. Cotyle- 
 dons incumbent. 39.63 — (pepper-grass.) S. 
 
 Camehxa. Silicle sub-ovate, many-seeded ; valves thick, (glabrous or mem- 
 branaceous in part :) stamens without teeth : styles rather long : seeds oblongi 
 striate, not membrane-winged. Cotyledons incumbent, 39. 63. 
 
 SuBULARiA. Silicle entire, ovate ; valves ovate, concave, (convex without :) 
 stigma sub-sessile ; seed linear, 2-plaited. Cotyledons incumbent. 39. 63. 
 
 CocHLEARiA. Silicle thick, rugose, many-seeded, 2-valved ; valves gib- 
 bous, obtuse : partition nearly parallel to the valves. 39. 63 — (horse-radish, 
 ■water-radish. ) 
 
 Exotiv, 
 
 LuNARiA. Silicle entire, oval, flat-compressed, pedicelled; valves equalling 
 the partition, parallel, flat : calyx consists of coloured sack-like leafets. 39. 63 
 — (honesty, or satin-flower.) 
 
 IsATis. Silicle compressed, oblong, lig-ulate, valveless, l-seeded : partition 
 like lattice work. 39. 63. — (woad.) 
 
 Iberis. Corol irregular, the two exterior petals longest ; silicle emarginate, 
 many-seeded. 39. 63 — (candy tuft.) 
 
 Southern. 
 
 CoRONOPUS. Silicle renitbrm, compressed, wrinkled ; cells valveless, 1- 
 seeded. 39. G3. 
 
 M YAGRUM. Silicle sub-erose, valveless ; cells fertile and empty, alternately 
 superimposed on each other : styles permanent. 39.. 63.. 
 
 Selenia. Calyx ecjual at the base, colourt d, spreading : silicle large, many- 
 seeded, oval, flat-compressed, margined, sub-sessile ; valves parallel, smaller 
 than the partition : glands 10, in pairs. 39. 63. 
 
 Order II. Siliqugsa. 
 
 Dentaria. Calyx longitudinally converging : silique lanceolate, bursting 
 elastically, with flat, nerveless, revolute valves ; the partition thick and fungus- 
 like : stigma emarginate; seeds in a single series, ovate, not margined. Co- 
 tyledons accumbent. (Roots sharp-tasted, fleshy, with tooth-like processes.) 
 39. 63— (tooth-root, trickle-root.) S. 
 
 Cardamine. Calyx leaves spreading but little : stigma entire : a single 
 gland between each of the short stamens aitd the calyx : silique with truncate 
 margins, linear, long, bursting elastically with revolute valves, narrower, but 
 equalling the length of the partitions : seed with a slender funicule, not margin- 
 ed. 39. 63 — (american water-cress.) iST. 
 
 Arabis. Glands 4, one within each leafet of the erect calyx, of the size of the 
 reflected scale : silique compressed, torulose, sub- divaricate ; valves flat, l-nerv- 
 
 * In cases of doubt, the cotyledons may be examined after soaking the seed 
 in warm water. When accumbent is applied, the corcle is against the back q( 
 one of the cotyledons. When incumbent is applied, the corcle is at the edge's 
 of the cotyledons. Condujplicate is applied, when the two cotyledons cJOse_ to- 
 getlier, like the shutting ofa book. Totrey. - 
 
 5* 
 
54 CLASS XV. ORDER V. 
 
 6d : seeds arranged in a single serie°. Cotyledons accumbent. 39. 63 — (wall- 
 cress.) S. 
 
 TcRRiTis. Calyx converging, erect : corol erect; silique very long, striate, 
 2-edged ; valves keeled or nerveil ; seeds arranged in a double series. Cotyle- 
 dons accumbent. 39. 63 — (tower-mustard.) 
 
 Barbarea. Calyx erect, equal at the base : gland! between the bases of 
 the short stamens and the germ : silique 4-*-dged : seeds arranged in a single 
 series. Cotyledons accumbent. 39.63 — (water radish.) 
 
 Sisymbrium. Calyx mostly spreading, equal at the base : silique sub-terete. 
 Cotyledons incumbent, sometir>;es oblique, flat. 39. 63 — hedge-mustard.) <S. 
 
 Erysimum. Nasturtium. Calyx and corol spreading : silique bursting, 
 not elastically ; beak short and terete ; valves nerveless, not keeled, straitish^ 
 concave. Cotyledons accumbent. 39. 63 — (english water-cress, water-rad- 
 ish.) S. 
 
 Cheiranthus. Calyx closed, two of tbeleafets gibbous at the base : petals 
 dilated : ■silique, when young, with a glandular tooth each .<ide : stigma 2-lobed ; 
 seed flat, sometimes margined. 39. 63 — (stocJi-jaly -flower, wall-flower.) 
 
 Hesperis. Calyx closed, furrowed at the base, shorter than the claws of the 
 petals: petals bent obliquely, linear or obovate : silique 4-sided, 2-e iged, or 
 sub-terete : seeds not margined : stigmas forked, with converging apexes. Co- 
 tyledons incumbent, flat. 39 63 — (rocket.) 
 
 Sinapis. Calyx spreading : corol Tvith strait claws : glands between the 
 short stcimens and pistil, and between the long stamens and calyx : partition 
 extending beyond the valves of the silique, ensiform : seeds in a single series. 
 Cotyledons conduplicate. 39. 63 — (mustard.) 
 
 Raphanus. Calyx closed, setose: silique torose, terete, not opening by 
 valves, 1 or 2-celled : glands between the short stamens and pistil, and betvveeu 
 the long stamens and calyx. Cotyledons conduplicate. 39. 63 — (radish.) 
 
 Exotic. 
 Brassica. Calyx erect, converging : partition extending beyond the valves 
 of the silique : seed globose : glands between the short stamens and pistil, and 
 between the long stamens and calyx. 39. 63— ^(cabbage, turnip.) 
 
 Southern. 
 
 Stanleya. Calyx very large, 4-sided, cruciform, diverging, coloured : pe- 
 tals erect; claws longer than the lamina: stamens nearly equal ; glands 4, 2 
 outside and 2 inside of the corol : silique stiped, 2-ceIled, 2-valved : seeds oblong, 
 flattish. 39. 63. 
 
 Streptanthus. Calyx erect, coloured : petals dilated ; having twisted, 
 channelled, claws: glands none: stamens with filaments subulate, and thicken- 
 ed at the base : silique very long, angled, compressed : seeds in one series, 
 flat, margined : cotyledons accumbent. 39. 63. 
 * Cleome, or Polanisia. 
 
 CLASS XV. MONADELPHIA. 
 
 Order III. Tkiandria. 
 
 SiSYRlNCHlUM. Spathe 2-leaved : perianth : corol superior, 6-cleft or 6- 
 petalled, tubular: style 1 : stigma 3-cleft : capsule 3-celled. 6. 18 — (blue- 
 eyed grass.) S. 
 
 Order V. Pentandria. 
 
 Passiflora. Calyx 5-parted, colo;jred : corol 5-petalled, on the calyx - 
 nectary, a triple filamentous crown within the petals : gourd-like berry, pedi- 
 celled. 34. 97 — (passion-flower.) S. 
 
 Exotic. 
 Erodium. Calyx 5-leaved : corol 5-petalled : nectariferous scales 5, alter* 
 
CLASS XV. ORDER. XIII. Oi) 
 
 nalln"- with the filaments : arils 5, 1 -seeded, awned ; beaked at the base of the 
 receptacl*"; awn spiral, bearded within. (Taken from the geranium.) 14. 73 
 —(stork's bill.) 
 
 Souther n. 
 
 Philoserus. Calyx 5-parted : corol none : stamens united at the base in- 
 to a small entire cup, shorter than the germ : anth«rs 1-ceiled : stigmas 2 
 bladder-iike capsule membranaceous, 1-seeded, valveless. 14. 73. 
 
 AcHYRANTHES. Calyx double, membranaceous permanent, outer 3-leaved, 
 inner 5-ieaved, unequal : »tamens standing on the nectary, with segments be- 
 tween them : seed one, covered by the converging calyx. 14. 73. 
 
 Oplotheca. Calyx double, outer 2-leaved, scarious, convolute, truncate ; 
 shorter than the inner — inner 1-leafed, muricate, somewhat 5-cleft, with a dense 
 down : corol none : nectary cylindric, 5-toothed, bearing the stamens : stigma 
 simple, capitate, hairy : bladder-like capsule 1-seeded, inclosed in the calyx, 
 14. 73. 
 
 * Anagallis, Lysimacha, Linura. 
 
 Order VII. Heptandria. 
 
 Exotic. 
 Pelargonium. Calyx 5-parted, upper division broader, ending in a capil- 
 larv' nectaritei-bus tube : corol 5-petalled, irregular ; the two upper petals usu- 
 ally broader, with coloured veins : filaments 10. three of them usualh without 
 anitiers : arils 5, each 1 -seeded, awned ; some of the awns spiral. 14. 73 — • 
 (stork geranmm.) 
 
 Order VIII. Octandria. 
 
 Southern. 
 PiSTiA. Spathe tub'ular-hooded, strap-like : corol none : filaments lateral ; 
 anthers 3 to 8 : style 1 : capsule 1-celled, many-seeded. 14. 73. 
 
 * Polygala, Cardiospermura. 
 
 Order X. Decandria. 
 
 Geranium. Calyx 5-leaved: corol 5-petalled, regular: nectariferous glands 
 5, adhering to the base of the 5 a ternating long filaments : arild 5, 1-seeded, 
 awnsd, beaked a; the elongated top o' the receptacle : awn naked or smootli 
 within, strait. 14. 73 — (cranebill, lalse crowfoot, herb-robert.) S. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 Acacia. Mimosa. Polygamous. Calyx tubular. 5-toothed : petals 5 : sta- 
 mens 5 to 10, exsert : pod 1 -celled, 2-valved. 33. 93. 
 
 Darlingtonia* Calyx bell-form, 5 to 7-toothed : petals 5 : stamens 5 to 
 lOj somewhat exsert ; anthers oblong : germ sessile, acuminate : pod fal- 
 cate, many-seeded. 33. 93. 
 
 ScHRAJN'KiA Mimosa. Polygamous. Calyx tubular, 5-toothed ; petals 5 : 
 stamens 8 to 10, exsert : pod 4-valved. 33. 93. 
 
 * Acacia, Oxalis. 
 
 Order XIII. Poltandria. 
 
 SiDA. Calyx sirap'e, angular, 5-cleft : style many -parted : capsules many, 
 arranged circularly, 1-celled, 1 or 3- seeded. (Pedicel articulated under the 
 apex.) 37. 74 — (indian mallows.) S. 
 
 Althaa. Calvx double, outer one 6 or 9-cleft : capsules many, arranged 
 circularly, 1-seeded. 37. 74 — (hollyhock.) 
 
 Malva. Calyx double, outer one 3-leaved, inner one 5-cleft : capsules ma- 
 ry, arranged circularly, 1-celled, 1-seeded. 37. 74 — (mallows.) /S^. 
 
 * I have not been able to procure De Candolle's description of this genus, 
 ♦?hich he dedicated to Dr. W. Darlington of Pennsylrania. 
 
56 CLASS XVI. ORDER X. 
 
 Hibiscus. Calyx double, outer one many leaved ; inner one about 5-cleft : 
 stigmas 5: capsule 5 or 10-celIed, many seeded. 37. 74 — (marsh mallows.) 6'. 
 
 Exotic. 
 
 Lavatera. Calyx double, outer one 3-cIeft : capsules many, many-seeded. 
 37. 74 — (tree mallows.) ^ 
 
 GossYPiUM. Calyx double, outer one 3-cleft : capsule 4-celled : seeds in- 
 volved in wool. 37. 74-^(cotton.) 
 
 Southern. 
 
 Mai-OPE. Calyx double, outer S-leaved : capsules 1-seeded, irregularly 
 aggregated. 37. 74. 
 
 STU.VRTIA. Calyx 5-parted : petals 5 : stigma somewhat 5-lobed, capitate : 
 capsule 5-celled, 5-valved ; cells 1 or 2-seeded : s^eds ovale, bony. 37. 74. { 
 
 HoPEA. Calyx 5-cleft, superior : petals 5 : staniens numerous, united in 5 
 groups: style 1 : drupe 3-celled, with 2 of them often empty. 37. 74 — (yel- 
 low leaf.) 
 
 NuTTALLiA. CALLrRHOE. Calyx simple, 5-cleft : capsules numerous, 1- 
 seeded, united in a ring. 37. 74. 
 
 Styrax. Calyx bell-form, generally 5-toothed, inferior : corol 5 to 7-part- 
 ed, on the calyx : drupe ? coriaceous, with 1 or 2, 1-seeded nuts : stamens 6 to 
 16, on the throat of the corol, united at the base : anthers oblong, linear, 37. 
 74 — (storax tree.) 
 
 Halesia. Calyx 4-too(hed, superior : corol 4-cleft : nut covered with bark, 
 4.-sided, 2 or all the angles winged ; 2 to 4-celled, 2 to 4-seeded. 37. 74— ^ 
 (snowdrop tree.) 
 
 GoRDOMA. Calvx simple, 5-leaved, connate at the base : style 5-sided : 
 stigmas 5 : capsule 5-celled, 5-valTed : receptacle CQlumnar : cells 2-seeded : 
 seeds winged. 37. 74. 
 * Pinus. 
 
 CLASS XVI. DIADELPHIA. 
 Order V. Pentandria, to Order VIII. Octandria, or Pe^i- 
 
 OCTANDRIA. 
 
 CoRTDALls. DiCLYTRA. Calvx 2-leaved : corol ringent, 1 or 2-spurred at 
 the base : filaments 2, membranaceous, each with 3 anthers : capsule silique- 
 like, 2-valved, compressed, many-seeded. In some species the stamens are 
 separate, with broad membranaceous bases. 24. 62 — (colic-weed.) jS. 
 
 FuMARiA. Calyx 2-leaved, caducous : corol irregular ; spurred or gibbous 
 at the base of one petal • filaments 2, each with 3 anthers : capsule or silicic 
 drupe-like, l-celled, 1-seeded, not opening by valves : seeds affixed to the side 
 of the cell. 24. 62— (fumitory.) <S. 
 
 PoLYGALA. Calyx 5-lea\ed, permanent, unequal, 2 of the leafets wing-like, 
 larn'er, coloured : corol irregular, (or rather, calyx 3-leaved, corol impertectly 
 papilionaceous :) capsule obcordate, 2-celled, 2-valved. Keel of the corol 
 sometimes appendaged : seeds hairy. 33. 35 — (snake-root, milk-wort, lo^\- 
 century, mountain flax. ) <S. 
 
 Southern. 
 Patalostemon. Petals 5, nearly equal, 4 of them alternating with the sta- 
 mens, and uniting with them in a cleft tube : legume 1-seeded, included in the 
 galjx. 32. 93. 
 
 Order X. Decardria. 
 A. Legume without tratisverse divisions or partitions ; seeds numerous. 
 
 ( Stigma pubescent. J 
 
 PiSUM. Calyx with the divisions leaf-like, about equal : banner protruding 
 2 folds : style compressed, carinate, villose above : legume without down at the 
 syture. 32. 93— -(pea.) 
 
 Lathtrus. Calyx with the two upper divisions shorter : stjle flat, villose 
 
CLASS XVI. ORDER X. S^ 
 
 above, broader towards the top. (3tenj3 mostly winged, leafetsS ormore, ter- 
 minated by a divided tendril.) 32. 93 — (swett pea.) <S. 
 
 ViciA. Calyx emarginate above, 2-toothed ; 3 strait long teeth below : ban- 
 ner emarginate : stvle bearded transversely on the lower side beneath the stig- 
 ma. 32. 93— (vetch.) ^\ 
 
 Ervum. Calyx 5-parted ; divisions linear, acute, about equalling the corol . 
 stigma capitate, hairy on all sides, (Torrey) ; glabrous, (Persoon :) legume ob- 
 long, 2 to 4-seeded. 32. 93 — (creeping vetch.) 
 
 Southern. 
 
 Orobus. Style linear : coroi long: calyx obtuse at the base; upper seg- 
 mrnts deeper and generally shorter. 32. 93 — (bitter vetch.) 
 
 Phaca. Keel obtus-. : style beardless : stigma capitate : legume 1-celled, 
 somewhat turgid ; upper suiure swollen and seed- bearing within. 32. 93. 
 
 f Stigma not pubescent. ) 
 
 Phaseolus. Keel, stamens and style spirally twisted together : legume 
 compressed, falcate ; seeds 5ub-compre>S6d renitbrm. 32. 93 — (bean.) (S. 
 
 Strophosttles. Glycine. Keel, s.arnens and style spirally twisted to- 
 gether : legume terete, with a longitudiLa: half-breadth partition, attached to 
 one edge : seed reniform, sub-cyiindric. 32. 93 — (wildbt^an.) S. 
 
 Apios. Glycine. Calyx somewhat 2-lipped, truncate, 1-toothed : keel of 
 the corol falcate, bending back the apex of the banner : germ sheathed at the 
 base: legume coriactous, many-seeded. 32 93 — (ground-nut.) <S. 
 
 Amphicarpa. Calyx bell-form, 4-toothed, obtuse and naked at the base : 
 petals oblona:, banner broader, close-pressed upon other petals, sub-sessile : 
 stigma capitate : legume fiat, stiped ; seeds 2 to 4. 32. 93 — (wild bean-vine. ) 
 S- 
 
 Galactia. Calyx 4-toothed, 2-bracted : petals all oblong : banner broader, 
 incumbent ; anthers oblong : stigma obtuse : germ on a naked stipe : legume 
 terete: seed* many, roundish. 32. 93 — (milk-way plant. ) S. 
 
 V^EXILLARIA. Coiol resupinate ; banner very large, spreading, overshad- 
 owing the wings : calyx bell-form or tubular, 5-toothed : legume linear, very 
 long, acuminate. 32. 93 — (butterfly-weed.) S. 
 
 RoBiNiA. Calyx small, be II -form, 4-c left, upper division 2 parted: banner 
 large, reflexed, roundish : legume compressed, elongated, many-seeded : seeds 
 compressed, small. 32. 93 — -(locust-tree) <S^. 
 
 Astragalus. Calyx 5-toothed : keel of the corol obtuse : legume with a 
 longitudinal half- breadth partition, attached to one edge, incurved at the suture 
 below. 32. 93— (milk vetch. ^ <S^. 
 
 Galega. Tephrosia. Calyx with subulate teeth nearly equal ; stamens of- 
 ten monadelphous : legume compressed, sub-coriaceous. 32. 93 — (goat's 
 rue.) ^. 
 
 Medicago. The keel deflected from the direction of the banner : legume 
 compressed, spiral. 32. 93 — (lucerne clover, medick.) S. 
 
 Exotic. 
 Colutea. Calyx 5-cleft with the keel obtuse: style bearded on its back 
 through its whole length : legume inflated, opening on the upper suture at the 
 base. 32. 93 — (bladder senna, bush locust.) 
 
 Southerii. 
 
 Indigofera. Calyx spreading : keel with a subulate spur both sides; le- 
 gume linear, small, terete or quadrangular. 32. 93 — (indigo.) 
 
 Glycyrrhiza, Liquiritia. Calyx tubular, equal. 5-parted, gibbous at 
 the base : banner erect, reflexed at the sides, including the other petals : 
 wings spreading ; keel 2-cleft : legume oblong, subovate, compressed, gene- 
 rally hispid, 2 to 6-seeded. (Flowers racemed.) 32. 93 — (liquorice.) 
 
 QxYTROPis. Astragalus. Keel terminating above in a subulate append- 
 age : legume with a longitudinal half-breadth partition, attached to one edge ; 
 the upper sulare inflexed, 32. 92, 
 
6S CLASS XVI. ORDER X. 
 
 DoLiCHOS. Banner with two oblong parallel callous processes at the base, 
 compressing: the wings beneath them. 32. 93 — (cowhage.) 
 
 Trigorella. Banner and wings sub-equal, sprf-adin^, resembling a 3-pe- 
 talled coroi : legume often curved, comprt-ssecl. 32. 93 — (fenunreek.) 
 
 Thyrsanthus, Calyx 2-lipped ; upptr lip truncate, eniarginate; lower 3- 
 cleft : banner callous at the b .>e ; wings cohermg A the top : germ sheathed 
 by a small toothed tube : Kgume terete-torulose. 32. 93. 
 
 LuPiNASTER. Calyx bell-form, 5-tootFied : teeth setaceous, one under the 
 keel: stigma hooked : legume terete, without j<ints. 32. 93. 
 
 B. Legume icithout transverse divisions or partitions , seeds feu-, or single. 
 
 Melilotus. Flowers racemed • ca!\x tubular, 5-toothed : keel simple, 
 shorter than the wings and banner: legume rugose, longer than the calyx, or 
 about as long. (Taken from the tnfoliutn.) 32 93 — (mrlilot clover.) S. 
 
 Trifolium. Flowers sub capi ate: legume included in the cal;, x, not 
 opening by valves, 1 to 4seeded. (Leaves always teruate.) 32. 93 — (clo- 
 ver.) <§. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 Dalea. Calyx half 5-cleft : cotoi partly papilionaceous: wings and keel 
 adnate to the undivided column of stamens : legume l-seeded, included in the 
 calyx. 32. 93. 
 
 PsoRALEA. Calyx 5-clpft or 5-toothed; lower segments* mostly elongated 
 legume the length of the calyx, l-seeded, somewhat beaked, v alveless. 32. 93. 
 
 C. Fruit or lomeni in several joints y or hi a single-seeded piece. 
 
 HedysXrum. Calyx 5-cleft : keel of corol tian^veisely obtuse : loraent ma- 
 ny-jointed ; joints l-seedfd. trunt ate. compressed, generally hispid. Plants 
 mostly with ternate leavj s. 32. 93 — (bush clover.) S. 
 
 Lespedeza. Calyx 5-part(d, 2-brhcted: divisions nearly equal : keel of the 
 corol transversely obtuse : leguni' len?^-<brm, unarn;ed, l-seeded. (Leaves al- 
 ways ternate. Taken from the hed\SAium.) 32. 93— (bush clover.) S. 
 
 Aeschynomen'e Calyx 2-!ipped, iips toothed ; stamens unitfd in two 
 equal parcels : loment cniriprf->sf d, one suture strait, the other lobed ; joints 
 truncate, l-seeded. 32. 93 — (!ai>e -ensitive plant.) S. 
 
 Stylosanthes. Calyx tubular, very I'ng, bearing the corol which origi- 
 nates higher than the top of the germ : loment one or two-jointed, hooked. 32. 
 93 — (pencil flower.) <Si. 
 
 Exotic. 
 
 CoRONiLLA. Calyx 2-lipped : petals with claws : loment teretish, jointed 
 flowers n umbels : seeds generally c} lindric. 32. 93 — (coronilla.) 
 
 CiCER. Calyx 5-parted, of the length of the corol, 4 upper divisions resting 
 on the banner : legume turgid, 2-seeded ; seeds gibbose, mucronate. 32. 93. 
 ' — (chick-pea.) 
 
 Southern. 
 
 ZoRNiA. Calyx inferior, bell-foinri, 2-lipped : banner cordate, revolute : an- 
 (hers 5 oblong and5gIobo.se : loment jointed, hispid 32. 93. 
 
 fc?ESBANiA. Calyx 5-toothed : legume elongated (terete or linear) divided 
 into many cells (or loment joints) by transverse partitions. 32. 93, 
 
 D. Stamens 7inited in one set. 
 
 Amorpha. Calyx somewhat bell-form, 4 or 5-cleft : banner ovate, con- 
 cave : wings and keel : legume 1 or 2-seeded, falcate. 32. 93 — (false-indi- 
 go.) S. 
 
 Lupixus. Calyx 2-lipped : anthers, 5 oblong and 5 roundish : legume cori- 
 aceous, torulose. 32. 93 — (lupine.) S. 
 
 Crotalaria. Corol with the banner cordate, large ; keel acuminate, the 
 noembrane formed by the united filament, has a fissure on the back : style curv- 
 ed : legume pedicelled, turgid. 32. 93— (rattle box.) S. 
 
CLASS XVII. OBDER T, 59 
 
 Genista. Calyx 2-lipped, 5-toothed, 2 upper teeth very short : banner ob- 
 long, reflexed back from the pistil and stannens. 32. 93 — (kneed-grass, dyer's 
 broom.) 
 
 Exotic. 
 
 SpakTIUM. Calyx extended downvvardj. : keel generally pendant : filaments 
 adhering to the germ: stigma villose lengthwise on the upper side : legume 
 jblong, 1 or mam -seeded. 32. 93 — (Spanish broom.) 
 
 Ulex. Calyx ^ !eav»'d, 2 b- ted: stamens all united: legume scarcely 
 onfer than the calyx, spinose. 32. <3 — (furze.) 
 
 Arachis. Cal> X. 2-lipp d : ■<jio> upside down : legume gibbous, toruloscj 
 leiny, coriaceous. 32. 93 — (pea-nut.) 
 
 Southern. 
 Erythrina. Calyx somewhat 2-lipped, various: banner long-lanceolate : 
 legume torulose, manyseedfd. 32. 93 — (corol tree.) 
 * Baptisia, Cercis, Virgilia, Cassia. 
 
 CLASS. XVII. SYNGENESIA. 
 Order I. Polygamia Aequalis. 
 
 A. Florets ligulate. 
 
 CiCHORiUM. Calyx calycled : egret plumose, sessile, unequal : (Torrey ;^ 
 many-ieavf^d, chaflfy : (Persoon;) receptacle somewhat chaffy. 49. 53 — (succo- 
 ry, or endive.) 
 
 Apargia. Calyx imbricate : receptacle naked, punctate : egret plumose, 
 sessile, unequal. (Taken from the Leontodon.) 49, 53 — (false hawk-weed.) 
 
 Leontodon. Calyx double, imbricate, with flexible leafets : receptacle nak- 
 ed : egret stiped. 49.53 — (dandelion.) jS. 
 
 Prenanthes. Florets from 5 to 20, in a simple series, (or in one circular 
 row:) calyx calycled : receptacle naked : egret simple, sub-sessile. 49.53 — 
 (white lettuce.) S. 
 
 Lactuca. Calyx imbricate, cylindric, with the margin of the scales raeni« 
 branaceous : receptacle naked : egret simple, stiped : seed smooth. 49. 53 — 
 (lettuce.) S. 
 
 SoNCHUS. Calyx imbricate, swelling at the base : egret pilose, sessile : re* 
 ceptacle naked. 49. 53 — (swine thistle.) jS. 
 
 HiERACiUM. Calyx imbricate, ovate : egret simple, sessile : receptacle nak- 
 ed, punctate, or sub-pilose. (From white becoming yellowish.) 49. 53 — 
 (hawk-weed ) 8. 
 
 Krigia. Calyx simple, many-leaved : receptacle naked : egret 5 to 8 mem^ 
 branous leaves, with 5 to 24 scabrous, alternating bristles : receptacle naked. 
 49. 53— (dwarf dandelion. S.) 
 
 Exotic. 
 Tragopogon. Calyx simple, many- leaved • receptacle naked: egret plu- 
 mose and stiped. 49. 53 — (goat's-beard, vegetable oyster.) 
 
 Southern. 
 
 BoRKHATJSiA. Calyx calycled. becoming rib -furrowed, outer scales of the 
 outer calyx loose : receptacle naked : egret stiped, pilose. 49. 53. 
 
 Troximon. Calyx oblong, conic, many-leaved ; leafets unequal, imbricate : 
 receptacle naked, puncticu ate : egret sessile, pilose. 49. 53. 
 
 Apogon. Calyx 8-leaved, in a double series: receptacle naked: egref 
 none. 49. 53, 
 
 Chondrilla. Receptacle naked : egret pilose, stiped : calyx calycled : 
 florets in many series : seed rugose. 49. 53. 
 
 B. Florets tubuUnis ; Jlovcer capitate. 
 
 Arctium. Calyx globose, with scales hooked at the apex : egret ehaff-brisC- 
 Fy : receptacle chaffy. 49. 54 — (burdock.) S. 
 OsopoRDON. Calyx imbricate, with sharp niucronate spreading scales; 
 
60 CLASS XVir. ORDER t. 
 
 egret pilose, scabroas, caducous : receptacle alveolate : seeds transversely sul- 
 eate. 49. 54 — (cotton thistle.) 
 
 Cnicus. Calyx swelling, imbricate, with prickly scales : receptacle villose : 
 egret caducous, plumose. 49. 54 — (thistlo.) ^S*. 
 
 Carduus. Calyx ovate, imbricate with prickly scales : receptacle villose : 
 egret pilose. 49. .54 — (comb-tootii thiste.) ♦ 
 
 LiATRis. Calyx imbricate, oblong : anthers entire at the base : seeds hairy, 
 ebconic ; ej>,ret permanent, plumose, coloured: receptacle naked : (flowers 
 purple.) 49. 54 — (iiay feather.) jS. 
 
 Vernonia Calyx imbricate, ovate : egret double, exterior chaffy and 
 short, inferior capillary : receptacle naked : stigma 2-cleft, shortish. 49. 55 — 
 (flat-top.) S. 
 
 Exotic. 
 
 Carthamus. Calyx ovate, imbricate with scales, ovatish-leafy at the apex : 
 egret chaff-hairy or none : receptacle cliaff-bristly. 49. 54 — (false saffion.) 
 
 Cynara. Receptacle bristly : calyx dilated, imbricate , scales with fleshy 
 bases, emarginate and pointed : egret plumose, seSsile. 49. 54 — (garden arti- 
 choke.) 
 
 Southern. 
 
 Stokesia. Calyx foliaceoos, sub-imbricate : florets of the ray funnel-form 
 and irregular : receptacle naked : egret 4-bristled. 49. 54. 
 
 Stevia. Calyx cylindric from a simple series of leafets : receptacle naked ; 
 egret chaff-bristled. 49. 54. 
 
 Brickellia. Calyx many-leaved, imbricate : receptacle naked, dotted : 
 egret hairy or scabrous : seed nearly glabrous, 10-streaked. 49. 54. 
 
 C. Florets tubulous ; Jlower discoid. 
 
 KuHNiA. Calyx imbricate, cylindrical : egret plumose, sessile: receptacle 
 naked : seed hairy, finely striated. 49. 55 — (false boneset.) S. 
 
 EcPATORiUM. Calyx imbricated (rarely simple) oblong : style long, cloven 
 halfway down: egret pilose, scabrous, or rough papillose : receptacle naked : 
 seed smooth and glandular, 5-striate. 49. 55^ — (boneset, thorough- wort, joe- 
 
 pye. ) S. 
 
 MiKANiA. Calyx 4 or 6 leaved, equal, 4 to 6-flowered ; receptacle naked : 
 CTet pilose. 49. 55 — (climbing boneset.) ^. 
 
 ^Chrysocoma. Calyx imbricate, oblong or hemispheric : style scarcely ex- 
 sert: receptacle naked: egret pilose, scabrous: seed hairy. 49. 55 — (gold- 
 en locks.) 8. 
 
 Cacalia. Calyx cylindric, oblong, somewhat calycled or scaly at the base : 
 receptacle naked : egret pilose. (Leaves mostly succulent. 49. 55 — (wild 
 
 caraway.) <S. 
 
 Sparganophorus. Calyx sub-globose, imbricate, with unequal scales re- 
 curve-spreading at the tips : receptacle naked : seed with the cup-like crown 
 sub-cartilagvnous, shining. 49. 55 — (crown-cup.) 8. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 Htmenopappus. Calyx many-leaved, s-preading ; leafets sub-oval, colour- 
 ed : receptacle naked : egret chaffy, many-leaved (5 to 8.') segments very short, 
 obtuse, awnless. 49. 55. 
 
 PoLYPTERis. Calyx many-leaved, spreading; leafets sub-oval, coloured : 
 receptacle naked : egret rhaffy, about 12-valved ; valves rigid and cuspidate, 
 the length ot the seed. 49. 55. 
 
 Mklananthera. Calyx imbricate ; leafets ovate, close-pressed, sub-equal : 
 receptacle chaffy ; scales keeled, the lower part embracing the florets : egret 
 consisting of 4 or 5 unequal, unarmed awns. 49. 55. 
 
 Marshallia. Calyx imbricate ; scales sub-lanceolate, incumbent: recep- 
 tacle chaffy: egret 5, inembranaoeous, acuminate, nerveless scales. 49. 55. 
 
 Santoli5A. Calyx imbricate, hemispherical ; scales keeled, havinj scati- 
 ous points ; receptacle chaffy : egret none. i% 55. 
 
CLASS XVII. ORDER 11. 61 
 
 Order IF Polygamia supebflua. 
 
 A. Floicers discoid ; the ray-JioreU being obsolete. 
 
 rAXACETUM. Calyx imbricate, hemispheric: scales acuin.nate : rays obso- 
 Jate, 3-c!eft : egret somewhat marginal : receptacle naked. ( Flowers corymb- 
 «d.) 49. 55 — (tansy.) 
 
 Artemisia. Calyx imbricate, o^-ate, with scales rounded, coTurrgin^ : ray- 
 Sorets subulate : egret : receptacle somewhat villose, or naicedish. (Flowers 
 inostly rounded.) 49. 55 — (wormwood, southern-wood.) (S^. 
 
 Baccharis. Calyx-scales ovate, 8uI)-<,oriaceous, imbricate, cylindric, bell- 
 tbrm or ovate: pistillate and perfect florets interniixed : recepiacle naked ; 
 egret pilose. (Sometimes the flowers are dioecious.) 49. 55 — (groundsel- 
 t ree. ) <S', 
 
 CoNYZA. Calyx imbricate, with scales sub-linear-ovate, or hemispheric 
 and sub-scarious : egret simple, capillary : receptacle naked : florets of the 
 ray with a 3-clet't border, not composing a ray in appearance. 49. 55 — (plow- 
 inan's-wort.) S, 
 
 GxAPUALiUM. Calyx imbricate, with the marginal scales rounded, scari- 
 ous, shortish, glossy, coloured : receptacle naked : egret pilose or plumose, 
 scabrous: florets of the ra\ subulate, of the disk entire. Sometimes all the 
 florets are perfect. 49. 55 — (life-everlasting.) *s>'. 
 
 Southern. 
 Pterocat:lo>". Calyx imbricate, with c'.ose-pressed, downy, sub-scariou'S 
 scales: receptacle naked : perfect and pistillate florets intermixed ; the pistil- 
 late ones slender; border 3-toothed ; perfect ones with a 5-cleft border : egret 
 liairy, scabrous : seed angled, hairy. 49. 55. 
 
 B. Floicers radiate^- the ligiclate ray-jiorets very manifest. 
 
 (Receptacle naked,) 
 
 Erigeron. Calyx imbricate, sub-hemispherical : egret pilose, double ; 
 outer egret minute fnd rhatfy : floret* of the ray linear, very narrow, numer- 
 ous. 49.55 — (flea-bane, pride-weed.) S. 
 
 Inula. Calyx imbricate, sienerally squarrose : egret simple, scabrous, some- 
 times a minute, exterior, chaflv one : anthers ending in 2 bristles at the base ; 
 rav-?lorets numerous. Ray-florets always yellow. 49. 55 — (elecampane.) 
 
 Aster. Calyx imbiicate, the inferior scales generally spreading: egret 
 simple, pilose: receptacle often deep-pitted. (Floretsof the ray more than 10, 
 except in solidaginoides, and a iew other species ; colour purple or white, 
 never yellow. 49.55 — (sta' -flower. ) jS. 
 
 SoLiDAGO. Calyx obloniC or sub cylindric, with oblong, narrow, pointed, 
 strait scales, imbricate, closed upon the flovve;-: ray -florets about 5, and fewer 
 than 10, lanceolate, 2-toothed, equal to, or shorter than, the calyx : filaments 
 capillary, very short: style thr<>ad-form, equalling the length of the stamens : 
 stigma cleft, spreading : erret simple, pilose, scabrous : receptacle furrowetii 
 with dots or punctures ; seeds oblong-ovate. (Yellow.) 49. 55 — (golden 
 rod.) ,S, 
 
 Arnica Calyx hemispherical, with the leafets equal, longer than the disku 
 receptacle naked: egret simple, hairy : florets of the ray often without anthers. 
 Ray-florets yellow. 49. 55. jS. 
 
 Sexecio. Calyx cylindric : leafets with withering, blackish tips, and a few 
 <mall calycle leafets at the base : egret simple, capillarv,"copious. Ray-floret?; 
 ^sometimes wantinsr. 49. 55 — (rag-wort, fire-weed.) 8. 
 
 CiNER.iRiA. Calyx simple, many-leaved, equal : egret simple. 49. ou. 
 ■S. 
 
 TussiLAGO. Calyx simple, swelling ; scales equal, and equalling the disk, 
 5ub-membranou3 : pistillate florets ligulate or without teeth : egret simple, ses 
 «ife. 49.55. (Sometinies polvgamous.) — (coltsfoot.) 
 
 6 
 
62 CLASS XVII. ORDER 11, 
 
 BoLTONlA. Calyx imbricate : florets of the ray numerous : rccoptacie conic, 
 punctate: eg^ret consist:^ of many minute bristles, and generally 2 elongated 
 bristles or horns: seed flat, margined. 49. 55— (false chanioniiie. ) S. 
 
 Chrysanthemum. Calyx hemispherical, unbncate, with the scales mem- 
 branous at the margin • egret none, or a narrow margin. 49. 55— (ox-eyed 
 daisy, fever-few.) S. • 
 
 Exotic. 
 
 BelI-IS. Calyx hemispherical ; scales equal : egret : receptacle conical r 
 seedobovate. 49. 55 — (garden daisy.) 
 
 Tagetes. Calyx simple^, I -leafed. 5-toothed. tubular: florets of the ray 
 about 5, permanent: egret 5 erect awns. 49.55 — (marigold.) 
 
 Southern. 
 
 Brachtris. Calyx cylindric-ovalt, closely imbricate; scales agglutinated 
 together: ray and disk florets about 5 to each : receptacle naked : egret very 
 short, chafly ; gluinrs 5 to 8, permanent. 49. 55. 
 
 DoNiA. Calyx hcmisi^hericai, imbricate, squarrose, glutinous: ray-florets 
 30 or more, (yellow :) receptacle naked, d'-ep-pitled : egret consists of 3 or 4 ca- 
 ducous, somewhat chaffy, bristles. 49. 55. 
 
 BoEBERA. Calyx double ; outer one many-leaved ; inner one 8-leaved : re- 
 ceptacle n.iked : egret pilose. 49, 55. 
 
 Trichophyllum. Calyx obiong-cylindric, many-leaved, equal : ray-florets 
 oblong : recf ptacle naked : egret chaffy, minute, 5 to 8-leaved; leafets obtuse, 
 awnless. 49. 35. 
 
 Matricaria. Calyx flat, imbricate, with scales having scarious margins : 
 receptacle naked, terete : egret none. 49. 55. 
 
 Chrysopsis. Calyx imbricated: (ray-florets mostly yellow :) anthers nak- 
 ed at tl'^.e bf'se : receptacle nakf d : egret double ; outer chaffy, minute ; inner 
 scabrous, man} rayed : eed obovate, villous. 49. 55. 
 
 Pectis. Calyx 5-leaved : ray-florets 5 : receptacle naked : egret 3 to 5 
 awns. 49. ou. 
 
 (Receptacle chaff]/ or hairy.) 
 
 Verbesina. Calyx many -leaved ; leafets arranged in double series : florets 
 of the ray about 5: egret 2-awned 49. 5.5— (crown-beard.) S. 
 
 Anthe.mis. Calyx hemispherical ; scales with scarious margins, nearly 
 equal : egret 0, or a membranous margin : florets of the lay more than 5 : re- 
 ceptacle chafis flat, with a riirid acuminate apex : seed crowned with a mem- 
 branous border, or egret. 49. 55 — (may-we^d, chamomile.) S. 
 
 Achillea. C-ilyx imbricate, ovate, unequal : egret : florets of the ray 5 
 to 10. ro'c!:idish. dilated. (Flowers corymbed.) 49. 55— (yarrow.) tS'. 
 
 Heliopsis. Calyx imbricate, with ovate-linear lined scales : ray -florets li- 
 near, large : receptacle chaffy, conic ; the chaffs lanceolate : seeds 4-sided ; 
 egret 0. 49.55 — (sun-ray.) S. 
 
 Helemum. Cal\x 1-leaved, many-parted : egret 5-awned, chaYTy leaves: 
 receptacle globose, naked in the disk, and chaff} in the ray only : florets of the 
 ray h ilf-3-cleft : i3ed villose. (Leaves decurrent.) 49. 55 — (false sunflow- 
 er.) S. 
 
 Southern. 
 Zinnia. Calyx cylindric ovate, imbricate: i-ays 5, entire, permanent: re- 
 ceptacle chaffy : egret 2 erect awns. 49. 55. 
 
 CStarkea. ' Calyx imbricate : receptacle hirsute : egret simple, sessile, sca- 
 brou';. 49. 55. 
 
 EcLiPTA. Calyx many -leaved, sub-equal : disk-florets mostly 4-cleft : ray- 
 florets very narrow, numerous : receptacle bristly : egret none : seed rugose, 
 2-edged, somewhat 4-sided. 49. 55. 
 
 SiEGESBECKiA. Outer calyx 5-leaved, Spreading ; inner one many-leaved, 
 5-angled, sub-equal ; rays on one side of the flower only : receptacl« chaffy : 
 esrretnone: seed somewhat 4-5ided. 49.55. 
 
CLASS XVII. ORDER IV. 63 
 
 AcMELLA. Calyx simple, icafets few : receptacle oblong-, cliafl'y : seeds 4- 
 sitkd, truncate at the summit, naked. 49. 55. 
 
 Tktragonotheca. Calyx 1 -leaved, 4-3ided, 4 parted, very broad : recej)- 
 (acle ( hatfv : egret none. 49. 55. 
 
 AcTiNELLA. Cai}x mdnv-lcaved, sub-equal, flat : ray-florets (8 to 20) 3- 
 toothed, widening towards the extremity : receptacle nuked, hemispherical : 
 egret cliatTv ; 5 to 8-awued glum^js. 49. 55. 
 
 BuPHTHALMUM. CaUx ieafv : cgro.t inart>inal, 4-toothfcd or obsolete ; seeds 
 ■of the ray margined, and sometime.- of the dis.k. 49. 55 — (ox-eye.) 
 
 Order III. Polygamia frustraxka. 
 
 Helianthus. Calyx imbricate, sub-squarrose, Ieafv : receptacle flat, chaf- 
 fy : egret 2-ieaved, chaff like, caducous. 49. 55 — {sunflovvei, Jerusalem arti- 
 choke.) »S'. 
 
 RuDBECKiA. Calyx consisting of a double order of leafets or scales: re- 
 ceptacle chafij-, conic: egret a 4-toothed margin, or 0. 49. 55 — (cone-flow- 
 er.) -S' 
 
 BiDENS. Calyx calvcled, pearly equal, with or without ray-florets : recep- 
 tacle flat, chaffy: egret coii.-.istf; of 2, 3, or 4 str-.ng awns, with reflexed and 
 erect lateral pVickles : seeds 4-cornered. 49. 55 — (burr-inarygold, beggar- 
 ticks.) ;S 
 
 Coreopsis. Calyx double, both many-leaved (8 to 12 :) inner ones man>- 
 leaved, sub-coriaceous and coloured : seeds compressed, emarginate, 2 tooth- 
 ed : receptacle chaftV, flat : egret 2-horRod. 49. 55 — (tick s: ed, sunflower.) 
 
 AcTiNOMERis. Calyx simple, many-leaved, leafy, sub-equal : rays remote, 
 elongated, (4 to 8 :) recc-ptacle smali,'chafiy ; the leafets embracing the margin 
 of the seed: seed compressed, margined; crowned with 2 permanent awns. 
 49. 55. »S'. 
 
 Exotic. 
 
 Centacrea. Calyx various, mostly imbricate, roundish ; egret simple, va- 
 rious : receptacle bristly : co:oIs of the ray funnel-shape, longer, irregular. 49. 
 54 — (biue-boltie, blessed thistle.) 
 
 Southern. 
 
 Leptopoda. Calyx simple, many-parted : rays 20 or more, 3-cleft, widen- 
 ing at the top : receptacle naked, h( mispherical : egict consists of 8 to 10 awn- 
 less chaft like valves. 49. 54. 
 
 Balui'in'a. Calyx imbricate, squarrose-leafy . ray -florets somewhat 3-clel"t : 
 receptacle hemispherical, horn-like, cellular : egret ciiaffj-, awnless, erect, 
 about 10 leaved ; seeds immersed ui the receptacle 49. .51. 
 
 Galardia. Calyx many-leaved, flat, sub-ecjual . rays 3-clel"t, widening to- 
 wards the top : receptacle bristly, hemispherical : egret chaffy ; leafets 8 to 10, 
 awned. 49. 54. 
 
 Order IV. Polygamia necessaria. 
 
 ^ii.PHiUM. Calyx scjuarrose ; scales leafy, broad: egret a 2-horncd mar- 
 2,in : receptacle chaflfy : seeds compressed, obcordate, margined, 2tootbed. 
 49. 55 — (ragged-cup.) (S. 
 
 PoLYMMA. Calyx double ; exterior 4-5-leav(-d ; interior 10-leaved-; leafets 
 concave: egret : receptacle chatty. 49 55^(leaf-cup.) S. 
 
 IvA. Calyx about 5-leaTcd or 5-parted : styles 2, iong: seed obovate, nak- 
 ed, obtuse : receptacle hairj, or chaif-bristly : lay 5-flowered. 49. 55 — (high- 
 water shi-ub.) S. 
 
 Exotic. 
 Calendula. Calyx many-leaved, equal: receptacle naked: egret none ; 
 seeds of the disk membranaceous. 49. 55 — (pot marygold.) 
 
64 CLASS XViri. ORDER I. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 Chaptalia. Calvs sub-imbricated, many-leaved : pistillate florets in tw'& 
 series ; outer ones rayed ; inner ones naked ; disk-florets 2-lipped : receptacle 
 naked : egret capillary. 49. 55. 
 
 Partheniam. Calvx 5 leaved : rays very small : re^ptacle chaflfy, minute ; 
 outer scales dilated : s'eedobovate, niinutely 3-awiied. 49. 55. 
 
 CHRTSOGONtM Caivx 5-leavcd : receptacle chafly : egret 1 -leaved, 3-tootb- 
 ed : seed si;rrounded by a4-leaved calycle. 49 j55. 
 
 Baltimora. Calyx cylindric, manv -leaved : rays 5: receptacle chaflFy ; 
 egret none : seed 3-sided. 49. 55. 
 
 Gymnostylus, Calyx many-leaved, the leafets in a single series: pistillate 
 florets apetalous : seeds compressed, somewiiat toothed at the sununit, awned 
 with the permanent style. 49. 55. 
 
 Order V. Polygamia segregata. 
 
 ElephaN'topos. Partial calyx 4-flower*-d : florets 5-cleft, ligulafe, perfect : 
 receptacle naked ; down setaceous. 49.55 — (elephant-foot.) S. 
 
 Exotic. 
 EcHlKOPS. Proper calyx 1-flovvered : corol tubular, perfect ; receptacle se- 
 tose : egret obsolete. 49. 54 — (globe thistle.) 
 
 CLASS XVIII. GYNANDRIA. 
 
 Order I. MoNANdRiA. 
 
 A. Ajither adnate, sub-terminal y not cadticoiis ; viasses of pollen aJUxed by 
 the base., and made up of angular particles. 
 
 Orchis. Corol ringent-like, upper petal vaulted: !ip dilated, spurred be- 
 neath : masses of pollen 3, adnate, terminal. 7.21 — (orchid.) i». 
 
 Habenaria. ChiCHis. Corol ringent-like : lip i^plJrred at the base beneath: 
 glands of the stipes of the masses of pollen naked and distinct; cells of the 
 stipes adnate, or separated. 7.21. S. 
 
 1> Anther parallel tcith the stigma, not caducous , masses of pollen affixed 
 to the summit of the stigina, and made up of farinaceous or angular par- 
 ticles, 
 
 GooDYERA. Neottia. Corol ringent-iike, the 2 lower petals placed under 
 the gil)bous lip, which is urtdivided above : style free : constituent particles ol 
 the masses of pollen angular. 7. 21 — (rattlesnake-leaf, scropbula weed.) *S'. 
 
 Neottia. Corol ringcnt-like, the 2 iower petals placed under the lip, 
 which is beardless; interior petals convers^ing: style wingless: cons'ituent 
 particles of the masses of pollen farinaceous. 7.21 — (ladies' tresses.) jS*. 
 
 LiSTERA. Corol irregular : lip pt-ndant, 2-lobed: style wingless, minute, 
 with the anther inserted at its base : poilen farinaceous 7. 21 — (lily orchis.) H. 
 
 Southern. 
 Cranichis. Corol 5-petalled, resupinate, sub-ringent : lip behind, vaulted : 
 pollen farinaceous. 7. 21. 
 
 C. Anther inserted, terminal, not caducous; masses of pollen farinaceous oy 
 
 angular. 
 
 Pogokia. Petals 5, distinct, without glands • lip sessile, cowled, crested in- 
 ternalh : pollen farinaceous. 7. 21 — (snake-mouth.) <S'. 
 
 Triphora. Petals 5, distinct, equal and converging, without glands: lip 
 ungu\culate, cowled : style spatulate, even, flattened, wingless : pollen farina- 
 ceous. 7.21 — (three-bird orchis.) S. 
 
 Cymbidxu.m. Calopogon. Petals 5, distinct: lip behind, (or inverted,) 
 unguiculatc : the lamina bearded ; stvle free : pollen angular. 7. 21 — (gTa;> 
 pink.) S. 
 
CLASS XVllI. ORDER V. 65 
 
 Arethisa. Petals5, connate at the basfi : lip below, growing to the style, 
 cowled above, crested within : polieu angular. 7.21 — (aretliusa.) S. 
 
 D. Anther moveable, terminal, caducous ; masses of pollen at length becom- 
 ing wax-like. 
 
 TiPULARiA. Petals spatulate, sprending : lip entire, sessile, conspicuouslv 
 spurred below at the base : st\ le wingl«rss, lengthened, free : anther in the form 
 of a lid, permanent ; masses of pollen 4, paraiiel. 7 21 — (limodore.) S. 
 
 Malaxis. Petals 5, narrower than the lip, spreading or deflex>d ; lip flat- 
 tened, undivided, sessile, often exterior : style lengthened: masses of pollen 4, 
 parallel, affixed to the summit of the stigma. Flower turned upside- down by 
 the twisting of the preduacle when the corol opens. 7. 21 — (tway-blade.) 
 S. 
 
 MiCROSTYLis. Petals 5, converging, one only deflexed , 2 inner ones fili- 
 form : lip about equalling the petals in length, erect, sessile, concave, truncate, 
 and 2-toothed at the summit : style very minute : masses of pollen 3. 7. 21 — 
 (snake-mouth iway-blade.) S. 
 
 CoRALLORRHiZA. Petals equal, Converging : lip eitherunguiculate, or with 
 an obsolete spur : masses of pollen 4, oblique, not parallel : style free. 7. 21 — 
 (coral root adam-and-eve.) S. 
 
 Amplectru:si. Petals equal, converging; lip unguiculate, not spurred or 
 extended at the base : masses of pollen 4, oblique, lenticular ; situated below 
 the summit of the siyle. 7. 21. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 Bletia. Petals 5, distinct : lip ses-ile, cowled, somewhat spurred at the 
 base: style free : masses of pollen 4 to 8, 2-lobed. 7. 21. 
 
 Calypso. Petals ascending, 1-sided : lip inflated, spurred beneath towards 
 the point: style dilated, petal-like: masses of pollen 4 7. 21. 
 
 Epidendrum. Masses ot pollen 4, parallel, separatd by a permanent parti- 
 lion ; each mass with a granulated elastic filament at the base ; style united 
 lengthwise with the claw of the lip into a tube 7. 21. 
 
 Order II. Diandria. 
 
 Cypripedicm. Calyx coloured, 4-leaved, spreading : corol 0, (by some the 
 calyx is called a coro! :) nectary large, hollow, inflated : style with a terminal 
 lobe, and petal-like appendage on the upper side. 7. 21 — (ladies' slipper.) S. 
 
 Order V. Pentandria. 
 
 Plants bearing seeds in follicles ; and pollen in masses, called pollinia. 
 
 AsCLEPiAS.* Pt-ttils 5, reflexf-d : nectaries 5, concave, erect, containing lit- 
 tle horns : each stamen with a pair of pendulous masses of pollen, suspended 
 from the top of thr- stigma : follicles smooth. 30. 47 — (milk-weed, silk-weed.) S. 
 
 AcERATES Corol reflexed: nectary 5-leaved ; ieafets concave, short, close- 
 pressed to the angles of the filaments : each stamen with a pair of pendulous 
 
 * Plants of this artificial order (Natural order Apocyneae of Jessieu) were 
 placed in class Pentandria, order Digynia, by Linneus. The celebrated James 
 Edward Smith, shewed us the propriety of removmg them to the cla&s Gynan- 
 dria. Afterwards a mistake, committed by that distinguished naturalisi, Rob- 
 ert Brown, induced botanists to continue ihem in the class Pentandria, without 
 questioning his accuracy — a case in point, shewing the danger of great men's 
 errors. The stamens certainlij proceed from the stigma only, in all stages of 
 maturity, in the Asclepias syi~iacus. This I know from careful observations 
 made under a high ma^iMfyiug power for the last six years. The naked masses 
 ef glutinous pollen resembling the same in the family of Orchideae, may be 
 .worthy of our attention also. 
 
 6* 
 
63 CLASS XIX. ORDER I. 
 
 masses of pollen i follicle smooth. 30. 47. Corol 3 or 4 times as lon^ as (he 
 calyx, with purple tips. S. 
 
 ApocYNUM Corol bell-form : stamens with couverging anthers, proceeding 
 from the middle of the stigma and alternating with 5 nectaries : stigma thick, 
 almost sessile ; follicles in pairs, long-linear. 30. 47 — (dogbane, indiaii 
 hemp.) /S. ♦ 
 
 GoNOLoiJUS. Corol wheel-form, 5-parted : nectary simple, rylindric, some- 
 what fleshy, 5-lobcd, depressed ; tqual w.th the cases of the anthers, 5-angIed, 
 without winged lateral margins or terminal membranaceous bristles : masses 
 of pollen in 5 pairs, even, transverse: follicles2. 30. 47 — (false choak -dog.) 
 S. 
 
 Periploca. Calyx minute, 5-cIef(, permanent : corol wheel-form, flat, 5- 
 parted : nectary pitcher-form, 5-cleft, putting out 5 threads, surrounding the 
 stamens : style 1 : stigma capitate, 5-cornered : follicles in pairs, inflated : seed 
 comose. 30 47 — (milk vme.) 
 
 Southern. 
 
 PorrosTicniA. Axatherix .'' Stigma on a stipe : masses of pollen 10, smooth, 
 pendulous : nectary 5-leaved : leaves compressed : corol bell-form : follicles 
 smooth. 30. 47. 
 
 Enslenia. Calyx small, 5-parted, permanent: corol 5-parted ; segments 
 converging, erect: nectary 5-parted, petal-like, divided almost to the base ; 
 segments truncate, flat, each terminated by 2 central filaments : each stamen 
 with a pair of pendulous C3'lindric masses of pollen, suspended from the top of 
 the conic stigma : follicles in pairs, small. 30. 47. 
 
 CvNANCHUiM. Calyx 5-toothed, small, permanent: corol wheel-form : nec- 
 taiy simple, cylindric, 5 to 20-lobed, surrounding (he orifice of the tube : each 
 stamen with n pair of pendulous masses of pollen suspended from the double 
 stigma, follicles in pairs : scei comose. 30. 47. 
 
 EcHiTES. Contorted. Calyx 5 parted, small: corol sa!ver-form ; border 
 5-cleft, orifice naked : anthers rigid, acuminate, converging in the form of a 
 cone, proceeding from the niiddle of the ring-like 2-lobed stigma : follicles in 
 pairs, vpry long and straight : seed comose. 30. 47. 
 
 Amsonia. Calyx 5-parted : corol funnel-form, orifice closed : follicles in 
 pairs, eiect : seed terete, naked, find obliquel\ truncated. 30. 47. 
 
 Stvlandra. Calyx 5-j)arfed, minute • corol without a tul)e, 5-))ar(ed ; seg- 
 ments long, erect, converging: nectary simple, o-parted, .segments bag like, 
 compressed, with points recurved, forming a ii^id lid: tube reversed, very long: 
 each stamen with a pair of pendulous masses of pollen suspended from the stig- 
 ma : follicles in pairs, slender. 30. 47. 
 
 Order VI. Hexandria. 
 
 Aristolochia. Calyx : corol superior, l-petal!ed, ligulate^ inflated r.t 
 the base : capsule G-celled, many-seeded. 11 23 — (birthwort.) »Si. 
 
 Order X. Decandria. 
 
 AsARUM. Calyx somewhat bell-form, 3or4c)eft, superior: corol : an- 
 thers proceeding from the middle of the filaments : stigma 6-rleft : capsule co- 
 riaceous, 6-celled, crowned with the calyx. 11 23— (wild ginger, or white 
 snake-root. ) S. 
 
 CLASS XIX. MONOECIA. 
 
 Order I. Monandria. 
 
 ZoSTERA. Calyx and corol : stamens and pistils in 2 rows on one side of 
 a spadix . spaihe leaf like. Staminatf llowcis with anthers ovate, sessile, alter- 
 nating with the germs. Pistillate flowers wiih the germ ovale ; style 2-cleft ; 
 drupel-seeded. 2. 7 — (grass wrack, sea eel-grass.) S. 
 
m 
 
 CLASS XIX. ORDER HI. 6< 
 
 CAULIJaA. Stamlnatc flowers — calyx : corol : antliers sessile. Pistil- 
 late flowers — calyx : corol : style Aliform : stif^ma2- clet't : capsule 1 seed- 
 ed. 15. 6. (Flowers axillary.) — (river nymph.) /Sf. 
 
 Zannichelha. Staminale flowers — calyx and coro! 0. Pistillate flowers 
 
 caivxl-leaved : corol 0: style 1, stigma peltate : little germs about 4, each 
 
 l-seeded. 2. 13. 
 
 Chara. Sta.aunate flowers — calyx : corol : anthers globose, sessile. 
 Pistillate flowers — calyx : corol 0: st}'le : stigmas 5 : berry 1-celled, many- 
 seeded. 15. 6 — (chara.) S. 
 
 Order II. Diakdria. 
 
 PoDOSTEMUM. Staminate flowers — calyx : corol U ; stamens affixed to a 
 pedicel. Pistillate flowers — calyxO : corol : germ ovate : stigma 1, sessile ; 
 capsule 2-cclled, 2-valved, many-seeded ; seeds minute. 54. G— (thread- 
 foot.) S. 
 
 Lemna. Staminate flowt-rs — calyx 1-leafed : corol 0: stamens seated on 
 the base of the germ. Pistillate flowers — calyx Meafod : corol : style cyiin- 
 dfic : stigma funuel-forra : capsule 1-celied, 2 to4-s£eded. Always perfectly 
 monoecious in North America. 54. 6 — (duck-meat, water flaxseed.) <S^. 
 
 Order III. Triandria. 
 
 Typha. Ament cyUndric, dense-flowered. Staminate flowers — calyx ob- 
 solete, 3-leaved : corol 0: stamens 3 together, on a chaffv or hairy receptacle, 
 united below into one. Pistillate flower*— below the staminate : calyx : co- 
 rol : seed 1, pedicelled ; the pedicels surrounded at the base with long hairs 
 resembling egret. 3. 8 — (cat-taii, or reed mace.) S. 
 
 Sparganium Ament globose. Staminate flowers — calyx 3-leaved : corol 
 0. Pistillate flowers — calyx 3-leaved. corol : stigma 2-ckft : drupe juice- 
 less, 1 or 2-seeded. 3. 8- — (burr-reed) >S'. 
 
 Carex. Aments imbricate, (usually in cylindiic spikes.) Staminate flow- 
 ers — calyx-scales single : corol 0. Pistillate' flowers — calyx scales single : co- 
 rol inflated, monopeialous, 2-toothed at the apex • stigmas 2 or 3 : nut 3-sided, 
 enclosed in the inflated, pe-manent corol. which beocmes an utriculns-like per- 
 manent aril. Some'irae^ dioecious. 3. 9 — (sedge.) S. 
 
 ScLERiA Staminate flowers — calyx-glume 2 or 6-valved, many -flowered : 
 corol-glumes avvniess. Pistillate flowers — calyx 2 or 6-valved, 1-flowered, co- 
 ral none : stigmas 1 to 3: nut coloured, sub-globose. 3 9 — (whip grass.) S. 
 
 Tripsacom. Staminate flowers — salyx-glume 2-flowered, outer one stami- 
 nate, inner one neutral : corul-glume membranaceous. Pistillate flowers — ca- 
 lyx glume 1 or 2-flowered, covered with a 1-leafed involucre perforated with 
 hollows near the base : corol with numerous thin membranaceous valves : styles 
 2: seed 1. 4. 10— (sesame grass.) jS'. 
 
 CoMPTOMA. Staminate flowers — ament cylindric, with calyx-scales 1-flow- 
 ercd: corol 2-pGtalled or none : iilaniehts 2-forked. Pistillate flowers — spike 
 or ament ovate : corol 6-pttaiied, (the corol may be called a calyx :) styles 2: 
 nut oval, 1-celled. 50. 99 — (sweet fern ) S. 
 
 Exotic. 
 Coix. Staminate flowers — in remote spikes : calyx-glume 2-flowered, awn- 
 less : corol-glume awnless. Pistillate flowers — calyx-glume 2-flowered : corol- 
 glume awnless : style 2-parted: seed covered with the bone-like calyx. 4. 10 
 —(job's tear. ) 
 
 Sottthern. 
 Zea. Staminate flowers— calyx-giunie 2-flowered, awnless : corol-glumc 
 awnless. Pistillate flowers — calyx-glume 2-valved, (number of valves increas- 
 ed by cultivation :) styh 1, very long, filiform, pendulous : seed solitary, im- 
 mersed in an oblong receptacle. 4. 10— (Indian corn.) 
 
68 CLASS XLX. OEDER V. 
 
 Tragia» Sfarainate flowers — caljx 3-parted : corol none. Pistillate flow- 
 ers — calyx 6-parted : corol none: style 3-clefl : capsule tri coccus, 3-celled : 
 seed solitary. 38. 96. 
 
 M&NisuRis. Somewhat polygamous. Staminate flowers — calyx valves 2, 
 lanceolate, flexuous : corol a mere rudiment. Pistillate flower* — -calyx-glume 
 2-vajved, the out^M- one roundish, cartilaginous : co^pol 2-valved. In the per- 
 iV.ct flowers thf re an 3 stamens, 2 styles, seed 1. In some the stamens, styles 
 and nectaries are wanting. 4. 10. 
 
 * Gi-a^ses of Class 3, Order 2, Sec. E. 
 
 Order IV. Tetrandria. 
 
 Eriocaclon. Common calyx rnany-ltaved ; florets many, in an imbricate 
 head : partial perianth superior, 2 or Sleaved. Staminate flowers central, 
 with raonopetalou- cleft coroK Pistillate flowers marginal, with 2-petalled 
 corols : stigmas 2 or 3 : capsule 2 - r 3-celled, 2 or 3-lobed : seed 1, crowned 
 with the corol 6. 13 — (pipe-wort.) S- 
 
 Alkus. Staminate flowers — amtnt composed of wedge -form, ti'uncate, 3- 
 flowered recepta- ies : calyx a S( ale, 3-lobed : corol 4-parted. Pistillate flow- 
 ers — calyx 2-flowered scales, somewhat 3-cleft : corol : seed compressed, 
 ovate, wingless. 50. 99 — (alder.) (^. 
 
 B(Ehmzria. Staminate flowers — f alyx 4-parted : corol : nectary 0. Pis- 
 tillate flowers — calyx : corol : styles 2: sfed 1, compressed. (Flowers in 
 eylindric «pike»>.) 53. 98 — (false nettle. ) S. 
 
 Urtica. Staminate flowers — calyx 4-leaved : corol : nectary central, 
 cyathiform. Pistillate flowers — calyx 2-leaved, (2-valved :) corol : seed 1, 
 glossy. 53 98— (nettle.) S. 
 
 Parietaria. Polygamous. Perfect flowers — calyx 4-cIeft inferior : corol 
 0: stam: iS eiasrii • style 1 : seed 1. Pistillate flowers — calyx 2-leaved : seed 
 covered with the dry elongated calyx. 5.^. 98 — (pollitory.) 8. 
 
 MoRUS. Staminate flowers — calyx 4-paitf'd : corol 0. Pistillate flowers — : 
 cal}x 4-leaved : corol : styles 2 : calvx becoming berry-like : seed 1. 53. 
 98— (mulberry.) S. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 Pachysandra. Calyx about 4-leaved : corcl none : filaments sub-clavale : 
 styles 3 : capsulejj 3-horned, 3-(elled ; eel's 2-seedtd. 38. 96. 
 
 DiOTis. Staminate flowers — ca'yx 4-le;.ved : corol hone. Pistillate flow- 
 ers — calyx 1-leaved, 2-horned : style 2 parted : seed 1, covered by the 2-horn- 
 ed calyx. 12. 29. 
 
 Order V. Pentasdria. 
 
 Crotonopsis. Staminat< tlowers — calyx 5-p:irtid : corol 5-petalIed. Pis- 
 tillate flowers — cal} X 5-paited : corol none : stigmas 3, twice 2-cleft : capsule 
 1-seeded. 38. 98— (false -purine.) ,S 
 
 Amara>thus. Siaininiite flowers — calyx 3 or 5-leaved : corol 0: stamens 3 
 or 5. Pistillate flowers — calyx and corol as tha staminate: styles 3 : capsule 
 3-celled, opening transversely : seedl. 54. 30 — (amaranth, red cockscomb.) 
 S. 
 
 Xanthu'M. Sraminate flower? — common calyx imbricate : anthers in con- 
 tact, but not united : cohjI 5-c;eft, funnel-form : receptacle chaflfy. Pistillate 
 flowers — involurr.^ 2-leaved 1-flowerrd : corol 0: drupe dry, niuricate, 2-cleft; 
 nut2-ce!ld. 54. 98— (>ea-hurdock ) S. 
 
 Ambrosia. Staminate llowe;> — common calyx 1-leaved : anthers in con. 
 tact, but not united : t oroi 1 petalled, 6 cleft, funnel-form : receptacle naked. 
 Pistillate flowers — calyx 1 leaved, entire, the swelling part 5-(oothed, 1 -flow- 
 ered : corol : nut from the indurated cahx 1-secded. 54. 93— (hog-wecd.) 
 S. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 ScHlSA>'DRA. Calyx 9-leaved ; leaves in tliree series: coi-olnone: anthers 
 sub-sessile, cohering at the tips : berries 1-seeded, inserted on an clongatcdj 
 ihread-fonn receptacle. 11. 77. 
 
CI.ASS XIX. ORDER Kit. 69 
 
 Order VI. Hesardria. 
 
 ZiZAMA. Staraiuate flowers — calyx : coroi glume 2-vaIved, subawnerl. 
 with pistillate flowers intermixed. Pistillate flowt-it — talyx : corol-glume 2- 
 vaired, cucullate, awned : s'jie 2-parted ; seed 1, luvested in the plaited co- 
 rol. 4. 10 — (water oats.) S. 
 
 Hydrochloa. Pistillate flowers — calyx none : corol 2-valved, awnles?. 
 Staininate flowers — calyx none : corol 2-valved, awnless : stigmas 2, very long -i^ 
 seed 1, reniform. 1. 10. 
 
 Order XII. Folyakdria. 
 
 A. Stems not wooc'y. 
 
 Ceratophyllcm. Staminate flowers — calyx many-parted : corol : sta- 
 mens 16 — 20, short, with tricuspidate anthers. Pistillate flowers — calyx- G- 
 leavcd or many-parted, imbhcated : corol 0: pistil 1, with the stigma nearly 
 aossile, oblique : nutl-secded. 15. 91 — (horn-wort.) 
 
 MYRioPHYLLUii. Staminate flowers — calyx 4-cIprt : petals 4, caducous : 
 stamens 4, 6, or 8. Pistillate flowers — calyx and corol like the staminate, ex- 
 ceptinic that the calyx is often 4-leaved : germs 4 : style : stigmas 4, hairy ; 
 seeds 4, having a bark; sub-giobose, 1 seeded. 15 88 — (water milfoi'.) S. 
 
 Sagittaria. Staminate flowers — calyx 3-leaved : corol 3-petalied : fila- 
 ments mostly 24. Pistillate flowers — calyx and <- orol as in the staminate : germs 
 many: capsules aggregate, l-seeded, not opening. 5. 13 — (arrow-head.) S. 
 
 Arum. Spathe cucullate, 1-Ieaved : spadix not entirely covered WMth the 
 fructitication ; being more or less naked above, with pistillate flowers beneath, 
 and staminate in the middle ; (sometimes a few are staminate beneath : berry 
 mostly l-!«eeded, generally cirrose-glandular beneath. 2. 7 — (Indian turnip, 
 wake-robin.) S. 
 
 Lecoxtia.* Spathe convolute : calyx and corol none : spadix naked above, 
 bearing sessile anthers below the middle, and germs at the base : berry 1-cell- 
 ed, many seeded. 2. 7. S 
 
 Calla. Spathe ovate, becoming expanded : spadix covered with the fruc- 
 tificaiion : sttmncns intermixed. Staminate flowers — calyx and corol ; an- 
 thers sessile. Pistillate flowers — calyx andcoro'O: berries Icelled, many- 
 seeded, cr wned with the short sty e. 2. 7 — (w^ater arum.) 
 
 Euphorbia. t Involucre perianth-like, inflated, w ith alternating petal-like 
 segments. Staminate florets 12 or more, at the base of the stipe of the pistillate 
 flower, each consisting of an anther united to a pedicel by a filament. Pistillate 
 flower central, single, stiped ; with 3 two-cleft styles : capsule 3 lobed. 38. 
 96 — (caper, spurge.) 8. 
 
 Exotic. 
 PoTERiUM. Staminate flowers — calyx 4-leaved: corol 4-parted : stamens 
 30 to 50. Pistillate flowers — calyx and corol like the staminate : pistils 2 : ber- 
 xj from the indurated tube of the corol. 54. 92 — (burnet.) 
 
 Southern. 
 
 Caladium. Anthers peltate, many-ceiled, collecled into a spike at the sum- 
 mit of the spadix: style none : germs at the base of the spadix : stigma um- 
 bilicate : berry I -celled, many-seeded. 2. 7. 
 
 QuERCCS. Staminate flowers — ament loose : calyx sub-5- cleft: corol ooae: 
 
 * Taken from Arum, and dedicated to Leconte (well known to the scientific 
 world) uy W Cooper, Esq. The merits of the latter are not yet sufficiently 
 known to be duly estimated. 
 
 f i have some doubts on the subject of removing this genus to this class. 
 Lioneus placed it in the omitted class Dodecandria. Perhaps it ought to be 
 left in claes Poljandria. 
 
70 CLASS XIX. ORDER XV. 
 
 B. Stems woody. 
 
 stamens 5 to 10. Pistillate flowers — calyx l-!cafed, entire, scabrous, bein.^ a 
 woody cup : style one, stiii;m^s 2 to 5: nut or acorn 1-celJed, l-seeded, coria- 
 ceous, surrounded at the base by the permanent calyx. 50. 99 — (oak.) S. 
 
 CoRYM's. Staimn-iie (lowers — anient cylindricslt, imbricate : calyx a 3- 
 cleft scale : pericarp none : stamens about 8. Pistillate flowers — calyx 2- 
 parted, lacerated : stigmas 2 : nut ovate, surrounded by and included in the 
 per-nianent leaf-like calyx. 50. 99— (hazlenui.) S. 
 
 Fagus. Staminate flowers — amsnt roundi-<h ■ calyx 5 or 6-cleft, bell-form : 
 stamens 5 to 12. Pistilhtte flowers — calyx 4-toothed, setose : g-erms 2 : nuts 2, 
 inclosf d in the calyx, becoming coriaceous echinate, 50. 99 — (beach.) S. 
 
 Castanea. Polygamuus. Staminate flowers — ament naked, linear : corol 
 (or calyx) l-!eaved, 5 or 6-parted : stamens 10 to 20. Pistillate flowers — ca- 
 lyx 5 or 6-!eaved, (or 5 or 6-lobed) muiicate; germs 3: stigma pencil-form: 
 nuts 3, with < oriuceous putamen, inclosed in the calyx, becoming echinate. 
 50. 99— (chcsnut ) S. 
 
 Betula Staminate flowers — anient cylindric, imbricate, scales peltate, 3- 
 flowered : stamens to 12. Pistillate flowers — calyx a 2 or S-flowercid scale : 
 seed 1, winged. 50. 99 — (biich.) S. 
 
 Carpinus. Ament imbricate, cylindric. Staminate flowers — calyx scales 
 ciliate : stamens 10. Pistillate flower.-f — in a loose, ament : calyx scales large, 
 3-lobed, 1 or 2 flowered : corol 3-cleft : styles 2: nut ovate sulcate. 50. 99 — 
 (hornbeam.) <§. 
 
 OsTRYA. Ament imbricate, cylindric. Staminate flowers — calyx a 1-flow- 
 ered srae : filaments ramose. Pistillate flowers — am;mt naked: capsule in- 
 flated, imbricate at it;^ base, 1 -seeded. 59. 99 — (hop hornbeam.) <!?. 
 
 Platanus. Anient globose Staminate flowers— corcl none or scarcely ap- 
 parent, anthers growing around the filaments. Pistillate flowers — calyx raauy- 
 leaved : style with a recurved stigma: seed ioundi.-«h, crowned with the mu- 
 cronate style, with egret-like hairs at the base. 50. 99 — (butlon-wood, false 
 sjcamore.) S. 
 
 Liq,uidambau. Staminate flo vei's — amint conic, surrounded with a4-leav- 
 edinvolucre: corol : filamenis numerous. Pistillate flo^ver5 — ament globose, 
 surrounded with a 4-'eaved involucre : calyx 1-leafed, piicher-fbrm, 2-flower- 
 ed; stjles 2 : capsules 2. surrounded at the b:ise by the calyx, 1-celled, many- 
 fieeded. 51. 99 — (^weetgum.) <S. 
 
 JuGLANS. Staminate flowers — ament imbricate : calyx a scale, generally 5- 
 parled : corol 4 or 5-p:irted : stamens 18 to 36. Pistillbte flowers — calyx 4- 
 cleft, superior : corol 4-clert or 4-parled : styles 1 or 2 : drupe partly 6j)ongy : 
 nut rugose and irregularly furrowed. 50. 94 — (butternut, black waliut.) jS'. 
 
 Carya Staminate flowers — amen! imbricate : ^alyx 3-parted scales: co- 
 rol 0: stamens 4 to *!. Pistillate flowers — calyx 4-cleft, superior: corol 0: 
 styles 0: s'igraa disk-like, 4-lobed : pericarp 4-vaIved : nut sub-quadrangular, 
 even. 50. 94 — (hickory, walnut.) S. 
 
 Order XV. Monadelphia. 
 
 A. Stems not woody. 
 
 Acaeypii.\. Staminate flowers — eajyx 3 or 4-leaved, or 3 or 4-parted : co- 
 rol none : stamens 8 to 16. Pistillate flowers — calyx and corol like the stami- 
 nate : styles 3, S-cieft : capsule tricoccous, 3-celled. (Having large bracts.) 
 38. 9G — (three sied mercury.) S. 
 
 Phyllanthus. Staminate flowers — calyx 5 or 6-parled : filaments united 
 in a column; anthers 3, and generally several barren filaments. Pistillate 
 flowers — calyx and corol like the stHininale : nectar} with a 12-angled margin : 
 styles 3 : capsule tricoccous. 38. 96 — (leaf-flower.) S. 
 
 Melothr1:V. Staminate flowers — calyx 1 -leaved, 3 lo 5-toothcd : corol 
 bell-form : filaments 3. Pistillate flowers — calvx aad corol as in the staminate. 
 
CLASS XX. ORDER II. 71 
 
 superior: sJjle 1 : stigmas 3 : berry 3-celled, many-seeded. . 3*1. 97 — (creep- 
 iug: cucumber. ) S. ..^ 
 
 MoMORDiCA. Staminate flowers— calyx 5 or 6-cleTt :" corol 5 or 6-parted : 
 filaments 3. Pistillate flower? — st\ It- 3-cleft : berry* orourd-like and burstinj;; 
 elastically : seeds compressed. 34. 97 — (bulsara-^pple, wild cucumber. ) 
 
 SicYOS. Staminate flowers— calyx Stooth'ed : corol 5-partcd: filaments 3. 
 Pistillate flowers — styles 3-clel't : berry gourd-like, 1-seeded. 34. 97 — (sin- 
 gle-seed cucumber.) <S*. 
 
 Exotic. 
 
 CucuMis. Staminate flowers— -calyx 5-toothed : corol 5-parted : filaments 
 3. Pistillate flowers — calyx and corol like thr staminate : stigmas 3, thick, 2- 
 parted : beny wit'ri shajpish -eeds. 34 97 — (cucuiiiber, musk-melon.) 
 
 CuctFJBiTA. Staniiniite flowers— cal\x 5-toothed: coiol 5-cleft : filaments 
 3. Pistillate flowers — cah x and corol like the staminate : pistil 3-cIeft : po- 
 maceous berry large, 3 to 5-celied ■ seeds thickened at the margin. 34. 97 — 
 (gouid, squash, pumpkin, water-melon ) 
 
 RiciNUS. Staminate flowers — calyx 5-parted : stamens numerous. Pistil- 
 late flowers — calyx 3-parted : styles 3, 2-cleft : capsules echinate, 3-celled, 3- 
 seeded. 38. 96 — (palma christi, or castor oil plant.) 
 
 Southern. 
 
 Jatropha. Staminate flowers — calyx o-ieaved or wanting : corol funnel- 
 form : stamens 10, with every one short<-T. Pistillate flowers — calyx none : co- 
 rol 5-petalled, spreading: styles 3, 2-cleft ; capsule 3-celled, 1-seeded. 38. 
 96 — (physic nut.) 
 
 Stillingia. Staminate flowers — involucre hemispherical, many-flowered, 
 or wanting: perianth tabular, erose : stamens 2 or 3, exsert. Pistillate 
 ilowers — calyx l-flowered, inferior : style 3-clefl : capsule 3 grained. 38. % 
 — (tallow tree.) 
 
 Croton'. Staminate flowers — calyx cylindrical, 5-toothed : petals 5, or 
 none: stamens 10 to 15. Pistillate flowers — calyx 5-leaved or none: corol 
 none: styles 3 or 6, 2-cleft : capsule 3-g'-ained, 3-ceried, S-seeded. 33. 96. 
 
 B. Stems ivoodij. 
 
 PiNl's. Staminate flowisrs — calyx 4-leaved, peltate : corol : stamens ma- 
 ny : anthers naked, 2, sessile, 1 celled Pistillate flowers — calyx in strobiles 
 •r cones, scales closely imbricate. 2-flowered : pistil 1 : out with a membra- 
 naceous wing. (Perhaps more properly a samara.) 51. "100 — (pine) jS^. 
 
 Thuja. Staminate flowers — ament imbricate : calyx a scale : corol : an- 
 thers 4, sessile. €*istillatp flowers — ament a strobile : calyx :i 2-flowered scale ; 
 corol : nut 1, surrounded with a marginal wing. 51. 100 — (arber vitae.) ;S. 
 
 CuPRESSCS. Staminate floweis — ament ovate, imbricat.^ : calyx a peltate 
 scale; coroiO: anthers 4, sessile. Pistllate flowers — anieir sfrobilaceous : 
 calyx a l-flowered peltate scale ; corol none : germs 4 to 8, under each scale 
 of the calyx; nuls angular, compressed. 51. 100 — (white cedar.) S. 
 
 CLASS XX. DIOECIA. 
 
 Order II. Diandria. 
 
 VaLLISNERIA. Staminate flowers — spathe ovate, 2-parted : spadix covered 
 with minute florets : perianth 3-parted. Pistillate flowers — spathe 2 cleft, 1- 
 flowered : perianth 3-parted, superior: c; roi 3-petalltd; stigmas strap-like, 
 2-cIeft : cupsule valveless, 1-celied : seeds numerous, attached to the sides. 1. 
 22 — (tape-grass.) 
 
 Salix. Staminate flowers — ament cylindric : calyx a l-flowered scale, with 
 a nettariterous gland at the base : stamens 1 to 6. Pistillate flowers — ament 
 and calyx like the staminate : stigmas 2 : generally 2-cleft: capsule 1-celled, 
 2-Talved: seeds many, with egrel- like down. 50. 99 — (willow.) S. 
 
^ CTLASS XX. OBDEE V. 
 
 Fraxinus. Polygamous. Perfect flowers — calyx 0, or 3 or 4-parled : Co- 
 rel 0, or 4-petalled : pistil 1 : sania-a 1-sseded, with a lanceolate wing'. Pis- 
 tillate flowers — calyx, corol and pistil* same as perfect. 44. 37 — (ash.) >?. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 BoRYA. Staminate flowers — calyx 4-leaved : con^l none : stamens 2 or 3. 
 Pistillate flowers — stigma capitate : berry 1 -seeded. 10. 16. 
 
 CeRATIOLA. Calyx bud like, imbricated with 6 to 8 scales : corol none : 
 stamens 2, exsert: stigmas unequal, (4 to 6) 2 of them larger: berry with 2 
 bony seeds. 18. 51 — (horn-bush.) 
 
 Order Ilf. Triasdria. 
 
 Empetrtjm. Staminate flowers — calyx bud-like, imbricated with about 9 
 scales; the 3 innermost are petal-like : stamens long. Pistillate flowers — ca- 
 lyx and corol as in the staminate ; stigmas 9 : berry 9-seeded : seeds bonv. 
 18. 51 — (crow beriy.) 
 
 Exotic. 
 
 Ficcs. Common receptacle fleshy, (becoming the fruit) enclosing the apet- 
 alous florets : both staminate and pistillate, either in the same, or in dfstinct in- 
 dividuals. Staminate flowers— calyx 3-parted. Pistillate flowers — calvxo- 
 parted : pistil 1, lateral : se^-d 1, covered with the closed, permanent, somewhat 
 fleshy calyx, 53. 98.— (fig-tree.) 
 
 Order IV. Tetrandria. 
 
 Myrica. Staminate flowers — ament oblong: calyx an ovate lunulate scale: 
 corol : stamens 4 to 6 ; anthers 4-valved. Pistillate flowr-rs — calyx and co- 
 rol like the staminate : stigmas 2 : drupe or berry 1-seeded. 50. 99 — (bay- 
 berrv, sweet-gale.) >S. 
 
 ViscCM. Staminate flowers — calyx 4 parted : corol : anthers sessile, ad- 
 hering to the calyx. Pistillate flowers — calyx 4-leaTed, superior : corol : 
 stvle 0: berry l-seeded, globose : seed cordate : (parasitic, adhering to trees.) 
 43. 58 — (misseltoe.) <S'. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 Maclura. Staminate flowers — [not examined,] Pistillate flowers — calyx 
 ncne : corol none ; style 1, fiiiform, villous : germs numerous, becoming a ber- 
 ry-like a-gregate, many-ce led, l-seeded : seed obovate, ccmpressed. 53. 98. 
 
 Brocssofetia Staminate flowers — ament cylindrical : calyx 4-parted. 
 Pistillate flowers — anient globose : calyx tubular, 3 or 4-toothed : germ becom- 
 in<' flesh\, clavate. prominent : style lateral : seed 1, covered with the calyx. 
 53. 98 — (paper mulberry.) 
 
 Order V. Pentakdbia. 
 
 Nyssa. Perfect flower — ca'\x superior, 5-parted : corol 0: pistil 1 : fruit a 
 drupe, nut l-seeded. Staniriate flowers — stamens 5 to 12, standing around a 
 peltate gland. 12. 2-4 — (tupelo tree, pepperidge.) ^. 
 
 Hamiltonia. Perfect flowers — calyx sub-campanulate, superior, 5-cleft : 
 corol : nectary with a .O-toothed disk : stamens 5: pistil 1: fruit a drupe. 
 Stammate flowers like the perfect, except in wanting the pistil, 43, 95— 
 ^american oil-nut.) (S. 
 
 Zaxthoxylum. Staminate flowers — calyx 5-parted : corol 0: stamens 3 to 
 0. Pistillate flowers — pistils 3 to o : capsules equal to the number of pistils, 1- 
 seeded. 46. 94 — (prickly asb, or tooth ache tree.) ;?. 
 
 AcMDA. Staiiiinate flowers — calyx 5-parted : corol 0. Pistillate flowers^— 
 calyx 3-parted ; style 0: stigmas 3, sessile : capsule l-seeded. 53. 29 — (wa- 
 ter hemp ) S. 
 
 Hu.MULU.s. Staminate flowers — calyx 5-leaved ; corol : anthers with 2 
 Ijorgs at the «xtremity. Pistillate flowers — calyx 1-leafed, «nrire, obliqvr?, 
 
CLASS XX. ORDER IX. 78 
 
 Spreading : styles 2 : seed 1, withiathe leaf-like calyx: inflorescence strobile- 
 form. 53. 98— (hop.) S. 
 
 Exotic. 
 
 Cannabis. Staminate flowers — caivT. 5-partcd. Pistillate flowers — calyx 
 3-leaved, entire, gapins: laterally : styles 2 : nut i-ralved, within tJie closed 
 calyx. 53. 98— (hemp. f 
 
 Spinacia. Staminate flowprs — calyx 5-parted : corol 0. Pistillate flowers 
 —styles 4 : seed 1, within the indurated calyx. 12. 29 — (spinach.) 
 
 ^Southern. 
 Iresixe. Staminate flowers — calyx 2-leaved : petals 5 ; nectaries 5 or 7. 
 Pistillate fl/owers — stigmas 2, sessile : capsule many-seeded, becoming downv. 
 12. 30. 
 
 Order VI. Hexanduia. 
 
 SmilaX. Staminate flowers— Ki'alyx 5 orG-leaved, inferior : corol : anthers 
 adhering to the fliaments. Pistillate flowers — calyx and corol like the stami- 
 nate : styles minute; stigmas 3 : berry 3-ceIled, 1 to 3-seeded. 11. 12 — (green 
 briar, Jacob's ladder. ) -S. 
 
 DioscOREA. Staminate flower? — calyx 6-parted : corol none. Pistillate 
 flowers — styles 3 : capsulr 3-celled, triangxilar, compressed : seeds 2, mem- 
 branaceous. (Leaves generally alternate.) 11. 12 — (yam-root.) S, 
 
 GleditsCHIA. Perfect ffowi?rs — calyx 6 to 8-parted, caducous, 3 or 4 of 
 the outer segments smaller : corol none : stamens 5 or 6 (rarely 8 .) legume 
 long, flat, compressed, 1 or many-seeded. Staminate flowers — calyx sub-tur- 
 binate, 5 to 3-parted, with 3 to 5 of the segments interior : stamens 6 to 8. 33. 
 93 — (honey locust.) (S. 
 
 Order VIIT, Octandria. 
 
 PoPCLUS. Staminate flowers — ament cylindric, calyx a torn scale : corol 
 turbinate, oblique, en'.ire, supporting 8 to 30 stamens. Pistillate flowers — 
 ament, calyx and corol like the «taminate : stigma 4 or 6-Iobed : capsule 2-cell- 
 ed, 2-valved, many-seedf d : seed with egret-like hairs. (Leaves having a tre- 
 mulous motion.) 50. 99 — ;pop'ar, balm of gilcad.) S. 
 
 DiosPTROs. Stamioatt flowers — calyx 4 to 6-cieft, dilated : corol pitcher- 
 form, 4 to 6-cleft : stamens 8. 16 or 24 : often 2 anthers to a filament. Pistil- 
 late flowers— calyx and 'orol like the staminate : stigmas 4 or 5 : berry 8 to 12- 
 seeded. 18. 50^(date p!um.) ^'. 
 
 Hippophae. Shepher'Ua. Staminate flowers — calyx 4-parted, caducous, 
 tubular: corol : sianien> 8. enclosed, alternating with 8 glands. Pistillate 
 flowers — calyx 4-cleft, beii-rbrm, superior : style 1 ; s'igma ob!;que : berry 1- 
 seeded. 16. 24 — (sea- buckthorn.) 
 
 Order IX. Exnea.vdria. 
 
 Serpicula. Udora. Elodea. The perfect flowers have 3 stamens only. 
 \Staniinate flowers — calyx 3-parted : corol 3-petalled : stanieis9, 3 o{ them 
 within. Pislillat: flowers — calyx 3-parted : tube very long : petals 3: barren 
 filaments 3 : capsule bladder-like, 3-seeded ; seeds cylindrical. 15. 88— 
 (ditch-moss.) S. 
 
 Southern. 
 Hydrocharis. Staminate flowers — spathe 2-!eaTed ; perianth 3-parteJf ! 
 corol Sp'-tailed: styles 3, all abortive. Pistillate flowers— =pathe, perianth 
 and petals, like the staminate and superior: stigmas 6, 2-c!eft : stamens 3, 
 barren ; 3 aectarilerous glands: capsuk G-celled, many-seeded. 1.22— 
 (frog-bit.) 
 
 7 
 
74 CLASS XXI, OEDER J. 
 
 Order X. Decandria. 
 
 GyMVOCLACrs. Staminate flowers — calyx tubular, 5-cIeft : corol o-pfitall 
 ed. Pistillate flowers — same as the staminate : style 1 : legume 1-celled, 
 pulpy within : seed roundish, large and hard. 33. Sfft— (coflee-bean.) 
 
 Southern. 
 Carica. Staminate flowers — calyx minute or obsolete : corol 5-cleft, fun- 
 nel-form : filaments alternately shorter, enclosed in the tube of the corol. Pis- 
 tillate flowers — calyx 5-toothed : corol 5-petalled : stigmas 5 : berry (cucum- 
 ber form) grooved, l-cel!ed, many-seeded. 38. 97 — (false papaw tree.) 
 
 Order XII. Folyandria. 
 
 Menispermcm. Staminate flowers — calyx 6-leaved, somewhat 2-bracted, 
 caducous . petals 6 (o 9, glandular, minute, retuse : stamens 16, 20 or 24 : an- 
 thers 4-lobed, 2-celled, adnate to the filaments. Pistillate flowers — calyx and 
 corol like the staminate : germs and styles 3 to 6 : drupes or berries mostly so- 
 litary, 1-seeded ; nut woolly, lunulate, compressed. 11. 77 — (moon-seed.) 
 
 Datisca. Staminate flowers — calyx 5-leaved : corol : anthers sessile, 
 about 15. Pistillate flowers — calyx superior, 2- toothed : styles 3 : capsules 3- 
 angled, 3-horned, 1-celled, many-seeded, pervious. 54. 98.^ — (false hemp.) 
 
 Southern. 
 Zamia. Ament a strobile. Staminate flowers — calyx consists of obovafe 
 scales : corol none : anthers globose, sessile upon scales, opening by a fissure. 
 Pistillate flowers — calyx consists of peltate scales : corol none : germs 2 ; styles 
 none: berries 2, 1-seeded. 1. 11. 
 
 Order XV. Monadelphia. 
 
 JcxiPERiJS. Staminat:' flowerg — ament ovate, whorled : calyx a peltate 
 scale: anthers 4 to 8. Pistillate flowers — calyx 3-parted : petals 3 : styles 3 : 
 berry 1 or 2-seeded, consisting of the unequal tubercles of the calyx. (\u{ 
 bony, Icelled, with balsam}' glands at the base.) 51. 100 — (red cedar. 
 savi[i.) S. 
 
 Taxus. . Staminate flowers^-calyx consists of 4 to 6 imbricated scales : cO' 
 rol 0: stamens many, 8 to 10 : anthers peltate, 6 to 8-cleft. Pistillate flowers 
 — style : receptacle cup-form, succulent ; nut or drupe fleshy, open at the f>.\- 
 treniity, 1-seeded. ol. 100 — (yew.) 
 
 CLASS XXI, CRYPTOGAMIA. 
 
 Order I. Filices. 
 
 A. Capsule having an elastic ring at right angles uiih its opening. 
 
 PoLYPODiUM. Capsules disposed in round scattered fruit dots, (or cluster* 
 
 of capsules,) on various parts of the lower surface of the frond ; involucre none. 
 
 55.5 — (polvpod.) S. . , . , , /■ , , 
 
 AcRosTicHUM. Capsules numerous, covering the whole lower surface of the 
 fVond: involucre none. (The fertile leaves difler in shape from the barren. 
 This genus should be examined in the young state; for the scattered fruit of 
 other genera, by becoming confluent when old, often cover the frond.) 55. 5—- 
 
 <fork-fern.) ^'. , . , u v 
 
 Hypopeltis. Fruit-dots roundish, having a cup-form mvolucre bencalb, 
 divided into 5 or 6 irregular segments : capsules all sessile. 55. 5. 
 
 VVoODSiA. lavolucre beneath, perianth-form, with a hair like margin : cap- 
 sules pedicellcd, included within the involucre : fruit-dots roundish, scattered.^ 
 55. 5^(flower-cupfern.) S. 
 
CLASS XXI. ORDER I. /t> 
 
 Asi'iDlUM.* Capsules in scattered roundish fruit-dots on various parts of (he 
 •Avhole lower surface of the frond : involucre a kidnej -form or round membrane, 
 fastened to the frond in or near the centre of the fruitdot, and opening on all 
 sides, or to one side of the fruit-dot, and opening on the other. (The involucre, 
 when a little opened, is often peltate.) 55 5 — (shield-fern.) jS\ 
 
 AsPLENiUM. Capsules in lines parallel to each other, situated exactly upon 
 the secondary veins of the frond : involucres opening inwards (By the secon- 
 dary veins is meant those of the middle part ot the disk, not the larger ones at 
 the margin or midrib. The parallel lines of capsules may stand obliquely with 
 respect to the midrib, but their direction must be parallel to each other. 55. 5 
 ' — (spleen-wort, walking-leaf.) /S. 
 
 SicOLOPENDRiUM. Capsules in strait or zigzag parallel lines betueen the se- 
 condary veins (or ribs) of the frond: involucre double, opening on the top of 
 the lines of capsules, and folding down towards each side, (in the genus as- 
 •plenium, the lines of capsules lie across the veins of the frond; but in this they 
 are in line with the veins, and attached along their sides or between them.) 
 05. 5^(caterpiiiar fern.) 
 
 Blechnum. Capsules in uninterrupted lines running parallel to the midrib 
 of the frond on both sides : involucre opens inwards. (The fruit of this genus, 
 when ripe, often covers the whole lower surface of the frond, like the acrosti- 
 rhum ; it must therefore be examined in the young state.) 55. 5 — (roman 
 fern.) S. 
 
 WooDWARDiA. Capsules in oblong or oval spots, arranged in regular rows 
 on both sides of, and parallel widi, the ribs : involucre vaulted, and opening- 
 inwards. (When the leaves have large segments, the capsules arc arranged 
 along the midribs of the segments. ) 55. 5— (kidney-fruit fern. ) S. 
 
 Pteris. Capsules arranged in a continued line along the very margin of the 
 frond : involucres opening inwards, being formed of the mflexed margins of the 
 fronds. ( When_the leaves are extremely small, the rows of capsules on oppo- 
 site sides meet and cover the lower surface. ) 55. 5 — (brake. ) S. 
 
 Adiantum. Capsules disposed in oblong fruit-dots, arranged along the mar- 
 gin of the frond : involucre is formed by turning back the margin of the frond 
 over the capsules, and it opens inwards. (The lines of oblong spots are gene- 
 rally along that margin, wiiich may be considered the end of the leaf, or of the 
 segments of the leaf.) 55.5 — (maidenhair.) S. 
 
 DiCKSOMA. Capsules in small round scattered fruit-dots at the margin of the 
 frond : involucre double ; one part is formed of the thin margin of the frond, 
 turned over upon the fruit-dots, the other is from the frond on the inward side 
 of the fruit-dots, each part opening opposite to where it is fastened to the frond. 
 55, 5 — (mountain fern.) (S. 
 
 Cheilakthes. Fruil-dots roundish, punctate, distinct, situated at the mar- 
 gin of the frond: involucre a roundi.sh membrane, formed by turning over the 
 margin of the frond uporf the fruit-dots, and opening inwards (The margin is 
 always crenate, and each fruit-dot has its own involucre perfectly separate from 
 the others.) 55.5 — (lip-fern.) <Si. 
 
 Hvmenophyllum. Fruit-dots marginal ; the capsule .sessile, inserted on a 
 common cylindrical receptacle, within a2-valved involucre of the same texture 
 as the frond-valves have ; exterior free. 55. 5. 8. 
 
 0>ocLEA. Fruit-dots indeterminate, presenting a berry-like appearance; 
 capsules covering the whole lower surface of the frond : involucre formed by 
 turning in or rolling back the margin of the leaf, which opens inwards, in ma- 
 turity, towards the midrib, or remains closed. (The fertile leaves are contract- 
 ed and narrower than the barren ones.) 55. 5 — (sensitive polypod.) S. 
 
 * The genus Athyrium is re-united to the Aspidium, in accordance with Dr. 
 Torrcy's views. The mere fastening of the involucre on one side of the fruit- 
 dot, and opening on the other, qot being sufficient for dividing a natural ge- 
 nas. 
 
40 CLASS XXI. ORDER I. 
 
 Struthiopteri?. Capsnles covering the back of the froQoI very densely ; 
 Involucre scale-like, margiaal, opening inwards. 55. 5. 
 
 Southei-n. 
 ViTTARiA. Fruit-dots linear, continued longitudinally along the disk or to- 
 wards the margin of the fiond : involucre double, uninterrupted ; one opening 
 outwards, the other inwards. 55. 5. 
 
 B. Capsule without a ring — being cellular-reticulate, pellucid, sub-striate, 
 
 radiate at the tip. 
 
 OsMU.M)A. Capsules globose, pedictlled, radiate-striate or wrinkled, having 
 a hinge at the joining of the two valves, which re>fmblcs part of the joint- 
 ed ring of annulated feras : the capsules either occupy the whole fioiid, to a li- 
 mited extent, or a paniclcd raceme. (The parts of the frond occupied by the 
 fruit are always more contracted than the barren parts.) 55. 5 — (flowering 
 fern.) S. 
 
 ScHiZJEA. Capsules top-form, partly opening b;,- an oblong lateral pore ; 
 striate longitudinally and radiately, situated upon tlie back part of a narrow 
 spike-form appendage of the frond, surrounded with, or interspersed among, 
 bundles of hairs. (The appendages, bearing the capsules, are generally digi- 
 tate, and occupy the summit of the frond.) 55 5 — (one-sided fern.) 
 
 Lygodium. Capsules covered with a scale-like veil, in two series, radiate- 
 striated or wrinkled, opening on the inner side from the base to the summit : 
 they are situated upon spikelets which proceed from the margin of the frond, 
 each capsule being bid under a scale which falls off" frequently in ripening : 
 spikelets mostly unilateral. 55. 5 — (fringed fern, climbing fern.) S. 
 
 C. Capsule uithout a ring — being adnate at the base, sub-globose, coriaceoiis, 
 
 not cellular, somewhat 2-valved. 
 
 OPHIOGLOSSUM. Capsules round, 1-celled, opening transrersely ; they are 
 placed dh a somewhat jointed spike in two close rows. 55. 5— (adder-tongue 
 fern.) S. 
 
 BoTRYCHiUM. Capsules coriaceous, globose, 1-celled, smooth, adnale to 
 each rachis, of a compound raceme, (panicle,) separate, valves 2, connected be- 
 hind, opening transversely. 55. 5 — (grape fern.) S. 
 
 Southern. 
 PsiLOTUM. Rernhardia. Capsules 3-grained, 3-celkd ; cells Opening above, 
 half 2-valved : fruit in spikeb. 55. 5. S. 
 
 D. Sub-jrder, A.PTERES— u'i//iOM/ pinnate, pinnatijid, or other icinged^ 
 
 leaves. 
 Lycopodtum. Capsules mostly kidney-form or roundish, 2 or 4-valved, 
 opening elastically ; thev are placed under separate scales in a -pike, or some- 
 limes in the axi s of leaves. (Very lea%'y, their stems being generally covered 
 with 2, 3, or 4 rows of narrow, simple, entire leaves. 55. 5 — (ground-pine.) 
 
 EquiSETUM. Fruit pkced under peltate polygons, being pileus-like bodies, 
 which are arranged in whorls, forming a spike-form raceme ; 4 to 7 spiral fila- 
 ments surround the seed (probably.) which resemble green globules. (Fertile 
 plants raostlv leafless : the stems of all are jointed with toothed sheaths at every 
 joint, and usually longitudinally stnated and hollow.) 55. 5— (scouring rush, 
 
 horsetail). >S. , , , • e • a . 
 
 IsoETES. Capsules membranaceous, 1 -ceiled, not dehiscent : fruit-dots 
 lieart-ovate, immersed in a swelling, or tuberosity, at the base of the Imear, 
 sub-articulate, ^rass-like frond: seed angular, attached to numerous cross-bars 
 within the capsule- 55.5 — (quill-wort.) 
 
 AzoLLA. Monoecious, Staminate ? appendages by pairs, contiguous : mvo^ 
 lucre sub-globose, resembling a 1-celled capsule ; seeds numerous, naked. 5a. 
 5. ♦ST. 
 
CLASS XXI, ORDEE II. 77 
 
 Salvinia. Involucre imbricate, 4 to 9, connate, resembling a 1-celled cap- 
 sule ; seeds inserted on a central receptacle. 55. 5. 
 
 Refitarks. Th<i3 tar the North American genera are well ascertained and 
 described in the varioua floras. But the remaining five orders of the class Cryp- 
 togamia, require much additional labour. The Fungi and Hepaticae have re- 
 ceived great acquisitions from Schweinitz — the Mu^sci and Ihe Lichenes are ra- 
 pidly advancing in tlie hands of Halsey and Torrey — the Algae of our country 
 are still in darkness. 
 
 On account of the unexamined state of these five orders, I shall not give any 
 localities for the genera. 
 
 Order II. Musci/ 
 
 First division. Capsules without peristomes. 
 
 Sphagnum. Base of the calyptre remains attached to the capsule, after the 
 upper part has fallen off. 56. 4. 
 
 Phasco'M. Capsule terminal, without an opening : calyptre bell-form, halv- 
 ed, subulate, minute. 56. 4. 
 
 Gymnostomum. Capsules terminal : calyptre cowled or halved, subulate, 
 caducous. 56. 4. 
 
 ScHXSTiDiUM. Capsule terminal : calyptre mitre-form or bell-conic, split at 
 the base into many sub-equal division*. 56. 4. 
 
 An(ectangiom. Capsule lateral: calyptre halved, subulate. 56. 4. 
 
 Second, division. Capsules with peristomes. 
 A. Mouth surrounded by a single peristome : fruit terminal. 
 
 1. Teeth solitary, free (disconnected) at the base, entire. 
 
 Tetraphis. Teeth of the peristome 4, pyramidal : calyptre mitre-forra, 
 split into many divisions at the base. 56. 4, 
 
 Grimmia. Teeth of the peristome 16, pyramidal, easily reflexed : calyptre 
 mitre-form. 56. 4. 
 
 Weissia. Teeth of the peristome 16, erectish, narrow, imperforate : caly|)» 
 tre halved, subulate. 56. 4. 
 
 Trematodon. Teeth of the peristome 16, lance-linear, perforate : germ 
 nodding, with a long horn-like epophysis at the base: calyptre cowled. 56. 4. 
 
 2. Teeth solitary, free at the base, split from the apex towards the base. 
 
 DiCRANUM. Teeth of the peristome 16, inflexed, 2-cleft, the divisions equal : 
 calyptre hood-form. 56. 4. 
 
 Campylopus. Teeth of the peristome 16, 2-cleft, sub-perforate : calyptre 
 mitre-form, torn-fringed at the base. 56. 4. 
 
 Racomitrum. Teeth of the peristome split even to the base into 2, 3, or 4 
 parts ; division equal, filiform : calyptre mitre-form or bell-form, and subulate, 
 mostly torn at the base. 56-. 4. 
 
 Trichostomum. Teeth of the peristome 16, split even to the base into 2, 3, 
 or 4 parts ; divisions filiform : calyptre halved, hood-form. 56. 4. 
 
 Calymperes. Teeth of the peristome 16, short, split ; mouth closed by a 
 .spongy membrane : calyptre large, mitrerform, involving the capsule ; at 
 length laterally split. 56. 4. 
 
 * Arranged, with few exceptions, according to theMetbodus Muscorum A 
 Sam. Eb a Bridel. 
 
 Mosses may be gathered whenever the capsules have arrived to their usual 
 size ; but they must be put in a closet, until the lids of the capsules become red- 
 dish-brown, before they are examined ; theu the lids may be removed, and the 
 teeth examined. 
 
 7* 
 
78 
 
 CLASS XXI» OEDEP^ 11, 
 
 3. Teeth solitary^ iuisted together like a rope at the top. 
 
 Barbula. Teeth of the peristome 16 or 32, capillarr, somewhat connect- 
 ed at the base, and spirally twisted at the top : calyptre hood-form. 56. 4. 
 
 SyNTRiCHiA. Teeth of the peristome 16 or 32, twisted spirally in the fo:m 
 of a spike, and arising from a broad reticulate membrane : calyptre hood-form. 
 
 4. Teeth approach each other, or unite in pairs. 
 
 DiDYMODOK. Teelh of the peristome 32 ; they approach each other in pairs,, 
 but remain distinct : calyptre hood-form. 56. 4. 
 
 Splachxum. Teeth of the peristome 16, attached to each o'her in pairs, 
 so that they can hardly be separated without lacerating their cuticles ; reflexed, 
 and at length close pressed to the back of the cap-^ule ; the caprule has an apo- 
 phesis : calyptre bell-form, with a sub-lacerated base. 56. 4. 
 
 B. Mouth sorrounded by a double peristome, (excepts species of Orthotri- 
 chum :) fruit terminal. 
 
 Orthotrichum. Peristome single or double. When single, the teeth are 
 16, arranged in pairs : after the falling of the lid they are rfflexed. When 
 double, the outer teeth are as when single, and the irmer teeth are 8 or 16, lin- 
 ear, distant: calyptre conic or bell form, keeled, piJoae upwards; rarely gla- 
 brous. 56. 4. 
 
 Ulota. Teeth of the outer peristome 16, arranged in pairs; after the fall- 
 ing of the lid they are easily rellcxed : teeth ot the inner peristome are 8, lin- 
 ear, distant : calyptre conic, smootiiish, hairy above, often splii into a fringe at 
 the base. 56. 4. 
 
 Bartramia Teeth of the outer peristome 16, wedge-form ; the inner peri- 
 stome consists of a membrane folded into 16 carinate plaits or folds ; the divis- 
 ions are bifid, receiving the inflexed apexes of the teeth : calyptre hooded. 
 56. 4. 
 
 Bryum. Teeth of the outer peristome 16, broadi<h, acute ; the inner peri- 
 ."■tome consists of a membrane, divided or folded by keel-like furrows, and ex- 
 tended into 16 broadish processes, with ciliate hairs interposed : calyptre hood- 
 form : capsule equal. 56. 4. 
 
 Arrhenopterum. Teeth of the outer peristome 16, broadish, acute ; the 
 inner peristome consists of a keol-furrowed membrane, split in:o broad pro- 
 cesses, with ciliate hairs interposed : calyptre oblong, laterally sessile : cap- 
 sule unequal, arcuate, nodding. SQ. 4. 
 
 Mniu.m. Teeth of the outer peristome 16, broadish, ascending or erect, with 
 very long apexes arching outwards ; the inner peristome consists of a mem- 
 l)rane extended into 16 perforated or forked divisions, ciliate hairs interposed r 
 calyptre acutely conic : capsule unequal, nodding. 56. 4. 
 
 TiM.MlA. Teeth of the outer peristome 16, broadish, acuminate ; the inner 
 peristome consists of a membrane torn into 16 divisions, opposite to the teeth, 
 irregularly perforated and anastomosing, rarely the divisions are alternately 
 free : calyptre laterally fissile. 56. 4. 
 
 DiPLOcoMiUM. Teeth of the outer peristome 16, obtuse, short ; the inner 
 peristome consists of 16 ciliate hairs approaching each other in pairs, not con- 
 jiected by any membrane. 56. 4. 
 
 Meesfa. Teeth of the outer peristome 16, short ; the inner peristome con- 
 sists of ciliate hairs connected wholly by net-work. 56. 4. 
 
 DiPHYSciUM The outer peristome seems as if almost obliterated ; it con- 
 sists ot 16 very rninute scales surrounding the mouth of the germ ; the inner 
 peristome consists of a conic truncate membrane, in 16 plicate folds, which 
 alternate with the scales. 56. 4. 
 
 Buxbaumia. Peristomes three. Teeth of the outer peristome 16, truncate, 
 svery short, unequal, fugaceous : the two inner peristomes consist of sub-conical 
 .<nembraaaceou9 cylioders, constructed of filameots laterally adhering together, 
 
CLASS XXr. ORDER ll. ^ 
 
 and torn at the top ; the innermost is the longest, folded in IG plaits, and de- 
 hiscent at the apex. 56 4. 
 
 FuNARiA. Teeth of the outer peristome 16, cohering together at theapex 
 and twisted obliquely : the inner peristome consists of 16 membranaceous cilia 
 opposite to the (eeth, lying- flatly. 56. 4. 
 
 C. Mouth surrounded by a single peristome ; fruit lateral. 
 1. Teeth entire. 
 
 Pterigvnandrum. Teeth of the peristome 16, equally distant, acute, erect- 
 ish : calyptre hood-!'orm, glabrous. 56. 4. 
 
 Lasia. Teeth of the peristome 16, equally distant, acute, erect; calyptre 
 hood-form, pilose above. 56. 4. 
 
 2. Teeth split. 
 
 Leucodon. Peristome a membrane divided into teeth, each of which is 
 split almost to its base : calyptre hood-form. 56. 4. 
 
 D. Mouth surrounded by a double peristome : fruit lateral. 
 
 1. Teeth of the inner peristome free at the base. 
 
 Neckera. Tteih of the outer peristome 16, erect, free ; cilia of the inner 
 peristome alternate with the teeth, (rarely opposite :) calyptre hood-form, gla- 
 brous. 56. 4. 
 
 Cryph^a. Teeth of the outer peristome 16, erect, free ; cilia of the inner 
 peristome alternate with the teeth : calyptre mitre-form or conic, glabrou*. 
 06. 4. 
 
 PiLOTRiCHOl. Teeth of the outer peristome 16, erect, free; cilia of the 
 inner peristome alternate with the teeth ; calyptre mitre-form or conic, hirsute 
 56. 4. 
 
 2. Teeth of the inner peristome connected by a membrane at the base. 
 
 Climacium. Teeth of the outer peristome 16, acute; inner peristome con- 
 .sists of ciiia, arising from a very short membrane, which are united at the apex 
 in pairs by transverse bars. 56. 4. 
 
 Leskia. Teeth of the outer peristome 16, subulate, inflexible ; inner peri- 
 stome consists of a membrane extended into 16 linear, uniform processes : ca- 
 lyptre hood-form. 56. 4. 
 
 Pterigophyllum. Teeth of the outer peristome 16 lance-linear; inner 
 peristome consists of a membrane split into 16 linear, uiiL^brm, (rarely deform- 
 ed) processes : calyptre mitre-form, entire, glabrous. 56. 4. 
 
 Hypkum. Teeth of the outer peristome 16, acute, reflexile ; inner peristome 
 consists of a membrane extended into 16 processes, with smaller capillary ones 
 interposed : calyptre hood-form, glabrous. bQ. 4. 
 
 3. Inner peristome without teeth or cilia. 
 
 FoNTiNALis. Teeth of the outer peristome 16, broadish, acute, erect ; inner 
 peristome a reticulate conic membrane. 56. 4. 
 
 E. Mouth surrounded by a single peristome ; fruit arises from the duplica- 
 
 ture of a leaf. 
 
 FissiDEXs. Peristome simple : teeth 16, 2-cleft, broadish, inflexed ; the 
 divisions somewhat unequal, diverging. 56. 4. 
 
 F. Motith closed by a horizontal membrane. 
 
 PoLYTRiCHTJM. Peristome very uhort ; teeth 16, 32, or &4 : mouth of the 
 germ covered by a dry membrane, which is connected to it by the teeti of the 
 peristome : calyptre very small, with a large villose or hairy covering 56. 4, 
 
 CATHARiN.a:A. Peristome very short ; teeth 32 or 64 : mouth of the capsule 
 covered by a drymembraaej calyptre glabrous or hirsute, with scalterins,- 
 iiairs. 56, 4. 
 
^ CLASS XXI. ORDER, IV. 
 
 Order III. Hepatic^.* 
 
 RlCCiA. Capsules sub-globose, imbedded in the frond, not dehiscent, furn* 
 ished with a short tube, scarcely prominent, becoming brownish and perforat- 
 ed at the apex. This aquatic genus has the habit of the most succulent and ten- 
 der hchens. 57. 3. 
 
 Blazia. Capsule 1-valved, with no elevations of \\ie seeds upon the colu- 
 mella (as in Anthoceros,) crowned with a tube opening outwardly at the apex. 
 
 D7. 3. ^ . , 
 
 Sfhaerocarpus. Calyxes numerous, large, fascicled in a minute frond, 
 olobe-turbinate, reticulate, sub-diaphonous, perforated at the apex, including 
 the capsule : capsule sessile in the bottom of the calyx, spherical; seeds nu- 
 merous, globe-lens-form, surface granulated and sharply muricate : frond reti- 
 culate, sub-diaphonous, of the substance of the calyx, and very green. 57. 3. 
 
 Carpobolus. Capsules oblong-spheroid, compressed, tapering, cleft or de- 
 hiscent at the apex ; seeds minute, globose, free among each other : calyx large- 
 ish, 2-cleft : frond orbicular-oblong ; folds converging towards a centre; mar- 
 gins elevated, crenale. 57. 3. 
 
 Anthoceros. Capsules long, horn-form, subulate, longitudinally dehiscent 
 into 2 valves when mature, imbedded and nourished in a linear fleshy recep- 
 tacle ; after the opening of the capsule, seeds appear attached to a columella. 
 Around the fleshy receptacle, (or perhaps calyx,) within the substance of the 
 frond, appear heaps of reddish bodies resembling anthers. The substance of 
 the frond is made up of hexahedral cells. In habit this genus resembles mos- 
 ses. 57. 3. 
 
 Marchantia. Receptacles pedicelled, radiate-lobed, disk-like or bell-form, 
 with the inside downwards, to which the globose 4-valved capsules are attach- 
 ed, with their apexes downwards. The umbrella-like receptacle is elevated 
 one or two inches by a stipe attached to the centre of its lower side, among the 
 capsules and many pilose appendages. The frond is leafy, reticulate, furnish- 
 ed with a midrib, and beset with villose roots on the under side, which attach 
 themselves to the stones in brooks, to damp earth, <S:c. 57. 3. 
 
 JuNGERMANMA. Capsules 4-valved, globose, elevated by peduncles or stipes 
 from within a bell-form calyx. The fronds are made up of finer leaves than 
 tiiose of the Marchantia, and are often mistaken for mosses, among which the} 
 generally grow. 57. 3. 
 
 Order IV. ALCj^.f 
 
 A* The section Fccoide;e comprises those sea-needs of the old genus Fu- 
 cus, whose fronds are cartilaginous or leathery, arid of an olive or copper 
 colour, becoming brown or black. They are composed of interwoven longi- 
 tudinalfibres. The floating vesicles appear like portions of the frond blown 
 up in bubbles. 
 
 Fucus. Receptacles tubercled; the tubercles perforated, nourishing aggre* 
 gated capsules within, intermixed with articulaied fibres. 57. 2. 
 
 Chordaria. The fruit consists of immersed, clavate, articulated, concentric 
 threads, passnig into seeds. Fronds filiform, cartilaginous and lubricous, 
 67.2. 
 
 Laminaria. Seeds oblong, immersed in a distinct part of the frond— never 
 in all parts. Frond a tenacious cartilage. 57. 2. 
 
 B. The section FLORiDEiE comprises tJwse sea-iceeds of the old genus Fucus, 
 whose frpnds are leathery., tnembranous or gelatinous, and of a purple or rose 
 colour. 
 
 * From Sprengel, De Lamark and De Candoile. 
 
 f Translated from Agardh's Synopsis AJgarum— omitling all which 19 not rc» 
 C^uired by discoveries in our district. 
 
CLASS XXr. ORDEB IV. 81 
 
 DelesSERia. Fruit doubJe, seeds and capsules. Seeds heaped together in 
 spots, immersed in the leaves in various places. Frond always thin and mem- 
 branaceous. 57. 2. 
 
 SpHjEROCOCCUS. Fruit uniformly a capsule, sessile in the disk of the frond, 
 or pedicelled at ihe margin. Frond cartilaginous, nerveless, flat or filiform. 
 57. 2. 
 
 Halymexia. Frond membranaceous, leathery, nerveless, punctate : seed 
 immersed throughout the whole frond, disposed in spds. 57. 2. 
 
 C. The section Ulvoide^s; comprises the plants of the old genus Ulva. 
 Fronds membranaceous (broad, or in narrow slips,) thin, of a grass-green 
 colour. Their substance consists of cells, with the fruit immersed in the frond. 
 They grow on rocks, stocies, shells, &c. in the sea; also m ditches, stagnant 
 waters, damp woods, &c. 57. 2. 
 
 Ulva. Seeds in fours, immersed in every part of the membraaaceous frond. 
 57.2. 
 
 Vaucheria. Fruit consists of minute homogeneous vesicles strung on a 
 thread, or the threads or fibres sprinkled over with green granular masses, 
 which may at length be easily brushed oti'. Liriiieus denominated the plants of 
 this genus amphibious confervas ; because they rise to the surface of water, and 
 project their fructiferous filaments above it. 57. 2. 
 
 D. The section CoTiiV^^\oiv>%j£. comprises the plants of the old genus Con- 
 ferva, Fruit capsular or naked granulations. Fronds filiform and genicu- 
 late, containing the fruit immersed in them, generally strung on threads ; 
 mostly of a grass-green or greenish colour, sometimes purple. They grow in 
 fresh water streams, springs, ditches, and stagnant waters ; sometimes in 
 damp woods, and some in the sea. 
 
 HuTCHixsiA. Fruit double, capsular and filaraentose granulations. Capsules 
 ovate, broader at the base, acuminate apex, (sometimes truncate,) sessile, reti- 
 culate, containing glooules in inflated branches. Filaments formed from nu- 
 merous channels, of a purplish colour. 57. 2. 
 
 Ceramium. Fruit double, filamentose and capsular. Filaments constituted 
 from one tube. 57. 2. 
 
 Lamania. Filaments torose, rigid, containing the seed within them. The 
 Ciiain of germs is affixed to the interior disk of the membrane, in apencil-iorm 
 aggregate. 57. 2. 
 
 Conferva. Filaments articulated, aniform, simple or branched ; contain- 
 ing the seed within them. No externa i fruit. 57. 2. 
 
 Zygnema. Filaments simple, equal, articulated, green, gelatinous : articu- 
 lations hjaiine ; granulations disposed ia spiral lines or in double stars, rarely 
 scattered. At length the transverse tubes burst in the middle of the joints, and 
 from the two nearest filaments is transmitted, at the same time, a green sub- 
 stance, which uniting, forms a spherical or oval seed. 57. 2. 
 
 OsciLLATORiA. Filaments continued, membranaceous, gelatinous : germs 
 ring-form, transverse, parallel, crowded. Agardh considers some of the spe- 
 cies of this genus as intermediate between animal and vegetable, though their 
 oscillatory motions cannot be voluntary. 57. 2. 
 
 Batrachospermum. Frond gelatinous. Filaments with the main part ar-' 
 ticulated; branches .vhorled at the articulations : fruit external. 57. 2. 
 
 E. The section Tre:.iellin.5: comprises the old genus Tremella. Plants of 
 this section are all gelatinous, hyaline, and covered with a membrane. They 
 are globose, palmate, orjUiform ; and contain conferva-liAe filaments uithin. 
 Colour green or purplish. They resemble ConfervoidecB in habit and place 
 of growth. 
 RivuLARiA. Filaments simple, continued, annulated within, terminating in 
 
 a distinct giobe at the base, produced at the apex into a long hyaline point. Co 
 
 lour olive, or dark green. 57. 2. 
 
S^ CLASS XXI. ORDER V, 
 
 NosTOC. Filamentsmonili-form, constituted from coadunate globules. Frond 
 buUate, vesicular, (at length becoming flattened,) crowded with simple, inonili- 
 fbrm, curve-crisped filaments. 57. 2. 
 
 Order V. Lichenes.* 
 
 A. The Idiothalamous-f section comprises those lichens, whose receptacles are 
 wholly of a substance and colour different from that of the frond. 
 
 1. Receptacle simple^ wholly formed of a pulverulent or cartilaginous sub' 
 
 staiice. 
 
 (Receptacles without margins.) 
 
 Spiloma. Frond| crustaceous, expanded, flat, adnate, uniform : recepta- 
 cles (efflorescence) composed ofcorpuscules, or pulverulent atoms, aggregated 
 in compact, homogeneous, naked, formless (or of various and irregular forms,) 
 coloured masses. 57. 2. 
 
 Arthonia. Frond crustaceous, flat, expanded, adnate, uniform : receptacle 
 innate-sessile, round-shapeless, dark-coloured, covered with a sub-cartilaginous 
 membrane — resembles a solid parenchymous substance. 57. 2. 
 
 (Receptacle margined.) 
 
 Gyalecta. Frond crustaceous, flat, expand>id, adnate, uniform: recepta- 
 cle shield-form, urceolate, immersed in the crust, resembling a thin cartilage ; 
 the lower part concave, with the aperture contracted and sub-maiginated. 
 
 Lecidea. Frond various : crustaceous, expanded and adnate, uniform or 
 disfigured, foliaceous, rope or tow-like : receptacles (spangles) shield-form, 
 sessile, clothed every where with a cartilaginous membrane : somewhat solid, 
 including a parenchymous substance : disk with an uniform or similar margin, 
 57. 2. 
 
 Calicium. Frond crustaceous, flat, expanded, adnate, uniform : receptacles 
 (puflis) bowl-form, sessile or stiped, cartilaginous; sustaining a compact, pul- 
 %'erulent mass, flat or sub-globose above, forming a naked disk. 57. 2. 
 
 Gyrophora. Frond foliaceous, coriaceous-cartilaginous, peltate, mono- 
 phyllous, (when luxurient polyphyllous,) free beneath: receptacles (buttons) 
 somewhat shield-form, sessile-adnate, clothed with a dark membranaceous car- 
 tilage, including a somewhat solid parenchymous substance : disk warty or cir- 
 cinal, plicate and margined. 57. 2. 
 
 Opegrapha. Frond crustaceous, flat, expanded, adnate, uniform : recepta- 
 cles (clefts) oblong, elongated, sessile, clothed with a dark-coloured cartilagin- 
 ous membrane, including a somewhat solid parenchymous substance : disk li- 
 near, margined both sides. 57. 2. 
 
 2. Receptacles sub-simple, formed from a solitary frond, and furnished tcith a 
 
 perianlh'like organ, including a nucleus. 
 
 (Receptacles margined.) 
 
 Graphis. Frond crustaceous, flat, expantied, adnate, uniform: receptacles 
 ijliollows) elongated, immersed in the frond ; the perianth-like organs sur- 
 lounding the seed-cases are simple, cartilagenous, halved, lateral, dark-coloni- 
 ed, margined both sides ; nucleus linear : disk naked above and beneath, cel- 
 iular-striate witliin. 57. 2. 
 
 * Translated from the last improved Synopsis INIethodica Lichenum of Pro- 
 fessor Erik Acharius. 
 
 f Idios, peculiar; thalamus, bed. 
 
 \ Acharius has substituted for frond, universal receptacle ; ia his last ^ork 
 
 rniip'hnnf. 
 
 ^Jxrou^hout 
 
CLA6S XXI. ORDER V, 8^ 
 
 (Receptacles without margins. ) 
 
 V'KRRrcARiA. Frond crustaceous, flat, expanded, adnata, uniform : recepta- 
 cles (hollows) hemispheric or sub-;^lobose, imbedded in the frond at the base ; 
 the perianth-like organs surrounding the seed-cases are double ; exterior one 
 sub-cartilaginous, thick, darlx-coloured, halved above, furnished with little 
 openings or papillose ; interior one thin, niembi anaceous : nucleus sub-globose, 
 cell-vesicular, every part enclosed. 57. 2. 
 
 Endocarpon. Frond crustaceous, flat, adnate, somewhat deformed, or fol- 
 iaceous and peltate : receptacles (hollows) globose, hidden in the substance of 
 the frond; the perianth-like organs surrounding the seed-cases are simple, 
 membranaceous, thin, translucent ; the little openings at the surface of the 
 frond are thick, sub-papillose, prominent: nucleus a globose substance. 57. 2- 
 
 B. The CcKNOTHALAMOUS* section comprises those lichens, ichose receptacles 
 are in part only formed from the substance of the frond. 
 
 1. Receptacles included in warts, uhich are formed from the frond. 
 
 PoRiNA. Frond crustaceous, cartilaginous, flat, expanded, adnate, uniform : 
 receptacles (hollows) single, or many together hidden in verrucose enclosures, 
 which are formed from the frond, and are without margins : the perianth-like 
 organs surrounding the seed-cases are simple, tender, membranaceous, trans^ 
 lucent, furnished with coloured openings, thicker at the surface of the warts, 
 and including sub-globose cellular vesicles. 57. 2. 
 
 Pybenula. Frond crustaceous, flat, expanded, adnate, uniform : receptacles 
 (hollows) single, enclosed or surrounded at the base by warts, formed from the 
 frond; the perianth-like organs are simple, thick, dark-coloured, papillose, in- 
 vesting the whole cellular globose nucleus. 57. 2. 
 
 Variolaria. Frond crustaceous, flat, expanded, adnate, uniform : the re- 
 ceptacle is a kind of wart, formed externally from the frond, with a white border 
 or margin: nucleus naked, (without the perianth-like organ,) compressed, cel- 
 lular, hidden within the substance of the wart, veiled above, but at length na- 
 ked. 57. 2. 
 
 2. Receptacles shield-fofm, sub-sessile^ furnished with a disk of a peculiar sub- 
 stance and colour, and surrouiided by a margin of a different colour.^ prO' 
 ceeding from the frond. 
 
 Urcrolaria. Frond crustaceous, flat, expanded, adnate, uniform : recepta- 
 cles (shields or spangles) concave, seed-bearing lamina, coloured, striate, cel- 
 lular within, immersed in the substance of the crust or in warts, surrounded with 
 margins formed from the frond, and of the same colour, sessile or elevated. 57. 
 2. 
 
 Lecakora. Frond crustaceous, flat, expanded, adnate, uniform: recepta- 
 cles shield-form, thick, adnate-sessile : seed-bearing lamina forming the disk, 
 plano-convex, coloured, covering the receptacle above, cellular-striate within, 
 surrounded with a thickish margin formed from the frond and of the same 
 colour, somewhat free. 57. 2. 
 
 Parmelia. Frond coriaceous, sub-membranaceous, flat, expanded, close- 
 pressed, orbicular, stellate and lobed, or multifid-laciniate, having fibres be- 
 neath : receptacle shield-form, sub-raembranaceous, formed under-side Irom 
 the frond, free, with a central puncture by which it is affixed ; seed-bearing 
 lamina forming the disk, concave, coloured, covering the whole receptacle a- 
 bove, within similar, sub-cellular and striate, cut round, inflexed with a frond- 
 like margin. 57. 2. 
 
 BoRRKRA. Frc«id cartilaginous, lacinate-branched ; divisions free, often 
 channelled beneath and ciliate at the margin : receptacles shield-form, thick, 
 formed form the frond beneath ; seed-bearing lamina forming the disk, cobur; 
 
 * Koinss, common ; thaiamas, bed-. 
 
S4 , CLASS XXT. ORDER V. 
 
 ed, eirailar within or vesicular, surrounded by a frond-like margin, elevated, 
 inflexed. 57. 2. 
 
 Cetraria. Frond cartilaginous or membranaceous, ascending or expand- 
 ed; lobe-laciniate, smooth and naked both sides : receptacles (targets) shield- 
 like, obliquely attached to the margin of the frond, t!ie lower free, being sepa^ 
 rated from it, the upper one sessile ; seed-bearing lamina forming the disk, col- 
 oured, plano-concave, within similar or cellular-striate, surrounded with a frond- 
 like inflexed margin. 57. 2. 
 
 Sticta. Frond foliaceous, coriaceous, cartilaginous, expanded, lobed be- 
 neath, free and villose, with pits interspersed : receptacles shield-form, formed 
 from the frond beneath, with a central puncture to which it is affixed and close- 
 pressed : seed-bearing lamina forming the disk, coloured, flat, cellular-striate 
 within, surrounded by a frond-like margin. 57. 2. 
 
 Peltidea- Frond foliaceous, coriaceous, expanded, sub-adnate, lobed, 
 woolly -veined beneath : receptacles formed beneath from the extended, ascend- 
 ing, proper lobes of the frond ; seed-bearing lamina orbicular, wholly from the 
 frond, sub-oblique, (inferior segment more elevated,) cellular-striate within, 
 adnate, coloured, flat, surrounded by a frond-iike margin, which is thin, elevat- 
 
 ed, approximating on all sides. 57. 2. 
 Nephroma. Frond 
 
 foliaceous, coriaceous, membranaceous, expanded, lob* 
 ed, free and naked, oi sub-villose beneath : receptacles up-^ide down, formed 
 above from the extended, ascending, proper lobes of the frond : seed-bearing 
 lamina reniform, wholly from the frond and its back-surface, adnate, coloured, 
 flat, cellular-striate within, guarded around by a frond-like margin, approxi- 
 mate-inflexed above, more remote and somewhat elevated beneath. 57. 2. 
 
 EvEKNiA. Frond sub-crustaceous, laciniate-branched, angled or flat-cora- 
 pressed, erectish or pendulous, rope or tow -like within: receptacle shield-like, 
 sessile, elevated all around; seed-bearing lamina forming the disk, thin, con- 
 cave, coloured, similar within, inflexed, with a frond-like margin. 57. 2. 
 
 3. Receptacles tcithout margins, sub-globose, formed from the froiid above OT 
 under side ^ inserted on the branchlets or terminal processes, or scattered and 
 sessile. 
 
 (Receptacles covered above with seed-bearing lamina.) 
 
 Cenomyce. Frond crusty or cartilaginous, foliaceous, laciniate, sub-imbri- 
 •cate, free, (rarely adnate ;) bearing sub-tistulous peduncles (podetia,) both bar- 
 ren and fertile : receptiicles (knobs) orbicular, without margins, at length con- 
 vex and capitate, inflated or empty beneath, terminal, attached to the peduncles 
 by their peripheries ; seed-bearing lamina forming the receptacle above thick- 
 ish, coljured, similar within, convex, reflexed andattached at the periphery, in- 
 vested beneath with the woolly integument of the frond. 57. 2. 
 
 BjiEMYCES. Frond crustaceous, flat, expanded, adnate • bearing soft, solid, 
 fertile peduncles (podetia :) receptacles (knobs) capitate, without margins, sol- 
 id, terminal, sessile on the peduncles ; seed-bearing lamina covering the whole 
 receptacle and adnate to it, convex-reflcxed, thickish, coloured, similar within. 
 57. 2. 
 
 IsiDiUM. Frond crustaceous, flat, expanded, adnate, uniform, bearing short- 
 ish, solid, fertile peduncles (podetia: J receptacles (globules) orbicular, con- 
 vex, at length sub-globose, solid, terminal, sessile on the peduncles ; seed-bear- 
 ing laminaincludfed by the apex of the peduncles, and surrounded by a kind of 
 edging formed from them, convex above, flat and coloured beneath, afterwards 
 prominent, edged around and hemispheric, similar within. 57. 2. 
 
 Stereocavlon. Frond cartilaginous or somewhat woody, woody-branch- 
 ed, bark crustacfous and unequal : i-eceptacles (knobs) turbinate, sessile, sol- 
 id, flat above, edged around, at length globose hemispheres ; seed-bearing la- 
 mina thick, covering the receptacle above, flat, surrounded by a frond-like edg- 
 ing somewhat equal, at length convex, dilated and covering the edging, reflw- 
 cd, coloured, rirailar within, sub-striate. 57. 2. 
 
CLASS XXr. ORDER Vl. S5 
 
 ./lleceptacle closed with the substance of the frond, and enclosing a pulvenr- 
 ••: lent mass, ) 
 
 Rhizomorpha.* Frond cartilaginous, membranaceous, with rope or tow- 
 Tike fibres within, solidish, somewhat terete, proliferous-branched, creepin"-, 
 jirostrate ; receptacles globose, sessile, afterwards conglomerate, formed from 
 the cortical substance of the frond, lacerate-barst, filled with fertile dust. 57. 2. 
 
 CJ. Tlie HoMOTHAl.AMOUS'f section comprises those lichens^ tchose receptadea 
 are wholly formed from the bark and substcaice of the frond ; being the same, 
 or necn'ly the same colour. 
 
 1. Receptacles shield-form, margined, sub-sessile. 
 
 Alectoria. Frond cartilaginous, sub-filiform, rope or tow-like within, sub- 
 tistulous, ramose, prostrate or pendulous : receptacle shield-form, thick, sessile, 
 jlattish, margined and convex, wholly formed from the frond, covered with its 
 cortical substance, which is similar within, colour similar. 57. 2. 
 
 RaMALINA. Frond cartilaginous, rope or tow-like within, solidish, laciniate- 
 brauched, sutfruticose, and mostly with powdery dots : receptacles shield-form, 
 thickish, sub-peltate, with small foot-stalks, flat, margined, wholly formed from 
 the frond and covered with its cortical substance, colour uniform. 57. ICJ. 
 
 CoLLEMA.J Frond sub-gelatinous, homogeneous, after drying mostly hard- 
 cartilaginous, polymorphous, (crust-like, foliaceous or in branchlets:) recepta- 
 cle shield-form, sessile, (rarely elevated on a very short foot-stalk,) margined, 
 formed wholly from the substance of the frond and similar, but the disk becomes 
 coloured on drying. 57. 2. 
 
 2. Receptacle terminal, peltate, nearly destitute of margins. 
 
 CoRNlcuLARiA. Frond cartilaginous, solidish within, and rope or tow-'ike, 
 branching, and a little frutescent ; receptacles orbicular, terminal, obliquelv 
 peltate, formed wholly from the frond, covered all over with its cortical sub- 
 stance and similar, at length convex and sub-inflated, somewhat two-coloured • 
 its periphery sub-marginated, sub-denta(e, and at length reflexcd. 57. 2. 
 
 UsNEA. Frond sub-crustaceous, teretish, branched, mostly pendulous; cen- 
 tral part hyaline, elastic, composed of fascicles of tubes : receptacles orbicu- 
 lar, terminal, peltate, formed wholly from the frond, covered all over with its 
 cortical substance, similar, nearly of an uniform colour ; its periphery destitute 
 of margin, but often surrounded by a ciliate edging. 57. 2. 
 
 J). The AthaLAMODSJI section comprises those lichens, irhose receptacles are 
 tcanting, or at least not distinguishable. 
 
 Lepraria. Frond crusty-pulverulent, expanded, adnaie, uniform: recep- 
 tacle wanting, or at least unknown. 57. 2. 
 
 Remark. Sprengel considers the Lepraria, Spiloma and Variolaria as 
 merely the rudiments of other genera. 
 
 Order VI, Fu>gi.§ 
 A. Fungus'i closed, or bearing fruit vithin, mostly %i:ith seeds toy copious, 
 A plant of this section is denominated angiocarpus. 
 
 * Persoon places this root-like lichen under the order Fungi. 
 
 f Omos, similar ; thida?ncs, bed. 
 
 :j; This genus is placed between Usnea and Lepraria by Acharius in the 
 natural arrangement ; but it stands in this section in his Conspectus Systematd' 
 ■<;us. 
 
 [j A, without ; ihalamos, bed. 
 
 i Translated from the Synopsis Methodica Fungorum, of D. C. H. Persooli. 
 
 •f The vrotAfmtgus is used bj Persoon to denote the part enclosing the fruir? 
 
 d 
 
S6 
 
 CLASS XXI. ORI>ER VI. 
 
 I. Fungus hardish, with a soft internal substance. 
 
 Sphaeria. Receptacles various : sperules roundish , mostly hollow wLerj 
 dry, filled when moist with a ^elly or juicv-gelly, made up frorn the free cap* 
 sules. A large genus, comprising 184 species. Plants minute. 58. 1. 
 
 Stilbospora. Spherules none: capsules or seed^ggregated together in a 
 black substance flowing from branches. 58. 1. 
 
 Naemaspora. Receptacle none, or manifest and soft : a gelly bursting into 
 hair-like or shaggy forms, (when dissolved itbecoines shapeless.) 58. 1. 
 
 Tubercularia. Receptacles sub-hemispheric, slipe-form, or wantin«>- : o-el- 
 atinous substance roundish, compact, mostly reddish, permanent, moist and 
 somewhat flowing. 58. 1. 
 
 Hysterium. Receptacle none : the enclosures of the capsules mostly ob» 
 long, dehiscent into longitudinal chinks. 58. 1. 
 
 XvLOMA. Receptacles (or enclosures of the capsules) various, hard, some- 
 what fleshy within, continuing closed, or at length bursting in various ways. 68. 
 
 2. Fungus fleshy, stuffed. 
 
 ScLEROTlU.M. Staffed, various in form, similar and smooth within ; at length 
 corrugated externally in some. 58. 1. 
 
 Tuber. Roundish, fleshv : its substance variegated with seed-bearing veins. 
 58. 1. 
 
 3. Fungus membranaceous^ coriaceous or villose, stuffed with dust within. 
 
 (The seminal dust intermixed with filaments.) 
 
 TtJLOSTOMA. Receptacle pedicelled, opening with a cylindric cartilaginous 
 mouth. 58. 1. 
 
 Geastrum. Volva tbin, evanescent: outer bark of the receptacle split in a 
 stellate form, at length reflexed ; mouth mostly pilose. 58. 1. 
 
 Bo VISTA Receptacle smooth, sessile, outer bark white, resembling a volva : 
 at length irregularly bursting at the top, it becomes evanescent by parts. The 
 seminal dust is yellowish-purple. 58. 1. 
 
 Lycoperdon. Receptacle somewhat caulescent, at length bursting at the 
 top, with scaly warts or prickles scattered over its sur/ace, especially when 
 young. Seminal dust green. 58. 1. 
 
 Scleroderma. Receptacle with a lesselate, hardish, corky bark, at length 
 
 bursting irregularly. Seminal dusi purple, brown-vellow or rust-colour. 58. 1. 
 
 Lycocala, Receptacle roundish, membranaceous, smooth ; stufl^ed at first 
 
 with a pulpy liquescent mass, which at length becomes dust mtermiied with 
 
 scattering distant fibres. 58. 1. 
 
 FuLiGO. At first pulpy, mostly open, somewhat'deformed ; externally hard- 
 ish-fibious or villose, membranaceous at the base ; within cellular-fibrous and 
 pilose, at length crumbling into dust. 58. 1. 
 
 Physarum. Receptacle rigid, simple, mostly with small wrinkles, somewhat 
 farinaceous ; fibres scattered, reticulate, mostly adnate, concealed. 58. \. 
 
 Trichia. Receptacle at length unequally ruptured, permanent : seminal 
 filamentri compact, adnate to the receptacle at the base, expanding themselves 
 elasticaUy. 58. 1. 
 
 Arcyria. Receptacle evanescent to the middle : seminal filaments denun- 
 dated, overlaid with a calyciform receptacle. .58. 1. 
 
 Stemonitis. Receptacle very thin, somewhat evanescent : seminal filaments 
 reticulate, sub-compact, surrounding and affixed (o the columella-like organs. 
 58. 1. 
 
 or in any manner sustaining it : as the hat of ihe mushroom to the under side cf 
 which the lamellae are attached, the membranous covering of a puff-ball, enclos- 
 ing the dust-like seeds, &c.— the covering and seeds may be called the fruif. 
 
 '-t 
 
CLASS XXI. ORDER VI. 8? 
 
 (Seminal dusl naked, or not reticulate with 6bres.) 
 
 Tl;BL'U>'A. Receptacles tube-form, connate in a cespiiose-forni, mostly im. 
 posed on an underlaying membrane : seminal dust naked, farinaceous. 58. 1. 
 
 MucoR. Receptacle membranaceoui?, globose, stiped, at first watery and 
 pellucid, then opake : seeds naked, sub-cohering. Very minute and fugacious. 
 .-)3. 1. 
 
 Onygena Receptacle stiped, roundish, dry, permanent : seminal dust co- 
 hering, compact, not intermixed with filaments. 50. 1 
 
 Aecidiu.m Receptacle stemless, nianifi-.-it, terete, membranaceous, at length 
 ruptured with a dentate mouth; seminal dust farmaceous, naked. Grows on 
 leaves. 58. 1. 
 
 Uredo. Receptacle none : seminal dust under the cuticle of leaves and 
 stems, when ruptured it is easily brushed off; the little masses of seeds nni- 
 form, mostly globose 58. 1. 
 
 PuccixiA. Receptacle none : seeds conglomerated in a little head, from 
 terete it is sub-turbinate , caudate, divided by little partitions. Mostly on 
 leaves. 58. 1. 
 
 Trichoderma. Denudated : seminal dust copious, farinaceous, surrounded 
 with a tomentose or villose integument. 58. 1. 
 
 CoNOPLEA. Form distinct, byssus-like (tlax-like :) filaments permanent, 
 compact, rigid, sprinkled with conspicuous seminal dust. 58. 1. 
 
 (Fruit lenticular, fleshy, very manifest.) 
 
 Cyathus. Receptacle funnel-form or cup-form, coriaceous ; closed at first 
 with a veil or covering, including within lenticular vessels or seeds. 58. 1. 
 
 B. Fimgtis Jlesky. bearing seeds in sovie kind of exposed or naked receptacle ; 
 as in plates, papillose or aculeate processes, or a spongy substance. A plant 
 cf this section is denominated gymnocarpus. 
 
 1. Receptacles Juicy, gelatinous, at length dissolving. 
 
 Phallus. Having a volva at the base of the stipe : pileus ovate, sitting on 
 the siipe, entire, covered with dissolving juice. 58. 1. 
 
 2. Receptacles of a membranaceous substance, not dissolved ; seeds pulvei'u' 
 
 lent. 
 
 (Receptacles lamellar or vein-like, beneath a pileus.) 
 
 AMA^^TA. Having a volva : pileus fleshy, mostly verrucose : lamellae con- 
 jcvt, sub-entire : stipes mostly elongated, annulated or naked 58. 1. 
 
 Agakiccs. Destitute of a volva at the base of the stipe, with or without the 
 ring : lamellae either enti e or with shorter ones intermixed, rarely simply ra- 
 mose. Never veiny. A vast genus Persoon describes 447 species, which 
 occupies one third of his work on Funjii. 58. 1. 
 
 Merulius. Pileus fleshy or membranaceous : receptacles vein like ; the 
 veins being superficial, tumid, in the form of folds. 58. 1. 
 
 (Receptacles in the form of tubes beneath a pileus.) 
 
 Dedalea. Pileus (halved) cork-leathery, reticulated beneath with oblong 
 iiollows, waving and torn, somewhat pore form. This genus partakes of the 
 chara ters of the Merulius and the Boletu.«. 58. 1. 
 
 BoLETU.s. Pileus various: tubes and pores terete, entire. A large genus. 
 Persoon describes 93 species. 58. 1. 
 
 (Receptacles in the form of teeth or aculeate processes growing from a pileus.) 
 
 Sistotrema. Pileus various : receptacles at first in circular pores ; a 
 length torn mostly in the middle into compressed deformed teeth. This genus 
 partakes of the characters of the Boletus and Hydnum. 53, 1. 
 
S8 CLASS XXr. OUDEE VI. 
 
 HrD>'C5i. Pileus various : receptacles echiaale, or iu entire proraineat sujs« 
 nlate teeth. 53. 1. 
 
 (Receptacle a smooth or papillose membrane. 
 
 TiTF.LEPnoRA. Piler.s coriaceou?, with a papillose membrane beneath : 
 rarely covered with minute bristles, or uniformlv smoilh. 58. 1. 
 
 Merisma. Branching, coriaceous, compressed, smo-^th : mostly pilose at 
 the apex. This ffenus in substance resembfes (hat of the Thelephora, and in 
 ibrcn that of ihe Ciavaria. 53. 1. 
 
 (Receptacles fleshy, elongated; pileus confluent with the stipe.) 
 
 Clavaria. The clavate pileus simple and branched, confluent with a thicli 
 stem, or with a short stipe, rarely manifest. 58. ]. 
 
 Geoglossu.m. The clavate pileus fleshr, mostly compressed, short, con- 
 tiguous to the stipe, with a prominent margin. 53. 1. 
 
 (Pileus membranaceous, distinct from the stipe.) 
 
 SPATHiXAEiA. Clavate : pileus compressed, membranaceous, dccurrent 
 into the stipe both sidfs. 58. 1. 
 
 Leotia. Head-ionn, pileus conic or orbicular, reflexed at the margin, 
 closely surrounding the slipr. 58. 1. 
 
 Uelvella. Pileus membranaceous, inflated, somewhat deformed, deflect- 
 ed both sides : mostly stiped. IJS. 1. 
 
 MoRCHELLA. Pileus elongated, teretish, lacunose, with elevations adher- 
 ing within. • Without volva.or seminal juices. 58. 1. 
 
 Tremella. Open, gelatinous, circular-plicate: pileus not distinct. 5S. I. 
 
 Peziza. Receptacle hemispheric, concave or cup-form, a little swollen, 
 bearing the seeds in a smooth disk above. Capsules follicle-like, generalh" in- 
 conspicuous to the naked eye, seeds 8, flying about and giving off fetid fumes. 
 58. 1. Persoon describes 151 species. 
 
 Aegerita. Minute stemless fungi, of a granulated appearance, stuffed and 
 sub-farinaceous. 53. 1. 
 
 3. Fungus byssus-like (Jlax-like or filameniose^) comprising the old genn^ 
 Byssus and its relatives. 
 
 Isaria. Sub-filamentose, simple or ramose, sprinkled over with a farinace- 
 ous (sub-lilamentose) seminal dust. vSubstance soft, colour white. 58. 1. 
 
 Mo5iLA. Stiped or open, filamentose ; filaments raonili-form or articulat- 
 ed. 58. 1. 
 
 De:haticm. Filamentose fungus of an indeterminate form, erect or depress- 
 ed, sub-fascicled or diffused ; ♦Jireads smooth, not interwoven. 53. 1. 
 
 Erixeum. Growing on leaves : filaments rigid with little lamps, conglom- 
 erated into a cup-form head impressed on the leaf. 58. 1. 
 
 Racodicm. Expanded, soft ; bearing a kind of clothing with threads dense- 
 !y interwoven. 58. 1. 
 
 Himantia. Creeping, villose, branch-fibrous. 58. 1. 
 
 Mesexteric.a. Creeping, gelatinous, veiny : ramifications of the vems 
 loined by a little membrane. 58. 1. 
 
 KNTJ OF GE^"rnA. 
 
NORTH AMERICAN PLANTS. 
 
 SPECIES. 
 
 0:^ A number -at the end of a specific description denotes tlie average 
 height of the plant in the wild state — in feet with f, in inches with i. 
 
 A. 
 
 AbieSf PiN-us. 
 
 15—10. Acacia. 33. 93. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 drachyloha, W. (1) (W. w. J. 7i-) unarmed : leaves bipinnate ; leafets 8--pair- 
 ed, with glands between the lower pair : spikes globose, solitary : legume 
 lanceolate, strait. Stamens generally 5. 
 
 glandulosa, Ms. (2) (VV. w. Ju. 21.) unarmed : leaves bipinuate ; leafets 12- 
 paired, glands between every pair : spikes globose, solitary, peduocled, ax- 
 illary : legume falcate. 
 
 far?iesiana, (W. y p.) spinous: leaves bipinnate ; leafets 8-paired : spikes glo- 
 bose, sessile. Flowers fragi'^nt, legumes fusiform. 10 f. 
 
 iutea, Leavenworth. (W.Jy. Ju. 2X.) unarmed, glabrous : leaves bipinnate : leaf- 
 ets very numerous, oblong-linear : spikes sub-globose, solitary : peduncles 
 axillary, very long : legume obovate, large. Resembles Schrankia unci- 
 nate. 
 
 Cooleyi, Ea. (W. w. 2X-) leaves bipinnate, very irritable : legumes linear, 
 elongated, smooth : spilies capitate. Described by Torrey, but not named. 
 
 Darlinglonia. 
 19—15. AcALTPHA. 38. 96. 
 
 xnrginica, (three-seed mercury. O. g. Au. 0.) hairy : pistillate flowers at the 
 base of the staminate spike : involucres heart-ovate, acuminate, toothed: 
 leaves short-petioled, lance-oblong, remotely and obscurely serrate. Coarse 
 and unsightly Varies much in the dinasty of its leaves and in height. 10 i. >S^. 
 
 ■carolinia/ia, Wr. (E. g. Ju. 2X0 leaves on long petioles, lance-oval, acuminate, 
 acutely serrate, nerved, slightly cordate at the base : fruit-bearing branches 
 generally naked : capsule echinate. The existence of this species in the 
 Northern States was questioned, until Darhngton found it in Pennsylvania, 
 IBi. S. Phyllanthus. 
 
 8—1. Acer. 23. 66. 
 
 jubrum, (red maple, soft maple. O. r. Ap. T>.) leaves palmate, 5-Iobed, cor- 
 date at the base, unequally gash-toothed, glaucous beneath, dividing incis- 
 
 > 
 
 (1) Mimosa illinoeasis, Mx. (2) Mimosa glandulosa, IVts. 
 
 8* 
 
90 ACER, ACERATES. 
 
 ions between the loues acute : flowers in fives in sessile umbels, with ioBg: 
 pedicels ; germs glabrou?. 50 f. S. 
 
 dasycarpzim, (1) (white maple, silver majile. O. g-y. Ap. ^.) leaves palmate- 
 5-lobed, truncate at the base, unequally gash-toothed, glabrous and glaucous 
 beneath, obtusely pinnate : flowers glomerate ; pedicels short : germs downy, 
 50 f. S. 
 
 barbatum, Mx. (2) (hairy maple, w-g. Ap, ■^.) leaves hfcrt-ovate, short-3-lob- 
 ed, unequally serrate, glaucous beneath, and hairy at the nerves : pedun- 
 cles hairy, staminate ones branching, pistillate ones simple : calyx bearded 
 wiihin ; wings of the capsules erect. Small. 15 f. S 
 
 saccharinitm, (sugar maple, rock maple, hard maple. O. r-y M. ^.) leave? 
 palrnate-5-!obed, at the base sub-cordate, acuminate, obtusely sinuate, sinu- 
 ate-toothed, glaucous beneath : peduncles in a nodding corymb. Large tree. 
 50 f. 8. 
 
 mgrum., Mx. (sweet-tree, black maple. A. y. Ap. "^ ) leaves palmate 5-lobed, 
 cordate with the sinus at the base closed, lobe? spreading, somewhat sinuate- 
 toothed, down}- beneath : flowers corymbed : capsu'es turgid, sub-globose. 
 Large tree, aflbrding almost as much ^ugar as the last. .50 f. S. 
 
 striatum, Mx. (3) (striped maple, false dogwood, moose-wood. O. g. M. \.) 
 lower leaves roundish, upper ones 3-cuspidate-acuminate, sharply serrate, 
 glabrous : racemes simple, pendant. Small tree, with a greenish-striped 
 bark 15 f. ,S'. 
 
 spicatum, Lk. (4) (mountain maple bush. A. y-g. M. ^.) leaves sub-5-lobed, 
 acute, tooth' d, pubescet)t beneatli : racemes compound, erect. 15 f. »S. 
 
 7iegiindo, (5) (asJi maple, box-elder. M. \..) leaves pinnate or ternate, unequal- 
 ly serrate. Flowers dioecious. Large tree. 40 f. S. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 macrophyllum., Ph. (W. g-y. Ap. ^.) leave* digitate-5-lobed ; sinuses rounded, 
 lobes somewhat 3-lobed, repjmd-ioothed, hairy beneath : racemes erect : fila- 
 ments 9, hirsute : g^rrns very hirsute. 40 f. 
 
 circinatum, Ph (\V ) leaves orbicular, sub-cordate at the base, 7-lobed, un- 
 equally acute-toothed, glabrous both sides, nerves and veins hairy at the 
 axils. 
 
 glabrum, T. & J.(W.) leaves roundish, 5 or 7-lobed, truncate at the base, lobes 
 acutely toothed, glabrous both sides : corymbs peduncled : fruit glabrous, 
 with broad-ovate diverging wings. Dirca. 
 
 18 — 5. AcERATES. (6) 30. 47. 
 
 viridijlora. Ph. (green milkweed. E. g Ju. 21-) stem simple, erect, hirsute ; 
 leave- lance-oblong, obtusish, sub-sessile, downy-hirsute both sides : umbels 
 lateral, solitary, sub-sessile, nodding, t^ub-giobose, dense flowered : no little 
 horn in the nectaries. Dry. 3 f. S\ 
 
 lanceolata, Ives. (E. g. Ju. !(•) stem decumbent, hirsute : leaves lanceolate, 
 acute, sub-sessile : umbel.- hirsute, lateral, solitary, sessile, sub globose, 
 dense-flowered, noddin;:;- : no little horn in the nectaries. Dry sandy plains. 
 A very distinct and well defined species. 30 i. S. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 longifolia, E. Mx. (E. w-r. M. 2i.) stem decumbent : leaves alternate, linear: 
 umbels lateral, erect: nectary very short : no little horn in the nectaries. 
 2f. 
 
 tiuttalliana, T. (W. g. 2X-) small, decumbent, hirsute : leaves oblong-ovate, 
 scattered, acutish, short petioled : umbels terminal : nectaries intire, close- 
 pressed : masses of pollen short : no little horn in the nectaries. 6 i. This 
 is the lanuginosa of Nuttall. Apocynum. 
 
 (1) eriocarpum, Mx. (2) carolinianum, Wr. (3) pennsylvapicum, W. 
 (4) montanum, W. pennsylvanicum, Wm. (5) Negundo ftaxinifolium, K. 
 (6) Aclepias. 
 
ACHILLEA, ACORUS, 01 
 
 17 — 2. Achillea. 49. 55. 
 
 mdlefolium, (yarrow, milfoil. O. w. J. 2|-) leaves 2-pinnati£id, downy: (he 
 divisions linear, toothed, mucronate : calyx and stem furro^ved. 15 i. <S. 
 
 jHarmica (sneeze-woit. w. Au. 2X') leaves linear, acuminate, equally and 
 sharply serrate, glabrous Damp. 15 i. 
 
 setacea, P. (W. w. Ap. 2i) leaves bipinnate ; leafets setaceous-linear, mucro- 
 nate, pilose, crowded : corymb compound, fastigiate. 18 i. 
 
 Southern, 
 tomentosa, W. (W. y. J. 2i.) leaves 2 pinnatifid, villose ; divisions crowded, 
 
 lance-iinear, entire corymbs compound. 
 osplemfolia, V. (r. TX-) radicai leaves 2-pinnatifid, cauline ones gashed : di 
 
 visions ovate, serrate-mucronate, obtuse. Heliopsis. 
 
 Achnantherum, Agrostis. 
 
 15 — 5. ACHTRAHTHES. 14 73. 
 
 Scnithern. 
 
 repens, E (1) (forty knot. E. 3Iarch. 2X-) s^*;™ prostrate, hairy : leaves oppo- 
 site, petioled, lanceolate : flowers in sessile, ovate, axillary heads. 
 
 ficoidea. W (E. Ju. 2]".) stem creeping, glabrous : leaves broad-lanceolate, pe- 
 tioled : flowers in spherical, pubescent heads. 
 
 vermicularis , (E. J. 2-1- ) glabrous : stem creeping : It^aves sub-terete, fleshy 
 flowers in terminal solitary, oblong heads. Oplolheca. ' 
 
 17 — 2. AciiELLA. 49. 55. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 repens, E. (E. y. S. 21.) stem creeping: leaves lance-ovate, toothed, 3-nerved, 
 
 sab-pub*>scent : peduncles axillary and terminal, very long, 1 -flowered. 18 i, 
 
 occidentalis ? S. (E.) stem creeping, sub-pub'^sctnt : leaves ova>e, crenate, ob- 
 
 soletely 3-nerved, smooth, petioled : peduncle axillary, grooved : calyx mi- 
 
 jmte. Resembles a Rudbeckia. Peduncles 3 inches [oug. 
 
 Te t r agonothec a . 
 
 20—5. AcsiDA. 53. 29. 
 
 cannabina, (water hemp. L. w-^. Ju. %.) leaves lanceolate : capsules smoolh- 
 ish, acute-angled. Damp or wet, both on salt marshes and inland. 3 f. S. 
 
 ritscocarpa, ('vvs. Ju. 0.) leaves lance-oval : capsules rugose, ob»use-angled. 
 Damp. S. Hamulus. 
 
 12—5. AcoNiTUM. 26. 61. 
 
 uncbiatuniy (monk's hood. b. J. 2i-) stem fiexuose : leaves palmate, 3 to 5- 
 parted ; divisions rhomb-lanceolate, gash-toothed : upper lip of the corol 
 lengthened, convex, beaked. Cultivated. 2 f. S. 
 
 Exotic. 
 napeUiLs (wolf's bane. b. J. 2i-) leaves shining, 5- parted; the divisions 3- 
 parted by gashed incisions, sub-divisions linear : upper lip of the corol lan- 
 ceolate, ascending, 2-cleft ; spur strait, obtuse. 2 i. A'juilegia, 
 
 6—1. AcoRus. 2. 13. 
 calamus (sweet flag, calamus. O. ^-y. J. 2^.) spike protruding from the side 
 of a sword-form leaf- like scape. Water or wet. Root strongly aromatic. 
 2 f. S. Juncus. 
 
 (1) Gomphrena polygodoides, L. Iliecebrum achyratitha, Wr. and ptdegi- 
 Of^ides, Mx. 
 
92 ACROSTICHUM, ADOXA. 
 
 21 — 1. ACBOSTICHUM. 55. 5. 
 Southerii. 
 aureum, mx. (forkfern. Ju. Zf.) frond pinnate; leafets stiped, bases wedge* 
 form, lance-oblong, entire, atuminate 5 the opper ones fruit bearing. Very 
 larjje, 4 or 5 feet high. Hypopelti*. 
 
 12—1. AcTAEA. 26. 61. » 
 
 rubra, W. (1) (baneberry. O. w. M. ZC-) petals shorter than the stamens, 
 acute: pedicels of the hemispheric raceme less than the general peduncle 
 when mature. Berries red. Bw. MS. 2 f. S. 
 jnilba, Bw. (necklace weed, white beads. O. w. RI. 2i-) petals equalling th« 
 stamens, truncate : pedicels of the oblong raceme as large as the general pe- 
 duncle when mature. Berries white. The leaves of both species are decomr 
 pound. Woods. 2 f. 
 
 Southern. 
 pachypoda,E. (E. 2^.) leaves decompound ; leafets ovate, acuminate, deeply 
 serrate : berries small, supported on thick peduncles : flowers in a crowded 
 terminal raceme. Macrotis. 
 
 17—2. AcTiNELLA. (2) 49. 55. 
 Soiithei-n, 
 lanata, Ph. (VV. y. J. 2i-) wooly on all parts : leaves linear, pinnatifid above : 
 peduncles elongated, 1-flowered: rajs 2-toothed ; seed glabrous, 5-angled. 
 acauLis, (W. y. J. 2X.) pilose: scape 1-flowered, naked: leaves linear-spa- 
 tulate, entire: rays 3 to 10: chafls of the egret 5 to 7, ovate, short-awned. 
 6. i. Buphthalmum. 
 
 Actinochloa, Atheropogos 
 
 17 — 3. AcTiNOMERis. 49. 55. 
 
 squarrosa, N. (w. y. Au. 2^.) Btem erect, winged, pubescent and panicled 
 above; leaves lanceolate, serrate, scabrous : calyx spreading, loose: recep- 
 tacle sub-globose, at length squarrose. 3 f. S. 
 
 Southern. 
 Jlelianthoides, (W. y.) leaves lanceolate, acute, serate, under side white-vll- 
 
 lose : corymb simple, compact. Stem winged. 
 atata, (E.) leaves ovate, acuminate, serrate, 3-nerved, opposite, decurrenf. 
 
 Centaurea. 
 
 Adelia, Borya. 
 
 21 — 1. Adianthcm. 55. 5. 
 
 j^edatuin, (maiden hair. O. J. 2i-) frond pedate, with pinnate branches: 
 leafets halved ; upper margin gashed — barren segments toothed, fertile ones 
 entire : stipe capillary, very glabrous. Woods. 1 f. S. 
 
 DIcksouia. 
 
 12—13. Adonis. 26. Gl. 
 
 Exotic. 
 {3,Utuninalis, (pheasant's eye. Au. 0.) flowers 5 to G-pcta!led : fruit sub-cy- 
 lindric : petals erose, or emarginate. lllicium, 
 
 8—4. Adoxa. 13. 81. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 inoschatellina, (W. g.) peduncle^ about 4-flowered : fllaments united in pairs 
 
 at the base; anthers roundish. Laurus. 
 
 (1) brachypetnla, Dc. americaDa, Ph. spicata, Mx. Pachypoda, E. (2) Ao 
 jiltea, Galardia. 
 
AECIDIUM, AESCULUS, 9^ 
 
 2I--6. AECiDiuifl. 58. 1. 
 
 •1. Cespiiose : retppiades aggregated in a tvft, making a crust-lUce spot ou 
 
 leaves. 
 
 cornatum, becoming yeilow ; receptacles very long, curved, olive-grer. Ap- 
 pears like saffron coloured spots on the upper sides of leaves. of mountaia- 
 ash, &c. 
 
 canceUatiint, tuberculale, chesnut-broWD : receptacle at length splitting into- 
 divisions cohering at the apex. Grows on the under side of withering or dy- 
 ing pear leaves. 
 
 vkamni, cespitose, rose-coloured : receptacles elongated, somewhat diverging, 
 at length becoming pale. On the leaves of the rhamtius. 
 
 ^?4ss//a/2«w, spots purplish yellow ; tufts Hat; receptacles immersed. Occurs 
 on tlie leaves of the colt's' foot, (tussilago farfara) is hardly prominent above 
 the surface of the leaf. 
 
 2. Simpl-e ; receptacles scattered ; criist,ichich is distinct, is never conjoined. 
 
 euphorbiae, simple, crowded : receptacles cylindric, pale ; mouth reflexed,. 
 yellow, with dust. On the leaves of Euphorbia raaculala. 
 
 anerruxnes., simple, scattered : receptacles cylindric, a little prominent, pale, 
 mostly toothed ; wholly filled with white dust On the leaves of Anemone 
 nemorosa in the spring. 
 
 pmtctatum, simple, scattered : receptacle sub-immersed : mouth some.<what con- 
 verging ; dust compact, becoming sooty -yellow. Found sometimes on leaves 
 of Anemone. Uredo. 
 
 21 — 6. Aegerita. 58. 1. 
 
 c;andida, crowded, smooth, white. Found in autama on alders, &c. often oa 
 the wood in damp places. Isaria. 
 
 3—2. Aegilops. 4. 10. 
 
 Southern, 
 tlystrix, N. (W. 2i.) spike squarrose, with long, recurved, divergent awns : 
 calyx smooth, generally 4-parted to the base; segments mostly 2-cleft, une- 
 qually 2-awned : spikelets about 4-llowered : dorsal valve of the corol termi- 
 nated bv 2 or S unequal awns. 6 i. Panicura. 
 
 16—10. Aeschynomeke. 32. 93. 
 
 hispida,\V. (false sensitive plant, y-r. J a. ^.) stem erect ; stem and petioles 
 tubercle-hispid: leaves in many pairs ; lealets linear, obtuse: stipules mem- 
 branaceous, half arrow-form : racemes simple, few-flowered : loments hispid. 
 Wet. SO i. S. 
 
 Southern, 
 vlscidula, (y. 2i.) stem prostrate, slender, viscid hairy: leafets 7 orO, ob^ 
 ovate : peduncles generally 2-flowered : loment hairy ; joints deeply notched* 
 Sandy. 3 f. Stylosanthcs. 
 
 7—1. Aesculcs. 23. 66. 
 _g7a6rc, (little buck-eye. W. y. w. M. ^.) leaves in fives, glabrous : corol 4- 
 petalled, spreading ; claws as long as the calyx : stamens longer than the co- 
 rol: fruit spinous. 12 f. S. 
 
 Exotie. 
 hippocasttmiaiit (horse-chesnut. w. J. fp.) leaves digitate, with about 7 divi- 
 sions: corol 5-petalled, spreading: flowers in a panicled pyramid. 15 f. 
 
 Southern. 
 2)tnna, (buck-eye. r. Ap. Tp.) leaves in 5 divisions, glabrous, unequally tooth- 
 ed : corol 4-petalIed ; the claws of the converging petals as long as the calys. 
 Herbage narcotic ; root soap-like. 4 f. 
 
94 AETHUSA, AGARICUS. 
 
 ilhcolor, Ph. (w. y. r. M. F).) leaves in 5 divisions, acuminate at each end, 
 
 doTVTiy beneath, uuequally serrulate : claws of the petals as long as the cal\ x : 
 
 fruit not awned. 4 f. 
 ftava, (v. March ^.) leaves in 5 divisions, hairy beneath near the midrib, 
 
 equally serrulate : corol4 petalhd, converging ; claws longer than the calyx. 
 
 5 f. 
 monostacliyctf (VV. Ap. ^.) leaves in 5 divisions, downy beneath : raceme very 
 
 long, corol4-petalled, expanding: stamens very long. 4 f. 
 
 Saururus. 
 
 5 — .2. Aethusa. 45. 60. 
 
 Southern . 
 
 dioar'icata, (E. w. 0.) stem erect, slender: leaves biternate ; segments nar- 
 row-linear: umbi i> terminal, without involucres, partial umbels 3 to 5-flow- 
 ered . fruit hispid. 
 
 leptophylla, (W. r. w. ^.) leaves biternate, gashed ; margin of the acute seg- 
 ments entire: umbel 3-parted, sessile : partial umbels naked, few-flowered, 
 1 f, Seseli. 
 
 Afzelia, Seymeria. 
 21—6. Agaricos. 58. 1. 
 
 1. Lamellae J uiceless or becoming dry ; not smoke-dusty^ nor sooty : stipe an- 
 
 nutated. 
 
 procerus, large: pileus fleshy, bossed, scaly, reddish ash-coloured: lamella' 
 very remote, white : ^tipe bulb'us, very long : ring moveable. Yav. squa- 
 mosiLs, pileus convex, and scaly above, lameUae pressed together outwardly 
 from the stipe, and beconiin:^: yellow. Var. exconatus, smaller, whitish ; 
 scales obsolete. Woods and fields. 
 
 squarrosus, cespitose : pileus fleshy ; pileus and stipe scaly and scurfy, rusty- 
 yellow: lamellae crowded, pnle-olive. Often on roots and trunks of trees in 
 autumn. 
 
 2)olymyces, cewpltose, heapeA together: pileus bossed, hairy-scaled, sooty-yel- 
 low: lamellae Hub-decurrent, white becoming pau- : stipe annulated, conic 
 olive ash-coloured, solid, • lastic. Woods on trunks, or the earth in au- 
 tumn. 
 
 candidiis, cespitose : pileus somewhat fleshy, glabrous, cinnamon-colour : la« 
 meliaj sub-decurretit, pale rust-coloured: stipe scaly, cylindric, rather slen- 
 der. On trunks in autumn. 
 
 2. Pileus mostly Jleshy : lamellce emarginate, mostly one-coloured, and at length 
 cinnamon : stipes mostly bulbous, having a veil'like volva dissolved into sjn- 
 der-iceb-hke filaments. 
 
 decolorans, pileus viscid, yellow . lamellae at first bluish-purple, at length cin- 
 namon : stipe glabrous, sub-tuberous, white: veil-like volva rust-colour. 
 Jtavidus, cespitose : pileus somewhat flesh> , yellow ; the central part more ob- 
 scure : lamellce distinct, one-coloured, becoming yellow : stipe soft, thicken- 
 ing down ward, and becoming sooty yellow. On trunks. 
 
 dfcipiens, growing in groups: pileus fleshy, acutely-boused and membranaceous. 
 
 uecipiens, growing in t: roups; pileu- fle-hy, acuielv bossed, and membranace- 
 ous near the centre, depressed : lamella? broadish, obscurely cinnamon-co- 
 loured : stipe iong, from white becoming reddish. 
 
 3. Pileus fleshy, entire, convex : lamellce one-coloured, becoming dry : stipe 
 
 central, destitute of a ring or curtain-like volva. 
 
 (Colour of the pileus brownish, or brownish yellow.) 
 pratensis, tawny-red, hardish : pileus campanulate, either obtusely bossed, or 
 
AGARICUS. 95 
 
 flattisb, glabrous : lamella thick, distant, decurrent: stipe short, somewhat 
 slenck-r, tapering downwards. Among grass. 
 
 i-eJlexus,^rov/\{\% in groups, rusty-yellow : pileus somewhat fleshy, acutely bos- 
 sed si-aly, reddish-yellow: lamells distin< t, light-cinn..mon : stipe lono- 
 sl«^nder, fibrous- scaly, scalts rcfl' xed. Woods. °' 
 
 ?(7(ficc^«5. pileus flcsliy, bossed, viscous rugose, sooty, purple or tawny: la- 
 mellae sub-uecurrent, white : stipe very long, having a long fusiform root. 
 Woods. 
 
 veliUipes, cespitose : pileus somewhat fleshy, repand, glabrous, brown : lamel- 
 lae ventricose, becoming yellow : stipe tomtntose, becoming dark liver-brown. 
 Autumn. 
 
 (Colour of the pileus shining, red or light yellowish-green.) 
 
 coccinens, growing in groups: scarlet all over: piieus sub-membranaceous 
 convex, sub viscous': lamellae distinct, connected by teeth: stipe hollow sub- 
 compressed. Autumn in grass. 
 
 conicus, pileus conic, acute, sub-viscous, light greenish-yellow : lamellse crowd- 
 ed, ascending, becoming yellow : stipe long, yellow. V ar. tnstis, solitary : 
 pileus acutely campanulate, from yellowish-green becoming dark : lamellfe 
 free 
 
 russula, large : pileus fleshy, sub-convex, with rose-red scales ; stipe rose-red 
 solid, short : lamellae unequal, white. 
 
 (Colour ot the pileus white.) 
 
 discotdeus, sub-cespitose : pileus fleshy, viscid, flattish, white ; middle part yel- 
 low, or somewhat rust-colour: lamellae sub-decurrent ; lamellae and stipe 
 middling white. 
 
 pidviriatus, piieus fleshy or rather corky, cushion-like, sub-repand, glabrous 
 white ; middle part pale flesh-coloured ; lamella crowded, decurrent, white f 
 stipe very short, solid, hard. Woods. 
 
 4. Small, tender : pileus mostly membranaceous, striate, pellucid, convex, per- 
 mane- t: lamellw becoming dry, one-coloured : stipe mostly hollow, elongat- 
 ed, naked. ** 
 
 galericulatus, cespitose, inodorous : pileus membranaceous, bossed, tawny lead- 
 colour: lamellae distinct, white ; stipe smooth, rooting, strigose-haired at the 
 base. On trunks in autumn. 
 
 Iiypnorum, small, very tender, rosty-yellow all over : pileus bell-form, furrow- 
 ed : lamellae distant, broadish : stipe middling. 
 
 clavns, growing in groups, extremely minute : pileus somewhat fleshy, papil- 
 lose, orange or red : lamellae broadish: stipe and lamellae white. 
 
 ?ac^e«6^ white all over: pileus campanulate, obtuse, striate : laraellse distincf- 
 ascending : stipe rather long, hirsute at the base. 
 
 Cprticola, minute, scattered, tawny : pileus hemispherical, sub-plicate : lamellae 
 uncinate, linked together, white • stipe shortish, incurved. In crevices of 
 bark, of wood, &c. 
 
 5. Pileus membranaceous, fugaceous or someicliatjleshy, at length torn : la- 
 vielUe at length becoming a black Juice, or dusty smut : sttpe white, nakeder 
 annulated. 
 
 (Membranaceous, almost wholly becoming a black juice : lamella very thin.} 
 comatus, growing in groups : pileus conic, scaly, wliite : scales yellow : lamel- 
 lae crowded or heaped together, at first white-purple : stipes very Itnr: ; v'm^ 
 moveable. j ^ b 
 
 dnereus, pileus conic, furrowed, sub-tomentose, cinereous; smooth and bluish- 
 purple at the apex, the margin at length torn and inflexed : lamell* linear, 
 punctate, somewhat zigzag : stipe long, scaly. Gardens and woods. 
 
 imeminaius, crowded or heaped together, small, fugaceous : pileus sem«wBa 
 
d6 AGABICTIS. 
 
 oval, striate-plicate : at first somewhat reddish-yellow, then grey: lameliie 
 distinct, iu some measure linked together, light sooty-yellow : sitipe mostly 
 incurved. 
 
 ■domesticiLS, pileus campanulate, obtuse, undulate, sulcate, sooty : scales bran- 
 like : lamellae crowded, linear ; at first bluish-red, t^en becoming black. Oil 
 damp walls, &c. about bouses. 
 
 narcoticus, pileus convex, cinereous; plicate with distinct, bifid, dense folds: 
 vertex entire : stipe subulate : lamellae more rare or distant, entire and halv- 
 ed, alternate. It diffuses a ver>' narcotic odour. 
 
 IfSomewhat fleshy: lamellae at length becoming black, smut or soot-like, in ne-* 
 bulous or sooty spots.) 
 
 ^emiglobatus, pileus fleshy, hemispherical, sub-viscose, becoming yellow : 
 lameliie very broad, horizontal, becoming dark-cloudy : stipe long, annu- 
 lated. 
 
 papilioJiaceus, pileus somewhat fleshy, campanulate. Booty (becoming almost 
 black :) lamellfe all attached, dark-cinereous and various, white at the mar- 
 gin : stipe furrowed at the apex, dark-pulverulent. 
 
 €. Pileus fleshy or sub-membrcmaceotbs , smooth, permanent : lamellcR someichat 
 nebulous, at length dark-stained or one-coloured, sub-ramose, finally becoming 
 more obscure and dark with seminal dust : stipe annulated or naked. 
 
 (Pileus fleshy : stipe annulated.) 
 
 ^didis, in groups, large : pileus white, smooth or obsoletely scaly : lameliie 
 red : stipe long, bulbous ; the ring-volva manifest. This is an eatable mush- 
 room ; but not the most common. 
 
 4:ampestrls, pileus fleshy, flattish, having dark-yellow scales : lamellae becoming 
 yellowish-red : stipe short ; the ring-volva rather incomplete. This is the 
 common eatable mushroom. 
 
 jjrecox, somewhat in groups; pileus fleshy, hemispheric, tan-yellow, at first 
 whUe ; lamellae flat, thin, watery-soot -yellow : ^tipe solid, somewhat tenaci- 
 ous; ring-volva fugaceous. 
 
 latericius, cespitose, large ; pileus fleshy, sub-viscous, brick-colour ; margin 
 3'el!ow : lamellae distinct, somewhat nebulose, becoming greenish-cinereous : 
 stipe long, sub-solid ; ring fugaceous, becoming black. 
 
 J'asclcularis, small, cespitose ; pileous somewhat fleshy, bossed, reddish-yellow : 
 lamellae nebulose, becoming green: stipe hollow, slender: the curtaiu-likc 
 volva becoming black. 
 
 (Pileus mostly fragile, membranaceous, sub-aquose: stipe naked.) 
 
 denticuLatus y slender; pileus hemispheric, livid purple : lamellae toothed at the 
 
 margin: stipe hollow, sooty -yellow. 
 gracilis, wholly fragile ; pileus membranaceous, campanulate, acute, rery soft : 
 
 lamellae linear, bpcoming dark-cinereous : stipe very long, glabrone. Pileus 
 
 varies to flesh-tolour, dark reddish-yellow, white, &c. 
 
 7. Pileus fleshy, mostly depressed : lam£lU£ becoming milky. 
 
 piperatus, pileus funnel-tbrm, f-xpandpd at the margin, glabrous, white : lamel- 
 iie crowded, forked, white becoming pale 
 
 fubdulcis, pileus funnel-form, becoramg reddish-yellew : lamella pale flesb-OB- 
 lour : juice sweetish. 
 
 5. Pilletts fleshy, mostly depressed : lamellae of equal length, white, becoming 
 dry : stipe naked, v:hite. 
 
 rcsaceus, pileus convex, flat, smoothish, rose-coloured or pale red : lamellas anil 
 stipe w'.iite. 
 
 J. Pileus entire, membrajiaceoita, mostly striate, funnel-form or umbilifate : fji- 
 meilot of equal length, not beeanting milky, mostly dicujrait : stipe n<^?;^, 
 (Siittal' Hinall. 
 
AGAEICUS, AGRIMONIA. 97 
 
 ■jiida, cespifose, white ; pileus deeply furrowed : lamellae united in a tube sur- 
 rounding the siipe: stipe becoming black. 
 
 androsaceous, in groups, permanent ; pileus flaitish, sub-plicate, white, obso- 
 lefely bossed; lamelJEe simple, all attached: stipe becoming dark liver- 
 brown. 
 
 epiphyllus, in groups, minute, white; pileus membranaceous, convex, at leno-th 
 sub-umbilicate : lamellae few, ramose • stipe becoming black. 
 
 campanella, in groups ; pileus hemispheric, umbilicate, striate, rust-coIourcd ; 
 lamellae decurrent : stipe hollow, chesnut-brown. 
 
 10. Pileitsjleshy^ depressed, oblique, entire or halved : stipe naked, not attach- 
 ed to the centre of the pileus, lateral or none. 
 
 (Pileus entire ; stipe not in the centre.) 
 inconstans, largish ; pileus sub-tenacious, depressed, entire or halved, lobed, 
 zigzag, somewhat reddish-yellow : lamellae sub-ramose, crisped at the base, 
 white, and somewhat shining. 
 
 (Pileus halved : stipe marginal : lamellae decurrent, diverging from the side of 
 
 the pileus.) 
 
 JiabelUformis,i\i\3-%i\^ed ; pileus ffattish, torn in various forms ; margin crenate: 
 lamellae 3-cleft, pale, sub-crenate : stipe short or none. 
 
 ipathulatus, erect, spathe-form ; pileus pale tan-colour ; the middle part spongy 
 and scaly : stipe perpendicular, channelled. 
 
 mollis, in groups, soft; pileus glabrous, gibbose, pale : lamellae watery-cinna- 
 mon-colour. 
 
 Jityptacus, cespitose; pileus sub-coriaceous, emarginale, tan-colour, sub-farina- 
 ceous : lamellae very thin, veiny, connected, cinnamon-colour : stipe com- 
 pressed, ascending, dilated at the apex. 
 
 'nllis, in groups, all over white -, pileus somewhat fleshy, glabrous, smooth : la- 
 mellae simple : stipe horizontal, dilated at the apex. 
 
 (Pileus tialved, somewhat corky. ) 
 
 alneus, coriaceous, tomentose, whitish-grey : lamellae split, revolute at the mar- 
 gin. Becoming purple-cinereous. 
 
 abietinus, sah-ce<ip\tose, dark sooty-yellow; pileus glabrous, smooth : lamellae 
 glaucous : branching in the young state. 
 
 coriaceus, coriaceous, marked with zones, tomentose, pale : lamellae sub-ramose, 
 pale-woody. 
 
 sepiarius, coriaceous, hard, flat both sides; pileus strigose-tomentose, chesnut- 
 browu : lamellae crowded, ramose, becoming yellow. 
 
 Merulius. 
 6^1. Agave. 10. 17. 
 
 tirginica, (agave, y-g. S. 2i.) stemless : leaves with cartilaginous serratures : 
 scape very simple. <S. Phalangium. 
 
 11 — 2, Agrimonia. S.J. 92. 
 
 (upatoria, {acrimony. O. y. Ju. 2X.) cauline leaves mterrupiedly pinnate, the 
 terminal leafetpetioled : lealVts obovate, gash-loolJitd, almost gi'abrous: flow- 
 ers sub-sessile ; petals iwice as long as the calyx : fruit hi^pid.^ 2 f. <S^. 
 
 parvijora, A. (dotted agrimony, y. Ju. 21.) cauiine leaves pinnate : leafets 
 mostly lanceolate, serrate ; terminal ones sessil petals one and a half the 
 length of the calyx. 
 
 Southern. 
 s}uiveoUns, (E. y. Ju. 21.) stem very hispid; leaves interruptedly pinnate: 
 leafets numerous, narrow, lanceolate, acutely toothed, scabrous above, and 
 pubescent beneath ; fruit turbinate, smooti ot the base. 5 f. 
 
 Crataegus, 
 
98 AGROPYROX, AGROSTIS. 
 
 3 — 2. Agropyron. 4. 10, 
 
 repens, Pb. (couch-grass, quack-grrass. O. J. 2X-) spiLelets oblong;, 5-rtower' 
 ed : glumes subulate, man y-nervrd : florets acuminate : leaves flat : root and 
 base of the stem creeping. 2 f. This is the Triticum repens. Troublesome 
 to farmers in rich soils — very useful for binding the banks of canals and sandv 
 soils. S. • ^ 
 
 caninum, Rs. (E. 2X-) spikelets about 5-flowered, compressed: glumes 3- 
 nerved, bristled at tfte tip : florets bristled at the tip : root fibrous. 2 f. S. 
 
 Secale. 
 10 — 5. Agrostemma. 22. 82. 
 
 githago, (cockle. O. r. J. 0.) hirsute: calyx longer than the corol : petals 
 entire. S. 
 
 Exotic. 
 
 coronaria, (rose campion. Au. cT.) tomentose : leaves lance-ovate : petals 
 
 eraarginate. , Oxalis. 
 
 3 — 2. Agrostis.-* 4. 10. 
 
 stncfa, W. (E.J. 21) panicle elongated, strait: calyx equal : corol smaller 
 than the calyx, with unequal valves, and an awn at ihe base of the outer one 
 longer than the flcver. 
 
 vulgaris, S. (red-top. O. J. ![.) panicle with smoothish branches, spreading in 
 maturity: ovter valve of the corol 3-nerved : stipule short, truncate. 18. i. 
 
 alba, (white-top, boncet grass. O. J. 2i-) panicle with hispid, spreading, lax- 
 branches • outer valve of the corol 5-nerved : stipule oblong. 18 i. Var. 
 decumbens, iMor'm grass) stem decumbent. This variety is considered as a 
 distinci spv- ies by -^ome, and called stolo7iifera. S. 
 
 laterijlora, M\. (Au. 2X-) culm erect, branched above, sending off shoots at 
 the base : ;.).inicle lateral and terminal, dense : calyx acuminate : corol long- 
 er than th' calyx, equal, hairy at the base, awnless. Root creeping. Leaves 
 broad witD scab.ous margins and compressed sheaths. 2f. — mexicana, per- 
 haps a synonym, is too vague in its application to be retained. \^r,JiH form- 
 is, has a very slender panicle, and the corol nearly equalling the caiyx — 
 sonietiirir-3 the culm is sub-decumbent. Swamps. S. 
 
 spbolifera, Vl. (Au. Zf-) stem sending off shoots, and sometimes decumbent, at 
 the base : but mostly erect, branched : ♦panicle contract'^d, filifoim, smiple : 
 branches compressed : corol longer than the equivalved calyx, hairy at the 
 base, valves equal, awtiless, mucronate. Resembles Var. j5/i/br;nw of the 
 lateriflora. Woods. 
 
 tenuijlora, W. (Ju. Z(.) culm almost simple, hairy at the joints; branches, 
 when p -esent, close-pressed : stipules obsolete : panicle contracted, with 
 filiform brandies : corol considerably longor than the calyx ; the lower valTe 
 with an awn twice as long as the flowe'-. 3 f. Woods. /S*. 
 sylvatica. T. (A. 2X) culm erect, much branched, diffuse, smooth (itlabrous.^) 
 stipule lacerated : panicle with filiform branches: corol lon}:er than the ca- 
 lyx : with awns thrice as long as the flower. The diffusa. M. 3 f. 
 compressa, T. (S. 2X-) vvhole plant glabrous : culm erect, compressed, sim- 
 ple : panicle oblong, sub-contracted, with capillarv branches ; calyx equal, 
 shorter than the corol, acute : enrol sub-obtu^f, smooth (glabrous.'') at the 
 base, .'^lem sending offshoots at the base. 18 i. Swamps in sandy plain?. 
 serotina, T. (S. li-) culm filiform, much compressed : leaves narrow, keeled, 
 erect : panicle attenuated ; branches capillary, erect, with alternating* 
 branchlets : calyx unequal, half as long as the awiiless corol. 18 i. Swamps 
 in sandy plains. 
 
 Juncea, Mx. (Oc. 2^.) leares strait, erect, setaceous, conrolute : paiDic)« l«n^- 
 
 * J follow Torrcy in all the northern species, implicillT-. 
 
AGROSTIS, AIRA. 99 
 
 pyi-aniidal, wborlcd : flowers awnless ; calyx half as long" as the coiol. The 
 itidica of M. 2 f. (S. 
 
 vir<rinica, (S. Z[?) culms sub-cespistose, numerous, procumbent at the base 
 and assurgent above : leaves dichotutnous, involute, rigid : panicles lateral 
 and terminal, spike-form — lateral ones concealed : calyx with equal valvci 
 and about equalhng the corol. Ac stipules ; stamens minute. Has been 
 mistaken iov jjiingens. Sandy. «S'. 
 
 longifolia, T. (24!.) panicle contracted, spiked, generally concealed: corol 
 much longer than the calyx, sub-equal, glabrous, without spots or awns ; 
 leaves filiform, very long, recurved at the tip;-. Torrey introduces this spe- 
 cies to conjoin the supposed two species involuta and aspera. 3 f. Sandy. 
 
 ■/andestuia, SI. (S. 2(.i panicle spiked, partly concealed : corol unequal, 
 much longer than the calyx, hairy and spotted, slightly awned; leaves ver}' 
 long rigid : stipule bearded. 2 f. Sandy. /S. 
 
 •sjHca-venti, W . (bent grass. J. 0.) panicles spreading : awn of the outer pe- 
 tal straight, stiifly erect, verj' long. 
 
 canina, W. (Ju. 2^.) culm prostrate, sub-ramose: calyx elongated : petals 
 with recurved awns on their backs. Wet. These tw'O last species, Pursh 
 says, were introduced. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 'i-admoides, E. (E. Ap. 21-) stem erect : panicle long, slender : calyx scarce- 
 ly longer than the corol ; the outer petal with a long weak spiderweb-like 
 awn on the back. 6 i. 
 
 xrichopodes, E. (E. S.) panicle long, diffuse, capillary: valves of the corol 
 equal ; the outer one with a short awn : leaves linearj flat. 3 f. Stipules 
 long, membranaceous. 
 
 filipar, Mx. (E. ) erect, large : panicle loose, somewhat in a whorled pyramid, 
 many-flowered : glumes unawned, with the outer valve largest and one of the 
 inner very s^mall. 
 
 paucifiora. Ph. (E. Ju. IT.) panicle with filiform, l-flowered branches : corol 
 awned, twice as long as the unequal calyx, hirsute : sheaths villous. 18 i. 
 
 cryptandria, T. &. J. (W.) panicle pyiamidal with spreading, sub-alternate 
 branches, hairy at the axils : flowers sub-racemed, unarmed : lower valve of 
 the calyx very short ; upper one as long as the nearly equal corol : sheaths 
 bearded at the throat. 3 f. 
 
 airoides, T. & J. (W.) panicle pyramidal, with branches somewhat in pairs, 
 spreading; naked at the axil- : flowers solitary, unarmed; glumes unequal, 
 mostly shorter than the nearly equal corol : sheaths bearded at the throat. 
 
 caespitosa, T. & J. (W. ) cespitose : culm branched, somewhat incurved : 
 leaves involute, sub-dichotomous, pungent : panicle contracted : flowers 
 awned. 4i. 
 
 hrevifolia, N. (W.) leaves much shorter than the solid, compressed, cespitose 
 culms : pajiicle with alternate, close-pressed, racemes : calyx equal, about 
 half as long as the corol. If. ' Cinna. 
 
 3—2. AiKA. 4. 10. 
 
 Jle.cuosa, (hair-grass. O.J. 21) panicle spreading, trichotom.ous : branches 
 ^exuose : calyx a little shorter than the florets, and about the length of the 
 awn: leaves setaceous : cuira nearly naked. 20 i. S. 
 
 '(lespitosa, (E. J. 2[.) panicle diffuse : florets about the length of the calyx : 
 awn short, straight : leaves flat. Wet. 18 i. 
 
 arlstulata, T. (Au 2^.) panicle cainllary, spreading : branches whorled 
 andflexuose : calyx 2-liowered, shorter than the florets: superior floret pedi- 
 celled ; lower valve of the corol truncate, lacuiate, with an awn a httle below 
 the middle scarcely exsert. 2 1". Onondaga lake S. 
 
 jtumila. Ph. (J. 2X-) I'anicle small, fastigiate, few-flowered: pedicels short : 
 florets awnless, obtuse, twice as long as the calyx : valves with membrana- 
 ceous margins : leaves flat, smooth ; culm erect, scarcely longer than the 
 leaves, 1 i. In close tufts. 
 
100 AIEA, AXLIONIA. 
 
 Southern, 
 eapillacea, Lk. (E.) panicle capillar} , very large, diffuse : florets not awned- 
 
 longer than the calyx ; one on a footstalk. 8 i. 
 ubtusata, Mx. (March. 2X-) ^f'^ves flat : panicle contracted; floTrers smooth, 
 
 obtuse ; the interior valve of the calyx obliquely trun^te. 2 f. 
 aqiiatica, W. (M. 2i-) panicles spreading, half-nhorled : flowers beardless, 
 obtuse, smooth, longer than the calyx : leaves flat : culm creeping. Water. 
 
 Loliura. 
 13—1. Ajuga. 42. 39. 
 
 (.hamaep'tthys, W. (E. y. J. 0.) leaves 3-cleft : flowers axillary, solitary, shorter 
 than the leaves : stem diflused. Synandra. 
 
 4 — 1. Alchemxlla. 3d, 92. 
 
 alpina, (lady's mouth. A. w. 2X») leaves digitate, serrate at the extremities, 
 white-satiny beneath. Ictodes. 
 
 21 — 5. Alectoria. 57. 2. 
 
 jubata, (negro-hair.) frond terete, glossy, livid-brown and black, very branch- 
 ing ; branches filiform, pendulous, compressed at the axils : receptacles ot 
 the same colour, at length convex, entire at the margin. F'ound on fire-wood 
 brought to market in Troy and Albany. Var. chalybeiformis, frond and its 
 branches more simple, zigzag, twisted, complicate, somewhat rigid, lead- 
 brown, decumbent. 
 
 iwneoirfey, frond flat-compressed, striate longitudinally, very branching, pale- 
 white : branches fibrous • receptacles flat, of the same colour, entire. On 
 trees. Raraalina. 
 
 6—1. Aletris. 10. 16. 
 
 fannosa, (false aloe, unicorn-root, false star-grass, y. 2X-) stemless: leave? 
 linear-lanceolate, withering at the lips : scape with alternate pedicelled, 
 mostly farinaceous, flowers. This plant grows plentifully in Brimfield, (Mass. \ 
 Here the inhabitants use the root as a tonic, which at the same time serves 
 as a moderate cathartic. The root is intensely bitter. Meadows. <S. 
 
 aurea, Mx. (yellow star-root.*y. Ju. !(.) flowers sub-sessile, short-tubular, sub- 
 campanulate ; fertile corols rugose, very scabrous : leaves lance-en.»iforni, 
 acute. iS. Hemerocallis. 
 
 6—13. Alisma. 5. 13. 
 
 plantago, (water plantain. O. w. Ju. 2i-) leaves ovate or heart-ovate, ob- 
 tuse or abruptly acuminate, 5 to 9-nerved : fruit 3-cornered : flowers whorled . 
 Var. parvijiora, flowers smaller : leaves about 5 or 7-ner\'ed. Difference 
 scarcely suflicient for a variety. Wet and water. S. 
 
 siibulata, Clayton, (E. A.) small: leaves linear, subulate : umbels simple. Wet. 
 Flowers large. S. 
 
 jtatansy W. (L. Ju. 2X0 leaves ovate, obtuse : peduncles solitary. Water, ov 
 
 ^et Trientalis. 
 
 4_1. Alliokia. 48. 56. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 nlhida, Wr. (E. Ap. #?) leaves opposite, oblong-lanceolate, sub-scabrous : pe- 
 duncles opposite, solitary and clustered : involucre 5-cleft. 
 
 nyctagynia, Mx. (W. Ju. 21-) stem erect : leaves broad-cordate, acute, gla- 
 brous : peduncles solitary : fruit-bearing calyx sub-hirsute much smaller 
 than the broad involucre. Resembles Mirabilis. 
 
 ovatat Ph. (W. Au. 0.) stem diffused, dichotomous : leaves ovate, a little sca.- 
 brous or naked : flowers termmal ; fascicle-racemed : involucre half 5-cleft ; 
 divisions round, acutish, net-veined. 
 
 linearis, Ph. (W.) stem erect, terete : eaves linear, somewhat fleshy : flowers 
 rac^med ; pedicelis aggregated : slameni very exsert. 
 
 hirsuta, Ph. (W.) stem erect, angled : itaves lanceolate, nerved, hirsute both 
 sides : calyx very hirsute, Bub-3-flowered. Rubia. 
 
ALLIUM^ ALNUS. 101 
 
 6 — 1. Allium. 9. 16. 
 
 <a>iadetise, (meadow garlic. W. M. 2X0 scape naked, terete: leaves linear ; 
 
 head bulbiferous. 18 i. jS>. 
 vineale, (field garlic, p. J. 2X.) cauline leaves rounded, fistulous: umbels bulb- 
 
 iferous : stamens allernately tricuspidate. 8 i. 
 tri/lorum, (mountain leek, A. M. If.) ?cape naked, terete, shorter thao the 
 
 leaves: leaves lanceolate, nerved : umbels fevjr-flowe red. 
 <'<?r««2/wi. Roth. (r. Ju. 2i.) scape naked, quadrangular, umbelliferous : leaves 
 
 linear, nearly flat : umbel cernuous : stamens simple ; germ6-toolhed. 18 i. 
 
 S. 
 tricoccnm, A. (diree-seed leek A. w. J. 2X-) scape naked, nearly terete : 
 
 leaves laDceolate-oblong, flat, smooth : umbel globose : seeds solitary. 
 
 Exotic. 
 
 cepa, (garden onion. Ju. 21 ) scape naked, swelling towards the base, longer 
 than the terete leaves. 
 
 Jisfulusum, (welch onion. Zf.) scape naked, equalling the terete ventricose 
 leaves. 
 
 schoenoprasum, (cives. Ju. 2^.) scape naked, equalling the leaves which are 
 terete-fililbnn. 
 
 oleraceum, {striped onion. 2i-) stem terete-leaved, bulb-bearing: leaves sca- 
 brous, semi terete, sulcate beneath: stamens simple. 
 
 ascalonkum, (shaliot. Ju. 2i ) scape naked, terete ; leaves subulate : umbels 
 globose : stamens tricuspidate. 
 
 porrum, (leek. Ju. 21-) stem flat-leaved, umbelliferous: stamens tricuspidate : 
 leaves sheathing at the base. 
 
 saiivwji, (garlic. Ju. 2^. ) stem flat-leaved, bulb-bearing ; bulb compound : sta- 
 mens tricuspidate. 
 
 fragrans, (false snowdrop, w. M. 2i) scape terete : leaves linear, keeled, ob- 
 tuse, contorted: peduncks naked : stamens flat. 
 
 senescens. (false narcissus. 2X.) scape naked, 2-edged : leaves linear, convex 
 under side, smooth : umbel round : stamens subulate. 
 
 Southeru. 
 
 striatum, Ph. (E. w. March. 2^.) scape naked, slightly 3-angled : leaves linear, 
 concave, streaked on the back : coro! exf)anding : stamens simple included. 
 
 mtitabile, Ms. (E. g-r M. 2X ). *cape terete : leaves linear, flat : umbel many- 
 flowered : stamens simple, included : sef^ds solitary. 2 f. 
 
 stellatum, leaf linear, channelled, keeled underside : flowers in fastigiate um- 
 bels, numerous : spathe acute : the 3 outer petals shorter, sub-obtuse : cap- 
 sule tarbinate-3-sided : cells 2-se.eded 
 
 tLngulosum, (2Lt.) scape naked, 2-edg-ed : leaves linear, channelled, sub-an^-u- 
 
 lar beneath: umbel-, fastigiate. Damp. Ilvpoxis. 
 
 19—4. Alxus, W. (1) 50. 99. 
 
 incana, W. (p) leaves oblong, acute, pubescent beneath : axils of the veins 
 
 naked : stipules lanceolate. 
 lindulaia, W. (2) (waved alder. Muh. says it grows in New England, h.) 
 
 leaves oblong, acute, rounded at the base : petioles and veins hairy beneath ; 
 
 axilsof the veins naked : stipules ovate-oblong. 
 serrulata, (alder O. r-g. Ap. >;.) leaves obovate, acuminate: veins and their 
 
 axils hairy beneath : stipule.^ oval, obtuse. 9 f. S. 
 Slutinosa, (Ap. Tj.) leaves rouud-wedge-form, obtuse, glutinous : axils of the 
 
 veins downy. 
 ^lauca, Mx. (A. March. ^.) leaves oblong, acute, doubly serrate, glaucous 
 
 beneath ; axils of the veins naked : stipules naked. Called black alder. 
 
 Bcehinerja. 
 
 (1) Betula, L. (2) crispa. 
 
 9* 
 
102 ALOPECUBrs, AMABANTHUS- 
 
 3 — 2. Alopecurus. 4. 10. 
 
 2/ratensis, (meadow grass, foxtail. J. 2X.) culm erect, smooth : spike cyliodric, 
 obtuse, lobed : calyx ciliate, somewhat villose, connate below the middle: 
 corol as long as the culyx. 
 
 geidculatns, M. (floating foxtail. Ju. 2i-) culm ascending, geniculate: spike 
 cylindrical: glumes a little connate at the base, hairy on the back &i.d mar- 
 gin : corol truncate : styles free. 18 i. S. Piileum. 
 
 Alsine. Stellakia. 
 
 15—13. Alth^a. 37. 74. 
 
 officinalis, (marsh-mallowe. 21.) leaves downy, oblong-ovale ; obsoietely 3- 
 lobed, toothed. 
 
 Exotic, 
 rosea, (hollyhock, c^.) stem erect: leaves rough, heart-form, 5 to 7-aDgled i 
 
 crenate. 
 ficifolia. (fig-hollyhock. (^ ) leaves 7-lobed, sub-palmate, obtuse. 
 
 Malva. 
 14—1. Alyssum, 39. 63. 
 
 fii/perboreum, W. (W.) stem herbaceous : leaves hoary, toothed: stamens 4, 
 2-torked. 
 
 dentatum. N. (E. 2i') stem erect : racemes panicled, axillary • radical leaves 
 sub-runcinate ; caulme ones lance-linear, sessile, sub-entire : eJicle terminat- 
 ed by a style about it:s own length, and with a peduncle sti'J longer. Dra- 
 ba r 
 
 Judovicianum, N. (W. y. Ap. 2i.) silver-downy : stems numerous, r^imple, an- 
 gular : leaves linear-spatulate, entire, obtuse, attenuated. i^Iyagruin ? 
 
 Lepidium. 
 21—6. Amanita. 58. 1. 
 
 1. Stipe surrounded uith a distinct volvu at t'lie base, naked at the top. 
 
 Uvida, pileus bossed, fiattish, striate, lead-livid : lamellae white : stipe long, 
 
 white. 3Iar.^in> of woods. 
 spadicea, pileus sub-cainpanulate, bcssed, striate, fragile, c' ssnot-brown : la- 
 
 mellas white: stipe acaly, sooty-yellow. 
 2)usilla, pileus hemisphv^.ric, bossed : iamellce ventricose, lose colour : stipe 
 
 shortish, white : vclva often 4-cleft. lu gardens, dec. au! imn. 
 
 2. Stipe with a manifest volva at the base, and a ri/g at the top. 
 
 bullosa, wholly whiie; pileus convex : stipe elongated, attenuated, bulbous. 
 
 Woods in autumn. Stipe about 3 inches long, quarter thick. 
 citrina, pileus glabrous, citron-yellow : lamellte white : stipe white. 
 
 3. Stipe with a ring at the top, volva at the base obliterated : warta on the 
 
 pileus small, equal. 
 
 ^imhrina, pileus flattish, from .«ooty -yellow becoming chesnut-brown : warts, 
 
 lamelise, and stipe, white. In beech wood. 
 a^pera, pileus fleshy, compact, bossed, dark reddish-yellow, rough with acute 
 
 warts : lamellas crowded, white : stipe long, sub-bulbous having fibres. 
 
 Agaricus. 
 
 19 — 5. Amaranthus. 54. 80. 
 
 cdhus, W. (white coxcomb, g-w. Ju. %.) glomerules axilbry, triandrous : 
 
 leaves obovate, retuse : stem 4-cornered, simple. Common jjarden weed. 
 groBcizans, W. (Au. 0.) glomerules axillary, triandrous; flowers 3-cleft : 
 
 leaves obovate, emarginate : stem teretish, branching. 
 oieraceus, (pot amaranih. Ju. ^.) glomerules axillary, branching : leavc*^ 
 
 wrinkled, oblong, very obtuse, emarginate. Sometimes th^ flowers are pen- 
 
 tandrous. 
 
AMABANTHUS, AMBUOSIA. 103 
 
 liybridiis, W. (Ju. 0.) racemes pentandrous, doubly compound, heaped to- 
 C'ether, erect : leaves ovate lanceolate. 
 
 2)anicula(us, W. (Ju. 0.) racenjea pentandrous, triply-compound: branches 
 spreading, pubescent: leaves ovate, lanceolate. 
 
 retrofiexus, W. (rough amaranth. O. Au. 0.) racemes pentandrone, triply- 
 compound, compact, erect: branches pubescent : leaves ovate, undulate. 
 
 hi/pochondriacus,\V. (spleen amaranth. Au. 0.) racemes pentandrous, com- 
 pound, compact, erect : leaves oblong-lanceolate, raucronate. Leaves red. 
 (False prince's-feather.) 
 
 sjainosus^ W. (Au. 0.) racemes pentandrous, terminal, compound : axils spi- 
 nose. 
 
 pumilus, R. (dwarf amaranth, g.) glomerules axillary: flowers pentandrous : 
 calyx 5-leaved, concave ; leaves ovate, obtube, smooth and fleshy, sometimes 
 retuse. Scarcely twelve inches high. 
 
 sanguineus, (g. Ju. 0.) flowers pentandrous, in decompound, erect, clustered 
 racemes : leaves ovate-lanceolate. 
 
 hlilum, (g. Ju. ) racemes triandrous, sub-spiked : flowers S-leaved ; leaves 
 ovate, retuse : stem spreading, or prostrate. 
 
 Exotic. 
 
 vielancholicus, (love-lies-bleeding:, r. 0.) glomerules axiilarj-, peduncled, 
 roundish : leaves lance-ovate, coloured. 
 
 tricolor, (three-coloured coxcomb. Ju. 0.) glomerules sessile : leares lance- 
 oblong, coloured. 
 
 lividus, (lead amaranth. Ju. =^.) glomerules triandrous, sub-spiked, roundish : 
 leaves oval, retuse : stem erect. Xanthium. 
 
 6 — 1. Amaryllis. 9. 17. 
 
 atamasco, (atamasco lily. w. & r. J. Zf.) spathe 2-cleft, acute : flower pedi« 
 celled: corol bell-form, sub-equal, erect : stamens declined. S. 
 
 Exotic, 
 forffiosissima, (jacobea. 2^.) spathe 1-flowered : corol ringent-like : petals de- 
 clined. Allium. 
 
 19—5. Ambrosia. 54. 98. 
 
 trijida, W. (g-y. S. 0.) bristly, rough : leaves 3-lobcd, serrate; lobes oval, 
 lanceolate, acuminate : fruit 6-spined, beneath the apex. From 5 to 8 feet 
 high. 
 
 iniegrifolia, W. (Ju. =^.) leaves ovate, sessile, acuminate, serrate, bristly on 
 both sides, ciliate at the base : racemes terminal, sometimes ternate. Flow- 
 ers very inconspicuous. 
 
 elatior, W. (hogweed. O. S. 0.) leaves doubly pinnatifid, smoothish : peti- 
 oles long, ciliated : racemes terminal, panicled : stem wand-like. S. 
 
 artemisifolia, W. (S. %.) leaves doubly-pinnatifid, hoary beneath, at the sum- 
 mit pinnatifid : racemes terminal in threes : branches level-topped. S. 
 
 -panicidata, W. ( J. 0) leaves glabrous, doubly pinnatifid, pinnatifid at the sum- 
 mit : racemes terminal, solitary: branches level-topped. 
 
 heterophylla, W . (S. ) cauline leaves pinnatifid, sub-toothed, petioled ; on 
 the upper branches lanceolate sessile : petioles long ciliate : racemes termin- 
 al, solitary : stem panicled. 
 
 bidejitata, Mx. (W. Ju. 0.) very hirsute : leaves closely sessile, simple, oblong, 
 one-toothed on each side aboVe the spreading base : fruit 4-cornered, 4 spinel 
 below the apex. 
 
 Southern, 
 hispida , Ph. (E. w. ^.) white-hispid on all parts : leaves 2-pinnatifid : dirig-- 
 
 ions gashed : rat-emes sub-panicled, terminal. Flowers large. ]. f. 
 iomentosa, N. (W. 24^.) leaves 2-pinnatifid, anier side white, downy- spike 
 
 solitary. 13 i. Schisacdra. 
 
104 AMMANIA, AMSONIA. 
 
 Amellus. Eclipta. 
 4—1. Ammania. 17. 91. 
 
 ramosior, (E. w-p. Au. 0.) stem erect, tliick, subterete : leaves lanceolate, di- 
 lated at the base ; lower iiower!»*'compact]j whorleA Salt meadows. G i. 
 
 /awii/w, Mx. (E. w-r. Au. 0. c^.) stem procumbent at the base, branched, 
 slender, quadrangular: leaves lanceolate, slender at the base : flowers sol ita- 
 rv. f^tem red. 6 i. Petela. 
 
 Amnii, Sis ON. 
 
 Ammyrsine. Leiophillum. 
 
 16—10. Amorpha. 32. 93. 
 
 fruticosa, (Var. emarginata,T.) (E. P. Ju. ^.) smooth, sub-arborescent: leaves 
 pttioled, cmarginate ; spikes aggregated, long : cal}x hoary, pedicelled, one 
 of the teeth acuminate, the rest obtuse : legume few-seeded. <S'. 
 
 Sovthern. 
 
 mibescenSjTh. (E. w. J. ^ ?) small shrubby ; leaves on very short petioles, 
 obtuse at each end, hairy : spikes long, Spanieled, hairy: calyx sub-sessile 
 with acu.'Tiinate teeth. 3 f. 
 
 nana N. (VV. p-b. M. ^.) leafets sub-ovate or oval, mucronate and smooth : 
 spikes solitary and aggregated: ilowers pedicelled : teeth of the calyx seta- 
 ceously acuminate : legume 1-seeded. On grassy woodless hills. 9i. 
 
 canesceiis, N. (W. b. ^ ?) somewhat woody, white-villous ; leafete near each 
 other sub-sessile, oval-ovate, mucronate : spikes aggregated : flowers sub- 
 sessile : teeth of the calyx equal ; ovate, acute. 18 i. 
 
 Lupinus. 
 
 5 — 1. Ampelopsis. Mx. 46. 72. 
 
 nuinquefolia, M. (1) (false grape, creeper. O. w. Ju. Tp.) leaves in fives, tooth- 
 ed ; stem rooting, climbing. <S^. Y ar. hirsuta. 
 
 cordata, Mx. (W. ^p ) leaves cordate, acuminate, toothed and angular: nerves 
 pubescent beneath : racemes 2-parted. 
 
 Soutliern. 
 
 b'ininnata,Myi (E. J- ^.) leaves doubly pinnate : leafets lance-ovate, deeply 
 
 toothed and lobeil : flowers in corymbs. Ribes. 
 
 16—10. Amphicarpa. N. (2) 32. 93. 
 
 monoica (wild bean-vine. O. b. &. w. Ju. 0.) stem slender, twining, hairy 
 backwards: leaves ternate, ovate, nearly smooth; stipules ovate, striate. 
 Var. comosa, has hirsute leaves. Twining. 4f. 
 
 sarmeiitosa, W. (w. Au.) leaves ternate, ovate, glabrous: racemes filiform, 
 generally 3-flowered ; flowers apetalous : pods oblong, 2-seftded. Twining. 
 
 Galactia. 
 
 18—5. Amsonia. 30. 47. 
 
 Souther?i. 
 
 latlfolia, Ph. (E. b. Ap. 2i-) stem glabrous : leaves lance-oval, upper ones 
 
 actuninato, pubescent on the under surface of the nerves. 2 f. 
 salicifolia, Ph (E. b.M.) stem smooth: leaves lance-linear, acute at each end, 
 
 very glabrou*. 
 .a7ignstifolia, Mx, (E. b. Ap.) stem hairy; leaves narrow-linear, numerous, erect, 
 hairy. 2 f. Slylandra. 
 
 (1 ) Hedera quinquefolia, L. Cissus hedcracea, P. Vilis quin. Lk. 
 
 (2) Glycine, L. 
 
AMYGDAIiUS, ANDBOMEDA, 105 
 
 11—1. Amygdalus. 36. 92. 
 
 Exotic. 
 
 jiirsica (peach v. M. ^.) serratures of the leaves all acute, flowers aeHsile, sol- 
 itary. 15 f. 
 
 nana (flowering almond. ^.) leaves ovate, tapering to the base, sharply sei- 
 rate. 3 f. Armeniaca. 
 
 5—1. ASAGALLIS. 20. 34. 
 
 ai'vensis (red chickweed, scarlet pimperneil. r. J. 0.) stem spreading, naked, 
 procumbent: petals entire, flat, with hairs at the margin. S. 
 
 Lysimachia. 
 
 AnatherLv. Podostigma. 
 
 Anatherum. Akdropogon. 
 
 5—1. Anchusa. 41. 42. 
 
 Exotic. 
 
 (ijicinalis (buglos. y. 2^.) leaves lanceolate : spikes imbricate, one-sided; 
 
 bracts ovate. Symphitum. 
 
 Andrewsia. Bartonia. 
 
 5 — 1. Androcera. N. 28. 41. 
 
 Southern, 
 lobata,^. (W. J. ^.) prickly, hirsute: leaves in pairs, lobe-pinnalifid ; seg- 
 ments obtuse, obsoetely crenate, undulated : rascemes lateral, mauy-flower- 
 ed. The Solanum heterandrum of Ph. Campanata. 
 
 10 — 1. Andromeda. 18. 51. 
 
 ht/pnoideSyW. (moss-bush. Whitehills. Au. >>.) leaves imbricate subulate, gla- 
 brous : peduncles solitary, terminal, 1-flowered : corol nodding, globose-bell- 
 form. Small, creeping. 
 
 mariana, W. (J. fp.) leaves oval, entire, sub-acute at both ends, glabrous, 
 leathery, paler beneath : flower-bearing branches almost leafless ; peduncles 
 fascicled: corol oyate-cylindric : calyx leafy : anthers beardless : capsule 
 ovate, and resembhng the form of a pine-apple. One variety has narrow lan- 
 ceolate leaves. «S. 
 
 'polifolia, Mx. (A. r-w. M. ^.) leaves Ikiear-lanceolate, convex, revolute, white- 
 glaucous beneath and hoary-glaucous above : flowers aggregate, terminal : co- 
 rol sub-globose : anthers bearded towards tlie lop. One foot hi,oh. Wet. 
 
 arborea, W. (sorrel tree w- Ju. \ ) branches terete : leaves oblong, acuniioale, 
 mucronate-serrate, glabrous : panicles terminal, many-spiked : corol ovate- 
 cylindric, pubescent : anthers linear, beardless. About 40 feet high, with 
 acid leaves. S, 
 
 pancialata,M.{\) (white bush. O. w. J. ^.) pubescent : leaves obovate-Ian- 
 ceolate, acute, sub-entire : flower bearing branches terminal panicled, naked- 
 ish : glomerules peduncled : corol sub-globular, pubescent : anthers obtuse, 
 beardless. A shrub running into several varieties — flowers small, <S. 
 racemosa, W. (O. w. J. fp ) leaves oval-lanceolate, acute, serrulate, mem- 
 branaceous, glabrous : spikes terminal, one-way, elongated, simple or branch- 
 ed : bracts linear, acute : corol cylindric : cal}x acute, with bracts at the 
 base : anthers doubly 4-bearded at the apex. A middling sized shrub, odo- 
 riferous. Wet. 8. 
 
 calycidata, W. (leather leaf. O. w. M. ^.) leaves lanceolate-oblong, obsoletely 
 serrulate, sub-revolute, with scaly dots, rust-coloured beneath : racemes ter-. 
 minal, leafy, turned one-way : pedicels short, solitary, axillary : caiyi acute, 
 2-bracted at the base : bracts broad-ovate, acuminate ; corol oblong-cylin- 
 dric. Wet. 2 f. S. 
 
 (1) Lyonia paniculata. N. 
 
106 ANDROMEDA, ANDROPOGO?f. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 augustifolia, (E. Ap.) leaves linear-lanceolate, acute, with seal}- dots : bracfg 
 2 and minute, acute : racemes terminal, leafy, secund : peduncles solitary, 
 axillarr. 
 
 n'dida, W. (E. w. r. March. >).) very glabrous : biflnches flexuous, 3-angled ; 
 leaves oval, acummate, entire, 3-nerved : peduncle? clustered, 1-flowered, 
 axillary: corol cylindrical : anthers at the- base 2-homed. 5 f. 
 
 rhomboidaiis, P. (E.) floTver-bt;aring branches 3-aiigled : leaves rhomboid 
 and lanceolate, entire, glabrous, terminated by a gland : peduncles cluster- 
 ed, axillary. 
 
 nxillarisy (E. w. March. >>) leaves oval-lanceolate, acuminate, coriaceous, 
 lucid, with spiny serratures ; racemes axillary, closely flowered: corol ob- 
 long-ovate : anthers at the summit 2-horned. 3 f. 
 
 ncuminata.,V\\. (E. w. Ap. ^.) very glabrous: leaves lance-ovate, tapering to- 
 wards the apex and acunjinate, .nearly entire, coriaceous, reticulate: ra- 
 cemes axillary : corol cylindrical : anthers uaawned, gibbous near the base. 
 11 f. 
 
 fioribundn. Ph. (E. w. M.) very glabrous: leaves oblong ovate, acute, slight- 
 ly serrulate, coriaceous : racemes secund, axillary, and forming terminal 
 panicles. 
 
 ferruginea, (E. w. J. ^.) shrubby : leaves coriaceous, distant, on long pe- 
 tioles, obovate, generally obtuse, entire, with dust-like scales, and veiny be- 
 neath : pedicels aggregate, 1-flowered, axillary : corol globose : anthers un- 
 awned. Sand. 4 f. 
 
 rigida. Ph. (E. Ap. ^.) leaves crowded on short petioles, lanceolate, acute 
 at both ends, scaly and tomentose beneath, without veins : pedicels aggre- 
 gate, axillary, 1 -flowered . corol nearly globose : anthers unawned. 18 f. 
 
 I'lgustrina, (E. w. M f).) pubescent: leaves obovate, lanceolati^, acuminate, 
 very finely serrulate ; flower-bearing branches terminal, paniculate, naked: 
 corol nearly globose : anthers unawned. 10 f. 
 
 frondosa, M. (E. w. M. fp.) pubescent: leaves obovate-'anceolate, acute, 
 serrulate, tomentose ; flower-bearing branches paniculate, leafy : corol glo- 
 bose : anthers awned. 4 f. 
 
 speciosa, (E. w. (p.) leaves oval-obtuse, raucronate, crenate, reticulate: ra- 
 cemes naked, aggregate : corol campanulate : anthers 4awned. 4 f. 
 ietragona, (W. w. M. ^.) leavrs imbricate, keeled, naked at the margin ; pe- 
 duncles axillary, solitary, filiform, 1-flowered : corol nodding, bell-form. 
 
 Kalmia. 
 
 3 — 2. Andropogon. 4. 10. 
 
 ^COparius,\l%. (O. Au. 2i-) spikes simple, lateral and terminal, pedunculate, 
 in pairs : rachis hairy : abortive floret neuter: valves awned. Purpuras' 
 cens. W. S. 
 
 virginicus, (broom-grass. 2^.) culm compressed : superior leaves and sheaths 
 smooth : spikes short, 2 or 3 from each sheath, partly concealed at the base : 
 rachis sub-terete : abortive flower a mere pedicel without valves • perfect 
 flowers monandrous. 
 
 furcatus, W. (O Au. 2X.) spikes digitate, generally by fours : abortive flower 
 stammiferous, awnless, resembling the perfect one, the awn of which is 6ub- 
 contorted. S. 
 
 jnacrourus, Mx. (indian-grass. S. 2X0 s'pikes fasciculate, in dense lateral 
 and terminal fastigiate panicles: flower? monandrous : awn straight: abor- 
 tive floret without valves. jS^. 
 
 fuitans, (Au. 21) panicle oblong, branched, iiodding : spikelets bj pairs : 
 calyx hairy, lufescent: awn contort* d. 
 
 i:^outhem. 
 secund us,YL. (E. S. 2(.) panicle sparingly branched, erect, secund: pedun- 
 cles 3-fiowered ; staminate flower subulate, villous ; the perfect sessile 
 4jne, with one valve very villous. 
 
ANDROPOGON, ANEMONE. 107 
 
 riliatus,E. (E. S. 2^.) panicle oblong, terminal : branches glabrous : flowers 
 in pairs : calyx hairy : corol ciiiate, with a contorted awn. 3 f. 
 
 ftmbiguus, Mx. (E. S. If ?) spikes panicled : flower solitary, remote ; the exterior 
 vaive o( the corol awned at its summit; the interior at its base. Sand. 
 18 i. 
 
 melanocarpus, (S.) spikes clustered: flowers soitary, with an involucre; 
 awn very long. 3 f. 
 
 femarius, Mx. (A.) branches remotely alternate, 3-spiked; spikes conjugate; 
 hair of the involucre shorter than the glume : flowers triandrous. 
 
 (TJ'getiteus, E. (E. Oc. 2X-) panicle long, slender; branches solitary and in 
 pairs : spikes conjugate, longer than the sheath, covered with white silvery 
 hairs. 
 
 vaginatiis, E. (E. Oc. 21-) panicle slender, cl^se pressed : spikes solitary, con- 
 jugate, shorter than the sheaths: flowers in pairs: the perfect one awned; 
 the awn straight, scabrous. 
 
 tetrastachyus, E. (E. Oc.) panicle slender, erect : spikes solitary, 4-cleft : flow- 
 ers in pairs ; the perfect one awned ; leaves hairy. 3 f. 
 
 bicornis, W. (E.) spikes conjugate, panicled; panicle bracted, corymbed, fas- 
 tigiate : flowers ternate, awiiless ; middle one perfect, sessile ; lateral one 
 neutral, pedicelled ; cilliae of the rachis very long. 
 
 glaucus, T. (W.) smooth, glaucous: culm sub-simple: nodes smooth: pa- 
 nicle terminal, much exert, oblong; spikes alternate, crowded; awns long, 
 twisted : abortive floret neuter unarmed, 1-valved. 2 f. Hordeum. 
 
 5 — 1. A>-DROSACE. 20. 34. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 occidentalis. Ph. (W. 0.) very slenderly pubescent : leaves (or involucres) 
 oblong-spatulate, entire : perianths angled : capsule shorter than the ca- 
 lyx. 
 
 carinata, T. & J. (James Peak. w. J. 2X0 leaves crowded, lance-ovate, acute, 
 entire, keeled ; margin ciiiate : umbels few-flowered ; leafetsof the involucre 
 linear-oblong : corol exceedmg the ovate calyx ; divisions obovate, en- 
 tire. 
 
 septpitrionaliSj (W. 0.) leaves lanceolate, toothed, glabrons, shining : pe- 
 rianth angled, shorter than the corol. Phacelia. 
 
 12—13. Anemone. 26. 61. 
 
 virginiana, (wind-flower. O. g-n. Ju 2^.) stem dichotomous : leaves in threes, 
 ternate, upper ones opposite ; leafets gash-lobate and serrate-acute : pedun- 
 cles solitary, 1-flowc-red, elongated: seed oblong, wooilr, mucronate, in 
 heads. 18" i S. 
 
 ticonitifolia, Mx. (1) O. w. J. IS..) stem dichotomous: radical leaves pal- 
 mate ; cauline leaves sessile, clasping, 3-cleft ; the lower ones ternate, Avith 
 the lobes acute-lanceolate, gash-serrate; peduncles solitar}", 1-flowered : 
 seed in globose heads, naked, subulate-beaked. Flowers large. 15 i. S. 
 
 dichotoma, (2) (w-r. M. 21-) siem dichotomous : cauline leaves all oppo- 
 site, ciasping, 3-cleft: lobes wedge-lanceolate, with the upper ones gash-ser- 
 rate : peduncles solitary, 1-flowered : seed in a gli bose head, naked, recurv- 
 ed-mucronate. 
 
 nemorosa, (low anemone. O. r-w. M. 2X') stem 1-flowered : cauline leaves in 
 threes, ternate; leafets wedge-form, gash-lobed, toothed, acute: corol 5 -fr- 
 petalled : seeds ovate, with a short style, hooked. A variety, quinguefolitf, 
 has lateral leafets deeply 2-c!eft. 6 i". S. 
 
 tincifoiia, (w. M. Zf.) stem 1-flowered: cauline leaves in threes, ternate '. 
 leafets lanceolate, crenate-toothed : corol 5-petalled : seeds orate, with a 
 short style booked. 
 
 (1) pen'ylranica, L. (2) irregularis, Lk. 
 
108 ANEMONE, ANTHEMIS. 
 
 thalictroides, (1) (rue anemone. O. w. M. 2X.) umbels involucred : radical 
 leaves twice ternate, leafets sub-cordate, 3-toothed : involucre 6-leaved : 
 leafets petioled, uniform : umbel few-flowered : seed naked, striate : root 
 tuberous. A variety, unijlora, has a 1-flowered involucre. 6 i. S. 
 
 narcissijlora, W. (W. w. Ap 2S,.) flowers umbelled, involucred: radical 
 leaves palmate-mary-cleft, gashed ; divisions linear : involucres sessile, 
 gashed : umbels few-flowered : pedicels longer than the involucre. 
 
 cuneifotia, Ph. (w. Ap. 2i.) stem 1 -flowered, involucred : leaves ternate ; 
 leafets sessile, wedge-form, truncate-crenate at the apex : involucre 3-leav- 
 ed : corol 5-petalled : seed head-globose, acuminate, woolly. 
 
 Exotic. 
 
 hortensia, (garden anemone.) radical leaves digitate ; divisions 3-cleft; cau- 
 line ones ternate, lanceolate, connate, sub-divided : seed woolly. 
 
 Southern, 
 caroliniana, W. E. (2) (O. w. March. 2|-) leaves ternate: leafets notched 
 
 and serrate : involucre S-lteaved, each 3-cleft : petals 14 to 20, oval ; the outer 
 
 one sub-coriaceous. 
 icalteri, Ph (E. 2X.) radical leaves palmate, long-petioled ; scape long, erect, 
 
 1-flowered : petals 3 : root tuberous. 
 hidoviciana, N. (W. r-b. Ap. 21 ) scape 1-flowered, involucred. soft-woolly; 
 
 leaves digitate, many-cleft, upper surface smooth ; segments entire, linear, 
 
 acute : petals 6, oblong-ovate, erect. Trollius. 
 
 Anemone. HEf atica. 
 
 5—2. Anethum. 45. 60. 
 
 Exotic. » 
 
 graveolensy (dill.) fruit compressed : plant annual. 
 
 foeniculum, (fennel.) fruit ovate : plant perennial. Peucedanuno. 
 
 5 — 2. Angelica. 45. 60. 
 
 triquinata, Mx. (3) (angelica O. w. Au. 2X-) stem terete, pubescent above : 
 leaves ternate, very smooth • partitiod:- qumate ; leafets oblong-ovate, equal- 
 ly serrate ; lower ones 2-lobe'.; at the base. 4 f. <S'. 
 
 utr'opurpurea, (angelica. O. g-w. J. 7i-) stem smooth, coloured : leaves ter- 
 nate i partitions sub-quinate: leafets ovate, acute, ga.«h-serrate, sub-lobed ; 
 3 tenninal ones confluent : petioles very large, inflated. Wet meadows. 
 Root purplish. This is the true aromatic angelica. 4 f. ^. 
 
 iucida, (21) leafets equal, ovate, gash serrate : radical leaves 3-pinnate, cau- 
 line one 2-pinnate. 18 i. *S. 
 
 Exotic, 
 archangelica, (archangel, (f'.) leaves with the odd terminal leafet lo bed. 
 
 Cnidiiftn. 
 
 21 — 2. Anoectangit'm. 56. 4. 
 
 JiUforme, Mx. stem slendet -filiform : ieave> closely imbricate, oral, denticulate 
 in a similar-coloured point : capsule ciliate at the apex : lid sub-conic : ca- 
 lyptre sub-rillose. On rocks. Tetraphis. 
 
 17 — 2. Anthemis. 49. 55. 
 
 artensis, (w-y. Ju cT ) re-e tacle conic, chaflT-lanceolate : seed crown-mar- 
 gined : leaves 2-pinnate, sub-divldid; .segments lance-linear. 8 i. 
 
 xeiula, (mayweed. O. w. J. ) receptacle conic, chaff"-bristly : seeduaked] 
 leaves 2-pinnate, leafets subulate, 3-parted. 10 i. <S'. 
 
 (1) Thalictrtim aaemonoides, Mx. (2) tenella, Pb. (3) F«nila cana^ensi?. 
 
ANTIIEMIS, APIOS. 109 
 
 Exotic. 
 
 *)t:hUU, (chamonrule. w. Au. 2[.) leaves 2-pinnate ; leafels o-parlcd, linear. 
 
 subulate, sub-villous : stem branchin.^ at the base. Fi-agrant. In 1820 I 
 
 caw this plant .^rowing wild very extensively, in cultivated fields in Piits- 
 
 ticld, Mass. 4i. ' Achillea. 
 
 21 — 3. Anthoceros. 57. 3, 
 
 ievis, (wax liverwort) frond flat, undivided, scarcely undulated at the raaro-in- 
 
 On the earth in damp shaded situations. ° 
 
 panc/atus, frond sinuate, undivided, crisped at the margin. On the earth 
 
 where moist and shaded. 
 faroliiiioniis, Mx. fronds with short roundish lobes, margin sub-entire, scarce- 
 ly punctured above : the horn-form capsule about half an inch in leno-th. 
 
 Marchantia. 
 Anthopogon, Gymnopogon. 
 2 — 2. Anthoxanthum. 4. 10. 
 Guoratitm, (sweet vernal grass. O. M. Zf.) spike oblong-ovate ; florets sub-pe- 
 duncled, shorter than the awn. An American variety, altissimum, is !aro-er 
 and of a darker green. Ives. An elegant substitute" for the Leghorn "-ra** 
 Dewey. 10— 18 i. ;?. Crypta.^'' 
 
 13 — 2. A5TIRRHTMJM. 40. 40. 
 
 Ratine, W. (creeping snap-dragon, y. Ju. %.) procumbent pilose : leaves al- 
 ternate, hast.ite, entire : peduncles solitary, very long. 
 
 linaria, (<nap-dragon. y. Ju. 21.) erect, glabrous :'leaves scattered, lanceolate- 
 linear, crowded together : spikes terminal, dense-flowered : calyx glabrous 
 shorter than the spur. Flowers large— (toad-flax.) Naturalized. 12— 
 18 i. 
 
 cnnadense, W. (flax snap-dragon, w-b. J. 2^.) rising in a curve, glabrous, sim- 
 ple : leaves scattered irregularly, erect, narrow, linear, obtuse, remote: 
 flowers racemed : scions procumbent. Flowers small. S. 
 
 Exoiic. 
 (rlantlwphorum, (tiiree-birds.) leaves whorled, lanceolate, S-nerred ; stem de- 
 cumbent ; racemes terminal, few-flowered. Flowers lar^^e. 
 
 Collinsia. 
 Auychia, QczRiA. 
 17—1. AP-iRGiA. 49. 53. 
 
 autumnalis, W. (1) (lalse hawkweed. Boston, y. J. 2i.) scape branchin'', 
 scaly: leaves lanceolate, runcinate-pinnatifid, smoothish. Naturalized. Bv;'. 
 
 Southern, 
 ienellum, Ph. (W. b. Ju.0.) small, simple, glabrous: leaves opposite, linear, 
 
 acute : flowers axillary. .>.-hort peduncled : calyx bell-form. 
 orontiumy W. (E. p. Ju. 0.) erect, branching, hairv : leaves alternate, la:i- 
 ceo.ate : flowers sub-spiked : calyx digitate, longer than the tailless corol. 
 
 Leontodon. 
 
 4 — 2. Aphanes. 
 
 SoiUhern. 
 
 arvensis, (ladie's mantle. E. M. Q.) leaves 3-parted : divisions 3-cIeft, hairy - 
 
 flowers axillary, glomerate : nionandrous. Hex. 
 
 IG— 10. Apios. 32. 93. 
 riiberosa,Fh. (ground-nut. O. dark p. Ju. 2X.) stem twining : leaves pinnato, 
 w^7 lance-ovate leafets : racemes shorter than the leaves : root tuberou?, 
 
 (1) Leontodon. 
 
 10 
 
110 APIUM, ABABIS. (^ 
 
 farinaceous, in taste resembling the cocoa-nut, and highly nutritious. T&h 
 plant should be cultivated in moist rich soil, for food. 
 
 5—2. Apium. 45. 60. 
 
 Exotic, 
 petroselinirm, (parsley. Ju.^f.) cauline leaves linear* involucre minute. 
 graveolens, (celery. Ju. (^.) stem channeled : cauline leaves wedgre-forin. 
 
 Coriandruni. 
 
 18 — 5. Ap DC YNUM. 30. 47. 
 
 androsaemifolium, (dog-bane. O. r-w. J. 2X.) stem erect and branching : leaves 
 ovate, glabrous : cymes lateral and terminal: tube of the corol longer than 
 the calyx, with a spreading limb. 3 f. S. 
 
 cannabinum, Mx. (1) (Indian hemp. O. g-v- Ju.Zf.) stem erect and branching : 
 leaves oblong-oval, hoary beneath, and downy when young (more or less 
 glabrous in maturity :) cymes lateral and terminal ; pubescent when young 
 (more or less glabrous in maturity :) tube of the corol about equal to the ca- 
 lyx, with an erect limb. 3 f. 
 
 hypericifoUum, A. (2) (St. John's dog-bane. g-w. Ju. 2X.) stem erectish and 
 branching : leaves lanceolate, glabrous, mucronate ; lower onessnb-cordale 
 at the base : cyme-panicles shorter than the leaves : tube of the corol about 
 equal to the calyx. 3 f. Gonolobus. 
 
 Remark. Dr. Torrey says he follows R. Brown in the species of this genus, 
 in which he finds some confusion. Brown seems to have forced in an additional 
 species, not found in nature. See Darlington, page 31 . The two first species 
 have lately been much used in the cure of diseases, under the name, Wandering 
 Milkweed, by a peculiar class of practitioners. 
 
 12 — 5. Aquilegia. 26. 61. 
 
 canadensis, (wild columbine. O. r. & y. Ap. 2i.) boms strait : stamens exsert 
 leaves decompound. Growing frequently in crevices of rocks. 15 i. 
 
 Exotic. 
 
 vulgaris, (garden columbine. J. 2i.) horns incurved : leafy : stem and leaves 
 glabrous : leaves decompound. The nectariferous horns become numerous 
 by culture ; one hollow horn within another. 15 i. 
 
 Southern, 
 caerulea, T. & J. (W. b. J. 21-) horns straight, about twice as long as the limb 
 of the petals: stamens and styles shorter than the corol : nectaries acute; 
 segments of the leaves deeply lobed. 18 i. Ascyrum. 
 
 11—2. Arabis. 3^ 63. 
 
 sagittata, (wall cress, w. J. =g>. q^-) leaves sub dentate, rough, with the pu- 
 bescens often branched : radical ones ovate or oblong, attenuated info a pe- 
 tiole of the stem : lanceolaie, sasrittate-cordate : pedicels as long as the ca- 
 lyx : siliques straight and erf-ct. 18 i. 
 
 ihaliana, W. (mouse-ear cress. Ap. 0.) leaves hairy, sub-dentate : radical 
 ones oblong, petiolate : stem branched, hairy at the base: siliques ascending : 
 pedicels much longer than the calyx. 3 f 
 
 hjrata, W (w. A. cT ) stem and upper leaves smooth and glaucous : radical 
 leaves lyrate-pinnatifid, oftrn pilose: stem branched at the base : pedicels 
 much longer than the calyx. 10 i. 
 
 laevigata, (w. IM. 21.) stemleaves linear, oblong, sagittate, smooth; lower ones 
 obovate : pedicels erect : siliques vc^ry narrow and long, at length pendu- 
 lous. 2 f. 
 
 canadensis, 3Ix. (O. w. J. 2+.) stem leaves sessile, oblong, lanceolalc, narrow 
 
 (1 Si 2) pubcscens, Br. 
 
ATIABIS^ ARCTIUM. Ill 
 
 at the base, pubescent : pedicels pubescent, reftexed m the fruit : siliques 
 
 pendulous, sub-falcate, nerved. 2 f. S. 
 chomboidea, F. (spring cresi.O. w. SI. 21.) leaves glabrous, rhomboida!,repand 
 
 toothed, the lower ones nearly round, on Ions: petioles : root tuberous. 15 i. 
 
 Wet. S. 
 nlpina, W. (A. w. J. 2X-) leaves lance-oblong, clasping-, acutely toothed. 
 reptanSfW. (Ju. 2X-) leaves roundish, entire, hirsute : having creeping shoots. 
 stricta, A. (O. M. 21.) leaves toothed, obtuse, hispid ; radical ones bub-Iyrate: 
 
 item hispid: petals erect. 
 
 Southe)-n. 
 pendula, W. (W. 0.) leaves sagittate, oblong, clasping, entire, smooth : sili- 
 
 que 2-edged, linear, pendulous. 
 hirsufa, S. (W. (/*.) leaves all hispid ; cauline ones clasping : silique 4-cor- 
 
 nered. Turrifis. 
 
 16—10. Arachis. 2-2. 93. 
 
 Exotic, 
 hvpogtca, (pea-nut, false ground-nut. 0.) stem pilose, procumbent : leaves 
 pinnate, abrupt : flowers axillary. Peduncles become elongated, and de- 
 posit fruit under ground to ripen. Erythrina. 
 
 5 — 5. Aralia. 46. 59. 
 
 sjnnosa, W. (shot-bush, angelica tree, y-w, Au. Tp.) woody ; stem and leaves 
 thorny, leaves doubly pinnate ; leafets slightly serrate : panicles very 
 branching : umbels numerous. 5 f. <S. 
 
 }thpida,Mx. (bristly-stem sarsaparilla. A. w. J. ^.) low, sub-shrubby; stem 
 and petioles rough with bristles : leaves doubly pinnate ; leafets ovate, gash- 
 serrate, unarmed, glabrous : umbels with long peduncles. Neglected fields. 
 20 i. 
 
 racemosa,W. (spikenard. O. w. J. 21-) spreading branches : petioles 3-parted, 
 the partitions 3 — 5- leaved ; leafets often heart-form : branchlets axillarj', 
 leafy: umbels many, sub-panicled, leafless above. Damp. 4f. S. 
 
 nudicaulis, W. (wild sarsaparilla. O. w. M. 2i-) hardly a proper stalk, 1-leaf- 
 ed ; the leaf tn ice-teruate, or once, and quinate : leafets oblong-oval : scape 
 naked, shorter than the leaf: umbels iew. Woods. J5 i. ^. 
 
 Staticc. 
 
 10—1 Arbutus. 18. 51. 
 
 nva-ursi, W. (bear-berry, kinnikinnick.O. w-r. M. ^;.) stem procumbent: leaves 
 wedge-obovate, entire : berry 5-seeded. Dry, barren gand-plains, &c. Very 
 abundant about the great lakes. Schoolcraft. 
 
 Jaurifolia, W. (W. ^.) leaves oblong, acuminate at both ends, acutely serrate, 
 glabrous : racemes axillan', one-sided, sessile, solitary. 
 
 menziesii, Ph. (W. Tp.) becoming woody : leaves broad-ovate, entire, glabrous, 
 having long petioles ; racemes axillary and terminal, panicled, dense-flow- 
 ered. 
 
 fomentosa. Ph. (W. T;.) becoming woody : branches hispid : leaves oval, 
 acute, sub-cordate at the base, white-downy beneath, having short petioles ; 
 peduncles axillary, of the length of the leaves, bearing head-racemes : flow- 
 ers bracted. 
 
 nfpina, (vv. M- \.) stem procumbent : leaves obo\ate, acute, rugose, serrate : 
 racemes terminal. Epigaea. 
 
 17—1. Arctium. 49. 5 J. 
 
 Lnppa, (burdock. O. r. Au. 2X-) cauline leaves heart-form, petioled, toothed 
 flowers panicled, globose ; calyx smooth. Onopordon. 
 
112 
 
 AnCXRIA, ARENARIA. 
 
 21—6. Arcyria. 58. 1. 
 
 flava, rare, yellow, very long:, capillary, nodding. On trunk*. 
 
 cinerea, i^ifc^arious, white-cinereous, sometimes becoming; rust-colour. G» 
 
 trunks in woods. 
 punicea, crowded together, between saflron colour vid scarlet. On decayed 
 trunks in summer and autumn. Stemouilis. 
 
 10—3. Arenauia. 22. 82. 
 1. Leaves oblong. 
 
 peplolJes, W. (Ju. 2X.) stem dichotomous : leaves ovate, acute, fleshy : calyx 
 acuminate. 8 — 12 i. 
 
 lateriflora, W. (sand-wort. O. w. J. 2i-) stem filiform, simple : leaves ovate, ob- 
 tuse, sub-triple-nerved : peduncles lateral, solitary, elongated, 2-clei"t; ont 
 pedicel middle-bracted : coroi longer than the calyx. 6 — 10 i. 
 
 serpylUfolia, W. (w. Ju. 0.) stem dichotomous, spreading-, leaves ovate, acute, 
 sub-ciliate : calyxes acute, sub-striate : petals shorter than the calyx. 5 i. ^. 
 
 2. Leaves linear, subulate. 
 
 glabra, Mx. (Shawangunk. 2X.) very glabrous, sub-erect, filiform, many 
 stems : leaves subulate-linear, flat, spreading : pedicels 1-fiowered, elongat- 
 ed, divaricate : leafets of the calyx oval, obiusish, smooth, shorter than the 
 petals. 4 — 6 i. 
 ' stricta, Mx. ( A. w. M. TX-) glabrous, erect, many stems : leaves subulate-linear, 
 erect : panicles few-llowered : petals much longer than the calyx, which i; 
 oval-lanceolate, apparently striate. Dry. 6 — 12 i. 
 
 squarrosa, Mx. (w. Ju. ZC ) turfy •" lower leaves scaly-imbricate, chan- 
 nelled, glabrous : stems few, very simple : tlowers few, terminal, erect : pe- 
 tals much larger than the roundish calyx. 6 i 
 
 rubra, Mx. (r. J. %.) glabrous, humifuse : leaves filiform, fleshy, mucli 
 longer than the joints : stipules connate-membranaceous, sheathing : stamens 
 5 : capsule angular or globose. 8 i. 
 
 thymifoliu. Ph. (Labrador. L. ^.) stem dichotomous, diffuse: leaves oval, 
 sub-acute : peduncles alternate, axillary, solitary, elongated : calyx acute . 
 petals of the length of the calyx 
 
 canadensis, F. (L. r. J. 0.) glabrous, humifuse: leaves linear, fleshy, inter- 
 nodes much longer : stipules membranaceous, connate, sheathing ; stamen? 
 often but 5 : capsules globose. 
 
 macrocarpa, (W. 2i.) cespitose : leaves crowded, linear-subulate, flat ; mar- 
 gin ciliate : peduncles terminal, l-flowered : leaves of the calyx linear : pe- 
 tals ovate, twice as long as the calyx : capsule thrice as long as the calyx. 
 
 fasciculata,W. (E. 0. ) sub-glabrous, cespifose : stems straight-erect : leaves 
 subulate, pungent, striate : tlowers dense-fascicled : calyx subulate, striate 
 petals very short. 
 
 laric/folia,'\V. (W. 2+.) pubescent, cespitose-many-stemmed : leaves setace- 
 ous ; little stems 1 to 3-(lowered, erect : leafets of the calyx linear, sub-hir- 
 sute, half as long as the petals. 
 
 juniperina, W. (Newfoundland. 21.) sub-pubescent, erect, many-stemmed 
 leaves subulate, somewhat 3-sided, pungent : panicle terminal, dichotomous, 
 many-iiowered : leafets of the calyx lance-ovate, striate, mucronate, aboui 
 half as long as the petals. 
 
 Soutliern. 
 
 c^ifusa, E. (E. w. Ap.) pubescent: stem diflusc, branching: leaves lance- 
 oblong, acute at both ends : peduncles solitary, axillary, twice as long as the 
 leaves: petals much shorter than the calyx. 
 
 ^atula, M\. (W. 21.) pubescent: stems filiform, panicled, many-flowered: 
 leaves setaceous-subulate, spreading : petals tub-emarginale, longer than 
 the acute striate calvx. 
 
ARENARIA, ARISTOLOCHIA. US 
 
 ciltisitjT. (W. A. 2i.) cespitose, many-stemmed: leaves linear-subula(c, ob- 
 tusis'h, keeled, a little l-eided : stem simple, mostly 1 flowered : peduncles 
 with glandular hairs : nectaries oblong-obtuse, 3-nerved : petals about twice 
 as long as the calyx : capsules ovate, shorter than the calyx. Hortensia. 
 
 18—1. Arethcsa. 7. 21. 
 
 buibosa, W. (arethusa. O. r. J. 2X.) leafless : root globose : scape sheathed, 1- 
 flowered : calyx with the superior divisions incurved : lip sub-crenulate. 
 Flowers targe, sweet-scented. Damp. 
 medeoloides. Ph. (W. 2X-) leaves whorled, oblong, acuminate : stem with one 
 sessile flower : 3 outer petals linear; inner ones short, oblong, obtuse : lips 
 similar. Tipolaria. 
 
 Arethvsa, see Triphoba and Pogoma. 
 12—1. Argemone. 27. 62. 
 
 rae.vtcana, \V. (y. Ju. 0.) leaves pinnatifid, gashed, spinose : flowers axilla- 
 ry. Var. albifiora, leaves pinnatifid : flowers large. S. 
 
 3—2. Aristida. 4. 10. 
 
 tfichotoi)ia,Myi. (0. S. (/*. 2X0 cespitose : culm dichotomous : flowers racemose- 
 spiked : lateral awus very short, intermediate ones contorted. 8 — 12 i. 
 
 striata, ^l-s.. (E. 2l(.) culm and leaves straight, erect: leaves pubescent : ra- 
 ceme long, somewhat spiked, crowded: awn twice as long as the coroK 
 spreading. 3 f. S. 
 
 purpuracens, (E. S. 2i-) culm filiform, erect, simple: leaves ver}' narrow, 
 flat : flowers in a long-spiked panicle : awns nearly equal, twice the length 
 of the corol. 2 f. /S. 
 
 Soitthern. 
 
 spiciformis, E. (S. 2X-) flowers crowded together, somewhat spiked: the 
 midd'.e awn villous at the base. 3 f. 
 
 gracilis, E. (S. 21.) stem very slender: flowers in spikes; spikelets few-flow^ 
 fred, somewhat remote, oppressed : lateral awns short, erect ; the interme- 
 diate longer, expanding. 1 f. 
 
 l^aiiosa, M. (S. 2X) panicle erect, appressed : flowers in racemes : calyx 
 longer than the corol : shealhs of the leaves woolly. 2 — 4 f. 
 
 oligaiii-lia, ^■s.. (J. 21.) cu'm straight, sub-ramose : leaves convolute-filiform : 
 flowers solitary, distant : awn long, divaricate. 
 
 fiisciadata, T. (W.) cu'in filiform, erect, branched : leaves narrow, flat, 
 smooth: panicle long, sub spiked : flowers in fascicles : calyx shorter than 
 the corol : awns nearly equal, spreading, longer than (he flower. 
 
 pallens, (VV.) panicle few-flowered, pedicelled, alternately 2-flowered, ap- 
 proximate: awn capillary, very long: leaves filitorm. 
 
 iubercidosa, N. (E. ) culm erect, dichotomous, joints tumid, with small tu- 
 bercles in the axils : panicles rigid : valves of the calyx keeled, with long 
 subulate points : corol stiped ; awns smooth, convolute.' 3 f. 
 
 Saccharam. 
 
 18—6. ARISTOLOCHIA. 11. 23. 
 
 ^ijj?(0, Hr. (birthwort. J. '^.) leaves heart-form, acute : stem twining : pedun- 
 cles 1 -flowered, furnished with an ovate bract: corol ascending ; limb 3- 
 cleft, equal. A very high running vine, with large leaves : flowers yellow- 
 ish-brown. 
 
 serjaentana, (O. p. J. 2X.) leaves heart-form, oblong, acuminate : stem zigzag, 
 ascendmg; peduncles radical : lips of the corol lanceolate. (The Virginia 
 snake-root.) There is a variety with very long, narrow, leaves. Tonic and. 
 diaphoretic. B. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 Cbmentosa, Sims. (A. g-y.) stem twining: leaves roundish-cordate, d^wny be- 
 neath : corol villous; border 3-cleft, nearly equal. 
 
 10* ' 
 
iI4 ABMENIACA, AROKIA. 
 
 7>.astata, N. (A.) stem flexuose, simple, erect : leaves somewhat cordate, has-, 
 tate, acute ; flowers on scapes ; lip of the corol ovale. 
 
 11 — 1. Armeniaca. 36. 92. 
 Exotic, 
 vulgaris, (apricot. >>.) leaves sub-cordate : stipules palmate. Var. precox, 
 (early apricot.) fruit small, yellow. Var. perstcoicies, (peach apricot.) 
 fruit sub-compressed, 
 (•/"a^ycarjw, (black apricot. Tp.) leaves ovate, acuminate, doubly serrate : pe- 
 tioles glandular : drupe globose, pubescent. 
 
 17—2. Armca. 49. 55. 
 
 nudicaulis. (y. J. 21-) hairy: radical leaves decussate and opposite, oblong- 
 oval, sub-ctiintate : stem nearly leafless, divided at the top into several 1- 
 flowered branches. Woods. 18 i. 
 
 (Joronicum, W. (Ay. Ju. 7X-) leaves remote, toothed, woolly-hirsute beneath 
 radical ones petioled, oblong, narrow at the base : cauline ones alternate, 
 lance-obiong : stems 1-flowered. 7 i. 
 2jlantaginea, Ph. (A. y. Ju. Zf.) glabrous: leaves entire, glabrous both sidejc. 
 acute, 3-nerved ; radical ones lance-spatulate, terminating in a narrow pe- 
 tiole at the base ; cauline ones opposite, lanceolate, sessile : stem 1 -flowered 
 7i. 
 
 vmritima, W. (W. 21-) leaves lanceolate ; lower ones serrate : stem leafy, 
 manj'-flowered. 
 
 Southern, 
 fulgens, Ph. (W. y. Ju. 2i-) hairy : radical leaves lanceo'ate, obtusish, fapec- 
 iiig to LKe base : petioles 3-nerved ; cauline leaves opposite, remote, linear 
 stem l-iiuwered. 1 f. 
 
 claytoni, Ph. (E. y. Ju. 21.) hirsute : radical leaves decussately opposite, ob- 
 long-ovate, sub-dentate : stem somewhat leaiiess ; top divided into 1-flower- 
 ed peduncles. 2 f. 
 
 11—5. Aronia. 36. 92. 
 
 rirlutifolia, (1) (red choak-berry. O. vv-r. M. ^.) leaves laHce-obovate, cre- 
 uate-ioothed, downy beneath, with the midrib glandular above : flowers co- 
 rymbed : calyx downy. Damp. 
 
 hotryapium,P. (2) (shad-bush, june-berry. O. w. Ap. Tp.) leaves oblong-oval, 
 cuspidate, glabrous when mature, (when first expanded lanceolate and 
 downy :) flowers racemed : petals linear : germs pubescent: segments of the 
 calyx glabrous. 
 
 sangiiinea, (3) (bloody choak-berry. O. w. M. (^.) leaves oval, obtuse at 
 both ends, mucrotiate; serratuies very slender: racemes few-flowered: ca- 
 lyx glabrous : petals linear, obtuse. 
 
 ineianocarpa, (4) (black choak-berry. O. w. M. '^.) leaves obovate-oblong-, 
 acuminate, serrate, glabrous beneath; midrib glandular above : flowers co- 
 cyrabed : calyx glabrous. Damp. 4 — 6 f. 
 
 ovalis, P. (5) (medlar bush. O. w. M. T^.) leaves round-oval, acute, glabrous : 
 ilowers racemed : petals obovate : germ and segments of the calyx pubes- 
 cent. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 alnifolia, N. (W. M. \.) smooth : leaves roundish, upper part toothed, pin- 
 nately nerved, sub-glaucous beneath: raceme simple, elongated. Fruit black 
 and sweet. Pyrus. 
 
 (I) pyrifolia, P. Pyrus arbutifolia, W. Mespilus arbutifolia, L. ; and err- 
 tlirocarpa, Mx. (2) Pyrus botryapium, W. Mespilus canadensis, L. (3) 
 Pyrus sanguinea. Ph. (4) arbutifolia, P. Pyrus melanocarpa, W. Cra- 
 taegus arbutifolia, Lk. Mespilus arbutifolia, Var. Melanocarpa, Mx. (5) 
 Jftespilus canadensis. Var. oboralis, Mx. Crataegus spicata, Lk. 
 
ARRHENATHERUM, ARTEMISIA. 115 
 
 3 — 2. Arrhenatherum. 4. 10. 
 
 avenaceum, (J. 2X0 panicle equal, nodding : awn as long again as the flowcv : 
 
 culm geniculjite, smooth : root nodose. 3 f. 
 jtennsylvajiicnm. (Ju. 2X.) panicle attenuated: branches sliort, alternate: 
 
 awn twice as long as the florets : seeds villous. 
 
 Southern. 
 Keniuc/cenensls, T. (W. 2X-) branches of the panicle fascicled, not alternate : 
 upper floret has the superior valve furnished with a short awn a little below 
 the tip. Avena. 
 
 21 — 2. ARRnENOPTERUM. 56. 4. 
 
 heterostlchum, erectish : leaves lax-imbricate, oval, with an obtuse point, ser- 
 rulate, all nerved : peduncle generally terminal : capsule oblong, arcuate 
 lid conic, obtusely acuminate. Mnium. 
 
 17 — 2. Artemisia. 49. 55. 
 
 canadensis, Mx. (wild wormwood. O. w. y. Au. 2i.) sub-decumbent, scarcely 
 pubescent: leaves flat, liaear-pinnatifid : branchlets spike-flowered : flowers 
 sub-hen)ispheric : caljs scarious. Receptacle smooth. 
 
 caudata, (L. S. Z(. ) stem simple, herbaceous, much branched, pyramidal ; 
 radical and caulme leaves bipinnate, pubescent; upper ones pinnate, with 
 sub-setaceous, alternate, divaricate, somewhat convex, segments : flowers pe- 
 dicelled, erect, globr-ovate. 2 f. ^. 
 
 chinensis, W. (W. S. 2(.) hoary : lower leaves wedge-form, obtuse, 3-lobed : 
 upper ones linear, obtuse : flowers globose, peduncled, nodding. 
 
 spkhamea. Ph. (E. S. 21.) small, silky-pubescent : lower leaves linear, upper 
 ones pinnatifid ; divisions few, linear, acute : flowers racemed, short-pedun- 
 cled, hemispheric ; calyx scarious. 
 
 gnaphaloides, N. (W. S. 2i') white-downy: stem simple, herbaceous : leaves 
 lance-linear, sub-entire, downy both sides : flowers raceme-glomerate, pedi- 
 celled, nodding : calyx oval-oblong : the pistillate florets 6 or 7. 2 f. 
 
 vvlgans, \V. (mugwort S. 21') 'eaves downy beneath ; cauline ones pinna- 
 tifid ; divisions lanceolate, sub-toothed, acute ; floral ones undivided, linear- 
 lanceolate : flowers sub-sessile, oblong, erect : calyx downy. 
 
 Exodc. 
 
 pontica, (roman artemisia.) leaves downy beneath; cauline ones bipinnafc : 
 leafets linear : branches simple : flowers roundish, peduncled, nodding. 
 
 nbsynthium, (wormwood. 2X.) stem branching, panicied : leaves hoary : 
 radical ones triply pinnatifid ; divisions lanceolate, toothed, obtuse ; cauline 
 ones2-pinnatifid or pinnatifid ; divisions lanceolate, acutish ; floral ones un- 
 divided, lanceolate. Naturalized in most mountain districts of New-Eng- 
 land. 
 
 abrotanum, (southern-wood. 2X' & ^O stem straight: lower leaves bipin 
 nate; upper ones hair-form, pinnate : calyx pubescent, hemispheric. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 cana^V^. (W. S. 2i.) hoary: leaves long lance-linear, acute, nerved, whit- 
 ish both sides ; lower ones wedge-form, acutely 3-Iobed : flowers oval, in 
 glomerules, axillary, sessile. 
 
 santonica, W. (W. S. !(•) cauline leaves glabrous : branches undivided: 
 spikes 1-sided, reflexed : flowers sub-sessile, 5-florets. 
 
 campeslru, W. (W. S. 21-) cauline leaves setaceous, pinnate, glabrous ; ra- 
 dical ones pinnate, with 3-cleft hoary divisions : stem procumbent, branch- 
 ing, wand-like : flowers ovate, peduncled. 
 
 frigida, W. (W. Oc. 21-) leaves hoary, pinnate ; leafets 3-parted, linear, acute; 
 floral ones pinnate, or 3-parted : stem ascending : flowers globose, nod- 
 ding. 
 
 klenniSt'SY. (W. cT.) leaves glabrous; radical ones 3-parted-pinnate ; lower 
 
116 ABTEMISIA, ARUNDO. 
 
 cauline ones piaiialifid ; upper ones linear, undivided : stem straight ; flffw- 
 ers roundish, sub-sessile, erect. 
 
 longifolia,N. (W. 2i & ^•) stem simple: leaves mostly entire, lance-linear, 
 acuminate; margin renexed ; under side while-downy : flowers cylindric- 
 ovate, erect, in sessile conglomerate racemes. 
 
 serrafa, N. (W. 2X-) leares lanceolate, acuminate a^both ends ; margin ser- 
 rate ; upper side smooth, under white-downy : flowers panicled, erect : ca.- 
 Ivx small, cylindrical-ovate. 5 f. 
 
 Col'umbiemis, N. (wild sage. VV. 2^. >>,) canescent : leaves lance-linear, acute, 
 flat, hoary both sides, entire : flowers oblong, glomerate, axillary, sessile, all 
 perfect. 10 f. Highly aromatic. 
 
 cernua, N. (1) (VV. 2X-) stem much-branched : radical leaves 3-c!eft ; lower ones 
 laciniated, hoary pubescent when young •, upper ones entire, lance-linear, 
 smooth : racemes panicled, nodding : flowers pedicelled, sub-globose, iu- 
 crined: calyx scarious 8 f. 
 
 Indotkiaiia, N. (W. 2i-) stem simple : lower leaves sub-gash-pinnatifid : up- 
 per ones lanceolate, entire, hairy above, downy beneath : flowers ovate, erect, 
 sessile ; calyx pubescent panicle simple. 2 f. Baccharis. 
 
 21—5. Arth.jnia. 57. 2. 
 
 punctiformis, crust somewhat determinate, membranaceous, smooth, dark 
 orange-yellow: receptacles minute, roundish, scattered, sub-immersed, flat- 
 tish one side and sub-convex the other, dark coloured. On die tender bark of 
 branches of trees. 
 
 ohscura, crust membranaceous, somewhat olive-coloured : receptacles- minute, 
 flat, a little concave, sub-membranaceous, oval and reniform, sub-immersed, 
 a little rugose, dark-coloured. On the cuticle and bark of trees. 
 
 pruviosa, crust thin, of a tartar-like appearance, unequal, smooth, rimose, 
 white: receptacles flat, immersed, roundish polygons confluent, obscurely 
 dark-yellow, mealy -glaucous. On oak bark, 6cc., 
 
 sicartziana, crust white : receptacles broad, confluent. On old trunks oi 
 trees. Halsey. 
 
 astroidea, crust a&b-glaucous : receptacle flat, stellate and formless. On sraootli. 
 
 bark. Halsey. Gyalecla. 
 
 19—12. Ablm. 2. 7. 
 
 cfracontium, W. (green-dragon. E & W. J. 2I-) slemless: leaves pcdate : 
 leafets ianceolate-oblong, entire : spadix subulate, longer than the obiong- 
 convo'ute spathe. River alluvion. 12 — 10 i. 
 
 {ttrorubejis,'\V. (brown-dragon. M. Zf.) slemless: leaves temate ; leafets ovate, 
 acuminate : spadix cylindrical : spathe sessile, ovate, acuminate, spreading 
 horizontally above. Spathe dark-brown : disagreeable smell. 
 
 Trijjhyllum, \V. (iudian turnip, wild turnip, wake robin. O. p. g. & w. M. 21-' 
 gub-caule.'cent : leaves ternate ; leafets ovate, acuminate : spadi.\ club-form 
 spathe ovate, acuminate, peduncled, with the lamina as long as the spadix. 
 One variety, virens, has a green spathe ; another, atropurpureu/fif has a dark- 
 purple spathe ; another, album., has a white spathe. 1 — 3 f. 
 
 Southern. 
 Auiiiatum, "H^. (E. 2|.) stcmless : leaves quinate, lanceolate, acuminate. 
 uatteri, (E. Ap.) slemless: leaves sagittate, triangular: angles divaricate, acute. 
 
 Lecontia. 
 3—2. AncNDO. 4. 10. 
 
 .Mnadensb, Mx. (E. Au. 2X0 p^ni* le oblong, loose : glumes scabrous, pubes- 
 cent, as long as the corol : corol awned on the back : hairs at the base equal- 
 ling the valves : culm and leaves smooth. 3 — 4 f. 
 
 coarctata,T. (Ju. 2X-) panicle somewhat spiked, conglomerate : calyxalitilt 
 
 (J.) dracunculoides, L. dracuaculus, Ph. 
 
ARUNDO, A9CLEPIAS. Hf 
 
 ionoer than the cotol, carinate : corol longer than the hairs, awned a little 
 below the tip. 3 — 5 f. 
 brevipilis,'^- (S. 2X. ) panicle diffuse, capillary : calyx une^iual, shorter than 
 the coro!, bearded at the base ; corol equal, avvniess, hairv : hairs very 
 short. 3—1 f. 
 
 Southern, 
 ftroides, 3H. (21.) panicle sub-coarctate, incurved : calyx 2-flowered, gla- 
 brous, unequal : corol membranaceous, of the length of the calyx : hairs 
 «quallingthe corol : leaves llat, scabrous. 
 
 19—12. As ARUM. 11. 23. 
 
 canadense, (1) (white snakeroot, wild ginger, false colt-foot. O. g-p. M. 11.) 
 leaves broad kidney-form, in pairs : calyx woolly, deeply 3-parted ; divisions 
 sub-lanceolate, rejected. Root aromatic and stiinulant. B. S. 
 
 vlrginicum, W. (M. 2X) leaves solitary, round heart-form, glabrous, leathery ; 
 flowers sub-sessile : calys glabrous above, short, bell-form. Leaves speckled, 
 smooth. S. 
 
 Sotithern. 
 
 nrifollum, (E. p. March. 2X.) leaves sub-hastate, cordate: calyx urceolate, 
 border 3-cleft, converging, pubescent within. 
 
 13 — 5. Ascr.EPiAS. 30. 47. 
 1. Leaves opposite, 
 
 «yri«cfl, (common milkweed. O. w-p. Ju. 2X-) stem verj' simple : leaves lan- 
 ceolate-oblong, gradually acute, downy beneath : umbels sub-nodding, 
 downy, 3 to 5 feet high : flowers in large close clusters, sweet-scented — 
 pollinia are fly-traps. 3 — 5 f. S. 
 
 <jbtusifolia, Mx. (2) (p. J. 2i.) leaves clasping, oblong, round-obtuse, some- 
 times raucvonate, waving : umbel terminal, long-peduncled, many-flowered, 
 glabrous; the horn of the nectarv exsert. Flowers large. 2 — 3 f. S. 
 
 ])hytolaccoides. Ph. (O. w-g. Ju. 2X) stem erect, simp'e : leaves broad-ovate, 
 acute, glabrous, paler beneath : nectaries truncate, internal margin 2- 
 toothed : umbels lateral and terminal, long peduncled, nodding. The horn 
 of the nectary is very long and slender. 3 f. jS?. 
 
 2}eriploccefolia, N. (3) [w-g. Ju. 24!.) leaves sub-sessile, somewhat distant, 
 lance-ovate, narrowing upwards, very acute, smooth on both sides ; margin 
 rough: umbels mostly 2, naked, lateral : root round-tuberous : segments ot 
 the nectaries oblong-linear. 2 f. <S. 
 
 amoena, W. (p. Ju. 2X-) stem simple, a little hairy on two sides; leaves sub- 
 sessile, oblong-oval, pubescent beneath : terminal umbels and nectaries 
 erect, appendages exsert. Damp. S. 
 
 pwpurascens-, W. (p. Ju. 2X. ) stem simple: leaves ovate, villose beneath: 
 umbels erect: nectaries resupinate. Shades. 2f. S. 
 
 jndchra, W. (E. r. Ju. 21.) leaves lanceolate, hairy under side : stem divided 
 towards the top : umbels erect, in pairs. Flowers small : bark very showy. 
 
 variegata, W. (4) (w. Ju. 2i) stem simple, erect : leaves ovate, petioled, ru- 
 gose, naked : umbels sub-aessile, pedicelled, tomentose. The umbels dense. 
 -S'. 
 
 incarnata, W. (O r. Ju. 2X) stem erect, branching above, downy : leaves lan- 
 ceolate, sub-downy both sides : umbels mostly double at their origin : the 
 little horn of the nectary exsert. A variety pulchra, is more hairy. Var. 
 ^/rt6rcf, almost glabrous. Var. o/ia, has white flowers. Damp. 3 f. S. 
 
 parvijiora, (5) (w. Ju. 2X-) smoothish ; stem weak, erect, simple: leaves pe- 
 ll) caroHnianum, Wr. latifoliuni. Sy. (2) purpurescens, Wr. (3) acumi- 
 nata. Ph. cordata, Wr. laurifolia, Mx. (4) hybrida, Mz. (5) perennis. Wr. 
 
 dcbili^, Mx. 
 
118 ASCLEPIAS, ASCTRUM. 
 
 tioled, oval-lanceolate, acute at botli ends, membranaceous : umbels ferniiii- 
 al, lax-flowered; pedicels capillarv. The bark is a irood substitute for flax. 
 1—2 f. S. 
 qmdrifolia, Ju. (O. w. p-w. M. 71) stem erect, simple, glabrous : leaves ovate, 
 acuminate, petioled \ those in the middle of the stei»are larg-est, and in fours : 
 umbels 2, terminal, lar.-flowered : pedicels filiform. About 18 inches hisrh : 
 (lowers small and sweet-scented. S. 
 
 2. Leaves not opposite. 
 
 veiticillata, Mx. (dwarf milkwted. O. g-y. w. Ju. If.) stem erect, verv simple, 
 marked with lines, and small pubescence : leaves verj- narrow-linear, 
 straight, glabrous, whorled, scattered : horn in the nectary exsert. 2 f. iS. 
 
 ti/berosa, W. (buiterfly-weed. O. y. Ju. 21 ) stem erectish, at tbe top spread- 
 ing-branched, very rough-haired : leaves scattered, oblong-lanceolate, rough- 
 haired : umbels terminal, sub-corymbed. A Variety, the decumbent, has a 
 decumbent stem : leaves sub-linear, hirsute ; snother Var. cordata, has 
 broad cordate leaves. Cathartic, diaphoretic, expectorant. B. 18 i. S. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 connivens, Baldwin. (E. J. 2X.) leave* oblong, oval, mucronate, slightly hairy, 
 sessile ; leaves of the nectary usually long, ticurved, conniveut at the sum- 
 mit. 1 — 2 {. 
 
 (omentosa, E. (E. 2X-) '^^^^^ oval» lanceolate, acute, tomentose : umbels ses- 
 sile, with the horns exserted. 1 — 2 f. 
 
 obovata, E. (E. 2S-) leaves obovale, obtuse, mucronate, tomentose on the un- 
 der surface : umbels nearly sessile, terminal and axillary. 2 — 3f. 
 
 amplexicaidis, Mx. (p. w. Ap. Zf.) very glabrous : stems decumbent : leaves 
 sessile, cordate, strongly veined, glaucous, appressed : umbels terminal and 
 axillary. 1 — 2 f. 
 
 paupercula, Mx. (r. g M. 21.) leaves linear, lanceolate, very long, remote, gla- 
 brous, with the margins pubescent : umbels few-tl-jwered. 3-— 4 f. 
 
 nicea, (O. Ju. 2L-) leaves ovate, lanceolate, nearly glabrous: umbels erect, 
 lateral, solitary : stem simple. 
 
 angustifolia, E. (g. w. M. 21) leaves scattered, strap-shaped, slightly pubes- 
 cent : umbels solilary, terminal ; horns included. 8 — 18 «. 
 
 cinerea, Wr. (E. J. 2X.) leaves long, linear, opposite : umbels few, terminal, 
 naked: horns short. 3 f . 
 
 viridis, Wr. (E. g. p. 21-) stem erect : leaves petioled, oblong, obtuse, smooth : 
 umbels (ew, terminal : petals erect, much longer than the calyx : nectaries 
 entire, spreading, short, 
 
 $peciosa, T. & J. (W.) slenderly tomentose : leaves heart-ovate, obtuse, oppo- 
 site, short-pttioled : umbels axillary, tfrminal and solitary : nectaries erect, 
 lanceolate, straight, acute ; horn' short, incurved, compressed. Flower- 
 very large. Acerates. 
 
 12—3. AscYRUM. 20. 68. 
 
 £rux-andrecf>, W. (1) (peter's-wort. y. Ju. ^.) many stems, difl'use : Ieave> 
 sub-lanceolate-oblong, obtuse : corymb terminal : flowers sub-sessile, 
 2-styled : stem sub-terete, 2 feet hiich : petals narrow. Var .'' angus- 
 tifulia, W. leaves oblong linear, crowded : flowers lateral and terminal, 
 erect, 2-bracted near the base : styles 1 or 2, connivent : larger calyx leaves 
 acute, oval-ovate. Sand. 8 i. »S*. 
 
 hypericoides, W. (2) (y. Ju. "^ .) branching : branches 2-edged : leave? 
 oblong, with '* glands at the base : flowers terminal, solilary, with short pe- 
 dicels, 3-siyled. jS'. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 jmmilum, Mx. (March, j. 21-) small, prostrate, much divided: leaves linear- 
 
 (J) multjcaule, Mx. (2) stans, Mx. 
 
ASCTRUM, ASPIDIUM* 119 
 
 oval, obtuse : peduncles lonpr, reflected : flowers mono^ynous. Sand. 6— 
 10 i. long-. This hllliot supposes the ^Jazifi^or/t/rt of N. 
 'imple.cicaule, Mx. (E. Ap. v- 21 ) erect, sparingly branched with the branches 
 compressed : leaves ovate, oblong, clasping ; outer leaves of the calyx cor-- 
 date : styles 3 — 4. 1 — 2 f. Hyperium. 
 
 6—1. Asparagus. 11. 12. 
 
 Exotic, 
 ojicinalis, (asparagus. Ju. If.) stem herbaceous, unarmed, sub-erect, terete: 
 leaves bristle-form, soft: stipules sub-solitary. Naturalized in the northeru 
 and southern districts. 4 f. 
 
 6 — 1. ASPHODELUS. 10. 16. 
 
 Exotic, 
 lutens, (asphodel, king's spear. 21.) stem leafy : leaves S-sided, striate. 
 ramosus, {21-) stem branching, naked: kaves ensiform, carinate, smooth, 
 
 21 — 1. AspiDiUM. 55. 5. 
 
 1. Fronds ternate. 
 
 cicutariuin. W. (1) [Ti ) leafets pmnatifid : divi>ions acuminate, sinuate, 
 pinnatifid, entire ; the lower and outer divisions of the sides elongated : fruit 
 dots in rows. 
 
 2. Frond pinnate. 
 
 acrostichoides, W. (2) O. J. to Au. 2X-) leafets lanceolate, sabre-form, acute, 
 ciliate-serrate ; on the upper side eared and dagger-pointed, on the lower side 
 wedge-form at the base ; ihe upper fruit-bearing ones smaller: stipe and ra- 
 chis chaflfy : fruit-dots solitary, but at length becoming confluent. 
 
 3. Fronds sub-pinnatijid ; involucre [indusiumj halved, kidney-form. 
 
 noveboracense, \V. (3) (Ju. 21.) frond pinnate ; leafets linear lanceolate, pin- 
 natifid, division? oblong, obtusish, sub-entire, ciliate : fruit dots marginal ; 
 stipe smooth. Damp wood-;.. 
 ffCi'istatum, W. (2i.) frond lanceolate-ovate, glabrous, pinnate: leafets sub- 
 cordate-oblong, pinnatifid; divisions oblong, obtui-e. toolh-serrate: stipe chaf- 
 fy. A variety, caliipferis, lar^iish: leafets alternate, divisions oblong, un- 
 equally appres-ed serratf^ : frond bearing the fiuit at the top. Another vari- 
 ety, lancastrience, feafets sub-opposite ; divisions triangular, ovate, acute, 
 serrate : stipe naked. 
 
 4. Frond doubly or triply pinnate, involucre halved, kidney -form. 
 
 obtusum, W. (Ju. 2^.) frond doublj-pinnate, the lesser leafets oblong, obtuse, 
 
 the upper ones having united bases : tooth-crenate : rachis pubescent abovB. 
 
 4 — 5 i. Rocks. 
 aculeaium, \V. (A. Au. 2L-) frond doubly-pinnate: the lesser leafets ovate, 
 
 sub-sabre-form, acute, daggpr-serrate, the buse of the upper ones truncate, 
 
 of the lower ones short wedge-form ; the upper ones bear the I'ruit: stipe 
 
 and rachis chaffv. 
 marginale, W. (4) (O. Ju. Zf.) frond doubly-pinnate : lesser leafets oblong, 
 
 obtuse, docurrent, crenate : moie deeply crenate at tlie base : fruil dots 
 
 marginal : stipe chafly. 2 — 3 f S. 
 
 (1) Polypodium cicutarium, L. appendirulatum, Sw, (2) auriculatum, Sh. 
 Pfephrodium acrostichoides, Mx. S". B Linneus placed the genus Aspidium 
 under the genus Polypodium. (3) IN'ephrodium thelypteroides. (4)iVephro- 
 dium margiaale, 3Ix. 
 
120 ASPIDIUM, ASPLENIUM. 
 
 filix-maSjVf. (Ju.) fi-ond doubly-pinnate ; lesser leafete oblong, obtuse, ser- 
 rate : serrature* beardless: fruit-dots of the middle-rib approximate : stipe 
 and rachis chaffy. 2 or 3 feet hijih. A variety, erosum, lesser leafets erose- 
 serrate, more remote. Rocky hills. S. 
 
 intermedium, VV. (J. 21- ) frond doubly-pinnate; ^^sser leafets linear, gash- 
 pitmatifid; divisions at the apex sub-mucronate-serrate: stipe chaffy. Re- 
 sembles thie next species in many respects. 
 
 sj)inulosum,'\\. (Ju. 21.) frond doubly-pinnate; lesser leafets oblong-, decur- 
 rent, running- together, gash-toothed : divisions mucronate-serrate : stipe 
 chaffy : involucre glandular. Large. 
 
 (/.ilatatum, 'yiy . (1) (Ju. 21.) frond doubly-pinnate: lesser leafets oblong, dis- 
 tinct, gash-pinnatifid ; divisions mucronate serrate : stipe chaffy : involucre 
 smooth. Leaves more compound, larger and broader than the filix-femina. 
 
 goldianum, T. (Ju.) frond broad-ovate, smooth, bipinnafe ; divisions lance- 
 olate, pinnatifid ; segments oblong, obtuse, with remote uocinated serra- 
 tures : the lowest decurrent on the rachis : fruit-dot near the central nerve : 
 stem chaffy. 2 f. 
 
 5. Frond doubly or triply pinnate : involucre attached to one side of the 
 
 fruit-dot. 
 
 These come under the Athyrium of Roth. 
 
 ihelipteri^, (snuff-box fern. Ju. 21.) frond pinnate : leafets lance-linear, pin- 
 natifid. glabrous ; divisions ovate, acute, entire : fruit-dots marginal, conti- 
 guous, at length confluent. 
 
 bulhiferum, ^Ju. 21) frond bipinnate, lance-oblong : leafets opposite, oblong, 
 obtuse, serrate ; lower ones pinnatifid : rachis bulb-beanng : fruit-dots 
 roundish. 
 
 aspleyioides, (New-England Ju. 2i.) frond bipinnate : leafets lance-linear, 
 gash-serrate ; serratures 2 or 3-toothed ; terminal ones more acute : fruit- 
 dots oblong, lunate Tall. 
 
 filix-femina,{Ju. 2i-) frond bipinnate: leafets lance-oblong, gash-serrate ; ser- 
 ratures 2 or 3-toothed, acutish : fruit-dots oblong, straight. Tall. 
 
 angustum, (Ju. 21-) frond bipinnate : leafets lanceolate, gash-serrate, sub-bi- 
 dentate ; lower one elongated above : fruit-dots oblong, sublunate. 
 
 punclilobum. (Ju. 21 ) frond bipinnate : leafets decurrent, ovate-oblong, pinna- 
 tifid ; divisions somewhat 4-toothed : fruit-dots solitary : rachis pubescent: 
 stipe glabrous. 2 — 3 (. S. 
 
 atomarium, frond bipinnate : leafets decurrent, ovate-oblong, pinnatifid ; divi- 
 sions toothed : fruit-dots scattered. About a span high. 
 
 fenue, (Ju. 2i.) frond bipinnate : leafets ovate, decurrent, toothed: fruit-dot? 
 solitarv, near the teeth of the leafets. Small. Rocks. <S'. 
 
 rvfidulum, (J. 21.) frond bipinnate : leafets chaff-bristly beneath, oblong, ob- 
 tuse, crenate, coadunate : fruit-dots at length confluent. Small. In tufts 
 on rocks. 
 
 Southern, 
 dcutarium, (E. 21.) frond ternate ; leafets pinnatifid, with acuniinate, sin- 
 uate-pinnatifid, entire, divisions; the lower and outer divisions of the lateral 
 ones elongated : fruit-dots in a series. 
 
 21 — 1. AsPLESiCM. 55, 5. 
 vhizophylhim^ "W. (walking leaf. O. Ju. 21.) frond lanceolate, •■tiped, sub- 
 crenate, iieart-form ears at the base : apex very long, linear-filiform, root- 
 ing. Var. pinnatifidum, leaves with the crer.atures so deep as to become 
 sub-pinnatifid. Barton. Woods. 
 
 (1 ) Nephrodium cristatum, Mx. 
 
ASPIENIUM, ASTER. 121 
 
 tLngnsti/olium, W. (1) (spleenwort. E. Ju. Zf-) frond pinnate : leaves alternate, 
 
 upper ones sub-alternate, linear-lanceolate, sub-repand ; base of the upper 
 
 ones truncate, of the lower ones slightly rounded. 2 — 3 f. 
 tbenunif W. (2) (O. Ju. 21.) frond pinnate : leafets sessile, lanceolate, serrulate, 
 
 cordate at the base, auricled above. 6 — 10 i. 
 melanoeaulon, W. (3) (E. Ju. 2X0 frond pinnate : leafets roundish, obtuse, cre- 
 
 nate, at its base wedge-form : stipe particoloured : stem black, polished. 
 
 3—5 1. 
 thdypteroides,W. (4) (O. Ju. 21.) frond pinnate : leafets sessile, lanceolate, 
 
 acuminate, deeply pinnatifid ; divisions oblong, obtuse, obtusely serrate : 
 
 fruit-dots parallel, at length confluent. 2 f. 
 riita-muraria, W. (O. Ju. 2X-) Irond bipinnate at the base, simply pinnate at 
 
 the apex, obtusely denticulate. Rocks. 1 — 2 i. 
 moiitanum, W. (5) (E. J u. 21.) frond glabrous, bipinnate : leafets lanceolate, 
 
 pinnatifid; divisions 2 or 3-toothed. 2f. 
 
 17 — 2. Aster. 49. bo. 
 1. Leaves entire. 
 
 hyssopifolius, W. (starflower. w. y. p. Au. to Oc.) leaves linear-lanceolate, 
 3-nerved, punctate, acute; margin scabrous: branchlets level-top-corjmb- 
 ed, compact : rays about 5-flowered : calyx imbricate, twice as short as the 
 disk. 12 to 24 inches high. S. 
 
 solidaginoides, W. (6) (O. w. Au. 2X-) leaves linear-lanceolate, obsolete-3- 
 
 ^ nerved, entire, obtuse ; margin scabrous : bi-anches level-top-corymbed : flow- 
 ers sessile, aggregate : rays 5-flowered : calyx shorter than the disk, imbri- 
 cate ; scales oblonjr, obtuse, close-pressed, sub-reflexed at the apex. About 2 
 feet high : scales of the calyx white, with green tips : rays long and white. S. 
 
 ledifolius, Ph. (7) (O. y. w. S. and Oc. 2i) leave.* linear-lanceolate, tapering 
 to the base, without nerves, roughish, revolute margin : branches coryrabed ; 
 branchlets filiform, 1-flowered, nakedish : calyx lax, imbricate, twice'as short 
 as the disk: leafets very acute : rays about 20-flowered. A variety, «7ji/?o/-u.y, 
 (8) has a very simple stem, bearing but one llower. About a foot high ; some- 
 times the leaves have a small indenture on each side. 
 
 rigidiis, W. (9) (p. y. Au. 2+) leaves linear, mucronate, sub-carinate, ri- 
 gid ; margin rough-ciliate : the cauline leaves reflexed ; the branch ones 
 spreading, subulate : stem erect, somewhat branched above ; branchlets 1- 
 flowered, corymbed : calyx imbricate, twice as short as the disk : scales ob- 
 tusish, carinate : rays about 10 llowered, retlexed. Hardly a foot high. S. 
 
 linariifolius, W. (10) (O. p. y. Au. 21.) leaves thick-set, nerveless, linear, mu- 
 cronate, dotted, carinate, rough, stiff, those on the branches recurved : stem 
 sub-decumbent : branches level-topped, 1-tlowered : cahx imbricate, of the 
 length of the disk. A little lower than the preceding species, and flowers 
 smaller : stem rough, purplish. S. 
 
 graminifolius, Ph. (p. Au. 21.) leaves narrow-linear, nerveless, punctate, gla- 
 brous, erect : terminal branchlets nakedish, 1-flowered : calyx lax, nearly 
 equalling the disk. 6 i. 
 
 linifulius, W. (S. 2X-) leaves linear, without nerves, dotted, rough, reflexed- 
 spreading : branches level-top-corymbed, leafy : calyx imbricate, short : 
 rays about equal to the disk. About 18 or 24 inches high. 
 
 subulatHs, Mx. (L. Au. 2X0 very glabrous, small-flowered : stem panicled : 
 branches many-flowered : leaves linear-subulate : calyx cylindric ; ligulate 
 florets of the ray minute. Salt marshes. S. 
 
 (I) pycnocarpon, SI. (2) trichomanoides, Mx. (3) trichomanes, Mx. 
 (4) acrostichoides, Sw. (5) Adiantum nigrum, Mx. (6) Conyza linifolia, L. 
 (7) nemoralis, A. (8) unillorus, Mx. (9) linariifolius, in Banks' collection. 
 (10) f oula linariifolia, N. 
 
 II 
 
122 ASTEE. 
 
 foUolosiiSj A. (1) (Au. 2i-) leaves linear-lanceolate, tapering to both ends, acU' 
 minate : stem pubescent, panicled, erect : branches few-flowered : calyx ini' 
 bricate : scales linear, acute, close-pressed. Flowers small ; hardly distinct 
 from the next species. 8. 
 
 tenuifolius, W. (w. Au. 2X-) leaves linear-lanceolate,^pering to both enda ; 
 hispid margin : stem glabrous, branching, erect; branchlets 1-flowered : ca- 
 lyx imbricate : scales oblong, acute, lax. *Si. 
 
 diunosiLS,VJ. (O. w. y. Au. 2X0 leaves linear, glabrous ; those of the branchleta 
 a.re the shortest : branches panicled : calyx cylindric, closely imbricate. A 
 variety, called violaceus, has pale violet rays, and a pubescent stem. An- 
 other variety, albiiSy has white rays, and a glabrous stem. Flowers small. S. 
 
 ericcides, W. (O. w-y. Au. 21-) leaves linear, very glabrous; those of the 
 branchlets subulate, approximate ; cauline ones elongated : calyx somewhat 
 scurfy: leaves acute : stem glabrous. Flowers small. S. 
 
 muUiJlortts, W. (O. w-y. Au. to Nov. 2{.) leaves linear, smoothish : stem very 
 branching, diflTuse, pubescent; branchlets one-way : calyx imbricate : scales 
 oblong, scurfy, acute. Probably a variety of the last. S\ 
 
 eiliutus, W. (2i-) ^eayes c'\\\ate ; cauline ones lance-linear, nerved ; branching 
 ones very short, lanceolate, S-nerved : stem branching, pubescent ; branches 
 panicled : calyx imbricate, with spatulate, squarrose scales. Perhaps a va- 
 riety of the mvUlflorus. 
 
 paludosus, W. (E. b. y. Au. Nov. 2X-) leaves sessile, subulate, glabrous, with the 
 margin scabrous : peduncles few, l-flowered : involucre squarrose, the lower 
 scales leaf-like. 12—18 1. 8. 
 fiexuos^is^ N. (2) (L. O. y. w-p. Au. 2-C-) very glabrous : leaves subulate-lin- 
 ear, somewhat fleshy, sub-reflexed : stem slender, very branching ; branches 
 and branchlets spreading, bristle-form, 1-flowered : scales of the peduncles 
 divaricate, subulate : calyx imbricate, scales close-pressed, acute. Resem- 
 bles the last : flowers smaller. Salt marshes. S. 
 
 concolor, W. (r-b. Au. 2|-) leaves oblong-lanceolate, white-pubescent both 
 sides: stem very simple, erect, pubescent : raceme terminal: calyx imbri- 
 cate, scales lanceolate, silky, close-pressed. About a foot high : ray and 
 disk coloured alike. S. 
 
 eornifoliiis^'M. <^'\V. (O.w. Au. 2i-) glabrous: leaves oblong-ovate, acuminate, 
 •hort-petioled ; margin rough: stem glabrous : panicle few -flowered ; branch- 
 es 2-fiowered ; calyx -Jub-imbricate. 
 
 humilis, W. (3) (w. Au. 2-f') leaves sub-rhomboid, oval-lanceolate, acuminate 
 at both ends, sub-petioled, glabrous ; margin hispid : corymb divergingly 
 dichotomons, nakenish, few-flowered : calyx lax-imbricate : rays C -flowered. 
 About a foot high ; flowers largp. iS. 
 
 amygdalinus, Mx. (4) (O. w. S^ZI) leaves lanceolate, tapering to the base, 
 acuminate ; ma.'-gin rough : stem simple, level-top-corymbed at the top : ca- 
 lyx lax-imbricate : scales lanceolate, obtuse. Rays large. S. 
 
 salicifoliiis, A.&W. (5) (r-b. Au. 21.) leaves linear-lanceolate, sub-entire, gla- 
 brous : stem glabrous, panicled at the top : calyx lax-imbricate : scales 
 acute, spreading at their tips. 4 — 6 f. Flower middle-sized. 
 
 acstiviis, W. (b. Ju. toS. 2i-) leaves lanceolate, sub-clasping, tapering to the 
 apex : margin rough : stem branching from its base, erect, hispid ; branchlets 
 pilose : calyx scaly : scales lax, linear, acute, equal. About 2 feethigh : the 
 flowers resembling the last. 
 
 nora-angliae, (O. b-p. Au. 21.) leaves linear-lanceolate, pilose, clasping, ao- 
 ricled at the base : stem sub-simple, pilose, straight and siLiff : flowers sub- 
 sessile, terminal, crowded : scales of the calyx lax, coloured, lanceolate, 
 longer than the disk. In rich soil it grows 10 feet high : Cowers large. iS. 
 
 c^aneus, Hn. (6) (O. b-p. Au. 2i') leaves linear-lanceolate, clasping, amooth : 
 
 (1) cordifolius, Mx. (2) sparsiflorus, Ph. (3) infirmus, Mx. dlraricatas, 
 W. cornifolius, L. probably a variety of cornifolius. (4) umbellatus, A. Inola 
 tttnygdalina, N. (5) praealtus, Lb. (6) rubricaulis, Lb. spurius, W. QOTa«> 
 »igliae, A. 
 
ASTEU. 12S 
 
 stera wand-like-paniclcd, very glabrous : branches racemed : scales of the 
 calyx lax, lanceolate, equelliiig the disk, inner ones coloured at the apex.. 
 
 3 4 f. Flowers many and large. This is the handsomest of all asters. iS. 
 
 phiogifotitts, W; (1) ("'-P- Au. 21.) leaves lanceolate, heart-form, clasping, 
 pubescent beneath, rough margin : stem very simple, pubescent : panicle 
 terminal, lax, few-flowered : scales of the calyx lax, imbricate, lanceolate. 
 From 18 to 24 inches high. 
 
 2. Leaves more or less cordate and ovate, serrate or toothed. 
 
 undtdatus, (2) (S. 2X-) stem leaves heart-oblong, clasping, undulate, scabrous* 
 toothed near the summit: branches of the panicle expanding, few-flowered • 
 calyx sub-squarrose. Flowers large. 3 f. S. 
 
 aagittif alius, Wedcm. (b. 2X ) leaves lance-oblong, acuminate, sessile, serrate 
 in the middle; radical ones oblong, heart-saggittate, serrate, petioled : stera 
 glabrous, branching ; scales of the calyx lax, imbricate, lanceolate, iS. 
 
 diversif alius, Mx. (3) (E. y. p. S. 2X0 leaves nearly entire, undulate, pubes- 
 cent, sub-scabrous; lower ones cordate, ovate, with winged petioles ; upper 
 ones lance-oblong : panicle loose, the branches slender, racemose. 3f. iS\ 
 
 paniculatus, A. (O. b-p. Au. to Nov. 2i.) leaves ovate-lanceolate, sub-serrat£, 
 petioled, glabrous ; radical ones ovate-heart-form, serrate, rough, petioled ; 
 
 f:etioles naked : stem very branching, glabrous ; branchlets pilose : calyx 
 ax, sub-imbricate. 2 — 4 f. Flowers smallish, numerous. S. 
 
 cordifcliu^, L. (O. w. S. 2i.) leaves heart-form, pilose beneath, sharp- 
 serrate, petioled ; petioles winged : stem panicled, smoothish : panicles 
 divaricate: calyx lax, sub-imbricate. Flowers small. 
 
 corymbosus, A, (O. w. Au. 21-) leaves ovate, sharp-serrate, acuminate, smooth- 
 ish ; lower ones heart-form, petioled ; petioles naked : stem glabrous, leveU 
 top-corymbed above : branches pilose : cal}^ oblong, imbricate i scales ob- 
 tuse, very close-pressed. 12 — 14 i. Flowers rather large. 
 
 macropkyllus, A, (O. w-b. Au. 2i-) leaves ovate, petioled, serrate, rough; up- 
 per ones ovate-heart-form, sessile ; lower ones heart-form, petioled; petioles 
 sub-mai-gined : stem branching, dilTused : calyx cylindric, closely imbricate: 
 ecales oblong, acute. 1 — 2f. Flowers largish. S. 
 
 3. Leaves lanceolate and ovate, lower ones serrate. 
 
 ox.plexicaulis, V/. (4) (O. b. S. If.) leaves ovate-oblong, acute, clasping, 
 heart-form, serrate, glabrous : stem panicled, glabrous ; branchlets 1-2-flow- 
 ercd : scales of the calyx lanceolate, closely imbricate. Flowers middl«- 
 gized. 
 
 prenanthoides, W. (b. 2/.) leaves clasping, spatulate-lanceolate, acuminate, 
 serrate in the middle, heart-form at the base : branchlets pilose : scales of the 
 calyx lanceolate, scurfy. 
 
 laevigaius,W. (O. r-p. S. to Nov. 21-) leaves sub-clasping, broad-lanceolate, 
 gub-serrate, smooth ; stem very branching, glabrous ; branchlets many-flow- 
 ered : scales of the calyx lanceolate, lax, nearly equalling the disk. i?. 
 
 versicolor, W. (y-w. Au. 2i-) leaves sub-clasping, broad-lanceolate, sub-ser- 
 rate, glabrous ; radical cues serrate in the middle : stem very branching, 
 glabrous : scales of the calyx lanceolate, lax, shorter than the disk. Flow- 
 ers many and large, elegant. S. 
 
 mutabilis, \Y. (p-y. Au. toOc. 21-) leaves sub-clasping : upper ones lanceolate, 
 acuminate, entire ; lower ones lanceolate, at the base narrow, serrate ; branch- 
 lets wand-like : calyx shorter than the disk, lax : stem glabrous. 
 
 laeris, W. (b-p. S. to Nov. 2X') leaves sub-clasping, remote, oblong, entire, 
 shining ; radical ones sub-serrate : branches simple, 1-flowered : calys. im- 
 
 (1) amplexicaulis, BIx. (2) diversifolius, Mx. patens, W. (3) andulataa, 
 W. tardifolius, Wr. (4) pensylvanicus, Lb^ 
 
124 A8TEB. 
 
 bricate, the leafets somewhat wedge-form, ncufe, thickened at the apex : 
 stem glabrous, angular. 
 
 C07icinnus, W. (b-p. S. to Nov. 2i.) leaves lanceolate, somewhat clasping; 
 lower ones sub-serrate, glabrous : stem simple, panicled at the top : cai^x 
 closely imbricate. 
 
 puniceus, (O. p. Au. to Nor. 2X') leaves clasping, laftceolate, serrate, roughr 
 ish : branches panicled : calyx lax, exceeding the disk, the leafets linear- 
 lanceolate, sub-equal : stern hispid. A variety, purpureus, {1) seven feet : 
 stem deep purple. Another variety, refescens, (2) tall ; from green becom- 
 ing reddish. From 3 to 10 feet high : Howers large. Damp. S. 
 
 floribimdns, W. (E. 11') leaves somewhat clasping, lanceolate; lower ones 
 serrate : stem glabrous : branches coiymbed ; branchlets many-flowered, 
 hairy : scales of the calyx lax, lanceolate, imbricate. 
 
 novi-belgii, (w-p. Au. 2^.) leaves sub-clasping, lanceolate, glabrous, rough at 
 the margin ; lower ones sub-serrate : branches sub-divided : calyx lax-imbri- 
 cafe, the leafets linear-lanceolate : s(em terete, glabrous. 
 
 bellidiflorus, W. {r.y. 2f.) leaves clasping, narrow-lanceolate, scabrous above, 
 sub-serrate beneath : stem very branching : scales of the calyx lanceolate, 
 spreading. 
 
 fpectabilis, W. (b. Au. 2^.) leaves lanceolate, roughish, sub-clasping ; lower 
 ones serrate in the middle: branches corymbed : leafets of the calyx lax, 
 foliaceous, somewhat %vedge-form, acutish, scurfy. About 2 feet high : flow- 
 ers large. 
 
 serotinus, W. (b. S. 2i-) leaves oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, sessile, gla- 
 brous; margin rough; lower ones serrate : branches corymbed, glabrous ; 
 branchlets 1-flowered : scales of the calyx lanceolate, acuminate, spreading. 
 About three feet : flowers large. 
 
 tardijiorns, W. (b. Oc. 2X-) leaves sessile, serrate, glabrous, spatulate-lance- 
 olate, tapering to the base, deflected at the margin and both sides : branches 
 divaricate : calyx lax, the leafets lanceolate-linear, sub-equal, glabrous. 
 Flowers not middle size. 
 
 blandus. Ph. {p. Oc. Z[.) leaves somewhat clasping, oblong-lanceolate, acu- 
 minate, serrate, glabrous : stem branching in a pyramid-form ; branches 
 axillary, racemed, scarcely longer than the leaf : peduncles downy, not 
 winged : calyx lax, sub-equal, shorter than the disk. Flowers largish. 
 
 acuminatus, Mx. (w. Au. 2X0 leaves broad-lanceolate ; lower ones tapering, 
 entire, upper ones unequally serrate, long-acuminate : stem simple, zigzag, 
 angular : panicle cor} mbed, divaricate-dichotomous : leafets of the calyx 
 lax, hnear, shorter than the disk. A variety called elatior, has a taller 
 stem : panicles many -flowered and leafy. Another variety, pumihis, has a 
 lower stem : corymb few-flowered, naked, scarcely higher than the leaves. 
 Commonly 12 inches high and upwards ; flowers middle-size. Probably a 
 variety of prenanthoides. 8, 
 
 conyzoides, W. (3) (O. w. Ju. 2{) leave? oblong, 3-nerved, narrow and acute 
 at the base ; upper ones sessile, sub-entire ; lower ones petioled, serrate ; 
 stem simple, corymbed at the top: calyx cylindric, scurfy: rays 5, very 
 short. About 12 inches high : flowers small. 
 
 nudijiorus, N. (E. r. 2i-) stems simple, smooth: haves sessile, lance-ovato, 
 sub-acuminate, sharply-serrate; upper side scabrous : corymb simple, few- 
 flowered : peduncles hairy or naked, 1-flowered : calyx imbricate : scales 
 ciliate. 
 
 radula, W. (w. S. 21-) leaves lanceolate, serrate, acuminate, rugose, very 
 rough: stem erect, angular, simple : corrmb terminal: calyx imbricate ; 
 leafets lanceolate, obtusish, somewhat scurfy. Flowers mid-size. 
 
 gtrictus, Ph. (4) (y-r. S. 2i-) leaves sessile, narrow-lanceolate, serrate, rough 
 
 (1) amoenus, Lb. (2) hispidus, Lb. (3) marylandicus, Mx. Conyza as- 
 teroides, L. (4) biflorus, Mx. 
 
ASTER. 125 
 
 •tern 1 or few-flowered above : scales of the calyx imbricate, close-presicd, 
 oblong, acute, nearly equalling the disk. Four to seven inches high : flowers* 
 middle-sized. 
 
 iradescanti, W. (1) (O. w-p. Au. 21.) leaves lanceolate, serrate, sessile, gla- 
 brous: branches wand-like; calyx irabri :ate : stem terete, glabrous. 3 to 
 4 feet high : flowers small. 
 
 r«curvatus, W. (2) (O. b. S. 2X) leaves sessile, narrow-lanceolate, tapering 
 to the base ; lower ones serrate in the middle : stem branching, glabrous, re- 
 curvate : scales of the calyx lax, imbricate, linear-lanceolate, sub-equal. Re- 
 sembles the last. 
 
 laxuSf W. (w-y. S. to Nov. 2X) leaves linear-lanceolate, acuminate ; rough 
 margin; lower ones sub-serrate : stem sub-reflexed : branches very spread- 
 ing : stem lax, panicled at the apex : calyx imbricate : leafets lanceolate, 
 acute, reflexed at the apex, 
 
 Junceus, A. (r. Au. 2X) leaves lanceolate-linear, sessile, glabrous ; lower ones 
 fiub-serrato ; those of the branchlets lanceolate : stem panicled, glabrous : 
 branches wand-like : calyx imbricate. 2 — 6 f. S. 
 
 dracunculoides, W. (3) (w. S. 2|.) leaves linear, acuminate, entire ; lower 
 ones linear-lanceolate, sub-vserrate : branches cor^Tubed: calyx imbricate: 
 stem smoothish. About 3 or 4 feet high. S. 
 
 tmser, W. (w. S. 2{.) leaves sessile, lanceolate, serrate, glabrous : calyx im- 
 bricate : leafets acute : fl^orets of the disk and ray equal: stemsub-villose. 
 
 divergeiis, A. (0. w-r. S. 2X) leaves elliptic-lanceolate, serrate, glabrous: 
 cauline ones hnear^lanceolate, elongated : branches spreading : calyx imbri- 
 cate : stem pubescent. 3 to 5 feet high : flowers small. S. 
 
 diffusm, A. (w. S. to Nov. 2i-) leaveselliptic-lanceolate, serrate, glabrous, all 
 proportioned: branches spreading : calyx imbricate : stem pubescent. Flow- 
 ers small. 8. 
 
 penduliLs, W. (Q. w. Oc. to Nov. 2X0 leaves elliptic-lanceolate, serrate, glabrous ; 
 those of the branchlets remotish : branches very divaricate, pendulous : stem 
 pubescent. Resembles the preceding ; but the disk turns brown. 
 
 smiriens, W. (y. r. S. 2X-) leaves lance-linear, acuminate, scabrous at the mar- 
 gin ; lower oars sub-serrate : stem panicled: branchlets 1-flowered: calvx 
 lax-imbricate, with lanceolate leafets. 
 
 simplex, W. (w. y. 21-) leaves lanceolate, acuminate, scabrous at the margin ; 
 cauline ones serrate at the apex ; those of the branches entire : stem gla- 
 brous, panicled at the apex: calyx lax-imbricate, with linear-subulate leasts, 
 polyphyllus, W. (w. y. r. 2i.) leaves linear, mostly entire; radical ones ob- 
 long, sub-serrate : stem very branching, hairy : calyx lax-imbricate. 
 
 lanceolatus, W. (w. p. Au. 2i.) leaves lance-linear, sessile, mostly entire, glst- 
 brous ; lower ones lanceolate, sub-.serrate : stem branching, diflTuse, very 
 glabrous ; calyx imbricate, with lanceolate somewhat spreading leafets. 
 fragUis, W. (w. H.) leaves linear, acuminate, entire ; radical ones oblong, 
 serrate : branches corymb-panicled : calyx imbricate, with close-prea*ed 
 scjJes ; etem very glabrous. 2 C 
 
 Exotic, 
 ehi/iensis, (china aster. 0.) leaves ovate, thickly toothed, petioled : cauline 
 ones sessile, at the base wedge-form; floral ones lanceolate, entire : stem his- 
 pid : branches l-flowered: calyx foliaceous. A variety has very full flow- 
 ers, various-coloured, and very short rays. Cultivated. 
 
 Southern, 
 tordfolius, Ms. (E. Au. 7X.) leaves cuneate, obovate, acute, entire, pubescent 
 twisted, expanding : flowers nearly sessile, aggregate : scales of the cah'x 
 linear-lanceolate, close-pressed. 2 f.. 
 
 (I) viraiaeus, Lb. (2) salicifolius, Lb. (3) artemifilflorus. Lb. 
 
126 A8TEK. * 
 
 grandiJorus^W. (E. p.y. Oc. TJ..) leaves sub-clasping, linear, subulate, rigid 
 reflexed, with the margin ciliate and hispid : gtem hairy : branches 1-flower-' 
 ed : calyx squarrose ; the scales linear-lanceolate. 2 — 3 f. 
 
 exilis, E. {E. p. y. S. 2i-) very glabrous : stem slender, tall, somewhat branch- 
 ed : leaves very long, linear, subulate : head in racemes : scales of the calyx 
 lance-linear, half as long as the ray. 4 — 5 f. 
 
 racemostis, E. (E. p.y. S. If.) leaves lance-linear, stb-pubescent beneath; 
 margin scabrous ; branches slender, long : heads nearly sessile, crowded to- 
 wards the summit of the branches. 2 f. 
 
 squarrosus, W. (E. b. y. S. 2(.) leaves very numerous, sessile, ovate, acute, 
 reflexed, rigid : margin hispid : stem branching, hairy : branches one-llow- 
 ered : scales of the involucre lanceolate, hairy, loose. 2 f. 
 
 reticulatus, Ph. (E. w. Au. 21.) leaves sessile, oblong, lanceolate, acute at 
 both ends, hoary and tomentose, 3-nerved, reticulately veined beneath : flow- 
 ers racemed : scales of the calyx very acute. 3 f. 
 
 tirgatus, E. (E. b-p. S. 2i-) leaves lance-linear, clasping, very glabrous : 
 stem sub-branched : branches virgate, erect : heads racemose : scales of the 
 calyx very acute, slightly squarrose. 3 — 4 f. 
 
 carolinianus, Wr. (E. p. Oc. Zf.) stem shrubby, flexuouB, much branched, pu- 
 bescent : leaves sessile, oblong-lanceolate, tapering to each end : scales of 
 the calyx lance-linear, very pubescent, sub-squarrose. 10 — 12 f. 
 
 suradosus, Mx. (E. p. y. 6c. 2X ) stem simple, pubescent towards the sum- 
 mit : leaves ob-lanceolate, acute, sub-serrate, scabrous above, upper ones 
 small: flowers few, large: scales of the calyx oblong, ovate, reflexed, very 
 pubescent. 12 — 18 i. 
 
 discoideus, E. (E. p. S. 2X-) stem erect, sub-villous : leaves spatulate-ovate, 
 acute, serrate, hairy, pale beneath : scales of the calyx subulate, villous, 
 loose, sub-squarrosf; : florets of the ray none. 2 — 3 f. 
 
 sender, E. (E. p. y. S. 2i.) lower leaves petioled, oblong, cordate, acute, en- 
 tire ; upper ones sessile, clasping, lance-ovate, tapering to an acute point ; 
 aJI of the leaves scabrous, undulate : })auicle loose, long ; the branches race- 
 mose. 3 f. 
 
 dichotomiis, E. (E. w. p. y. Oc. Zf.) leaves sessile, oval, obtuse, pubescent : 
 corymb sub-dichotomous : branches naked, long. 2 f. 
 
 obcfvatits, N. (E. w. y. M. 21.) leaves sessi'e, oval or obovate, obtuse, sub-ru- 
 gose, verv pubescent: corymb paniculate : scales of the cah'x closely imbri- 
 cate. 3f. 
 
 cattescens, Ph. (1) (W. p. Au. 2i.) w^ite-pubescent : leaves linear: panicle co- 
 rvmbed, \ery branching, leafy : calyx imbricate, very acute, longer than the 
 disk. 
 
 p(uiciJiorus, N. (W. w. An. 21-) stem simple, 3 to 6-flowered : leaves linear, 
 s.nooth, those of the stem subulate, and somewhat clasping : peduncles axil- 
 lary and terminal, about 1-flowered : calyx and peduncle viscidly pubescent. 
 On the margin of salt springs. 10 i. 
 
 mojUanu.'s, N. (A. p-b.) leaves lance-linear, sessile, entire, silk-villons, obso- 
 letely 3-nerved : stem erect, slender : branches 1-flowered : calyx hemis- 
 pherical, with lance-linear, acute, erect leafets. 
 
 oblcngifolius, N, (W. p. 21.) stem and leaves finely scabrous : leaves mostly 
 lance-oblong, somewhat clasping, not hairy : stem with sub-fastigiate few- 
 flowered branches : calyx hemispherical, with squarrose, acute, oblong-li- 
 near leafets. 1 f. 
 
 sparsi/lorus, Mx. (E. ) sub-glabrous : leaves linear, entire, reflexed : stem slen- 
 der, much branched : branches expanding, setadfeous, I-flowered : scales of 
 the involucre close-pressed. 
 
 Jieterophyllus, W. (W. 2X.) leaves glabrous ; cauline ones ovate, sub-cordate, 
 acuminate, deeply serrate, entire at the apex ; those of the branches oblon?- 
 ovnte, sub-serrate; thoseof the branchlets lanceolate, minutely reflex-spread- 
 lu^ : stem panicled, glabrous : calyx closely imbricate. 
 
 (1) biennis, N. 
 
ASTEB, ASTRALAGUS. 12? 
 
 adulterinus, W. (W. y. p. Zf.) leave? clasping, lanceolate; lower ones sub- 
 aerrate, glabrous ; those of the branches linear, squarrose: calyx squarroae, 
 shorter than the disk : scales wedge-linear. 
 
 p?regri?iuSf Ph. (W- p-b. 2X-) leaves sessile, remote, lance-oblong, gradually 
 acute, glabrous : stem erect, sub-simple, glabrous, hirsute towards the top, 
 and 1 to 3-tlowered at the summit: scales of the calyx lance-linear, villous, 
 very acute, lax, of the length of the disk : rays numerous. 
 
 graciiii, N. (W. b. 2X.) leaves lance-oblong, remotely gash-serrate, acute, 
 somewhat clasping, nearly smooth, with scabrous margin : stem minutely 
 hairy, corymbed at the top : peduncles filiform, 2 and 3-flowered ; lateral 
 pedicels longer: calyx cylindric, squarrose-imbricatcd, with linear-oblong, 
 sub acute scales. Rays about 12, longer than the calyx. 1 f. 
 
 (dbus, N. (1) (W. w. Au. 7i-) simple: llowers fastigiate-corymbed ; pedun- 
 cles (flower bearing branches) nearly naked, one-flowered : leaves lance- 
 obloiig, entire, scabrous, attenuated below. 1 f. 
 
 16—10. Astragalus. 32. 93. 
 
 secuudus, Mx. (A. p. Ju. 21') caulescent, procumbent : leafets ovate, pubes- 
 cent ; spikes peduncled : legumes one-way, straight, acuminate both ends, 
 pendulous. 
 
 canadensis, W. (O. y. Ju. 2^.) caulescent, diffuse : leafets (21) glabrous both 
 sides : legume sub-cylindric, mucronate. On the islands near Troy. 30 i. 
 
 carolinianus, W. (A. y. J. %.) caulescent, erect : leafets (41) oblong, pubes- 
 cent beneath : spikes peduncled : bracts lanceolate, of the length of the pe- 
 duncle : legumes ovate, tumid, beaked. S. 
 
 aJpinus, Ph. (A. p. Ju. il-) caulescent, procumbent: flowers pendulous, ra- 
 ceiued : legumes acute at both ends, hairy. 
 
 Exotic. 
 
 glauxy (milk vetch. 0.) caulescent, ditfuse ; the little heads peduncled, im- 
 bricate, ovate : tlowers erect : legume ovate, callous, inflated. 
 
 depressu-i, (trailing vetch. Zf.) sub-caulescent, procumbent: leafets obovate : 
 raceme shorter than the petiole : legume terete, lanceolate, reflexed. 
 
 Southerm. 
 
 glaber, Mx. (E. w. Ap.) caulescent, glabrous : leafets numerous, small, oval^ 
 slightly fringed : spikes 3 to 6-llowered, on long peduncles : pods distant, 
 terete, incurved. 2 f. 
 
 ol/cordatus, E. (L. w.) glabrous : leafets small, 15 to 19 in number, obcordate . 
 peduncles long, bearing 8 to 12 flowers at the top. Stem decumbent ? 
 
 ccrnosus, N. (Vv\ b-p.) stem caulescent, decumbent, hairy: leafets 8 to 10 
 pair, lance-oblong : stipules ovate : racemes axillary, about the length of 
 the leaves : legumes large, pendulous, oval, fleshy, inflated and compressed, 
 smooth. 
 
 galegoides, N. (W. w.) stem sub-erect : leafets about 21, lance-oblong, 6ub- 
 pubescent beneath : peduncles axillary, longer than the leaves : spike 
 crowded : flowers pedicelled, one-sided : legumes stiped, pendulous, 3-sid- 
 ed, inflated, smooth : calyx hairy, with subulate segments : strong-scented. 
 The facemosus. Ph. 2 f. 
 
 trijihyllus, Ph. (W. If.) stemless : as?urgent : leaves ternate : leafets lan- 
 ceolate, sessile : scape none : legumes sessile, oblong. Leaves of silvery 
 hue. 
 
 b^oglottis, (W. M.) stem pJ-ocumbent : leafets oblong : spikes ovate, pedun» 
 cled, longer than the leaves : legumes erect, ovate, channelled. Perhaps a 
 northern plant. 
 
 Lixinani, (W. 2X ) stem difl^use and ascending, grooved : cauline bracts mem- 
 branaceous, acuminate : leafets sub-pubescent, oblong, G to 8 pair : pedun- 
 cles axillary and terminal, much longer than the leaves, thick, grooved, ia 
 
 (1) Inula, N. 
 
128 ASTRAI.A.GUS, ATRIPLEX. 
 
 8ub-oval crowded spikes : bracts acuminate : legumes oblong, pubescent 
 when young'. 
 
 gracilis, N. (W. M. If.) pubescent: stem slender, erect : leaves sub-sessile ; 
 leafets oblong-linear, 13 to 21, remote : racemes peduncled, longer than the 
 leaves : legume very short, nodding, oval-ovate, somewhat 3-sided, hairy, 
 1-celled : teeth of the calyx minute. 2 f. Nuttall says, it is the tenellus of 
 Pursh, which is called Ervum multiflorum by the *mc author in one place, 
 and Dalea parviflora in another. 
 
 mollis simus, T. & J. (W. y-w. 21.) almost stemless, erect, silk-downy : sti- 
 pules not attached to the petioles, opposite to the leaves : leafets 11 to 14 
 pairs, ovate-oblong, mucronate : peduncles larger than the leaves : flowers 
 in spikes, ereCt : legumes oblong, curved, glabrous. 
 
 vdcranthus, N. (W. b. M.?^. Zf.) decumbent: leafets oval, emarginate, gla- 
 brous : peduncles about 2-flowered, longer than the petioles : legumes fal- 
 cate, 2-keeled, glabrous : seeds truncate. 7 i. Galega. 
 
 3 — 2. Atheropogon. 4. 10. 
 
 apludoides,M. (I) (hair-beard. S. 2£.) spikes short, numerous, (20 to 40,) re- 
 flexed downwards : culm terete, glabrous, geniculate : leaves hairy at the 
 base : sheaths hairy. 1 f. S. 
 oligostachyum, N. (W. 2X-) spikes 2 or 3, sub-terminal, many-flowered : ca- 
 lyx and corol pilose ; outer valve of the corol 3-awned, the 2 lateral awns 
 shorter and arising near the middle of the valve — -neutral valve 3-awned. 
 10 i. S. Sesleria, 
 
 Athyrium^ AsPlDlUM. 
 12—13. Atragene. 26. 61. 
 
 americana, Sims. (2) (false virgin-bower. O. b-p. M. 2X.) stem climbing, 8- 
 angled : leaves in fours, ternate, with climbing petioles : leafets glabrous, 
 heart-ovate, acuminate : seeds caudate, with hairs not plumose. 
 
 Theilictrura. 
 
 5—2. Atriples. 12. 29. 
 
 halimiis, W. (orach. Tp.) leaves alternate or opposite, oblong-sub-rhombord, 
 entire. 
 
 hortensis, (garden orach. Ju. 0.) stem erect, herbaceous: leaves triaugnlar, 
 toothed, of an uniform colour : calyx of the fruit ovate, netted, entire. 3 L 
 
 laciniata, W. (L. J. 0.) stem erect, herbaceous : leaves triangular, deeply- 
 toothed, white beneath ; calyx of the frait rhomboid, 3-nerved, denticulate* 
 
 armaria, N. (3) (Ju. 0.) stem herbaceous, spreading : leaves entire, ob- 
 long-ovate, sub-sessile, white-silvery beneath ; upper ones acute or acmui- 
 nate : flowers axillary, glomerate : calyx of the fertile flowers muricate, 
 dentate, retuse. Stem reddish, angular, very branching ; about a foot 
 high. iS. 
 
 patula, (E. Ap. 0.) stem herbaceous, spreading: leaves tnangnlar-bastal*, 
 smooth above, irregularly toothed ; upper ones entire : fruit-bearing calyx 
 sub-muricate on the sides. Perhaps a variety oUacincata, T. S. 
 
 liastata, W. (E. Ju. 0.) stem erect, herbaceous : leaves triangular-hastate, 
 deeply toothed, uniform coloured : calyx of tlie fruit sinuate-toothed ; mid- 
 dle tooth elongated. Perhaps introduced. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 <%flirustifolia, (L. J. 0.) stem herbaceous, divaricate ; lower leaves hafltate, 
 lightly toothed ; upper ones lanceolate, entire : calyx of the frail lanc«- 
 bastate, entire. 
 
 (1) ChloTis curtipendula, Mx. (2) pensylvanica,M. Clematis, vorticillata, 
 Pc (3) patula? M. 
 
ATRIPLEX, AZALEA. 169 
 
 caneacens, N. (W. M.) dioecious, dusty -whitish : stem shrubby, diffuse : 
 leaves oblong-linear, entire, obtuse, tapering; towards the base ; young leaves 
 acute. 2 i. Calli<5onum canescens ot Pursh. 
 
 argeiUea, N. (W. 0.) stem herbaceous, erect : leaves deltoid, sub-cordate, 
 sub-obtuse, entire, white-dusty and shining both sides : fruit somewhat pe- 
 duncled, oval, compressed, obtuse, acutely toothed at the margin. 1 f. 
 
 Chenopodium. 
 
 5—1. Atropa. 28. 41. 
 
 physaloides, W. (1) (w-b. Ju. ) stem very branching : calyx membrana- 
 ceous, 5-angled, net-veined : berry fleshy, covered with the calyx : leaves 
 siuuate-angled. S. 
 
 Exotic. 
 
 belladonna, (deadly nightshade, w-y. 2^.) stem herbaceous, brachiate : leaves 
 
 ovate, entire. Berries black and poisonous. Capsicum. 
 
 3 — 2. AULAXANTHUS. 4. 10. 
 
 Soiitheni. 
 
 ciliatus, E. (E. S. 21 I) stem erect : leaves linear, ciliate : panicle slender, 
 compact. Sand. 2f. 
 
 rufus, E. (E. Au.) stem erect : leaves very glabrous : panicle large, slightly 
 compressed ; hairs on the calyx reddish-yellow. Perhaps a variety of cilia- 
 tus, E. Phalaris. 
 
 Aulaxia, Aulaxanthus. 
 
 3—2. AvzNA. (2) 4. 10. 
 
 praeeox, (dsvarfoats. J. 0.) panicle in a dense raceme: florets as longasthe 
 
 calyx •. awn exsert : leaves setaceous. Sand. 4 i. 
 mollis, Ph. (E. ) racemes somewhat in a compact spike : calyx 2-flowered ; 
 
 flowers, awned and beardless — awns straight, of the length of the flower : 
 
 leaves and culm with soft pubescence. 
 striata. Ph. (A) panicle compact, few-flowered : calyx" 5-flowered : flowers 
 
 longer than the calyx, almost beardless : valves outerly striate, with a long 
 
 awa upon the back : seed naked. 
 
 Exotic, 
 sativa, (oats. J. ^.) panicled : calyx 2-seeded : seeds smooth, one of them 
 
 awned. First discovered in the island of Juan F'ernandez. A variety is 
 
 awnless, and has black seeds. 
 stefilis, (animated oats. Ju. 0.) panicled : calyx about 5-flowered: florets 
 
 hairy, the middle ones awnless. When dry, the heads are set in motion, if 
 
 moistened, by the untwisting of the awns. 
 elatior, (J. 2|.) panicle sub-contracted, nodding: glume 2-flowered : florets 
 
 perfect, sub-awnless, staminate awned : culm geniculate, glabrous : root 
 
 creeping. Introduced. Aira. 
 
 5—1. Azalea. 18. 50, 
 
 procumbe7is, W. (Whitehills. r. Ju. Tp.) leafy-flowered: branches diffuse, pro- 
 cumbent: leaves opposite, elliptic, glabrous : margin revolute : corol bell- 
 form, glabrous : filaments enclosed, equal. Flowers small ; resembles Le- 
 dum buxifolium • all the other species resemble the Rhododendron, to which 
 Don annexed them. 
 
 calendulacea, Mx. (r. & y. Ap. T-.) sub-naked-flowered: leaves oblong, pu- 
 bescent both sides, and when full-grown become rough-haired : flowers abun- 
 
 (1) Nicandra physaloides, P. (2) See Danthonia. 
 
130 • AZALEA. 
 
 dant, Verge, not viscous : teeth of the caljx oblong : corol with a hirsute tube 
 shorter than its divisioHS. A variety, Jtammea, has a flame-coloured flowei ; 
 another, crocea, has a saffron-coloured flower. 4 f. 
 
 canescens, (Catskill mountains, r. J. ^.) sub-naked-flowered: leaves obovat e. 
 oblong, pubescent on the upper side, and downy beneath ; nerves not bristl f- 
 bearing: flov/ers not viscous: tube of the corol scarcely shorter than its di- 
 visions : teeth of the calyx very short, round-obtuse : stamens scarcely ex 
 eert *S. 
 
 arborescms, (r. >-.) flowers leafy : leaves obovate, sub-obtuse, smooth both 
 sides, glaucous beneath, ciliate on the margin ; nerve almost smooth : flow- 
 ers not viscous ; tubes longer than the segments : calyx leafy, with oblong 
 acute segments : filaments exsert. 15 f. 
 
 fusvida, Ph. (A. w. r. Ju. "P).) flowers leafy : branches straight, very hispid 
 leaves long-lanceolate, hispid above, smooth beneath, glaucous both side.*-' 
 nerve bristly beneath : margin ciliate : flowers very viscous ; tube scarcel r 
 longer than the segments : teeth of the calvx c blong, rounded : filament ex- 
 sert. 12 f. 
 
 canescens, Mx. (r. Ap. ^.) flowers nakedish : leaves obovate, pubescent 
 above, downy beneath, nerve not bristly : flowers not viscid ; tho tube 
 scarcely shorter tlian the segments ; teeth of the calyx very short, round-ob- 
 tuse : stamens scarcely longer than the tube. S. 
 
 giaucOf Lk. (E. w. J. Tp.) flowers leafy : branchlets hispid : leaves oblanceo 
 late, acuminate, glabrous both sides, glaucous beneath; nerve bristled, mar- 
 gin ciliate : flowers very viscous ; tube twice as long as the divisions and 
 shorter than the calyx ; divisions of the cor«l about equal to the filaments* 
 Swamps. Low shrub, 
 
 nudiftora^ W. (1) (early honeysuckle, pinxter'blomachee. O. r. M. ^.) sub' 
 naked-flowered : leaves lanceolate-oblong, or oval, smooth or pubescent, uni- 
 form-coloured : nerves on the upper side downy, and beneath bristly ; mar^ 
 gin ciliate : flowers abundant, not viscous ; their tubes longer than their di- 
 visions : teeth of the calyx short, oval, sub-rounded : stamens very much ex- 
 sert. A variety, coccinea, has scarlet flowers and lanceolate leaves ; another, 
 rutilcniSy has deep-red flowers and minute calyx ; another, caniea, has pale- 
 red flowers, with red bases and leafy calyx ; another, alba, has white flowers, 
 with a middling calyx; ^noihev, paiiilionace a, has red flowers, with the low- 
 er divisions white, calyx leafy ; another, ^a/'^i^a, has flesh-coloured flowers, 
 5-parted to the base; another, 2^olya?id>'ia, has rose-coloured flowers, with 
 from 10 to 20 stamens. Woods. 2^—6 f. 
 
 nitida, (swamp hone3-suckle. w. J. '^.) leafy-flowered : branches smoothish : 
 leaves ievf, oblanceolate, sub-mucronate, leathery, glabrous both sides, and 
 the upper side shining : nerve brisde-bearing beneath : margin revolute-ci- 
 liate : flowers viscous; tube a little longer than the divisions: calyx very 
 short : filaments exsert. Leaves dark -green. Swamps. 
 
 viscosa,Vi . (white honeysuckle. O. w. J. r?.) leafy-flowered : branches hispid : 
 leaves oblong-obovate, acute, both sides glabrous and one-coloured ; nerve 
 bristle-bearing, margin ciliate : flowers viscous ; tube twice as long as the 
 divisions: teeth of the calyx very short, rounded: filaments scarcely longer 
 than the corol. Flowers very sweet-scented. 5 f. 
 
 glauca, Lk. (fragrant honeysuckle, w. J. ^.) leafy-dowcred : branchlets his- 
 pid : leaves oblanceolate, acute, both sides glabrous, and glaucous beneath ; 
 nerve bristle-bearing, margin ciliate : fl.owers very viscous ; tube of the co- 
 rol twice as long as its divisions : calyx very short: filaments about equal to 
 tho divisions of the corol. Rather lower than the other species ; flowers 
 abundant. Perhaps a variety of viscosa. S. 
 
 Southern. 
 bicoloT, Ph. (E. r. w. M, '^.) naked flowered : leaves obovate, covered on both 
 
 (1) periclymenoides, Mx. 
 
AZALEA, BAPI'ISIA. 131 
 
 sides with fine whitish hairs ; the nerve not bristly : flowers email, not viscid ; 
 the tube scorcely longer than the segments of the corol : calyx very short ; 
 ODC of its segments narrow, and 4-times longer than the rest : filameots long- 
 ex th^n the tube : smaller branches hairy and hispid. 2 — f. 
 
 Ipomeria. 
 
 B. 
 
 17—2. Baccharis. 49. 55. 
 
 haiimifolia, Mx. (groundsel tree. w. S. '^.) leaves obovate, gash-toothed 
 above : panicle compound, leafy : fascicles peduncled, Tho whole shrub 
 covered witlt white powder. Sea-eoast, and river alluvion. 6 — 12. f. »S^. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 ungustifulia, Mx. (L. S.) very glabrous : leaves linear, very entire : panicle 
 compound, many-flowered. 8 — 10 f. 
 
 seisilifiora, Mx. (E. S.) leaves smooth, cuneate-obovate, toothed near the 
 summit: heads axillary, sessile, scattered: scalesof the calyx rufous at the 
 tips. 3—5 f. Conyza. 
 
 21—5. B^MYCES. (1) 57. 2. 
 
 rajetw, (0) crust uniform, warty, white : peduncle (podetia) short, cyliodric : 
 
 receptacle sub-globose, pale-red. On the earth. 
 mfif^, Ach. Crust rough, ashy-greenish : apothecia chesnut : pedicels short. 
 
 On rocks. Isidiuin. 
 
 17—3. Balduina. 49. 54. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 HiiiJioTd, N. (y. Ju. 1i') stem 1-flowered, simple, pubescent: leaves narrow, 
 obovate, entire : egret as long as the seed. 2 f. 
 
 midti/iora, N. (y. S. 21?) stem branching, many -(lowered, glabrous : leaves 
 linear; leaves of the involucre acuminate : egret short, cup-form. 30 i. El- 
 liott considers these two species as belonging to different genera — the latter 
 he proposes to call Actinospermura. Galardia. 
 
 13—1. Ballota. 42. 39. 
 
 Exotic, 
 ni^a, (false motherwort. 21. natu^^alized, and grows wild about New-Haven.) 
 leaves heart-form, undivided, serrate : leafets of the calyx acuminate. Ives. 
 
 batureja. 
 
 17 — 4. Baltimora. 49. 55. 
 
 Southern, 
 ncta, W. (E.? y. Ju. 0.) scabrous: stem dichotomous : leaves opposite, 
 ovate, acuminate, serrate, petioled. It is doubtful, whether this grows north 
 i>f the West India Islands. Gymnostylus. 
 
 10—1. Baptisia. V. (2) 32. 93. 
 
 f.Uctoria, (wild indigo. O. y. Ju. 2^.) very glabrous and branching : leaves 
 ternate, sub -sessile : leafets wedge-obovate, round-obtuse, (becoming black 
 in drymg:) stipules obsolete, oblong, acute, much shorter than the petioles: 
 racemes terramal : legumes ovate, long-stiped. 2—3 f. S. 
 
 (1) See Cenomyce. (J) Pod»lyria, W. Sophora, Wr. 
 
132 BAPTISIA, BARTRAMIA. 
 
 cteruUUj Mx. (I) (spiked indigo-weed. Canandaigua. b. Ju. 21.) glabrous: 
 leaves te mate, short-petioled ; leafets oblong-wedge-form, obtuse: stipules 
 lanceolate, acute, twice as long as the petioles : racemes spiked, elongated : 
 le°"unies acuminate. S. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 perfoliata, M. (E. y. Ju. U-) very glabrous : leaves perfoliate, oval, entire, 
 glaucous, flowers axillary, solitary, 1-flowered : legumes sub-globose. 
 
 lauceolata, Wr. (y. Ap. Zf.) pubescent: leaves ternate, cuneate, lanceolate, 
 obtuse : flowers axillary, solitary ; the terminal ones racemed, 1 — 2 f. The 
 unijiora of Ph. , . . 
 
 villosa, VVr. (y-w. J. 2i) leaves ternate, lanceolate, hairy: stem and calyx 
 villous: stipules linear : racemes terminal. 
 
 mollis Mx. (E. 2X0 stem, leaves and calyxes minutely hairy : leaves ternate ; 
 leafets lance-rhomboid : stipules leafy, lanceolate : racemes in terminal 
 spikes: teeth of the calyx acute. 
 
 alba W. (O. w. J. H.) branches spreading: leaves ternate, petioled ; leafets 
 lanceolate, wedge-form at the base, obtuse, mucronate, glabrous : stipules 
 subulate, shorter than the petioles : racemes terminal. 2 f. 
 
 bracteata, M. (O. w. Ap. 2I-) pubescent: branches spreading: leaves ter- 
 nate, petioled ; leafets lanceolate : racemes axillary, reclined : bracts large, 
 broad-subulate, permanent. 2 f. The leucophcea ? N. 
 
 Cercis, 
 
 14—2. Barbarea. Br. 39. 63. 
 
 vulearis, (2) (water radish, water rocket. O. y. M, 2(.) lower leaves lyrate- 
 pinnatifid, with the terminal lobe roundish ; upper leaves obovate, toothed. 
 Banks of rivers. Sisymbrium. 
 
 21—2. Bareula. 56. 4. 
 
 cosspiiosa, stem very short, sub-simple: leaves densely crowded togetlier, ob- 
 loii""-linear, mucronate, convolute at the apex on becoming dry : capsules cy- 
 linaric, with a straight-subulate lid of nearly its own length. 
 
 acuminata, leaves ovate-acuminate, concave, twisted on becoming dry : stems 
 erect simple and divided, becoming renewed; elongations of the renewed 
 parts' stand out behind the capsules. 
 
 fallajc stem ramose : leaves recurve-spreading : perichaeth nerveless : cap- 
 sules oblon"- : lid obliquely beaked. On walls and bye-lanes, &c. 
 
 lanceolata, leares lanceolate, sub-apiculate, crisped when dry : fascicle of 
 ducts strong: capsule bottle-lorm, straight: lid oblique. 
 
 iortuosa, caulescent, rather high, ramose : leaves lance-linear, acute, sub-den- 
 ticulate, may become crisped : capsule straight, slender-cylindric: lid sub- 
 ulate. ' Jsyntrichia. 
 
 4—1. Bartonia. 20. 46. 
 
 paniculata, M. (3) (screwstera. O. w. Ju. 0.) stem sub-ramose, 4-sided, and 
 becoming spirally twisted : peduncles opposite, lower ones ramose. Stem 
 almost leafless. Damp. 5— 6 i. Exacum. 
 
 21—2. Bartramia. 56. 4. 
 
 crispoj pedicels erect : leaves subulate, crisped, serrate at the margin, much 
 contorted when dry. In the mountains about "Williams Col. 
 
 (1) ausf-^lis, W. (-2) Erysimum barbarea, L. (3) tenella, P. Andrewsia 
 paniculata, B. Centaurella paniculala, Mx. C. autumnalis, Ph. Sagina 
 vjrginica, W. Centaurium, P. in another part of his works. 
 
BAKTI'RAMIA, BEJARIA. 13S 
 
 ftderi, (1) stem elongated, slender : pedicels erect : leaves lanceolate, serru- 
 late, scarcely twisted when dry. Among damp mountain rocks, &c. 
 
 longiseta, stem short; lesser stems somewhat simple : leaves not dense, sub- 
 ulate, keeled, and scarcely perceptibly denticulate ; erect when dry : pedun- 
 cle very long. Bryum. 
 
 13—2. Bartsia. 40. 35. 
 
 pallida, (white painted cup. A. w-y. Au. 2^.) leaves alternate, linear, undi- 
 vided; upper ones lanceolate ; floral ones sub-oval, sub-toothed at the sum- 
 mit ; all are 3-nerved : teeth of the calyx acute. 
 
 acuminata. Ph. (W. 21-) leaves alternate, long-linear; floral leaves ovate, 
 long-acuminate, 3-nerved, all undivided : flowers shorter than the bracts : 
 teeth of the calyx acute. 
 
 t^nuifolia, Ph. (W. y. Ju. Z{.) very hirsute : leaves alternate, linear, gash- 
 pinnatifid ; divisions filiform : bracts (yellow) membranaceous, oblong, ob- 
 tuse, tooth-hastate at the base on each side, longer than the flowers : calyx 
 short, hairy, with subulate teeth. 1 f. 
 
 alpina, W. (E. p. Ju.^i-) leaves opposite, ovate, sub-cordate, obtuse-serrate, 
 rugose : anthers hirsute. 6 i. 
 
 gymnandra, W. (W. b. 1[.) leaves sub-opposite, ovate, crenate ; a pair of 
 radical ones petioled : spike oblong; the whorled bracts compact. 7 i. 
 
 Note. The coccinea is removed to Nuttall's new genus, Euchroma. 
 
 Rhinanthus. 
 
 21 — i. Batrachospermum. 57. 2. 
 tnoniliforme, frond alternately ramose, moniliform : branches attenuated. 
 
 Rivularia. 
 
 5 — 1. Batschia. 41, 42. 
 
 taneecens, (puccoon, false bugloss. O. y. Ju. 2X-) whiteish-villose : leaves all 
 oblong : calyx very short : divisions of the corol entire. A red substance 
 covering the root is the puccoon paint of the Indians. S. 
 
 i/nelingtMx. (W. r-y. Ap. 2|.) hirsute; floral leaves ovate : segments of ca- 
 lyx long sub-lanceo!ate. Dry woods. 10 — 16 i. S. 
 
 Souiherii. 
 
 longijora, N. (W. y. Ju. 2X-) hirsute, erect : leaves approximating, long- 
 linear : margin reflexed : fascicles fasligiate : tube of the corol sub-pentau- 
 gular ; border flat, with fringed crenatures. 
 
 decumbens, N. (VV.) hirsute: stem decumbent: segments of the calyx and 
 leaves linear : flowers scattered : lobes of the corol fringed -crenate, shorter 
 than the tube. Cynoglossum. 
 
 3 — 2. Beckmannia.* 4. 10. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 crucaeformis, Ja. (W. Ju.) panicle 2-rowed, 1-sided, linear : calyx 1 or 2- 
 
 flowered, with scarious margins : stigmas hirsute. Orthopogon. 
 
 Be/aria^ Bejaria. 
 
 12—1. Bejaria. 18. 50. 
 
 Southern, 
 
 race?nosa, Fh. (E. w-r. J. ^.) leaves lance-ovate, glabrous : flowers raceme- 
 
 parucled, terminal : stem hispid. 3 f. Sand. Lewisia. 
 
 (1) gracilis, S. 
 
 * This is printed Bruchmannia in Nuttall's genera, p. 43. It was carelessly 
 copied into this Manual, at p. 19. 
 
 12 
 
134 BELLIS, BETriA. 
 
 17—2. Bellis. 49. 55. 
 
 Exotic. 
 perennis, (daisy, w. «fe p. Ap. 21.) leaves obovate, crenate : scape naked, 1>- 
 flowered. Grows wild in cultivated fields in Pittsfield, Mass. 
 
 Southern, 
 integrifolia, Mx. (W.) caulescent : spread-branched : leaves entire ; lower 
 ones obovate ; upper ones lanceolate : leafets of the calyx very acute, and 
 acuminated with a hair. Togetes. 
 
 6 — 1. Berberis. 54. 78. 
 
 vulgaris^ (1) (barberry, y. M. fp.) branches punctate : prickles mostly in 
 
 threes : leaves obovate, remotely serrate : flowers racemed. 
 pinnata, (W. y. Ap. Tp.) sarmentose, unarmed : leaves pinnate ; leafets mostly 
 
 in three pairs, oblong, repand-toothed, veiny : petals 2-toothed. The aqui- 
 
 folium. Ph. 
 nervosa,' Fh. (W. y. Ap. Tp.) sarmentose, unarmed : leaves pinnate ; leafets 6- 
 
 paired, ovate-oblong, repand-serrate, somewhat 5-nerved : petals entire. 
 
 Prjnos. 
 
 BernhardiOf Psilotum. 
 
 5—2. Beta. 12. 29. 
 
 Exotic, 
 vulgaris, (beet. g. Au. (^.) flowers heaped together : lower leaves ovate. 
 cicla, (white beet, scarcity. (^.) flowers in threes : radical leaves petioled, 
 cauline ones sessile : lateral spikes very long. Kochia. 
 
 19—12. Betula. 50. 99. 
 
 fopulifolia, W. (2) (white birch, poplar birch. Ju. h.) leaves deltoid, long- 
 acuminate, unequally serrate, very glabrous : scales of the strobile with 
 rounded lateral lobes : petioles glabrous. 30 — 40 f. 
 
 txcelsa,W. (3) (tall birch, yellow birch. O. J. ^) leaves ovate, acute, serrate : 
 petioles pubescent, shorter than the peduncle : scales of the strobile with 
 rounded lateral lobes. 70 — 80 f. 
 
 rubra, Mx. (4) (red birch. M. Tp.) leaves rhombic-ovate, doubly-serrate, 
 acute, pubescent beneath, base entire : pistillate amcnt ovate : scales vil- 
 lose : divisions linear, equal. 70 f. Excellent cabinet timber. S. 
 
 papi/racea, W. (5) (paper birch, canoe birch. Tp.) leaves ovate, acuminate, 
 doubly-serrate : veins hirsute beneath : petiole glabrous : pistillate ament 
 peduncled, nodding : scales with lateral, short, sub-orbicular lobes. Has a 
 paper-like bark, of which the Indians construct canoes. 
 
 lenta, W. (6) (spicy birch, cherry birch, black birch. O. M. b.) leaves heart- 
 ovate, sharp-serrate, acuminate : nerves and petioles pilose beneath : scales 
 of the strobile glabrous, with obtuse equal lobes having elevated veins. Large 
 tree, whose wood is much like mahogany ; very sweet-scented. 80 f. S. 
 
 glandulosa, (scrub birch. M. >).) branches glandular-dotted, glabrous : leaves 
 obovate, serrate, at the base entire, glabrous, sub-sessile : pistillate ament 
 oblong, scales half-3-cleft : seed orbicular, with a narrow n)argin. 2 — 8 f. 
 Very abundant in the marshes about Stockbridge, Mass. It seems to be in- 
 termediate between Betula and Alnus. 
 
 nana, (dwarf birch. M. \.) very small and glabrous : leaves small, wedge- 
 orbiculate, gash-crenate, net-veined beneath: scales of the ament deeply 3- 
 parted, divisions oblong : seeds oblong, nearly wingless. Swamps. 
 
 (1) canadensis, N. (2) acuminata. Eh. (3) lutea, Mx. (1) lanulosa.Mx. 
 fl. nigra, L. (5) papyrifera, Mx. (6j nigra, Wm. carpinifolia, Eh. 
 
BBTULA, BIGNONIA. 135 
 
 pumda, W. (1) (dwarf birch. O. J. ^.) branches pubescent, doited : leavea 
 orbicular-obovate, petioled, dense-pubescent beneath : pistillate ament cy- 
 lindric. 2 — 3 f. Carpinus. 
 
 17—3. BiDENS. 49. 55. 
 
 cernua, (water beggar-ticks. O. y. Au. 0.) flowers sub-rayed, drooping : out- 
 er calyx longer than the flower : leaves lanceolate, sub-connate, toothed. 
 One variety, minima, has sessile leaves and erect flowers and seeds; another 
 variety, coreopsis, has serrate, opposite, clasping leaves. 
 
 chrysanthemoides , W. (2) (daisy beggar-ticks. O. y. Au. 0.) flowers rayed, 
 drooping, the ray thrice as long as the sub-equal calyx : leaves oblong, ta- 
 pering to both ends, toothed, connate. Flowers large : 2, 3 or4 awns tu a 
 seed. Wet. S. 
 
 tripartita, (three-fingered beggar-ticks. Au. =i|f.) flowers discoid : outer calyx 
 longer than the flower ; seeds with 3 awns : leaves 3-cleft. 3 f. Swamps. 
 Bigelow finds this species near Boston ; probably we have labelled it by 
 some other name. 
 
 froiidosa, (burr marygold. O. y. Ju. ^. ) flowers discoid: outer calyx six 
 times as long as the flower : leafets ciliate at the base : lower leaves pin- 
 nate ; upper ones ternate, lanceolate, serrate. S, 
 
 connata, W. (3) (y. Ju. =^.) flowers discoid : outer calyx thrice as long as 
 the flower: cauline leaves ternate: lateral leafets connate; floral ones ob- 
 long-lanceolate. S. 
 
 pilosa, W. (Ju. 0.) flowers discoid : outer calyx of the length of the inner: 
 lower leaves pinnate ; upper ones ternate : leafets oblong, a terminal lance- 
 olate one twice as long as the rest. S. 
 
 bipinnata, (hemlock beggar-ticks, y. Ju. 0.) flowers sub-rayed : outer calyx 
 of the length of the inner : leaves doubly-pinnate ; leafets lanceolate, piu- 
 natifid. /sT. 
 
 beckii, T. (water marj'gold. Au. y. 2X-) sub-mersed leaves capillary, divided 
 into many parts, dichotomous : flowers erect, terminal, solitary. Flowers 
 radiate. A new species discovered in a pond near Schenectady, N. Y. by 
 Dr. Lewis C. Beck, and named by Dr. John Torrey, in honor of the zealoua 
 and persevering discoverer. 
 
 Southern, 
 gracilis, T. & J. (W. y, .' 2^.) very glabrous : leaves pinnate-5-cIeft : divi- 
 sions narrow-linear, entire : stem sub-raraous, erect : flowers terminal, sol- 
 itary, long-peduncled, discoid : bracts half as long as the involucre. 2 f. 
 
 Coreopsis. 
 
 13—2. BiGxNONiA. 40. 45. 
 
 radicans, (trumpet flower. O. r. & y- Ju< ^•) leaves pinnate : leafets ovate, 
 toothed, acuminate : corymb terminal : tube of the corol thrice as long as 
 the calyx : stem rooting. Most beautiful climbing shrub. One variety, 
 Jiammea, has yellow-scarlet |flowers ; another variety, coccwea, has bright 
 scarlet flowers. Cultivated. S. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 crucigera, W. (E. y-r. J. '^.) leaves conjugate, cirrose ; lower ones ternate : 
 leafets heart-ovate, acuminate : racemes axillary : stem muricate. 
 
 capreolata, W. (E. r. March, h.) leaves conjugate, bearing tendrils, the lower 
 ternate : leafets ternate, cordate, acuminate : racemes axillary : stem rough- 
 ened. A vine. Woods. Ruellia. 
 
 (l)nana, Kalm, not W. (2) Coreopsis perfoliata, Wr. (3) ciysanlhe- 
 moides, Mx. 
 
I'^O BLASIA, BOERHAAVIA. 
 
 Bignonia, Catalpa. 
 21—3. Blasia. 57. 3. 
 
 pusilla, Sz. (dry mill-dams.) capsule marked, immersed in the frond, ovate- 
 oblique, terminating in an open tube, permanent : frond orbicular or heaped 
 together in abundance, beautifully green, net-vein'ed, dichotomous or tri- 
 chotomous, bearing capsules on the apex. Sphaerocarpns. 
 
 21 — 1. Blechndm. 55. 5. 
 
 borealis, (Roman fern. Au. 2^.) barren frond pinnatifid ; divisions lanceolate, 
 obtusish, parallel : fertile frond pinnate : leafets linear, acuminate. 
 
 terrulaium, (21.) frond pinnate : leafets lanceolate, tapering to both ends, at 
 the base decurrent, sharp-serrate. 1 do not know that we have a Blechnum 
 in the northern district. Woodwardia. 
 
 18—1. Bletia. (1) 7. 21. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 aphylla, N. (y. r. Au, 2I.) leafless : scape terete, scaly, tapering near the 
 summit; the scales ovate, alternate : lip without a spur. 18 i. 
 
 verecunda,N. (E. Ju. 21-) radical leaves broad-lanceolate, plaited, nerved: 
 acape many-flowered : inner petals converging : lip inflated, with an emar- 
 ginate border, crisped, furrowed. Calypso. 
 
 1—2. Blitum. 12. 2a 
 
 capitatum, (strawberry blite. O. r. J. 0.) heads in a terminal spike, not inter- 
 mixed with leaves : leaves triangular, toothed. 15 i. S. 
 
 virgaiiim, (slender blite. r. J. 0.) lateral heads scattered, top ones leafy: 
 leaves triangular-toothed. 
 
 maritimum, N. (sea blite. L. g. S. 2i?) calyx membranaceous : clusters ax- 
 illary, spiked, naked : leaves lanceolate, tapering to each end, gash-toothed. 
 Salt marshes. 2 — 3 f. Very branching. 
 
 Southern, 
 chenopodioedes, N. (W. ^.) leaves sub-hastate-triangular, sub-dentate, taper- 
 ing to both ends : glomerules axillary, leafy : seeds distinct, puactate, not 
 berried. Dry. Corispermura. 
 
 17—2. Boebera. 49. 55. 
 
 Southern, 
 chrysanthemoides, W. (W. y. Au. 0.) stem panicled : leaves opposite, sub- 
 pinnate, glabris, acute. Trichopbyllum. 
 
 19—4. B(EHMeria. 53. 98, 
 
 eylindrica, \y. {2\ (false nettle. O. g. Ju. 2i) leaves opposite, ovate-oblong, 
 acuminate, toothed, glabrous : flowers sub-dicecious : staminate spikes glom- 
 erate, interrupted ; pistillate spikes cylindric : stem herbaceous. Dam^). 
 18 i. iSf. 
 
 lateriflora, (E. Ju. 2^.) leaves alternate, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, serrate, 
 rough : flowers glomerate, lateral : stem herbaceous. Leaves 3-nerved, and 
 on long petioles. S. Urtica. 
 
 3—1. BOERHAAVIA. 64. 32. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 erecta, (E. w. p. J. 2^.) stem columnar, tricholomous, rough below, smooth 
 
 above : flowers in corymb-panicles. Calymenia, 
 
 (1) Cyrabidiura. (2) Urtica eylindrica, L. 
 
BOLETUS. 137 
 
 21—6. Boletus. 58. 1. 
 1. Pileusjleshyt cushion-like, easily separated from the elongated tubes. 
 
 annulatus, pileus cushioned, campanulate, viscid, becoming yellow-livid, with 
 spots, from brick-coloured streaks becoming red : pores jellow : stipe annu- 
 lated. Among pines, &c. in autumn. 
 
 cortinatus, stiped : pileus yellow, sub-viscid, orange in Ihe centre ; the fleshy 
 part while, firm and ridgy, or crisped: tubes yellow : curtain-like volva 
 Avhite : stipe thick, especially towards the base. 
 
 rufus, pileus dilated, plano-convex, brick-red : pores white : stipe long, torn- 
 wrinkled : scales becoming black. In grassy woods, &c. autumn. This is 
 a variety of the aurantius. 
 
 ecaber, pileus sub-rugose, grey-sooty-yellow : pores becoming pale-white, de- 
 pressed around the attenuated stipe : scales becoming black. In beech 
 woods, &c. the beginning of autumn : at length it becomes dry, hard, and 
 dark-coloured. 
 
 circinans, in groups : pileus viscid, sub-repand, thick, straw-colour or lind- 
 yellow : pores acute, yellow : stipe somewhat slender, shortish yellowish, 
 rough, with dark specks. Among pines, fee. early in autumn. 
 
 sub-iomentosus, middle size : pileus 'cushioned, plano-convex, sub-toraentose, 
 yellowish ash-colour; the fleshy part not very changeable : pores large: 
 btips somewhat slender, reddish in the middle, or yellowish and one-colour- 
 ed. Grows in woods in autumn. 
 
 radicans, pileus cushioned,'yellow-cinereous : margin involute, sub-tomentose : 
 pores citron-yellow : stipe smooth, rooting, tomentose, one-coloured. lu oak 
 woods, &c. autumn, 
 
 reticulatus, pileus cushioned, dilated, dirty-yellow, mostly tessellated and 
 chinked ; fleshy part becoming bluish : pores middle size, becoming yellow : 
 stipe shortish, glabrous, of the same colour of the pileus, red within. Pileus 
 often 5 or 6 inches broad. 
 
 edulis, pileus cushioned, very broad, dark yellowish-purple; the fleshy part 
 not changeable: pores at first filled and whitish, afterwards pale-yellow : 
 stipe tuberous, sub-ventricose, reticulate, reddish-grey. In woods, &c. au- 
 tumn. 
 
 luridus, large : pileus cushioned, dark olive : pores equal, at first red, at 
 lengtli orange : stipe elongated, red, reticulate, sub-bulbous. In July. 
 
 2. Pileus Jieshy, coriaceous, mostly somewhat corky : tubes shortish, connected 
 icith the substance of the pileus. 
 
 (Pileus entire : stipe central," or a little out of the centre, and perpendic- 
 ular.) 
 
 brumalis, pileus convex, sub-umbilicate, of a darkish shade, becoming yellow : 
 margin ciliate : pores oblong, while. Late in autumn, on decaying trunks, 
 &c. 
 
 perennis, coriaceous, tenacious, cinnamon-colour : pileus thin, with zones most- 
 ly connate. On the earth, about decaying trunks, &c. 
 
 (Pileus halved : stipe lateral.) 
 
 frondosus, very branching: pilei many, halved, sooty-grey. About roots of 
 oaks, &c. in autumn. The whole group or mass sometimes a foot broad. 
 
 lundus, pileus very tough, coriaceous, chesnut-colour, shining, with concentric 
 furrows : pores minute, white : stipe variable. On trunks of trees, verv large, 
 becoming tawny. " 
 
 badius, sub-cespitose : pileus glabrous, tough, liver-brown, paler at the margin : 
 
 12* 
 
138 BOLETUS, BOITONIA. 
 
 pores minute, pale : stipe lateral, short, thick, dark cinereous. On hollow 
 logs, &c. in autumn. 
 variuSf sub-solitary : pileus tough, reddish-yellow, halved or entire : stipe sub- 
 lateral, elongated, black from the middle downward. On trunks, 1 to 2 inch- 
 es broad. 
 
 (Pileus halved ; without a stipe.) 
 
 citrinus, imbricate, halved, fleshy, glabrous, citron-yellow. Roots of oaks, &c. 
 in summer and autumn. 
 
 odoraius, halved, odoriferous, sub-deformed : pileus rugose, with zones or pa- 
 rallel bands ; dark shade at the base: margin arched, and cinnamon-colour 
 beneath, opake. On trunks. 
 
 marginatus, simple or sub-imbricate : pileus thick, hard, tuberculate, becoming 
 red or reddish-yellow : margin issuing a white juice : pores pale, or light 
 citron-yellow. Very hard and hairy ; about 4 inches. When recent, acid 
 drops of a liquid issue from the margin. 
 
 igniarius, dilated, smooth, cuticle in ridges: pileus hard, becoming dark at the 
 base, at the margin cinnamon-colour, beneath yellowish-white. Grows on 
 trunks. General form like a horse's hoof. It is called touch-wood. 
 
 betuliniis, sub-stiped, largish : pileus flesh-corky, reniform, dirty reddish-yel- 
 low, white beneath. On roots, &c. 
 
 fomentarius, halved, hard : pileus sub-triquetrous, with obsolete belts, dirty- 
 ash-colour : pores at first white-glaucous, at length sub-ferruginous. Used 
 for tinder. 
 
 -xielutinus, corky, simple : pileus convex, thin, hirsute, white : pores minute, dir- 
 ty-white. About an inch and a half broad, somewhat zoned. On dry trunks, 
 
 &c. 
 
 luiescens, sub-cespitose, corky : pileus depressed, thin, lomentose, pale ; witli 
 hirsute zones becoming yellow. On trunks, &c. with the last, which it re- 
 sembles, but is rather broader. 
 
 versicolor, cespitose, coriaceous : pileus thin, with bluish many-coloured zones : 
 pores white. On dry trunks. Autumn and winter. 
 
 cinnabarinus, in groups, uniformly of a cinnabar or vermilion colour : pileus 
 thickish, ridgy, obsoletely zoned, sub-tomentose. One or two'inches diara- 
 etre. 
 
 3. Open or effuse, vjpside down, (that is, the pores or tubes on the upper side :) 
 pileus mostly obsolete. 
 
 destructor, white: pileus unequal, undulated, rugose: pores roundish-obtuse. 
 
 Grows in buildings, &c. which it tends to destroy. Its substance is fibrous, 
 
 and becomes dry. 
 radula, pale-white, sub-tomentose : pores acute, unequally prominent, rough. 
 
 4. Tubes free among each other. 
 
 hepaticus, fleshy, blood-red, halved : tubes free, becoming yellow. Roots of 
 oaks, &c. in autumn. Sistotreraa. 
 
 17—2. BoLTOMA. 49. 55. 
 
 asteroides, (false aster, w-r. Au. 21.) leaves very entire : flowers long-pedun- 
 cled: seed oval, glabrous, sub-awnless. fi^. 
 
 glastifolia, (false chamomile, w. Ju. If.) lower leaves serrate : flowers short- 
 peduncled : seeds obcordate, apparently winged, pubescent : awns of the 
 egret two, of equal length with themselves. <S'. 
 
 Southern, 
 
 diffusa, E. (E. w. y. S. 71 ?) leaves lance-linear, margin scabrous : panicle dif- 
 fuse, many-flowered : seed obovafe, emarginate, slightly winged : egret two 
 long awns. 2 f. Chrysanthemum. 
 
BOOTIA, BOTRTCHIUM. 139 
 
 il— 13. BooTiA. 35. 92. 
 
 sylvestris,* Bw. (false avens. E. w. J. 21.) hairy or downy : stem erect, fur- 
 rowed : lower leaves pinnate ; leafets sessile, oval, doubly toothed : flowers, 
 in small corymbs, sub-sessile : stipules half-ovate, acuminate. 2 f. 
 
 Potentilla. 
 5—1. BoRAGO. 41. 42, 
 
 Exotic, 
 officinalis, (borage, b. Ju. 0.) leaves alternate : calyx spreading'. 
 africana, (0.) leaves opposite, petioled, ovate : peduncle many-flowered. 
 
 • Anchusa. 
 
 17 — 1. BORKHAUSIA. 49. 53. 
 
 Souther?i, 
 
 caroliniana, N. (E. y. March. 2i ?) leaves lance-oblong, glabrous, rarely tooth-. 
 
 ed, sometimes pinnatifid : stem erect, few-flowered : peduncles long. 2 f. 
 
 Trosimon, 
 12 — 5. BoRRZRA. 57. 2. 
 
 ciliaris, frond greenish ; divisions linear, ramose, attenuated ; ciliate at the 
 apex, white beneath, channelled ; receptacles sub-terminal : disk concave, 
 at length flat, dark sooty -yellow and grey, with a frond-like, crenate and frin<^- 
 ed margin. On trunks and rocks. 
 
 leucomela, frond becoming pale ; divisions erect, linear, many-cleft, attenuate, 
 ciliate, very white beneath, sub-pulverulent, somewhat channelled : disk of 
 the receptacles flat, dark-grey, with a frond-like, ciliate margin. On trunks 
 of trees. 
 
 chrysophihalma, frond yellowish-red, naked both sides, one-coloured; divi- 
 sions linear, flattish, pinnatifid-branched, with little fibres at the apex: re- 
 ceptacles sub-terminal ; disk orange, with frond-like, fibroas-ciliate margins. 
 Common on fences and trees. 
 
 exilis^irond pale-white ; divisions very branching, entangled a little, compress- 
 ed, capillary, attenuated : receptacles scattered : disk flattish, safl'ron-co- 
 lour, with a thin, entire, frond-like margin. On trees, &c. 
 
 tenella, (on bark, or on the ground. Halsey.) frond white : segments narrow, 
 pinnatifid, convex and ciliate at the apex. 
 
 furfuracea, (on bark, (fee. Halsey.) segments of the frond channelled beneath, 
 
 bluish-black. Cetraria. 
 
 20—2. BoRYA. 10. 6. 
 
 Southern, 
 porulosa, Mx. (L.) leaves lance-oblong, obtuse, sessile, coiiaceous, dotted. 
 
 under side ; margins revolute. 
 acuminata, Mx. (E. ) leaves lance-oval, tapering at each end, petioled, mem- 
 branaceous, slightly serrulate. Ceratiola. 
 
 21 1. BOTRYCHIUM. 55. 5. 
 
 fumarioides, W. (1) (grape fern. J. Zf.) scape naked : frond glabrous, radi- 
 cal, 3-parted, 2pinnate 5 leafets lunate, crenate : spikes pinnate. S. 
 
 obliquum, W. (J. Ju.) scape below, 1-fronded : frond sub-biternate : leafets ob- 
 long-lanceolate, serrulate, dilated at the base, unequally heart-ibrm : spikes 
 doubly pinnate. Perhaps only a variety of the last. 
 
 dissectuni, (J.) scape below, 1-fronded ; frond 3-parted,2-pinnatifid; division* 
 linear, 2-parted, at the apex 2-toothed. S. 
 
 * This plant has been incorrectly referred to the genera, Potentilla and Geum, 
 The absurdity has often been shewn ; and we are under obligation to Dr. Bige- 
 low for correctly defining and naming it. Potentilla confertiflora, T. 
 
 (I) Botrypus luaarioides, Mx. Qsmuntja biternata, Lk. 
 
140 BOTKYCHIUM, BRIZA. 
 
 virginicum,W. (1) (O. J. Ju.) liirsute : scape in the middle fronded : frond 
 sub-ternate, 3-paited, 2-pinnatifid ; leafets jjash-pinnatifid ; divisions obtuse, 
 8ub-3-toothed : spikes 2-pinnate, divaricate. Large. (Rattlesnake fern. 
 S. 
 
 gracile, Ph. (J.) glabrous: scape in the middle, froqded : frond 3-parted, 2- 
 pinnatifid ; divisions gash-sub-pinnatifid, acute, sub-Toothed : spikes slender, 
 pinnate, erect. Smaller. Var. of the last ? 
 
 simplex, Hitchcock, (fc^ J.) glabrous: scape below, 1-fronded : frond simple, 
 3-lobed or 3-cleft : segments unequal : spike sub-compound, interrupted, 
 unilateral: capsules sessile. Capsules the size of mustard seed. Grows in 
 dry hillv pastures, about three or 4 inches high. Vid. Amer. Jour. Sci. vol. 
 6, p. 103. Psilotura. 
 
 21—6. BovisTA. 58. 1. 
 
 Ttigrescens, large, becoming of a dark shade, plicate beneath. Form either 
 globose or round-oblong, an inch or two in diameter. In shady woods. 
 
 Lycoperdon. 
 
 3—2. Brachyelytrum. 4. 10. 
 
 crectum, P. (false dropseed. A. Ju. 7X-) pubescent: culm strong, simple : pa- 
 nicle with few branches. Taken from the Muhlenbergia. The specific name, 
 aristatum, has been substituted by some. jS. Beckmanuia. 
 
 17—2. Brachtris. 49. 55, 
 
 S outlier n. 
 carothrae, Ph. (W. y. ZTO^tems numerous, angled, scabrous, naked below, co- 
 rymbed above : branches few-flowered at the top : leaves linear, close-press- 
 ed, obsoletely 3-nerved, scabrous both sides. Taken from Solidago. The 
 specific name, euthamiae, is substituted by some. 7 i. 
 
 Donia. 
 
 Bracht/siemum, Pycnakthemum. 
 
 Brasenia, Hydropeltis. 
 
 14—2. Brassica. 39. 63. 
 
 Exotic. 
 
 ortintalis, (perfoliate cabbage. (;^.) leaves heart-form, clasping, glabrous ; ra- 
 dical ones entire : silique 4-sided. 
 
 napus, (kale or cole. ^..) root caulescent, fusiform: leaves smooth ; npper 
 ones heart-lanceolate, clasping ; lower ones lyrate-toothed. (Rape.) ISut- 
 tall supposes this species grows native in ledges of rocks near Arkansas. 
 
 rapa, (turnip. (^.) root caulescent, orbicular, depressed, fleshy : radical leaves 
 rough; cauline ones very entire, smooth. Ya.r. ruta-baga, has a turbinate, 
 sub -fusiform root. 
 
 oleracea, (common cabbage, including all the varieties caused by culture. (^.) 
 root caulescent, terete, fleshy : leaves smooth, glaucous, repand-lobate. 
 
 Stanleya. 
 
 3—2. Briza. 4. 10. 
 
 media, (quaking grass, rattle-snake grass ? E. J. 21-) panicle erect: spikeleO 
 heart-ovate, about 7-flowered : calyx smaller than the flowers. 1 f. Pro- 
 bably introduced. Bw. 
 
 (1) Osmunda virginica, L. Botrypus virginicua, Mx. 
 
BRIZA^ BRTUM. 141 
 
 Exotic, 
 
 maxima, (rattle-snake grass ? 0.) spikes cordate, with 17 florets in each : ca^? 
 
 lyx chesnut-brown. Poa. 
 
 6—1. BRODIiEA. 9. 17. 
 
 Southern, 
 grandijlora, S. ( W. Ap. 2X0 umbels many-flowered : flowers pedicelled : sta- 
 mens alternate, with membranaceous margins. Called Missouri hyacinth. 
 
 Crinum. 
 
 3—2. Bromus. 4. 10. 
 
 tecalinus,W. (chess. O.J. 0.) panicle nodding: spikelets ovate, compressed : 
 
 glumes naked, distinct : awns shorter, subulate, straitish-zigzag. Probably 
 
 from Europe ; common in rye and wheat-fields. Florets about 10 in each 
 
 epikelet : leaves somewhat hairy. S. 
 ciliatus, W. (1) (Zf-) panicle nodding : spikelets oblong, compressed, 6 to 8- 
 
 flowered : florets awned at the margin, ciliate-villose : sheaths and both sides 
 
 of the leaves sub-pilose : culm bearded at the joints. <S^. 
 pubesceris, M. (broom grass. J. 2i.) culm hairy below : joints brown : stipules 
 
 very short : panicle at length nodding, pubescent : calyx less than corol, 8 
 
 to 12-flowered : corol pubescent, one valve awned beneath the apex. Var. 
 
 ciliaiziSf has a ciliate valve in each corol ; 8 to lO-flowered. Var. canadensis, 
 
 has one very hairy, 7-nerved valve to each corol, and a short bristle. 
 purgans, W. (Au. 2X.) panicle nodding : spikelets lanceolate, terete : florets 
 
 awned, pilose ; awns erect : leaves glabrous both sides, their sheaths pilose. 
 
 S. 
 mollis, S. (Ju.) panicle erect, compact : peduncles ramose : spikelets ovate : 
 
 florets imbricate, depressed, nerved, pubescent : bristle straight, nearly as 
 
 long as the corol : leaves with soft hairs. 
 
 Southern, 
 attissimus, Ph. (W. J. 2X0 panicle nodding, spikelets oblonsr, about 6-flower- 
 ed : florets pubescent ; outer valve 3 nerved, with a short awn : leaves and 
 sheaths glabrous : culm glabrous, very tall. 7 f. 
 
 Arrhenatherum. 
 
 20—4. Broussonetia. 53. 93. 
 
 Exotic. 
 
 papyri/era, (paper mulberry. M. Tp.) leaves sub-cordate, lobed or undivided ; 
 
 roots sending ofl" suckers. 20 f. Dn. Nyssa. 
 
 Bruchmannia, p. 19, should be Beckmannia. 
 
 8—3. Brunnichia. 12. 28. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 cirrhosa, (A. 2X0 climbing : leaves cordate, acute, glabrous, entire : panicles 
 
 terminal : bracts ovate, mucronate. Cardiosperraum, 
 
 21—2. Bryum. 56. 4. 
 
 1. Staminate flowers peduncled, leafless. 
 
 androgynum, leaves lanceolate, acute, imbricate-spreading : capsules erect, ob=>. 
 long : lid conic. In damp wooda. 
 
 ( 1 ) canadensis, Mx. 
 
i42 BRYUM, BUNIAS. 
 
 2. Staminate fencers sessile, terminal, bud-form : capsules peduncled. 
 
 .carneum, stem simple : leaves lanceolate, acute, entire, reticulate, remotish : 
 capsule pendulous, ovate. In damp shades. 
 
 argenteum, stem ramose at the base, cespitose : Ica^s ovate, concave, mucro- 
 
 nate, imbricate, glaucous-silvery : capsule ovaie-oblong, pendulous. On 
 walls, houses and sandy soils. 
 
 coespiticium, stem ramose at the base : leaves lance-ovate, acuminate, imbri- 
 cate : capsule oblong, pendulous : lid convex. On walls, bouses, &c. 
 
 3. Staminate flowers sessile, terminal, with a disk-Wee tuft of leaves. 
 
 roseum, stem erect: leaves crowded together, stellate, oblong, entire, acute : j' 
 capsule oblong : lid conic. In woods and bushes. 
 
 cuspidatum, leaves lance-ovate, serrate : capsule ovate, pendulous : lid conic, 
 obtuse. In moist shades. 
 
 ciliare, Greville, (Canada.) stem elongated : leaves obovate, acutish, finely 
 reticulate-margined, serrate-ciliate ; serratures jointed : capsule oblong, pen- 
 dulous, pale : lid a conical hemisphere : apex minute. 
 
 jmnctatum, stem erect, sub-simple : leaves obovate, entire, punctate-reticulate : 
 capsule ovate : lid subulate, incurved. In damp shady lawns, &c. 
 
 4. Flowers perfect ; germs nodding. 
 
 nutans, stem sub-simple : leaves lanceolate, acute, keeled : capsule obovate, 
 nodding ; lid convex, short-mucronate. In dry barren situations. 
 
 Arrhenopterum. 
 
 13—2. EucEOTRA. 40. 34. 
 
 americana, W. (blue-hearts. O. b. Au. ITO stem simple : leaves lanceolate, 
 sub-dentate, rough, 3-nerved : flowers remote, spiked. In the herbarium 
 this plant becomes black. 1 f. S. Antirrhinum. 
 
 5—1. BuMELiA. (1) 4a. 48. 
 
 Southern, 
 lycioides, Ph. (E. g-w. M. ^.) spinous, erect : leaves broad-lanceolate, smooth 
 
 both sides. Fruit a drupe. Wood hard and heavy. 
 reclinata. Ph. (E. J. ^..) spiny, spreading : sterile branches spreading : leaves 
 
 small, obovate, very smooth. 
 lanuginosa, (g-y. J. ^.) spiny: branches expanding, hairy : leaves lance-oval, 
 
 woolly under side. 10 f. 
 tenax, (g-y. J. \>-) spiny : leaves lance-wedge-form, mostly obtuse, silk-downy 
 
 beneath. 2.5 f. 
 oblongifolia, N. (W. Tp.) spiny: leaves oblong-ovate, obtuse, narrowed at the 
 
 base, hairy beneath : flowers conglomerate, sub-sessile, numerous : segments 
 
 of the nectar}' 3-cleft. 18 f. > Lisianthus. 
 
 14—1. BuN-iAS. (1) 39. 63. 
 
 jaariiima, W. (sea-rocket. L. p. Ju. 0.) var. americana, T. leaves wedge-ob- 
 long, obtuse, sinuate-toothed : joints of the silicle 1-seeded ; upper ones ovate, 
 acute. Plant fleshy, corymbed. 
 
 adentaia, Bw. (L. Ju. 0.) leaves obovate, sinuate: silicle with 2 smooth, 
 one-seeded, toothless, joints. Plant fleshy, in terminal spikes or racemes. 
 
 Thlaspi. 
 
 (1) Sideroxjlon.Mx. (2) Cakile. 
 
BUPHTHAIMUM, CACAXIA, l4S 
 
 17—2. BOPHTHALMUM. 49. 55. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 frutescens, (ox-eye, y. J. ^.) leaves opposite, wedge-lanceolate, fleshy, whit- 
 ish : petioles 2 toothed : stem shrubby. 2 f. 
 
 angmtifoliitm, Ph. (E. 2(. ) leaves alternate, linear, broader near the summit, 
 entire, glabrous : involucre of acute, lanceolate, leafets. 
 
 sagittatum. Ph. (VV. y. J. 2^.) toraentose : radical leaves long-petioled, ob- 
 long, sagittate, entire, somewhat 3-nerved ; cauline ones oblong, tapering 
 into the petiole : stem about 3-flowered : outer leafets of the calyx longer 
 than the disk. Helianlhus. 
 
 Burmannia, Tripterella. 
 
 21—2. BiraBAUMiA. 56. 4. 
 
 aphytia, (leafless moss.) capsule long-peduncled : leaves none. In barren- 
 places. Funaria. 
 
 19—4. Buxus. 38. 96. 
 
 [Generic character is here given, it having been omitted after Morus, p. 68.] 
 
 Staminate flowers — calyx 3-leaved : petals 2 : germ a mere rudiment. Pis- 
 tillate flowers — calyx 4-leaved : petals 3 : styles 3 : capsules 3-beaked, 3- 
 celled: seeds 2. 38—96. (box.) 
 
 Exotic, 
 sempervirens, (box. Tp.) leaves ovate, petioled, somewhat hairy at the margin : 
 anthers ovate, arrow-form. Var. angustifolia, leaves lanceolate. Var. suf- 
 fruticosa, leaves obovate, stem hardly woody. Pachysandra, 
 
 C. 
 
 Cabomba^ Nectris. 
 17 — 1. C AC ALIA. 49. 55. 
 
 suaveolens., W . (E,. w. Au. Zf-) stem herbaceous : leaves petiolate, hastato* 
 sagittate, serrate, glabrous, green on both sides : flowers corymbed, erect : 
 calyx many-flowered. 3 — 4f. S. 
 
 atnplicifolia, W. (orach caraway. O. w. Au. 2X.) stem herbaceous : leaves 
 
 fietioled, glabrous, glaucous beneath ; radical ones cordate, toothed ; can- 
 ine ones rhomboid, sub-2-toothed both sides : flowers corymbed, erect : ca- 
 lyx 5-flowered. Flowers small. S. 
 renifonnis., \V. (E. w. An. 2X.) stem herbaceous : leaves petioled, glabrous 
 beneath, pilose at the veins ; radical ones heart-kidney-form, repand-tooth- 
 ed ; cauline ones toothed, at the base wedge-form, entire : corymbs level- 
 lopped : calyx many -flowered. 5 — 10 f. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 ovata, Wr. (E. w. S — Oc.) stem herbaceous : leaves ovate, obtuse ; obtusely 
 toothed, nerved, slightly glaucous beneath ; the lower ones petioled : invo- 
 lucre 5-leaved, 5-flowered. 3 — 4 f. 
 
 lanceolata, N. (E. y-w.) stem herbaceous : leaves narrow lanceolate, acute at 
 each end, remotely toothed, nerved, slightly glaucous beneath : involucre 5- 
 leaved, 5-flowered. 4 — G f. 
 
 tuberosa, N. (W.) root tuberous : stem herbaceous : leaves petioled, ovate, ob- 
 tuse, 5-nerved, entire : flowers corymbed, sub-fastigiate : calyx naked, 5- 
 flowered, 5-leaved : leafets carinate. Flowers nearly wiiite. 4 — 6 f. 
 
 Sparganophorus. 
 
144 CACTUS, CAXICIUM. 
 
 11—1. Cactus. 13. 85. 
 
 opuntia, L. (prickly pear. E. y. J. 2i.) proliferous : articulations compressed, 
 ovate : bristle^ fascicular. The plaut appears like a series of thick succu- 
 lent leaves, one growing from the top of another. S. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 'civipaniSj'Ph. (W. r. Ju. 21.) roundish, manifold or cespitose : tubercles cy- 
 lindric, bearded, grooved and proliferous above the furrows. 
 
 mamillaris, L. (VV.) tubercles ovate, terete, bearded: flowers scarcely assert- 
 ed : berries scarlet, about equal with the tubercles. 
 
 ferox, N. (W. y. & r. Ju.) proliferous: articulations large, nearly circular, 
 spiny : spines double ; larger ones radiate, persistent : fruit dry, spiny. 
 
 fragilis, N. (W.) proliferous: articulations short, oblong, somewhat terete, 
 fragile : spines double : flowers solitary, small : fruit dry, spiny. 
 
 cyliyidricus, (W. p. ^.) very branching; terminal branches consisting of long 
 cylindrical articulations : surface reticulated with decussate furrows. 
 
 Prunua. 
 
 Cakile, BuNlAS. 
 
 19—12. Caladium. 2. 7. 
 
 glaucum, E. (E. J. cT.) stemless : leaves glaucous, hastate-cordate, acuminate; 
 lobes oblong, obtuse : spathe cucullate, the summit oval lanceolate, white, 
 longer than the spadix. 12 — 15 i. ^S'. Calla. 
 
 3 — 2. Calamagrostis. 4. 10. 
 
 coarctaia., T. (1) (E. Ju. 2X.) panicle somewhat spiked, conglomerate: calyx 
 a little longer than the corol, carinate : corol longer than the egret, awned 
 a little below the tip. 3 — 5 f. ^S'. Psamma. 
 
 13—1. Calamintha. 42. 39. 
 
 Souiheni. 
 
 nepeta, W. (r-w. J. 21-) pubescent, very branching : leaves ovate, obtuse, 
 
 sub-serrate : whorls peduncled, dichotomous-cor}-mbed, longer than the 
 
 leaves : down or wool of the calyx prominent. 
 
 grandijiora, Ph. (E. r. Ju.) suffruticose : leaves ovate, obtuse, crenate, smooth : 
 
 whorls many -flowered, on short peduncles, shorter than the leaves. 12 — 18 i. 
 
 Ceranthera. 
 
 17 — 4. Calendula. 49. 55. 
 
 Exotic, 
 officinalis i (pot marygold. y. =g£.) seed keeled, muricate, incurved. 
 
 Cbaptalia. 
 
 21—5. Calicium. 59. 2. 
 
 1. Apothecium sessile. 
 
 tigillare, the frond appears first in small yellow spots, upon which the black 
 apothecia are seated ; the intervals between these aftei'wards fill up, and 
 the whole crust becomes continuous. Common on fences and old posts. 
 
 turbinaium, puffs turbinate, black, rather polished : d isk dark, opake, punc- 
 ticulate, within a thick contracted margin. On trunks of trees, &c. 
 
 stigonelltim, (fungus lichen.) crust sub-contiguous, unequal, becoming white, 
 or none : receptacles (puffs) sessile, sub-globose, black, glabrous : disk 
 puncliculate, at length flattisb, opake : margin thin, shining. In bark. 
 
 (1) cinnoides, B.— canadensis, N, — Arundo stricta, SI. glaaca, M. 
 
CALICIUM, CALTUA. 145 
 
 2. Apothecium stipitale. 
 
 <iaviculare, Ach. Syn, Apothecia sub-globose : pedicels cylindric, thick. 
 Old fences and post:-. 
 
 rachelinum, yai: quercinum. Id. Crust ashj or none : apothecia turbinate : pe- 
 dicels filiform, short. Old fences and posts. Ciyrophora. 
 
 19—12. Calla. 2. 7. 
 
 palustris, W. (water arum. O. w. J. 24".) leaves sub-roundish, heart-form, 
 acute : spathe ovate, cuspidate, spreading when mature. Grows in wet 
 places. ^ Euphorbia. 
 
 4 — 1. Callicarpa. 46. 72. 
 
 Southern, 
 nmericana, W. (E. x. J.) leaves serrate, tomentose underneath. 3 — 4 f. 
 
 Centaurelia. 
 
 12—4. Calligokum. 12. 23. 
 
 [Generic character is here given, it having been omitted after Paeonia, p. 47. j 
 
 Calyx 5 parted, inferior: corol none : styles 4 : nut 1-celled, 4-winged. Of- 
 ten dioecious. Stamens 12 — 16. 12. 28. 
 
 Southern, 
 carbescens, Ph. t^'^'- Jn- ^0 dioecious, pulvemlent-tomentose : leaves lance- 
 olate : flowers in axillary glomerftles, spiked towards the ends of the branch- 
 es: fruit winged; veins of the wings crowned with teeth. Hydrastis. 
 
 Callirhoe, Nuttallia. 
 
 1—2. Callitriche. 12. OS. 
 
 verna, var. intermedia, W. (1) (water chickweed, or starwort. O. w. M. 0.) 
 upper leaves spatulate-obovate; lower ones linear, obtuse and emarginate : 
 flowers polygamous: margin of the capsule obtuse. <S'. 
 
 autumnalis, L. (E. Au. S. 0.) leaves all linear, 1-nerved, truncate or emar- 
 ginate : capsule with an acute margin : flowers all perfect. 
 
 ierrestris, R. (2) (O. Ju. 0.) procumbent, diii'use : leaves oblong, uniform, 
 rather obtuse : capsule grooved on the margin. Blitum. 
 
 6 — 3. Calochortus. 10. 17. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 degans, Ph. (W. w. & p. 2X-) scape nearly 3-flowered, shorter than the single 
 
 leaf; petals woolly within. Nolina. 
 
 Calopogon, Cymbldium. 
 
 12—13. Caltha. 2G. 61. 
 
 palustris, W. (O. y. Ap. 2X-) stem erect: leaves cordate, sub-orbicular, acute- 
 
 crenate. 12 — 18 i. 
 tntegerrijna,Fh. (E. y. M. 2X-) 'stem erect, corymbed : leaves entire, with a 
 
 closed sinus, orbicular-heart-form: floral leaves sessile, kidney -form, at the 
 
 base obsoletely-crenate : petals obovate. 
 partuissifolia, R. (3) (fig cowslip. E. y. J. 2i.) stem erect, 1-flowered, 1-leaf- 
 
 (I) heterophylla, Ph. (2) brevifolia. Ph. (3) ficaroides, Ph. 
 
 13 
 
146 CALTHA, CAMPANULA. 
 
 ed : radical leaves heart-ovate, very obtuse, few-toothed, many-nerved : pc 
 tals elliptic. S. 
 Jlabellifolia, Ph. (tooth-leaf cowslip. E. y. J. 2X.) stem procumbent : leaves 
 spread-reniform ; lobes very spreading-, acute and sharp-toothed all around : 
 peduncles axillary, solitary, 1-flowered: petals obovaj^: capsule hcok-beak- 
 ed. Probably the dentata of Muhl. 
 
 Southern, 
 sacrittata, Be. (W. w.) scape I -flowered : leaves ovate, obtuse, entire, beart- 
 saf ittate at the base, with inflexed auricles above : divisions of the nectary 
 9 Tpisiils 13 to 15. Helleboros. 
 
 11 — 13. Calycanthus. 35. 92. 
 
 laevigatus,'W. (E. p. ^.) segments of the calyx lanceolate : leaves oblong or 
 oval, gradually acuminate, somewhat rugose, smooth and green on both sides : 
 branches straight, erect. 4 — 6 f. 
 
 Souihefn. 
 
 Jloridus, W. (Carolina allspice. E. p. M. '^.) divisions of the calyx lanceolate : 
 leaves broad-oval, acute, tomentose beneath : branches spreading. Culti- 
 vated. 3—7 f. 
 
 inodarus, E. (E. Ap. \>.) segments of the calyx linear-lanceolate, pubescent: 
 leaves lanceolate, scabrous and shining on the upper, smooth on the lower, 
 surface ; branches spreading. 4 — 6 f. 
 
 glaucus, W. (E.J. ^.) segments of the calyx lanceolate : leaves lanceolate, 
 long-acuminate, glaucous beneath : branches spreading. 6 — 8 f. 
 
 • Tiiia. 
 
 3—1. Calymekia. (1) 54. 32. 
 [The species of this genus are given under Allicnia, excepting the following.] 
 decumbem, N. (^Missouri, r. J.) stem round, decumbent: leaves entire, narrow, 
 sessile : peduncles axillar}*. 
 
 21 — 2. CALY3IPERES. 56. 4. 
 
 kobsoni, Greville, stem elongated : leaves linear, serrate, somewhat acute, 
 with a distinct incrassated line below the margin, somewhat spreading, crisp- 
 ed when dry: calyplra smooth: capsule ovate-oblong. 1 i. 
 
 Barbula. 
 
 Ill— 1. Calypso. 7. 21. 
 
 americana, Br. (W. p.) lip narrowed, sub-unguiculate at the base: spur half 
 2-cleft, exceeding the lamina ; divisions acute : peduncle longer than the 
 germ. 
 
 borealis, Ph. (E. p-r. J. If.) radicalleaf single, round-ovate, nerved: scape 
 
 i-flowered, sheathed. S. Epidendrum. 
 
 Calystegia, Co>-volvulus. 
 
 14—1. Camelina. 39. 63. 
 
 saliva, P. (wild flax, mad-wort, y J. 0.) silicle obovate, pyriform, mar- 
 gined, tipped with the pointed style: leaves sub-entire, lanceolate, sagittate. 
 18 i. Subularia. 
 
 5—1. Campanula. 29. 52. 
 
 rotundifolia, W. (flax bell-flower, hair-bell. O. b. J. Zf.) glabrous: radical 
 leaves heart-reniform, crenate ; cauline ones linear, entire : panicle lax, few- 
 flowered: flowers nodding. S. 
 
 (1) Allionia, Ms. 
 
CAMPANULA, CANTUA. 147 
 
 amplexicaulis, Mx. (1) (claspin<? bell-flower. O. b. J. 0.) stem simple, erect » 
 leaves heart-form, crenate, clasping: flowers axillary, sessile, glomerate 
 12—18 i. S. 
 
 amencana, W. (E. b. Au .2^.) leaves ovate-lanceolate, long-acuminate; low- 
 er ones sub-cordate, with tlie petioles ciliate : flowers axiilai-y, nearly sessile, 
 in a terminal leafy raceme : corol sub-rotate : style exsert. Cultivated. 2 f . 
 
 acuminata, Mx. (O. b. Ju. 2i.) smoothish, erect; leaves ovate -lanceolate, end- 
 ing in a long acuminate point, sub-serrate : spike fascicular, many-flowered : 
 corol somewhat wheel-form. 2 — 5 f. *S'. 
 
 erinoides, M. (2) (prickly bell-flower. O. w-b. J. 0.) slender: stem simple, 
 angular : angles and the margin and nerve of the leaves with reversed prick- 
 les : leaves linear-lanceolate, glabrous on the upper side : peduncles few ; 
 those on the top of the stem fles.uose ; axillary ones I-flowered, filiform. 12 u 
 
 niiidatW. (E? b. Ju. 2X.) very glabrous: radical leaves obJon^-spatulate, 
 coriaceous, cartilaginous-crenate : cauline ones lance-oblong, sub-entire : 
 flowers raceraed : corol bell-wheel-form. 7 i. 
 
 tmijiora, L. (VV.) pubescent: radical leaves round-obovate ; cauline ones 
 lance-linear, somewhat toothed : stem about l-flowered. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 divaricata, Mx. (E. b. Au. 2X0 '^^^^s lanceolate, acute, with large serratures, 
 
 glabrous : panicle expanding : flowers nodding. 2 f. Lobelia. 
 
 4 — 1. Caiuphorosma. 12. 29. 
 
 Southern, 
 glabra, P. (L.Ti-) leaves somewhat 3-sided, glabrous, unarmed. 
 
 Hamamelis. 
 
 21—2. Caivipylopus. 56. 4. 
 
 pulvinatus, stem ramose, fastigiate : leaves lanceolate, bearing hairs : capsule 
 oval, nodding : lid subulate. On walls, stones, &c. 
 
 Racoraitrum. 
 
 1—1. Canna. 8. 20. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 flaccida, Roscoe. (3) (E. y. J. 21') interior limb of the corol 3-cIeft ; seg- 
 ments flaccid. 2 — 3 f. 
 
 angustifolia, W. (E. r. Au. 2X-) leaves petioled, lanceolate, ribbed : interior 
 limb of the corol 3-cleft; divisions straight, emarginate. Thalia. 
 
 20—5. Cannabis. 53. 98. 
 
 Exotic, 
 saliva, W. (hemp. g. Au. 0.) stem pilose : leaves petioled, digitate : leafets 
 lanceolate, serrate, pilose : staminate flowers solitary, axillary ; pistillate 
 ones spiked. 4—10 f. Spinacea. 
 
 5—1. Cantua. 29. 44. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 coronopifolia, W. (O. r. & y. Ju. ,^?) leaves pinnatifid : flowers terminal, 
 peduncled, in loose racemes • corol thrice as long as the calyx. 2 — 3 f. 
 
 aggregata. Ph. (W. r. J. (j^.) pubescent: leaves slenderly pinnatifid : flow- 
 ers terminal and lateral, somewhat in heads, sub-sessile : divisions of thecO" 
 rol narrow, oblong, gradually acute : style included, very short. 
 
 (1) perfoliata, L. (2) aparanoides, Ph. flexuosa ? Mx. (3) angustifolia, 
 Wr. 
 
148 CANTUA, CARDAMINE. 
 
 parvi^ora, Ph. (W? b. J, 0.) pubescent, difl'use : leaves pinnatifid ; dirr" 
 sions long-linear : peduncles solitary, 1-flowered, terminal and opposite to 
 the leaves : corol a little longer than the calyx. 
 
 longiflora, T. & J. (W.) very glabrous : leaves slenderly pinnatifid : flowers 
 terminal, lax-corymb-panicled, peduncled : tube of the corol very long, tu- 
 bular ; divisions orbicular, slenderly acuminate : style exsert. 
 
 pungens, T. & J. (W.) leaves irritable, digitate, sub-fascicled ; divisions sub- 
 ulate, pungent : divisions of the corol obovate, obtuse. 
 
 Phjsalis. 
 
 13—2. Capraria. 40. 45. 
 
 Southern. 
 muUifida, Mx. (W. g-w. Ju. 0.) erect, viscid-hairy: tipper leaves 3 in a 
 
 whorl, many-cleft : pedicels solitary. 
 hiflora,^!. (E. 2X.) leaves alternate, ovate, serrate : flowers in pairs. 
 pusilla,T. it J. (W. w. 0.) hairy : leaves opposite, cordate, repand-toothed> 
 
 petioled : peduncles axillary, longer than the petioles. Seymeria. 
 
 Caprifoliunif Lonicera. 
 
 Capsella, Thlaspi. 
 
 5—1. Capsicum. 23. 41. 
 
 Exotic, 
 annuum, (guinea pepper, red pepper, cayenne pepper, y-g. w. Au. 0.) steni 
 herbaceous : peduncles solitary. From South America. 10 — 18 i. 
 
 Androcera. 
 
 14—2. Cardamine. 39. 63. 
 
 bellidifolia, L. (VY. 2X.) leaves simple, round-ovate, entire : petioles verjr 
 long: flower-bearing stem of the length of the leaves. 
 
 rotwidifolia, Mx. (1) (A. w. Ju. 210 leaves sub-orbicular, nearly entire, 
 smooth, petiolate : stem simple, weak procumbent. S. 
 
 articulata. Ph. (W. Ti-) steni naked : leaves radical, lanceolate, gash-tooth- 
 ed, glabrous : siliques thick, somewhat jointed. 
 
 <erp, Ms. (E. w. J, 2i-) small, erect, ramose : leaves all sub-Iyrate-pinnati- 
 fid : silique short, terete, acuminate. 
 
 pensylvanica, W. (American water-cress. O. w. M. Zf.) glabrous, branch- 
 ing : leaves pinnate : leafets roundish-oblong, obtuse, tooth-angled : silique 
 narrow, erect. S. 
 
 pratensis, W. (O. r-p. M. If-) simple, glabrous, erect : leaves pinnate ; radi- 
 cal leafets roundish, toothed; cauline ones lanceolate, sub-entire : racemes 
 sub-corymbed. 
 
 virginica, W. (w. M. It-) glabrous, erect: leaves pinnate; leafets lance- 
 olate, gub-auricled : silique long, straight, erect. 5 — 8 i. S. 
 
 hirsuta, (E. M. 0.) leaves pinnate, hairy ; leafets of the radical ones round- 
 ish, petiolate ; those of the upper ones oblong, sub-sessile : petals oblong ; 
 biliques erect. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 spathu[aia,Mx. (E. w. Ap. 0?) small: stems decumbent: root leaves spa- 
 tulate, pubescent ; cauline ones narrow, cuneate, entire, toothed : pods 
 loosely divaricate. 6 — 12 i. 
 
 uHifiora, Mx. (VV.) stemless, small : leaves obtusely Ijrate-pinnatifid : pe- 
 duncles radical, 1-flowered, 
 
 (l)Arabis rbomboidea, P, ? 
 
CAUDAMIXE, CAEEX. 149 
 
 multifida. Ph. (E. 71.) hairy, branching : leaves inlerrupledly pinnate ; leaf- 
 ets 2-pinualifid, with roundish gashed divisions : siliques short. 
 
 Arabia. 
 
 8 — 3. Cardiospermum. 23. 65. 
 
 Southern, 
 halicacabum, W. (O. Au. 0.) glabrous: leafets incised and lobed ; the ter- 
 minal one rhomboidal. Sapindus. 
 
 17—1. Carduus. 49. 54. 
 
 pectinatus, W. (E. p. c^.) unarmed: leaves dccurrent, lanceolate, pectinate- 
 \y pinnatifid : peduncles almost leafless, terminal, very long, about 1-flower- 
 ed : flowers nodding, often discharging the pollen : scales of the calyx linear- 
 spreading. 
 
 19—3. Carex. 3. 9. 
 
 Remarks. The Monograph of North American species of Carex by 
 Schweinitz, edited by Torrey, is a work of very great merit ; such as was to be 
 expected from these gentlemen. But Prof. Dewey has made the Carex a sub- 
 ject of study for eleven years ; and appears to me to have brought this very 
 diflicult genus down to the capacities of those learners for whom this Manual 
 was compiled. I shall therefore adopt his Caricography, as published in the 
 7tb, 8th, 9th, 10th, 11th, 12th and 14th vols, of Silliman's Journal, with a few 
 trivial alterations. 
 
 I. Stigmas two. 
 
 A. Spike dioecious. 
 
 tcoiinskioldiana* Hor. (mountain sedge. A. J. 2^.) spike single, simple : leaves, 
 flat: fruit-bearing spike sometimes with 3 stigmas, oblong, acute, cylindric, 
 densely imbricate : fruit ovate and sub-ovate, short beaked, hairy, equal- 
 ling the ovate acute scale. White Mt. Oakes. 5 i. Probably the dioica. S. 
 
 B. Spikes dioecious and androgynous. 
 
 exUis, Dewey, (E. M. 21-) spike single, slender: leaves 3-sided, bristly: fruit- 
 bearing spikes staminate below, somewhat dense-flowered, simple : fruit, 
 lance-ovate, convex both sides, diveiging, serrulate or scabrous at the mar- 
 gin ; scale a little longer than the fruit, ovate, acute. 16 i. Wet. Var. 
 sq}iamacea, has the spike andi-ogynous and longer, and numerous staminate 
 flowers. 
 
 sterilis, W. (barren sedge. 0. M. 2X-) spikelets in fives, sessile, approximate : 
 fruit ovate, acuminate or somewhat beaked, 2-cleft, 3-sided-compressed, 
 scabrous at the margin ; equalling the ovate acutish scale. 8 i. Wet. S. 
 
 bromoides, Sh. (O. M. 2X-) spikelets many, alternate, oblong, erect, the up- 
 permost staminate below, the others pistillate, androgynous above and below, 
 and staminate in the middle, or the middle ones staminate below : fruit 
 erect, lanceolate, acuminate, scabrous, nerved, bifid, half as long as the 
 lance-ovate scale. 14 i. W^et. S. 
 
 C. Spikes androgynous. 
 
 1. Stamens at the summit of the spikelets. 
 
 cephalophoratW. (E. M. y.) spikelets ovate, densely aggregated, somewhat- 
 
 * For aynonyras, see Silliman's Journal, and. the Annals of N. Y. Lyceum. 
 
 13* 
 
150 CABEX. 
 
 in fires, bracted : fruit ovate, acuminate, compressed, bifid, margin scabrous, 
 nearly equalling the small scabrous-cuspidate scales. 20 i. Woods. S. 
 rosea, Sh. (O. 31. 21- s pikelets somewhat in fours, alternate, remotish, sessile, 
 lower one with a long setaceous bract : fruit lance-oblong, convex above, 
 margin scabrous, 2-toothed, diverging, about twice as long as the ovate ob- 
 tuse scale. 12 i. 3Ioist. Var. radiata, has its spikelets distant, about 3- 
 flowered, with little setaceous bracts, and very narrovf leaves. 6 i. S. 
 
 retrajlexa, M. (O. M. 7X-) spikelets about iu fours, alternate, ovate, sub-ap- 
 proximate, sessile, bracted : fruit ovate, acutish, 2-toothed, margin glabrous 
 or scabrous, reflex-spreading, about equal to the ovate acute scale. 1 f. 
 Woods. S. 
 
 muhlenbergii, Sh. (E. 2i) spikelets alternate, somewhat in fives, obtuse, ap- 
 proximate, staminate above : fruit ovate, compressed, nerved, 2-cleft, mar- 
 gin scabrous, sub-divergent, a little shorter than the ovate scale. 15 i. 
 Mountain woods. S. 
 
 stipata, M. (O. M. 2i-) spike decompound ; spikelets numerous, oblong, ag- 
 gregated, bracted : fruit lance-ovate, terete at the base, plano-convex, .sca- 
 brous at the margin, nerved, bifid, diverging, about twice as long as the 
 lance-ovate scale. 2 f. Wet. jS. 
 
 multijlora, M. (E. M. 2X-) spikes alternate, approximate, bracted, sessile ; 
 spikelets oblong-ovate, obtuse, bracted, conglomerate : fruit ovate, acumi- 
 nate, compressed, densely imbricate, bifid, 3-nerved, diverging, a little 
 smaller than the ovate-cuspidate scale. 20 i. Moist. Var. microsperma, 
 has the fruit but litde compressed or acuminate, and very small. *S'. 
 
 sparganoides, M. (E. M. 2i-) spikelets somewhat in eights, ovate, somewhat 
 distant, bracted : fruit ovate, compressed, scabrous at the margin, diverging, 
 acuminate, 2-toolhed, twice as large as the ovate mucronate scale. 20 i. S, 
 
 disperma, Dewey. (O. 31. 2X) spikelets somewhat in threes, sub-approximate, 
 erect, lower one bracted : fruit ovate, obtuse, nei-ved, plano-convex, gla- 
 brous, twice as long as the ovate acut<=, sub-mucronate scale. 10 i. Wet 
 woods and mountains, near Williams college. 
 
 setacea, Dewey. (E. J. 2i-) spikes sessile, alternate, approximate, bracted; 
 spikelets ovate, obtuse, conglomerated, bracted : fruit lance-ovate, acumi- 
 nate, compressed, bifid, somewhcit diverging, about equal to the lance-ovate 
 awhed scale. 2 f. High wet ground. 
 
 panicnlata, (0.31. li-) s-i)ikelets sometimes dioecious, fuscous, ovate, condens- 
 ed into a panicle: fruit lance-ovate, acuminate, gibbous, nerved, 2-toothed, 
 ciliate-serrate at the margin, glabrous at the base, a little shorter than the 
 ovate, acute, acuminate scale. 2f. Damp. 
 
 tereliuscuta, Gn. (E. 2X-) spike twice or thiice compound, dense, somewhat 
 pointed ; spikelets clustered : fmit spreading, gibbous : stem roundish. 
 {Sometimes dioecious or polygamous. Wet. 
 
 muricata, (E. 31. 2+.) spikes compound; spikelets somewhat in sixes, ovate, 
 sessile, approximate ; often the lower ones are remotish,: fruit ovate or ob- 
 long-ovate, acuminate, plano-convex, diverging, bifid, scabrous at the mar- 
 gin, twice as long as an ovate scale, or equal to a lance-ovate one. 1 f. 
 Woods, fences, &c. Var. cephaloidea, Dewey, has spikelets aggregated, 
 somewhat in fives, closel}- sessile : fruit ovate, twice as long as the scale. 
 
 2. Stamens at the base of the spikelets. 
 
 bicolor, Al. (E. 2X0 Spikes in threes, ovate, sub-sessile, erect : fruit obovate, ob- 
 tuse, sub-compressed : scales ovate, obtuse. 6 i. Labrador. 
 
 ioliacen, (E. 2X.) spikelets in threes, rather distant, minute, few-flowered, 
 sessile: fruit oval or ovate, obtuse, sub-compressed, spreading, nerved, en- 
 tire at the orifice, about twice as long as the acute, ovate scale. S. 
 
 deweyi, Sr. (E. J. 2X-) spikelets somewhat in threes, sessile, ovate, alternate, 
 somewhat distant, the upper one without bracts : fruit lance-oblong, beaked, 
 acuminate, 2-forked, plano-convex, sub-scabrous at the margin, a little long- 
 
CAREX. 15J 
 
 er than ihe lance-oblong, hjaline, short-awned, scale. 3 f. Slender and 
 often procumbent. Rocky woods. 
 
 trisperma, Dewey. (E«J. Zf.) spikelels in threes, alternate, remote, sessile, 
 ovate ; upper one without bracts : fruit oblong, acute or beaked, plano- 
 convex, entire at the orifice, many-nerved, sub-scabrous at the apex, some- 
 what spreadin.^, longer than the oblong-, acute, hyaline, scale. 20 i. Wet. 
 
 scoporia, Sh. (E. M. 21-) spikelets alternate, ovate, sessile, in fives ; lower 
 one with caducous bracts : capsule lanceolate, nerved, glabrous, erect 
 longer than the lanceolate acuminate scale. 20 i. Wet. Spikelets tawney. jS*. 
 
 lagopodioides, Sh. (E. M. Zf. ) spikelets crowded, numerous, scales smallish : 
 Capsules oval-oblong, flattish-convex, acuminate, spreading, membrane- 
 margined ; orifice 2-toothed. 2 f. Wet. S. 
 
 straminea, W. (E. M. 2X-) spike compound ; spikelets somewhat in sixes, 
 ovate, oblong, alternate, sessile, sub-approximate : fruit broad-ovate, round- 
 ish, compressed, winged, ciliate-serrate, beaked, nerved, 2-toothed, a little 
 longer than the lance-ovate scale. 18 i. Moist. Var. brevior, Dewey, 
 fruit short-ovate and beaked, scarcely longer than the scale. Var. minor ^ 
 Dewey, spikelets obovate, and fruit with serrulate wings, small. 
 
 foejia, M. (Pennsylvania. 2X-) spike compound ; spikelets ovate, aggregated 
 above : fruit ovate, acuminate, scabrous margined, 2-toothed, about equal 
 to the lance-oblong scale. 2 f. Wet. 8. 
 
 cristaia, Sz. (J, 2X0 spikelets sessile, 6 to 14, closely aggregated, globose, 
 bracted : fruit oblong-ovate, compressed, diverging, winged, beaked, acu- 
 minate, bifid, concavo-convex, ciliate-serrate at the margin, longer than the 
 lance-oblong scale. 2 f. Moist. 
 
 siellulata, Sr. (E. M. 2X0 spikelets about in fours, ovatish, somewhat remote, 
 sessile : fruit ovate, acuminate, compressed, sub-bifid, scabrous at the mar- 
 gin, diverging and reflexed, a little longer than the ovate cbtusish scale 
 10 i. Wet. 
 
 scirpoides, Sh. (E, M. 2X0 spikelets in fours, sessile, ovate, obtuse, lower one 
 bracted : fruit ovate, cordate, compressed, beaked, scabrous at the margin, 
 longer tiian the ovate, acute scale. 10 i. Wet. Often very small. S. 
 
 curta, (Jn. (O. M. 2X0 spikelets in fives, sub-approximate : scales sub-equal : 
 fruit round-ovate, acutish, somewhat convex and obtuse-angled ; orifice 2- 
 toothed. 20 i. Wet woods. Probably includes the caiiesceiis . 
 
 festucacea, Sh. (E. M. 2X0 spikelets sessile, alternate, ovate, approximate, 5 
 to 8-bracted : capsules roundish-ovate, beaked, winged, striate, 2-toothed 
 ciliate-serrate at the maigin, larger than the lance-ovate, mucronate scale 
 2f. Moist. S. 
 
 tenera, Dewey. (E. M.'2X0 spikes about in fives, obovate, remotish, alternate, 
 sessile, slender below ; the lowest bracted : fruit ovate, compressed, beaked 
 subulate, nerved, ciliate-serrate, larger than the lance-oblong scale. 2 f. 
 Moist. 
 
 3. Stainens at the apex of the highest and loivesi spikelets — the middle spike- 
 lets xvholly staminate. 
 
 siccata, Dewey. (J. 2X0 spikes compound; terminal spikelels obtuse; lower 
 ones mostly in fours, ovate, acutish : fruit lance-ovate, acuminate, compress- 
 ed, scabrous at the margin, bifid, nerved, about equal to the lance-ovate 
 scale. 15 i. Sand. 
 
 D. Stamens and stigmas on separate spikes, 
 
 1. Staminate spikes single, 
 
 novae angliae, Sz. (A. J. 2X0 staminate spike short, slender, arising from the 
 same base with the upper fruit-bearing one ; pistillate spikes 2 or 3, some- 
 what remote, sessile, ovate, alternate, few-flowered, bracted : fruit some- 
 
15^ CAEEX. 
 
 what 3-sided-oval, sub-ventricose, ribbed, beaked, minutely pubescent, a 
 little longer than the ovate, mucronate scale. 7 i. On Saddle Mt. 3000 
 feet high. 
 
 aurea, N. (E. M. 2X0 staminate spike short, peduncled, without bracts ; pis- 
 tillate spikes in threes, oblong, lax-flowered, sub-peduncled ; spikelets ex- 
 eertly peduncled, sub-approximate, bracted : fruft obovate or pear-form, 
 obtuse, nerved, sub-ventricose, entire at the orifice, longer than the ovate, 
 acute or short-mucronate scale. 6 i. Wet. This is- Schvveinitz's pijri- 
 formis. Dewey. 
 
 saxatilis, (A. Vermont. 2i-) spikes oblong, erect ; scales obtuse; pistillate 
 spikes about in threes, alternate, upper ones ovate, sessile, lower ones sub- 
 oblong, short-peduncled, bracted : fruit ovate-obtuse or oblong-oval, sub- 
 compressed, orifice entire, sub-pubescent, about equalling the ovate obtuse 
 scale. This includes the bigeloidi and compacia. 
 
 2. Staminate spikes two or more, 
 
 acuta, (E. M. 2X-) staminate spikes numerous or one oblong erect — upper one 
 peduncled, and the rest sessile and short; pistillate spikes somewhat in 
 threes, oblong, cylindric, often recurved, sessile, the lower one peduncled, 
 often staminate at the apex, lax- or dense-flowered : fruit oval, compressed, 
 acutish, glabrous with the aperture entire and protruded, a little shorter 
 than the lance-oblong scale. 2 f. Var. eruta, Dewey, pistillate spikes two, 
 erect, sessile, straight, short-cylindric. Var. sparsijiora, Dewey, pistillate 
 spikes oblong, sub-sessile, lax, flowers scattered. S. 
 
 cespitosa, (O. M. 2i-) staminate spikes sometimes solitary, erect, oblong; low- 
 er ones sessile ; pistillate spikes in threes, oblong-cylindric, somewhat dense- 
 flowered, sessile, often staminate at the apex : fruit oval and obovate, con- 
 vex both sides, obtuse, glabrous, with the orifice entire and protruded, a 
 little longer than the oblong obtuse scale. 18 i. Var. I'amosa, one, two, or 
 three spikes branch off from the lower spike. S. 
 
 aquatilis, Wh.(M.2X.) staminate spikes numerous, or one, erect ; pistillate spikes 
 short-peduncled, cylindric, about in threes, thick-clavate above, dense-flow- 
 ered, sub-erect, sometimes staminate at the apex : fruit oval and sub-lens- 
 forra, glabrous, with the aperture entire and protruded, about equal to the 
 ovate acutish scale. 2 f. Wet. 
 
 stricta, Gn.(E. M. 21-) staminate spikes somewhat in pairs, erect, oblong, about 
 3-sided ; pistillate spikes about in threes, cylindric, erect, often staminate at 
 the apex, acutish above, the lower one short-peduncled : fruit ovate, com- 
 pressed, acutish, glabrous, with a protruded entire orifice, a little longer than 
 the oblong acute scale. 15 i. Wet. Resembles acuta. 
 
 crinita, Lk. (O. M. 21.) staminate spikes two (sometimes one) lax, often with 
 scattered fruit ; ])istillate spikes rarely with three stigmas, somewhat in 
 threes, oblong-cylindric, peduncled, nodding, tapering below, often stami- 
 nate above : fruit ovate, sub-inflated, somewhat 3-sided, shortly beaked, 
 glabrous, with the orifice entire, about one third as long as the oblong linear, 
 scabrous-awned scale. Var. paleacea, pistillate spikes mostly in fours, fla- 
 gelliform, recurved ; scales cuspidate. Var. gynandra, pistillate spikea 
 pendulous ; fruit about half as long as the scale. ^. 
 
 II. Stigmas three. 
 
 E. Spikes androgynoiis. 
 
 1. Staviens at the summit. 
 
 (Spike single.) 
 
 polytrichoides, M. (O. M. Zf.) spike terminal, oblong : fruit somewhat in fives, 
 oblong, alternate, somewhat 3-sided, glabrous, emarginate, twice as long as 
 the ovate obtuse (rarely mucronate) scale. 10 i. Wet. 
 
CAKEX. 153 
 
 leucofflochin, Eh. (E.J. 2|.) spike about 4-flowered ; staminale flower mostly 
 solitary : fruit lanceolate, 3-.«ided-terete, much reflexed, hardly twice as 
 long as the lance-oblong scale. 6 i. Wet. 
 
 fraseri, Sims. (A. 2^.) spike cylindric : fruit globe-ovate-triangular, entire at 
 the orilice, striate, longer than the oblong scale. 1 f. 
 (Spikes several.) 
 
 ovata, Rudge. (Canada.) spikes in fours and fives, ovate, dvise-flowered, pe- 
 duncled, pendulous, bracted : fruit ovate, compressed, acuminate, bifid, equal 
 to the ovate acute scale. 
 
 (One radical peduncle, or more, single-spiked.) 
 
 tiildenoicii, Sh. (J. 21.) stems 1 to 3 from the same root : one spike staminif- 
 erous above, ovate at the base : fruit 3 to 6, globe-ovate, beaked, sub-inflat- 
 ed, somewhat 3-sided : scales ovate, acute, inferior filiform, very long, 
 much longer than the spike — sometimes the stamiuiferous spike is distinct. 
 10 i. Dry woods. S. 
 
 pedimculata, M. (O. Ap. 2^.) spikes about in fives, 3-cornered, distant, long- 
 peduncled : fruit obovate, 3-sided, recurved at the apex, commonly gla- 
 brous, a little longer than the oblong or obovate, mucronate scale. 6 i. 
 Woods. 
 
 2. Staviens at the base of the spikes. 
 
 squarrosa, (E. 7X-) spikes one, two, or three, oblong-cylindric : fruit imbricate, 
 ovate with a long beak, 2-toothed, spreading horizontally, glabrous and sub- 
 squarrose, longer than the lanceolate scale. Var. typliiiioides, (Dewey) 
 spike long-cylindric, tapering above, mostly in pairs, often approximate. S. 
 
 atrata, (A. 21.) spikes somewhat in fours, oblong-ovate, somewhat nodding, 
 terminal one androgynous, staminate below ; upper ones crowded, sessile ; 
 lower ones somewhat distant, peduncled, round-oval, compressed, glabrous, 
 short-beaked, with a 2-lipped aperture, a little shorter thaa the oblong, acut- 
 ish, black scale. 1 f. S. 
 
 F. Terminal spike androgynous^ pistillate at the summit : the others tcholly 
 
 pistillate. 
 
 virescensy M. (E. M. 2^.) spikes in threes, oblong, erect, alternate ; upper 
 one peduncled, beneath staminiferous ; the rest bearing fruit, sub-sessile, 
 bracted : fruit ovate, obtuse, ribbed, pubescent, nearly equal or exceeding 
 the ovate, pubescent, mucronate scale. 20 i. Wet — upland. Var. costata., 
 bas its fruit strongly ribbed, and its outer sheaths purplish-brown — leaves 
 more numerous and largpr. 
 
 hirsiita, W. (E. M. 2i-) spikes in threes, oblong, alternate, erect ; upper one 
 short-peduncled and staminiferous below ; the rest sub-sessile, leaf^-bract- 
 ed ; all approximate, dense-flowered : fruit 3-sided-ovate, nerved, obtuse, 
 entire at the aperture, about equal to the ovate, acuminate, glabrous scales, 
 Var. pedunculata, T. has oblong-cylindric, peduncled spikes, and slightly 
 pubescent leaves. S. 
 
 buxbaumii, Wh. (J. 21-) spikes distinct, or hydrogynous, about in fours ; upper 
 spike staminiferous, often androgynous, peduncled, clavale, fruit-bearing 
 above : the rest fruit-bearing, oblong, somewhat remote, sessile, bracted, 
 sometimes with but 2 stigmas : fruit oblong-ovate and obovate, obtuse, 
 eomewhat 3-sided, nerved, glabrous at the sub-entire orifice, equalling the 
 oblong, mucronate scale. 18 i. Wet. (S. 
 
 tdridtda, Mx. (1) (Hudson's bay. 2X.) spikes about in threes, oval, sessile, ap- 
 proximate ; terminal one androgynous, staminiferous below ; lower ones ax- 
 illary : fruit ovate, 3-sided, glabrous, acuminate, about equalling the ovate 
 acuminate scale. 1 f. Damp. 
 
 formma, Dewey, (E.M. 21.) spikes oblong, thick, one-sided, in fours, distant, 
 exsertly peduncled, nodding; upper one staminate below : fruit oblong, 3- 
 
 (1) triceps, E. 
 
i54 CAREX. 
 
 sided, sub-inflated, acutish at both ends, with a sub-entire or 2-lobed orifice, 
 twice as large as the ovate, acute scale. Yellowish green. 15 i. Wet. 
 
 gracillima, Sz. (1) (E. M. 21.) spikes long, slender, distant, lax-flowered, in 
 fours, exsertly peduncled; upper one staminate below ; all bracted : fruit 
 oblong, 3-sided, obtuse, with an oblique somewhat 2-lobed orifice, larger 
 than the oblong, obtuse, short-awned scale. 20 i.* Moist. 
 
 torreyana, Dewey not Sz. (2) (M. 2i) fructiferous spikes somewhat in threes, 
 oblong, with scattered flowers, remote, exsertly peduncled, sub-pendulous : 
 fruit oblong, somewhat tapering at the base and 3-sidc'd-inflaled, nerved, 
 acutish, short-beaked, with a 2-lobed orifice, about equal to the oblong, sca- 
 brous-awned scale. 18 i. 
 
 fuliginosa, Sh. (A. Z(.) spikes oblong, somewhat in fours; terminal one an- 
 drogynous, staminate below; lower ones exsertly peduncled, noddin"-: fruit 
 oblong, mucronate, bifid at the apex, longer than the oblong scale. 
 
 G, Staminate spike single. 
 
 1. Pistillate spikes sessile, or uith enclosed peduncles. 
 
 pubescens, M. (E. M. 2X.) spikes distinct; staminate spike 3-sided, sub-ses- 
 sile ; pistillate spikes in threes, oblong, sub-lax-flowered, erect, bracted, 
 lower one peduncled : fruit ovate-3-sided, beaked, with a sub-entire orifice, 
 pubescent, a little larger than the ovate-oblong, mucronate, keeled scale : 
 leaves and culm pubescent. 18 i. Moist. 
 
 vestita, W. (E. M. Zf.) staminate spike is sometimes accompanied with a 
 smaller one, cylindric-oblong, upper one elongated, peduncled ; pistillate 
 spikes in pairs, ovate-oblong, sessile, sub-approximate, bracted, sometimes 
 staminate above : fruit ovate, oblong, somewhat 3-sided, nerved, short beak- 
 ed, bifid, pubescent, a little longer than the ovate-oblong, acutish, sub-mu- 
 ci'onate scale. 2 f. Wet. S. 
 
 varia, M. (O. A p. If.) staminate spike erect, short or long; pistillate spikes 
 in threes, ovate, sessile, sub-approximate, few-flowered : fruit oval-inflated 
 or globe-3-sided, acuminate-beaked, bifid, rough-pubescent, about equal to 
 the ovate, acuminate scales. 10 i. Dry woods. Var. ^e(/iceZ/a^a, (Dewey,) 
 has the pistillate spikes short-peduncled, erect, and the lower bract leafy. 
 Numerous variations in height, &c. are common to this plant. S. 
 
 marginata,M.{E. Ap. 2X-) staminate spike erect, peduncled, somewhat 3-sided; 
 pistillate spikes in pairs, ovate, sub-sessile, sub-approximate, few-flowered : 
 iruit globe-ovate, short-beaked, somewhat 2-toothed, tomentose, about equal- 
 ling the ovate-acuminate, or oblong-mucronate, scales. 15 i. Dry woods. S. 
 
 /lava, (E. M. 2X-) spikes distinct; staminate spike somewhat 3-sided, from the 
 same base with pistillate, uud shurt-pedunclcd ; pistillate spikes in threes, 
 ovate-oblong, approximate, peduncles inclosed : Iruit ovate, densely imbri- 
 cate, 2-toothed, ribbed, reflexed with a curved beak, larger than the lance- 
 ovate scale. 18 i. Wet upland. 
 
 oedere, Eh. (M. If-) spikes distinct, or androgynous, or both ; staminate spike 
 erect ; pistillate spikes about in fours, aggregated, sub-sessile, bracted, 
 somewhat oblong; upper androgynous spike staminate above or below, or 
 both: fruit sub-ovate-inflated, nerved, 2-toothed, with a subulate straitish 
 beak, a little longer than the ovale scale. 8 i. Wet. 
 
 ientaculata, M. (O. M. 2i.) spikes distinct ; staminate spike sub-sessile, bract- 
 ed ; pistillate spikes in pairs or in thr-^es, oblong, cylindrical, bracted ; up- 
 per one sessile, the rest with short inclosed peduncles : fruit ovate, inflated, 
 long-beaked, 2-toothed, nerved, glabrous, diverging, closely compressed, 
 twice as long as the small, ovate, rough-mucronate scale. 18 i. Wet, often 
 forming bogs. S. 
 
 collinsii, N. (A. M. 21-) spikes distinct ; staminate spike erect ; pistillate spikes 
 somewhat in threes, sessile or with inclosed peduncles, distant, few-flowered : 
 fruit subulate or somewhat inflated-lanceolate, long, beaked, reflex-spread- 
 
 (1) digitalis, T. & Sz. (2) davisii, T. 
 
CAREX. 15^ 
 
 Ino-, glabrous with an entire orifice, more than thrice as long as the lanceolate 
 scale. 1 f. This is Dewey's michatixii, which he yields lo Nuttall, and adopts 
 his name. It is the suhulata of Mx. not of Muhlenberg'. (S^. 
 
 folliculata, (O. M. 2X) spikes distinct ; staminate spike oblong-, peduncled ; 
 pistillate spikes somewhat in pairs, approximate, few- flowered, erect, sub-pe- 
 duncled ; the lower one sometimes remotely and exsertly peduncled : fruit 
 conic-ovate, acuminate, beaked, 2-toothed, large, very glabrous, nerved, in- 
 flated, diverging, thrice as long as the ovate-cuspidate scale. 20 i. Wet. ^S. 
 
 mauthophysa, Wh. (E. M. 2X.) spikes distinct ; pistillate spikes thick, about ia 
 threes, distant, lax-flowered, ovate, peduncled, inclosed orexsert, leaf-bracted ; 
 fruit oblong, inflated, large, beaked, diverging, 2-forked at the orifice, longer 
 than the lance-ovate, sub-awned scale. 2 to 5 f. Elevated wet ground. 
 Var. nana, (Dewey.) has pistillate spikes in pairs, sub-approximate, and the 
 fruit twice as long as the scale. 1 f. Var. minor, is like the last, but is still 
 smaller, and has the pistillate spikes aggregated. 
 
 ([?ip?f/j«a, M. (O. M. 2i-) staminate spike erect, slender, sub-sessile; pistillate 
 spikes in threes and fours, ovate-oblong, very thick, oroblong-cylindric, short- 
 peduncled, erect, dense-flowered, approximate ; lower one exsertly pedun- 
 cled and sometimes distant: fruit ovate-conic, inflated, long and conicallj 
 beaked, bicuspidate, nerved, glabrous, about thrice as long as the lance- 
 ovate, acuminate scale. 3 f. Wet. Var. polystachia, T. has the pistillate 
 spikes in fives, long-cylindric ; lower one remote and long-peduncled. S. 
 
 davisii, Dewey. (M. 2i.) spikes distinct ; staminate spike sessile, short; pis- 
 lilate spikes in pairs or in threes, approximating the staminate, ovate, sessile, 
 few-flowered ; often a radical one long peduncled : fruit globe-3-sided, ta- 
 pering at the base, beaked, pubescent, with an oblique aperture, about 
 equalling the ovate scale : culm decumbent. 8 i. Dry hills and woods. 
 
 nigro-marginata, Sz. (M. 2X) spikes distinct; staminate spike sessile; pis- 
 tillate spikes in pairs, ovate, sessile, closely approximating the staminate ; 
 culms (or peduncles) radical, long, somewhat in threes, arising from the same 
 root : fruit ovate, somewhat 3-sided, conic-beaked, 2-toothed, pubescent, 
 equalling the ovale acutish scale. 6 i. Hills. Scales dark brown, with 
 green keels. 
 
 collecta, Dewey. (A. M. 21-) staminate spike erect, lax-imbricate, slender, 
 sub-peduncled : pistillate spikes somewhat in threes, ovate, few-flowered, 
 bracted ; lower one short-peduncled : fruit ovate, beaked, somewhat 2-tooth- 
 ed and pubescent, a little longer than the ovate, acute scale. 15 i. In small 
 bogs in mountain swamps. 
 
 2. Pistillate spikes exsertly peduncled, 
 
 plantaginea, Lk. (O. Ap. 2X) staminate spike erect, peduncled; pistillate 
 spikes somewhat in fours, oblong, with flowers some%vhat scattered, erect, re- 
 mote, exsertly peduncled : fruit oblong, oval-3-sided, sub-cuneiform, taper- 
 ing at both end^, curved back at the apex, entire at the orifice, longer than 
 the ovate-cuspidate scale : leaves very broad, ensifor«>, 18 i. Stem 3-sid- 
 ed ; sheathes reddish-brown towards the base : leavesjradical, green through 
 the winter. Often mistaken for the next species. S.-:.. , 
 anceps, Sh. (O. M. 21-) spikes distinct; staminate spikes^oblong, short-pednn- 
 cled ; pistillate spikes somewhat in threes, sub-filiform, erect, alternate, with 
 scattered flowers : peduncle 2-edged ; upper spike sessile, and the rest some- 
 what remotely and exsertly peduncled : fruit oval-inflated, elongated at the 
 base, tapering at the apex, alternate, somewhat 3-sided, glabrous, striate, 
 curved back at the membranaceous or entire orifice, a little longer than the 
 oblong, mucronate or ovate, acute, scale. 1 f. Stem acutely triangular and 
 often 2-edged above. Woods. S. 
 alba, Haenke. (21.) staminate spike peduncled ; pistillate ones in pairvs, about 
 5-tiowered : bracts sheathing, membranaceous, hyaline : fruit globe-obovate, 
 striate, beaked, obliquely truncate. 10 i. Var. setifulia, (Dewey.) hag 
 bristle-form, slender, somewhat stiffly-erect leaves, till near maturity. Rocky 
 soil. Pownal Vt. and Goat Island at Niagara Falls. 
 
156 CAREXk 
 
 oligocarpa, Sb. (E. M. 21- ) spikes distinct; staniinate spike without bracts ; pis- 
 tillate spikes in threes, somewhat 5-llowered, oblong, distant, peduncles long 
 and lax: fruit ovate-3-sided, alternate, glabrous, nerved, curved back and 
 short-beaked at the apex, entire at the orifice, a little longer than the ovate 
 scale. 1 f. Woods and hills. Var. van-vleckii, Sz. has the spikes longer, 
 peduncles shorter, fruit more remote and smaller, %ith scales half as long. 
 oo7ioidea, Sh. (1) (E. M. 2X.) spikes distinct; staminate spike oblong, pedun- 
 cled ; pistillate spikes in pairs or in threes, oblong, remote, erect, sub-dense- 
 flowered, bracted ; upper one sub-sessile : fruit oblong, obtusish, glabrous, 
 nerved, somewhat diverging with an entire oritice, a little longer than the ovate 
 subulate scale. Dewey says, this is the granularoides of Sz. 1 f. Moist. S. 
 granularis, M. (M. 2X-) staminate spike erect, sub-peduncled ; pistillate spikes 
 somewhat in threes, cylindric, dense-flowered; upper oaes sub-sessile, often 
 approximate ; lower ones exsertly peduncled : fruit round-ovate, recurved at 
 the apex and short-beaked, entire, nerved, hardly twice as long as the ovate, 
 acuminate scale. I f. Wet upland. S. 
 scabrata,Sz. (E. M. 2X') spikes distinct; staminate spike 3-sided, peduncled; 
 pistillate spikes somewhat in fives and remote, exsertly peduncled, cylindric, 
 alternate, sub-erect, furnished with long leafy bracts: fruit oblong-ovate, 
 beaked, sub-ventricose and bifid, scabrous, longer than the scale ; scale 
 lance-ovate, acuminate, sub-cihate at the margin, and scabrous at the apex. 
 18 i. Wet. 
 blanda, Dewey. (2) (M. 2X-) spikes distinct ; staminate spike erect, peduncled, 
 3-sided ; pistillate spikes somewhat in threes, oblong, cylindric, with flowers 
 scattered, alternate, bracted ; upper one sub-sessile ; lower one with a long 
 2-edoed peduncle : fruit oval or obovate, somewhat 3-sided, nerved, recurv- 
 ed and entire at the apex, scarcely longer than the ovate, scabrou3-mucronate 
 scale. 1 f. Dry woods. 
 lavijlora, Lk. (E. M. 2i0 spikes distinct ; staminate spikes oblong, slender, rare- 
 ly bracted; pistillate spikes in threes, lax-flowered, remote, erect; upper 
 one with a short and inclosed peduncle ; lower one exsertly peduncled : fruit 
 ovate or oblong-ovate, sub-obtuse, glabrous, ventricose, nerved, somewhat 3- 
 sided with an entire orifice, a little longer than the ovate-mucronate and sca- 
 brous scale. 15 i. Damp woods and meadows. S. 
 ustulata, Wh. (A. 2X) staminate spike oblong, recurved; pistillate spikes in 
 pairs, oval, nodding : fruit ovate, beaked, acuminate, flattish both sides, black, 
 2-toolhed at the orifice, about twice as long as the ovate scale. Labrador. 
 Jiexuosa, Sh. (E. M. 2X-) spikes distinct; staminate spike filiform; pistillate 
 spikes'in fours, filiform, flexuose, nodding; flowers scattered ; peduncles long : 
 fruit lance-oblong, somewhat 3-sided, alternate, glabrous, beaked, bifid, hard- 
 ly twice as long as the lance-ovate scale. 18 i. Moist woods and mea- 
 dows, o. 
 sylvatica, Hd. (M. 21. ) spikes distinct ; staminate spike slender, short-peduncled ; 
 pistillate spikes somewhat in fours, filiform, with scattered flowers, remote, 
 noddin«-, long-peduncled : fruit ovate, 3-sided, glabrous, sub-ventricose, 
 somewhat long-beaked, bifid, scarcely exceeding the ovate, mucronate, mem- 
 branaceous scale. 15 i. Moist woods and meadows. 
 disitalis, M. (E. iVftiQ^) spikes distinct ; pistillate sipkes in threes, alternate, lax- 
 flowered, with lor^ fililbrm, nodding peduncles: fruit oval-3-5ided, obtuse, 
 nerved, glabrous, longer than the ovate, acute scale. 6 i. Wet. S. 
 castanea, Wh. (doubtful as an American,) spikes staminate and pistillate, dis- 
 tinct; pistillate spikes thickish, short, sub-dense-flowered; peduncles long- 
 exsert, recurved, bracted, lax-sheathed, leafy, distant : scales short : fruit ob- 
 lono-, slender, divergent, with a 1-lobed orifice : leaves hirsute. 
 xraslwigtonia,* Dewey. (3) (A. J. li-) spikes distinct; staminate spike erect ; 
 
 » Prof. Dewey will excuse me for shortening some of his personal and geo- 
 o-raphical names by substituting genitives. In tliis case, I believe, the adjective 
 may be properly made Washingtonius, &c. 
 
 (1) granularoides, Sz. (2) conoidea, M. (3) nigra, Sz. 
 
CiUEX. 157 
 
 pislillale spikes oblong, cylindric, sub-sessile, sub-remote, erect ; flowers 
 somewhat scattered : fruit oval, acute at both ends, compressed, siiort-beak- 
 ed, glabrous, with one entire orifice, about ecjiialling the oblong-ovate, acut- 
 ish scale. 1 f. Damp. Found on the White Mts. j\. H. mear the summit 
 of Mt. Washington, by Prof. Barratt. 
 
 halseyi, Dewey. (E. IVi.'2I) staminate spike remote from the pistillate, accom- 
 panied with one or two smaller, arising near its base; pistillate spike solita- 
 ry, (rarely another with stamens at its top, interposed between it and 
 the staminate one) oblong, cylindric, erect, sub-Iax-lloweied : fruit oval- 
 ovale, short-beaked, somewhat 3-sided, inflated, nerved, glabrous, oblique at 
 the oiifice, a little longer than the ovate, acutish scale. 13 i. Wet up- 
 land. 
 
 tetaiiica, Sh. (E. M. 21.) staminate .opike peduncled; pistillate spikes in 
 pairs or in threes, remote ; lower one long-peduncled : fruit obovatc, recurv- 
 ed at the apex, entire at the orifice, longer than the ovate, obtuse scale. 10 i. 
 Moist meadows. Dewey says, some mistake must have been made about 
 this species ; but it must remain as it is for farther examination. *s'. 
 
 3. Pisliliate spikes pedunchd and scarcely sheathed. 
 
 jniliacea, M. (E. M. 2(0 spikes distinct ; staminate spike elongated, slender ; 
 pistillate spikes in threes, elongated, cylindric, somewhat slender ; ujiper 
 one sub-sessile, the rest peduncled, all bracted, and nodding: fruit ovate-3- 
 sided, glabrous, somewhat beaked, sub-bifid or entire at the orifice, longer 
 than the oblong, emarginate orobcordate, scabrous-awned scale. Wet. ♦S'. 
 
 umbeilata^Sh, (O. M. 2X') spikes distiiict ; staminate spike short, with a long- 
 peduncle ; pistillate spikes somewhat in fours, one often sub-sessile and near 
 the staminate, the rest sub-radical, exsertly peduncled, all ovate and sub-uin- 
 belled : fruit ovate, acute at both ends, beaked, shortly 2-toothed, pubescent, 
 equalling the lance-ovate scale. 1 to 4 i. In small tufts on dry hills. Var. 
 vicina, (Dewey.) has one sessile, ovate, pistillate spike at the base of the s'a- 
 miuate, with two or three radical peduncles, each bearing a pistillate spike, 
 as in the common one. 
 
 miliaria, Mx. (A. 21- ) spikes distinct ; staminate spike pallid, long-peduncled ; 
 pistillate spike sessile, oval, fuscous : bracts setaceous, short : fruit sub-spher- 
 ical, smooth. Canada marshes. 
 
 pallescetis, (2X-) spikes peduncled, sub-cylindric, nodding : bracts somewhat 
 clasping, leafy and distant : fruit oval, very obtuse, terete. Cairn erect. If. 
 Staminate spike lanceolate, pistillate ones in threes. 
 
 okesii, Dewey. (A. J. 2;.) spikes distinct ; staminate spike short-bracted, ob- 
 long, slender; pistillate spikes somewhat in pairs, ovate, distant, bracted; 
 lower one sub-peduncled : fruit ovate, somewhat 3-sided, sub-inliated, nerv- 
 ed, short-beaked, glabrcus, entire at the orifice, a little longer than the lance- 
 ovate scale. 1 f. 
 
 hyslericina, W. (O. M. 21.) spikes distinct ; staminate spik-e 3-sided, bract- 
 ed, peduncled; pistillate spikes somewhat in threes, alternate, somewha.t 
 distant, oblong, cylindric, bracted, nodding; upper one with an iiiolosed 
 peduncle, the rest exsertly peduncled, and'the lower one long-peduncled ; 
 fruit ovate, glabrous, inflated, somewhat 3-s:dtd, beaked, nerved, with a ii- 
 clett orifice, twice as long as the oblong, emarginate, scabrous-mucronatii 
 scale. 20 i. Plant yellowish-green, spikes becoming brown. Wet. Often 
 mistaken for the teiUacuLata. S. 
 
 limosa, (J. 21.) spikes distinct; staminate spike without bracts; pistillate 
 spikes somewhat in pairs, ovate or oblong, somewhat long-peduncled ; flow- 
 ers somewhat scattered, pendulous, remotish : fruit oval, compressed, vej v 
 short-beaked, entire at the orifice, about equalling the ovate-cuspidate aull 
 lance-ovate or oblong scale. 1 f. Bracts with very short brownish sheaths. 
 Var. irriguaf has sub-cylindric spikes, and long-acuminate, dark red pistil- 
 late scales. Var. vari^oruj has sub-linear spikes, loose-flowered, with sub- 
 
 14 
 
158 CAREX. 
 
 circinal pistillate scales. Var. livida, has shorter peduncles, few-flowered/ 
 oblong-pistillate scale about equal to the fruit, and obtusish, with sub-ovate- 
 oblong fruit, and sub-incurved leaves. Var. oblonga, (Dewey. )'has spikes 
 somewhat long-cjlindric. Alpine. This species is the lenticularis of Mx. 
 Dewey. 
 
 pseudo-cyperus, (O. M. 2i.) staminate and pistillate smkes distinct ; staminate 
 spike peduncled; pistillate spikes peduncled, cylindric, thick, pendulous : 
 bracts somewhat clasping, long-leafy, sub-approximate: scales setaceous: 
 fruit oblong, acuminate-beaked, reflexed, 3-sided, nerved, bicuspidate. 3 f. 
 In clusters. Wet. <S. 
 
 hitchcockii, Dewey. (A. M. 21-) spikes distinct; staminate spike erect, pe- 
 duncled ; pistillate spikes somewhat in threes, erect ; flowers few and scat- 
 tered ; lower spike remote : fruit somewhat 3-sided-oval, inflated, alternate 
 both sides, recurved at the apex, striate, with a short truncate beak and aper- 
 ture, about equalling the oblong or ovate-mucronate scale. 20 i. Mountain 
 woods. 
 
 venia, (E. M. 2X.) staminate spike erect ; pistillate spikes in pairs, ovate-ob- 
 long, approximating, sub-peduncled : fruit oval, somewhat 3-sided, acute, 
 pubescent, a little shorter than the oblong-ovate, sub-mucronate scale. 6 i, 
 liocky hills. 
 
 H. Stami7iate spikes two or more, 
 
 irichocarpa, M. (E. M. 21- ) staminate spikes somewhat in threes, erect; 
 lower ones sessile, rarely androgynous; pistillate spikes in threes, erect, 
 long-cylindric, slender, sub-rernote, sub-lax-flowered, exsertly peduncled, 
 excepting that the lowest is nearly inclosed : fruit lance-ovatc, sub-conic, in- 
 llated, nerved, beaked, 2-forked, dense-pubescent, about twice as long as 
 the lance-ovate scale. 2 f. Wet. Var. turbinata, (Dewey.) has the stami- 
 nate spikes with oblong, mucronate, tawny scale; and the pistillate spikes 
 with the upper ones nearly sessile, or with inclosed peduncles ; and the fruit 
 conic, inflated. (S. 
 
 barrattii, T. (L. 1i-) staminate spikes somewhat in pairs; pistillate spikes 
 somewhat in threes, oblong-cylindric, nodding, distant, upper one bearing 
 stamens : fruit oblong, somewhat 3-sided, short-beaked, sub-scabrous, entire 
 at the mouth, a little shorter than the lance-ovate, sub-obtuse scale. 1 f. 
 
 filiformis,Gn. [li-] spikes subsessile, oblong: bracts short-sheathed, leafy, re- 
 motish : capsules long-oval, villous, with a 2-forked beak ; leaves convolute. 
 2 f, Staminate spikes one or two, lanceolate ; scale of the fruit oblong, with 
 a yellow nerve — pistillates with green nerved scale. Is it an American 
 species.'' 
 
 ampullacea, Gn. (2{.) spikes short-peduncled, cylindric, thick, lai ; staminate 
 spikes numerous : bracts clasping, leafy, distant; scales lanceolate: fruit 
 sub-globose, inflated, setaceous-beaked, larger than the scale, diverging : 
 culm obtuse-angled : leaves narrowish, with incurved margins. Staminate 
 spikes three or more. Is it an American species ? 
 
 veiicaria, (M. H.) staminate spikes distinct, somewhat in threes, erect; up- 
 per one peduncled, the rest sessile ; pistillate spikes in pairs or in threes, cy- 
 lindric, alternate, erect, dense-flowered, upper one sessile, lower ones sub* 
 peduncled : fruit oblong-ovate, sub-terete, inflated, subulate-beaked, spread- 
 ing, nerved, glabrous, bi-cuspidate, scarcely twice as long as the ovate-cus- 
 pidate scale. 2 f. Wet. 
 
 buUata, Sh. (M. Zf.) staminate and pistillate spikes distinct ; staminate spikes 
 in threes, longish, upper one peduncled, lower one bracted ; pistillate spikes 
 in pairs, exsertly peduncled, oblong, cylindrical, somewhat nodding : fruit 
 ovate, globose, inflated, erect, glabrous, ribbed, with a sub-hispid 2-forked 
 beak, twice as long as the lanceolate scale. 2 f. Wet bogs. Var. cylin- 
 dracea, (Dewey.) has long-peduncled staminate spikes, and long cylindrical 
 pistillate spikes, sub-dense-flowered — fruit long-beaked. S, 
 
CAKEX. 159 
 
 Mchwexnitzia, Dewey. (E. J. li-) spikes distinct ; stamlnate spikes in pairs, 
 upper one long, slender, peduiicled ; pistillate spikes in fours, oblong, cylin- 
 dric, sub-approximate, vTith inclosed peduncles, somewhat pendulous, with 
 long leafy bracts : fruit ovate-oblong, tapering above, beaked, inflated, 2- 
 ibrked, nerved, glabrous, longer than the lanceolate, subulate, sub-setaceous 
 scale. 10 i. Wet, sandy. 
 
 retrorsa, Sz. (M. 2X-) spikes distinct ; staminate spikes somewhat in threes, 
 upper one long, peduncled, slender, the i-est short, small, often fruit-bearing 
 at the base, sessile ; pistillate spikes somewhat in fives, oblong, cylindric, 
 approximating, sub-fascicled, with leaf}- bracts and peduncles inclosed, low- 
 er one often very remote, with long inclosed peduncles ; fruit ovate, inflated, 
 beaked, 2-forked, nerved, reflexed, twice as long as the lanceolate scale. 
 
 2 f. In clusters. Wet. 
 
 pellita, M. (E M. 2X') staminate and pistillate spikes distinct; staminate spikes 
 in pairs, oblong, lower one sessile and bracted ; pistillate spikes in pairs or 
 in threes, cylindric, erect : fruit ovate, short-beaked, bicuspidate, somewhat 
 3-sided, hairy, about equal to the lance-ovate, awned scale. 20 i. Wet. jS'. 
 
 lacustris, W. (O. M. 21-) spikes distinct ; staminate spikes somewhat in fours, 
 erect, lower ones sessile ; pistillate spikes in pairs or in threes, oblong, cy- 
 lindrical, erect, nerved, glabrous, a little longer than the lance-oblong scale. 
 
 3 f. Wet. iS'. 
 
 oligospernm, Mx. (Canada. ZfO staminate spikes many ; pistillate spike one, 
 globular, sessile: fruit turgidly ovate, largish, few, acute : leaves involute- 
 rushlike. 
 
 tongirostris^ T. (M. 2^.) spikes distinct ; staminate spikes in threes, short, 
 uj)per one peduncled, middle one sessile, lower one peduncled and furnish- 
 ed with an ovate, cuspidate bract ; pistillate spikes in pairs or in threes, cv- 
 iindric, pendulous, with scattered flowers somewhat distant, with long exsert 
 peduncles, bracted: fruit ovate, sub-globose, inflated, glabrous, long-beaked 
 and bifid, a little longer than the lanceolate or ovate-cuspidate scale. 2 f. 
 Woods on river banks. 
 
 Arctic region. 
 
 [These species having been found only in very high northern latitudes in Ameri- 
 ca, they are set by themselves. Probably many of them may be found far- 
 ther soutli.J 
 
 I. Stigmas two. 
 
 dioica, (A. 2X.) spike single, simple, dioecious, rarely androgynous, staminate 
 above, oblong ; pistillate spike oblong or ovate, sub-dense-flowered : fruit 
 oval-ovate, convex both sides, nerved, erectish, serrulately margined above, 
 equalling the ovate scale. 9 i. Var. davallina, has serrulate or hispid 
 leaves. 
 
 vemota, (A. M. 2X.) spikelets androgynous, staminate below, numerous, ob- 
 long-ovate, sub-sessile ; lower ones distant with long", leafy, linear bracts be- 
 neath : fruit ovate, acuminate and bifid, or plano-convex and sub-bifid, a 
 little longer than the lance-ovate scale. 18 i. Woods. 
 
 concolor^ Br. (A. 11.) staminate spike solitary; pistillate in pairs or in threes, 
 erect, sub-sessile : fruit oval, mucronate, entire, smooth : scales all about 
 the same colour, obtuse : culm smooth : bracts auricled. 
 
 II. Stigmas three. 
 
 mutica, Br. (A. 2X-) staminate spike solilar}-, with obtuse scales ; pistillate 
 spikes in threes, distant, erect ; peduncles sub-exsert : fruit oval, not awned, 
 smooth, longer than the ovate, mucronate scale : leaves and bracts flat. 
 
 qffiyiis, Br. (A. 21.) one spike androgynous, staminate above, few-flowered, 
 lax : scales lanceolate, a-jute, the bottom one awned: leaves flat. 6 i. 
 
160 CAREX. 
 
 attenuafa, Br. (A. 2]!.) one spike androgynous, staminate above, dense ; pis.- 
 tillate ones fcnv-flouered, about in threes : scales all obtuse. 
 
 fiUfolia, N. (A. 21.) one spike androgynous, staminate above, sub-cvlindriCy 
 acute : fruit s-ub-giobose, entire at the orifice, with a retuse scale : le'aves fili- 
 form, invohite, subulate, 4 i. This has been aeeft by IS'uttall in Missouri 
 hills, as well a« in the Arctic region. 
 
 media, Br. (A. 21.) spikes androgynous, staminate below, in threes, sub-ses- 
 sile, approximate : fruit ovale, beaked, very glabrous, longer thaa the ob- 
 tusiih, ovale scale. 
 
 muandra, Br. (A. 21) spikes somewliat in threes, oval, peduncled, pendu- 
 lous, alternate or rarely sub-uinbelkd ; terminal one androgynous, below or 
 rarely all over staminate : fruit lanceolatf, acuminate, 2-toothed, denticulate 
 at the apex, longer than the oval, obtusish scale. 6 i. 
 
 richardsonii, Br. (A. 7i-) staminate spike solitary, peduncled, erect; pistil- 
 late spikes in pairs, sub-sessile, approximate, with enclosed peduncles : fruit 
 ovate, obtuse, pubescent, with an ovate acute scale : culm verv scabrous. 
 6i. 
 
 concinna, Br. (A. TX-) staminate spike sessile, cjlindrical, oblong ; pistillate 
 spikes in threes, sub-sessile, approximating : I'ruit S-sided-obovate, very 
 short-beaked, 2-toothcd, hispid-pubescent, about twice as long as the obo- 
 vate scale. 4 i. 
 
 capillaris, (A. 21.) staminate spike solitary, peduncled, small ; pistillate spikes 
 somewhat in threes with long exsert peduncles, nodding, oblong, with (evr 
 scattered flowers : fruit oval, beaked, acuminate at both ends, oblique at 
 the orifice, scarcely twice as long as the ovate or oblong, obtuse, caducous 
 .scale. 6 i. 
 
 podocarpa, Br. (A. 21-) staminate spike solitary; pistillate spikes in pairs, 
 oblong, pendulous : fruit oval, verj' short-beaked, entire, smooth — seed pedi- 
 celled : lower leases abbreviated. 
 
 aristata, Br. (A. 2|.) staminate spikes in pairs or many; pistillate spikes 
 .somewhat in threes, cylindric, distant, shorf-peduncled : fruit very glabrous, 
 nerved, long-beaked, deeply bifid ; scales awned : leaves viilose beneath anc 
 oa the sheaths. 
 
 Soriihern^ 
 
 I. Stigmas two. 
 
 muikingutnejisis, Sz. (J. 2^.) spike compound ; spikelets androgynous, stami- 
 nate below, oval-oblong, acutish at both ends, somewhat in eights, approxi- 
 mate : fruit lanceolate, compressed, nerved, winged, glabrous, acuminate. 
 2-toothed, more than twice as long as the lance-ovate scale. 30 i. Wet. 
 
 fioridana, Sz. (2X.) spikes distinct ; staminate spike solitary, sessile, small; 
 pistillate spikes somewhat in fours, aggregated, ovate, sessile, bracted, lower 
 one often sub-remote : fruit oval, somewhat tapering at the base, compressed, 
 plano-convex, beaked, shortly bifid, equalling the ovate-oblong, scabrous- 
 cuspidate scale. 6 i. Florida Le Conte, Sz. says the terminal spike i« 
 
 staminate above. 
 
 II. Stigmas threk. 
 
 dasycarpa, M. (E. M. 2i.) spikes distinct : staminate spike sub-sessile, small.; 
 
 f)i3tillate spikes somewhat in threes, sub-approximate, oblong, alternate, 
 owcr ones sub-peduncled : fruit 3-sided-ovate or oblong, villous, nerved, 
 longer than the ovate acuminate scale. 1 f. 
 elliottii, T. (1) (E. Ap. 21-) staminate spike solitary, long-bracted ; pistillate 
 spikes in threes, roundish, upper ones sessile and the highest one staminate 
 at the apex, the lowest one long-peduncled and nodding : fruit ovate, some- 
 what 3-sided, glabrous, with small punctures, nerved, long-beaked, 2-forked^ 
 much longer than the ovate, obtuse scale. 2 f. Wet sand. 
 
 (1) castanea, £. 
 
CARElf, CARTA. 161 
 
 ^auc^scens, E. (E. Ap, 2X) staraiiiate spike solitary, cylindrical, peduncled ; 
 pistillate spikes somewhat in threes, peduncled, cylindric, at length pendu- 
 lous : fruit ovale, 3-sided, compressed, glaucous, beak-bifid, about equallin<»' 
 the ovate, emarginate, mucronate, scale. 2 f. Wet sand. 
 
 t-errucosa, M. (E. M. Zf-) starainate spikes many or one ; pistillate spikes 
 somewhat in fives, erect, cylindric, staminate above, axillary, the lower one 
 exsertly peduncled : fruit ovate, compressed, somewhat 3-sided, short-bifid, 
 shorter than the ovate, sub-emarginate, mucronate scale. 3 f. 
 
 chirokeejisis, Sz. (W. 21.) staminate spikes somewhat in threes, sub-cyllndric, 
 upper one larger and peduncled ; pistillate spikes in fours, cylindric, sub- 
 lax-flowered, distant, with long exsert peduncles, staminate above : fruit 
 ovate, glabrous, somewhat 3-sided and compressed, nerved, long-beaked, 
 bifid, a little larger than the ovate, long-acuminate scale. 1 f. 
 
 gigantea, Rudge. (E. Ap. 2i-) staminate spikes many or one ; pistillate spikes 
 in threes, cylindric, sub-iax-flowered, remote; upper one sessile, lower ones 
 
 , exsertly peduncled : fruit globe-ovate, conical, long-beaked, nerved, inflated, 
 glabrous, bifid, spreading, twice as long as the oblong-ovate or lance-ovate 
 ecale. 2 f. Wet. 
 
 Remark. Students should be directed to examine the species of Carex, 
 when they have passed flowering, and before the fruit is quite ripe. The best 
 time is when the fruit has arrived to its full size, but the seed has not yet be- 
 come hard. 
 
 20—10. Carica. 38. 97. 
 
 Southern, 
 
 papaya, (O. "^.) leaves palmate, 7-lobed, middle lobe sinuate ; divisions ob- 
 
 lopg acute : staminate flowers corymbed. Menispermura. 
 
 19—12. Carpinus. 50. 99. 
 
 americana, W. (1) (hornbeam, blue beech. O. g. M, '^.) leaves oblong-ovate, 
 acuminate, unequally serrate : scales of the strobile 3-parted, the middle di- 
 visions with a lateral tooth. S. Ostrya. 
 
 21—3. Carpobolus. 57. 3. 
 
 orbicularis, fronds about half an inch in diameter, often confluent, never su- 
 perincumbent : capsules yellow, semitransparent. Anthoceros. 
 
 17—1. Carthamus. 49. 54. 
 
 Exotic, 
 tinclorius, (false saffron, safflower. y. J. 0.) leaves ovate, entire, serrato- 
 
 aculeate. 
 coeriiHus, (blue saffron, b. 21.) stem about 1 -flowered : leaves lance-ovate, 
 
 spine-toothed. Cynara. 
 
 5—2. Carum. 45. 60. 
 
 Exotic. 
 
 c-arui, (caraway, w. (^.) stem branching : leaves with ventricose sheaths : 
 
 partial involucre none. Cooium, 
 
 19—12. Carta. 50. 94. 
 
 tomentosa, Mx. (2) (white-heart hickory. Ap. ^.) leafets about 9, lancc- 
 oblong, acuminate, slightly serrate, pubescent beneath, scabrous ; terminal 
 one sub-petioled : aments 'filiform, tomentpse : fruit sub-globose, smooth, 
 
 (1) rirginiana, Mx. (2) alba, W. 
 
 14* 
 
162 CARTA, CASSIA* 
 
 pericarp very thick ; nut somewhat 6-angled ; putamen thick, hard ; nt>- 
 cleus agreeably tasted. <S. 
 
 alba, L. (1) (shag-walnut, shag-bark hickory. O. M. \.) leafets about 7, long- 
 petioled, lance-oblong, acuminate, sharply serrate, villose beneath ; the ter- 
 minal leafet sessile : ament filiform, glabrous : fruit globose, a little depress- 
 ed : nut compressed, oblique. S. * 
 
 sulcata, W. (2) (shell-bark hickory. Ap. 1^.) leafets about 9, ob-lanceolate, 
 acuminate, serrate, pubescent beneath; the terminal leafets sub-sessile, ta- 
 pering to the base : fruit roundish, 4-keeled : nut sub-globose, a little com- 
 pressed, smooth, long-mucronate, 60 — 80 f. ^. 
 
 amara, Mx. (O. bitterruut. Ap. ^.) leafets about 9, ovate-oblong, acorainate, 
 sharply serrate, glabrous both sides ; the terminal leafet short-petioled : fruit 
 sub-globose, with the sutures prominent above : nut smooth, sub-globose, 
 niucronate ; putamen easily broken ; nucleus bitter. S. 
 
 porcina, Mx. (pig-nut, broom hickory. O. M. ^-) leafets about 7, lanceolate, 
 acuminate, serrate, glabrous both sides ; terminal leafets sub-sessile : fruit 
 pear-form or globose : nut smooth ; putamen very thick and hard ; nucleus 
 small. Var. obcordata, (3) has an obcordate nut. Var. Jiciformis, has the 
 fruit turbinate and nut oblong. 70 — 80 f. S. 
 
 Southern, 
 
 aquatica, Mx. (O. Ap. >).) leafets about 11, narrow, obliquely lanceolate, acu- 
 minate, sub-serrate, glabrous, sessile : fruit peduncled, ovate ; sutures 4, 
 prominent : nut roundish compressed ; putamen thin ; nucleus bitter. 40 
 —50 f. 
 
 myristicaeformis, Mx. (E. Ap. "f?.) leafets 5, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, ser- 
 rate, glabrous ; terminal one sessile: fruit oval, rugose, scabrous : nut oval 
 slightly acuminate, furrowed, very hard. 
 
 olivaeformis, W. (W. Ap. ^.) leafets numerous, (13 — 15.) lanceolate, sub- 
 falcate, serrate ; petioles not in pairs : fruit oblong, 4-sided : nut olive-shap- 
 ed, smooth. Acalypha. 
 
 10—1. Cassia. 33. 93. 
 
 marilandica, (wild senna. O. y. Au. 21-) somewhat glabrous : leaves in 8 pairs, 
 lance-oblong, mucronate ; flowers in axillary racemes, and in terminal pani- 
 cles : legumes linear, curved. An excellent mild cathartic. B. River allu- 
 vion. 2— 4f. S. 
 
 chamcecrisia, (cassia, partridge pea. E. y. Au. =^.) somewhat glabrous : leaves 
 linear, in many pairs, the glands on the petioles sub-pedicelled : two of -the 
 petals spotted : legumes pubescent. A most elegant plant. 8 — 16 i. Dry 
 sand, &c. S. 
 
 nictitans, (E. y. Ju. ?t|J.) spreading, pubescent: leaves in many pairs, linear ; 
 glands of the petioles pedicelled: peduncles short, supra-axillary, 2 or 3- 
 flowered ; flowers pentandrous. The leaves of this species, and of the cha- 
 msecrista, possess a considerable degree of irritability. 12 i. <S. 
 
 fasciculata, (E. y. Ju. 0.) somewhat glabrous: leaves at tne summit, iij 9 
 pairs : gland sessile near the middle of the petiole : fascicles many-flowered, 
 lateral : petals and stamens of the same colour : legumes glabrous, ascend- 
 ing, arched. S. 
 
 Exotic, 
 senna, (Egyptian senna. 0.) leaves in 6 pairs ; petioles glandless : legume 
 reniform. 
 
 Southern. 
 torUf W. (E. y. Ju. 0.) glabrous: leaves in 3 pairs, obovate, ciliate ; termi- 
 
 (1) compressa, W, squamosa, Mx. arb. (2) laciniosa, Mx. arb. mucro- 
 nata, Mx. (3) These two varieties are the species obcordata and glabra of W. 
 
CASSIA, CAULOPHTLLUM. 165 
 
 nal ones largest ; a subulate gland between the lower pair : peduncles few- 
 flowered, axillary : legumes curved. 3 f. 
 
 occidentalis, W. (O. y.^Ju. Zf. ^.) glabrous: leaves in 5 pairs, ovate-lanceo- 
 late, acuminate, scabrous along the edges : peduncles clustered, few-flower- 
 etl, axillary : legumes compressed, falcate. 4 — 6 f. 
 
 ligustHna, W. (E. y. Ju. Au. 21- \-) pubescent: leaves in 7 pairs, lanceo- 
 late ; exterior ones smallest : peduncles terminal, somewhat paniculate : le- 
 gume oblong slightly falcate. 
 
 linearis, Mx. (E. y. J. 2i.) glabrous : leaves in 5 or 6 pairs, ovate, acute: 
 peduncles axillary, few-llowered : legumes terete. 
 
 procumbensj W. (E. y. 0.) leaves in many pairs, without glands: stem pro- 
 cumbent. Flowers small. 
 
 aspera, M. (L. S. 0.) strigose, rough : leaves in many pairs, linear, lanceo- 
 late, ciliate : peduncles few-flowered, above the axils : stamens 9 — 7 ; 3 long- 
 er than the rest. 1 — 3 f. Baptisia. 
 
 19—12. Castanea. 50. 99. 
 
 vesca Var. amerieana, (chesnut. O. g. J. p.) leaves lance-oblong, sinuate-ser- 
 rate, with the serratures mucronate, glabrous both sides. Large tree. <S. 
 
 j}umila, (chinquapin. E. g. J. Tp.) leaves oblong, acute, raucronate-serrate, 
 with white down beneath. Small tree. S. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 nana, M. (1) (E. M. '^.) leaves oval-lanceolate, rather obtuse, mucronately- 
 
 serrate, shining on the upper surface, slightly tomeutose beneath. 1 — 2 f.* 
 
 Betula. 
 
 13— 2> Castilleja. 40. 35. 
 
 Southern, 
 oecidentalis, T. & J. (W. 21.) stem simple, pilose : leaves linear-lanceolate, 
 narrowing towards the apex, minutely pubescent, entire, acutish : flowers 
 spiked, sessile; corol scarcely exceeding the calyx : bracts 3-cleft ; divisions 
 erect. Schwalbea. 
 
 Castilleja, EuCHROMA. 
 
 2—1. Catalpa. 40. 45. 
 
 cordifolia, Duham. (2) (M. w. & y. ^.) leaves simple, cordate, entire, by 
 threes : flowers in panicles. 40 — 50 i. S. Justicea. 
 
 22—2. Catharinea. 56. 4. 
 
 undulata, leaves lanceolate, serrate, undulated, crisped when dry : capsule 
 cyllndric : lid subulate. In woods and shades. Riccia. 
 
 19—1. Caulisia. 15, 6. 
 
 Jlexilis, (water knot-grass. E. Au. 0.) leaves in sixes, toothed at the apex, 
 
 spreading. Immersed in ditches, &c. S. 
 fragilis, (E. S. 0.) leaves in threes or opposite, linear-subulate, recurved, 
 
 aculeate-toothed, rigid. Immersed. S. Zannichellia. 
 
 6 — 1. Cadlophyllum* 24. 61. 
 
 Remark. To the generic description of p. 34, it should be added: that the 
 supposed drupe is but a naked seed elevated on a funicule-like stipe, after 
 having burst its caducous pericarp. See Torrey's Flora, p. 336. Dr. Darling- 
 
 (1) alnifolia, N. (2) syringaefolia, Ph. Bignonia catalpa, W. 
 
164 CAULOPHYLLUM, CELTIS. 
 
 ton says (M, S.) he has closely watched this plant three years, and knows thia 
 remark of R. Brown to be correct. 
 
 thalictroides, Mx. (1) (poppoose root, false cohosh. O. p-y. Ap. 2X.) verr 
 glabrous : leaves more than decompound ; leafets oval, the lower ones petiol- 
 ed and lobed, the end ones 3-lobed. Berries dark fclue. Woody. If. (S", 
 
 Berberis. 
 
 5^1. Ceanothus. 43. 9^. 
 
 americanus, (New- Jersey tea. O. w. J. ^.) leaves ovate, acuminate, serrate, 
 3-nerved, pubescent beneath : panicles axillary, long-peduncled, sub-corymb- 
 ed. S. 
 
 herbaceits, R. (2) (E. M. 2i-) leaves oval, sub-serrulate, smooth: panicle 
 thyrroid, axillary and terminal. S. 
 
 ovalis, Bw. (Lake Champlain.) leaves oval, with glandular serratures, 3-nerv- 
 ed ; nerves pubescent beneath : panicle corymbose, abbreviated. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 vntermedius, M. (0. J. ^.) leaves oblong-oval, acute, mucronate-serrulate, 3- 
 nerved, pubescent beneath : panicles axillary, on long peduncles; pedicels 
 corymbed, flaccid. 
 
 misrophyllus, Mx. (E. Ap. ^.) leaves very small, obovate, nearly. entire, clus- 
 tered, glabrous : racemes corymbose, terminal. 1 — 2 f. 
 
 sanguineus. Ph. (W. M. ^.) leaves obovate, serrate, pubescent beneath : pa-, 
 nicle axillary, compact, short-peduncled : pedicels aggregate. 3 f. 
 
 serpj/llifolius, N. (E.) branches filiform: leaves small, elliptic-ovate, serru- 
 late, obtuse; petioles and nerves strigose beneath: panicles pedicelled, axil- 
 lary, few-flowered ; flowers conglomerate. Euonymus. 
 
 5 — 1. Celastrus. 43. 95. 
 
 sjoandens, W. (false bittersweet, stafl^ tree. O. y-w. J. ^.) stem twining: 
 leaves oblong, acuminate, serrate: racemes terminal. Retains its scarlet 
 berries through the winter. 
 
 Southern, 
 bullattis, "W. (E. '^.) unarmed: leaves ovate, acute, entire: panicle termi- 
 nal. Gomphrena. 
 
 5—2. Celtis. 53. 99. 
 
 occidentalism W. (nettle tree. E. w. M. \.) leaves ovate, acuminate, equally 
 serrate, except near the base ; scabrous above, rough-haired beneath: fruit 
 solitary. Var. integrifolia, leaves entire : bark of the tree not rimose. S. 
 
 crassifolia, W. (hag-berry, hoop ash. E. w. M. >).) leaves ovate, acuminate, 
 unequally serrate, unequally cordate at the base, sub-coriaceous ; peduncles 
 about 2-flowered. S. 
 
 pumila, Fh. (3) (E. M. '^.) leaves ovate, acuminate, equally serrate, unequal 
 at the base, smoothish on both sides; the younger ones only pubescent : pe-. 
 duncles mostly 3-flowered : fruit solitary. ' Berries brown and glaucous. 2 f. 
 ^. ' 
 
 Southern. 
 
 reticulata, T. & J. (W. Tp.) leaves broad-cordate, pubescent, sub-coriaceous, 
 somewhat entire, obtusish, unequal at the base, papillose-scabrous above, re- 
 ticulate, prominent veins beneath : peduncles l-llowered, 
 
 * Beta, 
 
 (1) Leontice thalictroides, W. (2) perennis, Ph. (3) occidentalis. Va,r. 
 pumila, M. 
 
CENCHRUS, CEKOMYCE. 1G5 
 
 3 — 1. Cenchrus. 4. 10. 
 
 zchiiiattis L. (burr grass. E. Ju. — Au. 0.) spike with the flowers approxi- 
 mated: involucre sub-globose, villose : culm compressed. Erect or procum- 
 bent. Sandf soil. 1 — 2 f . iS'. Var. tribidoides,W. (L.) spikes and mar- 
 gins of the sheaths, white-pubescent. If. S. Limnetis. 
 
 21—5. Cekomyce. (1) 57. 2. 
 
 1. Frond folinceous : peduncle (podetVd) Ji^iuloiis, dilated upwards, bearing 
 cvps, or aUenuate-subulate : the cups closed with transverse membraries. 
 
 (Receptacles sooty -yellow or pale.) 
 
 eccspilicia, Ach. Frond minutely cleft : podetia very short, marginal. Oa 
 earth. 
 
 alcicornis, frond follaceous, marked, becoming pale-green ; divisions sub-pal- 
 mate, ascending, repand-toolhed, obtuse, inflexed, fascicles of hairs at the 
 margin: peduncles long-turbinate, all bearing cups, smooth : cups regular, 
 crenate, at length leafy and proliferous at the margin : receptacles yellowish 
 or tawny. 
 
 endivicefolia, Ach. in dry rocky situations. Frond large, leafy, yellowish- 
 green, white beneath ; segments multifid : podetia also very minute. On 
 earth. 
 
 verticillata, Ach. podetia cylindric, glabrous, livid-greenish ; the margin dilat- 
 ing horizontally, proliferous from the centre. On earth among mosses. 
 
 pyxidata, frond foliaceous ; divisions crenulate, ascending: peduncles all tur- 
 binate, cup-form, glabrous, at length warty-granulale, scabrous, greenish- 
 grey : cups regular ; afterwards the margin is extended and proliferous : rft. 
 ceptacles tawny. 
 
 jimbriata, frond foliaceous ; divisions small, crenate : peduncles elongated, cy- 
 lindric, bearing cups ; some are awl-form, very thinly pulverulent, white : 
 cups wine-glass-form, regular \ margin entire and crenate, at length prolif- 
 erous : receptacles tawny. 
 
 gonorega, frond foliaceous ; divisions broadish, gash-crenulate : peduncles 
 longish, glabrous, somewhat warty, glaucous or whitish-green ; when drying 
 it becomes dark-coloured, white-dotted ; all bearing cups, which are irregu- 
 lar, somewhat torn-radiate ; margin proliferous, leafy : receptacles tawny. 
 
 (Receptacles scarlet or dark red.) 
 
 bacillaris, frond foliaceous, minute ; divisions gash-lobed, crenate, nakedlsh be- 
 neath : peduncles cylindric, simple, sub-ramose at the apex, white-cinere- 
 ous, with pulverulent granulations : rarely bearing cups, which are narrow, 
 at length radiate: receptacles scarlet. On decaying trunks. 
 
 cf^/ormis, frond foliaceous, minute; divisions broadish, gashed, crenate, naked 
 beneath : peduncles long, thick, sub-ventricose, sulphur-colour, thinly-pul- 
 verulent; bearing cups, which are narrow, crenate-toothed, at length dilat- 
 ed and torn : receptacles sessile and pedicelled, scarlet. On the earth in 
 woods and mountains. 
 
 foca/era, frond foliaceous, minute; divisions round, crenate, naked beneath: 
 peduncles long-turbinate, naked, warty-scabrcus, pale-yellovvish, cinereous 
 and green; all bearing cups, which are wine-glass-form; margin extended^ 
 fertile ; receptacles rather large, at length roundish, scarlet. 
 
 (1) B8Drayces of Acharius, in a former edition of his work. 
 
166 CENOMYCE. 
 
 2. Frond leafy : peduncle (podetia) Jistulotis, dilated above, bearing cups, 
 
 which are not closed. 
 
 parecha, frond foliaceous, largish ; divisions narrow, j^nnatifid, crenulate : pe- 
 duncles smooth, pale, obconic, cup-form ; cup somewhat pervious ; margin 
 torn, dentate; the proliferous parts ramose, thick, not cup-form; apexes 
 denticulate ; receptacles terminal, aggregate, tawny. Often ou sterila 
 earth. 
 
 3. Frond leaf y : peduncles (podetia) sub-fistulous, cylindric, simple, split at 
 
 the apex, or sub-digitate-rayed ; rays all fertile. 
 
 cariosa, frond foliaceous, minute ; lobes crenulate : peduncle white, latticed 
 as if worm-eaten, warty-granulate, divided somewhat in a digitate form at 
 the apex : branches fastigiate : receptacles crowded, dark-tawny. 
 
 tymphycarpa, trond foliaceous; lobes roundish, crenulate, livid: peduncles 
 jihortish, smooth, sub-divided at the apex : receptacles heaped together, 
 tawny. 
 
 botrytes, Ach. podetia slender, fastigiately branching, rough ; apothecia pel- 
 tate, pale, crowded. Rotten wood and earth. 
 
 delicata, frond foliaceous ; lobes minute, erose-laciniate, granulated : peduncles 
 glabrous, granulate, pale, somewhat divided at the apex : branches very 
 short ; receptacles conglomerate, dark-tawny. On decaying trunks or 
 earth. 
 
 capitata, frond foliaceous ; lobes imbricated, somewhat olive-coloured ; pedun- 
 cles sub-simple, somewhat straw-like : receptacles heaped in a sub-globular 
 form, reddish-yellow. 
 
 4. Frond leafy, almost icanting or disappearing : peduncle (podetia) tartila- 
 ginous, rigid, Jistulous, all attenuated and subulate, ramose, mostly perforat- 
 ed at the axils. 
 
 acicularis, peduncles stiiSy-ereet, terete, warty-wrinkled, white, sub-simple : 
 receptacles capitate, sub-globose, sub-solitary, shining, dark-tawny. 
 
 furcata, peduncle elongated, smooth, livid, and somewhat chesnut-browu, di- 
 chotomous : axils not perforated : branches auricular, curved, forked at the 
 apex, diverging : receptacles of the fertile ones tawny. 
 
 uncialis, peduncles elongated, glabrous, pale, dichotomous : axils perforated, 
 standing open ; apex of the branches spreading, short, rigid : receptacles 
 terminal, becoming tawny. 
 
 adunca, peduncles pale or hoary, fork-branched : axils perforated ; apex of 
 the branches radiately hook-spined : receptacles capitate, pale-tawny. A 
 variety of the last ? 
 
 rangiferina, peduncles elongated, cylindric, erect, somewhat scabrous, becom- 
 ing cinereous, ramose : axils at length perforated : branches scattered and 
 sub-divided; the extreme branchlets sub-radiated ; apexes nodding : recep- 
 tacles of the f.irtile ones sub-globose, aggregate, tawny. 
 
 syhadca, peduncles white-hoary, softish, thickish and turgid : branches short, 
 scattered, terminal, erectish, sub-fastigiate : apex sometimes dilated and 
 somewhat torn. Variety of the last? 
 
 alpestris, peduncles white, softish, very branching: branches and branch- 
 lets interwoven, terminal, forming a dense thyrse. Variety of the last? 
 
 5. Frond none: peduncle (podetia) soft, sub-solid, subulate ^ sometchat branch- 
 
 ed, (sterile : ) axils not perforated. 
 
 ^rmiciUaris, peduncle somewhat awl-form, sub-simple, smooth, very white, 
 6ub-fistulous, zigrag, prostrate. Baemyces. 
 
CENTAUREA, CEEAMIUM. 167 
 
 17—3. Cextaurea. 49. 54. 
 
 Exotic. 
 
 cyanu-i, (bluebottle, b. w. r. J. 0.) scales of the calyx serrate : leaves li- 
 near, entire; lower ones toothed. Naturalized. 
 
 Jacea, (knapweed, p. Ju. 2^.) leaves lanceolate, entire; radical ones sub- 
 dentate: branches angular : calyx scarious. Naturalized. 
 
 benedicta, (blessed thistle, y. J. 0.) scales of ihe involucre doubly armed 
 with spines, woolly, bracted : leaves somewhat decurreut, tootiied, spiny. 
 Naturalized. 
 
 solstitialis, (y. Ju. %.) calyx paimate-spinose, solitary : spines straight ; 
 leaves hoary, lance-linear, decurrent, entire ; radical ones lyrate. Natur- 
 alized. 
 
 nigra,!^. (p. Au. 21.) scales of the calyx ovate, with an erect capillary fringe : 
 lower leaves lyrale-angular; upper ones ovate. Naturalized. 2 f. 
 
 calcitrapa, (0.) scales of the calyx somewhat doubly spinous, sessile: leaves 
 pinnatifid, linear, dentate : stem pilose. 
 
 centaicrium, (great centaury. 2i-) leaves pinnate, glabrous; leafets sharply 
 and doubly serrate, decurrent : calyx smooth. 
 
 ^ca6io.ya, (scabrous centaury. 2i-) leaves pinnatifid,'roughish ; divisions lance- 
 olate, spreading, acute, pinnatifid at the base : calyx ciliate. 
 
 s^iaveolens, (yellow sultana. 0.) leaves lyrate-pinnatifid : calyx smooth. 
 
 moschata, (sweet sultana. 0.) leaves slightly pinnatifid ; lower divisions most- 
 ly entire: calyx smooth. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 arnericana, N. (W. 0. or (j^.) stem somewhat branching, sulcate : leaves 
 sessile; lower ones oblong-ovate, repand-toothed; upper ones lanceolate, 
 acute : leafets of the calyx furnished with recurved pinnate appendages : pe- 
 duncles thick at the apex. 4 — 6 f. Leptopoda. 
 
 4—1. Centaurella. 20. 34. 
 
 Southerji. 
 
 rerua, Mx. (1) (E. w. March. 0.) stem simple, few-flowered, (1 — 3:) corol 
 thrice as long as the calyx : style as long as the germ. 4 — 8 i. 
 
 cestivalis, Ph. (E. Ju. 0.) stem simple : peduncles opposite, simple; divir 
 sions of the corol spatulate, abruptly acute, thrice as long as the calyx : style' 
 the length of the germ. 2 — 4 i. Ammannia. 
 
 Centaurella^ Bartoma. 
 4 — 1. Centunculus. 20. 34. 
 
 Southern, 
 ianceolatus, Mx. (O. r. March 0.) leaves lanceolate, oval and obovate, 
 
 acute : flowers axillary, sessile : stem prostrate. 2 — 3 i. 
 minimus, N. {\Y. Ju.) stem simple or with a single branch, sub-angular : 
 leaves alternate, spatulate-ovate, acute : flowers sub-sessile. Often pentan- 
 drous. 4 — 6 i. Callicarpa. 
 
 4 — 1. Cephalanthus. 48. 56. 
 
 occidenialis, L. (button bush. O. w. Ju. ^.) leaves opposite and in threes, 
 oval, acuminate. Inflorescence a round head. Swamps. Yar. pubescen?, 
 has the leaves and branchlets pubescent. 4 — 5 f. (S. Dipsacus. 
 
 21—4. Ceramium. (2) 57. 2. 
 
 1. Red or reddish. 
 
 rtibrum, threads dichotomous, very branching, sub-cartilaginous : branchlets 
 
 (1) vernalis Ph. (2) Species of Conferva of Linneus and others, excepting 
 the aureuni, which is a Byssus, 
 
168 CERAMItrM> CERASTIUM. 
 
 forked ; joints ovate, opake ; knee-joints contracted : capsules involucred. 
 Bays, &c. 
 diaphanum, thread3 dichotomous, very branching, sub-membranaceous, varie- 
 gated ^with purple and hyaline ; branchlets forceps-like ; joints cylindric, 
 hyaline ; knee-joints elevated : capsules involucred. Bays, &c. 
 
 2. Yellowish or riist-colour. 
 
 fernigineum, threads slender, divaricately ramose, loosely entangled : joints 
 twice as long as their diameter. Sea. 
 
 littorale, threads very slender, woven into a rope-like frond : branches erect ; 
 joints vpith their length equalling their diameter. Lakes, &c. 
 
 cyrrhoswiu branches pinnate, spreading, approximate, stiff and straight; length 
 of the joints nearly equalling their diameters. Seas, bays, &c. 
 
 aurenm, threads flexuose, fascicled in a dense, soft, cushion-like tuft : branches 
 elongated, spreading, somewhat rigid : joints twice as long as their diame- 
 ters. On damp rocks and overflowed timber, &c. Laniania. 
 
 13—1. CER.'LNTHER.i. 42. 39. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 iinearifolia, E. (E. r-vv. S. =^.) stem glabrous, branching : leaves opposite. 
 
 linear, sometimes clustered : racemes terminal : peduncles opposite. 12 i. 
 
 Obolaria, 
 
 iO— 5. Cerastium. 22. 82. 
 
 eulgatum^ L. (mouse-ear, chick weed. O. w. Ap. 0.) hirsute, viscid, cespi- 
 tose: leaves ovate : petals oblong, about equal to the calyx: flowers longer 
 than the peduncle. 6 — 10 i. ^S'. 
 
 xiscosum, L. (E. w. J. 0.) hairy and viscid, spreading: leaves lance-ob- 
 long: flowers shorter than their pedicels : petals obovate, scarcely longer 
 than the calyx. 4 — 6 i. S. 
 
 ieriifjecandrum, L. (E. w. M. 0.) hirsute, viscid : leaves ovate-oblong, acute : 
 petals emai-ginate, shorter than the calyx : peduncles longer than the calyx : 
 flowers pentandrous. 6 — 12 i. S. 
 
 hirsutum, M. (1) E. w. M. 0.) very hairy: leaves oval, obtuse, connate : 
 flowers clustered : petals 2-cleft, a little longer than the acute calyx. 4 — 8 i. 
 ^. 
 
 dichotomum, M. (vv. 0.) leaves lanceolate : stem dichotomous : capsules 
 erect, twice as long as the calyx. 
 
 ulpinnm, L. (A. w. 2X-) leaves lance-oval : panicle dichotomous, few-flower- 
 ed, bracted : capsule oblong recurved. 
 
 auians, R. (2) (E. w. J. 0.) viscid, pubescent ; stems erect, striate: leaves 
 elongated, distant, oblong-linear, acute; radical ones spatulate : petals ob- 
 long, 2-cleft at the apex, longer than the calyx: peduncles at length much 
 longer than the flower. 6 — 12 i. S. 
 
 oblongifolium, T. (O. w. J. 2X) cespitose, pubescent: stems erect, terete : 
 leaves lanceolate-oblong, sub-acute, ihortf.r than the joints : flowers termi- 
 nal, shorter than their pedicels: petals obovate, bifid at the tip, twice as 
 long as the calyx. 6 — 12 i. 
 
 ienuifolium, Ph. (O. w. M. 2+.) very slender, pubescent, cespitose : leaves 
 narrow-linear, longer than the internodes : petals obovate, emarginate, about 
 thrice as long as the acute calyx. 
 
 arvense, W. (O. w. J. 2X0 pubescent, cespitose : leaves lance-linear, obtuse, 
 ciliateatthe base, shorter than the internodes : petals obcordate, twice as 
 long as the calyx ; leafets of the calyx obtuse. 
 
 (1) eemidecandnun, Wr. (2) glutinosum, N. longepeduDCuIatum, M. 
 
CERASTIUM, CBTRARIA. 169 
 
 Southern. 
 dongoLunh Ph. (W. A. 21.) hirsute : leaves linear, divaricate, longer than the 
 internodes : peduncles terminal, long, twice trichotomous : bracts opposite 
 ovate : petals eniarginate, twice as long as the acute cal^s : capsule sub- 
 globose. Agrosteninoa. 
 
 Cerasusy Prunus. 
 
 20—2. Ceratiola. 13. 51. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 iricoides, W. (E. Au. ^.) branchlets partly tomentose ; leaves verticillate, 
 
 narrow, linear, smooth. An evergreen shrub. 4 — 6 f. Empetnjm. 
 
 3 — 2. Ceratochloa. 4. 10. 
 
 unioloides, Eeauv. (E. Ju. 1^. or 2^.) panicle nodding, spreading : spikelets 
 oblong-lanceolate, compressed, 6 — 3 Howered; ilorets ucuminate, unarmed \ 
 sheaths bearded at the throat, the lower ones hairy : root fibrous. S. 
 
 Diarrhena. 
 
 19—12. CZRATOPHYLLUM. 15. 91. 
 
 demersum, W. (hornwort, E. Ju. 7i-) leaves 8 in a whorl, dichotomous in two 
 pairs, tooth-spined on the back : flowers axillary : fruit 3-spined. 
 
 ixibinersum, L. [11.) leaves dicholomous in three pairs: fruit without spines. 
 In water. • Myricphyllum. 
 
 10—1. CzRCis. 33. 93. 
 
 canadensis, (red-bud, judas tree. r. M. p.) leaves round-hcart-form, acumi- 
 nute, villose at the axils of the nerves : stipules minute : legumes short-stiped. 
 V2iT. pubesceiis, has roundish, acute leaves, pubescent beneath. 'iC — 30 f. 
 S. Rbodcra. 
 
 3—2. Ceresia. a. 10. 
 
 So7ithern, 
 Jiaitans, E. (E. Oc. r) stem creeping and ascending, generally floating : 
 leaves scabrous : spikes numerous ; glumes of the calyx whiie, dotted, some- 
 what hairy. 1 — 3 f, Cyoodcn. 
 
 Ceropegia, Cynanchum. 
 
 21—5. Cetraria. 57. 2. 
 
 icelandica, (1) (the Iceland lichen, iceland moss. C. Y.) frond olive-chesnui- 
 brown, at the base reddish-white, white beneath ; divisions erectish, sub- 
 linear, many-cleft, channelled, tooth-ciliate ,• the fertile ones dilated : recep- 
 tacles close-pressed, flat, one-coloured ; margin frond-like, elevated, entire. 
 On sandy plains, as on the barren plains near Beaver-ponds, in New-Haven, 
 where it covers the earth very densely in many places. 
 
 juJiiperina^ frond pale-yellow, very yellow beneath : divisions fiat, ascending, 
 erose-crenate, crisped : receptacles elevated : disk liver-brown ; margin 
 frond-like, crenulate. On trunks and branches. 
 
 pinastri, trond with divisions depressed, round-lobed, crenate ; margin crisp- 
 ed, pulverulent, very yellow. A variety of the last ? 
 
 cUiaris, frond livid-tawny, reticulate-lacunose, white beneath ; i^ivjsicns crisp- 
 ed, ciliate : receptacles somewhat elevated, dark-tawny ; mai^in frond-like, 
 crenate. 
 
 lacutiosa, frond ample, whitish-green, rugose-reticulate, cellolar, '.vhiter be- 
 
 (1) Pbjsica islandica, Mx. 
 
 15 
 
170 CETRARIA, CHEIRANTHUS. 
 
 neath, roand-lobed ; margin torn-crenate : receptacles large, elevated, red' 
 dish-yellow : margin frond-like, flexuose, sub-entire. 
 
 glauccL, Ach. frond glaucous, tawny, brown underneath. On stones and 
 fences. 
 
 viridis, Sz. frond glaucous green, lacanose reticulated, underneath pale-yel- 
 low, margin complicately waved and beset with blaftk soredia ; apotheoia 
 chesnut-brown, margin inflected, lobed and dentated. On small limbs io 
 cedar swamps. Sticta. 
 
 Chaerophyllum, Uraspermum. 
 
 6 — 3. Chamazrops. 1. 11^ 
 
 Southern, 
 gerrulata, W. (E. Ju. Tp.) caudex creeping; stipes sharply serrate: frond* 
 
 plaited palmate. Fronds 2 f. 
 hystrix, Fras. (1) (E. Ju. >).) caudex creeping; stipes intermingled with 
 
 long thorns : fronds plaited palmate. Fronds 4—5 f. 
 palmetto, W. (E. Ju. ^.) caudex arborescent ; stipes unarmed : spathes 
 
 doubled : fronds plaited, palmate. Fronds 5—6 f. Calochortus. 
 
 17 — 4. Chaptalia. Vent. 49. 55. 
 
 Southern, 
 ifiUgrifolia, Mx. (2) (E. p-w. J. 2i) leaves oblong-lanceolate, and obovate, 
 retrorsely denticulate, tomentose, and silvery beneath : scape naked, 1-flow- 
 ered : flowers nodding. Pursh says the leaves are ovate-oblong, entire. 
 
 Parthenium. 
 
 19—1. Chara. 15. 6.' 
 
 9tdgarii, W. (feather-beds. O. Ju. 0.) stem and branches naked at the base , 
 branchlets tftrete ; joints leafy : leaves oblong-subulate : bracts shorter than 
 the berry. Odour disagreeable. Ponds and ditches mostly stagnant. S. 
 
 foiiosa, W. (E. Ju. 0.) stem naked, papillose above : branchlets terete and 
 leafy at the base and leafy in the joints : leaves linear: bracts shorter than 
 the berry. In clear water. S. 
 
 _fiexUis^ W. (E. Au. 0) stem translucent, naked : branchlets jointless, leaf- 
 less, compressed : berries lateral, naked. Ponds in Stockbridge. S, 
 
 glabra,, M. (E. Ju.) whole plant glabrous. S. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 capitata, E. (E. A.) stem and branches terete, glabrous ; joints leafy : fruit in 
 
 beads : bracts a little longer than the berry. Podosteraum. 
 
 21 — I. Cheilanthes. 55. 5, 
 
 *^tiia, W. (lip-fern. E. 2X-) frond doubly pinnate, hairy both sides: leafets 
 pinnatifid ; divisions oblong, obtuse, entire : stipe and racemes rough-haired. 
 Small, on rocks. S. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 dinUbata, Ph. (W. Ju. 2X0 frond triply pinnate : leafets oval, distinctly cre- 
 nate oremarginate at the apex, whitish beneath, Hymenophyllum. 
 
 14 — 2. Cheiranthus. 39. 63. 
 
 paliasii, Ph. (W. r. Ju. cf.) stem simple, terete, somewhat glabrous : leaves 
 glabrous, lanceolate-linear, tapering, repand-tooihed. 
 
 (1) Sabal hyitrix, N. (2) Tussilago,Mx. W. C. tomentosa, Ph. 
 
CHEIRANTHUS, CHENOPODIUM. 171 
 
 Exotic. 
 
 <heirii (wall-flower. J. 2^.) leaves lanceolate, acute, glabrous: branches an- 
 gled : stem somewhat of a woody texture. 
 
 fenestralis, (waved wall-flo'vcr. q".) leaves crowded together in a head, re- 
 curved, undulate : stem undivided. 
 
 annuus^ (stock july-ftower. Ju. 0.) leaves lanceolate, sub-dentate, obta«e, 
 hoary : silique cylindric, with an acute apex. 
 
 incanus, (brompton stock, brompton queens, cf*. ) leaves lanceolate, entire, ob- 
 tuse, hoary : silique truncate, compressed ai tlie apex : stem somewhat of a 
 woody texture. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 asper, N. (W, y. J. (^.) leaves sharply-serrate ; upper ones lanceolate, lower 
 
 ones pinnatiQd below : silique shortish, short-peduncled. Hesperis, 
 
 12—1. Chelidonium. 27. 62. 
 
 Exotic, 
 majiis, W. (celandine, y. M. Zf!,) umbels axillary, peduncled : leaves alter- 
 nate, pinnate, lobed. Naturalized. Glauciura. 
 
 Chelidonium, Meconopsis. 
 
 13—2. Chelone. 40. 45. 
 
 ^iabra, (1) (snakehead. O. w. & r. Ju. 21.) leaves opposite, lance-oblong, aci>- 
 minate, serrate : spikes terminal, dense-flowered. Var. alba, leaves sub- 
 sessile : flowers white. Var. purpurea, leaves short-petioled ; flowers pur- 
 ple. Var. lanceolata, leaves lanceolate, acuminate, serrate, sessile, pubes- 
 cent beneath : segments of the calyx oblong. Some authors make a species 
 obliqua, which they say, has all the leaves opposite, and that the glabra has 
 the lower leaves alternate — sed quere ? — Damp. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 l^oni, Ph. (E. p. Au. 2i.) glabrous, branching : leaves petioled, cordate-ovate, 
 serrate : spikes terminal : flowers clustered. 
 
 iatifolia, M. (E. r. Au.) glabrous : leaves broad, ovate and oval, serrate, 
 abruptly acuminate, tapering at the base, petioled : flowers crowded : bracts 
 and calyx ciliate. 2 f. Penstemon. 
 
 5 — 2. Chenopodium. 12. 29. 
 
 rhombifolium. M. (J. 0.) leaves triangular-rhombic, acute, repandly toothed ; 
 racemes axillary, erect, leafless: bracts minute inflexed. 
 
 album, L. (O. g. Ju. 0.) lea%'es rhomboid -ovate, erose, entire behind, the upper 
 ones oblong, entire, seed smooth. Var. viride, leaves lance-rhomboid, sinu- 
 ate-toothed : racemes ramose, sub-foliaceous : stem very green. 2 — 4 f. 
 
 hybridum, L. (E. Ju. 0.) leaves cordate, angular-toothed, acuminate : racemes 
 branching, somewhat cymose, divaricate, leafless. Var. simplex, stem sim- 
 ple, 5-angled : leaves ovate, sub-cordate, coarsely repand-toothed : spike 
 simple, terminal, naked. 2 — 3 f. jS. 
 
 rubrum, L,.(E. r-g. Ju. 0.) leaves rhomboid-triangular, deeply toothed and 
 sinuate: racemes erect, compound, leafy. 2 — 3 f. 
 
 ambrosioides, L. (sweet pigweed. O. g. Ju. ) leaves lanceolate, remoleljr 
 toothed : racemes leafy, simple. Sweet scented. 1 — 2 f. ^. 
 
 botrys, L. (oak-of-jerusalem. O. g. J. 0.) leaves oblong, sinuate : racemes 
 naked, many-cleft. Sweet scented. 12 i. /S^. 
 
 arUhelmvUicum, L. (wormsced. E.g. Au. 2X-) leaves oblong-lanceolate, tootlv 
 
 (1) obliqua, W. 
 
ir£ CHENOPODIUM, CHLORIS. 
 
 ed: spikes lonof, interrupted, leafless. Odour strong. A good anthelmi^?- 
 
 tic, B. 12—24 i. S. 
 glaucum^ L. (E. 21.) leaves oblong, repand, glaucous beneath : spikes simple, 
 
 naked, glomerate, axillarv, teimlnaU 
 viaritimum, L, (sea pigweed^, g. An. 2X0 leaves subiJate, fleshy, semi-terete : 
 
 flovrers glomorule, axillary'. 18 — 24 i. (S?. 
 murale, W. (Ju. 0.) leaves ovate, unequally toothed, acute, shining: racemes 
 
 branching, cymose, !eaile«s. 
 bonus-henricus, L. (english mercur}% E. g. J. 2X.) leaves triangular, saggitate. 
 
 entire : spikes compound, leafless, axillary and terminal, erect. 
 
 Exotic, 
 scoparivjn, (summer cypress.) leaves flat, lance-linear, margin ciliate : flowers^ 
 glomerate, axillary. 
 
 Southern. "■ 
 
 subspicatum, N. (W.) stem 4-aDgled : lower leaves hastate-ovate, bidentatc, 
 acute; upper ones sub-lanceolate : racemes glomerate, simple, terminal. 
 
 Salsola. 
 
 10—1. Chimaphila. Ph*4i). 18. 51. 
 
 maculata, h. (spotted winter-green. O. w. Ju. 2-C.) leaves lanceolate, rounder 
 at the base, remotely serrate, marked with long spots: scape2or3-flowered . 
 filaments woolly. 
 
 umbellata, W. (prince's pine, bitter wintergreen. O. r-w. Ju. 2X.) leaves ser- 
 rate, uniformly green, wedge-lanceolate, with an acute base : scape corynil>- 
 ed : filaments glabrous. Both species are tonics and diuretics, and resembU 
 in their efiects the Arbutus uva-ursi. B. Ledum. 
 
 5 — 1. Chiococca. 45. 57. 
 
 Southern, 
 racemosa, W. (E. y-w. Ju. '^.) leaves ovate-oblong, acute, flat : racemes ax- 
 illary, peduncled, simple. Lonicera. 
 
 2—1. Chionanthus. 44. 37. 
 
 virginica, W. (fnngetree. w. M. ^.) panicle terminal, trifid : peduncles 3- 
 flowered : leaves acute. Var. monlanus, leaves oval-lanceolate, coriaceous, 
 glabrous : panicle dense : drupe oval. Var. maritimus, leaves obovate-lan- 
 ceolate, membranaceous, pubescent : panicle very lax : drupe elliptic. Ber- 
 ries purplish-blue. <S?. Ornus. 
 
 Chironia, Sabbatia. 
 
 3—2. Chloris. 4. 10. 
 
 So7Uher7i. 
 
 petraea, Sw. (sea-side chloris. L. Ju. ZT.) spikes by fours, digitate, straight, 
 erect : flowers imbricate, glabrous, unawned ; exterior valve of the calyx 
 awned : stem compiessed. 
 
 monostachi/a, Mx. (E. Ju. 0.) spike solitary : spikelets about 6-flowered : 
 flowers awned, bearded at the margin : exterior valve of the calyx rough- 
 ened by glands, awned on the back. 
 
 (1) Pyrola, L. The Chimaphila was long united to the Pyrola. Though 
 they possess strong botanical atfmitics, they diflfer quite as much in habit, and 
 sensible, as well as medicinal properties, as other genera of the natural order 
 Ericae. Such divisions of the Linnean genera, where the " natural genus gives 
 the characters," ought to be adopted. But divisions founded on any artificial 
 character, however constant and decisive, iniure the science. 
 
CHL.ORIS, CHRYSOGONUM. 173 
 
 secundus, Ph. (I) (W. H-) glabrous, leaves linear : spike elongated, one sid- 
 ed: spikelets solitary and reflexed after defloration: glumes of thecaljx 
 Jinear-lanceolate, very acute. Aegilops. 
 
 Chloris, Eleusine. ^ 
 
 Chondrilla, see Borkhausia. 
 
 Chondrocarpus, Hydrocotyle. 
 
 21—4. Chordaria. (2) 57. 2. 
 
 Jilum, frond filiform, very simple, terete, attenuate at the apex and base, con- 
 structed of fibi-es spirally twisted. Colour tawny-olive, substance tenaceous, . 
 Sea. Laminaria. 
 
 17 — 2. Chrysanthemum. 49. 55. 
 
 Uucanthemum, W. (oK-eyed daisy. O. J. 2^.) leaves clasping, lanceolate, ser- 
 rate, cut-toothed at the base : stem erect, branching. 12 — 20 i. S. 
 
 arcticum, W. (W. p-w. 2X-) radical leaves 3-parted, gash-toothed; caulinc 
 ones wedge-form, 3-parted, obtuse. 12 i. S. 
 
 Exotic, 
 
 partheyiium, (feverfew.) leaves petioled, compound, flat : leafets ovate, gashed : 
 peduncles branching, corymbed : stem erect. 
 
 carinatum, (three coloured daisy, r. w. Au. 0.) leaves bipinnate, fleshy, gla- 
 brous : scale of the calyx carinate. 
 
 coronarium, (garden chrysanthemum. Au. 0.) leaves bipiiinatifid, acute, 
 broader outwards : stem branching. Bellis. 
 
 11—1. Chrysobalanus. 36. 92. 
 
 Southern, 
 oblongif alius, Mx. (E. w. J. ^.) leaves oblong-lanceolate, cuneateat the base, 
 entire, glabrous, shining: flowers panicled : fruit oblong. "Mx. observes 
 that it varies with the leaves woolly and hoary on the under surface." Elliott 
 1—2 f. Tigarea. 
 
 17 — 1. Chrysoco3Ia. 49. 55. 
 
 virgaia, N. (goldy locks. L. y.) herbaceous, smooth : leaves narrow, linear ; 
 stem branching ; branches corymbed, fastigiate, virgate : scales of the calyx 
 glutinous, appressed. 18 i. 
 
 Southei'n. 
 
 nudata, Mx. (E. y. Sept. 2i) radical leaves spatulate, lanceolate; cauline 
 
 ones linear, scattered : corymb compound, fastigiate : calyx oblong, 3 4- 
 
 flowered. 2 f. 
 
 graveolens, N. (3) (W. y. Oc, '^.) leaves linear, 3-nerved, smooth, impunctate : 
 branches whitish, tomentose : flowers corymbed, fastigiate, crowded : calyx 
 angular, smooth, 5-flowered. 6 — 8 f. 
 
 nauseosa, Ph. (W. y. Oc, 1(.) calyx peduncled ; calyx and leaves, woolly pu- 
 bescent : leaves narrow-linear: corymb somewhat lax : calyx lax, 5-flowei-ed • 
 inner scales divaricate, glabrous. ^ Cacalia. 
 
 17 — 4. Chrysogonum. 49. 55. 
 Southern, 
 virginianum, W. (E. y. J. 2£.) low : woolly-villose : leaves oval, dentate, nar- 
 rowing into the petiole, e — 12 i. Baltimora, 
 
 (1) Cynosurus, Ph. (2) Fucus, L. (3) dracunculoides, Ph. 
 
 15* 
 
17*4 CHRTSOPSI9, CICEK^ 
 
 17—2. Chktsopsis. (1) 49. 55. 
 
 mnriana, W. (E. y. Au. 2X0 v'Hose : leaves sessile, lance-oblong, tapering to 
 the base, obtuse, glandular-toothed, lower ones petioled, serrate : pedunclea 
 axillary, corymbed, glandular-hairy. 12 — 18 i. Sk 
 
 falcata, Ph. (y. S. 2i-) woolly : leaves sessile, linear, rery acute : eub-falcate, 
 spreading, nerves hairy both sides : peduncles few, axillary, corymbed : ca- 
 lyx and peduncles villose. 5 — 6 i. S. 
 
 graminifolia, Mx. (y. S. 2X) silky, leaves lanceolate-linear, acute, entire, 
 nerved : corymb compound : stem leafy towards the summit. Var. tenuifo- 
 lia, silky or woolly : leaves narrow-linear, shining : stem few-flowered •- 
 scales of the calyx glabrous. 2 f. iS. 
 
 4cabra, Ph. (W. y. Oc. 2i. or(;;^.) hispid-pilose, very scabrous: radical leaves 
 oval, toothed, petioled; cauline ones cordate, ovate, sessile : flowers in pani- 
 cles. 2—3 f. S. 
 
 argentea, P. (E. y. 2X-) silky: leaves lanceolate, 3-nerved, erect, entire, acute, 
 aigiag : corymb sub-compound, erect : scales of the calyx flat, pubescent. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 pinifolia, E. (E. y, S. Oc. 2X0 very glabrous : stem rigid : leaves linear, crowd- 
 ed, rigid: corymb large; scales of the involucre woolly at the summit. 18 
 — 24 i. 
 
 trichophylla, N. (E. y. Au. 2X ) bairy : leaves oblong, obtuse, very entire, 
 somewhat clasping, scabrous on the margin : corymb simple ; scales of the 
 involucre very narrow, glandular. 12 — 18 i, 
 
 gossypina, Mx. (E. y. S. 2X0 woolly, hoary : leaves sessile, oblong, spatulatc, 
 obtuse, very entire : corymb fastigiate. 1 — 2 f. 
 
 dentata, E. (E. y. S. 2X.) lanuginous : leaves cuneate, obovate, obtuse, deep- 
 ly toothed ; upper ones oblong, oval, entire : corymb simple. 2 f. 
 
 divaricata, N. (E. y. S. 2X0 'eaves linear-lanceolate, acute, serrate, and with 
 the stem hispid : panicle divaricate : peduncles and calyx viscid-pubescent, 
 2 f. 
 
 TiUosa^Vh. (2) (W. y. 2X0 hirsulciy villous : leaves sessile, entire, linear-ob • 
 long, acute, ciliate below; margin scabrous: branches sub-corymbose : flow- 
 ers fastigiate. 
 
 ericoides, T. & J. (W. yO stem branching below ; branchlets elongated, sub- 
 simple, l-flowered : leaves subulate, imbricate, appressed, hispid and ciliate. 
 ^>— 6 i. 
 
 Note. The following species of Aster, according to Nuttall, belong to this 
 genu«. A. linaHif alius, L. linifolius, W. dichotomus, E. albus, N. obovatus^ 
 Ji. huBulis, W. amr/gdalinus, Lb. Pectis. 
 
 8 — 2. Chrysosplenium. 13. 84. 
 
 oppotUifolitifn, (golden saxifrage, water-carpet. O. y-r. M. 2X0 leaves oppo- 
 site, roundish, slightly crehate, tapering for a little distance to the petiole. 
 In rivulets, springs, &c. 
 
 altefni/oiium, h. (M. 2X) leaves alternate. Perhaps only a variety of the first. 
 
 Polygonum. 
 
 16—10. CiCER. 32. 93. 
 
 arietinum, {chick-pea. 0.) peduncle l-flowered : seeds globose, gibboui ; 
 leaves serrate. Zornia. 
 
 (1) Inula, L. .(2) Amelias, Ph. 
 
OICHORIUM^ CISTU8. 17'5 
 
 17—1. CicHORiDM. 49. 53. 
 
 in/yAw, L. (aucqory or endive. O. b. Ju. 2^.) flowera axillary, io pairs, seg. 
 sile : leaves runcinate. 
 
 Exotic, 
 endivia, (garden endive, b. (^.) peduncles axillary, in pairs ; one long, 1- 
 flowered, the other short, about 4-flowered : leaves oblong, denticulate. Var. 
 crispum, has fringed leaves and solitary flowers. Apargia, 
 
 5—2. CicuTA. 45. 60. 
 
 maculataj W. (O. w. Ju. 21-) serratures of the leaves mucronate : petioles mem- 
 branaceous, 21obed at the apex. Damp. 3 — 6 f. 8. 
 
 bulbifera, W. (E. w. Ju. IfO leaves ternate and biternate, bulbiferoua ; ieafet4 
 linear and linear-lanceolate, remotely toothed. 2 — 3 f. 
 
 Exotic. 
 
 inro»a, (water hemlock. 2i') umbels opposite to the leaves : petioles margined^ 
 
 obtuse; leafets ternate, acutely serrate. Root containing a yellow juice. 
 
 Sison. 
 
 Cimicifugaf Macrotys. 
 
 17—2. Cineraria. 49. 55. 
 
 heterophylla, Vh. (ashwort. y. M. 2X.) downy: radical leaves long-petioled, 
 obovate-spatulate ; also ovate, acutish and pinnatifid; cauline 2— 3, linear, 
 pinnatifid: flowers corymbed. 8 i. 
 
 canadensis, W. (E. 2X-) villose : leaves pinnatifid, sub-villose ; divisions sinu- 
 ate : flowers panic led. 
 
 Southern, 
 integrifolfa, var. minor, W. (O. y. Au. 2i-) wooUy-tomentose : stem simple 
 lower leaves spatulate, sub-dentate ; upper ones narrow-lanceolate, very en- 
 tire, ereci : flowers somewhat umbelled. Tussilago. 
 
 3—2. CiNNA. (1) 4—10. 
 
 aYundinacea, W. (Indian reed. E. Au. 2X0 glabrous : panicle large, many- 
 flowered, capillary : leaves broad-linear : one valve somewhat awned below 
 at the apex. 2-^, f. S. Polypogon. 
 
 2—1. CiRCAEA. 48. 88. 
 
 lutetiana, var. canadensis. L. (O. Ju. w. 2X0 stem erect : leaves ovate, remotely 
 
 toothed, opaque, smooth. 12 — 18 i. S. 
 alpina, L. (O. r-w. Au. 2X0 stem branched, glabrous, often procumbent ; leaves 
 
 broad-cordate, membranaceous, acutely toothed, shining. 6 — 8 i. 8. 
 
 Anthoxanthuni. 
 
 Circiumt Cnlcus, 
 
 Cissus, Ampelopsis. 
 
 12—1. CisTUs. (2) 20. 80.' 
 
 eanadJinsis, W. (rock rose, frost plant. O. y. J. 2X0 without stipules, erect; 
 leaves alternate, erect, linear-lanceolate, flat, tomentose beneath : racemea 
 terminal, few-flowered; divisions of the calyx broad-ovate-acurainate; cap= 
 
 (1) Agrostis, Lk. Ph. (2) Ueliaathemum, Ju. 
 
176 eiSTUS, CiAVARIA. 
 
 sules shorter than the calyx. At the foot of the Pine-rock, New-Haven, the 
 barren plains produce great quantities of this plant. In Nov. and Dec. of 
 1816, I saw hundreds of these plants sending out broad, thin, curved ice 
 crystals, about an inch in breadth, from near the roots. These were melted 
 away by day, and renewed every morning, for more than 20 days in succes- 
 sion. 6—14 i. ^'. ♦ 
 ramulijlorvm^ Mx. (O. y. Ju. 7i-) without stipules, erect, powdery-tomentose : 
 leaves alternate, oblong, acute, revolute at the margin, toraentose beneath : 
 racemes short, about 3-Howered at the summit; divisions of the calyx orbic- 
 ular, pulverulent: capsule globose, of the length of the calyx. 6 — 10 i. 
 
 corymbosum,M-s.. (E. J. 2X-) without stipules, erect, ramose, minutely pubes- 
 cent : leaves alternate, lanceolate, whitish downy beneath : corymb fastigi- 
 ate, with numerous crowded flowers; divisions of the calyx ovate, acute : 
 capsule scarcely longer than the calyx. 12 i. *S'. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 rosyjianmfoHum, Ph. (E. y. Ju. 11.) without stipules, simple, stiffly erect, 
 hoary: leaves linear, revolute at the margin, hoary-Ionientose beneath: little 
 racemes axillary ; flowers interruptedly crowded: divisions of the calyx 
 ovate, acute : petals thrice as long as the calyx. 
 
 carolviianum, Mx. (E. J. Ti-) without stipules, hirsute, erect: leaves alternate, 
 oblong-oval, sub-denticulate; bottom ones obovate, hirsute on both sides : 
 peduncles few, terminal, with the calyx very villose : divisions of the calyx 
 oblong, acute, shorter than the petals. Hudsonia. 
 
 12—1. Citrus. 18. 70. 
 
 Exotic, 
 medica, W. (lemon tree. w. J. ^.) leaves ovate, acuminate, with linear wing. 
 
 less petioles. Var. limon, (lime tree) bears smaller fruit, which is almost 
 
 round. 4 — 10 f. 
 aurantium, W. (orange tree. w. fp.) leaves oval, acuminate, with the petioles 
 
 winged or margined. Bejaria. 
 
 8—1. Clarckia. 17. 83. 
 
 Southern. 
 pulchella. Ph. (\V. r. p. J. cT.) stem erect, terete, somewhat branching above: 
 leaves alternate, linear, entire, glabrous : flowers axillary towards the top of 
 the stem, sub-sessile, large. 12 — 18 i. Menziesia. 
 
 21—6. Clavaria. 58. 1. 
 
 1 . Corol-like ; clavate pileus branched. 
 
 (Stems or stipes very thick.) 
 
 formosa, very branching: stem sub-decumbent, thick, white : branches elon- 
 
 "•ated, rose-orange ; branchlels obtuse, becoming yellow. In groves. 
 Jiava, stem thick, white : branches and branchlels straight, shortish, yellow. 
 In autumn it grows in shady woods, about 3 inches long. 
 
 botrytis, sub-deformed: stem very thick, decumbent, becoming palish-white: 
 branches shortish, sub-rugose ; branchlets obtuse, red. On fallen trees, &c. 
 
 Stems slender, or not so thick as to equal all the branches taken together.) 
 
 valmata, somewhat winged or wing-like, becoming pale : stem slender: branch- 
 es sub-cunipressed, palmate, About 3 inches long, and the breadth about 
 the same. 
 
CLAVARIA, CLEMATIS. 177 
 
 corniculala, sub-ramose, yellow: stem slender, elongated, twice ternatcl}' di- 
 vided in forks; branchlets acute. Branches mostly compressed ; branchlets 
 a little woolly. h\ woods, one and a half inch long. 
 
 byssiseda, various, sub-ramose, small, pale, reddish-yellow ; rootlets byssus- 
 llke or flax-like, white, sessile or sitting down. Springs up among fallen leaves, 
 &c. 
 
 mucida, in groups, minute, simple and ramo«e, white : apex ochre-colour : sit- 
 ting down with a tomentose base. On decaying irunUs, &c. about the fouilb 
 of an inch long; substance tough. 
 
 cornea, in groups, minute, viscid, becoming yellow, simple and ramose; con- 
 nate at the bases. ^ Oa trunks in autumn, scarcely the fourth of an inch 
 long. 
 
 2. fiiin;ple ; the clavate pileus not branched. 
 
 ligtila, sub-cespitose, pale-reddish-vellow, opake, various, villous and slender 
 at the base, terete or sub-compressed at the apex. Adhering to branches, &c. 
 about 2 inches long. 
 
 jiistillaris, solitary, large, thick, from yellow becoming a little reddish; round 
 at the apex. Nearly cylindric at first, and becoming thick and sub-rugose. 
 Has a bitter taste. 
 
 fusiformis, cespitose, heaped together, orange : clavate pileus attenuated, sub- 
 tenacious, cohering at the base. In woods. 
 
 Jlavipes, cespitose, fragile : clavate pileus sub-falcate, acuminate, pale-approxi- 
 mate at the base : shining, yellow. 
 
 eburnea, cespitose, crowded, fragile, snow-white. In shady woods on the earth. 
 Ver>' variable ; but distinguished by being white and fragile. 
 
 herbaruyn., in groups, minute, lanceolate, sub-tenaceous, becoming dark-olire. 
 Hardly belongs to this genus. About one sixth of an inch long, -on leaves 
 and other herbage. 
 tmtscicola, very minute, white, sub-incrassate, curved, all glabrous; sitting- 
 down with globose tubercles. 
 g^yrans, on leaves ; wholly white, filiform : stipe with long pubescence. In 
 autumn. Stipe white, weak. Geoglossum. 
 
 5—1. Claytonia. 13. 86. 
 
 virgvnca, L. (O. w. r. A. 2i-) leaves linear-lanceolate : petals obovate, retuse: 
 leaves of the calyx somewhat acute : root tuberous. Var. laiifolia, 'H . (Ij 
 leaves ovate-lanceolate : leaves of the calyx obtuse. 6 — 12 i. ^. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 lanceolata, Ph. (W. w. J. 1i.) leaves lanceolate; cauline ones ovate, sessile . 
 raceme solitary, elongated: leaves of the calyx short, obtuse : petals wedge- 
 form, 2-cleft : root tuberous. 
 
 aUinoides, Sims. (W. w. J. 0.) radical leaves spatulate-ovate ; cauline ones 
 ovate, distinct : racemes somewhat in pairs : flowers secund : bracts ovatt 
 and linear: petals emarginate : root fibrous. 
 
 perfoliata, Donn. (W. w. M. 0.) radical leaves spatulate-rhomboid ; caulin*^ 
 ones roundish, perfoliate : raceme sub-solitary, without bracts : root fibrous : 
 petals emarginate. Ceanothus. 
 
 12—13. Clematis. 26.61. 
 
 virginica., (virgin's bower. O. w. Ju. fp.) climbing: leaves ternate ; leafets 
 ovate, sub-cordate, gash-toothed and lobate : flowers panicled, dioecious 
 15—20 f. iS. 
 
 (1) C. caroliniana, Mx. jpathulaefolia, Ph. spatulata, 4th Ed. 
 
178 CLEMATIS, CLEOME. 
 
 norna, W. (leather flower. E. b. J. fp.) climbing: leaves compound and de- 
 compound; leafets lance-oval, acute at both ends, trifid and entire: flowers 
 solitary, bell-form : petals thick, leathery, acuminate. S. 
 
 ochroleuca, Hort. Kew. (1) (w. &y. J. 11-) erect, simple, pubescent i leares 
 simple, ovate, entire; young ones and calyx silliy : flower terminal, pedun- 
 clea, solitary, nodding. 12 i. *S. 
 
 Exotic. 
 
 Jlammula, (sweet virgin's bower. Tp.) lower leaves laciniate ; upper ones sim- 
 ple, entire, lanceolate. 
 
 viticella, (purple virgin's bower, p. Ju. 2i.) climbing: leaves compound and 
 decompound ; leafets oval, sub-lobate, entire ; petals obovate, spreading. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 cordata, Ph. (A. w. Ju. ^.) climbing: leaves pinnate in two pairs; leafets 
 cordate, lobed, acuminate, gash-toothed ; teeth mucronate : racemes com- 
 pound, elongated, many-flowered ; stamens and petals about equal : flowers 
 dioecious. 
 
 holosericea, Ph. (E. w. Tp.) climbing: leaves divided, ternate ; segments ob- 
 long-lanceolate, entire, pubescent on both sides : corymbs trichotomous, few- 
 flowered, dioecious : petals linear, longer than the stamens. Whole plant 
 silky. 
 
 hoalteri, Ph. (E. vv.Tp.) climbing; leaves divided, pinnate ; leafets in 3 pairs, 
 divaricate, petioled, cirrhose, linear-lanceolate, acute, entire, glaucous be- 
 neath : flowers solitary : petals elliptic, twice as long as the stamens. 
 
 aispa, W. (E. p. Ju. Tp.) climbing: leaves pinnate and ternate; leafets diva- 
 ricate, ovate-lanceolate, acute, 3-lobed or entire : flowers solitary, bell-form ; 
 petals acuminate, revolute ; margins undulate : awns of the seed subulate, 
 naked. 
 
 q/lindrica, Sims. (E. p-b. Ju. >>.) climbing: leaves pinnate, decompound ; leaf- 
 pts ovate, acute at each end, glabrous, simple, petioled : peduncles terminal, 
 solitary : corol nodding, cylindrical : petals coriaceous, undulate ; awns of 
 the seed plumose. 
 
 reticulata, Wr. (O. p-r. Ju. fp.) climbing: leaves pinnate in 4 pairs ; leafets 
 ovate, obtuse at each end, all entire, petioled, membranaceous, reticulatelj 
 nerved on both sides : flowers solitary ; petals coriaceous : awns of the seed 
 plumose. 
 
 hirsutissima, Ph. (W. M. 2X.) erect, simple : leaves very hirsute, bipinnatifid, 
 gashed; divisions linear, acute; cauline leaves compoundly multifid : pe- 
 duncle terminal, solitary: flower erect, bell-form; petals 4, erect, ovate, 
 somewhat obtuse, reflexed at the apex. 
 
 catesbyana, Ph. (E. ^.) climbing, pubescent: leaves biternate ; leafets sub- 
 cordate, 3-lobed : panicle divaricate-dichotomous : petals longer than the 
 stamens. Flowers often dioecious. 
 
 Ovata,Vh. (E. 21.) erect, simple : leaves ovate, gradually acute, short-rpetiol- 
 ed, glabrous, reticulate-nerved on both sides ; lower ones sub-cordate : pe- 
 duncle terminal, solitary, 1-flowered : plumose awns very long. 
 
 lineariloba, Dc. (E.) peduncles 1-flowered : petals very acute : leaves divid- 
 ed, pinnate, glabrous ; leafets entire or 3-parted. Atragene. 
 
 6—1. Cleome. 25. 64. 
 
 p€ntaphylla, W. (E. w. Ju. 0.) smoothish : leaves quinate and ternate ; leafets 
 entire, sub-serrulate : stamens inserted on the pedicel of the germ. 2 f . <S. 
 
 dodecandra, W. (2) (O. r-w. Ju. 0.) viscid-pubescent : leaves ternate ; leaf- 
 ets elliplical-oblong : flowers generally dodecandrous. 1 f. S. 
 
 (1) 8eric«a, Mx. (2) Folanisia graveolens, T. 
 
CI.EOME, CNICU9. J^g 
 
 Southern. 
 
 serrulata, Ph. (W. p-w. Au. 0.) glabrous: leaves ternate ; leafets lanceolate 
 obsoletely serrulate : raceme elongated, bracts linear : stamens 6. 3 4 f * 
 
 pinnata, Ph. (W. y.) sub-pubescent : leaves pinnate ;• leafets lanceolate at 
 tenuate below, sparingly dentate, upper ones confluent : flowers racemed 
 pediceiled, aggregated. 2 f. ' 
 
 cuneifolia, M. (E. %v. Ju. 0.) leaves simple, sub-sessile, obovate-cuneale • 
 flowers hexandrous, m terminal clusters. 12 18 i. 
 
 mexicana, Dc. (1) (W. y.) stem herbaceous, branching, smooth, unarmed- 
 branches obtusely angular : leaves terrete, smooth, petioled ; leafets ianceii^ 
 late, acutish, entire : racemes corymbose, terminal. Tillandsia 
 
 gla- 
 tomeQ< 
 
 10—1. Clkthra. 18. 51. 
 
 alnifol%a,\\. (E. w. Au. ^.) leaves wedge-obovate, acute, coarse-serrate 
 brous, both sides one colour : racemes spiked, simple, bracted, hoary-toi 
 tose. 4 — 8 f. S. ^ 
 
 Southern, 
 tomentosa, Lfc. (E. w. Au. ^.) leaves cuneate^obovate, acute, sub-serrate 
 white tomentose beneath : racemes spiked, simple, bracted, viUous-tomenl 
 tose. 2 — 4 f. 
 
 Bcabra,?. (E. w.Ju, b.) leaves broad-wedge-obovate, acute, coarse-serrate 
 scabrous on both sides ; serratures uncinate ; racemes spiked, sub-oanicled' 
 bracted, sub-tomentose. *^ ' 
 
 jpaniculataj W. (E. w. Ju. T).) leaves narrow-wedge-lanceolate, glabrous on 
 both sides, acute, serrate ; serratures acuminate : panicle terminal, race- 
 mose, white-tomentose. 
 
 acuminata Mx. (A. w Au. ^ ) leaves oval, acuminate, serrate , glabrous oa 
 both sides, glaucous beneath : racemes spiked, bracted, white-tomentose.' 
 
 Ruta- 
 21 — 2. Climacium. 56. 4. 
 
 '^Zto\'^ZnSl\}^'^^ u^'^''' '?'" branching, tree-form : leaves crowded, 
 erect, lanceolate sub-3-nerved serrulate above : capsule erect, long-cylin' 
 dric: inner peristome at length multifid-capillaceous. Leskia. 
 
 13—1. Clinopodium. 42. 39. 
 
 vtdgare, W. (field thyme. O. r-w. Ju. 21.) flowers in head-form whorls : bracts 
 setaceous, hispid ; leaves above pilose, remotely toothed : stem simple. 2 f. 
 
 Origanum. 
 17—1. Cnicus. (3) 49. 54. 
 
 lanceolatus, L. (common thistle. O. p. J. (^.) leaves decurrent, hispid, pin- 
 natifid : divisions 2-lobed, divaricate, spinose : calyx ovate, with spider- 
 web-hke pubescence : scales lanceolate, spinose, spreading. 2 — 4 f S 
 
 altisstmus, L (4) (tall thistle. O. w-p. Au. 2^.) leaves sessile, lance-obloii?, 
 scabrous, downy beneath, toothed, ciliate ; radical ones pinnatilid ; calyx 
 bracted ovate : scales lance-ovate, spinose, close-pressed, 3—8 f. ^. 
 
 arveTisu, W. (5) (canada thistle. O. p. J. 2i.) leaves sessile, pinnatifid, ciliate, 
 spinose ; stem panicled : calyx ovate, mucronate : scales broad-lanceolate, 
 close-pressed ; margin woolly. 2 — 3f. 
 
 (1) Cleomella, Dc. (2) Leskea dendroides, Mx. (3) Carduus, L. in some 
 of h>s works. C.rsium, Mx. (4) virgioianus, Wr. repandom, Mx. (5) 
 Carduus, S. Serratula, W. « » r 1 \ / 
 
180 CNICUS, COCHLEARIA. 
 
 ■lorridulus, Ms. (1) (E. w-y. Ju. 2C.) tall : leaves sessile, pinnatifid, acuteiy- 
 gashed, very spinose : involucre terminal, 1-flowercd, many-leaved ; leafets 
 very spinose, double : calyx unarmed. 2 — 3 f. *S'. 
 
 muii:iis, Mx. (O. p. Ju. ^T.) leaves all pinnatifid, woolly beneath : dlvi?- 
 ions sub-lanceolate, acute, a little spinose : br£ipches at the summit many, 
 nakedish, l-flowered : calyx globose : scales not spinose. 3 — 4 f. S. 
 
 discolor, M. (O. p. Ju. (^.) leaves sessile, pinnatifid, rough-haired, downy be- 
 neath ; divisions 2-lobed, divaricate, spinose: calyx globose, with spider- 
 web-like pubescence : scales ovate, close-pressed, with spreading spines at 
 the lips. 3 — 5 f. S. 
 
 virginiatnts, W. (A. p. Ju. 2i.) stem simple : leaves sessile, lanceolate, hoary- 
 tomentose beneath, remotely toothed; teeth spinous : flowers solitary : calyx 
 globose; scales mucronate, appressed, carinatc. 3— ro f. ;§. 
 
 odoratus, M. (2) (E. r. Ju. 2£.) woolly : stem 1 to 3-flowered : leaves clasping, 
 lance-oblong, pinnatifid ; segments irregularly lobed, ciliate, lipped with 
 spines; colour similar both sides: calyx large, sub-globose, naked; scales 
 close-pressed, lanceolate, acuminate, spinose. 1 — 2 f, 
 
 ghitinosus, Bvv. (E. p. Au. (^.) leaves pinnatifid, segments divaricate : calyx 
 ovate ; scales unarmed, glutinous. 4 — 6 f. 
 
 undulatus, N. (W. r-p.) leaves clasping, pinnatifid-sinuate, undulate ; seg- 
 ments bifid, spiny ; both sides tomentose : calyx sub-globose ; scales lanceo- 
 late mucronate. 1 — 2 f. <S*. 
 
 pitcherir T. (W.) cottony-pubescent : leaves very long-linear, pinnatifid (al- 
 most pinnate) sub-decurrent ; radical ones sheathing the base of the stem ; 
 leafets very remote, linear, terminated with slender spines ; terminal leafets 
 broadest, sometimes branching; calyx globose; scales lanceolate, keeled, 
 spinose; spines reflexed. First found by Dr. Zina Pitcher, on the great 
 sand banks of Lake Superior. My specimen was collected byDr. E. James, 
 at Lake Huron, from which I made this description, not having seen Dr. Tor- 
 rey's. it is 18 inches high. 
 
 glaber,!^. (E. p. Ju.2X.) leaves sessile, pinnatifid, all over smooth; segment? 
 spinose, acute, lower ones sub-decurrent : calyx ovate, glabrous ; scales spine- 
 less, short-mucronate, obtusely carinate : stem much branched. 4 — 6 f. ,V. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 repandus, Mx. (E. p. Ju. 21.) leaves amplexicaule, narrow, oblong, obtusely 
 Mub-sinuate, with numerous small spines, lanuginous : flowers solitary ; scales 
 of the calyx lanceolate, erect, spinous. 2 f. Carduus. 
 
 5—2. Cnidium. (3) 45. 60. 
 
 canadense, Mx. (E. w. Ju. If.) stem angular, flexuous: leaves bipinnate ; leaf- 
 ets many-parted ; segments lanceolate. S. 
 
 citropurpureurn, Lk. (E. p. J. 21-) radical leaves subcordate, simple, serrate : 
 cauline ones serrete; leafets ovate, acute, sub-cordate; middle one petiolate 
 partial involucre dimidiate, 3-leaved. Fursh says all the leaves are ternatc. 
 t:— 3 f. ^. 
 
 Southern, 
 acaulci Ph. (W. 2X.) glabrous, stemless; leaves bipinnate ; leafets linear, up- 
 per ones confluent : scape shorter than the radical leaves : partial umbels v: 
 (he ray staminate. 2 — 3 i. Pastjnaca. 
 
 14 — 1. COCHLEARIA. 39. 63. 
 
 Jenestratay Br. (arctic region.) stem simple : leaves ovale-delloid ; petiole 
 broad. 
 
 (1) spinosissimus, Wr. Serratula discolor, Lk. (2) purailus, N. (3) Se- 
 lioum, L. 
 
COCHLEARIA, COX-tEMA. 181 
 
 Ktfuntica, Ea. (water horse-radish, w. J. 21.) leares all pinnatifid ; lower onei 
 doubly and finely pinnatifid. Grows in PiKsfield, INlass. in water and wet 
 ^roands. Manifestly indigenous; but perhaps a variety of cirmoracin. 
 
 Exotic, 
 (fficitialis, (scurvy-grass, w. J. 2S..) radical leaves roundish ; cauline ones ob- 
 
 long, sub-sinuate : silicles globose. 
 (umoracia, (horse-radish, w. J. 21- ) radical leaves lanceolate, crenate ; cau. 
 
 line ones gashed. Naturalized. Lunaria. 
 
 19—3. Coix. 4. 10. 
 
 iachrymn^ (job's-tear. Ju. 0.) culm semi-terete above : flowers naked : fruit 
 ovate-, 7.QZ. 
 
 21—5. COLLEMA. 57. 2. 
 
 mtrrnn, frond crust-like, sub-orbicular, dark-tawny ; lobes gash-crcnate all 
 around the periphery, the central ones sub-ramose, and in the form of grains : 
 receptacles at length convex, black, marginated. On stones. 
 pulposum, frond sub-orbicular, formed of thick, sub-imbricate, reparid-crenate, 
 plicate, naked, lobes : receptacles central, crowded, flattish, reddish-yellow, 
 with elevated entire margins. 
 papulosiim, frond orbicular : central lobes thick, entangled, irregular; those 
 of the periphery expanded, dilated outwardly, gash-crennle, warty -blistered 
 above. 
 pallescensj frond yellowish-gresn, pale beneath : lobes deformed, densely en- 
 tangled, irregularly crenate, ascending : receptacles sub-marginal. A va- 
 riety of the tenax. 
 tn^riococatm, frond sub-orbicular, imbricate, black; lobes crowded, entangletl, 
 crisped, granulate ; receptacles minute, globose-turbinate, heaped togcihcr, 
 marginal and scattered, one-coloured, marked with punctures. Among and 
 on mosses on rocks, &c. 
 palmatum, frond sub-foliaceous, tawny-green, becoming glaucous ; lobes 
 thick, crowded, gash-palmate ; divisions sub-linear, terete : receptacles red- 
 tawny. On the earth and trunks. 
 nigresceris, frond foliaceous, msmbranaceous, sub-monophyllous, orbicular, 
 depressed, radiately-plicate, round-iobed, dark-green : receptacles central, 
 crowded, at length convex, red-tawny, margins entire. On roots of trees, 
 rocks, &c. Halsey. 
 pidchelluni, frond foliaceous, membranaceous, orbicular, flat, sub-laciniate, 
 round-lobed at the periphery, plicate-papulose above, dark-green, paler be- 
 neath and deeply lacunose : receptacles scattered, crowded, elevated ; disk 
 iirceolate, pale wax-colour ; margin thin, contracted, entire, at length sub- 
 rugose. 
 furvum, frond foliaceous, membranaceous, sub-rugose, complicate, dark -green, 
 granulated both sides ; lobes round-deformed, afterwards undulate, crisped, 
 entire : receptacles scattered, flat, dark-tawny ; margins entire. Trunks, 
 (fee. 
 tremflloides, frond foliaceous, membranaceous, very tender, sub-diaphaooujs, 
 lead-colour, obsolelely rugose and marked witli dots ; lobes oblong, rourid, 
 gashed, entire: receptacles scattered, flat, red-tawny, at length black; mar- 
 gin pale. Trunks among moss, &c. 
 laeerum, frond foliaceous, membranaceous, sub-diaphaijous, sub-rugose -reticu- 
 late, becoming glaucous; lobes small, sub-imbricate, laciniate, tooth-ciliats : 
 receptacles scattered, a little concave, red ; margin pale. 
 
 C'omiculeu-ia. 
 
 16 
 
l&d COLLINSIA, COMMEIilNA. 
 
 13—2. CoLLiNSiA. N, 40. 40. 
 
 verna, (collinsia. O. b. M. 0.) leaves opposite and whorled, obtuse, entire; 
 peduncles axillarj', whorled, single-flowered. 12 i. /S'. Gerardia. 
 
 2—1. COLLINSONIA. 42. 3^ 
 
 canade7isis, (horse-balm, rich-weed. O. y. Au. 2i.) leaves heart-ovate, broad, 
 glabrous: teeth of the calyx short-subulate : panicle terminal, compound. 
 Var. cordata, leaves broad-ccrdale, upper ones entire. Var. ovata, leaves 
 ovate, attenuate at the base, ail serrate. Strong scented, not unpleasant. 
 1— 3f. S. 
 
 Southern, 
 fcabra, Ph. (E. r-y. Au. 2J!. ) leaves small, ovate, sub-cordate, somewhathairy : 
 
 teeth of the calyx short, subulate : panicle terminal, simple : stem hairy, 
 
 rough. 2—3 f. 
 ovalis, Ph. (E. y. Au. 21.) leaves oblong-oval, acute at each end, glabrous ; 
 
 petioles long : teeth of the cal^x short : panicle terminal, simple, naked ; 
 
 stem glabrous. 
 tuberosa, jMx. (E. y. S. 7i') leaves somewhat rhomboid-oval, acute at each 
 
 end, glabrous : teeth of the cal3x setaceous, longer than the tube : panicle 
 
 compound, leafy : stem branching, somewhathairy. 3 — 4 f. 
 anuata, Sims. (A. y. Au. Ti- leaves ovale, cordate, rugose, glabrous ; nervea 
 
 pubescent beneath : teeth of the calyx linear, nearly as long as (he tube : 
 
 panicle leafy, compound, pubescent: flowers tetrandrous : stem branching. 
 
 pubescent. 
 functala, E. (E. y. S. 2X.) leaves ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, acute at the 
 
 base, pubescent and dotted beneath : panicle compound. 2 — G{. 
 verticillata, Bald. (E. M.) leaves verticillate, oval and acuminate. Var. pur- 
 
 ^wra«cezi.s-, flowers purplish ; panicle short. If. Rosmarinus. 
 
 5—1. CoLLOMiA. N. (1) 29. 44. 
 
 Southern, 
 linearis, Cav. (W. w-p. J. 0.) sub-pubescent; leaves oblong-linear, sub- 
 lanceolate ; floral ones ovate-lanceolate, acute ; bracts and calyx viscid, 
 4 — 12 i. Cantua. 
 
 IG— 10. CoLUTEA. 32. 93, 
 
 nrborescens, (bladder senna, y. >>.) leaves pinfiate ; leafcts oval, retuse : ban- 
 ner gibbous, abbreviated. 
 
 vesicaria, (senna herb. y. Ju.) leaves pinnate ; leafets ovate : stem herbaceous, 
 decumbent, villose : legumes orbicular, inflated. Indigofera. 
 
 Comandra, Thesium. 
 
 11—13. CoMAUUM. (2) 35. 92. 
 
 palu^tre, W. (marsh five-finger. O. Ju, 2i-) leafets in threes, fives and sevena. 
 serrate : stipules growing to the petioles and sheathing: flowers axillary and 
 terminal : stem rooting. An active astringent. 18 i. S. 
 
 Fragaria. 
 
 3—1. COMMELINA. 6. 13. 
 
 angtistifolia, Mx. (day-flower. E. b. Ju, ZC) assurgent, weak, somewhat gla. 
 
 {!) Taken from Phlox. (2) PotentiUa, T. 
 
COMMELlNAy CONFEBVA. 183 
 
 bpous : leaves lance-linear, very acute, flat, glabrous : sheaths suh-ciUiate : 
 bracts (or involucres) pedunclcd, solitary, short-cordale. 12 i. <§?. 
 
 virginica, L. (1) (b. Ju. Zf) stiffly erect, ail over pul)escent : leaves long- 
 lanceofate ; sheaths red-bearded at the throat : bracts (or involucres) sub- 
 Besaile, lateral and terminal ; calyx petal-like, 3-leaved, nearly equal. 2 f. 
 S. 
 
 Sottthern. 
 
 communis, L. (E. b. Au. 0.) corol unequal : leaves ovate-lanceolate, acute : 
 stem creeping, glabrous. Xyris. 
 
 19—3. CoMPTONiA. 50, 99. 
 
 asplenifolia, A. (sweet fern. O. g. Ap. Tp.) leaves long-linear, alternately ci-e- 
 nate-pinnatifid. 18 — 48 i. S. Coix. 
 
 21 — 4. Conferva. 57. 2. 
 
 1. Coloured, (not green) ramose. 
 
 rufa, threads ramose, capillary, straight, obsoletely geniculate ; branches and 
 branchlets opposite, remotish : length of the joints equalling the diameter. 
 In the sea. Reddish-yellow, shining, in fascicles ; threads of the thickness 
 of human hair, 2 inches and longer, flaccid, soft. 
 
 2. Coloured, simple. 
 
 /ucicola, threads simple, cylindric, fascicled : joints twice as long as thick. In 
 bays, &c. fascicled like a pencil-brush, an inch or an inch and a half, yellow- 
 ferruginous. 
 
 3. Green, simple. 
 
 fioccosa, threads simple, spider-web-like, woven into a bullate stratum : joints 
 with the length and diameter equal. In ditches and slow-flowing streams, 
 frequent early in the spring, yellowish-green. Adheres to paper or leaves. 
 
 papillaris, threads simple, variously reflexed and loosely interwoven : joints 
 when dry alternately compressed : granulations scattered. Common m still 
 water. Joints vary in length. Hardly adheres to paper ; obscure green. 
 
 vesicata, threads simple, slender : joints six times as long as thick ; in some 
 parts globose-iiiflated. Var. fuscescens, soo'y-yellow. 
 
 fontinalis, threads simple, adnate, fascicled, straight, obtuse : joints thrice as 
 long as thick. In limpid fountains, bright-green. Hardly adheres to paper 
 when dry. 
 
 iiuum, threads simple, filiform, very long, variegated and equal when dry : 
 diameter of the joints about equalling the length. In salt water ditches. 
 Will not adhere to paper. 
 
 rivularis, threads simple, capillary, very lonj;, straight, equal : knee-joints pel- 
 lucid, joints bearing grains, diameter about one third their length, alter- 
 nately compressed when dry. In rivers, summer and autunm. Obscure 
 green, more slender than human hair. Var. crisjmta, has ramose threads. 
 
 4. Green , ramose and sub'mersed. 
 
 fraeta, threads rigid, very branching, capillary ; branches divaricate, alter- 
 nate : joints five times as long as thick. Common in ditches, large. 
 
 glomerata, threads very branching, capillary : branches alternate, terminal 
 ones fastigiate, somewhat 1-sided : joints cylindric, four times as long as 
 thick. Common in rivers and lakes. Adheres slightly to paper. 
 
 rupestris, threads fascicled, very branching, straight, wand-like, obtuse : 
 branches erect ; knee-joints pellucid ; joints cylindric, thrice as long as 
 
 ^ (1) Hirlella, Vabl. 
 
^^^ CONFERVA, CONVALLARIA. 
 
 Si, ^V^^ '^^ ^'i'? ^^y^' Threads from 3 inches (o a hand'* breadth ia 
 length. Does not adhere to paper when dry, 
 
 5. Green, ramose and emersed. 
 velutina, threads creeping, rooting ; fibrils flexuose, hfaline, ramose ; branche* 
 Shnr h'^A' T'^^'^o '^ a ^il-like tissue : upper joints double the 
 leugth of the diameter. On (Tie naked earth. Zygnema.. 
 
 5—2. CowiuM. 45. 60. 
 
 maculaluyn, L. (poison hemlock. O. w. Ju. U-) stem very branching, spotted - 
 leaves very compound : seed striate. Var. crispatulum, leavel crisped; 
 
 ultimate divisions acuminate, or terminated in a bristle. 2 4 f. S. 
 
 Siuro. 
 21—6. CONOPLEA. 58. I. 
 
 ajahaerica, in groups, sub-confluent, becoming a dark-olive, tubercled or sub- 
 granulated, spherical. On deciduous branches in dense masses. 
 
 Cyathufr. 
 6 — 1. CONOSTYLIS. 10. 17, 
 
 OTTun-icana, Ph. (1) (weed-grass. E. y. Ju. 2|:.) corol woolly within : scape co- 
 rymb-panicled : leaves grass-ensiform^ glaucous : filaments equal. 12— 
 1^'- ^- Aletria. 
 
 6—1. CONVALLARIA. II. 12. 
 
 1. Corol deeply 4-par(ed, spreading : stamens 4 ; berry 2-celled. (Flowers^ 
 
 i7i a terminal raceme.) Majanthemum, D. 
 
 bifolia, L. (2) (dwarf solomon seal. O. w. Ju. 2^.) stem with two heart-oblongs 
 sub-sessile, glabrous leaves : raceme simple, terminal : flowers teti-androus. 
 Var. trifolia, stem 3-leaved. 4 — 6 i. 
 
 2. Corol S-partedj spreading : Jllaments divergent attached to the base ofihs 
 
 segments. (Flowers in a terminal raceme.) Smilacina, I). 
 
 stel/ata, L. (O. w. M. 2i') stem with alternate, clasping, oval-lanceolate leaves : 
 raceme simple, terminal. 8 — 18 i. 
 
 trifolia, L. (O. w. J. 21.) stem about 3-leaved : leaves aUernate, ovate-lanceo- 
 late, contracted at the base : raceme simple, terminal, few-flowered. 6 — 10 i. 
 
 ciliata, D. (w. 2X.) stem arched : leaves alternate, sessile, ovate, ciliate : pani- 
 cle terminal, crowded. S. 
 
 raceuvosa, L. (spiked solomon seal. O. y-w. M. H ) stem with alternate leaves . 
 leaves sessile, oblong-oval, acuminate, nerved, pubescent : flowers in a ter- 
 minal raceme-panicle. 18 — 24 i. <S. 
 
 5. Corol. sub-campanulate, deeply Q-jmrted : style elongated : berry Z-eeltedy 
 many seeded. Dracaena, D. & W. 
 
 borealis, W. (wild lily of the valley, or dragoness-plant. O. g. y. J. 71.) sub- 
 caulescent: leaves oval-obovate ; margin ciliate: scape pubescent : umbel 
 few-flowered, sub-corymbed, sometimes proliferous ; pedicels naked, nod- 
 ding. 6 i. 
 
 vmbellata, Mx. (A. w. Ju. 2X) leaves radical, oblong-aval, with the margift 
 and keel ciliate : scape pubescent : umbel terminal ; pedicels bracteate^ 
 Torrey says, keel not ciliate : flowers greenish-yellow. 8 — 12 i. 5^< 
 
 (I) Helonias tomentosa, M. (2) Smilacina canadensis, Ptu 
 
CONYALLARIA, CONVOLVCLUS. 185 
 
 4. €orol 6-cleft, cylindnc : filaments inserted on the upper part of the tube : 
 berry 3-celled ; cells 2-seeded. (Flowers axillary.) Polygonatum, D. 
 
 nultifiora, L. (giant soloraon seal. E. w. Ju. 7X-) stem terete : leaves alternate, 
 clasping, oblong-oval : peduncles axillary, some of them many-llowered. 
 
 -2— 3f. «. ., , 
 
 bijlora, Wr, (E, g-y. J. 2X0 stem terete, smooth : leaves alternate, sessile, el- 
 liptic-lanceolate, 3-nerved : peduncles axillary, solitary, few-flovrered. 12 
 —18 i. -Sr. 
 pnbeseens, W. (O. w. M. H.) stem teretish, furrowed : leaves alternate, clasp- 
 ing, ovate, pubescent beneath : peduncles axillary, about 2-flovrered. 18 i. 
 
 S. 
 
 canal^ulatay W. (clasping solomon seal. w. Ju. 2^.) stem channelled : leaves 
 alternate, clasping, oblong, margin pubescent : peduncles axillary, about 2- 
 flowered. S. 
 
 latifolia, (J. H.) stem angled: leaves sessile, ovate, acuminate : peduncles 1 
 or many-flowered. 4 f. S. 
 
 hirta, Lk. (2X.) stem angular, hispid: leaves alternate, somewhat clasp- 
 ing, ovate, abruptly acuminate : peduncles axillary, 3-flowered. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 majalis^ W. (lily of the valley. A. w. J. H.) scape naked, smooth: leaves 
 
 oval-ovate. Asparagus. 
 
 5 — 1. CONTOLVDLDS. 29. 43. 
 
 repens, L. (1) (field bind-weed. O. w. &r. J. 2X-) twining: leaves sagittate, 
 with the apex acute and the lobes truncate, entire (some obtuse :) bracts 
 acute, longer than the calyx, and shorter than the middle of the corol : pe- 
 duncle angled, exceeding-the petiole. S. 
 
 arvensis, L. (2) (E. w. J. 21-} stem climbing or prostrate : leaves sagittate ; 
 lobes acute, spreading : peduncles about 1 -flowered : bracts minute, acute. 
 
 panduraius, 5tx, (mechoacan. E. w. & r. Ju. 2X ) twining, pubescent : leaves, 
 broad-cordate, entire or lobed, guitar-form : peduncles long : flowers fasci- 
 cled : calyx glabrous, awnless : corol tubular-bell-form. A mild cathartic 
 and resembles rhubarb in its efleots. B. 
 
 tpithameuSf L. (3) (E. w. J. 2i-) erect: leaves oval, or oblong, sub-cordalc, 
 pubescent: pteduAcles 1-flowered, generally longer than the leaves. 9 — 121, 
 S, 
 
 Exotic, 
 baiatus, (sweet potatoe, Carolina potatoe. w-r« Ju. 21.) creeping, tuberous ; 
 
 leaves cordate, hastate, angular-lobed, 5-nerved, smoothish : peduncles lou"- : 
 
 flowers fascicled : corol sub-campanulate. Cultivated. 
 tmrpureus, Ph. (4) (common morning glory, b. p. J. 0.) pubescent : leaves 
 
 cordate, entire: pedunclss 2 to 5- flowered : pedicels nodding, thickened: 
 
 divisions of the calyx lanceolate: capsules glabrous. Cultivated. 
 tricolor, (3-coloured bindweed. J u. 0.) leaves laace-ovate, glabrous: fiteai 
 
 declined : flowers solitary. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 macrorhizut, Mx. (5) (E.vr.J.li) pubescent: leaves cordate, entire an^ 
 lobed, rugose-plaited, downy beneath : peduncles 1 to S-flowered : flowert 
 sub-campanulate : root very thick. 
 
 teneUus, (6) (E. w. Ju. 2i-) stem prostrate : leaves elliptic, mucronate, sub- 
 cordate ; peduncles many -flowered, longer than the leaves : style 2-parted. 
 
 (1) sepium, W. L. (2) sagittifolius, Mx. E. speciosua, Wr. (3) Calys- 
 tegia tomentosa ? Ph. C. stans? Mx. (4) Ipomea, Ph. (5) fpomea jalapa, 
 Ph. Ipomea, Mx. C. jalapa? L. (6) trichosanthes, Mx. Ph. 
 
 16* 
 
186 CONVOIVUIUS, COBAIXORHIZA. 
 
 (f^uatieuf, Wr. (l\ (E. w. J. 2i-) stem prostrate : leaves oblon^-ovate, near!/ 
 sessile : peduncles generally 3-tlowered, three times as long as the leaves , 
 style 2-parted. 
 
 obtusilobus, Mx. {E. y. & w. S. 2^.) stem prostrate leaves thick, sinuate^ 
 lobed, emarginate ; lobes rounded : peduncles 1 -flowered. 
 
 eatesbeianii^ y Fh. (E. p.) twining, tomentose : leaves oblong, sagittate, acumi- 
 nate : peduncles 1-flowered, shorter than the leaves : bracts oval, obtuse, 
 longer than the calyx. 
 
 puradoxa, Ph. (E. w. ) prostrate, tomentose : leaves oblong, cordate-sagittate, 
 acute : peduncles 1-flowered, longer than the leaves : bracts linear, remote 
 from the flowers : calyx naked, glabrous, acuminate. 
 
 sherardi, Ph. (E. 0.) prostrate, pubescent : leaves elliptic, retuse at each end, 
 mucronate : flowers solitary, nearly sessile. 
 
 tamnif alius, (E. b. S. 0.) twinining : leaves cordate, acuminate, hairy ; flow- 
 ers clustered. Ipomea. 
 
 17—2. CoNYZA. 49. 55. 
 
 marylandica, Mx. (2) (marsh fleabane, plowman's wort. p. Au. 0.) herbace- 
 ous, pubescent : leaves sessile, broad-lanceolate, acute, serrate ; seratures 
 at the apex cartilaginous : corymbs terminal, fastigiate, condensed, almost 
 leafless: scales of the calyx subulate-mucronate: florets short. 12 — 20 i, iS. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 camphorata, Ph. (E. p. Au. 21- ) herbaceous, sub-pubescent : leaves petioled, 
 ovate-lanceolate, very acute, somewhat repand-denticulate, denture? glan- 
 dular ; corymbs terminal and axillary, slior'er than the leaves : scales of the 
 calyx acute, :ibout equal to the florets. 3 f. 
 
 tifrons, W. (E. y. Ju. 2i-) sub-glutinous : leaves clasping, spatulate-oblong, 
 acute, serrate : corymbs of the panicle glomerate. 
 
 pycnostachya, Mx. (black root. E. w. Au. 2X-) stem winged : leaves lanceolate, 
 tomentose beneath, nearly entire : spike cyliudric, dense. 
 
 Gnaphalium 
 
 12—13. CopTis. 26. 61. 
 
 trifolia, Sy.'(3) (gold thread. O. w. M. 2X-) scape 1-flowered i leaves ternatc. 
 
 Roots long, filiform, golden-yellow. Tonic bitter. B. 2 — 4 i. S. 
 asplenifolia, Hy. (W. Zf.) leaves biternatc ; leafets sub-pinnatifid : scape 2- 
 
 flowered. Caltha, 
 
 18 — 1. CORALLORHIZA. (4) 7. 21. 
 
 verjta, T. (5) (corol root. O. w-y. M. 2i-) petals linear-lanceolate, spreading, 
 lip oblong without spots, bidentate at the base, apex recurved, ovate ; spur 
 obsolete, adnatc. 5 — 6 i. 
 
 odontorhiza, W. (corol teeth. O. p. w. Ju. ![•) Up entire, oval, cbtuse;margin 
 undulate or a little crenate ; spur obsolete, adnate to the germ : capsule sub- 
 globose. 12 i. <S. 
 
 multijlora, T. (6) (p. Au.) scape many flowered, (15 — 30 :) lip cuneate-oval, 
 3-parted, recurved, spotted : spur conspicuous, adnate. 12 — 15 i. 
 
 hyemaiis, W. (O. g-p. M. 2i ) leaf single, radical, lance-oval, many-nerved 
 Iip3-cleft. not produced at the base. This species belongs to the new genu* 
 Aplectrum ; which was left out by mistake. Putty root. Calypso. 
 
 (1) trichosanthesv. patens. Ph. (2) camphorata, M. (3) Helleborus trifo 
 lius, L. (4) Cymbidium, W. (5) innala, Br.' (6) iunata, Br.' 
 
COREOPSIS. ISr 
 
 17—3. Coreopsis. 49. 55. 
 
 1. Leaves opposite and undivided, 
 
 rosea, N. (r. M.) small, smooth: stem simple : leaves linear, entire; axi!s 
 leafy : flowers few, long-peduncled, dicholomous, terminal; rays unequally 
 3-toothed. \{. S. 
 
 2. Leaves opposite , divided. 
 
 trichosperma, Mx. (E. y. Ju. (^.) glabrous; dichotomous : leaves opposite, 
 quinate-piiinate, lanceolate, serrate : outer leafetsof the calyx ciliate serrate ; 
 rays entire : seed wedge-form : about 4-loothed. 2 f. *S^. 
 
 tripteris, W. (tickseed sunflo^ver. A. y. It-) glabrous; leaves petioled, lance- 
 olate, entire ; radical ones pinnate ; cauiine ones ternate : rays entire : seeda 
 obovate, naked at the apex. 
 
 3. Leaves alternate. 
 
 dichotoma, Mx. (1) (O. 'y. S. 0.) stem glabrous, nakedish and dichotomous 
 above : leaves moslly alternate, undivided, entire, narrowing into the petiole : 
 seed obovate, 2-bristled, scabrous, with a torn mar{>,in. 2 — 'if. S. 
 
 aspera,V\\. (E.) leaves lanceolate-linear, rough; upper ones alternate; lower 
 ones opposite : stem 1 -flowered. 
 
 Southern. 
 1. Leaves opposite, undivided. 
 
 lanceolata, L. (E. y. S. 2^.) leaves sessile, lanceolate-linear, entire, ciliate; pe- 
 duncles long, naked : seeds orbicular, scabrous, winged, 2-toothed at the sum- 
 mit, emarginate. 
 
 crassifolia, A. (O. y. J. 2X0 'eaves obovate-oblong, entire, tapering at (he base, 
 hirsute : peduncle:? long, hirsute at the base. 
 
 argutajfli. (E. 3% 2X.) glabrous: leaves petioled, ovate, lanceolate, gradually- 
 acuminate, acutely serrate : peduncles axillary and terminal, dichotomous- 
 corymbose. 
 
 lalifolia, W. (A. y. Au. 21.) leaves ovate, acuujinate, crenate-toothed ; teeth 
 mucronate : petioles short : rays entire : seed cuueate, oblong, without 
 wings, naked at the summit. 
 
 oemleri, E. (E. y. Au.) leaves broad-lanceolate, sessile, acute at each end, en- 
 tire : peduncles axillary and terminal, dichotomous-corymbose. 2 — 3f. 
 
 2. Leaves opposite, divided. 
 
 aristata, W. (O. y. Au. 2X-) pubescent; leaves quinate, pinnate ; leafets ser- 
 rate ; rays entire, broad, oval : seed cuneate-obovate, 2-awned ; awns long, 
 divaricate. 
 
 ptibescens, E. (E. y. Au. Zf.) pubescent: leaves quinate, pinnate; leafets 
 lanceolate, obtuse, entire ; lateral ones small; leaves of the exterior calyx 
 ovate-lanceolate ; rays undulate ? egret 2-Ieaved, subulate, pubescent. 2 f. 
 
 auriculata, W. (A. y. S. 2X0 pubescent : leaves sub-sessile, oval-lanceolate, 
 entire; lower ones ternate ; exterior calyx deeply divided : rays 4-toothed ; 
 seeds obovate, roundish, 2-too(hed at the summit. Var. diversifolia, E. 
 hairy; radical leaves ternate, leafets round; cauiine ones ternate, leafets 
 obovate; upper leaves spatu late-lanceolate ; seed roundish, denticulate, 2- 
 toothed at the summit. 3 — 4 t. 
 
 tenifolia, W. (A. y. Au. 2X') pubescent; leaves sessile, ternate : leafets lance- 
 olate, entire : rays entire : seed cuneate. Var. rigida, N. leafets linear- 
 
 (1) gladiata, \Vr. 
 
K88 COREaPSIS, COKNUS. 
 
 lanceolate; margin scabrous: exterior caJyx about 12-leaved. 2-«3 f. 
 
 aurea, W. (y. 21-) leaves serrate; radical ones 3-parted ; cauline ones 3- 
 cleft or entire, lanceolate-linear. 
 
 palmata, N. (W. y.) stem simple, 1 — 3-flowered : Reaves sessile, sub-coria- 
 ceous, palmate-3-lobod ; margm scabrous : double caljx 8-parted : seeds ob- 
 long-elliptic, naked. 12 i. 
 
 trifida, Lk. (y. H.) glabrous: leaves 3-cIeft, subulate, fascicled : peduncles 
 terminal, 1 -flowered: rays3-cleft: stem somewhat flexuous. 
 
 tenuifolia, W. (A. y. S. ZC-) glabrous: leaves opposite, sessile, ternate ; leaf- 
 ets compoundly many-parted : segments linear, entire : disk one-coloured. 
 2— 3f. 
 
 fferticillata^ W. (A. y. Au. 7i-) smooth: leaves opposite, sessile, ternate or 
 quinate ; leafets linear-lanceolate, entire : rays acuie : seed obovate, some- 
 what 2-toothed. 2—3 f. 
 
 mitisy W. (O. y. Au. cf^.) glabrous : leaves bipinnatifid ; leafets linear, serru- 
 late : leaves of the external calyx linear, serrulate : seeds oblong, 2-awned. 
 3— 4f. 
 
 3. Leaves alternate. 
 
 acuta. Ph. (E. y. c^.) leaves ovate-lanceolate, acute, toothed, somewhat hairy ; 
 flowers corymb-panicled. 
 
 procera,^. (y. Zf.) leaves elliptic, acuminate, serrate, petioled, veined, de- 
 current ; lower ones verticillate ; upper ones alternate. 
 
 angustifolia, W. (E.y.) leaves linear-lanceolate, entire, smooth: rays oblong, 
 3-clett ; middle segment largest. 
 
 nudata, N. (E. r.) stem sub-simple; summit dichotomous : leaves subulate, 
 linear, remote, glabrous : rays somewhat 3-toothed : seeds naked. 2 — 3 f. 
 
 tinctoria, N. (W. y. & p.) radical leaves sub-bipinnate; leafets sub-oval, en- 
 tire, glabrous; cauline ones sub-pinnate; leafets linear : rays 2 -coloured : 
 seeds naked. 1 — 4 f. Actinomeris. 
 
 5 — 2. CORIANDRUM. 45. 60. 
 
 Exotic. 
 tativumj S. (coriander, w. J. 0.) fruit globose : calyx and style permanent. 
 
 Aethusa. 
 
 1—2. CORISPERMPM. 12. 29. 
 
 hyssopifolium, W. (O. Au. ^.) spikes terminal : leaves linear, without nerves, 
 unarmed. Var. americanum, N. spikes terminal and axillary : leaves nerv- 
 ed, subulate-mucronatc. jS. Ligustrum. 
 
 21 — 6. CORNICULARIA. 57. 2. 
 
 pubescens, (horned lichen.) frond decumbent, terete, rugose, a little scabrous, 
 dark-coloured: branches interwoven, capillary, the extreme ones simple; 
 receptacles of one colour, entire all around. On moist rocks, &c. 
 
 Jibritlosa, frond obscurely soot-yellow, terete, smoothish, slender, entangled, 
 ramose, somewhat rough-haired from the branchlets and fibres, which are 
 flexuose, ramose, very thick, irregular, 8ub-clavale. On rocks. Variety of 
 the pubescens. Usnea. 
 
 4—1. CoRNUS. 45. 58. 
 
 canadensis, L. (dogweed, low cornel. O. w. M. 2i-) herbaceous: leaves at 
 the lop, whorled, veiny: involucres ovate, acuminate : fruit globose. 4 — 8 i. 
 S, 
 
 fiorida, L. (false box, dogwood tree. E. w-y. M. h.) leaves ovate, acuminate : 
 invohicrcs 4, yery large, somewhat obcordate : fruit ovate. 15—30 f. H. 
 
CORNTS, CORTDAXIS. 189 
 
 tericea, W. (1) (red osier. O. w. J. ^.) branches spreading ; branchlets wool- 
 ly : leaves ovale, acuminate, rusty-pubescent beneath: cymes depressed, 
 woolly. Berries brig-ht blue. 8 — 12 f. ;?. 
 
 tanguinea, L. ^W. w. J. ^.) branches straight : leaves ovate, pubescent, both 
 sides colourea alike: cymes spreading. Berries dark-brown: anthers yel- 
 low. 8—12 f. «f. 
 
 circinata, Hr. (2) (O. w. J. >).) blanches warty : leaves broad-oval, acuminate, 
 white-downy beneath : cyme depressed. 6- — 8 f, S. 
 
 alba,'W. (3) (white dogwood. O. J. ^,) branches recurved ; branchlets gla- 
 brous : leaves ovate, acute, pubescent, hoary beneath : cymes depressed. 
 Berries bluish-white. 10 f. <S?. 
 
 paniculata, Hr. (4) (bush dogwood. O. w. J. Tj.) branches erect: leaves 
 ovale, acuminate, glabrous, hoary beneath: flowers in a thyrsed cyme. Ber- 
 ries white, globular-flattened. 8 — 12 f. <S'. 
 
 atricta, H. (5) (O. w. Ju. ^.) branches straight, fastigiate : leaves ovate; co- 
 lour alike both sides : panicled cyme convex. 8 — 12 f. S. 
 
 altemifolia, (O. w. M. ^.) branches warty : leaves alternate, ovate, acute, 
 hoary beneath : cymes depressed, spreading. Berries purple. 18 i, S. 
 
 Exotic, 
 tnascula, (cornelian cherry. M. '^.) umbels equalling the involucre. 
 
 Southern, 
 asperifoliat Mx. (E. w. J. ^.) branches erect, pubescent: leaves oval-lance- 
 olate, acuminate, scabrous above, tomenlose beneath. 4 — 10 f. 
 
 Ludwigia. 
 
 16—10. CORONILLA. 32. 93. 
 
 Exotic. 
 
 tmerus, (coronilla. y. 24!.) stem angled, woody ; peduncles about 3-flowe red . 
 
 claws of the petals aboui thrice as long as the calyx. Cicer. 
 
 14—1. CoRoxopus. 39. m. 
 
 Southern, 
 ruellii, S. (E. w. Ju. 0.) silicle entire ; margin muricate : style prominent ; 
 
 corymb few-flowered. 
 didyma, S. (O. Ju. 0.) silicles emarginate, in pairs, reticulate, rugose : style 
 
 obsolete: corymb many-flowered. 1 — 2f. Aiyagrum. 
 
 16—5. CoRYDALis. (6) 24. 62. 
 
 glauca, p. (7) (O. y-r-g. J. (^.) corol 1-spurred : stem branching, erect : 
 leaves glaucous ; cauline ones biternate : raceme sub-corymbed ; bracts mi- 
 nute : silique linear, ihrioe as long as the peduncle. 1 — 4f. jS. 
 
 aurea, W. (O. y. M. 0.) stem branching, diffuse: leaves doubly-pinnate ; 
 ieafets divided, lance-linear, acute at both ends : racemes one-way : bracts 
 lanceolate: silique linear, thrice as long as the peduncle. 8 — 12 i. ^S". 
 
 cucullaria, W. (colic weed. O. y. & w. M. 2i-) corol 2-spurred : scape naked . 
 raceme simple, 1-sided : nectaries divaricate, of the length of the corol : style 
 enclosed. 8 — 12 i. jS. 
 
 formosa, Ph. (A. r. M. 21-) scape naked: raceme somewhat compound^ 
 nodding, many-flowered : nectaries very short, incurved : style extended : 
 root tuberous. 6 — 10 i. jS. 
 
 (1) lanuginosa, Mx. alba, Wr. rubiginosa. Eh. (2) tomentulosa, Mx. 
 rugosa, Lk. (3) stolonifera, Mx. (4) racemosa, Lk. (5) fatigiata, Mx. 
 languinea, Wr. (6) Fumaria, L. (7) sempervireos, L. 
 
[ 
 190 CORYDALIS, CRATAEGUS. 
 
 fangosaf A. (1) (climbing^ colic-weed. O. r-w. J. (^.) stem climbing : leares 
 cirrose : racemes axillary, corymbed, nodding : corol monopetalous, gibbous 
 both sides of the base. >S'. Polygala. 
 
 19—12. CoRYLUs. 50. 99^ 
 
 amencana, Wr. (hazol-nut. O. Ap. Tp.) leaves roundish, cordate, ncuminate: ca- 
 lyx roundish-campanulate, larger than the sub-globose nut; border dilated, 
 coarsely serrate. 3 — 5 f. S. 
 
 rostrata, W. (beaked hazel. O. Ap. 'F).) leaves oblong-ovata, acuminate: sti- 
 pules lance-linear: calyx of the fruit bell-tubular, 2-parted ; divisions gash- 
 toothed, elongated beyond the nut into a beak. 2 — 3 f. 8, 
 
 Exotic, 
 avellana, (filbert. Ap. '^.) stipules oblong, obiuse : calyx of the fruit cam- 
 panulate, spreading at the apex, torn-toothed : leaves round-cordate, acumi- 
 nate. Var. /«2.ct.;ii, has a gash-tooihed calyx : nut depressed-ovate. 
 
 Fagus. 
 
 18—1. Cranichis. 7. 21. 
 
 Southern, 
 multijiora, E. (E. O.) root fascicled, villous : leaves oval-lanceolate, sub-ses- 
 sile : scape many-llowered, pubescent towards the summit : inner petals cou- 
 nivent; lip vaulted, acuminate. Pogonia. 
 
 Crantzia, Hydrocotyle. 
 11 — 5. Crataegus. 36. 92. 
 
 eoccinea, L. (thorn-bush. O. w. M. Tp.) thorny: leaves long-petioled, ovate, 
 aculely-lobed, 'serrate, glabrous : petioles and pubescent calyx glandular : 
 flowers penlagynous. Van viriJis, has lance-ovate leaves, sub-trilobate : 
 stem unarmed. Var.^exuosa? Sz. having ilexuous, spreading branches. A 
 specimen from Rainy Lake was examined by Schweinitz, after it was past 
 flowering. 
 
 j>yrifolia, A. (pear-leaf thorn. O. w. J. Tj.) thorny or unarmed : leaves oval- 
 ovate, gash-serrate, somewhat plated and rather rough-haired : calyx a lit- 
 tle villose ; leafets lance-linear, serrate : styles 3." <S'. 
 
 cordata, E. (2) (w. J. ^.) thorny: leaves heart-ovate, pinnatifid-lobed, an- 
 gled, glabrous ; petioles and calyx without glands: stiles 5. <S. 
 
 eiliptica, W. (3) (M. ^.) thorny: leaves oval, unequally serrate, glabrous : 
 petioles and calyx glandular ; divisions of the calyx obtuse : berry globose, 
 5-seeded. S. 
 
 glandulosOiW. (w. M. "^ ) thorny: leaves wcdge-obovaie, angled, glabrous, 
 shining : petioles, stipules and calyx glandular : berries oval, 5-seeded. 
 S. . 
 
 parvifolia, W. (4) (bv/ thorn, w. M. Tp.) thorny : leaves obovate, deeply ser- 
 rate, entire at the base, tomentosc : calyx gashed : flowers solitary ; styles 5. 
 3—6 f. S- 
 
 punctata, W. (5) (common thorn tree. O. w. M. ^.) thorny or unarmed : 
 leaves wedge-obovate, sub-plicate, glabrous, serrate : calyx villose ; divi- 
 sions subulata, entire. Var. rubra, has red berries. Var. aurea, yellow 
 berries, with dark specks. *S'. 
 
 crus-galli,\V. (6) (thorn tree. O. w. M. Tp.) thorny: leave? wedge-obovate, 
 sub-sessile, shining, leathery, serrate: corymbs compound ; leafets of the 
 '^alyx lanceolate, sub-serrate : st) Ics 2. Var. spleiideits, leaves very shin- 
 ing. Var. pyracanthifolia, leaves lance-oblong, sub-cuneiform. Var. sali- 
 cifolia, leaves lanceolate. Berries small, red. <S\ 
 
 (1) recta, Mx. (2) populifolia. Ph. (3) prunifolia, Lk. (4) tomentosa. 
 H^, (5) crus-galli,DuKoi. (6) lucida, Wm. byemalis, VVr. 
 
CRATAEGUS, CROTAIiAKIA- 191 
 
 Jlava,W. (yellow-berried thorn. M. ^O^'iO!*"}'' 'eaves wed^e-obovale, an- 
 gled, glabrous, shining : petioles, calyx and stipules glandular: flowers sub- 
 solitary: berries turbioate, 4-seeded. 8 — 10 f. »S. 
 
 Exotic. 
 
 oxyacantha, (quickset, w. M. ^.) leaves obtuse, somewhat 3-cleft, serrate, 
 glabrous: peduncles and calyx somewhat glabrous : segments of the calyx 
 lanceolate, acute : styles 2. Naturalized. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 lucidoj E. (E. A. h.) thorny leaves wedge-obovate, crenate, coriaceoua, lucid: 
 corymbs simple, few-flowered : styles 5. 10 — 12 r". 
 
 lurbi7iata,'Ph. (E.) unarmed, glabrous : leaves wedge-obovate, notched, ser- 
 rate: corymbs few-flowered : pedicels short : fruit turbinate. 
 
 crborescens, E. (E. w. March. ^.) unarmed : leaves lanceolate, acute at each 
 end, deeply serrate, glabrous above ; nerves hairy beneath: corymbs many- 
 flowered : calyx hairy ; divisions subulate, entire : stiles 5. 20 — 30 f. 
 
 viridis, L? (E."b.) thorny: leaves sub-sessi!e, spatulate-ovate, with round 
 lobes, serrate, glabrous^ calyx glabrous ; divisions with glandular serra- 
 tures. 
 
 spathulata, Mx. (E. w. Ap. Tp.) somewhat thorny : leaves clustered, (base long, 
 tapering,) 3-cleft, lobed, crcnate, glabrous : corymbs many-flowered : calyi 
 glabrous: divisions ovale, entire. 12 — 15 f. 
 
 o/?zi/b/ia, Mx. (1) (E. w. A p. ^.) thorny: leaves deltoid-ovate, notched and 
 lobed, hairv : lobes deeply serrate : calyx hairy ; divisions serrate : styles 
 2. 4—1-2 f. 
 
 populifolia, Wr. (E. w. Ap. ^.) thorny : leaves ovate, sub-truncate at the base, 
 acute-serrate, somewhat lobed : petioles sparingly glandular: styles 5. 
 
 caroliniana,'E. (E. Tp.) leaves cordate, cuneate, eulire, (dentate?) 3-5-lobed : 
 peduncles bracleci : calyx somewhat leafy. Sorbus. 
 
 6—1. Crinum. 9. 17. 
 
 Southern, 
 americanum, A. (W.) leaves oblong-lanceolate, very glabrous at the margin . 
 apex compressed-uuguiculate : flowers pedicelled : tube shorter than the 
 lirab. Conostylis, 
 
 Cristaria, Malva. 
 
 Crilonia, KuH^"IA. 
 
 3—1. Crocus. 6. 18. 
 
 Exotic, 
 q^cinalis, (saflfron. y. 2i-) leaves linear, with revolute margins : stigma ex- 
 Bert, with long-lmear segments. Var. sativus, having violet corols. 
 
 Phyllactis. 
 
 16—10. Crotalaria. 32. 93. 
 
 iagittalit, Mx. (rattle-box. E. y. Ju. 0.) hirsute, erect, branching : leavet 
 simple, lance-oblong : stipules lanceolate, acuminate, decurrent: racemes 
 opposite to the leaves, about 3-flowered : corol less than the calyx. iS. 
 
 parvijlora, W. (2) (E. y. J. 0.) hirsute, erect, branching : leaves simple, 
 lance-linear: stipules above decurrent, with two short teeth: racemes op- 
 posite to the leaves : corol smaller than the calyx. S. 
 
 Southern, 
 ovalis, Ph. (E. J. Ju. 0.) hirsute, difluse, branching : leaves simple, oval, i>e» 
 
 (1) oxycantha, Wr. (2) A variety of sagittalis, Mx. 
 
192 CEOTiXAEtA, CtCUBAttJS. 
 
 tioled : upper stipules scarcely decurrent, short : racemes opposite to the 
 leaves, long : corol as long as the calyx. 12 i. 
 laevigata, Fh. (E. Ju. 0.) glabrous, erect, simple : leaves lance-oblong : sti- 
 pules lanceolate, acuminate, decurrent: racemes opposite to the leaves, 3- 
 flowered. » Genista. 
 
 Vrotalaria, Baptisia* 
 
 19—5. Croton. 38. 96. 
 
 Southern^ 
 
 maritimum, "Wr. (1) (O. Ju. '^. li.) leaves oval or ovate, sub-cordate, obtuse, 
 pale above, hoary beneath : branches tomentose : pistillate spikes few-flow- 
 ered, Var. monanlhogynum, spikes dichotomous : pistillate flowers solitary, 
 pedicelled. 2—3 f. 
 
 Qrgyranthemum,'yi:i. (E. Ju. 1i.&,\.) leaves entire, obtuse, obovate : racemcB 
 terminal, short, many-flowered : calyx pedicelled, silvery. 
 
 glandulosum, L. (O. Ju. 0.) leaves oblong, serrate, hairy beneath; base 
 nearly entire, bearing two glands : stem trichotomous : spikes in the divisioa 
 of the stem. 
 
 ellipticum,'!^. (W. 0.) stellate-pubescent: leaves elliptic-ovate, (older ones 
 obtuse) smooth and green above : flowers conglomerated : styles 3, bifid. 
 
 cwpitatum, Mx. (W. 0.) woolly-tomentose : leaves oval-oblong, obtuse, entire 
 and rounded at the base ; both sides tomentose : fertile flowers at the basa 
 of the spikelets ; starainale ones capitate, crowded. Pinus. 
 
 19—5. Crotonopsis. 38. 93. 
 
 linearis^ Mx. (2) (J. 2X.) stem erect, dichotomous-branching : leaves atellat©' 
 pubescent above, covered with silvery scales beneath. 12 — 18 i. 8. 
 
 Amaranthue. 
 
 21—2. Cryph^a. 56. 4. 
 
 htieromalla, stem branching, diffuse : leaves lance-ovate, acute, 1-nerved : cap- 
 sules lateral, sub-sessile. On trunks. Pilotricbum. 
 
 3—2. Crypsis. Lk. 4. 10. 
 
 rir^imca, W. (3) (S. 2X.) spikes oblong, thick-lobed : stem procumbent, gen- 
 iculate : joints numerous, approximate : leaves involute, rigid, pungent. S. 
 
 Southern* 
 tquarrosa, N. (W. 0.) stem decumbent, branching : capituli squarrose, few- 
 flowered: leaves short, rigid, pungent. Alopecurus. 
 
 2—2. Crypta. 13. 86. 
 
 minima, (4) (mud purslane, w-g. S.) stem dichotomous, decumbent, striate ; 
 leaves wedge-oval or obovate, opposite, sessile, entire, papillose above, with 
 very minute stipules : flowers axillary, sessile, solitary Erianthua. 
 
 10—3. CucuBALUs. 22. 82. 
 
 b«hen, L. (bladder campion. E. w. J-^. 21.) glabrous, glaucous, decMmbent : 
 leaves oblong-oval, acute, nerveless : calyx inflated-membranaccous, veiny. 
 
 nivens, M. (5) (E. w.) stem divaricate-dichotomous above : leaves oblong- 
 lanceolate, minutely, pulverulent, pubescent; upper ones ovate : calyx ob- 
 tuse, bell-form, inflated, sub-pilose. 
 
 (1) disjunctiflorura, Mx. (2) argentea, Ph. (3) Agro»tie Tii^ulca, W. 
 (4) Peplii araericana, Ph. (5) Silene, M. 
 
CUCUBALUS, CUPRESSTJS. 195 
 
 !i(iiatus, L. (O. w. Ju. 2^-) pubescent, erect: leaves whorled, in fours, lance- 
 oval, very long-acuminate. 2—3 f. ,8?. Silene. 
 
 19—16. CcccMis. 34. 97. 
 
 Exotic. 
 Tolocynthisy (bitter apple, ^.) leaves many-cleft : pomaceous berry globose, 
 
 glabrous. Fruit very bitter. 
 aftguria, W. (prickly cucumber.) leaves palmate-sinuate : fruit globose, echi- 
 
 nate. 
 auguinis, (snake cucumber. ^.) leaves lobed ; pomaceous berry cylindric, 
 
 very long, smooth, contorted, plaited. 
 melo, W. (muskmelon. y. Ju. Q.) angles of the leaves rounded; pome oblong, 
 
 torulose. Sweet-scented. 
 eativHs.yV. (cucumber, y. Ju. 0.) angles of the leaves straight : pomaceous 
 
 berry oblong, scabrous. Brought from Asia. Cucurbits. 
 
 19—16. CvcuRBiTA. 34. 97. 
 
 Exotic. 
 
 ovifera, W. (egg-squash. ^.) leaves cordate, angled-5-lobed, denticulate, pu- 
 bescent : pomaceous berry with fillet-like stripes lengthwise. 
 
 rerrucosa, W. (club-squash, y. J. ^.) leaves cordate, deeply 5-lobed ; middle 
 lobe narrowed at the base, denticulate : pomaceous berry clavate, a little 
 warty. 
 
 vielopepo, W. (flat squash, y. J. 0.) leaves cordate, obtuse, sub-5-lobcd, den- 
 ticulate : pomaceous berry depress-based, swelled at the margin. 
 
 ^epo, W. (pumpkin, y. Ju. 0.) leaves cordate, obtuse, sub-5-lobed, denticu- 
 late : pomaceous berry roundish or oblong, smooth. Var. polirOj has the 
 fruit more or less flattened. From Asia. 
 
 cUrulliis, W. (watermelon, y. Au. 0.) leaves 5-lobed ; the lobes sinuate-pin- 
 nalifid, obtuse : pomaceous berry oval, smooth. Fruit watery, often striped. 
 From Africa and the south of Asia. 
 
 iagenaria, VV. (gourd, calabash, w. Au. 0.) leaves cordate, round-obtuse, pu- 
 bescent, denticulate, with 2 glands at the base on the under side : poma- 
 ceous berry clavate, somewhat woody. 
 
 Southern -^ 
 Jbetidissima, Kunth? (1) (W. Ju. 2i-) stems procumbent, sulcate : leaves al- 
 ternate, long-petioled, somewhat erect, triangular-cordate, scabrous, glau- 
 cous, thick ; margin sinuate, undulate : fruit globose, smooth, sub-sessile : 
 tendril* trichotomous, Ricinus. 
 
 13—1. CuyiLA. 42. 39. 
 
 tnariana, L. (dittany. E. Highlands, r-b. J. 21.) leaves ovate, serrate, sessile: 
 corymbs axillary and terminal, dichotomous. Diaphoretic, B. S. 
 
 Hyssop us. 
 
 Cuniia, Hedeoma. 
 
 11—1. COPHEA. 54. 91. 
 
 titcosissina., (wax-bush. E. p. J. ^.) viscous : leavesoppo8ite,petioled, ovate- 
 oblong : flowers with 12 stamens, lateral, solitary : peduncles very short. <S. 
 Wjishington co. Stevenson. Myrtus. 
 
 19 — 15. CopRESsus. 51. 100. 
 
 ihyoid€i, W. (white cedar. O. M. ^.) branchlets compressed: leaves im- 
 bricate four ways, ovate, tubercled at the base : strobile globular. S. 
 
 (1) Cucumis .' perennis, James. 
 
 17 
 
I- 
 
 194 CUPUESSITS, CTNOGLOSSUM. 
 
 disticha^'W. (E. Feb.) leaves distichous, flat, deciduous : sterile florets pani 
 culate, leafless : strobile spherical. S. Vallisneria. 
 
 5—2. CuscuTA. 29. 43. 
 
 americana. W. (dodder. O. w. Au. ) flowers peduj^cled, umbelled, 5-clel't : 
 stigma capitate. A bright yellow ieaflessvine, twining around other weeds 
 in damp places. 
 
 turopeUf (E. w. Au. 0.) flowers sub-sessile : stigma acute : stamens 4 or 5, 
 
 Gelseminum. 
 
 Cyamus, Nelumbium. 
 21—6.- Cyathus. 53. 1. 
 
 atriatus, (tunnel fungus.) dark-brown, villous, striate within, chesnut-brown. 
 
 On the earth and fallen branches in woods, late in autumn. 
 olla, cinereous outside, or becoming sooty -yellow, sub-tomentose ; lead livid 
 
 within. 
 niiidus, (bird-nest fungus.) campanulate, grey, tomentose ; margin at length 
 
 revolute ; shining lead-colour within, striate with concentric zones. In sand 
 
 and on wood, in summer and autumn. 
 crucibulum, sub-cylindric, indurated, sub-tomentose, ochre-yellow. In pine 
 
 woods, rarely in gardens, on branches, chips, &c. Phallus. 
 
 18 — 1. Cymbidium. 7. 21. 
 
 pulcheilum, Sw. (1) (grass pink. O. r. Ju. 2X.) radical leaves ensiform, nerv- 
 ed : scape few-flowered : lip erect, slender at the base : lamina spread ; disk 
 concave, bearded. Var. graminifolia, leaves 1 — 2 lines broad ; bracted 
 ones acuminate. 12 — 18 i. »S>. Arethusa. 
 
 18 — 5. Cynakchum. 30. 47. 
 Southern, 
 angusiifolium^ M. (2) (L. y-g. Ju. 21-) twining: leaves linear, entire: flow- 
 ers umbelled ; peduncles the length of the leaves : divisions of the calyx li- 
 near. 
 laeve, Mx. (3) (W. p. J. If.) shoots somewhat glabrous : leaves sub-ccnoid- 
 coidate, gradually acute, nerved, pubescent beneath : flowers glabrous-, di- 
 visions of the corol oval-oblong, oblusish : follicles smooth. Ecbites. 
 
 17—1. Cynaka. 49. 54. 
 
 Exotic, 
 eardunculus, (cardoon. 2f) leaves spinose, all pinnatifid : scales of the calyx 
 
 ovate.* 
 $colymus, (garden artichoke. 2f.) leaves sub-spinose, pinnate : scales of the 
 
 calyx ova^e. Naturalized. Stokesia. 
 
 3—2. Cynodon. 4. 10. 
 
 dactylon P. (4) (E. Au. 2X-) creeping: spikes digitate, (4 — 5) spreading ; 
 keel of the calyx scabrous: leaves hairy on the margin and base : sheaths 
 hairy. If. 8. Gymnopogon. 
 
 5—1. Cynoglossum. 41. 42. 
 
 officinale, (hound-tongue. O. p. Ju. cf*.) very soft-pubescent: leaves brood- 
 lanceolate, sessile : panicled racemes. 
 
 (1) Limodorum tuberosum, L. Calopogon pulchellum, Br. (2) Ceropegia 
 palustris, Pb. (3) Gonolobus, Mx. (4) Digitaria, £. Panicam, L. 
 
CYNOGLOSSUM, CYPERITS. 195 
 
 amplexieaule, Mx. (I) (O. w. & b. J. 21.) very hirsute : leaven oval-oblong ; 
 upper ones clasping : corymbs terminal, leafless, loug-peduncled. jS. 
 
 SoiUhern. 
 tylvaticum, S. (E. b. Ju. (^.) nakedish : leaves spatulate-lanceolate, shining, 
 
 scabrous beneath : racemes scattered. 
 mlosum? ( W. w. M.) hairy : radical leaves spatulate -oblong; cauline ones lance- 
 oblong, obtuse : flowers axillary, sub-spiked, secund. 
 
 Rochellia. 
 
 Cynosurus, Eleusine and Chloris. 
 3—1. Ci'PERUs. 3. 9. 
 
 injlexus, M. (2) (E. Au. cf^?) umbel 2 — 3-rayed, or conglomerated and sim- 
 ple : involucre 3-leaved, very long : spikelets collected into ovate heads, ob- 
 long, 8-flowered : glumes squarrose at the tip, 2 — 3 i. iS". 
 Jiavseens, L. (0. Au. 2X-) spikelets linear-lanceolate, in fascicles of 3 — 4: 
 glumes obtuse : style 2-cleft : seed lenticular : involucre 3-leaved, longer 
 than the spikes. 6 — 8 i. (S^. 
 
 nuitallii,T. (L. Au. 2i-) culm acute-triangular : umbel radiated, or sub-ses- 
 sile, loose : rays short : involucre 4-leaved ; two leaves longer : spikelets li- 
 near-lanceolate, compressed, acute : stamens 2: style 2-cleft: seed oblong, 
 obtuse, compressed. 5 — 12 i. 
 
 diandrut, T. (£. S.ZI-) culm slender, obtuse-triangular ; umbel sessile or 1 — 
 2-raved : involucre 3-leaved; two of the leaves longer than the umbel 
 spikelets lanceolate-oblong, much compressed, many-flowered : (14 — 16) 
 glumes margined, acutish, keeled: stamens 2 : style 2-cleft : seed oval, com- 
 pressed. 8 — 12 i. 
 
 dentatus,T. (3) (E. S.) umbel compound, (6— 10-rayed :) involucre 3-leaT- 
 ed, longer than the umbel : spikelets 3 on each ray, alternate-ovate, compress- 
 ed, 8-flowered : glumes acute, nerved, spreading at the points : seed trique- 
 trous. 1 f. 
 
 erithrorhizos, M. (E. Au.) umbel decompound: involucre 3 — 6-leaved, 
 long: spikes alternate, linear, horizontal; about 12-flowered, nearly terete : 
 style 3-cleft : seed triquetrous. 1 f. 
 
 itrigosus, L. (Au.) spikelets linear, compressed, acute, alternate : glumeg 
 lanceolate, nerved : umbel simple or compound : involucre about 6-leaved ; 
 margin pubescent : root globose. 1 — 2 f. jS. 
 
 tenuii^, Sw. (21.) spikes lanceolate, acute, 10 — 17-flowered : umbel simple: 
 involucre 3 — 4-leaved, longer than the rays : root tuberous. 8 i. 
 
 phymatodes^ M. (Au.) umbel simple or decompound: involucre 3 — 9-leaved ; 
 three of the leaves very long : peduncles compressed : spikelets distichous, 
 linear ; lower ones branched, about 15-flowered ; sides rather convey. : glumes 
 oblong, obtuse : radicles tuberous at the extremities. 1 f. 
 
 compressus,L. spikes digitate, somewhat in fours, lanceolate : glumes mucro- 
 nate, broad, membranaceous. 3 — 8 i. S. 
 
 vire7is, Mx. culm acute-triangular : umbels decompound : spikelets ovate-lance- 
 olate, capitate : involucre very long. 1 — 2 f. *S. 
 
 mariscoides^ E. (E. Au.) umbel simple or 1 — 2-rayed : spikelets capitate, li- 
 near, 7 — 8-flowered : glumes loose, obtuse. 8 — 12 i. ii. 
 
 odoratus, L. (Au.) spikelets corymbed, subulate, remote, distichous: glumes 
 somewhat distant : smaller umbels very spreading, about the length of their 
 involucres. <S'. 
 
 /lavicomis, Mi. (E.) culm triquetrous : umbel compound : spikes linear-lance- 
 olate, 7-flowered, (10 — 12-flowered, E:) glumes obtuse ; involucre long, re- 
 flexed. »S'. 
 
 (1) virgiuicum, L. (2) uacinatus, l*h. (3) parriflonis, M. 
 
196 CTPEEUS, CTPRIPEDIUM, 
 
 articulatus, Vahl. (E. Ju. 2i-) stem columnar, naked, jointed, erect. 3 — 6 f. »V„ 
 
 kyllingaeoides, Vahl. (E. J.) head globose : spikes obloii^-, convex, about 8-floTT- 
 ered : involucres 4-leaved, and with the keeled leaves loose. S. 
 
 stngosiis, E. (E. S.) spikes oblong-, loose; spikelets subulate, expanding, a 
 httle remote : small involucres generally wanting : ^partial umbels with al- 
 ternate rays. 2 — 3 f. <S. 
 
 alterniflorus, Sz. (VV. 21.) spike corymb-umbelled, compressed, central; sub- 
 sessile : spikelets distichous : florets alternately distant : glume broad-ovate, 
 keel mucronate. 1 f. 
 
 minimus, W. (E? ) culm capillary, terete : spikes solitary or in pairs : invo- 
 lucre 1 -leaved. 
 
 So7itherr>, 
 
 fasciculaius, E. (E.) spikelets ovate-oblong, many-i^owered, in temMnal fasci- 
 cles : involucre 2-leaved, and with the leaves linear, very narrow. 6 i. 
 
 poaeformis, Ph. (E. Ju.) spikes oblong, flattened, corymb-fascicled ; fkscicles 
 sessile and peduncled : involucre 3-leaved, very long. 8 i. 
 
 autumnalis. Vahl. (E. Ju.) spikes linear, terminal, digitate, somewhat ia 
 threes : umbel as long as the 2-leaved involucre. 
 
 vegetus, Vahl. (E. Ju. ) stem slender, obtusely 3-angled ; umbels decompound : 
 spikelets oval, in compact globose beads : involucre very long. 2 — 3 f. 
 
 formosu-s. Vahl. (W. li-) spikelets ovate-lanceolate, capitate : involucre about 
 
 6-leaved, very long, scabrous at the margin. 
 fdiculmis, Vahl. (E.) spikelets linear, in globose heads, expanding: umbel 
 
 about 1-rayed : involucre 2-leaved, with the stem setaceous. 
 JUicinus, Vahl. (Ju. 21.) spikelets linear-lanceolate, somewhat remote, loose- 
 imbricate : involucre 3-leaved, longer than the umbel, with the leaves 
 loose. 
 
 gracilis, M. (E. S. 0.) stem slender, acutely 3-angled: leaves 3-angled: um-. 
 bels compound : spikelets linear-lanceolate. 12 i. 
 
 ienuijlorus, Vahl. (E. S.) spikes coryn-ibed : spikelets linear, somewhat coa- 
 vex : involucre longer than the umbel : stem leafy. 2 — 3 f. 
 
 tetragonus, E. (E.) spikes oblong, cylindric : spikelets somewhat 4-angled, 
 few-flowered : small involucre wanting. 2 — 3 f. 
 
 distans, Vahl. (E.) spikes distichous: spikelets filiform, expanding: florets 
 distant : umbel straight. 
 
 speciosus, Vahl. (EL S-) spikes corymbed : spikelets subulate, distichous : 
 partial umbels shorter than the small involucres : ochreas 2-awaed : stem 
 acutely angled. 2 — 4 f. 
 
 enslenii, Ph. (E. Au.) spikes corymbose, oblong, branching at the base, nak- 
 ed : spikelets numerous, divaricate, crowded, linear, about 6-flowered 
 valves oblong, striate : involucre 8-leaved, as long as the umbel. 
 
 Eriophorum. 
 
 18—2. Cypripedivm. 7. 21. 
 
 candidum, M". (white ladies' slipper, w. M. Tp.) stem leafy: leaves lance-ob- 
 long : lobe of the style lanceolate, obtusish : Jip compressed, shorter than the 
 lanceolate petals. 
 
 parvi^orum, Sy. {!) (E. y-g. M. 21-) stem leafy : lobe of the style triangular,, 
 acute ; outer petals oblong-ovate, acuminate ; inner ones linear, contorted ; 
 lip shorter than the petals, compressed. S. 
 
 jaubescens, W. (2) (yellow ladies' slipjjer. y. M. 11') -"tem leafy: lobe of the 
 style triangular-oblong, obtuse: outer petals oblong-ovate, acuminate; in- 
 ner ones very long, linear, contorted : lip compressed, shorter than the pe- 
 tain. /Sr. 
 
 spectabile, W. (3) (gay ladies* slipper. O. w. & p. J, 2i-) stem leafy : lobe of 
 
 (1) calceolus, Mx. (2) flavescens, Redoute. calceolus, Wr. (3) cana- 
 dease, Mx. album, A. reginae, Wr. 
 
CYPRIPEDIUM, DALIBABDA. IQT" 
 
 the style oval-cordate, obtuse : outer petals broad-oval, obtuse : lip longer 
 than the petals, split before. S. 
 acaule, A. (1) (low ladies' slipper. O. w. & p. M. 2X) scape leafless, 1-flow- 
 ered ; leaves radical, in pairs, oblong, obtuse : lobe of the style round-rhom- 
 boid, acuminate, dellexed : lip longer than the lanceolate petals, split before. 
 
 arietiiium, A. (E. w. r. g. M. ^.) stem leafy: lobe of the style orbicular, ob- 
 tusish : petals 5 ; the two lower ones lance-linear, deflexed; the two lateral 
 linear spreading ; upper one ovate-oblong, acute : lip of the length of the pe- 
 tals, ob-conic before, saccate. Asclepias. 
 
 5 — 1. Cyrilla. 40« 41. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 racetnijlora, L. (E. J. ^.) leaves lanceolate, cuneate at the base, coriaceous, 
 
 very smooth : petals thrice as long as the calyx. 15 f, Galaji. 
 
 Cytissus, see Gknista. 
 
 D. 
 
 3—2. Dactylis. 4. la 
 
 gtomerata, L. (E. J. 2i-) panicle secund, glomerate: leaves carinate. 2 — 2U 
 S. Danthonia. 
 
 16—10. Dalea. S2. 93. 
 
 Southern. 
 aurea,fi. (W. y . 2i-) Q^cct : spikes dense, cylindric : bracts rhomboid-ovate, 
 
 as long as the calyx : calyx woolly-villose : leafets (about 9) obovate, pilose 
 
 beneath. 
 laxijlora, Ph. (W. w. 21.) somewhat glabrous : stem very branching above : 
 
 branches lax, elongated: spikes panicled, elongated, with remotish enne- 
 
 androus flowers : bracts roundish, mucronate, keeled : calyx silky-villose ; 
 
 leaves about 4 pairs, linear. 
 alapecuroides, W. (2) (W. b. Ju. 0.) spikes cylindric, peduncled, terminal, 
 
 silky, crowded : bracts about as long as the calyx : leaves 6 — 12 pairs, oval, 
 
 (toothed near the summit?) retuse, mucronate. 
 pedunculata, Ph. (W. w-r. Ju. 0.) a little glabrous: spikes oblong, axillary, 
 
 somewhat crowded, short: peduncles thrice as long as the leaves: bracts 
 
 minute, as long as the pedicels : teeth of the calyx subulate : leaves about ia 
 
 6 pairs, linear, acute, mucronate. Is this a variety of the last? 
 formosa, T. & J. (W. p. Tp.) suffruticose, very branching, glabrous: leafets 
 
 somewhat in 5-pairs, wedge-oblong, retuse, black-punctate beneath : spiket 
 
 \a\, few-flowered, short-peduncled ; bracts ovate, shorter than the calyx; 
 
 calyx plumose-villous. Psoralea. 
 
 Dalea, Astragalus. 
 
 11—13. Dalibaroa. 35. 92; 
 
 repens, Lk. (3) (O. w. J. Zf.) villose : having creeping shoots : leaves simple, 
 cordate, crenate: peduncles 1-flowered. 
 
 (1) humile, W. (2) cliffortiana. Ph. PetalostemoD, do. Dal«a linnoei, Mx«. 
 (3) violacoides, Mx. Rubus dalibarda, W, 
 
 - 17* 
 
198 Di.LIBABDA, DATURA. 
 
 fragaroideSy Mx. (1) (dry strawberry. E. y. M. 2X0 leaves ternate : leafets 
 wedge-form, gash-serrate, ciliate : peduncles inauy-flowered : tube of the ca- 
 lyx obconic. 5 — 8 i. 
 
 Southern, 
 lobata, BdXdi. (E. y. M. 21') hairy: leaves nearly ropnd, cordate, lobed, cre- 
 nate, ciliate ; stem somewhat naked : peduncles many -flowered. 5 i. 
 
 Dry as. 
 
 3—2. Danthonia. 4. 10. 
 
 tpicata, W. (2) (E. Ju. 7i.) panicle simple, appressed : spikelets 7 — 9, about 
 7-flowered ; inferior valve of the corol hairy : leaves subulate : lower sheaths 
 hairy at the throat. 1 8—24 i. 
 
 glumosa, Mx. (3) (E. Ju.) culm erect : raceme compound: branches 2 and 
 3-flowered : spikelets 9 to 13, 8 and 9-flowered, somewhat shorter than the 
 calyx : valves of the corol very unequal, outer lanceolate, densely villose on 
 the margin, bristly, 2-cleft at the apex, with a central twisted awn : inner 
 valve ciliate, much shorter. <S. Trisetum. 
 
 8—1. Daphne. 31. 25. € 
 
 Exotic. 
 
 mezereum, (mezereon. M. T^.) flowers sessile, cauline, in threes ; leaves lance- 
 olate. 
 
 odora, (sweet mezereon. w. A p. >).) having many flowers in little termi- 
 nal heads : leaves scattered, lance-oblong, glabrous. Tropaeolum. 
 
 15—10. Darli-ngto-Ma. 33. 93. 
 
 [Generic description by De Candolle.] 
 
 Petals 5, distinct : stamens 5 : legume bivalved continuous, dry, 1-seeded, 
 lanceolate. 
 
 Southern, 
 braehyloba, Dc. (W. 11.) unarmed, herbaceous, glabrous : leaves 6 to 8 
 
 pairs; leafets 16 to 24 pairs, linear, with glands between the lower leaves ; 
 
 little heads solitary, axillary, peduncled : legumes shortish, lanceolate. — 
 
 Kentucky, &c, 
 glandulosa, Dc. (W. 21) unarmed, herbaceous, glabrous: leaves 12 to 14 
 
 pairs; leafets 20 to 30 pairs, linear, with glands between all the leaves: 
 
 little heads solitary, peduncled, axillary: legumes falcate. Tennessee. 
 intermedia, T. & J. (W. 21') unarmed, herbaceous, glabrous: leaves 8 or 9 
 
 pairs ; leafets 20 to 24 pairs, oblong-linear, with glands between the lower 
 
 leaves : little heads solitary, axillary-, peduncled: legumes falcate. 
 
 Schrankia. 
 
 20—12. Datisca. 54. 98. 
 
 hiria, W. (false hemp. y. 21.) stem hirsute : leaves pinnate : leafets running 
 tcether at the base. Flowers small, panicled. Zamia. 
 
 5—1. DATimA. 28. 41. 
 
 stramonium, L. (thorn apple. O. w-b. Au. 0.) pericarps spinosc, erect, 
 ovate : leaves ovate, glabrous, angular-dentate. S. 
 
 tatula, L. (O. b. Ju. 0.) pericarps spinose, erect, ovate : leaves cordate, gla- 
 brous, toothed. This species is considered only a variety of the first by 
 some botanists. Stem reddish. S. Azalea, 
 
 (1) Dryas trifoliata, Pallas. (2) Avena, L. (3) aericea, N. Arena, gl. 
 Mx. 
 
DAUCUS, DENTARIA. 199 
 
 5—2. Daucus. 45. 60. 
 
 carota, W. (carrot, w. J. cT.) seeds hispid : petioles nerved underside : divis- 
 ions of the leafets narrow -linear, acute. 2 — 3 f. 
 
 Southern, 
 pusillits, Mx. (E.) retrorsely hispid : leafets with the segments very small, 
 linear-lanceolate : umbels small : seeds muricate, with 8-crestod ribs. 16 
 —18 i. Uraspermura. 
 
 Decodon, Lythrum. 
 11—1. Decumaria. 19. 39. 
 
 Souihem. 
 
 harbnra, W. (E. w. Ju.) leaves ovate-oblong, acute at each end, slightly ser- 
 rate. 
 
 sartnentosa, W. (E. J.) leaves ovate, acute, rounded at the base, serrate at the 
 top. Philadelphus. 
 
 I» ^ 21—6. Dedalea. 58. 1. 
 
 quercina, coriaceous, pale-woody : pileus regular, glabrous ; laminae branch- 
 einuate, with the hollows large. On trunks of oaks, &c. Boletus. 
 
 21 — 4. Delesseria. 57. 2. 
 
 (data, stem compressed : leaves pinnate, confluent, ribbed, linear, entire. In 
 the sea. Sphaerococcus. 
 
 12—2. Delphinium. 26. 61. 
 
 «xaltatum,\y. (1) (A. b. Ju. 21.) petioles not dilated at the base : leaves flat, 
 
 3-cleft below the middle ; lobes wedge-form, 8-cleft at the apex, acuminate ; 
 
 lateral ones often 2-lobed : raceme straight : spur longer than the calyx 2 
 
 —4 (. S. 
 aznreum, Mx. (2) (b. M. 21.) petioles slightly dilated at the base : leaves 3 
 
 5-parted, many-cleft; divisions linear : racemes straight : petals densely 
 
 bearded : flowers short-pedicelled. 2 f. S. 
 virescens, N. (W. g-w. 2i.) pubescent : nectary 4-leaved, shorter than the 5 
 
 calycine petals, inner laminae densely beardecl : leaves 3-parted ; divisions 
 
 linear, sub-trifid, lower ones divaricate. 8^12 i. S. 
 
 Exotic. 
 
 consolidum, (larkspur, b. Ju. 0.) nectaries l-leaved : stem Bub-divided. 
 Naturalized. 
 
 staphisagria, (b. (^.) nectary 4-leaved, shorter than the petals: leaves pal- 
 mate, with obtuse lobes. 
 
 ajacis, (rocket larkspur, b. Au. 0.) nectary l-leaved : stem simple. 
 
 Southern, 
 trieorne, Mx. (O. b. M. If.) 'petiole scarcely dilated at the base, glabrous: 
 leaves 5-parted ; divisions 3 — 5-cleft, segments linear ; nectary shorter than 
 
 the corol : capsules arched, expauding from the base. 8 12 i. 
 
 Aconitum. 
 14—2. Dentaria. 39. 63. 
 
 diphylla, Mx, (tooth-root, trickle, pepper-root. O. y. & r. M. 2X.) stem 2-leav- 
 ed : leaves ternate, ovate-oblong, unequally gash-toothed : root toothed. 
 6 — 8 i. S, 
 
 (I) trydactylum, Mx. urceolatum, Ju. (2) carolinianum, Wr. 
 
goo DENTABIA, DICHOKDBA. 
 
 lacinieUa, W. (1) (p. M. 2^.) leaves in threes, ternate; leafets 3-parted ; seg- 
 ments oblong;, gash-toothed : root tuberous, moniliform. 8 i. S. 
 
 heterophylla,^. (W. p. w. J.) stem 2-leaved ; leaves ternate, petloled; leafets 
 linear, sub-lanceolate, acute, entire ; margin rough, ciliate : radical leafets 
 ovate-oblong, coarsely gash-toothed. Very small. ^Iways one radical leaf 
 with a long petiole. 
 
 maxima, N. (W. p. 2i.) leaves numerous, alternate, petioled ; leafets ternate, 
 sub-oval, gash-toothed ; lateral ones lobed : axils without glands : racemes 
 lateral and terminal. 12 — 18 i. 
 
 Southern, 
 multifidat M.'(E. p.) stem 2-leaved : leafets many-parted, segments linear, 
 
 somewhat acute. 10 i. 
 tenella, Ph. (W. p. Ap. 2X«) stem 2-leaved : leaves distant, sessile, ternate; 
 
 leafets linear-oval, entire : petals wedge-form. 
 dissecta, (2) (E. p. Mar.) glabrous, erect: stem S-leaved : leaves many-cleft ; 
 
 divisions linear : flowers racemed. 4 — 5 i. Cardamine. 
 
 DiaTnorphOf Sedum.. 
 
 10—2. DiANTHUs: 22. 8^! 
 
 armeria, L. (pink. E ? r. Ju. ^.) flowers aggregate, fascicled : scales of the 
 calyx lanceolate, villose, equalling the tube. 1 f. 
 
 Exotic. 
 
 barbatus, (sweet william. r. & w. Ju. 2(.) flowers fascicled : scales of the ca-. 
 lyx ovate-jubulate, equalling the tube : leaves lanceolate. 
 
 caryophyllus^ (carnation, r. & w. 21.) flowers solitary : scales of the calyx sub- 
 rhomboid, very short : petals crenate, beardless : leaves linear-subulate, 
 channelled. Ey rich culture, the stamens mostly change to petals. 
 
 ckinensii, (china pink. Ju. 0.) flowers solitary : scales of the calyx subalate, 
 spreading, leafy, equalling the tube : petals crenate : leaves lanceolate. 
 
 plutnarius, (single pink. r. & w. !(.) flowers solitary : scales of the calyx sub- 
 ovate, very short and obtuse, awnless : corol many-cleft, with the throat 
 hairy. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 tarolinianut, Wr. (E.) flowers aggregate: peduncles long : scales smaller, 
 than the halved tube. Scleranthus. 
 
 5 — 1. DiAPENSIA. 21. 4S. 
 
 iapponiea, W. (3) (A. w. Ju. 2^.) cespitose : leaves spatulate, glabrous: 
 
 flowers pedunculate : anthers oblique, awnless. 
 tuneifolia, Sy. (4) (A. w, J. ^.) creeping : leaves lance wedge-form, pubes-. 
 
 cent below : flowers sessile : anthers horizontal, beaked at the base. S. 
 
 Datura. 
 
 3 — 2. DiARRHEWA. 4. 10. 
 
 americana, Pb. (W? Ju. 2i.) culm erect, almost naked, slender, slightly 
 compressed, scabrous above : sheaths sub-pubescent : panicle racemed : 
 branches few-flowered, appressed : spikelets about 2-flowered : florets di- 
 vergiag. Dactylis. 
 
 5 — 2. DicHONDRA. 29. 43. 
 
 Southern, 
 carolvniensis, Mx. (E. p. J. 2X-) pubescent: leaves reniform-emarginatc, one- 
 coloured : calyx villose ciliate. Creeping. Evolvulus. 
 
 (1) concatenate, Mx. (2) M. C. Leavenworth. (3) obtusifolia, Sy. (4J 
 Pyxtdanthera barbulata, Mx. 
 
DICHROMENA^ DICRAKUM. 201 
 
 DiCHROMA.* DiCHROMENA. 
 3 — 2. DiCHROMENA. 4. 9. 
 
 S out) tern. 
 
 leueocephala, Mx. (E. Au. 2X') inyolucre somewhat 3-Ieavcd, white at the 
 base : head white. 1 f. 
 
 ciliata, Ph. (E. Ju.) involucre and leaves ciliate at the base: spikelets ob- 
 long-, tapering. 
 
 latifolia, Bald. (E. J. 2X') involucre many-leaved, large, with the leaves 
 white : heads compressed : leaves very long, loosely sheathing the stem. 
 9 — 18 i, " Leersia. 
 
 21 — 1. DicEsoNiA. 55. 5. 
 
 pilosiuscula, W. (1) (fine haired fern. O.) Described under Aspidium punc- 
 tilobium. Cheilanthes. 
 
 Diclytra, Corydalis. 
 
 21—2. DicRANUM. 56. 4. 
 
 1. Capsule with apophyses, 
 
 cerviculatum, monoecious : stem simple : leaves capillary, without nerves, 
 spreading, lax: capsule ventricose, erectish ; apophysis gibbose. 
 
 virens, stems divided ; branchlets erect, sub-divided : leaves clasping at the 
 base, linear, flat, spreading, coiled : capsules nodding, at length curved ; 
 apophysis wen-like. 
 
 fragile, stem erect, ramose, very fragile : leaves erect, densely crowded to- 
 gether, somewhat whorled, lance-ovate, acuminate, sub-entire, with the mar- 
 gin undulated : capsule nodding, elongated ; apophysis wen-like, at length 
 striate. 
 
 2. Capsules without apophysis, or truncated processes on the foreside of the 
 
 base. 
 
 (Leaves turned to one side.) 
 
 scoparium, stem ramose : leaves lance-ovate, acuminate, keeled, falcate : pe- 
 dicels sheathed, solitary : lid long-beaked. 
 
 condensatum, stem short, simple : leaves lance-oblong, mucronate, with ex- 
 tended fascicular points : capsules nodding; lids subulate. On the earth. 
 
 heteromallum, stem sub-simple : leaves capillary, one-nerved, dilated at the 
 base : capsule ovate ; lid long-beaked. 
 
 orthocarpon, small ; stem short, simple : leaves setaceous, dilated at the base . 
 peduncles lateral, longish : capsule sub-erect, oblong-ovate ; lid beaked. 
 
 varium, stem sub-simple : leaves somewhat one-sided ; lower ones lanceolate, 
 upper ones subulate : capsules urceolate, somewhat nodding ; lid conic. 
 
 (Leaves not one-sided.) 
 
 xanthodon, minute : leaves lanceolate, long-acuminate ; capsules ovate : teeth 
 of the peristome yellow. "** 
 
 polycarpoTi, stem ramose: leaves linear-subulate, twisted when dry, investing 
 the stem on all sides : capsule obovate, erectish, furrowed. On rocks in 
 mountains. 
 
 glaucwn, small : stem ramose, thick, with a dense foliation : leaves glaucous, 
 convex-channelled : capsule sub-inclined, oblong-ovate 5 lid slenderly sub- 
 ulate, sub-inflexed. 
 
 * Strike out this Genus at page 17. 
 
 (1) pubescens, Sh. Aspidium punctilobuna. 
 
202 DICRANUM, DIODIA. 
 
 3. Capsules with truncated prominences on the foretide of the base. 
 
 purpureum, stem dichotomous : leaves lanceolate, twisted when dry, furnished 
 with a purple nerve : capsule oval ; lid conic. Campylopui. 
 
 21—2. DiDTMODON. 56. #. 
 
 rigidulum, leaves lanceolate, cuspidate from the middle nerve, somewhat 
 rigid : lid subulate, a little curved. Splacbnum. 
 
 5—1. DiERVILLA. 48. 58. 
 
 canadensis, M. (1) (bush honeysuckle. O. y. Ju. Tp.) peduncles axillary and 
 terminal, dichotomous, 3-flowered : leaves ovate, serrate, acuminate. 2 — 
 ^ ^' ^- Pinckneya. 
 
 13—2. Digitalis. 40. 40. 
 
 Exotic. 
 
 purpurea, (foxglove, p. Ju. ^f.) leafets of the calyx ovate, acute: corol ob- 
 tuse ; upper lip entire : leaves lance-ovate, rugose. 
 
 intermedia, (p. Ju.) leafets of the calyx lanceolate, equal : corol slightly pu- 
 bescent ; upper lip emarginate, 2-cleft : leaves pubescent at the margins 
 and base. Capraria. 
 
 3—2. DiGlTARlA. 4. 10. 
 
 sanguinalis, Scop. (E. S. ^.) spikes numerous, fascicled, a little ppreading: 
 leaves and sheaths somewhat hairy : spikelets oblong : florets pubescent on 
 the margin. 1—2 (.8. 
 
 glabra, R. & S. (E. Au. 0.) spikes digitate, sub-alternate (3 — 4,) spreading : 
 leaves and sheaths smooth : spikelets ovate, crowded : calyx equal to the 
 abortive floret, both hairy. 1 f. 
 
 *cro^itta, Mx. (E. 21) decumbent: leaves and sheaths very pubescent : spikes 
 numerous, setaceous •, spikelets all pedicellate : inferior glume very minute. 
 /i2— 18i. S. b / 
 
 jiliformis, E. (E. Au. 0) culm erect, filiform: leaves somewhat glabrous: 
 spikes 2 — 4, filiform, erect: spikelets in threes, all pedicellate : calyx 1 - 
 valved, as long as the abortive floret, pubescent. 12 — 18 i. S. 
 
 paspaloides, Mx. (E. Au. 0.) spikes in pairs, sub-villose at the base: rachie 
 broadish, glabrous : flowers solitar;', imbricate two ways, glabrous : leaves 
 spreading ; sheaths glabrous, villose at the neck : culm creeping. S. 
 
 Andropogon. 
 
 3—1. DiLATRIS. 6. 18. 
 
 tinctoria, Ph. (2) (red-root. E. y. Ju. 2i-) petals lanceolate, downy outside ; 
 panicle corymbed, downy : leaves long, naked, linear. 2 f. S. 
 
 Valeriana. 
 
 4—1. DioDiA. 47. 57. 
 
 virginica, W. (w. Au. 2X.) glabrous : stem procumbent, nearly terete : leaves 
 lanceolate : corol glabrous within : fruit oblong, glabrous. S. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 ietragona, Wr. (E. w. M. — O. 2^.) stem procumbent, somewhat angled, near- 
 ly glabrous : leaves cordate-ovate : stipules subulate. 
 
 hirsuta, Ph. (E. w. S. 21- hirsute : stem procumbent : leaves lanceolate : sti- 
 pules nearly setaceous. Perhaps a variety of the last. E. Hedyotis. 
 
 (l)lutea, Ph. humilis, P. tournefortii, Mx. Lonicera diervilla, L. (2) 
 heritiera, P. Lachnanthes, E. 
 
DiONiEA, DIRCA. 205 
 
 10—1. DiONiEA. 20. 68. 
 
 Southern. 
 viUsciptUa, W. (Venus' fly-trap. E. w. Ju. 2X0 radical leaves, with terminal 
 ciliate appendages, soniewhat resembling a rat-trap ; this is suddenly closed 
 on being irritated. Jussiena. 
 
 20—6. DioscoREA. 11. 12. 
 
 tillosa^ L. (1) (yam root O. J. 2X.) leaves alternate, opposite and whorled, 
 cordate, acuminate, pubescent beneath, 9-nerved ; lateral nerves simple. 
 Stem climbing. iS^. 
 
 quaternata, Wr. (2) (J. 2i.) leaves verticillate by fours, and alternate, cor- 
 date, acuminate, glabrous, 7 — 9-nerved ; lateral nerves divided. Stem 
 climbing. Gleditschia. 
 
 20—13. DiosPYROs. 18. 50. 
 
 virginiana, (persimon, seeded plum. E. w-y. M. ^.) leaves orate-oblong, acu- 
 minate, glabrous, reticulate-veined : petioles pubescent : buds Habrouj. 
 Var. ptibeseens, leaves oblong, acute, pubescent beneath : petioles long ; 
 fruit bearing few seeds. This is made a distinct species by Pursh. jS. 
 
 Hippophae. 
 19—4. DioTis. 12. 29. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 lanata, Ph. (W. J. Tp.) all over hoary -lomentose : stem flexuous : gloraerules 
 
 of the spikes very crowded. Crotonopsis, 
 
 6 — 1. DiPHTLLIIA. 54. 78. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 eymota, Mx. (A. w. J. 1i-) ^^ry glabrous : leaves sub-palmate, angularly 
 
 lobed, serrate ; lobes acuminate; cyme many-flowered. Amaryllis. 
 
 21 — 2. DiPHTsicuM. 56. 4. 
 
 foUosum, stemless : capsule aub-sessile : leaves lance-linear. 
 
 Buxbaumia. 
 21—2. DiPLOCOMiUM. (3) 56. 4. 
 
 iongiseium^ caulescent : leaves gradually narrow-acute ; upper ones subulate- 
 acuminate from a broad base : peduncles very long ; lid conic : the setace- 
 ous teeth of the inner peristome about four times as long as those of the outer 
 peristome. Meesia. 
 
 4—1. DiPSACUS. 48. 5Q. 
 
 tylvestris, L. (wild teasel. O. b. Ju. (^. ) leaves connate, and opposite, sinuate ; 
 chaff straight : head involucred. 3— -4f. S, 
 
 Exotic. 
 /ii//onunh (teasel, w. Ju.cf.) leaves sessile, serrate: chaff hooked. 3 — 6f. 
 
 Galium. 
 
 8—1. DiRCA. 31. 25. 
 
 pcdiittris, W. (leather-wood, moose-wood, american metereon. 0. y. Ap. ^t.) 
 leaves oval : flowers axillary, 2 or 3 in a hairy bud-like involucre. Small 
 bush : bark very tough. 1—5 f. S» Jeffersonia. 
 
 (1) p&QJCulata, Mx. (2) glauca, M. (3) Meesia, H. 
 
204 DODECATHEON, DRACOCEPHALtJM. 
 
 5 — 1. DODECATHEON. 20. 34. 
 
 meadia, W. (false cowslip, p. M. 21-) Ifiaves oblong-oval, repand-toothed : um« 
 bels many-flowered, lax : bracts oval. Woods near rivers. 8 — 10 i. S. 
 
 iniegrifolium, Mx. (b, J. 2i-) leaves sub-spatulate, entire : umbels few-flower- 
 ed, straight : bracts linear. • Menyarlthes. 
 
 16—10. DoLiCHos. 32. 93. 
 
 purpurena, L. (wild cowhap:e. p. 0.) twining: stem glabrous : petioles pu- 
 bescent : corol with spreading wings. 
 
 Exotic, 
 pruriens, (cowage, or cowitch. p. 0.) twining : leaves hairy beneath : legumes 
 in racemes: valves slightly keeled, hairy: peduncles in' threes. 
 
 Southern, 
 luteolu*, W. (E. w-y. O. 0.) climbing, pubescent : leafets ovate, acuminate i 
 peduncles longer than the leaves : spikes short, somewhat capitate : bann«r 
 broad, reflexed ; wings rhomboidal. Trigonella. 
 
 17—2. DoNiA. 49. 55. 
 
 f?07ithem. 
 
 jguarrosa, Ph. (W. y, Au. 21-) herbaceous: leaves clasping, serrite : scales 
 
 of the calyx filiform at the apex, squarrose, revolute. Whole plant viscous. 
 
 3 — 4 f. Boebera. 
 
 Doronicum^ Arhica. 
 
 14—1. Drab A. 39. 63. 
 
 iterna, W. (whitlow grass. E. w. Ap. 0.) scape naked : leaves oblong, acute, 
 sub-serrate, rough-haired : petals bifid : stigma sessile. 2 — 6 i. S. 
 
 caroliniana, Wr. (1) (w. A. 0.) flower-bearing stems haked : leaveS oral, 
 acute, very hirsute : silicles long-linear, glabrous, approximate. 1 — 2 i. jS. 
 
 nivalis, W. (E. 0.) scape about one-leaved, ascending: leaves lanceolate, 
 very entire, sub-tomentose, with stellate hairs : petals retuse. 
 
 glabella, Ph. (E. 0.) scape about 2-leaved, erect: leaves lance-spatulate, 
 somewhat glabrous : raceme dense-flowered : silicle lanoe-ovate, acute. 
 
 incana, W. (E. J. (j^.) cauline leaves hoar}-, numerous, with interwoven stel- 
 late hairs : silicle oblong, oblique, mucronate with a very short style. 
 
 firabisans, Mx. (2) (M. r^.) stem leafy, rarely branched : radical leaves 
 wedge-lanceolate ; cauline ones lanceolate, acute : silicles acuminate with 
 the permanent style. >S^. 
 
 alpina, L. (S. A. 2X-) scape naked, simple : leaves lanceolate, entire, spread- 
 ing ; petals sub-emarginate. 
 
 hirta, L. (A. w.) scape one-leaved: leaf oblong, acute, dentate, somewhat 
 hirsute : silicle oblique, pedicelled. 
 
 Southern, 
 nemoralis, W. (W. y. M.) sparingly branched: radical leaves spatnlate ob- 
 long ; cauline ones sessile, or clasping, ovate, sub-dentate : silique pubes- 
 cent. Alysaum. 
 
 Dracaena^ Convallaria. 
 
 13 — 1. Dracociphaldm. 40. 40. 
 
 ^rginianum, W. (dragon-head, W. p. Au. 2{.) spikes elongated, with the 
 flowers crowded : bracts subulate : teeth of the calyx nearly equal, short : 
 leaves linear-lanceolate, serrate. 1 — 2 f. S. 
 
 (1) umbellata, M. hispidula, Mx. (2)Arabii, P. 
 
DRACOCEPHALUM, ECHINOPS. 205 
 
 ^Ifntiat^atHTK, W. (1) (W. p. Ju. 2i-) spikes elongated, with remote flowers : 
 bracts subulate : teeth of the calyx nearly equal : leaves obovate-lanceolate 
 toothed above. 
 
 Exotic. 
 
 tanariense, (balm of gilead herb.) flowers spiked: leaves temate, oblong. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 variegatum. Vent. (2) (E. p. J.) spikes short, square: bracts ovate, acumi- 
 nate, as long as the calyx : teeth of the calyx somewhat unequal : Ieave» 
 closely sessile, oblong-lanceolate, toothed near the summit, 
 
 cordatujn, N. (W. b. J. 21-) stem and petioles pubescent : leaves cordate, ob- 
 tusely crenate, somewhat hirsute above : spikes secund : pedicels 2-bracted. 
 
 parvifiorutn,^. (W. w. Ju. (j^.) flowers verticillate, sub-capitate: leavesovate- 
 lanceolate, deeply serrate, petioled : bracts foliaceous, ovate, ciliate, serrate ; 
 serratures jnucronate : teeth of the calyx unequal, scarcely shorter than the 
 corol. Prunella. 
 
 Dracontium, Ictodes. 
 
 S— 1. Drosera, 20. 68, 
 
 yoiundifolia, f sun-dew. O. y-w. Au. 2Z-) scape simple: leaves nearly orbicu- 
 lar, narrowed at the base : petioles long, downy. Wet or damp. 4 — 8 i. S. 
 
 tongifolia, (3) (E. y-w. Ju. 2(.) scape simple : leaves spatulate-oborate : pe- 
 tioles long, naked. Wet. 3 — 6 i, .S. 
 
 JUifor7nis, R. (4) (E. p. J. 2X.) scape sub-ramose, terete, glabrous : leaves very 
 long, filiform : styles 6 to 9. Wet. 1 f. 
 
 SotUherru 
 brevifolia, Ph. (E. w-r. J. 2X) very small : scape rooting, simple: leaves 
 
 short, wedge-form, scarcely petioled : petals oval. 
 foliosat'E. (E.) caulescent: leaves crowded, oval, cuneiform at the base, on 
 
 long naked petioles. 4 — 6 i. Zanthorhiza. 
 
 11—13. Dry AS. 33. 92. 
 
 integrifolia, Vahl. (5) (\. w. Ju. If.) small-leaved ; leaves ovale, acute, cor- 
 date at the base, very entire, flat, white-tomentose beneath : peduncles one- 
 tlowered. 
 
 C"'topetala,\V. (A. w. Ju. 2I-) leaves ovate-oblong, coarsely toothed, rugose, 
 white-tomentose beneath : peduncles one-flowered. CM'ura. 
 
 3—1. DuLicHiuM. (6) 3. 9, 
 
 fpathaceum, Rd. (galingate. O. g-y. Ju. Zf.) stem columnar, 3-coniered above : 
 leaves pointing in three directions : spikelets spreading, somewhat 6-flower- 
 fx\, subulate, in axillary racemes. Var. canadense, spikelets few, erect, 
 somewhat 10-flowered. 1 — 2 f. »S'. Cyperus. 
 
 E. 
 
 17 — 5. EcHiNOP.'!. 49. 54. 
 
 Exotic, 
 sphoirocephalus, (globe thistle.) leaves pinnatifid : stem branching. 
 
 Orchi*. 
 
 (1) Prasium purpureum, Wr. (2) Praslum incarnatum, Wr, (3) ameri* 
 cana, M. (4) teuuifolia, M. (5) tenella. Ph. (6) Schcenus, L. Scirpus, Ms. 
 CyperuB, W. 
 
 18 
 
S06 ECHITES, ELLIOTTIA. 
 
 18—5. EcHiTES. 30. 47. 
 
 Southern, 
 diffbrmis, Wr. (E. w-y. M. Au. 2i.) climbing: lower leaves nearly linear? 
 upper ones oval-lanceolate, acunciinate : racenie coiymbed : stamens includ- 
 ed. Amsonia. 
 
 5—1. ECHIDM. 41. ^. 
 
 vulgare, L. (viper's bugloss, blue thistle. E. b. Ju. (^.) stem tubercdlate-his- 
 pid : cauline leaves lanceolate-hispid : spikes lateral : stamens exsert. 2 
 — 3 f. S. Myosotis. 
 
 17—2. EcLiPTA. 49. 55. 
 Southern, 
 
 erecta, W. (O. w. Ju. ^.) erect, dichotomous, strigose : leaves lanceolate, at- 
 tenuate at the base, rarely serrate : peduncles by pairs, long : scales of the 
 calyx ovate, acuminate. 
 
 procumbenst Mx. (O. w. J. O. ?) decumbent or assurgent : leaves long- 
 lanceolate, attenuate at the base : sub-sersate : scales of the calyx lanceo- 
 lately acute : disk florets 4-cleft. 1 — 3 f. 
 
 brachypoda, Mx. (E. Ju. S.) prostrate, divaricate: leaves lanceolate, spar- 
 ingly serrulate : peduncles solitary and paired, short: scales of the calyx 
 oval-lanceolate . disk florets 5-cleft. Siegesbeckia. 
 
 4—1. Elaeagnus. 31. 24. 
 
 en-geniea, Ph. (W. J. ^.) unarmed: leaves undulate, oval-oblong, rather 
 acute, covered with silvery scales : flowers aggregate, (sub-solitary. Ph.) 
 nodding. S. Plantago. 
 
 17 — 5. Elepha5topu3. 49. 55. 
 
 carolinianus, W. (1) (elephant-foot. r. Au. 2^.) radical and caaline leave* 
 oblonf', narrowed at the base, pilose on both sides : stem erect, pilose, leafy. 
 
 2f. ''S. 
 
 Southern, 
 nudicaulis, E. (2) (E. r. Au. 2X0 radical leaves oval-lanreolate, crenate-«er- 
 rate, sub-scabrous, hairy beneath : stem hairy, rough, nearly naked. l—2(. 
 
 Echinops. 
 
 3—2. Eleusike. 4. 10. 
 
 indica, Mx. (3) (dog-tail grass, wire grass. E. Ju. ^.) stipes straight, erect, 
 in pairs or quaternate : rachis linear : spikelets lanceolate, about 5-flowered : 
 culm compressed, declined. 8 — 12 i. S. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 truciata, E. (4) (E. Ju. O. 0.) spikes quarternate, expanding, raucronate : 
 •pikelets about 3-flowered : exterior valve of the calyx awned : outer valve 
 of ibe corol very acute. 12 — 18 i. Triticuro. 
 
 Eleusine, Oxydekia. 
 
 8 — 1. Elliottia. 18. 51. 
 
 Southern, 
 ractmoaa, M. (E. w. J. "^.) leaves alternate, lanceolate, mucronate, entire, 
 short petioled, pubescent and slightly glaucous beneath ; racemes terminal. 
 
 ChrysospleniujD. 
 
 (1) icaber, Mx. (2) carolinianus, v. simplex, N. tomentosM, Pb ? (^ 
 C)^no«urus, L. (4) Chloris mucroaata, Mx. 
 
ELLISIA) ENDOCABPON. 20T 
 
 5—1. Elusia. 41. 42. 
 
 Southern, 
 nyctelea, L. (1) (O. w. & b. J. %.) stem decumbent, branchinf^, leafy, brittle : 
 
 leaves alternate, pctioled, piniiatifid, roughish : flowers solitary. &- — 8 i. 
 ambigua, N. (W. b. M. 0.) stem decumbent, branching-, g;labrous, somewhat 
 glaucous: leaves hirsute, lyrate-pinnatifid, sub-sessile : divisions sub-lanceo- 
 late, angularly toothed or lobed : racemes lateral and terminal. 4 — 6 i. 
 
 And rosace. 
 
 Elodea^ Hypericum and Serpicula. 
 3—2. Elymcs. 4. 10. 
 
 virginiciis, L. (E. Ju. 21.) spike erect, compressed : spikelets in pairs, 2 — 3- 
 flowered ; florets smooth : glumes lanceolate, nerved. 3 — 4 f. S. 
 
 canadensis, L. (E. Au. 2i-) spike nodding at the extremity, patulous: spike- 
 lets 3 — 5-flowered : florets hairy : glumes linear-subulate. Var. glaucifoLius, 
 •leaves glaucous. 3 — 4 f. S. 
 
 tillosus, M. (E. Ju. 21.) spike a little nodding at the extremity, patulous : ra- 
 chis and florets hispid, pilose : spikelets geminate, 2 — 3-flowered: glumes 
 linear, pilose-ciliate, 2-nerved, shorter than the florets. 2 — 3 f. 
 
 hystrix, L. (E. Ju. 2X.) spike erect : spikelets diverging: calyx 0. 3 f. 
 
 stHatus, W. (E. Ju. 2^,) spike erect : spikelets 2-flowered, awned, hispid, in 
 pairs : calyx linear, nerved, awned, rather exceeding the spikelets : leaves 
 and sheaths glabrous. 3 — 4f. S. 
 
 Southern, 
 
 europeus, L. (E. Ju. 2i.) spike erect : spikelets 2-flowered, awned, as long as 
 the smooth involucre. Melica. 
 
 2—1. Elttraria. 40. 36. 
 
 Southern, 
 xirgata, Mx. (E. J. Zf-) leaves entire near the summit and with the nerves un- 
 derneath somewhat smooth : scales under the flower ovate, villous along the 
 margin. 12 — 18 i. Veronica. 
 
 20—3. Empetrum. 18. 51. 
 
 nigrum, Mx. (black crowberry. Whitehills. A. Tp.) procumbent : branchlets 
 glabrous : leaves imbricate, oblong, glabrous, with a revolute margin. 
 
 Ficus. 
 
 21 — 5. Endocarpon. 57. 2. 
 
 hedwigii, Ach. frond sub-cartilaginous, roundish-angled and lobed, somewhat 
 olive-coloured ; under side pale at the edge, then dark-coloured and fibrous : 
 the little mouths sub-prominent, dark sooty-yellow. On naked earth, rocks 
 and sides of mountains. Var. lachneuin, has the frond with aggregated sub- 
 imbricated lobes ; margin elevated, repand-lobed, undulated, dark woolly 
 beneath. 
 
 mnhlenbergii, Ach. frond thick, crusty-cartilaginous, foliaceous, orbicular, 
 peltate, obscurely tawny-green, thin, rugose-plicate, and somewhat in 
 chinks; dark tawny and tubercled beneath : little mouths convex. 
 
 miniatum, Ach. frond thick, crusty-cartilaginous, foliaceous, orbicular, peltate, 
 becoming cinereous, repand at the periphery, flexuose-plicate ; underneath 
 of a reddish hue. On rocks. 
 
 complicatum, Ach. like the last, but of a dark colour underneath. 
 
 smaragdulum, Ach. frond composed of very small, detached, scalC'like lobea, 
 of a light greenish or olive colour. On rocks. 
 
 (ly Polemonium, L. 
 
208 ENDocARPorr^ epiphegus. 
 
 tephroides, Var. polrjthecium, Ach. frond adnate like a Verrucaria, cracked, of 
 
 a bright liver colour. 
 %ceberi, Ach. resembles the complicatum, but the frond isof a thicker consistence 
 
 and changes to a greenish colour when moistened. Porina. 
 
 18 — 5. Enslenia. 30. 47, 
 
 Southern. 
 albida,N. (E. Ju. y-w. ![.) twining: stem marked with an alternating pubes- 
 cent line : leaves opposite, smooth, cordate-ovate, somewhat acuminate, sinu- 
 ate at the base ; corymbs axillary, many-flowered, long peduncled : pedicel* 
 and calyx pubescent. Cynanchum. 
 
 18 — 1. Epidesdrum. 7. 21. 
 
 Souther??., 
 conopseum, Ai. (E. y. Au.) stem simple : leaves lanceolate, rigid, lucid, peren- 
 nial : spikes erect : lamina of the lip 3-lobed ; middle one retuse : inner pe- 
 tals narrow. Parasitic. Cypripedium. 
 
 10—1. EPIGAEA. 13. 51. 
 
 repens, L. (trailing arbutus. O. r. &. w. Ap. ^.) stem creeping; branches and 
 petioles very hirsute : leaves cordate-ovate, entire : corol cylindric. 
 
 Gaullheria. 
 EpifaguSf Epiphegus. ^ 
 
 8—1. Epilobium. 17. 88. 
 
 spicaium, Lk. (1) (willow herb. O. p. Ju. 21.) leaves scattered, lance-linear, 
 veiny, glabrous : flowers unequal : stamens declined. 4 — 6 f. 
 
 coloratum, M. (2) (0. r. Ju. 2^.) stem terete, pubescent, leaves lanceolate, 
 serrulate, petioled, opposite ; upper ones alternate, glabrous, red-veined> 
 Var. tetragonunif has the stem 4-cornered part of its length. 3 — 4 f. S. 
 
 litieare, M. (3) JO. w. & r. Ju. If.) stem terete, pubescent, wand-like, branch- 
 ed above ; c'Suline leaves opposite, branch-leaves alternate, linear, very en- 
 tire : flowers few, terminal, long-peduncled. 1 — 2 f. 
 
 wolle, T. (E. w-p. Au. Zf.) densely and softly pubescent : stem terete : leaves 
 oblong-linear, sessile, very entire ; lower ones opposite; upper ones alter- 
 nate : flowers pedicelled, sub-terminal, regular. 12 — 18 i. 
 
 alpimon, L. (A. w-r. Au. 2X«) stem simple, sub-terete, 1 or 2-flowered : leaves 
 opposite, oval, entire : flowers sessile. 1 — 3 i. 
 
 palnstre, W. (O. Ju. 2X) stem terete : leaves sessile, lanceolate, sub-denticu- 
 late : stigma undivided. Damp. <S. 
 
 latifoliiim, L. (p. Ju. 21.) leaves alternate, lance-ovate, nearly entire, pu- 
 bescent, without veins : flowers unequal. A'ar. teirapetalum, leaves narrow, 
 lanceolate, entire : stem low. 
 
 luteam, Ph. (W. y. Zf) stem 4-cornered, somewhat glabrous : leaves opposite ; 
 upper ones alternate, lanceolate, acuminate, serrulate : peduncles axillary, 
 alternate, elongated : divisions of the calyx narrow, as long as the petals : 
 style essert : stigma thick, 4-lobed. Oxycoccus. 
 
 Ejnpactis, Listera. 
 
 13—2. EpiPUEGus, N. (4) 40. 35. 
 
 virginiamis^ (5) (beech drops, cancer-root. O y. p. Ju. 2X.) stem very branch- 
 ing : flowers alternate, distant : calyx short, cup-form, shorter than the cap- 
 
 (1) angustifolium, W. (5) levigatum, Le Conte. (3) oliganthum, Mx. 
 ro^smarinifolium, Ph. squamatum, IS. (4) Orobanche, L. (5) araericauus. IV. 
 
EQ.UISETUM, ERIGEBON. £09 
 
 taW. The whole plant is yellowish-white and of a naked appearance. 8 
 
 J2 i. <S. Astringent. B. Orthocarpus. 
 
 21 — 1. Equisetum. 55. 5. 
 
 arvense, L. (horse-tail. O. Ap. 21-) barren stems with simple branches ; the 
 branches scabrous, 4-sided : fructification simple : shealhs cylindric, gash- 
 toothed ; teeth acute. 8 i. 8. 
 
 hyemale, L. (scouring rush. E. Ju. 2^.) stems erect, verj* scabrous, bearing 
 spikes at the apex : sheaths 2-coloured, withering at tlie base and apex : 
 teeth with caducous awns. 2 — 3 f, <§. 
 
 sylvaticum, L. (O. Ap. 2(.) barren and fertile stems doublj-branched ; branch- 
 es scabrous, detlected, 4-sided ; branchlets somewhat 3-sided. S. 
 
 limosnm,T. (Ju.) stems branched upwards, with the branches about 12 in a 
 whorl, simple, pentagonal, smooth. 2 — 4 f . 
 
 icirpoides, Mx. (O. Ju. 2i. ) stem simple, ascending, glabrous, filiform, bearing 
 a spike at the top : sheaths 3-toothed ; teeth withering, with caducous awns 
 at the apex. 3 — 6 i. 
 
 uliginoswn, M. (21.) stems erect, round, furrowed, nearly smooth, somewhat 
 branched ; branches from the middle joints unequal : sheaths serrate above ; 
 teeth even, acute, black. 
 
 palustre, W. (E. J. 21.) stem simply ramose, glabrous, sulcate : branches pen- 
 tagonal, bearing spikes at their apexes. 
 
 torreyanum, Stewart. (21) stems branched ; branches thick, roughish, hexa- 
 gonel, close-pressed to the stem : spike terminal. Perhaps not a distinct 
 species. Isoetes. 
 
 2—2. Erianthus. 4. 10. 
 
 Southeryi. ' 
 
 alopecnroides, L. (1) (E. p S. 2/.) hair-like involucre much longer than th« 
 calyx: awns straight. 6^10 f. 
 
 brevibarbis, Mx. (E. p. S. 2X0 panicle somewhat spreading: hair-like involu- 
 cre siiorler than the calyx : awns straight. 3 — 5 f. 
 
 stricius^i Bald. (E. p. Au.) involucre very short, or none: panicle closelj 
 appressed ; branches remote : peduncles 2-flowered : awns straight, twice 
 as long a? the calyx. 4 — 6 f. 
 
 <ontortus, Ba.\d, (E. O. 2£-) hairy involucre as long as the calyx : inner valve 
 of the corol eared : awn spirally twisted. Fedia. 
 
 8—1. Erica. 18. 51. 
 
 Exotic, 
 pubescens, (downy heath, r. M.) corol linear, pubescent, with the limb erect : 
 
 capsule fflabrous : leaves fringed. 
 teiralix, (^.) anthers awned : corol ovate: style enclosed: leaves in four?, 
 
 ciliatei llowers in heads. Daphne. 
 
 Erigenea, Hydrocotyle. 
 17 — 2. Erigerox. 49. 55. 
 
 alpinnm^W. (E. p. Ju. 2£.) villose: stem generally 1-flowered : calyx villose; 
 
 rays spreading : leaves lanceolate, obtusish. 2i. 
 beUidifoiium, W. (2) (O. b. & w. iM. 21.) hirsute, hoary: radical leaves ob- 
 
 ovate, sub-serrate ; cauline ones few, distant, lanceolate, sessile, entire : stem 
 
 about 3-flowered : rays long. 12— 18 i. S. 
 xntegnfrlium, Bw. (E. w. Ju. If.) stem simple, leafy, smooth: leaves lanceo- 
 
 (1) i-f : -rqroides, Mx. Anthoxanthum gisranteum, Wr. Andropogon, L. 
 Saccharjc ./ganteum, Ph. (2) pulchellum,^Msj 
 
 IS* 
 
210 ERIGERON, ERINEUM. 
 
 late, entire,. 3-nerved : flowers corymbed : calyx hemispherical : scales 
 acute. 2 f. 
 
 purpureum, W. (O. p. Ju; 71-) pubescent; leaves oblong, toothed, clasping ; 
 upper ones entire : peduncles thickened, corymbed ; lower ones elongated : 
 scales of the calyx hairy on the keel ; rays twice as long as the calyx. 2 f. S. 
 
 compositum, Ph. (W. w-r. Ju. 2X) pilose, somewhat jjemless : radical leaves 
 long-petioled, thrice S-parted ; divisions linear, divaricate; cauline leaves 
 linear, generally undivided : stem naked above, 1-flowered. 8 i. 
 
 philadelphicum,W. (O. b-p, Au. If.) pubescent: leaves wedge-oblong, rarely 
 gash-toothed ; cauline ones half-clasping : stem weak, simple, corymbed 
 above : peduncles elongated, 1-flowered : rays capillary, twice as long as 
 the hemispherical calyx. 1 — 3f. S. 
 
 strigosum, W. (0. w. Ju. cj^.) strigose-pilose :' leaves lanceolate, tapering to 
 both ends : in the middle are a few coarse teeth, or it is entire : flowers co- 
 rjTnb-panicled. 2 — 3f. /?. 
 
 heterophyllum, L. (1) (E. w. J. (^.) radical leaves round-ovate, deeply-toothed, 
 petioled ; cauline ones lanceolate, acute, serrate in the middle : cor3'mb ter- 
 minal. 2— 3f. 
 
 nervosum, W. (2) (y. w. Ju. 2X ?) white-pubescent : leaves lance-]inear,5very 
 entire, silky, nerved : flouers panicled. 
 
 hi/ssopifolinm,Mx. (y. Ju. 2i.) stem panicled, with sterile branches, a few of 
 them protracted into naked peduncles : leaves linear, glabrous, ciliate : rays 
 much longer than the cylindric calyx. 
 
 eanadense, L. (flea-bane, pride-weed. O. w. Ju. 0.) stem hispid, panicled: 
 leaves lance-linear, ciliate : calyx cylindric : rays crowded, short. Var. 
 grandijiorum, rays yellowish, flowers very large, short peduncled, crowded, 
 terminal and axillary. Var. pvsillum, low, smoothish : leaves lance-linear, 
 entire, scabrous along the margin. This last variety is made a distinct spe- 
 cies by Mr. Kuttall. 4 i.— 3 f. iS. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 pumt/tim, N. (3) (W. w. 7X-) hirsute: stems simple, 1-flowered: learea linear, 
 entire, sessile, without nerves : calyx hirsute. 4—5 i. 
 
 nudicaule,M\. (E. w. y. J. 2i.) glabrous : radical leaves lance-spatulate, acute, 
 slightly toothed : stem simple, nearly leafless, long : terminal corymb few- 
 flowered : rays as long as the involucre. 2 f. 
 
 gtiercifotium, Lk. (E. b. w. Ju. 2^.) finely pubescent : leaves lanceolate, acute: 
 radical ones somewhat lyrate, coarsely toothed; upper ones entire: stem 
 sub-simple, few-flowered (3,) at the summit : rays twice as long as the calyx. 
 Elliott thinks this and the philadelphicum may be the same. 8 — 10 i. 
 
 longifolium, Lk. (E. y. Au.) very glabrous : stem virgately panicled : branches 
 straight : leaves very long-linear, straight : calyx ovate : rays scarcely long- 
 er than the calvx. Does it belong to this genus ? E. 
 
 atribiguum, J^ . (E. w-y.) pubescent, somewhat scabrous : leaves linear; lower 
 ones slightly serrulate: flowers small, generally in pairs, axillary and ter- 
 minal: calyx hemispherical. 18 i. 
 
 asperum, N. (W. w. Au.) hirsute-scabrous: stem slender, about 2-flowered 
 leaves lanceolate, acute, entire : calyx hemispherica 1. 12 i. 
 
 glabeilumy N. (W. w-b. Au. 2i.) leaves lance-linear, smooth, acute ; radical 
 ones long-petioled, lance-spatulale, nerved : stem pubescent above, 3 — 5- 
 flowered : calyx pubescent. 12 — 18 i. 
 
 divaricatum, Mx. (W. Au. 0.) decumbent, divaricate-branching : panicles 
 aub-fastigiate : leaves subulate : florets of the disk 4-cleft. Chrysopsis. 
 
 21—6. Eriseum. 58. 1. 
 acerinum, depressed, broadish, reddish-tawny ; at firit tliick-clotted and 
 pale. 
 
 (1) Aster annuu3, L. (2) strigosum ? E. (3) uniflorum, W ? birautum, Ph. 
 
JERINEtTM, EaiOGONTJMa 2U 
 
 faeineum, sub-immersed, compact, sub-elliptic, chesnut-brown. 
 pyHnum, oblong, lax, chesnut-brown. Racodiura. 
 
 19 — 4. EwocAULOif. 6. 13. 
 
 vellueidum, Ms. (pipe-wort. O. g. Au. 2i-) scape very slender, about 7-strip- 
 ed: leaves linear-subulate, channelled, glabrous, pellucid, 5-nerved, trans- 
 verselv-striate : head small, globose : scales of the involucre oval-obtuse. 
 Grows in water. 6 — 1;^ i. 
 
 decangulare, ISlx. (1) (tall pipe-wort. E. w. S. If.) scape 10-striped: leaves 
 ensiform, glabrous : heads large, depressed-globose : scales of the involucre 
 ovate, acute : chaflof the receptacle mucronate. 3 — 4 f. <Si. 
 
 fiavidulwn, Mx. (Ju. 0. or2X-) scapes numerous, about 7-furrowed, sub-pu- 
 bescent : leaves short, subulate-eusiform : head convex ; scales of the invo- 
 lucre roundish. 2 — 4 i. S. 
 
 gnaphalioides, Mx. (^ (Ju. U-) scape sub-compressed, with 10 grooves: 
 leaves short, subulate, ensiform, glabrous : heads hemispheric-convex : the 
 involucre consists of shining scarious, oval, round-obtuse scales. 10 — 14 i. 
 
 Southern. 
 villosu7ihMx. (E. M. S. 2X-) scapes numerous, compressed, about 4-furrowed, 
 villous: leaves short, subulate, linear, hairy : head small spherical. Corol 
 nearly black. 12 1. Alnus. 
 
 3—1. Eriocoma. 4. 9. 
 
 Southern, 
 membranacea. Ph. (3) (W.) leaves convolute-filiform, gfebrous ; panicle lax: 
 pedicels flexuose : scales of the calyx membranaceous, 3-nerved, long-acu- 
 minate : corol shorter than the calyx, silky-villcse, hairs exceeding the corol : 
 awn naked, straight, a little longer than the calyx. Dichromena. 
 
 9—2. Eriogonum. 12. 28. 
 
 parvifolium, S. (W.) calyx naked : cauline leaves petioled, alternate, ovate, 
 revolute, shining above, rusty tomentose beneath. 
 
 latifolium, S. (W.) calyx naked: cauline leaves alternate, petioled, cordate, 
 undulate, white-downy above, white-woolly beneath : petioles clasping. 
 
 Southern, 
 
 tomentosum, Mx. {E. Ju. 2X0 leaves oval, wedge-form at the base, glabrous 
 above, white-downy beneath ; cauline leaves in threes and fours : fascicles 
 of flowers axillary, solitary, sessile. 2 f. 
 
 eericeum, Ph. (4) "(W. y. Ju. 21.) stem simple, naked : flowers fascicled, in 
 terminal umbels, peduncled; umbel involucred: divisions of the calyx ob- 
 long, acute, silky-ianate : radical leaves petioled, lance-oblong, villose above. 
 
 pauci/lorum, Ph. (W. w. 2^.) stem simple, leafy at the base : umbel few-flow- 
 ered : flowers sub-sessile : leaves lance-linear, hoary-tomentose on both sides. 
 
 tenellum, T. & J. (W. 2S.-) stem dichotomous, naked, slender, very glabrous : 
 branches elongated, bearing fascicles of flowers at their extremities : flowers 
 very minute : divisions of the calyx roundish, obtuse, glabrous : leaves ovate, 
 sub-cordate, white-downy beneath, (both sides when young) pubescent above. 
 12 i. 
 
 WibeUatum,T. & J. (W. If-) stem naked, simple : peduncles elongated, (about 
 in sixes) umbelled, beannga single involucre at the apex: calyx glabrous ; 
 divisions obovate, narrow at the L ise, obtuse: leaves obovate-spatulate, 
 woolly beneath, somewhat glabrous above. 8 i. Pleea. 
 
 (1) serotinura, Wr. (2) decangulare.Wr. corapressum, Lk. (3) cuspida- 
 lura,N. Stipa.Pb. (4) flavum, N. F . V / i^iaa 
 
MZ ERIOPHOEUM, ERTNGIUM. 
 
 3 — 1. Eriophorum. 3. 9. 
 
 1. Spike solitary. 
 
 alpinum, L. (1) (E. Au. 2i-) culm triquetrou?, somewhat scabrous, naked : 
 
 leaves very short, subulate: spike oblong: woolly Aairs crisped, few. 8— 
 
 10 i. 
 vaginatum, L. (2) (E. Ju. 2L-) culm terete below, obtusely-triangular above, 
 
 smooth and risjid: sheaths inflated : spike oblong-ovate: glumes scarious; 
 
 wool straight, dense. 12 i. 
 
 2. Spikes numerous. 
 
 polystachyon, L. (3) (E. Ju. 2X-) leaves flat, triquetrous at the extremities: 
 culm nearly terete : spikes nodding : peduncles scabrous. 18 — 24 i. 
 
 virginicum, L. (E. J. 21') culm nearly terete below, obtusely triangular above : 
 leaves flat, very long : spikes clustered, erect, sub-sessile: involucre 2 — 3- 
 leaved. Var. ^raa7f, culm very slender, leaves almost filiform. 2 — 4f. S' 
 
 angustifoliumf Roth. (E. J. 2LC') ^"'"^ somewhat triangular: leaves channel- 
 led, triquetrous : peduncles very smooth. Var. viegastachyoii, culm some- 
 what triangular, short : involucre longer than the umbel : spikes peduncled, 
 very large. Dr. Torrey thinks the E. angustifolium of Wild, is not found 
 in this country, and the one so called by authors is a variety of the E. polys- 
 tachyon. Fuireua. 
 
 15 — 5. Erodium. 14. 73. 
 
 Exotic, 
 ciconium, (stork-bill geranium. 0.) peduncle many-flowered : leaves pinnate: 
 
 leafets pinnatifid, toothed : petals oblong, obtuse : stem ascending. 
 cicutarium, (hemlock geranium, p. Ap. 0.) peduncles many-flowered: leaves 
 
 pinnate ; leafets sessile, pinnatifid, gashed : corol larger than the calyx : stem 
 
 prostrate, hirsute. 
 yioschatum, (musk geranium. =^. ) peduncles many-flowered : leaves pinnate ; 
 
 leafets sub-petioled, oblong, gash-toothed : petals equalling the calyx : stem 
 
 procumbent, Pbiloierus. 
 
 16—10. Ervum. 32. 93. 
 
 hirsutum, W. (4) (creeping vetch. L. p. J. 0.) peduncles many-flowered : 
 
 legumes hirsute, 2-seeded ; leafets linear, truncate. 
 tetraspermum, W. (5) (E. b. J. 0.) peduncles mostly 2-flowered : legume 
 
 smooth, 4 — 5-seeded : leaves oblong, truncate. Orobus. 
 
 5 — 2. Eryngium. 45. 60. 
 
 aqnaticum, Ju. (6) (button snake root. E. w-b. Ju. Ti-) leaves cnsiform, fring- 
 ed with soft spines; floral leaves undivided, very short. 3 — 4f. S. 
 
 virginianunif Lk. (7) E. g. & b. Ju. Zf) very tall : leaves long-lanceo- 
 late, serrate : involucre much longer than the heads : chafl'3-cuspidate. 4 — 
 
 ef. S. 
 
 Ovalifoliti7n, Mx. (0) (sea-holly. L. b. Ju. 2i.) leaves spatulate-ovate, irregu- 
 iarlv toothed : heads shorter than the involucre : chaff equally S-cuspidate. 
 2—3 f. ^. 
 
 (1) hudsonianum, Mx. Trichophorum, Ph. (2) cespitosum. Ph. (3) te- 
 
 nellum, N. angustifolium, Bw. .'' (4) Vicia mitchilla, R. (5) vicia pusilla,M. 
 
 6) yuccifolium, Mx. (7) aquaticura, Mx, (8) virgatum, Lk. integrifoiiumj 
 
BRYWGIUM, ERTTHEONIUM. 213 
 
 Southern. 
 
 foetidum, W. (E. Ju. 2^.) radical leaves lanceolate, serrate; floral leave* 
 manv-cleft: stem dicholomous. If. 
 
 aroma'ticum, Bald. (E. S. O. 21.) stem leafy : leaves cuspidate, pinnate, 3-cleft 
 at the summit, cartilaginous alonij the margins : involucre 5-leaved : leaves 
 3-cleft: chatrS-pointed. 9— 10 i. 
 
 gracite, Bdld. (E. Ju. 0.) leaves pctioled, oval, entire : stem branching, slen- 
 der : heads numerous, very small : involucre 2-leaved, 3-cleft, linear. 
 
 piukenetii, E. (E. w-b. J.) leaves long, linear-lanceolate, serrate : involucre 8- 
 leaved, longer than the head ; leafets dissected : chatf 3-awned. 2f. 
 
 diffusum, T. & J. ( VV. w ? 0.) stem dichotomous-branched, diffuse : leaves all 
 digitate-palmate ; divisions oblong, gash-serrate, spinous : little heads sub- 
 globose : leafets of the involucre 4 — 6, 3-cleft, gash-serrate, longer than the 
 heads : germ squamose. 6 — 8 i. Heracleum. 
 
 14—2. Erysimum. (1) 39. Si. 
 
 nasturtium, L. (2) (english vv^ater-cress. E. vf. J. 2i.) silique short, declined: 
 leaves pinnate ; leafets roundish, repand, sparingly toothed. S. 
 
 jialustre, L, (3) (E. y. Ju. 0.) leaves lyrate-pianatifid ; lobes confluent, une- 
 qually dentate, smooth : petals about the length of the calyx : siliques short, 
 turgid. 12—18 i. S. 
 
 amphibium, W. (4) (water radish. 'O. y. J. 2i-) silique (or rather silicle) ob- 
 long-ovate, declmed : leaves lance-oblong, pinnatihd or serrate : petals long- 
 er than the calyx. Wet. 1 — 2 f. S. 
 
 vulgare, P. (creeping water-cress. E. y. J. 2X0 silique declinate: leaves pin^ 
 nate ; leafets lanceolate, gash-serrate. 
 
 Southern. 
 icalteri,E. (E. y. Feb.^-M. 2X0 tranchiug, procumbent: leaves pinnatifid; 
 segments obtuse, sinuate-dentate ; upper ones confluent : pods short, gener- 
 ally erect. Perhaps a variety of the palustre. 6 — 14 i. CheiranUies. 
 
 Erysimum^ SisYMBKiUM, Bakbarea. 
 16—10. Erythrina. 32. 93. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 herbaceafW. (E. r. M. 2X0 small: leaves ternate ; leafets rhomboidal, gla* 
 
 brous : spikes very long : stem herbaceous, prickly. 2 — 4 f. Cichoriuui. 
 
 6 — 1. Erythronium. 11. 14. 
 
 aniericaytum, S. (5) (dog-tooth violet, adder's-tongue. O. y. Ap. 2X0 leaves 
 lance-oval, punctate : petals oblong-lanceolate, obtuse at the point ; inner 
 ones 2-dentate near the base : style clavate ; stigma entire, (stigmas 3, El- 
 liott.) 6— 8 i. S. 
 
 albidum, N. (b-w. Ap. 2X0 leaves elliptical-lanceolate, not punctate: pe- 
 tals linear-lanceolate, obtuse ; inner ones without dentures, sub-unguiculate ; 
 style filiform : stigma 3-cleft, lobes reflexed. 6 — 8 i. <S?. 
 
 bracteatum. Boot. (A. y. J. 2X0 seape bracted, shorter than the leaves: leaves 
 lanceolate, very unequal : style clavate: stigmas united ? 
 
 grartdijiorum, Ph. (W. w-y. J. 2X0 petals lanceolate, sub-unguiculate, acute : 
 germ oblong ; leaves linear-lanceolate. A species not satisfactorily defined, 
 N. Uvularia 
 
 (1) Sisymbrium of Authors. (2) Nasturtium officinale, T. (3) terrestre, S. 
 Nasturtium, T. (4) Nasturtium, T. (5) lanceolatura, Ph. longifolium, Pt. 
 deas-canis, W. 
 
314 EUCHROMA, EUPATORITTM. "^ 
 
 Erythrorhiza, Galax. 
 
 13—2. EucHROMA. (1) 40. 40. 
 
 comwert, W. (painted cup. O. y. & r. J. (;f.) lea^s alternate, linear, gash- 
 pianatifid ; divisions linear: bracts dilated, generally 3-cleft, longer than 
 the flowers : calyx 2-cleft, about equal to the corol ; divisions retuse, emar- 
 ginate. Flowers yellow, with scarlet bracts. One variety, pallens, has 
 yellow bracts. 10 — 16 i. S. 
 
 Southern, 
 grandi/lora, N. (W. g-w. M. 7X-) leaves and bracts mostly 3-cleft ; segments 
 divaricate: calyx 4-cleft, partly oblique : corol longer than the calyx ; di- 
 visions of the lower lip acuminate. Bracts not coloured. Bartsia. 
 
 5 — 1. EuoNYMUs. 43. 95. 
 
 atropurpureiis, Ju. (spindle tree. O. p. J. Tp.) leaves petioled, lance-oblong, 
 acuminate, serrate: peduncles divaricate, many-flowered; flowers 4-cleft : 
 •fruit smooth. Fruit red. 4 — 5 f. S. 
 
 americantis, W. (burning bush. E. r-y. J. Tp.) branches 4-angled, smooth; 
 leaves sub-sessile, lance-oval, acute, serrate: peduncles about 3-flowered; 
 flowers all 5-cleft : fruit warty-muricate. Fruit red. Var. sarmentosiis, N, 
 stem sarmentose, often rooting, acutely 4-angled : leaves sub-sessile, 
 opaque, lance-oval, acute, obtusely serrate; serratures generally undulate. 
 3—4 f. iS?. 
 
 obovaius, N. (W. p-g. J. ~*p.) stem prostrate, rooting ; twigs erect, obtusely 4- 
 cornered, with four distinct lines : leaves broad-obovate, obtuse, acute at the 
 base, sub-sessile, acutely serrate, flat : peduncles 3-flowered. Stamens, as 
 well as petals, sometimes but 4. 1 f. S. 
 
 Southern, 
 angustifolins, Ijy on. (E. Ju. '^.) branches 4-angled : leaves long-linear-ellip- 
 tic, somewhat ensiform, nearly entire : peduncles about 1-flowered : flowers 
 all S'Cleft : fruit roughened, warty. A doubtful species, Elliott. 
 
 Celastrus. 
 
 17 — 1. EuPATORiuM. 49. 55. 
 
 1. Calyxes not more than 5-Jlowered, 
 
 hyssopifolium, L. (hyssop thorough-wort, hemp-weed. E. w. Au. Zf.) stem 
 
 erect : lowest leaves opposite, lance-linear, sub-dentate ; corymb sub-fasti- 
 
 giate : style much longer than the corol. 2f. S. 
 linearifolium, Wr. (E. w. S. 2Lt.) stem sub-procumbent, villous towards the 
 
 summit: cauline leaves opposite, lance-linear, rarely dentate, sometimes 
 
 clustered ; style as long as the corol. 1 — 2 f. S. 
 tessilifolium, W. (O. w. Au. 2i.) leaves sessile, clasping, distinct, lance-ovate, 
 
 rounded at the base, serrate, very glabrous : stem somewhat glabrous. 2 f. 
 
 S. 
 truncatum, W. (w. .lu. '^.) leaves sessile, clasping, distinct, lanceolate, trun- 
 cate at the base, serrate, somewhat glabrous: stem pubescent. ;S. 
 alburn^ L. (Au. 2X-) leaves sub-sessile, lance-oblong, roughish, serrate; inner 
 
 scales of the calyx long, lanceolate, scarious, coloured. 18 — 24 i. iS. 
 lanceolatum, W. (Au. 2X-) leaves sessile, distinct, lance-oblong, scabrous, 
 
 deeply serrate at the base : scales of the calyx one-coloured. <S. 
 terbenaefolium, Mx. (2) (E. w. Au. 21-) leaves sessile, distinct, lance-ovate, 
 
 rugose, scabrous ; upper ones with coarse teeth at the base, and with the 
 
 summit entire. 2 f. <§. 
 
 (1) Bartsia, L. (2) teucrifolium, W. pilosum, Wr. 
 
EtJPATORItJSr. grj'j 
 
 melissioides, W. (E, w. Au. If-) leaves petioled, ovate, obtuaish, obtusely-ser- 
 rate, veiny, somewhat glabrous. 1 — 2 f. 
 
 rotundifolium, W. (\v. Au. 2^.) leaves sessile, distinct, deltoid, roundish, 
 somewhat glaucous, obtusely-serrate, veiny : scales of the calyx acuminate. 
 12—18 i. S. 
 
 piib€scens,W. (1) (E. w. Au. 21-) leaves sessile, distinct, ovate, sub-scabrous, 
 veiny; lower ones doubly-serrate, upper ones sub-serrate : stem panicled, 
 pubescent : branches fastigiate. 18 — 24 i. S. 
 
 aliissimum, W. (w. Au. 2X.) leaves sub-sessile, lanceolate, 3-nerved, tapering 
 to both ends, pubescent ; lower ones serrate in the middle, 3 — 7 f. ;S'. 
 
 amoenum, Ph. (A. p. S. 21.) leaves with short petioles, opposite and in threes, 
 lance-oblcng, acute at both ends, serrate, sub-glabrous, sub-rugose, net-vein- 
 ed beneath : corymb fastigiate, crowded : scales of the calyx oblong, colour- 
 ed, acutish. 2 f. 
 
 trifoliaium, W. (2) (p. Au. 2i.) leaves petioled, in threes or fours, ovate and 
 oval, acuminate, serrate, pubescent beneath, punctate. 3 — 4 f. S. 
 
 2. Calyxes more than b-Jlowered. 
 
 ceanothifolium, W. (Au. 21-) leaves petioled, ovate, acuminate, toothed, 3- 
 nerved, somewhat glabrous: calyxes 5 — 10-flowered. 2f. S. 
 
 purpureum, L. (purple thorough-wort, joe-pye. O, p. Au. 2X-) leaves in fours 
 or fives, petioled, lance-ovate, serrate, rugose-veined, roughish : stem hollow. 
 Var. laevigatum, calyx about 5-flowered: leaves in fives, petioled, lanceo- 
 late, very glabixjus both sides, slender : stem hollow, smooth, sub-glaucous 
 4— 6f. S. ^ o ■ 
 
 maculatum, W, (E. p. Au. 2X0 leaves in fours or fives, lance-ovate, anequally 
 serrate, pubescent beneath : stem solid, furrowed. 4 — 5 f. jS^. 
 
 certiciilatum, W. (joe-pye's weed, E. p, Au. 21.) leaves petioled, in threes or 
 fours, lance-ovate, acuminate at each end, unequally serrate, somewhat gla- 
 brous: stem solid, smooth. 4 — 6f. jS. 
 
 punctatum, W. (O. p. Au. 2i) leaves in fours or fives, petioled, ovatfe, acumi- 
 nate, serrate, scabrous both sides : stem solid, terete. Is this a variety of the 
 last .? N. 3—5 f. 
 
 perfoliatum, (3) (boneset, thorough-wort. O. w. Au. 2X-) leaves connate-perfo- 
 liate, oblong-serrate, rugose, downy beneath : stem villose. 2 f, S. 
 
 coelestinum, W. (E. b. Au. 2i.) leaves petioled, heart-ovate, obtusish, 3-nerv- 
 ed, obtusely-serrate, slightly scabrous : calyx mauy-leaved, many-flowered 
 (30 — 40) receptacle conic. 2—3 f. <S. 
 
 ovatum, B. (E. w. Au. 2i.) hairy, scabrous: leaves opposite, sessile, ovate 
 
 obtusely dentate : corymb fastigiate : calyxes about 8-flowered. 3— -4 f. 
 aromaticum, Mx. (4) (E. w. S. 2S.-) leaves petioled, cordate-ovate, (ovate. Ph.) 
 acute, 3-nerved, obtusely serrate, somewhat scabrous : flowers corymbed 
 scales of the calyx sub-equal. 2 f. »S. 
 ageratoides, VV. (5) (O. w. Au. 21.) leaves petioled, ovate, acuminate, 3-nerv 
 ed, unequally and coarsely toothed, serrate, glabrous : corymb many-flower 
 ed, spreading : calyx simple. 2 — 3 f. S. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 foenicvlaceum, W. (6) (E, y-w, S. 2S-) stem panicled : leaves glabrous; lower 
 ones pinnate ; upper ones clustered ; all filiform. 3 — 10 f. 
 
 coronopf/b/ium, W.( 7) (E.w. S. 2X.) stem panicled : lower leaves pinnatifid ; di- 
 visions lance-linear, denticulate ; upper leaves undivided, linear, clustered ; 
 all punctate, pubescent. 3 — 4 f. 
 
 (1) glanduiosum, Mx. (2) ternifoliura, G. E. (3) connatam, Mx. (4) cof- 
 datum, Wr. (5) urticacfoliura, Mx. Ageratum altissimum, L. (6) foenica- 
 loides, Wr. Chrysocoraa caplllacea, Mx. (7) composilifolioro, Wr. Cbry- 
 •ocgnia corooopifoliaL, Mx. 
 
gl6 EUPATORIUM, EUPHORBIl. 
 
 cuneifoliunty W. (E. w.) leaves petioled, obovate-lanceolate, slightly serrate at 
 the summit, 3-nerved, pubescent on both sides. 1 f. 
 
 falcatum, Mx. (W. 21.) without hair: leaves in fours, lance-oval, acuminate 
 at each end, sub-falcate, sparingly serrate : outer scales of the calyx short, 
 oval. • 
 
 pinnatifidnm, E. (E. w. S. 21-) leaves pinnatifid ; lower ones verticillate ; up- 
 per ones alternate ; divisions linear, pubescent : flowers corymbed. 3 
 
 4f. 
 
 glaucescens^'E.. (E. w. S.) leaves nearly sessile, lanceolate, obtusely serrate, 
 entire at the base, 3-nerved, somewhat glaucous, pubescent : flowers corymb- 
 ed. 2f. 
 
 parri^orum, E. (E. w. S.) leaves sessile, narrow-lanceolate, very acutely ser- 
 rate, pubescent on both sides : flowers corymbed, small : seeds angled. 
 2f. 
 
 serotinum, Mx. (E. w. S.) leaves petioled, lance-ovate, tapering towards the 
 summit, acute, coarsely and acutely serrate, 3-nerved, pubescent : scales of 
 the calyx imbricate. 5 — 6 f. 
 
 zjicarncitum, Wr. (E. p. O.) leaves long-petioled, deltoid, cordate, acute, ob- 
 tusely toothed, 3-nerved, thin, nearly glabrous : scales of the calyx nearly 
 equal. 2 f. 3Iikania. 
 
 19—12. Euphorbia. 38. 96. 
 
 1. Flowers with involucred umbels. (1). 
 
 coroUata, W. (O. Ju. 2X«) umbel 5-cleft, 3-cleft, and dichotomous : involucela 
 and leaves oblong, obtuse : petals obovate, and resembling appendages of the 
 calyx. Var. angustifolia, E. leaves linear-lanceolate, sessile, paler and 
 hairy beneath : umbel 3-cleft : rays elongated: upper branches dichotom- 
 ous. 1—2 f. S. 
 
 p€plits,\Y. (wild caper. Ju. 0.) umbel 3-cleft, dichotomous : involucels ovate : 
 leaves entire, obovate, petioled. S. 
 
 obiu-sata. Ph. (W. Ju. 2X.) umbel 3-rayed, twice dichotomous: involucels ovate, 
 obtusish, sub-cordate ; leaves alternate, sessile, spatulate, serrulate, smooth: 
 capsule muricate. 12 — 18 i. S. 
 
 merctiHali7ia,M%. (Ju. 2{.) stem slender, weak, simply 3-cleft : leaves opposite 
 and ternate, sub-sessile, oval, entire : peduncles terminal, solitary, 1-flower- 
 ed. -S. 
 
 pilosa,W, (O. Ju. 21-) umbel with 5 primary rays, bifid : involucels ovate : 
 leaves lanceolate, somewhat hairy, serrulate at the extremity : petaloid seg- 
 ments of the involucre entire. 1 — 2 f. S. 
 
 helioscopia, L. (E. 0.) umbel with 5 primary rays, bifid : involucels obovate|: 
 leaves wedge-form, serrate, glabrous ; capsules smooth. 12 — 18 i. 
 
 2. Floicers not in involucred umbels. 
 
 fiypericifolia,\\. (spurge. E. Ju. 0.) dichotomous, glabrous, very branching, 
 sub-erect, spreading : leaves opposite, serrate, oval-oblong, sub-falcate, short- 
 
 Eetioled: corymb terminal and axillary. Var. hirsvta,T? stem slender, 
 airy: leaves oblong, smooth, serrulate. 12 — 18 i. S. 
 macuiata,L. (E. Ju. O. 0.) sten? procumbent, branching, hairy : leaves op- 
 posite, oval or oblong, serrulate, l blique at the base, short petioled, emooth 
 above, hairy and pale beneath : flowers solitary and axillary, much short- 
 er than the leaves. 6 — 12 i. <S. 
 polygoniJ'olta,Jn. (Ju. 21-) very glabr-^us, diflTused, succulent : leaves opposite, 
 entire, lance-linear, obtuse at the base: flowers solitary, axillary : jitipu!e» 
 simple. 
 
 (1) This section comprises the genus Esula, 2d Ed. 
 
EUPHORBIA, BVOLVUI.US. £17 
 
 *oecacuanhae, (E. Ju. 2X0 procumbent, small, glabrous: leaves opposite, 
 
 oboval or lanceolate : p<rduiicles axillary, elojigated, l-flowered. »S?. 
 vortulnccoiii'es.Vh. (Ju 2X ) <rpct : leaves entire, oval, letuse : peduncles ax- 
 
 iiUiiy : l-fl"Weied, as I <r.4 as the leaves. A variety of the corollata ? T. .S. 
 ilentafa, J>1^' {.Ju.0. ) hairy: leaves opposite, oval, dentate : flowers crowded 
 
 at ihe summit ot" the stem »S'. 
 
 Exotic, 
 iathyrus, (epursie caper. J. r^.) umbel 4-t;left, dichotomous : leaves opposite, 
 
 entire, lanceolate, pointing four ways. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 ci/athophoraf\y . (O. Ju. 0.) somewhat shrubby : leaves petioled, ovate, slight- 
 ly too'hed, pandurilorm; upper ones and involucres coloured ; flowers sub- 
 umb< I'ed. 2 f 
 
 ^rainiiiifolia, Mx. (E.) small, erect, branchinsj: from the base, finely pubescent : 
 le;«ves scattered, linear, entire ; upper ones discoloured at the base : flowers 
 fascic ed, terminal, 
 
 .hyiinfolia, L. (O.) procumbent, slender, pubescent: leaves opposite, oval- 
 obIon<;^, obtuse, slightly serrate near the summit, heads axillary, clustered, 
 nearly sessile. 
 
 inibentissinw,, Mx. (E. w. Ju. 2i.) erect, very pubescent : stem somewhat di- 
 chotomous : leaves opposite, sessile, oval, sub-cordate, obtuse: peduncles 
 solitary. 
 
 rnarginata^Vh. (\V. w. Ju. 0. ) umbel 3-cleft, twice dichotomous : involucre 
 leat-like ; invoiucels oblong, cordate, co'oured, membianaceou;! at the mar- 
 gin : leaves lance-oblonir, =ubcordale-cia^pinif. acute, becoming glaucous, 
 glabrous: petal like appr^nHaijes of the calyx roundish : cap>ul'S pilose. 
 
 rerdifolia, E (E. vr. vi. 0.) procumbent, glabrous, branching : leaves 
 -smail, opposite, broad-oval, entire, cordate at the base : flowers axillary, so- 
 litary. 8 — 15 i. 
 
 gracilis, E. (E. J. 21-) stem erect, diihotomous, glabrous: leaves opposite, re 
 mote, sessile, lance-linear: peduncles >o!itary in the divisrions of the stem, 
 longer than the leaves. 12 i. 
 
 jyaniculaia, E. (E. An.) umbel .i-clcft, dichofornous : fiowers terminal, «omp- 
 wii-it panicled, oval, sessile, si ght'.y hairv bpnealh : stem sometimes hairv. 
 1—2 f. 
 
 '->exag0na,'S. (W.) tail, slender, very branchin-r: leaves linear: flowers in 
 axillary clusters. ' Poterium. 
 
 13 — 2. Euphrasia. 40. 35. 
 
 officinalis, \V. {cyebright. w. Ju. 0) leaves ovate, ob'.usely ieolhed : lower 
 
 di isions of the lip en)avginate. 
 'rttifolia, W (A. p Ju. 0.) leaves ovnte, tooth-palmate : flowers spiked ; co- 
 
 rol tubular: divisions ot ihe lower lip obiuse-. Labrador. 
 
 Lantana. 
 
 21—5. EvERJTiA. 5?. 2. 
 
 in-u7)astri, Ach. frond granulated, glaucous above, whitish beneath, rcticulal- 
 ed. Branches of trees. Rare. 
 
 ciilpina? Ach. frond }t^!lowish green, branching; segments aftTiuated, laca- 
 i.KJse, compressed. In appearance like cenomyce uadalift, but easily dis- 
 tinguished by its centra'; cotton-;i!<e raeduila. Perhaps a licw specits.*i/nt"- 
 ^^'J' Cenomjcc. 
 
 5 — 2. EvoLvuLfs. 23. A3. 
 
 Sotilheni. 
 argenteiis, Ph. ("\\ . p. M. 21 ) stem .-imp'e erect : leaves obicnr, acatp, siikv- 
 
 tomeiiiosc on both sides : p.duncle.s 1 fli wereu. sho t. 
 nummularis, (W . 0.) leaves roundish: stem creepins: : llowers sub-sessile. 
 
 19 
 
gl8 EVOLVULUS, FESTUCA. 
 
 sericeus, S*v. (1) (0. %.) leaves lanceolate, sessile, silky beneath : peduncle* 
 short, 1-flowered. Heuchera. 
 
 4—1. ExACUM. 47. 46. 
 
 pulchellum, Ph. (L. r. Au. 0.) corol 4-cleft : calyx 4-parted ; divisions sub- 
 ulate : panicle corymbed : peduncles filiform. Swertia. 
 
 19—12. Fagus. 50. 99. 
 
 ferruginea, A. (red beach. O. y-w. M. "^.) leaves ovate-oblong, acuminate, pu- 
 bescent beneath, coarsely toothed, at the base obtuse, sub-cordate-oblique : 
 nuts ovate, acutely 3-sided. 
 
 $ylvatica, Var. ameHcana, (white beach. O. y-w. M. 2X') '^^^^s o^^*^* ^CU' 
 minate, slightly toothed, ciliate at the margin, acute at the base : nuts ovate^ 
 3-sided, obtuse niucronate. S. Castanea. 
 
 3—1. Fedia. 48. 56. 
 
 tadiata, Mx. (2) (wild lamb lettuce. O. w. J. 0.) leaves spatulate-oblong, sub- 
 entire : fruit pubescent, about 4-sided, naked at the apex. 8 — 18 i. S. 
 
 Exotic, 
 olitoria, (lamb lettuce.) stem dichotomous : leaves lance-linear. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 chenopodifolia, Ph. (E. 0.) dichotomous : leaves ovate, acute, dentate below : 
 
 cyme naked, divaricate-dichotomous : filaments long. 8i. Iris. 
 
 5—2. Ferula. 45. 60. 
 
 villosa, Wr. (w. Ju. 2i.) leaves more than decompound ; divisions ternatc , 
 leafets ovate, serrate, rigid, veiny : stem, peduncles, and umbels, villous. »S^, 
 
 Southern. 
 
 foeniculacea, N. (W. y, M. 2X.) stainless, pubescent : leaves more than de- 
 compound, somewhat biternate-pintiate ; primary divisions decussate at tho 
 base : segments shortish, narrow-linear, acutish ; ultimate divisions 3-cleft : 
 involucel halved, 5 — 7-lobed. 1 f. 
 
 nudicaidis, Ph. (3) (W. w. M. 2X-) leaves radical, thrice ternate ; leafets un- 
 equally-sparingly toothed : ray umbels elongated : involucre and involu- 
 cel nearly wanting : scape radical. Anethura. 
 
 3—2. Festuca. (4) 4. 10. 
 
 Hatior^ (fescue-grass. O. J. Ti-Y panicle spreading, very branching, lax ; 
 
 epikelets ovate-lanceolate, 4 — 5-flowered ; florets slightly arm^ : kavei 
 
 flat : root creeping, 3 — 4 f. 
 myurus, L? (E. J. 0. (cT- ^I-) panicle slender, crowded, equ'al : epikeleti 
 
 about 4-flowered : tlorets subulate, awned, hairy, monandrous. 6 — 12 i. jS. 
 tenella, W. (5) (E. J. 0.) paqj^^spiked, very simple, one-sided: spikeletj 
 
 about 9-flowered : bristles slic^l!- than the subulate florets : culm filiform, 
 
 angular above : leaves setaceous. 8 — '15 i. S. 
 duriuscula, L. (E. J. 2X0 panicle one-sided, oblong, contracted : 8pikelets.5 — 
 
 6-flowered, nearly terete : florets terminated by short bristles ; root fibrjgus. 
 
 Perhaps introduced. 12 — 18 i. (S. 
 nfifra, L? (J. 2i-) panicle one-sided, erect, spreading : ipikelets tcrelish ; 
 
 (1) nuttallianus, R. (2) Valeriana, \V. Ph. (3) Smyrnium, Ph. (4) 
 Schenodorus, R. & S. (5) bromoides, Mx. octoflora, W. 
 
rESTUCA, FLOERKCA. 219 
 
 florets longer than the bristle at their tips : leaves pubescent above : root 
 creeping. 18 i. 
 
 rratensis,iid. (J. li-) panicle spreading, branched : spikelets linear, many- 
 flowered, acute : leaves linear : root tibrous. 1 — 2 f. 
 
 voaeoides, Mx. (E) panicle somewhat crowded; lower branches simple : 
 spikelets alternate, oblong, sub-sessile, unarmed : leaves Hat, very glabrous. 
 
 nutans, W. (E. J. 2X0 panicle difluse, at length nodding : branches long, in 
 piirs, naked below : spikelets ovate, 3 — 5-flowered : florets somewhat ob- 
 tuse, unarmed, nerveless. 3 f. /S". 
 
 fascicularis, Lk. (1) (E. Au. 0.) culm procumbent, geniculate : panicle sub- 
 secund : branches straight, spike-like: spikelets appressed, 8 — 10-flowered: 
 florets armed : leaves very long. 1 f. S. 
 
 ciandestina, M. (E.) panicle partly concealed in the sheaths ; branches soli- 
 tary, simple : spikelets 10-flowered ; florets awned. 8 i. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 spieata. Ph. (W. J.) spikelets alternate, sessile, erect, somewhat 5-flowered : 
 florets subulate, sub-glabrous, with a long, scabrous awn : linear leaves and 
 culm glabrous. 
 
 grandiflora, Lk. (E.) panicle simple, erect : spikelets very few, generally 7- 
 flowered : florets acute, distant. 
 
 parvijlora, E. (E. Ap. Zf) panicle equal, slender, appressed : spikelets terete- 
 subulate, 5-flowered, awned : calyx unawned. 12 — 18 i. Ceratochloa. 
 
 Festucaj Glyceria, Diarrhena, Uniola, Ceratochloa. 
 
 20—3. Ficus. 53. 98. 
 
 Exotic. 
 
 carica, (fig tree. g. Ju. fp.) leaves cordate, 3or5-lobed, repand-toothed : lobes 
 
 obtuse, scabrous above, pubescent beneath. 5 — 8 f. Myrica. 
 
 3 — 1. FlMBRISTYLIS. (2) S. 9. 
 
 spadiceum, (E. Ju. 2X.) spikes ovate-lanceolate: involucre rigid, with one 
 leaf longer than the umbel : leaves subulate, teretish, striate. 2 — 3 f. S. 
 
 ferrugineum, (3) (E. M. 2X.) stem compressed: angles near the summit 
 scabroHS : leaves concave, those of the involucre unequally ciliate : spikes 
 lanceolate, roundish. 1 — 3 f. <S^. 
 
 Southern. 
 casia7ieum,'Mx. (E. Ju. 2i.) spikes ovate-oblong, obtuse: involucre 2-leaTed, 
 
 rigid, as long as the compound umbel. 
 cijlindrieum, (7X.) spike cylindric, very obtuse ; involucre about 1-leaved, 
 rigid, equalling the simple umbel. 
 
 Vaginaria. 
 21—2. Fissidens. 56. 4. 
 
 hyoides, stem short : leaves facing 2 ways, lanceolate : pedicels terminal - 
 capsules erect. In damp shades. ' 
 
 taxifoliiis, stem short : leaves facing 2 ways, lanceolate, slenderly denticulate- 
 capsules erect. In damp shades. 
 
 adiauthoides, stem elongated, ramose : leaves lanceolate, sheathed at the base : 
 pedicels lateral : capsules sub-erect, in wet woods and meadows. 
 
 Polytrichura. 
 
 6—1. Floerkea. 15. 22. 
 
 uliginos a, M. (4) (false mermaid. O. w-y. Ap. 2i.) leaves alternate ; those 
 
 V-ihl ^m^;'n'V^' ^>- ^' 5^- <2) Scirpus, L. Mx. &c. (3) puberulum, 
 Vahl. (4) Nectns pmnata, Ph. 
 
220 rONTlNALlS, FRAXINUS. 
 
 under water ternate, those above water qninate-pinnate. Grows it) great 
 quantities along the southeast part of Lake Erie — oftea 1 f. S. Cleorae. 
 
 21--2. FONTINALIS. 56. 4. 
 
 capillacea, (water moss.) leaves acute, linear-awl-forn<| spread, longer than the 
 
 capsule : sheaths and peduncles long fililbini. 
 (t7itepyretica, stem branched, 3-sided . leaves facing 3 ways, lance-ovate, cari- 
 
 uiite, acute, pericheth obtuse. Jn water. Fissidens. 
 
 11—2. FOTHERGILLA. 50. 99. 
 
 Southern, 
 abiifolia, W. (1) (witch alder, w. Ap. 'tp.) leaves wedge-obovate, crenate- 
 toothed above. Var. major, has ovate-oblong leaves, sub-cordate. Var. 
 acuta, has ovate-acute leaves. Rosa. 
 
 11—13. Fragaria. 35. 92. 
 
 virginiana, (2) (wild strawberry. O. w. M. 2{.) caljx of the fruit spread- 
 ing : hairs on the petioles erect, on the peduncles close-pressed : leaves 
 somewhat glabrous above. 
 rinadensis, Mx. (mountain strawberry, w. M. 2|) large : leafets broad-oval, 
 lateral ones manifestly petioled : pedicels long, recurve-pendulous : recep- 
 tacle of the seeds globose, honejcomb-scrobiculate, villosc. Probably a 
 variety of virginiana. S. 
 
 Exotic, 
 vesca, (english strawberry, w. M. ZT- ) calyx of the fruit reflexed : hairs on 
 
 the petioles spreading, on the peduncle close-pressed. 
 elcUior, (hautboy strawberry, w. 21-) calyx of the fruit reflexed : hairs on 
 
 the peduncle and petiole spreading. 
 grandiy^ora, (pine-apple strawberry, w. 2X.) calyx of the fruit erect : hairs 
 
 on the peduncle aud petiole erect: leaves coriaceous, somewhat glabrous 
 
 above. Calycanthus. 
 
 4 — 1. Frasera. 47. 46. 
 
 carolmiensis, Wr. (3) (pyramid flower, columbo root. r. &. y. Ju. (^.) 
 leaves whorled or opposite ; tlowers in clusters. 3 — 6 f . *y. Lyciunu 
 
 20—2. Fraxinus. 44. 37. 
 
 sambucifolia, Mx. (black ash. O. M. Tp.) le«fets sessile, lance-ovate, serrafe, 
 rugose-shining, round-oblique at the base; axils of the veins villose beneath : 
 flowers naked, not calycled. S. 
 
 acuimaatay Lk. (4) (wliite ash. O. w-g. M. fp.) leafets petioled. oblong, shin- 
 ing, acuminate, very entire, or slightly toothed, glaucous beneath ; blowers 
 calvcled. S. 
 
 pubescens, Wr. (5) (red ash. E. M. >>.) leafets petioled, oval-ovate, serrate ; 
 
 fietioles and biHiichleis downy beneath : flowers calycled. Var. longifolia, 
 eafets narrow, lance-ovate, siib-serrate. Var. latifoHa, leafets ovate, broad, 
 serrate; serratures ob>oIete towards the middle. \'ar. sub-pubescens, leaf- 
 ets oval-oblong, acuminate, sharply serrate, sub-pubescent below, common 
 petiole verv glabrous. 
 juglandifuUa, W. (6) (walnut-leaf ash, swamp ash.E. M. ^.) leafets petioled, 
 ovate, opake, serrate, glaucous beneath ; axils of the veins pubescent : 
 branchlets glabrous : flowers calycled. (S. 
 
 (1) gardeni, Mx (2) glabri. Cu H^mel, (3) walteri, Mx. (4) concalor, 
 Mx: americana, W. (5) lomcntosa, Mx. (6) caroliniana, Wm. 
 
i'KAXINUS, FUIKENA, 221 
 
 tmptera, Vahl. (1) (E M. h.) leafcts lance-oval, sub-serra(e : samaras wedge- 
 orm, obtuse-tiiia.giiiatf at the apex, teri le below. iS. 
 
 platt/carpa, Mi- (E. Ap. ^ ) lealcts petioled, serrate, and, like the fruit, lance- 
 el'iptic. iS. 
 
 caroliniana, W. (Ap. >).) leafets petioled, lanceolate, serrulate, shining, gla- 
 brous : branchlets glabrous ; flowers calycled. >S. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 Iriptera, N. (E. ^.) leafets obovate, entire, subsessile, tomentose beneath, 
 oblique at the base ; fruit broad, obovate, generally 3-winged, tapering at 
 the b.i-je. 
 
 quadrangulata W. (W. M ^.) leafets sub-sessile, lance-oval, serrate, pubes- 
 cent beneath : samara i.<btuse at each end. Borya, 
 
 6—1. Fritillaria. 10. 14. 
 
 Southern. 
 laneeolata. Ph. (2) (W. p. Ju. 2X-) stem leafy, 1 — ^2-flowered ; leaves lance- 
 
 lin. ar, obtusish ; lower ones whorled : petals lanceolate. 
 alba.., N (W. w. .\p. 7i-) glaucous : leaves remolish, alternate, sessile, ob- 
 lon .-linear, flattish, oblique, obtuse, sub-stiiute beneath : flowers 1 — 3, ax- 
 illary and terminal. 1 f. 
 
 Exotic 
 imperialism (crown imperial, r. &y. M. 2X-) flowers under a leafy crown, nod- 
 ding : leaves lance- i near, entire. From Persia, 
 maleagris, (iritillary, guinea-hen I'ower. p. & y. M. 21 ) leaves alternate, lin- 
 ear, channelled • stem 1-flowered : nectary linear. Flower checkered. 
 
 Scilla. 
 
 8—1. Fl-chsia. 17. 88. 
 
 Exotic. 
 
 magellanica, Lk. (3) (ear-drop r.) peduncles axillary, 1-flowered : leaves 
 
 opposite or in three?, very entire. Flowers pendulous. Clarckia. 
 
 21.-4. Fucus. . 57. Q. 
 
 siliquosus, stem compressed branches 2-ranked, alternate : vesicles arti'cL!- 
 lated, b< aked : receptacles beaked, lance-linear, conipressed, petioled. In 
 the sea, bearmg fruit in tlie winter. 
 
 noUosuSy stem compressed : vesich's imbedded, some of them inflated : recep- 
 tac!e> sub opposite, pear form, ptdunclvd. In tiesea. 
 
 vesiculosus, frotid flat, ribbed linear, dicho!o!nous, very entiie : vesicles sphe- 
 rical, in paiis, iiTibedd' d in the frond : recepta( les teimiiial, thick-oval, in 
 the sea, large. Var spiralis frond slender, without vesicles, spirally twist- 
 ed. At the mouths of i ivers. 
 
 loreus, stem very short, dilated into a cup, sending out a fusiform, di'.hoto- 
 mous receptacle. In the ocean. Chordaria, 
 
 3 — 1. FciRENA. 3. 9. 
 
 tqiMrrosa, Mx (umbrella grass. Ju. 21 ) spikes clustered (5 — 6 ) ovate : 
 culm smooth : leaves tiliate : si.eaths hairy : va'ves of the corol coidate-o"> ate, 
 \ ar. pumila, culm pubescent above: leav< s smooth : throat of the sheaths 
 hairy : spikes 1t-3, trrmina! 18 i. S. Var. pumila, 3 — 6 i. 
 
 Soutaeryi 
 icirpoidea, Mx. (E. 2i ) stem leaflfss : head solitary, ovate, terminal : yalvC3 
 of tlie coro) oval, unarmed. 1-2 — 18 i. 
 
 (1) discolor, Mx. (2) Liliura camschatcense, W. (3) coccinca, A. 
 
 19* 
 
222 rUIRENA, GAIAWTHUS. 
 
 hispida, E. (E. Au.) leaves lon^, with the sheaths very hispid : stem hispid 
 above : heads many (5 — 8) clustered : valres of the corol ovate, mucro- 
 nate. 1 — 2 f. Cenchrus. 
 
 21—6. FuLiGO. 58. 1. • 
 
 rufa, (soot fungus.) cushioned, reddish-yellow : bark sub-rugose, fragile, sub- 
 compact. On trunks in summer and autumn. Sometimes globose in the 
 Toung state, and sometimes hemispheric ; from half an inch to an inch in 
 diameter. 
 
 Jiava, opening and roundish, yellow, with a cellular fibrous bark. On decidu- 
 ous leaves, trunks, mosses, &c. in autumn. 
 
 vaporaria, at first covered, veiny, creeping; when mature broad-cespitose, 
 thick, cellular-fibrous, cinnamon-yellow. Among pulverized bark, at first 
 appearing like vapour, then fibrous and coriaceous. Physarum. 
 
 16—6. FuMARiA. 21. 62. 
 
 Exotic, 
 ojicinalis, (fumitory, r. J. ^.) stem branching, spread : leaves more than de- 
 compound ; leafets wedge-lanceolate, gashed. Naturalized. 6 — 10 i. 
 
 Petalostemon. 
 
 21—2. FuNARiA. 56. 4. 
 
 hygrometica, (hygrometer moss. J leaves ovate, acute, concave, entire, inflect- 
 ed : capsules swelling, droopmg, pear-form : pedicels very long, twisting 
 spirally when dry. 
 
 Jiavica7is, leaves setaceous, long-acuminate : peduncle capillary, pale. 
 
 muhlenbergii, leaves obovate, awned, concave, serrulate, spread : capsule ob- 
 ovate, oblique. Pterigynandrura. 
 
 G. 
 
 16—10. Galactia. 22. 93. 
 
 glabella, Mx. (1) (milk-way plant. E. r. &. w. J. 21-) prostrate, somewhat 
 twining and glabrous : leaves ternate : leafets oval-oblong, obtuse, emargi- 
 nate at both ends : raceme axil ary, as long as the leaves : legumes villose. S. 
 
 mollis, Mx. (2) (r. & w. Ju. 2X-) twining, having soft whitish pubes- 
 cence : leaves ternate, ovate-oblong, obtuse, smoolhish, glaucous beneath 
 racemes axillary, simple, elongated, few-flovvered : legumes villose. <S. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 piiosa, N. (E. p. Ju. 2X.) densely pilose : haves ternate ; leafets oblong-ovatd 
 obtuse, pale beneath : racemes axillary, much longer than the leaves : flow- 
 ers scattered on short pedicels. 
 
 dliotti,]^. (E. w. J. 21.) leaves pinnate; leafets oval, emarginate, glabrous 
 above, pubescent beneath : racemes long, few-flowered. Vexillaria. 
 
 6—1. Galanthcs. 6. 17. 
 
 Exotic. 
 
 nivalit, (anow-drop. w. Ap. 21-) leaves linear, keeled, acute, radical: scape 
 
 1 -flowered. Narcissus. 
 
 (1) Dolichoi regularis, W. Ervura volubile, Wr. (2) Hedysarura volu- 
 bile, W. 
 
GALABDIA^ GALIUM. 223 
 
 17—3. Galardia. 49. 55. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 6»<ro/or, Lk.5(l) (0. p. J. H.) leaves ahernate, sessile, lance-linear, acute, 
 pubescent, sparingly serrate, ciliate ; cilia hooked: flowers solitary, termi- 
 nal : scales of the calyx lanceolate, acute, pubescent; outer ones reflexcd ,- 
 inner ones erect: chafif of the egret very entire, awned. Var. aristata, Ph. 
 very hirsute, scabrous : stem branching : leaves lance-linear, sessile : chaffs 
 oftheegret(5 — 7) ovate-lanceolate, very long-awned. 2 f. 
 
 piniiatifida, T. & J. (W. y. p.) leaves pionatifid ; divisions lance-linear, 8ome = 
 what entire. 8 i. Silpbium. 
 
 Galardia^ Actinella, Leptopoda. 
 
 5—1. Galax. 28. 40. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 YOtundifolia, Mx. (2) (A. w. J. Tl-) ^^U glabrous : leaves round-reniform, 
 
 toothed : spike very long. Zizyphus. 
 
 16—10. Galega. (3) 32. 93. 
 
 tirgtniana, (goat's rue. O. r. 2X0 erect, having vphitish dovrn ; leafeta (I'S? 
 to 21) lance-oblong, acuminate: raceme terminal, short, sub-sessile: le* 
 gumes falcate, viilose : calyx vvooUy. 1 f. S. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 chrysophylla. Ph. (4) (E. M.) prostrate, pubsecent : leaves pinnate, in 
 fives, gub-sessile ; leafets cuneate, obovate, very obtuse, glabrous abovcj 
 silky beneath : peduncles opposite the leaves, long, about 3-floivered : le- 
 gumes nearly straight. 
 
 hispidula, Mx. (5) (E. r. M. 2i.) stem erect, slender, pubescent, dicho- 
 tomous : leaves pinnate ; leafets (11 — 15) oval, sub-retuse, mucronate, hairr 
 beneath : racemes as long as the leaves, few-flowered : legumes muctonate, 
 slightly hispid. 2 f. 
 
 paucifolia, N. (6) (E. r. M. 2X.) stem decumbent, very villous: leaves 
 distant, pinnate ; leafets oval, wedge-form at the base, villous beneath : pe- 
 duncles much longer than the leaves, few-flowered. Medicago, 
 
 13—1. Galeopsis. 42. 39. 
 
 tetrdliit, (flowering nettle. O. r. & w. Ju. 5^.) the spaces between the joints of 
 the stem thicken upwards : leaves ovate, hispid, serrate ; calyx prickly, 
 shorter than the corol : stem rough-haired. 1 — 2 f. 
 
 ladanum, (E. r. Ju. 0.) stem hairy: internodes not swollen : leaves lanceo- 
 late, sub-serrate, hairy : upper lip of the corol sub-creuate. 1 f. 
 
 Stachys. 
 
 4 — 1. Galium. 47. 57. 
 1. Fruii glabrous. 
 
 irifidunij W. (7) (bed-straw. E. w. Ju. 21.) stem procumbent, scabrous back- 
 wards : cauliae leaves in fives : branch leaves in fours, linear, obtuse, sca- 
 
 (1) lanceolata, Mx. (2) aphylla, W. Erythrorhyia, Mx. (3) Tephrosia, 
 Ph. &c. (4) prostrata, N. (5) T. gracilis, N. (6) villosa, Mx. spicata, Wr. 
 (7) claytoni, Mx. 
 
S24 tJALIUM. 
 
 brous at the margin and on the nerves: fasf ides terminal, few-flowere« : 
 
 pedicels bhort : ( o uls inosth 3-cltf;. S. 
 verum, (E. y. Ju. 'li-) l'-av(^ whoiled, about in eights lioear, grooved, entire, 
 
 scnbrous : flow . -- in dtiibt p<ini< ;es V:' /afz/o/iim, leaves vvfd^c-ubovate. 
 (inctorium. (d^n's d-aveis. O. w. Ju. 21-) sicin difluse, smoothi-h ; caul'.ne 
 
 If-iiVi s in SiXts : branch .eavi^s in tou;."*, linear-acutish: peduncles terminal, 
 
 elongated, niost:v 3 floiveied. 1 f. S. 
 obtusu/n, Biv. (E. w Ju. 21-) ?tem smooth, procumbent: leaves in fours, ob- 
 
 lancto'a'.p obtuse, roujrh on the margin and midrib. 
 aspretium, Mx.. (rough bed-straiv O. \v. Ju. 2i-) stem diffuse, ver\ branching, 
 
 priciilv backwards, leaves in fiv«^s and -ixe*, i.nc^olale, acuminate; mar- 
 gins and nerves prickly : pedicels short. 18 — .i4i. 6'. 
 
 2. Fruit hirstite, 
 
 brachiatnm, Ph. (beJ-stiaw. E. w. Ju. 2X-) stem limber, long, brachiate-ra- 
 mose, hispid : branches shoi t : leave-, in sixes, lance-oblong, acumiuati . gla- 
 brous : mariiin and keel ciliate : branche- whoried, the longest dichoiomous : 
 pedicels -i-flowered : fruit with hooks. S. 
 
 apari/ie, (E. \v. J. ^T.) sft'rn liinber, scabrous backwards : leaves in about 
 eights, hnear, linear-oblanceo!ate,.mucrooate, hispid above, margin and keel 
 prickly: fruit hook bristled. .? — it. 
 
 micranthui/i, Fh. (O. w. Ju. 7S-) st. m very branching, prickly backwards : 
 leaves short, lanceolate, mucronate, glabrous ; margin and keel prickly : pe- 
 dicels about 2 flowered. 
 
 iriflorum, Mx. (1) (O. w. Ju. 21-) stem procumbent, smoothish : leaves iu 
 fives or sixes, lance-obovate, mucrunate, glabrous, scarcely ciliate at the mar- 
 gin: branohlets 3-floweied at the f nd ; flowers pdicel'ed : fruit small. <S. 
 
 2jilosum, A. {E p. J. 21.) stem nearh simple, long, ascending, remotely gen- 
 iculate; hi.-pid: leave^ in fours, oval, short-muciona'.e. very hirsute bftth 
 sides, ner'. eless : branchlets nearly simple, about 3-flowered at the end : fruit 
 pilose. 1 f. S. 
 
 circcezans,Mx. (2) (wild liquorice. O. w-y. J. 2i ) stem erect, smooth: leaves 
 in flours, ova!, obtuse, j^iab.ous ; margins and nerves a little ciliate : pedun- 
 cles few-flowered: floW'-rs remote, sub-sessile: fiuit with hooked bristks. 
 Leaves taste muih like liquorice. 6 — 12 i. S. 
 
 lanceolatum, T. (E. p. Ju 21.) stem erect, very smooth : leaves in fours, lance- 
 olate, generally acute, smooth, 3 nerved, sub-ciiiate at the margin; pedun- 
 cles d.varicate : fruit sessik, nodding, hook-biistled. If. 
 
 kerinadiaiium, W. (3) (O. p. Ju. 2X-j stem very branching, scarcely pubes- 
 cent : leaves in fours, ovate, obtusc, glabrous, wilh pellucid dots ; maigins 
 and nerv's pubescent : floriferous branchlets elongated: fruit with hooked 
 bustles. iS. 
 
 boreale, (4) (O. w. Ju. 2X-) stem stiffly erect, smoothish, branching: branches 
 short, ereci : leaves in i'ours, linear-lanct o ate, obtuse, 3-nerved, with invo- 
 lute scabrous rnargiiis : flowers panicled, terminal : fruit minutely book- 
 bristled. 12—24 i". 
 
 Southern, 
 lattfolium, Mx. (A. p. Ju.) stem ereci, -niooth : leaves in fours, oval, acute, 
 rueinbianactous. somewhat hispid on the margin : peduncles divaricate, 
 loosely rnan\ -flowered : iruit smooth. 
 unijlorwn, Mx. (E. p. J 21-) stem assurj:ent, smooth : leaves generally id fours, 
 . lin ar, acute, revolute : peduncles generally so itary, 1-flowered : fruit smooth. 
 hispidulum, Mx (E. w. M. 2i) stem procumbent, pubescnt, much branch- 
 ed : leaves in fours, lanceolaie, dotted, scabrous : fruit scabrous. 
 
 Sperraacocc 
 
 (1) cuspidatum. M. (2) brachiatum, M. boreale, Wr. (3) parpureum, 
 Wr. puncticulobum, Ms. (4) strictum, 4th Ed. 
 
GAULTIIERIA, GELSEMINUM. 225 
 
 10 — 1. Gaultheria. 18. 51. 
 
 procumbeus, (spicy wintcrj^reon. O. w. J. 2i- or Tp.) stem procumbent : branch- 
 es erect: leaves obovate, acute at the base: ilowers few, nodding. Berries 
 red, consisting in part of the permanent calyx ; a little meal), pleasant tast- 
 ed. S. 
 
 hispidula, M. (1) (creeping winfergreen. O. w. M. ^.) stem creeping, hispid : 
 leaves oval, acute: flowers solitary, axillary, sub-sessile, having but 8 sta- 
 mens, shortbell-form. 
 
 shallon;V\\. (W. w. J. ^.) erect, fruticose : leaves ovate, sub-cordate, serru- 
 late : raceme 1-sided, bracted : pedicels 2-bracted in the middle. »S'. 
 
 Vaccmium. 
 
 8—1. Gai-r.\. 17. 88. 
 
 tie/uHs, (vii-ginian loosestrife. E. r. & y. Au. cT.) leaves lanceolate, tooth- 
 ed: spike crowded : fruit roundish-4-cornertd, pubescent. 4 — 6 f . S. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 angiistifolia, Mx. (2) (E. w. Ju. 2X) leaves clustered, linear, repand, undu- 
 late : fruit oblong, 4-angled, acute at each end. 
 
 coccinea, I^. (VV. r. 0. 2i-) silky-pubescent: leaves lance-linear, sub-denti- 
 culate: >-pike crowded: petals as long as the calyx: stigma sub-entire. 
 Var iiitegernma, stems numerous, hoary sub-viilose, simple : leaves lance- 
 oblong, very entire, acutish, narrow at the base : racemes lax, few-flower- 
 ed : petals ovate, obtuse, with very narrow claws. 
 
 mollis^ N. (W.) leaves lanceolate, entire, clothed with soft hair?. 
 
 liiiifolia,^ (W. %v.) stem erec!, sparingly branched, smooth: leaves smooth, 
 sessile, lance-liuear, entire; midrib translucent : spike terminal, crowded, 
 becoming much extended after floweriiig : fruit triquetrous, shorter than 
 the linear bracts. 3 — I f. 
 
 jdlosa,T, & J. (W. r.) herbaceous: stem panicled above, naked, very gla- 
 brous ; leaves silky-villose lanceolate, acute, remotely toothed and entire : 
 petals obovate, obtuse: stamens declined: flowers octandrous : capsulesli;- 
 uear-obiong. 3 f . 
 
 l)arvifolia. T. & J. (W. r.) stem glabrous, panicled above : leaves linear, hir- 
 sute, entire : flowers loosely spiked : petals roundish, with short claws : 
 capsules ovate-oblong, narrowing towards each end. Epiiobium. 
 
 21—6. Geastrum. 58. 1. 
 
 T'jfescens, rays many-cleft, reddish : fruit sessile, glabrous, pale. In pine 
 
 woods . 
 hygroin^tricum, rays many-cleft, inflexed, liver-brown: fruit reticulate, sessile, 
 
 nearly of an uniform colour. On gravelly soil, in spring and autunm. 
 
 Bovista. 
 
 5—2. Gelsemikum. 40. 45, 
 
 Southern, 
 sempervirens, W. (3) (E. y. Marcii. 21.) stem twining, smooth, glabrous : 
 leaves opposite, perennial, lanceolate, entire, dark-green above, paler be- 
 neath : petioles short. Var. inodorum, has inodorous flowers 
 
 Hydrolea. 
 
 (1) serpyllifolia. Ph. Vaccinium hispidulum, L. Oxvcoccus hispidulus, P. 
 Arbutus tbymifolia, A. filiforrai^, Lk. (2) biennis, \S\\ (3) Bignonia, W. 
 
226 GENISTA, GERANIUM. 
 
 16—10. Genista. 32. 93- 
 
 JExofic. 
 tinctoria, (dyer's broom, j. Au. 21.) leaves lanceolate, glabrous ; branche* 
 terete, striate, erect, unarmed : legumes glabrous.^ 1 f. 
 
 5—2. GexNTIana. 47. 46. 
 
 aapoiiaria, (1) (soap gentian. 0. b. & w. S. 2X) stem terete, glabrous : leave."! 
 lance-ovate, 3-nerved : flowers sessile, fascicled, terminal and axillary : corol 
 5-cleft, bell-ventricose, almost closed at the top: inner folds toothed. 12 — 
 18 i. iS. 
 
 ochroleuca, Frl. (2) (O. y. & b. S. 1C-) stem somewhat angled, glabrous : leavej 
 lance-ovate : flowers sessile, fascicled, terminal : corol 5— 10-cleft, bell-ven- 
 tricose; divisions acute ; inner folds simple, acute. If. S. 
 
 rnbricanlis, Sz. & Keating. (W.) stem terete, glabrous, red : leaves lance-ob- 
 long, 3-nerved, obtuse : flowers terminal, fascicled, sessile : corol 5-cleft, 
 bell-form, not veiitricose ; divisions acute, connivent ; inner folds 1-toothed. 1 f. 
 
 ^iieumonaiithU , (calathian violet. E. b. Au. 2i) stem terete: leaves lance-li- 
 uear, obtusish : flowers terminal, fascicled; lateral ones solitary, peduncled : 
 corol 5-cleft, bell-forra ; divisions roundish ; inner folds with onejacute tooth. 
 1 f. S. 
 
 angusiifolia, Mx. (3) (E. b. O. 2X-) stem simple, slender, l-flov\rered : leaves 
 linear and wedge-form, spreading: corol funnel-form, with the alternate di- 
 visions lacerate. 1 f. <S'. 
 
 linearis, Frl. (4) (A. b. Au. 2X) stem somewhat scabrous : leaves lance-linear, 
 undulate, ciliate : flowers sessile, in terminal, crowded fascicles : calyx cili- 
 ate : corol bell-form, 5-cleft; divisions obtuse, with the inner folds denticu- 
 late. S. 
 
 quinqiieflora, Frl. (5) (0. b. Au. c^.) stem 4-cornered, branching: leaves 
 half-clasping, oval, acute, 3-nerved : flowers 5-cleft, bell-tubular, with a 
 glabrous throat, terminal and lateral, in threes or fives, sub-pedicelled ; di- 
 visions lanceolate, acuminate : calyx short. \{. S. 
 
 crinita, W. (6) (fringed gentian. O. b. S. 21) stem terete : branches long, 1- 
 flowered : leaves lanceolate, acute : corol 4-cleft ; divisions obovate, gash-ci- 
 liate. 18 i. S. 
 
 acuta, Mx. (A. g-y.) stem 4-angled : leaves somewhat clasping, oblong, very 
 acute : flowers fascicled, terminal and lateral ; throat of the corol ciliate. S. 
 
 lutea, (yellow gentian, y.) leaves broad-ovate, nerved: corols about 5-cleft, 
 wheel-form, whorled. 
 
 Southern, 
 catesbaei, Wr. (E* O.) rough : leaves narrow-lanceolate ; divisions of the ca- 
 lyx lance-linear, twice as long as the tube : corol with the border erect ; in- 
 ner segments short, 2-cleft, fimbriate. Cuscuta. 
 
 21 — 6. Geoglossdm. 58. 1. 
 
 hirsutum, sub-fascicled, hirsute, black. 
 
 viride, fascicled, green : clavate pileus obtuse : stipe scaly. 
 
 Spathularia. 
 
 15—10. Geranium. 14. 73. 
 
 nacnlatum, (crow-foot geranium. O. r. & b. J. If.) erect : pubescence revers- 
 ed : stem dicholomous: leaves opposite, 3 or 5-parted, gashed ; upper ones 
 sessile : peduncles 2-flowered : petals obovate. 1 — 2 f. S. 
 
 (1) fimbriata, Vahl. (2) saponaria, AVr. villosa, W. (3) purpurea, Wr. 
 (4) puberula, Mx. (5) quinquefolia, L. amarelloides, Mx. (6) fibriata, 
 jiot. rep. 
 
GERANIUM, GERARDIA, £2f 
 
 iaroltnianum, (E. w. r. Ju. cTO diffuse, pubescent: leaves opposite, 5-Iobcd : 
 
 lobes 3-cleft, gashed : peduncles 2-flowered, sub-fascicled: petals emarein- 
 
 ate equalling in length the awned caljx: arils villose. 12--18 i. S 
 pusidum, (E. b. M. #) peduncles 2-flovvered : flowers pentandrous : petals 
 
 emarginate, of (he length of the avvnlesscalvx : leaves about 7-Jobed, 3-cleft . 
 
 arils pubescent. 
 disseclum, W. (E. r. J. 0.) spread, hairy : leaves opposite, 5-parted : lobes 3- 
 
 cleft, gashed, linear: peduncles 2-flowered, long: petals eraarginate, the 
 
 length of the awned calyx: aril with glandular hairs. If. 
 fobertianum, (herb robert. O. r. J- (f'-) spread, hirsute : leaves opposite, ter- 
 
 nate and quinate, 3-cleft, pinnatifid : peduncles 2-flowered: petals entire. 
 
 twice as long as the awned calyx : aril net-veined. 10 — 15 i. S. 
 columbinum, (b. M. Zf.) peduncles 2-flowered, longer than the leaves : leaves 
 
 5-parted: lobes many-cleft, linear : petals emarginate, of the length of the 
 
 awned calyx : arils glabrous. 
 
 Exotic, 
 ianguineum, (bloody geranium. 2X.) peduncle 1 -flowered: leaves 5-parted, 3- 
 cleft, orbicular : capsule bristly at the top. 
 
 \ Southern, 
 
 caespitosum, J. (W. r.) somewhat erect, sparingly branched above: radical 
 leaves reniform, deeply 5 — 7-cleft. Acacia, 
 
 Geranium, Pelargonium, ERODnTM. 
 
 13—2. Gerardia. 40. 40. 
 
 1. Floxoers yellour. 
 
 Jlava, (false foxglove. O. y. Ju. If.) pubescent : stem nearly simple : leaves 
 sub-sessile, lanceolate, entire or toothed ; lower ones sub-pinnatifid, gashed • 
 flowers axillary, opposite, fub-sessiie. 2 — 3 f. S. 
 
 gIauca,EQdy. (1) (oak-leaf foxglove. O. y. Ju. Zf.) glabrous: stem glaucous, 
 panicle-like: leaves petioled, sinuate-pinnatifid, with acute-lanceolate divi- 
 sions : upper leaves lanceolate, entire. 3 — 5 f. S. 
 
 pedieularia, (louse-wort foxglove. O. y. S. cf.) pubescent, brachiate-panicled • 
 leaves oblong, doubly gash-serrate and pinnatifid : flowers axillary, opposite, 
 pedicelled ; divisions of the calyxieafy, gash-toothed. Var.j^ectinata, stem' 
 and branches densely pilose : leaves ovate, pectinately sub-bipimiatifid soft 
 pubescent : calyx hirsute. 2{. 8. ' 
 
 2. Flowers purple. 
 
 purpurea, (E. p. Au. 0.) stem with opposite branches : leaves linear, slender 
 flowers axillary, opposite, sub-sessile: segments of the calyx subulate IS- 
 IS ii S. J . ^ 
 
 maritima, R. (2) (L. p. Ju. 0.) leaves linear, fleshy, short, obtusi^ : flower* 
 
 peduncled : upper segments of the corol ciliate : calyx truncate. 6 12 i. 
 
 e.uriculala,M%. (3) (E. p. Au. 0.) nearly simple, rough: leaves lance-o^vate, 
 
 2.^ffred at the base, entire : flow^s axillary, opposite; leafes afld flowers 
 
 closely sessile. 8 i. S. 
 tenuifolia, W. (4) (O.p. Au. cT- 0?) very branching: leave* linear, acute, 
 
 Bcabrous : peduncles axillary, longer than the flowers : teeth oi the calys 
 
 acute. 6 — 12 i. S. 
 
 (1) quercifolia. Ph. Rhinanthus virginicus, G. heterophylla, Jt (2) err 
 Hita, Eddy, craisifoha^ Var. of purpurea, Ph. (3) Erious africanus, M. (4) 
 «racta, VaUI. > w 
 
228 GERARDIA, GEUM. 
 
 ^etacea,Vic. (1) (p. S.0.) stem very branthinjc: leaves setaceous, glabiouj ; 
 flower? scattered, terminal and axillary : peduncles much longer than the 
 leaves. 2 f. S. 
 
 Souther?}. 
 
 aphylla, N. (E. p. Ju. 0.) stem naked, nearly simple, with small, deciduous, 
 oppo-iitc. ovate scales : corol longer than the pr duncle. 3 f. 
 
 plvkenetii, V- (E- >'• S.) stem very branching: leave* setaceous, glabrous: 
 flowers axillary and terminal: peduncles shorter than the leaves : teeth &i 
 the calvx setaceous, very short. 2 f 
 
 fascirulaia, E (L. p. S. 0) stem rii^id, erect, branching near the summit ; 
 leaves opposite and in threes, sometimes alternate, linear, clustered, very 
 scabrous: p' duncles much shorter than the leaves. 3 — of. 
 
 filifolia, N. (E. p. S.) stem terete, branching : leaves eiiform, somewhat clus- 
 tered, glabrous, alternate ; divisions of the calyx acutely toothed: peduncles 
 lonsrer than the leaves 
 
 liuifolia, N. (2) (E. p. S. 2i-) stem terete, virgate : leaves linear, acute, smooth, 
 appre?sed : calyx truncate, denticulate : corol pubescent without, villous 
 within : peduncles a little shorter than the leaves. 2 — 3 f. 
 
 cuneifolia. Ph. (E.) branching : branches erect: leaves wedge-form, lanceo- 
 late, unequally serrate ; upper ones alternate : p-^duncles axillary, looger 
 than the leaves: calyx 5-parted. Is this a Gerardia? E. 
 
 frnticosa. Ph. (W. p. J. Tp.) very branching: leaves lanceolate, serrate, atten- 
 
 ** uate at the base, sub-petioled : racemes terminal : flowers opposite, bracted. 
 
 Rocky Mountains. " Pedicularis. 
 
 Gerardia, Setmeria. 
 11—13. Geum. 35. 92. 
 
 ^trictum, W. (3} upright avens. O. y. J. 21-) hirsute: leaves all inferruptedly 
 pinnate, the odd on: largest: leafets ovate, toothed: stipules gashed : divi- 
 sions of the calyx 5, alternately linear, short: flowers- erect : petals round- 
 ish, longer than the calyx : avvns naked, hookt d. 2 f. 
 
 tirginianum, (avens. O.' w. Ju. 21-) pubescent: radical and lower cauline 
 leaves ternate, upper ones lanceolate: stipules ovate, sub-entire : flowers 
 erect : petals shorter than the calyx : awns hooked, nak<=-d ; at the apex twist- 
 ed, hairy. Var. trilobum, has the radical leaves 3-lobed or teinate. 2 f . 
 
 S. 
 
 album, W. (4) (w. Ju. 21-) pubescent : radical leaves pinnate ; cauline 
 ones teriiate , upper on- •: simple, 3-chft: low^r stipule? gashed: flowers 
 erect : petals of the length of the calyx : awns hooked, naked, hairy at tiie 
 end. 2f. iS. 
 
 rivale, (puipl' avens. O. p. M 2X.) pubescent: stem simple : rad-cal 
 leaves interruptedly pinnate ; cauline 0!i&s3-cle!t : flowers nodding; petals 
 of the lenicih of the calvx : awns plumose, nakedish above, a little hooked. 
 Excellent tonic. Damp. 
 
 peckii. Ph. (r\.y. Ju 2X ) stem few-flowered : radical leaves reniform, round- 
 ed, sub- runcate at the base, v^ash toothed : petioles very long, sometimes ap- 
 pendaged : petals roundish, longer than the calyx. '1 — 8 i. 
 
 gejiicidatum. Mil. (E. 2X. ) maiiy-flovvered. sub-])anicled : cauline leaves sub- 
 se?siie, 3 parted : stipules in'.ire : petals wedge-obcordate : awns all over 
 hairy, geniculate in the middle. 
 
 rndiaium, Mx (A. y.) very hirsute : radical leaves pinnate; terminal one 
 
 (1) erecta, Mx.!* (2) erec'a, Wi ? (3) canaden'o, Mr. alcppicum, Jo. 
 (4) canadensc, Jn. caroiiniaaum, Wr. 
 
GEUM, GLYCERIA. 229 
 
 targe, reiiiform, with radiating^ nerves, dentate; stem leaves ciasping, gash- 
 lacerate: awns glabrous, simple at the summit. >S. 
 
 ciliatum, Ph. (W. yp. Ju. 21.) pubescent : stem simple : leaves a little jrla- 
 brous, ciliate at the marsi:in ; lower ones pinnate, cauline ones pinnatifid, 
 upper ones palmate ; divisions linear, gashed : flowers corymbed. 
 
 untmonoides, W. (W. Ju. 2i) glabrous : stem 1-flowered : leaves pin- 
 nate ; leafets wedge-form, toothed at the apex : awn straight, villose. 
 
 Southern. 
 triJlorujH, Vh. {W. w. 2i.) pilose : stem simple, somewhat 3-flowered ; 
 radical leaves interruptedly pinnate ; leafets wedge-form, gash-toothed : pe- 
 tals oblong, as long as the calyx. : awns very long, villose. Bootia. 
 
 11—5. GlLLENIA, 36. 92. 
 
 iiifoliata, Mn. (1) (Indian physic. Bowman's root. O. w. J, 2^.) leaves ter- 
 nale, lanceolate, serrate, nearly equal : stipules linear, entire : flowers ter- 
 minal, in loose panicles ; calyx bel '-tubular. Styles 5. 2 f. S. 
 
 stipulacea, (2) (\V. w. J. 2i) leaves teroate, lanceolate, gash-serrate, nearly- 
 equal : stipules leaiy, ovate, gash-toothed : flowers in a lax panicle • calyx 
 bell-form. Stvles 5. Var. incisa, has ternate leaves, with leateta gash- 
 toothed. 2— 3f. ^S*. MespiJuB. 
 
 12—1. Glaucium. 27. 62. 
 
 Sotithent. 
 luteitm, S. (3) (L. y. Ju. ^.) stem glabrous: cauline leaves clasping, rcpand : 
 peduncles 1-flowercd : silique tuberculate, and a little scabrous. 
 
 Delphinium. 
 
 5—1. Claux. 17. 91. 
 
 mariiima, (sea milk- wort. L. r. Ju. 2^.) leaves oblong, siii'ooth : flowers axil- 
 lary, sessile. 4 — 5 i. Gentiana. 
 
 13—1. Glechoma. 42. 39. 
 
 hederacea, (ground-ivy, gill-overground. O. b. & r. M. 2X.) leaves reniibrm, 
 crenate : stem rooting. Var. cordata, leaves cordate. S, 
 
 Pycnaatheraum. 
 20 — 6. Gltditschia. 33. 93. 
 
 Iriacantha, (honey locust, w. J. ^j.) thorn strong, cross-branched : leaves 
 ovalj and oblong : legumes very long, compressed. A large tree. One 
 fide of thp long flat legume contains a sweet pulp. Cultivated. Var. iner- 
 mi^, branches unarmed. »S'. 
 
 Souiherri. 
 brachycarpa, Ph. (O. Sa. >>.) spines thick, short, subternate : leafets oblong, 
 
 obtuse : legumes short-oblong. 
 monosperma, \V. (swamp locust. O. Ju. '^.) branches somewhat apiny : leafets 
 ovate-oblong, acute : Iegun)e3 oval, mucronatc, somewhat l-setde"d. 
 
 Fopulus. 
 3—2. Glyceuia. 4. 10, 
 
 JiuUans, (4) (E. Ju. 2i.) panicle one-sided, slightly branched : spikelets lin- 
 ear-terete, appressed, 8 — 12 flowered ; florets very obtuse, 7-nerved : leaves 
 long, flat. 2—3 IS. 
 
 (1) Spirea, L, (2) Spirf-a stipulata, M. (3) Chelidonium glaucmm, W. 
 (4) Febtuca, L, Poa, S. IJevauxia, Pb. 
 
 20 
 
530 GLYCEKIA, GNAPHAXIFM, 
 
 brevifolia, M. (1) (E. J. H.) panicle simple, elongated, appressed : spikelefs 
 iinear-terete, 4— G-flowered : florets attenuated, acute, indistinctly nerved : 
 leaves short, erect. 18 i. Uniola. 
 
 Glycine^ Apios, Strophostyles, Amphicarpa. 
 
 16—10. Glycine. 32. 93. 
 
 [All the species of this genus, growing in the Northern States, have been 
 distributed under Strophrostyles, Apios, and Amphicarpa. Elliott retains the 
 following Southern species, which might perhaps be referred to Amphicarpa 
 Let Glycine be referred to with the pen, at p. 58, between Trigonella and 
 Thyrsanthus.] Generic character by Elliott. Calyx 4-cleft ; upper segment 
 2-toothed : wmgs 2-toolhed at the base : germ naked at the base : leffume 
 compressed, 2-seeded, sessile. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 simplicifolia, Wr. (2) (E. y. Ju.) leaves simple, orbicular, rugose : clusters 
 terminal and axillary. 2 — 4 i. 
 
 tomentosa, W. (E. y. J.) twining : leaves ternate, rhomboid, rugose ; clusters 
 axillary, few-flowered, shorter than the petiole. 
 
 erecta, Wr. (E. y. Ju. Zf.) stem erect: leaves ternate, oval, acutish : racemes 
 axillary and terminal, longer than the petiole. 2 f. 
 
 mollissima, E. (E. y.) stem erect : leaves ternate, oval, soft-tomentose : ra- 
 cemes lonq:, many -flowered, terminal. 
 
 reflexa, N. (E. y. S. 21-) twining : leaves ternate, round-rhomboid, pubescent : 
 racemes axillary, erect, much longer than the leaves : flower buds and le- 
 gumes reflected. Thyrsanthus. 
 
 16—10. Gnycyrrhiza. 32. 93. 
 
 Exotic. 
 eficinalis, (liquorice. If.) leaves pinnate, the terminal one petioled. Root 
 tuberous-cylindric, sweet. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 lepidota, N. (W. w. Ju. Zf.) leafets oblong, acute, silky-villosc : legumes ra- 
 
 cemed, oblong, hispid. 3 — 5 f. Oxytropis. 
 
 17 — 2. Gnaphalilm. 49. 55. 
 
 :iiargaritaceum,'W. (large-flowered life-everlasting. O. y. & w. Ju. 2X-) leaves 
 linear-lanceolate, gradually narrowing", acute: stem branching above : co- 
 rymb fastigiate : flowers pedicelled. Flowers with white pearly rays and 
 yellow disks. 1 — 2 f. >S. 
 
 polycephaluin,M-ii. (3) (sweet-scented life-everlasting. O. y-w. Ju. 0.) leaves 
 lance-linear, acute, glabrous above, downy beneath : stem panicled, down^_^ 
 corymbs terminal. 1 — 2 f. S. 
 
 decurrens, Ives, (4) (neglected life-everlasting. O. y-w. Ju. ) leaves lance 
 elate, broid at the base, acute, decurrent, somewhat scabrous above, tomcn 
 tose beneath : stem leafy, branched, spreading. 1 — 3. f. 
 
 plantagineum, W. (early life-everlasting. O. w. Ap. 2i-) shoots procumbent 
 stem simple : radical leaves spatulate, ovate, and obovate, nerved : corymb 
 close-pressed : flowers dioecious : inner scales of th » calyx elongated, acut- 
 ish, coloured. 6 — 10 i. ^S'. 
 
 purjmreum, VV. (E. p. Ju. 21.) leaves lincar-spatulate, downy beneath: stem 
 erect, simple : flowers sessile, glomerate, terminal and axillary. Calvx 
 purple. 6 — 12 i. ^; 
 
 (l)acutiflora, T. Fesluca, M. (2) reuiformis, Ph. (3) obtusifolium, W. 
 (4) luteo-albura 't M. 
 
GNAPHALIUM, GORDONIA. 23l 
 
 iUiginosiim, W. (mud -life-everlasting. O. w. Ju. 0.) stem branched, spread, 
 woolly : leaves lance-linear, narrowed at both ends, downy ; flowers ter- 
 minal, heaped : calyx brown. Damp. 4 — 6 i. S. 
 
 germanicum, W, {E. w. Ju. 0.) stem erect, dichotomous : leaves lance-linear- 
 acute, tomentose ; flowers in a globular head, terminal and lateral. 6 — 8 i 
 S. 
 
 amencanum, W. (1) (E. y-w. J. 0.) herbaceous, erect, branching : leaves 
 obovate-spatulate, pubescent beneath : flowers axillary and terminal, ia 
 glomerate spikes. 6 — 8 i. S. 
 
 si/lvaiicum, W. (Ju. 2{.) stem erect, simple, downy : flowers in a leafy spike, 
 axillary and terminal : leaves lance-linear, downy. 12 i. 
 
 alpinum, W. (A. 2i.) stem notsarmentose, very simple : radical leaves lance- 
 olate : flowers terminal, clustered, sessile : inner scale of tlie calyx elongat- 
 ed, acute, membranaceous. Labrador. 4 i. Pterocaulon. 
 
 5 — 1. GOMPHRENA. 54. 30. 
 
 Exotic. 
 
 ghbosa, (globe amaranth, bachelor's button, r. Au. %.) stem erect: leaves 
 
 lance-ovate : heads solitary : peduncles 2-leaved. Cyrilla. 
 
 Gomplveiia, Achtranthes. 
 
 Gonolobium^ Gonolobus. 
 
 18—5. GoKOLOBus. 30. 47. 
 
 cbliquus, (false choak-dog. p. J. 21.) stem twining, hirsute : leaves heart-ovate, 
 acute : corymbs axillary : segments of the corol ovate, acuminate. S. 
 
 }iirsutus, Mx. (2) (p. Ju. Z(,) sarments and petioles very hirsute ! leaves 
 gradually acuminate, pubescent on both sides : divisions of the corol oval- 
 oblong, obtuse : follicles oblong, muricate. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 macrophyllus, Mx. (E. y. Ju.) leaves broad, cordate, with the sinus closed, 
 abruptly acuminate : follicles muricate : lobes of the crown divided. 
 
 prostratus, (E, p.) stem prostrate, herbaceous: leaves reniform-cordate, acute, 
 tomentose beneath. 
 
 viridi^orus, N. (\V. g.) smooth, twining: leaves sub-reniform-cordate, auri- 
 cled at the base, acuminate, somewhat long-peduncled : divisions of the co- 
 rol oblong-linear, oblique, obtuse : follicles ribbed. Periploca. 
 
 18—1. GooDYEEA, Br. (3) 7. 21. 
 
 pubescensy W. (rattle-snake leaf, scrophula-weed. O. y. w. Ju. 2X') leaves 
 radical, ovate, petioled, veins coloured, reticulate : scape sheathed ; scape 
 and flowers pubescent : lip ovate-acuminate ; petals ovate. 10 — 15 i. S. 
 
 repens, W. (A. w. Ju. 2I-) radical leaves ovate, petioled, reticulate : scape 
 sheathed : scape and flowers pubescent : flowers one-sided : lip and petals 
 lanceolate. 8 i. Neottia. 
 
 15 — 12. GoRDONiA. 37. 74. 
 
 Souther7i. 
 
 lasianthus, W, (E. Ju. w. '^.) leaves lance-oblong, very glabrous, shining, co- 
 riaceous : flowers long-peduncled : capsules conical, acuminate. 
 
 pubescens, W. (E. w. M. ^.) leaves wedge-lanceolate, serrulate, pubes- 
 cent beneath, deciduous : capsules spherical. Corydalis. 
 
 (1) spatulatura, Lk. pensylvanicum, MC (2) carolinensis, E. Cynan 
 chum carolinense, W. (3) Neottia, W. 
 
23£ GOSSYPIUM, GRATIOtA. 
 
 15—13. GossypiCM. 37. 74. 
 
 Exotic. 
 
 herbaeeum, (cotton. Au. (j^.) leaves 5-lobed, mucronate, one gland beneatfi' 
 
 stem herbaceous, smooth. 5 f. Malope,, 
 
 21—5. Graphis. 57. 2. 
 
 icrijitn, Ach. crust somewhat shining, white, black bordered : receptac 
 immersed. On i^mooth bark, &c. Var. macrocarpa, crustefluse, I 
 
 icles semi- 
 becoming: 
 white : receptacles very k)ng, strait, sub-parallel^ simple and forked at the 
 apex. Var. pulverulenta, receptacles flexuose : disk bluish-white. Var. 
 cerasi, crust shining : receptacles straight and parallel. 
 serpentina, Ach. crust very white : receptacles elongated, crowded and waved. 
 Smooth bark. Verrucaria, 
 
 2—1. Gratiola. 40. 40. 
 
 carolinensis, Ph. (1) (E. w. Ju. 1i-) stem smooth, somewhat branched, pro- 
 cumbent at the base, 4-sided above, terete below ; leaves sessile, lance-ob- 
 long, obtusish, dentate, 3-nerved : peduncles pubescent, short : divisions of 
 the calyx lance-linear, equal, entire : bracts broader, expanding : corol pu- 
 bescent within : sterile filaments none : capsule globose. Le Conte. S. 
 
 virginica, (creeping hedgu hysaop. O. w. & y. 2X-) stem more or less pubes- 
 cent, branching at the base, assurgent, terete : leaves smooth, sessile, lance- 
 olate, obtusish, dentate tbove, attenuate below : peduncles long, setaceous, 
 pubescent : divisions of the calyx equal, lanceolate, obtuse : bracts broad- 
 er i corol pubescent within : capsule ovate, acutbh : sterile filaments none. 
 Le Conte. 6—8 i. <S. 
 
 aurea, M. (hedge hyssop. O. y. Ju. 2J!-) smooth : stem 4-angled, repent at the ' 
 base, branching ; leaves sessile, lance-oblong, punctate, dentate or very en- 
 tire, acute or obtusish : peduncles long, setaceous, pubescent: divisions of 
 the calyx equal, linear: bracts linear, expanding: corol pubescent within . 
 capsule ovale rather acute : sterile filaments 2, minute. Le Conte. 4 — 
 8 i. ,S*. 
 
 anagallidea, Mx. (2) (w-b. 2i.) erect, very smooth : stem4-sidcd : leaves 
 oblong-oval ; sparingly denticulate, shorter than the flowers: calyx without 
 bracts, subulate, pubescent : corol smooth within \ divisions generally ob* 
 tuse. &\ 
 
 Southern. 
 
 viscosa, Sz. (3) (E. w-p. Ap. 2^.) stem assurgent, viscid-pubescent, sub-terete : 
 leaves smooth, sessile, lance-ovate, acutish, dentate, 3-nerved : peduncles 
 long: divisions of the calyx equal, lance-linear: bracts broader, expanding, 
 shorter than the calyx : corol pubescent within : sterile filaments two ; cap- 
 sule ovate, as long as the calyx. Le Conte. 
 
 (fuadrideiUata, Mx. (4) (E. w. Ju. %.) smoolhish : stem terete, procumbent, 
 sometimes viscous : leaves sessile, lanceolate, acute, sub-punctaie, 4-toothed,- 
 two anterior teeth longest; divisions of the calyx unequal, linear: bracts 
 small, only on the dowers that first appear ; (later flowers without:) corol pu- 
 bescent within : sterile filaments 2, small : capsule ovate, acute, shorter 
 than the calyx. Le Conte. 
 
 pilosa, Mx. (5) (E. w. Ju. ) erect, branchins:, very hairy: stem 4-sided ; 
 leaves sessile, ovate, dentate : {lowers sub-peduncled : divisions of the calyx 
 unequal ; two intermediate ones small, setaceous : corol smooth within : 
 sterile filaments 2, very minute. Le Conte. 1 — 2 f. Lindernia. 
 
 (1) virginiana, and acuminata, Wr. sphaerocarpa, and megalocarpa, E, 
 officinalis, Mx. (2) tetragona, E ? Lindernia pyxidaria, Ph. &Cv (3) vir- 
 ginica, E. (4) ramosa, Wr. (5) peruviana, Wr. 
 
eKlMMIA, tiXMWOSXXJLJtH, ^33 
 
 21—2. Grimmia. 56. 4. 
 1. Capsules sub -sessile, immersed* 
 
 alpicola, stem ramose : leaves lanceolate, obtusish : capsule ovate-urceolate, 
 smooth, 3ub-sessile ; calyptre torn at the base : lid obliquely beaked. 
 
 apocarpa, stem ramose : leaves ovate-acuminate, carinate, naked at the apex : 
 capsule oblong, striate, sub-sessile. On moist trunks. 
 
 micluiuxi, Torrey, slenderly caulescent : leaves lanceolate, terminating in a 
 capillary, white-pellucid and roughish point : pedicel terminal : capsule 
 short-ovate, smooth. Michaux describes this species under the name gra- 
 cilis ; but this name having been applied to another species, Dr. Torrey 
 substituted the name of its discoverer. Herb. Tor. 
 
 pilifera, stem erect, branching : leaves densely imbricate, lanceolate, erect- 
 spreading and incurved : hairy pericheth large : capsule ovate, sub-sessile : 
 lid conic, cuspidate. 
 
 2. Capsules peduncled, exsert, short. 
 
 ovata, stem very branching, fastigiate : leaves lanceolate, obtusish, erect- 
 spreading, somev?hat inflexed, hairy : capsules oblong-ovate : lid convex- 
 conic. Weissia. 
 
 Giindelia, Donia. 
 
 21—5. Gyalecta. 57. 2. 
 
 bryophila, 'crust rugose-plicate, 'white, becoming somewhat cinereous : recep- 
 tacles dark-blue, dilated at the bottom : the periphery elevated, inflexed, 
 somewhat contracted, acutish : at length crowned at tlie base. 
 
 Lecanora. 
 20—10. Gymnocladus. 33. 93. 
 
 canadeTtsis, W. (W. w. J. Tp.) leaves bipinnate ; leafets oval, acuminate, pu- 
 bescent. S. Carica. 
 
 3 — 2. GyMNOPOGOif. 4. 10. 
 
 racemosum, Fb. (1) (E. Au. If.) (Described under Andropogon ambiguum.) 
 
 Aulaxanthus. 
 21 — 2. Gymnostomum. 56. 4. 
 
 1. Stem simple, erect. 
 
 pi/riforme, stem very short : leaves ovate, acute, flat ; dioecious : capsules erec?, 
 pear-form ; lid obtusely conic : calyptre split laterally. 
 
 turbiiiatum, stem short, simple : leaves lanceolate, apiculate, serrulate : cap- 
 sules somewhat oblong-turbinate ; lid convex, obtuse, acuminate. 
 
 splachnoideum, capsules contracted in the middle : leaves deeply serrate at 
 the margin. 
 
 2. Stems divided, procumbent or floating. 
 
 prorepens, stipe creeping : stem erect, short, obtuse : leaves closely imbricate, 
 lance-oval, acuminate : capsules globose ; lids subulate. Schistidium. 
 
 17 4. GlMNOSTYLES. 49. 55. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 itolonifera, P. (2) (E. M. 2X-) herbaceous, procumbent, creening, glabrou* ; 
 
 leaves pinnatifid : flowers sessile at the root. Llephantopua. 
 
 (1) Andropogon ambiguura.Mx. Anthopogonlepturoidea.N. (2) Hippia.P. 
 
 20* 
 
^3^ GYROMIA, HABEWARIA. 
 
 6—3. Gyromia. N. 11. 12. 
 
 virgiiiiea, (1) (Indian cucumber, O. y. g. M. 2i«) several leaves in a wborl near 
 the middle of the stem, and 3 in a whorl at the top, lance-oval, acuminate : 
 pedicels aggregated, terminal. Root white. 12 — 18 i. 8. Trillium. 
 
 21 — 5. Gyrophora.. 67. 2. 
 
 pustulata, Acb. frond deeply pitted beneath, sraootb : receptacles distant: 
 disk smooth. On rocks, &c. 
 
 papulosa, Acb. receptacles very thick together, minute, urceolate, and rarely 
 gyrose. On rocks. 
 
 pensylvanica^ Ach. frond tawny-olive ; under-side rongb-granulate : recepta- 
 cles marginated. On rocks and mountains. 
 
 niuhlenbergii, Acb. frond wrinkled and scaly beneath : receptacles in pits. 
 On mountains. 
 
 vellea, Ach. frond large, coriaceous, sooty : receptacles generally towards the 
 circumference of the frond. On rocks in mountains. 
 
 mammulaia, Ach. frond smooth, pale-olive, at length dark-tawny ; under-side 
 very dark, scabrous and fibrous : receptacles convex, rugose-chinked, near- 
 ly destitute of any margin ; disk sometimes concave and papillose. On rocks. 
 
 Opegrapha. 
 
 H. 
 
 18—1. Habenaria. W. (2) 7. 21. 
 
 cUiai-is, (orchis. O. y. Ju. 21.) lip lance-oblong, pinnate-ciliale, twice as long 
 as the petals : spur longer than the germ. 1 — 2 f. S. 
 
 hlephariglotlis, W. (E. w. J. 2i.) lip lanceolate, ciliate, of the length of the 
 upper petal : spur longer thaii the germ. Resembles the last. 18 i. S. 
 
 cristata, Mx. (y. J. 2S-,) lip oblong, pinnate-ciliate ; petals round, 2 lateral 
 ones toothed : spur shorter (ban the germ. (S. 
 
 psycodes, \V. (3) (O. y. J. 2i.) lip 3-parted, divisions capillary-many-cleft 
 petals obtuse : spur filiform-clavate, ascending, of the length of the germ. 
 
 Integra, (y. Ju. 2S-) I'P oblong, entire, longer than the inner petals : spur 
 longer than the germ, acute at the point : stem leafy : bracts shorter than 
 the flowers. 
 
 huronensis, N. (W. g-w. Au. 2i-) Up lanceolate, acuminate, entire, incurved; 
 petals subulate, connivent : spur about the length of the lip, incurved : pe- 
 tals flat : stem leafy. 1 — 2 f. 
 
 dilaiata, Ph. (giant orchis. O. w. or g. J. 11.) spur shorter than the germ : lip 
 entire, linear, with the base dilated, of the length of the spur : bracts of the 
 length of the flower : stem leafy. In the mountain woods, the flowers are 
 green ; in the open meadons, white. 1 — 4 f S. 
 
 fuscescens, W. (p-y. Ju. 21-) lip ovate, toothed at the base : petals spreading: 
 spur subulate, of the length of the germ : bracts longer than the flowers. (^. 
 
 herbiola, Br. (E. y. J. 2^.) lip oblong, obtuse, toothed at the base : palate 1- 
 toothed : spur filiform, shorter than the germ : bracts longer than the flow- 
 ers. 1 f. 
 
 bracteata, W. (4) (vegetable satyr. O. g-w. M. 2X-) lip linear, emarginafe, obso- 
 letely 3-toothed : spur short, sub-intlated, somewhat 2-lobed : bracts twice 
 as long as the flowers, leaf-like, -spreading: roots palmate, 6 — 10 i. 8. 
 
 orbiculata, Ph. (E. g-w. J. 2X-. 'inear, entire, obtusish : 3 upper petals 
 
 convero-ing ; with the uppermo' - - deltoid, obtuse, and the 2 lateral ones 
 spreading, oblique at the base : y. : :onv!;er than the germ, clavate, flattish, 
 curved : leaves 2, radical, orMv -la-. prostrate, glabrous, very shining. 12 
 —18 i. 8. 
 
 (1) Medeola, L. &c. (2) Orchis, L. (3)lacera, Mx. (4) Satyrium, P. 
 
niBENARIA, HAMAMELI3. 535" 
 
 t^acrophylla, T. (1) (A. g-y. J. 21-) lip lanceolate, entire, acuminate: spur 
 longer than the germ, terete, nearly straight : upper petaU ovate, acute : 
 scape with 2, broad-oval, sub-erect, leaves at the base. 1 f. 
 
 Jimbriata, W. (O. p. Ju. 2X ) lips 3-parted : divisions wedge-form, ciliate- 
 fringed : lateral petals ovate, toothed : spur fililbrm, clavate, longer than 
 the germ. 2 f. 
 
 grandiftora, Bw. (2) (E. p. J. 21.) Hp dependent, twice as long as the petals, 
 3-parted ; divisions wedge-fonn, fimbricate ; middle one largest with con- 
 nivent fimbriae : lateral petals fimbriate : spur ascending, clavate, longer 
 than the germ : leaves oval-oblong. 2 f. 
 
 incisa, W. (w-p. Ju. 21.) I'p 3-parte'cl ; divisions wedge-form, gash-toothed, 
 middle one emarginate : lateral petals obtuse, sub-dentate : spur subulate, 
 ascending, of the length of the germ. 2 — 4 f. S. 
 
 Jissa, \V. (p. Ju. 21') lip 3-parted ; divisions wed^e-form, toothed, interme< 
 diate one 2-lobed : spur filiform, clavate, ascending, longer than the germ. 
 Tall. iSr. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 quinqueseta, Mx. (3) (E. w. S.) lip 3-parted; lateral segments setaceous: in- 
 ner petals 2-parted ; lower segment setaceous, nearly twice as long as the 
 outer petal : spur twice as long as the germ : leaves lance-oval : bracts acu- 
 minate. 2 f. 
 
 repensy^. (E. y-g. Au. 2{.) lip 3-parted; lateral segments setaceous : inner 
 petals 2-parted ; lower segment setaceous, scarcely longer than the outer pe- 
 tals : horn as long as the germ : leaves narrow-lanceolate; bracts acute. 
 
 Goodyera. 
 
 Habenaria, Orchis. 
 
 15—12. Halesia. 37. 74. 
 
 Southern, 
 tetraptera, W. (snow-drop tree. O. w. Ap. ^.) leaves lance-oval, acuminate, 
 
 serrulate: coroi 4-cleft : flowers dodecandrous : fruit equallv 4-winged. 
 dipiera, \V. (E. w. Ap. Tp.) leaves lance-oval and ovate, acuminate, serrulate ; 
 
 petals 4 : flowers octandrous : fruit compressed, with 2 large wings. 
 parvi/lora, Mx. (E. ^.) fruit unequally and somewhat 4-winged, clavate, 
 
 small : flowers small. Gordooia. 
 
 21 — 4. Halymenia. 57. 2. 
 
 palmata, frond flat, sub-palmate ; divisions oblong, sub-simple : colour reddish- 
 purple : substance at first thin and membranaceous, at length passing into a 
 soft leathery substance. In tlie sea. Ulva. 
 
 4 — 2. Hamamelis. 54. 73. 
 
 virginica, W. (witch hazle. 0. y. Oc. fp.) leaves obovate, acute, toothed, cor- 
 date, with a small sinus. Var. parvifotia, (A.) leaves oblong-ovate, upper 
 part undulate-coarse-crenate, pubescent and somewhat hirsute beneath : di- 
 visions of the calyx oblong : flowers in the fall and perfects the fruit the next 
 summer. 5 — 15 f. (S. 
 
 Sotiihern. 
 macrophylla, Ph. (E. >).) leaves round sh, cordate, coarsely and obtusely tooth- 
 ed : scabrous and punctate beneath. A doubtful specie's. Aphancs. 
 
 (1) bifolia, 3d Ed. Man. proposed and described as a new species hr Ea. 
 1822, named by T. 1826. (2) Orchis, Bw. (3) michauxii, N. Orchis, Mx. 
 
%S6 HAMILTONIA, HEDYSA-RUM. 
 
 20—5. Hamiltonia. 43. 95. 
 
 oleifera, W. (1) (oil-nut. A. g-y. J. Tp.) pubescent : leaves oblong, entire, acumi- 
 oate : flowers in terminal racemes. Flowers small. 4 — 6 f. S. 
 
 Zanthoxylura. 
 
 13—1. Hedeoma. (2) 42. 39. 
 
 pulegioides, (penny-royal. O. b. J. 0.) pubescent : leaves oblong, serrate : pe- 
 duncles axillary, whorled. 6 — 3 i. S. 
 
 glabra, P. (O. r-p. Au. 2i.) smooth: stem surculose : radical leaves nearly 
 oval ; cauline ones oblong-linear, all entire : flowers axillary, mostly solitary, 
 long-peduncled. 6 — 12 i. S. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 kispida, Ph. (3) (W. Ju. 0.) branching, pubescent: leaves linear, acutish at 
 both ends, very entire, veined, revolule at the margin : whorls many-flower- 
 ed : calyx strigose. 3 — 6 i. 
 
 bracteoLata, N. (b^.) pubescent: stem simple, slender, : leaves linear, sub-lance- 
 olate, acute at each end, entire : pedicels 3 — 5-flowered : bracts setaceous. 
 
 Canila. 
 
 5—1. Hedera. 46. 58. 
 
 Exotic. 
 
 hdix, (english ivy. g-w. S. ^.) leaves 3 or 5-lobed ; floral ones ovate : umbel 
 
 er«ct. Thesium. 
 
 Hedera, Ampelopsis. 
 
 4—1. Hewyotis. 13. 84. 
 
 glomerata, Mx. (4) (creeping green head. E. w-g. M. 0.) stem assurgent : 
 leaves lanceolate, pubescent, attenuate at the base : dowers fascicled, axillary 
 and terminal. <S'. Houstonia. 
 
 16—10. Hedysakcm. 32. 93. 
 
 tanadense, (bush trefoil. O. r. Ju. 2i.) erect, smoothish : leaves ternate, lance- 
 oblong: stipules filiform; flowers racemed : bracts lance-ovate, acuminate, 
 ciliate : joints of the loincrit obtusely triangled, hispid. 3 f . S. 
 
 canescenSfW. (r-b. Au. 2+) ^rect, pilose : stem angled, ciliate, hispid: leaves 
 ternate, roundish, with close-pressed hairs beneath : stipules ovate, acumi- 
 nate : racemes panicled : bracts cordate : joints of the loment triangular, his- 
 pid. S. 
 
 marilandicum, W. (p. Ju. 2X-) erect, branching, pilose : leaves ternate, oblong, 
 villose beneath : stipules subulate : ractmes panicled; loment 3-jo:uted; tho 
 joints rhomboid, reticulate, a little hairy. <S'. 
 
 cUiare,\N. (O. p. Au. 2X-) erect, sub-pubescent ; leaves ternate, ovate, short- 
 petioled, pubescent beneath, margin ciliate: stipules filiform ; panicle ter- 
 minal : joints of the loment (2 or 3) half-orbicular, hispid, reticulate. Var. 
 obloiigifolium, E. leaves longer, nearly glabrous, sub-glaucous beneath, 
 long-petioled. 2 f. S. 
 
 virid^orum, L. not Ph. (g. & p. J. Zf.) erect: leaves ternate, oyate, obtuse, 
 scabrous on the upper surface, soft-villous beuuatli: panicle terminal, long, 
 naked : joints of the loment triangular. E. 3 — 4f. S. 
 
 aikini, Ea. (5) (E. g. i^ p. Au. Z(.) erect, branching, pubescent: leaves ter- 
 
 (1) Pyrularia pubera, Mx. (2) Cuiiila, L. (3) hirta, N. (4) Oldenlandia, 
 i\x. (5) viriditlorum.Ph. not Lin. See Elliott. Vol. II. p. 217. As the viri- 
 diflorum of Linneus is retained by Elliott and Torrey, and as we certainly 
 have Pursh's plant in abundance, it becomes necessary to give the latter a new 
 name. I have given this name as an expression of my esteem for Dr. Willia/n 
 Aikin, a moat indefatigable nnd very acurate young botanist. 
 
HEDTSARUM, 237 
 
 n&\9, oratc-oblong and sub-deltoid, acute-mucronate, scabrous beneath : sti- 
 pules cuspidate : racemes panicled, bracted. Flowers become greenish la 
 full maturity. 3 f. Very abundant on the islands about Troy, N. Y. 
 obtuswn,\V. (E. p. & g. Au. H.) erect, slender, sub-pubescent : leaves ter- 
 nate, ovate, obtuse, sub-cordate at the base : stipules subulate: panicle ter- 
 minal : joints of the loment sub-orbiculate, reticulate, hispid. 1 — 2 f. S. 
 humifusum, M. (H p. Au. 2i-) stem prostrate, sub-glabrous: leaves ternate ; 
 leafew ovate or oval, acutish, slightly hairy : racemes elongated : joints of the 
 loment sub-rhomboidal, hispid. 
 rotundifolium, Mx. (O p. Au. Zf) prostrate, hirsute : leaves ternate, orbicular, 
 pilose both sides: stipules round-cordate, reflexed : racemes axillary, and 
 in the terminal panicles few-flowered : joints of the loment sub-rhombic, re- 
 ticulate-scabrous. 2 — 3 f. S. 
 paniculatum, W. (E. p. Ju. 2X-) erect: leaves ternate, lance-linear, smoothish, 
 revolute at the margin: stipules subulate: panicle terminal: loment hispid ; 
 joints somewhat triangular. 2 — 3 f . S. 
 strictum, Fh. (O. p. Ju. If.) stilfly erect, glabrous, simple: leaves ternate, sub- 
 linear, net-veined : stipules subulate : racemes axillary and terminal ; lo- 
 ments about 2-jointcd ; joints lunate-triangular, hispid. 2 — 3 f. S. 
 Ixvigatum, N. (E. p. Au. 2X-) very smooth ; stem simple, erect, sub-glaucous: 
 leaves ternate, long-petioled ; leafets ovate, acute : stipules subulate, minute, 
 caducous : panicle terminal, sub-simple : llowers in pairs on long peduncles : 
 bracts ovate, acute, shorter than the llower-buds : joints of the loment trian- 
 gular, hispid. S. 
 nudijlorum, (E. p. Ju. 2X-) leaves ternate, broad-oval, acuminate, sub-glaucous 
 beneath: scape panicled, glabrous, radical, taller than the stem: joints of 
 the loment round-triangular. 1 — 2 f. 6'. 
 glutinosum, W. (O. p. Ju. 71.) erect, simple: leaves long-petioled, ternate, 
 round-ovate, acuminate: panicle scape-like, proceeding from one side of the 
 base of the stem : peduncles with glutinous hairs: joints of the loment ob- 
 long-triangular, a little glabrous. S. 
 acuminatum, Ms.. (O. p. Ju. If.) erect, simple, pubescent, leafy at the sum- 
 mit: leaves ternate, ovate, long-acuminate, with scattered hairs on both 
 sides, close-pressed, long-petioled; the odd leafet round-rhomboid: paniclo 
 long-peduncled, terminal. 1 — 2 f. >S'. 
 bracteosam,Mx. (I) (O. r. Au. Ti-) erect, glabrous: leaves ternate, oblong- 
 oval, acuminate : stipules subulate : racemes terminal, with scattered floW" 
 ers : bracts ovate, acuminate, striate, glabrous : joints of the loment sub- 
 oval. 3—5 f. S. 
 alpirn(m,Yar.america7ium,Mx. (2) (A. p. 2i!-) erect : leaves pinnate; leafets 
 oval-oblong, hairy : stipules partly sheathing : joints of the loment roundish. 
 S. 
 glabelinm, Mx. (0. p. Ju. 21.) erect, glabrous: leaves ternate, ovate-obtuse, 
 sub-glaucous beneath : stipules small, subulate ; panicle terminal ; joints of 
 the loment rhomb-triangular, 2 f. S, 
 
 Southern. 
 
 lineatum., Mx. (E. 2^.) stem creeping, striped with green : leaves ternate, 
 roundish, sub-sessile : racemes long, with small scattered llowers : joints of 
 the loment lenticular. 
 
 rigidum, E. (E. p. Au. 2X.) ^'^^^^ ^^'"X ^''^^'^^^'^o • leaves oblong-ovate, ob- 
 tuse, reticulate, pubescent : panicle branching: bracts lance-ovate, acumi- 
 nate. 3 f. 
 
 rhombifolium, E. (E. p. S. H.) pubescent : leaves ternate, rhomboid, obtuse, 
 thick, reticulate, rugose : panicle compound : bracts small : loment 1 — 3« 
 jointed : joints roundish, veined. 2 — 3 f. 
 
 scaberrimum, E. (E. p. Ju. 2X.) erect, very scabrous : leaves ternate, ovate, 
 
 {l)>uspidatum, W. (2) boreale, N ? 
 
238 HEDTSARUM, HELIANTHUS. 
 
 tapering towards the apex, acute, pilose-pubescent : stipules ovate, acumi- 
 nate, persistent: panicle terminal : joints of the loment somewhat triangular, 
 very hispid. 3 — 4 f. 
 paucijlorum,N. (W. w. 21-) decumbent: stem filiform : leaves ternate, long- 
 petioled ; leafets broad-ovate, acuminate, pubes^nt-ciliate ; terminal one 
 broad-rhomboid: stipules obsolete: raceme terminal, peduncled, shorter 
 than the leaves, very few- (4 — 8,) flowered. Lespedeza. 
 
 Hedysarum, Lespzdeza. 
 
 17 — 2. Helexium. 49. 55. 
 
 aufumnale, (false sunflower. O. y. Au, 21-) leaves lanceolate, serrate, sub- 
 decurrent : stem corymbed above: disk florets 5-cleft: rays flat, reflex- 
 ed. Var.f>«6f;ycen^, leaves pubescent. 3 — 5f. S. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 canaliculatum, Lk. leaves lanceolate, serrate, sub-decurrent : stem simple : 
 disk florets 5-cleft : ray-floretschannelled. 
 
 quadridentatum, Mx. (O. Ju. 7X-) leaves broad-decurrent ; lower ones sub- 
 pinnatifid ; upper ones lanceolate, entire, glabrous: disk florets 4-toothed, 
 3 — 4 f. Zinnia. 
 
 Helianthemum, CrSTTS. 
 
 17 — 3. Hklianthus. 49. 55. 
 
 1. Leaves opposite. 
 
 atrorubenSf W. (W. y. ^'P- Au. 2X-) hispid: stem nakedish above, lax-pani- 
 cled : leaves spatulate, ovate, crena(e» 3-nerved, scabrous above : scales of 
 the calyx lance-ovate, of the length of the disk. 3 — 4 f. S. 
 
 divancatus, (E. y. Au. 21.) stem glabrous, very branching : leaves nearly op- 
 posite, sessile, lance-ovate, 3-nerved, scabrous above, smooth beneath : pa- 
 nicle trichotomous, slender, few-flowered. 5 — 6 f. S. 
 
 frondosus,W. (E. Can. y. Ju. 21.) stem glabrous below : leaves petioled, ovate, 
 sharply serrate : peduncles scabrous : calyx squarrose, undulate, leafy, cili- 
 ate : rays 8-flowered. 4 — 5 f. 
 
 trachelifolitis, W. (1) E. y. Au. 2^.) leaves lance-ovate, acuminate, serrate, 
 3-nerved, very rough both sides ; scales of the calyx lance-linear, ciliate ; 
 outer ones lono:est. 2 — 4 f. S, 
 
 hispidulus, E. (W. y. S. 21-) ■stem scabrous : leaves sessile, lance-ovate, taper- 
 ing towards the summit, serrulate, scabrous above, paler and slightly hispid 
 beneath : scales of the calvx lance-ovate, ciliate : chaflf 3-toothed. 3 — i f. 
 S. ^ 
 
 2. Upper leaves alternate. 
 
 angiistifolius,W. (2) (E. y. & p. O. 2i.) stem slender, slightly scabrous : 
 leaves narrow-lanceolate, revolute at the margin, scabrous, entire, glaucous 
 beneath: scales of the calyx lance-linear, ciliate, expanding: chafl 3-tooth- 
 ed. 3— 5f. iS. 
 
 wioZ/w, W. (E. y. Ju. 21-) stem smooth below, scabrous above : leaves lance- 
 ovate, acute, serrate, scabrous above, pubescent and hoary beneath : flowers 
 few, terminal. 3 — 6 f. iS. 
 
 struiyiosus, W. (O. )•. 2X.) leaves ovate, acuminate, serrate, 3-nerved, scabrous 
 beneath : scales of the calyx lance-linear, ciliate at the base. 
 
 altissimus, W. (O. y. Au. 2l-) leaves alternate, lance-ovate, serrate, scabro us, 
 
 (1) giga», Mx. (2) Rudbeckia, W. in the same work. *' 
 
HEIIANTHUS. 239 
 
 3-nervcd, slender at the apex, with ciliate petioles: scales of the calyx 
 lanceolate, ciliate. Chaff on the receptacle green : stem purple. 4 — 8 f . 
 
 gigantettSf W. (y. S. 21-) leaves lanceolate, scabrous, alternate, obscurely 3-nerv- 
 ed, sub-sessile, attenuate at each end, ciliate at the base : scales of the calyx 
 lanceolate, ciliate. V^ar. cnnitiis, leaves approximate, long, lance-linear, 
 acuminate, sub-entire, scabrous, sub-sessile, both sides coloured alike : ca- 
 lyx squarrose ; segments linear. 5 — 6 f. S. 
 
 decapetalus, (O. y. Au. 2X0 leaves ovate, acuminate, remotely serrate, S-nerv- 
 ed, scabrous, pubescent beneath: scales of the calyx lanceolate, sub-equal, 
 8ub-ciliate : rays ten or twelve. 3 — 4 f. S. 
 
 multiflorus, W. (A. S. 2X-) leaves 3-nerved, scabrous ; lower ones cordate , • 
 upper ones ovate : rays many-flowered : scales of the calyx lanceolate. ^S*. 
 
 macrophyllus, W. (y. Au. 21-) leaves ovate, acuminate, 3-nerved, serrate, sca- 
 brous above, white-pubescent beneath : scales of the calyx linear, squarrose, 
 
 petiolaris, N. (W. y. & p. Au. 0.) leaves alternate, ovate, acute, somewhat en- 
 tire, very long-petioled, scabrous; stem erect, branching: flowers long-pe- 
 duncled : seedd villose. S. 
 
 Exotic, 
 tuberosusj (Jerusalem artichoke, y. S. 2i.) leaves 3-nerved, scabrous; lower 
 
 ones heart-ovate ; upper ones ovate, acuminate: petioles ciliate. Koot tu- 
 
 berous. Naturalized. 4 — 8 i. 
 annuus, (common sunflower, y. & w. Ju. 21-) leaves all cordate, 3-nerved ; 
 
 peduncles thickening upwards: flowers nodding. 6 — 10 f. 
 
 Southern. 
 1. Leaves opposite. 
 
 pubescens, W. (1) (W. y. Au. 21.) hoary-pubescent: stem villose: leaves ses- 
 sile, heart-ovate, clasping, 3-nei-ved, crenulate, very sol't ; scales of the calyx 
 lanceolate, villous. !2 — 3 f. 
 
 longif alius. Ph. (O. y. S. 2Ji.) very glabrous : stem panicled : branches few- 
 flowered at the summit : leaves sub-sessile, very long-lanceolate, 3-nerved, 
 very entire ; lower ones serrate : scales of the calyx ovate, acute ; outer 
 ones linear, divaricate. 4 — 7 f. 
 
 iparsifolius, E. (E. y. & p. Au. 21.) stem scabrous : branches sub-glabrous : 
 leaves ovate, acute, coarsely toothed, hispid, very scabrous on both sides, ab- 
 ruptly contracted into the petiole : scales of the calyx lance-oval, ciliate. 
 4— of. 
 
 truncaius, Sz. (E. y. S. 2{.) stem slender, glabrous : leaves ovate, serrate, ta- 
 pering towards the apex, hairy, scabrous, closely sessile: scales of the calyx 
 lance-ovate, ciliate ; chaff lanceolate, ciliate, pubescent. 2 f. 
 
 tennifolius, E. (E. y. S. 21.) stem smooth : leaves iance-ovate, acuminate, 
 coarsely serrate, a little scabrous on both sides, long petioled, membranace- 
 ous : scales of the calyx lanceolate, ciliate : flowers small. 4 f. 
 
 spatulatus, E. (E. y. S. 21.) stem scabrous above : leaves spatulate-ovafe, 
 sub-acuminate, serrate, scabrous above, pubescent beneath : branches oppo- 
 site : scales of the calyx lanceolate, hispid : chaff acuminate, entire. 4 — 6 f , 
 
 tricttspis, E. (E. y. S. 2i-) leaves oblong, lance-ovate, scabrous on both sides; 
 scales of the calyx broad-subulate, ciliate : chaff of the receptacle tricuspi- 
 date. 3 — 4 f. 
 
 diver sifoliiis, E. (E. y. S. 21-) stem scabrous : lower leaves lance-ovate, acu- 
 minate ; upper ones heart-ovate, mucronate ; all scabrous above, and pubes- 
 cent beneath : scales of the calyx lanceolate, ciliate : chaff slightly 3-tooth- 
 ed. 3 — 5 f. 
 
 (1) mollis, Lk. canesceos, Mx. 
 
240 HESIANTHUS, HEIONIIS. 
 
 scaberrimvs, E. (E. y. S. 2|.) leaves lanceoldtie, very scabrous on both sides, 
 
 nearly entire : scales of the calyx ovate : chaiSf of the receptacle entire, cili- 
 
 ate on (he back. 4 — G f. 
 tubaefonniSfW. (W. 0.) leaves cordate, viredge-form at the base, villose, 3- 
 
 nerved : peduncles thickened, hollow. ♦ 
 
 laeti/lorns, r. (21.) leaves opposite, ovate-oblong, 3-nerved, serrate, rough ; 
 
 peduncles elongated : scales of the calyx lanceolate, erect, ciliate : ray« 
 
 many-llowered, very long. 
 pnnciJlorU3y N. (W. y.) leaves lance-linear, acuminate, serra'te, smooth ish : 
 
 stem naked, (richoiomous, few-flowered : calyx close-imbricate ; divisions 
 
 ovate. 4 — 5 f. 
 
 2. Upper leaves alternate. 
 
 tomentosus, Mx. ? E. (E. y. S. 7i-) stem rough : leaves lance-ovate, tapering 
 to the summit, acute, serrulate, scabrous above, tomentose beneath, gener- 
 ally alternate : scales of the calyx leafy, squarrose, lanceolate : chafi' 3-cleft. 
 4— 6f. 
 
 aristatm, E. (E. y. S.) str^m erect, scabrous: lower leaves opposite, closely 
 sessile, lance-oval, acute, toothed, scabrous, hairy beneath : corymbs few- 
 flowertd : seeds compressed : awns 2, persistent. This species appears to 
 be intermediate between Actinomeris and Helianthus, and may belong to a 
 distinct genus. Elliott. 2 — 3 f . Rudbeckia. 
 
 17—2. Heliopsis. 49. 55. 
 
 IccvisjV. (1) (ox-eye. O. Ju. 21.) stem glabrous : leaves opposite, ovate, ser- 
 rate, 3-nerved, smooth. 3 — 3 f. (S. Helenium. 
 
 5 — 1. Heliotropium. 41. 42. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 indicum, (turnesole. E. b. Ju. ^.) leaves heart-ovate, acute, rough i sh : spikes 
 solitary : fruit bifid. 8 — 12 i. 
 
 curassavicum, (O. y-w. J. 0?) leaves narrow lanceolate, succulent, glabrous, 
 without veins : spikes conjugate. 6 — 12 i. 
 
 9uropeiim, (E. w. ^ ) leaves ovate, very entire, tomentose, rugose : spikes con- 
 jugate. Inodorous. Anagallis. 
 
 12—13. Helleborus. 26. 61. 
 
 foetidus, (helleboic.) stem many-flowerrd, leafy i leaves pedate, remotely ser- 
 rate, coriaceous : corol somewhat coiivcrgiug. Magnolia. 
 
 Helleborus, Coptis. 
 
 6—3. Heloias. iO. 13. 
 
 latijolia, Mx. (2) (helonias. E. p. M. 21-) scap' almost leafless : spike oValc, 
 
 crowded : bracts lance-lincar : leaves lancet . .te, mucrc:iate, nerved. S. 
 erythrofperma, Mx. (3) {w.& g. J. 2i) scap-. cafy : racemes oblong : bracts 
 
 short: leaves linear, veiy long: seed ovale, reddish : capsule shcrtencd 
 
 with divaricate hi rns. 2 f . S. 
 angnsdfolia, Mx. (E. J. 21.) scape leafy : leaves linear, subulate : raceme 
 
 simple, terminal : capsules oblong, covering at the suiumit : seeds linear. 
 
 2{. S. 
 
 (1) Helianthus laevis, L. Rudbeckia oppoikifcVia, L. in another place. 
 Buphthalmumhelianlhoides, W; oilphium solidagirKM-les, L. the last lime he 
 notices it: (2) builala, W. (3) > elanthium luteum, W: pbalangioides, Lk. 
 muscaetoxicura, Wr. Antherituin subtrigiuura, Jn, 
 
HELONIAS, HERACLEUM. Q41 
 
 4iotca, Wr. (1) blazing star, false unicorn root. E. w. J. 21.) scape leafy : ra- 
 cemes spiked, nodding: pedicels short, sub-bracted : filaments longer than 
 
 thecorol: petals linear : leaves lance-oblong. Generally dioecious. ] 
 
 2f. S. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 •dubia^ Mx. (E. 2Z.) leaves grass-like, very long and narrow : scape naked 
 spike slender : flowers small, sessile. 2--3 f. Xerophyllum. 
 
 Helonias, Xerophyllum, 
 
 21—6. Helvella. 5S. 1, 
 
 -nigricans., small, from sooty -yellow becoming black : pileus free but pressed 
 together both sides : pileus smooth, having bran-like scales in some cases. 
 
 Morchella. 
 
 6 — 1. Hemerocallis. 10. 16. 
 
 Exotic. 
 
 fiava, (yellow day-lily. y. Ju. 21.) leaves broad-linear, keeled : petals flat, 
 acute ; nerves of the petals undivided. 
 
 fuiva, (tawny day-lily. y. Ju. 2^.) leaves linear-lanceolate, keeled: three in- 
 ner petals obtuse, undulate ; nerves of the outer petals branching. Natural- 
 ized. 3 f. Polyanthes, 
 
 2—1. Hemianthus. 40. 40. 
 
 nicrantha. Ph. (2) (E. w. Au. 0.) glabrous, succulent : leaves closely sessile, 
 ovate, and oval, obtuse, entire, nerved : peduncles shorter than the leaves : 
 calyx 5-cleft : style 2-cleft. ^. Catalpa. 
 
 12—13. Hepatica. 26. 61, 
 
 rcutiloba, Dc. (heart-liverleaf. O. w. & b. Ap. 2X.) leaves cordate, 3 to 5-lobed; 
 
 lobes entire, acute: leaves of the caljx acute. Grows in woods, prefering 
 
 the north side of hills and mountains. This ii the Var. acuta of the triloba, 
 
 of W. 5 i. 
 americana, Dc. ( kidney -liverleaf. O. w. & b. Ap. 21-) leaves heart- renifornj, 
 
 3-lobed ; lobes entire, round-obtuse : leaves of the calyi obtuse. Grows 
 
 chiefly in woods, prefering the south side of hills and mountains. This has 
 
 been mistaken for the triloba of W. 5 i. 
 
 The last species has lately come into great repute as a tonic, deebsiruent 
 and diuretic. Prof. Tully believes its powers are exaggerated, and that it can- 
 not be relied on in a dangerous disease ; but that it may be considerably use- 
 ful in moderate complaints. It ought not to be called the Liverwort, as this is 
 the well known name of the Marchantia poiymorpha. Its true English name 
 is Liverleaf. Ranunculus. 
 
 5 — % Heracleum. 45. 60. 
 
 iaruttum, Mx. (0. w. Ju. 71-) petioles and nerves of the leaves very viliose be- 
 neath : leafets petioled, broad, round-cordate, sub-palmate-lobed : seed or- 
 bicular. A large umbelliferous plant of a white woolly appearance. Mea- 
 dows and other damp places. Very poisonous. 
 
 (1) pumlla, Jn. Melanthium dioicum, Wr. densum, Lk. Veratrura lute- 
 um, L. It is still placed where Linneus left it by N. but it differs too widely in 
 habit and sensible qualities to remain with the Veratrum viride. (2) micran- 
 themoides, N. Herpeatis, Ph. 
 
 21 
 
243 HERACLEUM, HEUCHEHA- 
 
 Southern, 
 spondilium, (W. (^.) leaves pinnate : leafets 5, oblong, pinnatifid, acnte, den- 
 tate : corol nearly uniform. Angelica. 
 
 13—2. Hkrpf.stis. (1) 40.^0. 
 
 cuneifolia, Mx. (b. Au. 21.) very glabrous : leaves wedge-obova!e, obscurely 
 crenate above : peduncles as long as the leaves : corol 5-cIeft. <Sf. 
 
 SoutJiern. 
 
 rotundifolia, Mx. (0. b. Au.) finely pubescent : leaves oval, roundish, many- 
 nerved : peduncles opposite as long as (he leaves ; corol 4-cleft. 
 
 amplexicaulis,Mi. (2) (E. Au.) stem vpooliy : leaves cordate, clasj ing, entire, 
 obtuse : peduncles shorter than the leaves : corol 4-cleft. 
 
 brownei, Ph. (W.) leaves oblong, entire : peduncles longer than (he leaves: 
 stem declined. Liinosella. 
 
 14—2. Hesperis. 39. 63. 
 
 pinnatifida, M x. (wild rocket. E. J. (^.) leaves sharply serrate ; upj>€r ones 
 lanceolate, lower ones pinnatifid : silique sub-peduncled : pedicel at length 
 much longer than the calyx. 1 f. S. 
 
 Exotir. 
 
 tristis, (yellow rocket, q^.) stem hispid j branches spreading: leaves lance- 
 ovate : silique svpord-form. 
 
 matronalis, (garden rocket, dame violet. 2i.) stem simple, erect: leaves lance- 
 ovate, denticulate : petals emarginate, mucronate. Var. hurtensU, flowers 
 double, odoriferous, white. Sinapis. 
 
 3 — 1. Heteranthera. 6. 17. 
 
 retiiformis, Mx. (3) (mud-plantain, g-w. Ju. 2i.) leaves round -reni form : 
 spatbe oblong, acuminate, 2 — 3-flowertd. 4 — 8 i. S. 
 
 Southern, 
 ovalis, Mx. (4) (W. b. Ju. 21.) leaves ovate-oblong : spathe lanceolate, one- 
 flowered. Syena. 
 
 5—2. Heuchera. 13. 84. 
 
 amertcana, (5) (alumroot. I^. r. Ju. Zf.) viscid-pubescent: sc.Mpe and leaves 
 roughish : leaves round-lobed, with dilated obtuse mucronate teeth : panicle 
 dichotomous : calyx short, obtuse : petals lanceolate as long as the calyx : 
 stamens exsert. 2 — 3 f. S. 
 
 pubescens, Ph. (O. r.&y.J.2X.) dusty-pubescent: scape glabrous below : leaves 
 sub-acute-lobed, toothed, glabrous beneaih : peduncles of the ])anicle short, 
 with crowded flowers : calyx large, bell-form : petals longer than the calyx, 
 large : stamens scarcely exserted. 2 f. ^S?. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 hispida^ Ph. (A. p. J. 21-) hispid, scabrous : scape, petioles and leaves gla- 
 brous beneath : leaves hispid-pilose above, acute-lobed, toothed ; teeth very 
 short, sub-retuse, mucronate : peduncles of the panicle few-flowered : calyx 
 shortish, sub-acute : petals spatulate as long as the calyx: stamens exsert. 
 
 caulescenSy Ph. (A. w. J. 21-) suffruticose at the base : scape at t!.e base, and 
 petioles pilose : leaves glabrous above, pilose at the nerves beneath, acutely 
 lobed, ciliate, dentate ; teeth acute, mucronate : calyx short, villose : pe- 
 tals linear twice as long aa the calyx : stamens exsert. 
 
 (1) Monniera, Mx. (2) Obolaria caroliniana, Wr. (3) acuta, Vahl. Lep- 
 tanthus, Mx. virginica, P. (4) limosa, Vahl. Leptanthus, Mx. (5) cortu- 
 sa, Mx. viscida, Ph. 
 
HEUCUERA^ HIEKACIUM. 2/iS 
 
 zillos.z, Mx. (A. W.J. 21.) rery villose : leaves acutely lol>cd, toothed; teeth 
 acute, niucronate : fascicles of the panicle, capillary, lax-jlowered : calyx 
 short : stamens exsert, Parox. 
 
 16—13. Hibiscus.' 37. 74.' 
 
 iiwscheutos, W. (1) (marsh mallow, w. & p. Au. 21.) leaves ovate, acuminate, 
 serrate, sub-3-lobed, sub-5-nerved, white-downy beneath : peduncles flower- 
 bearing' : calyx downy : capsule glabrous. 4 — 6 f. S. 
 
 paluitri^, (marsh hibiscus. E. p. Au. 2i.) leaves broad oval, obtusely serrate, 
 sub-3-Iobed, 3-nerved, downy beneath, acuminate : peduncles axillary, long- 
 er than the petiole. 3 — 4 f. 
 
 mi/itaris, (2) (VV. w-r. Au, 2X.) very glabrous : leaves 3-lobed, hastate, acu- 
 minate, serrate : corol tubular-campanulate : capsules ovate, acuminate, 
 glabrous: seeds silky. 3 — 4f. S. 
 
 virgijticus, (3) (sweat weed. L. r. Au. 2X.) downy, rough : leaves acuminate, 
 unequally toothed; lower ones cordate, undivided ; upper ones cordate-ob- 
 long, 3-lobe(i: peduncles axillary, and in terminal racemes : flowers nod- 
 ding: pistils nodding. 2 — 4 f. S. 
 
 Exotic. 
 
 phosniceus, (phenicean mallows, r. Ju. 2^.) leaves ovate, acuminate, serrate 
 and crenate, lower ones 3-cuspidate : peduncles jointed : seeds woolly. 6 
 —8 f. 
 
 vjriaciis, (syrian mallow, w. & p. Au. ^.) leaves wedge-ovate, 3-lobed, tooth- 
 ed : outer calyx about 8-leaved, of the length of the inner. 5 — 10 f. 
 
 isculentis, (okra. y. Ju. 0.) leaves heart-5-lobed, obtusish, toothed: petiole 
 longer than the flower : outer calyx about 5-leaved, caducous, bursting 
 Iftugthwise. 3 f. 
 
 txionum, (bladder ketmia, flower of an hour. ^.) outer calyx many-leaved, in- 
 ner one inflated : capsule membranaceous : leaves toothed, upper ones 3- 
 parted. 6 — 18 i. 
 
 Southern, 
 
 grandijlorus, Mx. (O. r. Au. 2X.) leaves large, coriaceous, triangular-cordate, 
 3-lobed, tomentose on both sides, hoary beneath : capsules tomentose, sub- 
 truncate. 5 — 7 f. 
 
 incanus, W. (E. y-w. S. 2X) leaves ovate, acuminate, obtusely serrate, hoary- 
 tomentoseon both sides : peduncles axillary : calyx tomentose, nearly equal. 
 
 coccineus, Wr. (4) (E. r. Au. 2^.) very glabrous : leaves palmate-5-parted ; 
 divisions lance-linear, acuminate, remotely serrate at the apex : capsule 
 ovate, glabrous. 4 — 8 f. 
 
 rnajiihottW. (W. y. ifep. Au. 2X') stem and petioles unarmed : leaves palmate- 
 digitate, 7-parted ; divisions linear : peduncles hispid : outer calyx 1-leav- 
 ed ; inner one torn : capsule very hirsute, pyramidal. 
 
 scaber, Mx.(5)(E. y. & p. Au.2(.) 'stem scabrous : lower leaves cordate, angled; 
 upper ones palmate, 3 — .o-lobed ; lobes irregular-dentate, angled : calyx 
 very hispid ; inner one twice as long as the outer. 3 f. 
 
 tarolinianus, M. (E. p. Au. 2X-) leaves cordate, ovate, acuminate, serrate, 
 smooth on both sides, sometimes sub-3-lobed : seeds hispid. 4 — 6 f. 
 
 Lavatera. 
 
 17 — 1. HiERACiUM. 49. 53. 
 
 venosum, (vein-leaf hawkweed. O. y. Ju. 2X.) scape naked, corymb-panicled 
 glabrous : leaves iance-obovate with thin hairs above and naked beneath, 
 
 (1) palusfris, Wr. (2) virginicus, Wr. hastatus, Mx. riparius, P. (3) 
 clypeatus, Wr. (4) speceosus, A. (5) aculeatug, Wr. 
 
244 HIERACIUM, HIEROCULOA. 
 
 margin ciliate, glandular-toothed, veins coloured : calyx glabrous. 1 — 2 f^ 
 
 gronovii, (O. y. Ju. 2X.) scape leafy, naked above, corymb-pmnicied : caljx 
 and peduncles glandular-pilose : radical leaves obovate and lanceoJate, cili- 
 ate, very pubescent. Var. nudicante, stem about ortfc-ieaved : panicle some- 
 what fastigiate. 2—3 f. S. 
 
 paniculatJtm, W. (O. y. Ju. 2^.) somewhat glabrous: stem erect, leafy, pani- 
 cled, white-woolly below : pedicels capillary : leaves lanceolate, naked, 
 toothed, membranaceous. 2 — 4 f. S. 
 
 kalmii, W. (O. y. Au. 7X-) *tem erect, many-flowered, smooth, downy above : 
 letves siib-sessile, lanceolate, acuminate, sharply toothed outside ; pedun- 
 cles axillary and terminal, downy. 
 
 mariaHUin^ \W , (I) (O. y. Ju. Il-) stem erect, villose : leaves oval-obovate, 
 strigose, villose on the keel, lower ones sub-dentate : peduncles and calyxes 
 downy. 1—2 f. S. 
 
 pnsUlum, W. (E. y. Ju. 21-) small, very villose : stem simple, erect, one-tlow~ 
 ered, somewhat 2-ieaved : leaves remote lanceolate, slenderly tapering, acute, 
 entire ; cauline ones linear: calyx very villose. Probably a variety of H. al- 
 pinuvi. Ph. Labrador. 
 
 molle, W. (E. y. Au. 2X.) pilose: stem erect, simple, leafy, corymbed, few- 
 flowered : leaves lance-oblong, attenuate, sparingly toothed below ; radical 
 ones petioled. Labrador. 
 
 virgatuirif Ph. (2) (O. y. Ju. 2lC-) stem erect, simple, villose : leaves sessile, 
 lanceolate, acute, glabrous, pilose beneath, sharply repand-toothed at the 
 margin, entire towards the apex : panicle sub-corymbed : calyx and pedun- 
 cle tonientose. Var. scabrumj Sz. leaves smaller, scabrous, more rigid. 
 2— 3f. 
 
 Jasciculatum, Ph. (E. y. Au. 2^.) somewhat glabrous : stem erect, leafy, sinv 
 ple, glabrous: leaves sessile, oblon;r. acut«, sharply toothed; t«**'th elorrgTif- 
 ed : branches of (l>e paalcle divaricate, short : pedicels pubescent, some- 
 v*h?.t lascicled. 
 
 macrnphyllum, Ph. (y. If.) very tall: stem erect, leafy, hispid, sulcate: leaves 
 cordate, half-clasping, ovate-oblong, remotely coarse-toothed, nearly naked ; 
 nerves and veins pubescent beneath : panicle divaricate-corymbed ; pedun- 
 cles elongated, naked, glabrous : calyx glabrous. 
 
 scabw'.sndum, Sz. & Say. (W. y.) stem glabrous, erect, terete, sulcate, leafy : 
 leaves lance-ovate, sessile, clasping, sub-dentate, scabrous and somewhat in-^ 
 volute i^ the margin, rugose above, glaucous and pilose beneath: calyx 
 smoothisb. 
 
 Exotic. 
 
 aurantiacnm, (orange hawkweed. y. 2X-) scape leafy, hispid ; flowers co» 
 rymbed : peduncles glomerate : leaves oblong, acutish, pilose-hispid. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 runcinatumy 3 . (W.) hirsute: leaves radical, oval-oblong, runclnate: scape 
 
 few-flowered, angular: calyx glandular-pilose. If. Krigia. 
 
 3—2. HlEROCHLOA. 4. 10. 
 
 borealis, Sch. (3) (sweet summer grass, seneca grass. M. 21.) panicle sub- 
 sccund, a little spreading : peduncles smooth : florets unarmed : lower valve 
 of the corol ciliate on the margin : root creeping. 18 i. 
 
 alpina, Wahl. (A. J. ZC-) panicle ovate, contracted : spikelets compressed, 
 longer than the branches : glumes lanceolate, nearly nerveless : lateral florets 
 triandrous ; one of them with an a%vn about as long as the valves; sides al- 
 most smooth, margins ciliate. 6 — 8 i. Holcus, 
 
 (1) scabrum, Mx. (2) canadense, Mx. (3) fragrans, Rs. HgIcus odora* 
 tus, Mx. lanatus, L. 
 
HIMANTIA, HOTTONIA. S45 
 
 21—6. HiMANTIA. 58. 1. 
 
 domestica, large tawny violet, soft ; somewhat cohering in a membrane. Of- 
 ten between timbers of a building. 
 
 sulphuredf pale sulphur-yellow, flaxen and fibrous ; branches sub-terete, inter- 
 woven. On trunks. 
 
 tandida, white, thin and tender ; dilated at the apex and sub-plumose. On 
 fallen leaves. Mesenterica. 
 
 20—8. HippopHAE. 16. 24. 
 
 canadensis^ W. (sea buckthorn. M. ^j.) leaves ovate, acutish, a little gla- 
 brous above, silver-haired and brilliant beneath : scales scattered, ferrugi- 
 nous. 6 — 8 f. 
 
 arge7itea,Fh. (W. Tp.) leaves ovate, obtuse, glabrous on both sides and cov- 
 ered with silvery scales. 12 — 18 f. Serpicula. 
 
 1—1. HippuRis. 15. 88. 
 
 vulgaris, (mares tail. y-g. M. 21.) leaves linear, and lance-linear, Verticil- 
 late in 6s, 8s, 9s. S. Canna. 
 
 3—2. HoLccs. 4. 10. 
 
 lanaitis, (E. J. 21') panicle equal : florets shorter than the calyx ; superior one 
 with a recurved awn : root fibrous. 1 — 2 f. Pennisetum. 
 
 HolmSf HiEROCHLOA, KOELERIA. 
 
 3—3. HoLosTEUM. 22. 82. 
 
 sttcculentum, (L.) leaves elliptic, fleshy : petals somewhat 3-cleft, shorter than 
 flie calyx. MoUugo. 
 
 15—12. HoPEA. 37. 74. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 titictoria, (sweet leaf. E. y. Ap. Tp.) leaves lance-oblong, glaucous, pubescent 
 
 beneath : flowers sessile, axillary, in clusters. 15 — 18 f. Nuttallia. 
 
 3—2. HORDEUM. 4—10. 
 
 jubatum, (0. J. c^.) lateral florets abortive, neuter : awns of the calyx andco- 
 rol 6 times as long as the flowers. 2 f. S. 
 
 Southern. 
 pusiUum,'N. (W.) lateral florets starainate or neuter, awnless, acute: four 
 inner scales of the calyx coriaceous, dilated ; all short awaed : awns sca- 
 brous. 4 — 6 i. Decumbent. 
 
 Exotic, 
 vulgare, W. (barley. Ju. 0.) florets all perfect, awned, in two erect rows. 
 distichon,W. (J. ^.) lateral florets imperfect, awnless : seeds angular, im- 
 bricate. MoQOcera. 
 10—3. HORTENSIA. 13. 84. 
 
 Exotic, 
 sptciota, (changeable hydrangea, r. & w. J. Tp.) leaves broadly ovate, serrate, 
 acuminate : flowors coryrabed. From the East Indies. This is the com- 
 mon flower-pot shrub, usually called hyderindia. Micropetalum. 
 
 5—1. HOTTONIA. 21. 34. 
 
 palu4tris, (water violet. E.. w. Ju. 2i.) flowers whorled, peduncled; stem 
 
 21* 
 
246 HOFSTONIA, HUMTTTiUg. 
 
 geniculate, with inflated joints : leaves pinnatifid ; segments linear. S. 
 
 Samolus. 
 
 4 — 1 HousTONiA. 47. 57. 
 
 cxrulea, (1) (venus' pride, forget-me-not. O. b. & w.^I. 2X-) stem erect, se- 
 taceous, dichotomous : radical leaves spatulate ; cauline ones oblanceolate, 
 opposite : peduncles l-flowered, elongated. 4 — 6 i. S. 
 tongifolia, W. (2) (E. p. Ju. 2X.) leaves narrow-lanceolate, tapering to each 
 
 end : flowers corymbed. 6 — 12 i. S. 
 purpurea^W. (3) (O. p. w. Ju. 2i-) stem erect, branching above, pubescent at 
 tne joints : leaves sessile, ovate, lanceolate or lance-linear : fascicles termi- 
 nal, corymbed. 4 — 8 i. S. 
 cilioLataf T. (VV. p.) radical leaves ovate, obtuse, narrowed at the base, ciliate 
 at the margin; cauline ones ovate-spatulate, seasile : corymbs terminal, pe- 
 dicelled : peduncles trichotomous : divisions of the calyx, lance-linear : stem 
 smooth, branched above. 
 pubescens,K. (VV.) leaves wedge-form, acute, pubescent ; lower ones sub-j)€- 
 " tioled, lanceolate ; upper ones sub-oval, sessile : panicle trichotomous, ter- 
 minal. 
 
 Southern, 
 serpylfifolia, Mx. (O. b. M. ZC-) procumbent, cespitose : leaves spatulate, ob- 
 tuse : peduncles terminal, l-flowered, very long. 
 tenelta. Ph. (A. b. J. 21.) stem creeping, filiform : leaves round, acute, nerv- 
 ed : peduncles terminal, l-flowered, very long. Smaller than the last. 
 rotundifolia, Mx. (L. w. Ap. 2X.) creeping: leaves ovate, roundish, abruptly 
 narrowed at the base : peduncles axillary, solitary, l-flowered. Leaves 
 evergreen. 
 patens, E. (4) (E. p. March. 0.) small : stem spreading, dichotomous, with 
 
 scabrous angles : flowers solitary, terminal and axillary. 1 — 2 i. 
 temiifolia^ N. (W.) smooth : stem erect, divaricate, very branching : branches 
 aub-trichotomous : leaves narrow-linear : corymbs terminal, sub-fastigiate, 
 with long setaceous peduncles. 6 i. 
 minima, Bk. (W. p. March. ^ ?) stem erect, simple^ 4-cornered, somewhat 
 scabrous : leaves opposite, spalulate-ovate, sub-acuminate, ciliate, scabrous 
 on both sides: flowers peduncled, solitary, terminal. 1 — 1 1-2 i. 
 
 Mitchella. 
 
 13—1. HuDSONiA. 18. 80. 
 
 ericoides, (false heath. O. y. J. Tp.) leaves aoerose-subulate, hirsute : pedun- 
 cles filiform, solitary. About 6 inches high ; a very delicate shrub. Pine 
 barrens. 
 
 tometitoaa, N. (L. y. Ju.) hoary-tomentose : leaves ovate, imbricate, shorter 
 than the intervals of the stem : flowers sub-sessile : calyx obtuse. 
 
 Southern. 
 7nontana,'N^ (A.) decumbent, smoothish, cespitose : leaves long, filiform-subu- 
 late, sub-imbricate : peduncles terminal, solitary : calyx b«U-forra, woolly : 
 capsule villose. 3 — 5 i. Portulacca. 
 
 20—5. HuMULUS. 53. 98. 
 
 lupulus, (hop. O. g-y. Au. 2i') stem twining with the sun : leavea lobed. One 
 of the best of tonics. Cannabis. 
 
 (1) linnei, Mx. (2) angustifolia, Mx. (3) rarians, Mx. Hedyotis um- 
 bellata, VVr. Kno:iia purpurea, Lk. (4) linne-i, Var. Mx. coerulea. Var. 
 minor, Ph. 
 
UUTCHINSIA, HYDKAT^TGEA. 247* 
 
 21 — 4. HuTCHiNSiA. 57. 2. 
 
 fastigiate, threads dichotomous, sub-equal, fastigiate : joints shorter than their 
 diameters, marked in the middle with dark dots. In the sea. Will not ad- 
 here to paper. 
 
 violacea, very branching, diffuse : branches wand-like, spreading: lower joints 
 shorter than their diameter, those of the branches six times as long. In the 
 sea. Adheres to paper loosely. 
 
 stricta, tlireads straight, equal : branches dichotomous, erectish : joints about 
 thrice as lon^' as the diameter. Ceramium. 
 
 6—1. Htacinthus. 10. 16. 
 
 Exotic. 
 
 orientnlis, (garden hyacinth, r. Ap. Zf.) corol funnel-form, half-6-cleft, venlri* 
 cose at the base. 
 
 museari, (musk hyacinth, b. Ap. Ti-) corols ovate, all equal. 
 
 botryoides, (grape hyacinth, b. Ap. 21-) corols globose, uniform : leaves cy- 
 lindric, channelled, straight. 
 
 comosus, (purple grape hyacinth, p.) corols angular-cylindric ; upper flowers 
 sterile, long-peduncled, erect. 
 
 racemosus, (hare-bell hyacinth. 2^.) flowers thick, ovate, those at the tOD ses- 
 sile : leaves lax, pendant, linear, carinate. Tulipa. 
 
 21—6. Hydnum. 58. 1. 
 
 imbricatum, (prickly fungus.) pileus fleshy, umbilicate, scaly: scales thick, 
 sub-erect, obscure. 
 
 repandnm, pale-fleshy : pileus rugose, flexuose, somewhat lobed, glabrous : 
 teeth thickish, mostly compressed: stipe tuberous, a little out of the centre 
 of the pileus. Sometimes it is halved. 
 
 §oncresc€ns, in groups, confluent : pileus corky, funnel-form, having zones, 
 chesnut-brown : teeth slender, shining-tawny : stipe short, sub-tuberous, de- 
 formed. Colour varies with the season. 
 
 ^e/afi7?05uni, gelatinous, white-glaucous : pileus flat both sides: stipe lateral. 
 About three-fourths of an inch broad. 
 
 coralloides, large, very branching: branches crowded, incurved : terminal 
 teeth sub-fascicled. 
 
 chrysorhizum, (paper punk.) yellow, membranaceous, stemless, spread : root 
 golden-yellow, filiform, with intersecting branches ; extending far along the 
 grains of decaying wood. The root of this fungus has been often noticed se- 
 veral yards in length ; but Dr. J. Torrey, of New- York, was the first, I be- 
 lieve, who traoed it to the pileus, and proved it a hydnum. (1) 
 
 Thelephora* 
 
 10—2. Hydrangea. 13. 84. 
 
 vulgaris, '2ii. (2) (hydrangea. E. w. Au. ^.) leaves oblong-ovate, obtuse at 
 the base, acuminate, toothed, glabrous beneath : cymes naked, 5 f. S. 
 
 nivea, Mx. (3) (E. w. Ju. ^.) leaves heart-ovate, acuminate, serrate, snow- 
 white down beneath : cymes radiate. 6 — 8 f. S. 
 
 Southern, 
 cordata. Ph. (4) (A. Ju. H-) leaves broad-ovate, sub-cordate at the base, acu- 
 minate, coarsely toothed, glabrous beneath : cymes generally radiate. 
 
 (1) Dr. Torrey did not publish this species in his catalogue, because some 
 doubts had arisen since the publication of the second edition of the Manual. 
 I have concluded to let it remain for the present. I am still inclined to believe 
 it is a hydnum ; but the pileus is rarely found. (2) arbor«scens, W. (3) ra- 
 tiiata. Wi-. (4) vulgaris, Mx. 
 
$48 HYDIUNGEA, HTDROLEA. 
 
 quereifolia, Bart. (E. w. & r. Ju. "^.) leaves oblong, sinuate-lobed, toothed, to- 
 raentose beneath : cvmes radiate, thyrse-panicled. 4 — 5 f. 
 
 Saxifraga. 
 
 Hydrangea y Hortensia. ^ 
 
 12—13. Hydrastis. 26. 61. 
 
 ca7iade7isis, (orange root. O. w-r. Ap. 21-) stem with two opposite leaves above ; 
 leaves petioled, emarginate at the base, pahnate, serrate, geished : pedunsle 
 terminal, solitary, 1-flowered. Roots yellow. S. Clematis. 
 
 20—9. Hydrocharis. 1. 22. 
 
 Southern, 
 spongiosot Bosc. (1) (E. w. Au. 21.) monoecious: leaves floating, round-cor» 
 date, reticulate beneath, with vesicles at the base. Stagnant water. 
 
 Gymnocladus. 
 
 19— €. Hydrochloa. 4. 10. 
 
 JiuitaiiS,^%. (2) (E. Ju. IS..) small: stem slender, branching : leaves linear, 
 flat: spikes solitary, axillary, setaceous, about 4-flowered : glumes unawn- 
 ed. S. Ceratophyllum. 
 
 S— 2. Hydrocotyle. 45. 60. 
 
 umbellaia, W. (water navel-wort. E. g-w. M. li.) leaves peltate, crenate, at 
 the base emarginate : umbels peduncled, many-flowered. S. 
 
 americana, (O. g-w. J. 2X-) glabrous, tuberous : leaves sub-peltate, orbicular, 
 doubly -crenate : glomerules few-flowered, sessile. Var. Jiexicaulis, stems 
 firmer and shorter, somewhat flexuous-angled. Var. gracilis, slender, fili- 
 form, not flexuous : leaves smaller. Plant low and prostrate. Flowers very 
 small. S. 
 
 vulgaris, (7) (g-w. J. 2X0 leaves orbicular, peltate, slightly crenate : scape in- 
 terruptedly spiked, few-flowered. S. 
 
 ranuculoides, (3) (J. 2X.) leaves cordate, somewhat 5-lobed, crenate-dentate : 
 umbels capitate, 8 — 10-flowered. S. 
 
 Limata, Mx. (4) (E. r-w. Ju. 2X-) glabrous, creeping : leaves sessile, cuneale- 
 linear, with transverse nerves : umbels peduncled. S. 
 
 composita. Ph. (S) (E. w. Ap.) root tuberous : stem simple, 2-leaved ; leaves 
 sub-ternate; leafets many-cleft : umbel 3 — 5-flowered. 1 i, S. 
 
 Southern, 
 repajida, P. (E. r-w. Ju. 2i.) leaves round-cordate, somewhat repand : pe- 
 tioles and nerves pilose : heads 3-flowered, peduncled. 
 ainbigiea, Ph. (W. w.) radical leaves compound: stem nearly leafless, 2 — 3- 
 umbelled : little umbels somewhat 3-flowered : petals lanceolate. 
 
 Smymiutn. 
 
 Hydroglossuntf Lygodium. 
 
 5—2. Hydrolka. 29. 43. 
 
 South€r?t. 
 quadrivalvis, \Vr. (6) (E. b. Ju. 2X-) spinose, pilose : leaves, long -lanceolate ; 
 
 flowers nearly sessile, axillary : capsules glabrous, 
 corymftosa, Macbride. (E. b. & y. Ju. 2|.) without spines: sub-glabrous: 
 
 leaves lanceolate ; calyx hispid : flowers terminal. 2 f. 
 spinosa, (W.) leaves lanceolate, hirsute : flowers terminal. Dichondra. 
 
 {i ) cordifolia, N; (2) zizania, Mx. (3) cymbalarifolia, M. (4) Crautzia, 
 N. (5) bipinnata, M. Erigenia bulbosa, N. (6) caroliniana, Mx. (7) in- 
 terrupta, M. 
 
HYDROPEliTIS, HYPERICUM. 249 
 
 12 — 13. HyDR0PELTi3. . 26. 61. 
 
 purpurea, Mx. (1) (water shield. O. p. Au. 2X-) leaves peltate, oval, entire : 
 peduncles solitary, 1-ilowered. The leaves float on the surface of water, bav- 
 in"- Ion"- flexible peliolea. Plant mostly covered with mucilage. >S'. 
 " Nelumbium. 
 
 5 — I. Hydrophyllum. 41. 42. 
 
 appendiculatum, Mx. (water-leaf. b. M. 21.) very hirsute : radicalleaves sub- 
 pinnatifid, cauline ones lobe-angled: sinuses of the calyx appendaged : the 
 fascicles of flowers sub-panicled. Calyx very hispid. S. 
 
 rirginiaim, (burr-flower. O. b. J. 2X.) smoothish : leaves pinnate and pinnati- 
 fid ; divisions lance-oval, gash-serrate ; fascicles of the flowers conglomerate. 
 The flowers have the appearance of a burr several weeks before they expand. 
 9—18 i. iS". 
 
 t-anadense, W. (rough burr-flower. O. p. & w. Ju. 2i.) hirsute: leaves lobe- 
 angled : fascicles of the flowers crowded. Resembles the last in some res- 
 pects ; but the leaves are much larger. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 lineare. Ph. (W. Ap. 21.) pilose: leaves linear : racemes elongated. 
 
 EUisia. 
 
 17—1. Hymenopappus. 49. 55. 
 
 Southeim. 
 
 scabiosaeuSfMx. (E. w. Ap. 2^.) whitish-woolly: leaves deeply pinnatifid i 
 <liyision3 linear-oblong, sub-dentate : flowers corymbed. 2 — 3 f. 
 
 tenuifolius, Ph. (Vv'. g-w. (^.) whitlsii-woolly : stem corymb-branched: leaves 
 sub-bipinnatifid ; divisions narrow-linear, entire: flowers compoundly co- 
 rymbed : pedicels crowded : calyx about 6-leaved, shorter than the florets ; 
 i5eeds very villose. Polypteris, 
 
 21—1. Hymenophyli,um. 55. 5. 
 
 ciliatum, W. (Zf.) frond pinnate : lower leafets larger; upper orses gradually 
 smaller, pinnatifid; divisions linear, obtuse, 2-cleft, ciliate, hairy on the 
 reins : rachis and stipe with ciliate wings. On trunks of trees, <!?. 
 
 Oaoclea, 
 
 5-^1. Hyoscyamus. 28, 41. 
 
 Exotic 
 nvger, (henbane, y. & p. Ju. cf .) leaves clasping, sinuate ; flowers veiny, ses- 
 sile. Naturalized. Convolvulus, 
 
 Hyoseris, Krigia, 
 
 12—5. Hypericum. 20. 68. 
 1. Flowers with 5 styles, 
 
 kcdmianum, W. (y. Ju. Tp.) fruticose, very branching ; branchlets 4''C0rnered : 
 leaves lance-linear ; corymbs terminal, 3— ^7-flowered : divisions of the calyx 
 lanceolate, obtusish : capsule as long as the calyx. 3—5 f. S. 
 
 pyramidalum, W. A. (O. y, Ju. 2]!.) flowers pentagj'nous, terminal : styles 
 shorter than the stamens : leafets of the calyx ovate, acute ; stem somewhat 
 
 (1) Brasenia peltata, Ph, 
 
250 HYPERICUM. 
 
 4-sided, branching: leaves sessile (sub-amplexicaulis,) oblong, acute, gla . 
 brous. This plant has generally been mistaken for the next species ; espe- 
 cially when it happened to be found without branches. But the relative 
 length of the styles and stamens is always decisive.* 3 — 6f. 
 ascyroides, W. Mx. ( Pennsylvania.') 7i- or >>.) flowers pentagynous, terminal r 
 styles equalling the stamens in length : leafets of the calyx lance-ovate : 
 stem 4-sided, simple, herbaceous (frutescent with 2-edged branches, Mx.) 
 leaves sessile, oblong, acute, glabrous. Probably a Var. of the last, or not 
 a North American plant. 
 
 2. Flowers with 3 styles, or feicer. 
 
 prolificum, W. (1) (W. y. J. Tj.) branches 2-edged : leaves lance-linear, ob- 
 tusish: corymbs axillary and terminal, few-flowered: petals a little longer 
 than the stamens : leafets of the calyx lanceolate. 1 — 3 f. S. 
 
 galioides,Lk. (E. y. Ju. ^.) branches 4-sided : leaves linear, sessile, revolute 
 at the margin, fascicled : panicles terminal, divaricate-dichotomous : petal:j 
 and stamens equal, scarcely longer than the linear calyx : styles united, sub- 
 exsert. 2 f. «S. 
 
 perforatum, (2) (O. y. J. 21) erect, branching : stem 2-edged: leaves oblong, 
 obtuse, transparently punctate : panicle terminal, brachiate, leafy : petals 
 twice as long as the acute, lanceolate calyx. This is the common St. John's 
 wort, so troublesome to farmers. 1 — 3 f. jS. 
 
 corymbosumfW. (3) (O. y. Ju. 21) erect, glabrous, darkly-punctate : stem 
 terete, branching : leaves clasping, oblong-oval, obtuse : corymbs terminal, 
 brachiate, dense-flowered : divisions of the calyx lanceolate, acute. 18 — 24 i. 
 S. 
 
 parvijlorum, \V. (4) (O. y. Ju. 2X) erect, small, glabrous; dichotomout ra- 
 mose, some-trhat 4-siQed: leaves orate-oblong, sub-cordale, obtuse, nerved, 
 sessile : panicles terminal, dichotomous-corymbed : petals shorter than the 
 lanceolate calyx. 6 — 12 i. >S'. 
 
 canadense, (E. y. Ju. 0.) erect, small, few-flowered : stem 4-sided, dichoto- 
 mous above : leaves sessile, linear, slender at the base : the branches of the 
 panicle opposite, the branchlets dichotoraous : capsule long, conic, coloured. 
 Capsules red. 9—18 i. S. 
 
 cdpressum^ B. (y. Ju. 2i) stem erect, 2-edged immediately below each pair 
 of leaves, and sub-cylindric qear the root : leaves opposite, closely sessile, 
 lanceolate-obtuse, transparejatly punctate, with very fine dots ; those of the 
 branches sub-linear, crowded ; those of the cymes small, acute, crowded : 
 flowers terminal and axillarv', with obtuse, entire petals : style 1 : capsule 
 sub-conic. 
 
 petiolatum, Wr. (5) (E. y. Ju. 21.) leaves petioled, oblong-oval, round-obtuse : 
 flowers opposite, axillary, sub-sessile, sub-teraate : stamens adnate as far as 
 the middle : capsule oblong. S. 
 anguiosum, Mx. (6) (E. y-r. Ju. 2^,) erect: stem 4-sided: leaves oblong, 
 acute, closely sessile : panicle terminal, dichotomous : branches divaricate, 
 with distant, alternate flowers : calyx sub-campanu!ate ; divisions lanceo- 
 late, acute, keeled below, almost as long as the corol : petals with a single 
 lateral tooth. 2 f. 
 virginicum', (7) (O. p. Au. 2X-) flowers with 9 or 12 stamens, distinctly arrang- 
 ed in three parcels, and separated by nectaries : leaves oval, obtuse, clasp- 
 ing: stem compressed. Var. emar^i«a/a, leaves heart-ovate, emarginate : 
 peduncles axillary, elongated. 1 — 2 f. (S'. 
 
 (1) kalmianum, Du Roi. (2) virginicum, Wr. (3) punctatum, Lk. inacu- 
 iatum, Wr. (4) quinqueneroium, Wr. mutilum, W. (5) axillare, Mx. Elo- 
 dea peiiolata. Ph. (6) denticulatum, Wr. (7) campanulatum, Wr. Elodea 
 campanulata. Ph. 
 
HYPERICUM. 251 
 
 Souther 71. 
 Flowers with 3 styles. 
 
 aspathaloides, W. (1) (E. y. >>.) branches sub-terete, dichotoirrous : leaves 
 fascicled, linear, acute, striate : flowers solitary, axillary, sub-sessile : styles 
 united. 
 
 fasciculattim, Mx. (2) (E. y. Ju. fp.) branches 4-angled r leaves crowded, 
 somewhat in verticillate clusters, filiform, linear, obtuse, sessile : peduncles 
 axillary, near the summit of the branches, 1 — 3-flowered : calyx filiform : 
 styles united. Does this really difler from the galioides ? Elliott. 1—- 
 2f. 
 
 rosmarinifoliuvt, (3) (O. y. Ju. fp.) stem terete, somewhat angled : leaves 
 lance-linear, acute, tapering at the base, somewhat clustered : panicle long ; 
 peduncles near the summit of the branches, axillary, 3-flowered : styles 
 united. 2 — 4 f. 
 
 ambiguum, E. (E. J. ^) branches compressed, leaves lance-linear, acute, m«- 
 cronate: flowers axillary and terminal : leaves of the calyx lance-linear, un- 
 equal, as long as the corol : petals toothed near the summit : styles 3, unit- 
 ed. 2—4 f. 
 
 amoeniim, Ph. (E. y. Ju. fp.) diffuse: branches compressed: leaves oval, 
 glaucous beneath : flowers axillary, sub-solitary: leaves of the calyx ovate', 
 acute : petals deflected, longer than the stamens. 2 f. 
 
 fastigiatum, E. (E. J. '^.) branches somewhat compressed : leaves narrov? 
 lanceolate, very acute : corymbs terminal, many flowered, fastigiate : styles 
 united. 3 f. 
 
 nudiflorum, Mx. (E. y. Au. ^.) branches winged : leaves oblong-ovate, ob- 
 tuse, sessile : panicle terminal, naked, compound : corol larger than the 
 calyx: styles united. 
 
 glaucum, Mx. (E. y. Ju. '^.) branches terete : leaves oblong, cordate, clasp- 
 ing, obtusish, smooth, glaucous, coriaceous : panicle leafy divaricate-dicho- 
 tomous : divisions of the calyx ovate, acute, longer than the petals : sta- 
 mens and petals about equal : styles united. 
 
 frondosum, Mx. (W. y. Ju. ^.) branches two-edged: leaves oval-oblong, ob- 
 tuse, m?acronate, narrow at the base : flowers terminal, sub-solitary : divis- 
 ions of the calyx oblong, acute, equalling the stamens and petals : styles 
 united as long as the stamens. 
 
 densijiorum, Ph. (4) (A. y. Ju, ^.) very branching ; branchlets sub-terete : 
 leaves lance-linear, obtusish, narrowed at the base : panicle terminal, com- 
 poundly dichotomous, somewhat leafy, dense-flowered : flowers solitary pe- 
 dicelled : divisions of the calyx very short, ovate, caducous : stamens short- 
 er than the petals and united styles. 2 f. 
 
 pilosum, Wr. (E. Ju.) pilose : stem virgate, simple : leaves expanding, ovate, 
 acute, tapering at the base : panicle few-flowered. 
 
 simplex,Myi. (E. y. Au. 0.) erect, woolly ; stem simple, terete, virgate : leaves 
 lance-ovate, closely sessile, appresse'd : panicle terminal, few-flowered. 
 1— 2f. 
 
 acntifoliuniy E, (E. y.) stem herbaceous? branching, glabrous: leaves nar- 
 row-lanceolate, acute : panicle many-flowered : capsules scarcely longer than 
 the calyx. 
 
 tubulosum, Wr. (5) (E.) leaves sessile : corol tubular : stamens united above 
 the middle. 
 
 triplinerve.Yent (W. y. Au. 21.) erect, somewhat branching : stem somewhat 
 two-edged : leaves linear, spreading, 3-nerved : flowers raceme-panicled : 
 corol unequal : acute calix and petals glandular-serrate. 
 
 dolabriforme, Vent. (W. y. Ju. 2^.) erect, branching: stem two-edged: 
 
 (1) fascicolatum, Lk. (2) tenuifolium. Ph. (3) fasclculaium, Ph. W. 
 (4) romarinifolium, Lk. (5) Elodea, Ph. &c. 
 
25 a HYPERICUM, HTPNUM. 
 
 leaves lance-linear, spreading, obtuse : corymb terminal, dichotomous j ca- 
 lyx lanceolate, unequal : petals axe-form. 
 
 sphaerocarpum, Mx. (W. y. 21- ) erect, very glabrous : leaves oblong: pani- 
 cle naked, dichotomous : forks all one-flovtrered : styles united : capsule 
 globose. ^ 
 
 procumbens, Mx. (W. y.) procumbent, very glabrous : branches two-edged, 
 few flowered at the summit: leaves linear, without nerves, spreading: di- 
 visions of the calyx lance-oblong, acute : stamens shorter than the corol ; 
 styles united. Nigelea. 
 
 Hypericum^ Sarothra. 
 
 21—2. Hypxum. 56. 4. 
 
 1. Leaves two-ranked. 
 
 sylvaticum, branches divided: leaves imbricate, compressed, spread at the 
 
 apex, lance-ovate, entire, nerveless : lid subulate. Woods. 
 denticulatum, stems simple : leaves imbricate, compressed, spreading at the 
 
 apex, lance-ovate, entire, nerveless : lid conic. On trunks and ground in 
 
 woods. 
 serrulatum, shoots creeping : branches simple, bearing fruit at the base and 
 
 middle : lid beaked. 
 prcelo'/igrim, stem p'mnate, creeping : leaves lance-ovatc, acuminate, serrate, 
 
 1-nerved, spreading : lid subulate, incurved. (1) 
 riparium, stem ramose, spreading ; leaves lax, lance-ovate, entire, one-nerved : 
 
 lid convex, slightly mucronate. On stones, &c. in flowing streams. 
 
 2. Leaves imbricatsj close-pressed — sometimes a littU spreading, part of thetr 
 
 Length. 
 
 cuspidatum, stem pinnate, sub-erect : branches cuspidate : leaves lance-ob- 
 long, nerveless, smooth: lid conic. In ditches and brooks. 
 
 illecebrum, stem with scattered, obtuse branches : leaves ovate, ventricose, ob- 
 tuse, mucronate : obsoletely one-nei-ved. Woods and meadows. 
 
 abietinum, stem pinnate, vitlose : leaves lance-ovate, entire, one-nerved, 2-fur- 
 rowed : lid conic. In dry places and among pines, &c. 
 
 splejidens, stem bipinnate : leaves lance-ovate, almost nerveless, shining, close- 
 pressed : lid subulate, recurved. In woods. 
 
 delicatulum, stem decumbent, bipinnate : leaves cordate, vjrith ruptured nerves 
 and two grooves, scabrous : lid beaked. 
 
 minutulum, very slender, decumbent, pinnately branched : leaves very minute, 
 oval, acute : margins and keel somewhat scabrous, separately incurved when 
 dry : capsule recurved : lid long beaked. 
 
 adnatum, small : branchlets simple : leaves cordate-acuminate, destitute of 
 fascicles : capsules nodding : lids conic. 
 
 3. Leaves imbricate^ spreading. 
 
 ^ramtnicoZor, stem creeping : branches sub-simple, erectish : leaves la.x, sub- 
 alternate, heart-lanceolate, acuminate, sharply serrate, with a nerve some- 
 what continued : capsules ascending, oblong, unequal ; lid round conic. 
 
 hianSy stem decumbent : branches short, simple : leaves somewhat lax, heart- 
 ovate, acute, serrulate : peduncles a little scabrous : capsules oblong, slight- 
 ly inclined : lid conic. 
 
 asprellum, stem decumbent, sub-pinnate : leaves remotish, somewhat bifari- 
 ously imbricate, acuminate, serrulate with sub-continued nerves: capsules 
 oblong, a little curved; lid conic, sub-mucronate. 
 
 (1 ) This description, taken from Lk. and Do. is similar to that given in Tur- 
 ton's Linneus of the serrulatum. 
 
HTPNUM, HYrOPELTIS. £53 
 
 tutesccns, stem procumbent, ramose ; leaves imbricate, lanceolate, acuminate, 
 3~striate: peduncles a little scabrous : lid conic, acute. On dry earth, walla 
 and rocks. 
 
 rutabulum, stem procumbent : branches erect, sub-simple : leaves lance-ovate, 
 acuminate, one-nerved : peduncles scabrous : lid conic. On the earth and 
 trunks. 
 
 haldanianum, Greville. (Canada.) stem elongated, creeping, with scattering 
 sub-pinnate branches : leaves imbricate, yellowisli, lance-ovate, very entiit^, 
 without nerves or obscurely 2-nerved at the base : capsule cylindric, arched, 
 erectish-nodding : lid conic, obliquely beaked, closely adherent. 
 
 cooleyanum,^\. (Deerfield.) For description see Addenda. 
 
 chrysostomum, procumbent: inordinately branched: leaves laxish, spreading, 
 lance-oval, acuminate, entire, sub-linear : peduncles smoothish : capsuJes 
 oblong, recurved; lid perfectly conic, with a very acute spinose tip; peris- 
 tome yellow. 
 
 triquetnim, stem sub-erect, ramose: leaves deltoid, acuminate, striate, some- 
 what nerveless, spreading every way : capsule ovate ; lid conic, obtuse. 
 
 4. Leaves imbricate^ svh-rejiexed or recurved. 
 
 fragile, outer peristome has the teeth lanceolate, remotely tubercled, yellow : 
 inner one is a membrane, extended into an equal number of solid, lance-acu- 
 minate, very acute teeth, with ciliae a little less than the teeth, capillary 
 very acute. 
 
 stellattim, stem weak, procumbent : leaves ovate, long-acuminate, nerveless, 
 entire, spreading : capsule oblong: liU with an obtuse apex. 
 
 squurrosum, stem ascending : leaves keeled, nert'eles?, ovate at the base, close- 
 pressed, acuminate at the apex, recurved-spreading : capsule ovate : lid 
 short, conic. 
 
 5. Leaves lurried to one side, and C07iical falcate. 
 
 crista'Castrensis, stem elongated, somewhat simple, recurvedly and elegantly 
 wing-branched ; leaves rccurve-curled one-u ay, subulate, with slender line- 
 ate nerves : capsules very long peduncled, oblong, arched : lid conic. 
 
 commutatum, stem procumbent, itimose: branches sub-ramose: capsule large, 
 becoming white, striate: peduncles pretty large. In water or mud. 
 
 cupressiforme, stem prostrate, bub-raniose : leaves lance-ovate, falcate, nerve- 
 less : lid conic. 
 
 imponens, very short, somewhat feather-branched, recurved : leaves uncinate, 
 one-way, nerveless: capsule er^^ct, cylindric-oblong : lid conic, obtusely 
 beaked. 
 
 torreyanum, SI. For description see Addenda. 
 
 6. Leaves turned to one side, and not circinal-falcate. 
 
 fiuviatUe, branches rather long, simple : leaves lance-ovate, laxish, somewhst 
 spreading : capsules oblong, erect-nodding. On rocks under water in riv- 
 ers, &c. 
 
 orthocladon, decumbent, bulbiferous : branches simple : leaves ovale, nerves 
 solid, very entire : lid conic. Flowers mouojcious. Calyptre subulate, 
 white. Bulbs in the axils of the leaves or ait the apexes of the branches. 
 
 7. Leaves remote, lax-spreading, 
 serpens, stem creeping : leaves laxish, small, lanceolate, acuminate, one-nerv- 
 ed at the base ; capsule elongated, obconic : lid convex, mucronate. Shades. 
 
 Fontinalie. 
 
 21 — 1. Htpopeltis. 55. 5. 
 
 obitisa^Vf. {J Vii 21-) Described under Aspidium obtusuni. Woodsia. 
 
 22 
 
254 HYPOPITHTS, IBERlS. 
 
 10—1. Hypopithys, N. (1) 18. 51. 
 
 lanuginosa, (false beech-drops. E. y-w. Ju. 71.) scape spike-ilowcred : whole 
 plant, including the flower, woolly, except the base of the stem. Grows on 
 rootaof trees, &c. whole plant yellowish-white. 3 — 6i. »S*. 
 enropea, N. (2) (yellow beech drops, y. J. 2(.) scapf spike-flowered : flow- 
 are and scales on the stem glabrous outside : lateral flowers octandrous. 
 
 Pterospora. 
 6—1. Hypoxis. 10. 17. 
 
 erecta, W. (3) (star-grass. O. y. Ju. 21.) pilose: sc^pe 2 or 3-flowered : 
 leaves lance-linear: divisions of the corol lance-oblong. Var. graminea, 
 has longer and narrower leaves ; more flowers, longer lance-linear divis- 
 ions to the corol — and altogether a more grassy appearance. /?. 
 
 Southern, 
 ^ifolia, E. |E. Ap.) leaves filiform, somewhat angled, hairy : scape generally 
 
 2-flowerec(. 
 juncea, S. (E.J. 2X-) pilose: leaves filiform, channelled, very entire: scapes 
 
 one-flowered. " Pontederia. 
 
 13—1. Hyptis. 42. 39. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 raciiata, (E. w. Au. 21-) heads of flowers opposite : peduncles as long as the 
 internodes : bracts lanceolate, longer than the fruit bearing calix : leaves 
 oblong, serrate. 3 — 4 f. 
 
 capitata, W. (E. w. Ju. 21) heads of flowers opposite : peduncles as long as 
 the internodes : bracts lanceolate, shorter than the fruit bearing calyx : 
 leaves oblong, attenuate at each end, unequally serrate. It is doubtful 
 whether this species has been found in this country. Clinoi)odium. 
 
 spicata, Poit. (E. Florida.) spikes terminal ; flowers in Utile heads, pedicell- 
 ed, crowded ; leaves cordate-ovate, doubly serrate. 
 
 13—1. Hyssopus. 42. 39. 
 
 nepetoides, W. (giant hyssop, g-y. Ju. 21.) stem acutely 4-angled, sub-alate : 
 leaves ovate, acutely dentate ; petioles smooth. 4 — 3 f. jS\ 
 
 scrophularifolins, W.'(P. Ju. 21.) stem obtusely 4-angled : leaves heart-ovate, 
 obtusely dentate ; petioles ciliate-pubescent. 3 — 5 f. Dr. Darlington and 
 Dr. INI. Stevenson, ha.e shewn that these are perfectly distinct species. 
 
 foenicuhim, Ph. (4) W. b. Ju. %.) erect pubescent: leaves heart-ovate, tooth- 
 ed, glabrous above, whitish-tomentose beneath : whorles about 6-flowered. 
 
 Exotic, 
 t^cinalis, (hyssop. Ju. 21.) flowers whorled : racemes one-way : intermedi- 
 ate division of the corol 2-lobed, entire; leaves lance-linear. Nepeta. 
 
 21—6. Hysterium. 58. 1. 
 
 pulvicare, gregarious, oblong or oval, striate. On oaks. 
 
 /V-a-rint, bursting, black, sub-ovate ; lips a little swollen. On the branches of 
 
 ash and maple. 
 quercinum, bursting, flexuose, sub-ventricose, soft, dark-cinereous. On the 
 young branches of oaks. Xyloma. 
 
 I. 
 14—1. Iberis. 39. 63. 
 
 Exotic. 
 
 vmbellata, (candy tuft. w. J. 0.) leaves lanceolate, acuminate; lower ones 
 
 serrate, upper ones entire. Coronopus. 
 
 (1) Monotropa, L. (2) hypopithys, L. (3) caroliniensis, Mx. (4) aris- 
 tatus, N. Stachys, Ph. 
 
ICTODES, IMPATIENS. 255 
 
 4 — 1. IcTODES. (7) 2. 7. 
 
 foetida, Mx. (skunk cabbage, fetid hellebore. O. p. Ap. 2X.) stemless leaves 
 radical, heart-ovate, very large : spadix supporting the flovrers in a 3ub-<*-lo- 
 bosehead. Odor resembles that of the skunk. S. Camphorosma. 
 
 4—4. Ilex. 43. 95. 
 
 canadensis, Mx. (1) (mountain holly. A. g-y. M. fp.) leaves deciduous, ovate, 
 entire or a little serrate at the apex, glabrous : peduncles sub-solitary, long| 
 l-flo\vered: fruit somewhat 4-sided. 3 — 5 f. S. 
 
 opaca, k. (evergreen holly. E. g-w.M. ^.) leaves evergreen, ovate, acute, 
 spinose glabrous, flat : flowers scattered at the base of the shoots of the pre- 
 ceding year. A middle sized tree. iS. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 laxiflora, Lk. (E. J. ^.) leaves ovate, sinnate-toothed, spinose, shinin<»-, flat: 
 peduncles super-axillary, in the young brancl>es aggregate, lax-ramose. 
 
 cassine,A. (E.J. Tp.) leaves lance-ovate, sharply serrate, flat, glabrous on the 
 mid-rib beneath : lateral peduncles corymb-branched. 8 — 12. f. 
 
 dahoon, Wr. (E. w. M. ^.) leaves lance-oblong, nearly entire, reflexed at the 
 margin, villose on the midrib beneath : peduncles lateral and terminal, co- 
 rymb-panicled. 4 — 12 f. 
 
 laurifolia^ N. (E.Florida.) leaves large, elliptic, acutish, very entire, sem- 
 
 T pervirent : pedicels elongated, sub-3-flowered- 
 
 mi/t'tifolia, Wr. (2) (E. W. J. fp.) leaves lance-linear, mucronate, rigid, very 
 glabrous: fertile flowers solitary. 6 — 10 f. 
 
 lignstnna^ E (3) (E. J. ^.) leaves lance-linear, wedge-form at the base, gene- 
 rally entire : fertile florets solitary. 6 — 10 f. 
 
 vomitoria, A. (4) (O. M. \>) leaves oval, obtuse at each end, crenate-serrate, 
 glabrous : umbels lateral sub-sessile. 6 — 15 f. 
 
 prinoides, A. (E. M. fp.) leaves deciduous, lance-oval, acute at each end, ser- 
 rate: peduncles one-flowered ; fertile ones solitary. 6 — 8 f , Sagina. 
 
 Uex, Myginda. 
 
 lllecebrum, Achyranthes, 
 
 12—13. Illicium. 12. 27. 
 
 Southern, 
 parvijlorum, Mx. (E. y. M. p.) leaves alternate, lanceolate, entire, obtuse, pe- 
 rennial : petals and leaves of the calyx round, concave. 6 — 10 f. 
 Jioridanum., W. (W. p. J. ^.) leaves acuminate : petals numerous, oblong and 
 linear. Teucrium. 
 
 5 — 1. Impatiens. 24. 73. 
 
 pallida, N. (5) (jewel-weed, touch-me-not. O. y. Ju. 0.) peduncles solitary, 
 2 & 4-flowered : nectary obtusely conic, dilated, shorter than the petals : 
 spur recurved, very short : flowers sparingly punctate : leaves rhomb-ovate, 
 mucronate-toothed. 2 — 4 f. (S. 
 
 fulva, N. (6) (speckled jewels. O. y. & r. Ju. %.) peduncles solitary, 2-4 
 flowered : nectary acutely conic, longer than the petals : spur resupinate, 
 
 (1) Nemophanthus fascicularis, R. This species certainly diflfers much in 
 habit from the opaca, and perhaps it ought to form a new genus. Prof. Dewey 
 of Williams Col. proposes the following description for a new genus, but does 
 not propose any name. Calyx o : petals 4, lanceolate, sub-acute, alternating 
 with the stamens : stigmas sessile : pericarp 4-celled, 1-seeded. Stamens 3 
 to 5: stigmas 3 to 5. Polygamous. MS. (2) angustifolia, Ph. rosmarinifolia, 
 Lk. M. (3) angustifolia, M. var. ligustrifolia, Ph. (4) cassine, Wr. (5) au- 
 rea, M. nolitangere, Ph. (6) maxulata, M. biflora. Ph. (7) Pothos, L. Sym- 
 plocarpus, Sy. Dracontium, L. in another part of this work. 
 
256 IPAMTIENS, IPOMEA. 
 
 emarginate, nearly as long as the galea : flowers with crowded spots t leave* 
 rhomb-orate, mucronate-toothed. 2—4 f. S. 
 
 Exotic, 
 balsamina, (balsam weed. r. & w. Au. 0.) peduncles aggregate, l-flowered . 
 ieave.3 lanceolate, upper ones alternate : nectary shorter than the flowers, 
 1—3 f. 
 
 Imperatoriot Angelica. 
 
 16—10. LVDIGOFERA. 32. 93. 
 
 Exotic, 
 tinctoria, (indigo. Tp.) leaves pinnate, oblong, glabrous, in four pairs ; raceme* 
 shorter than the leaves : legume terete, somewhat arched. — From the East 
 Indies. 
 
 Southern. 
 caroliniana,Wr. (E. b. Au. 2X-) leaves pinnate ; leafets oval and obovate : 
 spikes longer than the leaves : legumes 2-seeded, reticulate-veined. 3 — 7 f. 
 
 Gljcyrrhiza. 
 
 17—2. Inula. 49. 55. 
 
 Exotic. 
 
 kelenium, (elecampane, y. Au. 2X) leaves clasping, ovate, rugose, tomenfose 
 
 beneath : scales of the calyx ovate. Naturalized. 3 — 5 f. Brachyria. 
 
 Intila, Chrysopsis. 
 
 5—1. loNiDiUM. 29. 80. 
 
 concolor, Fost. (1) (green violet. E. w-g. M. 21-) straight, erect: leave* 
 broad-lanceolate, entire : stipules subulate, entire: peduncles short : petals 
 connivent, emarginate ; spur o. 20 i. S. Claytonia. 
 
 5—1. Ipomea. 29. 43. 
 
 lacunosa, Mx. (w. & p. J. 0.) glabrous : flowers cordate, acuminate, aerobic- 
 ulate, angled at the base: peduncles short, about one-flowered : calyx hairy : 
 corol tubular, short : capsules hairy. S, 
 
 r,il, Mx. (2) (morning glory. E. b. Ju. 0.) hirsute : leaves cordate, 3-lobed : 
 peduncles short, 1 — 3-flowered : calyx very viliose, long acuminate. S. 
 
 Southern. 
 guamoclitf'W . (jasmine bindweed. E. r. w. Au. 0.) leaves pinnatifid, linear. 
 
 flowers sub-solitary; corol tubular. 
 eoccinea, Wr. (y-r. Ju. 0.) pubescent: leaves cordate acuminate, sub-angled : 
 
 peduncles about 5-flowered : calyx awned : corol tubular : limb sub-entire. 
 dissecta, Mx. (E. Ju. 7X- ^ ■) stem, peteoles, and peduncles very pilose : leaves 
 
 glabrous, 7-lobed ; divisions sinuate : peduncles l-flowered: divisions of the 
 
 calyx oval : corol bell-form. 
 trichocarpa, Mx. (3) (E. p. Ju. 0.) leaves entire, cordate, or 3-lobed, viliose : 
 
 calyx ciliate : capsules hirsute : peduncles about 2-flowered. 
 boTM nox, W. (E. w. Ju. 0.) very glabrous : leaves cordate, entire or angled : 
 
 peduncle 1 to 3-flowered : calyx awned : corol undivided, tube long. 
 tamnifolia, W. (E. b. Ju. 0.) hirsute : leaves cordate, acuminate : flowers in 
 
 aggregate heads, involucred : bracts linear : corol short-tubular; limb spread- 
 ing : capsule glabrous. 
 
 (1) yiola, Fost. Ph. &c. (2) Convolvulus, W. (3) Carolina, Ph. W. & Mx. 
 
IFOMEA^ IRIS. 257 
 
 ciliosa Mx. (W.) glabrous : leaves cordate, sub-ciliate at the margin : pedun- 
 cles 'long, l-flowered : calyx without bracts ; divisions broad-oval, obtuse ; 
 corol tubular-bell-form. 
 
 orbicularis, E. (E. p. Ju.) prostrate: leaves round, emargmate, veined, gla- 
 brous: peduncles about 3-flo\vered : tube of the corol short. 
 
 Carolina, Gates. (E. b.) leaves digitate ; leafets petioled : peduncles l-flowered. 
 
 Ophiorhiza. 
 
 Ipomea, Convolvulus. 
 
 5—1. Ipomeria. 29. 43. 
 
 [The species are described under Cantua, p. 147.] CoUomia. 
 
 fyomopsis, Ipomeria. 
 
 20—5, Iresine. 12. 30. 
 Souiheryi. 
 cdosioides, W. (E. S. 0.) leaves punctate, scabrous; lower ones oblong, acu- 
 minate ; upper ones lance-ovate : panicle branching, crowded : stem furrow- 
 ed. 3—4 f. Smilax. 
 
 3—1. Iris. 6. 18. 
 
 versicolor, (1) (O. b. J. 21) leaves ensiform: stem acute on one side : capsules 
 oblong, 3-sided with obtuse angles. Var. sulcata, (2) inner petals longer 
 than the stigmas : germ with sulcate angles and concave sides : capsule 
 oblong, ventricose : angles somewhat furrowed. Var. ccmwinnis, (3) stem 
 erect, flexuous : leaves narrow ensiform : inner petals a little shorter than the 
 stigmas : angles of the germ not grooved when young, sides deep-coacave : 
 capsule cylindric-oblong. 2 — 3 f. S. 
 
 prismati:a, Ph. (4) (boston iris. E. b. y. J. U-) flowers beardless : leaves lin- 
 ear : stem round, many-flowered : germs triangular, tmce grooved on the 
 sides. 1—2 f. 
 
 lacustris, N. (Great lakes, b. 21.) beardless : leaves short ensiform : scape much 
 shorter than the leaf, l-flowered : petals sub-equal .'' attenuated on the tube : 
 capsule turbinate, 3-sided, margined : seed roundish, smooth : root tuberous. 
 
 Exotic, 
 plicata, (garden iris. p. w. M. 2i) bearded : stem many-flowered, higher than 
 
 the leaves : petals undulate-plicate, erect ones broadest. 18 — 24 i. 
 pM»ir/a, (dwarf-flower-de-luce. b. M. 21.) bearded: scape l-flowered : leaves 
 
 ensiform, glabrous : tube of the corol exsert : petals oblong, obtuse. 6—10 i. 
 ochroleuca, (yellow iris. y. M.) beardless : leaves ensiform, depressed, striate: 
 
 scape sub-terete : germ 6-cornered. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 cristata, Mx. (E. b. & y. Ap. 2X) bearded : beard crested : scape generally 1- 
 flowered, as long as the leaves : germs 3-angled : petals about equal. 2 — 4 i. 
 
 tripetala, Wr. (5) (E. b. M. 2X) beardless^: stem terete, longer than the 
 leaves: leaves ensiform: rudiments of the inner petals 3-toothed ; middl* 
 tooth acuminate : capsule 3-angled. 2 f. 
 
 cujyrea, Ph. (O. r-y. Ju. 2{.) beardless: stem terete, flexuous, ea^ualling the 
 leaves: leaves broad-ensiform : stigmas linear, short: petals all reflexed, 
 emarginate, obovate ; inner ones shortest : capsules large, 6-angled. 3 f. 
 
 verna, W. ( A. b. M. 2i.) beardless, stemless, one-flowered : leaves very long, 
 grass-like, glaucous : tube very long : petals nearly equal : capsules round- 
 ish, sessile. On the earth. 
 
 (1) virginica, Bw. 1st Ed. and probably of L. (2) versicolor W. virgini- 
 ca, Ph. (3) versicolor, Ph. (4) gracilis, Bw. 1st Ed. virginica, T. (5) tri- 
 tntata. Ph. 
 
 dentata; Ph. 
 
 22* 
 
258 IBIS, ITA. 
 
 sibirica, VV. (W. b. Ju. 21) beardless : stem hollowr, terete, higher than the 
 leares, somewhat 3-flowered : leaves linear : capsules short-S-aogled, obtuse 
 at each end. Dilatris. 
 
 11 — 1. ISAKTHCS. 42. 39. 
 
 cceru/eu*, Mx. (1) (blue gentian, false pennyroyal. O. b. Ju. 0.) viscid-hairy: 
 leaves lance-oval, acute at both ends, 3-nerved ; peduncles 1 or 2-flovFered 
 
 Hedeoma. 
 
 21—6. IsARiA. 58. 1. 
 
 mucida, cespitose, effuse: branchlets sub-depressed, forked, nearly soft. On 
 decaying wood in summer and autumn. Monila. 
 
 14—1. IsATis. 39. 63. 
 
 Exotic, 
 tinctoria, (woad. J. (/.) radical leaves crenate ; caulioe ones sagitate,, oblong. 
 • • Fberis. 
 
 21—5. IsiDiuM. 57. 2. 
 
 co^allinum, Ach. (coral lichen.) crust while, verrucose : receptacle onlj' visi- 
 ble to the microscope. On rocks. 
 phymatodes, Ach. cv\xsX%,rcen. Rotten wood in moist places. Stereocaulon. 
 
 4—1. ISXARDIA. (2) 17. 88, 
 
 fiabistris,'^'. (water pur&lane. O. g. J. 24.) prostrate, creeping : leaves op- 
 posite, lanceolate, tapering at the base : capsule oblong,.sub-angled. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 alala^E. (E. Ju.) glabrous: leaves wedge-lanceolate, decurrent : stem wing- 
 ed: capsule cubic, sessile. 2 f. 
 
 r.zicrocarpa,M%. (3) (E. Au. 0?) stem decumbent, slightly winged : leaves 
 alternate, spatulate-obovate : ilowers axillary, sessile. If. 
 
 iphaerocarpa, E. (E. Au. 2X-) stem erect, branching: leaves lance-linear : 
 capsules small, sessile, globose, pubescent. 2 f. 
 
 cylindrica, E. (E. Au. 21-) stem erect, branching, slightly angled: leave* 
 lanceolate : capsules cylindrical. 3 f. 
 
 lanceolata^ E. (E. Ju. 2i.) stem virgate : leaves narrow, lanceolate, glabrous, 
 sub-decurrent : capsules cubic, sessile, winged. Eiaeagnus. 
 
 21 — 1. IsoETES. 55. 5. 
 
 lacustris, W. (quill-wort. E. 21.) frond dilated and imbricate at the base, nar- 
 row and subulate above. Hat : root fibrous. From 2 to 12 inches high : co- 
 lour green : growing immersed, or at the margin of ponds. Resembles a 
 zoophyte. Aiolla, 
 
 5—1. Itea. 18. 50. 
 
 virginica, W. (itea. w. J. ^.) leaves alternate, lanceolate, acuminate, serru- 
 late, pubescent on the veins. 3 — 6 f. 9. Impatiens. 
 
 17—4. IvA. 49. 55. 
 
 frutescens, (high-water shrub. L. g. Au. fp.) leaves lanceolate, punctate-sca- 
 brous, deeply serrate : glomerules of florets globose, depressed. Somewhat 
 shrubby. 3—4 f. S, 
 
 ( 1 ) Trichostema brachiata, L. (2) Ludwigia, E. Ph. &c. (3) glandulosa, Ph .' 
 
IVA, JUGLANS. 259 
 
 Southern. 
 
 imhrieata, Wr. (L. Au. ^.) shrubby, glabrous ; leaves lance-linear, wedge- 
 form, entire, glabrous : calyx imbricate. 
 
 xaHthifolia,fi. (W. Au. 0.) leaves opposite, petioled, heart-ovate, acuminate, 
 doubly serrate, soft-villous, hoary beneath : spikes naked, panicled. 5 — 
 6 f. 
 
 axillaris. Ph. (W. y-g. M. 21-) herbaceous, sub-pilose, leaves generally oppo- 
 site, lauce-linear, entire : tloivers axillary, solitary, nodding : calyx nearly- 
 simple ; leafets orate. 6 — 8 i. 
 
 ri/iafa, Ph. (W. Ju. 0.) herbaceous: leaves lance-ovate, sub-serrate: spike 
 somewhat crowded : bracts lanceolate, acuminate : bracts and petioles long- 
 ciliate. 2 f. Calendula, 
 
 3—1. IxiA. 6. 18. 
 
 Exotic, 
 chinensis, (blackberry lily. y. r. J. 21.) corol about 6-petalled i stem flexuose 
 leaves ensifonn. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 coelestina^ Bart. (O. b. M. Zf.) leaves linear-subulate, many limes shorter thaa 
 
 the 1-flowered scape. Commelina, 
 
 J. 
 
 2 — 1. Jasmintjm. 44. 37. 
 
 .] Exotic. 
 
 fruticartJ, Qo-smme. y. ■^.) leaves alternate, ternate, simple: leafets obovate, 
 
 wed»e-(brm, obtuse : branches angled. 
 q/hcinale^ (jasmine, w. ^.) leaves pinnate, opposite : leafets acuminate. 
 
 Syringa. 
 
 19—15. Jatropha. 38. 96. 
 
 Soiithern. 
 stimulosa, Mx. (O. w. Ju. If.) hispid, with stimulating prickles: leaves paf- 
 mate-lobed : lobes obtusish, sub-sinuate-toothed : cymes short-peduucled. 
 6—18 i. Stillingia. 
 
 8 — 1. Jeffersonia. 27. 62. 
 
 diphylla, B. (1) (twin-leaf. W. w. M. 2i.) stemless : peduncles naked, 1-flow- 
 ered : leaves in pairs. Erica. 
 
 19—12. JoGLANS. 50. 94. 
 
 nigra, (black walnut. O. M. ^.) leafets numerous, lanceovate, serrate, sub-cor- 
 date, narrowed above : petioles and under sides of the leaves sub-pubescent : 
 fruit globose, with scabrous punctures : nut wrinkled. 
 
 cinerea, (butternut. O. M. ^.) leafets numerous, lanceolate, serrate, rounded at 
 the base, soft-pubescent beneath ; petioles vilioss : fruit oblong-ovate, viscid, 
 long-pedunc!ed : nut roughly sculptured. The bark is a cathartic. 
 
 Exotic, 
 regia, (madeira nut. M. h.) leafets about 9, oval, glabrous, sub-serrate, sub- 
 equal ; fruit globose. Var. fraxinifolia, has 9 or 10 leafets, oblong, aerate^ 
 
 (1) Podophyllum, L. 
 
260 JUNCUS. 
 
 smooth ; lateral lovrer one adaale on the common petiole. It is said thai 
 this variety is indigenous to North America. Carya.. 
 
 JuglaJis, Carya. 
 
 6 — 1. Jlncls. 5. 13. 
 
 1. Scapes naked : Jiovoers lateral. 
 
 fffusus, (E: li') scape minutely striate, (soft:) panicle loose, very branching: 
 spreading : leafels of the calyx lanceolate, acuminate, rather longer than tlie 
 obovate, obtuse capsule. 2 — 3 f. S. 
 
 setaceus, Rostk. (E. 21') scape filiform, striate : umbel lateral, compound, few- 
 flowered : peduncles many -flowered : leafets of the calyx subulate. 2 f . ^. 
 
 acntus, (O. 2X0 scape naked, terete: panicle lateral: involucre 2-leaved, 
 spinous : capsule roundish, mucronale, twice as long as the calyx. 2 — 3 f. <S. 
 
 2. Leaves all radical : powers terminal. 
 
 squarrosus, (IC-) leaves setaceous, (rigid) grooved : panicle terminal, elongat- 
 ed, compound : capsules elliptical. 
 
 tinuis, W. (E. 2X) stem erect, filiform, somewhat dichotomous at the summit, 
 nearly terete : leaves setaceous, channelled : flowers solitary, approximate, 
 sub-sessile : calyx longer than the obtuse capsule. 1 f. »S'. 
 
 nodosus, (Ju. 21') stem somewhat leafy: leaves nodose-articulate: heads 
 about 2, globose ; one of them lateral and peduncled ; the other sessile: 
 leafets of the calyx mucronate, shorter than the acuminate capsule. 8 — 10 i, 
 8, 
 
 3. SUmi hafy. 
 
 (Leaves nearly plane, grooved above.) 
 
 marginaius, Rostk. (1) (Au. 2X0 leaves flat, smooth : corymb terminal, simple, 
 proliferous: heads 5— 10-flowered : flowers triandrous : leafets of the calyx 
 about as long as the obtuse capsule ; outer ones and bracts somewhat awned. 
 Var. odoratus, stem tall, subterete, leafy : panicle very branching, prolifer- 
 ous. 12—18 i. ,S. 
 
 trijidvs, (k.) sheaths ciliate ; those at the base of the stem leafless: bracts, 
 leafy, very long, grooved : heads about 3-flowered, terminal : stem 1-leaved. 
 6 i. 
 
 bulbosus, (2) (E. Au. 21.) stem simple, leafy, compressed: leaves linear-seta- 
 ceous, channelled : panicle terminal, compound, sub-cymose, shorter than 
 the involucre : leafets of the calyx incurved, obtuse or acute, generally short- 
 er than the ovate, sub-globose capsule. 
 
 bufonius, (E. Ju. 0.) stem dichotomous above, panicled : leaves filiform-se- 
 taceous, channelled : flowers sub-solitary, sessile, 1-sided : leaves of the ca- 
 lyx very acuminate, much longer than the oval-ovate capsule. 3 — 6 i. S. 
 
 (Leaves rounded or sub-compressed, nodose-articulate.) 
 
 acuminatus, Mx. (E. Au. If.) stem leafy, erect: leaves terete, nodose-articu- 
 late : panicle terminal, compound : heads 3— 6-flowered, peduncled and 
 sessile : leafets of the calyx lance-linear, somewhat awned, shorter than the 
 acute capsule. 18 i. <S. 
 
 polycephalns, Mx. (3) (E. Au. 21-) stem leafy, erect : leaves compressed, no- 
 dose-articulate : panicle decompound : heads globose, many-flowered : flow- 
 ers triandrous : leafets of the calyx somewhat awned, rather shorter than the 
 triangular, acute capsule. 18 — 24 i. S. 
 
 (1) aristulatus, Mx. E. (2) dichotomus, E, (3) var. crassifolius, E, Ph, Btp. 
 
JUNCUS, JUNGERMANNIA. 261 
 
 tubverticillatus, W? (1) (If-) cauline leaves subulate, nodose-articulate : pa- 
 nicle corymbed : heads about 5-flowered, fasciculate-whoried: leafets of the 
 calyx striate, as long as the obtuse capsule. 18 i. 
 
 militaris, Bw. (E.) leafone, jointed, cylindrical, longer than the stem : panicle 
 terminal, proliferous : heads about 5-flowered : leafets of the calyx acute. 
 2— 3f. 
 
 Southern. 
 conglomeraitis, S. (Ju. 2X') stem naiied, straight : panicle lateral, conglobate : 
 
 capsule retuse : flowers triandrous. 
 repens^Mx. (E.J. 21.) creeping: stem geniculate, branching : leaves linear, 
 
 flat: fascicles lateral and terminal: flowers triandrous : leaves of the calyx 
 
 subulate, carinate, very acute. 6 — 10 i. 
 bi/lortis, E. (E. J. 2X') stem terete: leaves linear, flat: panicle decompound, 
 
 long : fascicles 2-ilowered. 3 f. Luzula. 
 
 21 — 3. JUNGERMANNIA. 57. 3. 
 
 I. Caulescent. A. Having stipules, 
 1. Stipules in three rows. 
 
 platyphylla, L. stem procumbent, bipinnate ; leaves 2-ranked, imbricate, roand* 
 ish, obtuse : stipules entire, in threes. On bark of living trees. 
 
 platyphylloidea, Sz. stem procumbent, bi- or tri-pinnate : leaves imbricate, vault- 
 ed, roundish-4-sided : stipules in threes, sub-equal, entire. Yellowish-green, 
 tinged with brown. On rocks. 
 
 distans, Sz. stem diffused, branching, simply pinnate ; wings lax : leaves not 
 imbricate, sub-distant, alternate : stipules minute, round, entire, distant. 
 3 i. In dense tufts, on roots of trees ; and on wet rocks. Dark green. 
 
 porella, Dick, stem floating, irregularly branched and pinnate : leaves sub- 
 imbricate, largish, oval, obtuse : stipules entire : broad leaves blackish-blue* 
 In brooks. 
 
 2. Stipules in a simple series. 
 
 a. Leaves eared belo^c. 
 
 tamnriscifolia, Schm. (2) stem creeping, pinnate : leaves two-ranked, obtuse, 
 very entire ; ears vaulted : stipules minute, very entire, two-cleft : calyx 
 3-cornered, 3-cleft, papillose. On trees and rocks : often dark brown-pur- 
 ple. 
 
 dilatata, Weber. (3) stems entwined, creeping, sub-pinnate : leaves 2-rank- 
 ed, obtuse, entire ; lobes of the ears alternately clavate, and alternately very 
 email or none : stipules large, 2-cleft, serrate, especially that of the calyx ; 
 calyx 3-cornered, 3-cleft, smooth. On trees. A green vaiiety, occurs ia 
 large tufts on rocks. Colour varies, often blackish. 
 
 serpyllifolia, Dick, stems creeping, filiform, irregularly pinnate, shortish ; 
 leaves imbricate, eared; lobes unequal ; upper ones largest, ventricose be- 
 neath at the base ; lower ones minute : stipules round, acutely and deep!/ 
 bifid. Green. Among mosses on wet rocks. 
 
 b. Leaves not eared. 
 *. Leaves entire. 
 
 +. Stipules 2-cleft or 2-lobed. 
 
 palhxrenst Eh. stem ascending, somewhat branched : leaves roundish, very 
 entire, obtuse : stipules obtuse, 2cleft 5 segments acute, evanescent. Wet 
 or water. 
 
 ti-ichomanes, Dick, leaves imbricate, roundish, very entire : stipules roundish^ 
 with two obtuse lobes. In woods, on moist earth. 
 
 (1) fluitans, Mx. verticillatuB, Ph. (2) dilatata, of many author*. (3) lama- 
 riscifolia, of many authors. 
 
262 JUNGERMANXIA. 
 
 f f . Stipulei entire. 
 
 transversalis, S^v. stem creeping, sub-ramose : leaves imbricate, obliquely 
 ovate, obtuse, complicate beneath at the base : stipules sub-orbicular-reni- 
 form, inflexed at the margin, very entire. Yellow. On rocks, rarely on 
 trees. 
 
 clypeata, Sz. stem creeping, sub-pinnate, many interw'oven : leaves imbricate, 
 vaulted, (so that the semi-cylindric sprouts pass out,) 2-ranked, obliquely 
 ovate, round, interwoven beneath at the base : stipules orbicular, atfixed in 
 the middle like a shield. Whitish-yellow. Growing downwards on trees 
 and rocks. 
 
 **. Leaves divided. 
 
 f . Leaves emarginate or two-toothed. 
 
 hidentata, L. stem decumbent, ascending and sub-ramose at the apex : leaves 
 with two acuminate teeth : stipules ovate, 4-cleft. Earth. 
 
 ft . Leaves icith three or four small teeth. 
 
 trilobata, Web. leaves obliquely ovate, retuse, unequally 3-toothed at the 
 apex, and entire in the other parts : stipules 2 — 4-cleft ; shoots from the axils 
 of the stipules. 
 
 (rideniiculaia, stem procumbent-creeping, many aggregated : leaves flat, two- 
 ranked, largish, 3-toothed at the apex, sub-oval: stipules broad, roundish, 
 denticulate on all sides ; shoots from the axils. Yellow. A variety, grow- 
 ing on trees, is dichotomous, dark brown, and smaller. In bogs. 
 
 reptajis, L. leaves remotish, sub-4-sided, nearly equally 3 — 4-cleft at the apex 
 stipules similar to the leaves, 4-cleft. Stem pinnate. 
 
 sertularioides, Mx. creeping, capillary : leaves bristle-form, 2-parted; bristles 
 jointed : teeth of the calyx bristle-bearing. 
 
 laciniosa, Mx. creeping, verv" branching : leaves 2-cleft, with fringed divisions : 
 calyxes lateral, oblong, a little glabrous : bristles short : stijmles like the 
 leaves. 
 
 pulcherrima, L. (Labrador.) stem erect, bi-pinnate ; branches vaulted at tlie 
 apex, incrassate : leaves 3-cleft : stipules 2-cleft, very long ciliate. Earth. 
 
 ciliaris, L. stem sub-pinnate, decumbent : branches slender : stipules and 
 leaves split, having cilias rather long. Smaller and lighter coloured than 
 the preceeding. Rotten logs. 
 
 iomeniella, Eh. stem ascending, bipinnate, tomentose above : leaves and sti- 
 pules 4-parted, haviug ciliae very long, becoming white. 
 
 pandflora, Dick. (Labrador.) stein branched, creeping : leaves and stipules 
 similar, erectly spreading, 3-parted, even to the base : divisions hooked. 
 
 B. Without stipules. 
 1. Leaves eared, 
 oomplanata, L. stem branched, creeping : leaves roundish, very entire ; ears 
 sub-evate, flattish. On smooth bark : very rarely on rocks. 
 
 2. Leaves not eared. 
 a. Leaves not divided. 
 
 *, Leaves very entire. 
 
 ■citicnlosa, L. stem naked (excepting the radicled) ascending : leaves distant, 
 sub-verticillate, a little convex, roundish, beautifully green. Rotten logs. 
 
 polyanthos, L. stem creeping, rooting on the back : leaves sub-imbricate, sub- 
 verticillate, a litUe convex, roundish, pale : calyx shorter than the bristle, 
 divided. Moist ground. 
 
 lanceolata, L. stem creeping, rooting on the back : leaves imbricate, semi-ver- 
 ticil late, sub-convex, roundish-ovatC; Reddish. On rocks aad earth, in 
 woods. 
 
drtJNGEllMANNlA. 265 
 
 srolaris, Scbm. stem creeping, rooting : leaves sub-!mbricate, semi-verticil- 
 lafe, convex, roundish, somewhat converging forwards. Old logs : hand- 
 somely twisted : h'ght-green and purplish. 
 
 sphagni, Dick, stem creeping, with radicles on the back : leaves imbricate, sub- 
 vertical, concave, roundish, converging forward. 
 
 orbicularis, Mx. small, with a creeping stem : leaves orbicular, entire, rising 
 vertically in a double series. Reddiih. On dry side-hills : and, perhaps, 
 in woods among mosses. 
 
 **. Leaves toothed, 
 
 asplenioides, L. leaves sub-imbricate, semi-verticillate, oblique, ovate, round- 
 ish, having small teeth. Among rocks, on the ground. 
 
 b. Leaves divided. 
 
 *, Leaves emarginate, 2-lobed or 2-cleft. 
 
 f . Margin of the leaves very entire. 
 
 erttarginata, Eh. stem erectj sub-ramose : leaves approximate, spread-diverg- 
 ing, obcordate, obtusely emarginate, angles obtuse. Moist rocks. 
 
 funckii, Web. stem ascending, sub-simple : leaves sub-imbricate, spreading, 
 sub-horizontal, emarginate, angles obtusish. Deep red. Among lichens in 
 dry woods. 
 
 ivjlata, Huds. stem procumbent, sub-simple : leaves remotish, spread-diverg- 
 ing, sub-horizontal, concave, acutely emarginate, an£;les acute. With the 
 last. 
 
 survifolia, Dick, stem procumbent, branching : leaves sub-imbricate, erectish, 
 2-cleft, divisions alternated, incurved. Rotten logs. 
 
 michauxiij Web. ? shoots erectish : leaves 2-cleft, approximate, sub-imbricate, 
 spread-diverging, very entire, acutely emarginate, angles acute : fructifica- 
 tion terminal : calyx tubular, plaited at the apex. 
 
 bicornis, MncWer. stem creeping, sub-ramose : leaves remote, spreading, semi- 
 verticillate, concave, emarginate-2-toothed, teeth acuminate, verj- acute, con- 
 verging. 
 
 bicuspidata, L. steraflexuose, sub-ramose, creeping : leaves remote, spread-di- 
 verging, semi-vertical, flattish, acutely emarginate-2-toothed ; teeth diverging. 
 
 connivens, Dk. shoots creeping ; branches simply pinnate : leaves ovate, emar- 
 ginate-2-cleft ; teeth acute, converging. 
 
 ehrhartiana, Web. stem short, decumbent, rooting on the back : leaves imbri* 
 cate, somewhat spreading, concave, obtusely emarginate, angles acutish. 
 
 ft' Margin of the leaves toothed, serrate, or crenate. 
 
 undulata, L. stem erect, simple ; leaves roundish obtuse, sub-denticulate, un- 
 dulate, lobes obtuse : a little concave in front, convex behind. Bogs. Small- 
 er than the next: leaves less ciliate, 
 
 nemorosa, L. stem erect, sub-ramose : leaves with roundish lobes, tooth-ciliate. 
 Whitrsh-green. Large. A variety almost white, more ciliate : fructifica- 
 tion nearly sessile. Possibly a distinct species. 
 
 resupinata, L. stem erectish, sub-branched : leaves resupiuate ; lobes sub- 
 ovate, scarcely acute, denticulate. Reddish. Dry earth ; leaves obtuse. 
 
 nmbrosa, Schrader, lobes of the leaves sub-ovate, acute or acuminate, serrate. 
 Reddish. Dry earth : leaves acute. 
 
 albicans, L. stem erect, subdivided ; lobes of the leaf oblong, acutish, fur- 
 nished with a nerve, serrate at the apex. Whitish-yellow: in tufts on the 
 earth. 
 
 **. Leaves nneqiudly 3-toothedi or 3 — 4 — ^-cleft at the apex. 
 
 ^M5t//a, L. small, creeping : leaves sub-4-sided, plaited, margin in front ob- 
 tuse, crenate, very entire on the other parts. Light green. Ou loamy 
 ground. 
 
 guinquedentata, L. stem erectish, rooting on the back : leaves plaited, 4-sided, 
 quercjferm below : apex with 3 or 5 acute, very entire teeth. 
 
264 JUNGBRMANNIl, JUSSIEUA. 
 
 txsectat Schm. stem creeping: leaves concave, uniqually 3 toothed ; teeth 
 
 acutish, very entire. On earth, in moist woods. 
 incisa, Schr. stem rooting, sub-simple : leaves unequally 3-cleft ; divisions 
 
 channeled on the back, toothed. Moist rocks. 
 decipiens, Hooker, stem erect, flexuose, &ub-simple : lower leaves smaller. 
 
 veiy entire ; upper ones sub-4-sided, v,iih one or more spinose, scattered 
 
 teeth. 
 
 11. Stemiess. 
 
 sinuata, Sw. nearly stemiess, frond sub-dichotomous, flat, nerved, margin un- 
 divided or sinuate-pinnatifid, very entire, glabrous. A large species. Bogs. 
 
 epiphylla, L. frond obovate, lobed, nearly nerveless ; lobes sinuate, margin un- 
 dulate, fruit-bearing above. Banks of brooks. 
 
 pinguis, L. frond obovate, lobed, nerveless, glabrous, fleshy ; lobes sinuate ; 
 fruit-bearing below. Wet and water. 
 
 multifida, L. frond creeping, bi-pinnatifid, nerveless; divisions narrow, broad- 
 er at the apex. Wet. 
 
 palmata, H. frond short, somewhat ascending, digitate-palmate, nerveless. 
 Dark green. Rotten wood, in wet places. 
 
 bipinnata, Sw. frond procumbent, bi-pinnate, nerveless ; segments, towards 
 the apex, attenuated. Shady rocks, among mosses. Small. 
 
 furcata, frond linear, decumbent, ramose, forked at the extremity, nerved, the 
 margin at the bottom and on the back of the nerve pubescent, yellowish 
 green. On rocks and stones. 
 
 pubescens, Schr. frond linear, branching, forked at the extremity, nerved, all 
 over pubesceut. Yellow. On mountains. 
 
 ciliferai Sz. frond linear, very narrow, branching ; not forked at the extremity, 
 but sub-bifid ; divisions attenuated, nearly nerveless ; lealy at the margin : 
 lobes spatulate, clavate and irregular, sometimes shoot like, with intermixed 
 ciliae. Elsgant. Green or yellow. In dense tufts on rocks and earth. 
 
 oblonga, Sz. frond simple, broad, not lobed, oblong, sub-acuminate ; margin 
 undulate, or thick towards the nerves, plaited ; on other parts very entire ; 
 the apex is sometimes produced into a long linear point. Frond one-eighth 
 of an inch in diameter. In water. 
 Remark. Most of the Jurgermanniae are in fruit late in the spring; some 
 
 however, in the winter. Fucus. 
 
 20 — 15. JoMPERCs. 51. 100. 
 
 communis, W. (juniper. 0.31. ■^.) leaves in threes, spreading, mucronate, 
 longer than the berry. Van erecta, branches erect. Var. depressa, (1) 
 branches prostrate or horizontal. 
 
 virginimia, Wm. (red cedar. O. PJ. ^.) leaves in threes, adnate at their bases ; 
 in their young state they are imbricate, older they become spreading. Hard- 
 ly a middle-sized tree. 
 
 sabina, W. (savin. M. '*p.) leaves opposite, obtuse, glandular in the middle, 
 imbricate 4-ways: the young tender ones opposite, acute. Grows near 
 Lake Superior, Pitcher. Var. procumbens, 6 inches high, in Itocky Moun- 
 tains, Ph. 
 
 SotUhern. 
 
 excelsa, W. (M. fp.) leaves opposite, obtusish, glandular in the middle, imbri- 
 cate 4-ways ; the young tender ones acute, in threes, spreading : stem arbo- 
 reus. A middle size tree. Pr-rhaps a variety of the last. 
 
 barbaderisis, W. (E. Tp.) leaves all imbricate four- ways ; younger ones ovate ; 
 older ones acute. Taxus. 
 
 10—1. JussiEUA. 17. 88. 
 
 Southern, 
 grandijlora, Mx. (E. y. Ju. 2X) creeping : stem erect and ascending : leaves 
 
 (1) repens, N. prostraia, M. 
 
JUSSIEUA, KOCHIA. 2G5 
 
 lanceolate, entire, with the peduncles and calyx villous : flowers decan- 
 drous. 2—3 f. , 1 , , /, 
 erecta, W. (E. y. Au. !(.) erect, glabrous : leaves lanceolate : flowers oc- 
 
 tandrous, sessile. 
 subacaulis. Ph. (W. y. J. 2X-) creeping:, glabrous : leaves lance-linear, re- 
 
 pand-toothed : flowers solitary, octandrous, peduncle d : alternate filaments 
 
 shortest : petals obovate. 
 leptocarpa, N. (W. y. 0.) erect : stem and calyx somewhat hirsute : leaves 
 
 lanceolate, attenuate at each end : flowers sessile : capsule slender, cylia- 
 
 dric. 
 teniiifolia, N. (E. Florida.) leaves sessile, linear, glabrous : flowers sessile, 
 
 octandrous. Prosopis. 
 
 2—1. JusTiciA. 40. 36. 
 
 pedunculosa, Vahl. (1) (water willow. W. Ju. ^.) spikes axillary : flowers 
 
 crowded: peduncles elongated, alternate : leaves lanceolate. S. 
 
 Exotic, 
 adhatoda, (raalabar nut. p. ^.) leaves lance-ovate : bracts ovate, nerved, pe;- 
 
 manent : helmet of the corol concave. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 kumilis, Vahl. (E. Ju. 21.) spikes axillary and terminal, few-flowered : flowers 
 distant : bracts linear : leaves lance-oblcng. 
 
 brachiata, Ph. (O. r. Ju. 21.) peduncles axillary in whorled racemes : pedi- 
 cels in pairs : bracts obovate, 3-flowered : leaves ovale, acute : petioles 
 very long : stem six-angled, very branching. L'tricularia. 
 
 K. 
 
 10— I. Kalmia. 18. 50. 
 
 latifolia, W. (laurel. E. w. & r. Ju. ■^.) leaves long-petiole d, scattered, and in 
 threes, oval, smooth both sides : corvmbs terminal, with viscid hairs. 3 — 
 '20{. S. 
 
 angustifolia, (sheep laurel. O. J. 9.) leaves in threes, petioled, ob!ong, ob- 
 tuse, sometimes rusty beneath : corymbs lateral : bracts linear : peduncleu 
 and calyx with glandular hairs. Var. ovata, taller : leaves broader, sub- 
 ovate. 2—3 f. <S. 
 
 glauca, A. (2) (swamp laurel. O. r. M. p.) branchlets 2-edged : leaves oppo- 
 
 ■ site, sub-sessile, oblong, smooth, glaucous beneath, margin revolule : co- 
 lynib terminal, bracted : peduncles and calyxes very glabrous. Var. tcc- 
 marinifoliut leaves linear, green beneath. 18 — 24 i. 
 
 Soutliern. 
 
 cU7??a/a, Mx. (A. w. r. ^.) leaver, scattered, sessile, wedge-form, oblong, pu- 
 bescent beneath, slightly awned at the apex : corymbs lateral, few-flowered. 
 
 JursiUa, Wr. (E. r. Ju. f).) branches, leaves and calyx hirsute ; leaves oppo- 
 site and alternate, sub-sessile, lanceolate : peduncles axillary, solitary, one- 
 flowered, longer than the leaves. 10 — 13 i. Rhodydendroii. 
 
 5—2. KocHiA. 12. 24. 
 
 So7't}ier7i. 
 deJitata, W. (3) (W.J. 0.) leaves lanceolate, sinuate-toothed : stem erect, 
 
 very branching. 
 dioica, N. (W; M. 0.) low: branching axillary : leaves sessile, very entire, 
 lance-ovate, acute, glaucous, somewhat succulent : staminate flowers ter- 
 minal, conglomerate. Both species resemble Chcnopodium. 6—12 i. 
 
 Planera. 
 
 (I) Dianthera americana, L. ensiformis, Wr. (2) polii'oIia,^Wm. (3) 
 Salsola piatyph} lla, Mx, 
 
266 KOELERIA, KTLLINGIA. 
 
 3—2. KOELERIA. 4. 10. 
 
 pensylvanica, SI. (0) (J. 21.) leaves flat and with the sheaths, soft-pubescent : 
 panicle oblong, slender, rather loose : calyx 2-flowered : glumes nearly 
 equal ; lower one oblong, obtuse, sub-mucronate : upper valve of the corol 
 scabrous. 2 f. • 
 
 truncata, M. (1) (J. 21.) leaves flat, smooth : panicle oblong, racemed : calyx 
 2-flowered with a third abortive floret, unequal 5 lower glume a little sca- 
 brous, obtuse : corol glabrous. 2 f. Yar, major, T. (E.) panicle large, a 
 little spreading : leaves broad-linear, very long. 3 f. S. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 nitida, N. (W. 0?) spike elongated, lobed : lobes crowded, appressed, ap- 
 proximate : spikelets oblong-ovate, smooth, awnless ; lower ones 2-flowered ; 
 upper ones 3, both with an additional setaceous rudiment : stipule hairy. 8 i. 
 
 paniculata, N. (E.) panicle oblong, smooth : spikelets 2 — 3-flowered, shining : 
 glumes awnless : valves of the calyx very unequal; largest one obtusely 
 truncate. 
 
 cristata, S. (2) (W. Ju. 21-) spike somewhat lax: spikelets diverging, 3-^4- 
 flowered, somewhat awned and wrinkled, sub-ciliate on the keel. 
 
 Uralepsis. 
 
 4 — 1. Krameria. 33. 35. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 lanceolata, T. & J. (W. y. fp.) hoary-pubescent: leaves lanceolate, acute, 
 
 villose ; pedicels axillary, about twice as long as the leaves. Rivina. 
 
 17—1. Krigia. 49. 53. 
 
 tnrginica, Mx. (3) (dwarf dandelion. E. y. M. 0.) small : leaves lyrate, glau- 
 cous, smoothish, ciliate : scape 1-flowered, becoming elongated after flower- 
 ing : calyx about 8-leaved. Var. dichotoma, caulescent, dichotomous. 4 — 
 8i. S. 
 
 amplexicaulis, Mx. (4) (O. y. Ju. 21-) glaucous: radical leaves spatulate, 
 lanceolate and oval, toothed : scape somewhat leafy and branchea. 12 — 
 
 14 i. S. 
 
 Southern, 
 caroliniana, Wr. (5) (E. Ap. y. 2^.) leaves runcinate, nearly glabrous : scapes 
 
 very long, with the base of the calyj/glandular-hair>-. 6—12 i. 
 dandelion, (6) (E. y. 2X) glabrous: slightly glaucous : leaves lance-linear, 
 
 entire, smooth : scape one-flowered. C — 18 i. 
 montana, Mx. (7) (A.) very glabrous, procumbent : leaves lanceolate, entire : 
 scape 1-flowered. Tragopogon. 
 
 17 — 1. KimNiA. 49. 55. 
 
 euj)atorioides,Vf. (8) (false boneset. E. w. Au. 2i.) glabrous : leaves petiolcd, 
 broad-lanceolate, serrate : corymbs terminal, few-flowered, compact. 2 — 
 3 f. S. 
 
 critania, W. (9) (y. Au. 21.) pubescent : leaves narrow-lanceolate, about 2- 
 toothed below, petioled, punctate beneath : upper ones linear, entire, ses- 
 sile : panicle terminal, spreading. 3 f. <S. Eupatorium. 
 
 glutinosa, E. (W. w. S.) pubescent, glutinous: leaves lanceolate, tapering 
 towards the summit, notched and toothed, crowded : flowers corym-pani- 
 icled. 2 f. 
 
 3 — 1. Kylli>'gia. 3. 9. 
 
 monocephala, (false bog-rush. E. 21-) <^'^lra filiform, 3-sided, with a leafy base: 
 heads globose, sessile : involucres 3-leaved, very long. 
 
 (1) Aira, M. triflora, E. (2) Aira, L. (3) Hyoseris, Mx. (4) Troxi- 
 inon, Ph. Hyoseris, Mx. (5) Hyoseris, Wr. (6) Hyoseris anguslifoha, Ph. 
 Tragopogon, L. (7) Hyoseris, Mx. (8) Eupatorium altemifoliuro, L. (9) 
 Critonia kuhnia, Mx. (0) Aira, SI. M. 
 
KTLIINGIA, LAMIUM. 267 
 
 Southern, 
 pumila, Mx. (E. J. It-) head globose, sessile, solitary : involucre short (long 
 
 E :) culm setaceous : flowers diandrous. 3 — 6 i. 
 maculata, Mx. (E. Ju. H.) calyx 1-leared, imbricate : cord 2-valved ; valves 
 
 unequal : heads about 3, ovate, sub-acute, sessile. 3 — 5 i. 
 
 L. 
 
 Lachnanthes^ Dilatris. 
 17—1. Lactuca. 49. 53. 
 
 elongata, M. (1) (wild lettuce. O. y. J. cT- or 2i) leaves smooth beneath, lower 
 ones runcinate, entire, clasping 5 lowest ones toothed, highest ones lanceo- 
 late : flowers corymb-panicled. 3 — 6 f. S. 
 
 hirsuta, M. (y. Au. 2X) lower part of the stem and leaves hairy : radical leaves 
 lyrate ; segments truncate, sub-dentate ; upper ones partly runcinate-pin- 
 natifid : flowers racemed. 
 
 integrifolia, Bw. (O. y. Ju.(2f.) leaves sagittate, entire, unarmed, clasping, 
 pale beneath, midrib smooth ; lower ones a little eroded : flowers panicled. 
 3—4 f. S. 
 
 sangmnea, Bw. (E. r. Au.(^?) leaves clasping, glaucous beneath, runcinate, 
 with the midrib filamentous : flowers panicled. 2 — 3 f. 
 
 Exotic, 
 sativa, (lettuce, y. Ju. 0.) leaves roundish ; cauline ones cordate : stem co- 
 rymbed. Var. romana, has oblong, straight leaves, narrowed at the base. 
 Var. crispa, has sinuate-crenate leaves, toothed, undulated, crisped ; radi- 
 cal ones hairy on the keel. Var. laciniata, ha« the lower leaves pinnatifid, 
 and the upper ones runcinate. 
 
 Southern, 
 graminifolia, Mx. (E. p. Ju.) stem erect, simple : leaves unarmed, generally 
 
 undivided, simple at the base, long-linear : panicle leafless, loose; branches 
 
 few-flowered : flowers all peduncled. 3 f. 
 sagHtifolia, E. (E. y .'' Au.) stem erect, glabrous : leaves lance-oblong, acutCt 
 
 entire, glabrous, pale beneath, close-sessile, sagittate at the base : flowers 
 
 panicled. Sonchus. 
 
 21 — 4. Lamania. 57. 2. 
 
 fiuviatUis, threads sub-simple, olive-colour ; papillae sub-ternate, internodes 
 cylindric, the length 5 times the diameter. In rivers. Conferva. 
 
 21 — 4. Laminaria. 57. 2. 
 
 esculenta, frond ribbed : stipe pinnate, with petioled wedge-form leaves, run- 
 ning through a sub-coriaceous ensiform frond. Colour olive, becoming 
 sooty-yellow when dry. On the sea-shore. 
 
 saccharina, frond not ribbed, coriaceous : stipe flattened into a nerveless, ensi- 
 form, entire frond, ovate at the base. Colour olive. On the sea-shore. 
 
 Delesseria. 
 
 13—1. Lamium. 42. 39. 
 
 amplexicaule, (hen-bit, dead nettle. O. p. M. 0.) floral leaves sessile, clasp- 
 ing, obtuse : radical leaves petioled. 6—10 i. S. 
 
 (1) longifolia, Mx. 
 
268 LiMIL'M, LATHYRUS. 
 
 purpureum, (p. 0.) leaves cordate, obtuse, toothed, petioled, crowded at the 
 top : stem nakedish downwards.. 
 
 Exotic, 
 gjrganicum, (dead nettle. 21-) leaves cordate, concai^ : throat of the corol m- 
 ilated, tube short. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 hispidulum, Mx. (W. w.) stem hispid : leaves long-petioled, broad-cordate, 
 
 pubescent : axils l-flowered. Galeopsis. 
 
 13—2. Lantana. 40. 35. 
 
 SoiUhern, 
 camara, (E. y. Au. ^.) leaves opposite, lance-ovate, crenate and serrate, sca- 
 brous : slem rough, not prickly : flowers in umbellate heads, leafless. 2 — 
 4 f. Orthocarpus. 
 
 21—2. Lasia. 56. 4. 
 
 trichomitrion, branch compressed : leaves oval, acuminate, striate longitudi- 
 nally ; peduncle of the length of the calyx : capsule ovate : calyptrc pro- 
 fusely hairy. In mountains. 
 marginata, in very branching fascicles : brancblets erect, tapering, filiform : 
 . leaves oval, acuminate, revolute both sides so as to appear as if margined ; 
 nerves prominent : capsule oblong ; lid subulate. Leucodon. 
 
 16—10. Lathyrus. 32. 93. 
 
 palustris, (0. w-p.Ju. 2X-) stem winged : stipules lancc-semi-sagittate : ieaf- 
 cts six, lance-linear, acute : peduncles about 3-flowered. 
 
 myrtifolius, W. (1) (0. r. Ju. 7X.) stem naked, winged, 4-cornered : stipules 
 semi-sagittate, lance-ovate, acuminate: leafets 4, lance-oblong, acute, mu- 
 cronate, net-veined : peduncles longer than the leaves, about 4 or 5-flowered. 
 
 venosus, \V. (W. p. Ju. 2X.) stem naked, 4-cornered: stipules semi-sagittate, 
 ovate, acuminate : leafets numerous, somewhat alternate, ovate, obtuse, mu- 
 cronate, veiny : peduncles shorter than the leaves, 5 — 10-flowered. 
 
 maritimus, Bw. (2) (E. p. Ju. H-) stem compressed, 4-angled : stipules sagit- 
 tate : leafets numerous, sub-alternate, obovate ; peduncles shorter than the 
 leaves, about 7-flowered. 
 
 Exotic. 
 
 odoratus, (swfeet pea. J. %,) peduncles 2-flowered : tendril with 2 ovate ob- 
 long leafets : legumes hirsute. 
 
 Utifoliust (everlasting pea. Au. 21-) peduncles many-flowered : tendril with 2 
 lance-ovate leaves ; membranaceous between joints. 
 
 clymeniim, (various pea. 0.) peduncles 2-flowered : tendril with many lanceo- 
 late leafets : stipules toothed. 
 
 articulatus, (jointed pea. Ju. 0.) peduncles about 1 -flowered : tendril with 
 many alternate lanceolate leafets : legume jointed. 
 
 sitivus, (chick vetch. 0.) peduncles I -flowered: tendrils with 2 and 4 leafets . 
 ieo-umes ovate, compressed, with two narrow wings on the back. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 pusillus, E. (E. p. M.) peduncles long, 1-flowered : stipules falcate ; tendril 
 2-leaved, simple : leaves lance-linear : stem winged. 
 
 decaphyllus, Ph. (3) (W. p. If.) stem 4-angled : stipules linear, semi-sagit- 
 tate: leaves in 5-pairs ; leafets oval-oblong, mucronate : peduncles 3 — 4- 
 flowered. Vicia. 
 
 (1) stipulaceus, Le Conle. (2) Pisura maritimum, Ph. (3) pohinorphus, 
 N. Vicia stipulacea. Ph. ^ 
 
LAURrS, LECANORA. 269 
 
 9—1. Laurus. 12. 27. 
 
 caroline)isis, Mx. (E. j. J. >).) leaves lance-oval, coriaceous, glaucous be- 
 neath : peduncles simple, terminated with a few-flowered fascicle : outer 
 segments of the corol half as long as the inner ones. Var. glabra, leaves 
 glabrous beneath. Var.^jM^wcen*, leaves pubescent beneath. Var. obtusa, 
 leaves obcvate, obtuse. Leaves perennial. 10 — 30 f. S. 
 
 benzoin, (spice bush, fever bush. O. g. y. Ap. h.) leaves wedgo-obovate, whit- 
 ish sub-pubescent beneath : flowers in clustered umbels : buds and pedicels 
 glabrous. 4—10 f. S. 
 
 sassafras, (sassafras tree. O. y. M. >>.) leaves entire and lobed on the same 
 plant i flowers mostly dioecious. 10—25 f. S. 
 
 Exotic. 
 
 camjyhoratus, {camphor tree. >>.) leaves about 3-nerved, lance-ovate : panicle 
 spreading. From Japan. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 catesbyana, Mx. (E. w.'M. ^.) lance-ovate leaves and branches glabrous : pan-- 
 icles short peduncled : divisions of the corol oblong,, obtuse, nearly equal, 
 caducous. Leaves perennial. 6 — 9 f. 
 
 aestivalis, (E.) leaves veined, oblong, acuminate, rugose beneath : branches 
 super-axillaiy. 
 
 melissae folia, Wr. (1) (E. y. Ap. '^.) leaves heart-lanceolate, veined, pubes- 
 cent beneath : flowers in clustered umbels : buds and pedicels villous. 2 — 
 3f. 
 
 geniculata, Wr. (E. y. Ap. ^.) branches divaricate-flexuose: leaves small,, 
 oval, smooth : umbels terminal, few-flowered. 10-^15 f.. 
 
 albida,'^. (white sassafras. E. ^.) buds and )-ounger branches smooth and 
 glaucous : leaves entire or lobed, every where smooth and thin, obsoletely 
 veined beneath : petiole longer. Is this a distinct species .'' 
 
 Eriogouum. 
 
 13—1. Lavandula. 42. 39. 
 
 Exotic. 
 spika^W. (lavender. Au. 21-) leaves sessile, lance-lioear, with revolute mar- 
 gins : spike interruptedly naked. Ballota. 
 
 15—13. Lavatera. 37. 74. 
 
 Exotic, 
 ihuringiaea, (gay mallows. 21.) lower leaves angled ; upper ones 3-Iobed, with 
 
 the middle lobe longest: peduncles solitary. 
 arborea, (tree mallows. S. cT.) leaves 7-angled : peduncles crowded. 
 
 Gossypium;, 
 
 21—5. Lecanora. 57. 2, 
 
 1. Crust aduate, u?iiform.. 
 
 a. Receptacles with a black and naked di^k. 
 
 atra, Ach. crust very white: receptacle crowded, angular ; margin flexuous. 
 
 Var. calliginosa, crust dark. On trunks and rotten wood. 
 commutata, Ach. crust thin, with greenish-white dust : receptacle concave. 
 
 Fences and rotten wood, 
 periclea, var. exigua, Ach. crust dirty while and blackish : receptacle small 
 
 and crowded. Fences and rotten wood. 
 
 (1) diospyrus, Ph. 
 
270 LECANORAt 
 
 sophodes, Ach. cruat vcrrucoae, sub-determined, ashy greenish : receptacle 
 crowded, black, brownish when moistened ; margin tumid, very entire. 
 Fences and rotten wood. 
 
 b. Receptacles tcith a brown coloured disk. 
 
 subfuica, Ach. crust smooth, cartilaginous, granulated : receptacle dark ; mar- 
 
 gm thick. Bark. 
 ventosa, Ach. crust tesselated, with tumid warts, yellowish or grey : receptacle 
 
 reddish-brown, convex. Barks and rocks. 
 varia, Ach. crust light yellow : receptacle generally dirty green, yellowish and 
 
 brown. Old posts and fences. 
 
 c. Receptacles with a black or coloured disk, always pruinose. 
 
 viilarsii., Ach. ? crust tartareous, gyrose, granulated, whitish : receptacle black, 
 sessile; disk concave. On rocks. 
 
 glaucoma, Ach. crust greyish : receptacle black, immersed ; disk at length 
 convex ; margin obliterated. On rocks. 
 
 angulosa, Ach. crust smooth and sub-rimose : receptacle crowded and angu- 
 lar. On smooth bark. 
 
 ccBsio-rubella, Ach. crust membranaceous and white : receptacle large, light- 
 red. On trunks. 
 
 aiballoe, Ach. crust cartilaginous, smooth, milk-white : receptacle light flesh- 
 coloured. On bark. 
 
 d. Receptacles with disks of various colours. 
 
 perelij, Ach. crust thin, warty, white : receptacle light flesh-coloured. On 
 trunks. 
 
 tartare2, Ach. crust white, tartareous, with clustered, corol-like granules: re- 
 ceptacle light flesh-coloured. This is the cudbear of the English, and used 
 in dying purple on woollen. Common on rocks. 
 
 salicina, Ach. crust granulated, dirty yellowish, hard!}' distinguishable : re- 
 ceptacle orange. On trunks. 
 
 fulva, Si. crust papillated, verrucose, of a pale sulphur yellow : receptacle 
 with an orange disk, when young immersed in the verrucae of the crust, at 
 lenjth enlarging with a thin inflected margin. Common on rough bark. 
 
 2- Crtist adriate, radiati/ig, and lobed at the circumference. 
 
 elegans, Ach. crust orange, radiating: lobes linear and convex. On rocks 
 galactina, Ach. crust sub-imbricated, dirty white : receptacle crowded, angu- 
 lar ; disk livid flesh-coloured, sub-pruinose. Rotten trunks and rocks. 
 Jvgiandina, Sz. crust flat, orbicular, sub-lucid, olivaceous, towards the circum- 
 ference light glaucous-green, minutely laciniated through its whole surface ; 
 ce:\tral segments scaly imbricated; marginal ones flat and broader towards 
 the apex : receptacle central, small ; disk fuscous, concave ; margin very 
 thick. Common on smooth bark. 
 
 3. CrustfoliaceouSj scaly, imbricated. 
 
 4miihii, Ach. crust scaly: lobes thick, roundish, waved, yellow-orange, deep- 
 ening in colour towards the apex ; receptacle orange, like Parmela rutUans. 
 Common on trunks. 
 
 irregularis, Sz. crust scaly : lobes ascending, very minutely fringed, whitish- 
 grey, greenish when moistened : receptacle grey pruinose, dark brown when 
 moistened; margin thick and entire. Common on trunks. 
 
 candetaria, Ach. crust scaly, bright yellow; margin of lobes granular: recep- 
 tacle bright yellow. On smooth bark. 
 
LECANORA, XECIDEA. £71 
 
 brunnea^ Ach. crusl imbricated, ashy liver-colour: receptacle reddish-brown; 
 margin crenulated. On trunks. Parmelia. 
 
 3—3. Lechea. 22. 82. 
 
 major, (1) (pin-weed. O. g-p. Ju. 21-) erect, hirsute : leaves lance-oblong, mu- 
 cronate : panicle leafy ; branches bearing flowers at their tops : flowers in 
 fascicled racemes, one-way, short-pedicelled. 1 — 2 f. S. 
 
 minor, (O. g-p. Ju. 2X-) smoothish : leaves lance-linear, acute: panicle leafy: 
 branches elongated, bearing flowers on all parts : stem ascending. 8 i. 
 
 racemulosa, Mx. (E. Ju. 2X0 pubescence close-pressed : leaves linear, acute, 
 ciliate : panicle slender, very branching, nakedish : flowers small, alternate, 
 pedicelled : stem erect. S. 
 
 thymifolia, Mx. (E. Ju. 21-) white down close-pressed on all sides : leaves li- 
 near, acute: panicle elongated, leafv : branches short: flowers in lateral 
 and terminal fascicles : pedicels very short : stem erect. jS. 
 
 ^eH«x/b/ia, Mx. (W.J. 21-) ^^"^^^^^^^ P'^o^^ • leaves very narrow: panicle di- 
 varicate : pedicels elongated, divaricate : stem erect. (Flowers solitary, ra- 
 cemed: stems decumbent and assurgent. Elliott.) S. Proserpinaca. 
 
 21-;5. Lecidea. 57. 2. 
 
 1. Receptacles black and naked constantly. 
 
 atrata, crust thin, in little cracks, punctate, very black : receptacles in the crust, 
 wart-form, one-coloured : disk urceolate. Dry rocks. 
 
 lapicida, crust tartarous, cracked, becoming white-cinereous : receptacles de- 
 pressed between the elevations of the crust, flat, at length convex, sub-con- 
 fluent, dark ; corneous within, and becoming dark-cinereous : margin thin. 
 On stones. 
 
 parasema, crust thin, sub-membranaceous, white, becoming cinereous, with 
 dark edges, at length effuse, sub-granulated : receptacles flattish, sessile, 
 margined, dark ; becoming dark within. On bark of trees and on wood. 
 
 emeroletica, crust sub-cartilaginous, becoming cinereous : receptacles close- 
 pressed, flattish, somewhat margined, dark, white within. On bark of trees 
 and decaying wood. 
 
 subuletorum, crust effuse, granulated, in some parts lobe-branched, white-cine- 
 reous ; receptacles crowded, sessile, plano-convex, hemispheric, sub-con- 
 fluent, somewhat margined, dark; somewhat dusty within, one-coloured. 
 Var. gkochroa, is fuscous-cinereous : receptacles sub-globose, often crowd- 
 ed into glomerate masses, and shining. On the earth and decayed moss. 
 
 alba, crust sub-determinate, membranaceous, somewhat cracked, white, with 
 conglomerated-cinereous or greenish-milky dust at length scattered over it: 
 receptacles minute, close-pressed, flat, dark. On trunks of trees. 
 
 assercularum, crust effuse, thin, unequal, dark-sooty : receptacles sessile, a lit- 
 tle plano-concave, dark ; one-coloured within. On timber and dead wood. 
 
 «rceo/a?a, crust cartilaginous, membranaceous, determinate, rugose -cracked, 
 glabrous, very white: receptacles sessile, urceolate, white-hoary ; corneous 
 and livid within under the disk : margin inflexed, sub-coarcate. On bark of 
 trees. 
 
 atro-alba, Ach. areolae of the crust black and white. Common on rocks. 
 
 fumosa, Ach. crust dull smoky -colour : receptacle sunk into the crust, greyish 
 within. Common on rocks. 
 
 pantosticta, Ach. receptacle minute, immersed in the crust upon the areolae. 
 Common on rocks. 
 
 conjluem, Ach. crust dirty white : receptacle irregular and aggregated. Com- 
 mon on rocks. 
 
 (1) villo3a, E. 
 
272 lECIDEA. 
 
 prenmea, Ach. receptacle with a whitish stratum under the disk. On trees 
 
 and fences. 
 dolosa, Ach. crust pulverulent, rusty grey : receptacle convex. On trunks 
 
 and fences. 
 citrinella, Ach. ? crust green : receptacle small, blacl^ On old stone fences. 
 
 Rare. 
 
 ?. Receptacles black and naked, becoming reddish or sooty-yellow when damp. 
 
 immersa, crusts efifuse, thin, contiguous, becoming white : receptacles plano- 
 convex, immersed : margins dark ; disks somewhat hoary, when moistend 
 dark red, at length somewhat convex, becoming white within. On stones, 
 particularly on lime-stones. 
 
 3. Receptacles dark-glaucotis, g^^Vy becoming hoary. 
 
 alboccerulescens, crusts tartarous, contiguous, uniform, at length cracked, whit- 
 ish : receptacles sessile and elevated, flat, dark, becoming bluish-boary ; 
 margin free, flexuose, naked, black. On rocks and stones. 
 
 corticola, crust sub-tartarous, granular-areolate, unequal, very white : recep- 
 tacles minute, sub-immersed, grey-hoary ; at length sub-globose, immargi- 
 nate, naked, dark, becoming: cinereous within. On the bark and trunks of 
 trees. 
 
 4, Receptacles dark-fuscous, or becoming fuscous, blended with some other 
 
 colour. 
 
 spadicea, crust cartilaginous, unequal, sub-granulated, becoming while-cinere- 
 ous : receptacles thick, flat, fuscous, liver-brown, at length becoming dark : 
 margin very thin, and a little wrinkled, at length a little convex, with the 
 margin evanescent : colour uniform within. On bark of trees. 
 
 rarians, crust sub-membranaceous, cracked, afterwards granulated, becoming 
 green-cinereous, with dark limits: receptacles small, crowded, yellowish, 
 fuscous and dark, impressed in the middle, sub-iramarginate. On the bark 
 of ash trees, &c. 
 
 russela, crust sub-cartilaginous, rugose, areolate-rimose, becoming pale-green, 
 ivith dark limits : receptacles sessile, glabrous, a little tumid, red-fuscous; 
 the disk higher than the pale, thin, entire margin. On bark of trees. 
 
 TJWteit, crust very thin, dirty pale cinereous: receptacles sessile, minute, ag- 
 gregated, urceolate, yellowish tiesh-colour, entire. In pine woods on roots, 
 &c. 
 
 sanguineoaira, crust thin, membranaceous, effuse, light green-cinereous, at 
 length sprinkled over with granulated dust : receptacles hemispheric, sub- 
 immarginate, somewhat glabrous, dark purple and at length black. 
 
 versicolor, Sz. crust greenish, and bounded by a broad waving black line : re- 
 ceptacle small, greenish and otlier dark colours, clustered and stellate to the 
 naKed eye. Common on smooth bark. 
 
 luteola, Ach, crust thin, greyish, with globular pale granules : receptacle dirty 
 yellow. On trunks and rocks. 
 
 carneola, Ach. crust thin, grey : receptacle sessile, thick, fleshy brown. On 
 trunks. 
 
 5. Receptacles red or light Jiesh-colourtd, 
 
 ianadophila, crust leprous-like, unequal, sub-granulated, whitish-green i re- 
 ceptacles sub-sessile, flat, flesh-coloured, at length flexuose; the disk a little 
 wrinkled ; the margin thin or none. On the earth, on trunks and decaying 
 wood, 
 
 cupularis, crust sub-tartarous, whitish-green : receptacles superficial, urceolate, 
 white; disk light brick-colour, scattered pulverulent spots on the outside. 
 This is a variety of marmorea of Acharius. On lime aiid slate rocks. 
 
XECIDEAj LEERSIA. 273 
 
 coccvua, Sz. crust cinereous, and bordered with a black line, receptacle shin- 
 ing, convex, beautiful scarlet, whitish within. Common on trunks. 
 
 6. Receptacles pate, becoming yelloiv, xcax-coloured and orange > 
 
 lutea-alba, crust thin, smooth, white ; receptacles crowded, at length convex, 
 hemispheric margined, yellowish-red, white within. Var. holocarpa, has a 
 dirty cinereous yellow crust and minute flattish yellowish orange sub-oblit- 
 erated receptacles. On the bark of trees rarley on rocks. 
 
 ehrhartiana, Ach. crust cartilaginous, greenish-yellow, rough, granulated 4 
 receptacle pale-yellowish. Common on rocks. - 
 
 aurantiaca, Ach. crust smooth, whitish ; receptacle orange, convex ; margin 
 lighter. Common on trunks and rotten wood. 
 
 7. Crust deformed orfoliaceous. 
 
 globifera, crust imbricate, fuscous ; lobes round, entire and sub-lobed, flexu- 
 ose, sub-rugose, white beneath : receptacles at length sub-immarginate, sQb- 
 globose, obscurely reddish-yellow. On rocks. 
 
 decipiens, crust sub-imbricate : lobes soinew'hat separated, sub-peltate, round- 
 ish, flesh-coloured and becoming fuscous, white beneath : receptacles mar- 
 ginal, convex and sub-globose, sub-immarginate, black. On the earth in 
 mountains, particularly lime-stone mountains. 
 
 sorediata, crust orbicular, rugose-plicate, imbricate, cinereous ; margins of the 
 lobes elevated and bearing the fruit-dots, dark beneath with spongy fibres : 
 receptacles scattered, close-pressed, flat, dark. 
 
 demissa, Ach. crust warty, sub-imbricated, lobed at the margin ; receptacle 
 reddish, depressed. On earth and rocks. Calicimn. 
 
 19—12. Lecontia. 2. 7. 
 
 mrginicum, (1) (poison arum. O. g. J. 21-) stemless : leaves hastate, heart- 
 form, acute ; lobes obtuse : spathe elongated, incurved : spadix for a long 
 distance from the summit bearing staminate flowers. 12 — 18 i. S. 
 
 Caladium. 
 
 10—1. Ledum. 10, 50. 
 
 palustre, (marsh-tea. E. w. M. "F).) leaves linear, margins revolute, iron-rust 
 down beneath : stamens 10, longer than the corol. 
 
 latifolium, A. (2) (labrador-tea. O. w. r. J. ^.) leaves linear-oblong, folded 
 in at the margin, iron-rust down beneath: stamens mostly 5, equalling the 
 corol. About swamps. Leiophyllum, 
 
 Ledum, Leiophyllum. 
 
 3—2. Leersia. 4. 10. 
 
 virginica,W. (white grass. E. Ju. 2^.) panicle simple; lower branches dif- 
 fuse: flowers appvessed, monandrous, sparingly ciliate on the keel. 3 — 4 
 f. S. 
 
 oryzoides, {2) (cut grass. E. Au, 2X0 panicle diff'use, sheathed at the base : 
 flowers triandrous, spreading : keel of the glumes conspicuously ciliate. 
 3 — 5 f. <S. 
 
 Southern, 
 lenticularis, Mx. (catch-fly grass. O. Ju. 21.) panicle erect : flowers large, 
 roundish, diandrous, imbricate : keel and nerves ciliate. 2 — 4 f. 
 
 Paspalum. 
 
 (1) Arum, L. Calla, Mx. (2) palustre, Mx, (3) Phalaris, L= 
 
274 LEIOtHYLLTJM, LEPRARIA. 
 
 10 — 1. Leiophyllum. 18. 50. 
 
 buxifolium^ P. (1) (sand myrtle. E. w. >>.) leaves small, lance-oval, entire, 
 glabrous, lucid, revolule at tlie margin : corymbs terminal. 6 — 18 i. S. 
 
 • Clethra. 
 
 19—2. Lemna. 54. 6. 
 
 trisulca, (duck meat. O. 0.) leaves thin, lance-oval, caudate at one end, ser- 
 rate at the other : roots solitary. Water. 
 
 minor, (green duck meat, O. J. 0.) leaves nearly ovate, compressed : roots 
 solitary. Var. cydoslasa, leaves elliptic, flat on both sides, cohering in a 
 circular arc : roots solitary. Water. S. 
 
 gibba, (W. 0.) leaves obovate, nearly flat above, hemispherical beneath : roots 
 solitary. Water. 
 
 polyrrhiza, (water flaxseed. O. Ju. 0.) leaves round obovate, conipressed ; 
 roots numerous, fascicled. Water. S. Typha. 
 
 Leontice^ Caulophyllum. 
 
 17 — 1. Leontodon. 49, 53. 
 
 taraxacum, (dandelion. O. y. Ap. If.) outer calyx reflexed : scape l-floirered i 
 
 leaves runcinate, with toothed divisions. Introduced. 
 ^alustre, S. (2X-) outer calyx scales short, erect, ovate : leaves sinuate-tootlied, 
 
 somewhat glabrous. S. Preuanthea. 
 
 13—1. Leonurus. 42. 39. 
 
 Exotic. 
 
 cardiaca, (motherwort, w-r. Ju. 2X') leaves 3-lobed, toothed, bases wedge- 
 form: calyx prickly, less than the corol. Naturalised. 2 — 4f. 
 
 viarrubiastrum, W. (r. Au.) leaves lance-ovate, toothed: calyx somewhat 
 prickly, as long as the corol. Naturalized. 2---4 f. Verbena. 
 
 21—6. Leotia. 58. 1. 
 
 bulliardi, stipe elongated, snow-white, undulated : pileus ovafe, obtuse, orange- 
 coloured. 
 lubrica, yellowish-green, sub-tremulous : pileus convex : stipe cylindric. 
 
 Helvetia. 
 
 14—1. Lepidium. 39. 63. 
 
 mrginicum, (wild peppergrass. O. w. J. cT.) radical leaves pinnatifid ; cauline 
 ones lance-linear, somewhat gash-serrate : flowers 4-petalled, mostly with 
 but two stamens : silicles lens-form. 12 — 18 i. S. 
 
 Exotic, 
 sativterrif (peppergrass. w. Ju. 0.) leaves oblong, many-cleft. Camelina. 
 
 21—5. Lepraria. 57. 2. 
 
 chlorina, (leprous lichen,) crust thick, cushion-like, greenish-yellow ; made 
 
 up of little pulverulent masses aggregated into sub-villoge globules. On 
 
 lime rocks, &c. 
 Jlava, crust effuse, equal, thin, sub-rimose, very yellow; made up of nakedish, 
 
 sub-globose granulations. On bark of trees and walls. 
 farinosa, crust very thin, membranaceous, becoming white : suffused with white 
 
 conglobated dust. On the bark of old trees. Sphaeria. 
 
 (1) Amyrsine buxifolia, Ph. Ledum thymifolium, Lk. 
 
LEPTANDRA, lESPEDEZA. 275 
 
 2 — 1. Leptandra. 40. 40. 
 
 virginica, (1) (Culver's physic. O. w. Au. H.) spikes terminal, long: leaves 
 whorled : stem-erect. Var. purpurea, Ph. flowers purple. 3 — 8 f. S. 
 
 Gratiola. 
 
 LeptanthiiSj Schollera. 
 
 17—3. Leptopoda. 49. 54. 
 
 Southern. 
 Jimbriata, W. (2) (E. y. Ap. 2X-) stem viscid-pubescent, striate : leaves alter- 
 nate, lance-linear, half-clasping, glabrous, punctate ; cauline ones gash- 
 toothed : chaff of the egret torn. 2 f. 
 tiecurre7i*, Macbride. (3) (E. y. Ap. 2i-) stem very glabrous : leaves lance- 
 linear, toothed, glabrous, decurrent : chaff of the egret torn. 12 — 18 i. 
 
 Balduina. 
 
 3—2. Lepturus. 4. 10. 
 
 paniculattis^N. (W. J. 0.) rachis incurved, compound, acutely triangular ; 
 branches and summit floriferous : spikes subulate, compressed, one-sided : 
 calyx 2-valved, acuminate, 1-llowered. 10 i. Rotboellia. 
 
 5—3. Lepuropetalon. E. (4) 21. 43. 
 
 Southern, 
 spathulatum, M. (E. w. Ap. 0.) glabrous: stem erect and procumbent, 
 somevphat succulent, sub-angled : leaves alternate, sessile, lance-spathulate, 
 obtuse, entire. 1-2 i. Parnassia. 
 
 21—2. Leskia. 56. 4. 
 
 compressoj decumbent : branches two-ranked, facing two ways, compressed : 
 leaves lanceolate, flattish, somewhat extended : capsule oblong, straight ; 
 lid conic. On trunks of trees. 
 
 aeuminata, creeping : branches short, sum-simple : leaves lance-acuminate, 
 extended, fascicled : capsule erect; lid oblique, conic. On trunks of trees. 
 
 imbricata, creeping : branches shortish, simple, erect, bearing flowers : leaves 
 extended, ovate, acutish, imbricate : capsule oblong erect ; lid conic. 
 
 gracUescens, creeping : branches somewhat simple : leaves acute, lanceolate, 
 extended, imbricate-spreading: capsule straight; lid conic. On the earth. 
 
 riipijicola, creeping : branches somewhat simple, rising: : leaves cordate-acu- 
 minate, imbricate, spreading : capsule cylindric, erect. On rocks. 
 
 asciculosa, creeping : branches often crowded together in fascicles, short, sim- 
 ple : leaves cordate, extended, imbricate : calyx extended, long-acuminate : 
 capsule nodding. In damp places. 
 
 varici, creeping : branchlets simple, erectish, Varying in length : leaves con- 
 cave, spreading, lance-acuminate : calyx and leaves oblong, extended, fas- 
 cicled : capsule nodding. 
 
 squarrosa, creeping : the foliation somewhat 2-ranked, depressed, lax-imbri- 
 cate, with squarrose hooks behind : leaves lanceolate, slenderly acuminate : 
 caljx rather long, linear-subulate : capsule nodding in an arch. Damp 
 places. Pterigophyilum. 
 
 16—10. Lespedeza. (5) 32. 92. 
 capitaia, Mx. (6) (O. w-p. J. 2i-) leaves ternate, lance-oblong, obtuse, silky 
 
 (1) Callistachia, Raf. Veronica. L. (2) puberula, Macbride. Galardia, 
 Mx. (3) Helenium, N. (4) Pyxidanthera, M. (5) Hedysarura, W. (G) 
 frutescens, W, 
 
2256 lESPEDEZA, LIATBIS. 
 
 beneath : stipules subulate : racemes axillary, ovate, shorter than the leaves : 
 
 legumes hairy, shorter than the calyx. 3 — 6. f. S. 
 a7igustifolia, Ph. (E. w-p. S. 2X ) leaves oblong, oval and lanceolate, hoary- 
 pubescent beneath : racemes capitate, longer than the leaves : corol longer 
 
 than the calyx. 3 — 5 f. S. • 
 
 atuvei.'H. (E. p. S. ) erect, simple, soft-downy: leafets oval : spikes pedun- 
 
 cled, scarcely longer than the leaves: legume naked, pubescent. 2 — 3 
 
 f. S. 
 potystarhia, Mx. (1) (E. w-r. Ju, 2X-) erect, branching, very villose : leafets 
 
 round-oval : spikes axillary, long peduncled : corol and legume about equal 
 
 to the calyx. 2 — 4 f. S. 
 sessilijiora, Mx. (2) (bush clover. O. p. Ju. 21-) erect: leaves oblong: fasci- 
 cles of flowers sessile, numerous : legume nearly naked, acute : calyx minute. 
 
 Var. reticulata^ stem simple, erect or erectish : leaves pubescent beneath* 
 
 1—3 f. S. 
 violacea, W. (3) (O. p. Ju. 2i-) leafets oval, obtuse : racemes umbelled, as long 
 
 as the petiole : flowers in pairs : legume rhombic, reticulate, glabrous. 1 
 
 — 2f. S. 
 procumbeyis, Mx. (4) (E. p. & y. Ju. TS-) procumbent, slender, pubescent: 
 
 leafets oval: peduncles very long: flowers in setaceous spikes: legumes 
 
 naked : calyx minute. <S. 
 divergefis, 'M. (5) (E. p. Ju. 2X.) dift'use, branched : leafets oblong, obtuse, 
 
 close-pressed, hairy beneath : racemes longer than the petioles : flowers in 
 
 pairs: legumes ovate, reticulate, smooth. Probably a variety of the vio- 
 
 lacea. 1— 2 f. S. 
 repens, (p. Au. li-) leaves round-oval, eraarginate : racemes axillary : legumS 
 
 repand toothed : stem creeping. Aeschynomene. 
 
 13—1. Leucas. 42. 39. 
 
 Southern, 
 martinicensis, Br. (E.) leaves entire : whorls many-flowered, capitate. Prob- 
 ably introduced. Hyptis. 
 
 21 — 2. LeucoDon. 56. 4. 
 
 sciuroides, stem elongated, sub-simple, curved when dry : leaves closely im- 
 bricated, lanceolate, striate : peduncle lateral, shortish, wholly sheathed 
 within the long calyx or perichelh. Neckera. 
 
 12—1. Lewisia. 13. 83. 
 
 Southern, 
 rediviva, Ph. (W. w. Ju. 21- ) leaves radical, linear, somewhat fleshy, oblus- 
 ish: scape 1 — 2-flowered : pedicel geniculate at the base : capsule oblong, 
 
 Glaucium. 
 
 17 — 1. LiATRis. 49. 54. 
 
 squarrosa, W. (6) (r. Au. If.) stem simple, hairy : leaves long-linear, nerv- 
 ed ; margins a little scabrous : raceme leafy, few-flowered : scales of the 
 calyx leafy above, lanceolate, rigid, spreading. 2 — 3 f. S. 
 
 scariosa, (7) (O. b. Au. 21.) stem simple, sub-pubescent ; leaves lanceolate, 
 tapering to both tnds, glabrous, with scabrous margins : calyxes squarrose 
 below, racemed, alternate, distant : scales spatulate, with merabranou^i 
 coloured margins. S. 
 
 (1) hirtum, W. (2) Hedysarum reticulatum, M. Mfdecago virginica, L. 
 (3) divergens, Ph. (4) prostrata, Ph. (5) Kedysaiura, M. (6) Serratula, Lc. 
 (7) serratula, L. 
 
I.IATUIS. £77 
 
 rpicata, W. (1) (gay feaJher, button sna!:eroo(. O. r. Au. 21.) stom simple, 
 (all : leaves I iiK-ar, glabrous, ciliateat (he base, nerved, and punctate : spike 
 very long : flowers sessile: scales of (he calyx linear-oblong, obtuse, close- 
 piessed. 2 — 4 f. jj?. 
 
 pi'.osa, W. (E. p. S. 2X-) stem simple, pubescent: leaves linear, pilose, ci!i- 
 ate : heads? racemose, lax : scales of the calyx oblong, obtuse : pedicel* 
 bracted. Var. rfuAzot, E. stern striate sub-pilose : leaves long-linear; lower 
 ones lance-linear, punctate, acute, pilose and ciliate near the base, nearly 
 glabrous towards the summit : racemes long, leafy. Perhaps a distinct spe- 
 cies. Elliott. 2— 3f. S. 
 
 cylindracea, Mx. (VV. p. Au. TX-) slender, hirsute: leaves grass-like : spiff e 
 few-flowered : calyx sub-sessile, cylindric, few-flowered ; fcales round aX 
 the summit, abruptly mucronate. 1 — 2 f. S. 
 
 Southern. 
 1. Flowers in spikes or raceiiies : roots bulbor/s. 
 
 pymostachya, Mx. (O. S. 2(.) stem simple, hirsute : leaves straight, narrow- 
 linear, pubesceiit : spike long : flowers clustered, sessile : calyx appressed, 
 squarrose at the summit. 2 — 4 f. 
 
 graminifolia, Wr. (E. p. S. 2Lf.) stem simple, glabrous : leaves very long- 
 linear, glabrous, nerved, margin sub-scabrous ; midrib hairy above : flower* 
 distant sub-sessile : scales of the calyx oblong, obtuse, mucronate, ciliate, 
 appressed; inner ones coloured. 2 — 4 f. 
 
 heterophyUa, W. (E. S. 2X-) stem simple, glabrous: leaves lanceolate, gla- 
 brous, smooth ; upper ones lance-linear, much smaller : heads spiked, short- 
 peduncled, sub-squarrose : scales of the calyx lanceolate, acute. Baked. 
 
 aspera, JMx. (O. S. 21.) stem somewhat branching, scabrous-pubescent : leaves 
 lance-linear, very rough : heads short, spiked, distinctly alternate, solitary, 
 sessile : scales of the calyx roundish, obtuse, connivent. 
 
 gracili'i, Ph. (E. p. S. 2(.) stem slender, hairy, (glabrous. Ph.) leaves linear 
 glabrous, ciliate at the base : heads in racemes, about 7-flowered: scales of 
 the calyx obovate, ciliate, appressed. A variety of ihepilosa, N. 2 — 3 f. 
 
 tenuifolia, N. (E. p. S.) stem «lendcr, glabrous : lower leaves crowded, linear, 
 a little hairy at the base ; upper ones setaceous : raceme very long: pedi- 
 cels leafy: scales of the calyx, oblone;, mucronate. 2 — 4 f. 
 
 resiriosa, N. (E. p.) glabrous: leaves linear, crowded: heads spiked, oblong, 
 4 — 5-flowered : scales of the calyx obtuse, appressed, resinous, at length 
 boary. 2 f. 
 
 secvnda,Fj. (E. p. S. 2^.) stem reclining, pubescent : leaves linear, glabrous, 
 sparingly ciliate at the base : racemes one-sided: scales of the calyx lanceo- 
 late, acute, appressed. 2 — 3 f. 
 
 spfiaeroidea, Mx. (E. p. S. 21.) leaves smooth ; lower ones broad, lanceolate ; 
 upper ones narrow : flowers racemed, large, solitary, alternate : calyx sub- 
 globose ; scales oval, erect. 2 — 4 f. 
 
 elegans, Wr. (2) (O. p-r. Oc. 2lC.) stem simple, villous: leaves lance-linear, 
 sub-scabrous beneath : raceme cylindrical ; flowers crowded: inner scales 
 of the calyx ligulate, coloured. 3 — 5 f. 
 
 2. Flotcers in panicles or corymbs : roofs not bulbous. 
 
 pav.cifl.ora,Vh. (E. 2X0 stem simple, glabrous : leaves linear ; panicle virgate» 
 leafy ; branches short, few-ilowcred : calyx sessile, secund, 3 — 5-flowered • 
 scales erect, lanceolate, acute, glabrous. 
 
 paniculaia, Wr. (E. p. S. 2X') stem simple, hairy-viscid : leaves lanceolate. 
 
 (1) macrostachya, Mx. Anonymos graminifolius, Wr. Serratula spicata, 
 L. (2) Staehelina, W. 
 
 24 
 
278 IIATRIS, LILIUM. 
 
 nerved, gub-glabrous : panicle contracted : calyx about 5-flowe_red ; Bcaleff 
 lanceolate. 1 — 2 f. 
 
 odoratissima, Wr. (E. p. S. 2X.) verj* glabrous : stem simple: leaves ovate 
 and lanceolaie, nerved, toothed, sub-glaucous : panicle corymbed ; calyx 
 7 — 8-flowered ; scales obovate, obtuse. 3 — 4 f. • 
 
 tomentosa, Mx. (1) (E. p. S. 2_[-) stem simple and with the wedge-lanceolate 
 leaves hirsute : corymb few-flowered, depressed-divaricate : branches few- 
 flowered : calyx tomentose ; scales ovate, acute. 2 f. 
 
 bellidifolia, Mx. (E. p. 24!.) low, sub-glabrous : leaves wedge-oblanceolate : 
 corymb unequal : flowers all somewhat long-pedicelled : scales of the calyx 
 oblong-oval, obtuse. 8 — 12 i. 
 
 tsalteri, E. (E. p. S. 2X-) stem simple, hairy near the summit: leaves lanceo- 
 late, acute, glabrous, punctate, attenuate at the base : calyx many -flowered ; 
 scales acute, tomentose. 2 f. 
 
 oppositifolia, N. (E. Florida. 21?) pubescent : leaves lanceolate, nearly oppo- 
 site, nerved : stem branching; branches corymb-panicled : calyxes cylindric- 
 ovate, smallish, about 15 — 20-flowered ; scales oblong, obtuse ; inner ones 
 coloured : egret a little scabrous. 
 
 fruticosa, N. (E. Florida, p. fp.) glabrous : stem frutise ; branches corjmbed : 
 leaves wedge-obovate, punctate : calyxes sub-5-flowered ; divisions acumi- 
 nate. Vernonia. 
 
 5 — 2. LiGUSTiccM. 45. 60. 
 
 tcoticwn, (E. w. Ju. 2i-) cauline leaves bilernate; upper ones trifoliate ; lateral 
 
 Icafets trapezoid, terminal one rhomboid : umbels stiffly erect : involucreb 
 
 linear, many-leaved. 18 i. 
 actaeifoliunt, Mx. (2) (E. Ju. Zf.) leaves biternate ; leafets oral, equally 
 
 toothed : partial involucre setaceous : fruit oblong-oval, with 10 somewhat 
 
 winged ribs. 3 f. S. 
 
 Exotic, 
 leuislicum, (lovage, smellage. w. 2X-) leaves long, numerous ; leafets above 
 
 gashed. Strong-scented. Apium, 
 
 Ligusiicum, Thap3ia. 
 
 2 — J. LiGUSTKUM. 44. 37. 
 
 mdgare, (prim. E. w. J. ^.) leaves lanceolate, acutish : panicle compact. 
 Perhaps introduced. Chionanthus. 
 
 6—1. LiLiuM. 10. 14. 
 
 fhiladelphicum, (red lily. O. r. y. J. 2X.) leaves whorled, lance-linear: corol 
 erect, bell-fon.T, spreading: petals lanceolate, having claws. 1 — 3 f. *^. 
 
 canadense, (nodding lily. O. y. r. Ju. 2i-) leaves remotely whorled, lanceolate : 
 peduncles terminal, elongated, nui^tly in threes : corol nodding : petals 
 spreading. 2 — 3 f. S. 
 
 svperbum, (superb lily. E. y. p. Ju. 21-) leaves lance-linear, 3-nerved, gla- 
 brous ; lower ones whorled ; upper ones scattered : flowers in a pyramid- 
 raceme, recurved : petals revolute. 3 — 6 f. (S. 
 
 tatesbaei, VVr. (3) (southern lily. y. r. J. 2i.) leaves scattered, lance-linear : 
 stem l-flowered: corol erect: petals with long claws; margin undulate, 
 apex reflexed. 1 — 2 f. S. 
 
 penusj/lva?ii(:uj}i, Ker. (A. r. y. Ju. 2i.) leaves scattered, lance-linear ; the up- 
 permost ones whorled, about equal to the flowers: stem about l-flowered, 
 somewhat 5-sided: peduncles woolly : corol erect, woolly outside. 
 
 (1) corymbosa, N. (2) Thaspium, N. (3) spectabile, Sy, carolinianum 
 
IILIUM, LINNAEA. 279 
 
 Exotic. 
 
 tandidum, (white lily. w. J. 2X.) leaves lanceolate, scattered, tapering to tb« 
 base : corol bell-form, glabrous within. 
 
 buibiferum, (orange lily. y. J. H.) leaves scattered, S-nerved : corol carapanii- 
 late, erect, scabrous within. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 j)ndicum,V\i. (W. y. M. 2X0 'eaves scattered, lance-linear: stem 1-fiowercd : 
 corol bell-form, nodding; petals erect,^sessile, spatulate-obovate, obtuse, flat 
 within. 
 
 Vfnbellatum, Ph. (1) (W. r. Ju. 2X-) leaves scattered, linear, short, acute; up- 
 per ones whorled : flowers l-:-5, terminal, erect ; petals unguiculate, lance- 
 olate, spreading. 
 
 caroliniujiwn, Mx. (E. y. r. Au. 2(.) leaves' whorled and scattered, wedg«- 
 lanceolate : flowers few, (1 — 3,) terminal: peduncles thick: corol revolute. 
 This may be a variety of the superbum, E. 2 f. Erythronium, 
 
 3—1. LiMNETis. (2) 3. 9. 
 
 cynomroideSfW. (3) (many-spiked salt-grass. O. Au. 2X') ^pi^'^s numcroua, 
 (lU — 40,) peduncled, panicled, spreading: leaves broad,|flat, at length cod- 
 volute : calyx with a short awn ou one of the glumes : style 2-cleft at the 
 summit. 4 — 9 f. S. 
 juncea, Mx. (4) (rush salt grass. L. Ju. If-) leaves 2-ranked, convolute, spread- 
 ing: sj)ikes iew, (1 — 3,) peduncled: peduncles smooth: corol obtusish : 
 Myles 2. 18 i. 
 
 glabra, M. (O. Au. 2^.) leaves concave, erect: spikes alternate, sessile, 
 erect, appressed: corol smoothish on the keel : style deep-cleft. 3 — 5 f. 
 8. Oryzopsis. 
 
 13—2. LiMOSELLA. 40. 40. 
 
 tubulata, Ives, (mud wort. E. b-w. Au. If.) leaves linear, very narrow, scarce 
 ly dilated at the apex : scape 1-flowered, as loug as the leaves. 1 i. 
 
 Scrophularfa. 
 
 2—1. LiNDERNIA. 40. 40. 
 
 attenuata, M. (false hedge hyssop. E. b. Au. =^.) leaves lanceolate and obo« 
 vate, narrowed at tlie base : peduncles shorter than the leaves, erect. 8. 
 
 dilatata,M. (6) (E. b. Au. 0.) leaves dilated at the base, clasping, remotelj 
 toothed: peduncles longer than the leaves. S. 
 
 moniicola,M. (E. 2i.) stem slender, dichotomous : radical leaves spatulate ; 
 cauline ones linear, small and remote: peduncles very loug, at length de- 
 flected. 4—6 i. S. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 grandifiora, ^ . (E. 21-) leaves roundish, entire, nerveless, half-clasping: pe- 
 duncles very long, axillary and terminal : stem creeping. 
 
 refracfa, E. (E. b. J. 2f.) stem slender, erect, branching, glabrous: radical 
 leaves spatulate-oval ; upper ones subulate : flowers solitary, axillary and 
 terminal : peduncles refracted after flowering. 8 — 12 i. ' Pinguicula. 
 
 4 — 1. LiUNAEA. 48. 53. 
 
 borealis,\V. (twin-flower. O. w-r. J. 21.) stem prostrate: branches erect 
 each bearing 2 flowers : leaves roundish, crenate. Woods. 
 
 Prose rpinaca. 
 
 (1) andinum, N. (2) Spartina, Sr. (3) polystachya & cynosuroides, PK. 
 (4) Trachynotia.Mx. Spartina,W. (6) P}xidaria, Ph. Gratiola iaequajis, 
 \Vr. 
 
280 tINTIM, LITHOSPERMUM. 
 
 5 — 5. Li.vDsi. 14. 82. 
 
 virgiiiianum, (wild flax. O. y. Ju. 0.) leafets of the calyx acute : panicle ter.- 
 minal : Uowers remotely alternate : leaves laace-linear, scattered ; radical 
 ones ovate. 1 — 2 f. S. # 
 
 Exotic, 
 tisiiatisdimtm, (flax. b. Ju. 0.) leafets of the calyx ovate, acute, 3-nerved : 
 petals crenate : leaves lanceolate, alternate : stem sub-solitary. 
 
 Southern, 
 
 perenne, var. leuisii, Ph. (W. b. Ju. 2i-) divisions of the calyx ovate, acumi- 
 nate : petals wedge-form, rounded at the apex : leaves scattered, lance-Ii- 
 ncar, mucrcnate : stems tall, numerous. 
 
 rigidum, (W. y.) divisions of the calyx ovate, acuminate, 3-nerved, ciliate : 
 petals oblonar, narrow : leaves stiffly erect, linear, short. 6 i. 
 * " ^ Sibbaldia. 
 
 19—13. LlQUIDAMBAR. 51. 99. 
 
 styracijiua, (sweet gum. E. M. '^.) leaves palmate, with acuminate lobes*, ser- 
 rate, villose at the meeting of the veins beneath. S, Juglans. 
 
 12 — 13. LlRIODENDRON. 52. 75. 
 
 ttdipifera, (white wcod, tulip tree. O. y. r. J. '^.) leaves truncate at the end, 
 with 2 side lobes. A beautiful flowering tree. 90 — 150 f. S. Porcelia. 
 
 5 — 1. LisiANTHUS. 47. 46. 
 
 Southern, 
 gtancifolius, Jn.' (W. y.) stem herbaceous, terete : leaves oblong-ovate, nesi 
 sile, glaucous, acute, 3-nerved ; tlowers terminal, corymbed : peduncles 
 elongated. T. & J. Phlox. 
 
 18 — 1. LiSTERA. 7. 21. 
 
 convallaroides, (1) (lily orchis. E. g-p. M. 21.) stem with two round cordate, 
 acute, opposite leaves : spike few-flowered : lip oblong, obtusely 2-lobed 
 germ sub-globose : root fibrous. 4 — 6 i. S. 
 
 cordata, Mx. (2) (E. g-p. M. 2(.) stem with two opposite, roundish-cordate 
 leaves: raceme IcTose : colum without any appendage behind : lip elongat- 
 ed, 2-toothod at the base, deeply bifid ; segments sub-divaricate and acute, 
 4— 8i. 
 
 . Southern, 
 pubescens, Ph. (3) (E. g-w. J. 2X-) leaves radical, ovate, acute : scape leaflejs, 
 pubescent, lax-flowered: flowers pedicelled: lip 2-lobed, scarcely longer 
 than the connivent petals ; capsules clavate ; root palmate. 
 
 Cranichis. 
 
 5 — 1. LlTHOSPERMUM. 41. 42. 
 
 arvense, (steen-crout, stone-seed, wheat-thief. O. w. M. 0.) stem erect, branch- 
 ed : leaves lance-linear, rather acute, (lower ones obtui^e,) veinless, hair>' : 
 calvx nearly as long as the corol ; segments spreading : seeds rugose. 8— • 
 15 i. 8. 
 
 qfficinale, (E. y. M. 1[.) stem erect, much branched : leaves lanceolate, acute, 
 nerved, scabrous above, hairy beneath : calyx as long as the tube of the co- 
 rol : seeds smooth. 2 f. 
 
 (1) Epipactij, Sz. (2) Ophrys, Mx. (3) Epipactis, Ph. 
 
I.ITH03PERMUM, XOBELIA. 281 
 
 mariiimum, (1) (L. b. Ju. Z(.) very smooth : stem procumbenl, branched : 
 leaves oral-jpatulate, fleshy: cord scarcely twice the length of the calyx. 
 
 denticuifUum, Rs. (2) (E. p. J. 21.) stem erect: leaves nerved, sub-gla- 
 brous, acute; margin scabrous, with minute teeth; radical ones ovate ; cau- 
 line ones oblong : divisions of the calyx denticulate on the margin. 6 — 
 12 i. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 latifnlium, Mx. (O. y. Ju. 2(.) seed turgid, ovate, shining, with hollowed 
 punctures : fniit-beariug calyx spreading, exceeding the corol : leaves ovate- 
 oblong, nerved. 
 
 angustifolium, Mx. (W. w. Ju. 0.) seed turgidly ovate, shining, with hollow 
 punctures on every part : flowers generally lateral : leaves linear, with close- 
 pressed pubescence : stem procumbent. 
 
 apulum, W. (O. y. Ju. 0.) seed muricate : spikes terminal, one-sided : bracti 
 lanceolate : leaves lance-linear, acute. Onosmodiutu, 
 
 IdthospermuTTif Batschia* 
 
 5—1. Lobelia, 29. 52. 
 
 dortmanna, (3) (E. b. Ju. Zf.) radical leaves linear, recun'ed, fistulous, with 
 two cavities, entire : scape simple, racemose, somewhat naked : flowei-s re- 
 mote, peduncled. 6', 
 
 cardinalis^ (c;irdirial flovver. O. r. Ju. 2X0 *^''^ct, simple, pubescent : leaves 
 lance-ovate, acuminate, denticulate : racemes somewhat one-sided, many- 
 flowered : stamens longer than corols. Damp. 1 — 2 f. S. 
 
 ttphilitica, (O. b. Ju. 1[,) erect, simple, hirsute, with short hairs : leaves lance- 
 ovate, sub-serrate : raceme leafy : caljx hirsute, with reflexed sinuses. 18 
 —24 i. iS. 
 
 injiata, (wild tobacco, O. b. Ju. 0.) erect, branching, very hirsute : leaves 
 ovate, serrate : racemes leafy : capsules inflated. 12 — 18 i. S. 
 
 kalviii, (O. h. iu. ^.) slender, erect, sub-simple: radical leaves f patulate : 
 cauline ones linear, delicately toothed : flowers racemed, alternate, remote, 
 pedicelled. Var. gracilis, has a minutely scabrous stem : peduncles short- 
 er than the flowers; segments of the calyx longer than the capsule. 6 — 
 24 \. S. 
 
 claytoniana, Mx. (4) (O. b. Ju. 2^.) erect, simple, sub-pubescent: leaves ob- 
 long, obtusish ; radical ones entire: cauline ones denticulate above: ra.- 
 cetne wand-like : bracts subulate. 18 — 24 i. S. 
 
 puberula,M\. (E. b. Ju. 21-) erect, very simple, pubescent: leaves oblong- 
 oval, repand-serrulate : flowers spiked, alternate, sub-sessile : germs hispid : 
 calyx ciliatc. 2 1. S, 
 
 Southern. 
 
 aphylla, N. (E. Florida. 2^.) very small : stem filiform, sub-simple, scaly: pe- 
 duncles remote, elongated. 4—6 i. 
 
 amoena, Mx. (E. b. Ju. 21-) erect, very glabrous, ( pubescent, E.) leaves bro.ici- 
 lanceolate, serrate : spike many-flowered, one-sided : divisions of the calvx 
 entire : inferior divisions of the corol oval, acute. 2 — 3 f. 
 
 glandulosa, Wr. (E. b. S. 2i-) stem erect: leaves lai e-linear, somewhat 
 fleshy, denticulate : segments of the calyx denticulate : flowers in racemeti, 
 1—2 f. 
 
 fulgens, Donn. ( W. r. Ju. 21-) erect, simple, sub-pubescent : leaves very long- 
 lanceolalc, attenuated, sub-entire : raceme many-flowered : stamens and pis-- 
 tils as long- as the corol. 2 — 4 f. 
 
 (1) Pulmonaria, L. parviflora, Ph. (2) Pulmonaria, Rs. sibirica. Ph. 
 (3) paludosa, N. (4) fpicata, Lk. goodenioides, W. pallida, M. 
 
 34* 
 
£82 LOBELIA, LONICERA. 
 
 michauxiif N. (1) (E. p. Ju. 0.) glabrous, branching abore: leaves petioled, 
 ovate, crenate-dentate ; lowest ones roundish : racemes lax ; peduncles 
 eloagated. Diervilla. 
 
 3—2. LoLiUM. 4. 10. 
 
 perennt, (E. M. 2X.) florets much longer than the caljx, unarmed, linear-ob- 
 long, compressed. Introduced. 18 i. 
 
 tsmulentum, (E. Ju. 0.) florets shorter than the calyx, as long as the bristle 
 at their extremity : culm scabrous above. 2 f. Eleusine. 
 
 5—1. Lox5iCER\. (2) 48. 58. 
 
 ktrsuta, Ea. (rough woodbine. E. y. J. ^.) corol ringent, hairy : filaments 
 bearded: leaves hirsute, abruptly acuminate; lower ones obovate ; upper 
 ones connate, (ovate, oval, andobovate.) Flowers in whorled spikes, large : 
 leaves ciliate, all very hairy. Stem twining around trees to the height of 
 20 to 30 feet. This species is remarkably different from all other species of the 
 genus; being very rough and hairy. Found first two miles west of Wiliams 
 College, Mass. where I saw hundreds in flower, climbing the tree* and 
 snrubs of an elevated ridge or bill, in the summer of 1817. It has since 
 been found in Middleburv, Vermont, Worcester, Mass. Troy and Fairfield, 
 N. Y." See Boston Fiofa, p. 83. 2d Ed. 
 Jiava, Sims, (3) (E. y. J. ^.) spikes with whorled heads: corol sub-ringent- 
 like, with divisions oblong, obtuse : leaves ovate, glaucous beneath, with car- 
 tilaginous margins ; upper ones conate-perfoliate. ;S'. 
 
 parv0ora, Lk. (4) (O. y. J. h.) spikes with whorled heads : corol ringent, 
 gibbous at the base : filaments bearded : leaves deciduous, glaucous beneath, 
 connate ; floral ones perfoliate. <S. 
 
 grata, A. (E. r. y. J. Tp.) spike with whorls very near each other : carol rin- 
 gent-like, with a long tube : leaves perennial, obovate, sub-mucronate, net- 
 veined and paler beneath; upper ones connate-perfoliate. S, 
 
 jempe7~virens, A. (E. r. y. M. ^.) spikes with distant, nakedish whorls : coroU 
 sub-equal ; tube ventricose above : leaves ovate and obovate, glaucous be- 
 neath ; upper ones connate-perfoliate. Leaves perennial. S. 
 
 Exotic, 
 eaprifolium, (hQ.neysuckle. fp.) corols ringent-like, terminal: sessile leaves 
 
 connate-perfoliate at the top. 
 periclymenum, (woodbine. J. p.) flowers in ovate, imbricate, terminal headi : 
 
 leaves all distinct. Var. quercifolia, leaves sinuate. 
 
 Southern, 
 ciliosum. Ph. (W, y. J. p.) spikes with whorled, approximate heads, sub-ses- 
 sile : corol sub-equal : tube hirsute, ventricose in the middle : leaves some- 
 what clasping, sessile and petioled, ovate, glaucous beneath; margin disr 
 tinctly ciliate ; upper ones connate-perfoliate. Xylosteum. 
 
 (I) cliffortiana, Mx. not L. (2) Caprifolium, J. (3) fraseri,Ph. (4) di- 
 oica & media, L. Caprifolium bracteoaum, Mxj 
 
 * I published this species in the Manual in the year 1818, and repeated it in 
 the succeeding editions. Afterwards Goldie came to this state, and also trav« 
 eiled in Canada, where he found it, and examined it with my Manual. In 
 1822 he published it as a new discovery, under the name pubescens, in the 
 Edinburgh Phil. Journal. I do not claim the discovery, for since I publish- 
 ed it, I learned that Le Conte had examined it. But the truth should be 
 told. 
 
lUDWIGIA, lUPlNUS. 283 
 
 Lonicerot Diervilla. Xylosteum. 
 
 Lotusy Trigonklla. 
 
 4 — 1. LuDWiGiA. 17. 88. 
 
 altemifolta, (1) (seed box. O. y. Ju. 7i.) erect, branching', sub-glabrous' 
 leaves alternate, lanceolate, hoary beneath: peduncles axillary, 1-flower- 
 ed : capsules 4-sided : dirisions of the calyx large, coloured, persistent. I 
 3 f. 8. 
 
 pilosa, Wr. (2) (E. y. Ju. 21.) erect, branching, hirsute : leaves alternate, ob- 
 long, sessile, hirsute botli sides : peduncles 1-flowered, axillary : capsules 
 globose- quadrangular, winged, 2-bracted at the base. 2 f. S. 
 
 unijlora, R. (E.) stem straight, simple: leaves alternate, lanceolate, acute, 
 glabrous : flower terminal : petals longer than the calyx. Probably al' 
 ternifolia. Torrey. 
 
 SoxUhern. 
 
 mollis, Mx. (E. Au. 7i-) villous : stem erect, much branched : leaves lanceo- 
 late : flowers generally clustered : capsule globose, 2-leaved. 
 
 capitata, Mx. (3) (E. y. Au. 2X0 stem erect, virgate : leaves lance-linear, 
 glabrous : flowers generally in terminal heads : bracts longer than the ca- 
 lyx. 
 
 pedunculosa, Mx. (E. y. J. 2^.) stem procumbent, radicant : leaves opposite, 
 lanceolate : peduncles 1-flovvered, longer than the leaves. 3 — 6 i. 
 
 linearis, Wr. (4) (E. y. Au. 21') stem erect, branching, angled near the sum- 
 mit: leaves alternate, linear, glabrous, sub-serrulate : flowers axillary, soli- 
 tary, sessile. 2 f. 
 
 decurrens, Wr. (E. y. Au. 0.) erect, very branching, glabrous : leaves alter- 
 nate, lance-oval, decurrent : flowers octandrous. 2if. 
 
 natans, E. (E. y. Ju.) swimming and creeping: leaves opposite, lance-spatu- 
 late : flowers axillary, sessile : petals as long as the calyx. 
 
 Isnardia. 
 
 Ludwigia^ Isnardia. 
 14—1. LuNARiA. 39. 63. 
 
 Exotic. 
 qn/itta, (honesty, p. cf*.) leaves obtusely toothed : silicles oval, obtuse at both 
 
 ends. Naturalized. 
 rediviva, (satin flower, b-p. 2i.) leases with mucronate teeth : silicles tapering 
 
 to both ends. Flowers odorous, Isatis. 
 
 16—10. LupiNASTER. 32. 93. 
 
 Southern, 
 maerocephalus, Ph. (W. y. & p. M. 2X.) leafets nine, oblanceolate : petioles 
 very long: stipules wedge-form, gash-3-toothed : teeth of the calyx filiform, 
 plumose. Melilotus. 
 
 17—10. LupiNUS. 32. 93. 
 
 perennis, (wild lupine. O. b. M. 2X.) stem and leaves smoothish : leaves digi- 
 tate, with about 8 to 10 leafets, which are oblanceolate, obtusish : calyxes 
 alternate, not appendaged : banner emarginate, keel entire. 12-^18 i. jS?i 
 
 Exotic, 
 albiis, (white lupine, w. Au. ^.) calyi^es not appendaged, alternate : banner 
 entire, keel 3-toothed. 
 
 (I) macrocarpa, Mx. ramoaissima, Wr. (2) hirsute, Ph. (3) suffruticoga, 
 Wr. (4) angustifolia, Mx. 
 
284 LUPINUS, LYCHNIS. 
 
 hirsutus, (garden lupine, b.0.) calyxes appendaged, alternate; banner 2- 
 parted ; keel 3-toothed. 
 
 pilosiis, (rose lupine, r. w. 0.) calyxes appendaged, whorled : banners-part- 
 ed; keel entire. 
 
 iuteus, (yellow lupine, y. 0.) calyxes appendaged, whorled : banner 2-part- 
 ed ; keel 3-toothed. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 villosut, (hairy lupine. E. w. r. p. J. 2^.) very villose ; leaves simple, oblong: 
 calyxes not appendaged, alternate m a long spike : banner 2-cleft; keel en- 
 tire, long. 
 
 difiisus, N. (E. Ap. 21.) villose, silky: stems numerous, diffuse, decumbent . 
 leaves simple, oblong, obovate : petioles and stipules short, naked. 
 
 nootkatensiSf Donn. (W. Ju. 21-) stem and leaves hirsute: leaves digitate ; 
 leafets (7 — 8) lanceolate, obtuse : calyxes whorled, not appendaged : banner 
 emarginate : keel entire. 
 
 lericeus, Ph. (W. r. p. Ju. 2i-) stem and leaves silky-tomentose : leaves digi- 
 tate ; leafets (7 — 8) lanceolate, acute, silky both sides: calyxes somewhat 
 whorled, not appendaged: banner ga$hed : keel entire. 
 
 argenteus, Ph. (W. y-w. Ju. 11.) leaves digitate; leafets (5 — 7) lance-linear. 
 acute, glabrous above, silvery-silky beneath : calyxes alternate, not append- 
 aged : banner obtuse : keel entire. 
 
 pusillus, Ph. (VV. b. J. 0. orcj^.) small and very hirsute : leaves digitate ; 
 leafets (5—7) wedge-oblong, glabrous above: calyxes alternate, not ap- 
 pendaged : banner 2-parted : keel entire : legume about 2-seeded. 4 — 
 6 1 
 
 decumbenSf T. & J. (W. p.) suffruticose, snb-decumbent : flowers pedicelled, 
 somewhat whorled, bracted : calyx silky-hirsute : banner and keel entire : 
 leafets lance-oblong, acute and obtuse, silky beneath. Crotolaria. 
 
 6 — 1. LuzuLA. (I) 5. 13. 
 
 pilosa, (O. M. 2i.) leaves hairy: panicle sub-cymose : peduncles 1-flowered, 
 reflexed : leafets of the calyx acuminate, i-ather shorter than the obtuse cap- 
 sule. 6 i. 
 
 campestris, {O. M. 2i.) leaves hairy : spikes sessile and peduncled : leafets 
 of the calyx acuminate, longer than the obtuse capsule. 1 f. S. 
 
 melanocarpa, M%. (W. Ju.) culm leafy : leaves sub-lanceolate, smooth: pan- 
 icles capillary, loose : flowers distinctly pedicelled : capsules black. 
 
 tpicata, W. (E. Au.) leaves narrow, hairy at the throat : spike nodding, com- 
 pound; leafetj of the calyx acuminate-awned, about as long as the roundish 
 capsule. 8 i. Oryza, 
 
 10—5. Lychkis. 22. 83. 
 
 npetala, (A. 21-) caljx inflated: corol shorter than the calyx: stem about 1- 
 
 flowered. 
 alpina, W. (E. r. 21.) glabrous : flowers in dense umbelled heads : petals 2. 
 
 cleft : styles 4. Labrador. 
 
 * Exotic, 
 
 chalcedonica, (scarlet lichnis. r. J. 2Li-) flowers fascicled, level-top, or convex. 
 viscaria, (clammy lichnis. 2i) stem geniculate, viscous: petals entire : cap* 
 
 sule 5-celled. 
 Jlos-cuculi, (ragged robin. 2(.) petals torn: capsule 1-celled, roundish. 
 
 Phytolacca. 
 
 (1) Juncui, L. &Mx. 
 
XYCIUM, LTCOPODIUM. 285 
 
 4—1. Lyciom, 28. 41. 
 
 Exotic, 
 barbarum, (matrimony vine. J. r. y. '^.) stem angled : branches erect . leave* 
 lanceolate, tapering to both ends : calyx mostly 3-cleft. 
 
 Southern, 
 
 carolinianum, Wr. {L. p. Ju. \.) unarmed: leaves clustered, narrow-wedge- 
 
 forra, fleshy : tlowers 4-cieft, tttrandrous. 3—5 f. Centunculus. 
 
 21—6. Lycogala, 58. 1. 
 
 oMwcfa^a, -etr^pilose, round, punctate, sub-cinereous. 
 
 miniata, gregarious, globose, at first scarlet; at lengih dark-yellow, with rose- 
 coloured dust. Frequent on trunks in summer and autumn atter a storm. 
 
 Fuligo. 
 
 21 — 6. Lycoperdon. 58. 1. 
 
 bovista, (common puff-ball. O.) at first white and obconic, becoming black 
 and spherical : outer coat downy, which pealing oti' leaves the leathery in- 
 ner coat : seeds black, lighter than air, and appearing like smoke, lu mead- 
 
 gigariteum, almost stipeless, globose, large ; from white becoming pale : scales 
 
 scattered, sub-obsolete. In grassy situatioiis in autumn. 
 praCense,\vh\ie, soft: fruit heuiiispheric, smoothish ; having small warts: stipe 
 
 very short. In meadows, and on grassy hills, in the summer. 
 excipuHforme, large, white, various : fruit sub-globose, with scattered spinose 
 
 warts : stem sub-terete, long, plicate. Scattered on the earth in autumn, 
 
 in pine woods, &c. 
 umbrinum, turbinate, somewhat bossed : at first cinereous, at length dark 
 
 brown; rough with slender warts. Gregarious in pine woods in autumn. 
 pyriforme, diriy brownish-vvrhitc; an inch and an haif high : base tapering 
 
 top pointed r scales thin : roots fibrous, long. On putrid trunks. 
 
 Scleroderma. 
 
 21 — 1. Lycopodium. 55. 5. 
 
 1. Spikes peduncled. 
 
 clavatum, (club-moss. O. g. Ju.) stem creeping: branches ascending: leave* 
 scattered, incurve-bristle-bearing, serrate : spikes in pairs or sijigle, pe- 
 duncled, cylind.-ic ; scales ovate, acuminate, erose-dsntate. Woods. 
 
 complanaium^ (ground-pine. E. g-y. Ju. 2i.) creeping, ereclish: branches al- 
 ternate, dichotomous : leaves bifareous, connate, spreading at the tips : 
 spikes in pairs, peduncled. Woods. S. 
 
 carolinianum, VV. (E. Ju. 2i.) stem creeping: leaves somewhat 2-ranked, 
 spreading, lanceolate : peduncles erect, solitary, elongated, 1-spiked : bracu 
 9ub-lanceolate. S. 
 
 sabinaefolium, W. (1) (W. Ju. 2i.) stem erect : branches alternate, dichoto- 
 mous : leaves lanceolate, acute, pointing 4 ways, appressed, convex : pe- 
 duncles solitary, 1-spiked: spikes terete : scales sub-cordate, acuminate. » 
 
 2. Spikes sessile : leaves surrounding the stem. ^ * 
 
 dendroideum, Mx. (tree-weed. E. g. Ju. 2^.) erect: branches erec^leave* 
 in six equal rows : spikes solitary, numerous. Woods. S. 
 
 obscurum, (E. Ju. 2i.) erect: branches spreading: leaves in six unequal 
 rows; spikes one or tew, solitary. 
 
 (1) Alpinum, Mx. 
 
286 LTCOPODIUM, lYCOPUS. 
 
 onnotinum, W. (E. Ju. 2X ) stem creeping : branches twice 2-par(ed, ascend- 
 ing : leaves pointing 5 ways, lance-linear, mucrouate, spreading and serru- 
 late near the tips : spike solitary, terminal. 
 
 inundatum, W. (E. Ju. 21.) stem creeping, sub-ramose; branches simple, sol- 
 itary, erect, 1-spiked at the top : spiuC leafy : leavA linear, scattered, acute, 
 entire, curved above. 
 
 alop€curoides,W. (E Ju. 2X) stem creeping, sub-ramose: branches simple, 
 long ascending, 1-spiked at the top: leaves linear-subulate, ciliate-toothed 
 at the base, spreading : spike leafy. S. 
 
 telaginoides, W. (E. Ju. 2X) stem creeping: branches simple, ascending 
 leaves scattered, lanceolate, spreading, ciliate-toothed : spikes solitary, ter- 
 minal, leafy. S. 
 
 ntpestre, (festoon pine. E. Ju. 2i ) stem creeping, branching: branches sub- 
 divided, ascending: leaves scattered, lance-linear, ciliate, with hairs at the 
 apex: spikes solitary, terminal. Rocks £ind gravelly banka. 
 
 3. Spikes sessile : leaves 2-ranked. 
 
 albidulum, W. (Au. 2X) leaves ovate, acute, denticulate, alternate, close- 
 pressed : spikes terminal, long, 4-iided. S. 
 
 apodum, W. (Ju. 21.) leaves round-ovate, acute, flat, denticulate ; with super- 
 ficial alternating points : stem branching, rooting near the base : spika 
 terminal, sub-solitary. 
 
 4. Capsules axillary. 
 
 lucidulum, Mx. (1) (moon-fruit pine. O. M. y. 21-) stems assurgent,with a few 
 longish branches : leaves spreading, shining, lance-linear, serrate, about in 
 8 rows. 
 
 telago, (A.) leaves scattered, entire, lanceolate, awnless, in 8 equal rows 
 stems dichoiomous, erect, fasligiate. 
 
 Southern, 
 tristachyum, Ph. (A. Ju. 21) stems erect: branches alternate, dichoiomous, 
 sub-compressed: leaves lanceolate, acute, appressed, pointing 4 ways : pe- 
 duncles solitary, elongated, 3-spiked : spikes terete ; scales roundish, acu- 
 miaale. ' Equisetura. 
 
 6 — 1. Ltcopsis. 41. 42. 
 
 qrvensis, (E. h. Ju. 0.) hispid: leaves lanceolate, repand-toothed : racemes 
 
 in pairs : flowers sessile. Pi-obably iutfoduced. S. 
 virginica, (E. w. J. 0.) small, hi<pid : lower leaves spatulate; upper onei 
 
 linear-oblong, entire : racemes solitary : flowers peduncled. >Si. 
 
 Batscbia. 
 
 2—1. LTC(J»rs. 42. 39. 
 
 turopcEus, (2) (water horehound^w. Ju. 2i) lower leaves gashed; upper ones 
 lanceolate, serrate : calyx acuminate-spiued. Flowers fmall, whorled. Damp. 
 1—3 f. S. 
 
 rirgiiiicus, (bugle weed. O. w. J. 2X) leaves broad-lanceolate, serrate, at the 
 base narrowed and entire : calyx very short, spineless. Var. quercifolivt, 
 leaves sinuate-pinnatifid. Damp. 2 f S. 
 
 uniflorus, Mx. (3) (w. J. 2X.) leaves lanceolate, sub-serrate, glabrous : suck- 
 ers procumbent. A low plant, with flowers mostly solitary. 
 
 cbtusifoliu-i , \ &h\. (Hudson's Bay. 2X-) leaves lanceolate, remotely and ob- 
 tusely serrate. Moaarda. 
 
 (1) reflexum, Sh. (2) angustifoHus and sinuatus, E. exaltatus, Ph. rulga* 
 ^'is, P. anaericanus, M. (3) pumilus, V'ahl. 
 
XITGODIUM, LYTHRUM. 287 
 
 22 — 1. Lygodium. 55. 5. 
 
 patmatum, Sx. (1) (climbing fern. E. g-y. Au. 21) stem climbing: leaves pal- 
 mate, 5-lobecl ; divisions lanceolate, obtuse : spikelets terminal, compound- 
 paniclcd. 3 — 1 f. S. Equisetum. 
 
 Lyonia, Andromeda, Cynanchum. 
 
 5—1. Lysimachia. 20. 34. 
 
 ftricta, k, (2) (loose strife. O. y. Ju. 2X.) raceme terminal, very long-, lax : 
 leaves opposite, lanceolate, sessile : petals lanceolate, spreading. 1 — 2 f. S. 
 
 thyrsiflora, (3) (O. y. J. 2i) stem simple, smooth : leaves sessile, lanceolate, 
 opposite, acute, paler beneath : racemes latetal, long peduncled. 12 — 18 i. 
 
 quadrifolia, (4) (O. y. J. 2i-) pubescent : leaves sub-sessile, oval, acuminate, 
 punctate, vvhorlcd, or in nearly opposite pairs, with axillary, 1-tlowered pe- 
 duncles : divisions of the corol oval, entire. Leaves vary from opposite, to 
 seven in a ^horl. 12 — IS i. iS'. 
 
 ciiiata, {O. y. J. 2i-) sub-pubescent: leaves opposite, long-petioled, sub-cor- 
 dale-oval ; petioles ciliate : pedicels somewhat in pairs : flowers noddine,'. 
 2— 4f, *Sr. 
 
 hybrida, Mx. (5) (E. y. J. 2X0 glabrous : leaves opposite, petioled, lanceolate, 
 acute at both ends ; petioles ciliate : flowers nodding : corol shorter than the 
 calyx ; divisions crenulate. 
 
 revoluta, N. (O. y. J. 2X) smooth : stem 4-sided, simple : leaves linear, sessile, 
 tapering to both ends; margin revolule : peduncles solitary : divisions of 
 the calyx lanceolate, very acute : segments of the corol round-oval, abruptly 
 acuminate. 6 — 18 i. 
 
 qnadrijiora, Sims. (6) (VV. 2X0 branching: stem smooth : leaves sessile, op- 
 posite, very long linear: peduncles in fours, sub-terminal, 1-flowered. 2 — 
 J f. ^. 
 
 Southern, 
 herbemonti, E. (E. 2X0 flowers in terminal racemes ; lower ones ivhorled ; 
 
 upper ones scattered : leaves in fours, lance-ovate, sessile, 3-nerved. 2 f. 
 lanceolala, Ph. (E. 2X0 '^^^Y glabrous, erect, simple: leaves in fours, sub- 
 
 petioled, lanceolate, prominently acuminate : peduncles in fours, manv- 
 
 tlowercd : upper flowers racenied : divisions of the corol ovate, acute. 
 heteroplnjlla, M%. (E. Ju. 2X0^**^"^ erect, glabrous, branching: lower leaves 
 
 roundish ; upper ones linear, sessile : flowers axillary, nodding : peduncles 
 
 shorter than the leaves. 12 — l^jfi. 
 angustifoHa, Mx. (E. y. 2X0 ^'^ry glabrous, branching : leaves opposite and 
 
 whorltd, long-linear, punctate : racemes terminal, short : divisions of tlie 
 
 corol oblong. Primula. 
 
 11—1. Lythrum. 17. 91. 
 
 salicaria, var. pubescens. Ph. (milk wnllow-herb. E. p. Ju. 2X ) pubescent : 
 leaves oppo-ite and in threes, sessile, lanceolate, cordate at the base : flowers 
 terminal, whorled-spiked : capsules oblong : stamens 12. 2 f. 
 
 verticillatumy (7) (swamp willow-herb, grass poley. O. p. Au. 2X0 pubescent : 
 leaves opposite, or in threes, lanceolate, petioled : flowers axillary, somewhat 
 in whorls : fruit globose : stamens 10. Wet. 2 i. S. 
 
 hyssopifoliuiu, N. (St. Clair, Detroit, w. p. 2X0 leaves alternate and opposite, 
 lance-linear and sub-oval: flowers solitary, axillary. Hexandrous. 6 — 10 i. 
 
 (1) Hydroglossum, W. Ophio£,lossum, L. Cteisium paniculatum, Mx. 
 (2) bulbifera,C. racemosa, Lk. (3) capitata. Ph. (4) heterophylla, N. an- 
 gustifolia, W. (5) hirsuta, IMx. punctata, Wr. ((3) longifolia, Ph. (7) 
 Anonymos aquatica, Wr. Decodon aquaticum, Gmel. verticillatuni, E. 
 
£88 XTTHRUM, MAGNOLIA* 
 
 Southern, 
 rirgatum, W. (E. p. Ju. 2i.) leaves oppo^ite, lanceolate, glabrous : stempani- 
 
 cled: flowers axiliaiy, iti threes, pedicelled : stamens 12. 
 alatum, Ph. (O. p. Ju. 2S.-) very glabrous: sfeniwingtd: leaves opposite and 
 
 alternate, closely tessile, sub-cordate, ovate- obloi^ : flowers hexandrous, 
 
 axillary, solitary, sessile. 2 — 3 f. 
 lineare, VV. (E. w. Ju. 2i.) glabrous, virgate-panicled : leaves linear, somewhat 
 
 opposite : flowers axillary, solitary, hexandrous. 3 — 4 f. Cuphea. 
 
 M. 
 
 13—1. Macbridea. 42. 39. 
 
 Southern, 
 pulclira,^. (E. p. & w. Au. 2X-) stem erect, simple : leaves opposite, lanceo- 
 late, acute, serrulate, punctate, ciliate, glabrous benp,ath, somewhat hairy 
 above; upper ones sessile : lower ones altenualed at the base as if peti- 
 oled. 12—18 i. CalamintJia. - 
 
 20—4. Maclcra. 53. 98. 
 
 Southern, 
 aurantiaca, N. (VV. ^.) leaves petioled, oval, acuminate, very entire, sub- 
 taucronate, sriiooth and shining above ; petiole and nerves minutely hirsute- 
 pubescent beneath : tVuit axillary, sub-sessile, surface verrucose. 20 — 30 i, 
 
 Broussonetia. 
 13—1. Macrotys, R. 26. 61. 
 
 racemosa, (1) (bug-bane, black snake-root, cohosh. O. w. Ju. 2X.) leaves de- 
 compound ; leafeti oblone;-ovate, gash-toothed : racemes in wand-like 
 spikes: capsules ovatr. Wood*. 3 — 9 f . (S. 
 
 foetida, W. (W. Ju. Zf.) leaves decompound ; leafets ovate, gash-toothed 
 teeth acute : raceme panicled, nodding : styles 5 : capsule ovate, uncinate. 
 
 Southern.* 
 
 podocarpa, Dc. (2) (A.S. 21.) germs 4—5, pedicelled, glabrous: racemes 
 panicled : leaves decompound ; leafets of the calyx ovate, concaf'e. 2 f. 
 
 cordifolia, Ph. (2) (A. Ju. 2X.) germs 2— 3, (2--5, Ph.) g:abrous, sessile : ra- 
 cemes panicled : leaves biternate ; leafets 5 — 7-lobtd, serrate, cordate at 
 the base. ^ 
 
 pclmata, Mx. (2) (A. Ju. 21.) germs nurrllrous, (12—15:) panicle dichoto- 
 mous, sub-corymbed : capsules very sliort, forming globular heads : leaves 
 bimplc, palmate. 2 — 3 f. Sarracenia. 
 
 12—13. aiAGSOLiA. 52. 75. 
 
 glauca, (bf!avcr tree, swamp laurel. E. w. J. ^.) leaves oval, glaucous beneath : 
 petals obovate, tapering to the base. Var. latifulia, has obtusish, decidu- 
 ous leave?. Var. longi/clia, has perennial leaves acute at both ends. S. 
 
 acuminata, Mx. (cucumber tree. W. b-y. J. >).) leaves oval, acuminate, pubes- 
 ! cnt beneath : petals obovate, obtusish. 70 f. S. 
 
 tripetala, W. (3) (umbrella tree. w. J. >).) leaves large, wedge-obovate, acute ; 
 in the young state all over silky : petals 9, oval, acute ; outer ones reflexed. 
 25—35 f. S. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 grandifiora, \V. (big laurel, magnolia. O. w. M. Tp.) leaves evergreen, oval 
 
 (1) Cimicifiiga serpeutaria, Ph. Actsea, L. (2) Actea, Dc. Ciraicifuga, 
 E. (3) umbrella, Lk. 
 
 * Belong to Cimicifuga, see Addenda. 
 
MAGNOLIA, MALVA. 289 
 
 thick, leathery : petals broad-obovate, abruptly narrowed into a claw. Var. 
 tUiptica, leaves oblong-oval, ferruginous beneath : llowers somewhat con- 
 tracted. Var. obovata, leaves oblong-obovate : flowers expanded. Var. 
 lunceolata, leaves oblong-lanceolate, curved at the apex, both sides coloured 
 alike : flowers somewhat contracted. 60 — 80 f. 
 racrophi/lla, Mx. (O. w. J. ^.) branches fragile : leaves very large, oblong, 
 sub-cuneate-obovate, sinuate and auricled at the base, glaucoud beneath : 
 petals 6, ovate, obtuse. 30 — 35 f. 
 
 cordata^ Six. (A. y. M. ^.) leaves broad-oval or lance-ovate, sub-cordate, 
 sub-tomentose beneath : petals lance-oblong, acute. 20 — 40 f. 
 
 aiiriculata, W. (A. y-vv. M. \>.) leaves large, lance-obovate, acute, glaucous 
 beneath, cordate and auricled at the base ; lobes approximate : petals ovate, 
 acute, sub-unguiculate. 30 — 40 i. 
 
 fyrumidata, Bartram. (E. Ap. ^ ) leaves rhomb-oboval, abruptly acute, both 
 sides coloured alike, sub-cordate and auricled at the base : lobes divaricate : 
 petals lanceolate, gradually acute. Liriodendron. 
 
 3fahonia, Berberis. 
 
 18—1. Malaxis. 7. 21. 
 
 liUifolia, (1) (twayblade. O. w. y. p. J. Zf) leaves 2, lance-ovate or oval : 
 scape 3-cornered : inner petals filiform, reflexed, 2-coloured : lip concave, 
 obovate, mucronate. 4—8 i. <Si. 
 
 iongifolia, B. (2) (E.y-g. J. K- bulb roundish : scape 2-leaved : leaves broau- 
 lanceolate, longer than the scape : spike oblong : lip cordate, concave, chan- 
 nelled, shorter than the petals. 3 — 7 i. Microstylis. 
 
 Malaxis, Microstylis. 
 
 15—12. Malope. 37. 74. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 malacoides, (E. y. 0.) leaves oblong, obtuse, entire, crenate, glabrous above : 
 
 peduncles solitary, axillary. 12 — 18 i. Sluaitia. 
 
 MaluSf PtRUS. 
 
 15—13. Malva. 37. 74. 
 
 americana, M. (r?)ugh hlallows. y. J. ^.) leaves ovate, acute, toothed, sca- 
 brous : flowers axillary, solitary, terminal, head-spiked. 
 
 rotundifolia, (low mallows. O. r. w. J. 2i.) leaves heart-orbicular, obsoletely 
 5-lobed : peduncles bearing the fruit declined : stem prostrate. Probably 
 introduced. 
 
 Exotic. 
 
 stflvestris, (raallows. r-b. J. cf. and 21.) stem erect : leaves about 7-lobed, 
 acutish : peduncles and petioles hairy. 
 
 crispa, (curled mallows. Au. 0.) stem erect : leaves angular, crisped : flow- 
 ers axillary, glomerate. 
 
 moschata, (musk mallows. If.) stem erect : radical leaves reniform, gashed ; 
 cauline ones 5-parted, pinnate, many-cleft : leafets of the outer calyx linear. 
 Naturalized. 
 
 tirgata, (whip-stalk mallows, r. 2i. and^.) leaves deeply 3-lobed, toothed, 
 wedge-form at the base : peduncles in pairs, longer than the petiole. 
 
 (1) Ophrys, L. (2) correana, B. 
 
 25 
 
290 MALVA, MARISCrs. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 obutiloides, (E. p. Ja. 21.) leaves with 5 angular lobes, tomentose : peduncle; 
 2-cleft, about 4-flowere(l, axillary : capsules many -seeded. 
 
 caroliniana, W. (E. r. Au. 0.) leaves 5-lobed orpaliaate, gash-toothed : pe- 
 duncles longer than the petioles ; petals entire : fruit villose : stem pros- 
 trate. 
 
 triloba, (1) (E. Tp.) leaves oblong, very obtusely 3-lobed, toothed, tomentose ; 
 peduncles axillary, longer than the petiole. 
 
 coccinea, N. (2) ( W. r. Au. 2i-) all over hoary-tomentose, and strewed with 
 gtellate hairs : leaves 3 — 5-cleft ; divisions gashed, acute : racemes termi- 
 nal : stem diffuse. 
 
 triangulata, (3) (E. p. Ju.) hirsute, sub-decumbent : lower leaves triangular- 
 cordate 5 upper ones 3— 5-lobed, irregularly toothed ; flowers racemed. 12 
 — 18i. Hibiscus. 
 
 3 — 2. Maihsurus. 4. 10. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 granulariSj (E. S. 0. ?) calyx of the globose fertile floret verrucose, lesse- 
 
 lated : stem erect, branching : sheaths hirsute. 2—3 f. Lepturus. 
 
 3—1. Mapania. 3. 9. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 stfhaticay (W. Ju. 2^.) culm at the base covered with imbricate, lanceolate 
 
 leaves or scales. Fimbristylis. 
 
 21—3. Marchantia. 57. 3. 
 
 polymorpha, L. (brook liverwort. O. g-y. Ju. 2X.) pistillate receptacles radiat- 
 ed ; staminate ones peduncled, peltate: fronds crowded together, lobed, 
 nerved, and covered with small decussate veins. Pistillate peduncles very 
 long : nerves of the frond generally brown. On earth and stones in wet or 
 damp places. 
 
 hirsutOy Sw. (Nov.) pistillate receptacles hemispherical, sub-entire, margin 
 hirsute ; staminate ones sessile, roundish, plano-convex : fronds very broad, 
 brittle, simple or dichotomous at the apex ; margin undulate. Dark green t 
 fronds generally dichotomus, and lobed ; lobes rounded, undulate, and 
 often crenate : 2 — 3 inches long, and 1 wide : pistillate peduncle short. 
 
 hemisphaerica, L. pistillate receptacles sub-hemispherical, nearly entire, sub- 
 4-sided ; divisions of the proper calyx obtuse : fronds smaller, crenate ; be- 
 neath dark red ; above beautifully green. On rocky ground. 
 
 conica^ L. pistillate receptacles conic-ovate, somewhat angular ; staminate 
 ones sessile : fronds long, creeping, verrucose, sinuate. On moist banks, 
 walls, stones, &c. 
 
 crinita, Mx. (Summer.) small : margin of the frond coloured, erose-crenate -. 
 lobes roundish i pistillate receptacles sub-globose, 5-lobed ; with long fila- 
 ments proceeding from between them : margin, and lower surface of the 
 frond purple. On flat rocks. 
 
 tenella, small : frond fork-dichotomous, narrow : pistillate receptacles sub- 
 conic, with a many-cleft membrane below ; divisions ligulate-linear : pe- 
 duncles longi?h, delicate. Receptacles 3-cleft ; divisions rounded. Frond 
 green ; beneath purple. Jungermannia. 
 
 3—1. Mariscus. (4) 3. 9. 
 retrofractuSf (E. Ju. 2(0 umbel simple ; rays long : spikes obovate, imbricate 
 
 (I) retusa, W. (2) Cristaria, Ph. (3) M. C. Leaveowartb. retusa, W. ^ 
 (4) Scirpus, L, 
 
MARISCUS^ MBCONOPSIS. 291 
 
 backwards : spikelets subulate, at length bent backwards : involucre 3- 
 leaved. 18 i. S. 
 sehmatusy (|) (E. Ju. 2X) umbel simple ; rays short: spikes globose : flow- 
 ers spreading. Var. tenellus, T. (L.) culm acutely triangular, slender : in- 
 volucre 3 — 5-leaTed ; 3 of the leaves many times longer than the umbel. 6 
 — 18i. S. 
 
 Southern, 
 eylindricut, E. (E. Ju.) stem obtusely S-angled, glabrous: umbels simple ; 
 heads cylindric : spikes lanceolate, sub-compressed, few-flowered (2 — 5.) 
 expanding. 2— 3f. Dulichium. 
 
 Mariscus, Cyperus. 
 
 13—1. Marrubium. 42. 39. 
 
 vulgaret (horehound. O. w. Ju. 21.) leaves round -ovate, toothed, rugose-vein- 
 ed : calyx toothed, setaceous, uncinate. Itroduced. S. Glechoma. 
 
 17—1. Marshallia. (2) 49. 55. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 lanceolata, Mx. (E. p. M. 2X-) stem simple, naked near the summit, leafy be- 
 low : radical leaves obovate ; cauline ones long-lanceolate : scales of the 
 calyx oval: chaff spatulate. 18 — 24 i. 
 
 latifolia^ Mx. (A. 2i.) stem simple : leaves lance-oblong, acuminate, 3-nerVA 
 ed ; lowest ones sheathing : scales of the calyx acute : chaff of the recepta- 
 cles narrow-linear. 
 
 angustifolia, Mx. (E. p. Ju. 2^.) stem branching : lower leaves narrow-lan- 
 ceolate ; upper ones linear : scales of the calyx rigid, subulate : chaff linear. 
 Var. cyananthera., E. stem simple, very pubescent near the top : leaves 
 lance-linear, 3-nerred : scales of the calyx lanceolate, acuminate. 2 f. 
 
 Santolina. 
 
 13—2. Martynia. 40. 45. 
 
 proboscidea, W. (3) (unicorn plant, w. p. j. Ju, ^.) stem branching: 
 leaves alternate, cordate, entire, villose. Fruit somewhat gourd-like, with 
 one long horn. ^ 1 — 2 f. j8^. Svsanmn. 
 
 17—2. Matricaria. 49 55. 
 
 Exotic, 
 •chamomilla, W. (wild chamomile. 0.) leaves bipinnate : scales of the calyx 
 obtusish. 
 
 12—1. Mecoicopsis. 27, 62. 
 
 diphylla, Mx. (4) (W. M. TJ..) stem with two twin leaves near the summit: 
 leaves sessile, lobe-pinnatidd : peduncle solitary, IrflowereJ: capsule ob- 
 long-ovate. iS. 
 
 Southern. 
 peiiolatum, N. (5) (W. y. J. 2X.) stem 4sided : leaves very broad, longpeti- 
 oled, pinnatifid-lobcd ; lobes 5 — 7, angularly and incisely toothed. 12 — 
 13 i. Argeraone. 
 
 (1) ovularis, Vahl. Kyllingia ovularls, Mx. (2) Persoonia, Mx. Trat- 
 tenickia. P. (3) annua, L, alternifolia, Lk. (4) Chelidonium, Mx. By- 
 tophorum, N. (5) Stylophorum, N*. 
 
£92 MEDICAGO, MELANANTHERA. 
 
 16—10 Medicago. 32. 93. 
 
 lupulvia, (hop medlck. O. y. J. 0.) spikes oval : legumes reniform, 1-seeded : 
 stipules entire : leaves obovate : stem procumbent. S. 
 
 Exotic. 
 
 intertexta, (y. Au.) peduncles somewhat 2-flowered : legume? spiral, oval ■ 
 prickles pubescent, setaceous, 2-ranked, appressed : stipules ciliate-toothed : 
 leafets obovate, dentate. Naturalized. 
 
 saliva, (lucerne medick. Ju. 2i.) peduncles racemed : legume smooth, coch- 
 leate : stipule? entire : leaves oblong, toothed. Naturalized. 
 
 tribuloides, (hedge-hog. 0.) peduncles 2-flon-ered : legume cochleate, cvlin- 
 dric, flat both sides, aculeate, conic 2-ways, reflexed : stipules toothed ; 
 leaves toothed, obovate. 
 
 scutellata, (snail-shell, bee-hive. E. Ju. 0.) peduncles about 2-flowered: le- 
 gumes unarmed, cochleate in an orbicular form, with a convex base and a 
 flattop; stipules toothed : leaves oblong, toothed. Colutea, 
 
 Mediola, GrRonnA. 
 
 21—2. Mfesia. 56. 4. 
 
 vli^inosa, stem simple, short : leaves oblong-linear, obtuse : capsule pear- 
 lorm : lid convex. In marshes. Diphysicum. 
 
 14—2. Melampyrum. 40. 35. 
 
 americamim, Mx. (1) (cow-wheat. O. y. Ju. 0.) slender: lower leaves hd- 
 car, entire; floral ones lanceolate, toothed behind: flowers axillary, dis- 
 tinct. Var. laiifolium, has very broad leaves. Wood?. ♦S'. 
 
 brachiattim, Sz. & Siay.( W.) stem terete, sub-scabrous, naked below, with long, 
 naked, ascending, opposite or whorled branches : leaves entire, rugose and 
 scabrous on both sides, attenuated into the petiole. 6 — 8 i. Euphrasia. 
 
 6—3. Melanthium. 10. 13. 
 
 virgtnicuni, W. (2) (black flower. E. w. becoming black. J. 21-) panicle pyra- 
 mid-form : petals oval, sub-hastate, flat, with 2 spots : flowers mostly per- 
 fect, 2—3 f. iS\ 
 
 liybridum, Wr. (3) (bunch flower, w. J. 2{.) panicles racemed above, pistil- 
 late : petals roundish, having claws, undulate-plaited, hardly spotted, hir- 
 sute outside. 2 f. S. 
 
 glaucum,!^. (O. g-w. Ju.) root bulbous : leaves glaucous, margined : raceme 
 mostly simple, few-flowered : petals roundish, unguiculate, with two pecu- 
 liar spots : seed subulate, alated. 
 
 tSoi(tJier7i. 
 tnonoicum, Wr. (A. Ju. 2X.) panicle with the lower flowers staminate ; upper 
 ones pistillate and racemed : petals oblong, flat, with short claws : styles 
 half as long as the germ. Zigadenus. 
 
 17—1. Melanantiiera. 49. 55. 
 
 Southern, 
 hastata, Mx= (4) (E. w. S. 21.) leaves hastate, 3-lobed ; chaff of the receptacle 
 lanceolate, acuminate. Var. lohata, leaves deeply 3-lobed. Var. pandu- 
 rata, leaves slightly 3-lobed, panduriform. 4 — 6 f. Marshallia. 
 
 (1) lineare, Lk. (2) Helonias virginica, Bot. Mag. (3) latlfol am, Lk. 
 racemosum, Mx. (4) liidens nivea, W. Alhanasia, Wr. ~ 
 
MBXIA, MENISPERMUM. 293 
 
 10—1. Melia. 54. 71. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 axedaraeh, (bead tree. E. fp.) leaves doubly-pinnate : leafeta smootb, ovate, 
 
 toothed. 30—40 f. Tribulus. 
 
 3—2. Meuca. 4. 10. 
 
 ipeciosa, M. (7) (melic grass. J. If.) smooth : panicle loose, erect, few-flow- 
 ered : branches simple : florets obtuse. 3 — 4 f. S. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 diffuta^ Ph. (E. J. li-) panicle diflfuse, ver>' branching: flowers acute, beard- 
 less ; stem erect, pubescent. Atheropogon. 
 
 16—10. Melilotus. (1) ^. 93, 
 
 vulgaris, (2) (yellow melilot-clover. y. J. 0.) stem erect : leafets oblancco- 
 late, mucronately serrulate : banner and wings equal* : racemes axillary 
 sub-panicied 5 the longest raceme 3 to 5 times as long as the longest leafet 
 at its base: legumes oval. 2 to 4 f. Unquestionably indiginous from 
 Glenn's Falls on the Hudson river, to the Highlands. S. 
 
 alba, (3) (white melilot-clover. w. J. 0.) stem erect: leafets variable (oval, 
 ovate, obovate, and oblanceolate) mucronately serrulate : banner longer* 
 than the wings : racemes axillary, panicled ; the longest raceme 6 to 10 
 times as long as the longest leafet at its base : legumes oval. 3 to 6 f. Flow- 
 ers and legumes smaller than the preceding species and the stem more ro-. 
 bust. Probably introduced ; but now very commoa and growing wild* 
 Both species sweet scented. S. Trifoliurji., 
 
 MelilotUS, PSORALEA. 
 
 13—1. Melissa. 42. 39. 
 
 Exotic, 
 officinalis, (balm. w. b. Ju. 2X-) flowers whorled halfway around, sub-sessile ; 
 bracts oblong, pedicelled: leaves ovate, acute, serrate. Naturalized^ 
 
 Ocymum. 
 
 19—16. Melothria. 34. 97. 
 
 pendula, (creeping cucumber, y. J. 0.) leaves sub-reniform, lobe-angled; 
 terminal lobe equalling the rest : berry cylindric, ovate. S. 
 
 Momordica. 
 
 20—13. Menispermum. 11. 77. 
 
 ranarferwe, (moonseed. O. w-y. Ju. Tp.) stem climbing: leaves sub-cordate, 
 round-angled, peltate, with the petiole near the base : racemes compound ; 
 petals 8. Var. lobatum, Ph. (4) leaves lobed. S. 
 
 Southern, 
 smilacium, W. (5) (E. y. Ju. ^.) leaves peltate, sub-glabrous, cordate, round- 
 ish, obtusely angled, glaucous beneath : racemes generally simple : pe- 
 tals 4. 
 
 (1) Trifolium, L. (2) officinalis .!* (3) var. alba ? I adopt the genuine name* 
 of old authors ; because the descriptions of modern authors are either very de- 
 ficient, or they did not have our plants before them. Whereas the figures and 
 descriptions of the older authors show, that they were acquainted with both 
 of our species, which they called by those names. See Parkinson, p. 718. Lon- 
 don Ed. A. D. 1640. (4) M. virginicum, W. (5) Cissaropelos, W. (7) gla-- 
 l)ra, Mx. 
 
 »Sugg€Jtedb/H. H. E. 
 
 35* 
 
29-i MENTHA; MERULIirs. 
 
 lyoni, Pb (W. Ju. 2X ) leaves cordate, palmate»lobed, very long petioled : ra> 
 cemea simple : petals 6 : stamens 12. Datisca. 
 
 13—1 Mentha. 42. 39. • 
 
 tenuis, Mx. (I) (O. w J.li-) glabrous: leaves lance-ovate, serrulate, petiol- 
 ed : spike slender, terminal, with small interrupted whorls : stamena not ex- 
 ssrt. 1 — 2 f. S. American spear-mint. 
 
 canadensis, W. (w-p. Au. 2X-) flowers whorled : leaves lanceolate, serrate, 
 petioled, pilose : stamens equalling the corol. 12 i. 
 
 boreaiis, Mx. (northern mint. O. w. Ju. 2X0 ascending, pubescent : leaves pe- 
 tioled, laace-oval, acute at both ends; flowers whorled: stamens exsert. 
 Damp. 9—18 i. S. 
 
 Exotic. 
 
 piperita, (peppermint, p. Au. 2X.) spikes obtuse, interrupted below : leaves 
 subovate, somewhat glabrous, petioled : stem glabrous at the base. Natu- 
 ralized; 1 — 2 t. 
 
 arvensis, (field mint. p. Ju.) hairy, branching : leaves ovate : flowers whorled 
 calyx bell-form. Naturalized. 1 f. 
 
 viridis, (spear-mint. p. Au.) leaves lanceolate, sessile: spikea elongated, in- 
 terrupted : stamens long. 1 — 2 f. Isanthus. 
 
 11—1. MZNTZELIA. 17. 88. 
 
 Southern, 
 aurea, N. (VV. y.) stem dichotomous : leaves lance-ovate, deeply angular-cre- 
 
 nate ; flowers sessile; petals oval, acuminate, entire : capsule about S-seed- 
 
 ed. Very rough and tenacious. 12 i. 
 oligosperma, I^ . (W.) decumbent: flowers large. Decumaria. 
 
 5 — 1. Menyanthes. 47. 46. 
 
 tri/oliata, (buck-beam. O. r. J. 2i.) leaves ternate : corols densely bearded 
 above. In stagnant \vater3. iS. Villarsia. 
 
 Menyanthes, Villarsia. 
 
 8—1. Menziesia. 18. 50. 
 
 cocrulea, W. (2) (mountain heath. A. r. Ju. '^.) leaves scattered, crowded, 
 linear, obtuse, cartilaginous-toothed : peduncles terminal, aggregate, 1-flow- 
 ered : flowers bell-form : calyx acute. Decandrous. Very small. 
 
 globularis, Sy. (A. J. ^,) leaves lanceolate, glaucous beneath, except the 
 nerves, pubescent : calyx 4-cleft : flowers globose, octandrous. 2 — 4 f. iS'. 
 
 empetriformU,S). (W. r. Ju. ^.) leaves linear, serrulate, concave beneath; 
 peduncles terminal, aggregate : flowers bell-form : calyx obtuse. Decan- 
 drous. 
 
 Soutfiern. j 
 
 ferruginea, W. (W. J, ^^.) leaves lance-obovate, glabrous beneath except the 
 nerves : calyx somewhat 4-cleft : flowers urceolate, octandrous. Acer. 
 
 21—6. Merisme. 58. 1. 
 
 /ceiida, fuscous-purple : branches palmate, approximate; white and shining 
 at the apex. On the earth in woods. Clavaria. 
 
 21—6. Merulius. 58. 1. 
 
 1. Pileus entire : itipe central. 
 
 eantharellut, in groups, all reddish-yellow : pileus fleshy, glabrous depressed. 
 
 (1) viridis, Wr. (2) Andromeda taxifolia, Pallas. Erica, W. Pbyllo- 
 doce taxifolia, Sy. 
 
MERULIUS, MIKANIA. 295f 
 
 cornueopoideSf cespitose, becoming black : pileus membranaceous, scaly ; 
 veina obsolete. In woods in autumn. 
 
 2. Effuse^ stemless. 
 
 serpens, coriaceous, elongated, glabrous, white becoming red in the middle ; 
 folds or veins sub-obsolete, and resembling wrinkles. Dedalea. 
 
 11^5. Mesembryanthemlm. 13. 87; 
 
 Exoiic. 
 
 crystallinum, (ice plant, w. Au. 0.) branching: leaves alternate, ovate, pa^ 
 
 pillose : flowers sessile ; calyx broad-ovate, acute, retuse. Fothergilla. 
 
 21—6. Mesenterica. 58. 1. 
 
 Ititea, orange or gold colour. 
 
 11—5. Mespilus. 36. 93. 
 
 Exotic. 
 
 ^tfrmanica, (medlar. ^.) leaves lance-ovate, downy beneath : flowers sessile^ 
 
 solitary. Mesembryanthemum. 
 
 2—1. MiCRANTHEMUM. 20. 34. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 orbiciUaCum, Mx. (E. vr. Au. 2X.) Stem prostrate, terete : leaves orbicular, ah-- 
 ruptly narrowed at the base : flowers peduncled. Wet ditches. 
 
 emarginaiumj E. (E. w. Au. 2i-) leaves oval and obovate, emarginatc : flow- 
 ers sessile. Wet. Lycopus. 
 
 10—4. MiCROPETALUM. 22. 82. 
 
 lanceolatum, Mx. (1) (blind starwort. A. Ju. 2X«) S^^^^^O"' ■ 'eaves lanceo- 
 late, narrow at both ends ; flowers panicled : petals ovate, very short or 
 wanting. Damp. 6 — 8 i. 
 
 longifolia,M. (2) (long-leaf starwort. O. w. J. If.) stem decumbent, or sub- 
 decumbent, leaves lance-linear, opposite, entire, smooth: panicle terminal: 
 calyx 3-nerved, about equalling the petals. 12 — 18 i. <S. 
 
 Southern. 
 larmginosum, Mx. (A. Ju. 2i.) dense-pubescent: leaves lanceolate, tapering 
 into the petiole : peduncles sub-solitary, elongated, at last reflected : flow-, 
 ers without petals. Spergula. 
 
 18—1. MlCROSTYLIS. 7. 21. 
 
 ophioglossoides, W. (3) (adder mouth. E. g-w. J. 2i-) leaf solitary, ovate, 
 clasping : scape 5-angled : lip cleft at the tip, 6 — 9 i. S. 
 
 Corallorhiza. 
 
 3—1. MiEGiA. (4) 4. 10. 
 
 Southern, 
 macrosperma, Mx. (cane. O. Ap. 2X) stem terete, gIabrou9, hollow, rigid : 
 leaves distichous, lanceolate, flat, sub-acuminate, pubescent beneath. 3 — 
 15 f. Var. gigantea, much taller. 30 — 40 f. Eriocoma. 
 
 17—1. MiKANiA. 49. 55. 
 
 scandens^ (5) (climbing ihorough-wort. E. w. Au. If.) stem glabrous climb-. 
 
 (1) Stellaria, T. Spergulastrum, Mx. (2) gramincum. Ph. Stellaria, M, 
 (3) Malaxis, W, uoifolia, M. (4) Aruadinaria, Mx. (5) Eupatorium, L; 
 
296 MIKANIA, MITEIII. 
 
 ing : leaves cordate, repand-toothed, acuminate ; lobes divaricate, unequalr 
 flowers corymbed. Damp or wet. <S. 
 pubescens, M. (w-p. Au. 21.) pubescent: stem climbing: leaves cordate, re- 
 paud-toothed, angled at the base ; acuminate : cal^x 4-flowered. S. 
 
 Chrysocoma. 
 
 3—2. Milium. 4. 10. 
 
 effusum, (millet. E. 2i.) panicle diflFuse, compound: branches horizontal: 
 glumes ovate, very obtuse : corol awnless, smooth and shining : leaves 
 broad-linear. 5 — 8 f. 
 
 amphitarpoiii Ph. (1) (millet grass. E. Au. 21.) leaves lance-linear, hairy, cil- 
 iate : panicle simple, contracted, bearing perfect flowers : fertile flowers in 
 solitary, elongated, radical scapes, at length subterraneous. 18 — 24 i. 
 
 pungens,T. (E. M. 21.) culm erect: leaves lanceolate, very short, pungent, 
 at length involute : panicle contracted ; branches generally in pairs, 2-floiv- 
 ered ; flowers awnless, ovate : corol hairy. 12 — 18 i. 
 
 Exotic. 
 
 nigricans, (African millet.) flowers panicled, crowded: valves of the calyx 
 
 shining, becoming black : leaves ensiform, very long. Piptatherum. 
 
 Milium, Piptatherum. 
 
 Mimosa, Acacia. Schrankia. 
 
 13—2. MiMULUs. 40. 40. 
 
 H'J^^'W, (i^^o»key-Cower. O. b. Ju. 21-) erect, glabrous: leaves sessile, lan- 
 ceolate, acuminate, serrate : peduncles axillary, opposite, longer than the 
 flower : teeth of the calyx acuminate. 1 — 2 f. <S. 
 
 alatus, (O. b. Ju. 2X.) erect, glabrous: leaves petioled, ovate, acaminate, ser- 
 rate ; peduncles axillary, opposite, shorter than the flower : stem winged at 
 the 4 corners : teeth of the calyx round-mucronate. 1 — ^3 f. S. 
 
 iuteuSfW. (W. y. Jvt. 2X..) erect glabrous, stoloniferous : leaves roundish- 
 ovate, nerved, toothed; lower ones obtuse, petioled; upper ones acute, 
 closely sessile : raceme terminal ; peduncles axiltery, opposite, elongated . 
 calyx unequal ; teeth acutish. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 leurisii, Ph. (\V. p. Au. 2X.) erect, small, pubescent : leaves sessile, lance-ob- 
 long, acute, nerved, mucronate-denticulate : flowers few, terminal, very 
 long peduncled : teeth of the calyx acuminate. 6 — 8 i. Chelone. 
 
 5—1. MiRABiLis. 54. 32. 
 
 Exotic. 
 
 dichotoma, (mexican four o'clock. 2I-) flowers sessile, axillary, erect, solitary. 
 
 jalapa, (four o'clock, r. y. Ju. 2^.) flowers heaped, peduncled : leaves gla- 
 brous. 
 
 longijlora, (w. Au. 2X) flowers crowded, very long, a little nodding: leaves 
 sub-villose. Itea. 
 
 4 — 1. MiTCHELLA. 48. 57. 
 
 repens, (patridge berry, checker berry. O. w. J. 2X-) stem creeping 
 roundish, petioled, opposite. Woods. S. Li 
 
 eaves 
 mnea. 
 
 10—2. MiTELLA. 13. 84. 
 
 diphylia, W. (currant leaf. O. w. Ap. 21.) leaves cordate, sub-lobate, dentate 
 scape 2-leaved : leaves opposite. Woods. 1 — 2 f. 
 
 (1) ciliatum, M< 
 
MITELLA, MONARDA.' 297 
 
 crirdifoliiy Lk. (0. w. RI. 2X.) leaves round-reniform, doubly-crenate, with 
 scattered hairs above: scape erect or prostrate, naked or 1 -leaved. Var, 
 reniformis, (1) leaves reniform, scape naked. Var. prostrata, (2) sterna 
 prostrate, lenfy. 6—8 i. S. 
 
 grandijlora. Ph. (W. w. 2X.) very hirsute : leaves round-cordate, obtusely 
 lobed, toothed : scape with one or more leaves : flowers pedicelled : calyx 
 bell-form. Dianthus. 
 
 21—2. Mnium. 56. 4. 
 
 hornnm, leaves lance-ovate, serrate : peduncles curved : capsule ovate, pen- 
 dulous : lid obtuse. 
 
 palitst re, stem erect, elongated, branching : leaves lanceolate, keeled, acute; 
 upper ones bent over to one side : capsule oblong, sub-erect : lid conic, 
 acute. In damp woods and fens. Timmia. 
 
 3—3. MoLLUGO. 22. 82. 
 
 verticillata, (carpet weed. O. w. Ju. 0.) stem sub-divided, prostrate : leaves 
 ia whorls, wedge-form, acute : peduncles l-flowered. S. Lechea. 
 
 13—1. MOLUCELLA. 42. 39. 
 
 Exotic. 
 i-cet'W, (molucca balm, shell-flower, w. g. Ju. 0.) calyx campanuiatc, 5-tooth- 
 ed : teeth equal, awnless : leaves petioled, round-ovate, toothed. Calyx 
 much longer and larger than the corol. Ajuga. 
 
 19—15. MoMORDiCA. 34. 97. 
 
 tchinnta, {0. vr. An. 0.) pomaceous : berry 4-seed9d, roundish, setose-echi- 
 nate : leaves cordate, 5-lobe-angled, acuminate, entire. Calyx 6-cleft : cor-ol 
 6-parted. 
 
 Exotic. 
 
 balsamina, (balsam apple. S. 0.) pomaceous : b3rry angled, tubcrcled : leaves 
 
 glabrous, spreading, palmate. Sicyoi. 
 
 2—1. MONARDA. 42. 39. 
 
 didyma, (3) (mountain mint. O. r. J. 2i.) leaves ovate, acuminate, sub-cor- 
 date, somewhat hairy : flowws in simple or proliferous heads : outer bracts 
 large, coloured, lanceolate. Var. angustifolia, (4) leaves lance-ovate, acu- 
 minate, pubescent : stem pubescent. 18 — 24 i. S. 
 
 oblongata, A. (5) (b. r. Ju. 21-) pubescent: head simple : outer bracts ovate: 
 calyx short, bearded in the throat: teeth spreading: stem obtuse-angled, 
 pubescent above : leaves lance-oblong, rounded at the base. 2 — 3 f. S. 
 
 clinopodia, (6) (y. p. Ju. 2X.) glabrous : heads small, simple, terminal ; outer 
 bracts broad-ovate, acute, entire, smoothish : calyx ciliate, short : corol pu- 
 bescent, slender : leaves ovate-oblong, acuminate, serrate, a little hairy ; 
 stem obtuse-angled, glabrous. <Si. 
 
 fistulosa, (E. p. Ju. 2X-) hirsute, with scattered hairs : heads simple, proliferous, 
 leafy : outer bracts oblong, acute, glabrous : calyx long, bearded : corol 
 hirsute, of middling length : leaves ovate, acuminate, serrate : petioles long, 
 ciliate: stem glabrous, obtuse-angled. 2 f . S. 
 
 punctata, {!) (E. y. J. 2X-) smoothish : flower middling size, whor'ed : bract* 
 
 (1)nuda, W. (2) prostra'a, Mx. (3) purpurea, Lk. coccinea, Mx. (4) 
 kalmiana. Ph. (5) longifolia, Lk. allophylla, Mx. mollis, W. (6) glabra, 
 Lk. (7) lutea, Mx. 
 
298 MONARDA, MONOTROPA.' 
 
 lanceolate, coloured, longer than the whorls: leaves lance-oblong, remoteljr 
 serrate : stem obtuse-angled, with whitish down. 2 — 3 f. S. 
 
 hiriuta, Ph. (1) (O. b. p. Au. 2X0 very hairy : flowers small, whorled : bracts 
 attenuated into awns : upper teeth of the calyx very short, the rest bristle- 
 form : leaves ovate, acuminate, long-petioled, gerrate. 2—3 f. jS. 
 
 beckiit Ea. (W. 2X0 stem rough, with stiflf white hairs : leaves petioled, ovate- 
 oblong and lanceolate, serrate, acutish, somewhat hairy : bracts ovate, gla- 
 brous, veiny, a little shorter than the 2-lipped calyx : upper teeth of the ca- 
 lyx subulate. Flowers small, in whorl*. First discovered by Prof. L. C. 
 Beck near St. Louis. Described by Torrey in the Annals of the N. Y. Ly- 
 ceum. 
 
 cUiata, (p. Au. 2X0 hirsute: flowers small, whorled: bracts ovate, glabrous, 
 veiny, ciliate, equalling the calyx : leaves ovate-oblong, tapering, sub-ses- 
 sile, serrate, pubescent : stem acute-angled, hirsute. S. 
 
 rugoia, A. (A. w. Ju. 2X0 smoothish : heads simple, middling size : outer 
 bracts ovate, undulate : calyx smoothish : leaves ovate, sub-cordate, acute, 
 rugose : nerves beneath and petioles pilose : stem acute-angled, smoothish. 
 4f. 
 
 Southern, 
 
 gracilis, Ph. (A. y-w.) very glabrous: heads lateral and terminal, small : 
 outer bracti linear, ciliate : calyx pubescent-ciliale : corol short : leaves 
 lance-linear, acuminate, serrate : stem obtusely angled, glabrous. 
 
 purpurea, Ph. (A. r. Ju. 2X0 somewhat glabrous : heads large, leafy: outer 
 bracts large, coloured, broad-ovate, acuminate, serrate: calyx coloured: 
 throat bearded : corol long, nearly glabrous : leaves oblong-ovate, acute, 
 coarsely serrate ; nerves all over pilose : stem acutely angled, glabrous. 
 
 bradburiana, Bk. (W. p. Ju. 2X0 heads large, terminal : outer bracts broad- 
 lanceolate, ciliate, coloured : calyx pilose, densely bearded at the throat, 
 with 5 subulate, very long, divaricate teeth : leaves opposite, sessile, or with 
 very short ciliate petioles ; hairy on both sides, lance-oblong, dentate, rounds 
 ed at the base. Stem simple. 3 f. 
 
 scabroy Bk. (W. p. Au. 2X0 heads large, simple, terminal, somewhat in threes : 
 bracts lance-ovate : teeth of the calyx short, ac«te, nearly straight : leaves 
 lance-ovate, sub-cordate, serrate, opposite, scabrous, punctate, somewhat 
 bairjr : petioles short hairy. Stem branching. 3 f. Salvia. 
 
 21—6. MoifiLA. 58. 1. 
 
 aurea, stiped : threads constituting a little head : cespitose, golden-yellow. 
 fruetigena, stemless, cespitose, roundish, white-cinereous : threads mould- 
 like, indeterminately enuse, having ovate articulations. Dematium. 
 
 3-r;2. MONOCERA. 4. 10. 
 
 Southern, 
 aromatica, Wr. (2) (E. J. 2X0 (Described under Chloris monostachya.) 
 
 Manisuris. 
 
 10—1. MOKOTROPA. 18. 51. 
 
 uni/lora, (bird's nest, Indian pipe. O. w. J. 2X0 't^ro l-flowered : flower nod- 
 ding at first, at length erect : scales of the stem approximate. Whole plant 
 ivory-white at first. 4 — 8 i. S, 
 
 Southern, 
 rnorisoniana, Mx. (E. J. 2X ) »cape elongated, straight, l-flowered : scalM dis- 
 tant : flowers erect : stamens 10—12. Hypopithys. 
 
 (1) ciliata, Mx. not L. (2) Aegilops, Wr. Chloris monostachya, Ms. 
 
MONOTROPSlS, MTGINDA. 299 
 
 10—1. MONOTROPSIS. (1) 18. 51. 
 
 Southern, 
 odoraia, St. (E. T-vr. Mar.) flowers bell-form, in aggregate heads. 3-— 4 i. 
 
 Hydrangea. 
 
 19—4. MoRUS. 53. 98. 
 
 rubra, W. (red mulberry. O. M. ^.) leaves cordate, ovate, acuminate or 3-lob- 
 ed, equally serrate, scabrous, Boft bairs beneath : pistillate spikes cylindric. 
 15—30 f. S, 
 
 Exotic. 
 
 alba, (white mulberry. M. Tp.) leaves heart-form, with oblique bases, ovate or 
 lobed, unequally serrate, smoothish. From China and Persia. Naturalized. 
 15—20 f. 
 
 nigra, (black mulberry. Ju. Tp.) leaves cordate, ovate or 8ub-5-lobed, unequal- 
 ly toothed, scabrous. From Persia. Buxus. 
 
 21-^. MucoR. 58. 1* 
 
 1. Stipe racemedi 
 
 atper^illus, (mould.) stipe filiform, dichotomousj little heads terminal, sub- 
 conjugate, oblong when mature. On putrid fungi in autumn. Grey. 
 
 2. Stipe simple. 
 
 muceda, receptacle or fruit inflated, dark-grey : mouth round, dehiscent about 
 
 the stipe. On putrid cabbage, in autumn and winter. 
 canuius, crowded together, byssus-like or flax-like, white : fruit minute, be= 
 
 coming yellowish. Stipe long and lax. In mild winters and after storms, 
 
 on manure, &c. 
 
 3. Without a stipe. 
 
 herbariorum, yellow, permanent : fruit globose, sitting among down. On dry 
 plants in moist places. Onygena. 
 
 3 — 2. MUHLENBERGIA. 4. 10. 
 
 difusa,ST. (2) (drop-seed grass. O. J. 2X.) culm diflfuse : (decumbent] leaves 
 lance-linear, panicle branched, appressed : awns as long as the corol. 18 i, 
 S. Trichodium. 
 
 Muhlenbergia, Brachyelytrum. 
 
 14^1. Myagrum. 39. 63. 
 
 Southern, 
 argtnteum. Ph. (W. y. Ap. 21-) Described under Alyssum ludovicianum. 
 
 Myagrum^ Alyssum. Camelina. 
 
 4—4. Mygihda. 43. 95, 
 
 myrtifolia, Jn. (3) (W, w. Au. >).) leaves opposite, oblong, obtuse, serrate, 
 reflexed at the margin, glabrous, perennial : peduncles axillary, very short, 
 sub-solitary, 1-flowered, 2-bracled at the base. S. P'ulmonaria. 
 
 (1) Elliott proposed Schweinitzia as a substitute for Monotropsis, and 
 NuttalJ has adopted it. (J) Dilepyuum, Mx. <3) Ilex myrsinitesjPh. 
 
300 MYLOCARIUM, MYRIOPHYLLUM. 
 
 10—1. Mtlocarium. 23. 71. 
 
 Southern, 
 liguslrinum., W. (buckwheat tree. E. w. M. '^.) leaves perennial, alternate, 
 sessile, wedge-lanceolate, very entire, glabrous, sab-glaucous beneath : ra- 
 cemes simple, terminal. 6 — 15 f. 3Ielia. 
 
 5 — 1. Myosotis. 41. 42. 
 
 palustris, Roth. (1) (scorpion weed. (O. b. M. 2^.) seeds smooth : calyx leaves 
 sub-oral, about as long as the tube of the corol : stem aub-ramose : leaves 
 lance-oval : racemes bractless. 12 — 13 i. 
 
 arvetisis, (2) (forget-me-not. E. w-b. J. 0.) seeds smooth: calyx leaves oval, 
 acuminate, very hirsute, longer than the tube of the corol : stem very branch- 
 ing : racemes conjugate ; leaves lauce-oblong, hirsute. 4 — 8 i. S. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 nanai W. (W. b. & y. li-) leaves oblong, villose : racemes few-flowered: 
 seeds smoothish ; margin serrulate. 
 
 3vffruticosa,li. k, J. (W. b. ?) stem sufl'ruticose, very branching, hirsute: 
 leaves lauce-linear, hispid-pilose : spikes terminal, many : tlowers pedicell- 
 ed : calyx closed : seeds smooth depressed-ovate. 8 i. Lycopus. 
 
 5—13. Myosuros. 26. 61. 
 
 [Generie description is here given, it having been omitted at page 34. It 
 should follow Zanthorhiia.] Calyx 5-leaved, caducous, elongated at the base : 
 nectaries (petals,) 5, liugui-form, petal-like : seeds uuraerous in a long cordate 
 receptacle. 
 
 Southern, 
 mittifiuis, (E. A p. =^.) leaves linear, entire: scape 1-flowered: stamens 5^8. 
 
 Petals anther-form. 2 — 4 i. Tradescantia. 
 
 20—4. Myrica. 50. 99. 
 
 gaUy^. (sweet gale. O. M. ^.) leaves wedge-lanceolate, obtuse, serrate at 
 the apex : staminate aments imbricate ; scales acuminate, ciliate : fruit in 
 a scaly head. 3 — 4 f. 
 
 cerifera, (bayberry. E. g-p. M. Tp.) leaves wedge-lanceolate, acute, with dis- 
 tant serratures at the apex : staminate aments lax; scales acute : fruit small, 
 Mobose, covered with a whitish wax, in a mealy state. Var. pumiia, Mx. 
 leaves lance-linear. 5 — 18 f. S, 
 
 caroliniensist W. (E. Ap. '^.) leaves wedge-oblong, coarsely toothed : stami- 
 nate aments lax ; scales acute : berry globose, large. 3—4 f. S. 
 
 pefisylvanica, Lk. (E. M. ^.) leaves oblong, acutish at each end, very entire 
 or sparingly subserrate at the apex, revolute at the margin : staminate aments 
 lax ; scales acute : berry globose, large. 3 f. Viscum. 
 
 20—13. MYRIOPHYLLUM. 15. 88. 
 
 verticillatum^ (water milfoil. O. Ju. 21.) leaves pinnate, capillary ; upper onea 
 pectinate-pinnatifid : flowers in axillary whorls ; lower ones pistillate ; up- 
 per ones staminate or perfect, octandrous. In stagnant waters. S. 
 
 spicatum, (E. Ju. 2X-) leaves all pinate, capillaceous : spikes interrupted, nak- 
 ed, whorled : flowers staminate, polyandruus. 
 
 heterophylliun, Mx. (Ju. 2Z-) lower leaves capillary, pinnate; upper ones oval, 
 acutely serrate : flowers hexandrous. > ^ 
 
 capillaceum, (Ju. 2^.) leaves all capillary-pinnate : flowers aiillar)', opposite. 
 
 (1) scorpioides, W. laxa, Lek. (2) verna, N. 
 
MYRIOPHYlilUM, NAKDUS. 301 
 
 and altcrnale, tctrandrous, mostly perfect: fruit 4-angled, formed of four 
 cylindrical seeds. 
 
 mnbitriium, N. (1) (E.) stem floating, dichotomous : leaves petioled, obsoleteiy 
 pinnate ; lowest ones capillary, middle ones pectinate, upper ones nearly en- 
 tire. Var. limosum, stem rooting, erect : leaves rigid, mostly 3-cleft : seg- 
 ments setaceous, acute. 
 
 teJiellum, Evi . (E. .lu. 2i.) erect, nearly leafless: bracts entire, obtuse: pe- 
 tals linear, conduplicate and revolute. 4 — 12 i. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 scabratum, Mx. (E. J. 7X.) leaves pinnatifid : flowers whorled, axillary; up- 
 per ones staminate, tetrandrous; lower ones pistillate : fruit 8-angled. 12 i. 
 
 Sagittaria. 
 
 Myrrhis, Uraspermcm. 
 
 n— 1. Mybtus. 19. 39. 
 
 Exotic. 
 
 communis, (myrtle, w. Ju. '^.) fiowers solitary: involucre 2-!eaved : leaves 
 
 ovate. Amygdalus. 
 
 N. 
 
 21—6. NiEMASPORA. 58. 1. 
 
 chrysoxperma, receptacle manifest, spherical, sub-conic, truncate ; hairs gold- 
 yellow. Under the bark of poplar. 
 
 erocea, receptacle obsolete or none, naked ; hairs crowded, tmequal, some- 
 what woody, saffron-yellow. Chiefly on beech wood in winter. 
 
 Tubercularia. 
 
 19—1. Najas. 15. 6. 
 
 [Generie description is here given, it having been omitted at page 67, after 
 Chara and before the words ORDER II. &c.] Staminate flowers — calyx cy- 
 lindric, 2-cleft : stamen filamentous, long|: anther 4-valved ; valves spreading. 
 Pistillate flowers — calyx o : style 1, with 2 stigmas : nut 4-seeded. 
 
 canadensis, Mx. (water nymph. E.) small, lili form, smooth : leaves narrow- 
 linear. Podosteraum. 
 
 Napaea, Sida. 
 
 € — L Narcissus. 9. 17. 
 
 Exotic, 
 pseudo-narcissus, (dafTodil. M. li-) spathe 1 -flowered : nectary bell-form, 
 
 erect, crisped, equalling the ovate petals. 
 tczetta, (polyanthos. M. 11.) spathe man} -flowered : nectary bell-form, plicate, 
 truncate, thrice as short as the petals : petals alternatelv broader : leaves 
 flat. 
 jonquilla, (jonquil. M. 7i.) spathe many-flowered : nectary bell-form, short: 
 
 leaves subulate. 
 poetiais, (poet's narcissus. 21.) spathe 1 -flowered : nectary wheel-form, very 
 short, scarious, (red,) crenulate : leaves inflexed at the margin. 
 
 Pancratium. 
 3—1. Nardus. 4. 10. 
 
 Southern, 
 stricta, (mat grass. W. 2i.) spike setaceous, straight : flowers oae-sided. 
 
 Miegia. 
 
 [i ( 1 ) procumbens, Bw. 
 
 26 
 
302 NARTHBCIUM, NEMOPHliA. 
 
 6—1. Narthecium. 10. 36. 
 
 americanum, Ker. (1) (false asphodel. E. y. Ju. Zf.) racemes sometimes inter' 
 ruptedly spiked, lax : one cauliiie bract clasping the cedicel, another chaff- 
 bristle-form below : filaments with short wool. Ornithogallum, 
 
 Nasturtium, Erysimum. 
 21—2. Neckera. 56. 4. 
 1. Leaves 2-ranked. 
 pennaia, foliage 2-ranked, compressed: leaves lance-oval, acuminate nerve- 
 less; disk undulated: capsule emersed in the calyx (pericheth) lid s'ub-con- 
 ic and somewhat cuspidate. On trunks of trees.' 
 macropodia, decumbent, sub-ramose : leaves flatlish, lanceolate, facing 2 wavs : 
 capsule cylindric, straight, terminating in a long bristle. '^ ' ' ' 
 
 2. Leaves imbricate every way: 
 
 dadorhizans, creeping : branchlets spreading and somewhat 2-ranked : sum- 
 mit rooting in some : leaves somewhat depiessed-imbricate, oval, acute, 
 nerveless: capsule cylindric; lid somewhat conic, oblong, obtuse columel- 
 la exsert. On trees. 
 
 seductrix, creeping, somewhat ascending ; branchlets erect, in some places 
 fascicled : leaves closely imbricate in a cylinder, oval, acuminate, nerveless : 
 capsule cylindric ; lid from the base conic,' shortish, cuspidate. 
 
 vUiculosa, stem ascending, simple or with few branches: leaves lax, from the 
 side of the base ligulate-obtuse : capsule oblong; lid conic, long-cuspidate, 
 small. On trunks of trees. Cryphaea^ 
 
 6—2. Nectris. 15. 22. 
 
 Southern, 
 aquatica, (E. g-y. M. 2X0 submersed leaves opposite, many-parted, capillary : 
 floating ones alternate, elliptic, peltate, entire : raceme terminal. 
 
 Melantbium. 
 Nectris, Floerkea. 
 
 12—13. Nelumbicm. 26. 61. 
 
 iutenm,V^. (2) (sacred bean. y. Ju. If.) leaves peltate, orbicular, entire: 
 corol polypetalous : anthers linear above. Lake Ontario, &c. S. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 j)€ntapetalnm, W. (E. w. Ju. Zf.) leaves peltate, orbicular, entire : calyx 5- 
 leaved : petals 5. 
 
 reniforme, \V. (E. 21.) leaves reniforme : coral polypetalous. These two 
 southern species rest on the authority of Walter. No botanist has recently 
 seen them. Elliott. Sempervirens. 
 
 5 — 1. IS'emophila. 41. 42. 
 
 [Generic description is here given, it having been omitted after Hydrophyl- 
 lum; p. 26.] Calyx 10-cleft ; outer divisions reflexed : corol sub-campanu- 
 late, 2-lobed; lobes emarginate, with stamen-bearing, margined, nectaries at 
 the base : stamens short ; filaments naked : capsules fleshy, 1-celled, 2-valved : 
 seeds 4. 
 
 So'uthern. 
 phacelioides, N. (W. b. M. cT.) succulent: stem 3-sided: leaves alternate, 
 
 (1) Phalangium ossifragum, M. (2) Nymphea nelumbo, L. Cyarous fla- 
 Ticomus, Sy. luteus, E. m 
 
NEOTTIA, NOLINA. $05 
 
 pinnatifid : peduncles very long, 1-flowcred, opposite the leaves and terminal, 
 somewhat racemed ; racemes incurved : fruit dellexed. Resembles Hydro- 
 phyllum. EUisia. 
 
 18—1. Neottia. 7. 21. 
 
 tortilis, W. (1) (summer ladies' tresses. O. w. J. 7S-) radical leaves linear: 
 scape sheathed : flowers spirally secund : lip somewhat 3-lobed ; middle 
 lobe larger, crenulate. 12 i. S. 
 
 gracilis, Bvv. (O. w. Ju.) leaves radical, ovate : scape sheathed : flowers in a 
 spiral row i lip obovate, curled. Var. secunda, spike unilateral, hardly spi- 
 ral : flowers more slender. 8 — 12 i. 
 
 eeniua, (2) (nodding ladies' tresses. O. w. Au. 21.) leaves lanceolate, 3-nerv- 
 ed ; stem sheathed : spike oblong, dense-flowered ; flowers recurve-nodding : 
 lip oblong, entire, acute. Var. major, stem tall, somewhat leafy : flowers 
 very large. Var. latifolia, stem short: leaves lance-oblong, sub-radical, 
 flat. 8—18 i. S. Listera. 
 
 Neottia^ Goodyera. 
 
 13—1. Nepeta. 42. 39. 
 
 cataria (catmint, catnep. O. b-w. 2X) hoary-pubescent : flowers in whorled 
 spikes 5 leaves petioled, cordate ; tooth serrate. Introduced ? 
 
 21—5. Nephroma. 57. 2. 
 
 resupinata, frond brownish, pubescent, granulated : fertile lobes short : lami- 
 nas of the receptacle reddish -yellow. Var. papyracea, frond greenish. 
 Earth among raoss. Evernia. 
 
 Nicanara, Atropa. 
 
 5—1, NiCOTIANA. 28. 41. 
 
 Exotic. 
 
 <4&acu»i, (Virginian tobacco, w-r. Ju. 0. ) leaves lance-ovate, sessile, decur- 
 rent; flowers acute. Naturalized.. 
 
 rustica, (common tobacco. Au. 0.) leaves petioled, ovate, entire : flowers ob- 
 tuse. Naturalized. 
 
 paniculata, (small-flowered tobacco. Au. 5^.) leaves petioled, cordate, entire: 
 flowers panicled, obtuse, clavate. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 quadrivalvis. Ph. (W. b-w. Ju. 0.) leaves oblong-ovate, petioled : flowers scat- 
 tered, solitary, near the summit of the branches : corol funnel-form ; divis- 
 ions oblong, acutish : capsule sub-globose, 4-valved. Hyosciamus. 
 
 12—4. NiGELLA. 26. 61. 
 
 Exotic, 
 damascena, (fennel-flower. M. 0.) flower surrounded with a leafy involucre. 
 saliva, (nutmeg flower.) pistiisS: capsules muricate, roundish leaves sub-pi- 
 lose, pinnatifid. 9 — 15 i.. Paeonia. 
 
 6—3. NoLiNA. 10. 13. 
 
 Southern, 
 georgiana, Mx. (E. w. M. 2X-) leaves long-linear, coriaceous, dry : scape with 
 small subulate scales near the base : panicle spreading, racemose. 2 — 3 f. 
 
 Wendlandia. 
 
 (1) Ophrys aestivalis, Mx. Satyrium spirale, Sw. Limodorura praecox, 
 Wr. (2) Ophrys, L, Liraodorum autumnale, Wr. 
 
304 KOSTOC, NYSSA. 
 
 21 — 4. NosToc. 57. 2. 
 
 commune, on the earth: frond plated-lobed, ventricose, gelatiuoua. — On the 
 earth after a storm, an inch or two in extent, olive-green. 
 
 pruniforme, frond solitar}*, spherical, smooth, olive, gelannous, coriaceous, sur- 
 face smooth : threads interwoven-crisped. In lakes. 
 
 botryoides, fronds minute, globular, aggregated into a green crust. In moist 
 shadj places, and on decaying wood. Spiioma. 
 
 12—1. NuPHAR. (1) 13. 62. 
 
 advena, (2) (O. y. Ju. 21') leaves cordate ; lobes divaricate; calyx 5— 6-lear- 
 ed : stigma crenate : capsule furrowed. Leaves always floating in deep wa- 
 ter and erect in shallow. Petioles semi-cylindrical. Bw. S. 
 
 kalmiana, A. (3) (O. Ju. 2X) leaves cordate, lobes near each other: calyx 5- 
 leaved : stigma gashed, with to 12 radiated lines. — Flowers ^mall. Water. 
 
 Southern. 
 sagUtaefolia,Yir. (4) (E. y. Ju. Zf-) leaves long cordate-sagittate, obtuse : 
 calyx 6-leaved : petals o : anthers sub-sessile : stigma entire. Water. 
 
 Nymphaea. 
 
 15—12. NuTTALLiA. (5) 37. 74. 
 
 Southern. 
 digitatOyN. (W. r. M. 2^.) glaucous: lower leaves obsoletely digitate, sub- 
 peltate ; divisions linear ; segments glabrous ; upper leaves 3-parted and 
 simple : peduncles somewhat raceraed, very long. 3 — 4 f. Styrax. 
 
 13 J. NvMPHAr.A. 13. e<2- 
 
 odorata, A. (pond-lily. O. w. Ju. 2X.) leaves round-cordate, entire, sub-emar- 
 ginate ; lobes spreading asunder, acuminate, obtuse : petals equalling the 
 4-leaved calyx. Var. rosea, petioles, peduncles and leaves purplish beneath ; 
 lobes divaricate, acute. S. Chelidonium. 
 
 20—5. NyssA. 12. 24. 
 
 muliijlora, Wr. (6) (pepperidge, tupelo. O. y-g. M. >>.) leaves oblong, entire, 
 acute at both ends; the petioles, midribs -and margins villose : pistillate 
 peduncles sub-3-flowered : nut short-obovate, obtuse, striate. <S'. 
 
 aquatica, (7) (sour gum. E. M. ^.) leaves ovate-oblong, entire, acute, at both 
 ends, glabrous : pistillate peduncles 2-flowered : drupe short, obovate: nut 
 obtusely striate. S. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 eapitata, Wr. (8) (E. M. ^.) leaves short-petioled, lance-obloog and oval, 
 nearly entire, pubescent and somewhat hoary beneath : staminate flower* 
 capitate : pistillate ones solitary. 
 
 tomentosa, Mx. (E. M. ^.) leaves long-petioled, oblong, acuminate, remotely 
 serrate, tomentose beneath: pistillate flowers solitary : drupe oblong. 
 
 wnJ^om, Wr. (9) (E Ap. 2i-) leaves long petioled, oblong, acuminate, re- 
 motely serrate, glabrous on both sides : pistillate peduncles one-flowered : 
 drupe oblong. Harailtonia. 
 
 (1) Nymphea, L. (2) lutea, W. (3) minima, M. (4) Nymphaea, Wr. lon- 
 gifolia, Mx. (5) of W. Dick, Callirhoe, N. (6) villosa, and sylvatica, Mx. 
 (7) biflora, Wr. intergrifolia, A. (8) candicane, Mx. (9) denticulate, A. an- 
 gulisans, Mx. 
 
ob-olahia^ (enotheba. SOS 
 
 O. 
 
 13—2. Obolaria. 40. 35. 
 
 virginica, (penny-wort. E, r. Ap. H') s^em simple: leaves oblong, truncate, 
 fleshy, purple beneath : flowers axillary, solitary, sessile. . 3 — 4 i. 8. 
 
 Castilleja. 
 
 14—1. OcTMUM. 42. 39. 
 
 Exotic, 
 basilicum, (basil. 0.) leaves ovate, glabrous: calyx ciliate. 6 — 12 i. 
 
 Macbrtde^o 
 
 5—2. (Enanthe. 45. 60. 
 
 longifolia, Pb. (1) (water dropwort. E. w. Au. 2i.) leaves pinnate ; leafetfl 
 lance-linear, often falcate, mostly entire : umbels nearly naked. 3 — 5 f. 
 
 rigid-US, (2) (E. w. S. 21.) stem terete, striate : leaves pinnate, smooth; leaf- 
 ets lar.ce-oblong, entire, or with remote teeth. 2 — 4 f. 
 
 Southern. 
 filiformis, Wr. (3) (E. w. Au. 0?) leaves simple, terete, jointed, acute : seeds 
 
 wing'ed. 
 phellandriuin, Lk. (4) (W. Ju. 21.) ramifications of the leaves divaricate. In 
 
 water. Carum.. 
 
 CEnoplia, Rhamnus. 
 
 8—1. (E.VOTHERA. 17. 88, 
 
 1, Capsules elongated, sessile. 
 
 ^/i;«"a-, (scabish, tree-primrose, O. y. J. cT.) stem villose, scabrous : leaves 
 lance-ovate, flat, toothed : flowers sub-spiked, seasilc : stamens shorter than 
 thecorol. 3 — 5 L S. 
 
 muricatn, (E. y. Ju. (^.) stem purple, muricate : leaves lanceolate, flat : sta- 
 mens of the length of the corol. 1—2 f. <S. 
 
 ■parvijlora, (E. y. Ju. (;^.) stem smooth, sub-villose : leaves lance-ovate, flat : 
 stamens longer than the corol. S, 
 
 grandijioray A. (E. y. Ju. (^.) stem glabrous, branching: leaves lance-ovate, 
 glabrous: stamens declined. Flowers very large. A variety of CE, biennis ? 
 T. 2—3 f. -S. 
 
 sinuala, W. (y. J. 0.) stem diffused, soft-pubescent: leaves oval-oblonj, 
 tooth-sinuate: flowers axillary, villose ; capsules prismatic. Var. minivia, 
 (3) stem low, simple, 1-flowered : leaves entire. S. 
 
 2. Capsules ventricose, angular., mostly pedicellate. 
 
 frncticosUy'W. (sundrops. E. y. Ju. 2i') pubescent: stem branched from 
 the base : leaves lanceolate, sub-dentate, acute : capsules pedicelled. 
 oblong-clavate, angled : raceme naked below. Var. ambigua, is somewhat 
 hairy : stem simple : leaves lanceolate or lance-ovate, acute, sub-denticu- 
 late : petals obcordate ; width exceeding the length : capsule sub-sessile, 
 smooth, oblong, 4-winged : raceme naked below. 12 — IB i. S. 
 
 rncana, N. (E. y.) stem slender, erect : leaves flat, hoary and tomentose, very 
 entire, oval-ovate, acute : raceme few-flowered, naked : capsules sub-sessikW^, 
 oulong, 4-sided. Probably a variety of the last. 6 — S i. 
 
 (1) Pastinaca, T, Sium, Ph. (E. ambigua, N. (2) Sium, L. Sison mar- 
 ginatum, Mx. (3) carolinensis, Pb. teretifoliura, M, (4) PheUas<irtu,'« 
 frquaticum, PU. (3) CB, minima, I'b. 
 
o )S (ENOTHERA, OLEA. 
 
 hybrida, Mx. (E. y. Au.) stem erect, villous : leaves pubescent on both sides, 
 laticeolate, remotely toothed, undulate : capsules somewhat spiked, short- 
 petioled, ovate-4-angled. 1 — 3 f. 8. 
 
 pnmila, (E. y. Ju. 2^.) glabrous : stem ascending : leaves lanceolate, very en- 
 tire, obtuse : capsule subsessile, eliiptic-obovate, ^gular. 8 — 12 i. S. 
 
 clirysantha, Mx. (dwarf scabish. y. J. Zf.) stem slender, pubescent : leaves 
 lanceolate, obtusish, flat, entire : tube of the calyx but half as long as the 
 divisions; capsule clavate, acute-angled, mostly sessile. A varietv of the 
 
 . last? 10 i. 8. ^ 
 
 pusiUa, Mx. (A. y. Ju. If.) sub-pubescent : stem small, sub-simple: leaves 
 lance-oblong, obtusish, entire : flowers axillary at the top : capsules clavate, 
 turbinate, about equally 0-sided. 4 — 6 i. 8. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 glavxa, Mx. (O. y. Ju. 21-} very glabrous : leaves broad-oval, repand-denti- 
 culate, smooth, glaucous : capsule ovate-4-angled, pedicelled. 
 
 fineans, Mx. (E. y. Ju. 21.) wholly pubescent, slender : leaves linear, entire: 
 ca[)sulcs long-peduncled, roundish, 4-angled, villose. 
 
 caetpzCosa, Ph. (W. w. & r. Ju. 21-) stemless : leaves lanceolate, gash-tooth, 
 ed ; capsules oblong, sessile : tube of the calyx very long: petals 2-lobed, 
 distant. 
 
 ptTinatifida,^. (1) (VV, w. J. ,^.) minutely pubescent ; atem decumbent: ra- 
 dical leaves nearly entire ; cauline ones pinnatifid; segments linear, acote : 
 capfiulea prismatic, grooved. 6 — 24 i. 
 
 fraseri, Ph. (E. Ju. 2^.) nearly glabrous : stem simple below, branching above : 
 leaves ovate, petioled, glandular-denticulate : racemes leafy : capsules pe- 
 dicelled, obovate, 4-angled. 
 
 macrocarpa, Ph. (2) (W. y. Au. cT-) nearly glabrous ; stem branching: leaves 
 lanceolate, petioled, distantly glandular-denticulate, white-silky on the mar- 
 gin ind nerves : petals obcordate, with a point : capsules elliptic, 4-wing- 
 ed, very short-pedicelled. 
 
 triloba., N. (W. y. M. 0. & 2X) stemless: leaves interruptedly pinnatifid, 
 toolhed, glabrous : petals 3-lobed at the apex : capsules 4-winged, large. 
 
 i'peciosa, N. (W. w. J. 21-) finely pubescent : leaves lance-oblong, toothed, 
 aub-pianatifid : raceme naked, at first nodding; capsules obovate, angled ; 
 atem suffruticoso. 
 
 linifoliay N. (W. y. J. (^.) leaves entire ; radical ones lanceolate ; cauline 
 ones linear, crowded : raceme naked, terminal : capsule obovate, angled, pu- 
 bescent ; petals obcordate, longer than the stamens : stigma 4-lobed. 
 
 tivrulala,, N. (W. y. J.) leaves linear, somewhat spinose-serrale, acute : flow- 
 ers axillary : leafets of the calyx keeled : stigma 4-lobed : capsules cylin- 
 dric, erect; stem suffruticose. 
 
 ^tWOTi/um, N. (E. w.) atem prostrate, branching, villous: leaves lance-linear, 
 sub-cientate or entire, silky-villose ; flowers axillary ; calyx villose ; lube a 
 little longer than the germ : capsule prismatic. 
 
 albicaidit, N. (W. w. Ju. 21.) stem simple, erect, white, glabrous, branching 
 above • Isaves lance-linear, rarely sub-serrulate, sub-villose beneath : flow- 
 ers axillary ; petals entire : capsules prismatic. 3 f. 
 
 riparia, N. (E, y. (j^.) smoothish : stem erect, virgate-branched : leaves lance- 
 linear, acute, distantly sub-denticulate, flat; capsules spiked, pedicelled, ob- 
 ovate, 8-grooved : valves with dorsal ridges. 2 f. Gaura. 
 
 Oldenlandia, Hedyotis. 
 
 2—1. Olea. 44. 37, 
 
 Southern, 
 amencani, W. (american olive, devil's wood. L. w. M. ^.) leaves lanceolate 
 elliptic, entire : racemes compressed : bracts all persistent, connate, small. 
 
 Elytraria> 
 
 (1) ulbicaniis^Pb. (2)alata, N. 
 
ONOCLEA, OPHI0GLO9SUM. 307 
 
 21 — 1. Onoclea. 55. 5, 
 
 iensibilis, (sensitive fern. O. J. 2{.) barren frond pinnate ; fertile one doublv- 
 pinnate : stem glabrous. The leafeta slowly approach each other, ou squeez- 
 ing the stem in the hand. S. 
 
 obtusiloba, Sh. barren frond pinnate ; fertile one doubly-pinnate : stem scaly. 
 
 Struthiopteris. ' 
 
 Onoclea^ Strdthiopteris. 
 17 — 1. Onopordon. 49. 54. 
 
 Exotic, 
 acanthium, (cotton thistle, p. Ju. cT.) scales of the calyx spreading every way, 
 acuminate : leaves ovate-obloug, toothed-spinose, woolly. Naturalized. 
 
 Cnicus. 
 5—1. Onosmodium. 41. 42. 
 
 hispidum, Mx. (1) (false gromwell. O. y-w. J. 21.) very hispid : leaves lance- 
 oval, acute, pappillose-punctate i divisions ofthecorol subulate. 1 — 2 f. 
 S. 
 
 molle, Mx. (2) (w. Ju. !(.) whitish-viliose : leaves oblong-oval, somewhat 
 3-nerved ; divisions of the corol sub-oval. S. Echiuin. 
 
 51—6. Onygena. 58. 1. 
 
 equina., gregarious, pale-white and reddish : fruit orbicular, glabrous, rugose, 
 bran-like : stipe short, somewhat fibrous. On hoofs of horses and horns of 
 cattle, which are thrown into wet places. Aecidium. 
 
 22-^. Opbgrapha. 57. 2. 
 
 maenlaris, (lettered lichen.) crust determinate, unequal, dark -fuscous : recep. 
 tacles minute, crowded, round-oval, at length rugose, irregular : disk rimose- 
 like. On the bark of beech and oak. 
 
 abnormis, crust thin, softlsh, white: receptacles immersed, very thin, short 
 and long, flexuose, confluent, rugose-crisped : scarcely any distinct raargia 
 and disk. On the hard bark of trees. 
 
 vinalis, crust effuse, becoming cinereous : receptacles sessile, oblong, straight- 
 ish, simple, tumid : disk channelled, concave 5 margins elevated, sub-index- 
 ed, parallel. On bark of trees. 
 
 herpetica, var. disparata, Ach, receptacles short, broad : crust of a reddish 
 olive hue. On smooth bark. 
 
 vulgafa, Ach. receptacles turgid, cjlindric. On trunks^ 
 
 notha, Ach. disk of the receptacle without the cleft. Var. gregaria, recepta- 
 cles crowded : disk flexuous and plicate. Var. ccssia, receptacle with a 
 greyish pruinose disk. On trunks. 
 
 vulvella, Ach. receptacles elliptic, gaping in the middle. 
 
 21—1. OPHIOGLOSSUM. 55. 5, 
 
 vulgatum, (addertongue fern. E. M. If-) frond ovate, simple, obtuse, closely 
 reticulate: spikes about an inch long, cauline. 8 i. Near Troy. 
 
 bulbosum, W. (3) (E. M. H-) root bulbous : frond heart-ovate, obtuse : spike 
 cauline. 6 i. S. 
 
 Southern, 
 pusillum, N. (E.) spike cauline : frond cordate, acute. 1 i. 
 
 Botrychium. 
 
 (1) Lithospermum virginianum, L. Purshia higpida, SI (2) Lithosoer- 
 mum carolinianum, Lk. (3) crotalopharoidea, Wr, 
 
508 OPHIORHIZA, ORIGANUM. 
 
 5 — 1. Ophiorhiza. 47. 46. 
 
 Southern, 
 tniireola, W. (1) (E. w. Ju. ^.) leaves ovate, sessile, with the margjnfl scari- 
 
 oua. 12— 18i. • . ^ . 
 
 lanceolata, E. (2) (E. w. & p. Au. 0.) leaves long-lanceolate, finely serrulate, 
 tapering at the base. 18 i. Buraelia. 
 
 15—5. Oplotheca. 14. 73. 
 
 Southern. 
 Roridana, N. (O. w. Ju. 2X?) stem erect, sparingly branched above, pubes- 
 cent, with tumid joints : leaves sessile, lance-linear, scabrous above, lanugia- 
 ous beneath. 3—4 f. Pelargonium. 
 
 18—1. Orchis. (3) 7. 21. 
 1. Roots oval or palmate. 
 
 spectabilis, W. (4) (O. r. M. 2X.) lip obovate, undivided, crenate, retuse : pe- 
 tals straight; lateral ones longest: spur clavate, shorter than the germ: 
 bracts longer than the flowers : stem leafless. 3 — 6 i. S. 
 Jlava, (E. y. Ju. 2X0 ^'P 3-cleft, entire ; middle division larger, (ovate, entire, 
 crenulate, N:) spur filiform, of the lengthof the germ: spike compact : bracts 
 longer than the flower. 1 — 2 f. S. 
 
 obsoleta^Vf. (5) (E.J. 2X) lip lance-oblong, undivided: bracts short ; germ 
 pedicelled : scape naked : spar obtuse, sub-inflated, as long as the germ : pe- 
 tals erect. 
 
 tridentata, W. (G) (E. w. J. 2X.) lip lanceolate, 3-toothed at the apex : petals 
 obtuse: spur filiform, clavate, ascending, longer than the germ. 6 — 12 i 
 S. 
 
 2. Roots fascicled. 
 
 virescens,Vf» (E. g. Ju. 2X-) lip lanceolate, crenate: petals connivcnt : bracl3 
 longer than the flowers : sp'ir sub-iuflated, obtuse. 12—18 i. 
 
 hyperborea, W. (E. g-y. Ju. 2X) lip lanceolate, as large as the spreading pe- 
 tals; spur subulate, shorter than the germ: spike ovate : bracts as long as 
 the flowers. 
 
 obtusata, Ph. (E. 2X0 Hp linear, very entire, longer than the spur : spur aa 
 Ion" as the germ : leaf solitary, radical, sub-wedge-form, obtuse. 
 
 rotuTulifolia, Ph. (E. 2X0 lip 3-cleft; middle division 2-cleft : spur shorter 
 than the genu : leaves roundish-oval. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 moca, N. (E. w.) lip linear, oblong, entire : petals spreading : spur filiform , 
 longer than the germ: lower leaves linear, very long; upper ones subu- 
 late. 
 
 rtridii, (A. g-w Ju.) lip linear, 3-toothed at the apex : petals ronnivent : spur 
 obtuse, sub-inflated : bracts much longer than the flowers. 3 i. 
 
 bidentata, E. (E.) lip oval-oblong, 2-toothed at the base: petals ovate, spread- 
 ing : spur shorter than the thickened germ : leaves narrow-lanceolate : stem 
 nearly naked. 12— 18 i. Habenaria. 
 
 Orchis^ Habekaria. Tipularia. 
 
 13—1. Origanum. 42. 39. 
 
 tulgarey (wild m:irjoram. O. r. Ju. 71.) spikes round-panicled, heaped: bracts 
 ovate, longer than the calyx. 1 — 2 f. <S. 
 
 (1) ovatifolia.M. (-2) mitreola, M. (3) Some of the species here described 
 may belong to (he genus Habeitakia. (4) humilis, Mx. (5) Satyrium. P. 
 (6) clavellata, Mx. 
 
ORIGANUM, ORTnOCARPUS. 309 
 
 Exotic. 
 
 majdrana, (sweet marjoram. ^.) spikes roundish, ternate, compact, peduncled ; 
 
 leaves petioled, oval, obtuse, smoothish. 6 — 12 i. Dracocephalum. 
 
 6 — 1. Ornithogalum. 10. 16. 
 
 Exotic, 
 umbellatum, (star-of-bethlehem. M. Zf.) flowers corymbed, peduncles longei 
 than the bracts : filaments sub'iiate. Naturalized. 6 — 8 i. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 bracteatum, T. &J. (W. p. 2X-) scape bracted, one-flowered, terete: pelali 
 
 lance-oblong, obtusish : filaments linear; leaves filiform, channelled. 4 i, 
 
 Lilium. 
 
 Ornithogalum, Phalangium. 
 
 2--1. Ornvs. 44. 37. 
 
 americana, Ph. (E. M. >).) leafets broad-ovate, serrate; ternrfnal one obcor- 
 date. Jasminum. 
 
 13—2. Orobanche. 40. 35. 
 
 unijlora (1) (squaw-root, cancer-root. O. p-w. J. If.) scapes in pairs, naked, 
 1-flowered : corol recurved. About 3 inches high, of a yellowish white col- 
 our. S. 
 
 americana, (O. p-y. Ju. 2X-) stem simple, covered with imbricate lance-oval 
 scales : spike, terminal, glabrous ; corol recurved ; stamens exsert. Hardly 
 a span high : brownish yellow. S. 
 
 Southern, 
 •iiidoviciana, N. (VV. p.) pulverulent-pubescent : stem low, simple : flowers 
 
 and ovate acute scales sub-imbricate : calyx 2-bracted : corol recurved : 
 
 stamens inclosed, smooth. 3 — 4 i. 
 fasiculaia, N. (W. p. Ju.) stem short, simple: peduncles numerous, naked, 
 
 nearly terminal, about the length of the stem : scales few, ovate, concave, 
 
 pubescent. 4 — 5 i. Epiphegus. 
 
 Orobanche, Epiphegcs. 
 16—10. Orobus. 32. 93. 
 
 Southern . 
 dispar, N. (W. w-y. J. 2X-) leaves unequally pinnate ; leafets linear, obtuse ; 
 stipules ovate, acute : racemes sessile, filiform, (2 — 3 together.) 
 
 Pbaca. 
 
 Orobus f PSORALEA. 
 
 6 — 1. Oroj?tiu3I. 2. 7. 
 
 aquaticum, (golden club. E. y. M. 2i!.) leaves lance-ovate : spike cylindric, on 
 a scape. 12 — ^20 i. S. Acorus. 
 
 13—2. Orthocarpus. 40. 35. 
 
 Southern. 
 Ittteus, N. (W. y. Ju.) stem simple, terete, hirsute-pilose : leaves alternate, 
 sessile, lance-linear, acute, ealire ; upper ones gradually larger : calyx, 
 bracts and leaves viscid-pubescent. 12 — 14 i. Orobanche. 
 
 (1) biflora, N. 
 
510 ORTHOPOGOIf, 0XALI9. 
 
 3 — 2. Orthopocon. 4. 10. 
 
 Souther7t. 
 hirtellum, (1) (E. Au. 2X.) spike compound ; spikplets appressed, alternate; 
 valves of the calyx all awned, outer avpii very long. Procumbent. 
 
 Phragmites. 
 
 21 — 2. Orthotrichum. 66. 4. 
 
 cupulatum, peristome simple; teeth with pits : capsule immersed, sub-sulcate 
 calvptre globe-bellform, glabrous : stem ramose: leaves lance-ovate. 
 
 atrangulatum, peristome simple ; teeth 16, entire : capsule immersed, sulcalc, 
 contracted in the middle : leaves lanceolate, sub-entire, obtusish : stems 
 cespitose, erect, sub-ramose ; calyptre campanulate, with 8 furrows. 
 
 coarctatun, inner peristome 8-toothed : germ exsert at the extremities, 
 plaited. 
 
 striatum, teeth of the inner peristome 16, lanceolate, erose ; germ immersed, 
 smooth : leaves lanceolate. Ulota. 
 
 ' 6—2. Oryza. 4. 10. 
 
 JExotic. 
 tativa, (rice. 0.) culm jointed : leaves clasping : panicle terminal. 
 
 Oxyria. 
 
 3—2. Oryzopsis. 4. 10. 
 
 asperifolia, Mx. (mountain rice. O. M. 2J!.) culm nakedish : leaves rigid, 
 erect, pungent at the point : flowers in a racemose panicle. 18 i. 
 
 Mapania- 
 
 21 — 1. Osmund A. 55. 5. 
 
 cirtnamomca, Mx. (flowering fern. O, y. J. 21.) barren frond doubly pinnalifid ; 
 segments oral, entire : fertile fronds with opposite racemes, woolly. 3 — 
 6 f. S. 
 
 interrupta, Mx. (O. g-y. J. 21-) barren leafets on the frond, with the fertile 
 ones above and below and sometimes among them. Damp. 
 
 regaliSf Mx. (2) (O. r-y. J. 21-) frond bipinnate, terminating in several ra- 
 cemes, very branching, and without hairs. Wet. 
 
 claytoniana? W. (E, 2X-) fronds pinnate and pinnatifid, having small dense 
 masses of fulvous down at the origin of the leafets ; bearing fruit on the 
 compressed and diminished summit. 20^30 i. Found in Cambridge, N. 
 Y. by Dr. M. Stevenson. Probably a new species. 
 
 Scbizea. 
 
 19—12. OsTRYA. 50. 99. 
 
 virghiica, A. (3) (iron-wood, hop hornbeam. O. g. M. \.) leaves ovate-ob- 
 long, sub-cordate, acuminate, unequally serrate ; strobiles oblong-ovate, 
 pendulous ; (erect, Ph.) buds acute. S. Platanus. 
 
 10—5. OxALis. 14. 73. 
 
 acetosella, (vvood -sorrel. O. w. r. M. 2i-) stemless : scape 1-flowered, longer 
 than the leaves : leaves Lernate, broad obcordate, with rounded lobes : styles 
 OS long as the inner stamens : root dentate. 
 
 violacea, (violet wood -sorrel. E. p. J. 2X) stemless : scape umbelliferous ; pe- 
 dicels sub-pubescent : flowers noddmg : leaves ternate, obcordate, gla- 
 
 (1) Panicum, L. (2) spectabilis, W. (3) Carpinus, Lk. 
 
OXALIS, 0XTTB0PI3. 311 
 
 brou3 : divisions of the calyx callous at the apex : styles shorter than the 
 outer stamens. Damp. <S. 
 
 stricta, (yellow wood-sorrel. 0. y. J. 0.) hirsute : stem erect, branching: pe- 
 duncles umbelliferous : leaves ternate, obcordate : petals obovate : styles of 
 the length of the inner stamens. 6 — 12 i. S. 
 
 corriiculata, (O. y.M. ^.) pubescent: stem branching, diffused, or procum- 
 bent : umbels as long as the petioles : leaves ternate, obcordate : petals 
 wedge-form, erose at the apex : styles of the length of the inner stamens. S. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 lyoni, Ph. (E. y. J. 2|.) silky-pilose : stem branching, decumbent : pedun- 
 cles 2-flowered, longer than the petioles : leaves ternate, obcordate-2-lobed : 
 lobes round, divaricate : petals wedge-form : capsules tomentose, twice as 
 long as the lanceolate calyx. A variety of O- stricta J Elliott. 
 
 dillenii, W. (E. y. 0.) hirsute : stem lealy, erect, rough : umbels longer than 
 the leaves : leaves ternate, obcordate : petals emarginate. A variety of 
 stricta? Nuttall. 
 
 recurva, E. (E. iVl. 21. ?) pilose : stem erect : umbels longer than the leaves . 
 petals obtuse : stamens longer than the calyx : styles very short, recurved : 
 stigmas simple. 4 — 8 i. 
 
 f areata, E. (1) (E. Ap. 2i-) very pilose : stem erect, branching: petals sub- 
 emarginate : styles as long as the inner stamens : stigmas forked. 3 — 6 i, 
 
 Penthorum. 
 
 Oxybaphus, Allionia. 
 8 — 1. OxYcoccus. 18 — 51. 
 
 macrocarpus, P. (2) (cranberry. O. r. J. '^.) creeping: stem ascending: leaves 
 oblong, flatish, obtuse, becoming white beneath ; pedicels elongated : divis- 
 ions of the corol lance-linear. Wet. *?. 
 
 vufgaris. Ph. (3) (low cranberry, r. J. >).) creeping: leaves oval, entire i 
 margin revolute, sub-acute, becoming white beneath : peduncles elongated : 
 divisions of the coral oval. Wet. Probably a variety of the first. 
 
 Southern, 
 erythrocarpus, Mx. (4) (A.J. Tp.) erect: leaves oval, acuminate, serrulate : 
 ciliate : pedicels axillary : corol long, at length revolute. 
 
 Fuchsia. 
 
 3—2. OXYDENIA. 4. 10. 
 
 Southern, 
 attenuata, N. {o) (O. Au. %.) panicle simple : spikes very long, numerous, 
 attenuated, somewhat sub-divided near the base : spikelets about 3-flower- 
 ed : leaves flat, subulate at the point, and with the sheaths scattered with 
 glandulous hairs. 2 — 3 f. Chloris. 
 
 6—2. OxYRiA. 12. 28. 
 
 reiiiformis, Br. (6) (A. J. 2I-) outer leaves of the calyx oblong, half the length 
 of the inner obovate valves : radical leaves reniform, iong-petioled : sta- 
 mens 2 : styles 2. 2 — 3 i. ^. Nectris. 
 
 16—10. OxYTROPis. 32. 93. 
 
 Southern, 
 lambestii, Ph. (W. p. Ja. 2^.) stemless, silky-pilose : leafets numerous, lance- 
 
 (1) dillenii, Ph. ? (2) Vaccinium macrocarpon, A. Var. oblongifolius, 
 Mx. (3) palustris, 2d ed. P. Vaccinium oxycoccus, Mx. (4) erectus, Ph, 
 Vaccinium, Mx. (5) Eleusine mucronata, Mx. ? (6) Rumex digynus, L. 
 
S12 OXTTROPIS, PANICUM. 
 
 oblong, acute at each end : scape about equal to the leaves : spikes oblong^« 
 capitate : bracts lance-linear, about equal to the calyx. Dolichos. 
 
 Oxytropis, Astragalu^ 
 P, 
 
 19 — 4. Pachysandra. 33. 96. \ 
 
 Southern, 
 jirocumbens, Mx. (A. g-w. J. ![•) stem procumbent : leaves short, oval, cre- 
 nate-toothed above : calyx minule-ciliate : capsule finely pubescent. 
 
 Diotis. 
 
 12—3. PiEONiA. 36. 61. 
 
 Exotic. 
 
 qfficinaliiy (peony, r. J. 2X-) leaves decompound ; leafets lobed, lobes broad- 
 
 lancedlate : capsules downy. Caliigonum. 
 
 5—2. Panax. 46. 59. 
 
 tri/olia, (dwarf ground-nut. O. w. 2X.).l6*^'6S in threes, ternate or quinate ; 
 leafets serrate, lance-oblcng, sub-sessile ; root tuberous, roundish. Styles 
 generally three. Root round-tuberous, and very deep in the earth in pro- 
 portion to the size of the plant. 6 — 9 i. S. 
 
 auinquefolia, (ginseng. O. w. M. 2X.) root fusiform: leaves ternate, quinate: 
 leafets oval, acuminate, petioled, serrate. Larger than the last. 1 — 2 f. iS. 
 
 Atriplex. 
 
 6 — 1. Pancratium. 9. 17. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 rmxicanwn, \V. (E. w. M. 2i-) spathe about 2-flowercd : leaves lance-oblong : 
 6 teeth of the nectary, staminiferous ; 6 intermediate, simple. 18 — 24 i. 
 
 maritimum,'W. (1) (E. vv. Ju. 21.) spathe many-flowei-ed : leaves lance-linear : 
 nectary with 12 teeth, not staminiferous. 12 — 18 i. 
 
 rotatum, Ker. (E. w. Ju. 2X.) spathe many-flowered : leaves lance-linear: nec- 
 tary salver-forra, tubular below, with 6 stamen-bearing teeth ; intermediate 
 ones gash-toothed : stamens twice as long as the nectary. Brodiaea. 
 
 3—2. Panicum. 4. 10. 
 
 crus-galli, (barn grass. O. Au. 0.) racemss alternate and in pairs, compound; 
 rachis 5-angled : glumes terminating in hispid bristles : sheath glabrous?. 
 2— 4f. iSr. 
 
 ?iispidtim, M. (2) (L. S. 0.) panicle compound, nodding: racemes alternate : 
 glumes terminating in hispid bristles : sheaths hispid. 3 — 4. <Sf. 
 
 dandestinuniy (3) (Au. Zf.) culm with short axillary branches: leaves broad- 
 lanceolate, cordate at the base : sheaths hispid enclosing the short panicles:, 
 abortive floret neutral, 2-valved ; upper valve obtuse. 2 — 3 f. 
 
 pedunculatum, T. (E. Ju. 21.) culm dichotomous : leaves broad-lanceolate, 
 sub-pilose above, attenuate : sheaths hispid and papillose : panicle long- 
 peduncled, compound, smooth : spikelets ovate, smooth : abortive floret 2- 
 valved ; upper valve half the length of the lower one. 3 — 4 f. 
 
 latifolium, (E. Ju. 2X-) culm generally simple, bearded at the joints: leaves 
 lance-oblong, smooth, or with the sheaths somewhat pubescent : panicle 
 
 (1) carolinianum, L. (2) walteri, Ph. crusgalli, V. bispidum, E. (?, 
 latifolium. Var. clandestinum, Ph. 
 
PANIC VM. 313 
 
 terminal, a little exserl, simple, pubescent: spikelets oblong-ovate: abor- 
 tive floret antberiferous, 2-valved : upper valve sub-herbaceous, nearly as 
 long as the lower, acute. 1 f. S. 
 
 tcoparitirn, Lk. (E. 21.) softly villose : leaves lanceolate: panicle erect, corn- 
 pound, setaceous, much branched : spikelets turgid, ovate, pubescent. '2 i.S, 
 
 nervosum, M. (E. Ju. 2^.) culm simple : nodes smooth : leaves broad-lanceo- 
 late, smooth, sub-ciliate on the margin : panicle much branched, smooth, 
 many-flowered : spikelets oblong : abortive floret antheriferous, with the 
 upper valve sub-herbaceous, shorter than the lower one. 3 — 4 f. S. 
 
 macrocarpon, T. (E. 2i.) culm erect, simple: leaves lance-linear, erect, a lit- 
 tle hairy beneath : joints naked : sheaths hispid : panicle rather compound, 
 smooth: spikelets ovate-globose : abortive floret neutral. 3 f. 
 
 pubescens, Lk. (E. J. 2i-) erect, much branched, leafy, soft-pubescent : leaves 
 lanceolate, ciliate : panicle small, few-flowered, free ; spikelets sub-globose- 
 obovate, pabescent. 18 i. >S. 
 
 involutuin, T. (E. 2X-) culm cespitose, simple, or a little branched at the base : 
 leaves erect, somewhat rigid, very narrow, at length involute : panicle sim- 
 ple, few-flowered : florets acuminate : upper valve of the neutral floret very- 
 small. 1 f. 
 
 depattperatuiii,M. (E. J. 2^.) culm cespitose, hairy at the joints : leaves lance- 
 linear, smooth or hairy : sheaths pubescent : panicle few-flowered ; branches 
 in pairs ; one of them 2-flowered, the other 1-flowered. 1 f. 
 
 dichotomum, {E. Au. Ti-) culm much branched, dichotomous above ; branch- 
 es fascicled : leaves numerous, smooth, lanceolate : panicle simple, capil- 
 lary, lax : abortive floret neutral ; upper valve minute, 2-cleft. Var. cur- 
 vatum, culm very tall, rather rigid ; branches few, somewhat curved. Var. 
 fasciculatum, culm low, erect, or decumbent : branches and leaves dense- 
 lascicled : panicles very small, concealed among the leaves. Var. graciie, 
 culm tall, slender: leaves membranaceous. 8 — 16 i. <S. 
 
 nitidum, Lk. (E. Ju. 2X.) culm slender, simple, erect, imooth : sheath beard- 
 ed at the throat : leaves few, remote, broad-linear : panicle capillary, rather 
 crowded, compound, smooth : spikelets minute, obtuse, ovate, sub-pubes- 
 cent : lower glume very small. Var. ciliatum, culm hairy, leaves lance- 
 linear, (lower ones broader) sparingly hirsute, ciliate on the margin : pan- 
 icle with the branches and flowers pubescent. Var. ramulosum, culm more 
 branched : panicle contracted ; branches smooth. Var. graciie, culm very 
 slender, smooth : leaves very narrow, smooth : sheaths smooth : panicle 
 sub-simple, few-flowered, smooth : upper valve of the abortive floret mi- 
 nute, entire .'' Var. pilasum, culm simple, very hairy : lower leaves ap- 
 proximate and broad-lanceolate ; upper ones linear, rather rigid, sub-pi- 
 lose above, ciliate at the base : sheaths villose, minutely papillose : panicle 
 sub-contracted ; branches virgate, with the flowers pubescent. Var. gla- 
 brum, (1) smooth all over except the base of the leaves, nearly simple : 
 lower leaves short, approximate, sub-cartilaginous ; panicle branched, al- 
 most verticillate ; spikelets large : upper valve of the abortive floret entire. 
 Var. barbatum, (2) culm simple, smooth ; no'des hairy : leaves lance-linear : 
 sheaths smooth, except on the margin : panicle sub-simple, smooth : flow- 
 ers minute, pubescent. 1 — 2 f. ! 
 
 agrostoides, M. (3) (O. Au. 21) culm compressed, smooth, erect: leaves 
 very long : panicles lateral and terminal, pyramidal, spreading ; branches 
 racemiferous : spikelets appressed : abortive floret neutral, valves nearly 
 equal. 2— 3 f. ^ '^^ ' -^ 
 
 xirgatum, (E. Au. 21.) all over very smooth : panicle diffuse, very large ; 
 flowers acuminate : valves of the abortive floret nearly equal. 3 — 4 f. ^, 
 anceps, Mx. (4) (E. Au. 2X0 culm compressed : sheaths ancipirous, pilose; 
 panicle with nearly simple branches : spikelets sub-racemose, much acumi- 
 nate : abortive floret neutral ; upper valve 2-cleft. 3 f. ^. 
 
 (1) nitiduro, Sz. (2) discolor, M. (3) elongatum, Ph. (4). rostratum, M. 
 
 27 
 
^14 PAlTICUM. 
 
 rectum, R. «& S. (I) (E. Ju.) panicle solitary, shorter than the terminalleat- 
 branches simple, flexuous : spikejets alternate, peduncled, obovate, turgid ; 
 glumes striate, acute : leaves linear, straight, tapering to a sharp point, stri- 
 ate and scabrous above, hairy beneath : sheaths witti very long hairs. 
 
 vetTucosnm, M. (2) (E. Au. 2^.) culm slender, decumbent and geniculate, 
 branched below, smooth : leaves smooth : panicle very spreading, few- 
 flowered : flowers venucose : abortive floret 1-valved. 18 i. iS'. 
 
 proliferum, Lk. (3) (E. S. ^.) cuhn assurgent, geniculate at the base, very 
 smooth ; panicles terminal, and axillary, smooth : spikelets racemose : abor- 
 tive floret 1-valved. 2 — 4 f. S. 
 
 capillare, (O. S. 0.) culm nearly simple : sheaths very hairy : panicle large, 
 capillary, expanding, loose : spikelets loiig-peduncled, acuminate, smooth : 
 abortive floret 1-valved. Var. sylvaticum, culm branched at the base, very 
 slender : leaves linear. 1 — 2 f. <S. 
 
 longifoliam, T. (E. S. 2X.) very smooth: culm compressed, erect, simple, 
 slender : leaves very long, narrow : panicle simple, elongated, racemose : 
 spikelets acuminate: abortive floret neuter, 2-valved. 2f. 
 
 nodiftorum, Lk. (E. .Ju.) panicles very small, lateral and terminal: glumes 
 ovate, pubescent : leaves narrow, short, bearded at the throat. 
 
 cilialum, E. {E.J. 21-) stem decumbent : panicle few-flowered, expanding: 
 leaves short, lanceolate, and with the sheaths glabrous and finely ciliate. 8 
 —15 i. S. 
 
 paucifiorum, E. (E. J. 2X-) panicle expanding, few-flowered: flowers very 
 laro'e : leaves narrow-lanceolate, ciliate at the base : sheaths hairy. IS- 
 IS f. S. 
 
 Southern, 
 ftisco-rubens, Lk. (E. Au.) racemes linear, virgate : glumes clavate, coloured : 
 hairy under the divisions of the jjanicle. 
 
 striatum, Lk. (E) panicle oblong : glumes large, glabrous, green, handsomely 
 striate. 
 
 diffusum, Sw. (E. Ju.) panicle simple, capillary, expanding : florets remote, 
 acute : stem simple : leaves long-linear, with the throat and sheatlis villous. 
 
 gihbnm, E. (E. Ju. 0. .'') racemes many-flowered, appressed, resembling a 
 columnar spike : valves of the calyx strongly nerved, the exterior gibbous at 
 the base : flowers caducous. 
 
 molle, Mx. (E. Au. 21-) spikes panicled, alternate, expanding, one-sided : 
 spikelets approximate, pedicelled, secund, awnless. 4 — 6 f. 
 
 gymnocarpon, E. (E. Au. U-) spikes panicled : spikelets in 2 rows, few-flow- 
 
 " ered : valves of the calyx sub-equal, expanding, much longer than the corol. 
 2— 4f. 
 
 hians, E. (E. Au. 0. ?) stem glabrous, slender, decumbent : panicle race- 
 mose : valves of the neutral floret long, concave, gaping. 10 — 15 i. 
 
 amarum, E. (E. Oc. 0. ?) very glabrous : leaves thick, glaucous : panicle ap- 
 pressed : glumes acuminate. 2 — 3 f. 
 
 scabriusculum, E. (E.) stem erect, large, and with the under surface of the 
 leaves scabrous : panicle large, pyramidal, expanding : flowers ovate, acute, 
 glabrous. 2 — 3 f. 
 
 midtiflorum, E. (E. J. Ti-) stem erect, simple, glabrous : leaves broad-lanceo- 
 late, hairy at the base : panicle very branching, spreading : flowers small, 
 pubescent. 24 — 30 i. , v • i 
 
 owile, E. (E.) pubescent : panicle diffused : flowers oblong, oval, hairy : leaves 
 lance-ovate, sub-cordate. 1 — 2 f. 
 
 lanuginositm, 'E. (E. 2X-) pubescent: panicle diffused, somewhat capillary : 
 flowers oval, small : leaves narrow lanceolate: sheaths villous at the throat. 
 1—2 f. 
 
 Titcidnm, E. (E. J. IT.) very downy, hoary, glutinous : stem beneath each 
 joint marked with a smooth ring. 2 — 4 f. 
 
 (1) stnctum,Ph. (2) debile,E. (3) dichotomiflorum, Mx. geniculalum, M. 
 
PANICUM, PARMELIA. 315 
 
 tiiJJotum,E. (E. M. H.) villous: stem erect somewhat branched : panicle fevr- 
 
 tlowered : flowers obovate : leaves erect, flat, rigid. 1 — 2 f. 
 sphaerocarpoTi, E. (E. Ap. Zf.) leaves lance-linear, very acute, base and 
 
 sheath ciliate : panicle spreading : flowers «mal], roundish, pubescent. 12 
 
 —18 i. 
 ttisifoUum, Bald. (E. M. 2X) small, glabrous : leaves lance-ovate, very acute, 
 
 spreading : panicle small, few-fiowered : flowers sub-ovate, pubescent. 12 
 
 — 18i. 
 bartulatum, Mx. (E. J. 21) panicle compound, spreading : leaves lance- 
 ovate, sub-acumiaate, sub-divaricate : joints of the stem bearded. 
 nelicarium, Mx. (E.) stem weak : leaves narrow : panicle contracted : glumes 
 
 membranaceous, lanceolate, nearly equal : rudiments of a floret on a short 
 
 footstalk. 
 augtisti folium J E. (E. M. ?) panicle few-fljwered, spreading : leaves scattered, 
 
 lance-linear, glabrous beneath, sparingly ciliate. 1 — 3f. 
 diver gens, E. (E. Au. 2X-) stem assurgent, fragile : panicle diffuse : flowers 
 
 small, solitary, very long-peduncled. 1 f. 
 laxijiorinn, Lk. (0.) panicle spreading, lax, pilose : glumes scattered, obtuse, 
 
 pubescent. 
 microcarpo7h M. (E.) panicle capillary, very branching, expanding: flowers 
 
 oval, minute, glabrous : leaves lance-linear, very glabrous. 
 
 Hierochloa. 
 
 Panicum, Pennisetum. 
 
 12—1. Pap AVER. 27. 62. 
 
 nudicaule, W. (E. y. <^.) capsule hispid : scape 1-flowered, naked, hispid : ' 
 leaves sub-pinuate ; leafets lanceolate ; lower ones somewhat gashed. 
 Labrador. 
 
 Exotic. 
 
 rheas, (wild poppy, r. J. 0.) capsules glabrous, sub-globose: stem many- 
 flowered, pilose, with the hairs spreading : leaves gash-pinnatifid. Natur- 
 alized. 
 
 tomnifei-um, (opium poppy. J. 0.) calyx and capsule glabrous: leaves clasp- 
 ing, gashed, glaucous. Chelidonium. 
 
 19—4. Parietaria. 53. 98. 
 
 pennsylvanica, (pellitory. O. J. 0.) leaves lance-oblong, veinv, with opake 
 punctures: involucre 3-leived, longer than the flower. 12 — ^15 i. S. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 Jioridana, N. (E.J.) leaves ovate, roundish, obtuse, opake, dotted : flowers 
 
 clustered as long as the involucre : stem assurgent. 12 — 18 i. 3Iorus. 
 
 21—5. Parmelia. 57. 2. 
 1. Divisions of the fronds all equal at the apex. 
 
 caperaia, (shield lichen.) frond orbicular, pale-yellow becoming' green, ru- 
 gose, at length granulated, dark and hispid beneath : lobes plicate, sinuate- 
 laciuiate, roundish, somewhat entire : receptacles scattered, sub-fuscous : 
 margin incurved, entire, at length pulverulent. Var. cylviphora, smoothish, 
 naked : lobes gash-crenate : receptacles of the central lobes margined, ek- 
 vated, small. On old timber, &c. 
 
 galbina, frond orbicular, smooth becoming cinereous ; the outer margin lead- 
 en-blue, with dark punctures, dark beneath, hispid with spongy fibres : 
 lobes imbricate, flat, sinuate-laciniate, crenate : central receptacles concave, 
 dark-purple, shining : margin entire. On old wood. 
 
$tS PARMELIA. 
 
 crinita, Ach. frond grayish-grecii, bearing branching coralline papillae, under- 
 neath smooth, black : margin ciliated. On trunks and stones. 
 
 borreri, Ach. frond grey with whitish soredia : receptacles with a crcnale, 
 sub-lobed margin. On bark and mosses. • 
 
 perlata, Ach. frond greyish-green, villose beneath. On trunks and stones. 
 
 plutnbea, Ach. frond dark lead, and blackish when old. Earth on mosses. 
 
 aleurites, Ach. frond generally covered with granular dust, much torn at tlie 
 margin : receptacle light, margin crenulated. On bark. 
 
 rutilans, Ach. frond deep yellow, whitish underneath; receptacles orange. 
 On bark. 
 
 venusta, Ach. frond deeply gashed ; segments narrow : margin of the recep- 
 tacle leafy. Bark and among mosses. 
 
 cydoselis, Ach. frond stellate, segments short, broad, sub-connate : recepta- 
 cle blackinh. On trunks. 
 
 placoroc/ia, frond orbicular, smooth, pale-livid, sprinkled with black elevated 
 speckg, glabrous, rugose, milky beneath, with dark-cinereous impressions : 
 divisions plicate, concrete, round-crisped, crenate at the apex : receptaclea 
 scattered, elevated, light-tuscous, somewhat concealed by the inflexed, ru- 
 gose, crenate margin. On decaying woods. 
 
 crinita, frond orbicular, from white becoming pale-glaucous, scabrous, with 
 scattered grains and corol-like branchlets, dark glabrous, a little rugose be- 
 neath, rarely fibrous : divisions rather long, sinuate-lobed at the margin, and 
 erose-crenate ciliate, obtuse at the apex. 
 
 rudecta, frond orbicular, pale-cinereous, becoming green, thickly beset with 
 corol-like apophyses of an uniform colour, dirty white, wrinkled and fibrous 
 beneath : divisions concrete, undulate-plicate, roundish at the margin, toru- 
 crenate : receptacles scattered, small, obscurely fuscous : margin thin, at 
 length rugose-crenate. On old wood. 
 
 scortea, frond orbicular, sub-coriaceous, white, glabrous, verj'thin, dark-punc- 
 tate, dark-fibrous, hispid beneath : lobes longish, sinuate-crenate, gashed .- 
 receptacles red-fuscous, sub-entire at the margins. On rocks and trunks of 
 trees. 
 
 perforata, frond orbicular, becoming glaucous-green, naked, dark-fibrous be- 
 neath : lobes round, gashed, flat, sub-plicate, crenate, ciliate at the margin : 
 receptacles reddish-yellow, at length perforated : mai^in entire. On trunks 
 of trees, very common. 
 
 herbacea, frond orbicular, membranaceous-herbaceous, naked, pale-fuscous, 
 toraentose beneath : lobes gash-sinuate, round-laciniate, repand, sub-cre- 
 nate : receptacles reddish-yellow : margin inflexed, rugosa-crenate. On 
 trunksof trees and rocks among moss. 
 
 tiliacea, frond orbicular, membranaceous, becoming glaucous-cinereous, some- 
 what hoary, dark-fuscous beneath, with black fibres : lobes sinuate-lacini- 
 ate, the extreme ones round, crenate: receptacles sub-fuscous : margin bub- 
 entire. On the bark of trees. 
 
 tub-mar ginalis, frond membranaceous, smoothish, becoming cinereous, very 
 dark beneath, becoming fuscous at the periphery : receptacles somewhat 
 margined, concave, fuscous, wrinkled outside : margin simple. On trunks 
 of trees. 
 
 oHvacea, frond orbicular, dark-olive, wrinkled, having elevated specks, pale 
 becoming fuscous, scabrous and somewhat fibrous beneath : lobes radiated, 
 close- pressed, flat, dilated, round-crenate : receptacles flattish, somewhat 
 uniform-coloured : margin crcnu late. On trunks of trees, split rails, &c. 
 
 parietina, frond orbicular, very yellow, pale, somewhat fibrous beneath : lobes 
 radiating, close-pressed, flat, dilated, round-crenate and crisped at the apex : 
 receptacles uniform-coloured : margin entire. On walls, s^ld fences, rocks, 
 trunks of trees, &c. 
 
 tetosa, frond itellate, becoming white-glaucous, becoming ragged beneath, 
 with dark-hispid, ramose, interwoven fibres- divisions many-cleft, linear, 
 
PARMELIA. Sir 
 
 separated, flat : margins here and there bearing fruit-dots : ciliae very dense 
 and long. 
 
 taxatilis, frond orbicular, becoming cinereous, a little scabrous, lacunose-re- 
 liculate, black and fibrous beneath : divisions imbricate, sinuate-lobed, flat, 
 9ub-retuse and dilated, round : receptacles liver-brown : margin crenate. 
 On rocks and trunks of trees. 
 
 aqiiUa, frond orbicular, fuscous, chesnut-brown, paler beneath, and dark- 
 fibrous : divisions many-parted, sub-linear, convex ; the periphery dilated, 
 flatfish, crenate : receptacles dark-fuscous : margin crenulate. On rocks 
 and mountains. 
 
 michauxii, frond somewhat olive-colour, a little shining: divisions convex, 
 sinuate-lobed, dilated at the apex : receptacles chesnut-fuscous. On rocks. 
 
 congrueui, frond stellate, becoming pale-white and fuscous-cinereous beneath, 
 the fibres and impressions uniform-coloured : divisions many-cleft, lax, flexu- 
 osc : margins recurved, flattish and crenate at the apex : receptacles elevat- 
 ed, concave, liver-like : margin entire. On trunks of trees. 
 
 centrifiiga, frond orbicular, with greenish-white zones receding from the cen- 
 tre ; white beneath, with fuscous-cinereous fibres : divisions concrete, con- 
 vex-rugose, parted dichotomously, ohtusish : receptacles with reddish-fus° 
 cous peripheries : margins sub-entire. On mountains and rocks. 
 
 cOTispersa, frond orbicular, pale-livid, smooth, dark-punctate, becoming fus- 
 cous and fibrous beneath : divisions sinuate-lobed, rounil crenate, flattish : 
 receptacles central, chesnut-brown : margin sub-entire. On stones and 
 rocks. 
 
 diver sicolor, frond sub-orbicular, golden-yellow, concrete, with the rugose, 
 narrow, torn-raraose divisions white with age, becoming white-cinereous 
 beneath, and the impressions uniform-coloured : receptacles crowded, con- 
 cave, dark-red : margin thick, at length white. 
 
 speciosa, frond stellate, glabrous, white becoming sub-cinereous, white softish 
 beneath, with obscure marginal fibres : divisions imbricate, flat, gash-ra- 
 mose, crenate, the ascending crenatures pulverulent : receptacles central, 
 siub-fuscous : margin inflexed, tumid, at length rugose-crenate. On rocks 
 and trunks of trees. 
 
 hypoleuca, frond stellate, white, glabrous, naked, very white, soft, sub-toraen- 
 tose beneath, with hispid, dark, marginal fibres : divisions linear, many-cleft, 
 flat : receptacles scattered, sub-fuscous, at length black : margin inflexed, 
 at length crenulate. On trunks of trees, on and among mosses. 
 
 iophyrea, frond stellate, white, dark, smooth, naked, excavated-punctate be- 
 neath : divisions linear, flat, flesuose, sinuate, many-cleft : receptacles red- 
 dish : margin sub-crenate. 
 
 trrarmlifera, frond orbicular, white, hoary and granular, sprinkled over with 
 
 ^ snow-while heaps of globule?, glabrous, one-coloured beneath, fibres and 
 impressions dark : divisions flat, many-cleft, tooth-crenate ; margins naKed : 
 receptacles dark-fuscous : margin inflexed, granulated. Among mosses on 
 trunks of trees. 
 
 coyioplea, frond orbicular, becoming glaucous-green, here and there covered 
 with granulated dust becoming blue, dark, with spongy fibres beneath : di- 
 visions with flattish, round-lobed, crenate, naked outer edges ; margins ele- 
 vated, pulverulent : receptacles reddish-yellow. On mosses and trunks of 
 trees. 
 
 obsessa, frond orbicular, white, beset with a corol-like excrescence, apex fus- 
 cous, dark, fibrous beneath : divisions with a separate solitary periphery, 
 crose-many-cleft, flat : receptacles central, flat, dark-fuscous : margin granu- 
 late-toothed. On the bark of trees. 
 
 nulverulenta, frond stellate, light-grey-hoary ; dark, tomentose-hispid beneath : 
 divisions linear, many-cleft, separated in the periphery, flat, close-pressed, 
 undulated, retuse at the apex : receptacles grey : margin entire and flexu- 
 ose. On the bi^rk of trunks of trees. 
 
 87* 
 
31S PARMELIA, PASPALUM. 
 
 aipolia, frond stellate, becoming white-cinereous, grey and naked, white be- 
 neath, with dark-fuscous fibres : divisions all sub-connate, flattish, many- 
 cleft and lobed : receptacles dark-grey -hoary. On the bark of trees. 
 
 steUaris, frond stellate, at length rugose-plicate, beco^ping green-cinereous, 
 »vhite, fibrous-cinereous beneath: divisions sub-linear, somewhat convex, 
 gashed, many-oleft : receptacles becoming dark-glaucous: margin entire, 
 at length flexuose and crenate. On the bark of trees. 
 
 etesia, frond stellate, becoming white-cinereous and grey, bearing fruit-dots, 
 cinereous beneath, with dark fibres : divisions linear, gashed, many-cleft, 
 somewhat coavex, the extremities flat; receptacles sub-concave, blacks 
 maro^in sub-inflexed. On rocks, woods, on mosses and bark of trees. 
 
 u/o</irtx, frond stellate, cinereous-glaucous, sub-livid, dark-fibrous beneath ; 
 divisions separated, linear, dichotomous, many-cleft, flat, sub-ciliate : recep- 
 tacles dark-fuacous : margin entire, ciliate-fibrous beneath. On bark and 
 trunks of trees. 
 
 2. Divisions of the frond sub-injlated at the apex. 
 
 pkysodes, frond sub-stellate, becoming white-glaucous: divisions imbricate, 
 sinuate multifid, somewhat convex, -glabrous, inflated and ascending at the 
 apex : receptacles red, with entire margins. On split wood, rails, rocks 
 and trunks of trees. 
 
 cristulata, frond orbicular, becoming green-glaucous : divisions very smooth, 
 flat; periphery round, incumbent, gaah-crenate ; all spongy and dark be- 
 neath, sub-inflated at the apex : receptacles red: margin entire. On the 
 roots of trees. 
 
 tolpodes, frond sub-stel!ale, becoming pale-green : divisions many-cleft, 
 smooth, naked, flattish, sub-inflated at the apex, dark-ragged beneath : re- 
 ceptacles sub-fuscous : margin sub-rugose. On bark of trees. 
 
 enter amor pha, frond sub-stellale, becommg whitish-green : divisions elongated, 
 sub-divided, effuse, lax, sub-rugose, inflated, dark, rugose-plicate beneath : 
 receptacles liver-brown : margin entire. On trunks of pines, &c. 
 
 Borrera. 
 
 5 — 4. Parsassia. 14. 64. 
 
 americana, M. (I) (flowering plantain, w. y. p. Ju. 2i.) leaves radical (oftea 
 a leaf on the scape) heart-orbicular, 5 to 9-nerved : nectaries five, each di- 
 vided into 3 filaments terminated by little spherical heads. Damp or wet. 
 (*— 18 i. S. 
 
 palustriSfW. {w-y. Ju. H-) radical leaves cordate: nectaries many bristled. 
 
 Southern, 
 
 asarifolia, Vent. (A. Au. 21) radical If aves reniform : petals clawed : necta^ 
 
 ries 3-cien. Aralia. 
 
 Paronychyia, Qu£RlA. 
 
 17 — 4. Pakthenium. 49. 55. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 integrifolitm^ (A. w. S. H.) leaves oblong, unequally toothed, roughs upper 
 
 ones clasping. l—'Z f. Chrysogonura, 
 
 3—2. Paspalum. 4. 10. 
 
 nliatifolium, Mx. (2) (E. S. 2X-) culm decumbent: leaves hairy, ciliate : 
 sheaths hairy ; spikes 1 — 2, rather lax, indistinctly 3-rowed. 18 i. S. 
 
 Metaceum, Mx. (3) (E. 2X') culm erect : leaves and sheaths villous : spike wb- 
 aolitary : flowers m2-row8. 1 — 2 f . <S^. 
 
 (1) caroliniaoa, Ml. (2) ciliatura, Ph. dasypbyllum, E. (3) pubeiceni, M. 
 
PASPALUM, PECTIS. Q\^ 
 
 iaeve,Mi. (E. S. 2X.) erect, very smooth: leaves short: spikes numeroui 
 (3 6,) alternate : tlowers2-i owed, smooth. 2f. S. ' 
 
 Stoloniferum, Bosc. (E. Au.) spikes in elongated racemes, somewhat whorled, 
 spreading { flowers serrulate-ciliate, transversely rugose : leaves short, sub- 
 cordate : culm procumbent at the base. 2 f. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 debile, Mx. (E.) stem weak : leaves and stem hairy : spike generally one, 
 slender : flowers alternate, one-rowed. 
 
 fioridanum, Mx. (E. Au.) stem erect : lower leaves very villose ; upper onea 
 scabrous pilose: sheaths very long: spikes few: flowers in 2-rows, gla- 
 brous, large. 3 — \ f. 
 
 flicatulum^ ^\. (E.) glabrous: stem erect: leaves long, narrow : spikes nu- 
 merous, alternate, erect : flowers in 3 rows ; the flat valve transversely plait- 
 ed near the margins, 
 
 jiraecoxy Wr. (E. Ju.) stem erect : leaves lance-linear, glabrous : spikes du- 
 merous, alternate : rachis narrow, hairy at the base : flowers in 3 rows. 
 
 purpurascens, E. (E. Au.) stem erectish : leaves long, purplish, hairy at the 
 throat: spikes numerous, villose at the base : flowers in 4 rows. 
 
 distichum, Wr. (E. Ju. 2X.) stem creeping: leaves short, sub-glaucous, shin- 
 ing : spikes 2, one sessile : glumes lanceolate. 
 
 vaginatum,E,. (E. Ju.) very glabrous : stem creeping, branching: leaves lin- 
 ear : spikes generally 2, terminal, sheathed by a terminal leaf. 12 — 18 i. 
 
 Milium. 
 15—5. Passiflora. 34. 97, 
 
 /u^^a, (yellow passion-flower, y. S. 71.) leaves cordate, 3-lobed, obtuse, gla- 
 brous; petioles glandless : peduncles axillary, in pairs: petals much nar- 
 rower than the calyx. 
 
 incarnata, \W . (E. w. & p. Ju. 21.) leaves .3-lobed, serrate; lobes oblong, 
 acute: petioles with two glands: involucre S-leaved; leaves lanceolatCs 
 glandular-dentate : threads of the crown longer tlian thecorol. 
 
 Exotic, 
 
 tcerulea^ (blue pshsion-flower. b. Ju. ^.) leaves palmate, 5-parted, entire: pe- 
 tioles glandular : involucre 3-leaved, entire : threads of the crown shorter than 
 the corol. 
 
 alata, (winged passion-flower. Oct, T).) leaves oblong-ovate, sub-cordate, en- 
 tire, veiny: petioles with 4 glands : stipules lance-falcate, sub-serrate : in- 
 volucre 3-leaved : stem 4-cornered, membranaceous. 
 
 Southern, 
 peltafa, W. (^.) leaves peltate, deeply 3-lubed, glabrous: lobes lance-linear, 
 
 divaricate: petioles with 2 glands : peduncles solitary, axillary: petals o. 
 toarei, N. (E. 2X.) lower leaves 3-lobed, acute ; upper ones undivided, ovate : 
 
 petioles with 2 glands; peduncles somewhat in pairs. 4 — 6 i. Erodium. 
 
 5—2. Pastinaca. 45. 60. 
 
 Exotic. 
 sativa, -(parsnip, y. Au. (/".) leaves simply pinnate : leafets glabrous. Van 
 arvensisy leafets sub-pubescent. This variety is often found in situation* 
 which almost prove it to be indigenous. Thapsia. 
 
 Pastinaca, CEnanthe. 
 
 17—2. Pectis. 49. 55. 
 
 Southern, 
 ^ngustifoliusj T. & J. (A. y. 0.) stem branching at the base, diffuse: leavce 
 narrow-linear, niucrouate, denticulate at (he base \ teeth terminating in hairs i 
 flowers terminal, solitary, short peduncled : calyx 8-Ieave(l : chaff short, 
 5-toothed. 1—2 i. Pyrelhrum. 
 
320 PEDICULARIS, PELARGONITTM. 
 
 13—2. Pedicularis. 40. 35. 
 
 canadensis, (louse-wort. O. y-p. M. 2^.) stem simple: leaves pinnatifid, gash' 
 toothed : heads leafy at the base, liirsute : corol with a setaceous, 2-toothed 
 upper lip: calyx obliquely truncate. 6 — 12 i. *t. 
 
 gladiata, Mx. (hig^h heal-all. O. y-p. J. 7i-) stem simple: leaves lanceolate, 
 pinnatiOd, toothed : spikes leafy, with alternate florets : capsules lengthened 
 into an exsert, sword-mucronate-fonn. 1 — 2 f. S. 
 
 pallida, P. (1) (E. y. Ju. 2i ) stem branching, tall : leaves sub-opposite, lance- 
 olate, crenate, toothed : spikes leafless, glabrous ; upper lip of the corol 
 obtuse; calyx 2-cleft, roundish. 2 — 3 f . S. 
 
 resupinata, W. (p. Ju. 2X.) stem simple, glabrous : leaves lanceolate, toothed, 
 crenate : calyx bifid-truncate : upper lip of the corol acute. 
 
 hirsuta, (r. 21-) stem simple: leaves pinnate; leafets lanceolate, obtusely 
 toothed : calyx hirsute, 5-cleft : upper lip of the corol very obtuse. 
 
 euphrasioides, W. {E. y. 2i') stem branching, pubescent: leaves pinnatifid, 
 toothed : calyx tubular, 2-parted, truncate : upper lip of the corol 2-toothed. 
 Labrador. 6 — 8 i. 
 _r€C7itita, W. (W. p. Ju. 21') stem simple : leaves deeply pinnatifid; divisions 
 lanceolate, pinnatifid toothed : spike compact, leafy : calyx glabrous, 5- 
 toothed : upper lip of the corol very obtuse. 
 
 eloja, W. (W. p. Ju, Z[.) stem simple : leaves deeply pinnatifid ; divisions 
 lance-linear, crenate: spike lax, somewhat leafy : calyx glabrous, 5-toothed ; 
 upper lip of the corol obtuse, truncate. 2 f. 
 
 lapponica, W. {E. y. Ju. 2i.) s:em simple : leaves pinnatifid ; divisions ser- 
 rate: calyx 2-cleft, oblong : upper lip of the corol uncinate, truncate. Lab- 
 rador. 
 
 groenlandica, W. (W. p. Ju. 2^.) stem simple : leaves deeply pinnatifid ; di- 
 visions lanceolate, acuminate, serrate : calyx glabrous, 5-toolhed ; corol clos.- 
 ed : upper lip uncinate-subulate. 
 
 verticillata, Pb. (W. p. 2X.) stem simple : cauline leaves deeply pinnatifid, in 
 fours; divisions linear, acutely toothed: spike capitate, involucred : calyx 
 villose, 5-cleft : upper lip of the corol very obtuse. 2 i. 
 fiammea, W. (E. y. & r. 21.) stem simple: leaves pinnate ; leafets imbricate, 
 ovate, obtuse, doubly toothed : calyx 5-toothed: upper lip of the corol ob- 
 tuse. Labrador. 3 i. Mimulus. 
 
 15 — 7. Pelargonium. 14. 73. 
 
 Exotic, 
 
 1. Nearly stemless : root tuberous. 
 
 triste, (mourning geranium.) umbel simple: leaves rough-haired, pinnate; 
 
 leafets bipinnatifid ; divisions oblong, acute. Flowers dark-green. 
 daueifolium, (carrot geranium. 2^.) scape very simple . leaves thrice pinnate, 
 
 hirsute : leafets lance-linear. 
 
 2. Leaves simple, not angled. 
 
 odoratissimum, (sweet-scented geranium. ^.) peduncles sub-5-flowered : learci 
 round-cordate, very soft. 
 
 3. Leaves simple, viore or less angled or lobed., 
 
 zonale, (horse-shoe geranium. ^.) umbels many flowered: leaves heart-orbic- 
 ular, obsoletely lobed, toothed, with a coloured zone or band around near 
 the margin. 
 
 inquinans, (scarlet geranium. Tp.) umbels many -flowered ; leaves rouni-reol- 
 form, hardly divided, crenate, viscid-downy, 
 
 (I) s«rotiaa, M. lanceolata, Mx. 
 
PEIARGONIUM, PENNISETUM. 321 
 
 4tctrifolium, (lemon or maple-leaf geranium, fp.) umbels about 5-flowered : 
 
 leaves 5-lobe-palmate, serrate ; below wedge-form, undivided. 
 capitalum, (rose-scented geranium. ^.) flowers capitate : leaves cordate, lobed, 
 
 waved, soft ; stem diffuse. 
 guerci/olium, (oak-leaf geranium. ^.) umbels sub-many-flowered : leaves 
 
 cordate, pinnatifid, crenate : sinuses rounded : filaments ascending at the 
 
 apex. 
 graveoUns, (sweet-rose geranium. ^,) umbels many-flowered, sub-capitate : 
 
 leaves palmate-7-lobed ; divisions oblong, obtuse ; margins revolute. 
 
 Remark. These are all the species which I have seen in Troy, Albany, 
 Northampton, or any other town in the interior : but I have seen 20 or 30 oth- 
 er species in Wew-York. To include all these would be giving too much room 
 to one genus of exotics, which is not among the common cultivated exotics 
 promised in the title-page. Pistia. 
 
 21—5. Peltidea. 57. 2. 
 
 icutata, (target lichen.) frond becoming cinereous; whiter and nearly rein- 
 less beneath : lobes round, gash-sinuate, crenate-crisped ; fertile lobes very 
 short : receptacles i-ound, ascending, flattisb, fuscous, 3ub>entire. On trunks 
 of trees. 
 
 horizontalu , frond becoming fuscous-glaucous-green, glabrous ; very white 
 and reticulate, with black veins beneath : fertile lobes very short ; recepta- 
 cles terminal, flat, horizontal, transversely oblong, liver-brown, entire. On 
 rocks among mosses in mountain woods. 
 
 vtnosa, frond cinereous-green ; veins beneath ramose, shooting out at a dis- 
 tance, fuscous-cinereous : lobes round, gashed, sub-entire : receptacles mar- 
 gined, flat, lound, tumid, obscurely fuscoui, sub-crenulate. On the earth at 
 -the margins of ditches, &C. 
 
 apthosa, frond becoming livid-green, smooth ; knobs wart-like, close-pressed ; 
 receptacle with black veins : fertile lobes rather long, narrow in (he middle, 
 reflexed at the margin : receptacles terminal, full, ascending, red ; margin 
 like the frond, inflexed, sub-!anceoIate. On the earth, and in woods. 
 
 canina, frond becoming cinereous-green, sub-tomentose ; reticulate beneath, 
 with cinereous-fuscous veins : fertile lobes longish, reflexed ai the margin ; 
 receptacles terminal, erectish, revolute, reddish-yellow: margin like the 
 frond, thin, sub-crenulate. On the earth in mountain woods, and on mosses. 
 
 ^olydactyla, frond becoming glaucous-green, naked, glabrous : reticulate, with 
 fuscous veins beneath : fertile lobes very thick, elongated, and the terminal 
 receptacles obscurely fuscous : margins cucuUate-revolute. On the earth ia 
 woods and bush-fields. Nephroma. 
 
 3—2. Pexnisetum. (1) 4. 10. 
 
 tiride, (E. Ju. 0.) spike cylindrical : involucre of 4 — 10 fasiculate bristlei, 
 scabrous upwards : spikelets in pairs : perfect floret smooth : sheaths pu- 
 bescent. Introduced. 18 — 24 i. 
 
 glautum, (fox-tail panic. O. J. ^.) spike cylindrical : involucre of many fas- 
 cicled bristles, scabrous upwards : perfect floret transversely rugose. Var. 
 purpurascens, sheaths hairy : glumes and bristles of the involucre hairy. 
 Introduced. 2f.S. 
 
 verticillati, (2) (E. Ju. ^.) spike somewhat whorled : bristles of the involu- 
 cre 2, scabrous backwards ; spikelets solitary : corol of the perfect floret 
 smoothish. Introduced. 18 i. 
 
 italicum, (3) (E. Ju. =(|J.) spike compound, interrupted at the base, nodding : 
 spikelets conglomerate : involucres much longer than the flowers : rachij 
 tomentose. Introduced. 4 f. <S. 
 
 (1) Pamcura, L. Setaria, Pb. (2) Panicura alopecuroideum, Wr. (3) Se^ 
 taria, Pb. 
 
322 PENKISETUM, PENTSTEMOK. 
 
 germanicum, W. (3) (bengral grass. E. Ju. ^.) spike compound compact : 
 spikelets glomerate: rachis hirsute : bristles short. Introduced. 2 — 4 f . 
 
 Southern. 
 
 pungens, N. (4) (E. 2i-?) spike terete, strict : invol#cre many-parted, 1-flow- 
 ered ; segments terete, subulate, rigid, scabrous, a little longer than the 
 florets. 
 
 laevigatum, M. (5) (E. Ju. 21-) very smooth : stem compressed : spike co- 
 lumnar : spikelets 1-flowered : involucels 10-awned. 1 — 2 f . 
 
 corrugatum, E. (6) (E.) spike terete, compound, bristly: spikelets many- 
 flowered, (7 — 10): corol transversely rugose. 2 — 3 f. Digitaria. 
 
 10—5. Penthorcm. 13. 83. 
 
 sedoides, (virginian orpine. O. g-y. Ju. 2i-) stem branching, angled : leaves 
 lanceolate, sub-sessile, unequally and densely serrate : spikes secund, termi- 
 nal, panicled, alternate and cyraed : seeds pitted. 12 — 18 i. S. 
 
 Sedum. 
 
 13 — 2. Pentstemon. 40. 45. 
 
 pubescens, W. (7) (beard -tongue. O. w-p. J. 2+.) stem hairy : leares serru- 
 late, lance-oblong, sessile : flowers panicled : the barren filament bearded 
 from the apex to below the middle. Var. latifolia, has broad smooth leaves. 
 Var. angiislifolia, has narrow, hairy, obscurely denticulate leaves. 1 — 2 f. S". 
 
 Itsvigata, W. (8) w-p. Ju. ZI-) stem glabrous : leaves smooth, oblong-ovate, 
 clasping at the base, slenderly toothed, lower ones entire : flowers panicled 
 barren filament bearded above. 2f. jS*. 
 
 frtUescens, Lb. (W. p. f^.) stem fruticose : branches angled, pubescent above ; 
 leaves lanceolate, obsoletely denticulate, sessile, nearly glabrous : raceme 
 terminal, sub-corymbed : sterile filament bearded. 12 — 18 i. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 cristatum, N. (9) (W. p. 2X-) stem low, pubescent; leaves oblong, acute, ob- 
 soletely denticulate, sub-hirsute ; pedicels axillary and terminal, 1 — 3-fiow- 
 ered, very short : sterile filament exsert, revolute at the apex, bearded : di- 
 vhions of the calyx lance-linear, acuminate, hirsute. 6 — 8 i. 
 
 coeruleum, N. (I)'{W. b. Zf.) smooth: radical leaves linear, entire ; cauline 
 ones lance-linear, entire, all sessile : sterile filament short, bearded above : 
 divisions of the calyx lanceolate, acute, glabrous. 
 
 erianthera, N. (2) (\V. p. J. ZC.) stem and leaves glabrous : leaves sessile, 
 lance-ovate, entire, sub-undulate at the margin : peduncles many flowered, 
 secund : divisions of the calyx round-oval, acuminate : sterile filament slight- 
 ly bearded under the refuse point : anthers pubescent. 
 
 grand i/lorum, N. (0) (W.) vcrj- glabrous : leaves half-clasping, ovate-oblong, 
 entire ; upper ones roundish : flowers solitary and axillary : st^le fila- 
 ment partly pubescent at the summit : divisions of the caiyx oblong, acute. 
 
 gracUe, IS'. (W. p. J.) stem smooth, slender: leaves smooth, linear, acute, 
 half clasping, sharp-serrulate : sterile filament bearded longitudinally : di- 
 visions of the calyx linear-oblong. 
 
 albidum, N. (W. w.) low : leaves lance-ovate, sub-serrulate, smooth, sessile : 
 flowers sub-fascicled, axillary and terminal : sterile filament slenderly and 
 interruptedly bearded : divisions of the calyx lance-linear, pubescent. 6- — 8 i. 
 
 dissectum, E. (E. p.) leaves opposite, sessile, compoundly divided ; segments 
 linear, and generally obtuse ; flowers panicled. 2 f. 
 
 nuttallii, Bk. (W.) very glabrous : leaves coriaceous, lance-ovate, denticu- 
 
 (3) Panicum, \V. (4) Panicum cencbroides, E. (5) Panicum, M. (^'• 
 Panicura, E. (7) Chelonc penstemon, Mant. (8) Chclone, Miller. (9) tr 
 anthera, Ph. (1) angustifolia, Ph. (2) glabra, Ph. (0) Bradburii, Ph 
 
PENTSTEMON, PEZIZA. 525 
 
 late half-clasping : flowers panicled : leafets of the calyx ovate, acuminate i 
 sterile filament bearded at the apex : anthers glabrous. 2—3 f. 
 
 alpina, T. & J. (W. b.) very glabrous : corol somewhat bell-form ; limb near- 
 ly equal, 5-lobed : leaves lance-oblong, crenulate-denticulate oa the mar- 
 gin : divisions of the calyx lanceolate," acute : anthers hirsute : sterile fila- 
 ment shorter than the two longest stamens, bearded below the refuse apex. 
 6i. 
 
 ambiguum, T. & J. (W. p.) stem fruticose, very branching : leaves lmear,shm- 
 ing, concave, mucronate, scabrous on the margin : panicle simple : divisions 
 of the calyx ovate, acuminate : sterile filament glabrous. 8 — 10 i. 
 
 Martynia, 
 
 Peplis, Crtpta. 
 
 5—2. Periploca. 30. 47. 
 
 grcBca, (milk vine. W. p. M. ^.) flowers hirsute within, terminal : stigma 
 wiih 10 crenatures Podostigma. 
 
 Periioma, Cleome. 
 
 16—5. Petalostemo.v. (1) 32. 93. 
 
 candidum, W. (2) (W.w. Ju. H.) spike cylindric, peduncled : bracts longer 
 than the flower : calyx glabrous : leaves lanceolate, in 3 pairs. ;S^. 
 
 violaceum, W. (W. r-p. Au. 2X-) spike cylindric, peduncled: bracts about 
 equal to the calyx ; little bracts spatulate, caducous: calyx silky: leaves li- 
 near, in 2 pairs. 
 
 villosum, N. (W. r. Au. Zf.) villous: stem decumbent : spike large, cylindric, 
 sub-sessile : bracts shorter than the woolly, o-toothed calyx : leafets linear-ob- 
 long, about 7-pairs. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 carneum,Mx. (E. w. Ju. 2X) spike cylindric, peduncled: bracts subulate, as 
 long as the glabrous calyx : leafets lanceolate. 2 — 3 f. 
 
 corymbosum, Mx. (3) (E. w. S. Zf.) peduncles in panicled corymbs: calyx 
 plumose : leafets linear, unawned. 2 f. 
 
 macrostachyum, T.&J. (W.w. 2X-) spike cylindric, compact, very long: 
 bracts lanceolate, and with the calyx silky-villose : leafets about in 3 pairs, 
 lance-oblong, glabrous. 2 f. 
 
 roseum, N. (E. r.) glabrous : leafets linear : bracts subulate, very short, per- 
 sistent : calyx striate, glabrous. Pisura. 
 
 Petalostemon, Dalea. 
 
 5 — 2. Peucedanxjm. 45. 60. 
 
 Southern, 
 teryiatum, N. (E. 21-) leaves ternate, long-petloled ; leafets entire, long-lin- 
 ear, acute, alternated below : involucre nearly wanting : involucel very 
 short, 5— 6-leaYed : fruit oblong-oval. 3 f. HydroOotyle. 
 
 21—6. Peziza. 58. 1. 
 
 1. Tremelloideae. Substance more or less tremulous, 
 inquinans, in groups, large, dark stained, at length convex, ob-conic ; rugose 
 and brownish outside. Often grows in long series in autumn, along hewn 
 or cut tinaber. 
 
 (1) Dalea, W. (2) Dalea, Jn. (3) kuhaistera, W. Kuhnistera caroli- 
 □eosis, Lk. 
 
324 PEZIZA. 
 
 aarcoides, ccspitose, fleshj-tremulous, somewhat firm in texture, flesh-red, 
 somewhat veiny outside. Iii autumn, on cut decaying trunks, &c. 
 
 finerea, in groups, small, cinereous or pale, sub-tremulous: margin whiter, 
 sub-erect. On decaying trunks and branches, jh spring and autumn. 
 
 2. Helvelloideae. Larger ^ Jleshy-membranaceouSy fragile : externally sub-far- 
 
 inaceous. 
 
 aurantia, stemless, cespitose, halved-flexuose, golden-yellow, white externally, 
 coccinea, Bull. In autumn, on roots and decaying trunks, &c. 
 
 umbrina, large, cespitose, contorted, brown. On sandy grass-ground, &c. 
 
 badia, almost stemless, entire ; margin sub-involute, obscurely fuscous \ exter- 
 nally somewhat olive-coloured. An inch and a half broad. In autumn, on 
 the earth, on trunks, Ac. in woods. 
 
 depressa, sub-orbicular, sessile, depressed, reddish-yellow. Var. applanata^ 
 cinnamon-colour, expanded ; flat and rugose above, paler beneath. In fields 
 on the margin of rivers, &c. 
 
 acetabulum, wine-glass-form, stiped ; pileus angled outside : veins branching : 
 colour earth-brown fuscous. Stipe thick, lacunose, as in some species of 
 Helvella. In shades. 
 
 3. Mostly small, llliole pileus strigose-hirsnte, pilose, tomentose, or pubescent, 
 hemispherica, in groups, pretty large, hemispheric ; white glaucous within, 
 
 brown outside. Half an inch broad. In autumn on the earth, rarely on 
 trunks. 
 
 scutellata, largish, spread-flattened, reddish-yellow outside : hispid, with dark 
 diverging bristles. On wood in damp places. 
 
 cocciuea, stiped, largish, turbinate or funnel-form : scarlet within, white with- 
 out and somewhat downy ; margin mostly crenate. In the spring on the 
 
 . earth and dead limbs. 
 
 anomcUa, stiped, crusty -crowded, turbinate ; dry, crisped, ferruginous or fawn- 
 colour; mouth converging, paler. In spring and autumn on dry fallen 
 branches. 
 
 4. Mostly small. WJiolly glabrous (or at least not manifestly tonuntose/ 
 
 fleshy or wax-like, 
 
 (Pileus stiped.) 
 
 bolaris, largish, sub-solitary : pileus orbicular-funnel-form ; outside often ru- 
 gose-veiny and a little fibrous : stipe thick, becoming dark at the base, short-- 
 ish. In autumn on dry stipes, &c. 
 
 cyathoidea, in groups, small, white or pale : pileus wine-glass-form, unarmed, 
 rather thin : stipe long, a little thicker downwards. On the dry stems of 
 large herbs — stipes about the fourth of an inch long. 
 
 lutescens, small, somewhat in groups, becoming yellow : pileus orbicular : 
 stipe thin, cylindric. On the decaying wood of firs, &c. 
 
 pallescens, crowded, glabrous, white, at length becoming pale : pileus some- 
 what funnel-form : stipe rather thick. On trunks of beech, &c. 
 
 (Pileus sessile.) 
 
 leucoloma, narrow, depressed, spread, minute : margin white, finely torn. 
 On walls and moss in the spring. 
 
 5. More or less coriaceous, dry, glabrous, or pulverulent ; mostly sessile, 
 
 leucomela, bursting : sessile : pileus concave, dark outside and white within. 
 Sometimes on hazle branches. 
 
 patellaria, in groups, dark, spread flattened, sub-coriaceous, distinctly mar- 
 gined. On dry branches of basswood, and sometimes on trunks of oak. 
 
 pinastri, scattered, sub-stiped, dark-shining ; margin acute. On the bark of 
 pinei and firs, &c. Aegerita. 
 
PHACA, PHALLUS. 325 
 
 16—10. Phaca. 32. 93. 
 
 Southern. 
 vUlosa, Mx. (1) (O. y. Ju. 2X0 nearly stemless, very villose : leafets ova!, gla- 
 brous above : peduncles as long- as the leaves : legumes hoary, very villose, 
 assurgent, oblong. 
 triphyllus, Ph. (2) (W.) Described under Astragalus triphyllus. 
 
 Phaseolus. 
 
 5—1. Phacelia. 28. 42. 
 
 bipinnaiijida, Mx. (phacelia. W. b. M.) erect: leaves pinnaliGd ; divisions 
 gash-lobed : racemes mostly bifid, oblong, inany-flovkfered : divisions ot' 
 the corol entire. 1 f. <S. 
 
 finih-iata^'M^. (W. b. M. 0.) ascending, hairy: leaves sessile, pinnatifid : di- 
 visions lanceolate, acute, entire, hispid-pilose above, glabrous beneath : ra- 
 cemes solitary; pedicels elongated: divisions of the corol ciliate-fringed. 
 1 f. S. 
 
 paroiftora, P. (3) (E. b. M. 0.) diffused, pubescent: leaves sub-sessile, pin- 
 natifid ; divisions oblong-obtusish, entire : racemes solitary : pedicels short ; 
 divisions of the corol round, entire. 6 — 8 i. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 integrifolia, T. & J. (W.) erect, [pubescent : leaves petioled, ovate, crenatp- 
 serrate : racemes numerous, dense-flowered. 
 
 heterophylla. Ph. (W. b. Ju. (^.) erect, hispid : leaves petioled, pinnatifid : 
 divisions lanceolate, entire, nerved, terminal one elongated ; floral leaves 
 eimple, lanceolate, petioled : racemes 2-cleft, dense-flowered : divisions of 
 the corol entire. Spigelia. 
 
 Phaethusa, Siegesbeckia. 
 
 6—1. Phalangium. 10. 16. 
 
 csculentum, N. (4) (W. b. M. 21-) root bulbous : scape longer than the linear 
 carinate leayes : spike racemed : stigma minutely 3-c!eft. 12 — 18 i. S. 
 
 Soutliern. 
 crnceum, Mx. (5) (E. y. 21.) root bulbous : scape much shorter than the grass 
 like leaves : spike pyramidal ; bracts short : seed sub-globose, smooth. 
 
 Nartheciuiii, 
 3—2. Phalaris. 4. 10. 
 
 americana, E. (6) (ribbon grass, Avild canary grass. E. Ju. TX.) panicle oblong-, 
 spiked : glumes of the calyx boat-shaped, serrulate : corol unequal : rudi- 
 ments hairy. Var. picta, leaves variously striped. This variety is the rib- 
 bon grass of the gardens. 2 — 5 f. S. 
 
 eariariensis, (canary grass. E. Ju. ^.) panicle sub-spiked, ovate : calyx boat- 
 form, entire at the apex : rudiments smooth. Introduced. 18 i. 
 
 Brachyelytrura. 
 
 Phalaris, Aulaxasthus. 
 
 21—6. Phallus. 58. 1 
 
 impudicus, (morel.) stipe sieve-like, sub-oblique: pileus cellular, pervions at 
 the top. Very nauseous. On the ground in autumn in fields and shadr 
 places. 
 
 (1) Astragalus, Mx. (2) caespitosa, N. Astragalus, Ph. (3) Po!rfmon»um 
 dubmni, W. (4) quamash. Ph. (5) Ornithogaluin .? E. (6) atvndinace*, 
 Mx. Calamagrostiscolorata, iN. 
 
 28 
 
S26 FHA£I.US, PHILADELFHUS. 
 
 prceputiostis, stipe sieve-like, sub-incurved ; involucre indusium-likc. NausC' 
 oug. Amanita. 
 
 21—2. Phascum. 56. 4.» 
 
 patens, caulescent, erect : capsule about sessile : leaves lance-ovate, serrate 
 at top, spreading. 
 
 mnticum, stemless : capsule sessile : leaves ovate, without points, concave, 
 converging. 
 
 cervicollum, sub-caulescent : the leaves of the pericheth strait : peduncle in- 
 curved : capsule ovate. On dry gravelly earth. 
 
 tubulatum, caulescent, erect : leaves lance-linear, spreading ; the summitj, 
 from the broadish base, subulate, rigid : capsule sub-sessile. 
 
 eoherens, sub-caulescent, simple : leaves ovate, acute : nerves solid, serrulate, 
 erect : capsules with short bristles. Gymnostomum. 
 
 16 — 10. Phaseolus. 32. 93. 
 
 perenniSf Wr. (1) (wild kidney-bean. E. p. Ju. 2X-) twining, wholly pubes* 
 cent : leaves ternate, ovate, 3-nerved : racemes in pairs, longer than the 
 leaves : peduncles in pairs : bracts obsolete : legumes peduncled. The 
 naacrostachyus of Elliott, (Jour. Acad. Phil. v. 1, p. 384.^ is merelj a ro- 
 bust variety of this plant. Torrey. S. 
 
 Exotic. 
 hinatus, W. (Carolina bean, lima bean. g-w. Ju. 0.) twining : legumes scyrai- 
 
 tar-form, sub-lunate, smooth : seeds compressed. 
 vulgaris, (common-pale-bean. p. w. Ju. 0.) stem twining : racemes solitary, 
 
 shorter than the leaves : peduncles in pairs : bracts smaller than the calyx, 
 
 spreading : legumes pendulous. From the East Indies. 
 n^niis, (bush bean, six weeks besn. 0.) stem erect, smooth: bracts larger 
 
 than the calyx : legumes pendulous, compressed, rugose. Seeds variously 
 
 coloured. 
 multijlorus, (scarlet runner, r. w. Ju. 0.) stem twining: racemes solitary, of 
 
 the length of the leaves : peduncles in pairs : bracts close-pressed, smaller 
 
 than the calyx : legumes pendulous. Strophostyles. 
 
 Phaseolus, Strophostyles. 
 Phellandrium, (Enanthe. 
 
 11 — 1. Philadelphus. 19. 89. 
 
 Exotic, 
 eoronarius, (mock orange, false syringa. w. J. ^.) styles distinct : leaves 
 ovate, sub-dentate. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 inodorus, W. (scentless syringa. E. w. J. ^.) leaves ovate, acuminate, entire ; 
 divisions of the calyx acute : style undivided, longer than the stamens : stig- 
 mas 4, oblong. Flowers large. Cultivated. 
 
 grandi/lorus, W. (2) (scentless syringa. E. w. J. fp.) leaves ovate, acuminate, 
 denticulate : axils of the veins with fascicles of hairs beneath : divisions of 
 the calyx acuminate : style undivided, longer than the stamens: stigmas 4, 
 linear. Cultivated. 
 
 lewisii, Ph. (W. Ju. ^.) leaves ovate, acute, sub-entire, clliate on the margin: 
 divisions of the calyx acute: style 3-cleff, as long as the stamens : stigmas 5. 
 
 kirsutus, N. (W. w. Tp.) leaves oblong-ovate, acuie, sharply angular-denticu- 
 late, hirsute above, whitish-villous beneath: style and stigma undivided : 
 peduncles 2-bracted near the summit. Chrysobalanus. 
 
 (1) paniculatus, Mz. (2) inodorus, Mx. 
 
PHILOXERUS, PHLOX. 327 
 
 15 — 5. Philoxerus. 14. 73. 
 
 Southern, 
 vermicularis, (1) (E. J. 2(.) Described under Acbyranthes vemiicularia. 
 
 Achyranthes. 
 
 3—2. Phleum. 4. 10. 
 
 pratense, (timothy^ grass. O. J. 2£. and cT.) spike cylindric, calyx mucronate- 
 awned ; keel cillate : awn shorter than the calyx : culm erect. Introduced. 
 2—3 f. iS'. 
 
 alpiman, L. (A.) spike ovate or cylindric-ovale, hirsute or villose. Spike often 
 blackish or dark purple. Ceresia. 
 
 5—1. Phlox. 20. 44. 
 
 panictUata, (smooth-stem lichnidia. r. w. Ju. 21.) glabrous, erect : leaves 
 lanceolate, narrowing gradually, flat ; margins rough : corymbs panicled : 
 divisions of the corol rounded : calyx awned. Cultivated. 2 — 3 f. S. 
 
 pyramidalis, S. (2) (A. p. J. 2X. ) erect, glabrous : stem scabrous : leaves 
 heart-ovate, acute : panicle fastigiate, pyramidal : divisions of the corol 
 wedge-truncate : teeth of the calyx sub-erect, lanceolate, acute. 2 — 3 f . S. 
 
 maculata, (spotted lichnidia. E. r. w. Ju. 2^.) erect : stem spotted, scabrous: 
 leaves lance-oblong, glabrous ; margins rough : panicle oblong ; flowers 
 crowded : divisions of the corol rounded : teeth of the calyx acute, recurv- 
 ed. Var. suaveoleris, (3) stem not spotted : corol white. 2 f . S. 
 
 aristata, Mx. (4) (E. r. w. J. 2X-) weak, erect, viscid-pubescent : leaves lance- 
 linear : panicle lax, fastigiate : pedicels somewhat in pairs : divisions of the 
 
 ^ corol somewhat obovate : tube curved, pubescent: teeth of the calyx long, 
 Fubulate. Var. virenf, corol reddish-purple. Var. canescens, corol whit- 
 ish rose-colour. 18 i. S. 
 
 pilosa, (5) (creeping lichnidia. E, p. w. J. 2^-) small, decumbent, pubescent: 
 leaves lance-linear, short, roughish : corymbs sub-fastigiate : divisions of 
 the corol round-obtuse ; tubestraightish, glabrous : teeth of the calyx subu- 
 late-acuminate. 12 — 18 i. S. 
 
 (iivaricata, (O. p-b. M. Zf.) pubescent, (low, decumbent, Ph.) leaves lance- 
 oval, upper ones alternate : branches divaricate, lax, few-flowered : divis- 
 ions of the corol sub-obcordate : teeth of the calvx linear-subulate. 1 — 2 f. 
 S. 
 
 reptans, Mx. (6) (E. b-p. J. 21') stoloniferous-creeping, pubescent : radical 
 leaves obovate-spatulate, cauline ones lance-oval : corymb spreading, few- 
 flowered : divisions of the corol obovate : teeth of the calvx linear, reflexed. 
 8— 18i. -S?. , 
 
 subuLata, (mountain pink. O. r. M. 2i.) caespitose, white pubescent: leaves 
 linear, pungent, ciliate : corymbs few-flowered : pedicels 3-cleft : divisions 
 of the corol wedge-form, emarginate : teeth of the calyx subulate, scarcelj 
 shorter than the tube of the corol. Cultivated. 3 — 6 i. iS. 
 
 setucea, (W. r. J. 21') caespitose, pubescent : leaves fascicled, subulate, pun- 
 gent, ciliate: pedicels few, terminal, sub-umbelled : divisions of the corol 
 wedge-for.-n, emarginate : teeth of the calyx subulate, much shorter than the 
 tube of the corol. iS. 
 
 Soutliern. 
 undulata, W. (7) (A. b. Au. 2i.) erect, glabrous: leaves latice-oblong, sub- 
 nndulate, scabrous on the margin : corymbs panicled : divisions of the corol 
 Eub-retuse : calyx awned. 2 f. 
 
 (1) Illeecbrum, L. (2) Carolina, W. latifolia, Mx. (3) suavolens. Ph. 
 (4) pilosa, C. (5) amoena, C. (6) stolonifera, C. and Ph. (7) paniculata, 
 Mx. 
 
328 PHILOX, PHTSALIS. 
 
 Carolina, W. (1) (E. p. Au. 2X.) erect : stem pubescent : leaves lance-ovatc, 
 smooth : corymb sub-fastigiate ; branchlets about 3-flowered : divisions of 
 the corol round : teeth of the calyx glabrous, lanceolate, erect. 
 
 glaberrima, (E. p. Ju. 21-) caespitose : stem erect : leaves lance-linear, gla- 
 brous : corymbs small, terminal, sub-fastigiate : divisions of the corol round- 
 ish : teeth of the calyx lance-linear, acute. 
 
 speciosa, Ph. (W. w. & p. J. Tp.) erect, glabrous, frutescent, very branching- : 
 leaves linear ; upper ones alternate, dilated at the base : racemes panicle- 
 coryrabed : divisions of the corol wedg-e-oblong, emarginate : teeth of the 
 calyx subulate, equalling the tube. 
 
 ovata, W. (r-p. J. 2iO erect, glabrous : radical leaves ovate, acute, somewhat 
 fleshy ; cauline ones lanceolate : corymbs sub-fastigiate : divisions of the 
 corol undulate, retuse : teeth of the calyx linear, acute. 
 
 acuminata. Ph. (A. p. Au. 2i-) lower leaves spatulate-ovate, acuminate, slight- 
 ly scabrous ; upper ones lanceolate : corymbs terminal. 3 — 5 f. 
 
 nitida, Ph. (2) (E. p. J. ZC.) erect, glabrous: stem scabrous : leaves ovate- 
 oblong, sub-coriaceous : corymbs fastigiate : divisions of the corol obovate, 
 sub-retuse : teeth of the calyx lanceolate, mucronate. 18 — 24 i. 
 
 cordata, E. (E. Au.) leaves oblong-cordate, sub-acuminate, margin scabrous: 
 corymbs panicled : teeth of the calyx long-awned. 1 — 2 (. 
 
 bifida, Bk. (W. p. Ap.) stem erect, branching, minute-pubescent: leaves lance- 
 ovate and lance-linear, somewhat clasping, opposite and alternate, margin 
 revolute, midrib ciliate: teethof the calyx linear, acute, pilose : divisions of 
 the corol wedge-form, deeply cleft. 4—6 i. Polemonium. 
 
 3 — 2. Phragmites. 4. 10. 
 
 communis, Trin. (3) (E. Au. 7X.) calyx about 5-flowered : florets longer than 
 the calyx. 6 — 12 f. Glyceria, 
 
 13—1. Phryma. 40. 39. 
 
 Remark. In a note at p. 50, I suggested that the supposed capsule of soma 
 authors was the calyx closed upon the seed. Dr. Darlington has since correct- 
 ed me. On a review of the subject, 1 feel authorized to say (as of the genus 
 Verbena, p. 49,) that the supposed capsule is au extra tegument, or aril. It 
 does not appear to me to present the analogies of a capsule. 
 leptostachia, (lopseed. O. p-w. 2^.) leaves ovate, coarsely serrate, petioled : 
 spikes terminal, slender : flowers opposite. As the fruit approaches matu- 
 rity, it lops down against the rachis. Dry woods. 2 — 3 f. jS. 
 
 Thymus. 
 
 3 — 1. Phyllactis. 48. 56. 
 
 Southei^t. 
 
 cbovata,Ti. (W. Oc.) stemless : root fusiform : leaves radiating, linear-spatu- 
 
 late, obtuse, hirsute-pillose. Tripterella, 
 
 19—5. Phyllanthus. 38. 96. 
 
 obovatus, (4) (S. 0.) leaves alternate, oval, obtuse, glabrous, somewhat disti- 
 chous : flowers i&v/^ (2 — 4,) axillary, pedicelled, nodding: stem erect ; 
 branches distichous. 12 i. S. Melothria. 
 
 5—1. Physalis. 28. 41. 
 
 viscosa, (yellow henbane. O. j. Ju. 2X.) leaves in pairs, heart-oyal, repand. 
 
 (1) triflora, Mx. ? (2) Carolina, Wr. (3) Arundo phragmites, W. (4) 
 carolineasis, Wr. 
 
PHTSALIS, PINCKNETA. S29 
 
 obtuse, sub-tome ntose : stem panicled above : fruit bearing calyx pubes- 
 
 cent. 1—3 f. S. 
 cbscura, Mx. (1) (E. y. p. Ju.) leaves sub-cordate, orbicular, acuminate, orv- 
 
 equally dentate : stem herbaceous, divaricate, much branched ; branches 
 
 angled : inflated calyx large. Var. glabra, (2) summit and petioles scarcely 
 
 pubescent. Var. pubescens, viscid-pubescent. 
 pennsylvanica, (E. y. J. 2i-) leaves ovate, sub-repand, obtuse, naked ish : stem 
 
 branching : peduncles solitary, a little longer than the petioles. 1 f. »V. 
 philadelphica^ Lk. (E. y. p. Ju! 0.) leaves ovate, repand-toothed, glabrous : 
 
 stem very branching, peduncles solitary, much shorter than the petioles. 
 
 Probably a variety of the obsctira. S. 
 lanceolata, Mx. (y.'J. 2X-) leaves in pairs, lance-oval, sub-entire, gradually 
 
 narrowing into the peliole, pubescent : stem dichotoraous : calyx villose. a. 
 
 Exotic, 
 alkekengi, (common winter cherry. If.) leaves in pairs, entire, acute : stem 
 sub-ramose below. Calyx of the fruit red or reddish. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 pubescens, W. (O. y. Ju. 0.) leaves villose, viscous, sub-cordate : stem very 
 branching ; flowers solitary, pendulous : fruit-bearing calyx round-globose, 
 angled. 
 
 tomnifera, W; (E. y. Ju. 2X) tomentose : leaves ovate, very entire : flowert 
 crowded, shorl-pedicelled : corol bell-form. 
 
 iobata, T. & J. (VV. g.) leaves oblong, somewhat fleshy, lyrate-lobed, narrowed 
 into the petiole at the base, glabrous, revolute at the margin : stem herbace- 
 ous, branching : peduncles solitary. Solanuro 
 
 21—6. Physakum. 58. 1. 
 
 nnereum, sessile, globe-ovate, cinereous ; reticulate within with white thread*. 
 
 On trunks in autumn. 
 nutans, stiped, white-cinereous ; fruit lenticular, glabrous, a little wrinkled, 
 
 nodding. On trunks, leaves and mosses, in autumn, or in the summer after 
 
 long storms. 
 anrantium, stiped : fruit roundish, becoming yellow : stipe striate, thickening 
 
 downwards. On trunks. 
 farinaceum, stiped : bark of the fruit very thin, mealy-villose, cinereous. On 
 
 branches of pines, on moss, &c. Trichia. 
 
 10—10. PHYTOI.ACCA. 54. 29. 
 
 cUcandra, (poke-weed. O. w. Ju. 21') leaves ovate, acute at both ends : flowers 
 racemed : berries flattened at the ends. 3 — 6 f. j S. Cactus, 
 
 21—2. PiLOTRICHUM. 56, 4. 
 
 bipinnatum, stem 2-pinnate : branches 2-ranked, pinnate : leaves imbricate, 
 ovale, 2-nerved : peduncles arcua(e, short : capsules sub-cylindric, with a 
 tonic-subulate lid : calyptre sub-pilose. Climacium. 
 
 5 — 1. PiNCKNEYA. 47. 57. 
 
 Southern, 
 pftbens, Mx. (E. p. J. fp.) leaves opposite, lanceolate, entire, thinly pilose and 
 shining above, tomentose below, sub-acuminate : calvx superior, persistent, 
 coloured. 15— 20 f. ' " chiococca. 
 
 (1) pruioQea,E, (2) angulata, Wr. 
 
 28* 
 
330 PINGAIICULA, PINU8. 
 
 2 — 1. PiNGWICULA. 24. 40. 
 
 elatior, Mx. { W. M. 2X0 nectary subulate, obtuse, shorter than the corol : tube, 
 ver.tricoae above : scape villose beneath. 4 — 12 i. *S. 
 
 Southern, 
 lutea, Wr. (E. y. Ap. 21.) border of ihe corol 5-cleft : divisions 2-lobed : lobt3 
 
 2-toothed : spur subulate, a little shorter than the tube. 6 — 8 i. 
 pumila, Mx. (E. b. Ap. 21.) border of the corol 5-cleft : divisions emarginate : 
 
 lobes entire : spur subulate, obtusish, as long as the tube. 3 — 5 i. 
 aatttfolia, Mx. (W. Ju. 2i.) very glabrous : leaves erect, oval, very acute. 
 
 Hemiantbus. 
 
 19—16. PiNUS. 51. 100. 
 
 1. Leaves solitary , uiih separate bases. Abies. 
 
 balsa?ma,\y. (1) (fir tree, balsam tree. O. M. ^.) leaves flat, emarginate Of 
 entire, glaucous beneath, sub erect above, recurve-spreading : cones cylin- 
 dric, erect : bracts abbreviated, obovate, long-mucronate, sub-serrulate. (S. 
 
 fraseri, Ph. (double spruce. A. J. Tp.) leaves solitary, flat, emarginate, glau- 
 cous beneath, somewhat one-sided, thick above, erect: cones ovate-oblong, 
 erect : bracts elongated, rcliexed, v^ edge -oblong, emarginate, short-mucro- 
 nate, gash-toothed. S. 
 
 iaxifolia, Lb. (W. fp.) leaves solitary, flat, sub - distichous : cones oblong: 
 anthers didynious. (S. 
 
 canadensis, (2) (hemlock tree. O. M. Tp.) leaves flat, denticulate, 2-ranked : 
 strobiles ovate, terminal, scarcely longer than the leaves. The bark is 
 used in tanning leather. S. 
 
 rtigra, Lh. (3) (black spruce. A. M. Tp.) leaves 4-sided, scattered on all sides 
 of the branchlets, erect, straight : strobiles ovate : scales oval, with undu- 
 late margins, erose-toothed at the apex. S. 
 
 rubra, Lb. (4) (red spruce, spruce fir. E. M. '^.) leaves solitary, subulate : 
 strobiles oblong, obtuse : scales rounded, sub-2-lobed : margin entire. 
 
 alba,Lb. (5) (white spruce. O. M. Tp.) leaves 4-sided, incurved : strobilessub- 
 cyliadric, lax : scales obovate, entire. 
 
 2. Leaves mamj, sheathed at the base. PiNUS. 
 
 (Leaves in pairs.) 
 
 rssincsa, Lb. (6) (yellow pine, norway pine, red pine. O. M. ^.) leaves and 
 sheaths elongated ; strobiles ovate-conic, rounded at the base, sub-9olitar%', 
 about half as long as the leaves : scales dilated in the middle, unarmed. 
 Bark of a reddish colour, and much smoother than the rigida and strobus. 
 Often grows very tall and straight. S. 
 
 inops. Lb. (7) (jersey pine. E. M. fp.) leaves short : strobiles oblong-conic, 
 recurved, of the length of the leaves: prickles of the scales subulate, 
 straight. S. 
 
 bavksmna, Lb. (8) (scrub pine, grey pine. O. M. "^.) leaves short, rigid, di- 
 varicate, oblique : strobiles recurved, twisted ; scales without prickles. 
 
 (Leaves in threes.) 
 
 variabilis. Lb. (9) (three-leaved yellow pine. E. M. Tj.) part of the leaves in 
 pairs, the others in threes, slender, channelled : strobiles ovate-conic, sub- 
 soiitary : prickles of the scales incurved. S. 
 
 (1) Abies balsamifera, Mx. (2) americana, Du Roi. Abies canadensis, Mx. 
 (3) mariana, Du Roi. Abies denticulata, Mx. (4) Abies pectinata, Lk. (5) 
 1/ixa, Eh. canadensis, Du Roi. Abies alba, Mx. (6) rubra, Mx. (7) virginiaua. 
 Dm Rof. (8) rupestris, Mx. hudeouia, Lk. sylvesiris, A. (9) mitis, Mx. 
 
PINUS, PIPTATHEUUM. SSI 
 
 rigida, (pitch pine. O. M. ^.) leaves with abbreviated sheaths : staminate 
 aments erect-incumbent : strobiles ovate, scattered or aggregated : spines 
 of the scale reflexed. Though very comaion, it grows the most plentifully 
 on barren sandy plains. S. 
 
 seroiina, Mx. (pond pine. E. M. ^.) leaves elongated: prickles of the scales 
 strait, ht and very slender. Probably a variety of the last. iS. 
 
 (Leaves in Jives.) 
 
 ttrobus, (white pine. O. M. ^.) leaves slender: sheaths short : strobiles pen- 
 dant, cylindric, longer than the leaves : scales somewhat lax. This is call- 
 ed Weymouth pine by the English. Perhaps nine-tenths of the boards used 
 in America are of this species. j5?. 
 
 3. Leaves viany^ in a fascicle. Larix. 
 
 pendula, A. (black larfch, tamarack, hack-matack. O. M. fj.) leaves decidu- 
 ous : strobiles oblong : margins of the scales inflexed : bracts guitar-form, 
 with a slender point. 
 
 7;ici-ocar2)af Lh. (1) (red larch. O. M, Tp.) leaves deciduous* strobiles round- 
 ish, few-flowered : scales reflexed : bracts oval, obtuse, acuminate. These 
 two last species were considered as varieties of the same ; but Mr. Lambert 
 proved their specific diflereuce by raising them from the seed. 
 
 Exotic. 
 tarix, (common larch. ^.) leaves deciduous : strobiles ovate-oblong: margins 
 of the scales reflexed, torn : bracts guitar-form. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 pungens, Lb. (tabic mountain pine. A. fp.) leaves in pairs, short, acute: stro- 
 biles ovate-conic ; prickles of the scales elongated, subulate, incurved ; low- 
 er ones reflexed. 
 
 taeda, Lb. (loblolly pine, old field pine. E. M. T).) leaves in threes, elongated : 
 sheaths elongated : strobiles oblong-conic, deflexed, shorter than the leaves : 
 spines inflexed. Var. heterophylla E. (smooth bark loblolly pine) leaves in 
 two's and threes : bark smooth. 
 
 palustris. Lb. (long leaved, yellow pitch or broom pine. E. M. Tp.) lea\'es in 
 threes, very long : stipules pinnatifid, ramentaceous, persistent : strobiles 
 Bub-cylindric, muricate. 
 
 Hexilis, T. & J. (W.) leaves in fives, short and rather rigid : sheaths short and 
 lacerate ; strobile erect : scales large unarmed. Branches very flexible. 
 * Thuja. 
 
 2—3. Piper. 2. 98. 
 
 [Generic description is here given, it having been omitted at page 15. It 
 should follow Erianthus.J Spadix anient-like: calyx o : corol o : style very 
 short : stigmas 3, manifest, or a mere puncture or spot, 1 — 2 only persistent ; 
 berry 1-seeded. Stamens 2, 4, 5 and 6. (Pepper.) 
 
 Southern. 
 leptostachyoTif N. (florida pepper. E. ^.) herbaceous small; leaves obovate, 
 obtuse, sub-3-nerved, pubescent: spikes axillary, filiform, erect, much 
 longer than the leaves. 6 — 12 i. Ligustrum. 
 
 3—2. PiPTATHXRUM. 4. 10. 
 
 racemosum, S. (2) (clustered millet-grass. A. Au. U.) panicle simple: flow. 
 ers racemose, lance-ovate : corol black, hairy : awn twice as long as the 
 valves. gtipa. 
 
 (1) pondula, W. larcina, Du Roi. Larix americana, Mx. who considered 
 the pendula and microcarpa as the same species. (2) nigrum, T. Milium, S. 
 Oryzopsis meianocarpa, M. 
 
532 PISTIA, PLAITTAGO. 
 
 5—8. PiSTiA. 14. 73. 
 
 Southern. ^ 
 
 tpathulata, Mx. (E. w. Ju.) leaves abruptly narrowed into the petiole, dilated, 
 round and obtuse towards the summit. Geranium. 
 
 16—10. PisuM. 32. 93. 
 
 Exotic, 
 tatlvum, {pea. p- ^- J- 0-) petioles terete: stipules round and crenatc at the 
 base : peduncles many-flowered. Var. umbellaium, (bouquet pea,) has the 
 stipules 4-cleft, acute. Var. quadratuni, (quadrate pea,) fruit ash-colour, 
 4-sided. Var. humile, (dwarf pea,) stem erect, not climbing : leafets round- 
 ish. Lathyrus. 
 
 5—2. Planeba. 53. 99. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 oauatica,Wr. (I) (E. M. \>.) leaves ovate, acute, serrate, equal at the basp, 
 
 '«lightly scabrous, short petioled. 25 — 30 f. Sanicula. 
 
 4—1. Plantago. 54. 31. 
 
 major, (plantain. O. w. J. 2I-) leaves ovate, sub-dentate, sub-glabrous: scape 
 terete : spike oblong, imbricate. 6 — 24 i. S. 
 
 lanceolaia, (rib-wort. E. J. 2i) leaves lanceolate, villose : spike short, cylin- 
 dric : bracts ovate, acuminate : scape angled, with close-pressed hairs. 1 — 2 
 f. S. 
 
 virginica, (dwarf plantain. E. r-y. J. 0.) whitish pubescence on all parts : 
 leaves lance-ovate, sub-denticulate : flowers remotish ; scape angled. The 
 corol adheres to the germ so closely, that at lirst view it appears to be supe- 
 rior. 3 — 8 i. S. 
 
 cordata, Lk. (2) (O. w. J. 21.) leaves heart-ovate, broad, sub-dentate, glabrous : 
 spike verv long: flowers sub-imbricate, lower ones scattered : bracts ovate, 
 obtuse. '12—18 i. ^. 
 
 media, (w. J. Z(.) leaves lance-ovate, pubescent: spike cylindric : scape te- 
 rete. In one variety the leaves are hirsute, and the spikes branching. 
 
 maritima, (3) (L. Au. 2i-) leaves linear, grooved, fleshy, hairy near the base : 
 scape terete : spike cylindrical: bracts rather acute. 6 — 10 i. S. 
 
 pusilla, N. (4) (Au. 0.) minutely pubescent: leaves linear-subulate, flat, en- 
 tire, acute : scape terete, longer than the leaves : spike cylindrical, loose ; 
 lower flowers distant: bracts ovate, acute, as long as the calyx. 
 
 gur.nUata, Lk. (5) (E. Ju. 2|.) leaves ovate, concave-cowled, 9-nerTed, pubes- 
 cent beneath : spike cylindric, imbricate : scape tall, terete. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 caroliniana, Wr. (E. Ju. (^.) all over glabrous ; leaves lanceolate, very entire, 
 long: flowers remote: stem terete. Elliott unites this species with the 
 next. 
 
 viterrnpta, Lk. (E. Ju. 21-) leaves lanceolate, (lance-ovate, Ph.) entire, some- 
 what pilose : spike slender, long, interrupted: flowers glabrous. Some- 
 times nearly glabrous. Elliott. 
 
 glabra, N. (W.) leaves ovate, denticulate, smooth: scape slender, sub-com- 
 pressed, nearly equal to the leaves : flowers scattered: bracts ovate, acumin- 
 ate. 
 
 (1) ulmifo'ia, Mx. (2) ktn^uckienses, Mx. (3) pauciflora, Ph. (4) bybrida, 
 
 " ''ueanfolia, M. ? arista'a,i>ix.. clongata, Ph. (5) maxima, Jn. 
 
PLANTAGO, POA. S33 
 
 eriopoda, T. & J. (W. 2i-) stemlcss : petioles covered with very long wool at 
 the base : leaves broad lanceolate, attenuate at each end, long-petioled, gla- 
 brous, entire, 5-nerved : scape terete, very glabrous : spike cylindric, ex- 
 ceeding the leaves: flovpers remote: stamens and styles rery long : bracts 
 broad-ovatej obtusisb : capsules 2-seeded. 9 — 12 i. 
 
 gnaphaloides,N. (1) (W. Ju. 0.) silky-villose : leaves lance-linear, very en- 
 tire, nakedish above : scape terete, scarcely longer than the leaves : spike cy- 
 lindric, imbricate : bracts linear, with long, villose ciliae. Sanguisorba. 
 
 20—13. Platasus. 50. 99. 
 
 occidentalism (button wood, american plane-tree, false sycamore. O. J. Tj.) 
 leaves quinquanguiar, obsoletely lobed, toothed, pubescent beneath : stem 
 and branches becoming white. Grows to a greater size than any other tree 
 in America. Liquidambar. 
 
 9—2. Pleea. 5. 13. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 tentiifolia, Mx. (E. yrf. 2i.) very glabrous: leaves very narrow-ensiforra ." 
 
 sheaths of the spike 1-flovvered, 1 — 2 f. Rheum. 
 
 3 — 2. PLEtJRAPHIS. 4. 10. 
 
 Southerii. 
 Jamesii, T. (W. Ju. 2^.) culm terete, smooth, slender: spike terminal, erect-, 
 spikelets sessile, in an ovate congeries at each joint of the rachis : involucre 
 white-wuoly, one third the length of the flowers. Discovered on the rivei 
 Canadian, t>y Dr. Edwin James. 1 f. Holosteum. 
 
 3—2. PoA. 4. 10. 
 
 Remarks. The word poa is pure Greek, and signifies pasture or fodder, 
 Linneas applied the name to this genus, because it includes the most com- 
 mon pasture grass, and nieadow grass. The poa pratensis, aided by the 
 agrostis vulgaris, constitutes most of those beautiful carpets which cover our 
 fields, lawns, and road-sides. 
 
 annua, (Ap. 0.) panicle sub-secund, divaricate : spikelets ovate-oblong, 5- 
 flowered ; florets free : culm oblique, compressed : root fibrous. 6 — 8 i. S. 
 
 fasciciUata, T. (L. Au. !(.) panicle spreading ; branches straight, fascicled, 
 crowded : spikelets oblong, 3-flowered : florets free : calyx minute, unequal ; 
 culm oblique, terete : root fascicled. 1-^2 f. 
 
 dentata,T. (E. 2i.) panicle loose, somewhat spreading; branches capillary, 
 virgate : spikelets lanceolate, 5-flowered : florets free : calyx unequal : low- 
 er glume obtuse, 3-nerved : lower valve of the corol 5-nerved, 5- toothed at 
 the apex when old. 3 f. 
 
 aquaiica, Var. americana, T. (2) (E. Au. H.) panicle erect, half-whorled, 
 diflfuse ; branches flexuous, smooth : spikelets linear, 6 — 8-flowered : florets 
 ovate, obtuse, free : leaves broad-linear with the sheaths smooth. 4 — 5 f. 
 
 maritima, Huds. (E. J. 2i.) panicle branched, somewhat crowded : spikelets 
 about 5-flowered, terete : florets rather obtuse, indistinctly 5-nerved : root 
 creeping. 1 f. 
 
 brevifolia,M. (3) (A. Ap. 2X.) panicle loose ; branches in pairs, horizontal ; 
 calyx 3 — 4-flowered : corol pubescent : leaves very short : stipule acumif 
 nate. 2 f. 
 
 (1) lagopu3,Ph. (2) aquaUca.Ph. (3) alpina, Ph. 
 
334 POA. 
 
 pitngenSf T. (1) (E. Ap. 2^.) culm compressed : leave? very short, cuspidate • 
 panicle sub-simple, spreading: spikelets ovate, 3— 4-flowered: florets web- 
 bed, obtusish, obscurely 5-nervfd. 18 i. S. 
 
 pratensis, (O.J. 2^.) panicle diffuse: upper leavA much shorter than the 
 smooth sheaths : iloiets acute, 5-nerved, webbed at the base : stipule short 
 truncate : root creeping. 2 — 3 f. <S\ 
 
 trivialis, (2) (Ju. 2[) panicle equal, diffuse : spikelets oblong-ovate, about 3- 
 flowcred : florets webbed at the base, 5-nerved : culm and sheath roughish : 
 stipule oblong: root creeping. 2 — 3 f. 
 
 eompressa, (blue grass. E. Ju. 21.) panicle contracted, somewhat one-sided : 
 spikelets oblong, 3— 6-flowered : flore'.s webbed : glumes sub-equal : culm 
 oblique, compressed : root creepino-. V'ar. sylvestris, T. panicle loose, spread- 
 ing : spikelets 2 — 3-flowered : culm slender, nearly erect. 12 18 i. <S'. 
 
 terotiTta, Eh. (3) (J. 21-) panicle elongated, diffuse, at lenirth somewhat one- 
 sided : spikelets lance-ovate, 2— 3-flowered : florets a ifttle webbed at the 
 base, yellow at the tip, obscurely 5-nerved: root creeping. 2 3 f. 
 
 nemoralis, (E. 2i-) panicle attenuated, weak; branches flexuose : spikelets 
 ovate, about 3-flowered: florets loose, slightly webbed, acute, obsoletelv 
 nerved : stipule almost wanting. 2 f. ' 
 
 nervata, (4) (E. J. 2^.) panicle-equal, diffuse ; branches weak and at length 
 pendulous: spikelets 5-flowered: florets free, conspicuously 7-nerved, ob- 
 tuse. 3— 4f. r . I 
 
 dongata,T. (E. 21.) panicle elongated, racemose; branches solitary, appress- 
 
 A ed: spikelets ovate, obtuse, tumid, 3-flowcred : florets free : stipule almost 
 wanting. 3 f. 
 
 cbtusa, M. (E. Au. li-) panicle ovate, contracted: spikelets ovate, tumid, 5 — 
 7-riowered : florets free : glumes scarious : corol ovate, smooth, obtuse ; low- 
 er valve indistinctly 7-nerved : leaves as long as the culm, and with the 
 sheaths, smooth. 2 — 3 f. 
 
 canadensis, Mx. (5) (meadow rattlesnake grass. O. Ju. 2X-) panicle large, ef- 
 fuse ; branches half-whorled, flexuous, at length pendulous ; spikelets ovate, 
 tumid, 6 — 8-flowered : florets free: lower valve acutish, 7-nerved: upper 
 valve very obtuse : stamens 2. 3 — 4 f. 
 
 capillaris, (E. Au. 0.) panicle very large, loose, spreading, capillary : spike- 
 lets 3-flowered, ovate, acute: florets free : culm branched at the base : leaves 
 hairy. 12 i. S. 
 
 hirsuia,M:c.. (E. Ju. 2i.) culm erect, compressed, simple : sheaths hairy : pan- 
 icle very large, capillary : branches spreading, at length reflected, bearded 
 in the axils : spikelets oblong, about 5-flowered : corol ciliate on the margin. 
 Var. *^ecfa6i/^s, (6) spikelets linear, 10 — 15-flowered. 18 i. S. 
 
 ptcfinacea, Mx. (7) (E. Ju. ^ ) culm caespitose, oblique : leaves hairy at the 
 base: panicle capillary, expanding, pyramidal, hairy in the axils : spikelets 
 linear, 5 — 9-flowered : florets free, acute : upper valve of the corol persis- 
 tent. 8— 12i. is. 
 
 reptans, Mx. (O. Au. ^. ?) dioecious : culm branched, creeping: panicle fas- 
 cicled : spikelets lance-linear, 12 — 20 flowered: florets acuminate. Var. 
 caespitosa, T. culm very short, caespitose : spikelets much crowded, oblong. 
 Hi. S. 
 
 fragrostis, (8) (E. Ju. 0.) panicle equal, spreading : lower branches hairy in 
 the axils : spikelets lauce-lmear, 9 — 15-flowered : florets obtuse : root fibrous. 
 12—18 i. ;?. 
 
 Southern, 
 tenuis, E. (E. Au. 21- ?) panicle branching, spreading, capillarj* : spikes 3- 
 flowered, glabrous, long-peduncled : leaves linear, very long. 12 — 18 i. 
 
 (1) autumnalis, E. flcxuos?, M. (2) stolonifera, M. (3) palustris, M. cro- 
 cata, Mx. (4) Briza canadensis, N. (5) Briza, Mx. (6) lefracta, M. apectabi- 
 lis, Ph. (7) teaella, Ph. pilosa, M. (8) obtusa, N. Briza, M. 
 
POA, POCONIA. 335 
 
 parvijlora, Ph. (E. J. 21-) panicle diffuse, capillary: splkelets small, about 3- 
 flowered : flowers obtusish, striate, caducous : leaves distichous, flat. Prob- 
 ably a variety of (he nervata, T. 12 — 18 i. 
 
 conferta,E. (E.) panicles terminal and axillary, erect, compressed, with clus- 
 tered flowers : spikelets 8-flowered, glabrous. 2 — 3 f. 
 
 angustifolia, IE. (E. M. 21-) leaves linear, involute: panicle somewhat cr6wd- 
 ed : spikes lanceolate, acute, four-flowered : flowers villose at the base. 1 — 2 f. 
 
 niiida, iH,. (E. Ju. 0. ?) stem erect, very glabrous: panicle large, diffuse, ca- 
 pillary, sub-verticillate : peduncles long: spikelets lanceolate, 8-flowered. 
 
 1 f. 
 
 rigida, E. (E. M. 2X-) panicle lanceolate, a little branched, one-sided ; branches 
 alternate, one-sided. 2 — 4 i. 
 
 2i''oides,N. (W.) panicle attenuated, erect; branches capillary, loose, half- 
 whorled : leaves with very long sheaths, short and acute: spikelets oblong, 
 obtuse, sub-sessile, 4 — 6-flowered : calyx unequal, shorter than the coroK 
 4 — 5 f. Sorghum. 
 
 Poa, Glyceria. Windsoria. ■ 
 
 Podalyria^ Baptisia. 
 
 12 — 1. PODOPHYI-LUM. 27. 61. 
 
 p€//ai?Z7n, (wild mandrake, may-apple. O. w. M. Zf ) stem terminated with 2 
 peltate palmate leaves: flower single, inserted in the fork, formed by the pe- 
 tioles of the leaves. Sometimes the plant is 3-leaved, and sometimes the flow- 
 er is inserted on the side of one of the petioles. 1 — 2 f. S. 
 
 Actaea. 
 
 19—2. PODOSTEMUM. 54. 6. 
 
 ceraiophyllum, (thread-foot. E. Ju. H-) stem' filiform, floating : leaves pinnate ,' 
 flowers axillary. Attached to rocks and large stones in shallow waters. 
 
 Lemoa. 
 
 18—5. PODO STIGMA. 30. 47. 
 
 Southern, 
 pubescent, E. (1) (E. y-g. M. If.) stern erect: leaves linear: umbels terminal 
 and axillarv : petals erect, longer than the calyx : corpuscle pedicelled, IP 
 —18 i. 
 viridis, Wr. (2) (E. g. & p. M. 21-) Described under Asclepias viridis, p. 118. 
 
 Enslenia. 
 
 18—1. PoGONiA. (3) 7. 21. 
 
 ophioglossoides, (snake mouth arethusa. O. r. Ju. 2£.) root fibrous : scape with 
 
 2 distant leaves, lor 2-flowered : leaves lance-oval: lip fringed. 8 12 i. iS". 
 
 rerticUlata, (O. y-r. J. 2i ) leaves 5, in whorls, lance-oblong : stem generally 
 
 1-flowered : 3 outer petals long-linear, inner ones lanceolate t lip 3-Iobed ; 
 middle division undulated. Var. medeoloides^ (4) inner petals short obtuse i 
 leaves more acuminate. 6 — 12 i. S. 
 
 Southern, 
 divaricata, (E. p. J. 2X-) root fibrous : scape 1-flowered, with two distant, 
 lance-oblong leaves : outer petals long-linear, expanding : lip sub-3-lobed* 
 crenulate. 13—24 i. Triphora. * 
 
 (1) Asclepias pedicellata, Wr. Stylandra pumila, N. (2) Asclepia>, Wr» 
 Anantherix, N. (3) Aretbuea, Li (4) Arethusa, Ph. 
 
S36 POLEMONIUM, POLTGALA. 
 
 Polanisia, Cleome. 
 
 5—1. POLEMONIUM. 29. 44. 
 
 reptans, (greek valeriaD. b. M. If.) leaves pinnate, (leafets 5 — 13:) flowers 
 terminal, nodding. Diapensia. 
 
 6 — 1. POLYANTHES. 10. 17. 
 
 Exotic. 
 
 tuberosa, (tuberose. 71-) flowers alternate, in pairs : rootlets tuberous : scape 
 
 scaly : leaves linear, long. Sweet scented. Hyacinthus. 
 
 3—3. PoLiCAEPON. 22. 82. 
 
 Southern, 
 tetraphyllum, (E. w. J. 0.?) stem branching, glabrous, striate, knotted : leaves 
 opposite and in fours, obovate, obtuse, entire, glabrous, narrowed at th» 
 base. 3 — 6 i. Cepbalantbus. 
 
 Polycarpon, Stipuocida. 
 
 3 — 1. POLYCNEMUM. 12. 29. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 a?nericanum, N. (W. 2l(.) caespitose : leaves connate, crowded, subulate, 3« 
 
 angled, rather pungent : flowers terminal, triandrous .'' Kyllingia. 
 
 16—6. POLYGALA. 33. 35. 
 
 incarnata, W. (milkwort. E. r. J. ) stem somewhat simple, erect: leaves 
 scattered, subulate : spikes oval-oblong : corol with a slender, elongated 
 tube : flowers crested. S. 
 
 polygama, Wr. (1) (ground flower. O. r. J. 210 stem sub-simple, (often sever- 
 al from the same root,) erectish : leaves obtanceolate or linear, mucronate : 
 terminal racemes with perfect flowers ; radical ones apetalous, prostrate, 
 (running underground when in loose sandy soil :) bracts small, subulate, ca- 
 ducous : calycine wings roundish, longer than the capsule. 6 — 12 i. 
 
 paucifolia, W. (flowering wintergreen. O. r. M. 2i.) small, large-flowered : 
 stem simple, erect, naked below : leaves ovate, acute, glabrous, near the top 
 of the stem : flowers crested, terminal, about in threes. 3 — 4 i. jS. 
 
 unijlora, Mx. (W. 21.) small : stem simple, erect, nakedish below: leave* 
 few, broad-ovate, narrowing into the petiole : flowers not crested, solitary, 
 scattered, pedicelled, nodding. A variety of the last .' N. 
 
 senfrga.W. (seneca snake-root, mountain flax. O. r. orw. J.2i.) stem erect, 
 simple, leafy : leaves alternate, lanceolate: spike terminal, filiform : flow- 
 ers alternate, not crested. Var. albida, leaves lanceolate or oval : spike some- 
 what crowded : flowers white, sub-sessile. 8 — 14 i. S. 
 
 lutea, W. (yellow milkwort. E. y. Ju. 0. orcj^.) stem simple or branching: 
 radical and lower cauline leaves spatulate, the others lanceolate : spike head- 
 cylindric, crowded, peduncled. Var. elatior, Ph. stem sub-virgate, taller. 
 4— 16 i. S. 
 
 viridescens, W. (g-w. Au. 0.) stem erect, very simple : leaves lance-linear, 
 obtusish : flower heads terminal, sub-globose. 
 
 sanguinea, (E. r. Ju. 0.) stem erect, corymb-branched at the top : leaves al- 
 ternate, linear : flowers not crested, in a head-form spike : peduncles squar- 
 rose : calycine wings obovate about as long as the capsule. Damp. 8 — 16 i. S. 
 
 purpurea, N. (E. Ju. r. ) stem fastigiate-branched : leaves alternate, ob- 
 long-linear : flowers beardless : spikes cylindric, obtuse, imbricated on a 
 squarrose rachis : calycine wings cordate-ovate, twice as long as the capsule. 
 
 (1) rubella, W. vulgaris, W. ? 
 
POLTGALA, POLYGONUM. 337 
 
 tertirillata, (dvvarf snake-root. O. w. J. ^.) stem erect, branching:: leaves 
 whorlcd and scattered : spike (iliform, peduncled : flowers distinctly alter- 
 nate, approximate, crested : calycine wings shorter than the fruit. 6 — 8 i 
 
 ambigun, N. (E. p. ^.) first leaves whorled, the others alternate : stem with 
 wand-like branches : spikes acute, long peduncled : flowers crested ; calj- 
 cinc wings round and veined, equal and close pressed to the (ruit : bracts 
 caducous. 
 
 fastigiata, N. (0.) stem slender, fastigiate-branched : leaves alternate, lin- 
 ear, acute : spike sub-capitate, peduncled : flowers somewhat crested : 
 calycine wings spreading, ovate, acute, scarcely longer than the capsule. 
 
 ^ruciata, (E. r. g. Ju. ^.) stem erect, ramose, wing-angled : leaves in fours, 
 lance-linear : flowers in spiked sessile beads. 8 — 12 i. S. 
 
 brevifolia, N. (E. r. Ju. 0.) stem erect, fastigiate-branched, angular-winged : 
 leaves oblong-linear, short, resinous-punctate, in fours, whorled : spikes sub- 
 capitate, peduncled : flowers somewhat crested : calycine wings cordate- 
 ovate, acute, scarcely longer than the capsule. S. 
 
 ramosa, E. (1) (E. ^-y. Ju. 2X.) stem erect, branching from the base : lower 
 leaves spatulate-obovate ; cauline ones linear, equal : flowers sub-capitate - 
 corymbed. 8 — 12 i. S. 
 
 torymbosa, Mx. (2) {%-y. Ju. 2X ) stem erect, terete, nearly naked : lower 
 leaves lone ance-linear ; cauline ones subulate, minute near the summit : 
 raceme- curymbed : rachis squarrose. 2 — 4 f. S. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 setaeea, Mx. (E. Ju. 0.) stem simple, setaceous, nearly leafless, sparingly 
 branched near the summit : leaves small, setaceous, scattered : flowers mi- 
 nute in a compact spike. 
 
 puOescenSj M. (3) (E. r. y. Ju. 2X.) pubescent: stem erect, branching: leaves 
 lance-oblong, acute, sub-sessile : racemes loose, terminal : flovrers pedua- 
 cled, at last pendulous. 
 
 riridesceris, W. (4) (E. y-g. Ju.) stem simple : leaves wedge-obovate, obtuse : 
 heads cylindric, squarrose : calycine wings distinctly acuminate. 1 — 4i. 
 
 talduiua, N. (E. y-w. Ju.) stem erect, branching near the summit : lower 
 leaves spatulate-obtuse ; cauline ones lanceolate : heads squarrose, corymb- 
 ed : calycine wings setaceous-acuminate. 2 — 3f. 
 
 alba, N. (W. w. 21-} stem simple : leaves alternate, linear, revolute at the 
 margin : spike racemed, long-peduncled : corol bearded : bracts cadu- 
 cous : calycine wings roundish. 6 i. Fumaria. 
 
 Polj/gonatum, CoNV all aria. 
 
 8—3. Polygonum. 12. 23. 
 
 1. Flowers axillary. 
 
 aviculare, (knot-grass. O. w. M. 2X0 stamens 8, styles 3 : leaves lanceolate, 
 scabrous at the margin : stipules short, lacerate : stem procumbent : flow- 
 ers sub-sessile, axillary, minute. 6 — 12 i. S. 
 
 erectum, (5) (O. w. J. 2X.) stem erect, branched : leaves oval, acutish : sta- 
 mens mostly five. 1 — 3 f. S. 
 
 maritimum, W. (6) (L. w-r. Au. ^. 1) stamens 8 : styles 3 : leaves lanceolate, 
 thick and glaucous, revolute on the margin : stipules lacerate : stem diifuse, 
 prostrate, suflruticose. 1 — 2 f. <S. 
 
 Unue, Mx. (7) (slender knot-grass. O. w. Ju. 0.) leaves long-linear, straight, 
 
 (1) corymbosa, N. (2) attenuata, N. cymosa, \Vr. (3} senega, rar. 
 rosea, Mx. (4) lutea, var. nana, Mx. (5) aviculare, var. latifolium,Ph. (6) 
 marinum,Ph. gIaucum,N. (7) linifolium, M. barbatum, Wr, 
 
 29 
 
358 POLYGONUM. 
 
 acuminate: stipules tabular, apex villose : stem slender, erect, branched, 
 acute-angled : flowers ulternate, sub-solitary. 9 — 18 i. S. 
 
 2. Floicen in slender spikes. 
 
 lapathifolium, (1) (E. r-w. Au. 0.) stamens 6 : styles 2 : stipules awnless : 
 
 peduncles scabrous : seeds concave on all sides : spikes rather crowded . 
 
 leaves lance-ovate, short-petioled, pubescent above. 2 — 4 f. S. 
 punclatnm, E. (2) (water pepper, biting knolweed. O. w. Au. 0.) stamens 8 : 
 
 styles 3 : leaves lanceolate, glabrous : stipules lax, glabrous, ciliate at the 
 
 apex, spotted : spike filiform, weak, somewhat nodding ; bracts remotely 
 
 alternate. 1 — 2 f. S. 
 mite, P. (3) (tasteless knotweed. E. J. 0.) stamens 8: styles 3 : leaves narrow, 
 
 lanceolate, sub-hirsute: stipules hirsute, long-ciliate : spikes linear : bracts 
 
 ciliate, sub-imbricate. 12 — 13 i, S. 
 virginianum, (E. w. Ju. li-) stamens 5: styles 2, unequal: leaves broad-oval : 
 
 •pikes wand-like : flowers remote. 2 — 4 f. S. 
 
 3. Flowers in thick crowded spikes, 
 
 viviparum, (A. r. Au. 21) stem simple : leaves lance-linear, glabrous ; margin 
 revolute : spike single, linear : bracts ovate, acuminate. 6 i. <S'. 
 
 barbatum, W. (E. r-w. Ju.) stamens 6 : styles 3 : spikes wand-like, truncate, 
 bristle-ciliate : leaves oblong, acute, smoothish. 18 — 24 i. 
 
 persicaria, (ladies' thumb, heart-spot knotweed. O. r. Ju. 0.) stamens 6 : styles 
 2 : spikes ovate-oblong, erect : peduncles smooth : leaves lanceolate : sti- 
 pules smoothish, ciliate. 1 — 2 f. 
 
 pennsylvanicum, (knee knotweed. O. Ju. =^.) stamens 8 : styles 2 or 1 : spikes 
 oblong: peduncles hispid : leaves lanceolate : stipules glabrous, not ciliate: 
 stem with swelling knee-joints. 2 — 4 f. »Sf. 
 
 amphibium, L. (4) (mud knotweed. O. r. Au. 2X-) stamens .5 : styles 2, half- 
 united : upper leaves sub-sessile and tapering to the base ; middle ones short- 
 petioled and abrupt at the base, lance-oblong and ovate-oblong, gradually 
 tapering to a long-acuminate apex, rough at the edge : spike cylindrical : 
 stem thick, erect, sub-decumbent at the base. Flowers large, red, in a 
 thick spike 2 to 3 inches long. In mud and moist ground. 
 
 eoccineum, W. (5) (creeping knotweed. r. Au. 2X-) stamens 5: styles 2, half- 
 anited: leaves long-petioled, obiong, abrupt and sub-cordate at the base, 
 acute at the apex, glabrous and lucid : spike cylindrical : stem thick and 
 strong, decumbent and rooting. Flowers red, in spikes not so long or thick 
 as the last. Stem creeps along the muddy banks of an island in the Hud- 
 son, above Troy, from 6 to 12 feet. 
 
 fiuitans, Ea. (6) (swimming knotweed. r. Au. 2X.) stamens 5 : styles 2, half- 
 united : leaves long-petioled, oblong-oval, tapering to the base, obtuse and 
 acute at the apex, glabrous and lucid : stem filiform, wiry, floating, some- 
 times rooting : spike cylindric. Flowers red, iu spikes less than half as 
 long as the last, and not a fourth as large as the preceding. Stem 10 to 15 
 feet long, often dark-brown and sending off . ootlets in clear water. Grows 
 in Whiting's Pond, Columbia county, and in Botany Pond, three miles east 
 of Albany. I have watched this and the two preceding species several 
 years, and am satisfied, that they are distinct. Finding this to be a new 
 one, not var. nutans of Mx. I give it a new name. 
 
 4. Flowers in spiked-panicled racemes, 
 ttrticvlatum, (joint-weed. E. r. w. Ju. 0.) stamens 8 : styles 3 : racemed spikes 
 
 (1\ incarnafum, E. (2) hydropiper, Mx. hydropiperoides, Pb. (3) hy- 
 dropiperoides, Mx. (4) Var. lerrestre, T. (5) amphibium, Var. natans.Mx, * 
 (6) amphibium, Var. nataas, 3d. ed. Manual, and Var. aquaticuro, T. :i 
 
POLYGONUM, POLTPODIUM. 339 
 
 in a paiiicl<'., filiform : peduncles filiform, solitary, proceeding from abor« 
 Ihe imbricate truncate bracts : leaves linear : stipules sheathing', truncate 
 9-10 i. .Sf. 
 
 5. Flowers sub-racemed ; leaves cordate-sagittate or hastate. 
 
 ^agUtatum, (prickly knotweed. O. w. J. ) stamens 8 : stylos 3 or 1 : floivera 
 in heads : leaves sagittate : stem with prickles reversed, or curved tovvarda 
 its base, climbing. /?. 
 
 arifolium, (halbert knotweed. O. r-w. Ju. %.) stamens 6 : styles 2 or 1 : flow- 
 ers distinct: spikes few-flowered: leaves hastate: stem with pricklea re- 
 versed, sub-erect. 2 — 4 f. »S*. 
 
 convolvulus, (bind knotweed. O. w. r. Ju. 0.) stamens 8 : styles 3 : leaves ob- 
 long, heart-hastate : stem twining, angled, roughish : divi'sions of the calyx 
 obtusely keeled. S. 
 
 *fanc/e;»*,' (climbing buck-wheat. O. w. r. Au. 2X-) stamens 8 : styles 3 : leaves 
 broad-cordate : stipules truncate, naked : stem twining, glabrous : calyx 
 bearing the fruit 3-winged. S. 
 
 cilinode, Mx. (E. Ju. 0.) stamens 8 : styles 3 : leaves cordate: stipules sub- 
 acute, surrounded at the base with an outer ciliate series : stem ano-led, 
 prostrate or climbing, roughish : divisions of the calyx obtusely keeled.^ 
 
 Exotic. 
 
 fagopyrum, (buck-wheat, r-w. Ju. 0.) stamens 8 : styles 3 : racemes pani- 
 cled : leaves heart-sagittate : stem erectish, unarmed : angles of the seeds 
 equal. 1—2 f. 
 
 vrientale, (prince's feather, r. Au. 0.) stamens 7 ; styles 2: leaves ovate: 
 stem erect, tall : stipules rough-haired, somewhat salver-form. NaturalizecL 
 3— 6f. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 hirsutum, Wr. (E. w. Ju. 0.) stamens 8 : styles 3-cleft : spikes filiform: stem 
 andstip'iles very hirsute : leaves lanceolate, hirsute punctate. 2 f. 
 
 bistortoides. Ph. (VV. w-r. J. 7i.) stem simple, 1-spiked : leaves oval, flat ne- 
 tioled : bracts 1-flowered, 2— 3-valved. ' 
 
 polygaTium, Vent. (1) (E. w. Au. 2X- ?) stamens 8 : styles 3: spikes panfclcd: 
 flowers solitary : divisions of the calyx obovate : leaves spatulate : stipules 
 
 entire, obliquely truncate. A variety of the articulatum ? Ph. 6 8 i. 
 
 /itnbriatum, E. (E. w. Au. 2X. ?) spikes panicled : flowers solitary, fimbriate : 
 stipules truncate, fringed : leaves linear, acute at each end. 2 f . 
 
 setaceum, Bald. (E. w. J u.) stamens 8 : styles 3-cleft : peduncles long, 2-8pih- 
 ed : spikes interrupted, hirsute : leaves broad-lanceolate, acuminate, hit- 
 sute : stipules hirsute, ciliate : stem erect, glabrous. 1 — 2 f. 
 
 gracile, N. (E. g-w. 0.) dioecious, glaucous : racemes slender, filiform : flow- 
 ers deflected, longer than the peduncles : peduncle articulated to the calyx : 
 leaves spatulate-linear, obtuse : fruit longer than the calyx. 1 — 4 f. 
 
 Bruuichia. 
 17—4. POLYMNIA. 49. 55. 
 
 canadensis, (white h : f-cup. O. w. or y. J. 2X.) viscid-villose : leaves denticu- 
 late, acuminate ; lower ones pinnatifid, upper ones 3-lobed or entire. S— 
 3 (. S. , 
 
 uvedalia, (2) (yellow leaf-cup. A. y. Ju. H) leaves opposite, 3-!obed, acute, 
 decurrent mto the petiole : lobes sinuate-angled : rays elongated. 5—5 f, 
 '^'''- Iva. 
 
 21—1. POLTPODICM. 55. 5. 
 
 tulgare, (polypod. O. Ju. 21.) frond deeply piimatifid : diviaioaa laace-lioeaf, 
 (1) par>'ifoli«, Mx. (2) maculata, Cavanilles. 
 
S40 POLYPODIUM, POLTTRICHUM. 
 
 obtuse, crenulate, approximate, upper ones gradually smaller : fruit dots 
 solitarj : root chaffy. Var. virginianiim, has a naked root. 8 — 12 i. S. 
 
 hexagonoplerum, W. (E. Ju. 21- ) iVond doubly-pinnatifid, smoothish ; two 
 lower divisions deflexed ; subdivision? lanceolate, obtuse, ciliate, those Ot' 
 the under leafets gash crenate, and of the upper ones entire ; the lowest 
 ones adiiate-decurrent : fruit-dots minute, solitary. The whole frond to- 
 gether presents a triangular form. 12 i. S. 
 
 connectUe, Mx. (E. Ju. 2X.) frond doubly-pinnatifid, ciliate; divisions oppo- 
 site, contiguous, adnate: subdivisions somewhat oval : stipe chaflfy : fruit- 
 dot^ minute. 12 i. 
 
 dryopteris, (1) (W. Ju. 2(.) frond ternate, doubly pinnate, straight, sub- 
 rigid; divisions obtusish, sub-entire : fruit-dots marginal, confluent, 8 — lii i. 
 
 Souih€r7t. 
 tirginianum, W . (E. Ju. 2^.) fronds deeply pinnatifid ; divisions lanceolate, 
 obtuse, very entire, approximate ; upper ones gradually smaller : fruit dots 
 solitary : root solitary- 
 vicannm, W. (2) (O. Ju. 21-) fronds deeply pinnatifid; divisions alternate, 
 linear, very entire, obtuse ; upper ones gradually smaller, scaly beneath ; 
 stipe scaly, fruit-bearing at the apex : fruit dots solitary. 
 
 Acrof'tichum 
 
 3—2. POLTPOGON. 4. 10. 
 
 racemosus, Mx. (3) (E. Au. 21-) panicle dense, conglomerate, interrupted 
 bristles of the calyx scabrous : corol unarmed, hairy at the base : cuu.i 
 branched. Trichochloa. 
 
 4 — 1. PoLTPREMUM. 40. 40. 
 
 Southern, 
 procumbens, (O. w. Ju. 0.) stem furrowed, with the margins of the furrowg 
 sharp-serrulate, dichotomous above : leaves opposite, Jinear, sessile, finely- 
 serrulate, sub-decurrent. 6 — 12 i. Allionia. 
 
 17 — 1. POLYPTERIS. 49. 55. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 integrifolia, N. (E. 7i-) stem erect, sub-scabrous, branching above : leavej 
 
 alleraate, entire, lance-linear, scabrous. 3 — 4 f. Melananthera. 
 
 21—2. POLYTRICHUM. 56. 4. 
 1 . Capsules with apophysis, 
 
 Juniperimim, (hair-cap moss. O. M. If-) stem generally simple : leaves lance- 
 linear, entire, flattish, somewhat spreading : the apophysis depressed. In 
 dry woods, &c. 
 
 piiiferum, stem simple : leaves lanceolate, entire, bearing hairs at the apex 
 apophysis depressed. In dry sunny places. 
 
 pet-igonale, simple, largish ; leaves serrate ; those of the pericheth differing, 
 elongated, membranaceous, ending in a capillary form: capsule 4-sided ; 
 Hd orbicular, with a short apex in the centre. Apophysis under the cap- 
 sule. 
 
 2. Capsules without apophysis. 
 
 capillare, stem short, simple : leaves few, laxish, linear, aculeate-serrate : pe- 
 duncles longish, capillary: capsule erect, sub-ovate ; lid convex, abruptly" 
 mucronate, slender, longisb. 
 
 (1) calcareum, W. Neprodium, Mx. (2) ceteraccinum, Mx. Acroitichuni 
 polypodoidea, L. (3) glomeralus, W. Agrostis, Mx. 
 
POLYTRICHUM, rOPCLUS. S41 
 
 brachyphyllum, stemless : leaves conglobate at the root, very short, oblong- 
 oval, apex obtuse and thickish: capsules sub-corneous, obovate, 9ub-ob!ong; 
 lid with a short apex. j j-, ■, . 
 
 hrevicaule, stemless : leaves very few, lower ones close-pressed, dilated into 
 au oblong form ; upper ones mucronate-subulate, obscurely denticulate : cajj- 
 8ule erect, oblong-cylindric ; lid convex, long mucronate, inclined. 
 
 Catharinea. 
 
 10—1. POMARIA. 32. 93. 
 Southern. 
 glanduhsa, Cavan. (W. y. \.) branching, glandular punctate : branches 
 slender, sub-pubescent : leaves abruptly bipinnate ; leafcts ovate, oblique at 
 the base, entire, sessile, sub-pilose, smooth and pale-green above. 
 
 Pyrola. 
 
 6 — 1. PONTEDERIA. 6. 17. 
 
 (ordata, (pickerel weed. O. b. Ju. Zf.) leaves heart-oblong, obtuse; spika 
 ma.'iy-flowered, compact : divisions of the corol oblong. Var. angicstifotia. 
 Ph. (1) leaves elongated-triangular, truncate and sub-cordate al the base. 
 1—2 f. iSr. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 iancifolia, M. (E. b. J. 2X«) leaves lance-oblong : flowers'spiked. Probably 
 a variety of the last. Elliott. ' Galanthus, 
 
 20—8. PopuLus. 50. 99. 
 
 tremuloidss, Mx. (2) (white poplar, American aspen. E. A p. f).) leaves heart- 
 roundish, abruptly' acuminate ; tooth-serrulate, glabrous, a little pubescent 
 at the margin, with two glands at the base on the upper side : petioles con»- 
 pressed, in the young state silky. 20 — 30 f. 
 
 grandideniata,^\x. (tree poplar. E. Ap.^.) leaves round-ovate, acute, one-, 
 qually anH .oarsel}' sinuate-toothed, glabrous; in the younj^ state villose : 
 petioles compi pcsed. A'^ar. pendula, branches pendulous. 40 — 50 f. S. 
 
 beiulifolia, Ph. (3) (birch-leaf poplar. E. Ap. ^.) leaves rhomboidal, long- 
 acuniinale, dentate, glabrous : young branches pilose. 30 — 40 f. 
 
 ang?data,{4) (balm-ofgilead, v/ater poplar, cotton wood. O. Ap. ^.) leavei 
 ovate-deltoid, acuminate, obtusely hook-toothed, glabrous; younger onea 
 broad-cordate : branches wing^angled. 80 f. 
 
 balsamifera, W. (balsam poj)iar. Ap. ^.) leaves ovate acuminate, with close- 
 pressed scrratures, white and net-veined beneath: buds resinous. 70 — 80 £ 
 
 candicans, A. (-5) (E. Ap. 1^.) leaves cordate, ovate, acuminate, obtusely and 
 unequally serrate, whitish benealh, sub-3-nerved, net-veined; petioles hir- 
 sute : buds resinous : branches terete. 40 — 50 f. 
 
 laevigata, yf . (6) (cotton tree. Ap. ^.) leaves round ovate^ deltoid, acuminate, 
 fcub-cordate, unequally serrate, glabrous, glandular at the base ; petiole* 
 compressed : younger branches angled. 70 — 80 f. jS. 
 
 heterophylla, Mx. (various-leaved poplar. E. M. ^.) leaves round-ovate, cor- 
 date, with a small sinus, sub auricled, obtuse, hook-toothed; vounger ouea 
 downy. 70— 30 f. ,S^. 
 
 Exotic, 
 dilatata,\W. (lonibardy poplar, italian poplar. Ap. IF),) leaves glabrous both 
 sides, acuminate, serrate, deltoid, the breadth equal to or exceeding the 
 length : branches erect, close to the stem. It is said no pistillate plant of 
 this species has been brought to America. Consequently no seeds are ob- 
 tained from it, and it has not been re-produced here from seed. 40 — 80 f. 
 
 (1) Species of Ph. mucronata, Rs. (2) trepida, W. (3) hudsonica, Mii. 
 younger, nigra. Mi. elder, (4) heterophylla, Du Roi. (5j latifolia, Mo. (6) 
 canadensis, Mx. 
 
 29* 
 
342 POPULUS, POTjLMOGETOir, 
 
 graeca, W. (athenian poplar. Ap. h.) leaves cordate-orate, acuminate, ob»o« 
 lately serrate : petioles compressed. 20 — 40 f. 
 
 Southern, 
 monilifera, W. (W. Ap. '^.) leaves sub-cordate-dell»id, glabrous, glandular 
 at the base, with cartillaginous, sub-pilose, hooked serratures ; nerves spread- 
 ing : petioles compressed above ; older branches terete. 60^ — 70 f. 
 
 Diospyros. 
 
 12—13. PoRCELiA. (1) 52. 76. 
 
 triioba,y^. (custard apple. W. p. Ap. ^.) leaves smoothish, oblong-wedge- 
 obovate : outer petals orbicular : fruit large, fleshy. 30 — 40 f. S. 
 
 SotUhern. 
 
 parvifiora, Mx. (E. g-p. M. Tp.) leaves wedge-obovate, mucronatc, under sur- 
 face and branches rufous pubescent : outer petals scarcely twice as long as 
 the calyx. 2 f. 
 
 pygmaea, Mx. (E. Ap. >5.) leaves long -linear, wedge-form, obtuse, coriaceous, 
 with the branches glabrous : outer petals obovate-oblong, much larger than 
 the calyx. 6 — 18 i. 
 
 grandijlora, Mx. (E. y-w. Ap. fp.) leaves wedge-obovate, obtuse, under aur 
 face and branches rufous-pubosccnt : outer petali obovate, much larger thjui 
 the calyx. 18— 24i. Hepatica. 
 
 21—5. PoRiNA. 57. 2. 
 
 p^tusa, crust smooth, equal, becoming white-cinereous : warts of the recep- 
 tacles sub-globose : mouths many, depressed, black. On the bark of trunks 
 of trees. Very common. 
 
 lyoplaca, crust smooth, milk-white i warts of the receptacles convex; mouth 
 sub-solitary, becoming fuscous, opening into irregular chinks. On bark of 
 trunks of trees. 
 faUax, crust sub-effuse, glabrous, plicate-rugose, olive-cinereous: warts of the 
 receptacle crowded, irregular, depressed above, sub-margined with a sub- 
 gibbose, flexuous tumid periphery; mouths solitary and numerous, sub- 
 confluent, deformed, black. On bark of trees. 
 
 papiltata, crust smooth, broken-rimose, becoming white : warts of the recep- 
 tacle convex : mouth elevated, solitary, papilla-like, pore reddish-yellow, 
 perluse. On bark of trees. 
 
 glohtdaris, crust thin, granulated, becoming- while-cinereous; granulations 
 crowded, white, sub-globo?e and branching ; warts of the receptacles thin- 
 ly scattered, globose, p:labrous ; mouth solitary, impressed, punctate, black. 
 
 kucostonm, Ach. receptacle with white orifices : crust dark. Resembles a 
 Variolaria. Halsey. I'yrenula. 
 
 12—1. PORTULACCA. 54. 86. 
 oUracea, (purslane. O. y. J. 0.) leaves wedge-form : flowers sessile. 8. 
 
 Southern, 
 pilosa, (W. 0.) leaves subulate, allernate : axils pilose, flowers sessile, ter- 
 minal. Talinum. 
 
 4 — 4. POTAMOGETON. 15. 13. 
 
 nntans, (pond-weed. O. g. J. 21.) leaves long-pctioled, floating, lance-oval » 
 
 at first some of them are sub cordate. On water. S. 
 iuiians, (E. g. Ju. ZC-) lower leaves long, linear; upper ones lanceolate, 
 
 nerved, coriaceous; all petiolcd. In water. S. 
 keterophyllurn, Hr. (2) (E. g. Ju. If.) upper leaves petioled, oval, tapering to 
 
 both ends : lower ones crowded, sessile, linear. S. 
 diverfifoiium, B. (3) (O. g. Ju. 21-) floating leaves opposite, lanceolate, 5 
 
 (l)Orchidocarpum, Mk. Aoona, W, Asimina, Ad. (2) hybridum, Mx. 
 (3) 8eUc«um, Ph, 
 
POTAMOOBTOy, POTBNTILLA. 34S 
 
 neired, short-petioled ; submersed ones sessile, altemafe, filiform ; spikes 
 dense, axillary, alternate, shorter than the leaves. Water. <S. 
 
 per/oliatum, (O. f, Ju, 21-) leaves heart-ovate, clasping, all immersed: ipikei 
 terminal, above water : flowers alternate. In water. 
 
 lucens, Mx. (O. g. J. 2i.) leaves very large, lanceolate, sub-sessile, middle 
 rib thick : spikes long, cylindric. The substance of the leaf is composed of 
 translucent sellules ; so that to the naked eye it appears to be a thin pellu- 
 cid membrane. Spike from 1 to 2 inches long, with a peduncle thrice as 
 long. The stipule above each leaf is about an inch in length ; its substance 
 resembling the leaf. Water. <S. 
 
 crispum, (O. r-g. J. Zf.) leaves alternate, or opposite, lance-oval, undulate, 
 serrate: spikes few-ilowercd. S. 
 
 pectinatum, S. (1) (E. g. J. 2X-) leaves long-bristle-form, approximate, two- 
 ranked, sheathed at the base : spikes terminal, interrupted, whorled : fruit 
 ovate, turgid. AH immersed in water but (he spike. 
 
 gramineum, Mx. (2) (grass pond-weed. O. g. Ju. 21-) leaves lance-linear, 'al- 
 ternate, sessile: stipules broad: stem terete, sub-dicotomous. In July, 
 some of these plants begin to raise their spikes of unopened flower-buds to 
 the surface of the water. As soon as the stigmas are fertilized by the pol- 
 len, the spikes are again withdrawn to ripen the fruit under water. Other 
 individuals succeed them, and (he process goes on for several weeks. <S. 
 
 compressum, (E. g. Ju. 0. or2-[) leaves linear, obtuse: stem compressed j 
 spike short, 4 to 6-flowered. VVater. Ruppia. 
 
 11—13. POTENTILLA. 35. 92. 
 
 1. Leaves ternate. 
 
 tridentata, A. (mountain cinquefoil. A. w. Ju. 2i.) ascending, smooth ish : sti- 
 pules subulate : leaves wedgc-obloiig, 3-toothed at the end, a few close- 
 fjressed hairs; flowers in a terminal forked corymb: petals oblong-ovate, 
 onger than the calyx. 5 — 10 i. S, 
 
 emarginr'ta, Ph. (E. 21-) assurgent, hirsute : stipules ovate, entire : leaves ter- 
 nate ; leafets sessile, approxi.:)atc, gash-toothed, hirsute on both sides: pe- 
 dicels few, terminal, elongated, 1-flowered : petals wedge-oblong, emargin- 
 ate, twice the length of the calyx. Labrador. 
 
 nivea, W. (E. y. Ju. 2X.) assurgent, woolly-tomentose : stipules ovate, entire ; 
 leafets sessile, approximate, gash-toothed, hirsute above, white tomentose 
 below : peduncles few^ terminal, 1-flowered : petals broad-obcordate, scarce- 
 ly longer than the calyx. Labrador. 
 
 villosa, Ph. (W. 2i-) assurgent, silky villose : stipules broad, membranaceous, 
 entire : leafets sessile, approxinate, with shining close-pressed hairs above, 
 hoary tomentose beneaih : peduncles short, aggregate : petals obcordate, 
 longer than the calyx. 
 
 hirsuta, Mx. ( W. w. Ju. 2i.') erect, simple, very hirsute : stipules lanceolate, 
 entire : leaves obovaJe, gaui-laciniate : panicle few-flowered ; pedicels 
 short: petals smaller than the calyx. 
 
 norjcegica, (cinquefoil. O. y. J. 0.) erect, branching, hairy: stipules oral, 
 toothed : Uafets lancc-rhonibic, gash-toothed; branches dichotomous : pedi- 
 cels short, axillary, solitary : petals shorter than the calyx. 8 — 18 i. S.^ 
 
 2. JLeaves digitate injrves, rarely in sevens, 
 canadensis, (3) (common five-tingor. O. y. M. 2i.) procumbent, sub-ramose, 
 whitish-silky: stipules ovate, gashed : leaves wedge-obovate, gash-toothed: 
 stem ascending and creeping, hirsute : peduncles solitary, eloni;ated : divis- 
 ions of the calyx lance-linear; petals orbicular, sub-entire, of the length of 
 the calyx. This plant is so long in flower, and assumes so many forms and 
 sizes, that students in botany otten make several species of it. Persoon's 
 diagnosis of reptans can be found in this plant ; but we have no such spe- 
 cies. 2— 18i. S. 
 
 (1) mariaum, Mx. (2) pauciflorum, Ph. (3) puinila, Lk. 
 
S44 POTENTILLA, PREN1NTHE8. 
 
 timplex, Mx. (O. y. M. 21.) erect, simple, hirsute : stipules gashed : leaves 
 oblong-oval, coarsely toothed, upper ones sessile : peduncles axillary, sol- 
 itary, elongated, l-flbwered : divisions of the calyx lance-linear: petals 
 round-obcordate, longer than the calyx. * 
 
 tarmeniosa, M. (E. y. M. 2i) stem sarmentose : leaves quinate ; leafets ob- 
 ovate, obtuse, serrate, glabrous above, hirsute beneath : petals roundish, 
 longer than the calyx. 
 
 opaca, W. (E. y. Ju. li-) decunnbent, filiform, hirsute : stipules linear-ob- 
 long, entire : radical leaves ia 7's and 5's, wedge-linear, dentate : pedun- 
 cles axillary, solitary, 1-flowered : petals retuse, as long as the calyx. Lab- 
 rador. 
 
 dissecta, Ph. (E. 21.) erect, branching, nearly glabrous : leaves quinate ; 
 leafets pinnatifid : divisions entire, acute : flowers terminal, sub-corymbed. 
 Hudson's Bay. 
 
 argenteoj (silver five-finger. O. w-y. Ju. 2X-) stem prostrate and ascending, 
 rarely sub-erect, branching, white-downy : stipules ovate-acute : leaves 
 wedge-form, gash-toothed, silvery white down beneath : petals retuse, scarce- 
 ly longer than the calyx. 4 — 10 i. S. 
 
 recta, P. (y. J. 2^.) stem erect : leaves in fives and sevens; leafets lanceo- 
 late, coarsely toothed : petals ob-cordate, larger than the calyx : corol large, 
 pale. 
 
 3. Leaves more or less pinnate. 
 
 frulicosa, (1) (shrubby cinquefoil. E. y. J. ^ ) fruticose, hirsute : stipules 
 ovate, entire : leaves quinate-pinnate ; leafets linear-oblong, entire : petals 
 longer than the calyx. 1 — 5 f. (Sf. 
 
 QTiserina^ (tansey cinquefoil. O. y. J. ZC) creeping: leaves interruptedly pin- 
 nate, numerous, gash-serrate, silky, white-downy beneath : peduncles «cl- 
 itary, l-flowered. Var. graenlandica, nearly glabrous, very small : leavcii 
 much smaller, in f^w pairs ; leafets obovate, reddish-green, whitish beneath. 
 
 pensylvanica, (y. Ju. 21.) erect, very soft, and somewhat whilish-villosc : 
 leaves pinnate ; leafets ob'.ong, obtuse, sub-pinnatifid, woolly : panicle 
 straight, many-fiowerod : divisions of the calyx semi-oval. It is doubtful 
 whether this is an American species. Torrey. 
 
 etipina, (W. y. J. 0.) procuiiibent, dicholomous : leaves pinnate ; leafets 
 oblong, deeply toothed : peduncles lateral, solitary, 1-flowered, spreadiag. 
 
 Souihem. 
 
 humifusa, N. (W. y. M.) leaves d^itate, quinate; leafets wedge-oblong, ob- 
 tuse, gash-toothed, white tomentose beneath : peduncles short, filiform, 
 procumbent. 4 — 5 i. 
 
 leiieophi/Ua, T. &, J . (W.) erect : leaves pinnately divided ; lobe* oblong, 
 deeply and sharply serrate, whitish-silky on both sides : stipules lanceolate, 
 acute, very entire orj-'.oothed : flowers lax-corymbed : divisions of the ca- 
 lyx lanceolate, very entire, narrower than the bracts : receptacle pilose : 
 pericarps smcoth. 15 i. Comarum. 
 
 Potentilla. Bootia. Comarum. 
 
 19—13. PoTERiOM. 54. 32. 
 
 Exotic, 
 ianguisorba, (burnet. J. 2X-) stem somewhat angled, unarmed : leaves pin- 
 nate : leafets serrate : flowers in heads. 
 
 Pothos, ICTODES. 
 17 — 1. PllENANTHES. 49. 53. 
 
 o/*a, (v^hite lettuce. O. w. p. Au. I(.) radical leavea nngledj hastate, looth^ 
 (1) floribunda, Ph. 
 
PRENANTnSS^ FUIMUUl 345 
 
 ed, somewhat lobed .* cauline ones round-ovate, toothed, petioled ; upper- 
 most ones lanceolate : panicle lax ; the terminal fascicle nodding : calyx 8- 
 cleft, 9 or 10-flowered, Var. nana, Bw. low : leaves 3-parted, hastate, 
 ovate and lanceolate, sometimes all simple : racemes panicled or simple. 
 1—3 f. S. 
 
 gerpentaria. Ph. (E. p. Au. 2X.) leaves toothed, rough ; radical ones palmate, 
 minute ; cauliae ones long-pelioled, sinuate pinnatifid, sub-3-lobed ; mid- 
 die lobe 3-parled ; upper leaves lanceolate : racemes terminal, panicled, 
 short, nodding : calyx 8-cleft, 12-tlowered. Probably a variety of the al- 
 ba. -2 — 1 f. S. 
 
 altissima, (E. p-y Au. 21.) stem branching : leaves petioled, 3-Iobed, angled, 
 denticulate ; margin scabrous ; racemes axillary : flowers nodding : calys 
 about 5-fiowered. 4 — 8 f. S. 
 
 cordata, VV. (E. w-y. Au. 2i-) stem panicled above : leaves petioled, cordato, 
 toothed, ciliate ; floral ones sessile, oblong, entire : panicle lax, raceme- 
 flowered. 4 — 6 f. jS?. 
 
 rirgata, Mx. (1) (O. w-p. Au. 21-) glabrous : stem very simple : leaves all 
 lyrate-sinuate : branchlets somewhat 1-sided : flowers pendant : calyx gla- 
 brous, 8-cleft, 10-flowered. 3—6 f. S. 
 
 crepidinea, Mx. (E. S.) leaves broad-lanceolate, attenuated at the base, un? 
 equally tooth-angled : panicle fascicled, terminal, few-flowered, nodding : 
 calyx hirsute, 10 — 12-cleft, about 20-flowered. 4 — 6 f. ^. 
 
 rubicunda, \y . (S. 2X) leaves ciliate, radical ones hastate-angled, sub-entire ; 
 lower cauline ones obovate, tapering at the base, sub-angled ; upper ones 
 lanceolate, entire : racemes simple, flowers nodding. Tnis vpas consider- 
 ered a variety of the alba by Lianeus, and is made synonymous with the vir' 
 gata by Mr. Nuliall. 18 i. 
 
 racemosa, Mx. (E.) st^m simple : leaves all undivided, smooth ; radical ones 
 lance-oval ; cauline ones half-clasping : racemes oblong, very hirsute ; fas- 
 cicles nodding : calyx 8 — 9-parted, 9 — 12-flowered. 
 
 deltoidea, E. (E. p. S.) stem simple, glabrous: leaves deltoid, acuminate, 
 acutely-denticulate, sub-glaucous beneath : racemes axillary, few-flowered; 
 calyx 5-flowered. 2 (. S. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 simplex, Ph. (E. p. Ju.) stem simple : upper leaves lance-linear, entire ; rad- 
 ical ones lanceolate, sinuate : raceme terminal, simple : flowers nodding ; 
 calyx 8-flowered. Is this distinct from the vjigata r Elliott. 2 f. 
 
 illinoensis, P. (Vv",) stem simple, and with the leaves, very rough: leaves all 
 undivided, lance-oval : raceme long ; fascicles sub-sessile, erect, hirsute. 
 
 aphylla, N. (E. p. r. 2^.) stem sub-simple; branches virgate : radical leaves 
 linear; cauline ones small, subulate, scattered : flowers solitary: calyx 8- 
 cleft, many-flowered. 2 f. Is this distinct from the next .' 
 Juacea, Ph. (W. 2X-) stem virgatc-branched, sulcate, glabrous : cauline leaves 
 remote, subulate, very thort : branchlftts l-flowered : calyx 5-cUft, 5-flower- 
 ed ; leafets membranaceous on the margin. 
 
 paucifiora, T. & J. (VV.) stem branching, flexuous, panicled above : branch- 
 lets 1-flowered : flowers erect : leaves laiice-linear, runcinate, glabrous : ca- 
 lyx about 5-flowered. 
 
 tenuifolia, T. &J. (W.) stem branching, glabrous : leaves linear, very entire : 
 panicle lax, terminal : flowers erect : calyx about 5-flowered, This and the 
 preceding species were collected npar the Rocky Mountains by Dr. James. 
 They will probably hereafter be referred to a new genus. T. 
 
 Lactuca, 
 
 5—1. Primula. 21. 34. 
 farinosa, var. americana. (bird's-eye primrose. W. r. 2^.) leaves obovate-ipatu- 
 
 (1) auturanalis, Wr. rubicunda, W. ? 
 
S46 PBIMULA, PRINOS. 
 
 late, repandly crenate-dentate, mealy beneath : umbel erect, many-flowered ; 
 peduncles spreadiag^ : iimb of the corol flat, as long as the tube ; divisions 
 obtuse, obcordate. 6 — 10 i. 
 mistasinica, Mx. (W- Zf ) sinali, glabrous: leave^oval-spatulate, sub-den- 
 tafe : scape elongated : umbel few-flowered : limb of the corol reflexed ; 
 the divisions wedge-oblong, obtusely 2-cleft : capsule oblong, exsert. 
 
 Exotic. 
 
 aeauliSf (primrose. 2X-) leaves rugose, toothed, hirsute beneath: scape 1-flow- 
 ered. 
 
 teris, (cowslip primrose, r-y. K-) leaves rugose, toothed: limb of the corol 
 concave : neck of the tube oblong : calyx inflated. 
 
 tlatior, (oxlip primrose, w-y. 2X.) leaves rugose, toothed, hirsute : limb of the 
 corol flat ; neck of the tube hemispheric ; flowers naked within. 
 
 auricula, (auricula primrose. 2(.) leaves serrate, fleshy, obovate : scape many- 
 flowered : calyx mealy. 
 
 Southern, 
 angusti folia, T. & J. (W. p.) leaves lance-oval, very entire, glabrous : scape 
 l-flowered : divisions of the corol ovate, very entire. 1 — 2 i. 
 
 Dodecantheon. 
 
 6—1. Prinos. 43. 95. 
 
 Terticillatus , L. (1) (winter berry, false alder. O. w. J. T^.) leaves deciduous, 
 oval, senate, acuminate, pubescent beneath : fascicles of staminate flowers 
 axillary, umbelliferous ; the pistillate flowers are aggregated ; boih6-parted. 
 Var. tenuifolius, leaves obovate, membranaceous, smooth beneath : pistillate 
 flowers 4— 5-cleft, sub-solitary. Sometimes this shrub is monoscious, and 
 sometimes perfect-flowered. Generally ia wet places. Berries red, per- 
 manent. 4 — 8 f. S. 
 
 glaber, (ink-berry. E. Ju. ^.) leaves evergreen, wedge-lanceolate, coriaceous, 
 glabrous, shining, equally sub-dentate ai)ove : pedicels axillary, sub-soli- 
 tary, mostly 3-flowered. 3 — 4 f. <S. 
 
 Icevigatus, Ph. (Ju. Tj.) leaves deciduous, lanceolate, close-pressed, serrate, 
 acuminate, glabrous both sides, shining at the upper side, hardly pubescent 
 at the nerves beneath: pistillate flowers axillary, solitary, sub-sessile ; stami- 
 nate flowers scattered ; all 6-clef(. 6 — 8 f. S. 
 
 ambiguus, Mx. (E. w. Ju. >^.) leaves deciduous, oval, acnminale at both ends, 
 mucronate-senulate, sub-pubescent beneath: flowers 4 or 5-cleft ; staminate 
 ones crowded together at the lower branches ; pistillate ones solitary. Wet 
 or damp. 3 — 5 f. S. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 integrifolia, E. (E. fp.) leaves deciduous, oval, entire, mucronntc, pctJoleJ, 
 glabrous on both sides ; pistillate tlowers solitary, long-peduacled. A small 
 tree. 
 
 lanceolatus. Ph. (E. J. ^i.) leaves deciduous, lanceolate, finely and remotely 
 serrulate, acute at each end, glabrous on both sides: pistillate flowers scat- 
 tered, generally in pairs, peduiicled, 6-cleft ; staminate ones aggregate, tri- 
 androus. Berries small, scarlet. 
 
 coriaceous, Ph. (2) (E. M. ^.) leaves perennial, broad-oval, acute, serrate 
 near the apex, lucid above, tninute-punctate beneath : pistillate flowers soli- 
 tary, about 8-parted; staminate ones aggregate, octandrous. \av.latifolia, 
 leaves lauce-obovate, acuminate. V ar. angustifoiuif leaves lanceolate, 
 acute. 5 — 6f. Floerkea. 
 
 (1) groDovii, Mx. (2) atomariuit N. 
 
PROSERPINACA PRUNtJS. S4f 
 
 3 — 3. Proserpinaca. 15. 22. 
 
 pnlustris, (mermaid weed. E. s;. Ju. ) leaves linear-lanceolate, serrate above 
 
 water, pinnatifid below. Water. *5?. 
 jp<rtina<a,Lk. (E. g. Ju. 5(1^.) leaves all peclinate-pinnatifid. Water. /?. 
 
 Poiycarpon. 
 
 10—1. Prosopis. 33. 93. 
 
 Southern, 
 glandulosa, T. & J. (W. 1^.) spines thick, cylindric-conic : leaves conjugate- 
 pinnate or pinnate in one pair; leafets dis'ant, 6 — 7-pairs, linear, sub-fal- 
 cate, obtuse, glabrous, sub-coriaceous : petiole between the leaves and leaf- 
 ets glandular : legumes straight : spikes cylindric. Arbutus. 
 
 14—1. Prunella. 42. 39. 
 
 vulgaris, var. pennsylvanica, (heal-all, self-heel. O. J. 2^.) leaves petioled, 
 oblong-ovate, toothed at the base : lips of the calyx unequal ; upper one 
 truncate, awned : stem ascending. 6 — 12 1. /S^. Scutellaria. 
 
 12—1. Pru-vus. 36. 92. 
 
 1. Floicers in racemes. 
 
 virginiana, (I) (wild cherry, rum cherry, cabinet cherry. O. w. M. Tp.) ra- 
 cemes erect, elongated : leaves oval-obiong, acuminate, unequally serrate, 
 glabrous both sides: petioles generally bearing 4 glands. In open fields 
 3ie limbs of this tree spread out into au elegant oval top ; but in dense for- 
 ests it grows to a very great height, with a few contracted branches. S. 
 
 serotina, W, (2) (choke-berry. O. vr. J. Tp.) flowers in lax racemes : leaves 
 oval, short-acuminate, opake, doubly and acutely serrate : midrib bearded' 
 on each side towards the base ; petiole with 2 glands. This and the pre- 
 ceding species have been^Ciinfounded by many Botanists. T. (Si. ' 
 
 canadensis, (O. w. n.) flowers iTTTacemes : leaves glandless, broad-lanceolate, 
 rugose, sharply serrate, pubescent both sides, tapering into the ])etio!e. S. 
 
 obovata, Bw. (E. w. M. p.) racemes L^preadiog : leaves obovate, acute, very 
 ■harp-serrate, glabrous. Fruit red, bitter and astringent. A large shrub, 
 
 2. Peduncles sub-umbellate or solitary, 
 
 pennsylvanica, A. (3) (E. w. M. Tp.) flowers sub-corymbed : pedicels elongat- 
 ed : leaves oval-oblong, acuminate, erose-denticulate, smooth : petioles with 
 2 glands : branches punctate. S. 
 
 pygnuBa, W. (american sloe. O. w. M. \>.) umbels sessile, aggregated, few- 
 flowSred : leaves oval-ovate, acute, glabrous both sides, sharply jserrate, 2 
 glands at the base. 3—4 f. <S. 
 
 americana, Marshall. (4) (meadow plum. O. M. w. fp.) somewhat thorny.^ pe- 
 dicels aggregated, 3 — 5 : stipules setaceous, compound : leaves oblong-oval 
 and obovate, abruptly and strongly acuminate, doubly serrate : fruit sub- 
 ovate, mostly solitary, reddish yellow, with a thick coriaceous skin. 12 — 
 15 f. Dn. M. S. Plum about the size of the damson ; very sweet when 
 ripe, stiptlc before. S. 
 
 chicasa, Mx. (5) (summer plum, meadow plum .'' w. M. p.) branches very 
 glabrous, somewhat thorny : leaves oblong-oval, acute or acuminate, minu- 
 tely serrate : buds aggregated, each about 2-flowered : pedicels very short; 
 divisions of the glabrous calyx obtuse : fruit sub-globose. The plums are 
 yellow and reddish.'' 
 
 pubescens,Vh. (6) (E. M. Tp.) umbels sessile, aggregated, few-flowered : pe- 
 
 (1) rubra, A. Cerasus, Mx. (2) virginiana, Miller. (3) lanreolata, W. 
 borealis. Ph. Cerasus borealis, Mx. (4) hiemalis? Mx. nigra .'' M. spi^ 
 nosa.^ Wr. (5) ingititia, Wr. (6) sphaerocarpon, Mx. 
 
S48 PRUNUS, PSAMMA. 
 
 duncles and caljx pubescent : leaves short-oval, serrulate : drupe spherical. 
 
 maritima,Mx. (L. w. M. >).) peduncles sub-soli|>rv : leaves ovate-oblong, 
 acuminate, doubly serrate. Pursh has copied in the P. acuminata of Mx. as 
 a sj-nonym, which is — branchlets glabrous : leaves oblong-oval, long, acute- 
 ly acuminate : calyx glabrous : drupe long-pedui\cled, ovate, acuminate. 
 
 pvmila, (E. w. M. ^.) umbels sessile, aggregate, few-flowered : calyx acute : 
 branches wand-terete : leaves narrow-lanceolate, serrate above, the under 
 sides pale. 2—3 f. -S. 
 
 depressa, Ph. (sand cherry. O. w. M. h.) umbels sessile, aggregate, few-flow- 
 ered : calyxes obtuse : branches angled, depressed, prostrate : leaves wedge- 
 lanceolate, remotely serrate, glabrous, glaucous beneath : fruit ovate. Is 
 this the pumila ? 
 
 Susquehanna, W. (E. w. M. ^.) peduncles solitary: leaves obovate-oblong, 
 glaucous beneath, serrate, entire at the base. 
 
 mollis, T. (E. '^p.) young branches, leaves and peduncles pubescent : umbels 
 sessile, 2- — 3-flowered : leaves ovate, long-acuminate, doubly tooth-serrate : 
 stipules setaceous, denticulate : calyx nearly smooth ; divisions lance-linear, 
 serrate. 
 
 littoralis, Bw. (beach plum. L. w. M. ^3.) umbels crowded, few-flowered : pe- 
 duncles and calyx sub-pubescent : leaves ova!, acute, serrate, with the veins 
 pubescent beneath. The size and colour of the fruit is subject to consider- 
 able variation. Bw. 
 
 eerasifera, W. (w. M. ^.) peduncles solitary : leaves oval, glabrous: fruit 
 pendant : branches almost thornless. 
 
 Exotic. 
 
 ipinosa, W. (english sloe, p.) peduncles solitary : leaves lance-oval, pubescent 
 beneath : fruit straight : branches thorny. 
 
 cerasus, (garden cherry, w. r. fp.) umbel sub-pedmicled : leaves lance-ovatc, 
 glabrous, condupiicate. 
 
 paduSf (bird cherry, w. JM. ^.) flowers racemed, lax: leaves doubly serrate, 
 sub-mgose, petioled, with 2 elands. 
 
 avium, (small bird cherry, w. ^.) umbels sessile: leaves lance-ovate, pubes- 
 cent beneath, condupiicate. 
 
 domestica, (plum. w. M. ^.) peduncles sub-solitary : leaves lance-ovate, con- 
 volute : branches thornless. Var. Juliana, (damson plum) fi-uit oblong, 
 blue. Var. claudiana, (sweet plum, horse plum) fruit round, at first green, 
 becoming yellowish. Var. enucleata, (stoneless plum) the putamen obso- 
 lete. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 Caroliniana, W. (1) (E. w. Ap. fp.) flowers racemed : leaves perennial, lance- 
 oblong, mucronate, serrate and entire, glandless, smooth. Middle size 
 tree. 
 
 semperfiorens, W. ( W. M. ^.) raceme? leafy, pendulous : calyx serrate : leavei 
 ovate, serrate, glabrous, glandular at the base. Small shrub. 
 
 hirsutJxs, E. (E. Ap. Tp.) racemes straight: leaves oval, serrulate, glandless, 
 under surface, calvx, peduncles and petioles hirsute. 3 — 4 f. 
 
 tmbellata, E. (E.w.Mar. Tp.) uhibels terminal, many-flowered: leaves lance- 
 olate, sub-acuminate, serrulate, glabrous, with 2 glands at the base : calyx 
 pubescent. Lythrura. 
 
 3—2. PsAMMA. (2) 4. 10. 
 
 arenaria, (L. Au. 21) panicle spiked calyx acute : corol thrice as long as 
 the chaff: leaves involute. 2—3 f. <S. Crjpsis. 
 
 (l)luiitaraea, Wr. (2) Arando, L. 
 
PSIT.OTUM, PSORALEA. 349 
 
 21 — 1. PSILOTCM. 55. S. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 .,iquetruTA, Si. (3) E. J, 2^) stem naked, dichotomous, with the brancfaes;}- 
 
 aiigled. Lycopodiuna. 
 
 16—10. PsORALEA. S2. 93. 
 
 cseulenta, Ph. (bread root. W. b. J. 21.) wholly vi'.Iose: leaves quinate-digi- 
 tate ; leafets lanceolate, unequal, flat, very entire: spikes axillary, dense- 
 flowered: divisions of tjie calyx lanceolate, a little shorter than the corol : 
 !ef;ume ensitbnn, beaked : root fusiform. The root affords a staple article. 
 of diet to the western Indians. 12 — 18 i. S. 
 
 incana, N. (2) (W. b. Ju. 2i-) wholly silky-toinenlose : leaves quinate and 
 lernate ; leafets lance-oblong- : spikes terminal, interrupted: bracts ovate, 
 acuminate: flowers nearh" opposite, sessile. 12 i. S. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 canescens, Mx. (E. y. J.. Zf) hoary : leaves ternate, short-pefioled, broad- 
 lanceolate : spikes lax-flowered : flowers pedicelled : calvx pilose. 2 — 
 3f. 
 
 tenuijlnra, Vh. (W..b. S. 21.) pubeicent, very branching: leaves ternate ; 
 leafets oval, rugose-punctate on both sides: peduncles axillary, about 3- 
 flowered, longer than the leaves. 2 f. 
 
 lanceolata, Vh. (3) (W. w-b. Au. 2^.) sub-pubescent: stem erect, sparingly 
 branched : leaves ternate ; leafets oval and lance-oval, obtuse, sub-mucro- 
 nate : peduncles longer than the leaves : spikes capitate, many-flowered 
 bracts deciduous: teeth of the calyx small, obtuse. 1 f. 
 
 lujpinellus, Mx. (E. p. J. 21- f) glabrous : leaves digitate, long-petioled ; leaf- 
 ets lilitbrm ; racemes many-flowered, longer than the leaves : legumeF ru- 
 gose. 2 f. 
 
 longifolia, Ph. (W. w. ? 2X-) wholly silky-villose : leaves ternate; leafets 
 long-linear: spikes axillary, peduncled, lax-flowered, shorter than the leaves : 
 teeth of the calyx and bracts subulate. 
 
 euspidata, Ph. (VV. 2i-) villose : leaves digitate-quinate ; leafets obovate, mu- 
 cronale, very entire : spikes axillary, dense-flowered : divisions of the calyx 
 and bracts ovate, cuspidate, distinctly punctate. 
 
 cnobryckis, N. (4) (W.) stem smooth : leaves ternate; leafets lance-ovate, 
 sub-pubescent: racemes axillary, long-peduncled : flowers one-sided: le- 
 gume sub-ovate, muricate, smooth. 3 — 5 f. 
 
 i'trgaia, N. (E. b. 21.) stem virgate, sub-pubescent: leaves simple, distant, 
 lance-linear: spikes axillary, shorter than the leaves. 2 f. 
 
 me'Uotoi'les, Mx. (E. p. J. 2{- •'') sub-pubescent : leaves ternate ; leafets lance- 
 oblong : spi'ces oblong : bracts broad-cordate, long-acuminate : legunirs 
 round, nerved, very rugose. 1 — 2 f. 
 
 tglari(Jtdosa,ll. (5) (E. p. J. 2X-) pubescent, without glands : leaves *ternate, 
 lance-oblong : spikes oblong : bracts broad-lanceolate, long acuminate, and 
 with the calyx villose. 
 
 ?nuUijuga, E, (E. p. J.) stem branching : leaves pinnate; leafets numerous, 
 (9 — 10 pairs,) lance oblong, obtuse, pubescent : spikes oblong: bracts small, 
 n)embranaceous, glandless. 1 — 2 f. 
 
 Jamesii, T. (W. ) leaves ternate ; leafets obovate, very obtuse, wedge-lorm at 
 the base, very entire, both sides silky : petioles pubescent : spikes capitate : 
 bracts oblong, acuminate : calyx very hirsute : teeth subulate, nearly equal. 
 4 i. ' . 
 
 (1) (loridanum, Ms. Hoflmannia aphylh, W. Bernhardia dichotoma. Ph. 
 Lycopodium nudum, L. (2) argophylla, Ph. (3) elliptica, Ph, arenarin, ?1. 
 (4) hcdisariojdes, M. ? (5) Melilotus psoraloides, N. 
 
 30 
 
350 PSORALEA, PTERIS, 
 
 lati/olia, T. &. J. (W. J- 2(.) leaves ternate ; leafets broad-ovate, acuminate, 
 nearly glabrous, ciliate on the margin : terminal one long-petioled : pedun- 
 cles axillary : spikes lax-flowered, elongated : bracts caducous : calyx gla- 
 brous : teeth acutish. 2 — ti f. This ana the preceding species probably be- 
 long to some other genus. T. Dalea. 
 
 5—1. PSYCHOTRIA. 30. 57. 
 
 [Generic description is here given, it having been omitted at page 28. It 
 should follow Chiococca, and stand above the words seeds in a berry.] Calyx 
 5-toothed, crowned : corol funnel-form : berry ? globose or oval : seeds two, 
 sulcate, bony. 
 
 Southern. 
 Umceolata, N. (E. T?.) stipules clasping, roundish, caducous: leaves lanceo- 
 late, acuminate at each end, pubescent : peduncles trichotomous, few-flow- 
 ered. Lonicera. 
 
 4—1. Ptelea. 43. 94. 
 
 trifoliatat (E. g-w. J. ^.) leaves ternate : flowers panicled, dioecious. Var. 
 pentaphi/Ua, leaves quinate. Var. pubescensy leaves pubescent. 6 — 8 f. S, 
 
 Southern, 
 monophyllaf Lk. (E.) leaves simple, lance-ovate, sub-sessile : fruit 3-winged. 
 
 Krameria. 
 
 21 — 2. Pterigophyllum. 56. 4. 
 
 rigidum, stem erect, pinnate above : leaves somewhat 2-ranked, obovate, mu- 
 cronate, serrate, 2-nerved. Hypnura. 
 
 21 — ^2. Pterigynandrum. 56. 4. 
 
 zntricatum, creeping and rooting, entangled : branches simple, short : leave* 
 concave, acuminate, lanceolate, lengthened out : capsule oblong-ovate ; lid 
 sub-oblique. On the trunks of tree?. 
 Jtdacewn, stem erect, terete : leaves thick-imbricate, oval, acuminate, smooth : 
 peduncles scarcely projecting out of the long pericheth : capsules short- 
 ovate ; lid conic : calyptre glabrous. On trunks of trees. 
 
 brnchycladon, stem creeping : branches very short, crowded, erect, simple, 
 terete, acutish : leaves lance-ovate, acuminate, nerveless : capsules erect, 
 sub-c>liadric, with a long-conic, sub-oblique lid. 
 
 hirtelltim, branchlets slender-filiform, simple, short : leaves Imbricated in a 
 cylinder, sub-cordate, a little hirsute, fringed ; capsule oblong ; lid long- 
 conic. On trees. 
 
 sub-capiltatum, creeping, rarely rising, simple, flower-bearing : leaves ovate- 
 acuminate, with a halved prolongation, imbricate : capsule oblong ; lid beak- 
 ed : calyptre sub-pilose. Lasia. 
 
 21—1. Pteris. 55. 5. 
 
 aquHina, (common brake. O. Ju. 2X.) frond pinnate, 3-partcd : barren branch- 
 es doubly pinnate, with leafets lance-linear, obtuse-pinnatifid, toothed ; fer- 
 tile branches pinnate, with leafets pinnatifid ; divisions acutish, all ciliate. 
 iS. 
 
 atroptirpiirea, (rock brake. O. Ju. Zf) frond pinnate : lower leafets lanceolate, 
 obtuse, ternate or pinnate ; at the base obtusely truncate or sub-cordate. 
 Var. venosa, leafets veined beneath : stipe angled. Var. pwictata, leafets 
 punctate beneath : stipe terete. In ripening, the marginal involucre un- 
 rolls, and the capsules on opposite sides meet ; so that it exhibits the generic 
 character of the Acrostichum. Stipe dark-purple. 3 — 10 i. S. 
 
PTERIS, PULMONARIA. 351 
 
 gracilis, Mr. (E. Ju. 2X-) ^ro^ti pinnate : leafels lanceolate, obluge, alternate, 
 sessile ; lower ones pinnatifid ; fertile ones entire ] barren ones crenate, 
 round-obtuse. 4 i. 
 
 caudata, Jn. (Au. 2^.) frond 3-parted-pinnate : barren branches doubly pla. 
 nate : leafets linear, elongated, obtuse, entire ; lower ones doubly pinnati- 
 fid : fertile branches pinnate : leafets reraotish below, at the base pinnatifid- 
 toothed. S. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 pedaia, W. (E. .Tu. 2X0 ^^ond deeply 5-lobed-palmate ; lobes pinnatifid ; di* 
 
 visions lance-linear, acute. 6 i. Adiantuna. 
 
 17 — 2. Pterocaulon. 49. B5. 
 
 Southern, 
 pycnostachj/a, Mx. (1) (E. w. Au. 21-) Described unfler Conyza pycnostachya. 
 
 Erigeron. 
 
 10 — 1. Pterospora. 18. 51. 
 
 cindrom-eda, N. (2) (Albany beech-drops. E. r-y. Ju. %.) scape purple, very 
 tall, bearing a many-flowered raceme : flowers lateral and terminal, nod- 
 ding : peduncles filiform, longer than the flowers : lanceolate scales below, 
 none above. 1 — 2 f. Rloootropsis, 
 
 21—6. PucciNiA. 58. I. 
 
 polygoni-avicularice^ sub-linear, scattered, chesnut-brown : fruit globose. On 
 the stems and leaves of knotgrass. 
 
 graminis, (blight, black rust.) crowded, linear, becoming black : fruit sub- 
 turbinate, narrowed in the middle. In the culms of wheat and various oth- 
 er grasses, in summer and autumn. Trichoderma. 
 
 5 — 1. PULMONAKIA. 41. 42. 
 
 virginica, (E. b. M. 21-) smooth : stem erect : calyx much shorter than the 
 tube of the corol : radical leaves oblong-obovate, obtuse ; cauline ones nar>- 
 rower. S. 
 
 paniculata, A. (E. b-w. J.) sub-hirsute, erect : leaves ovate-oblong, acumi* 
 nate : flowers panicled : calyx short 5-parted. Hudson's Bay. 
 
 Exotic. 
 
 officinalis, (lung-wort. b. M. 2^.) radical leaves heart-ovate, hirsute : flowers 
 racemed. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 lanceolata, Ph. (3) (W. b. w. 2C-) glabrous, erect : radical leaves very long- 
 petioled, lanceolate ; cauline ones linear-oblong : flowers sub-panicled : ca- 
 lyx short. 
 
 alpina, T. & J. (W. b. 2i.) nearly glabrous ; stem simple, assurgent : leaves 
 epatulate-ovate ; lower ones acute ; upper ones acuminate, sub-pilose above, 
 minutely ciliHte on the margin : flowers in terminal fascicles, sub-sessiie : 
 divisions of the calyx oblong, obtusish, ciliate, about half the length of th€ 
 corol. 6 i. 
 
 (1) Conyza, Mx. (2) Monotropa procera, 2d ed. This plant was discov- 
 ered near Albany, in the summer of 1817, by Dr. Edwin James. He consider- 
 ed it a Monotropa, and i published it as described by Dr. Torrey, in the sec- 
 ond edition of this work, under the name M. procera. Certainly the Monotro- 
 pa, Hypopithyg and Pterospora, ought to be united in one genus, with some ea- 
 tension ot the generic description. (3) marginata, N. 
 
352 PULMONAEIA, PTRENULA. 
 
 ciliatatJ. (W. b.) glabrous, erect ? leaves lance-ovate, attenuate at each end, 
 ' ciliate on the margin: flowers fascicle-pa nicled, pedicelled : corol tubular- 
 bellform : calyx short, 5-parted ; divisions ovate, obtuse. 1 f. 
 
 • Lithospermam. 
 
 Pulmonaria, Lithospermum. 
 
 11—1. PuNiCA. 36. 92. 
 
 Exotic. 
 gramttum, (pomegranate. ^.) leaves lanceolate : stem woody. TorreySc 
 
 Purshia, Onosnodium. 
 
 , 13 — 1. Fycnanthemusi. 42. 39. 
 
 • 1. Stamens exsert. > 
 
 incanum, (1) (wild basil, mountain mint. O. w. r. Ju. 2X.) leaves oolong-ovate, 
 
 acute, sub-serrale, tvhite downy : flowers in compound heads, lateral ouea 
 
 peduncled : bracts setaceou?. 1 — 5 f. <S*. 
 mristatum, Mx. (E. w. Au. 21-) leaves lance-ovate, sub-serrate, short-petioled, 
 
 somewhat hoary : head sessile, terminal : bracts awned. 1 — 3 f . jS^. 
 finifoUum, Ph. (2) (virginian thyme. E. w. Ju. 2X') glabrous : leaves linear, 
 
 3-nerved, entire, punctate, acute : heads terminal, sub-corymbcd : bracts 
 
 short awned. 1 — 2 f. jS'. 
 rtirginicum, (3) (narrow-leaf Virginian thyme. O. w. J. 2^.) pubescent : leaves 
 
 sessile, lance-linear, entire, punctate : heads terminal, corymbed : bracts 
 
 acuioinate. 12 — 18 i. S. 
 
 2. Stamens inclosed. 
 
 mutiatm, Mx. (4) (E. w. Ju. 21-) leaves lance-ovate, sub-dentate, ribbed, sub- 
 glabrous : heads terminal : bracts lanceolate, acutish. 18 — ^24 i. >Sf. 
 
 meriiciliatum, Mx. (4) (A. w. J. 2i. leaves lance-ovate, entire or remotely snb- 
 denticulatc, pubescent : whorls sessile, compact : bracts acuminate. 18 — 
 54 i. S. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 montanum, Mx. (A. p. 2X«) leaves lance-oval, serrate, sub-sessile: heads ses- 
 sile : bracts ciliate, acuminate : calyx erect with short teeth. 1 f. 
 
 mottar.iellum,M\. (A. w-r. Ju. Zf.) pubescent : leaves abruptly petioled, sub- 
 cordate-oval, serrate : bracts large, coloured, ciliate : calyx bearded at the 
 summit. 2 — 3 f. 
 
 nudum, N. (A.) very glabrous : stem simple : leaves oblong-ovate, entire, ses- 
 sile : heads pedicelled, few-flowered, naked : stamens exsert, 2 f. 
 
 pilosum, N. (W. J.) leaves sessile, lanceolate, tomentose beneath, obsolctely 
 toothed : heads large, terminal ; lance-ovate bracts and calyx, hoary-tomeii- 
 Xo$e. 18 — ^24 i. Lavandula. 
 
 21—5. Pyrexula. 57. 2. 
 
 nitiday crust cartillage-membranaceous, smooth ; from pale becoming ftjscous- 
 cinereous : warts of the receptacles <;labrous, closed ; closely surrounding 
 the upper, naked, prominent wrinkled part of the frond, which is perforated 
 with a depressed mouth. On bark of trunks of trees. 
 
 enteroleuca, Sp. crust membranaceous, very white, sub-lucid, under the mi- 
 croscope cracked and rugged : receptacle above the crust though surround- 
 ed by It at the base, cupuli-fonn, open at the top (like a Lecidea :) margin 
 black with a grey bloom : nucleus hemispheric, whitish, with a black prui- 
 
 (1) Clinopodium, L. (2) vlrginicum, P. Brachystcmum virginicum, Mx. 
 linifolium, W. Thvmus virginicus, L. Organum flexuosum, W. (3) Bra- 
 chystemura, Mx. Origanum clinopodioides, Wr. (4) Brachystemum, Mx. 
 
PYRENULA, PYRUS. 553 
 
 nose disk. This has much (he habit of a Lecidea and may be (he L. urceo* 
 
 ata of Acharius. Halsey. Common on trunks. 
 nigrescens, Ach. crust tesselated, blackish : receptacle on the areolae, shining, 
 
 black, hardly visible to the naked eye. On rocks. 
 margarea, Ach. crust ashy, rug-g:ed, and warty : receptacle globose, (reseni- 
 
 bling a Purina ^rith several orifices.) Common on rocks. Variolaria. 
 
 10—1. Pyrola. 18. 51. 
 
 rotundifolia, (shin-leaf, pear-leaf wintergreen. O. w. J. 21.) style declined ; 
 leaves rounded or broad-oval obsolctely serrulate, sub-coriaceous, shining: 
 petiole about as long as the lamina : scape many-ilowered. 6 — 12 i. S. 
 
 dliptica, N. (O. w. J. 21-) stylu declined : leaves membranaceous, oblong-oval 
 or ovate, plaited-serrate, abruptly acute : lamina much longer than the pe- 
 tiole : scape naked, or having a single scale : bracts subulate : calyx 5- 
 toothed. '< — 10 i. 
 
 atarifolia, Mx. (I) (O. g-w, Ju. Zf.) style declined : leaves sub-reniform, 
 generally emarginate, coriaceous, lamina shorter than the petiole j scape 
 sometimes convolute. 6 — 8 i. 
 
 dentata, S. (W.) style declined : leaves obovate or oval, veined, remotely and 
 obtusely toothed : scape straight, obscurely angular, nearly naked. 6 i. 
 
 picia, S. (W.) style declined : leaves ovate, sub-serrate, rather fleshy, with 
 large branching veins and whitish spots : flo'»vers secund ? 
 
 aphr/lla, S. (W.)"style declined : scai)e and slalk leailess, scaly : scales lanceo- 
 late, membranaceous : scape angular. 
 
 minor^ (w-r. Ju. 21-) 5tyle straight : leaves round-oval, serrulate : scape sub- 
 naked : spike witli flowers reversed. 
 
 tecunda, (one-sided shin-leaf. O. g-w. Ju. H.) style straight: leaves round- 
 ovate, acute, serrate : spike with 1-sided flowers. 6 — 8 i. 
 
 unijlora, (E. J. 2X.) style straight : leaves sub-orbicular, serrate : scape 1- 
 flovrered. ^ Chimaphila. 
 
 Pyrola, Chimaphila. 
 11—5. Pyrus. 36. 92. 
 
 coronaria, (2) (crab apple. O. w-r. M. Tp.) leaves broad oval, at the base round- 
 ed, sub-angled or sub-lobed, serrate, smooth : peduncles corymbed. Flow- 
 ers sweet scented. S. 
 
 angtutifoiin, A. (M. Tp.) leaves lance-oblong, at the base acute : slightly ci-e- 
 nate-toothed, shining : peduncles corymbed. Fruit very small. ^. 
 
 Exotic. 
 
 communis, (pear. E. w-r. M. '^.) leaves ovate, serrate, (rarely entire :) pedun- 
 cles corymbed. Var. j?j/ra*fer,(dwarf)fruit very small and acid. Var. falerna, 
 (bergamot) fruit orbicular, apple-form. Var. pompeiana, (good christian.) 
 Yrxr. favonia, (musk-pear.) Var. liquescens, (butter-pear.) Var. refusam, 
 (russet-pear.) Var. ^yrawic/aZu, (leg- pear. ) These five last varieties are 
 distinguished more by their flavor than by any external marks. 
 
 mains, (apple. E. w-r. M. ^,) flowers in sessile umbels : leaves ovate-oblong, 
 acuminate, serrate, glabrous : claws of the petals shorter than the calyx ; 
 styles glabrous. Var. *ylvestris, (wild apple) leaves ovate serrate : fruit 
 small, austere. \s,t. prasomila, (pippin.) ' \d.r. castanea, (chesnut-apple.) 
 Var. apiota., (ape-apple) fruit small, round, red, pleasant-tasted. Var. car 
 villea, (cornered apple) leaves broad-ovate, downy beneath : fruit angled. 
 
 cydonia, (quince. E. w. J. '^.) flowers solitary : fruit tomentose : leaves ovate., 
 entire. Var. lusitanica, leaves very broad. 
 
 Remark. The varieties into which the above species hare been extended bv 
 •.(i) chlorantha, N. (2) Malus, Mx. 
 
 30* 
 
354 PTHTTS, qUEHCUS. 
 
 culture, are very numerous. I have giren those only which are set down by 
 Persoon as the most distinct. Spiraea. 
 
 Pyrus, Aronia- » 
 
 Pyxidanthera, Diapensia.. 
 
 19—2. QuERCUs. 50. 99. 
 
 1. Fruit sub-sessile : leaves mucronate, with a bristle-form awn. entire. 
 Fructification biennial, 
 
 phellos, (willow oak. E. M. ^.) leaves lance-linear, tapering to both ends, en- 
 tire, glabrous, mucronate : caljTi saucer-form : acorn roundish. Var. hu^ 
 milts, low and straggling : leaves shorter. 30 — 60 f. <Sf. 
 
 imbricaria, Nx. (shingle oak, laurel oak. P. M. Tp.) leaves oblong, acute at 
 both ends, mucronate, entire, shining, pubescent beneath : calyx saucer- 
 form, scales broad ovate : acorn sub-globose. 40 — 50 f. S. 
 
 2. Frvil sub-sessile : leaves mucronate, with a bristle-form awn, toothed or lob- 
 , ed. Fructification biennial. 
 
 heterophylla, Ms., (hurrier's oak. M. ^.) leaves long-petioled, lance-ovate or 
 oblong, entire or unequally coarse-ioothed : calyx hemispheric, acorn sub- 
 globose. Pursh says there is but one individual of this species known in the 
 world, which is now growing on the Bartram plantation near Philadelphia. 
 
 ogrifolia,W. (W. ^.) leaves roundish-ovate, sub-cordate, glabrous on both 
 sides, remotely sj)i nose-toothed : calyx hemispheric, scales lax : acorn ovate- 
 acufe. 
 
 triloba, W. (1) (downy black oak. E. M. T^.) leaves wedge-oblong, acute a! 
 the base, sub-3-lobed at the apex : lobes equal in breadth, mucronate ; mid- 
 dle lobe longest, down)' beneath : calyx saucer-form : acorn compressed, 
 globose. 20—40 f. S. 
 
 aqiiatica, W. (2) (water oak. E. M. ^.) leaves wedge-ovate, glabrous, very 
 entire : apex obscurely 3-lobed, with the intermediate lobe longest : calyx 
 bemisplieric : acorn sub-globose. Leaves very variable. 30 — 40 f. »S. 
 
 nigra, (3) (barren oak, blackjack. E. M. ^.) leaves coriaceous, wedge-form, 
 sub-cordate at the base, spread and retuse-3-lobed at the apex : in the young 
 state it is mucronate, glabrous above, mealy-rust beneath : calyx turbinate : 
 scales obtuse, scarious : acorn short-ovate. Small. S. 
 
 tinctoria, Bart. (4) (quercitron oak, black oak. O. M. ^.) leaves obovate-ob- 
 long, a little sinuate, pubescent beneath: lobes oblong, obtuse, obtusely 
 denticulate, setaceous-mucronate : calvx saucer-form : acorn depressed-glo- 
 bose. 60— 70f. S. 
 
 discolor, A. (5) false red oak. O. M. T,.) leaves oblong, sinuate-pinnatifid, pu- 
 bescent beneath, and on both sides when young : lobes oblong, toothed, se- 
 taceous-mucronate : calj x turbinate : acorn ovate. 60 — 70 f. S. 
 
 coccinea, Wm. (scarlet oak, ink-ball oak. O. M. Tp.) leaves long-petioled, ob- 
 long, deeply sinuate, glabrous : lobes divaricate, toothed, acute, setaceous- 
 mucronate : calyx turbinate, marked with scales : acorn short-ovate. This, 
 the last species, and the rubra, are usually called red-oak by farmers ; and 
 it requires some attention for the botanist to distinguish them. The leaves of 
 this species become reddish, and even scarlet in autumn. Produces brown- 
 ish-purple nut-galls. 70—80 f. S. 
 
 (1) cuneata, Wm. (2) nigra, L. not W. uliginosa, Wm. (3) ferruginea, 
 Mx. (4) tinctoria-angulosa, Mx. (5) tinctoria-sinuosp, Mx. 
 
<IUERGUS. 355 
 
 ambigua, Mx.|(gray oak. E. M. ^.) leaves sinuate, glabrous, acute at the base : 
 lobea sub-acute : calyx nearly saucer-form : acorn turgid, ovate. Interme- 
 diate befiveen the preceding and the following one, ana probably only a hy- 
 brid. Ph. 
 
 rubra, (red oak. O. M. ^>.) leaves long-petioled, oblong, glabrous, obtusely 
 sinuate : lobes acutish, toothed, setaceous-mucronate ; calyx saucer-form, 
 smoothish : acorn sub-ovate, turgid. 70 — 80 f. S. 
 
 catesbaei, Mx. (barren scrub oak. M. fp.) leaves short-petioled, wedge-form at 
 the base, oblong, coriaceous, glabrous, deeply sinuate ; lobes divaricate, 
 acute, mucronate : calyx turbinate, large, scales obtuse ; marginal ones in- 
 flexed : acorn ovate. 1 5 — 30 f. S. 
 
 falcata, Mx. (1) (spanish oak. K. M. fp.) leaves long-petioled at the base, obtuse, 
 downy beneath, 3-lobed or sinuate ; lobes .sub-falcate, setaceous-mucronate, 
 terminal one elongated : calyx bowl-form : acorn globose. 70 — 80 f. S. 
 
 palustris, W. (pin oak. O. M. b.) leaves long-petioled, oblong, deeply sinuate, 
 glabrous ; axils of the veins nllose beneath ; lobes divaricate, toothed, acute, se- 
 taceous-mucronate : calyx saucer-forra, smooth : acorn'sub-globose. Generally 
 grows in wet places. The small limbs along the body of the tree die as the 
 tree advances, which gives it the appearance of having pins or trunnels driv- 
 en into it. 40—60 f. S. 
 
 ilicifolia, W. {2) (scrub onk. O. M. "f).) leaves long-petioled, wedge-obovate, 
 4 or 5-lobed, margin entire, whitish downy beneath ; lobes setaceous-mucro- 
 nate: calyx sub-turbinate : acorn sub-globose. 3 — 9 f. *S*. 
 
 3. Fruit peduncled : leaves without mens, lobed. Fructification annual. 
 
 ohtusiloba, Mx. (3) (iron oak, post oak. E. M. "P).) leaves oblong, sinuate, 
 wedge-form at the base, pubescent beneath : lobes obtuse, upper one dilated, 
 2-lobed, (often the lobes are so arranged in the young plants as to form a 
 cross-form or stellate leaf :) calyx hemispheric : acorn oval. 30 — 50 f. S. 
 
 macrocarpa, Mx. (over-cup oak. W. M. Tp.) leaves downy beneath, deeply 
 lyrate-sinuate-lobed ; lobes obtuse, repand, upper ones dilated : calyx bowl- 
 form, upper scales setose : acorn turgid, ovate, large. A large tree. iS. 
 
 olivceformis , Mx. (mossy-cup oak. O. M. Tp.) leaves oblong, glabrous, glaucous 
 beneath, deeply and unequally sinuate-pinnatifid : calyx deeply bowl-form, 
 fringed above ; acorn oval-ovate. Large tree. jS. 
 
 a/^a, (white oak. O. M. T^.) leaves oblong, sinuate-pinnatifid, pubescent be- 
 neath ; lobes obtuse, entire, narrowed at their bases, particularly on full- 
 grown trees : fruit peduncled ; calys. somewhat bowl-form, tubercled flatten- 
 ed at the base : acorn ovate. The most useful timber-tree in America. 70 
 —80 f. iSr. 
 
 4. Fruit peduncled : leaves vAthout auns, toothed, not lobed. Fructification 
 
 annual. 
 
 prinus, W. (4) swamp oak. E. M. ^.), leaves long-petioled, obovate, acute, 
 pubescent beneath, coarsely toothed \ teeth about equal, spread, callous at 
 the apex : calyx bowl-form, tapering at the base : acorn ovate, large, swcQt 
 tasted. Large tree. 70— 80 f. S. 
 
 chinquapin, Mx. (5) (dwarf chesnut oak, chinquapin. O. M. '^.) leaves short- 
 petiofed, obovate, at the base acute, coarsely toothed, glaucous beneath : 
 teeth nearly equal, spread, callous at the apex : calyx hemispherical : acorn 
 ovate. A low shrub. 3—4 f. S. 
 
 montana, W. (6) (rock oak, chesnut oak, mountain oak. A. PJ. >>.) leaves mod- 
 erately petioled, broad-obovate, oblong, white downy beneath, shining above ; 
 coarsely toothed, at the base obtuse, oblique ; teeth sub-equal, very obtuse, 
 short: fruit in pairs, short-peduncled: calyx hemispheric : scales rugose, 
 tubercled ; acorn ovate. 30 — 40 f. S. 
 
 (1) elongata, W. (2) banisteri, Mx. (3) stellata, W. (4) prinus-palustris, 
 Mx. (5) prinoides, W. (6) prious monticola, Mx. 
 
S56 QXJERCUS, (lUERIA* 
 
 eastanea,\y. (1) (yellow oak. E.M. ^.) leaves long-petioled, lance-oblong, ob= 
 tuse at the base, acuminate, downy beneath, coarsely toothed ; teeth sub- 
 equal, spread, acute, callous at the apex : calyx hemispheric : arorn g;lobu- 
 lar-ovate. — Large tree. The bark is used for dyingi^ellow. 60 — 70 f. S. 
 
 biaolor,W. (2) (swamp white oak. E. M. "(p.) leaves short petioled, oblong- 
 obovate, while-downy beneath, coarsely toothed, entirefat the base: teeth 
 unequal, spread, acutish, callous at the apex: fruit in pairs, long-peduncled ; 
 the peduncle terminating in a bristle : calyx hemispheric : acorn oblong- 
 ovate. Var. viollis, N. leaves toothed, sub-ferruginous and soft-pubescent 
 beueath. GO— 70 f. S, 
 
 Southern. 
 
 maritinia^i "W . (L.Ap. 2{.) leaves perennial, coriaceous, lanceolate, entire, gla- 
 brous, tapering at the base, acute at the apex, mucronate: calyx peduncled : 
 acorn oval mucronate. 4 — 10 f. 
 
 pumila, Wr. (3) (L. Ap. Tp.) leaves lance-oblong, sub-undula(e, obtuse at the 
 base, acute, mucronate at the apex, glabrous above, tomentose beneath : acorn 
 sub-globose. 2 f. 
 
 myrtifolia, W. (E. >).) leaves perennial, coriaceous, small, oblong-ovate, un- 
 awned, acute at each end, glabrous, shining and reticulate above, revoluteat 
 the margin. 
 
 virens, W. (4) (live oak. O. M. ^.) leaves perennial, coriaceous, oblong-ova', 
 entire, revolute at the margin, at the base obtuse, at the apex acute, awnless, 
 stellate-pubescent beneath : fruit pedicelled : calyx turbinate : scales abbre- 
 viated : acorn oblong. 40 — 60 f. 
 
 cinerea, Mx. (E. Ap. >>.) leaves perennial, coriaceous, lance-oblong, entire, 
 sub-revolute at the margin, mucronate at the summit, stellate -tomentose be- 
 neath: fruit sessile : acorn sub-globose. 20 f. 
 
 laurifolia, M's.. (E. Ap. ^.) leaves nearly perennial, sessile, lance-oblong, sub- 
 acute, tapering at the base, entire, glabrous on both sides : acorn sub-ovate. 
 Var. obtusa, leaves obtuse at the apex. 40 — 50 f. 
 
 hemispherica, W. (E. M. Tp.) leaves perennial, lance-oblong, undivided, 3-lob- 
 ed and sinuate ; lobes mucronate : glabrous on both sides. Probably a vari- 
 ety of the equatica. Ph. 
 
 nana, W. (E. I\I. T:.} leaves wedge-form, glabrous, 3-lobedat the summit, sub- 
 sinuate at the base ; lobes divaricate, mucronate; middle one largest; axils 
 of the veins beneath pubescent: acorn ovate, sub-globose. 
 
 lyrata^'Wr. (E. Ap. ^.) leaves oblong, sinuate, glabrous; lobes oblong, sub- 
 acute; upper ones broad, angled : calyx as large as the globose nut : acorn 
 nearly covered. 60^-70 f. 
 
 michauxii, N. (E. Ap. fp.) leaves pelioled,obovate, obtuse at the base, unequal- 
 ly toothed, sinuate, tomentose beneath: fruit generally in pairs: acorn very 
 large, ovate. 50 — 60 f. 
 
 undulata, T. & J. (W. "^.) fraticose, very branching : leaves short-petioled, ob- 
 long, obtusish, coriaceous, repand-tootbed, undulate, equal at the base, pulre- 
 rulent-tomentose beneath, shining above : fruit solitary or in pairs, sessile, de- 
 pressed-hemispheric : calyx scales appressed. A small straggling shrub. 
 
 Corylus. 
 
 3—3. QuERiA. 22. 82. 
 
 canadensis, (5) (fork cbickweed. 0. w. Ju. 21.) stemdichotomous,very branch- 
 ing, spread: leaves lanceolate, glabrous, erect. About 6 or 8 inches high, 
 very slender and branching. Flowers very small, stamens from 2 to 5. Var. 
 capillacea, branches capillary: leaves obtusish : flowers mostly longer than 
 the stipules. 
 
 (1) prinus acuminata, Mx. (2) prinus tomentosa and discolor, Mx. (3) 86« 
 rice«, W. (4) semperrirens, Wr. (5) Anychia dichotoma, Mx. 
 
Q,UERIA, RANUNCULUS. 557 
 
 Southern. 
 
 dichotoma, W. (1) (0. S. 2X-) caespitose, procumbent, glabrous ; leaves acerose, 
 linear, acute, with 2 grooves on each side : cyme dichotomous : stipules 2- 
 cleft : bracts shorter than the flowers : divisions of the calyx minute-mucro- 
 nate. 
 
 kerniarioides, Mx. (2) (E. Ju. 21.) prostrate, clustered, all over pubescent ■. 
 leaves oblong-oval, ciliate, mucronate : divisions of the calyx subulate, 
 spreading and setaceous at the point. 
 
 argyrocoma, M. (2) (E. J. 2X.) ^^^^spitose, procumbent: stems pubescent: 
 leaves linear, very acute, sub-pilose : the little heads fascicled, terminal, sil- 
 very : calyx pilose, with the tips bearded and long-acuminate. 
 
 seuili/iora, ^ . (3) (\V. Ju.) caespitose, diffusely branched: leaves glabrous, 
 very short, linear, reflected, acute : stipules subulate, irregularly lacerate, 
 nearly equal to the leaves : flowers terminal, sessile : outer points of the ca- 
 lyx capillary, attenuated. Glaux- 
 
 R, 
 
 21—6. Racodium. 58. 1. 
 
 rupsstre, compact, black, adnate to rocks. 
 
 cellare, broad-expanded, very soft, black. Often in wine cellars, &c. 
 
 xylostroma, (4) very broad, soft, ochre-yellow. This is the oak leather or punk. 
 In the natural cleavages of decaying wood, often many inches broad and 
 very tough. 
 
 papyraceum, white, thin, paper-like. Called paper-punk as well as the hyd- 
 num chrysorhizum, and may be the same plant. Grows between the cleav- 
 ages of dry wood. ' Himantia. 
 
 21 — 5. Kamalina. 57. 2. 
 
 Acwia/ea, frond compressed, 2-edged, smooth, naked, ramose, becoming pale- 
 white, sub-rarao«e, crosswise : branches dichotomous attenuated : receptacles 
 scattered, affixed at the centre, a little concave, somewhat margined, uni- 
 form-coloured. 
 
 polymorphaf frond flat-compressed or teretish, torn-branched, pale, longitudin- 
 ally lacunose : fruit-dots scattered, sub-eliptic and terminal, head-form : re- 
 ceptacles sub-marginal, a little concave; disk fleshy, somewhat hoary. On 
 rocks and stones. 
 
 fraxinea, frond flat, linear-laciniate, white-cinereous, glabrous both sides, ru- 
 gose-lacunose, sub-reticulate: extreme divisions lance-attenuated: recepta- 
 cles marginal, flat, pale-flesh-coloured. On trunks and branches of trees, 
 chiefly ash and oak. 
 
 fasiigia'ta, frond terete-sub-compressed, smooth, lacunose, ramose, white-glau- 
 cous : branches thickening upwards, fastigiate : receptacles terminal, pel- 
 tate-subsessile, white. On trunks of trees. 
 
 farinacea, frond terete-compressed, glabrous, sub-lacunose, bearing fruit-dots, 
 rigid, ramose, becoming white-cinereous ; branches linear-tapering : recep- 
 tacles scattered, pedicelled, flat, somewhat margined, white. On trunks 
 and branches of trees. CoUema. 
 
 12—13. Ranunculus. 26. 61. 
 
 1. Leaves rimple. 
 
 lingnalis, W. (great spear-wort. y. Ju 2^.) hairs close-pressed : leaves lanceo- 
 late, sub-denticulate, acuminate, sub-sessile : stem erect many-flowered. S. 
 
 (1) Illecebrum, W. Paronychia, N. (2) Anychia, Mx. Paronychia, J a, 
 (3) Paronychia, N. (4) Xylostroma giganteura, Tode, 
 
358 EANUNCIILUS. 
 
 fiammulus, (spear-wort. E. Ju. y. 2i.) glabrous stem declined : leaves narrovr- 
 lanceolate, acute, entire and denticulate, lower ones petioled : peduncles 
 terminal, axillary, 1-ilowered : calyx sub-reflexed. Flowers small. Damn. 
 1— 3f. S. • 
 
 pusillus, Ph. (I) (y. Ju. 2i-) glabrous: leaves petioled : lower ones ovate, 
 toothed ; upper ones lance-linear, toothed at the apex, the very uppermost 
 ones linear, bract-like: peduncles alternate, solitary, 1-flowered. 6 — 12 i. 
 S. 
 
 filiformis, Mx. (O. w-y. J. 2X-) glabrous, small : stem filiform, creeping, geni- 
 culate, with the joints 1-flowered : flowers axillary, peduncled : leaves linear- 
 subulate, obtuse. Var. ovalis, Bw. leaves oval and lanceolate : petals 
 5—8. 
 
 cymbalarius, (E. w-y. J. Zf.) glabrous, very small, filiform, creeping, rooting 
 at the joints : leaves heart-reniform, crenate-dentate : peduncles radical, 
 solitary, mostly 2-flowered : petals spatulate : fruit oblong. Onondaga. 
 
 2. Leaves divided. 
 
 abortive, (2) (O. y. M. 2i.) glabrous : stem striate, naked below : radical 
 leaves heart-reniform, obtusely crenate ; cauline ones petioled, ternate, an- 
 gled ; upper ones sessile : branches about 3-flowered. Var. sessilis, (3) has 
 sessile, cauline leaves, and glabrous shining seeds. 9 — 15 i. S. 
 
 sceleratus, (celery crowfoot. O. y. J. 2X0 glabrous: lower leaves palmate; 
 upper ones sessile, digitate : fruit oblong. Wet. 12 — 18 i. S. 
 
 auricomus, W. (y. M. 2X-) pubescent : radical leaves reniform, 3-parted, gash- 
 crenate ; cauline ones sessile, digitate, linear : stem many-flowered : calyx 
 coloured, spreading. 
 
 pygmaeiis, Ph. (E. y. J. 2-f-) small, glabrous : radical leaves sub-cordate-rerx- 
 iform, gash- toothed ; cauline ones sessile, digitate; divisions linear, very 
 entire : stem few-flowered : petals oblong, equal to the calyx. Labrador. 
 
 pennsylvaniciis, (E. y. Ju. 2i.) ^t^'" pi'°^^' erect, branching : leaves ternate, 
 3-clert, gashed, hairy beneath: peduncles terete: cahx reflexed : petals 
 about equalling the calyx : styles of the fruit straight. 1 — 2 f. S. 
 
 fascicular is., M. (O. y. M. 2X) leaves sub-pubescent, radical ones long-pedun- 
 cled, ternate or sub-pinnate ; leafets 3-Iobed, the terminal one deeply 3-clci": . 
 calyx spreading, hairy underneath : petals longer than the calyx : root fas- 
 cicled. 6— lOi. S. 
 
 bulbosus, (E. y. M. Zf-) very hirsute : leaves ternate, 3-cleft, gashed and tooth- 
 ed : stem erect, many-flowered : peduncles sulcate : calyx reflexed : root 
 bulbous: seeds smooth. 1 — 2f. 
 
 ?iirsuttis,C. (4)'(E. y. Ju. 2X-) hirsute : leaves ternate, gasli-lobed : stem erect, 
 many-flowere'd i peduncles sulcate : calyx reflexed, acuminate : fruit glo- 
 bose ; seeds tubercled : root fibrous. Damp. 
 
 repens, (O. y. M. 71.) pubescent; leaves ternate, 3-cleft, gashed ; creeping 
 shoots sent oft in the summer: peduncles furrowed : calyx spreading. Damp, 
 
 prostratus, Lk. (E. y. M. 2X.) leaves ternate, 3-cleft, hairy, hairs close-press- 
 ed ; extreme upper leafets lanceolate : stem entirely prostrate, creeping, 
 zigzag : petals obovate, sub-retuse : calyx caducous : seed compressed, 
 margined ; beak hooked. Flowers large, resembling those of the repens. 
 In Oneida county, between Rome and Oriskany, near the Erie canal, patch- 
 es of ground, several yards in extent, are often covered with this speciea. 
 The flowers are rarely elevated more than 8 or 10 inches above the ground, 
 though the stem creeps more than a yard from the root. 
 
 acris, (crowfoot, butler cup. O. y. M. Z{.) hairs close-pressed: leaves 3-parted, 
 many-cleft; upperones linear : peduncles terete : calyx spreading. 1 — 2 f . 
 
 lanuginosus, W. (y. J. 2X0 hirsute: leaves 3-cleft, lobed, toothed, all over 
 silky : peduncles elongated, terete, calyx spreading. S. 
 
 (1) flamula, Wr. (2) nitidus, Pt. (3) nitidus of Ph. but he says it may b* 
 a variety of the abortivus. (4) philonitis, W, 
 
HANUNcrtrs. S59 
 
 Tfiarylandicus, Lk. (w-y.M. TX.) pubescent : stem simple, sub-naked : radical 
 leaves ternate ; leafels 3-lobed ; lobes acute, gashed : calyx reilexed. iS\ 
 
 recurvatus, Lk. (y-w. J. 21-) pubescent : leaves 3-lobed, wedge-form at the 
 base, gashed at the apex, acute : stem many-flowered : calyx and corol re- 
 curved : petals linear. Flowers small. 1 — 2 f. S. 
 
 hispidus, Mx. (P. w-y. J. 21-) very hirsute, erect, somewhat branching : leaves 
 ternate ; leafets acutely lobed : stem few-flowered : calyx close-pressed. 
 If. S. 
 
 aquatUis, W. (1) (w. Ju. 21-) submersed leaves capillary ; emersed ones pel- 
 tate. 
 
 fluviatilis^ W. (2) (river crowfoot. O. w-y. M. 2X.) stem submersed : leaves all 
 capillary, dichotomous. The whole underwater, excepting the fructifica- 
 tion, while the corol is expanded. <S. 
 
 midtifidus, Ph. (VV, y. 2X') leaves 3-parted, many-cleft ; divisions gashed, ap- 
 proximate : stem swimming ; leafets of the calyx roundish, a little shorter 
 than the petals. Upper Louisiana. >S^. 
 
 lacustris. Beck & Tracy. (3) (lake crowfoot. O. y. M. 21-) leaves all submers- 
 ed, alternate, dichotomousl}- divided into numerous capillary segments, with 
 clasping membranaceous stipules : peduncles emerging, dichotomous, slight- 
 ly furrowed : flowers terminal, large : calyx spreading, hairy, fleshy, cadu- 
 cous : petals 5 to 8, obovate, larger than the leaves of the calyx : nectary 
 petal-like, cuculate tubular, nearly equalling the length of the filament : 
 stem rooting at the lower joints, hollow, branched, glabrous, floating : root 
 fibrous. 2 — 5 f. 
 
 nivalis, W. (A.) leaves 5-lobed, very entire ; cauline ones sessile, digitate : 
 stem 1 -flowered. 
 
 lapponicus, (A.) leaves 3-parted, lobed, obtuse : stem nearly naked, 1-flow- 
 ered. 
 
 hyperboreus, Rott. (A.) leaves deeply 3-lobed ; lobes oblong, divaricate ; stem 
 filiform, creeping. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 hideracetis, (E. W. Ju, 21-) stem creeping : leaves sub-reniform, about 3 — 5- 
 Jobed ; lobes broad, entire, very obtuse: petals oblong, scarcely longer than 
 the calyx : stamens 5 — 12 : seeds glabrous. Probably introduced. 
 
 oblongifolius,F,. (E. y. J. Z[) .leaves petioled, denticulate ; lower ones oblong- 
 oval ; upper ones lance-linear : stems branching : petals a little longer than 
 the calyx: seeds globose, unarmed, smooth. 1 — 2 f . 
 
 nitidus, M. (4) (E. y. Ap. 2X-) leaves 3-parted ; segments unequally 3-cIeft, lan- 
 ceolate, gashed, toothed, glabrous : calyx reflexed : petals oval, twice as 
 long as the calyx : seed with a hooked beak. Procumbent and erect. 1 — 2f. 
 
 palmatHS, E. (E. y. M.) pilose ; hairs close-pressed : leaves petioled ; radic- 
 
 Sies palmate — 3-parted ; lobes dentate ; upper ones 8-cleft or entire : 
 s margined, with the point straight. 12 — 18 i. 
 lianusy Dc. (E. y.) stem erect, branched, and with the petioles appress- 
 ed-pubescent : leaves glabrous, 3-cleft or 5-lobed ; lobes ovate, somewhat 
 gashed, toothed : calyx glabrous, reflected, a little shorter than the petals. 
 trachyspemia, E. (E. y. M.) stem, petioles and leaves villous, with the hair 
 
 (1) heretophyllus. Roth. (2) pantothrix, Dc. 
 
 (3) multifidus, Bw. 2d Ed. Dr. Bigelow is justly esteemed a very accurate 
 botanist ; but he seems to have overlooked some facts in regard to the naming 
 of this plaut. Smith published an Egj^ptian plant under the name multijidus, 
 found by Forskoehl in 1814. The same year Pursh published another plant 
 under the same name, and Bigelow published our plant under the name Jluvi- 
 atilis. In 1822 I published the lacusti-is in the name of Beck and Tracy, who 
 convinced me, that it was neither the multifidus nor Jiuviatilis. In 1824 De 
 Candolle decided that Smith's multifidus and that of Pursh are difierent plants. 
 It is therefore proper to continue this name, at least for the present. 
 
 (4) not Wr. 
 
S60 RANUNCULUS, RHAMNUS. 
 
 gpreading: : leaves 3-cleft; lobes acutely gashed : peduncles short, oppoM.. 
 the leareb: seed tubercled, with the point hooked. 12 — 15 i. 
 
 muricatus^Dc. (E. y. Ap. 0.) leaves glabrous, petioled, roundish, 3-lobed, 
 coarsely toothed : stem erect or diffuse : peduncle* opposite the leaves : ca- 
 lyx spreading : seeds rough-tubercled on both sides, with a straight acumi- 
 nate point. 12 — 18 i. 
 
 tomentosus^ Lk. (E. y. 2^.) stem ascending, 1— 2-flowered, very villose, hairs 
 spreading : leaves petioled, tomeiitose, 3-cleft ; upper ones sessile, ovate, en- 
 entire : calyx very villose, sub-reflexed. 
 
 septentrionalis, Lk. (y. 21.) nearly glabrous: leaves membranaceous, gla- 
 brous, ternate ; leafets somewhat 3-lobed, gashed, acute ; stem and petioles 
 hirsute at the base: peduncles about 2-flowercd : calyx reftexed. 
 
 echinatus, Vent. (E. y.) a little glabrous, simple: leaves simple, roundish, 3- 
 lobed : petals twice as long as the calyx. 
 
 collinus,Br. (1) (W. Ap.) leaves all radical, pubescent, petioled, 3 — 5-cleft : 
 Bcape villose, 1-flowered, longer than the leaves : calyx persistent : petals 
 oblong-ovate. 1—2 i. Hydropeltis. 
 
 14—2. Raphanus. 59. 63. 
 
 Exotic, 
 rajphanistrum, (wild raddish, charlock, y. Au.) leaves lyrate : siliques terete, 
 
 jointed, smooth, 1-celled. Before the silique is mature, it is generally 2- 
 
 ccUed and not jointed. Naturalized. 
 eativus, (garden raddish. w. J. 0.) leaves lyrate : silique terete, torose, S-cell- 
 
 ed. There are several varieties of this species — one has a fusiform, another 
 
 a globose, another a black root. Siuapis. 
 
 12—3. RrsEDA. 54. 64. 
 
 [Generic description is here given, it having been omitted at p. 47. It should 
 follow Hypericum ; under the word Exotic] 
 
 Calyx 1-leaved, 4 — 6-parted : petals in many divisions: capsule 1-celIed, 
 dehiscent at the top : seed reniform : (stamens 11 — 15: styles 3, 5, or none. ) 
 
 Exotic. 
 odorata, (mignonette, w-y. Ju. 0.) leaves entire and 3-lobed: calyx equalling 
 
 the corol. 
 luteola, (dyer's weed. y. Au. 0.) leaves lanceolate, undulate, entire, a tooth 
 on each side of the base : calyx 4-cleft: flowers spiked. IN'aturalized. 
 
 Nigella. 
 
 5 — 1. Rhamnus. 43. 95. 
 
 ..^..w.^^. calyx acute : fruit turbinate. Berries black. Pursh calls this the 
 franguloides, after Mx. and gives alnifolius to a species found up the Mis- 
 souri. S. 
 
 catharticus, (buckthorn. E. ^.) thorns terminal: flowers 4-cleft, dioecious : 
 leaves ovate, serrate. First found in the Highlands by Dr. Barratt. 
 
 Southern, 
 alnifolius, Ph. (3) (W. M.^.) unarmed: leaves oval, denticulate, short-acumi« 
 nate, with a sinus at the base, slightly cordate, pubescent at the nerves be- 
 neath : peduncles twice 2-cleit : berries depressed-globose. Berries purple, 
 edible. 
 
 (1) This is a description, given by Prof. L. C. Beck, of a plant found by 
 him in wet prairies in Illinois : but he does not decide whether it is the colli- 
 Dus or not. (2) alnifolius, W. (3) not W, 
 
BHAMNUS, RHTZOMOEPHA. 361 
 
 carolinianus, W. (O. J. >?.) unarmed : leaves alternate, oval-oblong, sub-en- 
 tire, ribbed, glabrous ; umbels peduncled : flowers all fertilQ. Berry black, 
 globose. 4 — 6 f. 
 
 lanceolatus, Ph. (W. ^.) unarmed, shrubby : leaves lanceolate, serrulate, 
 acute at each end, pubescent beneath.. Berries black. 
 
 minutifloriLs, Mx. (L. Oc. ^.) unarmed : leaves nearly opposite, oval, serru- 
 late : flowers very minute, divisions spiked, alternately sessile on the rachis : 
 style 3-cleft ; berry 3-seeded. Vitis. 
 
 9—3. Rheum. 12. 28. 
 
 Exotic. 
 
 palmatum, (rhubarb. J. 21') leaves palmate, acuminate. From Cliina. 
 
 rhaponticnm, (I) (pie rhubarb, w. J. 2i-) leaves heart-ovate, obtuse and acute, 
 smooth : veins sub-pilose beneath, the sinus at the base dilated : petioles fur- 
 rowed on the upper side, rounded at the edge. Radical leaves very large. 
 2—4 f. Casiia. 
 
 8—1. Rhexia. 17. 90. 
 
 isirginica, (meadow beauty, deer-grass. E. p. Ju. 21.) stem wing-angled-, 
 leaves sessile, lance-ovate, ciliate-serrate ; corymbs dicbotomous. I — 2 f. 
 S. 
 
 mariana^ Mx. (w-r. Ju. 21.) stem and leaves very hirsute : leaves sub-petioled, 
 lance-oval or lance-linear : calyx smoothish, tubular, Ions:. Y?iv. purpurea j 
 leaves narrow-lanceolate or oblong : flowers deep purple. Var. rubella, 
 leaves lance-oval or oblong: flowers pale, reddish. 1 — 2 f. S. 
 
 ciliosa, Mx. (E. p. Ju. 21.) stem sub-quarangular, glabrous: leaves sub-petiol- 
 ed, lance-ovate, serrulate, ciliate, glabrous beneath, somewhat hispid above : 
 flowers involucred. 18 i. S. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 terrulata, N. (E. p. 2X. ) stem sub-quadrangular, smooth: leaves small, sub- 
 petioled, roundish-oval, acute, smooth on both sides, margin serrulate, base 
 eub-ciliate : flowers peduncled, about in threes : calyx glandular-hirsute. 
 6—10 i. 
 
 glabella, Mx. (2) (E. p.) glabrous: stem terete : leaves lanceolate and ovate, 
 3-nerved, denticulate, slightly glaucous: calyx glutinous. 2 — 3 f. 
 
 stricta. Ph. (E. p. J. 2i-) stem straight, erect, winged, glabrous, bearded at 
 the joints : leaves sessile, narrow-lanceolate, acuminate, 3-nerved, glabrous 
 on both sides : corymbs dichotomous. 
 
 lutea, Wr. (E. Ju. y. ^.) hirsute : leaves lance-linear, sometimes wedge-form 
 at the base, 3-nerved : panicle pyramidal : anthers erect. 18 i. 
 
 Irnearifolia, Lk. (E. y.) stem terete, sub-pubescent : leaves alternate, linear, 
 oblong, obtuse, sessile, pubescent on both sides : flowers sub-solitary. 
 
 angusiifolia, E. (3) (E. w. Ju. Zf.) hirsute: leaves linear, and lance-linear, 
 Boraewhat clustered : root creeping .■* Oenothera. 
 
 13—2. Rhinanthos. 40. 35. 
 
 crista-galli,\V. (yellow rattle, yellow coxcomb. E. y. J. 0.) upper lip of th« 
 corol vaulted : calyx smooth : leaves lanceolate, serrate. 1 f. 
 
 Melampyrum. 
 
 21—5. Rhizomorpha. 57. 2. 
 
 tiib-corticalis, frond compressed, dark-fuscous, shining : branches scattered, 
 
 (1) tartaricum of former Eds. but Darlington has shewn that it is this spe- 
 cies. (2) alifanus, Wr. (3) mariana, var. cxalbida, Mx. 
 
 SI 
 
S6Q RHI^OMORFIiA, UHU8' 
 
 reticulate, with anastomose! (meeting and joining of mouths :) receptacles 
 conglomerate. On dead trunks of trees. 
 
 n^terranea, frond terete, glabrous, black, very branching ; branches and 
 branchlets crowded, attenuated, free. On stones and decaying wood. 
 
 tetiformis, frond terete, very slender, black, shining, simple : apex divided. 
 On fallen leaves. 
 
 eornieularioides, frond and branches a little terete, flexaoui, interwoven, wide- 
 ly spreading, dark, opake, very tender. On the earth. Alectoria. 
 
 10 — 1. Rhododeiojron. 18. 50. 
 
 maximum, («vild rosebay. E. r. Ju. ^.) leaves oblong, glabrous, paler be- 
 neath : umbels terminal, dense : corols somewhat bell-form. Var. roseunij co-- 
 rol pale rose colour, divisions roundish : leaves obtuse at the base. Var. album, 
 corol smaller, white, divisions oblong : leaves acute at the base. Vblt. pur- 
 ptireum, corol purple, divisions oblong : leaves obtuse at the base, green on 
 both sides. 4—20 f. /S. 
 
 lapponicum, (1) Ap. Ju. Tp.) leaves elliptical, roughened with excavated punc- 
 tures. 8 — 10 i. 
 
 Exotic, 
 ponticum, rose bay. p. >>.) leaves oblong, glabrous, both sides coloured alike : 
 corymbs terminal : corol bell-wheel-form : petals lanceolate. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 punctatum, (E. r. Ju. '^.) leaves lance-oval, glabrous, with resinous dots be- 
 neath: umbels terminal : corol funnel-form : capsules long. 4 — 6f. 
 
 catawbieTue, Mx. (E. r. J. fp.) leaves short-oval, roundish-obtuse at each end : 
 umbels terminal : segments of the calyx narrow-oblong : corol bell-form. 
 3 — 4 f. Monotropa. 
 
 10—1. Rhodora. 18. 50. 
 
 canadensis, (false honeysuckle, rhodora. E. b. r. M. Tp.) leaves oval, entire, 
 glaucous-pubescent beneath : flowers in terminal umbels. 2 f. 
 
 Sophora. 
 
 5—3. Rhus. 43. 94. 
 
 typhhium, (sumach. O, y. g. Ju. >>.) branches and petioles very villose : leavet 
 pinnate, many-paired ; Teafets lance-oblong, serrate, somewhat downy be- 
 nrath. Berries red and very sour. 8 — 15 f. S. 
 
 glabrum, (sleek sumach. O. g. r. Ju. >).) branches, petioles and leaves glab' 
 rous : leaves pinnate, many-paired ; leafets lance-oblong, serrate, whitish 
 beneath : fruit silky. Var. elegans, flowers dioecious*. The leaves of both 
 the species are used for tanning morocco leather. Berries red and sour. 
 G— 12f. S, 
 
 viridiftorum, Lk. (y-g. Ju. \.) nearly glabrous : leaves pmnate in many pairs ; 
 leafets lance-oblong, serrate, sub-tomentose beneath : racemes erect. Prob- 
 ably a variety of the last. Ph. 
 
 copallinum, (wing-rib sumach, mountain sumach. E. y-g. Ju. \>.) leaves pin- 
 nate, with the main petiole joint-winged ; leafets lance-oval, entire : flowers 
 dioecious. Berries red. 3 — 12f. S. 
 
 vemix, (poison sumach, poison elder. E. y-g. Ju. Tp.) very glabrous : leaves 
 pinnate, many-paired; leafets oval, abruptly acumuiate, entire : panicle lax, 
 dioecious : fruit glabrous. Berries green, at length whitish. Panicle few- 
 flowered compared with the preceding species. Verj' poisonous. — 15 f. S. 
 
 toxicodendron, (poison vine, poison ash. O. g. Ju. \>.) rooting: leaves ter- 
 nate ; leafets <xval, entire or sinuate-crenate : racemes on the brancbe? and 
 
 (1) Aialea, L. 
 
RHVS^ BHYNCHOSFORA. 363 
 
 axillary, sessile, dloeciou?. Y ar. radicans, (1) (poison ivy) stem climbing 
 and rooting : leafets broad, entire, or with scattered teeth. Var. quercifoli- 
 um, (poison oak) erect, low : leafets variously sinuate-lobed. Var. micro- 
 carpon, leafets oblong-oval, long-acuminate, sub-rhombic : fruit very small. 
 The sap of (his species is an excellent marking ink for linen. 
 aromaticum, A. (E. y. M. ^.) flowers amentaceous: leaves ternale; leafets 
 rhombic-oval, toothed, sessile, pubescent beneath. Dioecious. Small shrub. 
 S. 
 
 Exotic. 
 cotirtHS, (false fringe-tree, aaron's beard, p-g. Ju. Tp.) leaves simple, obovate 
 and ovate : panicle racemes plumose. A small tree, with very minute flow- 
 ers supported on capillary, downy, or hairy peduncles. Indigenous to Si- 
 beria, Austria and Lorabardy; 
 
 Southei^. 
 pumilum, Mx. (E. Ju. Tp.) low : branches and petioles pubescent : leafets 
 oval, gash-toothed, tomentose beneath : fruit silky and downy. Poisonous. 
 1 f. Staphylea. 
 
 3 — 1. Rhyschospora. (7) 3. 9. 
 
 alba, (E. Ju. 2^.) spike corymb-fasicled : culm triangular above : leaves seta- 
 ceous : seed somewhat lenticular ; bristles about 10. 12 — 18 i. ^S*. 
 
 fuscOf M. (2) (E.) culm 3-angled : leaves linear, carinate : fascicles of spikes 
 alternate, peduncled : spikes ovate : glumes ovate, brown : seed ovate with 
 an acute black tubercle. 2 f. 
 
 glomerata, (3) (E. J. 2(») spikes corymb-fascicled, remote, in pairs : culm 
 obtusely triangular : leaves flat : seed obovate-wedge-forra, very smooth, as 
 long as the tubercle. 12 — 18 i. S. 
 
 capillacea, T. (E. Ju.) spikes 3 — 5, nearly terminal : culm 3-angIed, some- 
 what leafy : leaves setaceous : seed stiped, sub-rugose. 
 
 tparsa, Mx. (Ju.) culm 3-angled, leafy : corymbs axillary and terminal, 
 compound, lax : peduncles capillary : seed obovate, rugose, much longer 
 than the tubercle. 18 i. S. 
 
 cymosa, W. (4) (E. Ju.) culm 3-angled, leafy : cymes terminal and axillary ; 
 terminal one largest : seed round-ovate, compressed, transversely rugose ; 
 tubercle conical. 12 — 13 i. S. 
 
 laxa, Vahl. (5) (E.) culm 3-angled : corymbs leafy, decompound, loose : spike 
 subulate : seed obovate, pointed with the long persistent style. 3—6 f. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 varifiora, Mx. (6) (E. M. H.) culm and leaves setaceous : panicles loose, 
 few-flowered : seed obovate, rugose : bristles as long as the seed. 1 f. 
 
 inexpaiua, Mx. (E. Ju.) culm obscurely 3-angled : panicles remote, pendu- 
 lous : seed oblong, rugose : bristles scabrous, twice as long as the seed. 2 f. 
 
 fascicidariSf Mx. (E.) flowers fascicled, lateral and terminal : bracts short ; 
 spikelets oblong: scales mucronate : bristles twice as long ai the smooth 
 seed. 
 
 dittaiis, Mx. (E. Ju.) culm 3-angled : fascicles of flowers distant : seed lenti- 
 cular, slightly furrowed : bristles setaceous. 12 — 20 i. 
 
 ciliuta, Vahl. (E. 2i.) spike corymb-fascicled, terminal : bracts and leaves ob- 
 tusish, ciliatc. 
 
 plumosa, E. (E. Ju.) culm slender, 3-angled : leaves linear: flowers terminal, 
 crowded: bracts awned: bristles feathered. 8 — 12 i. 
 
 (1) Made a distinct species by L. (2) alba, rar. fusca. Ph. (3) capitel- 
 lata, E. (4) Scirpuspolyphyllus, Ph. (5) longirostris, E. (6) micraatha, 
 Vahl. (7) Schoenus.t. Mx. W. M. '' ^ ' V' 
 
364 BHTNCHOSPORA, RISES. 
 
 punctata, E. (E.) fascicles lateral and terminal, approximate at the summit of 
 
 the culm : seeds rugose, dotted. 1 — 2 f. 
 caduca, E. (L. Ju.) culm 3-angled : panicles axil lafj"-, erect: spikelets cluater- 
 
 ed, sessile : seed lenticular, rugose : bristles twice as long as the seed. 
 *erM, Ea. (1) (E. Ju.) culm terete : leaves linear: panicles cyme-like: flowera 
 
 crowded : seed glabrous : bristles setaceous. 1 — 3 f. Mariscus. 
 
 5—1. RiBzs. 36. 85. 
 
 ]. Currant-like. Flouers racemed. 
 
 Jloridum, W. (2) (wild black currant. O. M. Tp.) unarmed: leaves punctate 
 both sides: racemes pendant: calyx cylindric : bracts longer than the pe- 
 dicels. 3—4 f. S. 
 
 albinervium, M%. (A. g-y. M. Tp.) unarmed: leaves abbreviated, acutely lob- 
 ed, smoothish : nerves white : racemes recurved : berry glabrous. Berries 
 red. 
 
 tri^um,Mx. (A. y-g. M. p.) unarmed: leaves moderately lobed, glabrous 
 above, pubescent beneath ; racemes lax, pubescent : flowers flattish : divi- 
 sions of the calyx about 3-cleft : petals spatulate, obtuse : berries hirsute. 
 Berries red. 
 
 rig€ns,Mx. (A. M. Tp.) unarmed: branches straight: leaves acutely lobed 
 and toothed, reticulate-rugose, pubescent beneath : racemes lax, becoming 
 stiffly erect: berries sub-hispid. Berries red, erect. 
 
 glandulosum, A. (3) (E. r-y. M. ^.) unarmed: branches reclined-prostrate : 
 leaves lobed, smoothish ; younger ones pubesceat : racemes sub-erect : pe- 
 tals deltoid : bracts minute : berry hispid. Most of the plant, particularly 
 the calyx, covered with glandular hairs. 2 — 3 f. 
 
 tanguineum, Ph. (W. r. p. Mar. Tp.) unarmed; leaves cordate, 3-lobed, ser- 
 rate, with vein-like lines, glabrous above, sparingly white, tomentose be- 
 neath : racemes lax, pubescent, twice as long as the leaves : calyx tubular ; 
 petals oblong, the length of the calyx: bracts obovate-spatulate, as long M 
 the pedicels : germs hirsute. 
 
 aureum, Ph. (W. y. Ap. Tp.) unarmed, very glabrous : leaves 3-lobed: lobes 
 divaricate, with a few gash-teeth, shorter than the petiole : petiole ciliate at 
 the base : racemes lax, dense-flowered : calyx tubular, longer than the pe- 
 dicels ; tube slender; divisions oblong, obtuse: petals linear, half as long 
 as the divisions of the calyx : bracts linear, as long as the pedicels : berries 
 glabrous. 
 
 laxijlorum, Ph. (W. y.Tp .) unarmed : leaves cordate, 5-lobed, gash-toothed, 
 glabrous : petioles slender : racemes lax, erect, as long as the leaves : 
 bracts subulate : pedicels elongated ; calyx bell-tubular : berries globose, 
 hispid. 
 
 2. Gooseberry-like. Peduncles mostly fexc-Jlowered^ rarely sub-racemed. 
 
 hirtellum, Mx. (A. g. M. b.) spines small, sub-axillary : branches sub-hispid : 
 leaves small, semi-trifiu : lobes sub-dentate : peduncles 1 -flowered: berry 
 glabrous. Berries red. S. 
 
 gracile,Mx. (O. M. '^.) spines small, sub-axillary: leaves petioled, slender, 
 pubescent both sides : lobes acute, gash-toothed : peduncles capillary, 
 about 2-flowered : calyx bell-tubular : berries glabrous. Berries bluish- 
 purple. 2—3 f. (S. 
 
 trt/lorum,W. (wild gooseberry. A. g, M. p.) spine sub-axillary : leaves gla- 
 brous,3 — S-lobed, gash-toothed: peduncles sub-3-Qowered, with the pedi- 
 
 (1) cymosa, E. As Elliott's plant diflfers essentially from the cymosa of M. 
 it becomes necessary to give it another name. (2) pennsylvanicura, Lk re- 
 cunatum, Mx. (3) prostratum, Hr. 
 
KIBES, BICCiA. 365 
 
 cel« elongated : bracts very short : petals spatulate, undulate : style hirsute, 
 half 2 or 3-cleft, exsert : berry glabrous. Berries pale-red. 3—4 f. S. 
 
 oxyacantkoidesy (M. \.) the large sub-solitary prickles near the buds, the 
 smaller ones scattered : leaves glabrous, with toothed lobes : peduncles 
 short, about 2-flowered : berries glabrous. 3 f. 
 
 lacusiritjF. (1) (O. g-y. M. ^.) sub-axillary spines few: stem every where 
 aculeate-hispid: leaves lobed beyond the middle : petioles villose : berries 
 pomewhat racemed, hispid. 3 — 4 f. S. 
 
 cynosbati, Mx. (E. g. M. p.) sub-axillary spines about in pairs : leaves short- 
 lobed, gash-toothed, with soft pubescence : racemes nodding, few-flowered : 
 calyx erect, bell-form : berry prickly. Berries dark-brown. 
 
 speciosum, Ph. (W. p. fp.) under the buds 3-plaited-prickly : leaves wedge- 
 roundish, gash-crenate, glabrous, nerved, paler beneath, short-petioled : pe- 
 duncles about 3-flowerea, longer than the leaves : pedicels and germs glan- 
 dular-pilose ; calyx tubular, longer than the pedicels : stamens very long, 
 exsert. 
 
 menziesii, Ph. (W. r. p. ^.) under the buds 3-plaited-prickly : branches very 
 l)ispid : leaves truncate at the base, sub-5-lobed, gash-toothed ; lateral lobes 
 .shortest, tomentose beneath : peduncles about 2-flowered, equal to the 
 leaves: calyx tubular; limb spreading: stamens as long as the calyx : style 
 exsert : berry globose, prickly. 
 
 Exotic. 
 
 tubruin, (currant, g. M. ^.) unarmed : racemes glabrous, nodding : corol flat : 
 l)etals obcordate : leaves obtusely 5-lobed : stem erect. Berries red. 2 — 
 4f. 
 
 nigrum, (blackcurrant, g. M. Tp.) unarmed: leaves punctate beneath: ra- 
 cemes lax : flowers bell-form ; bracts shorter than the pedicels. Berries 
 black. 3—5 f. 
 
 grossularia, (english gooseberry, g. M. "^.) branches prickly : petioles hairy : 
 bracts 2-leaved : berry glabrous or hirsute. 2 — 4 f. 
 
 uva-erispa, (smooth gooseberry, g. M. \.) branches prickly: berry glabrous : 
 pedicels with 1-leaved bracts. Perhaps a variety of the grossularia. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 resinosum,Th. (A. g. Ap. '^.) unarmed, wholly covered with resinous glandu- 
 lar hairs : leaves 3 — 5-lobed, roundish : racemes erect : calyx flattish : petals 
 obtuse-rhomboid: bracts linear, longer than the pedicels : berries hirsute. 
 
 viscosissimum, Ph. (W. y. J. ^.) unarmed, wholly viscid-pilose : leaves cor- 
 date, obtusely 3-lobed, serrate: racemes erect, short: calyx tubular: pe- 
 tals oblong : bracts linear-spatulate, half as long as the pedicel : gernjs hir- 
 sute. 
 
 rotundifolium^Mi.. (A. ^.) spines sub-axillary : leaves roundish, sub-pubes? 
 cent : lobes round-obtuse : peduncles l-flowered: limb of the calyx tubular : 
 berries glabrous. ' Hedera. 
 
 21-t3. Riccia. 57. 3. 
 
 natans, (floating liverwort. O. Ju.) fronds obcordate, with apexes meeting so 
 as to forna the sectors of circles, flat : radicles beneath flat. It floats on the 
 water, with its short flat roots extending a little distance into it. Colour sea- 
 green. Each congeries of floating fronds hardly an inch in diameter. Chan- 
 nels run on their backs, like midribs in leaves. 
 
 Jiuiians, (forkstems. O. J.) fronds repeatedly forked, linear, convex or sub-cj- 
 lindric, smooth, reticulate, obtuse and cloven at the tips. Very plenty from 
 Lake Superior to Boston in water, among lemna. It is pellucid and 
 cellular, 2 or 3 inches long. It has nothing resembling a root ; but the 
 whole plant appears rather like the stems of some plants, 
 
 (1) osjcanlhoides, Mi. 
 
 31* 
 
365 SICCIA; ROSA. 
 
 glauca, frond radiating from a centre, dichotomoug, flat, reticulate. 
 
 lutescenSf St. frond di- or trichotomous, thick at the apex, inflexed and bifid at 
 the margin ; bbe3 at the margin free, the middle nerve with radicals im« 
 pressed above, convex beneath, substance porous, standing out from tu- 
 bercles filled within with minute granulations. In 'dried swamps, forming 
 yellow patches two inches in diameter. On the earth, largish, orbicular and 
 confluent. Blasia. 
 
 19—15. RiciNus. 38. 95. 
 
 Exotic. 
 
 communu, (castor-oil plant, palma christi. ^.) leaves peltate, palmate : lobes 
 
 lanceolate, serrate : stem with hoary mealiness. 4—6 f. Jatropha. 
 
 4—1. RiriNA. 12. 29. 
 
 laevis, (E.) racemes simple ; leaves ovate, acuminate, glabrous, flat: stem te> 
 ret«. Resembles Phytolacca decandra. S. 
 
 Southern. 
 humUittP. (G. ^.) racemes simple : flowers tetandrous : leaves pubescent. 
 
 Alchemilla. 
 
 16—10. RoBiNiA.. 32. 93. 
 
 pteudo-aeacia, (locust tree, false acacia. A. w. M. Tp.) leaves pinnate, with a 
 terminal leafet : stipules thorny, or a thorn : racemes pendant : teeth of the 
 calyx unawned : legumes smooth. 30 — 40 f. S. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 viscota, (1) (clammy locust. A. Ju. Tp.) racemes with l-flowered pedicels: 
 leaves pinnate, with a terminal leafet : branches and legumes with viscous 
 glands : calyx acuminate. Racemes axillary, dense-flowered, erect : flow- 
 ers approaching from white to red. Cultivated. 
 
 hispida, (2) (rose locust. A. Ap. r. fp.) racemes axillary, sub-erect : calyx 
 acuminate : stem mostly unarmed ; most of the plant hispid : leaves pinnate, 
 with a terminal leafet ; leafets round-oval, mucronate, sometimes alternate. 
 Van roMO, braachlets nearly glabrous. Cultivated. S — 6f. 
 
 Astragalus. 
 
 5—1. RocHZLU. (3) 41. 42. 
 
 virginiana, (0. Wrb. J. 0.) pilose : leaves lance-oblong, acuminate, scabrous 
 above : racemes divaricate : seeds densely covered with hooked bristles. 
 2f. S. 
 
 lappnla, (O. b. Ju. 0.) hispid : seeds prickly, bearded : leaves linear-oblong : 
 stem branched above : corol longer than the calyx. 12 — 18 i. 
 
 Southern. 
 glomerata,N. (4) (W. w. J. cf:) hirsute: seeds rugose: leaves linear-spatu- 
 late : spikes peduncled, axillary, conglomerate, bifid ; upper ones sessile : 
 divisions of the corol entire. 6— 12 i. Borago. 
 
 11—13. Rosa. 35. 93. 
 
 blanda, W. (E. Ju. ^.) germs globose, and with the peduncles hispid : leafets 
 (7,) oblong, sub-equally serrate, glabrous: petioles glabrous, somewhat 
 prickly : branches very hispid-aculeate. 
 
 farvi/iora, W. (5) (wild rose. 0. r. w. ^.) germs depressed-globose: germs 
 
 (1) glutinosa, C. (2) montana, Bartram. rosea, Du Hamel. (3) M/oso* 
 Us, L. (4) Cynoglosiura, Ph. Myosotis, N. (5) Carolina, Mx. 
 
KOSA. Sg;^ 
 
 and peduncles hispid: petioles pubescent, sub-aculeate: stem glabrous- 
 prickles stipular, straight : leafets lance-oval, simply serrate, glabrous : flow^ 
 ers somewhat in pairs. Very ^ ariable. 1—3 f. S. 
 
 niiida^ W. (r. Ju. ^.) germs globose : calyx, peduncles and branches hispid ; 
 petioles sub-pilose, unarmed : leafets (7,) lance-oblong^, both sides very gla^ 
 brous and shining. jS. 
 
 lucida, Eh. (E. r. Ju. Tp.) germs depressed-globose : germs and peduncles sub. 
 hisped : petioles glabrous, sub-aculeate : stem glabrous : prickles stipular, 
 straight : leafets lance-ovate, obtusish, coarsely serrate, glabrous, shining ' 
 flowers somewhat in pairs : divisions of the calyx entire. 4 — 6f. S. 
 
 gemella, W. (E. r. Ju. Tp.) germs depressed-globose : germs and peduncles 
 glabrous : flowers somewhat in pairs : leaves oblong, acute, opaJie : petioles 
 and veins pubescent beneath : prickles uncinate, the cauline ones in pair« 
 below the axils. 
 
 Carolina, (1) (swamp rose. O. r-w. Ju. '^.) germs globose: germs aad pedun- 
 cles a little hispid, or glabrous : petioles hairy, and a little prickly : stem 
 glabrous : prickles stipular, sub-uncinate : leafets 5 or 7, lance-oblong, 
 acute, sharply serrate, glaucous beneath : flowers solitary or corymbed 3 
 
 rubifolia, Br. (W. r. Ju. '^.) germs sub-globose : germs and peduncles glan- 
 dular-hispid : stem smooth : prickles short, solitary, uncinate : leaves peti- 
 oled, ternate ; leafets ovate, acute, serrate, glabrous above, white-downy be» 
 neath : divisions of the calyx viscid-pilose : flowers corymbed. 6 8 f. S' 
 
 rubiginosa, (2) (sweet-briar. E. r. J. ^.) germ ovate : peduncles and petioles 
 glandular-hispid ; petioles somewhat prickly i stem glabrous : prickles scat- 
 tered, hooked, slender: leafets (5 or. 7,) ovate, serrate, sub-fflandular Hp. 
 neath. 3—4 f. S. 
 
 micrantha, S. (E. r-w. J. fp.) germs ovate : germs and peduncles somewhat 
 hispid : prickles hooked : leafets ovate, acute, with reddish glemds beneath 
 Resembles the last in the odour of its leaves. 4 — 8 f. 
 
 sayi,Si. (W. '^.) germ oblong-ovate, smooth: divisions of the calyx persist 
 tent, erect, spreading at the summit, villous, longer than the germ : pedun- 
 cles rigid, smooth or sub-glandular-hispid : petioles villous and prickly un- 
 derneath : leafets (7,) ovate, sessile, deeply serrate, smooth above, glaucous^ 
 villose beneath : stipules clasping glandular-villose : younger branches acu- 
 leate hispid. 
 
 Exotic. 
 
 eanina, (dog rose. ^.) germs ovate : germs and peduncles glabrous: stem 
 and petioles prickly : leaves ovate, glabrous, 
 
 galLica, (french rose, common rose. r. J. f).) germs ovate : germs and pedun- 
 cles hispid : stem and petioles hispid-prickly. Sometimes the colours are 
 variegated. 
 
 danuucena, (damask rose. vr. r. J.Tp.) calyx half- pinnate : germ ovate, turgid 
 (thickened near its top,) bristly : stem and petioles prickly : leafets ovate' 
 pointed, downy beneath. * 
 
 wiuscosa, (moss rose. r. Au. ^.) germs ovate : calyx, peduncles, petioles and 
 branches hispid, glandular-viscid, (mossy-like :) spines of the branches scat- 
 tered, straight. 
 
 noschata, (musk rose, fp.) germs ovate : germs and peduncles villose : stem 
 and petioles prickly : leafets oblong, acuminate, glabrous ; panicle many- 
 flowered. 
 
 burgundiaca, (burgundy rose. T>.) germs sub-globose : germs and peduncles 
 hispid: leafets ovate, pubescent beneath: corol small, full, fleshy-white; 
 disk obscure. Var. provincialis, has scattered reflexed prickles on the 
 branches, and glandular serratures. 
 
 umperfiorens, (monthly rose. \>.) germs ovate-oblong, tapering to both ends ; 
 
 (1) peonsylvanica, Mx. corymbosa, Eh. (2) suaTcoleua, Ph. 
 
S68 ROSA, ROTTBOELLIA. 
 
 germs and peduncles hispid : stem pricklj : flowers in erect corymbs. Re- 
 sembles damascena. 
 
 alba, {white rose. w. J. \.) germs ovate, glabrous or hispid: stem and peti- 
 oles prickly : leafets ovate, villose beneath. ^ 
 
 pimpinellifolia, (burnet rose. r. ^.) germs globose : germs and peduncles gla- 
 brous : stem with scattered straight prickles : leaves obtuse ; petioles sca- 
 brous. Very small. 
 
 centi folia, (hundred-leaved rose. r. hj.) germs ovate : germs and peduncles 
 hispid : stem hispid, prickly : leaves pubescent beneath : petioles unarmed. 
 
 cimiamomea, (cinnamon rose. ^.) germs globose : germs and peduncles gla- 
 brous : stem with etipular prickles : petioles somewhat unarmed : leafets 
 oblong. R. majalis. Stem brown-cinnamon colour. 
 
 multijlora, (japan rose. ^.) germs ovate : germs and peduncles unarmed, vil- 
 lose : stem and petioles prickly. Branches generally purple : leafets ovate : 
 flowers small, pauicled. 
 
 spinotissima, (scotch rose. ^.) germs'globose, glabrous : peduncles hispid 
 stem and petioles very hispid. Var. scotica, is smaller. 
 
 parvifolia, (small-leaf rose. '^.) small : germs ovate, sub-glabrous : peduncles 
 glandular : stem and petioles with slender prickles : leafets rugose, a little 
 villose beneath, ovate, glandular-serrate. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 seligera, Mx. (E. J. b.) germs globose : petioles and veins prickly : branches 
 glabrous: prickles in pairs and scattered : leafets 3 — 5, acuminate glabrous : 
 leafets of the calyx fringed with bristles. 5 — 8 f. 
 
 Lutescens, Ph. (E. y-w. J. p.) germ globose : germs and peduncles glabrous : 
 braaches hispid-spiny : leafets (7,) glabrous, oval, acuminate-serrate : peti- 
 oles unarmed : flowers solitary : divisions of the calyx lanceolate, cuspi- 
 date : petals oval, very obtuse. 
 
 laevigata, Mx. (cherokee rose. E. w. Ap. Tp.) gerni oblong, hispid : leaves pe- 
 rennial, ternate ; leafets lanceolate, serrate, coriaceous, lucid : flowers soli- 
 tary, terminal. 5—20 f. 
 
 lyonii, Ph. (W. r. Ju. Tp.) germs sub-globose, nearly glabrous : peduncle« 
 hispid : petioles somewhat prickly : stem glabrous : prickles scattered, 
 straight : leafets (3 — 5,) ovate-oblong, acufe, serrate, sub-glabrous above, 
 tomentose beneath ; upper ones simple : flowers somewhat in threes : sti- 
 pules linear : divisions of the calyx lomentose, linear, scarcely gashed. 
 
 pendiilina, W. (thornless rose. r. J. >j.) unarmed : germs oblong : peduncles 
 and petioles hispid : stem and branches glabrous : fruit pendant. Culti- 
 vated. Rubus. 
 
 2—1. Rosmarinus. 42. 39. 
 
 Exotic. 
 oJUcinalis, (rosemary, fp.) leaves, some green both sides ; others whitish be- 
 neath, linear : margins revolute. Circaea. 
 
 3—2. ROTTBOELLIA. 4. 10. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 dimidiata, Mx. ? (E. L. 21- ) spike compressed, linear : flowers secund: calyx 
 2-valTed, 2-flowered : outer floret staminate ; inner one perfect. 
 
 ciliata, N. (L.) culm erect, tall : spikes terete, long-peduncled : flowers pedi- 
 celled, secund: pedicels and margins of the rachis villose : calyx and corol 
 each 2-valved. 3 — =1 f. 
 
 rugosa, N. (L.) culm erect, leafy : spikes cylindric,* solitary, axillary, proxi- 
 mate : joints of the rachis smooth, nearly semi-cylindric, tumid : outer valve 
 of the perfect flower transversely rugose \ accessary flower mostly barren 
 with an emarginate pedicel. Pleurapbis. 
 
RUBIA, HUBUS. S69 
 
 4—1. KuBiA. 47. 57. 
 
 Exotic, 
 tinctoria, (madder.) leaves lanceolate, about in sixes : stem prickly, climbing. 
 Var. sylvestris, lower leaves in sixes, upper ones in fours or in pairs. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 brotcnei, Mx. (E. y. 21.) hispid : leaves in fours, oval : peduncles solitary, 1- 
 
 flowered : stem decumbent. Berries purple, smooth. Ph. Cornus. 
 
 11—13. RuBus. 35. 92. 
 
 ideus, (garden raspberry. E. w. M. 1^.) leaves quinate-pinnate and lernate ; 
 leafets rhomb-ovate, acuminate, downy beneath : petioles channelled : stem 
 prickly, hispid flowers sub-panicled. Var. ameHcanus, branchlets nearly 
 glabrous : stem and petioles terete : leaves all ternate : pedicels somewhat 
 prickly. 4 — 6 f. S. 
 villosus, (high blackberry. O. w. J. "^.) pubescent, hispid and prickly : leaves 
 digkate, in threes or fives ; leafets ovate, acuminate, serrate, hairy both 
 sides : stem and petioles prickly : calyx short, acuminate : racemes naked : 
 petals lance-ovate. 4 — 6 f. S. 
 frondosus, Bw. (E. J. 2X-) stem prickly, erect : leaves ternate or quinate, pu- 
 
 bescens simple : racemes leafy : petals orbicular. 3 — 6 f. 
 ttrigosus, Mx. (1) (red raspberry. O. w. J. ^.) unarmed, rigidly hispid : 
 leafets 3, or pinnate-quinate, oval, at the base obtuse, acuminate, marked 
 with lines, and white-downy beneath, terminal one often sub-cordate. Fruit 
 red, sweet. 
 
 tetosus, Bw. (E. w. J. 2i.) stem erect, reclining, rigidly-hispid ; leaves ter- 
 nate or quinate, smooth and green on both sides. 
 
 euneifolius. Ph. (E. w. J. Tp.) branches, petioles and peduncles downy, with 
 recurved prickles : leaves digitate, in threes or fives : leafets wedge-obo- 
 vate, unequally toothed above, plaited, downy beneath : racemes terminal, 
 panicled : pedicels l-flowered. 2 f. S. 
 
 cayiadensis, (E. J. ^.) a little glabrous : leaves digitate, in teas, fiveg and 
 threes : leafets lanceolate, naked both sides, sharply serrate : stem unarmed : 
 bracts lanceolate. Stem purple. 
 
 occidentalis, (black raspberry. O. w. g. ^.) branches and petioles glaucous 
 and prickly : leaves ternate, oval, acuminate, sub-lobate and doubly serrate, 
 white-downy beneath : petioles terete : prickles recurved. 4 — 8 f. jS. 
 
 hispidus, (E. w. J. ^.) sarmentose-procumbent : stem, petioles and peduncles 
 very hispid, with rigid bristles : leaves ternate, gash-serrate, naked, middle 
 one peduncled. 
 
 trivialis, Mx. (2) (creeping blackberry, dew-berry. O. w. J. \).) sarmentose- 
 procumbent : petioles and peduncles aculeate-hispid, with the prickles re- 
 curved : stipules subulate : leaves ternate or quinate, oblong-oval, acute, 
 unequally serrate, sub-pubesceut : pedicels solitary, elongated. Var. ^a- 
 gellaris, has orbicular petals, and small smooth leaves. <§. 
 
 inermis, W. {Tp.) stem, petioles and peduncles unarmed : leaves ternate, ovate, 
 acute, unequally serrate, tomentose beneath; lateral leafets somewhat gash- 
 ed : stipules setaceous- subulate. 
 
 spectabilis, Ph. (W. M. "^.) unarmed, glabrous : leaves ternate, ovate, acute, 
 unequally and doubly serrate, pubescent beneath : peduncles terminal, 1- 
 flowered, solitary : petals ovate. 
 
 odoratus, Mx. (flowering raspberry. E. r. J. fp.) unarmed, erect, viscid-his- 
 pid : leaves simple, acutely 3 or 5-lobed : corymbs terminal, spreading. 
 Flowers large : berries rather dry and thin. 3—6 f. S. 
 
 saxatilis, (brier herb, rock blackberry. O. w. J. 2X') herbaceous, pubescent . 
 
 (1) pennsylvaaicus, Lk. (2) procumbens, M. 
 
370 BUBUS^ BUDBECKIA. 
 
 stem creeping : leaves ternate, rhombic, acule, gash-toothed, naked ; termi- 
 nal one pelioled : flowers somewhat in threes : peduncles elongated. <S, 
 
 obovalis, Mx. (E. M. 2X-) stem becoming a little woody, hispid, with stiff hairs : 
 leaves ternate, round-obovate, serrate, naked : stipules setaceous : racemes 
 8ub-corjmbed, few-flowered : bracts ovate : pedicels elongated. 2 — 4 f. S. 
 
 $empervirens, Bw. (E. w. J. ^.) stem procumbent, covered with minute prick- 
 les : leaves ternate, obevate, serrate, shining, evergreen. 
 
 arcticus, W. (E. r. J. 2^.) herbaceous, small : stem unarmed, about 1-flower- 
 ed : leaves ternate, glabrous, obtusely serrate : petals roundish, emarginate. 
 Labrador. 
 
 mcaulis, Mx. (1) (W. Ju. 2X) herbaceous, small : stem unarmed, 1-flowered: 
 leaves ternate, glabrous, sharply serrate : petals oblong, entire : styles 
 approximate. 
 
 ttellatus, W. (W. p. 7X-) herbaceous, small : stem unarmed, erect, 1-flowered: 
 leaves simple, cordate, 3-lobed, rugose-veined : petals lanceolate. 
 
 pedatus, S. (W. w. ? 2X') herbaceous, small, creeping : leaves pedate-quinatc, 
 gashed : peduncles filiform, bracted in the middle : calyx nearly glabrous, 
 reflexed. 
 
 chavtmmorvLS^ (cloud-berry. A. w. J. 2i') herbaceous, small: stem unarmed, 
 1-flowered, erect : leaves simple, sub-reniform, round-lobed : petals oblong. 
 
 parvi/lorus, N. (W. w. Tp.) shrubby, unarmed: leaves simple, palraate-lobed : 
 peduncles 2 or 3-flowered : flowers small : segments of the calyx villose, 
 ovate, abruptly acuminate : petals oblong-ovate. 
 
 deliciosus,T. & J. (W. p. fp.) stem fruticose, very branching, unarmed: 
 branches and petioles pubescent : leaves simple, round-cordate, shortly 3 — 
 5-lobed, villose-pubescent, rugose : bracts lanceolate, 1-toothed ■. flowers 
 »ub-corymbed, terminal ; divisions of the calyx ovate-oblong, acuminate, 
 leafy at the apex, shorter than the petals. D^libarda. 
 
 17— r3. RUDBECKIA. 49. 55. 
 
 purpureOfW. (A. p. Ju. If.) rough : lower leaves broad-ovate, tapering to the 
 base, remotely toothed ; cauline leaves lance-ovate, acuminate at both ends, 
 sub-entire : rays long, pendant, 2-cleft. 3—5 f. S. 
 
 discolor, Ph. (W. y. & p. Au. 21.) branches corymbed, 1-flowered: peduncles 
 naked, elongated : leaves lanceolate, strigose-pilose : scales of the calyx 
 ovate, acute : petals lanceolate, entire, two-coloured, as long as the calyx. 
 2f. S. 
 
 fulgida, (A. p. Au. 2^.) stem hispid: branches wand-like, elongated, l-flow« 
 ered: leaves lancc-oblong, denticulate, hispid, narrow at the base, sub-cor- 
 date : calyx leafy, about equalling the ray : disk hemispheric, with lanceo- 
 late chaff. 2— 3f. S. 
 
 hirta, (y. & p. Ju. 2i-) very hirsute : stem wand-like, sub-ramose, 1-flowered: 
 peduncles naked : leaves ovate-spatulate, 3-nervcd, serrate, rough-haired : 
 scales of the calyx imbricate in a triple series, shorter than the ray : chaff 
 oblong, acute. 2—3 f. 8. 
 
 triloba, (A. y. & p. Au. li.) pilose-hispid : stem panicled : branches divaricate, 
 many -powered, leafy : leaves lanceolate, acuminate at both ends, serrate; 
 lower ones 3-lobed : leafets of the calyx linear, deflexed. 4— 3 f. jS. 
 
 laciniata, (cone-flower, cone-disk sunflower. O. y. Au. 2i-) lower leaves pin- 
 nate ; leafets 3-lobed ; upper ones ovate : egret crenate : stem glabrous. 
 Damp. 5— lOf. 8. 
 
 digitata, (y. Au. 2X0 lower leaves pinnate; leafets pinnatifid ; upper ones sim- 
 ply pinnate ; top ones 3-cleft : egret crenate : stem smooth. 4-— 8 f. 8' 
 
 pinriata, Mx. (2) (y. & p. Ju. 2i.) leaves all pinnate ; one or more of the low- 
 er leafets 2-parted, the rest undivided : egret entire : stem furrowed, hispid. 
 
 (1) pistiUatus, S. (2) digitata, W. odorata, S. 
 
HUDBECKIA, KUEllIi:. 5f I 
 
 Southern. 
 
 ampiexi/olia, W. (VV. y. Au. 0.) glabrous: learcB lance-oblong, cordate, 
 clasping ; lower ones serrate : disk cylindric-conical. 
 
 laevigata, Ph. (E. y. 2X) very glabrous: leaves lance-ovate, acuminate at 
 each end, 3-nerved, sparingly toothed : scale* of the calyx lanceolate, as long 
 as the ray. 
 
 spathtUata, W. (A. Au. cf.) slender pubescent : stem l-flowered : leaves ob- 
 ovate spathulate, entire : calyx spreading, imbricate : ray florets 3-toothed. 
 
 aristata, Ph. (E. y.) stem hispid : branches long, corymbed, 1-flowered : leaves 
 lance-oblong, serrate, hispid : disk sub-hemispheric : chafT of the egret sub- 
 ulate, awned. Does this belong to this genus ? Elliott. 
 
 radida, Ph. (1) (E. (^.) stem hispid below, nakedish and glabrous above: pe- 
 duncles very long, 1-flowered : leaves ovate, attenuate, tuberculate-hispid : 
 calyx imbricate ; scales ovate, acuminate, ciliate. 
 
 subtomentota. Ph. (A. Au. 2X«) short pubescent, sub-iomentose : branches erect, 
 many-flowered ; leaves lance-oblong, acute, sub-serrate; lower ones 3-lobed : 
 scales of the calyx incumbent, shorter than the rays. 
 
 coiumnaris. Ph. (W. r. Ju. 2^.) leaves pinnatifid ; leafets lanceolate, outer 
 ones generally largest : receptacles elongated, cylindrical. 1 f. 
 
 gracilis, N. (E.) slender, pubescent: stem 1 — 3-flowered : peduncles elongat- 
 ed : leaves spatulate-ovate, remotely denticulate : calyx spreading : disk 
 conic. 
 
 tomentosa, E. (E. y. Au. 21-) short-pubescent, sub-tomentose : branches erect, 
 virgate : leaves lanceolate, acute, deeply toothed and entire, scabrous ; low-' 
 er ones ternate : scales of the calyx lance-linear, deflected, much shorter than 
 the rav florets. " I am uncertain whether this is the 8ub-tomentosa of Ph. 
 Elliott'." 3— 4f. 
 
 mollis, E. (E. p. S. 2X) stem hispid, villous, branching: leaves sessile, lance* 
 ovate, dentate, soft-tomentose : florets of the ray numerous, thrice as long ar 
 the calyx. 2—3 f. Bidens. 
 
 13—2. RuELLiA. 40. 35. 
 
 ttrepens, (2) (ruel. w. p. Ju. 21.) erect: leaves ovate, lance-ovate, or wedge- 
 form, short-petioled, entire or repand, undulate, sub-<;iliate at the base,- 
 smooth or sub-pilose on both sides : peduncles axillary, very short, about 3* 
 flowered : divisions of the calyx linear, rather shorter than the tube of the 
 corol, scarcely pilose : corol sub-equal. Very variable. 6 — 2i i. <S. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 eiliosa, Ph. (3) (O. w. p. J. 2X0 erect, branching, more or less hirsute : leaves 
 petioled, oval, oblong or lance-oblong, acute or obtuslsh, sometimes cuneate 
 or attenuated into the petiole, undulate, entire or repand, sub-ciliate : pe- 
 duncles axillary, short or wanting, 1 — 3-flowered : divisions of the ealy^t half 
 as long as the tube of the corol, linear, hispid, ciliate with whitish hairs : co- 
 rol sub-equal. 3 — 24 i. 
 
 tubijiora, Le Conte. (E. w. 2X-) erect, somewhat branching, smoothish or 
 hirsute : leaves sub-sessile, oblong, repand or entire, undulate : peduncles 
 axillary, short, l-flowered : divisions of the calyx lance-liaear, (1 inch,) one 
 third the length of the tube of the corol : corol sub-equal, pubescent. 
 
 oblonsifolia, Mx. (E. b. & p. Ju. 2X') erect, pubescent : leaves sub-entire, 
 oval and obovate, sub-sessile^ sub-undulate : peduncles axillary, very short, 
 1 — 3-flowered : divisions of the calyx linear-subulate, longer than the tube 
 of the corol, united at the base in a short tube : corol sub-ringent: stamens 
 didynamous. This species diflfers from the preceding suflSeicntly to make us 
 wonder how it has escaped our new genera manufacturers. Le Conte. 
 
 Buchnera. 
 
 (1) aspera, P > (2) humistrata, Mx. bireuta, E. (3) bybrida, Vh. 
 
372 KUMEX, RTJTA. 
 
 6—3. RuMEX. 12. 28. 
 
 sanguineus, (bloody dock. J. 21.) valves entire, obteng-, one principally bear- 
 ing the ffrain-like appendage: leaves heart-lanceolate. 2 — -3 f. S. 
 
 crispus, (dock. O. Ju. It-) valves of the calyx ovate, entire, all bearing grain- 
 like appendages on their backs ; leaves lanceolate, undulate, acute. 2 — 3 f. 
 S. 
 
 tierticUlatus, W. (O. J. 21-) valves entire, all bearing grain-like appendages . 
 spikes leafless, virith the flowers half-whorled : leaves lanceolate : sheathing 
 stipules cylindric. 2 f. S. 
 
 britannicu^, (O. J. 2i-) valves entire, all bearing grain-like appendages : spikes 
 of the panicle leafless : sheathing stipules obsolete, torn ; leaves broad-lan- 
 ceolate, flat, smooth. 2 — 3 f. <S'. 
 
 pallidus, Bw. (E. J. 21.) valves ovate, entire, hardly larger than the grain: 
 spikes slender: leaves lance-linear, acute. 
 
 obtusifolius, (O. J. 11.) valves toothed, one principally bearing a grain-like ap- 
 pendage : radical leaves heart-oblong, obtuse : stem a little scabrous. Per- 
 haps introduced. 2 — 4 f. 
 
 aquatieus, (water dock. Ju. 21') valves ovate, entire, bearing obsolete grains : 
 leaves heart-lanceolate, acute. 3 — 4 f. S. 
 
 actttus, (M. 21) valves oblong, somewhat toothed, all graniferous : leaves 
 heart-oblong, acuminate, whorls leafy. Introduced. 2 — 3 f. 
 
 acetosellus, (1) (field sorrel. O, g. p. M. 2^.) valves without grains : leaves 
 lance-hastate : flowers dioecious. 6 — 12 i. S, 
 
 Exotic, 
 pulcher, (Ju. 2^.) valves toothed; one conspicuously graniferous: radical 
 
 leaves panduriform. Naturalized. 
 patientia, (garden dock, patience. 2i) valves entire, one of them bearing a 
 
 grain-like appendage : leaves lance-ovate. Naturalized. 
 acetosus, (garden sorrel. 2X') jstein elongated : leaves oblong, sagittate- acute, 
 
 clasping. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 persicarioides, (E. J. ^.) valves toothed, each bearing a grain : leaves lance- 
 olate, undulate, entire, petioled. 6— -12 i. 
 
 crispatultu, Mx. ( W.) valves obtusely cordate, all crested, 3-toothed ; one nak- 
 ed ; two unequally graniferous : spikes leafless : lower leaves oval \ upper 
 ones lanceolate ; all undulate. 
 
 venosus, Ph. (W. Ap. 2X-) valves large, heart-reniform, entire, net-reined: 
 leaves small, lance-oval, entire, veined. 12 f. 
 
 divarieatiis 7 (E. Ju. 2X) valves toothed, each bearing a grain : leaves cordate- 
 oblong, obtuse, pubescent. 1—2 f. 
 
 hastatulus, Bald. (E. Ap. 2i-) valves round-cordate, entire, graniferous : 
 leaves petioled, hastate-oblong, auricles entire, obtuse. Dioecious. 1 — 3 f. 
 
 Sabal. 
 
 RuToex, OXTRIA. 
 
 4—4. RuPPiA. 15. 13. 
 
 maritima, (sea tassel-grass. E. J. 2i-) floating : leaves pectinate, obtuse : flow- 
 ers spiked. Myginda. 
 
 10—1. RuTA. 26. 81. 
 
 Exotic. 
 
 graveolens, (rue.) leaves more than decompound; leafets oblong, terminal 
 
 ones obovate : petals entire. Mylocarium. 
 
 (1) Lapathum, 3d ed. ; but the acetosa and patientia seem to unite tb« two 
 gener&i 
 
SABAI, SACCHARUM. 375 
 
 6—3. Sabal. 1. 11. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 puniila, Wr. (1) (E. Ju. ^.) leaves fan-form: scape panicled: flowers sub-ses- 
 sile, small. Berry bluish black. 4 — 6 f. 
 
 minima, x^. (E.) root creeping : stipe somewhat prickly, rough: fronds pal- 
 mate, plicate, sub-7-cJeft ? Fruit brownish, hirsute. 8 i. Chamaerops. 
 
 Sabal, Chamaerops. 
 
 5—1. Sabbatia. 47. 46. 
 
 gracilis, Sy. (2) (E. r. Ju. cT.) slender: branches lax, elongated, 1-flowered : 
 leaves oval-linear: divisions of the calyx linear, about equalling the corol : 
 divisions of the corol obovate : stem angular. 1 f. S. 
 
 siellaris. Ph. (3) (E. r. Au. ^T.) erect: branches dichotomous, elongated, 
 1-flowered: leaves lanceolate, acute : divisions of the calyx subulate, half as 
 long as the corol : divisions of the corol obovate : stem terete. 12 — 18 i. S. 
 
 angularis, (American century. E. p. Au. (j^.) erect : leaves heart-ovate, clasp- 
 ing: flowers with long peduncles, corymbed : divisions- of the calyx lance- 
 linear : stem with 4-margined angles. 1 — 2 f. S. 
 
 calt/cosa, Mx. (E. r. Au. (j^.) erect, few-flowered: leaves oblong, obtusish, 
 sessile : flowers solitary, about 7-parted : calyx leafy, exceeding the corol : 
 divisions lanceolate. 1 f. /S. 
 
 chioroides, Mx. (4) (E. r. Au. (^.) weak : leaves lanceolate, erect: branches 
 few, 1-flowered : flowers 7 to 13-parted : divisions of the calyx linear, short- 
 er than the divisions of the corol. Var. erecla, E. stem rigid, erect: leaves 
 linear : corol 10-parted ; segments lanceolate. Var. coriacea, E. stem erect, 
 sparingly branched: lower leaves sub-oval : corol thick, coriaceous, 8-part- 
 ed. Var. ^eoTMOJa, E. stem flexuous : leaves lance-linear : corol 12-parted ; 
 segments long, lanceolate : stigmas revolute ? 2 — 3 f. S. 
 
 corymbosa, Bald. (5) (E. w. Au. 2(.) leaves ovate, acute, closely sessile : stem 
 somewhat angled : flowers corymbed : divisions of the calyx subulate, short- 
 er than the corol. Var. angu6tifolia,\edi\cs linear or lance-linear: calyx 
 nearly as long as the corol. 1 f. S. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 paniculata, Mx. (6) (E. w. Au. 21) very branching: panicle difl"use : leaves 
 lance-linear : stem sub-terete : branches alternate. 1 — 2 f. 
 
 brachiata, E. (E, r. Ju.) leaves lanceolate : panicle long : branches brachiate, 
 about 3-flowered : corol twice as long as the calyx. 
 
 gentianoides, E. (E. r. Au.) leaves long, linear: flowers axillary, sessile; up- 
 per ones crowded : corol about 10-parted. Hydrophyllum. 
 
 3—2. Saccharum. 4. 10. 
 
 Exotic, 
 ojicinarum, (sugar cane.) flowers panicled, in pairs, one sessile and one pedi- 
 celled : corol 1-valved, awnless. From the East Indies. 
 
 Muhlenbergia. 
 
 (1) adansoni, P. Corypha, Wr. minor, Jn. Raphis acauiis, W. Cha- 
 maerops, Mx. (2) campanulata, L. (3) gracilis, E.' (4) Chlora dodecan^ 
 dra, L. (5) paniculata. Var. angustifolia. Ph. (6) Swertia difformis, L. 
 
 32. 
 
374 SAGINA, SALICOBITII* 
 
 Saccharum, Erianthus. 
 4—4. Sagina. 22. 82.» 
 
 jworumfcerw, (pearl-wort. E. w. g. J. 21.) stem procumbent, glabrous : petals 
 very short. At New-Haven it grows mostly in running water, or very wet 
 shady places, forming a kind of water mat : but it grows along dry road- 
 sides in other places. 3 — 4 i. S. 
 
 apetaluy (E. J. 0.) stem erectish, pubescent: flowers sub-apetalous. Both 
 species have linear, glabrous, connate leaves, and axillary flowers. 
 
 Tillaea. 
 
 19—12. Sagittaria. 5. 13. 
 
 tagittifolia, (arrow-head. O. w. Ju. 2X.) leaves lanceolate-acute, sagittate: 
 lobes lanceolate, acute, straight. Var. latifolia, leaves ovate, sub-acute, sagit- 
 tate : lobes ovate, slightly acuminate, straight. Var. major, leaves large, 
 abruptly acute : scape sub-ramose. 1 — 2 f. S. 
 hastata. Ph. (E. w. Ju. 2X0 leaves lance-oblong, gradually acute, sagittate; 
 lobes spreading, lanceolate, long-acuminate : scape simple : bracts and ca- 
 lyx roundish, obtuse. Var. gracilis, leaves linear, oblusish, sagittate 5 lobei 
 spreading, elongated, linear. /S?. 
 pubescens,M. (E. w. Au. 21-) pubescent: leaves oblong-cvate, acute, sagit- 
 tate ; lobes ovate, acuminate, straight : scape simple : bracts roundish, pu- 
 bescent. This species and the preceding one are probably nothing more 
 than varieties of the very variable latifolia. S. 
 obttisajW. (w. J. 2X-) leaves broad-ovate, round-obtuse, mucronate, sagittate : 
 lobes approximate, oblong, obliquely acuminate, straight : scape simple : 
 bracts ovate, acute. Dioecious. S. 
 heterophylla, Ph. (O. w. Au. 21.) loaves simple, linear and lanceolate, acute at 
 both ends, or oral, acute, at the base obtuse, sagittate : lobes spreading, li- 
 near : scape simple, few-flowered : pistillate flowers sub-sessile : bracta 
 broad-ovate, acuminate. 8 — 12 i. 
 rigida^Fh. (w. Ju. 2i.) leaves narrow-lanceolate, keeled below, rigid, very 
 acute at both ends : scape ramose. Grows in deep water. Oswego, N. Y. 
 graminea, 'Mri. (1) (w. Ju. 2i') leaves linear, long, 3-nerved : scape simple, 
 
 few-flowered : bracts oblong, obtuse. 
 simplex, Fh. (w. Ju. H.) leaves lance-linear, acute, narrow below: scape 
 simple, many-flowered : bracts and calyx round, obtuse. Perhaps a variety 
 of the last. S. 
 acutifolia, Ph. (E. w. Ju. 2X-) leaves subulate, sheathed at the base, convex 
 
 on the back : scape simple, few-flowered : bracts dilated, acuminate. 
 j»m//a, N. (Au. 0.) leaves linear, obtuse, short; summits foliaceous : scape 
 simple, shorter than the leaves: flowers few ; pistillate ones solitary, deflect- 
 ed : stamens about 7. Leaves rarely subulate, about the twelfth of an inch 
 wide. In mud. 1 — 3 i. 
 natans, Mx. (w. Ju. 21.) leaves floating, lance-oval, obtuse, 3-nerved, tapering 
 to the base ; lower ones sub-cordate : scape simple, few-flowered : lower 
 peduncles elongated. iS. 
 
 Southern, 
 lancifoiia, (2) (E. w. J. 21-) leaves broad-lanceolate, acute at each end, gla- 
 brous, coriaceous, somewhat perennial : scape simple : seed compressed, 
 •ab-falcate. 2—3 f. Arum. 
 
 |1— 1. Salicornia. 12. 29. 
 
 kerbaceot (samphire, glasswort. L. Au. 0.) herbaceous, spreading : joints 
 
 (1) gramifolia, M. (2) falcata, Ph. 
 
«AI.ICOBNIA, SALIX. 375 
 
 compressed at the apex, emarginate-bifid. Var. virginica, has the branchei 
 undivided, and the jointed spikes very long. The fructification is very olv 
 scure ; but it may be known by its leafless nearly cyliodric jointed branches. 
 It grows in salt marshes along the sea-board. Onondaga salt springs. 12^ 
 18 i. S. 
 
 mueronata, Bw. (dwarf samphire. L. Au. 0.) low, herbaceous : joints quad- 
 rangular at the bottom, compressed and truncate at the top : spikes oblong, 
 with mucronate scales. 
 
 ambigua., Ms. (L. Ju. 2i. ^. ?) perennial, procumbent, branching: joint crea- 
 cent-shaped, small : spikes alternate and opposite : calyx truncate. 
 
 Hippuris. 
 
 20—2. Salix. 50. 99. 
 
 1. Leaves entire^ or obsoletely serrate. 
 
 Miminalis, Hn. (basket willow. Ap. Tp.) leaves lance-linear, very long, acumi- 
 nate, entire, sub-undulated, white-silky beneath : glands scattered near the 
 margin; stipules small : aments precede the leafing: scales almost round, 
 very hairy : germs sessile, ovate : style filiform : stigmas acute, undivided. 
 Introduced. /S^. 
 
 Candida, W. (white willow. E. Ap. ^.) leaves lance-linear, very long, obsolete- 
 ly denticulate at the apex, pubescent above, white-downy beneath ; margin 
 revolute : stipules lanceolate, about equalling the petioles : aments precede 
 the leafing, cylindric : scales lance -obovate, down very long. 
 
 fKuhleiibergiana, W. (1) (speckled willow. E. Ap. ^.) leaves lanceolate, acat- 
 ish, sub-entire, white-hairy, rugose-veiny beneath; margin revolute: sti- 
 pules lanceolate, caducous : aments precede the leafing : scales oblong, wilh 
 villose margins : germs lance-ovate, silk-villose, long-pedicelled : styles 
 short : stigma 2-cleft. Scale of the ament tipped with red. 3 — 5 f. <S. 
 
 tristisj A. (mourning willow. E. Ap. Tp.) leaves lance-linear, acute at both 
 ends, entire; margin revolute, smoothish above, rugose-veined and downy 
 beneath : stipules none : aments precede the leafing, oblong. S, 
 
 recurvaia, Fh. (shrub willow. A. Ap. ^.) leaves lance-obovate, acute, entire ; 
 margin glandular, glabrous, glaucous beneath, in the young state silky : sti» 
 pules none: aments precede leafing, recurved : scales black at the apex; 
 hairs of the length of the germs : germs ovate, short-pedicelled, silky : style 
 short : stigma 2-cleft. Probably a variety of S. rosmarinifolia. 
 
 reptTis, \V. (2) (creeping willow. E. J. Tp.) creeping: leaves lance-oval, en- 
 tire, acute, glabrous, somewhat silky beneath ; stipules none : aments pre- 
 cede the leafing, ovate : scales obovate, obtuse, hairy, sooty -ye How at the 
 apex : germs ovate-oblong, pedioelled, pubescent : style short : stigma 2-lob- 
 ed : capsules glabrous. Very small. Found on the Whitehills by Bigelow 
 and Boot 
 
 reticulata, W . (E. J. Tp.) creeping: leaves round-oval, obtuse, very entire, 
 glabrous, net-veined, glaucous beneath : stipules none : aments flower after 
 leafing, peduncled, diandrous : scales obovate, obtuse, pubescent : germs 
 ovate, sessile, villose : stigma sub-sessile, 2-parted. From Labrador, with 
 the next five species. 
 
 testiiajPh. (E. J. '^.) creeping : leaves roundish, entire, glabrous above, net- 
 veined, covered beneath with very long, appressed, silky hairs : stipules 
 none : aments flower after leafing, peduncled, linear, silky : germs ovate, 
 sessile, villose : style deeply 2-parted : stigmas 2-cleft. 
 
 uva-ursi, Ph. (E. M. fp.) depressed: leaves spatulate-obovate, obtuse, very 
 entire ; margin sparingly glandular below, glabrous, shining above : stipules 
 none : aments flower after leafing, lax : scales oblong, ciliate : germs ovate, 
 pedicelled, glabrous : style 2-parted : stigma 2-lobed. Resembles Arbutus 
 uva-ursi. 
 
 (1) iacana, Mx. tristis, M. alpina, Wr. (2) depressa, Hn. polymorpha. Eh. 
 
376 SALIX. 
 
 cordifolia, Ph. (E. \.) depressed : leaves oval, sub-acute, cordate at theb^e, 
 very entire, net-veined, glabrous above, pale beneath : nerves and margin 
 pilose beneath : stipules semi-cordate. 
 
 obovata,Vh. (M. \.) diffuse: leaves obovate, obtase, very entire, glabrous 
 above, silky-villose beneath : stipules none : aments flower at leafing time, 
 sessile, oblong, diandrous : scales obovale, apex black, pilose. 
 
 planifolin, Ph. (E. Tp.) erectisb, divaricate: branchlets smooth : leaves lance- 
 oblong, acute at each end, serrulate in the middle, very glabrous, spreading, 
 
 • fiat, discoloured : stipules none. 
 
 prostrata, S. (E. fp.) leaves without stipules, obtusely dentate, oval-acute, 
 glaucous-silky beneath : stem prostrate. 
 
 pedicellarisyVh.. (stem-berried willow. E. Ap. ^.) branchlets smooth: leaves 
 iance-obovate, acute, entire, both sides glabrous, and coloured alike : sti- 
 pules none : aments flower at leafing time, peduncled, glabrous : scales ob- 
 long, scarcely pilose, but half as long as the pedicels: germs ovate-oblong, 
 glabrous, with very long pedicels : stigma sessile, 2-cleft. 
 
 lambertiana, W. (E. Ap. h.) leaves nearly opposite, Iance-obovate, acute, gla- 
 brous, sub-serrate at the apex, discoloured : stipules none : aments precede 
 the leafing: scales round, black : filament one: anthers two : germs sessile, 
 oval-ovate, silky : style short : stigmas ovate, emarginate. Introduced .' 
 
 rosmaHnifolia, (rosemary willow. Ap. ^.) leaves straight, lance -linear, acute 
 at both ends, entire, sub-glandular at the margin, caducous-pubescent above, 
 silky beneath : stipules narrow-lanceolate, erect : aments precede the leaf- 
 ing, ovate, recurved: scales oblong, obtuse, ciliate :' germs pedicelled, 
 lanceolate, villose : stigma sub-sessile, 2-cleft. 3 f. 8. 
 
 fuscata, Ph. (sooty wmHow. Ap. fp.) leaves Iance-obovate, acute, glabrous, 
 sub-serrate, glaucous beneath, in the young state pubescent : stipules very 
 narrow : aments precede the leafing, nodding : scales obtuse, scarcely hairy 
 within : germs short-pedicelled, ovate, silky : stigma sessile, 2-lobeu. 
 
 2. Leaves remotebj and obtusely serrate. 
 
 conifera, W. (1) (rose willow, cone-gall willow. Ap. Tp.) leaves lance-oblong, 
 remotely serrate, acute, glabrous above, flat and downy beneath, the first 
 year's growth glabrous : stipules lunulate, sub-dentate : aments precede the 
 leafing : scales lanceolate, obtuse, villose : germs pedicelled, lanceolate, silky : 
 style 2-cleft : stigma 2-lobed. The scaly cones are mere excrescences or 
 galls, caused by the stings of insects. S. 
 
 myricoides, W. (gale leaf willow. E. Ap. fp.) leaves lance-oblong, acute, 2 
 glands at the base, glabrous, glaucous beneath : stipules ovate, acute, glan- 
 dular-serrate : aments flower at leafing time, villose, leafy at the base : 
 scales lanceolate, obtuse, villose, dark-coloured : germs long-pedicellcd, 
 lanceolate, glabrous : style 2-cleft : stigma 2-cleft. S. 
 
 prtJioides, Ph. (E. Ap. Ip.) leaves oval-oblong, acute, remotely wave-serrate, 
 glabrous, glaucous beneath : stipules half-cordate, gash-toothed : aments 
 precede the leafing, villose ; germs pedicelled, ovate, acuminate, silky : 
 style long : stigma 2-cleft. <S. 
 
 discolor, W. (red-root willow, basket willow. E. Ap. '^.) leaves oblong, ob- 
 tusish, glabrous, remotely serrate, entire at the apex, glaucous beneath : sti- 
 pules caducous, lanceolate, serrate : aments flower near leafing time, ob- 
 long, downy : scales oblong, acute, dark-coloured hairj' : germs sub-sessile, 
 lanceolate, downy ; stigma 2-parted. S. 
 
 angustata, Ph. (Ap. '^.) leaves lanceolate, acute, very long, gradually taper- 
 ing to the base, serrulate, glabrous, both sides coloured nearly alike : sti- 
 pules half-cordate : aments precede the leafing, erect, smoothish : germs pe- 
 dicelled, ovate, glabrous: style 2-cleft: stigma 2-lobed. Resembles pri- 
 noides. 
 
 longifolia, W.( long-leaf willow. E. M. ^.) leaves linear, acuminate at both ends, 
 
 ^ (1) eriocephala, Mx. longirostris, Mx. the elder. 
 
8 AXIS. 377 
 
 lon«-eated, remotely denticulate, glabrous, both sides coloured alike : slipulei 
 narrow-lanceolate, denticulate: ainents flower after leafing, pcduncled, dow- 
 ny ; scales flat, retuse : filaments bearded at the base, twice as long as the 
 scales. 2 f. S. 
 
 3. Leaves closely and acutely serrate. 
 Remark. The first six of the following species have about 3 stamens to each 
 
 flower. 
 
 babylonica, (weeping willow. E. M. ^.) branchlets pendant : leaves lanceolate, 
 acuminate, serrate, glabrous, upper and lower sides of different colours : 
 stipules roundish, contracted : aments flower at leafing time : germs sessile, 
 ovate, glabrous. Supposed to be the willow on which the Israelites hung 
 their harps, when captive in Babylon. Introduced. S. 
 
 fcdcata, Ph. (E. ^.) leaves long, lance-linear, gradually tapering above, sub- 
 falcate, acute at the base, close-serrate, glabrous both sides, in the young 
 state silky : stipules lunulate, toothed, deflected. Branches very slender and 
 brownish. S. 
 
 nigra, W. (1) (brittle-joint willow, black willow. E. M. Tp.) leaves lanceolate, 
 acute at both ends, serrulate, same colour botb sides, glabrous : petioles and 
 midribs downy above ; stipules contracted, toothed : aments flower at leaf- 
 ing time, erect, cylindric, villose : scales oblong, very villose : filaments 3 — 
 6, bearded at the base ; germs pedicelled, ovate, glabrous : style very short : 
 stigma 2-cleft. 20 f. (S. 
 
 lHcicla,W. (shining willow. M. >>.) leaves ovate-oblong, cuspidate-acuminate, 
 rounded at the base, serrate, glandular, glabrous both sides, shining : stipules 
 oblong, glandular-serrate : aments flower in leafing time : scales lanceolate, 
 obtuse, hairy at the base, serrate at the apex, glabrous : germs lance-subu- 
 late, glabrous: style 2-cleft : stigma obtuse. Size between shrub and tree. 
 -S. 
 
 rigida, W. (2) (stiff-leaf willow. E. Ap. fp.) leaves lance-oblong, acuminate, 
 sub-cordate at the base, rigid, glabrous, sharply serrate ; lower serratures 
 elongated : petioles villose : stipules broad-cordate, obtuse, glandular-ser- 
 rate; aments flower at leafing time : scales lanceolate, dark-coloured, wool- 
 ly: germs long-pedicelled, lanceolate, glabrous : style very short: stigma 2- 
 parted. Branches red towards the end, in the youg state pubescent. Used 
 also in basket-making. jS. 
 
 sordata, W. (heart-leaf willow. Ap. fp.) leaves lance-oblong, acuminate, cor- 
 date at the base, sharply serrate, glabrous, paler beneath : stipules broad, 
 round-ovate, cartilaginous-serrate : aments flower at leafing time : scales 
 lanceolate, dark-coloured, woolly : germs pedicelled, lanceolate, glabrous : 
 style very short : stigma 2-cleft. 6 — 8 f. S. 
 
 grisea, W, (3) (grey willow. E. Ap. ^.) leaves lanceolate, acuminate, serru- 
 late, glabrous above, downy on the midrib, silky or naked beneath : stipules 
 linear, deflected, caducous : ament precedes the leafing : scales oblong, 
 hairy, dark-coloured at the apex : germ oblong, pedicelled, silky : stigma 
 sessile, obtuse. Joints brittle at the base. 8 f. S. 
 
 alba, (E. M. f).) leaves lanceolate, acuminate, serrate, silky on both sides, 
 lower serratures glandular : stipules obsolete : aments elongated, flowering 
 at leafing time : scales lance-oval, one-coloured, pubescent : germs sub- 
 sessile, ovate-oblong, at length glabrous : style short : stigma 2-parted, 
 thick. Introduced. S, 
 
 vitellina, (yellow willow. E. M. ^.) leaves lanceolate, acuminate, thickly ser- 
 rate, glabrous abo¥e, whitish-silky beneath : stipules none : aments flower in 
 leafing time, cylindric : scales lance-ovate, both sides coloured alike, pubes- 
 cent without : germs sessile, lance-ovate, glabrous : stigma sub-sessile, 2- 
 
 (1) caroliniana, Mx. pentandra, Wr. vulgaris, Clayton. (2) cordata, 
 Mx. cordifolia, Banks. (3) sericea, M. 
 
 32* 
 
SrS SAXiIX^ SALVIA. 
 
 lobed. Middle size tree. Var. alba, has the leaves white-silky both side?, 
 and very long aments. This variety is usually the tallest S. 
 
 ambigita, Ph. (E. Ap. fp.) leaves lanceolate, acuminate, glabrous, both sides of 
 the same colour, glandular-serrate : araents flower ii^ leafing time : the pair 
 of nectaries large, with lanceolate, deformed lobes, toothed at the apex, gla- 
 brous : the terminal florets have 3 stamens. Resembling the vitellina. 
 
 decipuns, Hn. (E. Ap. ^.) leaves lanceolate, acuminate, serrate at each end, 
 very glabrous, both sides coloured alike : petioles glandular-toothed : sti- 
 pules round : aments flower at leafing time : scales obovate, villose : stami- 
 nate nectaries paired : gerras sub-sessile, lanceolate, glabrous ; stigmas ses- 
 sile, 2-parted. Branches very brittle. Introduced. <S>. 
 
 j)€tiolaris, W. (Ap. fp.) leaves lanceolate, wholly serrate, smooth, glaucous- 
 silky beneath, generally unequal at the base : stipules lunulate, toothed, 
 small : aments precede the leafing, loose : scales obovate, obtuse, having 
 black hairs : germs long-peduncled, ovate, silky, stigmas sessile, 2-lobed. 
 
 russeliana, W. (E. ^.) leaves lanceolate, acuminate, serrate, glabrous : aments 
 flower in leafing time : florets generally with 3 stamens : germs pedicelled, 
 subulate, smooth : styles elongated. Tall tree. Introduced. 
 
 myrsinites, W. (E. M. '^.) leaves oval-ovate, wholly serrulate, both sides gla- 
 brous, shining and coloured alike : stipules lanceolate, serrate : branches 
 rough : aments flower a little before leafing time, erect, cylindric ; scales 
 lance-oblong, long-villous : gerras lance-ovate, sessile, silky : stigmas sub- 
 sessile, 2-cleff. Labrador. If. 
 
 herbacea, W. (A. Ju. '^.) leaves round, sub-retuse, serrate, glabrous and shin- 
 ing on both sides : stipules none : aments flower after leafing, few-flowered : 
 scales obovate, obtuse, villose : gerras oblong-ovate, sub-sessile, glabrous : 
 stigmas very short, sub-sessile. On the northwest coast. Smallest of all the 
 species. 1 i. 
 
 sriocephala, Mx. (E. Ap. ^.) leaves oblong-oval, somewhat retuse at the base, 
 serrulate : twigs downy : aments oval, very villose. Diandrous. 
 
 Southern. 
 houstoniana, Vh. (E. Tj.) leaves lance-linear, acute, finely serrate, glabrous, 
 shining, one-coloured : stipules none : aments flower at leafing time, cylin- 
 dric, villose : scales ovate, acute : filaments 3 — 5, bearded to the middle. 
 
 Fraxinus. 
 
 5—2. Salsola. 12. 29. 
 
 kali, (salt-wort. L. J u. 0.) herbaceous, decumbent: leaves channeled, spi- 
 nose : calyx margined, axillary. Var. caroliniana, leaves dilated, shorter, 
 terete, nerveless, spinose : stem smooth or hairy : calyx with a broader 
 margin. Seed cochleate. S. 
 
 tragus, (L. Ju. 0.) herbaceous, spreading, smooth : leaves subulate, fleshy, 
 mucronate-spiuous : flowers sub-solitary : calyx subovate, margin flattened, 
 discoloured. 
 
 soda, (L. 0.) herbaceous, smooth: branches ascending: leaves semi-tereVe, 
 acutish : fruit-bearing calyx transversely carinate in 3ie middle, sub-mem- 
 branaceous. Ulmus. 
 
 Salsola, Chenopodium. 
 
 2—1. Salvia. 42. 39. 
 
 urtieifolia, (nettle sage. A. b. J. 2X.) villose-viscous : leaves ovate-oblong, 
 
 toothed, decurrent along the petiole : calyx 3-toothed ; upper segment 3- 
 
 toolhed. S. 
 lyrata, (wild sage, E. b. M. 21-) radical leaves lyrate, toothed : upper lip of 
 
 the corolfery short : stem nearly leafless, reverse-hairy. Var. obovata, has 
 
 the leaves obovate, repand. 1 — 3 f. S, 
 
SALVIA, SANGUISORBA. 379 
 
 daytoni, E. (1) (vervain sage. b-p. J. 71.) leaves heart-ovate, sinuate, toothed, 
 rugose: teethof the upper lip of the calyx connivent. If. jS. 
 
 Exotic. 
 
 officinalis, (sage. b. J. 21' or Tp,) leaves lance-ovate, creoulate i whorls few- 
 flowered : calyx mucronale. 
 
 selara, (clarry.'cj^.) leaves rugose, cordate, oblong, villose, serrate: floral 
 bracts longer than the calyx, concave, acuminate. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 azurea, Lk. (2) (E. b. tv. Au. 21-) leaves lance-linear; lower ones serrate : 
 stem and leaves smooth : calyx pubescent, short-3-cleft. 4 — 6 f. 
 
 coccinea, (E. r. Ju. 2X) leaves cordate, acute, tomenlose, serrate : core! twice 
 as long as the calyx and narrower. 1 — 2 f. 
 
 trichostemmoides, Ph. (W. b. 0.) leaves lanceolate, serrate : racemes termi- 
 nal : flowers opposite : corol equal to the 3-cleft calyx : stem brachiate- 
 branched. 
 
 obovata, E. (E. Ju.) leaves large, obovate, toothed, pubescent : whorls 6-flow- 
 ered. 18 i. CoUinsonia. 
 
 21—1. Salvinia. 55. 5. '^' 
 
 natcuxs, (3) (W. %.) leaves oval, obtuse, with fascicled bristles above ; peti- 
 oles pilose : fruit sub-sessile, aggregate. Sphagnum. 
 
 5—3. SA3IBUCUS. 43. 58. 
 
 canadensis, (black-berried elder. O. w. J. ^.) branchlets and petioles gla- 
 brous : leafets about in 4 pairs, oblong-oval, glabrous, , shining, acuminate ; 
 cyme lax, divided into about 5 parts. 8 — 15 f. S. 
 
 pubascens, Ph. (4) (red-berried elder. O. w. M. fp.) bark warty : leafets in 2 
 pairs, lance-oval, pubescent beneath : flowers raceme-panicled, or in a 
 crowded bunch. 6 — 12 f. ^. Rhus. 
 
 5—1. Samolus. 21. 34. 
 
 valerandi, (brookwecd. w. Ju. 7X-) leaves obovate: racemes elongated: pedi-. 
 eels bracted near the middle. Damp. 8 — 12 i. S. 
 
 Southern, 
 ehraeieatus, Kunth. (W. w. Zf-) stem short, robust, smooth, divided at the 
 base : leaves obovate, obtuse, somewhat fleshy, attenuate at the base : ra- 
 cemes elongated, sub-pubescent : pedicels filiform, without bracts. 
 
 Sabbatia. 
 
 13—1. Sanguinaria. 27. 62. 
 
 canadensis, (blood-root. O. w. Ap, 21.) leaves sub-reniform, ainuate-lobed : 
 scape 1-flowered. A variety, stenopetala, has hnear petals. 6 — 10 i. jS^. , 
 
 Podophyllum. ' 
 
 4—2. Sanguisorba. 54. 92. 
 
 canadensis, (burnet saxifrage, w. Ju. 21.) flowers in a long cylindric spike ; 
 stamens several times longer than the corols. The leaves resemble the bur- 
 net. 3— 5f. iS. 
 
 media, (A. r-w. Ju. 2X.) spikes cylindric : stamens a little longer than the co- 
 rol : spikes shorter, tinged with red. Ph. A doubtful species. T. S. 
 
 Bartonia. 
 
 (1) verbenaca, M. (2) acuminata, M. angustifolia, Mx, mexicana, W&. 
 (3) Marsilea, L. (4) pubens, Mx. 
 
580 SANICULA, SAHRACENIA. 
 
 5 — 2. Sanicula. 45. 60. 
 
 marylandiea, (sanicle. O. w. J. Zf.) leaves digitate ; leafets oblong, gashed ; 
 part of the flowers are fertile, sessile and sub-ternate ; the others are barren, 
 pedicelled, and the most numerous. Var. canad^is^ leaves sub-ternate ; 
 leafets ovate, coarselj toothed. 2 — 3 f. jS\ Daucus. 
 
 17 — 1. Saictolina. 49. 55. 
 
 Southern, 
 suaveolens, Ph. (W. y. J. =^.) glabrous : stem corymb-branched : leaves sub- 
 bipinnatifid? divisions acute, linear: peduncles terminal, 1-flowered. Sweet 
 scented. Tanacetum. 
 
 8—3. Sapindus. 23. 65. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 saponaria, (E. w. 1^.) leaves glabrous, abruptly pinnate ; leafets lanCc-oval : 
 
 racbis winged : fruit spherical. 20-— 30 f. Adoxa. 
 
 ^ 10—2. Saponaria. 22. 82. 
 
 Exotic. 
 
 officinalis, (soapveort, bouncing bet. w. J. 2X0 calyx cylindric : leaves lance- 
 ovate, opposite, sub-connate, entire. Probably introduced, and naturaliz- 
 ed. 10—18 i. 
 
 vaccaria, (field soapwort. r. Au. %.) calyx 5-cornered, cone-ovate: leaves 
 ovate, acuminate, sessile. Naturalized. 6 — 18 i. Cucubalus. 
 
 5—3. Sarothra. 20. 82. 
 
 gentianoides, L. (1) (nit-weed, false John's wort. p. y. J. 0.) small, erect, se- 
 taceous-ramose : leaves minute, close-pressed : flowers on the branchlela 
 alternate, solitary. 4 — 8 i. S. Turnera. 
 
 12—1. Sarracenia. 54. 62, 
 
 purpurea, (side-saddle. O. p. J. ![.) leaves radical, short, gibbose-inflated or 
 cup-form, contracted at the mouth, having a broad arched lateral wing ; the 
 contracted part of the base hardly as long as the inflated part. Scape with a 
 single, large nodding flower. In marshes. 1 — 2 f. S. 
 
 heteroj)hylla, Ea. (E. y. J. 2I-) leaves radical; outer ones long-funnel-form, 
 not contracted at the mouth, having a narrow straight lateral wing ; the con- 
 tracted part at the base about twice as long as the inflated part ; the inner 
 leaves short, gibbose-inflated, contracted at the mouth, having an arched 
 lateral wing, the contracted part at the base hardly as long as the inflated 
 part : style longerjthan the filaments. The whole plant palish yellow, and 
 very slender. Intermediate between purpurea and flava. In swamps at 
 Northampton, Mass. Said to be found in New-Hampshire. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 rubra, Wr. (2) (E. r-p. J. 21.) leaves slender ; lateralVing linear ; appendage 
 ovate, erect, obtuse, mucronate, contracted at the base. 6-^10 i, 
 
 ^va, Mx. (E. y. J. 2^.) leaves large, funnel-form ; throat expanding; lateral 
 wing nearly wanting ; appendage erect, contracted at the base, reflexed at 
 the sides. 18 — 24 i. 
 
 eatesbaei, E. (E. 21-) leaves stiffly erect ; tube funne^form ; lateral wing lin- 
 ear ; throat straight ; appendage erect, sub-renifonn, reticulate with colour* 
 ed veins. 12 — 18 i. 
 
 (1) hypericoidei, N. Hypericum sarothra, Mx. (2) piyttacina, Mz. .' 
 
SARRACENIA, SAXIFRAGA. 381 
 
 teanolai-is, Mx. (1 ) (E. j. J. 2i-) leaves slightly ventricose, with the tube near 
 the surainit spotted on the back ; appendage arched, incurved ; lateral win? 
 slightly dilated. 12—18 i. Nuphar. 
 
 13—1. Satureja. 42. 39. 
 
 Exotic, 
 horiensis, (summer savory, b-w. Ju. 0.) peduncles axillary, somewhat in a 
 
 cyme : leaves lanceolate, entire : stem brachiate. 
 viontana, (winter savory. ^.) peduncles somewhat 1 -sided : segments of the 
 
 calyx acuminate, mucronate: leaves mucronate. Molucella. 
 
 7 — 4. Saururus. 2. 6. 
 
 s^mwus, (lizard's tail, breast weed. W. Au. 21.) stem angular, sulcata : leaves 
 alternate, heart-oblong, acuminate. Rare in New- York east of Cayuga Lake 
 —abundant west of it. 1 — 2 f. Rhexia. 
 
 10—2. Saxifraga. 13. 84. 
 
 1. Leaves radical-i undivided ; stem nearly nak^, 
 
 aizoon, W. (W. 2X.) leaves aggregate, spatulate, acutish, glabrous, with car- 
 tilaginous teeth : stem simple, leafy, pilose : calyx glabrous. 3 i. 
 
 stelicnSf W. (E. w. Ju. 2X.) leaves wedge-form, serrate, pilose at the margin : 
 stem simple, naked : petals acute : capsule superior. Labrador. 
 
 serpyllifolia, Ph. (W. li.) erect : leaves small, oval, glabrous : stem 1-flower- 
 ed, few-leaved : petals obovate. 
 
 androsacea, Ph. (W. w. H.) pubescent: leaves petioled, linear-spatulate : 
 stem leafy, 1 — 2-flowered. 
 
 bronehialis, W. (W. H.) stoloniferous : leaves imbricate, subulate, flat, mu- 
 cronate, spinose, ciliate : stem nearly naked, panicled. S. 
 
 nivalis, (W. w. J. 7X-} leaves roundish-wedge-form, crenate before, decurrent 
 into the petiole : stem naked, simple : racemes crowded. 2 i. 
 
 virgijiiensiSjMx. (2) (rock saxifrage. O. w. M. H.) minutely pubescent : 
 leaves oval, obtuse, crenate, decurrent into the petiole : flowers sub-sessile 
 on the dichotomous branches of an almost leafless scape. 1 — 15 i. jS". 
 
 geum, W. (W. li.) leaves reniform, toothed, veinless and pilose on both sides : 
 
 stem naked, panicled. 
 pennsylvaiiica, (water saxifrage. O. g-w. J. 2i.) pubescent: leaves lance-ob- 
 long, acute at both ends, obsoletely denticulate ; scape leafless : panicle ob- 
 long, with faicicled branches at the top. 1 — 4 f. iS. 
 
 2. Leaves undivided : stein leafy. 
 
 oppositifolia, W. (E. p. M. 2X0 caespitose : leaves cauline, opposite, imbri- 
 cate, ovate, obtuse ; upper ones ciliate : flowers terminal, solitary, sessile. 
 Labrador. 
 
 airoides, W. (E. y. 2i.) decumbent, caespitose: leaves cauline, linear, alter- 
 nate, tootl\-ciliate : panicle few-flowered: petals as long as the calyx. 
 
 setigera. Ph. (3) (W. w. 2i-) pubescent : leaves radical, aggregate, spatulate, 
 acute, spinose-ciliate : stem leafy, about 2-flowered : calyx hispid : very 
 long setaceous twigs in the axils of the leaves. 
 
 hireulus, (E.) leaves cauline, alternate, lanceolate, naked, unarmed ; stem 
 erect. North Somerset. 
 
 3. Leaves lobed. 
 
 rivularis, S. (E. w. J. 7X-) erect : leaves petioled, palmate : upper ones spatu- 
 late : stem few-flowered : root fibrous : germ half inferior. Labrador. 
 
 (1) minor, Wr. adunca, S. (2) nivalis, 31. vernalis, Bw. virginiea, N, 
 (3) flagellaris, Sternb. 
 
382 SAXIFRAGA, SCHISTIDIUM. 
 
 sUnrica, W. (E. w. 2^.) ascending: leaves reniform, palmate, pilose ; cauline 
 
 ones sessile : petioles hirsute : pedicels very long, filiform, 2-cleft, naked. 
 
 Labrador. 
 pectinate, Fb. (W. 21-) caespitose : stems numerous, leafy: leaves 3-lobed ; 
 
 lobes 3-cleft, linear, acute, glabrous : midrib furrowed : flowers racemed. 
 caespitosa, W. (W. y. J. 2X0 leaves radical, aggregate, fleshy, linear, obtuse, 
 
 entire or 3-cleft, nerved beneath : stem erect, nearly naked, few-flowered : 
 
 petals twice as long as the calyx. Var. groenluHcUca, leaves cauline, pal- 
 
 matet many-cleft : divisions acute. 
 tricuspidcUa, W. (E. w. J. 2(.) leaves radical, aggregate, wedge-form, ciliate, 
 
 acutely 3-toothed : stem ascending, racemed : petals lanceolate, thrice as 
 
 long as the calyx. Hudson's Bay. 
 cernua, (A.) leaves cauline, palmate, petioled: stem very simple, 1-flowered, 
 
 bulbiferous. 
 caespitosa, (1) (A.) leaves digitate, (3-cleft,) minutely nerved, sub-hirsute : 
 
 anthers sagittate ; stigma hooded, reflexed; stem sub-viscous, 2 — 3-flowered. 
 
 Exotic, 
 tarmentosa, (^i«pf-steak, creeping saxifrage, w. Au. li-) leaves roundish, 
 toothed, hairj^^sending off creeping shoots : 2 petals in each flower elon- 
 gated. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 leucanthemifolia, Mx. (A. w. r. y. Ju. 2X.) very hirsute : stem somewhat nak. 
 ed : leaves elongated-spatulate, acutely-toothed : stems divaricate-dichoto- 
 mous : panicle capillary, lax : calyx reflexed : petals unequal. 18 — 24 i. 
 
 erosa, Ph. (A. y-g. Ju. 2X') nearly glabrous : stem naked : leaves lance-oblong, 
 acute, erose-dentate: panicle oblong; branches divaricate, very branching, 
 lax-flowered : pedicels filiform. 
 
 Jamesii, T. (W. p.) leaves reniform, crenate-toothed, papillose-punctate on 
 both sides, nearly glabrous: stem short, few-flowered: divisions of the ca- 
 lyx triangular-ovate, acute, glandular pubescent : petals orbicular with long 
 claws. 1 — 2 i. Tiarella. 
 
 4 — 1. ScABiosA. 47. 56. 
 
 Exotic, 
 itellala, (star scabious, cat's eye. y-w. 0.) corol 5-cleft, radiate : leaves cut 
 
 and jagged : outer crown of the seeds orbicular, large, spreading, membrana- 
 
 ceous, many-nerved.? 
 atropurpurea, (sweet scabious, r. 71.) corol 5-cleft, radiating: leaves pinnati- 
 
 fidand cut: receptacle cylindric : outer crown of the seed short, lobed and 
 
 crenate. Polypremum. 
 
 Scandix, Uraspkkmum. 
 
 6 — 3. SCHEUCHZERIA. 5. 13. 
 
 folustris, (less flowering rush. E. g-y. J. 11.) stem glabrous: leaves semi-cy- 
 lindric, sheathing at the base ; each having a lateral pore on the inner side, 
 immediately below the cartilaginous tip. In ponds and marshes. 1 f. 
 
 Triglochin. 
 
 19 — 5. Schisakdra. 11. 77. 
 
 Southern, 
 soeeinea, Mx. (E. r. & y. J. ^.) glabrous: leaves alternate, lanceolate, iub- 
 denticulate, petioled, sometimes sub-cordate. Climbing. 10 — 15 f. 
 
 Zizania. 
 
 21 — 2. ScHisTiDiuM. 56. 4. 
 
 ciliatum, stem ramose; leaves lance-ovate, concave, diaphanous at the apex, 
 
 (I) mixta, P. 
 
SCHIZiEA, SCIRPUS. S8S 
 
 denticulate: capsules ovate, sub-sessile: calyptre verj- long, mitrc-form or 
 bell-conic, split at the base into many small irregular divisions, bautifully 
 reticulate. Anoectangium, 
 
 21 — 1. ScHiZiEA, 55. 5. 
 
 pusilla, Ph. (one-sided fern. E. Ju. 2i-) frond simple, linear-compressed; 
 cpikes conglomerate, inflexed, one-way. The only known locality of this in- 
 teresting little fern is near Quaker-bridge, New-Jersey, in a swamp. 3 — 6 i. 
 
 Lygodium. 
 3—1. SCHOENUS. 3. 9. 
 
 mariscoides, M. (E. Ju. 21.) culm terete or sub-sulcate, leafy : leaves channel- 
 ed, serai-terete : umbel terminal-: fascicles of spikes 3 on each peduncle : 
 seed naked, rounded at the base. 2 f. 
 
 « Southern. 
 
 hispidtdus, Vahl. (E.) peduncles axillary and terminal, 3-spikedi spikes glo» 
 bose, pedicelled ; leaves filiform, hispid. ^^ 
 
 cfusus, Sw. (saw grass. E. Au.) culm leafy, obtusely S-angliP^ leaves prickly 
 forwards : panicle terminal, very long, diffuse : seed ov^e, lougitudinally 
 wrinkled. 6—10 f. Rhyncospora. 
 
 Schoenusj Rhyncospora. 
 
 3 — 1. SCHOLLERA. 6. 17. 
 
 graminifolia, W. (1) (yellow-eyed water grass. O. y. Ju. 2i-) leaves all linear, 
 grass-like : stem slender, floating. 6 — 18 i. Heteranthera. 
 
 15—10. SCHRANZIA. 33. 93. 
 
 Exotic, 
 sensitiva, (2) (sensitive plant.) prickly : leaves pinnate 5 leafets in pairs, inmost 
 ones minute. 
 
 Southern, 
 uncinata, (3) (sensitive briar. E. p. Ju. 21.) stem prostrate angled, prickly : 
 leaves alternate, abruptly bipinnate : leafets small, sub-oval, gibbous at the 
 base, thinly pilose, irritable. 2 — 3 f. Sida. 
 
 13—2. SCHWALBEA. 40. 40. 
 
 amerieana, W. (chaff-seed. E. p-y. J. 2X.) smiple, pubescent : leaves lanceolate : 
 racemes terminal : flo\f ers alternate. 2 f. S. Euchroma. 
 
 SchweinUzia, Monotropsis. 
 
 6—1. SCILLA. 10. 14. 
 
 Exotic. 
 
 naritima, (squill, w.) scape long, nstked, many-flowered: bracts bent back. 
 
 Root bulbous. Orentiura. 
 
 Scilla, Phalangium. 
 
 3—1. SciRPUs. 3. 9. 
 
 1. Seed surrounded with bristles at the base. 
 
 ( Style articulated to the seed : base dilated and persistent. Setd often lef^ 
 ticular. Eleochakis. Br) 
 
 tenuis, W. (4) (O. Ju. 21.) culm very slender, quadrangular: spike oval, acute 
 
 (1) Leptanthus gramineus, Mx. Heteranthera, Ph. (2) Minaosa, 4th Ed. 
 (3) Mimosa horidula, Mx. jntsia, Wr. (4) raarginaius, M. E. 
 
384 SCIRPUS. 
 
 at each end: glumes ovate, obtuse : stamens 3 : styles 3-cleft : seed rug^ose. 
 8—12 i. S. 
 
 glaucus,T. (L. Ju. 21.) culm many-angled, glau^Dus: spike orate, acute: 
 glumes ovate, obtuse or emarginate. Stamens 3 : styles 2-cleft. If. 
 
 palustris, (E.J. 21-) culm round, inflated: spike lance-oblong: glumes some- 
 what obtuse : seed roundish, punctate, rugose : bristles scabrous. 18 — 24 i. 
 
 capitatus, (E. Ju. 2X.) culm terete or sub-compressed : spike ovate, obtuse: 
 
 seed oval, compressed, smooth. S. 
 aeicularis, (1) (O. Ju.) culm setaceous quadrangular: spike ovate, acute, 3— 
 
 6-flowered : glumes somewhat obtuse: stcimens 3: styles bifid: seed obo- 
 
 vate. 3—6 i. S. 
 pusilltis, Vahl. (L. Au,) culm compressed and sub-angular: spike ovate^cora- 
 
 pressed : seed obovate : stamens 3 : style 2 — 3-cleft. 1 i. 8, 
 i7itermedius,M. (E. S.) culms caespitose, quadrangular, sulcate : spik#s ovate, 
 
 oblong, acute glumes acutish : stamens 3 : style 2-cleft : seed broad-obovate, 
 
 compressed : tubercle distinct. 3 — 4 i. 
 planifolius, ^l.J^LJ-) culm triangular : radical leaves linear, flat, nearly equal- 
 
 lins: the culmiJipike terminal, oblong, compressed, shorter than the cuspi- 
 date bracts at the base. 8 i. 
 subterminalis, T. (E. Au.) culm floating, sulcate, inflated, leafy below: spike 
 
 sohtary, somewhat terminal, lanceolate : style 2-cleft : seed 3-angled. 3 f. 
 caespitosuSt (E. Ju.) culms caespitose, terete: spikes ovate, few-flowered: 
 
 lower glumes bract-like as long as the spike r sheaths with rudiments of leaves. 
 
 Var. callosiis, glumes thickened and cartilaginous at the tips. 8 i. 
 
 ( Style JUifornif not bearded, caducous. SciRPUS. L. Br.) 
 
 americanus, P. (2) (E. Au.) culm nearly naked, 3-angled, sides concave : 
 spikes lateral, 1 — 5, ovate, conglomerate, sessile : glumes round-ovate, mu- 
 croiiate : seed 3-angled, acuminate. One variety has 3 — 5 spikes nearly ter- 
 minal ; another has generally a solitary spike remote from the extremity of 
 the culm. 3—5 f. S. 
 
 debilis, M. (E. Au.) culms caespitose, deeply striate : spikes about 3, lateral, 
 ovate, sessile : glumes ovate, obtuse, mucronale. 8 — 12 i. <?. 
 
 lacustt-isy (3) (E. J.) culm terete, attenuated above, naked : panicle, sub-ter- 
 minal : spikes peduncled, ovate. 4 — 8 f. 8. 
 
 acutus, M. (E. Ju.) culm terete, (not attenuated,) spotted: peduncles numer- 
 ous, sub-lateral: spikes oblong : glumes pubescent, mucronate. 4f 
 
 atrovireris, M. (E. Ju.) culm triangular, leafy : C}-me terminal, compound, pro- 
 liferous : involucre 3-leaved : spikes conglomerate, ovate, acute : glumes 
 ovale, mucronate, pubescent. 2 f. 
 
 brunneiis, M. (4) (E. Au.) culm leafy, obtusely triangular : cyme decompound : 
 involucre 3--4-leaved: spikes roupd-ovate, clustered in heads of about sixes: 
 glumes ovate, obtuse. 2 — 3 f. jS. 
 
 macrostachyus, M. (5) (L. Au.) culm triangular, leafy : corymb clustered : in- 
 volucre about 3-leaved, very long: spikes oblong: glumes ovate, 3-cleft : 
 middle segment subulate and reflexed : style 3-cleft. 3 — 4 f. 8. 
 
 ( Style filiform, caducous. Bristles much longer than the seed. Tricho- 
 
 PHORUM. P.) 
 
 eriophorum, Mx. (6) (O. Au. 21.) culm obtusely triangular, leafy : panicle de- 
 compound, proliferous, nodding: spikes all peduncled : bristles surrounding 
 the seed, exsert, 4 — 5 f. 8. 
 
 (1) trichodes, M. E. capillaceus, Mx. (2) triqueter, Mx. (3) ralidus, 
 Vahl. Ph. (4) cxaltatus. Ph. (5) robustus. Ph. maritimus, Bw. E. (6) Erl- 
 opborum cyperinura, L. Trichophorum cyperinum, P. 
 
SCIRPUS. 385 
 
 lineattu,Mx.. (E. Au.) culm 3-ang-led, leafy : panicles terminal and lateral, 
 decompound, at length nodding : involucre 1 — 2-leaved : spikes ovate : 
 glumes lanceolate, somewhat carinate : bristles longer than the seed. 2— 
 3f. S. 
 
 2. Seed naked at the base, 
 
 ( Style simple at the base, not articulated to the seed, caducous. IsoLEP* 
 
 , SIS. Br.) 
 
 subtquarrosus, M. (1) (E. Au. 2X. ?) culm triangular, nearly naked, incurv- 
 ed : spikes 3, nearly terminal, ovate : glumes somewhat squarrose at the tip : 
 involucre 2-leaved, very long, unequal. 2 i. S. 
 
 capillariSf (2) (E. Au. 0.) culm nearly naked, 3-angled, capillary: spikes 
 ovate, 2 — 3 ot'them peduncled, with an intermediate sessile one. 8 i. S. 
 
 autumnalis, (E. Au. 2i-) culm compressed, ancipitous : umbel compound: in- 
 volucre 2-leaved : spikes lanceolate, acute, somewhat 4-sided. 8 — 12 i. 
 S. 
 
 Southern. J 
 
 simplex, E. {E.J. 21.) culm terete: spike somewhat ovat*: glumes obtuse : 
 seed obovate, 3-angled. 8 — 13 i. 
 
 filiformis, Vahl. (E. Au.) spike cylindric, oblong, obtuse : scales roundish: 
 seeds naked at the summit : culm filiform. 
 
 genicidatus , Vahl. (E. Ju.) spike ovate-oblong: scales round-ovate : culms te- 
 rete, growing in distinct clusters, 
 
 tuberculatus, Mx. (E. Au.) culm terete, striate : glumes very obtuse, loose, ap- 
 pressed : seed somewhat 3-angled : tubercle sagittate, larger than the seed. 
 12 i. 
 
 quadrangtdatus, Mx. (E. M. 21) culm acutely 4-angIed ; 3 sides concave; 
 one wider, flat: spike cylindric : glumes very obtuse. 1 — 2 f. 
 
 cquisetoide^, E. (E.J.) spike cylindric, terminal ; scales very obtuse : culms 
 terete, doubly jointed. Resembles Equisetura hyemale. 18 — 24 i. 
 
 mucronatus, Vahl. (E. Au.) leafless : spikes oblong : scales entire, acuminate : 
 culm 3-angled. 
 
 stenophylbis, E. (E. Au. ^.) culm filiform, obtusely 3-angled : leaves setace- 
 ous; involucre 4-leaved, very long : spikes clustered : glumes mucronate. 
 3—4 i. 
 
 coarctatus, E. (3) (E.Oct.) umbel compound, crowded : spikes small, lance-li- 
 near: involucre setaceous, with one of its leaves longer than the umbel : 
 leaves filiform, concave on one side. 1 f. 
 
 castaneus,'M-s.. (4) (E. Ju.) spikes ovate-oblong, obtuse : involucre 2-Ieaved, 
 rigid, as long as the compound umbel. 
 
 sulcatus, E. (E. Au.) spikes lance-ovate, sometimes acuminate : umbel com- 
 pound, as long as the involucre: seed longitudinally furrowed. 1 f. 
 
 nitens, Vahl. (E. Ju.) spikes ovate, pedicelied : corymbs generally compound, 
 axillary and terminal : culm terete. 
 
 divaricatus, E. (E. J.) culm obtuse-3-angled : umbels decompound, divari- 
 cate ; spikes oval, pendulous. 3 — 4 f. 
 
 schoenoides, E. (E.) culm 3-angled : panicles decompound, axillary and ter- 
 minal, pendulous : spikelets clustered : seed obovate, rugose, surrounded by 
 bristles*. 2—3 f. 
 
 sylvaticus, Mx. (2i-) spikes oblong, crowded: corymb leafy, more than de- 
 compound ; scales oblong, obtusish, green : culm leafy, 3-angled. 
 
 ovat us, Vaih]. (Ju. 2i.) spike ovate: scales oblong: flowers somewhat dian- 
 drous : culm sub-compressed : sheaths unarmed. 
 
 Fimbristylis. 
 
 (1) minimus, Ph. (2) ciliatifolius,E. (3) castaneus, M« (4) Fimbristylis, 
 Vabl. 
 
 33 
 
5^6 SCIRPUS, 8CLER0TIUM. 
 
 Scirpus. FiMBRisTTUs. Rhyncospora. 
 
 10—2. SCLERANTHUS. 22. 86. 
 
 annuHs, (knawel, gravel chickweed. O. w-g. J. ^.) calyx of the fruit spreadiog^j 
 acute: stem spreading, sub-prostrate. Saponaria. 
 
 19—3. SCLERIA. 3. 9. 
 
 riglomerata, Mx. ? E. (1) (whip grass. E.J. ZC) culm acutely triangular, 
 scabrous : leaves lance-linear, channelled, a little scabrous, sparingly pilose : 
 spikes fascicled, lateral aad terminal : glumes ciliate : nut smooth. 2 f. 
 
 ;sr. 
 
 pauciflora, M. (2) (E. Au. 2i.) culm 3-angled, glabrous : leaves linear, gla- 
 brous : spikes lateral and terminal, few-flowered ; lateral ones pendulous ; 
 terminal ones clustered : glumes glabrous : nut rugose. 12 — 18 i. S. 
 
 r)erticillata,M. (Au. 2X-) culm simple, 3-sided : culm and leaves glabrous: 
 spike naked, with alternate distant glomerules : glumes glabrous : nut glo- 
 bose, mucronate, transversely rugose-warty. If. S. 
 
 reticulata, M\. (E. Ju.) culm and leaves glabrous: sheaths winged: spikes 
 scattered, axillary and terminal : glumes and bracts glabrous : nut reticu- 
 late, dotted. 1—2 f. S. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 oligantha,'£.. (E. M.) culm slender, 3-angled, glabrous : leaves narrow, nerv- 
 ed, slightly scabrous : spikes 2 — 3, sub-terminal, sessile ; one lateral, one re- 
 mote, long-peduncled : nut very smooth, shining. 12 — 18 i. 
 
 gracilis, Y.. (E.) culm filiform, 3-angled: culm and leaves glabrous : spikes 
 few-flowered, fascicled, sub-terminal : glumes glabrous : nut smooth, shin- 
 ing. 1 f. 
 
 ciliata, Mx. (E. J.) culm erect, glabrous, nearly naked : leaves linear, chan- 
 nelled, pubescent above : spikes terminal, clustered bracts and glumes cili- 
 ate : nut rugose. 1 — 2 f. 
 
 hirtella, Mx. (E. Ju.) culm erect, slender t culm, leaves and bracts a little hir- 
 sute : spikes terminal and axillary : glumes pubescent : nut transversely- 
 rugose. Var. strigosa, angles of the stem, margins and midrib of the leaves 
 more hirsute : glumes ciliate : nut tuberculate-rugose. Perhaps a distinct 
 species, Elliott. 
 
 viterrupta, Mx. (E.) culm simple, 3-anglcd : culm and leaves pubescent: 
 spike glomerate, naked ; clusters alternate, distant : glumes bristly : nut 
 globose, mucronate, transversely warty-rugose. Tripsacum. 
 
 21 — 6. Scleroderma. 58. 1. 
 
 eiirinum, middle size, roundish, sending oflT shoots, pale-yellow : scales thick- 
 ish, obsolete. On the earth among oaks, or on trunks in autumn. 
 
 Lycogala. 
 
 21 — 6. SCLEROTIUM. 58. 1. 
 
 emen, (barked puff-ball. P.) globular or pear-form, blackish, becoming rug- 
 ged ; gregarious. On dead potato-stems in autumn. 
 
 (1) Elliott says, this is not the triglomerata of Pursh, but may be of Mx. 
 Pursh*s description is as follows: triglomerata, (J. 2i-) culm erect, simple, 
 3-8ided, scabrous : leaves scabrous at the margin : fascicles few-flowered, ter- 
 minal : glumes ovate, mucronate, scabrous : nuts globose, acute, rugose. 
 
 (2) Torrey, in a letter to Dr. Darlington, says, this is not the pauciflora of 
 Pursh. Pursh's description is as follows : paucijlora, (Au. 21-) culm erect, 
 simple, 3-angled, scabrous : leaves narrow-linear, channelled, scabrous at the 
 mai^in : fascicles few-flowered, in pairs, terminal ; one very remote, axillary : 
 nut globose, acutirb, transversely rugose. 
 
SCLEROTIUM, SCUTELLARIA. SST 
 
 ^ruTttt ovate, hard, substriate, obscure, black. On the dried stems of large 
 herbs in autumn and winter. Tubtr. 
 
 21 — 1. SCOLOPENDRIUM. 55. 5. 
 
 officinariim, W. (1) (caterpillar fern. W. Ju. 2X) frond broad-lanceolate, cor- 
 date at the base : stipe chafly. 8 — 10 i. Blechnum. 
 
 13—2. SCROPHULARIA. 40, 40. 
 
 marylandica, (2) (fig-wort. O. g-p. Ju. Zf.) leaves cordate, serrate, acute 
 roundish at the base ; petioles ciliate below : fascicles of the panicle lax. 
 few-flowered. 3 — 7 f. (S. 
 
 ianceolata, Ph. (E. g-y. Au. 2i) leaves lanceolate, unequally serrate, acumi- 
 nate, acute at the base : petioles naked : fascicles of the panicle corymbed. 
 3 — 5 f. iS. Bignonia. 
 
 13—1. Scutellaria. 42. 39. 
 
 lateriflora, (mad-dog scull-cap, hood-wort. O. b. Ju. 2i-) branching, glabrous : 
 leaves long-petioled, ovate, toothed ; cauline ones sub-cordate : racemes 
 lateral, leafy. Damp. 1—2 i. S. 
 
 galericulata, (scull-cap. O. b. J. 21-) branching : leaves sub-sessile, lance- 
 ovate, sub-cordate at the base, crenate, a little white-downy beneath : flow- 
 ers axillary, solitary or in pairs. Flowers large. Damp. 12 — 18 i. 
 
 gracilis, N. (E. b. J. 21.) stem sub-simple : leaves remote, broad-ovate, toothed, 
 smooth, sessile, scabrous on the margin ; upper ones smaller, entire : flow- 
 ers axillary. Resembles the last. 12 — 18 i. 
 
 parvula, Mx. (w-b. J. 2i-) small, simple, densely pubescent : leaves sessile, 
 ovate, entire : flowers axillary, solitary. 2 i. S. 
 
 integrifolia, (E. b. Ju. 21.) somewhat simple, densely pubescent : lower leaves 
 ovate, crenate, tapering to the base ; upper ones lance-linear, obtuse, entire, 
 sessile ; racemes lax-flowered, leafy. Var. hyssopifolia^ has the leaves all 
 linear. 1— 2 f. S. 
 
 pilosa, Mx. (3) (E. b. J. 2i-) nearly simple, pubescent: leaves remote, rhomb- 
 ovate, obtuse, round-crenate, rugose, petioled: lower ones sub-cordate : ra- 
 cemes panicled : flowers crowded : bracts lanceolate, entire. 18 — 24 i. ;S. 
 
 canescejis, N. (W. b. Zf.) branching : leaves ovate, acute, acutely toothed, 
 petioled, hoary-villose beneath 5 lower ones sub-cordate : racemes axillary 
 and terminal, pedicelled, sub-panicled : bracts lance-ovate, longer than the 
 calyx: bracts and flowers hoary-villose. 2 — 3f. S. 
 
 ovalifolia, P. (b. J. 2(.) leaves sessile, ovate or sub-oval, serrate ; upper ones 
 lanceolate, sub-entire. 
 
 cordifoUa, M. (4) (E. b. w. Au. Zf.) leaves broad-cordate, acute, obtusely 
 toothed; petioles long : racemes opposite and terminal: bracts ovate, acu- 
 minate : stem branching. 2 — 3 f. S. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 nervosa, Ph. (E. b. Au. 2i-) nearly simple, glabrous: leaves sessile, ovate, 
 toothed, nerved : raceme terminal, lax, leafy. 
 
 angustifolia, Ph. (W. J. 2{.) simple, finely pubescent : leaves linear: flowers 
 axillary, opposite : stamens sub-exsert. 
 
 carol'miayia, Lk. (E. Zf.) branching, very glabrous : leaves petioled, lancc- 
 linear, acute, entire ; racemes lax, leafy : calyx obtuse. 
 
 serrata, Ph. (E. b. Ju. Z^.) branching, pubescent: leaves ovate, acuminate, 
 serrate, short-petioled : racemes terminal, lax, often panicled : bracts lanceo- 
 late, short. 
 
 (1) Aspleniurascolopendrium.L. (2) nodosa, Var. araericana, Mx. (3) 
 caroliniana, Wr. (4) versicolor, N. 1 
 
S88 SCUTELLARIA, SELENIA. 
 
 vUlosUf E. (E. J.) stem erect, branching, viUose : leaves large, lanceolate, 
 acute at each end, coarse -toothed, villose beneath, hispid above: racemes 
 panicled : flowers crowded. 2 — 3 f. 
 
 ambigua, N. (W. w-b. 2X0 low, sub-decumbent, divaricate, branched : leaves 
 sessile, ovate, rarfly remotely serrate, sub-hirsute above : flowers small ax- 
 illary. Var. missouriensis, leaves ovate-oblong ; lower ones ovate, short- 
 petioled ; all entire. 4 — 6 i. 
 
 resinosa, T. & J. (W. b.) minutely glandular-piXbescent, very branching: 
 leaves ovate, very obtuse, abruptly narrowed at the base, very entire, sprink- 
 led on each side with resinous dots : flowers axillary, villose. 
 
 Trichostema. 
 
 3—2. SzcALE. 4. 10. 
 
 cereale, (rye. J. cT.) glumes and bristles scabrous-ciliate : corol smooth. In- 
 troduced. Sesleria. 
 
 10—5. Sedum. 13. 83. 
 
 iernatum, Mx. (false ice-plant. "VV. w. J. 2X0 small, creeping: leaves flat, 
 round-spatulate, ternate : flowers somewhat 3-spiked. Varies into the eisrhth 
 class. Cultivated. S. 
 
 telephioides, Mx. (E. p. Ju.) leaves broad-lanceolate, acute at each end, den- 
 tate : corymbs many-flowered. 1 f. S. 
 
 Exotic, 
 telephium, (orpine, live-forever, r. w. Ju. 2X.) leaves flattish, tooth-serrate, 
 
 thickly scattered : corymb leafy : stem erect. 
 anacampseros, (stone-crop. 2i.) leaves wedge-form, entire, sub-sessile: stem 
 
 decumbent : flowers corymbed. 
 
 Sauthern. 
 
 pulchellum, Mx. (E. p.) glabrous : stems assurgent : leaves scattered, linear, 
 obtuse : cyme many-spiked : flowers sessile, octandrous. 
 
 pusillum, Mx. (1) (E, w. Ju. 2X.) erect, glabrous : leaves alternate, nearly 
 terete, oblong : flowers sub-terminal, few, alternate, sub-pedicelled. 2 — 4 i. 
 
 stenopetalum, Fh. (W. y. Ju. 2X0 glabrous, stems ascending : leaves scattered 
 and crowded, aduate-scsile, compressed-subulate, acute : cyme terminal, 
 thrice dichotoraous : spikes recurved : flowers sessile, decandrous : petals 
 linear, muoh longer than the calyx. 
 
 nuttallii, T. & J. ( W.) leaves roundish, flat, entire, scattered : cymes termi- 
 nal, trichotomous. 
 
 lanceolatum, T. & J. (W. w.?) leaves flat, sub-alternate ; lower ones crowded, 
 lance-oblong, acutish, glabrous, with the n)argin glandular-serrulate : stem 
 branching, assurgent : flowers cyme-corymbed : petals lanceolate, spread- 
 ing. 
 
 rhodiola, Dc. (2) (W. g. y. 2X0 erect, simple : leaves imbricate, sessile, ob- 
 ovate, acute, fleshy, glaucous, toothed above : cymes terminal, branching. 
 8 i. Lychnis." 
 
 14—1. Selenia. 39. 63. 
 
 Southern, 
 awea, N. (W. y. 0.) stem glabrous, sub-divided at the base, acute-triangular : 
 leaves smooth, somewhat succulent; radical ones sub-bipinnatifid, sessile : 
 peduncles axillary angular. 4 — 6 i. Dentaria. 
 
 (1) Diamorpha, N. and Tillaea cyraosaof the same. (2) Rhodiola rosea, L. 
 
SEMPEHVIYUM, SENECIO. S89 
 
 Selinum, Cnidium. 
 12—13. Sempervivum. 13. 83. 
 
 Exotic. 
 
 tectorum, (houseleek. Au. 2X-) leaves ciliate : bulbs spreading : nectaries 
 wedge-form, crenulate. 
 
 arboreum, (tree houseleek.) stem woody, smooth, branching: leaves wedge- 
 form, glabrous, with soft spreading hairs. Adonis. 
 
 17—2. Se.necio. 49. 55. 
 
 1. Florets tuiular : rays none. 
 
 Remark. The three first species vary from the character of the section un- 
 der which the genus is placed ; being destitute of rays. 
 
 vulgaris, (groundsel, E. y. J. 2i) leaves mostly clasping, sinuate-pinnatifid, 
 toothed : flowers panicled : stem erect, branched. Perhaps introduced. 
 12— 20i. 
 
 hieracifolias, (fire-weed. O. w. 5.^) stem wand-panicled : leaves clasping, 
 oblong, acute \ deeply, acutely, and unequally toothed : calyx smooth, brist- 
 ly at the base. This plant springs up wherever land has been recently clear- 
 ed of timber, and more particularly if it has been burned over, 4 — 8 f, jS. 
 
 elongaius, Ph. (long-stem groundsel, E. Ju. 2^,) glabrous : radical leaves 
 spatulate, serrate, tapering into the petiole ; cauline leaves pinnatifid, tooth* 
 ed, very remote : peduncles elongated, corymb-umbelled. 
 
 paucifiorus, Ph. (E. 21.) glabrous : radical leaves long-petioled, roundish-ovate, 
 sub-cordate, toothed ; cauline ones 2, remote, pinnatifid, toothed : pedun- 
 cles short, somewhat in 3's, umbelled. Labrador. S i. 
 
 2, Flowers with ray Jlorets. 
 
 patiperculuSf Mx. (2X-) stem very simple, rigidly erect, nearly naked : leaves 
 lanceolate ; radical ones sub-entire and gash-toothed ; corymb few-flowered ■. 
 calvx smooth : rays small. 
 
 gracilis, Fh. (E. M. 2i-) radical leaves veiy long-petioled, orbicular, sub-cor- 
 date, crenate ; cauline ones few, very remote, linear-oblong, dilated at the 
 base, gash-tootned : peduncles very short, hirsute, sub-umbelled : calyx 
 smooth : rays few, ver}' short. 1 f, 
 
 obovatiis, {£. y, Mr 2X-) radical leaves obovate, crenate-serrate, petioled ; cau- 
 line ones pinnatifid, toothed: flowers sub-unibe!led, long-peduncled : stem 
 somewhat glabrous, S. 
 
 balsamitce., (balsam groundsel. E. y. J. 21.) radical leaves oblong, serrate, pe- 
 tioled ; cauline ones lyrate or pinnati^d : flowers sub-umbelled : stem and 
 peduncles villose at the base. 1 — 2 f. jS?. 
 
 aureus, W. (rag-wort. O, y. J. 2X) radical leaves ovate, cordate, serrate, peti- 
 oled ; cauline ones pinnatifid, toothed, terminal division lanceolate : pedun- 
 cles sub-umbelled, incrassate. lU — 24 i. *?. 
 
 cymbalaria, Ph. (W.) radical leaves roundish, petioleil, truncate at the base, 
 toothed : petioles appendaged, sub-lyrate ; cauline ones sessile, linear, gash* 
 toothed : stem about 1-flowered. Perhaps a variety of the last, 
 
 canadensis, W, (E.) leaves doubly pinnate, linear, glabrous; uppermost ones 
 simply pinnate : flowers in compound, fastigiate corymbs. 
 
 Southern, 
 cUiatns, Wr, (E. w.) stem pilose : leaves lance-linear, ciliate. 
 tomentosus,^\x. (E. M. 2(.) hoary and woolly : stem simple : leaves petioled, 
 
 lance-oval, serrulate : corymb sub-umbelled. 2 f. 
 fastigiatus, Sz. (E. y.) radical leaves oblong, heart-ovate, crenate-toothed, gla- 
 brous ; cauline ones pinnatifid, divisions gash-toothed : flowers sub-umbell- 
 c-d : peduncles and calyx glabrous. 2 — 3 f. 
 
 33* 
 
390 SENECIO, SESUVIUM. 
 
 lobatus, p. (E. y. M. 0.) glabrous ; leaves lyrate-pinnatifid ; lobes rouad^ 
 sub-repana : corymb compound ; upper peduncles sub-umbelled. I — 3 f. 
 
 iiitegerrimu, N. (VV. y. J.) smooth : stem simple, slender : leaves very entire : 
 radical ones long-petioled, lanceolate, acute ; cauliril ones sessile, acuminate ; 
 highest ones minute : corymb simple : peduncles 1-flowered : rays shorter 
 than the hemispheric, calycled calyx. Damp. 12 — 18 i. Cineraria 
 
 Senecio, C AC alia, Cineraria. 
 
 20—9. SzRPicuLA. 15. 88. 
 
 canadensis, Mx. (1) (ditch moss. O. w. Ju. 7X-) perfect flowers triandrous . 
 stigmas strap-like, reflesed, 2-cleft : leaves linear, acute, somewhat whorled, 
 glabrous, denticulate. The pistillate corols are tubular. S. 
 
 Hydrocharis. 
 
 13 — 2. Sesamum. 40. 45. 
 
 Exotic. 
 
 indicun^, (bene-benni, oily-grain, r-w. Au. 0.) leaves lance-ovate ; lower 
 
 ones 3-lobed ; upper ones undivided, serrate. 2 — 4 f. Digitalis. 
 
 16—10. Sesbania. 32. 93. 
 
 Southern, 
 
 vesicaria, Jn. (2) (E. y. Au.) leaves equally pinnate ; leafets (10 — 20 pairs,) 
 oblong, obtuse, glabrous : racemes few-flowered, shorter than the leaves : 
 loment lanceolate, long stiped, about 2-seeded. 5 — 7 f. 
 
 macrocarpa, M. (O. y. & p. S. 0.) leaves equally pinnate ; leafets (10 — 25 
 pairs,) oval, glabrous, sul>glaucous beneath : racemes axillary, few-flower- 
 ed : legumes elongated, nearly terete. 4—12 f. Amorpha. 
 
 5—2. Seseli. 45. 60. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 iriternatum, Ph. (W. y. M. 2X-) leaves tri.ternate ; leafets long-linear : um- 
 bels hemispheric : involucels many-leaved, with the leafets linear as long as 
 the umbels. 
 
 divaricatum, Ph. (W. y. M. 2i-) stem very branching, divaricate: leaves bipin- 
 .latifid : divisions lanceolate, gashed : umbels long-peduncled : iuvoiucre 
 none ; involucel linear, dimidiate .'' 4 — 6 i. Viburnum. 
 
 3—2. Sesleria. 4. 10, 
 
 Souther7i. 
 Jaclyloides, N. (moor grass. W. g.) culm setaceous, leafy: leaves short, Oat, 
 subulate, sub-pilose: stipules bearded: spikes 2 — 3, few-flowered: corol 
 and 2-flowered calyx acuminat*, entire. 4-— 5 i. Oxydenia. 
 
 11—5. Sesutium. 13. 87. 
 
 sessile, Dc. (3) (L. r. Ju.) flowers sessile : leaves linear-oblong, flat. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 pentandrum, E. (L. Au.) leaves lance-linear, obtuse, succulent: flowers soli- 
 tary, closely sessile, pentandrous. The descriptions of iho sessile are too 
 short to enable me to determine whether this is the same. Elliott. 
 
 (1) occidentalis. Ph. verticiliata, M. Elodea, Mx. Udora, N. (2) pla- 
 tycarpa, P. disperma, Ph. Robinia, Jn Aischynomene playtycarpa, Mx. 
 (3) Gerardia cassioides, Ph. afielia, Mx. 
 
SESUVIUM, SIDA. S91 
 
 ptdunculatum, Dc. (L. w. Au.) leaves lance-linear, obtuse, succulent: flower* 
 solitary, axillary, peduncled, polyandrous. Aronea. 
 
 Setaria, Pennisetum. 
 
 13—2. Seymeria. 40. 40. 
 
 Southerji. 
 
 tenuifolia,Th. (1) (E. y. & p. Au. ^.f) glabrous, very branching: leaves 
 compound-piunatifid ; segments filiform, opposite and alternate : corol sub- 
 rotate : capsule glabrous. 3- — 4 f. 
 
 pectinata, Pb. (E. y. S. 0. ?) viscid-pubescent, very branching : leaves pecti- 
 nate-pinnatifid : divisions undivided, acute, linear : corol sub-rotate : capsule 
 pubescent. 2 — 4 f. 
 
 macrophylla, N. (W. y. Ju.) branching: leaves smoothish ; lower ones sub- 
 pinnatifid or deeply toothed; upper ones lanceolate, entire : orifice and tube 
 of the corol densely lanuginous : stamens scarcely exserled. 4—5 f. 
 
 Bunias. 
 
 Shepperdia^ Hippophae. 
 5—5. SiBBALDIA. 35. 92. 
 
 procumbens, (A. y. Ap. 2X-) leaves ternate : leafets wedge-form, 3-toothed^ 
 smooth above, hairy beneath. 
 
 Souihern. 
 
 erecia, Yar. parviflor a, (W. r-w. Ju. cT.) erect, branching: radical leaves 
 about twice 3-cleft : segments sub-divided : cauline leaves alternate, sessile, 
 sub-bipinnatifid. 4—6 i. Droscra. 
 
 19—16. SicYos. 34. 97. 
 anj'uZafa, (siogle-seed cucumber. O. w. Ju. 0.) leaves cordate, with obtu^^ 
 hind lobes, 5-angled, scabrous, denticulat* : fruit capitate, hispid. Culti- 
 vated. River alluvion. <S. Cucumis. 
 
 15—12. SiDA. 37. 74. 
 
 spiiiosa, (E. y. Ju. 0.) stem spreading: axils sub-spinose : leaves long petioU 
 
 ed, lance-ovate, obsoletely cordate, toothed : peduncles solitary, axillarj' : 
 
 stipules setaceous, longer than the peduncle : capsule 2-beaked. 1 — 2 f . 'S^_ 
 abutilon, (indian mallows. E. y. Ju. 0.) leaves round-cordate, acuminate, 
 
 toothed, tomentose : peduncles solitary, shorter than the petioles : capsules 
 
 2-awned, truncate. 4 — 6 f. S. 
 napaea, (2) (false mallows, w. Ju. Zf.) leaves heart-5-lohed, glabrous: lobes 
 
 oblong, acuminate, toothed: peduncles many-flowered: capsules awnless, 
 
 acuminate. 2—4 f. jS. 
 dioica, (3) (P. w. Oc. 2i.) leaves 7-lobe-palmate, scabrous: lobes lanceolate, 
 
 gash-toothed : corymbs bracted : flowers dioecious. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 hisjnda^Fh. (E. y. Au. 2i.) hispid-pilose : leaves lanceolate, serrate : pedun- 
 cles solitary, axillary, as long as the petioles : outer calyx filiform. 1 — 2 f. 
 
 rhomlnfolia, (E. y. Au. 2X.) leaves lauce-oblong, toothed, wedge-form and 
 entire at the base: peduncles much longer than the petioles : capsules 2- 
 horned. 1 — 2 f. 
 
 crisj)a, (L. w. Au. 0.) leaves oblong-cordate, acuminate, crenate ; upper ones 
 ses.sile ; peduncles solitary, longer than the petioles, deflected when in fruit : 
 capsules inflated, awnless, crisp-undulate. 
 
 alcaeoides, Mx, (W. Ju. 11.) lower leaves triangular-cordate, gashed; upper 
 ones paknate-many-cleft ; corymb terminal : calyx hispid. 
 
 (1) Gerardia cassioides, Ph, afielia, Mx, (2) Napae^^ laevis, 4th Ed. (3) 
 Napaea scabra, 4th E4. 
 
$92 SIDA^ SILENE. 
 
 gracilU, E. (E. y. Au. 21.) stem slender, glabrous : leaves linear serrate: pe- 
 duncles solitary, axillary, as long as the petioles; capsules (10,) 2-horned, 
 glabrous. 2—3 f. 
 
 atellata, T. & J. (W. r.) densely stellate-pubescenf ; leaves lanceolate, acute, 
 erose-serrate, rugose : pedicels axillary, shorter than the petiole, 3 — 5-flow- 
 cred : flowers in capitate glomerules : capsules (12—14,) bi-mucronate, 1 — 
 2-seedcd, broader at the base, reticulate. Althaea. 
 
 17—2. SlEGESBECKIA. 49. 55. 
 
 /losculosa, W. (W. y. Au. 0.) leaves sessile, ovate, toothed : florets of the 
 disk 3-toothed, triandrous. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 Iaci7iiata, Lk. (E.) leaves gash-pinnatifid ; upper ones lanceolate, entire, tu^ 
 
 berculate : outer calyx short : florets of the ray very large. Zinnia. 
 
 10—3. SiLENE. 22. 82. 
 
 pennsylvaniea, Mx. (1) (pink catch-fly. E. r. J. 21.) viscid-pubescent: lower 
 leaves wedge-form ; upper leaves lanceolate : stems few-flowered at the sum- 
 mit : about S petals, obtuse, slightlj- emarginate, sub-crenate. 6 — 10 i. S. 
 
 virginica, Mx. (2) (W. r. J. 11.) decumbent, wholly viscid-pubescent: leaves 
 oblong, a little rough at the margin: panicle dichotomous : petals 2^cleft: 
 Stamens and pistils exsert. Var. erecia, has the stem erect : flowers sub-fas- 
 cicled. Sandusky bay. 12—18 i. >S. 
 
 antirrhiiia, (sleepy catch-fly. O. w-p. J. ^.) leaves lanceolate, subciliate : pe- 
 duncles 3-parted : petals emarginate : calyx ovate. Flowers small. 1 — ; 
 
 f. -S. 
 nocturna, (w. J. 0.) flowers alternate sessile, on a one-sided spike : petals 2- 
 
 cleft. S. 
 acaulis, (E. r. Ju. 2X-) stemless, depressed: leaves linear, keeled : peduncles 
 
 terminal, solitary, erect, 1-flowered : petals emarginate. Labrador. »S^. 
 
 Exotic. 
 
 armeria, (garden catch-fly. w-r. Au. 0.) flowers fascicled, fastigiate : upper 
 leaves cordate, glabrous : petals entire. 
 
 conica, (cone-fruit catch-fly. r. 0.) calyx of the fruit conic, striate : (about 30 
 striae) leaves soft, lanceolate : petals bifid. Flowers small. 
 
 diehotoma, (forked catch-fly. w. Au. (j^.) calyx ovate, viscid-hairy, erect: pe- 
 tals 2-cleft : racemes in pairs, terminal, one-sided : flowers intermediate, pe- 
 duncled : leaves petioled, lance-ovate, ciliate at the base. 
 
 noctlfiora, (night-flowered catch-fly.) calyx 10-angled, veiny: teeth of the 
 tube equal: stem dichotomous : petals-bifid. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 auinquevulnera, (E. r. Ju. 0.) hirsute • leaves wedge-oblong ; upper ones lin- 
 
 * ear: petals roundish, entire : fruit erect, alternate. 8 — 12 i. 
 
 ovata Ph. (E. r-w. J. 2X.) leaves lance-ovate, acuminate, smoothish : raceme 
 terminal, compound : calyx ovate : stamens and styles exsert: stem simple. 
 
 jimbriata, Bald. (E. w. M.) stem pubescent : leaves obovate ciliate : petals 
 large, fimbriate. 6 — 8 i. 
 
 regia,(W. r. J. 2|-) pulverulent-viscid- pube.scent : leaves broad-ovate, oppo- 
 site, somewhat scabrous : calyx long-c>lindric : petals oblanceolate, general- 
 ly entire : style and stamriis cx-crt. 2 — 3 f. 
 
 rotundifoLia N. (W. r. Ju.) decumbent : stem, calyx and margin of the leaves 
 very pilose : leaves broad-oval, acuminate at each end : flovvers few, trichot- 
 omal : petals gashed, sub-4-cleft, lateral segments shorter. 
 
 baldwynii, N. (E. r.) flowers large, ttichotomal : petals divaricate-gashed : stem, 
 calyx and sub-lanceolate leaves pilose. A variety of the virginica ."* 
 
 (1) virginica, W. caroliniana, Wr. (2) catesbaei, Wr. 
 
SILENE, SILPniUM. p, 39S 
 
 <y:t//am, (1) (E. p. Au.) viscid-pubescent: stem branching : leaves ovate and 
 oval, petioled, sub-dtntate : flowers sessile, aiiliary, solitary. 8 i. 
 
 Stellaria. 
 
 17—4. SiLPHiUM. 49. 55. 
 
 perfoliatiim, (ragged cup. A. y. Au. 2i.) stem 4-sided, smooth : leaves opposite, 
 
 connate, ovate, serrate. Var. coiijimctum, four outer scales of the calyx 
 
 longer than the inner scales. 4 — 6 f. ^S'. 
 iniegrifolium, Mx. (A. y. Au. 21-) stem 4-8id6d, rough : leaves opposite, sessile 
 
 oblong, entire, scabrous : flowers few, short-peduncled, 4 f, <S. 
 trifoliaUtm, (2) (y. S. 7i-) stem 6-angled, smooth: leaves whorled, in three?, 
 
 Jance-ovate, unequally tooth-serrate, scabrous above; upper ones sessile: 
 
 panicle trichotomous. 4 — 6 f. 8. 
 ternatum, (y. Ju. Zf) stem terete, smooth: leaves whorled in threes, petioled, 
 
 lanceolate, sub-denticulate, a little scabrous, ciliate at the base; the upper 
 
 ones scattered, sessile ; panicle dichotomous : calyx ciliate. 4 — 6 f. jS". 
 
 Southern. 
 
 gumniferum, E. (E. y. Ju. 2i ?) stem erect, hispid, gumniferous : leaves sinu- 
 ate-pinnatifid, sub-hispid beneath : flowers large, axillary, sub-sessile : 
 scales of the calyx ovate, acuminate, hispid on the margin. 2 — 3 f. 
 
 laciriiatum, (O. y. Au. 21') stem hispid above : radical and cauline leaves pin- 
 natifid : divisions tooth-sinuate : flowers panicled : scales of the calyx sub- 
 cordate, acuminate. — 12 f. 
 
 pinnatiftdum,E. {E. y. Au.) stem nearly glabrous : leaves sinuate pinnatifid, 
 sub-scabrous, a little hairy beneath : scales of the calyx oval ; outer ones 
 roundish. 4 — 6 f. 
 
 compositum, (E, y. Ju. 2X0 stem smooth: cauline leaves pinnatifid-sinuate ; 
 radical ones ternate, sinuate-many-cleft : flowers small, panicled. 2 — 4 f. 
 
 terebinthhiaceum, (O. y. Ju 2X.) stem smooth : radical leaves large, round orren= 
 iform-cordate, slightly lobed and toothed: cauline leaves alternate, ovate» 
 serrate, scabrous ; panicle compound, many-flowered. 4 — 5 f. 
 
 connatum, (A. y. Au. 2X-) stem terete, hispid; leaves opposite, connate, re= 
 motely serrate, scabrous. 6 f. 
 
 laevigatum. Ph. (E. y. Au. 2X-) stem simple, 4-angled, furrowed, glabrous : 
 leaves opposite, sessile, ovate, acuminate, slightly serrate, sub-cordate at the 
 base, glabrous on both sides. 2 f. 
 
 scaberrimum, E. (E. y. Au.) stem sub-angled ; angles rough above : leaves 
 ovate, sub-acuminate, serrate, rigid, scabrous on both sides, short petioled : 
 flowers corymbed : scales of the calyx ovate, ciliate. 3- — 4 f. 
 
 atropurpureum, Retz. (E. y. Au. 2i-) stem terete, smooth : leaves whorled in 
 fours, lanceolate, scabrous, sub-entire, sub-sessile, ciliate at the base ; upper 
 ones scattered : panicle dichotomous. 4 f. 
 
 dentatum, E. (E. y. Au.) stem erect, somewhat glabrous : lower leaves oppo- 
 site; upper ones alternate ; all lanceolate, sinuate-toothed, pilose, scabrous : 
 flowers corymbed : scales of the calyx broad-ovate, ciliate. 2 — 3 f. 
 
 asteriscum, (E. y. Ju. 2X0 stem simple, terete, hispid : leaves opposite or alter- 
 nate, oblong, acute, serrate, scabrous : flowers few, generally solitary. Var. 
 scabrtim, leaves lance-oblong, sub-crenate, sessile, scabrous : calyx sub-cili"* 
 ate. 2— 3f. 
 puntiZum, Mx. (3) (E. y. Au. 2X0 stem and petioles tomentose : branches 1- 
 flowered : leaves alternate, heart-ovate, serrate, petioled, white-tomentose 
 beneath : seeds unawned. 2 — 3 f. 
 
 elatum, Ph. (E. y. 2X0 leaves alternate, petioled, cordate, sinuate : scales cf 
 the calyx obtuse. 
 
 (I) of M. C. Leavenworth. (2) ternifolium, Mx. (3) tomenlosus, Ph. 
 
394 SELPHIUM, SISYMBRIUM. 
 
 reticulatum. Ph. (E. y. 2X) leaves alternate, lance-ovate, cordate, serrate, oIh 
 tusish, a little villose. 
 
 subacaule, N. (E. y. ) somewhat scabrous : stem very short: peduncles very 
 long : leaves oblong, sub-sinuate-pinnatifid, toothed : divisions of the calyx 
 dilated, rhomboid. Polyrania.' 
 
 14—2. SiNAPis. 39. 63, 
 
 Exotic. 
 nigra, (common mustard, y. J. 0.) silique glabrous, 4-angled, close-pressed 
 
 to the stem : leaves at the top lance-linear, entire, smooth. Naturalized. 
 alba, (yellow-seed mustard, y. 0.) silique bristly, rugged, shorter than the 2- 
 edged beak : leaves pinnatifid ; upper ones sub-lyrate, all irregularly tooth- 
 ed. Seeds large, pale-yellow, and sometimes become blackish. 
 
 Brassica. 
 
 5—2. SisoN. 45. 60. 
 
 aureus, (!) (meadow parsnip, false alexanders. O. y. J. 21.) leaves biternatc ; 
 
 leafets lance-oval, serrulate : umbels with short peduncles. Some of the 
 
 leaves are often quinate. 1 — 2 f. S. 
 integerrinius, (2) (O. y. 2X-) very glabrous : leaves sub-glaucous ; lower ones 
 
 thrice ternate ; upper ones doubly ternate ; leafets oval, entire : umbels with 
 
 elongated peduncles. 12 — 18 i. S. 
 capillaceus, (3) (E. w. Au. 0.) leaves decompound, filiform : stem dichoto- 
 
 mous, angular : involucre sub-pinnatifid. 1 f. S. 
 
 Souther7i. 
 trifoliatus, Mx. (E.) leaves ternate ; leafets toothed; lower ones oval, 2 — 3- 
 lobed; upper ones lance-oval: umbel terminal, solitary, peduncled : seed 
 roundish. 
 pusillus, P. (4) (E. Ap. 0.) leaves triternate, many-parted : umbels few-flow- 
 ered: (5—6,) seed muricate. 1 — 2f. 
 costatus, E. (5) (E. Oc. 0.?) large: stem simple below: leaves capillary- 
 many-parted ; segments sub-verticillate : seeds ribbed. 4 — 5 f. 
 
 Ligusticum. 
 
 Sison, CEnanthe. 
 
 21 — 6. SiSTOTREMA. 58, 1, 
 
 cinereum, imbricate, sub-erose : pileus halved, hirsute, cinereous beneath. On 
 trunks of trees, &c. 
 
 violaceum, halved, imbricate, tomentose, white, becoming purple-violet be- 
 neath. On trees. 
 
 quercinum, glabrous, pale, somewhat reddish-yellow : teeth thick, deformed, 
 gashed, somewhat close-pressed. On dry oak branches, &c. 
 
 cerasi, ,small, orbicular, gibbose, pale, downy at the margin : teeth various, 
 thick, close-pressed. On branches and roots. Hydnum. 
 
 14—2. Sisymbrium. (6) 39. 63. 
 
 officinale, (hedge mustard. O. y. J. 0.) siliques close-pressed to the rachisof 
 the spike : leaves runcinate. 1 — 3 f. S. 
 
 cane'scens,'^. (7) (y. Ap. 0.) leaves bipinnatifid, hoary ; divisions toothed, ob- 
 tuse, sometimes obovate : petals as long as the calyx : siliques sub-angled, 
 ascending, shorter than the peduncle. 1 — 2 f. S. 
 
 (1) Smyrnium, L. Thaspium, N. (2) Smyrnium, L. (3)Ammi,Mx. 
 (4) Ligusticum, P. Ammi divaricatum, of the same. (5) Ammi, E. (6) 
 Erysimum of Authors, (7) sophia, Ph. not L. 
 
SISYMBRIUM, SMILAX. 3^5 
 
 Southern, 
 cheiranthoides, (1) (O. y. J. 0.) siliquea erect: fruit-bearing pedicels spread- 
 ing : leaves lanceolate, sub-entire. Erysimuno. 
 
 Sisymbrium, Erysimum. 
 
 15 — 3. SiSYRINCHIUM. 6. 18. 
 
 anceps, Cav. (2) (blue-eyed grass. O. b. J. 21-) scape (or culm) sinaple, 2-edg- 
 ed or 2-winged : glume-like spathc of 2 unequal valves, extending above the 
 flower : petals mucronate. 6 — 12 i. <Si. 
 
 mucronatum, Mx. (E. b. J. 2X-) leaves and scape sinople, sub-setaceous : spathe 
 coloured, with one valve terminating in a long mucronate point. 9 — 12 i. 
 
 bermudianum, L. (E. b. J. 2i.) stem compressed, branching, leafy : spathcs 
 unawned, shorter than the flowers : petals mucronate. 12 — 18 i. S. 
 
 Passiflora. 
 
 5—2. SiuM. 45. 60. 
 
 latifolium, (3) (water parsnip. O. w. Ju. 24!.) leaves pinnate; leafets oblong- 
 lanceolate, equally serrate : stem erect, angular, hollow, smooth. When- 
 ever any of the leaves grow under water, they are sub-divided. 1 — 3 f. ^. 
 
 lineare,lAyi. (E. w. Ju. 21.) leaves pinnate ; leafets linear, sub-lanceolate, acu- 
 tely and finely serrate : involucres many-leaved, linear : umbels ternaina]. 
 Probably a variety of the last. T. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 tricuspidatum, E. (4) (O. Ju.) leaves pinnate ; lower leafets lanceolate ; up- 
 per ones obovate, 3-toothed. 2 — 3 f. 
 
 nodijiorum, (E. w. J. 0.) stem procumbent : leaves pinnate; leafets ovale : 
 umbels axillary, sessile. Probably introduced. 2 f. Cicuta. 
 
 Sium, (Enanthe. 
 
 SmUacina, Convallaria. 
 
 20—6. Smilax. 11. 12. 
 
 1. Stems leoody. 
 
 quadrangularis, M. (Ju. ^.) stem prickly, 4-angled : leaves unarmed, ovate, 
 acute, sub-cordate, 5-nerved. S. 
 
 sarsaparilla, (5) (J. ^.) prickly : leaves unarmed, lance-ovate, cuspidate, sub- 
 5-nerved, becoming glaucous beneath ; the general peduncles longer than the 
 petioles. /S. 
 
 rotundifolia, (6) (green brier. O. w-g. J. Tp.) prickles scattered : leaves (when 
 in maturity) round-ovate, acuminate, slightly cordate, 5-nerved : berry spher- 
 ical. S. 
 
 caduca, (E. Can. J. Tp.) prickly : leaves ovate, mucronate, 5-nerved, membra- 
 naceous : general peduncles scarcely longer than the petioles. S. 
 
 pseudo-china, (E. M. Tp.) unarmed in all parts : cauline leaves cordate; ramose 
 ones oblong-ovate, 5-nerved : peduncles very long. S. 
 
 laurifolia, (E. Ju. ^.) prickly : branches unarmed : leaves oval or lance-oval, 
 leathery, recurve- prickly, S-nerved, perennial : umbels short-peduncled. 
 S, 
 
 tamnoides, (Ja. fp.) stem prickly, terete : leaves ovate-oblong, acute, sub- 
 panduriform, obsoletely cordate, 5-nerved : common peduncle lonerer than 
 the petiole. S. r o 
 
 (1) parviflora, P. (2) bermudianum, Mx. gramineum, Lk. (3) denticu- 
 latum, E. > (4) rigidius, Wr. not L. (5) glauca, Mx. (6) quadrangularis, W. 
 
^96 SMILAX, SOLANUM. 
 
 2. Stems herbaceous. 
 
 psduneulariSf (Jacob's ladder. E. w-g. M, 2X.) gtenyerete, climbing or arching 
 over: leaves round-ovate, cordate, acuminate, about 9-nerved : (sometimes 
 but 7) umbels lonp^-peduncled. Damp. 2 — 3 f. S. 
 
 herbacea, (E. g. J. 21) stem angled, erect, simple : leaves long-petioled, oval, 
 about 7-nerved : umbels with long compressed peduncles : berries depress- 
 ed, globose. Damp. 2—3 f. S. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 hastrJa, W. (E. Ju. ^.) stem angled, prickly : branches unarmed : leaves 
 lanceolate, acuminate, hastate-auricled at the base, 3-nerved, prickly-ciliate 
 on the margin. V'ar. lanceolata, leaves long, narrow, lanceolate. 
 
 bona-nox, (E. Ju. ^.) stem unarmed, angled : leaves heart-ovate, acute, 7-nerv- 
 ed, prickly ciliate. 
 
 vjulteri, Ph. (E. Ju. ^.) prickly: leaves heart-ovate, smooth, 3-nerved: ber- 
 ries acuminate. 
 
 ovcta, Ph. (E. Ju. '^.) generally unarmed : leaves unarmed, ovate, acute, cus- 
 pidate, 3-nerved, both sides coloured alike : common peduncle shorter than 
 the petiole. 
 
 lanceolata, (E. J. p.) unarmed: leaves lanceolate and ovate, acute or acumi- 
 nate, 3 — 5-nfcrved, very glabrous, perennial : umbels many-flowered : pe- 
 duncles short. 
 
 alba, Ph. (E. J. ^.) generally unarmed : stem obsoletely angled : leaves lance- 
 elongated, coriaceous, glabrous, very entire, 3-nerved: umbels few-flower- 
 ed, very abort-peduncled. 
 
 pumiia, AVr. (1) (E. S. Tp.) unarmed; leaves heart-ovate, entire, somewhat 
 5-nerved, soft-pubescent beneath : umbels shoTt-peduncled : pedicels very 
 short : berries oblong, acute : stem procumbent. 
 
 ciHciaifolia, Ph. (E, p.) prickly : leaves unarmed, round-cordate, acuminate, 
 5-nerved, glabrous on both sides, net-veined, short-petioled. 
 
 Dioscorea. 
 
 5—2. Smyknium. 46. 60. 
 
 cordatwn, Wr. (2) (Alexanders. 0. y. J. 7i.) radical leaves round-cordate, 
 crenate ; cauline ones petioled, ternate ; uppermost ones 3-parted : umbels 
 with short petioles, 12 — 13 i. 3. CEuanthe. 
 
 Synyrniumt SisoK, ClflDlUM. 
 5—1. SOLAMJM. 28. 41. 
 
 dulcamara^ (bittersweet. E, p-b. Ju. Tp.) stem unarmed, woody, climbing j 
 lower leaves mostly cordate, glabrous ; upper ones mostly guitar-hastate, 
 few-flowered; corymbs opposite to leaves. This is the true bittersweet; 
 but the Celastrus scandens is wrongly called so by some. Damp. 
 
 nigrum, (deadly nightshade. O. w. p. b. J. 0.) stem unarmed^ erectish or 
 erect; branches angled, dentate : leaves ovate, repand, glabrous : racemei 
 2-ranked, nodding. 1 — 2 f. S. 
 
 carolinense, (horse nettle, b. J. 0.) stem prickly: leaves angular-hastate, 
 covered with prickles both sides : racemes lax. 1 — 2 f. S. 
 
 Exotic. 
 
 tuberosum, (potato, b. w. Ju. "^.j stem wing-angled, unarmed: leaves inter- 
 ruptedly pinnate ; leafets entire : flowers sub-corymbed : roots knobbed* 
 tuberous. Cultivated. 
 
 lycoptrsicum, (love apple, tomatoes, y. S. 0.) stem unarmed : leaves pionati- 
 Dd, gashed: racemes 2-parted, leafless : fruit glabrous, torulose. 
 
 (1) pubera, Mx. (2) trifoliatum, M. Thaspia, L. 
 
 I 
 
SOXANUM, SOIilDAGO. 597 
 
 melongena, (ec^-plant. J. ) stem unarmed : leaves ovate, tomentose : pe- 
 duncles pendant, incrassate : calys unamvd. 
 
 pseudo-cavsicum, (Jerusalem cheny. \.) stem woody : leaves lanceolate, 
 repaud : umbels stssile. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 mammosum, (E. j'. Ju. 0.) stem piickly, herbaceous : leaves cordate, lobe- 
 an^Ied, villose on both sides, prickly. 
 
 virgi/iiuTium, (E. b. Ju 0.) stem erect, prickly: leaves pinnatifid, prickly 
 0^1 both sides : divisions sinuate, obtuse: margin ciliate : calyx prickly. 
 
 tridoruni, N. (W. vv. Ju.) stern unarmed, herbaceous, procumbent: leaves 
 tooth-pinnatifid, smoolh : divisions acute, sub-undulate : margin sub-revo- 
 lute : peduncles opposite the leaves, 2— Sflowercd. 1 ('. 
 jatiiesii, T. ( VV. w. ? 0.) herbaceous, somewhat pilose : stem unarmed, erect : 
 leaves unequally piiinale ; leafets lance-ovate, abruptly narrowed at the 
 base, obsolet^ly sinuate : racemes few-ilowered, a little out of the axils, 
 Jlavidwn, T. & J.'(W.) suffrulicose, dunsely tomentose ; branchiets and calyx 
 prickly: leaves solitary, oblong, obtusish ; lower ones ropand-sinuate ; up- 
 per ones obioleteiy sinuate : racemes opposite the leaves, about 3-tlow- 
 ered. 
 
 verbascifolium, W. (E. ^.) stem unarmed, frut.icose : leaves ovate, tomentose, 
 very entire : corymbs 2-cleft, terminal. Atropa, 
 
 Solea, loNiDiUM. 
 
 17—2. Solid AGO. (1) 49. 55. 
 
 1. Flowers one-sided. Leaves with three combined nerves. 
 
 canadensis, (Canadian golden-rod. O. y. Ju. Zf.) stem downy : leaves lanceo- 
 late, serrate, rou2;h : racemes copious panicled, recurved : rays hardly 
 longer than the disk : stem angular : leaves sessile, three inches long, some- 
 times nearly entire. 2 — 5 i. S. 
 
 procera, A. (great go!den-rod. O. y. Ju. 2^.) stem villose, erect : leaves lan- 
 ceolate, serrate, rough, villose beneath : racemes spike form, erect, droop- 
 ing before flowering : rays short. 4 — 7 f. S. 
 
 serciiiia, W. (smoolh golden-rod. O. y. S. Zf-) stem erect, tcre'e, smooth: 
 leaves lance-linear, glabrous, serrate, rough-edged : racemes panicled : 
 peduncles downy. The young leaves are edged with many little stiff white 
 hairs. 
 
 gigantea, (giant goldan-rod. O. y. An. 2{. ) stem erect, glabrous : leaves lan- 
 ceolate, smooth, serrate, rough-edged, obscurely 3-uerved : racemes pani- 
 cled : peduncles rough-haired : rays short. 4 — 7 f . <S. 
 
 ciliaris, W. (iVici2:ed rrolden-rod. O. y. 21) sieni erect, glabrous : leaves lan- 
 ceolate, somewhat J nerved, glabrous, rough-edged, slightly serrate : ra- 
 cemes panicled : peduncle glabrous : bracts ciliate : raysshoit. The stem 
 is angular: radical leaves pelioled, oval, pointed, veiny, serrate, rough, near 
 n foot long ; branches of the panicle spreading : bracts minule. 
 
 ref.exa, VV". (hang leaf golden-rod. y. Au. 2i.) stem erect, villose : leaves 
 lanceo'ate, sub-serrate, scabrous, reilexed : racemes panicled, very little 
 one-sided, reflexed, S. 
 
 lateriflora, (side-Howered golden-rod, v. Au. 2i ) stem er*cf, a little harry j 
 leaves lanceolate, slightly 3-nerved, glabrous, rough-edged ; lower ones sub- 
 serrate : racemes panicled, a little recurved, sub-secund : (lowers large, the 
 rays being much longer than the calyx : stem striated, often purplish, pin- 
 natifid, with numerous lateral flowering branches. 2 — 3 f. ti. 
 
 ( 1 ) In this troublesome genus most of the extensive and accurate dc9cn'f>- 
 lions of Presiaent J. E. Smith are given. He took a review of Pursh and of 
 all preceding writers, and then wrote, with fpccimtns of olmost every *pe- 
 ciea before bixn. 
 
 54 
 
598 SOLIDAGO. 
 
 2. Racemes or. powers one-sided. Leaves veiny. 
 
 aspera, A. (rouiih golden-rod. j. Au. 2X.) stem erect, terete, hairy : leaves 
 ovate, somewhat oval, very rough, rugose, serrate : racemes panicltd : leaves 
 one to two inches long, acute : racemes dense, sc^ewhat conic : ray-florets 
 twice as long as the calyx. 3 — 4 f. S. 
 
 altissri/na, W. (variable golden-rod. O. y. Au. 21-) stem erect, rough-haired . 
 leaves lanceolate ; lower ones deeply serrate, scabrous, rugose, 'i'he pan i- 
 cled raceines are very numerous and spread every way, so as to bring the 
 one-sided Howers upwards : rays half as long again as the cal^x. But this spe- 
 cies is so variable, that students generally endeavor to make several species 
 of it. The serratures of the leaves are equal and unequal : it is hairy or 
 villose ; and sometimes the racemes diverge but little. 3 — 6 f. <S. 
 
 rugosa, W. (wrinkled golden-rod. O. y. Au. 21.) stem erect, rough-haired ; 
 leaves lanceolate, scabrous, rugose ; lower ones w;th close-piessed serra- 
 tures : racemes panicled, very spreading. Leaves shorter and broader than 
 the last, and the flowers a little smaller; like it very variable, and perhaps 
 only one of its numerous varieties. 3 — 6 f. <S. 
 
 scabra, W. (harih go'.dcn-rod. O. y. Au. 2i.) stem erect, rough haired, furrow- 
 ed : leaves oblong, ta])ering to botli ends, acuminate, glabrous above, rugose, 
 and scabrous beneath, along the middle clo?e-pre<sed-serrate. 2 — 5 f. S. 
 
 nemcralis, A. (woolly goMen-rod. E. }•. Au. 2X.) stem erect, downy : cauline 
 leaves lanceolate, hispid, entire ; radical ones son;e\vhal wedge-form, serrate ; 
 racemes panicled. Of a grey aspect. 1 — 3 f . iS. 
 
 patula, M. (spread golden-rod. O. y. S. 2i') stem erect, glabrous : leaves oval, 
 gerrate, glabrous ; radical ones cblong-spatulate : racemes panicled, spread- 
 ing: peduncles pubescent. Stem wand-like, angular and striate; stem- 
 leaves sessile, about an inch long, pointed ; ihe radical on's resemble those 
 of the ox-eyed daisy : racemes about an inch long : flowers rather large. 
 2 f. S. 
 
 ulmifolia, M. (elm golden-rod. O. y. Au. 2^) stem erect, glabrous, striate : 
 leaves oval, deeply serrate, acuminate, villobe beneath: radical ones obo- 
 vate : racemes panicltd : peduncles villose : rays short. Radical leaves re- 
 semble those of the last species, and are hairy both sides, some of the rest 
 are oblong-ovate and only villose near the veins beneath ; the petioles are 
 bracted. 3— 4 f. S. ^ 
 
 arguta, A. (sharp-notch golden-rod, O. y. S. 71.) stem erect, glabrous: 
 leaves glabrous, sharply and unequally serrate; cauline ones oval, radical 
 ones oblong-ovate: racemes panicled : rays elongated. 2 — 3 f. 8. 
 
 Jnncea, (rush-stalk goldtn-rod. E. y. Au. 21.) stem erect, glabrous: leaves 
 lanceolate, glabrous, rough-edged ; lower ones serrate : racemes panicled. 
 Stem brownish, somewhat angular and striate, leii fy ; racemes a finger'* 
 length, dense, recurved-spreading : compound pedicels roughisb, bracted ; 
 ray twice as long as the calyx. 2 — 3 f. S. 
 
 tlliptica-W. (1) (oval-leaf golden-rod. y. Au. 21) stem erect, glabrous: 
 leaves oval, smooth, serrate: racemes panicled : rays of middling length. 
 2— 4f. 8. 
 
 asperaia, Ph. (2X-) stem corymb-panicled : racemes erertish : flowers ascend- 
 ing : leaves lanceolate, serrate, scabrous. Described by Fuish from dried 
 specimens. 
 
 recurvata, W. (curved golden-rod. y. S. 21.) stem erect, pubescent : leaves 
 lanceolate, serrate, rough-edged : racemes elongated, recurved-panicled. 
 S, 
 
 tempervirens, (narrow-leaf golden-rod. y. S. 2^.) stem erect, glabrous: leaves 
 lanceolate, somewhat fleshy, smooth, entire, rough-edgd : racemes panicled : 
 peduncles hairy : stem tall, purplish, a little glrucous : leaves maity, nar- 
 row, long : ray florets kng, narrow, rather numerous. 3 — 5 f. S. 
 
 {I) latissiraifoUa, Miller. 
 
SOXIDAGO. 399 
 
 orfwfl, W. (sweet-scented golden-rod. O. y. Au. 2X.) stem erect, pubesceni: 
 leaves la: .-elinear, entiio, glabrous, rough-edged : racemes panided. The 
 upper part of ihc stem is furrowed : racemes 2 or 3 inches long, sprending 
 hoiizoritallv, each generally accompanied by a leaf: bracts oblong, smooth : 
 stalk an-uiar and rou-h. 'This is the true golden-root tea plant. 3 f. S. 
 
 3. Racemes erect. 
 
 speciosa, N. (E. y. S. Zf.) stem tall, smooth; branches virgate : leaves lance- 
 olate, sub-coriaceous, ."cabrous on the margin ; lower ones spai ingly serrate : 
 racemes erect, compound : peduncles pubescent : florets of the fay five, 
 lun:^: seed gliibrous. 3 — 6 f. S. 
 ft/-^.7^a, Mx. (y. Au. 2X-) s<em simple, smooth : leaves lanceolate, somewhat 
 wedge-shape, obtuse, entire, glabrous, close-pressed : upper ones gradually 
 smaller: branches of the panicle elongated, with terminal clusters: pedui>- 
 clcs smooth, one-sidi d. Slender. 2 f. S. 
 licolor, (white golden-rod. O. w. Au. If.) stem hairy: leaves oval, hairy ; low- 
 er ones serrate ; those on the flower branches entire, numerous and small ; 
 scales of the caly.K obtuse. Racemes are short and compact : rays white, 
 somewhat numerous and shortish; disli-florets rather numerous. 2 — 4 f. S. 
 petiolaris,yV. (iafe golden-rod. y. Oc. 2^.) stem erect, viljcse : leaves oval, 
 roughish, petioled : rays twice as long as the calyx. .Stem branching, te- 
 rete, hoary : leaves hoary about the ribs, over an inch in length, those cov- 
 ering the ilower-branches sub-entire: racemes numerous, short, viilh few 
 and rather large now';,rs. 2 — 3 f. S. 
 stricla, (willow-leaf golden-rod. E. y. Au. 21-) stem erect, glabrous: cauline 
 leaves lanceolate, entire, glabrous, rough-edged ; radical leaves serrate : ra- 
 cemes pnnicled, erect : peduncles glabrous. The branches of the pauicfe 
 are erect, simple, cicse. 2 f. <S. 
 ejuarrosa, M. (y. H.) robust: stem erect, branching, pubesceut : leaves 
 smoothish ; lower ones very broad, spatulate-oval, serrate, acute, margin 
 scabrous; (he upper ones sessile, lance-oval, entire: racemes compound, 
 erect : calyx, squarrose, many-flowered : ray florets long, (10 or 12.) 2 — 5 f. 
 S. 
 graiTiiyufolia, (1) (grass-leaf golden-rod. O. y. S. 2X0 ^^^^ (rough-hairei 
 VVilld.) very furrowed, sn.oothi-h : leaves almost linear, (lance-linear, Wiild.) 
 entire, roughish, nearly erect, with 3 or 5 rough nerves: corymbs ter- 
 minal, level-topi)ed : flowers in heads : rays not longer than the disk. Stem 
 leafy: leaves sessile, grass-green, about 2 inches long, and a quarter of an 
 inch wide : flowers smallish : calyx ovate, smooth, shining, with tumid green- 
 tipped sca'es. 4 — 5 f. S. 
 tenuifolia, Ph. (2) (pigmy golden-rod. E. y. S. 2X0 stem rough, angular, 
 branched, corymbed : leaves spreading, linear, very narrow, slightly S-nenr- 
 ed, scabrous, with axillary tufis of smaller ones : corymbs terminal, level- 
 top : flowers in heads : rays scarcely exceeding the disk. Leaves very small 
 and narrow. 1 — 2 f. »S'. 
 caecfta, W. (blue-stem golden-rod. O. y. Au. 2X0 stem nearly erect, very 
 smooth and even : leaves lanceolate, glabrous, acuminate, with the margins 
 and nerves roughish : rays rather longer than the disk. Stem upright, 
 somewhat zigzag, branched, leafy : leaves about 2 inches long, sub-entire, 
 sub-glaucous, paler beneath: racemes numerous, short, rough-pedicelled; 
 bracts small, smooth, subulate. 2 — 3 f. S. 
 livida, W. (purple-stem golden-rod. y. S. 210 stem glabrous, paniclcd : leaves 
 lanceolate, serrate, glabrous, rough-edged: branches racemed at the ex- 
 tremity : rays elongated. Stem branched, dark-purple : leaves tapering to 
 both ends. <S. 
 
 (I) lanceolata, A. Chrysocoroa, L. Eutbamia, N. (2) lanccolata, Vat. 
 minor, Mx. 
 
400 SOLIDAGO, 
 
 hispida,W. (O. y. Oc. 2i.) ^^em erect, hispid, scabrous : leaves lanceolate, 
 roujjh, entire ; radical ones seriate : ra3's of middling length. Resembles the 
 csesia. S. ^ 
 
 lilhospermifolia, "VV. (E. y. S. 2X-) stem branching, pubescent: leaves lanceo- 
 late, scabrous on both sides, tapering, 3-Jierved, entire : ray-florets elongat- 
 ed. S. 
 
 puberula, N. (}'. 71) stem simple, terete, sub-pubescent: leaves lanceolate, 
 entire, slighliy pubescent both side?, tapering to both ends; radical ones 
 cub-serrate : raceiiips spiked, axillary, erect and condensed: peduncles pu- 
 bescpnt : scales of the calyx lance-linear, acute : ray florets about 10, elon- 
 gated. Stem brownish, simple pubescent. 1 — 2 f. S. 
 
 Icevigata, A. (flesh-leaf golden-rod. E. )■. S. 2X.) stem erect, smooth: leaves 
 lanceolate, fleshy, entire, smooth in every part : raeemcs jianiclcd : pedun- 
 cles scaly, villose : rays twice as long as the calyx. Tall, strong. Probably 
 a variety cfmexicana. Grows in salt marshes. 4 — 6 (. S. 
 
 limo7iifolia, P. (1) (y. S. 2i-) stem oblique, glabrous : leaves lanceolate, some- 
 what fleshy, entire, smooth on both sides : racemes panicled, erect: pedun- 
 cles scalv, glabrous or sub-pubescent : ray-florets elongated. Stem generally 
 purple : leaves somewhat clasping ; lower ones a foot long. Wet. 3 — 5 f. 
 8. 
 
 viminea, W. (2) (twig golden-rod. y. Au, 2J!.) stem erect, sub-pubescent: 
 leaves lance-linear, membranaceous, tapering to the base, glabrous, rough- 
 edged ; the lower ones sub-serrate : rays elongated. Peduncles and branch- 
 es angular, and very rough: bracts lanceolate, recurved, smooth: flowers 
 numerous. S. 
 
 macrophylia, Ph. (E. y. Au. 2i) lower leaves ovate, acuminate, tapering, un- 
 equally and sharply serrate, glabrous : cauline leaves tapering to both ends, 
 lanceolate, sub-sessile, serrate : racemes axillary, pedunclcd, leafy, of the 
 length of the leaves : calyx oblong, turgid, many-flowered : rays somewhat 
 elongated. Intermediate between this genus and the aster. 2 — 3 f. 
 ,>?<a-ica«/i5, Ph. (zigzag golden-rod. O. y. Au. 2i ) stem zigzag, glabrous, an- 
 gled : leaves laHceclaie-acnminate, serrate, glabrous: racemes axillary; ray» 
 half as long again as the calyx. Stem slender, purplish, partly terete and 
 
 fiartly angular: leaves numeious, on short broad petioles, hardly 2 inches 
 ong, and half an inch wide, paler beneath; the lipper less serrate : ra- 
 cemes much shorter than the leaves, the upper ones sub capitate. 2 — 3 f. *S^. 
 
 tatifolia, M. (3) ) broad-leaf golden-rod. E. y. Au. Zf.) stem somewhat zigzag, 
 angular, smooth : leaves ovate-acuminate, strongly serrate, smooth contract- 
 ed into winged petioles : racemes axillary. Leaves often 2 inches broad, 
 and sometimes hair}' on the underside of the midrib. 
 
 axillaris, Ph. (4) (axil golden-rod. O. Au. 2X.) stem glabrous, terete, straight : 
 leaves lanceolate, serrate, glabrous : racemes axillary, sub-globose, erect ; 
 ligulate florets elongated. 
 
 virgaurea, (european golden-rod. E. y. 2X ) stem flexuous, angular, pubescent : 
 leaves serrate, roughish, attenuated at the base : racemes erect, panicled, 
 close: rays elongated. Flowers large: rays 5 — 10: upper leaves nearly 
 entire. 1 — 3 f. Var. aljirta, leaves obovate or lanceolate, mostly entire ; 
 flowers few. 3 — G i. This species is the only one common to the two con- 
 tinents. Bw. 
 
 ttiultiradiata, W. (E. y. S. 2|) stem somewhat villose : leaves sessile, lanceo- 
 late, glabrous, ciliate ; lower ones serrate at the apex: raceme terminal, 
 erect : rays elongated, numerous. Labrador. 
 
 rigida, (hand leaf golden-rod. E. y. Au. ZfO siem corymbed, hairy, scabrous : 
 leaves ovate-oblong, rough, w ith minute r gid hairs ; lower ones serrate, up- 
 per ones entire; racemes compact: rays twice the length of the obtu.'^e 
 
 (1) mexicana, L. (2) integerrima. Miller. (3) flexicaulis, Mx. Istvariety 
 Var. latifolia, P. (4) tlexicaulis, Mx. 3d variety. 
 
SOLIDAGO. 401 
 
 calyx. Stem terete, striate, leafy : leaves a liftle hoary ; radical onetpetiol- 
 cd 12 inches long, broad, acuminate, nerved,- the rest 1 to 4 inches long : 
 scales of the calyx round-obtuse, nerved, membranous at the edges. 3 — 5f 
 
 8. 
 Koveboracensis, (star golden-rod. E. y. Oc. 2f.) radical leaves oval-oblong, 
 long-petioled, rough : sten) almost leafless, branched, furrowed, level-top co- 
 rymbed : rays twice as long as (he tapering calyx. Stem strong, rough, 
 furrowed, hnving leave? only at the origin of the flowering branches : radical 
 leaves with shallow serratures : flowers large, resembling in form some as- 
 ters : calyx scales narrow, purplish. 2 — 3 f. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 1. Racemes one-sided. 
 
 villosa, Ph. (E. y. S. If.) stem erect, villous : leaves lanceolate, rather soft, 
 serrate, nerveless: racemes panicled, one-sided. Stem robust: branches 
 recurved, expanding. 2 — 3 f. 
 
 cinerascejis, Sz. (E. y. S. 21.) stem erect, slender, pubescent: leaves elongstt- 
 ed, lance-linear, attenuate at the base, serrate, sub-scabrous on both sides; 
 racemes recurved : peduncles and ray-florets elongated. Upper leaves small, 
 distant. 3 f. 
 
 retrorsa, Mx. (E. y. S. 2X.) stem erect, terete, glabrous, (rough, S.) leavea 
 closely sesiile, linear, tapering above, glabrous, pellucid-punctate, itflcied, 
 rough on the margin : branches of the panicle recurved. Stem pubesceRt 
 above; leaves somewhat clasping, slightly mucronate. 3 — 4 f . 
 
 tortifoliaf E. (1) (E. y. S. 2i.) stem erect, pubescent: leaves lance-linear, sub- 
 serrate, spreading, twisted ; midrib and upper surface scabrous, nearly gla- 
 brous ijeneath : panicle pyramidal : racemes recurved. Stem very pubes- 
 cent above : leaves sometimes pubescent beneath, obscurely 3-nerved : pao- 
 icle very compact. 3 f. 
 
 pyramidata, Ph. (E. y. S. 21.) stem erect, terete, hispid: leaves oblong, acute, 
 somewhat clasping, sessile, glabrous, scabrous on the margin, rarely andob- 
 soletely toothed: panicle naked, secund, pyramidal : branches rellexed : pe- 
 duncles glabrous. 4 — 6 f. 
 
 ccri/mbosa, E. (E. y. S. 21) stem erect, glabrous : branches hispid : lower 
 leaves lance-oblong; upper ones ovate ; all fleshy, glabrous, rigid, scabrous 
 and ciliate on the nnrgm : racemes cor} mbed ; lower ones r< curved : ray 
 florets elongated. Stem robust : leaves close-sessile ; lower ones sub-den- 
 tate; upper ones generally entire. 4 — 6 f. 
 
 2. Racemes erect. 
 
 pubescens, E. (E. y. Oct. 2i.) stem erect, branching, pubescent : leaves long- 
 lanceolate, tapering at the base, pubescent ; lower ones serrate : racemes 
 erect, panicled : ray florets middle size. Stem slightly scabrous, generally 
 coloured : branches rigidly erect : upper leaves generally entire ; lower ones 
 almost spatulatp. 3 — 4 f. 
 
 pauci/loscidosa, M%.. {E. y. S. 2X.) glabrous, suffruticose : leaves Ianccofet«, 
 obtuse, nerveless : panicle compound, many-flowered ; fascicles erect : calyx . 
 oblong, 5-flowered : ray floret one. 
 
 pulverulenta, N. (E. y. 21.) stem simple: stem and leaves pulverulent-pubes- 
 cent: leaves sessile ; lower ones oval, serrate; upper ones obovate, entire, 
 scabrous on the margin : racemes erect, spike-form : ray florets (10,) elon- 
 gated. The lower leaves somewhat resemble those of the spiraea salicifolia. 
 E. 3— 4f. 
 
 trecta. Ph. (E. y. S. 2i.) stem simple: stem and peduncles pubesceot : leaves 
 lanceolate, acute at each end, glabrous, veiny, scabrous on the margin : ra- 
 cemes short, erect, axillary and terminal. There is great uncertainty abot^ 
 this species. E. 2 f. 
 
 (1) odora, Mx. 
 
 34* 
 
402 SOLIDAOOy 80NCHUS* 
 
 hirta VV. (r. 21-) stem panicled, rough : leaves lanceolate, scabrous on boA 
 sides ; cauline ones serrate ; branch ones very entire : racemes erect : ray» 
 elongated. , 
 
 glomei'ata, Mx. (A. y. 1i-) stem low, simple: leaves glabrous, lance-oblong, 
 serrate : racemes simple, composed of axillary glomerules ; upper ones clus- 
 tered : calyx turgid, many-flowered. Lower leaves broad-oval, acuminate, 
 serrate. Nearly allied to Aster. N. 
 
 humilis. Ph. (y. li-) stem simple, erect, glabrous : leaves lanceolate, serrate, 
 glabrous, attenuate at the base, elongated : racemes erect. 
 
 elata, Ph. (E. y. S. 2S.-) stem terete, pilose, tomenlose above : leaves lance- 
 oval, acute, sub-entire, veiny, tomentose beneath: racemes erect, panicled : 
 rays elongated. Leaves sessile, rather small, with elevated veins. 2 — 3 (. 
 
 salicinXf E. (E. y. S. 2X-) stem tall, slender, pubescent above, a little scabrous : 
 branches virgate, elongated, erect : leaves lanceolate, very scabrous above, 
 glabrous beneath ; lower ones serrate : racemes sub-secund : branches 
 short, sometimes recurved. Stem when old nearly glabrous, generally col- 
 oured : leaves sessile, diminishing upwards ; lower ones paler beneath. 4 
 — 5f. 
 
 angustifolia, E. (E. y. S. 21-) stem erect, glabrous : leaves subulate-linear, 
 very entire, glabrous : racemes erect, panicled : ray florets middle siie. 
 Stem slender : branches numerous : leaves sessile, sometimes lance-linear, 
 slightly scabrous on the margin. 2 — 3 f. Arnica. 
 
 17—1. SoxNCHCS. 49. 53. 
 
 arvensis, (y. Au. 2X-) calyx and peduncles hispid, sub-umbelled : leaves run- 
 cinate, denticulate, cordate at the base : root creeping. 
 
 oleraccus, (O. y. Ju. 0.) peduncles sub-tomentose, umbelled : calyx glabrous : 
 leaves lance-ob!ong, clasping, denticulate, sub-sinuate. Var. aspera, prick- 
 ly. Perhaps introduced. 2 — 5 f. S. 
 
 macrophyllus, W. (b. Au. ?_f.) peduncles hirsute, naked : flowers panicled 
 leaves large, lyrate, cordate at the base, hirsute beneath. 4 — 7 f. 
 
 spinulosus, Ew. (L. y. Au. 0.) peduncles smooth, somewhat umbelled : leave"* 
 cordate at the base, oblong, clasping, waved, spinose. 2 f. 
 
 a!finus,W, (1) (mountain sow-thistle, b-w. Au. 21- ) peduncles hirsute, nak- 
 ed : flowers racemed, bracled : leaves runcinate, sagittate at the base, gla- 
 brous, glaucous beneath. 
 
 Uucopluzus, W. (2) (sow-thistle. E. b-w. Ju. cT-) peduncles scaly: flowers 
 racemed : leaves runcinate, acuminate : stem wand-panicled. 3^ — 5 f. S. 
 
 ^ondanus, W. (E. b. Ju. cf.) peduncles somewhat scaly : flowers panicled : 
 leaves runcinate-Iyrate, petioled, denticulate. Pursh says this is called the 
 gall of the earthy and is used for curing the bite of the rattlesnake ; but Mr. 
 Elliott applies that name to the Fananthes alba ; the root of which he 8a;s 
 ts very bitter. 3 — 6 f. S. 
 
 acuminatus, W. (E. b. Au. (^.) peduncles somewhat scaly : flowers panicled 
 radical leaves s;;b-runcinate ; cauline ones ovale, acuminate, petioled, den- 
 ticulate in the middle. 3 — 4 f. S. 
 
 pallidus, W. (3) (E. y. Ju. 21.) flowers in a compound terminal raceme or 
 panicle : leaves lance-ensiform, clasping, toothed. 
 
 SotUhem. 
 
 ludovicianygy'N. (W. y. J.) leaves all runcinate, retrorsely end sharply tooth- 
 ed ! peduncles and calyx naked : panide divaricate. Chaflf conspicuouely 
 Stiped. N. 3—5 f. 
 
 carolviianus, Wr. (E. y. Ap. ) stem erect, glabrous : leaves lanceolate, 
 acute, undulate, sub-'spinose-toothed, auriclcd at the base, half-clasping ; 
 Cowers somewhat umbelled. 1—3 f. Hieracium. 
 
 (1) montanus, Lk. cceruleus, S. canadensis, L. (2) spicatus, ■Lk. (3 J 
 Lactuca canadensis, L, 
 
SOPHOBAy SFABGANOPHOBUS. 40$ 
 
 Sonckut, Lactuca.. 
 
 10—1. SoPHORA. 32. 93. 
 
 Southern, 
 tericfa, N. {W.vr.2i) leaves pinnate ; leafets wedge-oral, smooth abore, 
 silky -villose beoealb : spikes many-ilowered, sub-sessile. 1 f. 
 
 Tb€rmia> 
 
 Sophora, Baptisia. 
 
 11—5. SoRBUS. 36. 92. 
 
 am^ricana, W. (1) (mountain ash. A.w. M. ^.) leaves pinnate ; leafets acute, 
 somewhat equally serrate, glabrous ; geueral petiole glabrous. Berriei 
 purple, 10—20 f. 
 
 microcarpa, Ph. (A. J. '^ ) leaves pinnate; leafets acuminate, unequally gash- 
 serrate, glabrous ; serratures setaceous-mucronate : common petiole gla- 
 brous. Berries scarlet. S. Sesuvium. 
 
 3—2. SORGHTTM. 4. 10. 
 
 Exntic. 
 
 saccharatum, (broom corn. y-j;^. A u. 0.) panicle somewhat whorled, spread- 
 ing : seeds oval : glumes covered with permanent softish hairs : leaves linear. 
 From the East Indies. 6 — 8 f, 
 
 vulgare, (Indian millet, coffee corn. 21) panicle compact, oval, nodding when 
 mature : seed naked, sub-compiessed. Var. bicolor^ glumes glabrous, 
 black : seed globose. 5 — 7 f. Koeleria. 
 
 19 — 3. Spargamum. 3. 8. 
 
 ramosum, Sw. (2) (bur-reed. O. w. Ju. 0.) the 3-sided bases of the leaves 
 concave on the t'vo oiitsides : the general ("ruit-stcm branchtd : stigma lin- 
 ear. In water generally. Flowers in round heads ; the staminate heads 
 above the pialilbte ones, and considerably the smallest. 1 — 2 f. »S.* 
 
 americcnuni,N. (3) (lake bur-reed. E. w.) lower leaves about squalling tho 
 length of the stem ; floral leaves concave at the base, erect : stigma simple, 
 ovate-oblong, oblique, about half as long as the style. The stem is erect, 
 nearly simple. Grows plentifully in a small lake in Troy, about a mile east 
 of Rensselaer School. If. »S. 
 
 angusiifolium, Mx. {4) (floalini^ bur-reed. w. Au. 2i-) leaves flat, long-linear, 
 very narrow, much longer than the stem, weak ; the part above water float- 
 ing on its surface. Grows in great abundance in (he little Lake on Catskiil 
 mountain, 12 miles west of the village, near the Mouutain House. 
 
 Carex. 
 
 17—1. SPARGANOPHORt;S. 49. 55, 
 
 neriicillattis, Mx. (water crown-cup. E. p. Au. 7X) leaves linear, whorled: 
 heads few, terminal : egret canipaaulate, 5-toothed. Floating in water. 
 1 f. S. Hymenopappus. 
 
 (1) aucuparia, Mx. (2) erectum, L. (3) simplex, Ph. J* (4) natans, Var 
 a. Ph. 
 
 * Mr. Elliott describes a plant under americanum ? which does not agree 
 with that plant in the vicinity of Troy. I have be. ore me all the three species 
 here described, and have ol'len seen ihem gi owing. The plant of E. cannot 
 possibly be either of th.:in unless it is the ravujsum. I do not believe that the 
 ^mpkx is an Ameriqan plant 
 
404 8PAETIUM, SPH^RIA. 
 
 Spartina, Limnetis. 
 
 16—10. Spartium. 32. ^. 
 
 Exotic. 
 
 junceum, (ypanish broom. J. Tp.) branches opposite, wand-Uke, bearing flow- 
 ers at the end : leaves lanceolate, glabrous. 
 
 tcoparium, (scotch broom. J. >).) leares ternate and solitary, oblong: flowcra 
 axillary : legumes pilose at the margin: branches angular. Ulex. 
 
 21 — 6. Spathularia. 58. 1. 
 
 Jtavida, (spatula fungus. Au.) pileus vertical, adnate at the base, tapering down 
 into the stipe. Light-yellow ; 1 to 3 inches high. Grows on the earth 
 ajnor^ the evergreens on Catskill raouuntain, south of the lakes. 
 
 Leotia. 
 
 10—5. Spergula. 22. 82. 
 
 arvensis, (spurry. E. w. J. 0.) leaves filiform, whorled : panicle dichotomous ; 
 
 peduncles become reflexed as the fruit advances to maturity : seed reniform. 
 
 8—12 i. S. 
 eaginoides, (1) (pearl spurry. E. w. J. 2X- or. ) glabrous : leaves opposite, 
 
 subulate, naked : peduncles solitary, very long. Persoon asks whether thi« 
 
 is not a varietyof tl»e Sagina procumbens. 2 — 3 i. S. Ceraslium. 
 
 4 — 1. Spermacoce. 48. 57. 
 
 diodina, Mx. (button v:eed. E.w. Ju. 0.) stem diffused, terete, hirsute : leaves 
 lance-linear : stipule long, many-bristled : flowers axillary, sessile. 4 — 
 12 i. S. 
 
 SotiiJiern. 
 
 tenuior, (E. w. Ju. ) stem erect, glabrous : leaves lanceolate, scabrous 
 above, nearly glabrous beneath : flowers whorled : seeds rough. Stem 
 sometimes pubescent and flowers nearly solitary. Swartz. 
 
 glabra, Mx. (W. w. J. 0.) stem procumbent, filabrous: leaves lance-ovate, 
 glabrous on both sides: flowers whorled : seeds glabrous. 
 
 iavolucrata, Ph. (E. vv.) stem very hispid : branches alternate : leaves lance- 
 ovate, acuminate, hirsute on both sides: stipules many- bristled; heads ter- 
 minal, involucred : gtainensexsert. If. Diodia. 
 
 21—6. SPHiERlA. 58. 1. 
 
 1. Caulescent, or the receptacle elongated, clavate, corky, furnished with a 
 
 trunk. 
 
 bulbosa, (globule fungus. S.) sub-ramose, glabrous, dark -cinereous : root tu- 
 berous. On the earth in autumn in jjine woods. 
 
 hypoxylon, gregarious, ramose, compressed, hirsute at the base. On decaying 
 trunks of trees. 
 
 dirritata, cespitose, black : stipes glabrous, connate at the base, clavatCf terete : 
 apex acuminate, sterile. In woods. 
 
 polymorpha, gregarious, forms various : clavules (little clubs) venfricose, sur- 
 rounded every where with spherules. In beech woods, on tiiinks of trees. 
 
 2. Receptacles uithout a stem, roundish and opening ; tuberculate, with bor- 
 
 dering spherules. 
 
 loncentrica, obovate and somewhat roundish, large ; interrupted with coDcen- 
 tric layers within. On trunks of the ash and willow. 
 
 (1) dec una bens, E. 
 
SPHJBnTA. 405 
 
 mbi/crmis, large, wholly black : spherules globose, a little prominent. On 
 
 dry trunks. 
 fratriformis, greg:arious, sub-confluent, rust-coloured, dark-shining within : 
 
 spherules papillose. On bpcch Iruriks. 
 argillacea, scattered, sub-globose, clay-coloured or jellow-cinereous : sj)he- 
 
 rulesa little prominent, papillose; substance soflish, becoming sooty-yello'.v. 
 
 On trunks of ash trees. 
 rubiginosa, openin.2: widely, rufrose, yellow, becoming rust-coloured : sphe- 
 rules somewhat concealed. On branches in shady places. 
 cohcEi'eris, gregarious, conllucnt, flatiish ; at first dirly -yellow, smooth ; at 
 
 length dai k-coloured, and somewhat blistered. Adhering to the trunks of 
 
 trees, particularly the beech. 
 melogramma, somewhat in rows, bursting, obconic, dark-sooty : spherules 
 
 somewhat prominent. Bursting from under the cuticle of branches of trees, 
 
 particularly the beech. 
 ribesia, bursting, sofi, oval, sub-depressed : spherules dissected, growing white. 
 
 Bursting from under the cuticle of the branches of the Kibes rubrura in the 
 
 winter. 
 
 3. Form varioics, opening, orbicular or round : spherules scattered, horizontal , 
 immersed in jieshy coverings : little mouths scattered, vwstly somewhat 
 prominent, papillose or aculeate. Compound. 
 
 detista, opening widely, thick, unilulate-rugose, blistered ; at first flesh}', 
 
 white-cinereous, pulverulent ; at length black, rigid. On trunks in woods, 
 
 frequent. 
 letita, aggregated, sub-orbicular, black : disk gibbose ; margin repand. On 
 
 the trunks and roots of fallen beech trees ; found in autumn. 
 insUiva, compound, cortical, flat, linear-acuminate, white, single-headed ; a 
 
 veil connate with the substance of the fungus : spherules papillose, black. 
 
 In the fissures of the cuticle on decaying grape-vines. 
 mactda, compound, of various forms, very flat, black, single-headed: spherules 
 
 globose-acuminate, covered with a fugaceous veil. On dry oaken branches 
 
 after long storms. 
 feipens, open, unequal, naked, becoming dark-coloured : spherules somewhat 
 
 prominent. On oak and beech wood, sometimes on viillow. 
 stigma, opening around, smooth, rimose ; little mouths immersed, flattish. In 
 
 the fissures of thorn trees. 
 podoides, crowded together, hard, unequal : little mouths spinose, mostly 
 
 bursting at the sides. On trunks of oak. 
 ceratosperma, roundish, convex, scattered : little mouths spinose, bursting 
 
 i"rom the middle. In the jark of the Rosa canina in July, 
 rfwci/brmw, .scattered, orbicular, flattish, smooth : little mouths immersed, re- 
 sembling punctures. In the dry cracks of beech, resembling pimples of a 
 
 dark-shining colour, white-cinereous within. 
 
 4. Opening : sphertdes horizontal, at first solitary at the margin, aftericards 
 conjiuent, not joined with a Jieshy suhstaiice, or manifest layers ; some are 
 
 istant. hilt in snme tnmi rrtniifr/ ^rl hti llip r-rmt 
 
 distant, but in some way cowiect3d by the crust 
 
 nebulosa, grey : spherules very minute, scattered, forming unequally-linear , 
 
 interrupted, dark-grey spots : little mouths prominent, .sub-acute. On the 
 
 stems of large herbaceous plants. 
 velata, covering very broad : spherules scattered, immersed, "covered with a 
 
 sub-membranaccous crust : little mouths sub-prominent. Under the cuticle 
 
 oftheTilia. 
 spiculosa, somewhat opening, dark-stained : little mouths long-terete, very 
 
 slender. Immersed in dark-coloured branches. 
 
406 SPHiBRIA. 
 
 5. Spherules heaped together on the receptacles, ithich is crust-like, conic, in 
 
 little cespitose bunches : Utile mouths converging toioards the middle. 
 
 ciliata, roundish : spherules nested in the prominent substance of the bark : 
 little mouths very !oii^, divaricate, sub flaccid. On the brnnches of ehns. 
 
 Jimbriaia, upon leaves, sub-circinal : little mouths spinose, clavafe, surround- 
 ed at the base by a white fringe. Frequent en the leaves of the Carpinus. 
 
 nivea, coiiic, with a while farinaceous disk : little mouths prominent, papillose. 
 On the dry branches of poplars. 
 
 leucastoma, disk truncate, white, perforated with blackening pores. On the 
 stems and ilry branches of plum trees and cherry trees of our orchards. 
 
 ^us^u/aia, sub-lenticular, witn short contracted necks : disk sooty, perforated 
 with one pore. On willow branches. 
 
 6. Spherules arranged in a circle, decumbent, naked, nesting under the epider- 
 
 mis : litlle mouths approximate, mostly bursting. 
 
 putchella, compassed about, naked : little mouths very long, flexuose. Under 
 the cuticle of the branches of the common garden cherry tree. ^ 
 
 coronata, compassed about : little mouths thick, obtuse, smooth. On the branch- 
 es of the thorn tree, rare. 
 
 faginea, compassed about : little mouths hooked and rugged. On the branches 
 of the beech. 
 
 convergens, compassed about, concealed, naked : spherules ovate, erectish : 
 litlle mouths straight, somewhat bursting. Nesting in the substance of the 
 bark of some branches. 
 
 tessella, compassed about, bound with a black line : little mouths distant, or 
 with 4 or 5 black punctures. On willow branches. 
 
 7. Bursting, in a roundish- cespitose bunch : spherules free among themselves, 
 
 papilla-like, setting on the receptacle. 
 
 decolorans, cespitose, reddish-cinnabar colour, becoming pale : spherules glo- 
 bose, rugore lubercled. On the branches of maple and elder. 
 
 coccinea, cespitose, pale-red : spherules ovate, smooth. In the dry bark of 
 beech and elder. 
 
 S. Spherules solitary, free, destitute of receptacles. 
 
 (Little mouths very large, mostly compressed, nearly equalling the breadth of 
 
 the spherule.) 
 
 episphceria, simple, gregarious, parasitic, red : spherules very minute, sub- 
 compressed, crested, flaccid. On the Sphseria stigma. 
 
 (Little mouths terete, spinose, equal to the length of the spherules, or exceed- 
 ing them.) 
 
 rostrata, sim))le, naked : spherules granulated : little mouths very long, spi- 
 nose. On decaying iiranchcs in July. 
 
 acuta, gregarious, naked : spherules black, shining, sub-globose : little mouths 
 spinose, thickish, cylindric. On the stem of the common nettle in the 
 spring. 
 
 (Little mouths shorter than the spherules, conic or cylindric, mostly papil- 
 lose.) 
 
 porphyrogonn, simple, aggregated, black, phial-form, imbedded in a thin vio- 
 let-coloured crust. Persoon cons-iders this species of Tode as a variety of 
 rubella. On the Atropa belladonna. 
 
 oraneosa, simple, opake, black : sj)hcrules papillose, smooth, covered with a 
 thin white veil. On dry branches^. 
 
SFn^RIA^ SPHAGNUM. 407" 
 
 bysiseda, largish : spherules globo-papillose, surrounded with thick sooly-vel- 
 low down. On dry branches and b.«rk. 
 
 spennoides, heaped together, opake, rigid : spherules globose, sub-terete down- 
 wards : little mouths papillose, obsolete. On dry trunks of trees. 
 
 bombarda, simple, fascicled, becomin';: sooty-yellow : spherules elon^-ated sub- 
 ventricose : little mouths are acute papillae. Grow in heaps on decavine: 
 trunks of trees. , f j s 
 
 lingam, simple, scattered, sub-oval, depressed-concave, rugose with folds • lit- 
 tle mouths irregular, decumbent, or almost wanting. Grow densely on tho 
 dry stems of red cabbage. 
 
 herharum, s\m\i\c : spherules scattered, smooth, mostly sub-depressed: little 
 mouths papillose. On the dry stems of herbaceous plants. 
 
 pertusa, scattered : spherules immersed, ovate, hat dish, sub-rugose ; perforat- 
 ed at length with little caducous, obsolete mouths. In hard dry wood. 
 
 inqninans, simple, scattered, dark-stained : spherules somewhat prominent 
 with wood, perforated. On the Acer, Loaicera, and X} losleum. 
 
 (Spherules not furnished with visible mouths. 
 
 ptdvis-pyrius, s\m])]e, heaped together: spherules ovate and mundlsh, tuber- 
 
 cled, rugose, furrowed in the middle. On trunks and dry wood. 
 moriformis, gregarious, simple : spherules tuberculate, obovate. On dry trunks, 
 
 particularly of pines. 
 maculiformiSf on leaves, simple : spherules sub-immersed, minute, roundish 
 
 'conglomerate in unequal black spots. On the dry leaves of beech, hazle* 
 
 maple, and elm. 
 
 Schioeinitz''3 species. 
 
 I merely add his four sections as a specimen of his melhod ; for his 2000 spe- 
 cies of American fungi will soon be published. 
 Sec. Cordyceps. Clavate, or club-headed. 
 Sec. Poronia. Forms of crucibles or funnels. 
 Sec. Pulvinatae. Bed-like, cushion- 1 ike. 
 Sec. Connatae. Adhering or connate. Stilbospora. 
 
 21 — 3. Sph.«rocarpus. 57. 3. 
 
 terrestris, Sz. small : frond very green and tender, reticulate, variously lobed: 
 lobes ascending, ovate-acuminate : calyx globosely turbinate, central aper- 
 ture round, closely aggregated on the frond, .so that the frond is scarcely 
 conspicuous. Carpobolus. 
 
 21 — 4. SPHJEROcoccus. 57. 2. 
 
 membranifolius, stem filiform, ramose, spreadii-g into a flat dichofomous frond: 
 divisions wedge-form : capsules pedicellcd from the stem, ovate. Sea- 
 shore. 
 
 confervoides, frond filiform, very branching ; branches elongated, somewhat 
 smiple, sending off scattered setaceous branchlets, tapering to both ends : 
 capsules hemispheric, attached to all parts of the frond. In the sea. 
 
 Halymenia. 
 
 21—2. Sphagnum. Sff.-^T 
 
 latifolium, (peatmoss. O.) leaves ovate, sub-obtuse, concave, imbricate, con- 
 verging at the apex: capsules spherical. 
 
 acutifoliurn, stem sub-ramose : branches filiform : leaves lance-ovate, reyolate, 
 erose at the truncate apex ; imbricated 5-ways. 
 
 cwpidatum, stem flaccid : branchleta lax, brisile-form : leavca lanceolate, in- 
 volute, truncate-erose, lax. 
 
408 SPIGEI.IA, SPIRiBl 
 
 5—1. Spigelia. 47. 46. 
 
 p. J- 2i. ) ^^^"^ ^'^''^^^ •#' 
 laace-ovate, entire. A celebrated vermifuge. * — 18 i. S. 
 
 marylandica, (pink-root. p. J. Zf.) stem 4-sided -leaves all opposite, sessile* 
 
 Verbascum. 
 21—5. SpiLOMA. 57. 2. 
 
 melaleuca, (efflorescent lichen.) crust thin, sub-membranaceous, unequal, sub- 
 pulverulent, white : receptacles deformed, a little convex, scabrous, dark. 
 On bark of trees. 
 
 roseatn, Halsey. crust thin, rough, rose-colour : receptacles solitary, minute, 
 roundish, and of a deeper colour than the crust. On hickory bark. 
 
 Authonia. 
 
 20—5. Spinacia. 12. 28. 
 
 Exotic, 
 oleracea, (spinach. J. 0.) fruit sessile, prickly or unarmed : leaves hastate- 
 gag^ittate : stem brantned. lu habit resembles the Chenopodiurn aibum. 
 1 — 2 f. Iresine. 
 
 11—5. Spir^a. 3G. 92. 
 
 1 . Siein more or less woody. 
 
 salicifolia, A. (!) (meadow-sweet, willow hard-hack. O. r. w. J. >;.) leaves 
 lance-ovate or obovate, serrate, glabrous : flowers in panicled spreading ra- 
 cemes. Var. alba, has white petals, and generally the twigs are reddish. 
 The small branches are generally killed by frost in the winter, as also of the. 
 next species. 2 — 4 f. S. 
 
 toinentosa, (steeple bush, purple hard-hack, meadow-sweet. O. r. Ju. ^.) leaves 
 lanceolate, unequally serrate, downy beneath: racemes in a crowded, sub- 
 panicled, spike. 2 — 3 f. S. 
 
 hypericifolia, (John's- wort hard -hack. w. M. n.) leaves obovate, entire or tooth- 
 ed at the apex : umbels sessile. Cultivated. 3 f. 
 
 corymbosa, Rd{. (A. r-w. Tp.) leaves oblong-obovate, gash-toothed, pubescent 
 beneath : corymb terminal, prduncled, compound, fustijiiate, somewhat leafy. 
 This may be'the chamacdrifolia of Pursh, but probably not of L. Torrey. 
 
 crenata, (^.) leaves obovate, acute, tooth-crcuate at the apex. : corymbs pe- 
 duncled, crowded. 
 
 opulifolia, (nine-baik, snowball hard-hack. E. w. J. ^. ) leaves sub-ovate, lob- 
 ed, doubly toothed or crenate, glabrous : corymbs terminal, crowded : cap- 
 sules inflated : flcjwers trigynious. Wet. 3 — 5 f. S. 
 
 capitata, Ph. (W. J. fp.) leaves ovate, somewhat lobed, doubly toothed, reticu- 
 late beneath, tomentose : corymbs terminal, crowded, sub-capitate, very 
 long-pedunclcd : calyx tomentose. 
 
 «or6i/o/ia, Ph. (W. w. Au. ^.) leaves pinnate; leafets uniform, serrate : flow- 
 ers panicled. 
 
 2. Stem herbaceov-s. 
 
 aruncus, W. (steeple-weed. A. w. J. 21-) leaves 2 — 3-pinnate : flowers in a 
 panicled spike: styles 3 to 5. Var. americana, has very long slender spikes. 
 4—1^) f. S. 
 
 lobata, (r. Ju. Zf.) leaves pinnate, glabrous ; the odd leafct large, 7'lobed . 
 lateral ones 3-lobed : corymbs proliferous. 
 
 {!) alba, M. 
 
SPIR^l^ STANLETA. 409 
 
 Exotic, 
 ul/narta, (queen of (he meadow, w. Au. 2X-) leaves pinnate, downy bcneatb; 
 the terminal leafet larger, 3-lobed ; the lateral ones undivided : flowers 311 a 
 proliferous corymb. Stem herbaceous. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 discolor, Fh. (W. Ju. f^.) leaves ovate, sub-lobed, toothed, obtuse, white-to- 
 raentose beneath, smooth above, short-petioled: panicle terminal, very brancti- 
 ing; branches white-pubescent : calyx and germs villose. 
 
 betulifolia. Pall, (A. r, J. 1^.) leaves broad-ovate, gash-toothed, glabrous: co- 
 rymbs terminal, compound, fastigiate, leafy. 1 f. 
 
 monogyna, T. & J. (W. fp.) leaves broad-ovate, sub-3-lobed, gash-serrate, glr^ 
 brous : corymbs umbel lea : style one: pedicels glabrous; divisions of the 
 calyx erect, spreading : germs villose. Gillenja. 
 
 Spiraea, Gillenia. 
 
 21 — 2. Splachnum. 56. 4. 
 
 cmptUlaceum, (umbrella moss.) leaves lance-ovate, acute : apophysis purplish- 
 green, broad, inversely bladder-form. 
 
 setaceufiiy stems cohering : leaves lanceolate, gradually becoming setaceous- 
 acuminate i apophysis clavate-turbinate. Marshes, &c. 
 
 Orthotrichum. 
 
 13—1. Stachys. 42. 39. 
 
 hi/ssopifoUa, Mx. (Ju.) slender, erect, somewhat glabrous : leaves sessile, li- 
 near and lance-linear, rarely toothed : whorls about 4-flowered. 12—15 i. 
 ^. 
 
 aspera, Mx. (hedge nettle, clown heal. O. w-p. Ju. 2{.) stem erect, hispid 
 backwards : leaves sub-petioled, lanceolate, acutely serrate, very glabrous ; 
 whorls about 6-flowered : calyx with spreading spines. Var. ienuifolia, 
 leaves very thin and slendsr. 
 
 sylvatica, W. (W. p. Au. 2^.) leaves ovate, sub-cordate, acuminate : v,*horis 
 6-flowered : stem prickly backwards. 1 — 2 f. <S. 
 
 velutina, Sr. (W. b.) stern simple, 4-angled, villose, or sub-hispid: leaves 
 lance-ovate, crenate-serrate, close-sessile, clasping, opposite and pointing 
 4 ways : nerves silky tomentose on both sides : whorls about 6-flowered : 
 corol sub-pilose. If. 
 
 So7ithern. 
 
 hispida, Ph. (E. y-p. Ju. 2X.) stem and leaves hispid ; leaves petioled, ovate- 
 oblong, acute, obtusely serrate : whorls about 4-flowered : calyx glabrous. 
 2f. 
 
 tenuifolia, (E.) stem erect, angled, smoothish : leaves petioled, lance-ova], 
 serrate, acuminate : whorls 6-flowered : calyx very pubescent. 
 
 intermedia, A. (2^.) whorls many-flowered : calyx sub-pungent : leaves ob- 
 long, sub-cordate, crenate : stem somewhat woolly. Leonunie. 
 
 Stachys, Hyssopcs. 
 
 13—2. Stanleya. 39. 63. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 finnatijida, N. (W. y. 21.) glaucous, smooth: leaves somewhat succulent, 
 undulated, interruptedly pinnatifid : divisions sub-lanceolate, remotely tooth- 
 ed : racemes terminal, many-flowered : peduncles long. Mr. Nuttall thinks 
 the Cleome pinnata of Ph. and this plant are the same. 3 f. 
 
 integrifolia, J. (W. y.). stem simple, angular : leaves entire, ovate, oblong, 
 tapering to both ends : raceme terminal : silique of the length of the pedi- 
 cel. Streptanthu*. 
 
 35 
 
410 STAPHTiEA, STEMONITIS. 
 
 5—3. Staphylea. 23, 95. 
 
 trifolia, (bladder nut. E. y-w. M. ^.) leaves in threes : racemes pendant : pc- 
 talsciliate below. When in flower, if the germ be cut transversely and ex- 
 amined, it will appear 2 or 3-celled, and will contain the rudiments of 15 
 to 20 fceeds. But when the fruit is ripe, it consists of 2 or 3 inflated, ad- 
 aate, sub-membranous capsules, each containing 1 to 3 hard small nuts. 
 6—12 f. S. Sarothra. 
 
 17—2. Starke A. 49. 55. 
 
 Southern, 
 spinulosus, Ph. (1) (W. y. Au. 2i-) caulescent: leaves bipinnatifid, gash- 
 toothed : divisions linear, rigidly raucronate ; flowers lateral and terminal, 
 crowded: rays 2-toothed : chaff setaceous. 1 — 2 f. Eclipta. 
 
 6—5. Statice. 48. 33. 
 
 limonrum, L. (2) (marsh rosemary, sea lavender. L. b. Au. 2i-) scape terete : 
 panicle much branched : leaves lance-obovate, obtuse, mucronate, glabrous. 
 The root is a valuable astringent. 12 — 18 i. S. 
 
 armeria, (thrift. L. r. 2|.) scape simple, terete, capitate: leaves linear, flat. 
 1 f. S. Linum. 
 
 10—3. Stellaria. 22. 82. 
 
 media, S. (3) (chickweed. O. w. M. 2X.) leaves ovate and heart-ovate, gla- 
 brous : stem mostly procumbent, having alternate lines of hairs on opposite 
 sides. Number of stamens variable. 9 — 15 i. 
 
 pubera, Mx. (P. w. M. 21-) pubescent: leaves sessile, ovate, ciliate : pedi- 
 cels erect, (recurved, T.) petals longer than the calyx. Flowers large. 6 — 
 10 i. S. 
 
 borealiSiBw. (E. w. Ju.) leaves lance-oval: peduncles axillary, elongated, 
 1-flowered : petals and calyx about equal. 
 
 bifiora, (E. vv. J. 21.) cespitose : leaves subulate : crowded : branches 2-parl- 
 ed : petals emarginate : calyx striate. Labrador. Is it an Arenaria ? Ph. 
 
 palustris, Retz. (4) (slichwort, meadow starwort. w. J.) leaves lance-linear, 
 entire, glaucous : flowers panicled : petals 2-parted, larger than the 3-nerv- 
 e<X calyx. 
 
 uiiginosa, Sr. (5) (bog starwort. w. J.) stem diffuse, procumbent, much- 
 branched : leaves lanceolate, ciliate and narrow at the base: peduncle? 
 somewhat in pairs, single or many-flowered : petals shorter than the calyx. 
 
 kwnifusa, Sw. (0) leaves ovate, sub-secund, sessile: stem procumbent, 4- 
 coraered : peduncles solitary, short. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 prostralUt Bald. (6) (E. Ap. 0.) leaves ovate, acute, smooth : petioles very 
 long : stem prostrate, terete, hollow, dichotomous, sub-pubescent : pedun- 
 cles solitary, long : flowers heptandrous ; calyx erect. Flowers small. I — 4 f. 
 
 jamesiana, T. (W.) viscid-pubescent : leaves lanceolate, sub-falcate, closely 
 sessile, acute : stem somewhat branched, flaccid : panicles lax, divaricate : 
 petals 2-lobed, about twice the length of the oblong, acute divisions of the 
 caljTx. Arenaria. 
 
 Stellaria, Micropetalum. 
 
 21—6. Stemonitis. 58. 1. 
 
 fascvndaris, (brittle bark buff-ball.) fascicled, steel-blue : head sub-turbinate : 
 
 (1) Amellus, Ph. (2) caroliniana. Ph. (3) Alsine media, L. (4)glauca, S. 
 (5) aUine, Hd. (6) elongata, N. i* 
 
STEMONITIS, STILLINGIA. 411 
 
 stem verj short : hairs or fibres attenuated: bark whollj evanescent. Oo 
 trunks in beech woods in Autumn. 
 
 t^hina, scattered, small : fibres cylindric, obtuse, sub-incurved; partly eva- 
 nescent. On trunks. 
 
 Itticostyla^ gregarious, creeping : fruit ovate, violet-colour : stipe white. 
 Springs up white and shining in autumn on branches and deciduous leave*. 
 
 Tubulina. 
 
 21 — 5. Stereocaulon. 57. 2. 
 
 ramulosum, becoming pale-white, ramose, scabrous, fibrous : branches scat- 
 tered, elongated, sub-simple : receptacles terminal, at length sub-globose, 
 dark-fuscous. On mountains. 
 J7a,sc/ta/e, frond cinereous-grey, branching, granulated, fibrous : branches crowd- 
 ed, very branching, short : receptacles scattered and terminal ; at length 
 convex, conglomerate, dark-fuscous. On rocks and sunny hills. 
 
 Rbizomorpba. 
 17—1. Stevia. 49 64. 
 
 Southern. 
 callosOf N. (W. r. S. 0.) leaves linear, crowded, somewhat succulent, calloua 
 at the apex ; upper ones alternate : flowers divaricate, sub-corymbed : egret 
 about 8-leaved, erose, short. Brickellia. 
 
 Stewartia, Stuartia. 
 
 21—5. Sticta. 57. 2. 
 
 crocata, frond reddish-fuscous, sub-lacunose, broad, woolly beneath : fruit-dofes 
 minute, citron-yellow ; divisions torn-lobed, margined, pulverulent, yellow : 
 receptacles scattered : disk dark-fuscous ; margin frond-like, entire. On rocks 
 and trunks of trees. 
 
 anthraspis, frond pale-cinereous-fuscous, lacunose-reticulate, very broad, sub- 
 crenate in the round-lobed periphery; rugose, sub-villose beneath : fruit-dots 
 minute, white : receptacles scattered : disk black, at length convex, and ex- 
 cluding the entire frond-like margin. 
 
 ptdmonacea, frond light-yellowish olive, lacunose-reticulate, villose beneath, 
 having pale naked papilla? ; divisions sinuate-lobed, retuse-truncate : recep- 
 tacles sub-marginal : disk flattish, rugose ; margin frond-like, sub-rugose. 
 On trunks of trees in woods. 
 
 tylvatica, frond ample, brick-fuscous, nakedish, sub-orbiculate, fuscous-villoae 
 beneath : pits excavated, pale-white ; divisions gashed, lobed, deformed, re- 
 pand-crenate : receptacles marginal : disk fuscous. On mountains among 
 mosses, and on the roots of trees. Peltidea. 
 
 21—6. Stiebospora. 58. 1. 
 
 asterosperma, capsules stellate. 
 
 macrosperma^ capsules elongated, cylindric. On beech limbs, or white birch 
 bark. Naemospora, 
 
 19—15. Stillingia. 38. 96. 
 
 Southern, 
 sylvatica, (E. y , J. 21.) herbaceous: leaves sessile, lance-oblong, tapering at 
 
 the base, serrulate : staminate florets scarcely longer than the bracteal scale. 
 
 2—3 f. 
 sebifera, (1) (E. Ju. Tp.) leaves petioled, rhomboid, acutntnate, entire, with a 
 
 (1) Croton, L. 
 
412 STILLINGIA, STEEPTOPUS. 
 
 gland below the base on the petiole; staminate florets pedicelled. Introduc 
 ed, 20—40 f. 
 ligustrxHa, Mx. (E. J.) frudcose : leaves lanceoUte, tapering to each end, 
 very entire, petioled : staminate florets short-pecncelled. 6 — 12 f. 
 
 Crotoa. 
 
 3—2. Stipa. 4. 10. 
 
 avenacen^{\) (feathergrass. J. ZCO leaves striate, glabrous : panicle spread- 
 ino-, sub-unilateral : branches whorled with branchlets : calyx acute, mem- 
 branaceous, equalling the glabrous seed: awn naked, twisting. Var. bicolovt 
 (2) seed obovate, bearded at the base. 
 
 juncea. Ph. (W. Au. 2X.) leaves convolute-filiform : panicle lax : calyx some- 
 what awned, longer than the seed : awn long, scarcely pubescent. 
 
 canadensis, Lk. (3) (E.) leaves setaceous : panicle small : calyx glabrous, ob- 
 tuse-ovate, equalling tlie pubescent seed : awn thick, short. ' 
 
 So7dher7i. 
 
 expansa, Lk. (E.) leaves striate, glabrous, somewhat glaucous : spikes alter- 
 nate, panicled, spreading : flowers sessile, remote : calyx longer than the 
 corol : awn short, naked. 
 
 slricta, Lk. (E.) panicle long, narrow : peduncles jointed, very straight : awns 
 naked, somewhat flexuous. Has the aspect of an Andropogon. Lk. 
 
 parvi/iora, Ds. (W. 21) leaves radical, sub-rigid, filiform : panicle appressed 
 and diffuse, many-flowered : awns becoming capillary lowards the extremi- 
 ty. 1—2 f. Aristida. 
 
 Stipu, Trichochloa, Eriocoma. 
 
 3—1. Stipulicida. 22. 82. 
 
 Southern, 
 setacea, Mx. (4) (E. w. M. ^. ?) stem erect, smooth, 2 — 3-chotomous : lower 
 leaves small, opposite, spatulate : branch-leaves none : stipules (2 at eacb 
 fork,) fimbricate. 6 — 10 i. Polycnemura. 
 
 17—1. Stokesia. 49. 54. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 cya,ma,iir. (E. b. 21.) stem leafy: leaves lanceolate : peduncles axillary, 1- 
 
 flowered. Stevia. 
 
 14—2. Streptanthcs. 39. 63. 
 
 Southern. 
 macuLatus, N. (W. p. M. 0.) glaucous: stem erect, terete : leaves clasping 
 heart -ovate, acute, entire : raceme terminal, corymbed. 1 — 2 f. ^ 
 
 Sisyrinchium. 
 
 6—1. Streptopus. (5) 11. 14. 
 
 ro^ewJ, Mx. (rose bellwort. r-w. M. 2Lt.) glabrous, shining : leaves clasping, 
 
 serrate-ciliate : anthers short, 2-horned. Woods. 12 — 18 i. ^. 
 distortus, Mx. (6) (E.y. M. U-) glabrous: leaves clasping: pedicels solitary, 
 
 twisted-geniculate in the middle. Woods. 2 f. 
 tanuginosus, Mx. (A. g-y. J. Z^.) whitish-woolly : leaves sessile, sub-cordate 
 
 at the base, acuminate : pedicels in pairs on a short stipe. Flowers large. 
 
 Berries red. Near Rochester. Stevenson. S. Convallaria. 
 
 (1) virginica, P. (2) barbata, Mx. (3) juncea, Mx. (4) Polycarpon »li- 
 puVihdum, Ph. (5) Uvularia, L. (6) Uvularia amplexifolia, W. 
 
r STROPHOSTTLES, StJBULiRlA. AiS 
 
 16—10. StrophostVles. 32. 93. 
 
 niipulosa, (1) (E. p. Au. 0.) leaves (ernate; leafets angular, 2 — ^3-!obed: p«- 
 
 duncles longer than the leaves : flowers capitate. 8. 
 helvolotW. (2) (r.) prostrate, sometimes twinin* : leaves tcrnate, deltoid-ob- 
 
 loDg': flowers capitate : banner short: wings large, expanded. 8. 
 peciuneularis, M., (3) (E. p. Ju. 0.) stem prostrate or climbing : leaves ter~ 
 
 nate, oblong-ovate and deltoid : flowers capitate : banner rather large, emar- 
 
 ginate: wings small : seed woollj'. 8. Apios. 
 
 21 — 1. SxRUTHiopTEnis. 55. 5. 
 
 pennsylvanica, W. (4) (E. 21-) barren frond bipinnatifid : divisions entire, ob- 
 tuse ; lower one elongated, acute. Vittaria. 
 
 15—12. SxaARTiA. 37. 74. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 vtrginica, Mx. (5) (E. w. M. '^.) leaves ovate, acuminate : flowers axillary, 
 
 generally in pairs : calyx ovate, obtuse : petals entire ; styles united. 6-- 
 
 12 f. 
 
 pentagyna, (A. y-w. J. Tp.) leaves ovate, acuminate ; flowers axillary, solitary : 
 
 calyx lanceolate, calycled : petals undulate, gashed: styles distinct. 6 — 10 f. 
 
 Hopea, 
 
 Stylandra, Podostioma. 
 
 Stylophorum., MECOiroPSls. •■^•^ 
 
 16—10. STyLOSANTHES. 39. 93, 
 
 eiatior, (6) (pencil flower, y. Au. 2X-) stem pubescent on one side: leaves 
 lanceolate, glabrcfus : bracts lanceolate, ciliate : heads 2 or 3-flowered. Var. 
 procHtnbens^ stem procumbent. 9 — 15 i. 8. Coronilla. 
 
 15—12. Styrax. 37. 74. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 grandifolium, (7) (E. w. Ap. fp.) leaves broaJ-obovate, acuminate, tomentose 
 beneath : racemes simple, axillary, leafy near the base. 4 — 12 f. 
 
 pulverulentum, Mx. (E. w. Ap. f).) leaves oval, acute, tomentose beneath ; ra- 
 cemes lateral, few-flowered, leafy. 18 i. 
 
 iaeve, Wr. (8) (E. w. Ap. fp.) leaves lanceolate, acuminate at each end, ser- 
 rate, glabrous : racemes lateral, leafy. Corol tomentose. 4 — 6 f. 
 
 glabrum, (9) (E. v/. Ap. Tp.) leaves lance-oval, acute at each end, finely serru- 
 late, membranaceous, glabrous : racemes lateral, leafy, 6 — 8 if. 
 
 Hal'esta, 
 
 14—1. SUBULARIA. 39, 63. 
 
 aguatica, W. (owl wort. w. Ju. 0.) stemless: leaves subulate. Wet. 1— 
 2i. 
 
 Southern, 
 alpina,W. (A. 21;.) stem branching : leaves obovate, Cochlearia. 
 
 (1) Glycine, L. Pbaseolus trilobus, Mx. vexillatus, Wr. (2) Phaseolu* 
 helvolus, W. Glycine umbcllata, of the same. (3) Phascolus helvolus, Mx. 
 vexiliatus. Ph. (4) Onoclea nodulosa, Sh. (5) malacliodendron, L. (6) his- 
 pida, Mx. Trifolium, biflorum, L. (7) grandiflorum, Mx. (3) glabrum, Mx, 
 (9) iJotaa. Mag. No. 921. 
 
 35* 
 
414 SWEBTIA, TAGETEir 
 
 4—1. SwERTiA.. 47. 46. 
 
 Jejtexa, S. il) {g-y. Ju. (f.) corol bell-form, with a deflected horn : leare» ] 
 
 ovate : branches short. In swamps. 18 — 24 i^ 
 pufilla, Ph. (false gentian. A. b. J. 0.) corol wheel-form, twice as long as the 
 
 caljx : stem simple, I-flowered : leaves oblong. 1 i. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 fastigiata, Ph. (W. b. Ju. 21-) corol bell-wheel-form, as long as the calyx : 
 flowers fastigiate-clustered, axillary and terminal : pedicels in pairs : leaves 
 spatulate-obovate, nerved : stem branching. Fra8era> 
 
 3—1. SrENA. 5. 13. 
 
 Southern. 
 JiuviatUis, (E. J. Ti-^) leaves crowded, subulate: flowers axillary, solitary, 
 long-peduncled ; peduncle recurved a.lter flowering. 2 — 3 i. 
 
 Stipulicida. 
 
 5—1. Symphitum. 41. 42. 
 
 Exotic. 
 
 c^cinale, (corafrey. y-w. J. 21) leaves ovate-sub-lanceolate, decurrcnt, rugose. 
 
 Naturalized. 2 — 4 f. Heliotropiuai, 
 
 5 — 1. SyMPHORiA. 48. 58. 
 
 t-aeemosa, Mx, (2) (W. r. Au. b.) raceme terminal : corol bearded within. 
 
 2-3 (. S. 
 glomerata, Ph. (W. g-r. Au. f).) racemes axillary, capitate, congloraerater 
 
 3 — 4 f. Triosteum. 
 
 Qt/mplo carpus, IcTODES. 
 
 13—1. Synahdra. 42. 39. 
 
 Southern, 
 grandifiora, N. (W. y-w, J. 21. ?) stem irregularly sulcate . leaves sub-hirsute 
 above, heart-ovate, acuminate, obtusely dentate ; lower ones sub-petioled ; 
 upper ones sessile, clasping: flowers solitary, sessile. If. Leucas. 
 
 2i— 2. Syntrichia. (3) 56. 4. 
 
 ruralts, stem ramose : leaves obtuse, recurved, bearing hairs at the apex : cap- 
 sule cylindric ; lid conic. On walls, fields, &c Didymodoo. 
 
 2—1. String A. 48. 37. 
 
 Exotic, 
 vulgaris, (lilac, b-p. vr. M. ^.) leaves cordate : flowers in a thyrte. 
 pcrsica, (persiaa lilac, b. M. ^.) leaves lanceolate, ealire and piooatifid. 
 
 Olea 
 
 17-2. Taobtes. 49. «. 
 
 Exotic. 
 
 ertcia, (african roarygold. y. Ju. ) leaves pinnate ; leafets lanceolate, cili- 
 
 ate-serrate : peduncles 1-flowered, incrasiate, sub-inflated : calyx angled. 
 
 (I) conuculata, Ph. not L. (2) Sympbouicarpus, tUx (3) Tortula or 
 Bajpfauia. 
 
TAGETES, TBUCRIUM. 415 
 
 patula, (french marygo'.d. y. Ju. 0.) leaves pinnate ; leafeta lanceolate, cili^ 
 ate-serrate : peduacled 1-flowered, sub-incrassate : calyx smooth : stem 
 spreading^. Inula. 
 
 11 — 1. Talinum. 
 
 teretifolium* Ph. (taliny. p. Ju. 21) leaves cylindric, fleshy, subulate : pedun- 
 cles elongated, naked, cynjose. 4 — 10 i. Darlington says, the seed is not 
 arilled, according to the generic descriptions of W. & N. /S. Meconopsts. 
 
 17—2. Tanacetum. 49. 55. 
 
 huronetisiSj N. (W. y. 2X-) leaves pseudo-bi pinnate, gash-serrate, sub-tonaen- 
 tose beneath : pedicels thickened : ray-florets irregular, 4 — 5-cIeft. Flow- 
 ers large, corymbed. 
 
 Exotic. 
 
 vulgare, (tansey. y. Ju. 21.) leaves doubly pinnate, gash-serrate. Naturalized. 
 
 Var. crispum, (double tansey,) leaves crisped and dense. Artemisia. 
 
 21—16. Taxus. 51. 100. 
 
 tanadensis, W. (1) (dwarf yew, shin-wood. O. Ap. Tp.) leaves linear, 2-ranked, 
 margin revolute : receptacles of the staminate flowers globose. Appears 
 like a sn^all spreading hemlock bush. 2 — 6f. 
 
 baccata, W. (VV. ^.) leaves linear, 2-ranked, flat: receptacles of the staminate 
 floweri globose. Polypodiura. 
 
 Tephrosia, Galsga. 
 
 17 — ^2. Tktragonotheca. 49. 55. 
 
 Southern, 
 helumthoides, W. (E. y. J. 2X) scabrous : leaves opposite, sessile, lance-spatu- 
 late, toothed, pilose, glandular-punctate : calyx 4-angled. 2 — 3 f. 
 
 Actinella. 
 
 21—2. Tetraphis. 56. 4. 
 
 fullucida^ (four-tooth moss.) capsule cylindric : leaves which grow on the fruit- 
 bearing stem ovate, acute, 1-nerved. Stem simple, 1 inch high ; lid conic, 
 reddish, thin, half as long as the capsule : teeth rigid, polished, brown • 
 leaves oval, except those on the fructiferous stem. Grimraia. 
 
 13—1. Teuciuum. 42. 89. 
 
 9anaden*e, (wood-sage, germander. O. r. Ju. 2i.) pubescent : leaves lance- 
 ovate, serrate, petioled : stem erect : spikes whorled, crowded : bracts 
 longer than the calyx. Var. virginicum, upper leaves sub-sessile : bractg 
 about the length of the calyx. 1 — 3 f. jS. 
 
 Southern. 
 Utciniatuntt T. & J. (W.) somewhat fruticose : leaves pinnately 5-parted ; up- 
 per ones 3-parted ; divisions linear : flowers axillary, solitary, pedicelled : 
 pedicels much shorter than the leaves. Mentha. 
 
 * This most elegant little annual is remarkably tenacious of life. I received 
 the dry root in a letter from Mr. D. Townsend, collected in Dr. Darlington's 
 locality in Penn. wliich I set in a box of earth in the spring of 1827, and it 
 produced numerous flowers that season. Last summer a sufficient number of 
 plants were produced by self-sown seeds, to supply numerous speciraeni for 
 students. 
 
 (1) baccata miaor, Mx, 
 
416 THALIA, THELEPHORA, 
 
 1—1. Thalia. 8. 21. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 dealbata, Roscoc. (E. p. Au. 2X-) panicle white-pulvarulent : spathe 2-flowered , 
 
 leaves ovate, revolute at tlie sutnaiit. Callitriche. 
 
 12—13. Thalictrum. 26. 61. 
 
 dioicum, (1) (meadow rue. O. w-r. M. 21') flowers dioecious: filaments fili- 
 form : leaves about 3-ternate ; leafets roundish, cordate, obtusely lobed, gla- 
 brous : peduncles axillary, shorter than the leaves. 1 — 2 f. S. 
 
 revolutum, Dc. (2) (0. w. Au. 21.) flowers dioecious or polygamous : filaments 
 filiform: leafets generally 3-lobed; margin revolute, finely pubescent be- 
 neath. jSi. 
 
 carolinianuTTiy Rose. (3) (E. w. J. Zj!) flowers dioecious: filaments filiform; 
 leafets ovate, 3 — 5-toothed, glabrous, glaucous beneath : peduncles axiilarj', 
 longer than the leaves. S. 
 
 rugosunty {vr. J. 21-) stem erect, terete, striate : panicle erect, much divided ; 
 flowers crowded : leafets ovate, sub-cordate, coarsely crenate, glaucous be- 
 neath, shining above. 2 — 5 f. S. 
 
 cornuti, (E. g-y. Ju. Zf. ) leaves more than decompound ; leafets ovate, 3-cleft : 
 panicle terniinal. 2 — 3 f. 
 
 corynellum, Dc. (E. w. Ju. 2i-) flowers polygamous: filaments clavate : fruit 
 sessile, striate : leafets obtusely 3-lobed, pale underneath. 3 — if. 
 
 purpurascens, (J. 2i-) stem twice as high as the leaves: leafets roundish, 3- 
 cleft, gashed : panicle nearly naked : flowers nodding ; stamens coloured : 
 stems purple. 
 
 Southern, 
 ranunculinunif W. (2.) leaves simple, lobed, serrate : flowers corymbed. 
 
 Anemone. 
 
 5—2. Thapsia. 45. 60. 
 
 trifoliata, (4) (E. y. 2i-) petioles and joints of the stem pubescent ; leaves ter« 
 nate and biternate ; leafets wedge-form and ovate, unequally gash-serrate, 
 entire at the base : umbels terminal : partial involucre 3-leaved, subulate. 
 3f. S. 
 
 Southern. 
 acatUiSi Ph. (5) (W. w. J. It-) Described under Cnidium acatile. 
 
 Ferula. 
 
 Thaspiumt Cnidtom, Sison, Thapsia. 
 
 12—1. The A. 54. 71. 
 
 Exotic, 
 boheoy (bohea tea. M. Tp.) flowers 6-pe;alled : leaves oblong-oval, rugose. 
 
 From China and Japan. 
 tdridis^ (green tea. Tp.) flowers 9-petalled : leaves very long-oval. J. C. Lett* 
 
 «on says this is only a variety of the bohea. Citrus. 
 
 21—6. Thelephora. 58. 1. 
 
 1. Pileus entire, funnel-form. 
 
 taryophylla, various : pileus funnel-form, thin, becoming fuscous-purple, stri- 
 gose-hirsute ; margin mostly gashed, or somewhat crisped. Among pines« 
 &c. on the earth. 
 
 (1) laevigatum, Mx. (2) pubescens, Ph. polygamum, M. (3) rugosara. 
 Ph. (4| Ligusticum barbinode, Mx. Sinyniium barbinode, M. Thaspiuw 
 barbinoae, N. (5) glomcrata, N. Selinum, Pb. 
 
THELEPHORA, THLASPI. 417 
 
 2. Pileus halved, at length horizontal. 
 
 ru^i^woia, imbricate, rigid, reddish-chesnut-brovrn, glabrous both sides; pa- 
 
 pillfe large, scattered. On trunks of oaks, mossy beeches, &c. 
 tpadicea, imbricate, sub-rigid, zoned, sub-tomentose, fuscous; glabrous bfe- 
 
 neath, pale-fuscous. 
 fe/ruginea, etTuse-reflexed, ferruginous : pileus thin, sub-tomentose, smoothish, 
 
 pilose beneath. On fallen limbs of trees, &;c. 
 hirsuta, cespitose, coriaceous, yellowish, slrigose-hirsute ; glabrous beneath. 
 
 On trunks, rails, &c. 
 lUacina, sub-imbricate, soft, not zoned, tomentose, pale ; at the margin and on 
 
 tlie under-side pale purple. On trunks of evergreens. 
 
 3. Resupinate, effuse, papillose ; substajice various. 
 (Pale or flesh-coloured.) 
 
 quercina, rcsupinate, longitudinal, coriaceous, rugose, somewhat fleshy, almost 
 destitute of a margin, and brown underneath. On oak branches, &c. 
 
 polygonia, fleshy : papillfe largish, many-sided. On dry branches of poplar. 
 
 icsvis, white-fleshy, broadly eftuse, very smooth ; margin byssus-like. Oil 
 branches of poplar, &c. 
 
 rosea, somewhat wrinkled, rose-red : margin tomentose. On poplari, one or 
 two inches long. 
 
 (Colour yellow or tan-colour.) 
 
 frustnlata, very hard, smooth, rimose-parted, pale. Merisnaa, 
 
 10. Thermia. 32. 93. 
 
 Southern, 
 rhombifolia, N. (1) (W. y. ZC) leafets rhomb-ovate, somewhat wedge-form, 
 silky-pubescent beneath, obtusish : stipules leaf-like, round-ovate, oblique, 
 shorter than the petiole : raceme interrupted. Virgilia, 
 
 TheriMpsis, Thermia. 
 
 5—1. Thesium. 31. 24. 
 
 nmbellatum, (2) (false toad-flax. O. w^g. J. 2i-) erect : leaves oblong ; urabeU 
 axillary, 3— 5-flowered : peduncles longer than the leaves. 9 — 15 i. S. 
 
 Queria. 
 
 14—1. Thlaspi. 39. 63. 
 
 arvense, (penny-cress. W. J. 0.) silicles »ub-orbicular, compressed, smooth : 
 leaves oblong, toothed, glabrous. 
 
 alliaceum, (W. 0.) silicle sub-ovate, ventricose : leaves oblong, obtuse, tooth- 
 ed, glabrous. Introduced. 
 
 tuberosum, (r. M.) silicle sub-orbicular, short, compressed : leaves rhoifib« 
 ovate, obsoletely toothed, smooth, sessile ; radical ones long-petioled : stenj 
 pubescent, very short and simple : root tuberous and fibrous. 4 — 5 i. 
 
 campestre, (yellow-seed, false-flax, mithridate mustard. O. J. 0.) silicle ob- 
 cordate, inflated, glandular-punctate : cauline leaves sagittate, toothed. 
 Very troublesome in flax-fields, and was probably introduced with flax-seed, 
 
 bursa-pastoris , (3) (shepherd's purse. O. w. M. 0.) hirsute : silicles deltoid- 
 obcordate : radical leaves pinnatifid. iS. 
 
 Draba. 
 
 (1) Cytissus, Ph. (2) Comandra, N. (3) Capsella, Dc. 
 
413 THUJA, TILIA. 
 
 19— IG. Thuja. 51. 100. 
 
 ocddentalis, (arbor vitae, false white cedar. O. M.»^.) branchleta 2-edged : 
 leaves imbricated 4-ways, rhomb-ovate, close-pressed, naked, tubercled ; 
 strobiles obovate : inner scales truncate, gibbous below the apex. Vast 
 quantities along the Erie canal from Rome to Moutezmna. Cupressus, 
 
 13—1. Thymus. 42. 39. 
 
 Exotic. 
 
 serpyllus, (mother of thyme, b-p. J. 1^.) flowers in heads: stem creeping : 
 leaves flat, obtuse, cilate at the base. Naturalized. 
 
 vulgaris, (thyme, b-p. J. 2X- v'O erect : leaves ovate and linear, revolute ; flow- 
 ers in a whorled spike. 
 
 lanuginosus, (lemon thyme. 2X. ^•) flowers inheads : stem creeping, hirsute ; 
 leaves obtuse, villose. Melissa. 
 
 16—10. THYRSANTHU3. 32. 93. 
 
 Southern, 
 frutescens, (I) (E. p. M. 2X0 twining: leaves pinnate; leafets (9,) lance- 
 ovate, sub-acuminate, pubescent : panicle clustered, axillary: legume cori- 
 aceous. ' Lupinaster. 
 
 10—2. TiARELLA. 13. 84. 
 
 tordifolia, (mitre-wort, gem-fruit. O. w. M. 2X.) leaves cordate, acute-Iobed, 
 toothed: teeth mucronate : scape raceraed. Resembles the Mitella diphyl- 
 la. 10 i. 
 
 menziesii, Ph. (W. 21.) leaves ovate, cordate, acute, short-lobed, toothed ; cau- 
 line ones alternate, distant : raceme filiform, somewhat spiked : calyx tu- 
 bular. 1 f. 
 
 trifoliata, W. (W. 2X-) leaves ternate ; leafets sub-rhomboid, serrate, pilose : 
 racemeg terminal ; little corymbs of flowers alternate : calyx bell-form. 
 
 South firn. 
 
 hiternala. Vent. (A. y-w. J. H-) leaves biternate; leafets heart-ovate, oblique, 
 gash-iobed, toothed ; stem leafy : panicle terminal, divaricate, with the flow- 
 ers somewhat spiked. There is some obscurity about this plant ; it cannot 
 belong to this genus. Elliott. Resembles Spiraea aruncus. Ph. 
 
 tracteatOf T. & J. (W. Zf.) leaves round-cordate, gash-serrate ; serratures 
 mucronate : scape racemed : flowers pentandrous, bracted : petals very nar- 
 row : stamens not exsert. This species differs from Tiarella in its pentan- 
 drous, bracted flowers, and from Heuchera in its distinct styles and habit. It 
 ehould perhaps form a distinct genus. Torrey. Mitella. 
 
 11—1. TiGAREA. 39. 92. 
 
 Southern, 
 iridentata, Ph.'(W. y. Ju. Tp.) leaves crowded towards the ends of the branches, 
 obcuneate, 3-too(hed, villose above, hoary-t*meutose beneath : flowers ter- 
 minal, solitary, short-peduncled. 
 
 12—1. TiLiA. 37. 79. 
 
 glabra, V. (2) (bass-wood, lime-tree. O. y-w. Ju. ^.) leaves round-cordate, 
 abruptly acuminate, sharply serrate, sub-coriaceous, glabrous : petals trun- 
 
 (1) Glycine, L. Apios, Ph. Wisteria speciosa, N. (2) americaaa, W. 
 caondensis, Mx. 
 
TILIA, TILLAXDSII^ 419 
 
 catc at the apex, crenafe : style about equalling (he petals : nut ovate. 
 Large tree ; wood soft and white. Leaves olten truncate at (he base. S. 
 
 laxiflora, Mx. (E. M. ^.) leaves cordate, gradually acuminate, sparingly 
 toothed, membranaceous, glabrous : panicle.- lax-flowered : petals emargi- 
 nate, shorter than the style : nut globose. *S. 
 
 pubescens, V. (1) (crop-ear bass-wood. E. y-w. Ju. >>.) leaves truncate at the 
 base, (one lobe cropped,) oblique, acuminate, tooth-serrate, pubescent be- 
 neath : panicle dense-flowered : petals emarginate, about equal to the style : 
 nut globose, smooth. Var. leptopht/lla, leaves lax, serrate, very thin, some- 
 what papyraceous. ^. 
 
 Sotiihem. 
 hetei'ophylla, Vent. (W. J. fp.) leaves ovate, oblique at the base or equally trun- 
 cate and cordate, sharply serrate, white-toraentose beneath : nut globose, 
 somewhat ribbed. Cistus. 
 
 4—4. TiLLJEA. 13. 83. 
 
 ascendens, Ea. (pigmy-weed. E. w.) stem ascending, rooting at the lower 
 joints : leaves connate, subulate, fleshy : flowers axillary, solitary, sessile. 
 Very minute. A new species. Discovered on the Housatonic by Prof, Ives, 
 in the summer of 1816. Potamogeton. 
 
 6—1. TiLLANDSIA. 10. 17. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 utriculata, (wild pine. E. w.) leaves somewhat glaucous and pruinose, concave, 
 broad, subulate, setaceous at the apex, acuminate, recurved and very dilated 
 at the base ; panicle branching : flowers sessile : bracts somewhat 2-ranked, 
 shorter than the calyx : petals twice as long as the calyx, erect, equal below, 
 distinct at (he apex, often gaping on the side : stamens longer than the coroJ, 
 Leaves pale-green, retaining water in their dilated bases. 3 f. 
 juncea, Le Conte. (E. b.) stem leafy: leaves longer than the stem, gradually 
 shorter towards tlie top, somewhat pruinose, channelled, subulate-setaceous, 
 rigid, recurved at the apex, dilated at the base : spikes compound, many- 
 flowered, distichous : bracts imbricate, longer than the calyx : petals equi- 
 tant, thereby forming a tube, dilated in the middle, thrice as long as the 
 bracts, margin and apex recurved : stamens longer than the corol : stigma 
 round-capitate, hispid. Leaves pale-green : stem reddish: bracts red ; sta- 
 mens blue : anthers yellow. 1 f. 
 
 pinifolia, Le Conte. (E. b.) stem leafy : leaves equalling the stem, gradually 
 shorter towards the top, at length scale-like, sub-pubescent, not pruinose, 
 subulate-setaceous, semi-terete, erect, concave at the base : spikes simple, 
 few-flowered; bracts short, imbricate: petals equitant, thereby forming a 
 lube, longer than the bracts, dilated in the middle, recurved at the apex and 
 margin : stamens longer than the corol. Leaves pale-green : stem and 
 bracts red : stamens blue : anthers yellow. 5 i. 
 
 bartramif E. (E. b.) stem leafy ; leaves longer than the stem, gradually shorter 
 towards the top, hoary-pubescent, subulate-setaceous, semi-terete, erect, 
 concave and dilated, at the base : spike nearly simple, 6 — 8-flowered, 2- 
 ranked : bracts imbricate : petals equitant, thereby forming a tube, dilated 
 in the middle, longer than the bracts, recurved at the apex and margin. 
 Leaves greenish : stem and bracts red : stamens blue: anthers yellow. 10 i. 
 
 caespitosa, Le Conte. (E. b.) stem scaly by the diminution of the leaves: leaves 
 longer than the stem, hoary-pubescent, subulate-setaceous, semi-terete, erect, 
 somewhat concave at the base : spikes 3 — 4-flowered : bracts imbricate : pe- 
 tals equitant, thereby forming a tube, dilated in the middle, longer than the 
 bracts, recurved at tho apex and margin. Leaves reddish grey : stem and 
 bracts red : stamens blue : anthers yellew. 4 i. 
 
 (1) americana, Wr. 
 
420 TILLANDSIA, TORREYA. 
 
 recurmia, (E.) leaves shorter than the stem, terete, curved, subulate-setaceous, 
 pruinose, vphitish-pubescent, with narrow grooves, 2-ranked : stem naked, 
 above, 1 — ^2-flowered : flowers sessile : corol longer than the calyx. 6 i. 
 
 usneoideSj (E. g.) greyish, pruinose, whitish pubescent: stem diffuse, filiform, 
 pendulous, branching, dichotomous, flexuous, or even spirally twisted : leaves 
 subulate-filiform, semi-terete, twisted: flowers terminal, solitary, sessile : ca» 
 lyx glabrous, rusty, 3-parted : divisions, subulate, very acute, erect: petals 
 3, broad-linear, rounded at the apex, equitant below, thereby forming a tube 
 equal to the calyx ; lamina spreading, flat : stamens shorter than the tube. 
 
 Diphylleia. 
 
 21—2. TmaoA. 56. 4. 
 
 CHCullata, leaves linear, narrow-acute, serrulate: peduncles shortish : capsule 
 nodding, arched, obconic-turbinate, bursting from the side of the permanent 
 calyptre : teeth of the outer peristome articulated. In damp and muddy 
 places. Diplocomum. 
 
 18—1. T1PUL.U1IA. 7. 21. 
 
 discolor, N. (1) (E. w. Au.) leaf solitary, plaited and longitudinally nerved: 
 flowers racemed, nodding, bractless. Resembles the Corallorhiza. 
 
 Mala.\is. 
 
 6—3. TOFIELDIA. 10. 13. 
 
 pubens, Mx. (2) (E. g-w. Au. H.) scape scabrous: spike oblong, interrupted: 
 capsules sub-globose, scarcely longer than the calyx. 12 — 18 i. *?. 
 
 glutinosa, Mx. (E. 2X.) scape and pedicels glutinous-scabrous : spike with a 
 few alternate fascicles: capsule egg-form, twice as long as the calyx. 
 
 pusilla, Mx. (scotch asphodel, g-w. J. 21.) glabrous : leaves short : scape fili- 
 form : spike few-flowered, globular : little calyxes adnate to the rachis : cap- 
 sule globose. Mountain swamps. 
 
 S&uthern. 
 
 glabra^ N. (E. g-w.) scape terete, smooth: leaves linear, ensiform : spike 
 short, dense, oblong: bracts acute, very small : peduncles solitary, angular, 
 as long as the flowers : styles o : capsules distinct, membranaceous, equal- 
 ling the corol. 8 — 10. i. 
 
 glaberriina, Macbride. (E. w. Oc. 2X ) very glabrous : flowers racemed: buds 
 approximate, nearly whorled, 1-flowered. 2 — 3 f. Scheuchzeria. 
 
 11—1. ToRREYA. Ea. (3) 17. 88. 
 
 [Omitted at p. 44, above Mentzelia and below the word Souifiern.] Calyx 
 superior, 5-cleft, permanent: corol 10-petalled : capsule cylindrical, oblong, 
 with a flat summit, 1-celled, 3 to 7-valved, parietal : receptacles in 3 to 7 
 fleshy masses, parietal : seeds numerous, con)pressed, arranged in a double 
 horizontal series. 17. 88. 
 
 (1) Limodorum unifolium, M. Orchis discolor. Ph. (2) pubescens. Ph. 
 Narthecium, Mx. (3) Bartouia, Nuttall. See p. 24, where another plant is 
 described under this name. 1 feel confident, that every American botanist, as 
 well as the discoverer, will cordially unite with me in giving to this splendid 
 genus, a name which seems to be almost identified with the science, on this 
 side of the Atlantic. Dr. Torrey proposed iNuttallia for the generic name. 
 But that name is already given to a wt-U defined genus. As I received a spe- 
 cimen of the Nuttallia from Prof. Nuttall, I presume he does not intend to reject 
 that plant ; though no one would withhold his name from this more showy ge- 
 nus had not the modest discoverer been contented with the elegant Columnifera 
 which takes his name. 
 
TORRETA, TREMEILA. 421 
 
 Southern. 
 
 omata^ N. (W. y-w. A. 2X- 'eaves lanceolate, interruptedly pinnatifid ; seg- 
 ments sub-acute : base of the capsule fo'iose, 5 to 7-valvea: seeds almost 
 without margins. 2 to 4 feet high. Flowers very large, solitary and ter- 
 minal, sessile, odorous. Found on the banks of the Missouri, 
 
 nuda, N. (VV. y-w. Ti-) leaves sub-lanceolate, interruptetlly pinnatifid, seg- 
 ments obtuse : capsule naked, 3-valved ; seed margined: outer stamens pe- 
 taloid, often sterile. Flowers smaller than the preceding species. Near 
 the Great Bend on the Missouri. Mentzelia, 
 
 6 — 1. Tradescantia. 6. 13. 
 
 xnrginica, (spider-wort. b. p. M. TS.-) erect, branching: leaves lanceolaie, 
 elongated, glabrous: flowers sessile : umbel compact, pubescent. Cultivat- 
 ed. 1—2 L S. 
 
 rosea, Mx. (r. M. 2i.) erect, simple: leaves lance-linear: peduncles elongat- 
 ed : calyx smooth. 8 — 12 i. <S^. Caulophyllum, 
 
 19—3, Tragia. 38. 96. 
 
 Smitherii. 
 
 vrens, (E. Ju. 2i.) erect: leaves lanceolate, sessile, obtuse, subdentale at the 
 apex: stem and branches pubescent. Var. subcvalis, leaves oblong-oval, 
 sometimes wedge-form. Var. laiiceolata, leaves lanceolate, sub-dentate and 
 entire. Var, linearis, (1) leaves linear, nearly all entire. 12 18 i. 
 
 Hriicifolia, Mx. (E. Ju. ) leaves cordate, ovate, serrate : stem erect, reiy 
 hirsute. 12 — 18 i. 
 
 ntacrocarpa, W. (W. Ju. 0.) climbing, hispid: leaves deeply cordate, ovate, 
 acutely toothed. 
 
 ramosa, T. ^ J. (W.) stem herbaceous, pilose, very branching: leaves petiol- 
 ed, lance-ovate, sharply serrate, hirsute bemath, sub-cordate at the base : 
 racemeb axillary, filiform, few-llowercd. 8 i. Eriocaulon, 
 
 17—1. Tragopogon. 49. 53. 
 
 Exoiic. 
 porrifoliuni, (vegetable oyster, goat beard, salsify, p. Ju. cT.) calyx longer 
 than the rays of the corol; the corollets very narrow, truncate: peduncles 
 incrassate. ' Tolpi?. 
 
 21—2. Trematodox. 56. 4. 
 
 iongicollis, stem short, simple: leaves subulate, setaceous ; peduncles very 
 lung, twisted : capsule oblong, stipsd, elongated : lid conic from the base, 
 slenderly beaked. Dicranura. 
 
 21—6. Tremella. 58. 1. 
 
 f;-esenterica, roundish : sub-compact, undulate-plicate, orange-colour. On fatU 
 en limbs, &c. ° 
 
 fra^ifonni^, roundish, sub-compact, round, red, plicate, thick-set, sub-lobafe. 
 On pme bark, &c. 
 
 *r:ic7ilosa, flattened, etfuse, thickish, black, having conic papills. 2 or 3 metr- 
 es, on trunks. air 
 
 foUacea, large, cespitose, glabrous both sides, thin, undulate-plicate, concave. 
 
 crisped at the base, flesh-cinnamon colour. On decaying trunks in autumn 
 tiHdKiata, ascendmg, membianaceous, lobtd, sir.uaie-uodulute, purple. On pu^ 
 
 trid wood. ' r r r 
 
 (1) linear jfolia, E. .> 
 
 36 
 
422 TREMELLA, TRICHODIUM. 
 
 abiettruii in ^oups, roundish, orange-colour, sub-plicate. On wood. 
 drtbia, cespitose, viscous, fastigiate, soft, fleshy. On decaying trunks late in 
 autumn. Peziza. 
 
 10—1. Tribulus. 14. ?7. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 wuiximus, (E. y; Ju.) leaves pinnate ; leafets about 4 pairs, outer ones largest : 
 pericarps 10-seeded, not spiny. 1 — 2 f. 
 
 trijiigatus, N. (E. y. 0.) leafets 3 pairs ; terminal ones largest, pubescent be- 
 neath : capsules 5, 1-seeded, muricate, spineless. Dionaea. 
 
 21—6. Trichia. 58. 1. 
 
 1. Fruii turbinate or pear-form, 
 
 botrytis, stiped, fascicled, opake, becoming dark-red : spikes elongated^'con- 
 
 nate, sub-raceraed. On decaying trunks in autumn. 
 ntbiformis, stiped, fascicled, steel-colour, shining: stipes connate, sub-pedate, 
 
 short. On trunks in woods at (he close of summer. 
 fallax, simple, stiped, at first red, then slate-colour ; fruit plicate beneath, with 
 
 a stipe. On trunks and soft decaying wood in autumn. 
 wlgaris, scattered : fruit from terete becoming sub-turbinate : hardly any 
 
 stipe, becoming black. On beech trunks after a summer storm. A variety 
 
 oinigripes. See Persoon's Fungi, p. 179 ; and Muhlenberg's Catalogue. 
 
 2. Fruit round or reniform. 
 
 nitens, crowded together, sessile, round, shining-yellow or cinnamon-colour. 
 
 Among decaying beech and pine trunks in autumn. 
 taria, scattered, becoming yellow : fruit decumbent and reniform, sometimes 
 
 round. On trunks. 
 
 3. Fruit filiform and net-veined. 
 
 reticulata, diffused, reticulate, ramose, yellow. On trunks and mossy bark in 
 autumn. Arcyria. 
 
 3—2. Trichochloa. 4. 10. 
 
 copitlariSfLk. (1) (E. S. If.) l-^aves convolute-filiform, smooth: panicle dif- 
 fuse, capillary, very slender ; pedicels longer than the awns : awns 3 — 4 
 times as long as the flower. 2 f. /S. Arundo. 
 
 21—6. Trichoderma. 53. 1. 
 
 nigrescejts, somewhat opening, flattish : seminal dust becoming black and 
 sooly. On cut trunks, mostly maple, in winter and early spring. 
 
 Conoplea, 
 
 3—2. Trichodicm. 4. 10. 
 
 laxijlontm, Mx. (E. M. 2i-) culm erect: leaves setaceous and with the sheaths 
 
 somewhat scabrous : panicle diiTuse, caj)illary, with trichotomous branches : 
 
 calyx unequal. 18 i. S. 
 »cabrum, M. (2) (E. Ju. H.) culm geniculate at the base, assurgent, branched : 
 
 leaves lance-linear, flat, striate, scabrous : sheaths generally smooth : panicle 
 
 whorledand divaricate : calyx unequal : corol ovate, acute, 3-ner»ed. 12 — 
 
 18 i. S. 
 datum, Ph. (E. Au. TX.) culm erect, firm: leaves narrow-linear, flat, scabrous : 
 
 deaths smooth : panicle wLorlcd, a little spreaduig : glumes nearly equal. 
 
 3f. S. 
 
 (1) Stipa,Lk. sericea, Mx. Agrostis Sericea, M. (2) Agrostis scabra, W. 
 
TKICnODIUM, TRIFOLIUM. 42S 
 
 moTitanum, T. (A. Ju. 2i.) culm cespilose, erect: leaves involute-filifonn 
 and wilh the sheaths scabrous : panicle capillary, lax a little spreading. 8 — 
 12 1. , ., 
 
 perenneum, Wr. (1) (E. S. 2X) culm decumbent : panicle Somewhat diffuse ; 
 branches whorled and trichotomous ; flowers racemed. 1 — 2 f. S. 
 
 Agro8tis» 
 
 TricJiophorum^ SciRPUs. 
 17—2. Trichophyllum. N. (2) 49. 55. 
 
 lanatum. Ph. (W. y. Ju. 2i) Described under Actinella lauata. 
 
 Southern, 
 oppositifoliiim, ^ . (W. Ju. 2X ?) decumbent, branching : short-hoary -pubes- 
 cent: leaves opposite, palmate-3-cleft, segments ligulale, simple or divided: 
 peduncle filiform, mostly dichotomous, scarcely longer than the leaves. 6 — 
 12 i. Matricaria. 
 
 13—1. TrichostExMa. 42. 39. 
 
 dichotoma, (blue curls, b. Au. 0.) leaves lance-ovate : branches flower-bear- 
 ing, 2forkrd : stamens very long, blue, curved. Var. linearis, somewhat 
 pubescent: leaves linear. 6 — 12 i. S. Fhryraa. 
 
 21 — 2. Teichostomum. 56. 4. 
 
 pallidum, (hair-mouth moss.) stem simple, very short : leaves capillary, sheath- 
 ing : capsule ovate with a slight apophysis, cylindric : lid conic : calyptre 
 halved. Calyrtperee. 
 
 Tricuspis, Windsoria. 
 
 7— i. Trientahs. 20. 34. 
 
 americana. Ph. (3) (chick wintergreen. O. w. Ju. 2^.) leaves lanceolate, serrtt^ 
 late, acuminate : petals acuminate. 3 — 6 i. Aesculus, 
 
 16—10. Trifolium. 32, 93. 
 
 rejlexurn, (r. J. 21-) procumbent, pubescent : leaves obovafe : stipules oblique, 
 cordate: heads many-Oowercd; flowers pedicelled, at length all reflexed: 
 legumts about 3-seeded. Near the great lakes. 12 — 18 i. S. 
 
 repens, (while clover. O. w. M. 21-) creeping : leafets ovate-oblong, emargir>- 
 ate, serrulate : flowers in umbelled heads : teeth of the calyx sub-equal : le- 
 gumes 4-seeded. S. 
 
 pratense, (red clover. O. r. M. 2X0 ascending, smoothish, leafets ovate, sub-en- 
 tire; stipules awned : spikes dense-ovate : lower tooth of the calyx shorter 
 than the tube of the corol, and longer than the other teeth. 2 — 3 f. S. 
 
 pennsT/lvajiicum, (r. J. 21) ascending: stem very branching, zigzag; leafets 
 oval-ovate, obtuse, entire: stipules awned: spikes ovate-cylindric, dense, 
 solitary : lower tooth of the calyx shorter than the tube of the corol. S. 
 
 arvense, (rabbit-foot, field clover. O. w. Ju. 0) erect, branching, villose ; 
 leaves linear-oblanceolatc : spikes villose, oval-cylindric : teeth of the calyx 
 setaceous, longer than the corol. Grows in dry pastures or barren fields. 
 6—10 i. S. 
 
 agrarium, (4) (y. J. 0.) erect, sub-pubescent : leafets lance-wedge-form, ob- 
 tuse, middle one sessile: stipules lanceolate, acute : spikes oval, imbricate: 
 banner deflexed, permanent; teeth of the calyx subulate, glabrous, unequal. 
 S, 
 
 (1) decumbens, Mx. Cornucopia, Wr. (2) Actinella, Ph. (3) europaca, Ms, 
 not L. (4) aureum, PoUich. 
 
424 TRIFOLItM, TRILLIUM. 
 
 procutnbens, W. (hop clover. E. y. J. 0.) procumbent: stem hairy : leafet* 
 obovate, sub-niar^iiiate, glabrous : stipules short, lanceolate, acute: spikea 
 oval, imbricate : banner deflexed, As rrovvrd, permanent. 3 — 6 i. S. 
 
 campestre, Sr. (1) (j. 0.) spike ovate, imbricate: banner d6flected, perma- 
 nent : leafets lance-ovate, middle one pelioled : stem sub-diffuse: branches 
 decumbent. 
 
 ttoloniferum, M. (buffalo clover, w. J. 11.) sending off suckers from the base of 
 ihe stem : leaves obovate, uneq'ifilly serrate on the sides, and toothed at the 
 end : teeth of the calyx narrow-lanceolate or subulate, longer thao the tube ; 
 6oret3 large, in a head-form spike.* 
 
 Southern. 
 
 carofinianum, Mx. {E. p-w. Ap. 21) small, procumbent: leafets obcordate, 
 (upperone only cmarginafe) hairy toothed : stijjulesij-cleft : umbels capitate, 
 peduncled, reflected, few-flowered : corol scarcely exserted : legumes 3 — 4- 
 seeded. 3—10 i. 
 
 microcephalurn,Fh. (W. w-p. Ju. 21.) ascending, pubescent : leafets obovate, 
 cmarginate, denticulate : stipules ovate, acuminate: heads very small, pe- 
 duncled, few-flowered ; flowers sessile : involucre ovate, awned : calyx awn- 
 ed, as long as the corol. 
 
 involucratum, W. (0.) little heads roundish, peduncled; surrounded bjanor- 
 bicular, toothed receptacle : stipules oblong, awned, toothed : stem erect, 
 branched. 
 
 nanum, T. & J. (W. p. 2X ) little heads few-flowered, umbelled : legumes 4 — 5- 
 aeeded : calyx glabrous; teeth nearly equal : leafets obovate-oblong, acumi- 
 nate : stem cespitose, erect. 1 — 2 i. Psoralea. 
 
 Trifolium, Melilotus. 
 
 6—3. Triglochin. 5. 13. 
 
 maritimum, (2) (arrow-grass. L. g. Ju. 21.) fruit ovate-oblong, of six united 
 capsules. 9 — 15 i. 
 
 t;ap>uit;s. •/ — xci i. 
 
 palustre, (W. g. Ju. 21') flowers triandrous : fruit of three united capsules, 
 nearly linear, attenuated at the base. 6 — 12 i. 
 
 Southern, 
 triandrum, Mx. (E. Ju.) triandrous : flowers 3-cleft, shorl-pedicelled : capsules 
 roundish triangular : leaves sub-setaceous, almost as tall as the spike or scape» 
 6 — 9 i. Gyromia. 
 
 16—10. Trigonella. 32. 93. 
 
 Exotic, 
 fxnum-grxcum, (funegreek. 0.) legumes sessile, solitary, straight, crectish, 
 sub-falcate, acuminate : stem erect : leaves wedge-oblong. 
 
 Southerti. 
 tericea,Fh. (3) (y. Ju.0.) leaves ternate, sessile, oblong, acute, silkj'-villose . 
 peduncles axillary, 1-flovvered, longer than the leaf: flower 1-bracted : divis- 
 ions of the calyx hnear : legume glabrous, very long. Thyrsanthus. 
 
 6—3. Trillium. 11. 12. 
 
 sessile, (p. M. 21 ) flowers sessile, erect ; petals lanceolate, erect, twice as long 
 as the calyx : leaves sessile, broad-ovate, acute. 8 — 10 i. S. 
 
 (1) procumbens, S. agrarium, C. (2) elatum, N. (3) americana, N. Lo- 
 tus, Ph. 
 
 * I drew this description from a dried specimen in Prof. Beck's collection, 
 and published it in 1818. Pursh had drawn one from the same specimen. 
 As I have not seen any improved description of this plant in the floras of those 
 who have examined Muhlenberg's herbarium, I retain this for the present. 
 
TRILLIUM, TRIOSTEUM. 425 
 
 petwlatum,Th. (W. p. J. 21 ) flower sessile, erect : petals lance-linear, erect, 
 a little longer than the calyx : leaves very long-petioled, lance-oval, acute. 
 
 eryihrocarpum , Mx. (1) (smiling wake-robbin. A. w. & r. M. 2X) peduncles 
 erectish : petals lance-ovate, acuminate, recurved, almost twice as long as 
 the narrow-leaf calyx : leaves ovate, acuminate, rounded at the base, abrupt- 
 ly petioled. 8 i. jS. 
 
 pusUium, Mx. {2) (dwarf wake-robbin. r. M. 21.) peduncles erect; petals 
 scarcely longer than the calyx ; leaves oval-oblong, obtuse, sessile. 8. 
 
 pendulum, W^ {2) (nodding wake-robbin. w. M. TX-) peduncles erect, with 
 the flower a little nodding: petals ovate, shortly acuminate, spreading, flat, 
 longer than the calyx : leaves rhomboid-acuminate, sessile, 
 
 pxirpureum, K\n. (A. p.) leaves spatulate-ovate, acuminate, net^velned : flow- 
 ers peduncled, nodding: petals larger than the calyx. Nearly allied tc, but 
 distinct from, the preceding. E. 
 
 (rectum, (4) (false wake-robbin. O. p. w-y. M. 2X0 petlundes erect or erect- 
 ish, with the flowers a little nodding : petals ovate, acuminate, spreading, 
 equalling the calyx: leaves rhomboid, acuminate, sessile. Var. atropitrpn- 
 reum, petals large, dark purple. Var. album, petals smaller, white : germ 
 red. Var. ^arw/e, petals yellow: both petals and calyx leaves longer and 
 narrower. H. H. E. 12 to 18 inches high. Leaves often 3 to 4 inches broad. 
 Peduncles about 3 inches long. 9 — 16 i. S. 
 
 obovat7im, Fh. (E. r-w. 21) peduncles erect : petals obovate, obtusish, flat, 
 spreading, scarcely longer or broader than the calyx : leaves rhomb-ovate, 
 acuminate, close-ses?ile. 
 
 grandijlorum, (5) (w. M. 21.) peduncles a little curved, and the flowers a litt)e 
 nodding: petals lance-spjttulate, connivent at the base, much larger than 
 the calvx : leaves broad-rhonib-ovate. denies dark purple. Johnstowa 
 and Cambridge, N. Y; 1 f. 8, 
 
 Southern, 
 
 cernuum, (&) (E. r-w. M. 2i) peduncles recurved : petals lanceolate, acumi- 
 nate, larger than the calyx : leaves obovate and oval, taperiiig to the base, 
 acuminate, 
 
 ttylosum, (7) (A. r-w.) s'ender : peduncle much shorter than the flower, recurv- 
 ed : petals undulate, spi eading, oblong, obtuse, larger than the calyx : germ 
 styliferous : style 1, as lona: as the stigma : leaves sub-petioled, lance-oval, 
 acute at both ends. C — 10 i. 
 
 nervosum, F.. (E. r-w. Ap.) peduncle recurved : pefa's lance-oblong, larger 
 than the calyx : leaves lanceolate and ovate, acute at each end, membraufice- 
 OU3, nerved. 6 — 8 i. 
 
 otntuvi. Ph. (W. p, Ap. 21.) peduncle erect : petals oblong, acute, spreading, 
 
 , a little longer than the hnear calyx : leaves ovate, gradually acute, closely 
 
 sessile. Rumes. 
 
 5—1. Triosteum. 48. 53. 
 
 perfoliatum, (8) (fever root, horse-ginseng. O. p, J. 21-) leaves oval, acumi^ 
 nate, connate : flowers sessile, whorled. Berries purple or yellow. 2 — 4 f. 
 o. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 artgustifoUum, W, (9) (A. y. Ju. 2i.) leaves lance-oval, sub-connate: pedoRs 
 
 cles opposite, 1-flowered ": stem hispid. 2 — 3 f. ftlirabilis. 
 
 (1) pictum. Ph. undulatum, W. (2) Pumilum, Ph. (3) cernuum, Ph. 
 Bw. E. 4th Ed. not L. (4) rhomboideuni, ^Ix. (5) rlumboideuni, Y:\v. 
 grandiflorum, Mx. (6) calesbaei. E. (7) cernuum, iMx. (8) majus, Mx, 
 (9) minus, Mx. 
 
 36* 
 
4^ TRIPHORA, TROLLIUS. 
 
 18—1. Triphora, N. (1) 7. 21. 
 
 pendula, M. (2) (three-bird orchis, w-p. Au. 2X-) root tuberous ; stem leafy, 
 about 3-flowered at the top : leaves claspiDg, ov^te, alternate : lip entire. 
 4 — 6 i. S. Cymbidiura. 
 
 19—3. Trips ACUM. 4. 10. 
 
 dactyloides, (sesame grass. E. J. If.) spikes numerous, (3 — 4,) aggregate : 
 florets staminate near the summit ; pistillate belovr. Var. monoitachyon, 
 spike solitary. 3 — 5 f. S. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 cylindricum, Mx. (E.) spike solitary, cylindrical, separating into short joints : 
 
 flowers all perfect. Perhaps a Rottboellia. E. Comptouia. 
 
 3 — 1. Tripterklla. 40. 45. 
 
 Southern, 
 capitata, Wr. (3) (E. w. J; ) flowers in a terminal bead : angles of the 
 
 germ scarcely winged. 6 — 8 i. 
 eoerulea, M. (4) (E. b. S. 0. i*) flowers few in a terminal raceme : angles of 
 
 the germ distinctly winged. 2 — 4 i. Boerhaavia. 
 
 3—2. Trisetum. 4. 10, 
 
 paltt£tre,Mx.'{5) (E. J. 2i) panicle contracted, nodding, somewhat whorled ; 
 calyx 2 — 3-flowered : florets smooth, acuminate ; lower one awnless : lower 
 ▼alve of the upper floret bicuspidate, awned below the tip. 1 — 2 f. S. 
 
 pfirpurascens, T. (E. ZC.) panicle very simple, somewhat racemed, few-flow- 
 ered : calyx few-flowered ; glumes very unequal, entire : culm and leaves 
 smooth : stipules very short, truncate. 2 f. *Si. 
 
 etibspicatum, (6) (If.) panicle somewhat spiked : awn at length reflexed, ex- 
 ceeding the calyx. Brorous. 
 
 3—2. Triticum. 4. 10. 
 
 pauci/iorum, Sz. (W.) spike simple, erect; spikelets about 2-flowered : culm 
 simple, leafy, terete, deeply striate, smooth : leaves somewhat glaucous, 
 scabrous on the ribs and margin. 2 f. 
 
 Exotic, 
 hijbernum, (winter wheat. J. cT.) calyx-glume 4-flowered, tumid, eren, im- 
 bricate, abrupt, with a short compressed point : stipule jagged i corols of 
 the upper florets somewhat bearded. There are several varieties of this spe- 
 cies which are induced by culture. 
 cestivum, (summer wheat. J. ^.) calyx 4-flowered, tumid, smooth, imbricated,. 
 
 awned. Smith says this may be a variety of the last. 
 COmpositum, (egyptian wheat.) spike compound ; spikelets crowded, awned. 
 
 Agropyron. 
 
 Triticum, Agropyroic. 
 
 12—13. Trollius. 26. 61. 
 
 laxut, Sy. (7) (globe-flower, y. M. 2X) petals 5, oblong, spreading : nectaries 
 shorter than the stamens. Petals always, perhaps, 5, obovate : capsules 
 short, abrupt, crowned with the elongated style. Coptis. 
 
 (1) Arethusa, L. (2) trianthophorus, Sw. parviflora, Mi. nutans, LeConte. 
 (3) Anonymous, Wr. (4) Burmannia biflora, L. (5) Avena, Mx, Aira 
 t>alleus, M. (6) airoides, Pb. Aira, L. (7) americanus, Dona. 
 
TROP^OIUM, TUSSILAGO. 42f 
 
 8—1. Trop^olum. 23. 73. 
 
 Exotic. 
 
 axajus, (naiturtion, indian cress, y. & r. Ju. 0. & 21') leaves peltate, sub-re- 
 
 paod : petals obtuse, some of them fringed . EUiottia. 
 
 17—1. Troximon. 49. 53. 
 
 Southern. 
 gloMCum, Ph. (W. y. Ju. cT.) scape 1-flowered, glabrous : leaves lance-linear, 
 
 flat, very entire, glaucous on both sides; divisions of the calyx imbricate, 
 
 acute, pubescent. 
 cuspidatum. Ph. (1) (W. y. M.) scape 1-flowered, sub-pubescent: leaves lin- 
 
 ear, undulate and tomentose on the margin : divisions of the calyx imbricate, 
 
 cuspidate, glabrous. Apogon. 
 
 Troximortj Krigia. 
 
 21—6. Tuber. 58. 1. 
 
 tibarium, becoming black, roughened with warts. Globose, solid, destitute of 
 root. On the earth. Often collected for food in Europe and Asia. 
 
 Tulostoma. 
 
 21 — 6. TOBERCULAKIA. 58. 1. 
 
 vulgaris, (tubercle fungus.) gregarious, bright red, ridgy or wrinkled, with a 
 thick pale stipe-form receptacle. Mostly on dead branches of the common 
 red currant. 
 rosea, {P.) scattered, loose, irregularly globose, rose-coloured. Bright pink 
 little masses, which dissolve in rainy weather. This Smith gives as its best 
 distinction from some lichens. Adhering to lichens on trees. 
 
 Hysterium. 
 21—6. TUBULINA. 58. 1. 
 
 fragiformis, sub-orbicular ; at first red, then rust-colour : tubular fruit thick, 
 distinct at the apex. On trunks in the summer after a storm, Mucor. 
 
 6—1. Tulip A. 10. 14. 
 
 Exotic, 
 suaveolens, (sweet tulip. M. 2X-) small: stem 1-flowered, pubescent: flower 
 
 erect : petals obtuse, glabrous : leaves lance-ovate. 
 gesneriana, (common tulip. M. 21') stem 1-flowered, glabrous i flower variouso 
 coloured, erect ; petals obtuse, glabrous : leaves lance-ovate. 
 
 Asphodelus. 
 21—6. Tulostoma. 58. 1. 
 
 brumalis, stipe smoothish ; fruit globose, with a flat mouth. On walls, sorao- 
 times in meadows. Geastrura. 
 
 14—2. TuRRiTis. 39. 63. 
 
 ovala, Ph, (w. M. cT.) pubescent : radical leaves petioled, ovate, toothed, obf 
 tuse ; cauline leaves clasping, oblong, serrate, acute. Resembles the hir- 
 suta ; perhaps a variety of it, which ought to follow it to the genus Arabia, 
 S. Barbarea. 
 
 17—2. TussiLAGO. 49. 55. 
 
 farfara, (colt's foot. y. Ap. 2(.) icape »ingle-flowered, scaly t leares cordate. 
 (1) marg^inatuiiii ^(• 
 
428 TUSSILAGO, ITLVA. 
 
 angular, toothed, downy beneath. The flower appears long before the leaves- 
 4— 6i. 
 
 frigida^ W. (mountain colt's foot. y. M. Zf.) thyrse fastigiafe : flowers with 
 rays ; leaves roundish-cordate, unequally toothed, #omentose beneath. 
 
 eagittata, Ph. (W. Zf.) thyrse ovate, fastigiate : flowers with rays : leaves radi- 
 cal, oblong, acute, sagittate, very entire ; lobes obtuse. 
 
 palmata, W. (E. Ap. 21 ) thyrse fastigiate : flowers with obsolete rays : leaves 
 roundish-cordatt;, half 7-lobed, gash-toothed, tomentose beneath. 
 
 Bolton ia. 
 
 19—3. Ttpha. 3. 8. 
 
 latifolia, (cat-tail, reed-mace. O. Ju. 210 leaves linear, flat, slightly convex be- 
 neath : staminate and pistillate aments close together. Wet. 4 — 6 f. S. 
 
 angustifolia, (Ju. 7S-) leaves linear, channelled, semi-cylindric below and flat- 
 tish above : staminate and pistillate aments a little separated. Not so large 
 as the last species. Wet. 3—5 f. S. Sparganium. 
 
 U. 
 
 Udora, Serpiccla. 
 
 17—10. Ulex. 32. 93. 
 
 Exotic. 
 europettSf (furze. M. ~>p.) leaves lance-linear, villose : bracts ovate, lax : branch- 
 lets erect. Arachis. 
 5—2. Ulmus. 53. 99. 
 
 americanaf Mx. (elm, white-elm. O. g-p. Ap. Tp.) branches smooth : leaves 
 oblique at the base, having acuminate serratures a little hooking : flowers 
 pedicelled ; fruit fringed with dense down. Var. ])endula, has hanging 
 branches and smoolhish leaves. Rafinesque says this is a distinct species. 
 40—70 f. S. 
 
 fulva, Mx. (1) (slippery-elm, red-elm. O. Ap. Tp.) branches scabrous, whitish : 
 leaves ovate-oblong, acuminate, nearly equal at the base, unequally serrate, 
 pubescent both sides, very scabrous : buds tomentose, with very dense yel- 
 lowish wool : flowers sessile. The baik is very mucilaginous. 20 — 40 f. (S. 
 
 nemoralis, (river-elm. Ap. ^.) leaves oblong, smoothish, equally serrate, near- 
 ly equal at the base : flowers sessile. S. 
 
 Southern, 
 (data, Mx. (2) (whahoo. E. March, 'tp.) branches on each side winged with a 
 cork-like bark : leaves oblong -oval, acute, nearly equal at the base : fruit pu- 
 bescent, ciliate. 30 f. Celtis. 
 
 21—2. Ulota. 56. 4. 
 
 crispa, stem ramose : leaves lance-linear, rccurved-undulatc when dry : pedi- 
 cels elongated. On trunks of trees. Bartramia, 
 
 21—4. Ulva. 57. 2. 
 
 1. Spread, 
 lactnea, fronds aggregate, oblong, flat, undulate-bullate, attenuate below, 
 gradually dilated, laciaiate-crisped. Pale-green, thin, weak and flaccid,. 
 Seas and bays. 
 
 (1) aspera, M. rubra, Mx. younjer. (2) pumila, Wr. 
 
TJIVA, URALEPSI8. 429 
 
 latissima, frond solitary, oblong, very broad, flat, margin undulated. Root con- 
 tracted. Frond attached in a peltate-fot-rn, yellowish-green, coriaceous- 
 niembranacoous. Abundant along within the margin of the sea. 
 
 )7urpur«a, fronds oblong, purple, undulate-crisped. Root conti acted. Frond 
 attached in a peltate-form, aggregated, sub-sessile, 1 to 3 inches broad, very 
 
 M thin, with dense, oblong-angled, or nearly trapezoidal, granulations. Oq 
 rocks in seas and bays. 
 
 lima, frond iance-linear: margin undulate-crisped. About an inch broad, ta- 
 pering to the base, green. Sea-shore. 
 
 ci-ispa, frond bullate, plicate-crisped, rugose, aggregated into an expanded 
 layer. Not adhering to paper on drying. On the earth in shades. 
 
 2. Tubular. 
 
 lubrica, frond sub-ramose, compressed, undulate-sinuafe, gelatinous. Very 
 narrow, about the twelfth of an inch, variously inflexedand curved, pellucid, 
 green. Seed deposited in a quadrangular position. Adheres closely to pa- 
 per on drying. In Hitches. 
 
 intestinalis, frond tubulose, simple. Variable in size ; very narrow. Obscure- 
 ly green. 
 
 compressa, frond tubulose, simple or branched, filiform-compressed. Varying 
 in size. Sometimes compressed and sometimes terete, obscurely green. la 
 seas and bays. Vaucheria. 
 
 3—2. Uniola. 4. 10. 
 
 leUifolia, Mx. (A. Ap. 2X-) leaves broad, flat : panicle loose, nodding' : spike- 
 lets long-peduncled : florets sub-falcate, monandrous i lowest ones abortive, 
 
 4 f. <sr. 
 
 gracilis, Mx. (E. Au. ZC ) pnnicle elongated, racemose, appressed : spikelets 
 3-flowered : florets spreading, straight, monandrous ; lowest ones abortive, 
 3—4 f. S. 
 
 sjjicata, (1) (L. Au. ZC) panicle spiked, straight : leaves involute, distichous, 
 spreading : spikelets 5 — 9-flowered : florets triandtous. 18 i. iS. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 paniculata, (2) (sea-side oats. L. Ju. 2i ) panicle large, compressed : spikes 
 sub-sessile: calyx 4 — 5-valved : flowers triandrous. 4 — 8 f . 
 
 nitida. Bald. (E. Ju.) leaves flat, narrow : panicle scattered, spreading: spikes 
 few, sub-sessile : calyx 3-valved : flowers monandrous. 2 — 5 f. 
 
 stricla, T . Sc. 5 . (W. 21.) very smooth: leaves narrow, erect : panicle erect, 
 contracted : spikelets linear-oblong, many-flowered : flowers straight, awn- 
 less. Intermediate between Festuca and Uniola; perhaps a Ceratochloa.— ^ 
 Torrey. 1 f. Briza, 
 
 3—2. Uralepsis. 4. 10. 
 
 aristulata, N. (3) (E. Au. 0.) lateral panicles concealed in the sheaths of the 
 leaves ; terminal ones partly exsert : calyx 3-flowered : bristle of the corol 
 as long as the lateral cusps. Whole plant covered with a viscid acid secre- 
 tion. T. 1 f. 
 
 Southern, 
 purpurea, Wr. (4) (E. S. 0. ?) leaves subulate : panicle small, racemed: co- 
 rol villose ; outer valve more than twice the length of the calyx, when mature 
 deeply 3-parted, 3-nerved and reflected ; middle division with an awn as 
 long as the valve. Whole plant has a strong saline taste. E. 2 f. 
 
 (1) distichopbylla, Rr. Festuca disticophyl la, Mx. (2) maritima, Mx. (3) 
 Aira purpurea, M. not Wr. (4) Aira, Wr. 
 
430 URALEPSIS, URTICA. 
 
 eornuta, E. (E.) culm and leaves very narro'.v, pilose : panicle slender : mid- 
 dle awa 01 tlie corol longer than the valve, finely recurved. 2 f. 
 
 • Windsoria, 
 
 5 — 2. Uraspermum, N. 45. 60. 
 
 elaytoni, (1) (sweet cicely. O. J. 2i.) leaves compound, hairy; leafets gash- 
 toothed: umbels axillary and terminal, about 5-rayed: style as long as the 
 villose germ, filiform, deflected. 2 f. S. 
 
 hirsutum, Bw. (2) (E. J. Zf) hirsute: leaves decompound; leafets gash-pin- 
 natifid : styles of the fruit pyramidal, approximate. 
 
 procumbens, (3) (E. M. 0.) stem procumbent: leaves decompound; divisions 
 lanceolate, rather obtuse : umbels about 3-rayed : fruit smooth, shining. 6 — 
 12 i. S. 
 
 canadense, (4) (O. w. J. 21.) stem glabrous: leaves ternafe, smooth; leafets 
 ihomb-ovale, acute, gash-toothed : fruit oblong, very smooth. 1 — 2 f. ^S". 
 
 Eryngiuni. 
 
 21 — 5. Urceolaria. 57. 2. 
 
 panyrga^ (pitcher-shield lichen.) eflfuse, granular-warty, pure white : warts 
 clustered, bearing shields which are glaucous-mealy, with convex, entire, 
 frond-like margins. 
 
 einerea, var. notata, Ach. crust ashy, smooth and cracked : receptacle black, 
 pruinose, immersed in the areolae. 
 
 ealcarea, Ach. crust very white : receptacles smalleT than the preceding. 
 
 Lecanora. 
 
 21—6. Uredo. 58. 1. 
 
 1. Seminal dust rusty-yellow. 
 
 rosoe-eentifolm, (rose rust.) crowded, yellow, flat, opening; little heaps orbi- 
 cular. On the leaves of the centfoil rose. 
 
 linearis, (yellow-grain-rust. J. 0.) linear, very long, stainedryellow,at length 
 but obscurely coloured. On the culms and leaves of barlev, oats, rye, wheat, 
 &c. 
 
 2. Seminal dust white. 
 
 Candida, (white rust.) white, opening. On shepherd's purse, &c. 
 
 3. Seminal dust black or sooty-yellow ; on the fructification of plants. 
 
 segetum, (smut. J.) dust black, very copious ; growing in the spikes or glumes 
 
 of grain. Is smut a plant .■' 
 caricisy dust black, naked, surrounding the capsules. On carexes. 
 
 Puccinia. 
 
 19—4. Urtica. 53. 99. 
 
 pumila, (5) (stingless nettle, rich-weed. O. Ju. 0.) leaves opposite, ovate, 
 acuminate, 3-nerved, serrate ; lower petioles as long as the leaves ; flowers 
 monoecious, triandrous, in corymbed heads, shorter than the petioles. Stem 
 smooth and shining ; when in deep shades, the stem is pellucid. 8 — 12 i. 
 S. 
 
 (1) Myrrhis dulcis,2d Ed. Scandix dulcis, M. Scandix, ;Mi, (see N.) 
 Chaerophyllum, Ph. Myrrhis longistylis, T. (2) elaytoni, T. not Mx. 
 (3) Scandix, L. Chaero'phylluna, Lk. Myrrhis, Si. (4)' Sison, L. Myrr- 
 bia, 4th £d. Chaerophyllum, P. (5) Adesia trinerva, R. 
 
URTICA, UTRICUIABIA. 431 
 
 'urens, (dwarf sfinger. J. 0.) leaves opposite, oval, about 5-nerved, sharply 
 serrate: spikes glomerate, in pairs. 9 — 14 i. S. 
 
 dioica, (common nettle. O. J. 2i-) leaves opposite, cordate, lance-ovate, coarse- 
 ly serrate : flowers dioecious : spikes panicled, glomerate, in pairs, longer 
 than the petioles. 2—3 f. S. 
 
 procera, W. (O. Ju. 2i-) leaves opposite, cordate, lance-ovate, serrate : 
 petioles ciliale : flowers dioecious : spikes somewhat branched, glomerate, 
 in pairs, equalling the petiole. Var. gracilis, slender : leaves lance-ovate ; 
 leaves and petioles hispid. Not so common as the last, which, if examined 
 before full maturity may be mistaken for this. 3 — 4 f. S. 
 
 capitata, (J. 21-) leaves alternate, heart-ovate, acuminate, serrate, 3-nerved, 
 twice as long as the petiole : glomerules spiked ; ihc spikes are solitary, 
 shorter than (he leaves, leafy above : stem naked. 3 — 5 f, iS. 
 
 canadensis, (1) (canada nettle. O. Ju. 21-) leaves alternate, heart-ovate, aca- 
 mioate, serrate, hispid bothsides : panicles axillary, mostly in pairs, spread- 
 braiiched ; the lower staminate ones longer than the petioles; upper pistil- 
 late one elongated: stem covered with stings, 5 — 6 feet high. Var. divari- 
 cata, has smoothish leaves, and sometimes very spreading ; solitary panicles. 
 4—6 f. S. 
 
 Southern. 
 chamoedroides,Ph. (E. March. 0.) leaves opposite, sub-sessile, ovate, serrate, 
 strigose beneath : clusters of flowers axillary, sessile, sub-globose, reflesed. 
 Prickles white, conspicuous, stimulant. 4 — 6 i. Parietaria. 
 
 21—5. UsNEA. 57. 2. 
 
 ^rt<fa,frond ereclish, scabrous, pale-cinereous : fibres thick, horizontal : branch- 
 es spreading, expanded, sub-simple : receptacles flat, very broad, becoming 
 white, ciliate : cilire long, radiating. On trees. This and the following spe- 
 cies of lichen are usually called tree-moss. 
 
 strigosa, frond eflfuse, ramose, dirty-cinereous, scabrous : branches longish, 
 flexuose, dichotomous, lax, everywhere bearing strigose fibres: receptacles 
 fleshy, broad, sub-lcbate, tooth-radiate. Perhaps a variety of the florida. 
 
 plicata, frond pendulous, smooth, pale : branches lax, very branching, sub- 
 fibrous ; the extreme ones capillary : receptacles flat, broad, ciliate ; the ci- 
 liae very slender and long. Yar. hirta, frond erect, somewhat rigid, sub-pul- 
 verulent, roughish : branches much divided, attenuated and sub-fibrillose. 
 On tnmks and branches of trees ; most common on dry dead limbs of ever- 
 greens, from which it often hangi in long cinereous-green locks. 
 
 barbata, frond pendulous, smooth, terete, thickish, pale-green and sub-cinere- 
 ous : branches diverging with scattered fibres, capillary at the apex, jointed 
 beneath. On branches of old trees. 
 
 angfdata, frond pendulous, flexuose, sub-simple, angled, pale-cinereous ; angles 
 acute, scabrous : fibres horizontal, approximate, simple, short, slenderly te- 
 rete. On trees. 
 
 trichodea, frond prostrate, smooth, pale-white, filiform, tender, sub-ramose : fi- 
 bres borizontal, somewhat 1-sided, scattered : receptacles uniform-coloured j 
 the periphery elevated, thin, naked, entire. Lepraria. 
 
 2 — 1. Utricujcarta. 24. 40. 
 
 Kratophylla,Mx. (2) (E. y. Ju.c^.) leaves inflated, 6-whorled, with branching, 
 capillary filaments on the sides : flowers sub-corymbed ; upper lip of the co- 
 rol somewhat 3-lobed ; lower lip deeply 3-lobed ; .spurshort, flattened-conoid, 
 obtuse, deeply emarginate, appressed to the lower lip of the corol : fruit nod- 
 ding : root very long, branching. 8 i. <S?. 
 
 macrorhiza, (3) ( bladder- wort. E. y. J. Zf.) leafless, floating : scape many-flow- 
 
 (1) whitlowi, M. (2) inflata, Wr. (3) vulgaris, Ph. not L. 
 
43^ UTRICUIAEIA, UVUtARIA. 
 
 ered, furnished with largo scales : flowers racemed i upper lip of the corbl 
 sub-3-Iobed; lower lip entire, with the sides deflected: palate large, with 
 brown stripes : spur elongated, approaching the ^wer lip of the corol, obtuse, 
 emarginate, coriic at the base, linear at the tip : fruit nodding : root very 
 long, very branching. 6 — 8 i. <S'. 
 
 striata, Le Conte. (1) (E. y, J. ^.) leafless, floating : scape with 1—2 scale*, 
 5 6-flowered : upper lip of the coiol broad, expanded, 3-lobed; interme- 
 diate lobe striate ; lower lip sub-3-loljed, sides reflected : palate with brown '■ 
 spots : spur nearly linear, elongated, obtuse, emarginate, appressed to the lip 
 of the corol and nearly as long. *Sr. 
 
 gibbay (E. y. Ju, 2X) leafless, floating: scape naked : upper lip of the corol 
 emarginate ; lower lip sub-3-lobed ; middle lobe sub-revolute, crenate : spur 
 gibbous, incurved, obluse, entire. 1 — 3 i. S. 
 
 fornicata, Le Conte. (2) (E. y. Au. 0.) leafless, floating : scape naked, 1 — "2- 
 flowered: upper lip of the corol 3-lobed; middle lobe arched over the pa- 
 late ; lateral ones appressed : lower lip entire : spur incurved, conoid, obtuse, 
 entire, appressed to the lower lip of the corol. <Sf. 
 
 purpurea, Wr. (3) (E. p. Au. 2X.) leafless, floating : scape 2 — 3-floWered : up- 
 per lip of ihe corol truncate, emarginate: lower lip 3-lobtd ; lateral lobes 
 saccate : palate small : spur flattened-conoid, mire, appressed to the lower 
 lip of the corol : root branching : branches 4 — 5-whorled. S. 
 
 pers07iata, he Conte. (E. y. 0) leafless, looting : scape with scales, many- 
 flowered : floweis racemed: upper lip of the corol emarginate, reclined : 
 lower lip small, entire, obtuse or abruptly acute : palate large, prominent : 
 spur linear-subulate, acutish, somewhat pendulous: root small, naked. 4 — 
 8i. S. 
 
 setacea, (4) (E. y. J. ) leafless, rooting : scape with scales, setaceous, dis- 
 tantly many-flowered : upper lip of the corol short, entire; the sides revolute 
 at the tip: lower lip deeply 3-lohed : spur subulate, entire, as long as the 
 lower lip : root small, naked. <S. 
 
 cornuia, Mx. (leafless bladder-wort. y. Ju 2i.) spur-nectary subulate, length- 
 ened out longer than the corol, nearly vertical, acute : lower lip of the corol 
 broad, 3-lobed : scape with two neaily se?sile flowers at the top ; no leaves 
 at the base, but having dense alternate tufts of radical leaves. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 longirostris, (E. y. 0.) leafless, floating : scape with scales, 1 — ^2-flowered : 
 upper lip of ihe corol sub-3-lobf d ; lateral lobes appressed : lower lip rather 
 entire : spur linear-subulate, ascending, sub-incurved, emarginate, longer 
 than the lower lip of the corol. 
 
 integra, (5) (E. y. 0.) leafless, floating: scape with scales,! — 2-flowered : up- 
 per lip of the corol sub-3- lobed ; lateral lobes sub-involute : lower lip entire ; 
 spur flattened-conoid, obtuse, entire, nearly equalling the lower lip. 
 
 fibrosa, Wr. (E. y.) scape 2-flowered: flowers large: spur obtuse: leaves 
 root-shaped, fibious. This and the next species are not satisfactorily defin- 
 ed, r.e Conte. 
 
 bi^orot Lk. (E. y. Ju.) nectary subulate, straight, nearly equalling the upper 
 lip ; scape about 2-flowered : leaves setaceous. Micranthemum. 
 
 6 — 1. UVOLARIA. 11. 14. 
 
 perfoliata, (bell wort. O y. M. 2f.) leaves perfoliate, oval, obtuse, (lance-linear 
 or oval-oblong in the young state : ) corol bell-liliaceous, scabrous or granular 
 within: anther* cuspidate. 8 — 12 i. <S. 
 
 Jlava, S. (y. M. 2^.) leaves perfoliate, oval-oblong, obtuse, undulate at the 
 
 (1) cornuta. Ph. not Mx. fibrosa, E. not Wr. biflora, Vahl .' (2) gibba,E. 
 notL. minor, Ph. not L. pumila, VVr.' (3) saccata, 4th Ed. (4) subulata, 
 Gron ^ (5} bipartita, E. 
 
rVUlARiA, VACCINIUM 435 
 
 base : corol tapering to the base, scabrous within : anthers cuspidate. Is 
 this distinct from the preceding? jS. 
 
 grandijlora, S. (1) (E. y. J. 2X-) leaves perfoliate, oblong, acute : petals 
 smooth within : anthers obtusish : nectaries roundish. Flowers large. 9 — 
 15 i. *Sf. 
 
 sessilifolia, (O. y. M. 2X.) leaves sessile, lance-oval, becoming glaucous be- 
 neath: petals flat, smooth within : capsule stiped, (raised above the recep- 
 tacle on a little stem :) stem glabrous. 8 — 12 i. S. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 puberula, Mx. (A.) leaves oval, rounded at the base, somewhat clasping, both 
 
 sides coloured alike : capsule sessile, ovate. Streptopus. 
 
 V. 
 
 10 — 1. Vaccinium. 18. 51. 
 
 1. Leaves deciduous. 
 
 stamineum, (squaw whortleberry. O. w. M. ^.) leaves oval, acute, entire, glau- 
 cous beneath ; pedicels solitary, axillary, fiiitbrra ; corol spreading, bell- 
 form ; divisions oblong, acute : anthers exsert, avvned on the back : berry 
 pear-form. Var. album, has the nerves and veins of the leaves hairy, and 
 the berry globose. Pursh makes this variety a distinct species ; but Smith 
 says it can hardly be called a variety. Berries of this species are lai^e and 
 light green when ripe. 2 — 3 f. ^. 
 
 dumosum, C, (2) (bush whortleberry. O. w. J. T).) branchlets, leaves and ra- 
 cemes a little hispid, bedewed with resinous specks ; the leaves oblorig-obo- 
 vate, acute at the base, mucronate, entire, both sides coloured alike ; racemes 
 bracted : pedicels short, axillary, sub-solitary, 2-bracled near the middle : co- 
 rol bell-form ; divisioas roundish, including the anthers. Var. hirieilum, (3) 
 racemes and calyx pilose : berries hispid. 12 — 18 i. S. 
 
 frondosum, (4) (blue whortleberry. O. w. M. "^.) leaves oblong-ovate, obtusish 
 'entire, glabrous, glaucous beneath, bedewed with many resinous dots: ra- 
 cemes lax, bracted: pedicels long, filiform, bracted: bracts linear, corol 
 ovate-bell-form with acute divisions and enclosing the anthers. Var. iance- 
 olatum, having lanceolate leaves, acute at both ends. Berries large and blue 
 3(. S. o . 
 
 resinosum, (5) (black whortleberry. O. p. M. Tp.) leaves slender, petioled, ob- 
 long-oval, mostly obtuse, entire, bedewed with resinous specks beneath ; ra- 
 cemes lateral, l-sided : pedicels short, somewhat bracted : corol ovate-con- 
 ic, 5-cornered. Berries black. One variety has a yellowish-green, and an- 
 other has a reddish-yellow corol. 1 — 4 f. S. 
 
 corymbosum, (6) (giant whortleberry. O. w. M. Tp.) flower-bearing branchlets 
 almost leafless: leaves ob'.ong-oval, acute at both ends, mucronate, sub-en- 
 tire, sub- tomentose beneath, aid hairy both sides when young, but glabrous 
 above, and a little hairy at the veins beneath when mature ; racemes short, 
 sessile, with scaly bracts : co.-ols cylindric-ovate : calyx erect style some- 
 what exsert. Var. amoeuuin, has the style not exsert, and the racemes are 
 crowded : corol cylindric, and the calyx reflexed. The twigs are reddish, 
 flowers large, with a reddish tinge. Var. fuscatum, has the leaves a little 
 serrulate, glabrous : eery in bed racemes terminal: pedicels long and nod- 
 
 (1) lanceolata, W^. perfoliata major, Mx. (2) frondosum, Mx. (3) hirtel- 
 lum, A. (4) glaucum, Mx. (.3) Andromeda baccata, Wra. (6) disomor- 
 phum, Mx. Album, Lk. Amcenum, W. 
 
 37 
 
434 VACCINIUM. 
 
 ding: corol cyllndric, with short direct division? : style hardly cxsert. F^ow 
 er« striped willi red : calyx brown. Berries black. In wet ground this spe- 
 cies grows very large. 4 — 12 f. <S. 
 
 pennsylvanicum, Mx. (I) black-blue whorthberrj^ O. r. g. M. ^.) branches 
 angled, hark, green: leaves sessile, lance-oval, mucronate, senuiate, both 
 sides shinin;; : fascicles of tlowers crowded, sub-terminul : corol ovate, 5- 
 toothed. Very branching, leaves flat, membranaceous, calyx green. 12 
 —18 i. S. 
 
 virgatum, M. (E. J. fp.) leaves oval, acute, smooth, serrulate or entire : flow- 
 ering branches elongated, with sessile racemes : corol ovate. Dr. Bi^clow 
 thinks this is distinct from the virgatum of Pursh. 
 
 U^ustiiuumy Mx. (p. r. J. Tp.) branches angular : leaves sub-ses<ile, erect, 
 lanceolate, macronate, serrulate : fascicles gemmaceous, sessile : flowers 
 nearly sessile : corol oblong-ovate. 
 
 teneUum, A. (dwarf whortleberry. A. r-w. M. T^.) racemes bracted, sessile: 
 corol cylindric-ovate : leaves oblong-oval, somewhat wedge-form, serralate, 
 nearly smooth. 
 
 tdiginosHiHy (E. r-vr. Ap. T).) leaves obovate, obtuse, very entire, glabrous 
 above, pubescent and glaucous beneath : (lowers sub-solitary, octandrous : 
 corol short-ovate, 4-cleft. Var. aljmiuw, Bvv. (2) (v\ inlergreen whortleber- 
 ry. A.) leaves obovate, entire : flowers sub-solitary : berries oblong, crown- 
 ed wiih the stils. 1 — 2 f. 
 
 m^rtiloides, Mx. (E. Ap. ^.) leaves narrow, lanceolate, membranaceous, very 
 entire, pubescent on the margin beneath, and near the nerves ; flowci'S scat- 
 tered, sub S'olilary, very short-pedicclled. Labrador. 
 
 cespilosum, Mx. (E. ^.) small, cespituse, very glabrous: leaves wedge-obo- 
 vale, round-obtuse, distinctly serrate, meinbianaceoas : flowers on the 
 branches solitary, sub-sessile : corol short pedicelled. Labrador. 3 i. 
 
 2. Leav?s evergreen. 
 
 vatis-idoea^ (bilberry, w-r. M. >).) low : stem creeping, branchlets erect : leaves 
 obovate, emarginate, revoiute, sub-serrulate, shining above, punctate be- 
 aeath : racemes terminal, nodding : corol bell-cylindric. Sometimes te- 
 tandrous. 
 
 ovaium, Ph. (W. M. '^ ) leaves petioled, ovate, acute, revoiute, serrate, gla- 
 brous, coriaceous: racemes axillary and teiminal, bracted, short : corol cy- 
 lindric : calyx acute. 
 
 obtusum, Ph. (W. >>.) creeping : leaves small, oval, roundish-obtuse at each 
 end, nnjcronate, very entire, glabrous, coriaceous : peduncles axillary, sol- 
 itary, l-flowered. 
 
 Souther". 
 
 arioreum, Marshal, (farkleberry. E. w. M. ^.) leaves petioled, obovate, acute 
 at each end, muf-ronate, glandular-serrate, shining above, net-veined, sub- 
 pubescent beneath : racemes bracted, nodding : pedicels axillary, solitary, 
 b iform : coru! c\lindric-bell-fotm : divisions acute: anthers inclosed, awa- 
 ed on the back. " 3—20 f. 
 
 paHidum, A. 'U. ^.) leaves ovate, acute, serrulate, glabrous : racemes bract- 
 ed : corol cy!indiic-beI!-form. A doublfu! species. Ph. 
 
 gaiezanSy Mx. (E. y-w. M. \.) leaves sessile, wed^e-la.iccolate, sub-serrulate, 
 veined, pubescent : fascicles sessile : piidictls very short : calyx acuminate i 
 corol ovate ; throat vtiy compressed : style cxscrt. 
 
 m^ttfoliu/n, Mx. (E. fp.) creeping, very glabrou? : leaves petioled, oval, lu- 
 cidf, revoiute, sparin»ly denticulate : fascicles axillary, sub-sessile, few-flow- 
 ered : corol sub-globose-bell-form, with 5 small short teeth : anthers awned 
 on the back. Leaves perennial : berries black. 
 
 (1^ virgatum, W. Tenelium, Ph, not Aiton, Bwr. (2) gauUheroides, Bw, 
 
VACCINIUM, VARIOIARIA. 435 
 
 frassifolinm, Ph. (E. r. J. fp) diffuse : branches ascending, lax : leaves lance- 
 obiona-, acute at each end, serrate, ri^id, glabrous: racemes terminal, co 
 rynibcd, bracted, few-f^-vvercil : flowers nodding : calyx appres!^fcd : corcl 
 bell form, spreadino^, dtep'y and acutely 5-tootlitd. Leaves peiennia), 
 
 fiiudum, I'h. (h^. r. M. fp ) erect, very branc hing : branches 2-ranked ; leaves 
 shiaiiJ,', ova!-obov'ale, acute at each end, glabrous, serrate: racemes termi- 
 nal, c :'ymbed, bructed, nodding: corol cylindric. Leaves evergreen. 
 
 myrsiriilh, Mk (E. p. M. ^.) erect, very branchin;]^, small-leaved : leaves 
 sessile, oval, mucronate, sub-serrulate, smooth and lucid above, sub hirsute 
 and scabrous-punctate beneath : fascicles gemmaceous, terminal and later- 
 al : corol obliTi; ovale. V a.r. lanceolaiiim, leaves lanceolate, acute at each 
 end. Var. obii^un, leaves roundish-obovate. Leaves evergreen. 
 
 buxlfolium Ih (I) (W. w. J.^.) knv : haves obovate, crenate-toothed, gla- 
 brous : f;:sci(.lcs crowded, !>ub- sessile, axillary and terminal : corol bhort- 
 ovate: filumtuts glandular : stigma capitate. Leaves ever-green. 
 
 Andromeda. 
 Vaccitiium, OxYcoccus. 
 3 — 1. Vaginaria. 3. 9. 
 
 Sioiit.ltprn. 
 
 tcirpoidas, T>Ix. (2) (E. 2{-) cuhn leafless, sheathed: spike ovate, sub-jolita- 
 
 ry ; ;::aies lance->patul.ite. Nardu9. 
 
 3—1. Valeriana. 48. 56. 
 
 dioica, W. (E. r. J. 21.) glabrous : radical leaves snb-spatulatc-ovate, eu- 
 lire, very lon^- p ttioled ; cauline ones few, pinr.atifid : divisions lanceolate, 
 very entire and sub-dentate, obtusish. Hudson's Bay. 
 
 Exolic. 
 phii, (valerian. 2C.); cauline leaves pir:nate, radical ones undivided: stem 
 smooth. 
 
 Southern, 
 paucifiora, Mx. (W. w. J. ZC-) lower leaves pinnate ; upper ones temate ; 
 Isafets oval, acute, ssrrate : panicle lax, few-llowered. J f. Crocus. 
 
 Valeriana^ Fedia. 
 
 20—2. Valhsneria. 1. 22. 
 
 spiralis, var. americana, (tape grass. E. w. Au. 7X-) leaves floating, linear, 
 obtuse, sf^rrulate at the summit, tapering at the base : peduncle of the pistil- 
 late flower long ; of the slaminate short and erect, la the river Hudson 
 from Watcrford to the Highlands. S. Saiix. 
 
 21—5. Vakiolaria, 57. 2. 
 
 communis, crust cartilaginous, smooth, becoming white, at length unequal, ci- 
 nereous, sprinkled over with while fiuit-dots destitute of margins; warts of 
 the receptacles spheroid, pulverulent ; with a sub-meinbranaceous flatfish 
 pale nucleus. Wiiich is at length naked. On trunks of trees in the wood 
 when stripped of bark, &c. 
 
 amara, cru.-t rugose-rimose, unequal, sub-pulvenilent, white, becoming sub- 
 cinereous ; warts of the receptacles close-pressed, plano-concave, bearing 
 the fruit, uniform coloured. On bark of trees. 
 
 velata, A .h. crust white : disk of the receptacle covered with a white lamina. 
 On bark. 
 
 coraliinOf Ach. crust with coralline papillae. Encrusting decayed mosses. 
 
 Urceolaria. 
 
 (1) brachjcerun), Mx. (2) richardi, P. Fuirena, Mx. 
 
TAUCHEEIA, VERBENA. 
 
 21 — i. Vaucheria. 57. 2. 
 
 ' 
 
 bursata, threads laxly ramose : vesicles solitary, globose ; peduncles perpen- 
 dicular. In stagnant water. Very abundant in Rutland pond, Vermont. 
 
 dilluT/nii, threads flexuose : vesicles sessile, lateral, globose. Grows on naked 
 earth in shades, either in spring or autumn. Hutchinsia. 
 
 6—3. Veratrum. 10 13. 
 
 viride, (1) (itchweed, indian poke, white hellebore. O. g. J. 2S-) racemes 
 panicled ; bracts of the branches lance-oblong, the bract at the flowers 
 longer than the sub-pubescent peduncles : leaves broad-ovate, plaited, many- 
 nerved. 3—5 f. S. 
 
 angustifolium, Ph. (A. g-y. J. 2i) flowers monoecious and dioecious : pani- 
 cle simple : petals linear : leaves very long-linear, keeled. Tall. S. 
 
 Southern. 
 pa,rv\fiorum, Mx. (A. g. Ju.) leaves lance-oval, flat, glabrous: panicle slen- 
 der, spreading : petals acute at each end, staminiferous. Helonias. 
 
 Veratrum^ Helonias. 
 5 — 1. Verb AS CUM. 28. 41. 
 
 thapsus, (mullein. O. y. J. (^.) leaves decurrent, downy both sides: stem 
 generally simple, though sometimes branched above : flowers in a cylindric- 
 spike. When botanists are so infatuated with wild speculation, as to tell us 
 the mullein was introduced, they give our youngest pupils occasion to sneer 
 at their teachers. 3 — 6 f. S. 
 
 blattaria^ (moth mullein, sleek mullein, w-y. J. Tp.) leaves glabrous, tooth- 
 serrate ; lower ones oblong-obovate ; upper ones heart-ovate, clasping : pe- 
 dicels l-flowered, in a terminal panicle-raceme. Var. alba, leaves toothed : 
 flowers white. Var. luiea, (2) leaves doubly serrate : flowers yellow. 2 — 
 fi (. S. 
 
 lychnitis, (y. J. cf^.) leaves oblong-wedge-form, white-downy beneath : spikes 
 lax, lateral and terminal. S. Nicotiana. 
 
 13—1. Verbena. 42. 39. 
 
 spuria, (E. b. Ju. 2£. cT.) stem decumbent, with spreading branches : leaves 
 in many-cleft divisions : spikes filiform : bracts exceeding the calyx. 1 — 2 i.S. 
 
 hastata, (vervain, simpler's joy. 0. p-w. Ju. 21- erect, tall : leaves lanceolate, 
 acuminate, gash-serrate ; lower ones sometimes gash-hastate : spikes linear, 
 panicled, sub-imbricate. Var. pinnatifida, has the leaves gash-pinnatifid, 
 coarsely-toothed. Var. oblongifolia, leaves lance-oblong, deeply-serrate, 
 acute : spikes filiform, panicled. 2 — 5 f. S. 
 
 tirtieifolia, (nettle-leaf vervain. O. w. Ju. 2I-) erect, sub-pubescent: leaves 
 ovate, acute, serrate, petioled : spikes filiform, axillary and terminal : flow- 
 ers remotisb. 2 — 4 f. S. 
 
 angustifolia, Mx. (3) (p'lgmy vervain. E. b. J. li') low, erect : leaves lance- 
 linear, tapering to the base, thinly serrate, with channelled veins : spikes fil- 
 iform, solitary, terminal or axillary. 1 f. 8. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 aublatia, (4) (O. p. M. 2X0 assurgent : spikes solitary, imbricate, long-pedun- 
 cled : divisions of the corol emarginate : leaves oval, deeply serrate and di- 
 vided, petioled. 
 
 bracteosa, Mx. (5) (W. p. Ju. 2X-) small, decumbent, very hirsute : leaves 
 
 (1) album, Mx. (2) Claytoni, Mx. (3) rugosa, W. (4) longiflora, LL 
 Buchnera canadensis, L. (5) Zapania, Lk. 
 
VERBENA, VERNON lA. 437 
 
 laciniate : flowers spiked, sub-imbricate : spikes squarrose with very long- 
 linear bracts, spreading every way. 
 
 paniculata, Lk. (Ap. Ju. 2X-) erect, somewhat scabrous : leaves lanceolate, 
 coarsely serrate, undivided : spikes filiform, imbricate, corymb-panicled. 
 4— 6f. 
 
 diffusa^ Lk. (p. 2X) erect, very branching : leaves lance-ovate, serrate, sub- 
 pubescent : spikes very long, lax, panicled, very diffuse. 
 
 caroliniana, (1) (E. p. J. 2X.) erect, scabrous : leaves oblong-obovate, obtuse, 
 unequally serrate, tapering to the base, sub-sessile : spikes very long, fili- 
 iforni : flowers distinct. 2 f. 
 
 stricta, Vent. (b. Ju. 21) hirsute, hoary: stems stiffly erect : leaves sessile, 
 obovate, serrate, sub-tomenlose, very hirsute : spikes straight, imbricate, 
 somewhat fascicled. Var. mollis, T. & J. (VV. p.) stem erect, simple, te- 
 rete, villose : leaves ovate, acutish, unequally gash-toothed 5 teeth acute, 
 hirsute above, soft-villose beneath : spikes dense-flowered, straight, termi- 
 nal, somewhat in threes. Probably a distinct species. T. 
 
 bipinnutifida, N. (W. b. J. li-) somewhat erect, hirsute : leaves 3-cleft, bi- 
 pinnatifid : divisions linear : seeds deeply punctate, Marrubium. 
 
 17—2. V£RBESINA. 49. 55. 
 
 sigesbeckia, Mx. (2) (crown beard, y. Ju. 2^.) stem winged : leaves opposite, 
 lance-ovate, acuminate at both ends, sharply serrate : panicle brachiate ; 
 flowers in fascicles on the ends of the branches. 3 — 6 f. S. 
 
 virgitiica, (P. w. Ju. 21) stem narrow-winged : leaves alternate, broad-lance- 
 olate, sub-serrate : corvmb compound : calyx oblong, pubescent ; ray-flo- 
 lets 3 or 4. 3 to G f. S. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 sinuata, E. (3) (E. w. Oct. 21.) leaves alternate, sessile, sinuate, attenuate at 
 
 the base : flowers corymbed : calyx imbricate. 4 — 6 f. Anthemia. 
 
 17-^1. Vernonia. 49. 55, 
 
 noveboracensis, (4) (flat-top. O. p. Au. 2^.)tall: leaves thick-set, lanceolate, 
 serrate, rough: cor) rab fastigiate ; scales of the calyx filiform at the apex. 
 4 — 6 f. S. 
 
 prcealta, (5) (r. Au. 21.) stem tall, angled, thickly pubescent : leaves thick- 
 set, lanceolate, acutely serrate, pubescent beneath : corymb fastio-iate ; 
 scales of the calyx ovate, acute, awnless. Resembles the preceding, and 
 probably only a variety. 4 — 7 f. (S. 
 
 coiymbosa, Sz. & Keating. (W. r.) stem sulcate, sub-scabrous ; leaves thick, 
 set, sessile, sub-claspir)g, lanceolate, acuminate, sharp-serrate below, entire 
 towards the apex, scabrous above, smooth and hollowed-punctate beneath : 
 corymb terminal, fastigiale : scales of the calyx oval, obtuse, ciliatu. 1 L 
 
 Southern. 
 
 oligophylla, Mx. (Ep. Ju. 2X-) stem simple, branching above : radical leaves 
 oval; cauline ones lanceolate ; all toothed : corymb panicled : scales of the 
 calyx lanceolate, acuminate. Varies with the flowers sub-sessile and oedun. 
 cled. 2 f. ^ 
 
 scaberrima, N. (E. p. Ju. 21.) leaves lance-linear, acute, close-sessile, very 
 scabrous, nearly entire : corymb sub-umbelled, few-flowered ; scales of the 
 calyx lanceol^ate, naked, filiformly acuminate. Stem simple, 2f. 
 
 angnsiifolia, (E. p. Ju. 21-) stem simple : leaves numerous, long-linear, near- 
 ly entire : corj^mb sub-umbelled : scales of the calyx rigidly mucronate. 3f, 
 
 (1) Phryma carollniensis, Wr. (5) Serratula, L. Chrysocoma tomentosa, 
 Wr. ? (2; Sigesbeckia occidentalis, L. (4) Chrysocoma gigantea. Wr.? (3) 
 laciniata, JV, 
 
 37* 
 
458 VEBNONIA, VERBUCAKIA. 
 
 tovtentosa, E. (1) (E. p. Au. H.) stem slender, tomentose above : leaves long-^ 
 narrow, lanceolate, very acutely serrate, slightly scabrous above, hoary-to 
 mentoae beneath : corymb fasligiate : scales of the calyx filiform at the 
 apex. 3 — 5 f. • 
 
 fcisciculaia, Mx. (\V. Au. 21. ) leaves long-linear, sparingly serrate : flowers 
 corymbed, erect, approximate : calyx ovoid, smooth ; scales unarmed. 
 
 akissima, N. (2) (O. p. Au. 2i.) stem glabrous : leaves lanceolate, serrate, 
 somewhat scabrous : calyx small, hemi-ipheric ; scales ovate, acute, ciliate, 
 unarmed, closely appressed. Var. marginata, T. &J. (W. p.) stem gla- 
 brous : leaves narrow-lanceolate, glabrous, very entire : corymb fastigiate : 
 calyx hemispheric-turbinafe : scales ovate acute, araclinoid-ciliate, a little 
 inucronate, close-apprcssed. This may be a distinct species. T. 
 
 baldwini, T. & J. (W.) stem soft-pubescent : leavr-s lonce-ovate, sharp-serrate, 
 scabrous above, pubescent beneath : corymb diffuse, sub-fastigiate : calyx- 
 scales lanceolate, squarrose, reflexed, scabrous-pubescent. Carthamus. 
 
 2—1. Veronica. 40. 35. 
 
 (officinalis, (speedwell, h. M. li) spikes lateral, peduncled : leaves opposite, 
 obovate, hairy ; stem procumbent, rough-haired. 9 — 12 i. S. 
 
 icrvyllifolia, (Paul's betony, smooth s^peedwell. O. b. M. 21-) racemes termi- 
 nal, sub-spiked : leaves ovale, glabrous, crenate : capsule about as long as 
 the styles. 2 — 6 i. jS. 
 
 cUpina, L. (A.) corymb terminal : leaves opposite, lance-oblong, acute, tooth- 
 ed : calyx hispid. 
 
 anagalis, (brook pimpernel. O. b. J. 7i-) racemes opposite, long, loose : leaves 
 lanceolate, serrate : stem erect. 12 — lH i. S. 
 
 bsccabunga, (brook-lime. b. J. 2X ) racemes opposite : leaves oval, obtuse, sub- 
 serrate, glabrous: stem procumbent, rooting at the base. Probably a va- 
 riety of the last. 9— 18 i. S. 
 
 scatdlata, (scull-cap sp-edwell. O. b. J. 2X0 racemes lateral, alternate : pedi- 
 cels divaricate : leaves lance-linear, somewhat toothed. 9 — 12 i. 
 
 arvensis, (wall speedwell. O. w-b. M. 0) flowers solitary, nearly sessile : 
 lower leaves heait-ovate, serrate, pelioled ; floral leaves lanceolate, sessile, 
 longer than the peduncles : divisiuns of the calyx unequal. Var. 'reiiifor- 
 mis, leaves seisile, reniform, entire. This variety is made a distinct spe- 
 cies by Rafinesque. 3-:-8 i. S. 
 
 agrestis, (field speedwell, b. M. 0.) flowers solitary : Iraves heart-ovate, ser- 
 rate, petioled : stem procumbent, pubescent: segmentj of the calyx ovate, 
 equal, pilose. 5 — 10 i. S. 
 
 peregrina, (3) (purslane-speedwell. O. w. M. 0.) [lowers sessile, solitary: 
 leaves glabrous, lance-linear, toothed andentue, obtuse, lower ones oppo- 
 site : stem erect. 4 — i. <S'. 
 
 hederifolia, (ivy speedwell, w-b. M. ) flowers solitary : leaves equalling the 
 petioles, lound-cordate, 5-lobed ; upper ones 3-lcbed : segments of the 
 calyx cordate, acute, ciliate : stem procumbent. 
 
 Snuthe7-n. 
 
 re^iiformis, Ph. (VV. b. J. 2i ) si^ikes peduncled ; peduncles lateral, axillary, 
 1-bracted : leaves opposite, loiig-pelioltd, heart-reuifonn, gash-crenate ; 
 item creeping. Leptandra. 
 
 Veronicc'f Leptandra. 
 
 21 — 5. Verrucaria. 57. 2. 
 
 tchraderi, (mite lichen. P.) crust tnrtarou«, hard, whitish, smooth : recepta- 
 cles minute, crowded, nearly globular, navellcd, sunk, semi-transparent, 
 
 (l) Chrysoroma tomentosa, VVr. ? (2) Chrjsocoma gigantea, Wr. ? (3) 
 carohDtana, Wr. carnulusa, Lk. 
 
YERUTJCAUIA, YIBUKNUM. 4S9 
 
 within. Often on lime-stone, or other wrought stones in burying-grounda 
 &c. scarcely visible, 
 
 ttiginatella, (P.) very thin, membranaceous, smooth, rather polished, greyish ! 
 tubercles minule, convex, warty, cjowded, sub-coniluent : nucleus globose, 
 becoming cinereous. On the smooth bark of trees and fruit. 
 
 puncti/ormis, Ach. receptacles small, heiuispheric, seldom papilK'ted : nucleus 
 sub-globose. On old bark. 
 
 analepia, Ach. receptacle conoid, papillated : nucleus compressed. With the 
 preceding, but larger. 
 
 epidermidis , Ach. receptacles very minute, flattened, roughish. Var. cerasi, 
 Halsey, crust shiuiog, of a silvery hue. On Betula and smooth bark of 
 limbs. 
 
 gemtnata, Ach. receptacles shininc, papillated. On bark. 
 
 composiia, Sz. crust ycllowish-brovvu, very smooth, shining and bordered by a 
 b.ack line : receptacles small, immersed and clustered ia long irregular 
 dark spots. 
 
 pulla, crust thin, contiguous, membranaceous, smooth, dark-fuscous : recepta- 
 cles minute, hemispheric, glabrous, sub-papillate, black within. On the bark 
 of leather-woqi^, &c. Endocarpoa. 
 
 VesicariOf Al'yssusi. 
 
 16—10. Vexillaria. (I) 32. 93. 
 
 tirginiana, W. (butterfly weed. b. Ju. 2X. ) leaves ternate, cvate : calyx 5- 
 parted, scarcely longer than the bracts ; its divisions subulate, diverging ; 
 legumes sub-ensiform. Climbing. <S. 
 
 mariana, (w-b. Ju. 21-) leaves ternate: calyx much larger than the lance- 
 linear bracts, tubular, 5-cleft : legume toruloce : seeds glutinous. Erect or 
 climbing. 2 f. S. 
 
 flumieri, P. (E.) leaves ternate, ovale-oblong, acuminate : calyx bell-form, 
 shorter than the ovate bracts : corol laige, silky. Climbing. Robiaia. 
 
 5—3. Viburnum. 43. 58. 
 
 prunifolium, (black haw, sloe. E. w. J. Tp.) leaves round-obovate and oval, 
 acutely serrate, glabrous : petioles margined. 8 — 15 i. <S'. 
 
 pyrifoiium, Lk. (E. w. M. Tp.) glabrous : leaves ovate, acutish, sub-serrate; 
 petioles naked : fruit oblong-ovate : cymes sub-peduncled. Berries dark- 
 coloured. 5 — 10 f. 
 
 Untago, (sheep berry. O. w^. J. ^ ) glabrous: leaves broad-ovate, acuminata, 
 hook-senate; petioles margintcl, undulate: rymts sessile. The branches 
 when full grown oft* n form a tasti^iafe top. Berries black, oval, and pleas- 
 ant-tasted ; somewhat mucilaginous. 8 — 15 f. S. • 
 
 nudum, (E. w. M. \.) very gUbious : leaves oval, sub-entire, margin rero- 
 lute : petioles smooth : cymes peduncled, and without bracts. Berries 
 black. 8—10 f. 5?. 
 
 cassinoides. W. (J. ^.) glabrous: leaves lance-ovate, acute at each end, cre- 
 nale, sub-revolule at the margins: petioles keeled, without gland?. S. 
 
 dentatum, (arrow-wuod. E. w. M. Ip.) smoothisb : leaves roundish and ovat», 
 acute, tooth-serrate, furrow-plaited, glabrous both sides : cyme peduncled; 
 fruit sub-globular. Bcnies blue. 4 — 12 f. S. 
 
 pubesce?^,^^. (2) (w. J. fp ) pubescent: leaves round-oval, 'icuminnte, tooth- 
 serrate, furrow-plaited, viUuse beneath : cymes peduncled : fiuit oblong. 
 6(. S. 
 
 (1) A substitute for a ridiculous namp. See Persoon, p. 302, genus No. 1712. 
 (2) dentaiurn pubs-scens, A. de.'ilatum tomcnlorum, Mx. tomenlosura and 
 villofium, R. ratiuescjuiunum, Rs. 
 
440 VIBUKNUM, VICIA. 
 
 lantanoideSf Mx. (hobble-bush, tangle-legs. O. w. M. ^. leaves broad, round- 
 cordate, abruptly acuminate, unequally serrate ; petioles and nerves fur- 
 nished with powdery rusty down : cymes sessile : fruit ovate. Stem very 
 flexible and crooked. 4 — 8 f. S. • 
 
 aceHfolium, (maple guelder-rose, dockmackie. O. w. J. Tp.) leaves heart-orate 
 orS-lobed, acuminate, sharp -serrate, pubescent beneath: cymes long-pe- 
 duncled. Stem very flexible : leaves broad and sub-membranaceous. 4 — 
 6 f. S. Leaves applied to inflamed tumors by the Indians. 
 
 Oxycoccus, Ph. (1) (high cranberry. E.r-w. J. >>.) leaves 3-lobed, S-nerved : 
 lobes long-acuminate, with a few scattering teeth : petioles glandular, groov- 
 ed above : cymes rayed. Fruit resembles the low cranberry, red and rery 
 acid. 5— 8f. 8. 
 
 edule, Ph. (2) (w. Ju. '^.) leaves 3-Iobed, obtusi'^h at the base, 3-nerved t 
 lobes very short, tooth-serrate, with acuminate serratures : petioles glandu-e 
 lar : cymes radiate. Small and upright. Resembles the oxycoccus. 
 
 Exotic. 
 opulus, (guelder rose, snow-ball. w. J. ^.) leaves 3-lobed, sharp-toothed- 
 
 petioles glandular, smooth : flowers in compact cymes, surrounded with 
 
 radiating florets. Var. roseum, has the whole cyme made up of radiating 
 
 florets. 
 linxis, (laurestine. r-w. ^.) leaves ovate, entire, with tufts of hair in the axila 
 
 of the veins beneath : flowers in smooth cymes. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 obovatum, Wr. (3) (E. M. ■^.) glabrous-, leaves obovate, crenate-dentate or 
 very entire, obtuse cymes sessile : fruit roundish-ovate. Var, punicifolium, 
 leaves obovate, entire, or slightly crenate at the apex, obtuse. 4 — 8f. 
 
 laevigatuTHf (E. vr.J. ^.) leaves lanceolate, smooth, remotely serrate, very 
 entire at the base : branchlets 2-edged. 
 
 niiidum, (E. fp.) very glabrous : leaves lance-rlinear, shining on the uppersur- 
 face, obsoletely serrate or entire : branches 4-angIed. 
 
 molle, Mx. (J, 2|-) leaves roundish-cordate, furrow-plaited, toothed, pubes-- 
 cent beneath : petioles sub-glandular : cymes with rays : fruit oblong-ovate. 
 Berries red. Sambucus. 
 
 16—10. ViciA. 32, 93. 
 
 $atwa, (tare. O. b-p. Ju. 0.) flowers in pairs, sub-sessile : stipules tootlied, 
 marked with dots : leafets oblong-ovate, retuse, mucronate : legumes erect, 
 linear-terete, glabrous. . Perhaps it may have been introduced. 8. 
 
 americana, (p. M. ZC-) peduncles somewhat many-flowered, shorter than (he 
 leaves : stipules semi-sagittate, toothed : leafets 8 to 12, lance-oval, obtuse, 
 glabrous. 
 
 cracca, (b. S. 21.) spikes many -flowered, imbricate backwards, larger than the 
 leaves : stipules semi-sagittate, linear-subulate, entire ; leafets numerous, 
 lance-oblong, pubescent. 8. 
 
 caroliniana, Wr. (4) (w. M. 2i,) peduncles many -flowered ; flowers distant : 
 stipules lance-ovate, entire : leafets 8 to 10, lance-oval, smoothisb. The 
 banner of the flower is tipped with black. 8. 
 
 tridentata, Sz. & Keating. (VV. b.) stem sulcate, sub-pubescent: leafets nu» 
 merous, narrow-obiong, entire, obtuse, short-mucronate, sparingly pilose 
 above, densely pilose beneath : lower stipules wedge-form, broadly 3-cleft, 
 with 3 prominent nerves, pubescent ; upper ones lanceolate, long, acuminate, 
 villose : calyx and peduncles pubescent. 
 
 Exotic, 
 faba, (garden bean, Windsor bean. w. & black. J. %.) stem many -flowered, 
 
 (1) Opuloides, M. Opulus pimina, Mx. americanura, A. (2) opulua 
 edule, Mx< (3) cassinoides, Mx. (4)parriflora, Mx. 
 
TICIA, VIOLA. 441 
 
 erect, strono- : legumes ascending, tumid, coriaceous: leafets oval, acute, 
 entire : stipules sagiltate, toothed at the base. From Persia. 
 
 South 67-71. 
 
 sylvatica, (W. p. ) peduncles many-flowered, longer than the leaves : leafets oval : 
 
 stipules lunulale, setaceous toothed. 
 acutifolia, E. (E. w. Ap. U- ?) peduncles few-flowered, longer than the leaves : 
 stipules lanceolate, entire : leafets (6,) linear, acute at each end: stem gla- 
 brous. Ervum. 
 Vicia^ Ervum. Lathyrus. 
 5—1. ViLLARSIA. 47. 46. 
 
 lacunosa, V. (1) (spur-stem, floating-heart. E. w. Ju. 2i-) leaves heart-reni- 
 form, (or shortish heart-form,) sub-peltate, lacunose beneath, floating : peti- 
 oles bearing the flowers : corol glabrous. <S. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 cordata, E. (E. Ju. 21.) leaves cordate, very entire : petioles bearing the flow- 
 ers. Hottonia. 
 
 5—1. ViscA. 30. 47. 
 
 [Generic description is here given, it having been omitted at page 27. It 
 should follow Azalea above the word Southern.] Corol salver-form, twisted, 
 border 5-cleft, with oblique divisions ; tliroat 5-angled : seed naked, oblong ; 
 folicle-like capsules 2, erect, terete, narrow. 30. 47. 
 
 Exotic, 
 minor, (periwinkle, b. Ap. ^.) stem procumbent: leaves lance-oval, smooth at 
 
 the edges : flowers peduncled : teeth of the calyx lanceolate. Iporaena. 
 
 5—1. Viola. 29. 80. 
 
 [According to Le Conte.] 
 
 1. Stemless, or with a subterranean stem. 
 
 (Leaves more or less reniform, always cordate, younger cucullate : proper col- 
 our of the corol violet. 
 
 cucullata, W. (2) (O. p. b. M. Zf.) glabrous : leaves cordate, somewhat acu- 
 minate, crenate-dentate ; autumnal ones largest, very exactly reniform : pe- 
 duncle somewhat. 4-sided, longer than the leaves ; divisions of the calyx sub- 
 ulate, acuminate, emarginate behind or very entire : petals (as in many 
 American species) oblique, veiny, very entire, white at the base, upper one 
 generally naked, glabrous, lateral ones bearded, and with the upper one, 
 marked with a few blue lines. Var. pajnlionacea, Ph. (3) petioles and pe- 
 duncles longer : leaves sub-lance-ovate : beards of the lateral petals otten 
 yellow. Var. tetragona, (L.) peduncle strong, exactly 4-sided : petals azure 
 colour, veinless. Var. villosa, (4) leaves, petals and peduncles villose. 4— 
 
 8 i. iSr. 
 
 q^«w, Le Conte. (5) (O. b-p. M. 2i. ) glabrous : leaves cordate-ovate, sub- 
 acuminate, crenate-dentate : peduncle somewhat 4-sided, shorter than the 
 leaves : divisions of the calyx emarginate or very entire behind, lance-ovate, 
 sub-obtuse ; two upper ones ovate : petals all very entire, veiny, and white 
 at the base; upper one generally villose; lateral ones bearded, and, with 
 the upper one, marked with a few blue lines. 1 — 6 i. <S. 
 
 palmata, L. (O. p-b. M. 2X-) mostly villose : leaves heart-reniform, palmate-5— 
 
 (1) trachygperma, E. Menyanthes trachysperma, Mx. (2) obliquai 
 Sz. &T. (3) species of Ph. (4) azarifolia, Hz. (S) cucuUata, Sz. & !• 
 sororia. Ph. 
 
442 VIOLA. 
 
 7-lobed ; lobes polymorphous, oftpn narrow and g:aihed, middle one always 
 
 larg-er; somelims s villosn both sides, jomelimes only beneath, often glabrous, 
 all of them vei}' often purple braoalh : the fir>*t spi ins- ones are ovate, entire ; 
 petioles sub-i-m ir^iiiaie : pf dunde somewhat 4-s'd d, lur:g-er than the leaves : 
 divisions of (he rnlyx lance-ovale, ciliate, vcrv entire bchiiid : petals all verj 
 eartre, veiny, and white nt the base, upper onf-s narrower, smaller, some- 
 times villosc at the base, yet often naked, n;lnb!Ou>; lateral ones densely 
 bearded, and with the upp'-r one, marked with a few blue lines. One vari- 
 ety has white (lowers. 3 — 6 i. <S. Le Conte. 
 
 congener, Le CoiUe. (1) (E. p. Ap. 21) always villose : leaves broad-ovate, 
 cordate, sub rtniforrn, crenately r.nd coarsely toothed, sometimes sub-lobate 
 and lobed ; deiurrent into the subulate, very viliose, laroc, strong petioles : 
 peduncles somewhat 4-s;(i;d, shorter than the If-avcs : divisions of the calyx 
 ciliatc, ovate, obtcsc, very eiitiie behind : petiils a'l very entire, veiny, white 
 at the base; upper o:ie narrower, generally naked, glabrous, yet sometimes 
 the base is viHose ; lateral ones densely bearded, and with the upper one, 
 marked with a few b^uo lines. A variety has the corol of very deep violet 
 colour. Canada to Flurida S. Le Conto. 
 
 asarifolia, Ph. (Canada, p. M. ZX) villose: leaves very large, sub-ovate-reni- 
 foim, creriate, dentate, ch current into the petioles, always entire : peduncle 
 somewhat 4 s.dtil, sh(;rt, (rajely an inch and a half) ; dTvisions of the calyx 
 ovate, ciliatc, entire or eniarginate behind : petals all very entire, veinv, 
 white at the base ; upper one glabrous, naked ; lateral ones densely bearded, 
 and with the upper one, marked with a few blue lines. S. 
 
 tororiu, W. (2) {E. b-p. M. 2X) leaves thickish, flat, ;-.ppressed to the earth, 
 orbicular and round-ovate, cordate, crenate, sinus at the base often closed, 
 villose above, with the hairs erect, beneath glabro;'.--, and g( nerally becoming 
 purple, petioles sl.ort, strong, with small sipu'es at the base: peduncle 
 somewhat 4-sidcd, of the length of the leaves: divisions of the calyx short, 
 subulate, obtuse, glabrous, very entire behind : petals obovate, short, all 
 very entire, veiny, white at the base, upper and lateral ones bearded, and 
 marked with a few blue lines. Dry woods. S. Le Conte. 
 
 (Leaves oblung or ovate, never rcniform : younger ones cucullate.) 
 
 emargi>iata,'Le Conte. (3) (E. bp. M. 21.) glabrous: leaves somewhat succu- 
 lent, ob.'ong-ovate, or even triangular-ovate, coidiite, dentate, sometimes 
 ciliatc ; ujiper ones unequally and coarsely gash-toothed at the base, and of- 
 ten decurrtnt into the petiole ; midrib promiriCiit; petioles sometimes villose : 
 peduncle 4sided, longer than the leaves: divisions of the calyx lanceolate, 
 acute, emarginate behind : petals veiney, while at the base, all emarginate, 
 villose; and thn uppet* one densely villose; lateral ones bearded, and with 
 the U()per one, marked wiih a few blue lines. Dry woods. <Si. Le Conte. 
 
 $agUlata, A. (C. b-p. Ap. 2i ) glabrous: leaves ciliate, oblong, not acute, sa- 
 gittate-cordate, dentate, gashed at the base, (or furnished with elongated, 
 divaricate teeth) : peduncle somewhat 4-sidtd, longer than the leaves: di- 
 visions of tlie calyx lanceolate, acuminate, emarginate behind : petals all 
 very entire, veiny, while at the base ; upper one generally naked, glabrous ; 
 Iateralx>nes deniely I'carded, and with the upper one, marked with a few 
 blue lines: spur e'ongated behind. A variety has the; leaves more or less vil- 
 lose. Dry. <S. Le Conte. 
 
 cra^a, N. (4) (O. p. Ap. 2i-) villose: leaves ciliate, cblong-ovate, sub-acute, 
 cordate, often oblique at the base, decurrrnt into the petiole ; upper ones 
 gashed at the base; petioles bhortish : divisions of the calyx ciliate, ovate or 
 broad- lanceolate ; more or less elongated behind and deeply emarginate or 
 
 (1) assarlfolia and triloba, Sz. (2) villosa, N. var. cordata, T. cordifo- 
 lia, Sz. &. Dr. (3) dentata, Ph. var. of the sagitlata, Sz. N. & Dc. (4) cili- 
 ata, M. pnmulifulia, Ph. 
 
VIOLA. 44s 
 
 cared : petals all very entire, veiny, wliite at the base ; upper one naked, 
 glabrous ; lateial vnnes very densely bearded, and wilh tlie upper one, mark- 
 ed with a lew blue lines: spur broad, generally elongated. Dry. 2—4 j, 
 S. Le Coiitc. 
 
 (Leaves ovate or lanceolase : corol while, with the lateral pntals narrower.) 
 
 amoena, Le Conte. (1) (E. w. A p. 21.) glabrous: leaves ovate sub acuminate, 
 crenate, sometiiMfs sub-viilose abjve ; petio'es lon^, spo led wilh red : pe- 
 duncle somewhat 4-s:ded, equalling or exceeding- the length of the leaves, 
 spotted: divisions of the calyx lanceolate: petals all very entire, green at the 
 base ; lateral ones somrtiines with the base pubpscent, and with the upper 
 one marked wilh a few blue linss. Moist woods. Flowers odorous. Le 
 Conte. jS. 
 
 blanda, W. (O. w. A p. 21-) glabrous : leaves ronnd, sometimes sub-ovate, cor- 
 date, crenate, oppressed to the earth, sometimes with a few scattering 
 hairs above ; petioles v"*^s-cent: ptdtincle somewhat 4 sided, longer than 
 the leaves: divisions of the calyx lanceolate, obtuse : petals all very entire, 
 green at the base: upper, and lateral ones rarely sub villose, marked with 3 
 few blue lines. Flowtrs odorous. Wet. 2 — 4 i. <S. Le Conte, 
 
 primulifolia, L. (2) (E. w. J. 2i.) stoioniforous, glabrous : leaves oblong, or 
 oblong-ovate, sub-cordate, aculish, crenate, decurrent into the petiole, nerve 
 sometimes sub-viilose beneath : j)eduncle somewhat 4-^ided, longer than the 
 leaves : div;sion> of ihe calyx lanceolate, obtuse : petals all ver}- entire, green 
 at the base ; upp.-^r and lateral ones somelimes a litila villose, marked with a 
 few blue lines, in the upper one often obsolete. Var. villosa, (Georgia,) leaves 
 very green ; and with the petioles densely villose, becoming hoaiy. Flowers 
 odorous. Wet. /S. Le Conte. 
 
 lanceolala, L. (O. w. A p. 2X.) glabrous : leaves (scmetimes wilh a few scatter- 
 ing hairs) lanceolate, narrow, elongated, gradually attenuated into the peti- 
 oles at the base, obtusisli, crenate : peduncles somewhat 4-sided, reddith, of 
 the length of the leaves : divisions ot the calyx lanceolate, acute: petals all 
 ver}' entire, jireen at the base ; lateral ones somelimes a litile villose at the 
 base, and with the uppsr o:ie, marked wilh a few blue lines. Flowers odor- 
 ous, small. Wet. 3—3 i. ^. 
 
 (Stemless ; but cannot be referred to any of the former sub-divisions.) 
 
 rotundifolia, Mx. (O. M. y. 21.) glabrous: leaves thickish, appressed to the 
 earth, broad-ovate or orbicular, coi'date, crenate : nerves pubescent beneatlj ; 
 sinus closed : peduncle somewhat 4-sided, as long as the leaves: divisions 
 of the calyx oblong, obtuse • petals scmetimes cmarginale ; upper one small ; 
 lateral ont-s someu hai b^ardtd, and, with the upper one, marked with a few 
 yellowish-brown lines : ."pur very short. Woods. 1 — 3 i. 
 
 clatdestina, Ph. (A. J. 21.) glabrous, decumbent: leaves somewhat succu- 
 lent, very g-een, shining, appressed to the earth, broad-ovate and ovate-ob- 
 long, obtuse, sometimes sub-orbicul.>r, crenate : sinus often closed ; pedun- 
 cle somewhat 4-sided : branches 2 — 8-flowered : bracts in pairs, small at the 
 base of each pedicel. Flowers of a chocolatc-brown. Concealed under the 
 dead leaves of trees. 
 
 pedata, L. (O. M. p-b. 21) glabrous: leaves sometimes ciliate, variously divid- 
 ed, very ottsii pedaiely-9-parted ; divisions linear and o!)tusely lanceolate, 
 gen. rally 3-lobrd at the apex, often simply lanceolate, with the apex, 5 — 7- 
 lobed : psduni le somewhat 4-sidet'. : divisions of ihe calyx lanceolate, acute- 
 ciliate, emarginale behind : petals all white at the base, veinless, very en- 
 tire, very glabrous, naked ; upper cue truncate, and marked with a few 
 
 (1) obliqua, Ph. (2) variety of the lanceolata, Ph. acuta, Bw. 
 
444 VIOLA. 
 
 very blue lines, sometimes obsolete. Var. veluiina, has the two lower petals 
 of a very deep violet colour, and appears like velvet. Var. alba, has white 
 flowers. Dry. 3 — 4 i. S. 
 
 2. Caulescent. 
 
 ca)tadensis, A. (A. r. w. y. M. 2^.) glabrous : stem sub-simple, terete : stipules 
 entire, membranaceous, oblon{?-sub-ovateor lance-ovate: leaves alternate, 
 ovate, cordate, sub-acuminate, dentate : peduncle somewhat 4-sided : bracts 
 small, subulate : flowers regular : divisions of the calyx subulate, acute, very 
 entire behind : petals white, all very entire, veiny, becoming yellow at the 
 base ; lower ones pale-violet ; upper one broad, expanding, glabrous, nak- 
 ed ; lateral ones bearded, and, with the upper one, marked with a few blue 
 lines : stigma short, pubescent, scarcely beaked : spur very short. Flowers 
 odorous : stem often 2 feet long, flowering through the summer. Moist woods. 
 6 i.— 2 f. S. 
 
 rostrata, M. (O. b-p. M. Zf.) glabrous: stems many, ascendmg, terete : leaves 
 orbicular and ovate, cordate, crenate-denlate, sometimes with a few scatter- 
 ing hairs ; younger ones cucullate : petioles much longer than the leaves : 
 stipules linear, acuminate,'furnished with elongated linear teeth : peduncle 
 filiform, somewhat 4-sided, slender, axillary, very long : bracts minute, sub- 
 ulate : divisions of the calyx lanceolate, acute, entire behind : petals all very 
 entire, veinless, naked, beardless; upper and lateral ones marked with a few 
 blue lines: spur straight, elongated, linear, compressed, obtuse, double tha 
 length of the petals. Root woody, perpendicular and fibrous. Moist woods. 
 6—10 i. S. 
 
 mulilenber giana, Gengin. (1) (O. b-p. M. 21.) glabrous i stem terete, weak, 
 sub-prostrate: leaves renitbrm, roundish, cordate; upper ones ovate, cre- 
 nate, often purplish beneath; younger ones cucullate : petioles longer than 
 the leaves: stipules large, lanceolate, serrate-ciliate, sub-pinnate : peduncles 
 somewhat 4-8iaed, axillary, longer than the. leaves : bracts minute, subulate : 
 divisions of the calyx linear, acute, sub-ciliate : petals all very entire, vein- 
 less; upper one naked, glabrous ; lateral ones bearded, and with the upper 
 one, marked with a few blue lines : spur porrected, compressed, very obtuse : 
 stigma ciliate behind ; beak ascending. 3 — 6 i. S. 
 
 striata, A. (2) (W. y-w. J. 21-) glabrous: stem oblique, branching, angular : 
 leaves roundish and ovate, sub-acuminate, crenate-dentate, sometimes sub- 
 pubescent : petioles long; stipules large, oblong-lanceolate, dentate-ciliate : 
 peduncles 4-sided, longer than the leaves : bracts largish, linear : divisions 
 of the calyx lanceolate, acuminate, ciliate, emarginate behind : petals all 
 very entire ; upper one marked, with a few blue lines, naked, glabrous, rarely 
 a little villose ; lateral ones bearded ; lower ones sometimes a very little vil- 
 lose : spur sub-poirected : stigma pubescent behind. 6 i. rarely — 2 f. Le 
 Conte. 
 
 pubescens, A. (3) (O. y. 2X) villose-pubesccnt : stem simple, erect, terete, leaf- 
 less below : leaves broad-ovate, cordate, dentate ; petioles short : stipules 
 large, ovate, dentate: peduncles 4-sidcd, shorter than the leaves: bracts 
 subulate, minute : divisions of the calyx lanceolate : petals all very entire, 
 veinless ; upper one naked, glabrous ; lateral ones bearded, and with the up- 
 per one, marked with a few blue lines; lower ones often becoming reddish 
 outside : spur short, gibbose, acutish : stigma pubescent, scarcely beaked. 
 Varie?} in pubescence : leaves are even found glabrous ; the capsules are 
 also glabrous or woolly. 4 — 12 i. rarely — 4 f. <S. 
 
 hastata, Mx. (E. y. M. 2X-) glabrous : stem simple, erect, terete : leaves ovate, 
 dilated, acuminate, cordate, dentate ; upper ones lance-ovate, hastate and 
 
 (1) uliginosa, var. asarifolia, M. dcbilis, Sz. Ph. N. &c. canina.Wr. muh- 
 lenbergii, T. (2) ochroleuca, Sr. T. &c. rcpens, Si. (3) pennsylvanicuiD> 
 Hx. eriocarpa, Si. 
 
VIOLA. 445 
 
 Heltoid : petioles short : stipules ovate, dentate : peduncles somewhat 4-sid- 
 f d, shorter than the leaves : bracts very small, subulate : divisions of the ca- 
 Ivx lance-linear, sub-dentate : petals all very entire, veinless; upper ones nak- 
 ed, glabrous ; lateral ones bearded, and with the upper ones, marked with a 
 few blue lines ; lower one often becoming reddish outside: spur short, gib- 
 bose, acutish : stigma pubescent, scarcely beaked : capsule glabrous or pu- 
 bescent on all sides. Vav. gibba, (1) has no deltoid or hastate leaves. Var. 
 tripartita, ('2) villose : lower leaves cordate and 3-parted ; upper ones deltoid, 
 sometimes 3-parted and hastate. Woods. <S. 
 
 tenella,M. (3) (E. b-w. M. 0.) generally glabrous: root filiform : stem 3>sid- 
 ed, angled, erect, simple, leafy; leaves dentate; radical ones round or spa- 
 tulate ; upper ones ovate or lanceolate; all sub-spatulate : petioles short: 
 stipules very large, pinnatifid, palmate ; intermediate lobe oblong, longer 
 and broader ; the rest linear-oblong, all obtuse, ciliate : peduncles 4-sided, 
 much longer than the leaves : divisions of the calyx lance-ovate, acuminate, 
 ciliate, emarginate behind : petals expanded, white, stained with blue, yel- 
 low at the base ; upper ones naked, glabrous ; lateral ones bearded, and with 
 the upper ones, marked with a few blue lines : stigma sub-pubescent, scarce- 
 ly beaked. This species, and the V. rostrata, are the only American vio- 
 lets that have fibrous roots ; all the rest have their roots scaly. <S'. Le 
 ContP. 
 
 selkirkii,'Ph. (A.) leaves cordate, crenate-serrate, a little pillose : petals beard- 
 less : spur long, thick, very obtuse. Montreal. 
 
 Exotic, 
 tricolor, (garden violet, heart's-ease, pansy, p. y. b-p. M. 2X0 stem angular, 
 
 dilTuse, divided : leaves oblong, deeply crenate : stipules lyrate-pinnatifid. 
 odorata, (sweet violet, b. M. 2X0 ^temless : scions creeping : leaves cordate, 
 
 crenate, smoolhish : calyx obtuse : two lateral petals with a bearded or hairy 
 
 line. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 heterophylla, M. (4) (E. p. March. 2X0 stemless, glabrous : leaves cordate, 
 long-ovate, sub-acute, crenate-dentate, entire and sub-palmate-5-lobed ; in- 
 termediate lobe much larger and broader : peduncle somewhat 4-sided, long- 
 er than the leaves: divisions of the calyx subulate, emarginate behind: pe- 
 tals all very entire, veiny, white at the base : upper ones often villose at the 
 base ; lateral ones densely bearded, and with the upper ones, marked with 
 a (evf blue lines, A variety has white flowers. 8 — 12 i. Le Conte. 
 
 septemloba, Le Conte. (5) (E. p. March. 2X0 stemless, very glabrous, shining : 
 leaves sub-succulent, ovate, cordate, dentate ; lower ones entire, the rest pe- 
 date, 7-lobed ; intermediate lobe larger: peduncle somewhat 4-sided, longer 
 than the leaves : divisions of the calyx lanceolate, very entire behind: corol 
 large : petals all very entire, veiny, white at the base ; upper ones large, 
 villose at the base ; lateral ones densely bearded, and with the upper ones, 
 marked with a few blue lines. Flowers often two inches in diameter. A 
 variety has white flowers. Often 8 i. Le Conte. 
 
 alleghanensis, Rs. (A. 2X0 hirsute : leaves ovate and oblong-cordate, sub-en- 
 tire : petioles membranaceous : lateral petals bearded : spur very saccate. 
 
 villosa, Wr.(E.p-b.March.2X0 stemless, pubescent (not villo.<ie:) leaves flat, ap- 
 pressed to the earth„round-ovate and ovate, obtuse, cordate, dentate-crenate, 
 livid-green ; veins darker, sometimes purplish, often purplish beneath ; sincb 
 of the roundish ones nearly closed : petioles short : peduncle 4-sided, longer 
 than the leaves : petals all very entire, generally villose ; (lower one some- 
 times glabrous ;) lateral ones bearded, ^and with the upper ones, marked wittt 
 a few blue lines. After flowering the leaves become glabrous. 
 
 (1) striata, Sr. gibba, R. (2) tripartita, E. (3) bicolor, Ph. N. arvcnsia, 
 E. {4) palmata, var. heterophylla, E. (5) palraata, var. vulgaris, E..' 
 
 38 
 
446 VIOLA, VITIS. 
 
 nuttalli, Ph. (W. y. M. ZfO glabrous: stemsimple, erect, (erfife, leafy : leavea 
 lance-ovate obscurely dentate or very entire, attenuated at the base : 
 stipules long, lance-linear, entire : peduncles tonjpwhat 4-sided, shorter than 
 the leaves : bracts minute: divisions of the calyx lance-linear, acuminate, 
 very entire behind : petals all very entire, veinlc«s; lateral onts bearded, 
 and with the upper ones, marked with a few blue lines : spur short : stigma 
 pubescent, scarcely beaked. 4 — 6 i. 
 
 debilis, M%. (1) (A. I'larch. Ap. w. 21-) stem decumbent, much branched : 
 leaves broad-ovate and cordate : stipules lacerate, ciliate ; flower large, 
 white. Not well defined. 
 
 radicans, Dc. (E. 2X0 rootlets horizontal, fibrous : stigma short-beaked, mar- 
 gined ; leaves lance-ovate, abruptly attenuate at the base, or sub-cordate, 
 serrate : stipules linear, setaceous-subu'mte, setose-serrate : divisions of the 
 calyx linear, acute : scarcely spurred. Flowers minute ; middle petals ob- 
 ovale. ionidiura. 
 
 Viola, loMDiCM. 
 
 10—1. ViRGiLiA. 32. 93. 
 
 Southern, 
 lutea, Mx. (A. y. J. fp.) leaves pinnate; leafets alternate, ovate, short acumi- 
 nate, glabrous : racemes elongated, pendulous : legumes petioled, flat. The 
 bark aflbrds a yellow dye. Pomaria. 
 
 20—4. ViscuM. 43. 58. 
 
 verticillaium, (2) (misseltoe. g-w. J.^) branches opposite and whorled : 
 leaves wedge-obovate, 3-nerved : spi'ies axillary, a little shorter than the 
 leaves. Bt;rries yellowish-white. On the branches of old trees. This, 
 Smith says, is the golden bough of Virgil, and the sacred plant of the Druids. 
 1—2 f. S. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 rzibrum, W. (E. fp.) leaves lance -obor ate, cbtu^e : spikes axillar}', whorled. 
 
 purpureum, W. (E. Tp.\ leaves obovate, obtuse, obsoletely 3-nerved : spikes 
 axillary: flowers opposite. Macluria. 
 
 5—1. ViTis. 46. 72. 
 
 Remark. All the North American species of grape arc polygamous or 
 
 dioecious. 
 
 labrtisca, (3) (p'um grape, w-g. J. fp) leaves broad-cordate, lobe angled, 
 white downy i>eneath ; fertile racemes small : berries (blue, flesh-colour and 
 green) large. Var. labruscoides, (fox grape,) has smaller fruit, approaching 
 8 tart taste. S. 
 
 vulpina, (4) (frost grape. O. w-g. J. fp.) leaves cordate, acuminate, gash- 
 toothed, glabrous both sides : racemes lax, many-flowered : berries small. 
 Leaves very variable ; but the uppermost mature leaves will agree with the 
 description. S. 
 
 mstivalis, Mx. (5) (summer grape. E. w-g. J. fp.) leaves broad-cordate, 3 to 5- 
 lubed ; in the young state rust downy beneath ; fertile raceme oblong : ber- 
 ry small. Var. sinuata, leaves sitiuate-pa'mate, coarsely toothed. (8^. 
 
 riparia, Mx. (6) (odoriferous grape. K. w-g. M. >).) leaves unequally gash- 
 toothed, shortly 3-cleft, pubescent on the petioles, nerves and margins. 8. 
 
 Exotic. 
 vin\fera, (wine grape. J. Tp.) leaves sinuate-lobed, naked or downy. 
 
 (1) canina, Wr. .? 8»riata, E. .' (2) flavescens, W. album, Wr. (3) lan- 
 rina, Wr. (4) cordifolia, Mx. (5) intermedia, M. labrusca, VVr. (6) odo- 
 ratissima, Dona. 
 
TITIS, WOODSIA. 447 
 
 Sotithem. 
 roCundifoUa, Ms. (bullet grape. E. M. Tp.) leaves lucid on both sides, cordate, 
 
 unequally toothed : flowers of the racemes in many small heads : berrje» 
 
 large. 
 palmata, Vahl. (^.) leaves cordate, palmate, glabrous; divisions lanceolate, 
 
 gashed : umbels racemed. Ampelopsis. 
 
 Viiis, Ampelopsis. 
 
 21 — 1. VlTTARIA. 55. 5. 
 
 So7ither}t. 
 
 iineata, (1) (E. 2i.) frond linear, very long, pendulous : fruit dots solitary, 
 
 wiihin the margin. The leaves are grass-like. Ph. Osmuada. 
 
 W. 
 
 21—2. Weissia. 56. 4. 
 
 mici-odonta, small : leaves lanceolate, long-acuminate, cri.-ped and twisted 
 when dry, having: a fascicle of ducts or lubes : peduncle pale : capsule ob- 
 long-ovate : lid beaked: teeth of the peristome narrow. 
 
 curvirostra, leaves lanceolate, twisted, imbricate, spreading: capsules slender 
 ovate-cylindric : lid beaked, recurved. 
 
 capillacea, leaves lance-subulate, serrulate, somewhat rigid: nerves thick : 
 stem simple, sletsder: germe oblong-ovate, erect, smooth : lid subulate-beak- 
 ed, obtuiiah at the apex. Trematodon. 
 
 6—6. Wendlandia. 1L 77. 
 
 SoxUhprn. 
 f&pulifolia, (E. w. J. Tp.) stem climbing ; younger branches pubescent, stri- 
 ate : leaves alternate, petioled, cordate, ovate, mucronate, entire, veined, 
 glabrous above, pubescent beneath. This plant has hitherto escapee! the re- 
 searches of all our botanists. F- Alisma. 
 
 3—2, WiNDSORIA. 4. 10. 
 
 seslerioides , Mx. (2) (red-lop. E. Au. 2{.) panicle spreading and flexHoug r 
 spikelels all peduncled, about 6-flowered, lanceolate : lower valve of \lui 
 corol ovate, 5-toothed. 3 — 5 f, S. 
 
 Southern, 
 ambigua, E. (3) (E. S. 2i-) panicle spiked, spreading: spikes ovate, thick, 
 seasilc, 5 — 6-ilowered : outer valve of the corot mucronate. 2 f. 
 
 Festaca. 
 
 Windsoriay Poa. 
 
 Wisteria, Thyrsanthus. 
 
 21—1. WooDsiA, Br. 55. 5. 
 
 kyperborea, (4) (flower-cup fern. Ju. 21.) frond pinnate : leafets 3-partcd, or 
 
 gash-pinnatifid, wedge-lonn, obtuse, toothed, rough-haired beneath : fruit- 
 dots solitary, at length confluent. Small, in tufts. 
 
 (1) angustifrons, Mx. Pterls, L. (2) poaeformis, N. Poa, Mx. quinquo" 
 fida. Ph. flava, L. sub-verticillata, P. (3) Poa, E. (4) Polypodium. W- 
 arvanicum, S. Acroslichum, Bolton. 
 
448 WOODSIA, XYLOSTEUM. 
 
 ilvensis, (1) (Ju. If.) frond bipinnafifid : divisions oblong, obtuse ; lower ones 
 repand ; upper ones entire, rough-liaired beneath : fruit-dots sub-marginal, 
 at length confluent : stipe villose above. Small. Aspidium. 
 
 21 — 1. WOODWARDIA. 55. 5. 
 
 angustifolia, S. (2) (kidney-fern. O. Au. 2X-) barren frond pinnatifid : divis- 
 ions lanceolate, repand, slenderly serrulate : fruit-bearing frond pinnate : 
 leafets entire, acute, linear. About a foot high. S. 
 
 virginica, (3) (Ju. Zf.) frond very glabrous, pinnate: leafets sessile, lanceo- 
 late, pinnatifid : divisions oblong, obtuse, crenulate, fertile ones elongated : 
 stipe glabrous, terete. About a foot high. S. 
 
 So7ithern. 
 thelypterioides, Ph. (Ju. 11.) frond pinnate ; wing leafets sessile, villose at the 
 base, lance-linear, pinnatifid ; sterile ones oblong, obtusish ; fertile ones 
 short-triangular, acute ; all very entire : stipe pubescent, angled. 6 i. 
 
 Pteris. 
 
 19—5. Xanthium. 54. 98. 
 
 itrumarium, (4) (clott-burr. O. Au. 0. ) stem unarmed, branching: leaves 
 cordate, lobed, serrate, scabrous, 3-nerved at the base : fruit oval, pubes- 
 cent, with stiff hooked bristles. Has a little the habit of a burdock. 2 — 3 L 
 
 a. 
 
 oneiitale, (5) (E. ^.) stem unarmed : leaves wedge-ovate, sub-3-lobed : fruit 
 
 in strobiles. 
 spinosum, (prickly clott-burr. E. Ju. 5^.) having spines in threes : leaves 3- 
 
 lobed. Lower leaves sinuate-lobed. 1 — 3 f. S. Ambrosia. 
 
 Xarithorhiza, Zanthorhiza. 
 
 6 — 3. Xerophyllum. 10. 13. 
 
 asphodeloides, (6) (E. w. J. 2i-) filaments dilated towards tnc base and equal- 
 ling the corol : racemes oblong, crowded : bracts setaceous : scape leafy: 
 leaves setaceous-subulate. 3 — 5 f. S. 
 
 Southern. 
 
 tenax, Ph. (7) (W. w. J. 2X-) scape leafy : raceme showy, lax; bracts mem- 
 branaceous : petals oval : filaments filiform, exceeding the corol : leaves 
 subulate-setaceous, very long. 
 
 grammeumy (7) (A. Au. 21.) scape leafy, paniclcd : racemes divaricate : 
 bractlets ovate, longer than the pedicels : petals oblong, acuminate, thric 
 aslonjc as the stamens : leaves bnear, channelled, glaucous beneath. 2 f. 
 ^^ Tofieldia. 
 
 21— G. JCyXoma. 58. 1. 
 
 acerina, resembling spots, slender, contiguous, sub-rugose, many capsule* 
 
 connate in one body. Sclerotiura. 
 
 5^1. Xylosteum. 48. 58. 
 
 c'diatum, Ph. (8) (fly -honey-sue «le, twin-berry. O. w-y. M. ^.) berries dis- 
 
 (1) Polypodium, W. Acrostichum, L. (2) onocleoides, W. Onoclea no- 
 dulosa, Mx. Acrostichum areolatum, L. (3) bannisteriana, Mx. Blechnum, 
 L. (4) americanum, Wr. (5) maculatum, R. (6) setifolium, Mx. Heloni- 
 as, L. (7) Helonias, Ph. (8) tartaricum, Mx. Lonicera ciliata, M. 
 
XYLOSTEUM, TUECA. 449 
 
 tinct : leaves ovate and sub-cordate, margin ciliate, in the young stale viU 
 lose beneath : corol a little gibbous or calcarate at the base : tube ventricose 
 above : divisions short, acute : style exsert. 3 — 4 f. 
 
 solonis, Ea. (swamp twin-berry, y. M. fp.) berries united in one (never dis- 
 tinct :) two flowers situated on one germ : leaves oblong-ovate, villose. Ber- 
 ries dark-purple. 2f.* 
 
 villosicm, Mx. (^.) branches villose : leaves oblong-oval, obtuse, sub-tomen- 
 tose — very villose: peduncles short : (berries distinct, Ph. sedquere.) Ber- 
 ries blue. Perhaps a variety of the foreign vulgare. Ph. 
 
 Symphoria, 
 
 Xylostroma, Racodium, 
 3—1. Xyris. 6. 13. 
 
 caroliniana, W. (1) (yellow-eyed grass. E. y. Au. 2i-) leaves linear, grass-like : 
 stem or scape 2-edged : head-ovate-acute: scales obtuse. 9 — 18 i. S. 
 
 brevifolia, Mx. (y. Au. 2X0 leaves sword-subulate, short : calyx longer than 
 the bracts, somewhat gash-toothed. 12 i. <S. 
 
 Southern, 
 fimbriuta, E. (E. J. 7i-) heads lax-imbricate : calyx much longer than the 
 
 bracts, fimbriate : leaves long, ensiform. 2 f. 
 juncea. Bald. (E. M. 2i.) leaves terete, hollow, acute : scape terete, sheathed 
 
 at the base : bracts roundish : head oval. 6 — 12 i. 
 indica, W. ? (y. J. 2X.) leaves very long, grass-like, tortuous : scape tortuous : 
 
 head globose : scales roundish, obtuse. Schollera. 
 
 Y, 
 
 6—1. Yucca. 10. 14. 
 
 « 
 
 Southern. 
 
 Jilamentosa, (silk-grass, bear-grass, w. Au. 2X) stemless : leaves broad-lanceo- 
 late, entire, filamentose on the margin : stigmas recurved-spreading. 2—5 f. 
 
 angustifulia, Ph. (W. w. Ju. 2-[.) stemless : leaves long-linear, glaucous, mu- 
 cronate, somewhat filamentose on the margin : capsules large, obtong-obo- 
 vate. 
 
 recurvifolia, Sy. (E. p-w. Ju. ^.) caulescent: leaves lance-linear, recurve-dc- 
 flected, rarely filamentose on the margin : inner petals broadest. 3 f, 
 
 gloriosa, (petre. L. w. Au, ^.) caulescent, branching : leaves broad-lanceo- 
 late, plaited, very entire : petals lanceolate. 2-r— 4 f. 
 
 alnifolia, (2) (L. w. Au. ^.) caulescent, branching: leaves lance-linear, with 
 callous crenatures, rigid. 10 — 12 f. Fritillaria. 
 
 * This plant was discovered in New-Hampshire, by Dr. Solon S.mith of 
 ??ew-Haven, Con. in the year 1815. I published it in 1817. Prof. Dewey 
 found it near Williams College the same year. I found it in Pittsfieid, Mas.e. 
 three years afterwards. It has since been published under the name viltosum, 
 by several botanists ; but 1 know not on what authority. No one pretends to 
 have seen Michaux's plant, and his description of the villosum, if intended for 
 this plant, is defective without a parallel in his work. As well might a bota- 
 nist claim all future discoveries in the genus Acer, if he had once said, that the 
 maple tree had a woody stem. It may have been seen by Michaux ; but sure- 
 ly it will be in season to deny Dr. Smith's discovery, after we receive wm^ 
 eyidence of it. 
 
 (1 ) jupicai, Mx. dezuosa, M. (2) dracoais, E. 
 
 38=* 
 
450 ZAMIA, ZIGADENU8. 
 
 Z. 
 
 20—12. Zamia. 1. 11. * 
 
 Southern, 
 integrifolia, W. (1) (E. fp.) frond pinnate; leafets lanceolate, roundish-obtuse, 
 attenuate at the base, serrulate on the outside towards the apex : stipe gla- 
 brous, somewhat 4-cornered. "^ Juniperus. 
 
 19 — 1. Zanichellia. 2. 13. 
 
 intermedia, T. (false pondweed.) anther 2-cel!ed : stigmas dentate-crcnatc . 
 
 seed smooth, entire on the back. In salt marshes. 
 palustris, (Ju. 0.) anthers 4-celled : stigmas entire : seed toothed on the back. 
 
 Chara. 
 
 5—13. Zanthorhiza. 26. 61. 
 
 apHfolia, (parsley yellowroot. p. Ap. Tp.) stem simple : leaves 3-ternale : peti- 
 oles dilated and clasping at the base : racemes compound, below the leave*. 
 1 — 3 f. S. Tradescantia. 
 
 21 — 5. Zakthoxtlum. 46. 94. 
 
 fraxineum, W. (2) (prickly ash, tooth-ache bush. O. g-w. M. >>.) prickly: 
 leaves pinnate ; leafets lance-oval, sub-entire, sessile, equal at the base : um- 
 bels axillary. 8—12 f. S, 
 
 Southern, 
 tricarpunif Mx. (L. J. ^.) leaves pinnate, verj' glabrous ; leafets petioled, 
 lance-falcale, crenate-serraCe ; petioles unarmed : flowers with corols : cap- 
 sules about in threes. Both species are aromatic and pungent. 12 — 20 f. 
 
 Acnida 
 
 13—2. Zapania. 40. 40. 
 
 nodifiora, Mk. (3) (fog-fruit, w. Ju. 2X.) leaves wedge-obovate, serrate above : 
 tpikes head-conic, solitary, loug-peduncled : stem creeping. S. 
 
 lanceolata, (4) (vv. Ju. 21.) leaves larice-lineai*, sharply serrate : spikes head- 
 conic, solitary, long-peduncled : stem creeping. S. 
 
 SoTithern. 
 cumifoli-a, T. & J[. (W.) stem herbaceous, procumbent, ? somewhat scabrous . 
 leaves narrow-wedge-forni, thick, nearly glabrous, sharply and coarsely 
 toothed towards the apex ; bracts wedge-obovate, dilated at -the apex, mu- 
 cronatc ; little heads solitary, globe-ovate, long-peduntied. Hcrpestis. 
 
 19—3. Zea. a. 10. 
 
 Souther^i. 
 
 mays, (iadian corn, y-g, Ju. 0.) leaves lance-linear, entire, keeled. Var 
 
 jtrecox, (dwarf coni) stem low : seeds mostly 8-rowed. Tragia. 
 
 5 — 3. ZlGADENUS. 
 
 giaberrimvs,Mx. (ligadene. w. J. 2X-) scape leafy : bracts ovate, acuminate : 
 petals acuminate : leaves long, recurved, channelled. Near Rochester, N. 
 r. 2-4 f. S. 
 
 (l)pumila, L. (2) ramHk>ruin, Ms. Clara berculit, L. (3) Lippia, Mi. 
 Veri>ena, L'. (4) Lippia, Mx, 
 
ZIOADENUS, ZTGNEMA. 451 
 
 Southern. 
 
 eleganSt Ph. (W, w. J. 2(.) scape nearly naked: bracts linear: p^taU ovate, 
 
 acute. * Veralrum. 
 
 Zigadenus, Melanthium. 
 
 17—2. Zinnia. 49. 55. 
 
 Exotic, 
 tiolacea, (blood niarygold. r. Ju.) leaves ovate-acute, sessile, sub-crenate 
 apex of the chafT or scales fimbria te-serra(e. 
 
 Southern, 
 
 multiflora, (W. r. S. 0.) leaves opposite, lance-ovate, sub-petioled, flowers 
 
 peduncled. Perhaps not a native of North America. Starkea. 
 
 19—6. ZiZANXA. 4. 10. 
 
 aquatica,Th. (1) (water oats, wild rice. Au. 0.) panicle pyramid-form : sta- 
 minate flowers belo-v, spreading-; pistillate Hovveis above, spiked: pedicels 
 clavate : flowers lon^ awned : seed long, cyliiidric, becoming black. Very 
 abundant in the great western lakes. Schoolcraft. 4 — 8 f. S. 
 
 mitiacea,Mx. (Au.) panicle efluse, pyramidal: glumes short-awned : stamia- 
 ate and pistillate flowers intermixed : seed ovate, smooth : leaves glaucous: 
 ptyle one. 6 f. S. Hydrochloai 
 
 Zizania, Hydrochloa. 
 
 5 — 1. ZiZYPHUS. 43. 95. 
 
 Southern. 
 rolubilis, (2) (supplejack. E. g y. J. ^i.) unarmed: leaves ovate, ribbed, very 
 entire, sub-undulate : umbels axillary, peduncled: etem twining. 
 
 Rhamaus. 
 
 16—10. ZoRNiA. 32. 93. 
 
 Southern, 
 tetraphylla, Mx. (E. y. Ju. 21-) leaves digitate ; leafets 4, lanceolate, glabrous ; 
 spikes axillary, peduncled: flowers alteinate, 2- brae led : bracts roundish. 
 2 f. Sesbania. 
 
 19 — 1. ZOSTERA. 2. 7. 
 
 marina^ (grass-wrack, sea eel-grass. L. Au. 21-) leaves entire, somewhat 8-ner\'= 
 ed : stem teretish. Leaves long : flowers minute. la bays and salt-marshes, 
 
 Caultnia. 
 21—4. Zygnema. 57. 2. 
 
 nkida, joints about equalling the diameter: the spiral lines crossed, slender^ 
 arched; seeds oval. Fitquenl in ditches. Hardly adheres to paper on 
 drying. Osciliaiori^. 
 
 (1) clavulosa, Ms. (2) Rhamnus, L. 
 
 EfjD OF SfbcieS;. 
 
ENUMERATIONS 
 OF Genera and Species described in this Manual, 
 Total number of Genera 1,125 
 
 Crypto gamous, 183 
 
 C Exclusively Northern 156 
 
 Phenogamous, < Exclusively Southern 220 
 
 ^ Northern and Southern 482 
 
 Total number op Species 5,125 
 
 Phcno^amous 5 Indigenous 3,885 
 
 Cryptogamous, 885 
 
 C Exclusively Northern 942 
 
 PAeno^a77i(7M5, < Exclusively Southern 1,422 
 
 ^ Northern and Southern 1,521 
 
 N. B. The number of species common to the Northern and 
 Southern districts, will probably be greatly increased on farther 
 examination, as botanists increase. 
 
( 1 ) 
 
 CLOSING REMARKS BY THE AUTHOR. 
 
 The first proof-sheet of this book was sent to me on the 12th 
 of January last. It has, therefore, been four months in the 
 press. During the whole of this period no pains have been 
 spared to make it as perfect as possible. Still we had many 
 errors to correct ; and, probably, have left many for our friends 
 to correct for us. 
 
 It is proper for me to state, that Dr. William Aikin, of 
 Rensselaer School, and Hez. H. Eaton, Adjunct Prof, in 
 tlie school, prepared the species, after the genus Carex. I as- 
 sisted no farther than to supervise the work. I decided in 
 doubtful cases, compared their translations with the original 
 authors, examined the proof-sheets, and g^ve all the new spe- 
 cific names. But they selected, arranged, compared, and 
 transcribed the whole. They compared descriptions with plants 
 in their extensive collections, and suggested numerous valua- 
 ble improvements. 
 
 Though this Manual has been before the public, heretofore, 
 
 as a mere translation and compilation ; more descriptions have 
 
 been improved in the several editions, than in most treatises 
 
 which pass for original works. On carefully comparing the 
 
 descriptions of standard authors with specimens in the living 
 
 state, we have found it necessary to alter, more or less, the 
 
 descriptions of between six and seven hundred speci«« 
 
 I., .^j^vc.u tv/ Oi^j^iugaiuous piaiim, uitj general student will 
 
 find as much given here as his time will allow him to study ; 
 and this composes most of the well defined genera, and the 
 most common species. Whoever will study Cryptogamous 
 plants extensively must resort to European authors. The cel- 
 ebrated Schweinitz has compared 2000 species of American 
 Fungi with European species, and finds them agree in most 
 cases. It is his opinion the Cryptogamous plants are nearly 
 the same in all countries. We may soon expect extensive trea- 
 tises on these families of plants, from Schweinitz, Torrey, 
 Beck and Halsey. 
 
 To those who are unacquainted with the expense of printing 
 in such fine type, I will observe ; that the matter contained in 
 this volume would fill four octavos, if spread out in the usual 
 way, and cost at least $10 the set. It is thus condensed, so 
 as to become a pocket companion in fields and woods. 
 
 May 13, 1829. 
 
( 2 ) 
 
 ERRATA. 
 
 (jf^/^ The corrections must be referred to by the pen^efore the book is used ; 
 as some of the errors are important. 
 
 Page 9. line 25, " compound" must be compared ; and line 35, figure 16, must 
 be 15. 
 30. ** pentagynia" in brackets must be penlandria. 
 46. " Agtaea" must be Actaea. 
 
 55. Order XIII. must be XII. 
 
 56. " Patalostemon" must be Petalostemoi*. 
 
 66. Order X. " Decandria" must ba Order XII. Polyandria. 
 
 68. Erase " Manisuris," it is described at p. 290. 
 
 70. At the top, strike out •' B .stem woody," and interline the same above 
 Quercus, the last line on the preceding page. 
 
 When the generic name is wrongly spelled, or the natural orders wrong- 
 ly numbered, turn to the same name where the S];(cies are described for 
 correction. The letter S, and other evidences of localities, are probably tet 
 wrong in a few cases; and they are left out in all cases of doubt. 
 
 ADDENDA, 
 
 According to the alphabetical arrangement of Genera. 
 
 Acacia. Strike out the species brachyloba, and glandulosa. They are de- 
 scribed under Darlingtonia. 
 
 AcALYPHA. Species virginica, word " obscurely" must be obtusely— word 
 
 " ^■""'•V» must be density. 
 Acerates. Asclepias obovata, p. IIQ, belongs to this genus. 
 
 AcHYBANTHES. Spec, vermicularis, belongs to genus Philocerus, p. 327. 
 Actaea. Strike out spec, pachypoda. 
 
 AcTiNOMERis. Add spec, paucijlora, N. (Florida) simple ? leaves oblong or 
 oblong-ovate, serrulate, decurrent: peduncle few-llowered, long and naked. 
 
 Aesculus. Spec. " monostachya''^ should be mavrostachya. 
 
 Aethusa. Add spec, cynapium, L. 
 
 Alisma. Strike out spec, subulata. 
 
 Alhonia. Add spec, multijlora, T & J. (W.) pulverulently pubescent* 
 leaves broad-cordate, acute, very entire : involucre 7 or 8-flowered, 5-cleit • 
 flowers sub-pentandrous : stamens scarcely exsert. Flowers very large. 
 
 Andropogon. at/ibiguum, belongs under Gymnopogon. 
 
 18 — 1. ApLECTBUM. 7.21. Spec, /jye/na/w, described under CoroHorhiza, 
 at p. 186. 
 
 17 — 1. Apogok. Above Aquilegia,p. 110. Spec, humilis, E. (E. y, Ap. 
 0. ?) stem branching, glabrous : radical leaves oblong, narrow, sub-ovato, 
 sessile; cauline ones strap-form, acute, entire, sessile, slightly glaucous: 
 flowers terminal, sub-umbelled. 6 — 12 i. Southern States. 
 
 Are.maria. Spec. peploides^L. (L.) leaves ovale, acute, fleshy. 
 
( 3 ) 
 
 Aethosa. spec, medeoloides^ must be erased, it is described at p. 335 under 
 Pogonia. 
 
 AscLEPiAS. In some of the species, such 2^% the. purpuras cens, Lc. nectary is 
 used when horn of the nectary is meant. This may be determined by the 
 sense. The species viridis, should be placed under Podostisrma, Da<»-e 
 335. 
 
 Astragalus. Spec, trijihyllus^ belongs to genus Phaca. 
 
 AviCENNiA. To follow Sesamum, p. 52. Gen. Char. Calyx 5-parted : enrol 
 2-lipped, upper lip square : capsule coriaceous, rhomboid, 1-seeded. 40. 45. 
 
 Spec, tomentosa, W. (mangle. E. ^.) leaves oblong, obtuse, tomentose be- 
 neath. Flowers in sub-sessile clusters. 20 f. 
 
 AzoLLA. To follow Azalia, p. 131. Spec, caroliniana, (Cayuga Marsh,) 
 leaves distichous, imbricate, ovate-oblong, obtuse, spreading. Floating, 
 leaves reddish beneath. 
 
 Batschia. Spec. " imeling,^^ should be gmelini. 
 
 Brickellia. Genus described at p. 60. The Species, cordifolia, is describ- 
 ed under Vernonia. 
 
 Buxus. Genus described at p. 143. 
 
 Calligonum. Genus described at p. 145. 
 
 Capsicum. Spec, baccatum, L. (bird pepper. ^.) stem smooth : peduncles in 
 pairs. Southern slates or Florida. 
 
 Carex. Spec. <* retrqflexa''' should be retrqflexa — *' scoporia'* should be scO' 
 paria — *' okesiV should be oakesii: 
 
 Clematis. Spec, hirsutissitna, must be struck out ; for it is described under 
 Anenonie ludoviciaiia. 
 
 CiMiciFUGA. See p. 2!]5, a note. Gen. Char. Calyx 4-leaved : petals (or nec- 
 taries) 4, pitcher-form, cartilaginous: capsules 4 : seeds scaly : petals, pis- 
 tils, and calyx leaves, variable. 
 
 CoMPANULA. Add those Exotics, 
 
 medium, (canterbury bells, b. Au. (j^.) capsule 5-ceIIed, covered: stem oodi- 
 vided, erect, leafy : flowers erect. 
 
 speculum, (venus' looking-glass, b. Au. 0.) stem very branching, diffuse : 
 leaves oblong, sub-crenale : tlowers solitary, often destitute of the scales at 
 the base. 
 
 lanuginosa, (rough bells.) woolly hispid : leaves ovate, rugose, crenate, taper- 
 ing into the petiole : stem simple : llowers sub-sessile, erect-spreading. 
 
 Convolvulus purpureus grows west of the Missisippi. 
 
 Cynanchum. Add Spec, scoparium, N. (E. g-y. >>.) stem twining, striated, 
 naked (excepting young branches :) branches opposite : leaves linear, re- 
 mote umbels sessile, small-flowered. Southern states. 
 
 Cyrilla. Add Spec, panicxdata, N. (Florida.) leaves coriaceous, wedge-ob- 
 long, obtuse : flowers paaicled : petals oblong, spotted or blotched. 
 
 Erythroniuh americanum. The stigma is 3-lobed. 
 
 FuiRENA scirpoidea, should be placed under genus Vaginaria, p. 435. 
 
 Glycine. Genus described at p. 230. 
 
 Hypnum cooleyanum, SI. stem prostrate, bipinnate with the divisions alternate 
 and opposite : peduncles long, slender, twisted when dry : capsules short- 
 ish, striate, recurve-arrhed, becoming fulvous : leaves recurved, nerveless, 
 teretely sub-senii-cylindrical, brond at the base, long subulatn towards the 
 apex. On decaying logs in swamps. First found by Dr. Cooley, in Deer- 
 field, Mass. Described from a dried specimen by H. H. E. 
 
( 4 ) 
 
 Mtosurvs. Genus described atp, 300. 
 
 Najas. Genus described at p. 301. 
 
 Nemophila. Genus described at p. 302. 
 
 Piper. Genus described at p. 331. 
 
 PsTCHOTRiA. Genus described at p. 350. 
 
 Reseda. Genus described at p. 360. 
 
 Sttlandria. Erase this genus 
 
 Torreya. Genus described at p. 420. 
 
 Turnera cistoides, [genus described in place at p, 33, but species omitted.] 
 peduncles axillary, leafless : leaves serrate near the sammit. Grows in 
 Savannah, Geo. 
 
 ViwcA. Genus described at p. 441. 
 
ENGLISH INDEX. 
 
 Page. 
 Aaron's beard 363 
 Acacia 366 
 
 Adam and Eve 186 
 Adder-mouth 295 
 
 Adder's-tongue 213 
 Adder-tongue fern 307 
 Agave 97 
 
 Agrimony 97 
 
 Alder 101 
 
 Alexanders 394 
 
 Allum root 242 
 
 Allspice 146 
 
 Almond 105 
 
 Aloe 100 
 
 Amaranth 102,103,231 
 Anemone 107,108 
 
 Angelica 108 
 
 Angelica tree 111 
 
 Animated oats 129 
 Apple 396 
 
 Apricot 114 
 
 Arbor vitai 418 
 
 Arethusa 113 
 
 Arbutus 208 
 
 Archangel 103 
 
 Arrow-grass 483 
 
 Arrow-head 374 
 
 Arrow-wood 439 
 
 Artemisia 115 
 
 Artichoke 194,239 
 Arum 145,273 
 
 Ash 164,362,403 
 
 Ash wort 175 
 
 Asparagus 119 
 
 Aspen 341 
 
 Asphodel 119,302 
 
 Aster 138 
 
 Atamasco lily 103 
 Avens 139 
 
 Bachelor's buttons 231 
 Balin 293 
 
 Balm of Gilead, 341 
 Balm Gilead herb 205 
 Balsam apple 297 
 
 Balsam poplar 341 
 Balsam tree 330 
 
 Balsam weed 256 
 
 Page. 
 Baneberry 92 
 
 Barberry 134 
 
 Barley 245 
 
 Barn-grass 312 
 
 Basil 305 
 
 Basket of gold 102 
 Bass wood 418 
 
 Bayberry 300 
 
 Beach 161 
 
 Beads 92 
 
 Bead tree 293 
 
 Bean 104,302 
 
 Bearberry HI 
 
 Beard -grass 113 
 
 Beard-tongue 322 
 
 Beaver-tree 288 
 
 Beech-drops 208,254 
 Bed- straw 223,224 
 Beef-steak 282 
 
 Beehive 359 
 
 Beet 134 
 
 Beggar-ticks 135 
 
 Bell-flower 146,147 
 Bellvvort 412 
 
 Bere bennl 390 
 
 Bent-grass 98 
 
 Bilberry 434 
 
 Bindweed 185,256 
 Birch 134,135 
 
 Bird's nest 299 
 
 Birthwort 113 
 
 Bishopweed 394 
 
 Biting knotweed 338 
 Bitter apple 193 
 
 Bitternut 162 
 
 Bittersweet 164,396 
 Blackberry 369 
 
 Blackberry lily 259 
 Black-flower 292 
 
 Black jack 354 
 
 Black rust 351 
 
 Bladder campion 192 
 Bladder ketmia, 243 
 Bladder-nut 410 
 
 Bladder senna 182 
 Bladderwort 431 
 
 Blazing star 241 
 
 Blessed thistle 167 
 39 
 
 Page. 
 
 Blight 361 
 
 Blite 136 
 
 Blood marygold 451 
 
 Blood-root 379 
 
 Blue beech 161 
 
 Blue bottle 167 
 
 Blue curls 423 
 
 Blue-eyed grass 395 
 
 Blue-grass 334 
 
 Blue hearts 143 
 
 Blue thistle 206 
 
 Bog rush 266 
 
 Bohea 416 
 Boneset 215,266 
 
 Bonnet-grass 98 
 
 Borage 139 
 
 Bouncing Bet 380 
 
 Bowman's root 229 
 Box 143,168 
 
 Box elder 90 
 
 Brake 350 
 
 Breast weed 381 
 
 Brier herb 369 
 Brompton queens 171 
 
 Brompton stock 171 
 
 Brooklime 438 
 
 Brookweed 3'J9 
 
 Broom 404 
 
 Broom corn 403 
 Broom-grass 106,141 
 
 Brown-dragon 116 
 
 Buckbeau 294 
 
 Buck-eye 93 
 
 Buckthorn 245 
 
 Buckwheat 339 
 
 Buckwheat tree 800 
 
 Buflffiloe clover 424 
 
 Bugbane 288 
 286 
 105,133,20^ 
 
 Bulrush 384 
 
 Bunch-flower 292 
 
 Burdock 111 
 
 Burnet 379 
 
 Burning bush 214 
 
 Burr-flower 249 
 
 Burr-grass 165 
 
 Burrier's oak 354 
 
 Bugle-weed 
 Bugloss 
 
6 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Burr marygold 135 
 
 Burr reed 403 
 
 Bush clover 276 
 
 Butter cup 358 
 
 Butterfly weed 118 
 
 Butternut 259 
 
 Button bush 167 
 
 Button weed 404 
 
 Button wood 333 
 
 Cabbage 140,255 
 
 Calabash 193 
 
 Calamus 91 
 
 Calathian violet 226 
 Camphor tree 269 
 Campion 98,192 
 
 Canada thistle 179 
 Canary grass 325 
 
 Cancer root 208,309 
 Candy tuft 254 
 
 Cane 295,373 
 
 Canterbury bells 3,Ad. 
 Caper 216 
 
 Caraway 143,161 
 
 Cardinal flower 281 
 Cardoon 194 
 
 Carnation 200 
 
 Carolina allspice 146 
 Carolina potatoe 185 
 Carpet weed 297 
 
 Carrot 199 
 
 Cassia 162 
 
 Castor-oil plant 366 
 Catalpa tree 14 
 
 Catch-fly 392 
 
 Catch-fly grass, 273 
 Catterpillar fera 387 
 Catmint 303 
 
 Catnep 303 
 
 Cat's eye 382 
 
 Cat-tail 428 
 
 Cayenne pepper 148 
 Cedar 193,264 
 
 Celandine 171 
 
 Celery 110 
 
 Centaury 167,373 
 
 ChaflF-seed 383 
 
 Chamomile 109,138, 
 [291 
 Cherlock 360 
 
 Checker-berry 296 
 Cherry 189 
 
 Cbesnut 93 
 
 Chess 141 
 
 Chick pea 174 
 
 Chick vetch 268 
 
 Chickweed 105,168 
 [386 
 Chick wintergreen 423 
 China aster 125 
 
 Chinquapin 162 
 
 Chloris 172 
 
 Choak-berry 114 
 
 Choak-dog 231 
 
 Chrysanthemum 173 
 Cinquefoil 343,344 
 Gives 101 
 
 Clarry 379 
 
 Climbing fern 287 
 Clott-burr 448 
 
 Cloud-berry 370 
 
 Clover 293 
 
 Clown-heal 409 
 
 Club moss 285 
 
 Club-rush 383,384 
 
 Cockle 98 
 
 Coffee corn 403 
 
 Cohosh 164,288 
 
 Cole 140 
 
 Colic-weed 189,190 
 Collinsia 182 
 
 Coltsfoot 117 
 
 Columbine HO 
 
 Col umbo root 220 
 Comfrey 414 
 
 Cone-flower 370 
 
 Corol root 186 
 
 Corol teeth 186 
 
 Coriander 188 
 
 Corn 403 
 
 Cornel 188 
 
 Cornelian Cherry 189 
 Coronilla 189 
 
 Cotton 232 
 
 Cotton grass 17 
 
 Cotton thistle 307 
 Cotton tree 341 
 
 Couch-grass 98 
 
 Cowage 204 
 
 Cowitch 304 
 
 Cowslip 145,146,204 
 Cow-wheat 292 
 
 Coxcomb 102,103/361 
 Crab-apple 353 
 
 Cranberry 311 
 
 Creeper 104 
 
 Creeping cucumber 
 
 [29S 
 Cress 110,111 
 
 Crowberry 207 
 
 Crowfoot 353 
 
 Crownbeard 437 
 
 Crowncup 403 
 
 Crown imperial 221 
 Cucumber 193,234,293 
 Cucumber tree 288, 
 [391 
 Culver's physic 275 
 Currant 364,365 
 
 Currant leaf 216 
 
 Custard apple 342 
 Cut-grass 273 
 
 Cypress 172 
 
 Daffodil 301 
 
 Daisy 134,173 
 
 Dame violet 242 
 
 Dandelion 266,274 
 Darnel grass 282 
 
 Day-flower 182 
 
 Day lily 241 
 
 Deadly night-shade 
 
 [129 
 Dead nettle 267 
 
 Deer-grass 361 
 
 Devil's wood 306 
 
 Dewberry 369 
 
 Dill 108 
 
 Ditch moss 390 
 
 Dittany 193 
 
 Dock 372 
 
 Dockmackie 440 
 
 Dodder 194 
 
 Dog-bane 110 
 
 Dogweed IBS 
 
 Dogwood 90,188,189 
 Dogtail grass 206 
 
 Dogtooth violet 213 
 Dragon 116 
 
 Dragoness plant 184 
 Dragon-head 204 
 
 Dropseed grass 299 
 Dropwort 140,305 
 Duck-meat 274 
 
 Dwarf stinger 431 
 Dyer's broom 226 
 Dyer's cleavers 224 
 Dyer's weed 3«0 
 
INDEX. 
 
 Eardrop 221 
 
 Eel-grass 451 
 
 Efflorescent lichen 408 
 Egg plant 377 
 
 Egg squash 193 
 
 Elder 362,379 
 
 Elecampane 256 
 
 Elephant-foot 206 
 Elm 428 
 
 Endive 175 
 
 Enchanter'snightshade 
 [175 
 Eyebright 217 
 
 False alloe 100 
 
 False box 188 
 
 False flax 417 
 
 False grape 104 
 
 False sensitive plant 
 
 [93 
 False star- grass 300 
 Feather beds 170 
 
 Feather grass 412 
 
 Fennel 103 
 
 Fennel-flower 303 
 Fescue grass 218 
 
 Festoon pine 286 
 
 Fern 139,183,201,383, 
 [307,310 
 Fever bush 269 
 
 Feverfew 173 
 
 Fever-root 425 
 
 Fig 219 
 
 Fig-hollyhock 102 
 Fig-tree 219 
 
 Figwort 887 
 
 Filbert 190 
 
 Fine-haired fern 201 
 Finger-grass 19,22 
 Fir tree 330 
 
 Fire-weed 389 
 
 Fivefinger 182 
 
 Flag 15 
 
 Flat-top 437 
 
 Flax 109,146,280 
 
 Flax seed 274 
 
 Flea-bane 186,210 
 Floating heart 441 
 Flower cup fern 447 
 Flower de luce 257 
 Flowering almond 105 
 Flowering fern 310 
 Flowering nettle 223 
 
 Flowering rush 
 
 382 
 
 Flowering winter- 
 
 green 
 
 336 
 
 Flower of-an-hour 243 
 
 Fly honeysuckle 
 
 448 
 
 Fog fruit 
 
 450 
 
 Forget-me-not 
 
 246, 
 
 
 [300 
 
 Fork fern 
 
 92 
 
 Forksteras 
 
 865 
 
 Forty knot 
 
 91 
 
 Four-o'clock 
 
 296 
 
 Four-tooth moss 
 
 415 
 
 Foxglove 
 
 202 
 
 Foxtail 
 
 102 
 
 Foxtail panic 
 
 321 
 
 Fringe tr«e 172,363 
 
 Fritillary 
 
 221 
 
 Frost plant 
 
 175 
 
 Fumitory 
 
 222 
 
 Funegreek 
 
 224 
 
 Fungus 194,247,404 
 
 Fungus lichen 
 
 144 
 
 Furze 
 
 428 
 
 Galingale 
 
 205 
 
 Garlic 
 
 101 
 
 Gay -feather 
 
 277 
 
 Gem-fruit 
 
 418 
 
 Gentian 
 
 258 
 
 Geranium 
 
 212 
 
 Germander 
 
 415 
 
 Gill-overground 
 
 229 
 
 Ginger 
 
 117 
 
 Ginseng 
 
 312 
 
 Glasswort 
 
 374 
 
 Globe amaranth 231 
 
 Globe-flower 426 
 
 I Globe thistle 205 
 Globule fungus 404 
 
 Goat's beard 421 
 
 Goat's rue 223 
 
 Golden club 309 
 
 Golden-rod 397,402 
 
 Goldy-locks 173 
 
 Gold-thread 186 
 
 Gooseberry 364,365 
 
 Gourd 193 
 
 Grain rust 430 
 
 Grape 104 
 
 Grape fern 139 
 
 Grass pink 194 
 
 Grass poley 287 
 
 Grass wrack 451 
 
 Gravel chickweed 386 
 Greek valerian 336 
 Green briar 395 
 
 Green-dragon 116 
 
 Green-head 236 
 
 Gromwell 307 
 
 Ground-flower 33i> 
 Ground ivy 229 
 
 Ground-ni'^ 109,111, 
 [312 
 Ground pine 286 
 
 Groundsel 339 
 
 Groundsel tree 131 
 Guelder rose 440 
 
 Guinea-hen flower 221 
 Guinea pepper 148 
 
 Hackmatack 331 
 
 Hagberry 164 
 
 Hair-beard 128 
 
 Hair-bell 146 
 
 Hair-cap moss 340 
 Hair-grass 99 
 
 Hair-mouth moss 423 
 Hardback 408 
 
 Hautboy 300 
 
 Hawksbeard 243,244 
 Hawkweed 109,243, 
 [244 
 Hazel-nut 190 
 
 Heal-all 347 
 
 Heath 209,246,294 
 Hedgehog 292 
 
 Hedge hyssop 279 
 Hedge nettle 409 
 
 Hellebore 240 
 
 Helouias 240 
 
 Hemlock 175,184 
 
 Hemp 91,110,147,198 
 Hempweed 214 
 
 Henbane 249 
 
 Henbit 267 
 
 Herb robert 227 
 
 Hibiscus 243 
 
 Hickory 161,102 
 
 High-water shrub 258 
 Hobble-bush 440 
 
 Hogweed 103 
 
 Holly 212,255 
 
 Hollyhock 102 
 
 Honesty 283 
 
 Honey locust 229 
 
8 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Honeysuckle 130^02, 
 [282,362 
 Hoopwort 387 
 
 Hoop-ash 164 
 
 Hop 246 
 
 Hop medick 292 
 
 Horehound 286,291 
 Hornbeam 161,310 
 Horned lichen 188 
 Horn wort 269 
 
 Horse-balm 182 
 
 Horse chesnut 93 
 
 Horse ginseng 425 
 Horse nettle 396 
 
 Horse raddish ISl 
 Horse-tail 209 
 
 Hound-tongue 194 
 Houseleek 389 
 
 Hyacinth 247 
 
 Hydrangea 245,247 
 Hygrometer moss 222 
 Hyssop 232,254 
 
 Hyssop thoroughwort 
 [214 
 
 Iceland lichea 169 
 
 Iceland moss 169 
 Ice plant 295,388 
 
 Indian corn 450 
 
 Indian cress 427 
 
 Indian cucumber 234 
 
 Indian grass 106 
 
 Indian hemp 110 
 
 Indian mallows 391 
 
 Indian millet 403 
 
 Indian physic 229 
 
 Indian pipe 298 
 
 Indian poke 436 
 
 Indian reed 175 
 
 Indian turnip 116 
 Indigo 131,256 
 
 Indigo weed 132 
 
 Ink-berry 346 
 
 Iris 257 
 
 Iron-wood 310 
 
 Itch-weed 436 
 
 Itea 258 
 Ivy 229,236,363 
 
 Jacobea 
 
 103 
 
 Jacob's ladder 
 
 396 
 
 Jalap 
 
 27 
 
 Jasmine 
 
 259 
 
 Jerusalem cherry 397 
 
 Jewels 255 
 
 Jewel- weed 255 
 
 Job's tears 181 
 
 John's wort 380 
 
 Joe-pye 215 
 
 Joint-weed 338 
 
 Jonquil 301 
 
 Judas tree 169 
 
 July-flower 171 
 
 Juneberry 114 
 
 Juniper 264 
 
 Kale 
 
 Ketmia 
 
 Kidney fern 
 
 Kinnikinnick 
 
 King's spear 
 
 Knapweed 
 
 Knawel 
 
 Knot-grass 
 
 Knot-weed 
 
 140 
 243 
 438 
 111 
 119 
 167 
 386 
 163,337 
 338,339 
 
 Labrador tea 273 
 
 Ladies' mantle 109 
 Ladies' slipper 196,197 
 Ladies' thumb 338 
 Ladies' tresses 303 
 Lady's mouth 100 
 
 Lamb lettuce 218 
 
 Larch 331 
 
 Lerkspur 199 
 
 Laurel 265,268 
 
 Laurestine 440 
 
 Lavender 269 
 
 Leaf-cup 339 
 
 Leaf-flower 328 
 
 Leafless moss 143 
 
 Leather-flower 178 
 Leather-leaf 105 
 
 Leather-wood 203 
 Leek 101 
 
 Lemon 176 
 
 Leopard's bane 114 
 Leprous lichen 274 
 Lettuce 267 
 
 Lichen 144,169,258, 
 [274,307 
 Lichnidia 327 
 
 Lichnis 284,408 
 
 Life-everlasting 230, 
 [231 
 Lilac 414 
 
 Lily 103,259,278,27$^, 
 [304 
 Lily of the valley 184 
 •t-i me- grass 207 
 
 Lime tree 418 
 
 Lip fern 170 
 
 Liquorice 230 
 
 Live-forever 388 
 
 Liver-leaf 241 
 
 Liverwort 109,290,365 
 Lizard's tail 381 
 
 Locust 229,366 
 
 Lombardy poplar 341 
 Lolly bay 331 
 
 Loosestrife 287 
 
 Lopseed 328 
 
 Lousewort 320 
 
 Lovage 278 
 
 Love apple 396 
 
 Love-lies-bleeding 103 
 Low centaury 336 
 Lucerne 292 
 
 Lungwort 351 
 
 Lupine 283,284 
 
 Madder 
 
 369 
 
 Madeira-nut 
 
 259 
 
 Mad-wort 
 
 146 
 
 Magnolia 
 
 288 
 
 Maidenhair 
 
 92 
 
 Malabar-nut 
 
 265 
 
 Mallows 102,243,269, 
 
 £Ce£>,091 
 
 Mandrake 
 
 335 
 
 Mantle 
 
 109 
 
 Maple 
 
 89,90 
 
 Mare's tail 
 
 245 
 
 Marjoram 308,309 
 
 Marsh five-finger 
 
 182 
 
 Marsh mallows 
 
 102, 
 
 
 [243 
 
 Marsh rosemaiy 
 
 410 
 
 Marsh tea 
 
 273 
 
 Marygold 135,144 
 
 Masterwort 
 
 108 
 
 Mat grass 
 
 301 
 
 Matrimony 
 
 285 
 
 May apple 
 
 335 
 
 Mayweed 
 
 108 
 
 Meadow beauty 
 
 361 
 
 Meadow garlic 
 
 101 
 
 Meadow grass 
 
 102 
 
 Meadow rue 
 
 4ia 
 
INDEX. 
 
 Bleadow sweet 408 
 Mechoacan 185 
 
 Medick 292 
 
 Medlar 114,295 
 
 Melick grass 293 
 
 Melic grass 293 
 
 Melilot 293 
 
 Meiilot clover 293 
 Melon 193 
 
 Mercury 89 
 
 Mermaid 219,347 
 
 Mezeron 19S 
 
 Mignonette 360 
 
 Milfoil 91,300 
 
 Milk parsley 180 
 
 Milk vetch 127 
 
 Milk-way plant 222 
 Milkweed 90,110,117, 
 [118 
 Milkwort 229 
 
 Milk vine 323 
 
 Millet 296,403 
 
 Millet grass 296 
 
 Mint 294,297 
 
 Missel toe 446 
 
 Mite lichen 438 
 
 Miterwort 418 
 
 Mithridate mustard417 
 Mock orange 326 
 
 Molucca balm 297 
 Monkey-flower 296 
 Monk's hood 91 
 
 Moon-fruit pine 286 
 Moonseed 293 
 
 Moor grass 390 
 
 Moose-wood 90,203 
 Morel 325 
 
 Morning-glory 185,256 
 Moss 143,169,390,407 
 Moss-bush 105 
 
 Mother of thyrae 418 
 Motherwort 131,274 
 Mould 29y 
 
 Mountain ash 403 
 
 Mountain flax 336 
 
 Mountain leek 101 
 Mountain maple 90 
 Mountain mint 297 
 Mountain pink 327 
 Mountain rice 310 
 Mousear 168 
 
 Mouse-ear cress HO 
 
 Mud plantain 242 
 
 Mudwort 279 
 
 Mugwort 115 
 
 Mulberry 141,299 
 
 Mullein 436 
 
 Mushroom 96 
 
 Muskraelon 193 
 
 Mustard 394 
 
 Myrtle 274,301 
 
 Narcissus 101,301 
 
 Nasturtion 427 
 
 Navel-wort 248 
 
 Necklace-weed 92 
 Negro-hair 100 
 
 Nettle 136,267,268,396 
 Nettle tree 164 
 
 New-Jersey tea 164 
 Nightshade 129,396 
 Nine-bark 408 
 
 Nit-weed 380 
 
 Nondo 108 
 
 Northern mint 294 
 Norway pine 230 
 
 Nutmeg flower 303 
 Nymph 301 
 
 Oak 363 
 Oak of Jerusalem 171 
 
 Oats 129 
 
 Oil-nut 236 
 
 Oily-graln 390 
 
 Okra 243 
 
 Olive 306 
 
 One-sided fern 383 
 
 Onion 101 
 Orach 128,143,280 
 
 Orange root 248 
 
 Orange tree 176 
 
 Orchard grass 20,197 
 
 Orchis 234 
 
 Orpine 388 
 
 Osier 189 
 
 Oswego tea 297 
 Ox-eye 143,240 
 
 Ox-eyed daisy 173 
 
 Oyster 42J 
 
 Painted-cup 133,214 
 
 Palma christi 366 
 
 Panic 312 
 
 Paper-punk 247 
 
 *39 
 
 Parnassus grass 318 
 Parsley no 
 
 Parsnip 394,395 
 
 Partridge-berry 296 
 Partridge pea 162 
 
 Passion-flower 313 
 Patience 372 
 
 Paul's betony 438 
 
 Pea 162,263 
 
 Pea-nut HI 
 
 Peach 106 
 
 Pear 149 
 
 Pearl-wort 374 
 
 Pearlcaf thorn 190 
 Peat-moss 407 
 
 Pellitory 316 
 
 Pencil-flower 413 
 
 Pennycress 417 
 
 Pennyroyal 2c6.258 
 Pennywort 305 
 
 Peony 313 
 
 Pepper 148 
 
 Pepper-bush 179 
 
 Peppergrass 274 
 
 Pepperidge 304 
 
 Peppermint 244 
 
 Pepper-root 199 
 
 Periwinkle 441 
 
 Persimon 203 
 
 Peter's wort 118 
 
 Phacelia 325 
 
 Pheasant's eye 92 
 
 Phenician matIows243 
 Pickerel-weed 341 
 Pigmy-weed 419 
 
 Pig-nut 162 
 
 Pie rhubarb 361 
 
 Pig-weed 171,172 
 
 Pimpernel 105 
 
 Pine 286 
 
 Pink 200 
 
 Pink-root 408 
 
 Pin-weed 271 
 
 Pinxtcr 130 
 
 Pinxter bloraacheelSO 
 Pipewort 211 
 
 Pitcher's shield lichen 
 [436 
 Plaited moss 261 
 
 Plane tree 333 
 
 Plantain 100,242 
 
 Plowman's wort 186 
 
10 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 Plum 203,347 
 
 Poison arum 273 
 
 Poison hemlock 184 
 
 Poison vine 362 
 
 Poke-weed 329 
 
 Polyanthos 301 
 
 Polypod 339 
 
 Pomegranate 352 
 
 Pond-lily 304 
 
 Pond-weed 342 
 
 Poplar 341 
 
 Poppoose-root 164 
 
 Poppy 315 
 Potatoe 185,396 
 
 Prickly ash 450 
 
 Prickly fungus 247 
 
 Prickly pear 144 
 
 Pride-weed 210 
 
 Prim 278 
 
 primrose 305 
 
 Prince's feather 339 
 
 Prince's pin© 172 
 
 Puccoon 133 
 Puff-ball 285,386 
 
 Pumpkin 193 
 Purslane 192,258 
 
 Putty root 186 
 
 Pyramid-flower 220 
 
 Quack-grass 98 
 
 Quaking grass 140,141 
 Queen of the meadow 
 [409 
 Quickset 191 
 
 Quill wort 258 
 
 Quince 353 
 
 Kabbit-foot 
 
 Radish 
 
 Ragged cup 
 
 Ragged robi 
 
 Ragwort 
 
 Rape 
 
 Raspberry 
 
 Rattle 
 
 Rattlesnake 
 
 Rattlesnake 
 
 Rattlesnake 
 
 Rattle-box 
 
 Red-bud 
 
 Red-root 
 
 Ried-top 
 
 423 
 
 132,213 
 
 393 
 
 n 284 
 
 389 
 
 140 
 
 369,370 
 
 361 
 
 fern 
 grass 
 leaf 
 
 140 
 140 
 231 
 191 
 169 
 202 
 98 
 
 Reed 175 
 
 Reed-grass 116 
 
 ReeJ mace 428 
 
 Rhodora 362 
 
 Rhubarb 364 
 
 Ribbon -grass 325 
 
 Ribwort 332 
 
 Rice 310 
 
 Rich-weed 182 
 
 Rocket 132,142,242 
 Rock-rose 175 
 
 Roman artemissia 115 
 Roman fern 136 
 
 Rose 366,367,368 
 
 Rose-bay 362 
 
 Rose campion 98 
 
 Rosemary 368 
 
 Rose-rust 430 
 
 Rue 372 
 
 Ruel 371 
 
 Rush 209,382 
 
 Rush-grass 260 
 
 Rye 388 
 
 Sacred bean 302 
 
 Saffron 161,191 
 
 Safflower 161 
 
 Sage 116,378,379 
 
 St. John's wort 47,249 
 Salsify 421 
 
 Salt-grass 279 
 
 Saltwort 378 
 
 Samphire 374,375 
 
 Sanicle 388 
 
 Sand mvrtle 274 
 
 Sandwo'rt 112 
 
 Sarsaparilla 111 
 
 Sassafras 269 
 
 Satin-flower 283 
 
 Satyr 234 
 
 Savin 264 
 
 Savory 381 
 
 Saw-grass 383 
 
 Saiifrage 174,379,381, 
 [282 
 Scabious 382 
 
 Scabish 305 
 
 Scarcity 134 
 
 Scarlet runner 326 
 Scorpion weed231,300 
 Scouring rush 209 
 Screwjitetn 132 
 
 Scorpula-weed 231 
 Scullcap 387 
 
 Scurvy-grass 181 
 
 fiea holly 212 
 
 Sea-rocket 142 
 
 Seed-box 283 
 
 Seeded plum 203 
 
 Sedge 149 
 
 Self-heal 347 
 
 Seneca-grass 244 
 
 Seneca snakeroot 336 
 Senna 162,182 
 
 Sensitive briar 383 
 Sensitive fern 307 
 
 Sensitive plant 93,383 
 Sesame grass 426 
 
 Shad-bush 114 
 
 Shaof walnut 162 
 
 Shallot 101 
 
 Shell-flower 297 
 
 Sheep-berry 439 
 
 Shepherd's purse 417 
 Shield lichen 315 
 
 Sbin-Ieaf 35S 
 
 Shin-wood 415 
 
 Shot-bush 111 
 
 Side-saddle 380 
 
 Simpler'sjoy 436 
 
 Single-seed cucumber 
 [391 
 Skunk cabbage 255 
 Slippery elm 428 
 
 Sloe 347 
 
 Smellage S78 
 
 Smut 430 
 
 Snail-shell 292 
 
 Snake-head 171 
 
 Snake-root 117,212, 
 [277,288 
 Snapdragon 109 
 
 Sneezewort 91 
 
 Snow-ball 440 
 
 Snow-drop 101 
 
 Snow-drop tree 235 
 Snuff-box fern 120 
 Soapwort 38Q 
 
 Soft-grass 245 
 
 Solomon's seall84,l85 
 Soct fungus 223 
 
 Sorrel 372,310,311 
 Sorrel tree 105 
 
 Sour gum 304 
 
INDEX. 
 
 11 
 
 Southern-wood 115 
 
 Sow thistle 402 
 
 Spatula fungus 404 
 
 Spear-graas 19 
 
 Spearmint 294 
 
 Spearwort 357 
 
 Speedwell 438 
 
 Spice-bush 269 
 
 Spiderwort 421 
 
 Spikenard 111 
 
 Spinach 408 
 
 Spindle tree 214 
 Spleen amaranth 103 
 
 Spleenwort 121 
 
 Spring beauty 29 
 
 Spring cress 111 
 
 Spruce 330 
 
 Spunk 247 
 
 Spurge 216 
 
 Spurry 404 
 
 Spurstem 441 
 
 Squash 193 
 Squaw-root 100,309 
 
 Squill 383 
 
 Staff-tree 164 
 
 Star-flower 121 
 Star-grass 100,254 
 Star of Bethlehem 309 
 
 Star-root ICH) 
 
 Starwort 295 
 
 Steen-crout 280 
 
 Steeple-bush 408 
 
 Steeple-weed 408 
 
 Stitch wort 410 
 
 Stone-crop 388 
 
 Stone-seed 280 
 
 Strawberry 220 
 Strawberry blite ^36 
 
 Succory 1'^ 
 
 Sugar cane 373 
 
 Sultana 167 
 
 Sumach 362 
 
 Summer grass 244 
 
 Sundew 205 
 
 Sundrops 305 
 Sunflower 238,239 
 
 Sweat-weed 243 
 
 Sweet briar 367 
 
 Sweet cicely 430 
 
 Sweet fern 183 
 
 Sweet flag 91 
 
 Sweet gale 300 
 
 , Sweet gum 280 
 
 Sweet leaf 245 
 
 ■ Sweet pea 268 
 
 Sweet potatoe 185 
 
 Sweet tree 90 
 Sweet vernal-grassl09 
 
 : Sweet William 200 
 
 Sycamore 333 
 
 Syringa 326 
 
 Taliny 
 
 Tamarack 
 
 Tangle-legs 
 
 Tansey 
 
 Tape-grass 
 
 Tare 
 
 Target lichen 
 
 Tassel-grass 
 
 Tea 
 
 Teasel 
 
 Thin-grass 
 
 415 
 331 
 440 
 415 
 435 
 440 
 321 
 372 
 273 
 203 
 18 
 
 Thistle 167,179,205, 
 [206,307 
 Thorn 190,191 
 
 Thorn-apple 198 
 
 Thorough wort 214,295 
 Thread-foot 236 
 
 Three-birds 109 
 
 Three-coloured cox- 
 [comb 103 
 Three-coloured daisy 
 [173 
 Three-seed leek 101 
 Thyme 179 
 
 Timothy-grass 327 
 Toad-flax 109 
 
 Tobacco 281,303 
 
 Tomatoes 396 
 
 Toothache bush 450 
 Tooth-cup 24 
 
 Tooth-root 199 
 
 Tower mustard 54 
 Touch-me-not 255 
 Touch-wood 138 
 
 Tree-moss 179 
 
 Tree primrose 305 
 Tree-weed 285 
 
 Trefoil 236 
 
 Trickle 199 
 
 Trumpet-flower 135 
 Tubercle fungus 427 
 Tuberose 336 
 
 Tulip 
 
 Tulip tree 
 
 Tupelo 
 
 Turnip 
 
 Turnsole 
 
 Twin-berry 
 
 Twin-flower 
 
 Twin-leaf 
 
 Twayblade 
 
 427 
 280 
 304 
 
 116,140 
 240 
 
 448,449 
 279 
 259 
 289 
 
 Umbrella-grass 221 
 Umbrella moss 409 
 Umbrella tree 288 
 Unicorn plant 291 
 Unicorn root 100,241, 
 [291 
 
 Valerian 336,435 
 
 Venus' fly-trap 203 
 Venus' looking-glass 
 
 [3,Ad. 
 Venus' pride 246 
 
 Vernal grass 109 
 
 Vervain 436 
 
 Vetch 127,212,268 
 
 Violet 213,242,245,256 
 Viper's bugloss 206 
 Virgin-bower 128,177, 
 
 [178 
 Virgin'sbowerl77,178, 
 
 [128 
 
 Wake-robin 116 
 
 Walking-leaf 120 
 
 Wall cress 110 
 
 Wall-flower 171 
 
 Walnut 162,259 
 
 Wandering milk-weed 
 [110 
 Water arum 145 
 
 Water carpet 174 
 
 Water cress 148,213 
 Water fescue 218 
 
 Water grass 383 
 
 Water hemlock 175 
 Water hemp 91 
 
 Water horehound 286 
 \Vater leaf 249 
 
 Water lily 46 
 
 Watermelon 193 
 
 Water moss 220. 
 
 Water nymph 301 
 
12 
 
 Water oats 451 
 
 Water parsnip 395 
 
 Water pepper 338 
 
 Wafer plantain 100 
 
 Water poplar 341 
 
 Water purseiane '268 
 
 Water shield 249 
 
 Wax-bush 193 
 
 Wax liverwort 109 
 
 Weed-grass 184 
 
 Wheat 426 
 
 Wheat-thief 280 
 
 Whip-gras5 386 
 
 White-beads 92 
 
 White-bush 106 
 
 White cedar 418 
 
 White grass 273 
 
 White rust 430 
 
 White Uellebore 436 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 
 . 
 
 
 White-top 
 
 98 
 
 Witch hazel 
 
 235 
 
 White-wood 
 
 280 
 
 Woad 
 
 258 
 
 Whitlow-gra«3 
 
 204 
 
 Wolf's bane 
 
 21 
 
 Whortleberry 
 
 438 
 
 Woodbine 
 
 282 
 
 Wild basil 
 
 352 
 
 Wood-sage 
 
 415 
 
 Wild-bean vine 
 
 104 
 
 Wood sorrel 
 
 310,311 
 
 Wild indigo 
 
 131 
 
 Worm-seed 
 
 171 
 
 Wild rice 
 
 451 
 
 Wormwood 
 
 115 
 
 Wild rye 
 
 21 
 
 
 
 Willow 265,375- 
 
 -378 
 
 Yam -root 
 
 203 
 
 Willow-herb 208,287 
 
 Yarrow 
 
 91 
 
 Wind-flower 
 
 107 
 
 Yellow-eyed grass 449 
 
 Windsor beau 
 
 440 
 
 Yellow rattle 
 
 361 
 
 Winter-berry 
 
 346 
 
 Yellow-root 
 
 lOO 
 
 Winter cher'ry 
 
 329 
 
 Yellow-iseed 
 
 417 
 
 Wintergreen 
 
 172 
 
 Yew 
 
 416 
 
 Wire-grass 
 
 206 
 
 
 
 Witch-alder 
 
 220 
 
 Zigadene 
 
 450 
 
BOTANICAL GRAMMAR 
 
 AND 
 
 DICTIONARY. 
 
GRAMMAR OF BOTANY. 
 
 It is not necessary that a student in Botany should remem- 
 ber the definitions of all the terms used in the descriptions of 
 plants. There are some terms, however, which ought to be 
 studied in systematic order. Such terms, so systematized, 
 may constitute a grammar of h&iany, or a botanical nomen- 
 clature. 
 
 The annexed grammar of botany comprises the most impor- 
 tant elementary terms ; and all that a student should store up 
 in his memory. 
 
 Elementary Organs. 
 
 Every plant is either phenogamous or crvptogamous. 
 
 Phenogarnous plants have their stamens and pistils sufficientlj manifest for 
 examination. 
 
 Cryptogamous plants either lose the staminate organs before they become 
 manifest, or they are too minute for inspection. 
 
 The Classes, Orders and Genera of the Linnean system, are founded wholly 
 on the seven elementary organs of fructification. 
 
 These are, 
 
 1. Calyx. The outer or lower part of the flower, generally not coloured.* 
 
 2. Corol. The coloured blossom, within or above the calyx. 
 
 3. Stamens. The organs immediately surrounding or adjoining the central 
 one ; consisting of mealy or glutinous knobs, either sessile or supported on 
 filaments. 
 
 4. Pistil. The central organ of the flower, whose base becomes the pericarp 
 and seed. 
 
 5. Pericarp. The covering of the seed, whether pod, shell, bag, or pulpy sub- 
 stance. 
 
 6. Seed. The essential part, which contains the rudiment of a new plant. 
 
 7. Receptacle. The base which sustains the other six parts, being at the end 
 of the flower stem. 
 
 Subdivisions of the Calyx. 
 
 Evcr\- calyx is either monophyllous, consisting of one leaf; or polyphyllou3> 
 consisting of more than one leaf. Either kind may be : 
 
 * In the language of Botany, any part of a plant is not coloured when it i« 
 green ; as the calyx of the apple is said not to be coloured, because it is green, 
 and that of the nasturtion is coloured, because it is not green. 
 
 2 
 
14 GRAMMAR OP 
 
 1. Perianth. That calyx which adjoins and surrounds the other parts of th6 
 flower, as of the apple, rose, ice. 
 
 About two thirds of all plants have perianths. 
 
 2. Involucre. That calyx which comes out at some distance below the flower, 
 and never encloses it. It is commonly at the origin of the peduncles of um- 
 bels, and sometimes attached to other aggregate flowers. 
 
 Involucres are either universal, placed at the origin of the universal umbel, 
 as in caraway, lovage, &c. ; or partial, placed at the origin of a particular um- 
 bel, as in coriander ; or proper, placed beneath a single flower. 
 
 3. Spathe. A kind of membrane which at first encloses the flower, aad after it 
 expands is left at a distance below it, as daffodil, onion, Indian turnip. 
 
 4. Glume. That kind of calyx which is composed of one, two, or three valves 
 or scales, commonly traasparent at the margin, and often terminated by a 
 a long awn or beard. All grasses have glume calyxes. 
 
 5. Ament. An assemblage of flower-bearing scales, arranged on a slender 
 ihreaai, or long receptacle ; each scale geaerally constituting the lateral ca- 
 lyx ofa flower, as in the willow, chesnut, pine, &c. 
 
 6. Calyptre. The cap or hood of pistillate mosses, resembling in form and 
 position an extinguisher set on a candle. Conspicuous in the common hair- 
 cap moss. 
 
 7. Volva. The ring or wrapper at first enclosing the pileus or heard of a fun- 
 gus ; and which after ^e plant has arrived to maturity, contracts and re- 
 mains on the stem or at the root. 
 
 Subdivisions of the Corol. 
 
 Every corol is either monopetalous, consisting of one petal or flower-leaf ; 
 oj polypetalous, consisting of more than one. 
 
 «*' 
 *Monopetalous Carols are, 
 
 1. Bell-form. Hollowed out within the base, and generally diverging up- 
 wards, as Canterbury bells, gentian, &c. 
 
 * It is proper to inform the student, in this place, of two important fact?, 
 connected with the descriptions of plants, which are made by references to 
 natural and artificial forms. 
 
 1, A certain number of forms were assumed by Linneus as standards for re- 
 ferences ; none of which are to be considered as perfect. But when any one 
 of these forms is referred to, it is to be understood, that it is nearer the true, 
 form of the orgaa under consideration, than any other of these standard 
 forms. • ' ." 
 
 2. All standard forms are either drawn from well-known natural bodies, or 
 from artificial bodies or implements known to the ancients. Some of the most 
 common natural bodies are the e^^, lips of animals, the throat, head, knee, 
 the heart, the kidneys, the hand, bird's feet, spur, feather, a bay, a tooth, hair, 
 bristles, silk, down, eye-lashes, veins, nerves, wings, ears,. claws, &c. Some of 
 the most common artificial bodies or implements ^re, a spike, spindle, 
 •ircle, oval, lance, line, awl, arrow, halbert, viol, lyre, saw, shield, cross, sa- 
 bre, needle, bell, keel, club, cone, leather, cup, greek letter delta, fork, urn, 
 wheel, &c. 
 
BOTANY. 15 
 
 2. Funnel-form. With a tubular base, and the border opening gradually in 
 the form of a funnel, as the thorn-apple, morning-glory. 
 
 3. Salver-form. Having a flat spreading limb or border, proceeding from the 
 top of a tube, as lilac, trailing arbutus, &c. 
 
 4. Wheel-forn^ Having a spreading border without a tube, or with an ex- 
 ceeding short one, as borage, laurel, mullein. 
 
 5. Labiate. A labiate corol is divided into two general parts, somewhat re- 
 sembling the lips of a horse or other animal. Labiate corols are either ^er- 
 sonate, (with the throat muffled) as snap-dragon ; or Hiigent, (with the 
 throat open) as mint, mother-wort, catnip, monkey -dower. 
 
 PolypetalovLS Corals are., 
 
 1. Cruciform. Consisting of four equal petals spreading out in the form of a 
 cross, as raddish, cabbage, mustard, &c. 
 
 2- Caryophylleous. Having five single petals, each terminating in a long claw, 
 enclosed in a tubular calyx, as pink, catch-fly, cockle, &c. 
 
 3. Liliaceous. A corol with six petals, spreading gradually from the base, 
 so as altogether to exhibit a bell-form appearance, as tUlip, lily, &c. 
 
 4. Rosaceous. A corol formed of roundish spreading petals without claws, or 
 with extremely short ones, as rose, apple, strawberry, &c. 
 
 5. Papilionaceous. A flower which consists of a banner, two wings and a 
 keel, as pea, clover, &c. supposed to resemble a butterfly. 
 
 If a corol agree with none of the above descriptions, it is called anoma' 
 lous. 
 
 Subdivision of the Stamen. 
 
 1. Anther. The knob of the stamen, which contains the pollen ; very con- 
 spicuous in the lily, &c. Never wanting. 
 
 2. Pollen. The dusty, mealy, or glutinous substance contained in the anthers. 
 Never wanting. 
 
 3. Filament. That part of the stamen which connects the anther with the re- 
 ceptacle, calyx or pistil. Often wanting ; generally thread-form when pre- 
 sent. 
 
 Subdivision of the Pistil. 
 
 1. Stigma. The organ which terminates the pistil ; very conspicuous in the 
 lily, and hardly distinguishable in the Indian corn. Never wanting. 
 
 2. Germ. That part of the pistil which in maturity becomes the pericarp and 
 the seed, as in the cherry, pompion. Never wanting. 
 
 3. Style. That part of the pistil which connects the stigma and the germ ; 
 very conspicuous in the lily ; wanting in the tulip. 
 
 StIBDIVISION OF THE PERICARP. 
 
 1. Silique. That kind of pod which has a longitudinal partition, with the 
 seeds attached alternately to its opposite edges, as radish, cabbage, &c. 
 
16 GRAMMAR OF 
 
 2. Legume. A pod without a longitudinal partition, with the seeds attached 
 to one suture only, as the pea, &c. 
 
 3. Capsule. That kind of pericarp which opens by valves or pores, and be- 
 comes dry when ripe, as the poppy, which opens^y pores, and the mullein 
 by valves. 
 
 4. Drupe. That kind of pericarp which consists of a thick fl.-ihy or cartila- 
 ginous coat enclosing a nut or stone, as in the cherry, in which it is said to 
 be berry-like ; and in the walnut, where it is dry. 
 
 5. Pome. A pulpy pericarp without valves, which contains within it a cap- 
 sule, as apples, quinces, &c. 
 
 6. Berry. A pulpy pericarp enclosing seeds without any capsule, as currant, 
 grape, cucumber, melon. 
 
 7. Strobile. An ament with woody scales, as the fruit of the pine. 
 
 Subdivisions of the Seed. 
 
 1. Cotyledon. The thick fleshy lobes of seeds ; very manifest in beans, whose 
 cotyledons grow out of the ground in the form of two large succulent leaves. 
 Many plants, as Indian corn, wheat, the grasses, &c. have but one cotyle- 
 don ; mosses, &c. none. 
 
 2. Corcle. The rudiment of the future plant, always proceeding from the co- 
 tyledon ; easily distinguished iu chesnuts, acorns, &c. 
 
 3. Tegument. The skin or bark of seeds ; it separates from peas, beans, In- 
 dian corn, &c. on boiling. 
 
 4. Hilum. The external mark or scar on seeds, by which they were affixed 
 to their pericarps. In beans and the like, it is called the eye. 
 
 Subdivisions of the Receptacle. 
 
 1 . Proper. That which belongs to one flower only. 
 
 2. Common. That which connects several distinct florets, as in the gun-fiow- 
 er, daisy, teasel. A common receptacle may be, 
 
 3. Rachis. The filiform receptacle, connecting the florets in a spike, as in the 
 heads of wheat. 
 
 4. Columella. The central column in a capsule, to which the seeds are at- 
 tached. 
 
 5. Spadix. An elongated receptacle, proceeding from a spathe, as Indian 
 turnip. 
 
 General Divisions of Flowers. 
 
 1. Simple. Having a single flower on a receptacle, as in the quince, tulip, 
 &c. 
 
 2. Aggregate. Having on the same receptacle several flowers, whose anthers 
 are not united, as teasel, button-bush, &c. 
 
 3. Compound. Having several florets on the same receptacle, with their an- 
 thers united, as sun-flower, china-aster, &c. 
 
 4. Staminate. Having stamens only, as those in the tassels of Indian corn. 
 
 5. Pistillate. Having pistils only, as the fertile flower of the cucumber. 
 
BOTANY. IT 
 
 6. Perfect. Having both stamens and pistils. 
 
 7. Neutral. Having neither stamens nor pistils. 
 
 8. Complete. Having a caljTt and corol. 
 
 Inflorescence. 
 The manner in which Flowers are situated on Plants. 
 
 1.. Whorl. In which the flowers grow* around the stem in rings one above an- 
 other, as mother-wort, catnip. 
 
 2. Raceme. Having the florets on short undivided pedicels, arranged along a 
 general peduncle, as currants. 
 
 3.. Panicle. Having some of the pedicels, along the general peduncle of the 
 raceme, divided, as in oats. A panicle contracted into a compact, some- 
 what ovate form, as in lilac, is called thyrse. 
 
 4. Spike. Having the florets sessile, or nearly so, on the elongated general 
 receptacle, as wheat, mullein, &c, 
 
 5. Umbel. Having the flower-stems diverging from one place, like the braces 
 ofaa umbrella, bearing florets ou their extremities, as carrot, dill, fennel, 
 &c. 
 
 6. Cyme. It agrees with the umbel in having its general flower-stems spring 
 from one centre, but differs in having those stems irregularly subdivided, as 
 elder', &c. 
 
 7. Corymb. In the corymb the peduncles take their rise from diflferent heights 
 along the main stem ; but the lower ones being longer, they form nearly a 
 level or convex top, as yarrow. 
 
 8. Fascicle. In general external appearance it resembles the umbel, but 
 the foot-stalks are irregular in their origin and subdivision, as sweet-will- 
 iam. 
 
 9. Head. In tiiis the flowers are heaped together in a globular (orta without 
 peduncles, or with very short ones, as clover. 
 
 Concentric Cylinders of Roots and Herbage. 
 The Substance of Roots and Herbage consists of: 
 
 1. Cuticle. The thin outside coat o' the bark, which seems to be without life, 
 and often transparent. Very cons picuous on some kinds of birch, cherry, 
 currant-bushes, &c. 
 
 2. Cellular Integument. The parenchymous substance between the cuticte 
 and bark, generally green. Easily seen in the elder, after removing the 
 cuticle. 
 
 3. Bark. The inner stroqg fibrous part of the covering of vegetables. 
 
 4. Capib. The mucilaginous or gelatinous substance, which, in the spring o' 
 the year, abounds between the bark and the wood of trees. 
 
 5. Wood. The most solid part of the trunks and roots of herbs and trees, 
 
 6. Pith. The spongy substance in the centre of the stems and roots of moal 
 plants. Large in the elder. 
 
 2* 
 
19 GRAMMAS OF 
 
 Roots. 
 
 Roots arc the descending parts of vegetables, and ara«o?mnai, biennial, or pe- 
 rennial. They are of seven kinds. 
 
 1. Branching. Having the whole root divided into parts as it proceeds down- 
 wards, as the oak, apple-tree, &c. 
 
 2. Fibrous. The whole root consisting of filiform parts, originating immedi- 
 ately from the base of the stem, as many of the grasses. 
 
 3. Creeping. Extending itself horizontally, and sending out fibrous radicles, 
 as quack-grass. 
 
 4. Spindle. Thick at the top, and tapering downwards, as carrot, parsnip, 
 &c. 
 
 5. Tuberous. Roots which are thick and fleshy, but not of any regular globu- 
 lar form. They are knobbed, as the potatoe ; oval, as those of orchis ; 
 abrupt, as the birdsfoot violet ; or fascicled, as asparagus. 
 
 6. Bulbous. Fleshy and spherical. They are either solid, as the turnip ; 
 coated, as the onion ; or scaly, as the garden lily. 
 
 7. Granulated. Consisting of several little knobs in the form of grains, strung 
 together along the sides of a filiform radicle, as the wood-sorrel. 
 
 Hkrbage is all the plant except the root and fructijication. It includes stems, 
 leaves and appendages. 
 
 Stems. 
 
 1. Tige, or proper stem. The ascending herbage-bearing trunk or stem of all 
 phenogamous plants, except the grasses, as the trunk of the oak, the grape 
 vine, the mullein stalk. 
 
 2. Culm. The stalk or stem of the grasses, as wheat-straw, sugar-cane, &c. 
 
 3. Scape. That kind of flower-bearing stem which springs immediately from 
 the root, and is destitute of leaves, as dandelion. 
 
 4. Peduncle. The flower bearing stem which springs from any part of the stem 
 or branches, as apple, cucumber, &c. 
 
 5. Petiole. The foot-stalk of the leaf. 
 
 6. Frond. Applied entirely to cryptogamous plants. It includes the herbace- 
 ous, leathery, crustaceous, or gelatinous substance, from which the fruit is 
 produced. 
 
 7. Stipe. The stem of a fern, of a fungus, of a compound egret, and of a peri- 
 carp when elevated from (he receptacle ; as of maiden-hair, garden caper. 
 
 Leaves are evergreen or deciduous. 
 
 Forms of Simple Leaves. 
 
 1 . Orbicular. Nearly circular, as the leaves of red clover, of cabbage, &c. 
 
 2. Ovate. Resembling the longitudinal section of an egg, the base being 
 broader than the extremity. One of the most common forms of leaves. 
 
 3. OvcU. Differing from ovate in having both ends equal in breadth. 
 
 4. Oblong. The length more than twice the breadth, and the sides goraewhat 
 parallel. 
 
BOTANY. 19 
 
 5. Ohovate. Ovate with the narrowest end towards the stem, as those of red 
 clover. 
 
 6. Cordate. Heart-shaped, the hind-lobes being rounded, as lilac. 
 
 7. Obcordate. Cordate, with the apex or narrowest end towards the stem, as 
 of wild indigo. 
 
 8. Kidney-form. Hollowed in at the base, with rounded lobes and rounded 
 ends, as mallows. 
 
 9. Lanceolate. In the form of the ancient lance, tapering from near (he base 
 to the apex, and narrow, as the leaves of most of the willows, of ribwort, 
 &c. 
 
 10. Linear. Continuing of the same width through nearly the whole length ; 
 usually pointed at one or both ends, as most grasses. 
 
 11. Awl-form. Linear at the base, and becoming more or less curved at the 
 point. 
 
 12. Acuminate. Any kind of leaf terminating more or less suddenly in a point 
 turned towards one edge of the leaf. 
 
 13. Arrow-form. Shaped like an arrow-head ; differing from cordate in hav- 
 ing the hind-lobes more or less acute. 
 
 14. Halbert-form. Hastate. Shaped like an halbert, as field-sorrel, creeping 
 snapdragon. 
 
 15. Guitar-form. Oblong, broadish near the base, and contracted at the 
 sides. 
 
 16. Lobed. Deeply parted, and the divisions large, with rounded sides or 
 ends, as the white oak. 
 
 17. Palmate. Resembling a band with the fingers spread, as horse-chesnut. 
 
 18. Pedaie. Resembling a bird's foot. 
 
 19. Sinuate. Having the margin hollowed with deep sinuses or bays, as the 
 white oak. 
 
 20. Pinnatijid. Divided transversely by deep incisions, not extending to the 
 midrib. 
 
 21. Lyrate. Pinnatifid, with the largest division at the apex, and diminishing 
 from thence to the base, as hedge-mustard. 
 
 22. Runcinate. Pinnatifid, with the divisions pointing backwards, as dande- 
 lion. 
 
 Edges of Leaves. 
 
 23. Serrate. Having sharp notches resembling saw-teeth along the margin, 
 and pointing towards the apex, as those of cherry-trees, roses, &c. 
 
 24. Toothed. Having projections from the margin of its own substance, which 
 are neither serratures, nor crenatures, as those of blue-bottle. 
 
 25. Crenate. Having uniform notches on the margin of the leaf, which inchne 
 towards the apex, or the base, or neither, as gill-overground. ^ 
 
 EfTDS OF Leaves. 
 
 26. Emargifwte. Notched at the termination of the midrib. 
 
 27. RetHse. Emarginate with a shallow sinus. 
 
20 GRAMMAR OF 
 
 38. Obtuse. Having the apex of the leaf more or less rounded, 
 29, Acute. Terminating in an angle ; that is, not rounded. 
 
 Surfaces of Leaves. 
 
 X. Hairy. Having distinct strait hairs. 
 
 2. Downy. Covered with fine cotton-like down. 
 
 3. Silky. Covered wjth soft close-pressed hairs. 
 
 4. Bristly. Set with stiff hairs. 
 
 5. Ciliate. Edged with parallel hairs or bristles, reseniibling eye-lashes. 
 
 6. Nerved. Furnished with midrib-like fibres running from the beise to the 
 apex. 
 
 7. Veined. Having tendinous fibres variously branched. 
 
 Positions of Leaves. 
 
 1. Decurrent. Wlien the two edges of the leaf extend along the stem below 
 the place of insertion. 
 
 2. Clasping. Sessile, with the base more or less heart-form, so as entirely or 
 in part to surround the stem. 
 
 3. Sheathing. With the leaf prolonged down the stem, so as to cover it, in the 
 manner of the grasses. 
 
 4. Perfoliate. Having the stem passing through the leaf. 
 
 5. Connate. Leaves opposite, with their bases united. 
 
 6. Peltate. With the foot-stalk attached to the lower side of the leaf, so as to 
 resemble a shield. 
 
 7. Opposite. Standing at the same height with base against base. 
 
 8. Whorled. Surrounding the stem in horizontal rings or rows. 
 
 9. Imbricate. Lying over each other like shingles on a roof, so as to ." break 
 joints." 
 
 10. Fascicled. Growing in bunches from the same point, as, leaves from 
 white pine. 
 
 11. Radical. Proceeding immediately from the root. 
 
 Compound Leaves. 
 
 1. Temate. Having three leafets proceeding from the end of one petiole, 
 
 2. Biternate. Twice temate ; when the petiole is ternate, and each division 
 bears three leafets. 
 
 3. Triternate. Three times ternate. 
 
 4. Pinnate. With distinct leafets arranged oa opposite sides of the same pe- 
 tiole. 
 
 5. Bipinnate. Twice pinnate 
 
 6. Tripinnate. Thrice pinnate. 
 
 7. Interruptedly pinnate. Having smaller leafetj dispersed among the larger, 
 as potatoe. 
 
 7 
 
BOTANY. 
 
 21 
 
 1. Stipule. 
 
 2. Bract. 
 
 the plant. 
 
 3. Thorn. 
 
 4. Prickle. 
 
 5. StiJig. 
 
 6. Gland. 
 plants. 
 
 7. Tendril. 
 selves on 
 
 Appendages. 
 
 A leafet or scale at, or near, the base of a petiole. 
 A leaf among or near the flowers, different from the other leaves of 
 
 A sharp process from the woody part of a plant. 
 
 A sharp process from the bark, as those on raspberry bushes, &c. 
 Hair-like processes mostly from the leaves, as nettles. 
 
 A roundish, generally minute, appendage to different parts of 
 
 The filiform appendage by which climbing plants support them* 
 other bodies. 
 
 »»# # «<«* 
 
 NUMERALS. 
 
 The Latin and Greek numerals are so frequently compounded with other 
 words by botanical writers, that an English student ought to commit them to 
 memory, as here laid down. 
 
 LATIN. 
 
 
 KOS, 
 
 GREEK. 
 
 
 Unus 
 
 
 1 
 
 Moaos 
 
 8in|:le 
 
 Bis 
 
 
 2 
 
 Dis 
 
 twice, 
 
 Tres 
 
 
 3 
 
 Treis 
 
 thrice. 
 
 Quatuor 
 
 
 4 
 
 Tettares 
 
 
 Quinque 
 
 
 5 
 
 Pente 
 
 
 Sex 
 
 
 6 
 
 Ex (pronounced hex) 
 
 
 Septem 
 
 
 7 
 
 Epta (pronounced hepta) 
 
 
 Octo 
 
 
 8 
 
 Okto 
 
 
 Novera 
 
 
 9 
 
 Ennea 
 
 
 Decern 
 
 
 10 
 
 Deka 
 
 
 Undecem 
 
 
 11 
 
 Endeka 
 
 
 Duodecem 
 
 
 12 
 
 Dodeka 
 
 
 Tredecera 
 
 
 13 
 
 Dekatreis 
 
 
 Quatuordecim 
 
 
 14 
 
 Dekatettares 
 
 
 Quindecira 
 
 
 15 
 
 Dekapente 
 
 
 Sexdecim 
 
 
 16 
 
 Dekaex 
 
 
 Septendecira - 
 
 
 17 
 
 Dekaepta 
 
 
 Octodecira 
 
 
 18 
 
 Dekaokto 
 
 
 NoTendecim - 
 
 
 19 
 
 Dekaennea 
 
 
 Viginti 
 
 
 20 
 
 Eikosi 
 
 
 Multus 
 
 
 Many 
 
 Polus 
 
 
 LINNE AN - CLASSIFICATION. 
 
 *■ Plant8 are classified upon two distinct plans ; the Artificial and Natural. 
 The object of the Artificial system is merely to furnish a method for ascertain- 
 ing the name of a plant. The object of the Natural system is to bring together 
 into small groups, plants which resemble each other in their botanical affinities, 
 sensible qualities and medicinal properties. The Artificial system has been 
 very aptly compared to the dictionary, and the Natural to the grammar of a 
 language. 
 
%Z GRAMMAR 07 
 
 Artificial System, p 
 
 The art of searching out the name of a plant ia denominated the analysis 
 of the plant. It is, in truth, an elegant illustration of the Analytical method 
 of logic ; as the construction of a genus, order and class, is of the Synthetical 
 , method. 
 
 When we analyze a plant by the aid of the artificial system, our final pur- 
 pose is to ascertain the specific name, by which it was called by the first bota- 
 nist, who published a description of it. But in doing this, we trace it through 
 several intermediate steps. Species are grouped together under generic names 
 —genera under orders — orders under classes. By this arrangement much la- 
 bour is saved. For example, we see the common wild strawberry, for the first 
 time ; and are desirous to learn its name. By comparing the proper organs (to 
 be described hereafter) with the description of the classes, we find it belongs 
 with the group of plants, which constitute a class, called Icosandria. This 
 class is subdivided into orders, and we find our plant is to be referred to the 
 order Polygynia. Here we find the name of several genera — such as the rose, 
 the raspberry, the strawberry, the five-finger, the avens, &c. On comparing 
 our plant with all the genera under this order, we find it will agree with none 
 but the strawberry. 
 
 On turning to the strawberry (under the botanical name /ra^^arja^ we find 
 there are several kinds of strawberry. Each kind is called a species, as the 
 English strawberry, haut-boy strawberry, pine-apple strawberry, wild straw- 
 berry, &c. are diflferent species. On carefully comparing our plant with the de- 
 scriptions of all the species, we find it will agree with none but the wild straw- 
 berry (virginiana.) Thus we arrive at the generic name ttrauoberry^ (fraga- 
 ria) and specific name u-ild (virginiana.) 
 * The Linnean Artificial classes are founded upon the four following circum- 
 siaaces of the stamens ; number, position, relative length, and connexion. The 
 first ten classes are distinguished by the number of stamens— the eleventh and 
 twelfth by number and position — the thirteenth ^n& fourteenth by number and 
 relative length — the fifteenth, sixteenth and seventeenth by connexion — the 
 eighteenth, nineteenth and twentieth by position. The last or twenty-first 
 class, being a natural one, is not distinguished by any circumstance of the sta- 
 mens. 
 
 The first twelve classes are named by prefixing Greek numerals expressive 
 of the number of stamens to andria ; which is a Greek derivative, used metU' 
 phorically for stamens. 
 
 1. MoNANDRiA, includes those plants which bear perfect flowers, with 
 but one stamen in each. As the blite and samphire. It is a very small 
 class. 
 
 2. DiANDRiA, includes those plants which bear perfect flowers, with two sta- 
 mens in each. As hedge-hyssop and lilac. Part of this class of plants bears 
 naked seeds, and forms a natural union with tbosa of the first order of the four- 
 teenth class ; as sage, rosemary, mountain mint. 
 
 3. Triakdria, includes those plants which bear perfect flowers, wiih three 
 stamens in each. As the iris and oats. Most of the grass-like or culraiferous 
 plants are included in this class. The rough coarse grasses, as bog-rush and 
 cotton-grass, %vhich have closed sheaths or no sheaths to the leaves, have but 
 one style to the pistil. But the finer grasses, as timothy grass and blue grass, 
 which have open sheaths to the leaves, have two styles. 
 
 4. Tetrandria, includes those plants which bear perfect flowers, with four 
 stamens in each. As plantain and dog-wood. This class is wholly artificial, 
 consequeptly the plants included in it are easily found out. 
 
BCTAWT. 23 
 
 5. Pentaio^RIA, includes those plants which bear perfect flowers, with five 
 stamens in each. As comfrey, mullein, tobacco, potatoe, ginseng, parsnip, 
 elder and flax. This is a very extensive class. It includes a natural assem- 
 blage of rough-leaved plants, as the borage — of nauseous narcotics, as tobacco 
 and henbane — of umbelliferous narcotics and stomachics, as poison hemlock, 
 water-parsnip and fennel — also many plants which greatly disagree in botani- 
 cal aflnnities. The rough-leaved and umbelliferous plants of this class resem- 
 ble each other so nearly, that students find much difficulty in distinguishing the 
 genera. 
 
 6. Hexandria, includes those plants which bear perfect flowers, with six 
 stamens in each. As the lily, tulip, dock and water plantain. 
 
 7. Heptandbta, includes those plants which bear perfect flowers, with sev- 
 en stamens in each. As tue chick winter-green and horse-chesnut. This 
 is a very small class, and 'the number of stamens variable in most flowers found 
 in it. 
 
 8. OcTANDRiA, includes those plants which bear perfect flowers, with eight 
 stamens in each. As the marsh cranberry, nasturtion and buckwheat. 
 
 9. Enneandria, includes those plants which bear perfect flowers, with nine 
 stamens in each. As the sassafras and rhubarb^ It is a small class and the 
 number of stamens very variable in all the flowers found in it. 
 
 10. Decandria, includes those plants which bear perfect flowers, with ten 
 stamens in each. As the whortleberry, pink, cockle and pokeweed. Some 
 flowers in this class have but half the number of stamens required in part of the 
 species of a genus. 
 
 11. IcosANDRiA, includes those plants which bear perfect flowers, with more 
 than ten stamens in each, growing on the calyx. As the peach, apple, thorn, 
 strawberry and rose. Some flowers in this class have but half the number of 
 stamens required ; as some species of thorn, &c. It is called Icosandria, be- 
 cause the average number of stamens is about twenty. 
 
 12. PoLTANDRiA, includes those plants which bear perfect flowers, with sta- 
 mens more numerous generally than those of any other class growing on the 
 receptacle ; as the pond hly and common St. John's wort. If the number of 
 stamens exceeds ten, provided they are placed on the receptacle, the plant be- 
 longs to this class. This is an extensive class, and the number of stamens is 
 more variable in tbis than in all the other classes. When several flowers on the 
 on the same plant have a variable number of stamens placed on the receptacle 
 we may generally presume that the plant belongs to this class, even if few are 
 found with so many as ten stamens, 
 
 TVie thirteenth and fourteenth classes are named by prefixing the Greek nu- 
 merals., expressive of the number of long stamens, to dynamia ; which is a 
 Greek derivative, signifying power, — importing that the longest stametis art 
 most poicerful. 
 
 13. DlDYNAMiA, includes those plants which bear perfect flowers, with four 
 stamens in each, two of which are longest; as savory, skullcap, snapdragon. 
 This class embraces plants of two very natural assemblages. The first order- 
 contains plants with naked seeds ; none of which are poisonous. The second 
 order contains plants with seeds in capsules, all of which are said to be poi- 
 sonous. Most flowers of both orders have labiate corols. 
 
 14. Tetradynamia, includes those plants which Sear perfect flowers, with 
 six stamens in each, four of which are longest : as mustard, cabbage and rad- 
 
24 gbammar or 
 
 ish. This class embraces a very natural family of plants, bearing cruciform 
 lowers. 
 
 The fifteenth and sixteenth classes are named by^refixing Cheek numerals, 
 expressive of the number of parcels in which the stamens are united by their 
 filaments y to the word adelphia 5 which is a Greek derivative, used to signify 
 
 brotherhood. 
 
 * 
 
 15. MoNADELPHiA, includes those plants which bear flowers, whose sta- 
 mens are united laterally by their filaments in one group or set ; as the holly- 
 bock and mallows. But if the flowers are papilionaceous, they belong to the 
 next class, even if the stamens are so united ; as the lupine. Some species of 
 genera which belong to this class, have the stamens broad and membranous at 
 the base, but not attached at all ; as some species of geranium. They gene- 
 rally recede from the base of the petals, by approaching the pistil, presenting 
 a columnar form. 
 
 16. DiADELPHiA, includes those plants which bear perfect flowers, whose 
 stamens are united laterally by their filaments in two groups or sets; as the 
 pea, bean, and locust-tree. In most cases nine stamens are united in one set, 
 and one stamen stands alone. In some flowers the stamens are all united in 
 one set, which is the proper character of the preceding class; though if the 
 corol is papilionaceous, it belongs here. But if the stamens are not united at 
 all, the plant does not belong here, even if the corol is papilionaceous ; as the 
 cassia and wild indigo belong to the tenth class. Genera of the tenth order in 
 this class resemble each other so nearly that students find considerable diffi- 
 culty in distinguishing them. 
 
 The seventeenth class is named by prefixing SYN, (a Greek derivative from 
 sun) signifying together, to genesia, a Greek derivative, signifyijig produC' 
 ed or growing up. The name is intended to signify that the anthers grmo up 
 together, or in an united state. 
 
 17. Syngenesia, includes those plants which bear perfect, staminate, pistil- 
 late, or neutral florets, in which those bearing anthers have them united late 
 rally, so as to form a hollow cylinder. To this definition should be added, 
 that the plants of this class all bear compound flowers, as the sun-flower, this- 
 tle, and dandelion, to exclude the lobelia, some species of violet, the jewel- 
 weed, &c. which belong to the fifth class, though their anthers are united. 
 This is a very extensive and perfectly natural class. 
 
 The eighteenth class is named by prefixing an abbreviation of GYNIA, a Greek 
 derivative used metaphorically to signify the pistil, to a>'DRia ; as tlie stamen 
 and pistil are united in this class. 
 
 18. Gynandria, includes those plants which bear perfect flowers, with the 
 stamens standing on the pistil ; as ladies' slipper and orchis. To this defini- 
 tion should be added, that the stamens are inserted at a distance from the 
 place where the calyx and corol are inserted. For the stamens are inserted 
 on the germ of the pistil in all plants of the class sy5GENEsia, &c. but they are 
 inserted in connection with the corol. 
 
 The nineteenth and twentieth classes are named by pre fixing Greek numerals 
 expressive of the number of plants occupied by the stamens and pistils in order 
 to complete a species, to (ECIA, a Greek derivative from oikos, a house. The 
 Tiame is vitended to signify, that the stamens and piistUs inhabit the same or dif- 
 ferent tenements. 
 
 19. MoNffiCiA, include? those plants which bear perfect flowers, with the 
 staminate and pistillate flowers on the same plant; as the oak, chesnut, and 
 Indian com. 
 
BOTANY, 25 
 
 Co. DiGCiA, includes these plants \Thich bear imperfect flowers, with the 
 striminate and pisiillate flowers on separate piants ; as the hemp, hop, willow 
 and poplar. 
 
 Most plants of the»e two last classes are united in one class by Pursh, called 
 DicuNTA. Plants of these two classes may be called diclinious plants, or the 
 diclinious classes. 
 
 The ticenty-Jirat class is named by prefixing CRYPTO, a Greek derivative, sig- 
 nifying concealed, to GAMIA, a Greek derivative, used metaphorically for the 
 sireicing of pollen from the anthers upon the stigmas of pistils. It isijUended 
 to signify, thai the operation of strewing the fertilizing pollen upon stigma:, 
 so manifest in lilies, poplars, Indian corn, ^c. is concealed in plants of this 
 class ; though it is probable that such operations are as regularly performed m 
 cryptogamous as in phenogainous plants. 
 
 21. Cryptogamia, includes those plants whose stamens are not manifest, 
 even under the Jens. They are known by habit, or natural affinitjea; as ferns, 
 mbsses, liver-worts, sea-weeds, lichens, and fungi. 
 
 \ Remarks. To ascertain ths nutaber of stamens contained in the flowers o^ 
 plants, in difficult cases the student must consider their relation to the divislonf? 
 of the corol, or oi the calyx if the corol is wanting. For if the stamens are all 
 arranged around the pistil in one circular series, they agree in number with 
 the divisions of the corol ; or their number :■* such that they may be divided 
 by the number of the divisions of the corol, or that these divisions may be di- 
 vided by the number of stamens without any remainder. If the stamens are 
 arranged in more than one series, each series separately taken, is subject to 
 the same rule. Thus all crucitbrm flowers have two series of stamens. The; 
 inner series consists of four stamens, which is equal to the number of petah. 
 The outer series consists of two stamens, by which the number of petals noav 
 be divided without a remainder. 
 
 In some cases the inner series seems to be governed by the pistil; particu- 
 larly when the principal series is outermost. As in the buckwheat. Here the 
 main series is outermost, and consists of five starnc-ns, agreeing with the divis- 
 ions of the coloured caljs. The inner series consists oi three stamens, agree- 
 ing with the triangular form of the germ. One species of this genus (orieutale) 
 has a two-sided germ ; and the inner series consisls of but two stamens. 
 
 By a careful attention to such relations or analogies, we may fix upon the 
 right number for determining the class, in cases where the real number of sta- 
 mens is very variable, or where they are partly abortive, or too minute for the 
 eve. 
 
 ARTIFICIAL ORDERS. 
 
 Each class is subdivided into two or more orders. These subdivis- 
 ions are founded upon the numbei" of styles (or stigmas when styles 
 are wanting) — the covering or nakedness of seeds — the relative lengths 
 of pods — the comparison between disk and ray florets of compound 
 flowers — and the characters of preceding; classes. The orders of the 
 class cryptogamia, are distinguished by natural family characters. 
 
 The orders of the first twelve classes are distinguished by the number of 
 styles : and named by prefixing Greek numerals, expressive of the num- 
 ber of styles, to gynia, a Greek derivative, used metaphorically for style 
 or stigma. The styles are numbered at their origin on the germ. Their 
 subdivisions above the germ are not taken into view in determining the 
 
 3 
 
26 GRAMMAR OF 
 
 number of the order. Sometimes the style is wanting, leaving the stigmd 
 to sit down upon the germ ; in such casts the siigmas arc numbered in 
 determining the number of the order. • 
 
 1. Mo50GY5iA, includes those plants, in any of the first twelve clas- 
 ses, which bear flowers with but one style, or one sessile stigma in 
 each ; as the samphire in the first class, the lilac in the second, the 
 iris in the third, the plantain in the fourth, the mullein in the fifth, the 
 lily in the sixth, the horse-chesnut in the seventh, the scabish in the 
 eighth, the sassafras in the ninth, the prince'i pine in the tenth, the 
 cherry in the eleventh, and the poppy in the twelfth. 
 
 2. DiGYNiA, includes those plants, in any of the first iwelve classes, 
 which bear flowers with two styles, or two sessile stigmas in each j 
 as timothy grass in the third class, and the pink in the tenth class. 
 
 3. TRiGYrJiA, includes those plants in any of the first twelve classes, 
 •which bear flowers with three styles, or three sessile stigmas in each } 
 as the elder in the fifth class, and the buckwheat in the eighth class. 
 
 4. TzTS-AGYNiA, includes those plants in any of the first twelve clas- 
 ses, which bear flvowers with four styles or four sessile stigmas; as the 
 holly in the fourth class, and the lizard's tail in the seventh class. 
 
 5. Pehtagynia, includes those plants in any of the first twelve clas- 
 ses which bear flov/ers with five styles or five sessile stigmas in each ; 
 as spikenard in the fifth class, and cockle in the tenth class. 
 
 6. Hexagynia, six styles or sessile stigmas. 
 
 7. Heptagyma, seven styles or sessile stigmas. 
 
 8. OcTOGYNiA, eight styles or sessile stigmas. 
 
 9. Enneagykia, nine styles or sessile stigmas. 
 
 10. Decagynia, includes those plants in any of the first twelve clas- 
 ses which bear perfect flowers, with ten styles or ten sessile stigmas in 
 each 3 as the pokeweed in the tenth class. 
 
 13. PoLYGV.NiA, includes those plants in any of the first twelve clas- 
 ses which bear flowers with any number of styles or sessile stigmas 
 above ten ; as the rose in the twelfth, and the crow-foot in the thir- 
 teenth. 
 
 The orders of the thirteenth and fourteenth classes arc but two in each. 
 Those in the thirteenth are named by prefixing gvmko, a Greek deriva- 
 tive signifying naked, or angio, a Greek derivative, signifying bag or 
 sack, to SPEP.MIA, a derivative signifying seed. In the fourteenth, they 
 are named by risirig a derivative from the Latin siliqua, a j)od ; and 
 from the diminutive of the same, silicula. 
 
 1. GyMNos?ERMiA, includcs those plants in the thirteenth class, 
 ■which bear seeds without any pericarp. They generally lie naked in 
 the bottom of the calyx ; as of mother- wort and hyssop. 
 
 2. A.NGiosPERMiA, iucludcs those plants of the thirteenth class ; 
 which bear seed in a capsule ; as the fox-glove and snapdragon. 
 
 1. SiLicuLosA, includes those plants of the fourteenth class which 
 bear silique pods, with the length and breadth nearly equal ; as the 
 shepherd's rnrse. 
 
 2. SiLiQuosA, includes those plants of the fourteenth class which 
 bear silique pods, with the length considerably exceeding the breadth, 
 always more than double; as the mustard. 
 
BOTANY. 27 
 
 The orders of the fifteenth, sixteenth, eighteenth, ninetecnih and twen- 
 tieth classes, are distinguished by the characters of preceding classes, and 
 assume the same names. Therefore when a plant is found in either of 
 these five classes, we inquire which nearest preceding class it would fall 
 into, if its particular classic character were wanting. The answer to this 
 inquiry gives the order. 
 
 1. MoNANDRiA, when used for an order in the 15th, IGth, 18th, li)th, 
 or 20lh class, includes those plants in either of said classes which bear 
 flowers with but one stamen in each ; as orchis in the eighteenth class, 
 and sea eel-grass in the nineteenth. 
 
 2. DiANDRiA, when used for an order in the loth, 16lh, iSlh, 19th, 
 or 20th class, includes those plants in either of said classes which bear 
 flowers with two stamens in each ; as ladies' slipi^er in class 18, duck- 
 meat in class 19, and willow in class 20. 
 
 3. Triandria, when used for an order in the loth, IGth, 18th, 19th, 
 or 20th class, includes those plants in either of said classes which btr-ar 
 flowers with three stamens in each ; as blue-eyed grass in class 15, In- 
 dian corn in class 19, and the fig in class 20. 
 
 4. Tetrandria, whan used for an order in the loth, 16th, 18th, 19th , 
 or 20th class, includes those plants in either of raid classes which bear 
 flowers with four stamens in each; as the nettle iu the 19th class and 
 bayberry in the 20th class. 
 
 5. Pentandria, when used for an order in the loth, IGth, 18th, 19th, 
 or 20th class, includes those plants in either of said classes which bear 
 flowers with five stamens in each ; as the passion fiower in the ICth 
 class, the hog-weed in the 19th, and the hemp in the 20th. 
 
 6. Hexandria, when used for an order in the 15th, 16th, 18th, 19th, 
 or 20th class, includes those plants in either of said classes which bear 
 flowers with six stamens in each ; as water oats in the 19Lh class, and 
 the green-briar in the 20lh. 
 
 7. Heptandria, when used for an order in the 15th, 16th, IStb, 19th, 
 or 20th class, includes those plants in either of said classes which bear 
 flowers with seven stamens in each ; as the stork-geraciura in class 15. 
 
 8. OcTANDRiA, when used for an order in the 15th, loth, 18th, 19th, 
 or 20th class, includes those plants in either of said classes which bear 
 flowers with eight stamens in each ; as the seneca suake-root in class 
 16, and poplar in class 20. 
 
 10, Decandria, when used for an order in the 15th, 16th, 18th, 19th, 
 or 20th class, includes those plants in either of said classes which bear 
 flowers with ten stamens in each ; as the geranium in class 15, and the 
 pea in class 16, 
 
 13, Poltakdria, when used for an order in the loth, 16th, 18th, 
 19th, or 20th class, includes those plants in either of said classes wiiich 
 bear flowers with more than 10 stamens in each; as the hollyhock in 
 class 15, the butternut in class 19, and the moon-seed in class 20. 
 
 16. MoNADELPHiA, whcu used for an order in the 19th or 20th class, 
 (it is never used in loth, 16th, or 18th,) includes those plants in either 
 of said classes which bear flowers with the stamens united by their 
 filaments in one set ; as the cucumber in class 19, and the red cedar 
 En class 20. 
 
 The four first orders of class IT, are distinguished by comparing the 
 disk and ray florets. The first, second and third orders have perfect flo- 
 
28 GRAMMAR OF 
 
 rets in tkc disk ; the fourth, has staminate florets only in the disk. The 
 first has perfect florets i7i the ray, the second and fourth have pistillate ^ 
 and the third has neutral. The fifth order has partial perianth calyxes to 
 all the florets ; whereas none of the other orders Aave any but the general 
 calyx — the egret, when present being a substitute for the perianth. The 
 orders of this class are named by joining the nord polvgamia, to an ap- 
 propriate adjective. Poiygamia is a Greek derivative used metaphorical- 
 ly to signify numerov.s organs for carrying on the process of strevAng thi 
 fertilising pollen upon, stigmas. The adjective ^qualis is used to signify, 
 that the organs for furnishing pollen are equalized, or duly prop ortionei 
 to the stigmas to be fertilized ; superflva, that the pistillate flortts in the 
 margin or ray are superfluous, each fertile floret of the disk having sta- 
 Tnens and pistils in due proportion ; frustranea, that the ray florets are 
 empty or vain, having no stamens or pistils ; necessaria, that the ray 
 florets are necessary to the production of seed, the disk florets being all sta- 
 minate ; SEGREGATA, that the florcts OTC disjointed, or separated from 
 aach other by partial calyxes. 
 
 1. PoLYGAKiA AQDALis, ificludcs those plants 01 tlie 17th class 
 which bear fiowers with perfect florets in both the disk and ray ; as 
 the dandelion, thistle, and burdock. 
 
 2. Polvgamia siperflua, includes those plants of the 17th class, 
 which bear flowers with perfect florets in the disk, and pistillate florets 
 io the ray ; as ox-eyed daisy and yarrow. 
 
 3. PoLYGAMiA FRUSTRANEA, includes those plants of the 17th class, 
 wiiich bear flowers with perfect florets in the disk, and neutral florets 
 in theraij; as the sun-flower and blue-bottle. 
 
 4. PoLYGAT.riA KECESSARiA, includcs those plants of the 17th class, 
 which bear flowers with staminate florets in the disk, and pistillate 
 florets in the ray; as the pot-marygold and high-water shrub. 
 
 5. PoLYGAMiA SEGREGATA, includes those plants of the 17th class, 
 which bear flowers with a perianth to each floret ; as the giobe-tbis 
 tl-e, and elephant's foot. 
 
 The orders of the twenty-first class are distinguished by natural family 
 characters : this class embraces six natural families, 
 
 1. FiLicES, includes all the ferns. These plants bear fruit on the 
 back of the leaves, or some part of the leaves seem as it were meta- 
 morphosed into a kind of fruit-bearing spike ; as the brake and maid- 
 en-hair. A sub order,, which may be denominated ,^ptercs or Pteroi- 
 des, includes those which bear fruit in a peculiar appendage, as a spike 
 or protuberance in the axils or at the base of the leaves ; as ground 
 pine, scouring-rush, and quill-wort. 
 
 2. Musci, includes the proper mosses. These plants bear, on leafy 
 stems and branches, one-celled capsules opening at the top, where, 
 they are crowned by a peculiar lid. The capsules do not open by 
 valves, and are generally elevated on stems or stipes : as hair-cap 
 moss. 
 
 3. Hepatic^, includes those more succulent moss-like plants, which 
 are called liver-worts. They bear four-valved capsules, which distin- 
 guishes them from mosses ; as brook liver-wort, and platted moss. 
 
 4. Alcs, includes the sea-weeds and frog-spiltle. These plants bear 
 vesiculous or f lamentous fruit, mostly in gelatinous fronds. The fruit 
 
BOTANY. 29 
 
 frequently requires a high magnifying power to render it visible ; as 
 common sea-weed and river green-hair. 
 
 5. LiciiErfEs, includes the proper lichens. These plants appear in. 
 somewhat circular patches on stones, trees, and old fences ; also irr. 
 fibres suspended from branches, fcc. They are generally pale-green, 
 yellow, white, or black ; but they are found of all colours. They bear 
 exceedingly minute fruit in receptacles on compact or gelatinous 
 fronds. These receptacles are divided into twelve kinds, translated 
 by Dr. J. E. Smith into clefts, spangles, puffs, buttons, tubercles, hol- 
 lows, cellules, globules, shields, targets, orbs, and knobs. All of these 
 terms are separately defined in the Dictionary. 
 
 6. Fungi, includes such plants as the mushroom, touchwood, mould, 
 blight, kc. They are destitute of herbage, consisting of a spongy, pul- 
 py, leathery, or woody substance ; and bear fruit in a naked dilated 
 membrane, or within the substance of the plant. 
 
 Remark. For a more fall account of these six last orders, the reader 
 is referred to the Natural Orders of Jussieu. 
 
 A. B. When a star (*) is placed before generic names at the end of 
 an order, it is to be understood, that though some species of these gen- 
 era fall here by the rules of the artificial system, yet that as no natural 
 genus must be divided, these stragglers must be referred back to their 
 natural genera for descriptiojis. They may thus be referred back by 
 aid of the alphabetical arrangement of generic names, where the spe- 
 cies are described. 
 
 J^'ote 2. When exercising pupils in the artificial classes, the Instructor 
 should direct them to begin by comparing the stamens of the plant un- 
 der examination, with the characters of the highest numbered class, 
 and to proceed downwards towards tl^e first class. Because the c';ar- 
 acters of the lower classes are sometimes included in the higher. Thus, 
 in analyzing the lily, the student should proceed as follows : 
 
 1. It is not cri/ptoganious, because the stamens and pistils are mani- 
 fest, 
 
 2. It is not diclinious, because the stamens and pistils are in the 
 same flower. 
 
 3. It is not gynandrous, because the stamens do not stand on any 
 part of the pistil. 
 
 4. It is not syngenccious, for the flower is not compound. 
 6. It is not adelphous, for the filaments are not united. 
 
 6. It is not dynamous; for two stamens are not uniformly the short- 
 est. 
 
 7. It is not hyperdecandrous. for the number of stamens does not ex- 
 ceed ten. 
 
 8. It is not decandrous, for the number of stamens is not ten. 
 0. It is hypodecandrous, for the number of stamens is under ten 
 
 Having traced it to the proper group of classes, the exact number of 
 stamens settle it in the class hexaadria. 
 
30 
 
 GRAMMAR OF 
 
 SYNOPSIS OF ARTIFICIAL CLASSES. 
 
 1. Monandria, one stamen m the 6ower. 
 
 2. ZHandria, 2 stameas. 
 
 3. Triandria, 3 stameas, 
 
 4. Tetrandria, 4 atameng. 
 No. of I 5. Penfawrfria, 5 stamens. 
 
 6. Hexandria, 6 ntd^ment, 
 
 7. Heptandria,7 siimens- 
 
 8. Ottandria, 8 staraena. 
 
 9. Enneandria, 9 stamena. 
 ^ 10. Deeandria, 10 stamens 
 
 jiamenr. 
 
 iVo. ona 5 ^^' ^<^Ofandrici, more than 10 stamens, standing on the calyx 
 position. \ 12, Polyandriay more than 10 stamens, on the receptacle. 
 
 C annex- 
 zon. 
 
 No, and^ 13. Didynamia, 4 stamens, 2 of them uniformly the longest. 
 ^ength, ^ ]4 Tetr adynamia, 6 stamens, 4 of them uniformly the longest, 
 
 ' 15. Monadelphia, stamens united by their filaments in one set, an- 
 thers generally separate. 
 
 16. Diadelphia^ stamens united by their filaments in two sets, lome- 
 tirae3 in one set, with papilionaceous corols. 
 
 17. Syngenetia, stamens 5, united by their anthers in one set, flow 
 ( ers compound. 
 
 r 18. Gynandria, stnraena stand on the germ, stfle or stigma, sepa- 
 I rate from the base of the calyx and corol 
 
 Position. \ 19. Monoecia, si&mGni and pistils in separate flowers on the same 
 j plant. 
 
 i.20. Dioecii, stamens and pistils on separate plants. 
 
 Natura, 
 
 'l 
 
 21. Crypto gampi, stamens not manifest, such plants can only be 
 classed bv natural families 
 
 Hsraarks, Culmifsroui pUnts, of the 3d, 6th and 19th classes, must be in 
 fruit, almost mature, when analyzed. Also, all plants in classes 11 , 13, 14 and . 
 16 ; and the umbelliferous, in the 5tb. The classes, orders, and most of the 
 generic characters in these classes, may be ascertained after the fruit is suffi- 
 ciently mature for analysing. 
 
BOTANY. 31 
 
 SYNOPSIS OF ARTIFICIAL ORDERS. 
 
 Glass 1.1 
 
 4. 
 5. 
 
 Orders of theie twelve classes are distinguished by the number oi 
 
 styles or sessile stigmas. 
 MoQOgynia, 1 style. Digynia, 2, 
 '^, J'Trigynia, 3. Tetragynia, 4. 
 ;^- Pentagynia, 5. Hexagynia, 6. 
 jQ I Heptagynia, 7. Octogynia, 8. 
 
 11. ! Decagynia, 10. Polyginia, over 10. 
 
 12. J 
 
 13. ) I, Gyranospermia, seeds naked. 2, Angiospermia, seeds covered, 
 14. ) 1, Siliculosa, pod short. 2, Siliquosa, pod long. 
 
 16.) Preceding classes, as 1, Monandria. 2, Diandria. 3, Triandria, 
 16, > 4, Tetrandria. 
 
 17. 1, Polygamia aequalis, florets all perfect. 2, Pol. superflua, florets 
 of the disk perfect, of the ray pistillate. 3, Pol. frustranea, florets of 
 the disk perfect, of the ray neutral. 4, Pol. necesiaria, florets of 
 the disk staminate, of the ray pistillate. 5, Pol. segregata, florets 
 furnished with partial calyxes. 
 
 1 
 18. 1 Preceding classes, as 5, Pentandria. 6, Heiandria. 7, Heptan- 
 
 19. > dria. 8, Octandria, 10, Decandria. 13, Polyandria. 15. Mo- 
 
 20. J nadelphia. 
 
 21. 1, Filices (ferns, brakes, polypods.) 2j Masci (common mosses.) 
 3, liepaticae (liverworts and succulent mosses.) 4, Algae (frog- 
 (jpittle, water greenhair, sea-weeds.) 5, Lichenes (lichens, dry 
 mosse?, patches and specks on trees, rocks, stones, &c.) 6, Fungi 
 (mushrooms, puff-balls, mould, wheat-rust, &c.) 
 
 Remarks. When a plant cannot be made to fall under the order or section 
 which its characters seem to indicate, it should be tried through the whole class 
 or whole order, as though no subdivisions were made, 
 
SS GRAMMAR or 
 
 NATURAL ORDERS. 
 
 Plants of the same Natural Order agree in habit, and mostly in me 
 dicinal properties. When they differ in these properties, the differ- 
 ence is indicated by the odour. 
 
 The Natural Orders of Linneus are retained on account of the books 
 in use which refer to them. Jussieu has improved upon Linneus great- 
 ly. Medical students ought to arrange their plants according to Jus- 
 sieu in the herbarium. 
 
 Students should be told, that many plants may possess the qualities 
 of the orders to which they belong, though in a very feeble and scarce- 
 iy perceptible degree. 
 
 NATURAL ORDERS OF LINNEUS. 
 
 1^ Palmje. Palms and their relatives ; as Cocoanut, Frogs bit 
 Farinaceous diet. 
 
 2. Piperita:. Pepper and its relatives. In crowded spikes ; as 
 Indian turnip, Sweet-flag. Tonics and stomachics. 
 
 3. Calamari^. Reed-like grasses, with culms without joints ; as 
 Cat-tail, Sedge. Coarse cattle fodder. 
 
 4. Gramina. The proper grasses with jointed culms ; as Wheat, 
 Rye, Oats, Timothy-grass, Indian corn. Farinac&ous ditt, and cattle 
 fodder, 
 
 5. Tripetaloidz^:. Corol three-petalled, or calyx three-leaved r 
 as Water plantain. Rush-grass, Arrow-head. Tonici and rough catlle 
 fodder. 
 
 6. En'satje. Liliaceous plants with sword-form leave? ; as Iris, Blue 
 eyed grass, Virginian spider-wort. An'iscorbuiics and tonics. 
 
 7. Orchide^. With fleshy roots, stamens on the pistils, pollen 
 glutinous, flowers of singular structure, with the germ inferior ; as La- 
 dies' slipper, Arethusa. Farinaceous diet, and stomachics. 
 
 8. SciTAMiNEJE. Liliaceous corols, stems herbaceous, leaves broad, 
 germ blunt-angular? as Ginger, Turmeric. Warming stomachics. 
 
 9. SPATHACEiE. Liliaceous plants with spathes ; as Daffodil, Onion 
 Snow-drop. Secernant stimulants.* 
 
 10. CoRONARi.5:. Liliaceous plants without spathes 5 asLily, Tuli[ 
 Star-grass. The nauseous scented and bitter are antiscorbutic and 
 cathartic; the others onolieni. 
 
 11. Sarmentace^. Liliaceous corols with very weak stems ; as 
 Srailax, Asparagus, Bell-wort. l^oJiics and secernant stijnulants. 
 
 12. OLERACEiE, or HoLERACE^. Having flowers destitute of beau- 
 ty, at least of gay colouring ; as Beet, Blight, Pig-weed, Dock, Pepper- 
 ao-e. If nauseous, cathartic ; others, mild stimulants and nutrien- 
 iics.\ 
 
 13. Succulents. Plants with very thick succulent leaves ; as 
 Prickly-pear, Houseleek, Purselain. .Antiscorbutic and emolient. 
 
 14. Gruinales. Corols with five petals, capsules beaked ; as Flax, 
 Wood-sorrel, Crane bill. Tonics ana refrigerants. 
 
 * Which promote (he secretion of perspirable matter, &c. &c. 
 I Nutrientics of Darnin, which serve a? nutriment merely, without prodac- 
 ng any extraordinary effects. 
 
BOTANY. 33 
 
 15. IvvuDATJE. Growing under water, and having flowers destitute 
 of beauty ; as Hippuris, Pond-weed. Jlstrivgend. 
 
 16. Caltciflor^. Plants without corols, with tiie stamens on the 
 calyx ; as Poet's cassia, Seed buckthorn. Asiringcnis and refrigev 
 ants. 
 
 17. Calycanthem/e. Calyx on the germ, or growing to it, flowers 
 beautiful ; as Willow-herb, Ludwigia, CEnothera. Tonics. 
 
 18. BicoRNEs. Anthers with two strait horns ; as Whortleberry, 
 Spicy and Bitter Wintergreen, Laurel. Astringents. 
 
 19. Hesperides. Sweet-scented, leaves evergreen ; as Myrtle, 
 Cloves, Mock orange. Astringent and stomachic. 
 
 20. RoTACEit. Corols wheel-form ; as St. John's wort. Tonics. 
 
 21. Precis. Plants with early spring flowers of an elegant specious 
 appearance ; as Primrose. Astringents. 
 
 22. Caryophylle^. Plants with caryophyllous corols ; as Pink, 
 Cockle. Astringents a.n6. secernanl stimulants. 
 
 23. TRiHiLATiE. Flowers with three stigmas, capsules inflated and 
 winged, and generally three-seeded, with distinct hilums ; as Nastur-. 
 tion, Horse-chesnut. Tonics and nutrientics. 
 
 24. CoRiDALEs. Corols spurred or anomalous ; as Fumitory, Touch- 
 me-not. JVarcotic and antiscorbutic. 
 
 25. PuTAMiNEiE. Plants which bear shell-fruit ; as Caper-bush. 
 Detergent and antiscorbutic. 
 
 26. MuLTisiLiQua:. Having several pod-form capsules to each 
 flower ; as Columbine, Larkspur, Rue, American cowslip. Cathartic, 
 narcotic and caustic. 
 
 27. Rh(eade;E. Plants with caducous calyxes, and capsules or sill- 
 ques ; as Poppy, Blood-root, Celandine. Anodyne and antiscorbutic. 
 
 28. LuRiD^. Corols lurid, mostly monopetalous ; flowers pentan- 
 drous or didynamous, with capsules; as Tobacco, Thorn-apple, Night- 
 shade, Foxglove. Narcotic and antiscorbutic, 
 
 29. Campakack^:. Having bell-form corols, or those whose general 
 aspect is somewhat bell-form ; as Morning-glory, Bell-flower, Violet, 
 Cardinal-flower. Cathartics and secernant stimulants. 
 
 30. CoNTORTiE. Corols twisted or contorted ; as Milk-weed, Peri- 
 winkle, Choke-dog. Cathartics and antiscorbutics. 
 
 31. Vepreculje. Having raonophyllous calyxes, coloured like co- 
 rols ; as Leather- wood, Thesium. Antiscorbutic and emetic. 
 
 32. Papilionace^. Having papilionaceous flowers ; as Peas, Beans, 
 Locust-tree, Clover. Emolient, diuretic, nuirientic. 
 
 33. LoMENTACE.^. Having legumes or loments, but not perfect 
 papilionaceous flowers with united filaments ; as Cassia, Sensitive 
 plant. Emolient, astringent, cathartic. 
 
 34. CucuRBiTACE.^. Fruit pumpkin-like, anthers mostly united j 
 as Melons, Cucumbers, Passion-flower. Cathartic and refrigerant. 
 
 36. SENTicosiE. Prickly or hairy, with polypetalous corols, and 
 a number of seeds either naked or slightly covered ; as Rose, Raspber- 
 ry, Strawberry. Astringent and refrigerant. 
 
 36. Pomace^:. Having many stamens on the calyx, and drupace- 
 ous or pomaceous fruit ; as Pear, Currant, Cherry, Peach. Refrigerants. 
 
 37. Columnifer^. Stamens united in the form of a column ; as 
 Hollyhock, Mallows, Cotton. Emolient. 
 
 38. TRicocCiE. Having three-celled capsules ; as Castor-oil plant; 
 Spurge, Box. Cathartic. 
 
54 GRAMMAR OF 
 
 39. SiLiQUOSiE. Having silique pods ; as Cabbage, Mustard, Shep- 
 herd's purse. Diuretic, antiscorbutic, nutrientic. 
 
 40. Personate. Having personate corols ; as Snapdragon, Mon- 
 key-flower. DeobstruentsSind cathartics. • 
 
 41. AspERiFOLi^:. Corols monopetalous, with five stamens, seeds 
 five, naked, leaves rough ; as Comfrey, Stone-seed, (lithospermum.) 
 ^Astringents and deobslruents. 
 
 42. Verticillata. Having labiate flowers; as Sage, Thyme, Cat- 
 mint, Mother-wort. Sloranchics and astringents. 
 
 43. DuMos.^. Bushy pithy plants with small flowers, petals in four 
 or five divisions ; as Sumach, Elder, Holly. To?iic and cathartic. 
 
 44. Sepiarl'e. Having mostly tubular divided corols, with few sta- 
 mens — being ornamental shrubs ; as Lilac, Jasmine. Jlstringents. 
 
 45. UMBELLATiE. Flowersln umbels, with five-petalled corols, sta- 
 mens five, styles two, and two naked seeds ; as Fennel, Dill, Carrot, 
 Poison hemlock. Stomachic and narcotic. 
 
 46. Hederace.!:. Corols five-cleft, stamens five to ten, fruit berry- 
 like on a compound raceme ; a; Grape, Ginseng, Spikenard. Tonics 
 and refrigerants. 
 
 47. StellatjE. Corols four cleft, stamens four, seeds two, naked, 
 lea%'es mostly whorled ; as Bed-straw, Dog-wood, Venus' pride. To- 
 nics and deobstruerjs. 
 
 48. Accregat^:. Having aggregate flowers; as Button-bush, Marsh 
 rosemary. Tonics and secernant stimulants. 
 
 49. Compositje. All the compound flowers ; as Sun-flower, Bone- 
 set, Tansey, Thistle. Tonics and secernant stimulants. 
 
 50. Amektace^. Bearing pendant ameuts ; as Hasle, Oak, Ches- 
 nut. Willow. Astringent.!. 
 
 51. CoNFiER.5:. Bearing strobiles ; as Pine, Juniper, Cedar. Tonics 
 and stomachics. 
 
 52. CoADuxATiE. Several berry-like pericarps, which are adnate ; as 
 Tulip-tree, Magnolia. Tonics. 
 
 53. Scaeridje. Leaves rough, flowers destitute of beauty; as Net- 
 tle, Hemp, Hop, Elm. Astringents. 
 
 54. Miscellanea. Plants not arranged by asy particular charac- 
 ter ; as Pond-lily, Poke-weed, Amaranth. Their qualities are various ; 
 but see Jussieu's orders, 
 
 55. FiLicEs. All ferns ; as Brakes, Maiden-hair. Secernant stimu- 
 lants. 
 
 56. Musci. All mosses ; as Polytrichum. Cathartics and secer- 
 nant stimulants. 
 
 57. ALGiE. All liverworts, lichens, and sea-weeds ; as Jungerman- 
 nia, Fucus, Usnea. Tonics. 
 
 58. Fungi, All funguses ; as Mushroom, Toad-stool, Puff-ball, 
 Touch-wood, Mould Tonics and cathartics. 
 
aOTANT. 2^ 
 
 NATURAL ORDERS OF JUSSIEU. 
 
 Ihe Natural system of Jussieu is founded upon characters greatly re- 
 sembling, in principle, those vhich Linneus considers as artificial. 
 But notwithstanding this artificial appearance, the application of these 
 characters forms the basis of a system, which is truly natural. 
 
 Plants are distributed into three grand divisions by their seeds. 
 Those plants whose seeds consist chiefly of two fleshy parts, called 
 Cotyledons, as the pea, bean, &.c. constitute the largest subdivision ; 
 called the Dicotyledonous division. Those, whose seeds consist chief- 
 ly of a single cotyledon, as wheat, barley, Indian corn, &:.c. constitute 
 a smaller subdivision, called the Monocotyledonous division. Those, 
 whose seeds contain no fleshy mass ; having nothing analogous to the 
 cotyledon, excepting a thin membrane in some cases, as the mosses, 
 lichens, fungy, k.c. constitute the smallest subdivision, called the .ico- 
 iyledonous division. 
 
 These grand divisions are subdivided into orders, by a general enu- 
 meration of natural characters. The Acotyledonous division is directly 
 distributed into six natural orders. But the other two divisions are 
 nrst distributed into classes, and these classes into ninety-four natural 
 orders, making in the whole one hundred orders. 
 
 The two cotyledonous divisions are distributed into classes by the 
 relative position of the germ and the organs of the flower nearest to it. 
 The three positions of these organs are, on the top of the germ, around 
 the germ, and below the germ. The Monocotyledonous division is di- 
 vided into three classes. One class has the stamens on the top of the 
 ^erm, another has them around the germ, and the third has them be- 
 low the germ. The Dicotyledonous division has nine classes construct- 
 ed upon the same general plan. The first three classes contain plants 
 without corols, the second three classes contain plants with monopeta- 
 lous corols, the third three classes contain plants with polypetalous 
 corols. This grand division contains eleven classes however. One of 
 these extra numbers is constituted by subdividing one of the nine clas- 
 ses, by the union and separation of anthers. And the other extra num- 
 ber, (the eleventh class) is chiefly founded on the dielinious character 
 of the plants embraced in it. It is, however, the most defective class, 
 
 First Divisioir. 
 ACOTYLEDONS, 
 
 OR, PLANTS WITH GONGi'LOCS SEEDS. 
 
 Order I. Fungi. 
 
 riants of this order are never strictly aquatic, though some of them 
 grow in water and in both damp and dry places indifferently. They 
 never exhibit the verdure of green herbage : but are generally corky, 
 fleshy, or mould-like. They vary much in form and colour : being 
 spherical, hemispheric, columnar, clavate, filamentous, lamellar, cap- 
 sular, pulverulent; white, yellow, red, black, greenish, kc. The fruit 
 of some is external, of others internal, of others its place can hardly 
 be demonstrated. No plant of this order gives off oxygen gas by the 
 action of light. 
 
36 GRAMMA]^ or 
 
 Generic names. Sphaeria, Stilbospora, Hysterium, Xyloma, Nae- 
 maspora, Tubercularia, Sclerotium, Tuber, Geastrum, Bovista, Tulo- 
 stoma, Lycoperdon, Scleroderma, Lycogala,*Fuligo, Fhysarum, Tri- 
 chia, Arcyria, Stemonitis, Tubulina, Mucor, Onygena, Aecidium, Ure- 
 do, Puccinia, Trichoderma, Conoplea, Cyathus, Phallus, Arraanita, 
 Agaricus, Merullus, Dedalius, Boletus, Sistotrema, Hydnum, Thele- 
 phora, Merisma, Ciavaria, Geoglossum, Spathularia, Leotia, Helvella, 
 Morcbella, Tremella, Peziza, Aegerita, Isaria, Monila, Dematiiim, 
 Erineura, Racodiura, Himantia, Mesenterica. 
 
 Properlies. Tonics if dry or corky ^ cathartics and narcotics if juicy. 
 An alkaline juice exudes from some. 
 
 Order II. Algae. 
 
 First division. The proper algae are mostly aquatics. They are 
 filamentous or membranous, and nearly similar in all their parts. 
 They absorb circulating fluids through their immersed parts only, 
 which are not transfused through other parts. They are generally 
 «^reen or reddish, and give off oxygen gas irom the parts under water 
 which are exposed to the sun. 
 
 Generic names. Fucus, Chordaria, Laminaria, Delesseria, Sphaer- 
 ococcus, Halymenia, Ulva, Vaucheria, Hutchinsia, Caramium, Lema- 
 nia. Conferva, Zygenema, Oscillatoria, Batrachospermum, Rivularia, 
 Nostoc. 
 
 Second division. The proper lichens are various in texturt, form 
 and colour. They are leathery, woody, lamellated, leaf-like, filamen- 
 tous, white, yellow, greenish, black, he. Often they appear like green 
 herbage, especially if wet. Some appear like leprous spots on stones 
 and trees, speckled with black, white, or yellow dots. Others in 
 greenish or bluish patches on old fences and walls ; and others in 
 strong light green filaments, suspended from branches of trees, which 
 are falsely called mosses. 
 
 They absorb circulating fluids, which are transfused through every 
 Dart of their substance. Their fructification is in the form of clefts, 
 spangles, puffs, buttons, tubercles, hollows, cellules, globules, shields, 
 targets, orbs, or knobs. 
 
 Generic names. Spiloma, Arthonia, Gyalecta, Lccidea, Calicium, 
 Gyrophora, Opegrapha, Graphis, Verrucaria, Endocarpon, Porina, 
 Pyrenula, Variolaria, Urceolaria, Lecanora, Parmelia, Borrera, Cetra- 
 ria, Sticta, Peltidea, Nephroma, Evernia, Cenomyce, Baeomyces, 
 Isidium, Stereocaulon, Rhizomorpha, Alectoria, Ramalina, Colleraa, 
 Cornicularia, Usnea, Lepraria. 
 
 Properties. Tonics — some contain useful colouring matter, and some 
 are nutritive. 
 
 Order III. Hepaticae. 
 
 Plants of this order have green or greenish fronds ; some resembling 
 the fronds of lichens, others those of mosses, but more succulent and 
 cellular. They are always monoecious or dioecious. The barren or 
 staminate flowers contain globules, aggregated together in a kind of 
 calyx, filled with a liquid analagous to pollen. The fertile or pistillate 
 flowers have germs or capsules, either naked or surrounded with pe- 
 richeths, 'which are mostly peduncled. The seeds generally adhere to 
 
BOT^NT. 57 
 
 rpirally twisted fibres. The capsules are always 4-celIed and destitute 
 of lids ; which characters distinguish this order from the next. 
 
 Generic navies. Riccia, Aiithoceros, Marchantia, Jungermaunia. 
 
 Properties. Tonics and refrigerants. 
 
 Order IV. Miuci. 
 
 Plants of this order arc monoecious, dioecious or perfect. The 
 flowers are lateral or terminal, mostly elevated on peduncles. In 
 early flowers Sprengel says, that by the help of a magnifying glass, 
 "organs may be distinctly seen, which consist partly in oblong bud- 
 " like gemmae, supposed formerly to be anthers: and partly in an 
 " aggregation of pistils, intermixed with succulent filaments." 
 
 Their capsules are always 1-celied, and open at top by operculi, or 
 lids. Over the lids, calyptres are generally placed. Cnder the lids 
 and surrounding the mouths may be seen a kind of filamentous or 
 denticulate fringe or edging, called teeth. 
 
 The seeds are very numerous, resembling fine dust adhering to the 
 inner surfaces of the capsules. The herbage is green and perennial ; 
 the leaves are minute and generally imbricated. Mosses flourish most 
 in damp shady situations ; and mostly flower early in the spring or late 
 in autumn. 
 
 Generic names. Sphagnum, Phascum, Gymnostomum, Schistidiutn, 
 Anoectangium, Tetraphis, Grimmia, Weissia, Trematodon, Dicranum, 
 Campylopus, Racomllrum, Trichostomum, Barbula, Syntrichia, Didy- 
 modon, Splachnum, Ornithotrichum, Ulota, Bartramia, Bryum, Ar- 
 rhenopterum, IVljiium, Timmia, ■Diplocomiutn, Meesia, Diphyscium, 
 Buxbaumia, Funaria, Pterigynandrura, La?ia, Leucodon, Neckera. 
 Cryphaea, Pilotrichum, Climacium, Leskia, Pterigopbyllum, Hypnum j 
 Fontinalis, Fissidens, Polytrichum, Catharinaea. 
 
 Properties. .Most!]/ secernaiU stimularits ; some few are cathartic. 
 
 Order V. Filices.* 
 
 Plants of this order are herbaceous and take root in the earth ; but 
 bear numerous minute dust-like seeds, like other cryptogamous plants. 
 
 First division. Tlie plerous ferns bear spherical or reniform I -celled 
 capsules on the back of winged fronds or on what appears like leaves 
 metamorphosed into fruit-bearing spikes. The leaves are sub-radical, 
 with alternate leafets, or alternate divisions or indentations They 
 are mostly coiled, or more or less rolled in at their tips, when the?" 
 5rst spring from the earth. 
 
 Ger^eric name?. Acrostichum, J)olypodium, Onoclea, Blechnura,. 
 Pteris, Asplenium, Scoiopendiium, Woodwardia, Adiantum, Aspidi- 
 nm, Athyrium, Dlcksonia, Vv'oodsia, Cheilaathes, Schizaea, Osmunda, 
 Lycopodium. Botrychium, Ophiogiossnm. 
 
 Second division. The Jptercs bears fruit on ipikeSj in the axi^ ot 
 leaves, or in the substance of the frond, having no proper winged 
 frond. They are either very leafy or totally leafless. Neither tbj 
 jcaves nor any other parts of apterous f<jrns are ever coiled. 
 
 ' De Lamarck and Le Candolle place this ortler, and llcte aext, anaong tK« 
 
 Mooocotylcdoaa. 
 
 4 
 
39 GUAMMAK OF 
 
 Generic names, Lycopodiam, Equisetum, Isoetes. 
 Properties. Secemant stimulants. 
 
 Order VI. Naiades.* 
 
 Plants of this order are tender aquatics, with a few axillary flowers 
 containing few minute stamens. 
 
 Generic names. Cauliuia, Chara, Najas, Saururus, Podostemum. 
 Lemna. 
 
 ProfcrHes. .^stringent. 
 
 Second Division. 
 MOiNOCOTYLEDOiNS, 
 
 OR, PLANTS WITH IlOBED SEEDS. 
 
 CLASS FIRST. Stamens below the pistil. 
 Order VII. Aroideae. 
 
 Plants of this order all bear monoecious flowers, which are sessile 
 on a spadix, and destitute of perianth calyxes. Stamens and pislils 
 are intermixed and stand on the spadix. Fruit a roundish berry. They 
 are almost stemless, with sub-radical leaves j and support the flowers 
 on scape or scape-like stalks. 
 
 Generic names. Ictodes, Calla, Zostera, Arum, Orontium. 
 
 Propertiis. Warming stomachics ; if nauseous, aiUispasmodict. 
 
 Order VIIL Typhae. 
 
 Plants of this order bear monoecious flowers with Sleaved peri- 
 anths. Stamens 3 and styles one. Fruit 1-seeded, seed fleshy or fari- 
 naceous. They are always aquatics, stems joinlless, and leaves some- 
 what sheathing. 
 
 Generic namcf. Typha, Sparganium. 
 
 Properties. Weak tonics. 
 
 Order IX. Cyperoideae. 
 
 Flowers glumaceous, in spikes or spikf lets, glumes 1-valved. The 
 flowers hiive no proper perianth calyxes; stamens 3, style 1, with two 
 or three stigmas ; seeds tingle, faiinaceous, without pericarp. Plants 
 grassy, perennial, of a coarse texture ; culm triangular or cylindric ; 
 leaves with closed sheiths or destitute of sheaths. 
 
 Generic vime*. Kyliingia, Schoenus, Rhynchospnra, Cyperus, Ma- 
 riscus, Dulichium, Scripus, Eriophorum, Tricophorum, Fuirena, Lim- 
 neJis, Carex, Seleria. 
 
 Properties. Tonics. Used for coarse cattle fodder. 
 
 Order X. GraBtineae. 
 
 flowers glumaceous, gener.'»lly in snikesorspikelets,but soraetimej 
 »o1itary. Outer glumes generally 2-valv'ed, which serve as calyxes to 
 
 • De Linn.arck and De Candolle bay that this order is artificial and ought to 
 be abolished. 
 
BOTANT. Sfg^ 
 
 spikelets, or to single flowers when solitary. Stamens 3; stigmas 3, 
 plumose or capillary. Seeds single, farinaceous, without pericarps. 
 Culms cylitidric, jointed ; leaves alternate, with sheaths alw ays deft 
 throughout their whole extent, on the side oppusite to the direction of 
 the leaf. 
 
 Generic names. Cinna, Anthoxant])um, Cenchrus, Oryzopsis, Pani- 
 cura, Digitaria, Cynodon, Paspalura, Arisli Ja, Stipa, Alopecurus, Pha- 
 laris, Crypsis, Hordeum, Miliam, Agrostis, Saccharnm, Muhlenbergia, 
 Leersia, Trichodiura, Phleum, Aira, Uralepsis, Elymus, Melica, Eleu- 
 sine, Secale, Triticura, Lolium, Alheropogon, Uniola, Briza, Sorghum, 
 Dactylis, Poa, Windsoria, Festuca, Bromus, Avena, Danthonia, Arun- 
 do, Andropogon, Holcus, Oryza, Zea, Tripsacum, Cois, Zizania, Hi- 
 erochloa. 
 
 Properties. Feeble tonics. The herbage furnishes the best of cattU 
 fodder ; and the largest seeds are used for farinaceous diet. 
 
 CLASS SECOND. Stamens surrounding the pistil, and standing on 
 the calyx or corol. Sometimes they are merely attached at the 
 base. 
 
 Order XI. Palmae. 
 
 We have no plants of this order in the Northern States. The cocoa- 
 nut, palm, and se%-eral other tropical plants belong- to this order. 
 Proptriie?. Weak ionics, and yield farinaceous diet. 
 
 Order XII. Asparagi. 
 
 Flowers with petaloid perianths, generally 6-parted or 6-cleft. Sta- 
 mens adhering to the same base with the corol or calyx. Berry 3 or 4- 
 celled, 1 to 3-seeded. Leaves often alternate, rarely whorled, never 
 sheathing. 
 
 Generic names. Asparagus, Convallaria, Dracaena, Gyromia, Smi- 
 lax, Trillium. 
 
 Properties. Mild tonics and secernant stimulants. 
 
 Order XIII. Junci. 
 
 Plants of this order generally bear flowers with small spathes, or 
 spathe-like bracts, and free 6-parted perianths. 
 
 First division. The proper Junci resemble the Cyperoideae in hab- 
 it ; having sheathing leaves and slumaceous spathes or bracts. The 
 flowers are in panicles or corymbs ; stamens 3 or 6, and each flower 
 has but a single germ. 
 
 Gemric names. Juncus, Xyris, Acorus, Tradescantia, Commelina, 
 Helonias, Xerophyllum, Veratrum, Tofieldia.*. 
 
 Second division. The Alismaceae are all aquatics, and each flower 
 contains more than one germ. 
 
 Generic name?. Alisma, Sagittaria, Triglochin, Scheuchzeria, Eri- 
 ocaulon, Potamogeton, Zanichellia. 
 
 Properties. Generally secernant stimulants. The siceet- scented art 
 rearming stomachics, and the Tiauseous are antiscorbutics. 
 
 * The two last are placed in a distinct order by Ue Lamarck and De Ca»- 
 dolle. 
 
40 GRAMMAR OF 
 
 Order XIV. Liliaceae 
 
 Plants of this order have no perianths. They have 6-petalledcorol3 
 of the liliaceous form. Stamens 6, standing%gainst the divisions of 
 the corol and often attached to it. Style 1, stigmas 3, or 3-lobed. 
 Germs free. Capsules 3-celled, 3-Yalved, with transverse partitions; 
 seeds Jlat. Leaves generally with simple nerves. 
 
 Generic names. Lilium, Tulipa, Fritillaria, Erythronium, Uvuiaria- 
 Streptopus. 
 
 Properties. Emolient and weak secernant siimulants. 
 
 Order XV. Brorneliae. 
 
 We have no plants of this order, excepting rare exotics, growing in 
 the Northern States. The pine apple (Bromeiia ananas) belongs 
 here. 
 
 Properties. Refrigerants. 
 
 Order XVI. Asphodelt. 
 
 IVo perianths, but some have spathes. Co^rols 6-parted or 6-cleft= 
 Stamens 6, standing against the divisions of the corol and attached to 
 it. Germs free ; seeds round or angled. 
 
 Generic names. Asphodelus, Hemerocallis, Ornithogaluro, Allium, 
 Aletris, Narthecium, Hyacinthus. 
 
 Properties. Expectorants and demulcents. The slrong-scented are se- 
 cernant stimulants, and the bitter are ionic and cathartic. 
 
 Order XVII. Narcissi. 
 
 r»o perianths, but most have spathes. Corols 6-parted or6-petalled. 
 Stamens 6, standing against the divisions of the corol and attached to 
 it. Germ attached to the corol, and generally supporting it. 
 
 Generic names. Narcissus, Amaryllis, Galanthus, Polyanthes, Agave, 
 Hypoxis, Leptanthus, Pontederia, Heteranthera. 
 
 Properties. Weak tonics and emollients. 
 
 Order XVIII. Irides. 
 
 Corol 6-cleft or 6-parted : stamens 3 : style 1, with 1 or 3 stigmas 
 germ attached to the corol. Leaves ensi-form or linear. Roots bulb- 
 ous or tuberous. 
 
 Generic names. Iris, Ixia, Crocus. Dilatris, Sisyrinchium. 
 
 Properties. Antiscorbutics and tonics. 
 
 CLASS THIRD. Stamens standing on the pistil. 
 
 Order XIX. Musae. 
 
 We have no plants of this order in the Northern States. The bread 
 tree (Arlocarpus incisa) belongs here. 
 Properties. Tonics. 
 
 Order XX. Cannae. 
 
 No plants of thi.«j order in our district. Ginger (Amoraum) is placed 
 here. 
 
 Properties. fV^arming stomachics. 
 
BOTANY. 41 
 
 Order XXI. Orchideae. 
 
 Plants of this order have superior, 5-petalled corols, 3 external and 
 '2 internal. There is also in each corol a petal-like organ, called the 
 lip, various in form and direction. Anthers always 1 or 2, and from 1 
 to 4-celled, sessile upon the side or apex of the style. The pollen ia 
 easily removed from the cells in agglutinated masses. Styles simpfe, 
 with viscous stigmas of various forms and positions. Capsules 1-cell- 
 ed, 3-valved, 3-keeled. Seeds numerous, dust-like. Leaves entire, 
 and generally nerved and clasping. Flowers more or less spiked and 
 bracted. 
 
 Generic names. Orchis, Goodyera, Neottia, Listera, Pogonia, Tri- 
 phora, Cymljidium, Arethusa, Tipularia, Malaxis, Microstylus, Coral- 
 lorbiza, Cypripedium. 
 
 Properlies. Emolietits, and the roots of some are stomachic. Dio»- 
 corides, Galen and Pliny, speak of the roots as affording excellent 
 farinaceous diet, and as of great use in discussing swellings and cleans- 
 ing ulcers. 
 
 Order XXIL HydrochaHdes. 
 
 Plants of this order are all aquatics. Germs simple ; stigmas 3 fo 6, 
 bifid. Capsule 1 or 6 celled, many seeded. Rather an artificial order. 
 Generic name.''. Proserpinaca, Fioerkea, Vallisneria. 
 Properties. Weak tonics. 
 
 Third Divisio.v, 
 DICOTYLEDONS, 
 
 OR, PLANTS WITH 2-LOBED SEEDi. 
 
 Section I, Flowers apetalous. 
 
 CLASS FIRST. Stamens standing on the germ. 
 
 Order XXIII. Aristolochiae. 
 
 Perianth 1-leaved adhering to the germ. Stamens numerous, (6 or 
 12) definite, attached to the germ. Style short, stigma divided, Cap- 
 sule many-celled (generally 6,) mauy-seeded. 
 
 Generic names. Asarum, Aristolochia. 
 
 Projjerlics. Warming stomachics and active forties. Galen set a high 
 value on the tonic powers of this order of plants. 
 
 CLASS SECOND. Stamens surrounding the germ, being attached to 
 
 the calyx. 
 
 Order XXIV. Aelec^ra. 
 
 Calyx adheres to the geim, monophyilous, tubular, generally Jeafy 
 outside and corol-like within. Siamens stand towards (he top of the 
 calyx, and are eqnal to the number of its division or double that num- 
 ber. Fruit I -seeded. 
 
 Generic names. Thi-ssum, Nysso, Hippopbae. 
 
 J'rovrrUes. IVtak tonics. 
 
 4* • 
 
4S ORAMMA.S OF 
 
 Order XXV. Thymelae. 
 
 Calyx free, 1-leaved, 4 or 5-lobed, coloured. Stamens inserted to- 
 wards the upper part of the calyx, and are double the number of its 
 divisions. Fruit 1-seeded. Stems woody ; l^ves simple, entire and 
 alternate. 
 
 Generic names, Dirca, Daphne. 
 
 Properties. Mild emetics and antiscorbutics. 
 
 Order XXVI. Protae. 
 
 No plants of this order grow in our district. The silver-tree (Protea) 
 is placed here. 
 Properties. Weak tonics. 
 
 Order XXVIL Lauri. 
 
 Calyx free, monophyllous, permanent, 4 to 6-cleft, or 6-partcd. 
 Stamens inserted at (be bottom of the divisions of the calyx, some- 
 times 6 in a single row, sometimes 12 in two rows, generally varying 
 in number ; anthers adnate to (he filaments, dehiscent from their bases 
 to their apexes. Germ 1, style 1, stigma simple, or divided. Drupe 
 or berry l-celled, 1-seeded. Stems woody, leaves alternate. 
 
 Generic name. Laurus. 
 
 Properties. Warming stomachics and active secernant stimulants. 
 
 Order XXVIII. Polygoneae. 
 
 Calyx free, monophyllous, divided, often coloured. Stamens insert- 
 ed on the bottom of the calyx ; anthers 2-celled and 4-grooved, later- 
 ally dehiscent into a double chink. Germ 1, slyles or sessile stigmas 
 several ; seed single, farinaceous, naked, with the corcic inside. 
 
 Generic names. Polygonum, Kuraex, Rheum. 
 
 Properties. Mild calkarlics and demulcents. The strong- scented, are 
 antiscorbutic and discussient. 
 
 Order XXIX. Atriplices. 
 
 Calyx free, monophyllous, parted. Stamens inserted on the bo< • 
 torn of the calyx, and equalling ihe number of its divisions. Germ 1, 
 style 1 or several. Seed often farinaceous, with corcles outside of it 
 Leaves alternate, simple, destitute of stipules or sheaths. Floweii 
 small, greenish, and of a dull appearance. 
 
 Generic names. Salicornia, Blitum, Salsola, Chenopodium, Beta. 
 Atriplex, Spinacia, Acnida, Phytolacca. 
 
 Properties. The strovg scented are active cathartics. The others art 
 mildly aperient. 
 
 CLASS THIRD. Stamens standing below the germ. 
 
 Order XXX. Amaranthi. 
 
 Calyx free, permanent, divided, often coloured. Stamens 3 or 5 
 Germ 1, capsule l-celled. Seed farinaceous. Flowers small. 
 Generic names, Ainaranlhus, Gomphrena. 
 Properties, 8.tcernanl stim.vlanls and weak tonics^ 
 
BOTANT. 48 
 
 Order XXXI. Planiagines. 
 
 Calyi double, outer one 4-parfed, inner one tubular. (Rather the 
 outer is a proper calyx, and the inner a dull membranaceous corol.) 
 Stamens 4, adhering to the inner calyx, exsert. Germ simple, style 1- 
 Capsule opening transversely. 2 to 4-celIed. Seed corneous. Flow- 
 ers in spikes. Leaves nerved and generally radical. 
 
 Generic name. Plantago. 
 
 Froperties. Emollients. 
 
 Order XXXII. Nyctagines. 
 
 luvolticre perianth-like, monophyllous ; perianth monophyllous, 
 coloured, permanent, contracted above the germ so as to appear alto- 
 gether like a corol standing on the germ. Stamens attached to the 
 gland-like base of the inner calyx, (corol ?) which encloses the germ. 
 Style 1, capitate. Seed farinaceous. 
 
 Generic name. Mirabilis. 
 
 Properties. Emetics and cathartics. 
 
 Order XXXIII. Plvmbagines. 
 
 Calyx double, permanent ; outer one monophyllous, tubular; inner 
 one (rather the corol) coloured, 1 or many-petalled. Stamens 5, ad- 
 hering to the inner calyx (corol ?) Germ simple, free,, styles many, 
 or one with many stigmas. Capsule 1-seeded. Seed farinaceous.* 
 
 Generic name. Statice. 
 
 Properties. Cathartic and tonic. 
 
 Section II. Flowers monopetalous. 
 
 CLASS FOURTH. Corols inserted below the germS. 
 
 Order XXXIV. Lysiinachiae. 
 
 Calyx monophyllous, permanent, 4 or 5-lobed. Corol with the 
 limb divided, and bearing the stamens opposite, and equal in number, 
 to the divisions. Germ free, style 1, stigma simple. Capsule 1-celled, 
 many-seeded, seeds attached to a free columella, the corcle strait and 
 within the fleshy seed. Leaves simple. 
 
 Generic names. Lysimachia, Anagalis, Trientalis, Primula, Dode- 
 catheou, Samoliis, Hottonia, Buchnera. 
 
 Properties. Tonics and weak seccrnant stimulants. 
 
 Order XXXV. Pediculares. 
 
 Calyx divided, permanent, often tubular. Corol irregular, often 
 ringent. Stamens 2 or 4, inserted on, or attached to, the corol ; when 
 4, two are shorter. Germ free, style simple ; capsule 2-valved. Seed 
 with semiterete cotyledons. Flowers bracted. 
 
 Generic names. Polygala, Veronica, Cailistachia, Bartsia, Rhinan- 
 thus, Obolaria, Euphrasia, Melampyrum, EriuNS, Pediculares, Oro- 
 
 » Here in the three last c-ders we see, that th" adrocates for the natural ar- 
 rangement are compelled o force a corol to become a calyx. But the Linnean 
 Hrtificial system will guide the stud nt to (he true genus, thence to the natural 
 order, and thus secure to him its advantages. 
 
44 GRAMMAR OF 
 
 banche, Epiphegus. [The (wo last have been placed in a sub-order, 
 and distinguished by their capsules being 1-celled, and bearing seeds 
 on a longitudinal nerve.] 
 
 Properties. Deobstrvents, cathartics and mild tonics. Ancient au- 
 thors, as Dioscorides, Fliny and others, valued most plants of this or- 
 der for their efficacy in healing wounds, by external application. 
 
 Order XXXVL Acanthi. 
 
 Calyx divided, permanent, often bracted. Corol irregular. Sta- 
 mens 2 or 4. Germ free, style 1, stigma 2-Iobed. Capsule 2-celled. 
 Seed with foliaceous cotyledons. 
 
 Generic names. Justicla, Ruellia. 
 
 Properties. Erfiolienls. 
 
 Order XXXVII. Jesmineae. 
 
 Calyx tubular. Corol tubular, except in Fraxinus. Stamens 2, ex- 
 cepting Fraxinus, inserted in or attached to, the corol. Seed with a 
 fiat corcle. Stems woody. 
 
 Generic names. Jasminum, Ligustrum, Syringa, Chionanthes, Frax- 
 inus. 
 
 Propertiei. Mild Ionics and secernant stimulants. Petals of the Sy- 
 ringa contain prussic acid. 
 
 Order XXXVIII. Vitices. 
 
 Calyx tubular. Corol tubular. Stamens 4, two of them shorter — 
 rarely 2 or 6. Germ free, st^ie 1, stigma simple or 2-lobed. Corcle 
 of the seed strait. Leaves opposite. 
 
 Generic name. Verbena. 
 
 Properties. Deobslrutnt and secernant stimulants. Parkinson, and 
 the older authors, consider them as antidotes to the poison of ser- 
 pents, &.C. ; but the moderns do not ascribe to them any very active 
 powers. 
 
 Order XXXIX. Labiatae. 
 
 Calyx tubular, 5-cleft or 2-lipped. Corol tubular, irregular, often 
 •2-lipped, the upper lip mostly 2-cleft, and the lower one 3-cleft. Sta- 
 mens sometimes 2, mostly 4, with two of them shorter; they arc al- 
 \vays inserted under the upper lip of the corol. Germ (ree, 4-lobed : 
 each lobe becominq; a naked ^tej at the bollira of the calyx, with a 
 itrait corcle anti rial cotyledons. Style 1, sliu:ma 2-cleft. Stems gen- 
 erally, or perhaps always, 4-sided; leaves opposite. Flowers often 
 whorled, and sometimes spiked. 
 
 Generic nnmes. Lycop-i?. Monarda, Rosmarinus, Salvia, Collinsi- 
 pia Teucrimn, hantims, Lavandula, Lamiuin. Fycnanthemum, Ne- 
 peta, Hypsopus, Mentha, Stachys, Galoopsis', Satureja, Lconnrus, Mar- 
 ruhium, Ballota, Cunila, Uedcoma, Glechoma, Melissa, Trichostema, 
 Ocymum, Scntpllaria, Origanum, Thymus, Clinopodium, Prunella, 
 Phryma, Moilucella. 
 
 Properties. Very active serernant stimulants, emhracins; all the most 
 valuable siidorijics. The sweet- scented ore ivarming stomachics, and the 
 inter ones are tonics. Ancient physicians seem to have drawn U 
 
BOTANY. 45 
 
 large proportion of their vegetable materia mcdica from this order. 
 They establish the medicinal virtues of these plants very nearly as 
 they are now understood. To those virtues ascribed to them by mo- 
 dern physicians, they added, however, that they are efficient as ver- 
 mifuges, and in the cure of epilepsy, hemorrhagy, bites of serpents, and 
 stings of scorpions. 
 
 Parkinson, who wrote almost two centuries ago, cites as authorities 
 for the above, the trials and practice of Theophrastus, Dioscorides, 
 Galen and Pliny among the ancients ; and Matthiolus, Clusius, Came- 
 rarius, Agrippa, Dodoncus, and many others among the oldest of the 
 moderns. 
 
 Order XL. Scrophularia. 
 
 Calyx divided, often permanent. Corol irregular, limb divided. 
 Stamens rarely 2, mostly 4, with two of them shorter, inserted on the 
 corol. Germ free, style 1, stigma simple or 2-lobed. Capsule 1 or 2- 
 celled, 2-valved, valves concave. Seeds numerous, affixed to the 
 middle of the partition, with a strait corcle and semi-cylindric cotyle- 
 dons. Flowers bracted. 
 
 Generic names. Utricularia, Gratiola, Lindernia, Hemianthus, Eri- 
 nus, Dracocephalum, Schwalbea, Limosella, Zapania, Scrophularia, 
 Antirrhinum, CoUinsia, Gerardia, Digitalis, Mimulus. 
 
 Properties. Deohstruenls, absorbanls, and mild narcotics. Ancient 
 physicians applied them to the wounds externally. Parkinson used 
 the Digitalis in the epilepsy two centuries ago with great success. 
 
 Order XLI. Solaneat. 
 
 Calys 5-cleft or 5-parted, often permanent. Corol regular, 5-cleft, 
 mostly of a lurid hue. Stamens 5, attached to the base of the corol, 
 and alternating with its lobes. Germ free, style 1, stigma simple or 
 sub-cleft. Fruit 2-celled, many-seeded, either a 2-valved capsule or 
 a berry. Seeds with spiral corcles and semi-terete cotyledons. Leaves 
 alternate. 
 
 Generic names. Lycium, Datura, Nicotiana, Verbascum, 'Atropa, 
 Phacelia, Hyoscyamus, Solanum, Physalis, Capsicum. 
 
 Properties. Cathartic, discussienf, emetic and antiscorbutic. The nau- 
 seous-scented are very strong narcotics ; pungent scented are warming 
 and deobsiruent. Several centuries ago they were much used, exter- 
 nally and internally, in gouts and rheumatisms. 
 
 Order XLII. Boragineae. 
 
 Calyx 5-lobed, permanent. Corol 5-lobed, mostly regular, having a 
 border and a tube, with the upper entrance of the tube, called the 
 throat, naked and open, or more or less choaked up with scales. Sta- 
 mens 5, attached to the tube of the corol. Germ free, with 4 lobes, 
 whch become 4 naked seeds ; style simple, permanent, springing up 
 from among the lobes of the germ ; stigma entire, or 2-lobed. Seeds 
 attached laterally to the style ; corcle strait, cotyledons foliaceous. 
 Leaves alternate, mostly scabrous. 
 
 Generic names. Pulmonaria, Cerinthe, Lithospermum, Cynoglos- 
 sum, Batschia, Anchusa, Myosotis, Heliotropium; Onosraodium, Bo- 
 rago, Symphitum, Echium, Hydrophyllum. 
 
 Froverlies Astringent and vulnerary. 
 
46 GRAMMAR OF 
 
 Order XLIIL Convolvuli. 
 
 Calyx 5-lobed, permanent. Corol regular, 5-lobed. Stamens 5, at- 
 tached to tlie corol, and alternating with its dirisions. Germ free, hav- 
 ing one or many styles. Capsule generally 3-valved and 3-celled, 
 sometimes 2 to 4-celled and 2 to 4-valved ; columella central, 3-cor- 
 nered. Seed bony, cotyledons folded together. Leaves alternate. 
 Stem often twining or climbing. 
 
 Generic names. Convolvulus, Dlapensia, Ipomaca, Pyxidanthera, 
 Cuscuta. 
 
 Properties. Cathartics, mostly very mild. 
 
 Order XL IV. Polemonia. 
 
 Calyx divided. Corol regular, S-lobed. Stamens 5, attached to 
 the middle of the tube of the corol, alternating with the divisions. 
 Germ free, style simple, stigmas generally 3, or 3-cleft. Capsule sur- 
 rounded with the permanent calyx, 3-celled, 3-valved, many-seeded ; 
 columella central, 3-cornered. Seed with a straight corcle, and oval 
 foliaceous cotyledons. Leaves opposite. 
 
 Generic name?. Phlox, Poleraonium. 
 
 Properties. Feeble tonics. 
 
 Order XLV. Bignoniaei 
 
 Calyx divided. Corol irregular, ringent and inflated. Stamens 
 rarely 2, all others 4, with two of them shorter ; an odd filament-like 
 organ accom|)anies them. Capsule 2 or 4-celled, 2-valved. 
 
 Generic names. Bignonia, Catalpa, Martynia, Pentstemon, Che- 
 lone. 
 
 Properties. Mild narcotics, deobstruents and cathartics. 
 
 Order XLVI. Gentiana. 
 
 Calyx monophyllous, divided, permanent. Corol regular, often 
 marcessent; limb equally divided into a number of parts equal to 
 those of the calyx and of the stamens, which are mostly 6. Stamens 
 attached to the corol. Germ free, style 1 or 2, stigmas simple or 2- 
 lobed. Capsule 1 or 2-celled, 2-valved, many-seeded ; seeds inserted 
 on the inflexed margins of the valves. Herbage glabrous, bitter; 
 leaves opposite. 
 
 Generic names, Gentiana, Spigelia, Swertia, Frasera, Sabbatic,, 
 Menyanthes, Villarsia. 
 
 Properties. Tonics and mild cathartics. The Spigelia is considered 
 as a vermifuge. Dioscorides, Galen, and other ancient physicians, 
 considered the Gentiana as a vermifuge and an antidote to poison. 
 
 Order XLVII. Apocyneae. 
 
 Calyx 5-lobed. Corol 5-lobed, regular ; often furnished with 5 
 nectariferous appendages. Stamens 5, inserted in the bottom of the 
 corol, or suspended from the angles of the stigma.* Germs free, 
 
 *Tbe celebrated Robert Brown says, that in the young state the anthers 
 of the Asclepias syriacus are not attached to the stigmas. The reader is re- 
 quested to examine the anthers at all stages from the first swelling of the flower 
 
BOTANY. 4f 
 
 double, style 1 or none, stigma capitate. Follicles elongated, gener- 
 ally in pairs, 1-celled. Seed attached to the longitudinal margins of 
 the follicle. Herbage generally milky. 
 
 Generic names. Apocynum, Asclepias, Periploca, Vinca, Nerium, 
 Gonolobus. 
 
 Properties. Jldive deohstrnents, cathartics, anliscorbutics, and narco- 
 tics. Ancient physicians used the Asclepias, Apocynum, Uc. as coun° 
 ter poisons. 
 
 Order XLVIII. Sapotae. 
 
 No plants of this order grow in our district. The southern Iron- 
 wood (Bumelia) is placed here. 
 
 Properties. Feeble antispasmodics and cathartics. 
 
 CLASS FIFTH. Corols surrounding the germ, and generally insert- 
 ed on the calyx. 
 
 Order XHX. Guaiacanae. 
 
 No plants of this order grow in this district. The lignum vitJC and 
 benjamin tree are placed here. 
 
 Properties. Very active tonics and warming stomachics. 
 
 Order L. Rhododendra. 
 
 Calyx 4 or 5-lobed, permanent. Coiol inserted in the base of the 
 calyx, 4 or 5-parted. Stamens definite, distinct. Germ free, style 1, 
 stigma 1. Capsule 4 or 5-celled, 4 or 5-valved. Seeds numerous, 
 minute, oorcle straight. Stems voody ; leaves alternate. 
 
 Centric names. Azalia, Itea, Menziesia, Rhodora, Rhododendron, 
 Kalmia, Ledum, Leiophyllum, Disospyros. 
 
 Properties. Tonic. Kalmia is said to be narcotic. 
 
 Order H. JEricae. 
 
 Calyx permanent, 4 or 5-parted, often free. Corol 4 or 5-parted or 
 cleft, inserted on the calyx or calycine gland, often marcessent and 
 permanent. Stamens definite, distinct, inserted on the bottom of the 
 corol or calycine gland ; anthers often 2-horned. Germ often free ; 
 style 1, sligma 1. Fruit many-celled, many-seeded ; berries or many- 
 valved capsules. Seeds minute, with strait corcles and fleshy cotyle- 
 dons. Stems more or less woody ; leaves often evergreen. 
 
 Generic names. Oxycoccus, Erica, Cleihra, Pyrolo, Chimaphila, 
 Arbutus, Gaultheria, Epigaea, Varcineum, Empetrnm, Andromeda. 
 
 Sub order. Destitute of leaves or green herbage ; being ivory- 
 while, yellowish-while, or reddish. 
 
 Centric name's. Pterospora, Hypopitliis, Monotropa. 
 
 Properties. Valuable astrinrenls. S'jme bare refrigerant berries. 
 Gerard, and other old physicians, particularly the old Germans, ap- 
 
 bud. He will find that although the anthers or masses of pollen adhere to their 
 cases, they may hp. separated \vi hout lacerating the cuticle of any organ .; but 
 that they cannot be st-parated from ihe stigma in any ?t:ige without rupturing 
 capillary fibres or vessels. Therefore the anthers certainly grovr on the stigma 
 only. A maguifying power of at Isast one hundred is required for this exaaii- 
 natiou. 
 
4$ GRAMMAR Or 
 
 plied plants of this order to cancerous ulcers and in heraorrhagy, two 
 centuries ago. 
 
 Order LII. Campanulacme. 
 
 Calyx adhering to the germ, limb divided. Corol inserted near the 
 top of the calyx, often marcessent. Stamens inserted on the calyx 
 below the corol, often 5, alternating Avith the divisions of the corol ; 
 anthers either distinct, united, or as thickened as to press against each 
 other. Germ glandular above, style 1, stigma simple or divided. Cap- 
 sule 2 to 6-celled, many-seeded, laterally dehiscent. Seeds affixed to 
 the inner angles of the cells ; corcle strait. Leaves alternate. 
 
 Generic names. Campanuly, Lobelia. 
 
 Proyerlics. The nauseous-scenltd are cathartic, ejnetic, deobstruent 
 and narcotic ; the others are mildly aperient. 
 
 CLASS SIXTH. Corols standing on the top of the germ. Stamens 
 with united anthers. 
 
 - This class includes all plants with Comfoukd Flowers, and corres- 
 pond wilh the class Syngensia of Linnens. The flowers have broad 
 receptacles, flat or convex, naked (when the florets are removed) or 
 chaffy, supporting many florets. Egret generally supplies the place 
 of the calyx to each floret, and is inserted on the top of the germ. 
 The coro! is tubular or ligulate, often 5-toothed. Germ simple, style 
 1, stigmas generally 2. Seed single, naked 3 corcle straight, cotyle- 
 dons flat. 
 
 This class is divided into three orders. 
 
 Order LIII. Cichoraceae. 
 
 Florets all ligulate and perfect. Leaves alternate ; juice in most is 
 noiiky. Corols mostly yellow ; rarely blue. 
 
 Generic names. Troximon, Apargia, Leontodon, Krigia, Prenan- 
 Ibes, Lactuca, Hieracium, Sonchus, Hyoseris, Cichoriam. 
 
 Properties. Mild aperiants and loeak anodynes. 
 
 Order LIV. Cinarocephalae. 
 
 Corols all tubular. Receptacles fleshy and chaffy. Stigma, above 
 the style, articulated. Egret somewhat rigid. Leaves alternate, often 
 spinose. Flowers capitate. 
 
 Generic names. Echynops, Cynara, Liatrls, Cnicus, Carthamus, 
 Onopordon, Carduus, Arctium, Ceiiluurea. 
 
 Properties. Tonics ; the nauseous-scented are cathartics. 
 
 Oruir LV. Corymbiferae. 
 
 Florets tubular and ligulate, mostly radiate. Receptacles scarcely 
 fieahy. Stigma, above the style, not articulated. Inflorescence ofteQ 
 a corymb. 
 
 Generic names. Scorzonera, Picris, Tolpis, Scholymus, Vernonia, 
 Sparganophorus, Bidens, Kuhnia, Eupaloiium, Mikania, Chrysocoroa, 
 Cacaiia, Balsamita, Baccbaris, Conyza, Gnaphaiium, Artemisia, Ta- 
 
feOTANY. 4§ 
 
 inacetum, Chrysanlhcmiim, Zinnia, Tagetes, Bellis, Pyrethrum, Doro- 
 nicura, Inula, Erigeron, Solidago, Senecio, Tussilago, Cineraria, As- 
 ter, Heliopsis, Buphtlialninm, Helenium, Boltonia, Matricaria, Anthe- 
 mis, Achillea, Verbeslna, Rudbeckia, Helianlhus, Coreopsis, Silphium, 
 Polyninia, Calendula, Iva, Elephantopos. 
 
 Properties. Most valuable tonics and seccmant stimulants. Two or 
 three centuries ago, the physicians considered plants of this order as 
 the most sovereign remedies for llesh wounds. Parkinson makes a 
 «;las3 of them, which he denominates Vulnerarv or Wound Herbs. 
 Dioscorides and Galen deemed them very efficacious in pulmonary 
 complaints. 
 
 CLASS SEVENTH. Corols standing above the £,erQis. Stamens, 
 
 with anthers distinct, and with filaments attached to the corol. 
 
 Order L VI. Dipsaceae. 
 
 Flowers aggregated on a common receptacle, and surrounded by a 
 many-leaved involucre. Calyx double, outer one not adhering to the 
 germ ; the inner membranaceous or pappose calyx closely contracting 
 around its apex, Corol inserted on the top of the inner calyx. Sta- 
 mens 3 to 5, attached to the bottom of the tube of the corol, and al- 
 ternating with its divisions. Seeds with a strait corcie and oblong co- 
 tyledons. Leaves opposite. 
 
 Generic names* Valeriana, Fedia, Dipsacus, Scabiosa, Cephalan- 
 thus. 
 
 Properties. Weak tonics. 
 
 Order LVIL Rubiacea. 
 
 Calyx adhering to the germ, 4 or 5-lobed. Corot regular, inserted 
 on the germ, 4 or 5-lobed. Stamens 4 or 5, inserted on the corol. 
 Style 1, stigmas 2. Seeds generally 2, corcie strait, cotyledons folia- 
 ceous. Leaves entire, whorled. 
 
 Generic names. Galium, Rubia, Houstonia, Mitchella. 
 
 Properties. Jiperients and tonics ; soihs abound in colouring matter. 
 
 Order LVIH. Caprifolia. 
 
 Calyx adhering to the germ, often 2-bracted at the base. Corol re- 
 gular, 4 or 5-cleft, or 4 or 5-petalled with the petals broader at the 
 base. Stamens equalling the number of divisions of the corol. Style 
 1 or none, stigmas 1 to 3. Berry or capsule often crowned with the 
 permanent calyx. Stems mostly woody ; leaves opposite, and some- 
 times connate. 
 
 Generic names. Lonicera, Xylosteum, Symphorta, D!ervilla, Vi- 
 burnum, Sambucus, Cornus, Hedera, Linnaea, Triosteum. 
 
 Properties. Tonics ; and the strong- scented an oathartic. 
 
 Section HI. Flowers polypttaioh,: 
 
 CLASS EIGHTH. Stamens standing on the gera\ aod alternating 
 
 with the petals. 
 
 Order LIX. Araliae, 
 
 Calyx superior, 6-toothed, permanent. Stam:«a3 S, styles 2 to 5". 
 Fruit a berry. Inflorescence an umbel. Leaves compound. 
 Generic names. Panax, Aralia. 
 Properties. Valuable tonics and expectorant?. 
 
 5 
 
50 GRAMMAR OP 
 
 Order LX. Umbelliferae. 
 
 ■ Calyx attached to the germ. Petals 5, inserted on the germ, or crt 
 a gland covering the top of the germ. Stamejjs 5, alternating with 
 the petals. Styles 2, often permanent. Fruit bipartible, becoming 
 3 seeds, often ribbed or grooved on their outsides, and on their 
 joining sides, (the commissure.) Stems herbaceous. Leaves alter- 
 nate, often compound. Inflorescence an umbel, with the radiating 
 peduncles often surrounded at their origin and sub-divisions with in- 
 volucres. 
 
 Generic names. Eryngrura, Hydrocotyle, Crantzia, Daucus, Amrai, 
 Conium, Selinura, Imperatoria, Heracleum, Pastianaca, Ligusticum, 
 Angelica, Sium, Erigenia, Cicuta, Myrrliis, Uraspermum, Chaerophyl- 
 lum, Smyrnium, Thaspium, (Enanthe, Carum, Apinm. Anetbum. 
 
 Properties. JDeobslruents and narcotics ; excepti7i^ the sweet-scented, 
 which are stomachics. In the time of Dioscorides, Pliny and Galen, 
 (during the first and second centuries) the sweet-scented plants of this 
 order were in common use as remedies in cases of dyspepsia, flatulen- 
 cy, cholic and epilepsy ; and the narcotic kinds* were used as anti- 
 dotes to poison, and as remedies in liver complaints, gouts and rheu- 
 matisms, and by way of external application in the resolution of in- 
 flamed tumors. 
 
 CLASS NINTH. Stamens inserted below the germ. 
 
 Order LXI. Ranunculaceae. 
 
 Calyx many-leaved, or none. Petals many, often indefinite. Sta- 
 mens often indefinite in number. Germs often numerous, rarely soli- 
 tary, inserted on the receptacle, each having a single style. Seed 
 with a minute corcle at the apex or base of a corneous albumen. 
 
 Generic names. Zanthorrhiza, Aetata, Macrotys, Podophyllum, Del- 
 phinium, Aconitum, Aquilegia, Nigella, Hydrastis, Clematis, Atra- 
 gene, Thalictrum, Caulophyllum, Helleborus, Anemone, Hepatica, 
 Nelumbium, Ranunculus, Trollius, Adonis, Hydropellis, Caltha, Pa;o- 
 nia, Coptis. 
 
 Properties. Deobstruent, cathartic, caustic and narcotic. The two last 
 genera have astringent roots. 
 
 Order LXII. Papaveraceae. 
 
 Calyx free, often 2-leaved and caducous ; sometimes about 5-leaved. 
 Stamens many. Germ single ; style often wanting; stigma divided 
 or lobed, permanent. Fruit a capsule or pod, 1-celled, many-seeded ; 
 seeds' attached to lateral columellas ; albumen fleshy ; corcle strait. 
 
 Generic names. Chelidonium, Papaver, Sanguinaria, Argemone, 
 Nymphasa, Nuphar, Sarracenia ? Fumaria, Corydalis. 
 
 Properties. Deobstruent, cathartic, caustic, antiscorbutic, narcotic, and 
 
 * The root of the cicuta maculata is a most deadly poison early in the spring. 
 On the 10th of April, 1820, Asa H. Manley and Amos Ramsdell, of Rutland, 
 Vermont, ate a small quantity of the root of this plant. The former died in 
 two hours, the latter in 36. They were both under ten years of age. I ex- 
 amined the plant in the ensuing summer, and took specimens which grew from 
 the remainder of the same root ; and was particular in questioning the parent? 
 and neighbours respecting the abore facts at the same time. 
 
BOTANY. 51 
 
 anodyne. Tiie papaver was in use .is an anodyne in the time of Theo- 
 phrastus, between three and four hundred years before the Christian 
 era. Dioscorides used the fumaria and chelidonium as antiscorbu- 
 tics. 
 
 Order LXIII. Crucifera. 
 
 Calyx 4-leaved. Petals 4, disposed in the form of a cross and al- 
 ternating with the leaves of the calyx. Stamens 6, two of them outer 
 and shorter. Germ single, sitting on the disk-like receptacles which 
 support the stamens ; style 1 or none, stigmas 1 or 2. Fruit asilique 
 or silicle. Seeds with incurved corcles. Stems herbaceous ; leaves 
 alternate. 
 
 Generic names. Cakile, Draba, Alyssum, Lepidium, Thlaspi, Luna- 
 rla, Cochlearia, Iberis, Isatis, Dentaria, Cardamine, Barbarea, Sisym- 
 brium, Erysimum, Cheiranthus, Hesperis, Arabis, Turritis, Raphanus, 
 Brassica, Sinapis. ^ 
 
 Properties. Aperient, diuretic, antiscorbutic, nuirientic, and emolient. 
 Plarls of this order have been used as emolients and diuretics, and as 
 remedies in the jaundice, for several centuries. 
 
 Order LXIV. Capparides. 
 
 Calyx polyphyllous, or monophyllous and parted. Petals 4 or 5. 
 Stamens often indefinite. Germ stiped, style short or none, stigma 
 simple. Pod or berry many-seeded. Corcle of the seed incurved. 
 
 Generic names. Reseda, Parnassia, Cleome. 
 
 Properties. Feeble aperients ; excepting the Cleome, which is an ox- 
 live cathartic and emetic, and considerably narcotic. 
 
 Order LXV. Sapindi. 
 
 We have no plants of this order in our district. The soap-berry of 
 the Southern States is placed here. 
 Properties. Emolient. 
 
 Order LXVI. Acera. 
 
 Calyx monophyllous, permanent, 5-cleft. • Petals 5 (or none) with 
 claws, inserted on a disk below the germ, and alternating with the 
 lobes of the calyx. Stamens distinct and inserted on the disk with the 
 corol. Germ free. Stigmas 1 or 2. Capsules 2 or 3-celled, 1-seeded. 
 Stems woody ; leaves opposite. 
 
 Generic names. Acer,.Aesculus. 
 
 Properties. Aperient. 
 
 Order LXVII. Malpighiae. 
 
 We have no plants of this order in our district. 
 Properties. Aperient. 
 
 Order LXVIII, Hyper ica. 
 
 Calyx monophyllous, 4 or 5-parted. Petals 4 or 5. Stamens numer- 
 ous, sometimes united by their filaments in several parcels. Germ 
 single, free ; styles 3 to 5. Capsule 1 to 5-celled, 3 to 5-vaIved, with 
 inflcxed margins, many-seeded. Seed without albumen, corcle strait. 
 Leaves opposite, often glandular ; flowers yellow or yellowish. 
 
$^ GRAMMAR OF 
 
 Generic namei. Hypericum, Ascyrum, Dionaea, Drosera * 
 Properties. Tonic and vulnerary. 
 
 Order LXIX. Guttifera^ 
 
 We have no plants of this order in our district 
 Properties. Expectorants and seccrnant stimulants. 
 
 Order LXX. Aurantia. 
 
 Calyx monophyllous. Petals 4 or 5 ; stamens often united by their 
 filaments in several parcels. Berry many-seeded. Corcle strait. Stems 
 woody; leaves glandular. 
 
 Generic name. Citrus. 
 
 Properties. Tonics and refrigerants. 
 
 Order LXXI. Mdia. 
 
 Calyx monophyllous. Petals 4 to 9, often adhering at the base. 
 Stamens sonjetimes adhering by their filaments, equal in number to 
 the petals or double. Germ single, free ; style 1. Berry or capsule 
 many-celled. Seed without albumen, corcle strait. Stems woody : 
 leaves alternate. 
 
 Generic names. Mclia, Thea. 
 
 Properties, Astringent and feebly narcotic. 
 
 Order LXXII. Vites. 
 
 Calyx monophyllous, short, subentire. Petals 4 to 6, broader at the 
 base. Stamens equal in number, and opposite to the petals, and in- 
 serted on a disk beneath the germ. Germ single, free ; style 1 or none. 
 Berry 1 or many-celled, 1 or many-seeded. Seed bony and destitute 
 of albumen, corcle straight, cotyledons flat. Stems woody and cUmb- 
 ing ; leaves alternate ; tendrils opposite to the leaves^ 
 
 Generic names. Vitis, Ampleopsis. 
 
 Properties. Tonics and refrigerants. 
 
 Order LXXIIL Gerania. 
 
 Calyx permanent, 5-parted or 5-leaved. Petals 5, with claws, gen- 
 erally unequal or irregular. Stamens 6 to 10; filaments often une- 
 qual, sometimes united at the base. Germ single, free, often 5-angled, 
 sometimes surrounded by a gland ; style 1, stigmas often 5. Seed 
 without albumen, corcle incurved. Stems herbaceous ; leaves often 
 stipuled. 
 
 Generic names. Geranium, Palargonium, Erodium. Geranioids^ 
 Osalis, Impatiens, Tropoeolum. 
 
 Properties. Tonics, refrigerants, and feeble narcotics. 
 
 The geraaioids ought to be disposed of diflferently. 
 
 Order LXXIV. Malvaceae. 
 
 Calyx often double with the inner one monophyllous. Petals 5, 
 regular, generally adhering to the base of the filaments. Stamens in- 
 numerable, united by their filaments. Germ free, simple, often lobed, 
 stigmas many. Fruit many-capsuled or many-celled. Seed without 
 
 * See Nuttall, page 279. 
 
BOTANY. 53 
 
 albumen ; corcle lobed, incurved and wrinkled. Leaves alternate, 
 simple, stipuled. • 
 
 Generic names. Gordonia, Napaea, Sida, Hibiscus, Malva, Althaea, 
 Lavatera, Gossipium. 
 
 Properties. Emolicnt and apenenl. Plants of Ihis order were used 
 as aperiento and for slieatbing tbe stomach when any acrid substance 
 had been taken into it, by Dioscorides and other ancient physicians, 
 and Hippocrates valued them highly for their vulnerary qualities. 
 
 Order LXXV. Magnolias. 
 
 Calyx 3-lcaved. Petals 6 or 9. Stamens many, not united. Germs 
 maiji', arranged on an elongated receptacle in the form of a cone. 
 Capsules many, 1 or 2-seeded. Seed with fleshy albumen and strait 
 corcle. Stems woody ; leaves alternate, having caducous stipules. 
 
 Generic names. Magnolia, Liriodendron. 
 
 Pro per lies. 'Tonics. 
 
 Order LXXVI. Aimonae. 
 
 Caly.K 3-leaved. Petals 6. Stamens many. Germs 2 or more. 
 Berries or capsules 2 or more, l-seeded. Seed compressed, corcle 
 minute, albumen solid. Stems shrubby ; leaves alternate and desti- 
 tute of stipules. 
 
 Generic name. Porcelia. 
 
 Properties. Tonics. 
 
 Order LXXVIL Menis^erma, 
 
 Calys 4 or 6-leaved. Corol none or more than 5-petalleu, Flow- 
 ers dioecious — stamens adnate — germs and styles 3 to 6. Drupes or 
 berries 1-seeded. Seed with fleshy albumen, corcle at the summit. 
 •Stems woody, mostly twining or climbing. Leaves alternate, simple, 
 destitute of stipules. 
 
 Generic name. Menispermum. 
 
 Properties. Weak narcotics. 
 
 Order LXXVIIL Berberides. 
 
 Calyx polyphyllous or deeply parted. Petals equalling the divis- 
 ions of the calyx in number. Stamens equalling the petals in number 
 and opposite to them. Germ sim})le, free ; style 1 or none. Fruit 1- 
 celled, often many-seeded. Seed aflixed to the bottom of the cell ; 
 albumen fleshy, corcle strait. Stems woody ; leaves alternate. Flow- 
 ers yellow. 
 
 Generic names. Berbcris, ITamamelia. 
 
 Properties. .Astringents and refrigerants. 
 
 Order LXXIJC. Tiliaceae. 
 
 Calyx polyphyllous or mr.ny parted. Petals alternating with the 
 divisions of the calyx, .^lamens innumerable. Germ simple, free. 
 Berry or capsule I Oi* many-celled, 1 or many-seeded. Seed with 
 fleshy albumen ; corcle subincurved, flat. Stems woody; leaves al- 
 ternate, simple, stipuled. 
 
 Generic name. Tilia. 
 
 Properties. Emolicnt and aperient, 
 
 5* 
 
54 GRi^MMAE OF 
 
 Order LXXX. Cisti. 
 
 Calyx 5-partecl. Petals 5. Stamens 5 or more. Germ single,, free ; 
 style 1. Capsule with many seeds attached to t^je middle of the valves 
 or base of Ihe cells. Albumen fleshy or corneous. Leaves stipnled. 
 
 First d'nisio7i. Petals equal. Stamens more than 5. Seed with i\ 
 curved or spiral corcle. 
 
 Generic names. Cistus, Hudaonia.* 
 
 Seco7id division. Petals unequal. Stamens 5. Seed vilh a .strait 
 corcle. 
 
 Generic name. Viola. 
 
 Order LXXXI. Rutaceae. ^ 
 
 Calyx monopbyllous, 6-lobed. Petals 5, alternating wiih tlie lobes 
 of the calyx. Stamens 10 or 15. Germ simple, free ; style 1. Fruit 
 raany-capsuled or many-celled. Seed with flat cotyledons and strait 
 corcle. 
 
 Generic name. Ruta. 
 
 Properties. Caustic an i cathartic. 
 
 Order LXXXII. Carycp\ylleae. 
 
 Calyx often permanent, 4 or 5-too!hed, or 4 or 5-leaved. Petals 4 
 or 5 (sometimes wanting) with claw?, alternating with the divisions of 
 the calyx. Stamens often double the number of the petals; some- 
 times equal and alternating with them. Germs simple, sometime 
 sub-stiped ; styles 3 to 6. Capsule many-valvcd, dehiscent at the 
 top. Seeds alfixed to the centre of the base of the capsule ; albumen 
 farinaceous ; corcle involute. Stems with joints ; leaves opposite 
 entire. 
 
 Generic names. Dianlhus, Saponaris, Lychnis, Agrostemma, Silent. 
 Cucubalus, Cerastiuro, Arenaria, Spergula, Linum, Sarothra, Sagino 
 Lcchea, Mollugo, Queria, Stellaria. 
 
 Properties. Lmolitnt and aperient. This order comprises those 
 plants which are called pinks, chickweeds and flax. Flax-seed Ims 
 licen used as an emolient and aperient more than two thousand yeais 
 
 CLASS TENTH. Stamens surrounding the germ, and attached to . 
 monophyllous calyx. 
 
 Order LXXXIH. SeMpervivae. 
 
 Calyx free, parted. Corol inserted at the base of (he calyx ; petal 
 (v\ the deep divisions) equalling in number tlie divisions of the calyx 
 Mamcns cepial or double the number of pclrils. Germs equalling the 
 jininber of petals, or having an equal number of lobes. Capsules (or 
 follicles) 1-celled, opening on one side longitudinally, niany-sccdeeJ. 
 Seed v.'ith a slender, fleshy albumen, and strait corcle. Stems lierbu- 
 ceous ; leaves mostly fleshy ; inflorescence a cyme. 
 
 Generic names. Sedum, Sempervivum, Penthorura, Tillf.c 
 
 Properties. Emolient and vulnerary. 
 
 Order LXXXJV. Saxifragae. 
 
 Calyx adhering, rarely free, limbs 5-lobed. Petals 4 or 0, (ionie 
 times wanting) inserted at the (op of tlio calyx^ aad alternating with ii- 
 
 " Sec Nuttall, vol. 2, p. 4, 
 
BOTANY. 5$ 
 
 division. Stamens inserted with the petals, and are equal or double 
 in number. Style 2, permanent. Capsule 2-beaked, 2-valved, 1 or 
 2.celled, dehiscent by a terminal pore. Seeds inserted on the base of 
 the capsule or the iiiflexed edges of the valves ; albumen fleshy j^cor- 
 cle strait. 
 
 Generic names. Heucbera, Hedyotis, Saxifraga, Tiarella, Mitelln.. 
 Chrysosplenium, Hydrangea r Ilortensia ? 
 
 Properties. Tonics. 
 
 Order LXKXV. Cacti. 
 
 Chlyx adhering to the germ, G-cleft. Petals inserted on the calyx 
 Sty^'l, stigma cleft. Berry 1-celled, many-seeded. 
 
 First division. Petals indefinite. Stamens indefinite. Style tubu- 
 lose, stigma muny-cleft. Berry unibilicate. Seed without albumen,, 
 corols incurved. 
 
 Generic name. Cactus. 
 
 Second division. Petals 5. Stamens 5. Style 2-cleft. Berry glo- 
 bose. Seed with corneous albumen, corcle strait. 
 
 Generic name. Ribes. 
 
 Properties. Refrigerants and emolienis. 
 
 Order LXXXVI. PorCulacceat. 
 
 Calyx divided at the t^p. Corol inserted on the calyx, 1 or 5:pe- 
 talled (rarely wanting.) Stamens inserted on the corol. Germ fi-ee or 
 adhering at tiie base ; style 1 to 3, or none. Capsule 1 or many-cell- 
 ed, 1 or many-seeded. Seed with an incurved or ring-like corcle, sur- 
 rounding a farinaceous albumen. 
 
 Generic name^s. Porlulacca, Claytonia, ScIerantUus, Crypta. 
 
 Properties. Kmolicxt. 
 
 Order LXXXVII. Ficoideae, 
 
 Calyx parted, free or adhering to the germ. Petals inserted on the 
 top of the calyx, sometimes adiicring a little at the base. Stamens in- 
 defiiiite in number, inserted with the petals. Styles many. Capsule 
 or drupe many-celled. Seed ailixed to the inner angles of the cells. 
 Corcle incurved, and surrounding a farinaceous albumen^ Leaves 
 succulent. 
 
 Generic name. Mesembryanthemum. 
 
 Proptrlies. Refrigerant and emolient. 
 
 Order LXXXVIH. Onagrae,, 
 
 Calyx adhering to the germ, tubular, divided at the top. Petals 
 generally 4, (rarely none) inserted on the top of the calyx. Stamens 
 in-sertcd with the petals, equalling or double their number. Germs 
 many; style 1. Fruit many-celled, many-seeded; seeds oflixed to 
 the top of the cells ; alL:;men wantis.g, corcle strait, rostcl superior 
 and longer than tli.. cotyledons. 
 
 Generic names. Circaea, Ludwigia, Isnardia, Gaura, Epilobium, 
 Oenothera, Myriophyilum, Serpicula. Onrtgraoids, vnth single germs. 
 Callitriche, Hippuiis. 
 
 Properties, ionics and aperients. 
 
56 GRAMMAR OF 
 
 Order LXXXIX. Myrti, 
 
 Calyx adhering to the germ, permanent, divided. Petals generally 
 5, inserted on the top of the calyx. Stamens %i or more, inserted on 
 the calyx under the petals. Style 1. Fruit many-seeded, 1 or rxiany- 
 celled. Seed without albumen, corclc strait or curved ; cotyledons 
 flat. Stems woody; leaves generally opposite, and often with pellu- 
 cid punctures. 
 
 Generic names. Philadelphus, Myrtus. 
 
 Properties. Tonics. 
 
 Order XC. Melastomae. ^■ 
 
 Calyx tubular, 4 or5-cleft. Petals equal in number to thjfe diviffons 
 of the calyx, and alternating with them, inserted on the top of it. Sta- 
 mens double the number of petals. Germ enclosed by the calyx 
 Seed without albumen, corcle incurved. Stems herbaceous ; leave- 
 opposite, simple, nerved. 
 
 Generic name. Rhexia. 
 
 Properties. Feebly tonics. 
 
 Order XCI. Salicariae. 
 
 Calyx free, tubular, permanent. Petals inserted at tiie top of the 
 calyx, sometimes wanting. Stamens inserted in the middle of the 
 calyx, equalling, or double, the number of divisions. Germ single, 
 style 1. Capsule covered by the calyx, 1 or many-celled. Seeds nu- 
 merous, affixed to a central columella ; without albumen, corclo. 
 strait, rostel inferior. Leaves mostly opposite. 
 
 Generic names. Lythrura, Glaux,, Ceratophyilum, Ammannia, Ci; 
 phea. 
 
 Properties. Deolstruent and cathartic. 
 
 Order XOII. Rosdceae. 
 
 Calyx mostly permanent, divided, covering the gerrn, eitiier adher- 
 ing or free, i'etals inserted on the top of the calyx, generally 6, alter- 
 nating with the divisions of the calyx. Stamens indefinite in number. 
 Germs single or many. Fruit' various. Seed with a lateral liilum un- 
 der the apex, to which the funicle is attached springing from the bot- 
 tom of the pericarp ; albumen none, corcle strait. Stems woody o 
 herbaceous ; leaves alternate. 
 
 \ First division. Pomaccae. Calyx 5-ceiled. Petals 5. Germ single, 
 adhering to the calyx. Styles many. Pome umbiiicate, crowneil 
 w^ilh the lobes of the calyx, many-celled. Seed with llie rosiel inferior. 
 Stems woody. Floy.'crs coiriplete and perfect. Stamens about 20. 
 
 Generic names. Pyrus, Arouia, Punica, Crataegus, Mespilus, Sor- 
 bus. 
 
 Second division. Rosae. Germs many, l-secded, concealed within 
 tie cnlyx, which is contracted at the neck ; style 1 to eacii germ. Ro.s- 
 tel of the seed superior. Stem woody. Flowers com[)lete and perfect 
 Stamens about 20. Leaves pinnate, with stipules adhering to the pe- 
 tioles. 
 
 Generic name. Rosa. 
 
 Third division. .I'igrivioniae. Germs generally 2, each v.'ith 1-slyIe, 
 ani 1-seeded, concealed within the urceolate calyx. Rostel of the scet. 
 
BOTANY. 57 
 
 superior. Stems herbaceous or wood/. Flowers sometimes apclalou3 
 and monoecious. Leaves pinnate or digitate. 
 
 Generic names. Poterium, Sanguisorba, Agrimonia. 
 
 Fourth division. Dryadeae. Germs many ; each 1-seeded, free, in- 
 serted on a general receptacle, style 1 to each. Rostel of the seed 
 superior. Stems herbaceous, or suffruticose. Stamens about 20. 
 
 Generic names. Potentilla, Fragaria, Dalibarda, Comarum, Gaum. 
 Rubus, Calycanthns. 
 
 Fifth division. Ulmariae. Germs many, free, each having 1 style. 
 Capsule equal in number to the germs. 1 or many-seeded. Rostel of 
 the seed superior. Flowers mostly complete and perfect. Stamens 
 indefinite in number. 
 
 Generic names. Spiraea, Gilienia. 
 
 Sixth division. Drupaccae. Germ single, free, style one. Drupe 
 with a 1 or 2-seeded nucleus ; internal membrane of the seed some- 
 what fleshy and tumid. Rostel superior. Stems woody. Flowers 
 complete and perfect. Stamens indefinite in number. Leaves sim- 
 ple, haying glandular bases or petioles. Calyx 5-lobed ; petals 5. 
 
 Generic names. Prunus, Armeniaca, Amygdalus. 
 
 Properties. Refrigerants, tonics and astringents. 
 
 Order XCIIL Leguminosae, 
 
 Calyx often 5-cleft or 5-parted. Corol Spetalled, inserted on the 
 calyx, consisting of a banner, two wings and a keel. Stamens general- 
 ly 10, mostly united in two sets, 9 and 1 ; sometimes in one set. and 
 sometimes they are free. Germ free, style 1. Legume generally 2- 
 valved, 1-celled ; sometimes transversely divided into several cells. 
 Seeds affixed to the suture of one side ; without albumen ; cotyledons 
 thick. Stem woody or herbaceous ; leaves alternate, often compound ; 
 stipules axillary — leafets often close up at evening. 
 
 First division. Stamens all distinct. 
 
 Generic names. Cassia, Cercis, Baptisia. 
 
 Second division. Stamens united by their filaments in one set. 
 
 Generic names. Ulex, Mimosa, Genista, Crotolaria, Aracbis, Amor- 
 pha, Lupinus, Spartium. 
 
 Third division. Stamens united, 9 in one set, and one separate. Le- 
 gume 1-celIed. Cotyledons always rise up out of the earth when the 
 plant commences its growth, and become succulent leaves. Leaves 
 ternate or pinnate, with a terminal leafet. 
 
 Generic names. Trifolium, Melilotus, Medicago, Trigonella, Pbase- 
 olus, Glycine, Galactia, Vexillaria, Glycyrrhiza, Galega, Indigofera, 
 Robinea, Colutea. 
 
 Fourth division. Stamens united, 9 in one set, and 1 separate. Le- 
 gume partly divided by an imperfect longitudinal partition. 
 
 Generic names. Astragalus, Dolichos .'' 
 
 Fifth division. Stamens united, 9 in one set, and one separate. Le- 
 gumes 1-celled. Cotyledons do not rise out of the ground, nor be- 
 come leaves. Leaves pinnate, without a terminal leafet ; but the 
 general petiole terminates in a tendril or filament. 
 
 Generic naines. Lathyrus, Pisum, Vicia, Ervum. 
 
 Sixth division. Stamens united, 9 in one set, and one separate* 
 Legume transversely divided into many cells, each cell 1-seeded, not 
 dehiscent spontaneously. 
 
H GRAMMAR OF 
 
 Generic names. Coronilla, Gledilschia, Hedysarum, Lcspedeza, 
 Stylosanthes, iEschynoraene. 
 
 Properties. Emolitnt diuretic and aperient. In the time of Dios- 
 corides and Galen, the same properties wer^ascribed to this order of 
 plants as at this day. 
 
 Order XCIV. Terebintaceae. 
 
 Calyx often free, parted. Petals inserted on the base of the calyx, 
 and alternating with its divisions, (often wanting.) Stamens inserted 
 with the petals, equal or double in nunaber. Fruit various. Seed with- 
 out albumen, rostel reflexed into lobes. Stems woody ; leaves |ilter» 
 nate. [This order is not satisfactorily defined.] 
 
 Generic names. Rhus, Juglans, Carya, Zanthoxylum. 
 
 Properties. Cathartic, emetic and narcotic. 
 
 Order XCV. Rhamni. 
 
 Calyx divided. Corol many-pelalled, (sometimes none, and some- 
 times deeply divided,) inserted on the calyx, and equalling the divis- 
 ions of the calyx in number. Stamens cf the same number. Germs 
 single, free, surrounded by the calyx. Fruit a berry or capsule, many- 
 celled. Seed with fleshy albumen, corcle straight, rostel inferior. 
 Stems woody; leaves stipuled. 
 
 Generic names. Staphylea, Euonymus, Ilex, Ceanothus, Rhamnus, 
 Prinos. 
 
 Properties. Cathartic, and somewhat tonic. 
 
 Section IV. Diclinious or anomalous. 
 
 CLASS ELEVENTH. Flowers generally without petals ; stamens 
 and pistils mostly in different flowers. [An imperfect definition ; 
 for many plants of this class have petals, and are not diclinious. It 
 is a kind of residue class.] 
 
 Order XCVI. Euphorbeae. 
 
 Flowers solitary, spiked, or encircled by involucres. Perianth (or 
 corol) many-parted; sometimes wanting in the pistillate. Stamens 
 inserted on the receptacle, filaments often articulated in the middle. 
 Germ free, often stiped ; styles 1 to 3, 2-cleft. Capsule 2 or 3-seed- 
 ed ; valves elastically dehiscent. Seeds arilled, affixed at the top of 
 a central columella ; corcle flat, involved in a fleshy albumen ; rostel 
 superior. 
 
 Generic names. Ricinus, Euphorbia, Phyllanthus, Acalypha, Buxus. 
 
 Properties. Cathartics and mild emetics. The seeds of the Ricinu? 
 communis had been long in use as a cathartic, before the time of Di- 
 oscorides in the first century. 
 
 Order XCVIL Cucurbitaceae. 
 
 Calyx adhering to the germ, contracted above, and then dilated into 
 a5-cleft limb. Corol bell-form, inserted on the top of the germ, 5- 
 lobed, at length withering and permanent. Stamens 3 to 5, inserted 
 on the contracted part of the calyx, often united ; anthers 1-celled, 
 oblong, attached to the top of (he filament ; the staminate flowers have 
 abortive germs Germ single Fruit a berry, with a solid bark, which 
 
BOTANY. 5^ 
 
 is often corneous. Seeds many, without albumen ; corcle strait; co- 
 tyledons flat. Stems herbaceous, mostly climbing ; leaves petioled, 
 alternate, broad; tendrils are often inserted in the axils of the leaves. 
 
 Generic natnes. Passiflora, Momordica, Sycios, Cucurbita, Cucu- 
 mis, Melothria. 
 
 Properties. The fruit is mostly refrigerant ; the herbage and nau- 
 seous fruit are emetic and cathartic. 
 
 Order XCVIII. Urticac. 
 
 Flowers small, greenish, solitary, in aments, or surrounded by in- 
 volucres. Calyx (or corol) 1-leaved, lobed. Stamens inserted on the 
 base of the calyx. Germ single, free ; styles 1 or 2-cleft. Leaves 
 mostly hispid. 
 
 First division. Artoearpae. Flowers aggregated, sitting on a gen- 
 eral receptacle. Fruit fleshy. Geed having fleshy albumen and curv- 
 ed corcle. 
 
 Generic names. Ficus, Morus. 
 
 Second division. Urticeae. Flowers solitary, on aments or spikes. 
 Fruit never fleshy. Seed without albumen ; corcle often strait. 
 
 Generic naynes. Urtica, Bcehmeria, Parietaria, Cannabis, Hamulus, 
 Ambrosia, Xanthium* 
 
 Properties, Tonics, 
 
 Order XCIX. Amentaceae. 
 
 Staminate flowers in aments, furnished with scales on which the 
 stamens are inserted. Pistillate flowers have scales or perianths ; 
 germs free ; stigmas many. Fruit bony or membranaceous. Seed 
 without albumen ; corcle strait, flat. Stems woody ; leaves alternate 
 and caducous. [This description is defective in its application to Cel- 
 tis and Ulmus.] 
 
 First division. Flowers dioecious. 
 
 Generic names. Salix, PopulNS, Myrica. 
 
 Second division. Flowers monoecious. 
 
 Generic names. Betala, Alnus, Carpinus, Ostrya, Fagus, Castanea 
 Corylus, Quercus, Platanus, Liquedambar, Comptonia. 
 
 Third division. Flowers perfect. 
 
 Generic names. Fothergillia, Celtis, Ulmus. 
 
 Properties. Tonics and astringents. 
 
 Order C. Coniferae. 
 
 Staminate flowers in aments, each furnished with a scale or perianth 
 supporting the stamens. Pistillate flowers in strobiles, each furnished 
 with a hard scale. Fruit bony or membranaceous. Seed with a cy- 
 lindric corcle in the centre of fleshy albumen. Stems woody ; leaves 
 evergreen ; juice resinous. 
 
 Generie names. Pinus, Cupressus, Thuja. 
 
 Sub- order, Juniperi. Fruit a berry or drupe. 
 
 Generic names. Juniperus, Taxus. 
 
 » Some botanists place the two last genera in the order corymbiferae, also in 
 the Linnean class syngenesia. I see no good reason for these innoTatioas. See 
 Pe Lamarck and De Candolle, p. 183. 
 
^ QRAMMAB OF 
 
 Propertiet. Secernant stimulants and expectorants. The resinous juice 
 obtained from these plants has been applied as a remedy to wounds 
 and old ulcers for more than two thousa'nd years. Various prepara- 
 tions, as tar-water, decoction of tha bark, Sc. have been used with 
 various success from the time of Dioscorides, and probably much ear- 
 lier, in pulrconary complaints. 
 
 General Rules for avoiding Poisons. 
 
 Plants not Poisonous. 
 
 1. Plants with a glume calyx, never poisonous. As Wheat, Indian 
 corn, Foxtail grass. Sedge grass, Oats. Linneus. 
 
 2. Plants whose stamens stand on the calyx, nev^er poisonous. As 
 Currant, Apple, Peach, Strawberry, Thorn. Stnith, p. 392. 
 
 3. Plants with cruciform flowers, rarely if ever poisonous. As Mus- 
 tard, Cabbage, Water-cress, Turnip. Smith, p. 487. 
 
 4. Plants with /JG;)?7i07iaceou* flowers, rarely if ever poisonous. As 
 Pea, Bean, Locust tree. Wild indigo. Clover. Smith, p. 446. 
 
 6. Plants with labiate corols, bearing seeds without pericarps, never 
 poisonous. As Catmint, Hyssop, Mint, Mother-wort, Majoram. Smith, 
 p. 434. 
 
 6. Plants with compound flowers, rarely poisonous. As Sunflower, 
 Dandelion, Lettuce, Burdock. Milne. 
 
 Poisonous Plants. 
 
 1. Plants with 6 stamens and one pistil, with a dull-coloured lurid 
 <borol, and of a nauseous sickly smell, always poisonous. As Tobacco, 
 Thorn-apple, Henbane, Nightshade. The degree of poison is dimin* 
 ished where the flower is brighter coloured and the smell is less nau- 
 seous. As potatoe is less poisonous, though of the same genus with 
 nightshade. Smith, p. 415. 
 
 2. Umbdliferous plants of the aquatic kind, and of a nauseous scent, 
 are always poisonous. As Water-hemlock, Cow-parsley. But If the 
 smell be pleasant, and they grow in dry land, they are not poisonous. 
 As Fennel, Dill, Coriander, Sweet-cicily. Smith, p. 416. 
 
 3. Plants with labiate corols and seed in capsules, frequently poi. 
 sonous. As Snapdragon, Foxglove. Smith. 
 
 4. Plants from which issues a milk]/ juice on being broken, are poi- 
 sonous, unless they bear compound flowers. As Milkweed, Dogbane, 
 Milne's Contortae and Lactescentia. 
 
 6. Plants having any appendage to the calyx or corol, and twelve or 
 more stamens, generally poisonous. As Columbine, Crowfoot. Lin- 
 neus. 
 
 Most general Rule. 
 
 Plants with few stamens, not frequently poisonous, except the num- 
 ber be five ; but if the number be twelve or more, and the smell nau- 
 seous, heavy and sickly, the plants are generally poisonous. Milne's 
 Multisiliquae and Sapor. 
 
 Note. Many plants possess some degree of the narcotic principle^ 
 wbicbare still by no means hurtful. 
 
BOTANY, 61 
 
 VEGETABLE PHYSIOLOGY. 
 
 This Grammar was prepared for aiding students in the study of 
 Analytical Botany. But the Physiology of Vegetation should occupy 
 a small proportion of the time devoted to Analytical, or Systematical 
 Botany ; to prepare him for understanding some principles which lie 
 directly in his way. 
 
 Vegetable Physiology, Phytology, and the Philosophy of Vegetation, 
 mean nearly the same thing. It is the science which treats of: 1. The 
 germination and growth of a plant from the seed. 2. The propagation 
 of a plant. 3. The increase of the growth of a perennial plant. 4. The 
 external and internal structure and constituent organs of a plant, with 
 their uses in its economy. 5. The properties of a plant in relation to 
 other bodies. 
 
 1. The Germination and Growth of Plants from the Seed. 
 
 If a seed be immersed in warm water for a considerable time, and 
 then subjected to a high magnifying power, the elementary form of 
 the future plant maybe seen. la some seeds even the embiyo of the 
 future flower becomes manifest. Therefore it may not be absurd to 
 say, that the germination and growth is effected by the developement 
 of the embryo plant contained in the seed ; and that this developement 
 goes on by means of successive supplies of nutriment, which are taken 
 into an organized structure adapted to their reception. 
 
 But where shall we stop in our views of these elementary forms ? 
 Shall we say, that within the embryo of the future flower which some- 
 times become manifest under the microscope, there is probably anoth- 
 er seed containing the elementary form of the next generation, and so 
 on ad injlnitiim 9 
 
 Fortunately the present state of the science presents the means of 
 fixing the limit in the most satisfactory manner. For nothing in the 
 physiology of organized beings is better established, than that a per- 
 fect future seed cannot be produced without the application of pollen 
 from a stamen to the pistil of a stigma. But if the future seed were 
 perfect in the present one, such an operation would not be necessary. 
 Therefore by the aid of the microscope and this established law, we 
 are enabled to infer, that a seed may contain the elements of a future 
 plant as far as the flower and empty tegument of the future seed, and 
 no farther. 
 
 2. The propagation or Plants. 
 
 There are^two methods of propagating plants. First, by reproduc- 
 iion ; second, hy continuation. 
 
 1. A plant is reproduced, when it grows immediately from the seed. 
 The potatoe is reproduced, when the seed is taken from the berry, 
 planted and grows. Apple trees are reproduced in the nurseries from 
 seeds, &,c. 
 
 2. A plant is continued, when parts taken from its roots, stem, 
 branches, buds, &c. are transferred to different places, and so culti- 
 vated as to continue to grow in several places at the same time. The 
 
62 GRAMMAR OF 
 
 living branches or twigs of the same apple tree may continue to grow 
 from the original root, and from hundreds of other roots in diflFerent 
 countries at the same time. And it is a fact now well established, that 
 those twigs or grafts, however recently insertei, feel the effects of age 
 in the same degree with the twigs remaining on the original tree f all 
 other circumstances being similar. 
 
 The roots of potatoes continue in succession in their native torrid 
 regions year after year for a limited period, like the Malaxis and some 
 others of the Orchis family in our latitude. Agriculturalists and gar- 
 deners aid their progress here, by housing the roots in winter, and set- 
 ting them in the earth again in the spring season. These too are great- 
 ly distributed ; so that this plant is vastly extended by the continuation 
 of the same individual. But in due time the effects of age become 
 manifest to the cultivator, and he finds it necessary to reproduce this 
 useful plant from the seed. 
 
 The Lombardy poplar is becoming enfeebled with age in our coun- 
 try, so that very recent shoots will hardly withstand a severe winter. 
 The reason is manifest. There has never been a pistillate tree intro- 
 duced from Europe ; consequently this tree has never been reproduc- 
 ed here from the seed. We therefore see but the feeble limbs of an 
 exile in dotage, though yet sustained in a thousand localities. 
 
 3. The Increase of Plants, or the enlargement of theik 
 
 VOLUME. 
 
 After the first season of growing, all woody plants continue to in- 
 crease their size, if no accident occurs, until age terminates their vital 
 energies. Their volume is not enlarged from an extension of each 
 fibre or pore ; but from the annual acquisition of new ones. These 
 new ones are always deposited between the bark and wood. 
 
 In the spring season a mucilage is formed between the bark and 
 wood, called the camb, or cambium. Towards the decline of the year 
 it becomes considerably indurated, and separates itself into two con- 
 centric hollow cylinders, of very different thicknesses. The thinner 
 one is attached to the bark, and forms its inner membrane. The thick 
 one is attached to the wood, and becomes the outer layer of the wood 
 lor the next year. 
 
 It is on this account that those trees which long retain their expand- 
 ing cuticles, present to our laud surveyors those paradoxical magic-like 
 marks. A beech tree, for example, if lettered or figured with a board- 
 marker, will present these marks twenty or thirty years afterwards, 
 both on the cuticle and on the wood, of the year when marked ; while 
 the intervening layers, are sound and without a scar. These interposed 
 woody layers, originating in mucilage annually deposited between the 
 bark and wood, gradually separate the marked bark and cuticle from 
 the marked wood, while they grow between these marks and become 
 continuous. 
 
 4. The external and internal Structure, and constituent Or- 
 gans OF Plants, with their uses in its economy. 
 
 Plants are bounded externally, in all their parts, with curved lines. 
 They are defended by an almost insensible and imperishable membrane 
 
 * See Smith's Elements of Botanv. 
 
BOTANY. 63 
 
 called the cuticle. This and the other concentric cylinders have been 
 described at p. 7. The parenchymous parts of the foliage, consisting 
 wholly of the cellular integument covered with the transparent cuti- 
 cle, is well adapted to the purpose of subjecting the sap to the requisite 
 influence of the atmosphere. This office is, to the plant, very anala- 
 gous to that of the lungs to animals — particularly the gills of fish. 
 
 The internal structure of a plant is adapted to the reception and cir- 
 culation of the fluids. The tubes and cells are different in different 
 plants. Large in aquatics, small in evergreens. 
 
 The organs and parts of a plant are adapted to its situation, soil, and 
 nature. The lichen is furnished with organs adapted to its slow growth 
 and dry leathery texture. The pompkin to its rapid and gigantic 
 growth, succulent herbage, and open texture. The same species will 
 often vary some of its characteristics to accommodate itself to a forced 
 situation. As some trees bear large and almost intire leaves, while in 
 a defended situation, enclosed by other trees. But when left exposed 
 to winds and storms, by having their defenders cut away, their leaves 
 will be diminished in size, encrease in number, and present a deeply- 
 divided form. 
 
 When trees, which have wide-spreading tops, grow upon a steep 
 side-hill, they accommodate the direction of their lower spreading 
 limbs to the ascent of the hill. 
 
 I might add those organs with which a plant is furnished for propa- 
 gating its seed. Such as the egret of the dandelion and thistle ; and 
 the hooks of the hated burdock, which compel shaggy coated animals 
 to transport the seed ; and thus become the unwilling instruments for 
 propagating a plant, which is never sought but as a loathsome drug. 
 
 5. The Propekties of a Plant in eelation to other bodies. 
 
 Animals feed on plants and find them essential to their well-being. 
 But there are many plants, which affect the animal system very pow- 
 erfully. These plants are studied, with a view to check any morbid 
 action in the animal system, which may be effected by the uses of 
 plants which are found to counteract such morbid action. A classifi- 
 cation of plants for this purpose has been described in the Natural 
 Orders of Jussieu. 
 
 Vegetables are studied for the purpose of learning their properties 
 in relation to unorganized matter also. A profitable application of this 
 kind of knowledge is made in dying, calico-printing, reducing ores by 
 the aid of charcoal, &c. 
 
 The student will find much information on these subjects in Smith's 
 Elements of Botany, Willdenow's Elements, Darwin's Phytology, 
 Sumner's Botany, kc. 
 
BOTANICAL DICTIONARY. 
 
 As the language of Botany is now extended to every department of 
 Natural Science, 1 have added the common terms which are peculiar 
 to Mineralogy and Zoology, for the purpose of furnishing Schools with 
 a general Dictionary of Natural History. 
 
 Notices. — Words, which are defined in the Grammar, will be re- 
 ferred to the pages in the Grammar, in order to avoid repetition. 
 
 Latin vrords are printed in Italics. When a word is the same ia 
 Latin and English, excepting a terminal letter or two, it is generally 
 omitted in one of the languages. 
 
 A. 
 
 Abbre'viated pe'rianth. Short- 
 er than most perianths in pro- 
 portion to its breadth. 
 
 Abbrevia'tion. Altho' any bot- 
 anist may employ such abbrevi- 
 ations as bestsuithis purpose, by 
 explaining their import ; yet the 
 following are in such general 
 use, that it is convenient to 
 know them : 
 
 Rad. root. 
 
 Fol. leaf. 
 
 Stip. stipule. 
 
 Flo. flower. 
 
 Cal. calyx. 
 
 Cor. corol. 
 
 Pet. petal. 
 
 Stam. stamen, 
 
 Fil. filament. 
 
 Anth. anthe.''. 
 
 Fist, pistil. 
 
 Stig. stigma. 
 
 Fr. fruit. 
 
 Ph. leafet of calyx, or leaf. 
 
 Per. pericarp. 
 
 Mas. starainate flower. 
 
 Fem. pistillate flower. 
 
 Neu. neutral flower. 
 
 Her. perfect flower. 
 
 ^ annual. 
 ^ biennial. 
 
 2i perennial. 
 T? woody. 
 
 Abbrevia'lus. See abbreviated. 
 
 Abdomi'.vae. Belonging to, or sit- 
 uated on, the abdomeu ; as nns, 
 rings, 6ic. 
 
 Aboriitns. See abortive. 
 
 Abor'tive flower. Not arrivin" 
 to perfection; tlieproof of whicii 
 is the want of perfect seed. 
 
 sttd. Not increasing, or not 
 
 becomingperfect for want of liie 
 reception of pollen by way of 
 the stigma. 
 
 pislil. Defective in some es- 
 sential part. 
 
 stamens. Not furnished with 
 
 anthers ; or with those which 
 have no opejjing cells,, or which 
 are mere sketches or rudiments 
 of anthers. 
 
 Abrupt' leaf. A pinnate leaf, 
 which has not an odd, or termi- 
 nal leafet. 
 
 root. Appearing as if bilttn 
 
 off; as bird-foot violet. 
 
 Mriip'te. Abruptly. 
 
 Acalyc'inus. Without a calyx. 
 
 Acau'lii. Stem less. 
 
 Ac'cessory. Additional. Annex- 
 ed and of a ditterent kind, often 
 applied to the border of the re- 
 ceptacle of a lichen. 
 , Acero'se leaf. Needle-form. Ge- 
 nerally inserted on the side? 
 of branches, as in the pices. 
 
 Actro'sus. Acerose. 
 
AGE 
 
 Acicula'ris. Form of a small nee- 
 dle. 
 
 AciNAc'iFORM leaf. Sabre-form. 
 One edge sharp and convex, the 
 other thicker and strait or con- 
 cave. Cutlass-form. 
 
 Acinacifor'mis. A ci n aciform. 
 
 Ac'iNE. One of the little globules 
 constituting a compound berry ; 
 as of the raspberry. 
 
 Ac'inus. Acine. 
 
 Acotyled'onous plants. Having 
 no cotyledons, or seed-lobes : 
 and consequently producing no 
 seminal leaves. See Cotyledon 
 and Seed-leaves. 
 
 Aculea'tus. Prickly. 
 
 .Icu'lcus. Prickle. 
 
 Acu'minate. When the leaf, ca- 
 lyx, SiC. terminate suddenly in 
 a point, which is raore or less 
 curved towards one edge of the 
 leaf. 
 
 Jlcumina'tus. Awl pointed. Acu- 
 minate. 
 
 Acutangula'ris. Sharp-cornered. 
 
 Acu'te. Any part of a plant end- 
 ing without a curved or rounded 
 termination. An obtuse angle or 
 any other angle in malli'imatics, 
 is acute in botanical langu:tge. 
 
 Acu'te. Acutely. As acute-d^nla- 
 tus, sharply toothed. 
 
 Jicutius' cuius. Acutish. That is, 
 the apex, corner, Sic. is hardly 
 rounded so as to be called ob- 
 tuse, and is rather too nearly 
 round to be denominated acute. 
 The termination isk as a dimi- 
 nutive is now sufficiently au- 
 thorised by Smith and others. 
 
 Apel'phous. Applied to plants 
 whose stamens are united by 
 their filaments, whether in one, 
 two, or raore sets. 
 Adna'te. Adhering. Aay two or 
 more parts of a plant b"ing at- 
 tached to each other, in cases 
 where analogous parts are sepa- 
 rate in other plants. As the bul- 
 bous offsets of Daffodil. The 
 stipule in some cases is detach- 
 ed from the petiole, in others it 
 is adnata; &c. 
 
 Adna'lu!. Growing together. Ad 
 nate. 
 
 Adprco'sus. Appressed. 
 
 Adsctn'diii^. Ascending. 
 
 Ad'verse leaf. Presenting' its un- 
 der surface to the sun. One 
 edge presented towards the 
 stem. 
 
 JEquivnl'vii. Valves of a capsule 
 equal among themselves. It is 
 also applied to valves (chaffs) of 
 a glume calyx. 
 
 JErug'iuo'sus. Light bluish green, 
 verdig;ri3 colour. 
 
 Mdiva'tio. Summer residence. 
 See -Estivation. 
 
 jEstiva'tion. The manner in 
 which petals lie in the ilower- 
 bud, and leaves in the leaf-bud, 
 before they open. 1. Convolute. 
 petals or leaves rolled all one 
 way like a roll of paper or cloth. 
 2. Imbricate, petals or leaves ly- 
 ing over each other so as to 
 break joints, like shingles on a 
 roof. 3. Condaplicp.te, each pe- 
 tel or leaf having its edges roll- 
 ed in, tHI the two opposite rolls 
 meet on the midrib. 4. Valvate, 
 when, just before they open, 
 they stand like the husks of an 
 ear of Indian corn. o. Unequal- 
 valved, when the petals differ in 
 size. Sae Foliation. 
 
 JIffi'nis. Having relation, or affi- 
 nity, to something supposed to 
 be previously known. 
 
 Aga'mia. (a without gamia ma- 
 trimony,) Necker's name for the 
 class cryplogamia. 
 A'gzs of plants. Some plants 
 spring up, flower, ripen seed, 
 and die in a few hours or a day, 
 which are called ephemeral. Oth- 
 ers live a few months, or a sum- 
 mer, which are called annual. 
 Others spring up in one summer 
 and ripen and die the next, 
 which are called biennial. Oth- 
 ers live an indefinite period, ei- 
 ther with the whole stem and 
 branches, or only by the root, 
 which are called perennial. 
 The ages of trees may be 
 
A M E 
 
 known by counting the concen- 
 tric rings, or grains. Our au- 
 thor, Richard, supposes that 
 trees liave tlieir ages, 1. The 
 age of iiicrease, or growth. 2. 
 The age of maturity, when there 
 is no increase. 3. The age of 
 decay. But is there not siiilicicnt 
 proof, that all trees, while in a 
 living state, continue to deposit 
 new layers of wood every year .' 
 If so. the age of maturity must 
 be rejected. 
 
 Ag'gregate. Many springing from 
 the same point, or from the same 
 receptacle. Sometimes this terra 
 is rather loosely applied to heaps 
 or bundles, 
 
 .Aggregate flowers are those 
 where several stand on the same 
 receptacle wiLhout united an- 
 thers. These flowers have rare- 
 ly any inclination to yellow co- 
 lour like compound flowers ; 
 but are blue, purple, or wliite. 
 Applied to minerals it signifies 
 that several simple minerals are 
 united in a mass by adhesion, 
 or by a cement. 
 
 Ai'grette, E'gret. The fl)"ing, 
 feathery or hairy crown of seeds; 
 as the down of thistles and dan- 
 delions. It includes whatever 
 remains on the top cf the seed 
 after the corol is removed. 
 
 siipcd (st'pulatus) when it is 
 
 supported on afoot-stem. 
 
 simple (simplex) when it con- 
 sists of a bundle of simple hairs, 
 witliout branches. 
 ■ ;7/!<r7iOjc(plumosus)when each 
 
 hair has other little hairs arran 
 cd along its sides, like the beards 
 on a feather. 
 
 incmhranoxiSy thin transparent 
 
 leaves 
 
 Martyn recommends this term 
 under the word pappus ; Barton 
 adopts it, and Ives approves. 
 On these authorities, it is intro- 
 duced here from the French bo- 
 tanists. 
 
 Ai'gretted. Bearing egret. 
 
 A'la. See Wing. 
 
 Ala'ted, Jla'lus. Having Tvingj. 
 
 AVbicans Whitish, growing white. 
 
 Albu'men. The i'arinaceouSjfleshy, 
 or horny substance, which con- 
 stitutes the chief bulk of mono- 
 cotyledonous seeds ; as wheat, 
 rye, £ic. 
 
 Mbur' num. See Aubier. Sap- 
 wood. 
 
 Al'gae. Linneus comprised the 
 plants of the orders Hepaticai 
 and Lichenes under this ord^r. 
 
 A'r.iENATED. When the first or- 
 g?ins, as the stamens, leaves, Sic. 
 give place to others different 
 from the natural habit of the 
 plant. 
 
 Alliaceous. Emitting the odour 
 of garlick. 
 
 Alluvio.v. Detritus, which is 
 formed by the process of wash- 
 ing from the place of disintegra- 
 tion. 
 
 Al'pine. Growing most natural- 
 ly on high mountains. 
 
 Alter'nate. Branches, leaves, 
 flowers, &c. are alternate, when 
 arranged upon opposite sides of 
 the stem, or whatever supports 
 them ; beginning at different dis- 
 tances from its base, and con- 
 tinuing in nearly equal series. 
 Sometimes they are in three se- 
 ries. 
 
 Alter'iVating. When one organ 
 is arranged alternately respect- 
 ing another J as the stamens, in 
 the first ten classes, mostly al- 
 ternate with the petals, or divi- 
 sions of petals. 
 
 Alier'ne pinna'ta. Alternately pin- 
 nate. 
 
 Alve'olate receptacle. Having 
 cells so as to resemble a honey- 
 comb, with more or less of each 
 seed imbedded in it. 
 
 Jlveola'lus. See alveolate. 
 
 Alutaceocs. Tan-colour. The 
 colour of soal-lealher. 
 
 Amsitus. Periphery. The outer 
 rim of a frond, receptacle, &.c. 
 
 A'jient. An assemblage of small 
 flower-bearing scales, which 
 serve as lateral calyces. These 
 
ANT 
 
 are arranged along a kind of ra- ' 
 chis, and each encloses either 
 the stamens or pistils of flowers. 
 The pine, willow, oak, chesnut, 
 walnut and nettles are good ex- 
 amples. 
 
 Amenta' ecus. Growing in araents, 
 amentaceous. 
 
 .Omen'tum. See araent. 
 
 Amphibiology. The department 
 of Zoology, embracing animals 
 which are capable of suspend- 
 ing respiration for a long time 
 without producing bad effects. 
 As frog, snake, tortoise, lizard. 
 
 Amplexicau'lis. See clasping. Em- 
 bracing the stem. 
 
 Am'pliua. Enlarged, abundant. 
 
 Ampul'lus. See utriculus. Blad- 
 der. 
 
 Anal. Situated near the vent, 
 or between it and the tail. 
 
 Analluvio'. Applied to detritus 
 which has not received its pre- 
 sent character from being wash- 
 ed. 
 
 Anal'ogy. In botany, it is fre- 
 quently necessary to reason 
 from analogy. That is, after be- 
 coming acquainted with those 
 organs which usually accompa- 
 ny each other, if we discover 
 one of them in analysing plants, 
 we frequently assume the exist- 
 ence of others when the latter 
 are too minute for inspection. 
 This principle becomes indis- 
 pensable in most cryptogaraous 
 plants. 
 
 Anal'ysis. To analyse a plant 
 botanicallT/, is to search out the 
 name by the number, form, po- 
 sition, &c. of its organs, as they 
 exist in a natural state. 
 
 Anastomosis. A meeting of 
 meuths. When veins, tubes, 
 &ic. join in one, at, or towards, 
 their extremities. 
 
 An'ceps. See ancipital. Two- 
 edged. 
 
 Ancip'ital. Two-edged. Having 
 two opposite edges or angles. 
 
 Androc'vnods plants. Bearing 
 
 staminale and pistillate flowers 
 on the same root without any 
 perfect ones ; as the Indian 
 corn. • 
 
 spike, has bothstaminate and 
 
 pistillate flowers distinct on dif- 
 ferent parts of it. 
 
 fiOwer, has stamens or pistils 
 
 only, and is on the same plant 
 with other flowers having dif- 
 ferent organs from itself. 
 
 Androg'ynus. See androgynous. 
 
 Anfrac'tuous. Winding by an- 
 gular turnings. 
 
 Angiocar'pus. Fungi bearing seeds 
 internally. 
 
 An'gular. By means of interven- 
 ing grooves, the stems, calyces, 
 capsules, k.c. often have ridges 
 running lengthwise, which give 
 them this appellation. Some- 
 times the angles project consi- 
 derably ; particularly the side- 
 points or projections of leaves, 
 which are also called angles. 
 
 Angula'tus. See angular. 
 
 Angustifol'ius. Narrow-leaved. 
 
 An'notine. Of one year. 
 
 An'nual. Which springs up, per- 
 fects fruit, and dies in the same 
 year. The herbage is often an- 
 nual with a perennial root. But 
 the root is always intended, un- 
 less the other parts are particu- 
 larly mentioned. 
 
 Amiula'tus. Having a ring around 
 the capsules in ferns ; or a fun- 
 gus with a ringed stipe. See 
 ring. 
 
 An'nulus. See ring. 
 
 An'nuus. See annual. 
 
 Anom'alous. (a without, nomos 
 law.) Whatever forms an excep- 
 tion to the assumed rules or sys- 
 tems. In the attempts of old 
 botanistsatnatural arrangement, 
 many plants were necessarily 
 thrown into anomalous groups. 
 
 Antennae. The horns or jointed 
 processes on theheads of insects. 
 
 An'ther. See p. 5. 
 
 Antherid'ium. Used by Nuttall 
 for a mass of pollen. 
 
A S C 
 
 Antherif'erocs. Antherif'era. 
 Flowers bearing sessile anthers ; 
 that is, anthers without fila- 
 ments. 
 
 Anthbroid. Having the appear- 
 ance of an anther. 
 
 Antho'dium. See perianth calyx. 
 
 Aper'iio. See blooming. 
 
 Ap'erture. In conchology it is 
 used for the mouth of a shell, or 
 entrance to the animal's resi- 
 dence. It is of various forms, 
 as angular, rounded, moon-form, 
 linear, k.c. 
 
 ArEx'ALous. A flower without a 
 corol. See stamineus. 
 
 Ap'ex. The tip or end. Summit 
 of the spire of a shell. 
 
 Aphyl'i.ous. Leafless. 
 
 ,^picxda'tum. Covered with fleshy, 
 erect, short points. 
 
 Jipojth' ysis. A process from the 
 base of the theca of mosses. 
 
 Jpolhc'cium. The receptacle of 
 lichens, being the part whereon 
 the seeds are formed and ripen- 
 ed. The saucer-form cups on 
 those greenish leathery scabs on 
 fences and stones, are examples. 
 See Border of Lichens. 
 
 Appen'dage. As thorns, tendril. 
 See p. 10. 
 
 Appendic'ulate. Appendaged. 
 Having something attached to a 
 leaf, corol, he. as a wing on a 
 petiole, a nectary at the end of a 
 petal as in some species of Po- 
 lygala, &c. 
 
 Appen'dicule. Appendiculate, 
 Having a little appendage. 
 
 Appres'sed. Closely pressed ; as 
 leaves against the stem, kc. 
 
 Approx'isiate. Growing near each 
 other, or near to a difterent 
 part. 
 
 Ap'terous. Without wings. 
 
 Aqu at'ic. Growing most natural- 
 ly in or near water. 
 
 Jlrachnoi'dtus. Covered with in- 
 terwoven hairs, so as to resem- 
 ble a spider's web. 
 
 ATaneo'sxis. See arachnoideus. 
 
 Ar'boT. See tree. 
 
 Areo'reous. Tree-like. Applied 
 to mineral impressions. 
 
 Arbores'ceht. Becoming woody 
 when approaching maturity. 
 
 Jlrbtis' cula. See sutfrutex — some- 
 what woody. 
 
 Arbusti'vus. Bush-like. 
 
 Arch'ed. Curving above. See 
 vaulted. 
 
 Ar'c u ATE, .^rcua'/us. Bent like a 
 bow. See bowed. 
 
 Arcua'lim. Archwise, curved. 
 
 Arena'rius. Growing in sand. 
 
 Areola'lus. Raised a little so as to 
 resemble a garden-bed. Cush- 
 ion-like. 
 
 Argen'ttus. Silver-coloured, 
 
 Argu'tus. See sharp. 
 
 Argyroc'omus. Silky and silvery 
 white. 
 
 Ar'id, A'ridus. Dry and rough. 
 
 A'ril, Aril'lus. The outer coat of 
 a seed, which, not contracting 
 with it in ripening, falls ofl'. 
 Scopoli calls it Theca, but this 
 name is now exclusively appro- 
 priated to the capsule of mos- 
 ses. 
 
 Aris'tate, Aris'la and Arista'tus. 
 See awn and awned. Bearded. 
 
 Arms, The spines and prickles of 
 plants. 
 
 Aromal'iciis. Aromatic, sweet- 
 scented. 
 
 Ar'row-form. Shaped like an ar- 
 row-head. It differs from heart- 
 form in having the hind-lobes 
 acute. 
 
 Arlic'ulus. See joint. 
 
 Artic'ulated, Jointed ; which 
 see. Articulated division of ani- 
 mals includes those which have 
 jointed abdomens ; as angle- 
 worms, lobsters, spiders, and 
 wasps. 
 
 Articula'te. Jointedly. 
 
 Arundina'ceus. Resembling reeds. 
 
 Arven'sis. Growing in cultivated 
 fields. 
 
 Ascen'ding. Rising gradually be- 
 tween a horizontal and vertical 
 position. 
 
 Acid'ium. Bottle-form leaf or ap- 
 
 6* 
 
B E A 
 
 pendage ; as on the Sarrace- < 
 nia. 
 
 As'pERATE, ,^s'ptr. See rugged. 
 Rough. 
 
 Asperifol'ius. Rough-leaved. 
 
 Assur'gent, Assur'gens. Rising in 
 a curve from a declined base. 
 
 AsTi'pED. Pappus, or a fungus 
 without a stem, or stipe. 
 
 Atropnrpu'reus. Dark purple. 
 
 Atten'uated, Allenua'lus. Taper- 
 ing gradually till it becomes 
 slender. Long and slender. 
 
 Au'bier. Sap-wood, the last year's 
 deposit. 
 
 Auc'lus cal'yx. Having an outer 
 row of leafets ; as the Dande- 
 lion. 
 
 Jive'nivm. V^einless. 
 
 Avertebral. Animals without 
 back bones ; as insects, oysters, 
 angle-worms. 
 
 AuLLLET. Spurious wings. A 
 tuft of 3 or 5 feathers on the out- 
 er fore-joint of a bird's wing. 
 
 JlurauWacus. Orange-coloured. 
 
 Aure'us. Gold-coloured. 
 
 Adricles. Appendages to the 
 heart ; being small cavities a- 
 bove the ventricles. 
 
 Auricula'tus or auri'lus. See ear- 
 ed. Ear-like. 
 
 Auiumna'lis. Coming to maturi- 
 ty in autumn. 
 
 Autumria'tio. The effect of autumn 
 on plants. 
 
 AwL'-FORM. Linear at, and ad- 
 joining, the base ; and becoming 
 sharp and more or less curved 
 to one side at the point. 
 
 Awl'-pointed. Acuminate. 
 
 Awn. a short slender,process, or 
 stiff beard, proceeding from the 
 lop or back of glumes, or chaff. 
 Processes resembling awns are 
 called by this name, which pro- 
 ceed from anthers or any othtr 
 parts of vegetables. 
 Awn ED. Having awns. 
 Awn'less. Without awns ; some- 
 times it means a blunt pointless 
 awn. 
 Ax(5-form. Nearly cylitidric to- 
 
 wards the base, with one side 
 projecting towards the end ; 
 which projection is sharp-edg- 
 ed. 
 
 Ax'iL. The arm-pit. Applied to 
 vegetables, it means the angle 
 formed by the meeting of a leaf 
 or petiole with the stem, or of 
 a branch with the main stem. 
 
 Ax'iLLARY. Any thing growing 
 from the axils. 
 
 Azu'reus. See Cceruleus. Blue, 
 
 B. 
 
 Bac'ca. See berry. 
 
 Baccif'erous. Berry-bearing. 
 
 BacciVlum. Pedicel of lichens. 
 
 Back. The side of a univalveshell; 
 which is opposite to the side in 
 which the aperture is placed. 
 
 Ba'dius. Liver-brown. 
 
 Bak'ner. The upper petal in a 
 papilionaceous flower. 
 
 Barb. A strait process armed with 
 teeth pointing backwards. 
 
 Bar'ba. See beard. 
 
 Barha'tus. See bearded. 
 
 Bark. Properly tlie inner strong 
 fibrous part of the covering of 
 vegetables. But in a more ex- 
 tended sense it includes also the 
 cuticle and cellular integument ; 
 which see. Also see Cortex. 
 
 Bar'ren. Producing no ripe seed. 
 See slaminale, neutral and abor- 
 tive. 
 
 Bas'is. Base. The part of a stem , 
 leaf, flower, k,c. nearest to the 
 place through which it derives 
 its nutriment. The extreme end 
 of a univalve shell, opposite to 
 the apex of the spire ; and the 
 side or end opposite to the hinge 
 of the bivalve shells. 
 
 Beak. One 5ide of the aperture 
 of a univalve shell extended in 
 the form of a beak ; as murex. 
 In a bivalve, it is the tip of the 
 spiral part near the hinge. 
 
 Eeak'ed. Terminated by a pro- 
 cess, formed like a bird's bill. 
 
BOD 
 
 Beard. Parallel hairs. It is ap- 
 plied to the filamentous necta- 
 ries on the petals of Iris. The 
 lower lips of ringent corols are 
 sometimes called beard. Ten- 
 dril-like appendages near the 
 mouth of the sturgeon and of 
 some other fish. 
 
 Be'ardless. Destitute of beard. 
 
 Bell'-form. Swelling out at the 
 base and without a tube. Pro- 
 perly applied to monopetalous 
 corols only ; but it is frequently 
 extended to liliaceous flowers, 
 and some others. 
 
 Belly. It is the swollen part of 
 the body of a univalve shell. 
 See Body. 
 
 Bel'lying. See Ventricose. In- 
 flated. 
 
 Ber'ry. a pulpy pericarp enclos- 
 ing seeds without capsules. 
 
 Bib'ulus. Sucking water. 
 
 Bicap'sular. Two capsules to 
 one flower. 
 
 Bicor'nis. Anthers with two horns, 
 or two horn-form processes. 
 
 Bicus'piDATE. Having two length- 
 ened points, each terminated 
 with a small bristle. 
 
 Bid' ens. Having two teeth. 
 
 Bien'nial. Springing up one sum- 
 mer, flowering and dying the 
 next, as wheat. 
 
 Bifa'rius. Facing two ways, pre- 
 senting two opposite series. 
 
 Bif'erous. Bearing- twice in a 
 year. Common in hot climates. 
 
 Bi'fid. Two cleft, split into two 
 divisions. 
 
 Bif'idus. Bifid. 
 
 Biflo'riis. See two-flowered. 
 
 Bif'arus. Having two openings 
 or holes. 
 
 Bi/urca'tus or Bifur'cus. Forked. 
 
 Bigem'inate. Twii! forked. Hav- 
 ing a forked stem with two 
 leaves on each part. 
 
 Biglan'dulous. Having two 
 glands. 
 
 Bij'uGous. A pinnate leaf with 
 two pairs of leaves or- each part. 
 
 Bila'biate. Coroi with two iips ; 
 
 as in most of the class didyna- 
 mia. 
 
 Bilam'ellate. Composed of two 
 lamellaj ; it applies to a flattened 
 stigma split lengthwise. 
 
 Bilo'bate. Divided into two 
 lobes. 
 
 BiLoc'uLAR. Two-celled. 
 
 Bi'nate. Two standing up to- 
 gether on the top of one stalk. 
 If they spread out horizontally, 
 they are called conjugale, 
 
 Bincr'vis. Two-nerved. 
 
 Bipart'ible, or Bipar'tile. Na- 
 turally divisible into two parts. 
 
 Biparti'ius. Divided into two 
 parts to the base, but still re- 
 maining in one piece ', as the 
 petals o( stellaria. 
 
 Bipin'nate. Doubly pinnate. 
 
 Bipinnat'ifid. Doubly pinnati- 
 fid. 
 
 Biros'trate. Having two beaks, 
 
 Bisf.ria'lis. See Lamella. In two 
 thin series. 
 
 Bistri'ate. Having two slender 
 lines. 
 
 Bisul'cate. Having two furrows 
 or grooves. 
 
 Bitter'nate. Doubly-ternate. 
 
 Bi'valve. When a capsule is com- 
 posed of two pieces, or valves ; 
 or when the glume calyx of 
 grass, &.C. consist of two chaflfs, 
 or husks. When used in Zoolo- 
 gy, it refers to the two parts of 
 the shell of such molluscous 
 animals as oysters, clams, &,c. 
 
 Bivasscula'ris. With two horn- 
 form or cup-form cells. 
 
 Blis'tered. See bullate. 
 
 Bloom'ing. The precise time 
 when all parts of the flower are 
 completely developed. 
 
 Blos'som. The corol. 
 
 Blo^t. Round-obtuse. 
 
 Boat'-form. Hollowed one side 
 with a compressed longitudinal 
 ridge on the opposite side. 
 
 Body. It is the first whorl at the 
 base of a univalve shell ; the 
 most swollen part of which, is 
 called the belly. 
 
BUT 
 
 Bole. The naked trunk of a tree. 
 
 Border in Lichens. The edg- 
 ing of their receptacles (apolhe- 
 cium.) It is/>ro/>er, when of the 
 same substance and colour of 
 the receptacle. It is accessory, 
 when of a different substance or 
 colour from the disk of the re- 
 ceptacle. 
 
 Bor'der of corols, leaves, fungus- 
 es, &.C. The spreading brim. 
 
 — — tenuis. Thin border of a fun- 
 gus. 
 
 colorata. Coloured border. 
 
 equalis. When the stem of a 
 
 fungus is in the centre. 
 
 crassa. Thick border, he. 
 
 Bos'sED. Bunched up in the cen- 
 tre ; as in some agarics. 
 
 Botan'icae names of plants. They 
 should always have a Latin ter- 
 mination, in order to be equally 
 convenient for all nations. 
 
 Boi'rus. A cluster, like grapes. 
 
 Bough. See branch. 
 
 Boulder. A large fragment of a 
 rock. This terra is applied to all 
 masses of rock, which are sever- 
 ed from a main rock, if the size 
 is above that which is usually 
 denominated a pebble. 
 
 Bow'ed. Curved over downwards. 
 
 Bowl'-form. Abouthalfof a hol- 
 low sphere. 
 
 Brac'hiate. Branches nearly 
 horizontal and decussate. 
 
 Brach'ium. See Measures. Arms- 
 length. 
 
 Bract. Brac'ted. Floralleaf. A 
 leaf near or among flowers, 
 which differs in shape, or col- 
 our, or both, from the other 
 leaves of the plant ; as on the 
 bass-wood, (iilia.) 
 
 Bractca'tus. Bracted.having bracts. 
 
 Bracteifor'mis. Resembling bracts. 
 
 Branch. A division of the main j 
 stem, or main root. 
 
 Branch'ed. Divided into branch- 
 es. Applied to roots of trees. 
 
 Branch-leaves. Leaves growing 
 on branches. 
 
 Brakch'let. Subdivision of a 
 branch ; a twig. 
 
 Branch-pe'dukcle. A peduncle 
 proceeding from a branch. 
 
 Brev'is. Short. 
 
 Brevis'simits. Very short. 
 
 Brist'les. Very stitF hairs. They 
 are simple or hooked. 
 
 Brist'le-form. Nearly propor- 
 tioned to a bristle in length and 
 breadth. 
 
 Brist'ly. Set with bristles. 
 
 Bro>"chial. Applied to fish it 
 means, pertaining to the gills. 
 
 Brnma'lis. See Hyeraalis. Win- 
 tery. 
 
 Brun'neus. Brown, dusky, dun. 
 
 Bud. The winter residence of 
 leaves and flowers. Generally 
 wanting in hot countries. They 
 are defended by imbricate scales 
 and mostly by a clammy glutin- 
 ous substance also. They are ; 
 
 1. Leaf -bearing. Which are 
 more slender and sharp. 
 
 2. Flou'er-bearing. Which are 
 thicker, not so hard nor so sharp. 
 
 3. Leaf und flow'er-bearing. 
 Which are generally smaller 
 than either of the other kinds. 
 See foliation. 
 
 Bulb. Bulbus. Bulbous roots. 
 Though we call the turnip, the 
 onion, k.c. roots, they are strict- 
 ly buds ; or the winter residence 
 of the future plants. Some bulbs 
 are borne above ground, as on 
 several species of onion, (alli- 
 um.) 
 
 Bulbif trous. Producing bulbs a- 
 bove ground. 
 
 Bulbo'sas. Bulbous. Growing from 
 bulbs. 
 
 Bulb'ous root. Fleshy and sphe- 
 rical. 
 
 BnVbulus. Small lateral bulbs 
 shooting from larger ones. 
 
 Bui. 'late. Raised in bunches or 
 blisters ; as when the parenchy- 
 mous substance of a leaf rises 
 up between the veins. 
 
 Bun'dle. See fascicle. 
 
 But'terfly-fokm. See papilion- 
 aceous. 
 
 But'tons, Tri'coc. That kind of 
 receptacle of lichens which 
 
C A L 
 
 when magnified resembles a 
 coiled horse-hair. They ore 
 roundisli, sessile, unexpanding, 
 compact; black, and solid ; con- 
 tinued along their whole sur- 
 face. Upper side they are in 
 concentric, or coiled, plaited 
 and twisted folds ; covered eve- 
 ry where with the same mem- 
 brane ; containing seeds with- 
 out cells, or cases. Smith. 
 Bvssus, Flax-like, silky, or hair- 
 like fibres at tbe hinge of some 
 bivalve shells. It is applied to 
 some fungi, SiC. 
 
 c. 
 
 Cadu'cous. Any part of a plant 
 is caducous, which falls oft" ear- 
 lier, compared with other parts 
 of the same plant, than is usual 
 for similar parts in most plants. 
 As the calyx of the floppy falls 
 off before the corol is hardly ex- 
 panded. 
 
 CcBtius. Sky-blue, pale-blue, 
 grey. 
 
 Caes'pitose. Turfy. Several 
 plants growing together, or from 
 the same root, forming a turf. 
 
 Calamus. Reed-like. 
 
 Cal'car. A conic spur. See Spur. 
 
 Cal'carate. See spurred. 
 
 Calciferous. Bearing calx. An 
 old term for carbonate of lime. 
 Applied to sand rocks, fccwhich 
 contain carbonate of lime. 
 
 Calic'iform. See Calyciform. 
 Cup-like. 
 
 Calic'ulate, Calicula'tus. Hav- 
 ing a smaller outer calyx. See 
 auctus. 
 
 Ca'lix. See calyx. Leaf-cup. 
 
 Calyc'iform. Resembling a pe- 
 rianth calyx. 
 
 Ca'lvcike. Appertaining to a 
 calyx. 
 
 Calyc'inus or Calic'inus. See Ca- 
 lycine. 
 
 Ca'lycle. The outer calyx-like 
 part of the crown of some seeds. 
 Also see auctus. 
 
 Ca'lycled. Sec auctus. Having 
 an outer calyx. 
 
 Calyc'ulus. See calycle. 
 
 Calyp'lra. Calyptre, or veil. The 
 cap or hood of pistillate mosses ; 
 resembling in form and position 
 an extinguisher set on a candle 
 It is ranked among calyxes, and 
 so used in descriptions. But in 
 reality it is the corol closed ; 
 which after being detached at 
 the. base like other corols, its 
 form still keep? it on the cap- 
 sule a while. See villose, also 
 Ferichfciiurn, which is the true 
 calyx of mosses. 
 
 Calyptra'liis. Having a calyptre. 
 
 Ca'lvx. (Kalux, Gr.) That flo- ^ 
 ral organ which proceeds from 
 the germ, receptacle, or pedun- 
 cle, below all the other organs. 
 If the stamens alternate with 
 the leafets or divisions, Linneus 
 calls it a corol ; and if the sta- 
 mens stand opposite to the leaf- 
 ets or divisions, he calls it a ca- 
 lyx, without regarding the col- 
 our or texture. Where the sta- 
 mens are numerous, this rule 
 cannot apply ; neither has Lin- 
 iieus made it necessary in his 
 descriptions. 
 
 Wildenow's rule. The calyx 
 is hardly as long as the stamen ; 
 the corol quite as long or long- 
 er ; the calyx green and firm ; 
 the corol coloured and tender. 
 This rule is to apply where but 
 one of the organs is present ; 
 and he allows a few exceptions 
 to this. 
 
 double. When one calyx is 
 
 outside of another } as in the 
 holly-hock, (althea.) 
 
 common. When one calyx 
 
 includes many florets, as the 
 thistle. 
 
 proper. When a floret is in- 
 cluded in a general calyx of its 
 own. 
 
 There are seven kinds of ca- 
 lyx ; 1. Perianth. 2. Involucre, 
 3. Spathe. 4. Glume. 5. Ament. 
 
C E L 
 
 <3. Calyptre. 7. Volva. See 
 each. 
 
 Camb, Cam'bium. Du Hamel's 
 name for the mucilaginous or 
 gelatinous substance between 
 the wood and bark. See p. 7. 
 
 Oampan'llate, Campanula' lus. 
 See bell-form. 
 
 Campes'lris. Growing in unculti- 
 vated fields. 
 
 Canal. The channel or gutter 
 along the beak of a univalve 
 shell. 
 
 Canalicula'tus. See channelled. 
 
 Can'cellate, Cancdla'tus. . See 
 latticed. 
 
 Can'escent. Becoming white or 
 hoary. 
 
 Capilla'ceus. See capillary. 
 
 CAp'xLLARy, Capilla'ris, Capilla'- 
 ceus. Hair-form ; longer than 
 bristle-form in proportion to its 
 thickness. 
 
 Capillus. Hair. See pilus. 
 
 Cap'itate, Capita'lus. Head- 
 form ; growing in heads. 
 
 Capii'ulum. See head. 
 
 Caprt'olus. See tendril. 
 
 Caprifica'tion. The fertilizing 
 of pistillate llow-f^rs by sprink- 
 ling pollen upon them. This is 
 important in raising figs. 
 
 Cap'sule, (cap'sula.) a little 
 chest. That kind of pericarp, 
 which opens by valves and be- 
 comes dry when ripe ; not in- 
 cluding siliques nor legumes. 
 When it is one-valved, it is call- 
 ed a FOLLICLE, /o//jcw/i/s, which 
 see. It consists of valves, par- 
 titions, columtlla, and cells, 
 which see. One kind of cap- 
 sule never opens and is called 
 samara. 
 
 Cari'na. See keel. 
 
 Car'inate. See keeled, 
 
 Carina'lus. See keeled. 
 
 Car'neous, Car'neus. Flesh-col- 
 oured. ^'uttall uses it for fleshy. 
 
 Carno'se, Carno'sus. Fleshy. 
 
 Car"pogena'tion. (Karpos, fruit ; 
 gennao, to bring forth.) A sub- 
 Btitule for the word fruclifica- 
 tion. 
 
 Cartilage. Flexible, fibrous, 
 compact substance ; often call- 
 ed gristle. Applied to animals 
 mostly. * 
 
 Cartilag'inous. Hard and some- 
 what flexible. It applies to a 
 leaf, when it is bound around 
 with a strong margin, different 
 from the disk of the leaf. 
 
 Caruncle. Fleshy protuberance 
 on the heads of some birds, as 
 turkies. 
 
 Carvophyl'leous. Pink-like, as 
 to the corol ; having five petals 
 Avith long claws, all regular and 
 set in a tubular calyx. 
 
 Cataphracted. Callous skin, or 
 cartilagijions scabs. 
 
 CastraHa. Filaments being with- 
 out anthers. 
 
 Catt'nula. A thread in some mos- 
 ses, serving to unite or chain to- 
 gether the seeds. 
 
 Cat'kin, Caiulvs. See ament. 
 
 Caudal. Pertaining to the tail or 
 posterior extremity. 
 
 Cau'date, Caii'da. See tail. 
 
 Cau'dex. The main body of a 
 tree or root. 
 
 Caules''cent, cau/c5cew5. Having 
 a caulis, or stem, exclusive of 
 the peduncle or scape. 
 
 Cau'line, cau'linus. Growing on 
 the main stem. 
 
 Cau'lis. The main herbage-bear- 
 ing stem of all plants, except of 
 the grassy kind ; as trees, weeds. 
 k.c. We have no English name 
 for this stem, unless we adopt 
 the French, tige. 
 
 Cell. The hollow part, or cavity 
 of a pericarp or anther. It is 
 more generally applied to the 
 ca\ities of pericarps, where 
 seeds are lodged. j\ccording to 
 the numbers of these the peri- 
 carps are called one-celled, tico- 
 celled, k,c. 
 
 Cel'lular in'teg'ument. The 
 parenchymatous substance be- 
 tween the cuticle and bark. 
 This substance is generally 
 green. It constitutes the most 
 considerable part of leaves ; in 
 
C I R 
 
 ■which the juices are operated 
 upon by air antl light, and the 
 peculiar secretions of vegetables 
 principally elaborated. 
 
 Cel'lules, cis'iulce. That kind of 
 receptacle of lichens, which is 
 globose, terminal, and formed 
 of the substance of the frond. 
 It is filled with uncoated seeds, 
 intermixed with fibres ; at length 
 it bursts irregularly. Smith. 
 
 Cellulo'sus. Cellular. Having 
 cavities within, which are small 
 and irregular ; and in which 
 sometimes granules are nested. 
 
 Centra'lis. lu the centre. 
 
 Ccphalo'dia. See knobs. 
 
 Cere. Membrane covering the 
 base of a bird's bill. 
 
 Ccrea'lis. {Cer'es, goddess of 
 corn.) Any grain of which 
 bread is made. 
 
 Ccr'nuus. When the apex or top 
 only droops or bends down. 
 See nutans, and the difference 
 in the two terms. 
 
 Cervinus. Fawn-coloured. The 
 colour of the fine light hair of a 
 deer. Very pale reddish yellow. 
 
 Ces'pitose. See Caespitose. 
 Turfy. 
 
 Chaff. Thin membranous cov- 
 ering of the seeds of grass, grain, 
 &.C. See glume. It is also ap- 
 plied to whatever resembles 
 chaff; as the substance left on 
 the receptacles of some com- 
 pound flovyers, after the seeds 
 are removed ; to the crown of 
 some seeds, ^c. 
 
 Chaf'fy. Bearing chaft". 
 
 Chambers. The cells, or sepa- 
 rate spaces, in shells. They are 
 connected by a siphunculus. 
 
 Chan'nelled. Hollowed out 
 longitudinally with a rounded 
 groove of considerable depth. 
 
 Char'acter. That description 
 of a plant, which distinguishes 
 it from all others. In making 
 out the character, situation, 
 proportion, connection, num- 
 ber and figure, are considered. 
 
 The two last am not .so constanl 
 as the other three. 
 
 Generic characters are limited 
 to the flower and fruit. 
 
 Specific characters are re- 
 stricted no farther, than to avoid 
 running into the characters of 
 the genus. 
 Chelate claws. At the end of 
 fore-legs of some insects. They 
 resemble fordeps, like lobsters' 
 claws. 
 CHo'Rioy. A clear limpid liquor 
 contained in a seed in the time 
 of flowering. This liquor, after 
 the pollen is received, becomes 
 a perfect embryo of a new plant, 
 and takes the consistence usual 
 in perfect seeds. But without 
 the reception of the pollen, nei- 
 ther any thing like the embryo 
 or perfect seed, is ever formed. 
 Malpighi. 
 
 Chrysoe'umous. Golden locks ; or 
 a yellow bundle of thread. 
 
 Cic'atrice, Cica'lrix. The mark 
 or natural scar from whence the 
 leaf has fallen. 
 
 Cil'iate, cilia' tus. Edged with 
 parallel hairs or bristles, resem- 
 bling eye-lashes. 
 
 Cine'reous. Of the colour of 
 wood-ashes. 
 
 Cin'gens. Surrounding, girding 
 around. 
 
 Cir'cinal. Rolled in spirally be- 
 ginning with the tip, which con- 
 tinually occupies the centre ; as 
 ferns. 
 
 Circina'lus. Circinal. Also com- 
 passed about. 
 
 Circumsi'sus. Cut round. Open- 
 ing transversely, not lengthwise: 
 as the capsule of purslane. 
 
 Circumscrip'tio. The circumfer- 
 ance of a leaf. 
 
 Cirrif'trus. Bearing tendrils. 
 
 Cirro'se, cirro'sus. Terminating 
 in a tendril. 
 
 Cir'rus. (Curled bushy hair.) 
 A tendril or climber. 
 
 Cis'tvlce. See Cellules. Little 
 hollows. 
 
C L O 
 
 CSlam'mt. See viscid. 
 Clas'peh. See tendril. 
 Clas'ping. The base of the leaf 
 being more or less heart-form 
 and sessile, so that the two hind 
 lobes partly surround the stem. 
 Class, clas'm. The highest divi- 
 sion of bodies in a system. Each 
 class is defined to be the agree- 
 ment of several genera in the 
 parts of fructification, accord- 
 ing to the principles of nature, 
 distinguished by art. Linneus 
 divided all plants by their sta- 
 mens and pistils, into 24 clas- 
 ses ; but Persoon and other ap- 
 proved systematic writers have 
 distributed the plants of the ISth 
 and 23d classes among the oth- 
 ers, and rejected these two ; 
 leaving but 22 classes. These 
 are rejected on account of the 
 liability of their characters to 
 perpetual variations. On the 
 same ground the class dodecan- 
 dra may be rejected ; leaving 
 but 21 classes. 
 Cla'vate, clava'lus. Club-form. 
 Growing larger toward the end. 
 Clavic'ula. See tendril. 
 Clau'sus. Closed, shut up. 
 Cla'vus. See spurred rye. Ergot. 
 €law. The lower narrow part of 
 a petal by which it is fixed o;- 
 the calyx or receptacle. It can 
 exist only in polypetalous co- 
 rds. 
 Cleft. Split down, not exceed- 
 ing half way to the base -, wliii 
 ziearly strait edges on botii sides 
 of the fissure. The p^tris into 
 Tvhich it is split are numbered in 
 descriptions; as once split mak- 
 ing two divisions, is called 2- 
 cleft ; two splits 3-cleft, kc. 
 Clefts, lirel'lcs. That kind of re- 
 ceptacle of lichens, which is 
 open, elongated, sessile, black, 
 very narrow or linear, with a 
 somewhat spongy disk ; the bor- 
 der is parallel on each side and 
 proper. Sometimes it has an 
 accessory border from the crust 
 
 besides. The clefts are either 
 simple and solitary ; or aggre- 
 gate, confluent and branched. 
 Smith. • 
 
 Cli'mbixg. Ascending by means 
 of tendrils, as grapes ; by leaf- 
 stalks, as virgin's bower ; by 
 cauline radicles, or rootlets, as 
 the creeping American ivy, 
 (rhus radicans.) It differs from 
 tvnning, which see. 
 
 Cloaca. A general vent for eggs, 
 urine, and foeces, as of birds, 
 k.c. 
 
 Clouds. They may be divided 
 into the Regular and Irregular. 
 
 Regular Clouds. 
 
 1. Strata' se clouds. They are 
 those stratified horizontal ranges 
 of vapour, which often appear in 
 the morning, near and adjoining 
 the earth ; usually called fog. 
 When the sun shines upon them, 
 they ascend gradually in a highly 
 rarified state ; and at length re- 
 unite in another form and take the 
 name of 
 
 2. Cuntulo'se clouds. They are 
 those bright shining clouds, which 
 have their bases straitish with their 
 upper sides in roundish brilliant 
 heap::!. They mostly float awhile 
 near the horizon in detached mas- 
 ses, and then gradually break up 
 and ascend still higher in fine 
 flakes or sprays, and form 
 
 3. Cirro'se clouds. They are 
 those fibrous clouds which resem- 
 ble flax when it is gradually pulled 
 from the distaff. They are the 
 highest of all clouds ; often form- 
 ing at the height of five or six 
 miles. After a few hours, they 
 generally settle down gradually, 
 and become 
 
 4. Cir'ro-cumulo'se clouds. They 
 are those which are formed by the 
 knotting or curdling of cirrose 
 clouds. When first forming, they 
 exhibit rows of small heaps, often 
 in long regular curved lines very 
 
COL 
 
 near each oiber. Sometimes 
 they become confluent, and at 
 length cover the whole sky. This 
 last variety furnishes the materi- 
 als for long steady rains. But 
 they generally break up in fair 
 weather in the afternoon, and 
 out of their fragments are made 
 
 6. Cir'ro-stralo'se clouds. They 
 are those stratified patches, seen 
 nfear the horizon, mostly at even- 
 ing ; generally disappearing en- 
 tirely after dark. 
 
 Remark. This is the usual 
 process during the pleasant part 
 of spring, summer and autumn. 
 In the year 1815, 1 kept an exact 
 diary of clouds at Greenwich, in 
 New-York, more than five 
 months. I found this to be their 
 regular course more than half of 
 that period. 
 
 Irregular Clouds. 
 
 6. J^'imbo'se clouds. They are 
 those dense clouds, whicn as- 
 cend from the horizon, at first 
 with heads like the cumulose, 
 which soon shoot into cirrose 
 branches extending towards the 
 zenith. They are usually called 
 thunder-clouds, and almost al- 
 ways bring showers. 
 
 7c Vdlo'se clouds. They are 
 those fleecy clouds, whicl. fly 
 swiftly about the sky, of an cpen 
 texture, without any defined 
 sides or bases. One variety of 
 those clouds is called scud. 
 
 8. Cu'mulo-stralo'se cUuds. 
 They are the most rare, as well 
 asthe most remarkable of clouds. 
 But one appeared in the year 
 1815, and 1 have observed but 
 two since, (13 years.) A cu- 
 mulous-like cloud seems to rise 
 up from the horizon in a com- 
 pressed channel, and to become 
 united with a cirrostratnse cloud. 
 Soon after this union, the cloud 
 spreads out to great extent, and 
 fiinallj covers a great proportion 
 
 of the hemisphere ; while its 
 base or stem remains as at the 
 commencement. Its form and 
 sudden growth have given it the 
 appellation of mushroom-cloud. 
 I have never seen this cloud 
 except at six or seven o'clock 
 in the afternoon. 
 
 Clo'ven. See cleft. 
 
 Club. The clavate part of a fun- 
 gus, which supports the fruit ©r 
 bears the seed. 
 
 Club'-form. See clavate. 
 
 Clus'tered. See raccmed. 
 
 Cly'peate, Clypea'tus. Form of 
 a buckler. See peltate. 
 
 Coad'unate. With united bases. 
 
 CoAETA'NEOus,'Coae^a'?iwy. Exist- 
 ing at the same time. Applied 
 to willows and to some other 
 plants, it implies that the flow- 
 ers and leaves appear at the 
 same time. 
 
 Co'a.mt, Coali'tus. Thickened, 
 increased, or pressed together, 
 as the anthers of potatoe flow- 
 ers. 
 
 Coakc'tate. Compact. Press- 
 ed or squeezed close together. 
 
 Coat'ed. Consisting of concen- 
 tric coats, layers or skins, as the 
 bulbous roots of onions. 
 
 Cob'webbed. See arachnoideus. 
 
 Coccin'eus. Scarlet-coloured. 
 
 Coc'cvm. A grain or seed. Tri- 
 C0CC0U3, 3-seeded ; pentacoc- 
 ecus, 5-seeded, he. 
 
 Cock'leate, cochlea'lus. Coiled 
 sfiirally, like a snail-shell. 
 
 Coerulto-'purpu'rcus. Bluish-pur- 
 ple, violet colour. 
 
 Coru'leus. Blue. 
 
 Cohe'rens. Cohering, attached. 
 
 Coil'ed. Twisted like a rope ; 
 or rather resembling the form of 
 one thread of a rope, after the 
 other threads are removed. 
 
 Colli'nus. Growing on hills. 
 
 Col'oured. Of any hue except 
 green ; but in the language of 
 botanists ereen parts are not co- 
 loured. See temperature, also 
 glaucous. 
 
CON 
 
 €olora'lHS. Coloured. 
 
 Columzl'la. That which con- 
 nects the seeds to the inside of 
 a pericarp. It is generally ap- 
 plied to a central pillar in a cap- 
 sule ; which takes its rise from 
 the receptacle, and has seeds at- 
 tached to it on all sides. In mos- 
 ses it is called sporangidium by 
 Willdenow ; and he sometimes 
 applies this term as a substitute 
 for columella ; and says it is 
 found only in 2-valved capsules. 
 Applied to shells, it means the 
 pillar formed by the spire, com- 
 mencing with the left lip. 
 
 Column. Applied to a thick strong 
 style. 
 
 Colum'nar. See terete. Round 
 and tapering. 
 
 ColumniJ'era. Stamens and pis- 
 tils disposed in the form of a co- 
 lumn. 
 
 Com'a. (Kom^e, a head of hair.) 
 A tuft of bracts on the top of a 
 spike of flowers. 
 
 CoMMis'suRE. The place where 
 one thing or part is joined to an- 
 other. Mutlall applies it to sides 
 or edges of two seeds, growing 
 on umbelliferous plants, where 
 they are joined together ; as 
 those of the carrot and fennel. 
 
 Gom'mon. Any part is common, 
 which serves to include or sus- 
 tain several parts, similar among 
 themselves. 
 
 ■ j>erianlh. Including several 
 florets ; as in the thistle. 
 
 • involucre. Surrounding the 
 
 base of the peduncles, in an um- 
 bel, which are subdivided above. 
 This term is often used for 
 frequent also. 
 
 Commu'nis. See common. 
 
 CoMo'sE. Having a coma, or lock 
 of hair. 
 
 Comfac't. See coarctus. 
 
 Complk'te, comple'lus. Having 
 both calyx and corol. "When the 
 corol is wanting, the flower is 
 incomplete. When the calyx is 
 wanting, the flower is naked if 
 »t baa a corol. 
 
 Com'plicate, complica'tus. Fold- 
 ed together. 
 
 Composi'tus.^ Compound. 
 
 Com'pound. One whole, formed 
 of many similar parts. 
 
 flowers. Those comprised in 
 
 the class syngenesia, with sever- 
 al florets on one receptacle, 
 each with united anthers. See 
 p. 6& 10. 
 
 leaf. When several leafets 
 
 grow on one petiole. 
 
 raceme. VVhen several ra- 
 cemes grow along the side of a 
 peduncle. 
 
 spike. When several spike- 
 
 lets grow along the side of a 
 fruit-stalk, or general spite. 
 
 — umbel. Having the peduncles 
 subdivided into peduncles of les- 
 ser urabels, he. 
 
 — petiole. A divided leaf-stalk. 
 peduncle. A divided flower- 
 
 stalk. 
 
 Com'pound terms. When any 
 part of a plant is to be describ- 
 ed, which does not agree with 
 the definition of any term in use, 
 two or more terms must be com- 
 pounded, so as to convey to the 
 mind correct descriptions. For 
 example, the chesnut leaf has 
 notches on the margin pointing 
 towards the apex, which answers 
 to the description of serrate 
 leaves; excepting that the notch- 
 es are hollowed out. But these 
 hollowed notches are not deep 
 enough for sinuses ; therefore 
 the two terms are compound, 
 making sinua!e-serrate. Com- 
 pound terms are always united 
 by a hyphen. 
 
 CoMPREs'sED, compres'sus. Flat- 
 tened, as if squeezed or pressed. 
 
 Con'cave, con'cavus. Hollowed 
 a little on one side. It is some- 
 times applied to deeper hollows ; 
 though rarely. 
 
 Concepta'culum. See follicle, sin- 
 gle-valved capsule. 
 
 CoNCHOLOGY. Thc scicnce of 
 shells. It is divided into tbe 
 Univalve^ Bivalye, aad Multi- 
 
COR 
 
 valve ; which see — also see the 
 terms, apex, base, front, back, 
 sides, body, whorl, spire, a|ier- 
 ture,lip, beak, operculum, cham- 
 bers, siphunculus, slope, lunule, 
 hinge, ligament, cicatrix, &,c. 
 
 Con'color. The same colour in all 
 parts. 
 
 Conden'sed. See coarctate. 
 
 CoNDu'pLicATE. That kind of fo- 
 liation where the leaf, while in 
 the bud, has its two sides shut 
 together, like two leaves in a 
 book. 
 
 Cone, co'nut. See strobile. 
 
 Cowfer't, confer'tus. Thick-set ; 
 leaves, flowers, Stc. standing so 
 closely together, as to seem to 
 crowd each other. 
 
 Con'fluent. Running together. 
 It is applied more particularly to 
 the receptacles of some lichens, 
 which run together in disorder, 
 and become indistinct. 
 
 Conge'neres. Plants of very si- 
 milar habits, &c. 
 
 Conges' Lus. See heaped. 
 
 Conglom'erate. See glomerate. 
 When used in geology, it is ap- 
 plied to aggregates of rounded 
 pebbles. 
 
 Conic With abroad base and ap- 
 proaching a point towards the 
 top. 
 
 Conifera. Bearing cones. 
 
 Con'jugate. See binate. In 
 pairs. 
 
 Conna'te. Leaves being opposite 
 with their bases growing toge- 
 ther, so as to form the appear- 
 ance of a single leaf. Anthers 
 are sometimes connate also. 
 
 CoNxSi'vENT, ConnVvens. See con- 
 verging. 
 
 Concim'ilis. Resembling. 
 
 Contig'wis. Near, next. 
 
 CoNTis'iTous. Uninterrupted. 
 
 CoyTOR'xED, contor'tus. Twisted. 
 It is also applied to corols, 
 which have the edge of one 
 petal lying obliquely over the 
 next. 
 
 Conlrac'lus. Close, narrow. 
 
 Conti'a'rium. See partition. 
 
 Conver'ging. Approaching, or 
 bending towards each other. 
 
 Con'vex. Swelling out in a round- 
 ish form. 
 
 Convex'us. Convex. 
 
 Con'volcte, convolu'lus. Rolled 
 into a cylindric-form, like aroU 
 of paper, lengthwise with the 
 mid-rib. Applied to the sitaa- 
 tion of leaves in the bud. 
 
 Cor'cle, cor'culiim. (Cor, the 
 heart) The embryo of the new 
 plant in a seed, situated between 
 the cotyledons in dicotyledon- 
 ous seeds. It consists of the 
 plume and rosfel, which show 
 themselves soon after vegeta- 
 tion commences. See plume 
 and rostel. 
 
 Cor DATE. Heart-form ; so called 
 from its supposed resemblance 
 to the heart. It is hollowed be- 
 hind with the side-lobes round- 
 ed at the base. See arrow- 
 form. 
 
 Cor'date-ob'long, cor'date- 
 lance'olate, k,c. partake of 
 the formation of both com- 
 pounds. 
 
 Coria'cegtjs. Leathery or parch- 
 ment-like. 
 
 Cor'nered. Having angles or 
 corners. Three-cornered, four- 
 cornered, &.C. is often expressed 
 trigonus, &,c. 
 
 Cor'niform. Horn-forai. 
 
 Cor'nu. A horn or spur. 
 
 Cornu'te, Cornu'lus. Horn-form, 
 or having horns or spurs. 
 
 Co'rol, corol'la. (A diminutive 
 of corona, a crown.) The inner 
 delicate covering of the flower, 
 which constitutes its principal 
 ornament in most cases. In a 
 few cases, as the bartsia cocci- 
 nea, the corol is dull and un- 
 sightly, while the calyx is gaily 
 coloured. See petal and nec- 
 tary. 
 
 Corol'let, coroUula. A little 
 corol. 
 
 Corollif'erous. Bearing the coral 
 
C U L 
 
 Corol'linus. Resembling, or ap- 
 
 ; pertaining to, a corol. 
 
 Coro na. See crown. 
 
 Coronarius. Forming a crown. 
 
 Corona'tus. Crowned ; as the this- 
 tle seed is crowned with down. 
 
 Coro'nula. A little crown. 
 
 Cor'rugated, Corruga'lus. Wrin- 
 kled. Applied also to ridge?, 
 in some measure resembling 
 wrinkles. 
 
 Cob'tex. The bark, which see. 
 It consists of a number of lay- 
 ers equal to the number of years 
 the tree has been growing : j 
 though they are often too thin 
 to be numbered. The inmost 
 layer is called the liber. 
 
 Cor'tical, Cor'ticate. Having 
 its origin from the bark, or hav- 
 ing bark. 
 
 Cortina. Used by Persoon for a 
 spiderweb-like valve, being ve- 
 ry thin and filamentous. 
 
 Corydalis. {Kor'os, a helmet.) 
 Plants with helmet-form corols. 
 
 Co'rymb, Corym'bus. Flowers um- 
 bel-like in their general external 
 appearance, but their peduncles 
 or supporting stems stand at dif- 
 ferent distances down the main 
 stem ; as yarrow. 
 
 Corymbif era. Bearing corymbs. 
 
 Cos'tate, cosla'tum. Ribbed. 
 
 Coi'tony. See toraentose. 
 
 CoTYLK'Doif. See p. 6. 
 
 Cow'led. When the edges meet 
 below and expand above, and 
 generally separate; as the spathe 
 of the arum, Indian turnip. 
 Cras'sus. Thick. 
 
 Crbe'ping. Running along the 
 ground, or along old logs, &ic. 
 nearly in a horizontal direction, 
 and sending ofif rootlets. 
 
 Cre'wate. Scolloped, on the rim 
 or edge. Notches on the mar- 
 gin of a leaf, which do not point 
 or incline towards either the 
 apex or base. When large cre- 
 natures have smaller ones on 
 them, they are doubly-crenate. 
 
 Crk'molate. Very finely cre- 
 nated. 
 
 Cres'cxkt-form. Resembling the 
 form of the moon from its 
 change to half-fulled. 
 
 Crest'ko. filaving an appendage 
 somewhat resembling a cock's 
 comb in form, 
 
 Cre'la. Growing on chalky land. 
 
 Cribeose. Sieve-like. 
 
 Crini'tus. Long-haired. 
 
 Cris'pus. See curled. 
 
 Cris'tate, Crisla'lus. Sec crest- 
 ed. 
 
 Cross'-armed. See brachiate. 
 
 Crowd'ed. See confert. 
 
 Crow.v. The calycle, hair, or 
 feathers, on the top of some 
 seeds ; as the dandelion. 
 
 Crown'ed. See coronatus. 
 
 Crd'ciate. Cruciform, or resem- 
 bling the cruciform. 
 
 Crucia'tim. Crosswise. Oppo- 
 site pairs of branches or leares 
 successively crossing each oth- 
 er. See decussate. 
 
 Cru'ciform. {Crux, a cross.) 
 Corols with four petals, whose 
 lamina form a cross. Plants 
 with such corols belong to the 
 class ielradynamia. 
 
 Crusta'ceous. Leafy appearance, 
 but consisting of small crusty 
 substances lying one upon an- 
 other. 
 
 CRYPTOGA'MIA. (^Trtipfo*, con- 
 cealed ; gamosj marriage.) See 
 p. 3, 15. 
 
 Crtptog'amous. (Kruptos, con- 
 cealed, gamos, marriage.) Be- 
 longing to the cla.«s cryptoga- 
 mia. Applied to plants whose 
 stamens are never manifest un- 
 der the highest magnifying pow- 
 er. 
 
 Co'bit. A measure from the el- 
 bow to the end of the middle 
 finger. 
 
 Cucul'late. See cowled. Hood- 
 form, as the spathe of the Indian 
 turnip. 
 
 Cucurbita'ceous. Resembling 
 gourds or melons. 
 
 Cu'linary. Suitable for kitchen 
 
 cookery. 
 Culm, Cul'mus. The stem of grain 
 
DEC 
 
 and grass, when dry it is usually 
 called straw. It is applied to 
 all grassy plants; as Indian corn, 
 sedge, sugar-cane, Sec. 
 
 Culmif'erou s. Having culms, as 
 wheat, Indian corn. 
 
 CrLMiN'Eors. Like the roof of a 
 house. Top. 
 
 CcLTRATE. Coulter-form. The 
 beak of a bird resembling a 
 plough-coulter. 
 
 Cum'ulns. Heaped, 
 
 Ccxe'iform, Cune'iforme. See 
 wedge-form. 
 
 Cup'form. Hollow within, re- 
 sembling a little cup. 
 
 Cupula. Cup. The pileus of a 
 fungus, which is open at the top ; 
 as those of the genus Peziza. 
 
 Cupula' ris. Cup- form, 
 
 CuRL'ED. When the jieriphery of 
 a leaf is too large for the disk, it 
 becomes waved or curled. 
 
 Cirv'ed. Bent inwards. See in- 
 curved. 
 
 Cusp. The bristle of a cuspidate 
 leaf, calyx, &LC. Nultall. 
 
 Cus'piDATE. Eye-tooth. Having 
 a sharpened point and that tip- 
 ped with a bristle, a prickle, or 
 lengthened apes, not curved. 
 See mucronate and observe the 
 distinction; also acuminate. 
 
 Cu'ticle. The thia outside coat 
 of the bark, which has no life 
 and is very durable, often trans- 
 parent. Jt greatly resembles 
 the scarf-skin of animals. Very 
 distinct on elder, currant and 
 birch ; on one species of birch 
 it resembles paper. 
 
 Cya'neiis. Blue. 
 
 Cyaihifor' mis. Wineglass-form. 
 Cylindric widening gradually 
 upwards, margin not revolute. 
 
 CTLiN'onic. A cylindrical shaft, of 
 nearly equal diameter through- 
 out its whole extent. 
 
 Cymbifur'mis. See boat-form. 
 
 Ctme, cy'ma. Flowers umbel-like 
 in their general external appear- 
 ance. It agrees with an umbel 
 i^ having its common stalks 
 
 1* 
 
 spring from one centre ; baf 
 differs in having those stalks 
 variously and alternately subdi, 
 vided ; as the elder, (sambucu».) 
 Smith. 
 
 Cymo'suSj cymo'sk. Being in 
 cymes. 
 
 Cypkel'lce. See pits. 
 
 D. 
 
 Da-.dal'eus. The end broad, wav- 
 ing and torn. Neatly formed. 
 
 Dagger-pointed. See cuspidate. 
 
 Dt' bills. Weak, feeble, lax. 
 
 Debris. Ruined rocks. The 
 broken fragments of coarsely 
 disintCiirated rocks. 
 
 DECAGYN'IA. (£>cA:a, ten }gU7t«, 
 female.) See p. 13, 
 
 Decandrous. Plants having ten 
 stamens in each flouer. 
 
 Dechaphyl'lus. Ten-leaved. 
 
 Decem'fidus. Cut into ten parta> 
 or 10-cIeft. 
 
 Decemlocula're. Ten-celled. 
 
 Decid'uous, Falling off in the 
 usual season for similar parts to 
 fail ; as leaves falling at the de- 
 cline of the year; corols falling 
 off a[ the time the stamens fall, 
 &.C, See caducous and perma- 
 nent. 
 
 Deciders. Terminating. 
 
 Decli'sate, Decli'seu, fhclina'' 
 lus. Curved downwards arch- 
 wise. 
 
 Decomposition. Separating the 
 chemical elements of bodies. 
 It differs from disintegration, 
 which subdivides without de- 
 compositioii, 
 
 Decompoun'd, Decomposi'tU9. — 
 Doubly-compound. When a 
 compound, or divided, petiole 
 has a compound leaf on eaeh 
 part, tl;e whole is a decompound 
 leaf. The same with umbels^ 
 &ic. S-^e supra-decompositus. 
 
 Decorlica' bills. Easily peeled. 
 
 Decum'bent, decum'hens. When 
 the base is erect,- and the r©-. 
 
D E S 
 
 mainder is procumbent. It ap- 
 plies to stems, stamens, he. 
 
 Decur'rbnt. When th« two edg- 
 es of a leaf extend downwards 
 below the points of insertion 
 and become projecting wings to 
 the stem. The gills of agarics 
 are decurrent, when they run 
 down the stipe in a single ridge. 
 
 Decursi've. Decurrently. 
 
 Decur'sively pin'nate. When 
 the leafets of a pinnate leaf run 
 along the petiole with their ex- 
 tended bases. 
 
 Decus'sate, decussa'ius. When 
 leaves or branches are opposite 
 in pairs, and each pair stands at 
 right angles with the next pair 
 above or below on the same 
 stem. 
 
 Deflec'ted, deflfx'us. Bending 
 down archwise. 
 
 Deflora'lus. Having discharged 
 the pollen. 
 
 Defolia'tion, defolia'tio. The 
 shedding of leaves in the proper 
 season. 
 
 Defolia'tio no'tha. The shedding 
 of leares before the pro|>er time, 
 on account of injuries received. 
 
 DEais'cENT, dehiscen'tia. The na- 
 tural opening of capsules in the 
 proper season. 
 
 Deliq'uium. See debilis. Weak, 
 watery. 
 
 Del'toid, dtltoi'deus. A leaf with 
 four corners; that is, one at the 
 stem, one at the apex, and one 
 each side ; but the side ones are 
 nearer to the base than to the 
 apex. When the side angles 
 are about as near to the apex as 
 to the base, it is called a rhom- 
 boid leaf. Both kinds are call- 
 ed diamond-form in English. 
 Willdenow considers a deltoid 
 leaf as a thick 3-sided leaf, a 
 transverse section of which he 
 supposes intended, as giving the 
 deltoid form. 
 
 Demur' tvj. See submersed. Un- 
 derwater 
 
 Dense, den'sus. Close, compact, 
 A panicle with abundance of 
 flowers »ery close is dense. See 
 thyrse. 
 
 Den'tate, dtnla'luf. Toothed. 
 
 leaf. (This term is of such 
 
 almost unlimited extent, it i» 
 best defined negatively.) Pro- 
 jections from the margin of a 
 leaf, which are of its own sub- 
 stance ; and not serratures, nor 
 crenatnros. 
 
 root. That kind of granulat- 
 ed root, which resembles teeth 
 strung together. 
 
 DEhTic'uLATE. Having Very Small 
 teeth. 
 
 Dek'toid. Remotely resembling 
 teeth, or having processes some* 
 what of that form. 
 
 Denture. A tooth. 
 
 Denc'date. Plants whose flow- 
 ers appear before the leave? 
 consequently have a naked ap- 
 pearance. Naked. 
 
 Deor'sum. Downwards. 
 
 Depaupcra'lus. Few-flowerod. 
 
 Depcn'dau. Hanging down. 
 
 Depres'sed. When the upper sur- 
 face of a succulent leaf is a little 
 concave. It applies to seeds al- 
 so with flat tops. 
 
 Descen'dens. The entering of a 
 root into the ground. The di- 
 rection is vertical, as the beet ; 
 horizontal, as the mint ; oblique, 
 as the branching roots of most 
 trees. 
 
 Descrip'tions of plants. In writ 
 ing a complete description of a 
 plant, begin with the fructifica- 
 tion, and describe ; l.Calyi. 3. 
 Corol. 3. Stamens. 4. Pistil. 5 
 Pericarp. 6. Seed. 7. Recepta- 
 cle. Then go through with the 
 root and herbage, thus : 1. Root 
 2. Stem and Branches. 3. Buds, 
 including tlie Foliation. 4. 
 Leaves. 5. The Appendages. 6. 
 Inflorescence. 
 
 Then add the general appear 
 ance and size of the plants ani. 
 
D I F 
 
 what well known plant it most 
 resembles. Give an account of 
 the soil and situation where it 
 grew ; whether high or low, wet 
 or dry ; the precise time of flow- 
 ering ; colour of al! parts; whe- 
 ther annual, biennial or peren- 
 nial. Then close with the name 
 of the town, county, he. and 
 what quantity of the same kind 
 of plant is to be found there ; 
 and what name the common 
 people call it by, Wany. Accom- 
 pany this description with se- 
 veral specimens, so selected as 
 to exhibit the plant in all its 
 parts. 
 
 There can be no better exer- 
 cise for students, than to write 
 several such descriptions every 
 day. See Diagnosis. 
 
 Deticca'tio. Dryness. 
 
 Desi'nens. Terminating. 
 
 Dktritcs. That part of the sur- 
 face of the earth, which is nei- 
 ther rock nor recently decom- 
 j^Hd animal or vegetable mat- 
 ter; Ground or worn-down 
 rocks in the state of soil. 
 
 Dtxtror'ium. Twining from left 
 to right ; that is, with the appa- 
 rent motion of the sun ; as the 
 hop-vine. 
 
 DIADELTHTA. {Dis, twice j 
 adtlphos, brother.) See p. 14. 
 
 Diadel'phous. Belonging to, or 
 varying into, the class diadel- 
 phia. 
 
 Diagno'sis. A short description 
 containing only what is essen- 
 tial. Linneus made it his rule, 
 never toletaspecific description 
 exceed twelve Latin words. 
 Willdenow says more must be 
 added if necessary. It should 
 extend no farther than to express 
 the difference between that and 
 the other species. 
 
 Di'amond-form. See Deltoid. 
 
 PIAN'DRIA. (Dis, iwice; aner, 
 male.) Seep. 12. 
 
 Diaph'anous. Admitting the 
 transmission of light obscurely. 
 "Xranslucent. 
 
 Dichot'omocs. Forked. Stem^ 
 &,c. parted in pairs, each branch 
 parted in pairs again, and so on. 
 When it is parted but once it is 
 more properly called forked, 
 furcatus. 
 
 Diclin'ia. {Dif, twice ', kline, 
 bed,) stamens in one flower and 
 pistils in another, whether on 
 the same or on different plants. 
 This is the name of a class in 
 Pursh's Flora, comprising most 
 of the plants of the classes Mo- 
 noecia and Uioecia. 
 
 This class Fursh [dirides into 
 three orders. 1. SegregatoSf 
 whicii includes plants, whose 
 flowers are monoecious or dioe- 
 cious ; but are not in aments or 
 strobiles. 2. Jlmenlacecc, which 
 includes plants, whose flowers 
 are in aments and not in stro- 
 biles. 3. Conifers, which in- 
 cludes plants, whose flowers are 
 in strobiles. 
 
 DicLiNious. {Dis, two ; kline, 
 bed.) Plants, whose stamens, 
 and pistils <• re in different flow- 
 ers, whether on the same plant, 
 or on different plants. 
 
 Dicoc'cous. Two-grained. Con- 
 sisting of cohering grains, or 
 cells with one seed in each. 
 
 Dicotyled'onous. Plants with 
 two cotyledons. See Cotyle- 
 don. 
 
 Did'ymous, di'dyma. Twinned, as 
 son:ie anthcs. 
 
 DIDYNAM lA. {Dis, twice ; du- 
 w«mw, power.) See p. 13. 
 
 Didyn'amous. Belonging to, or 
 varying into, the class Didyna- 
 mia. 
 
 Diffor'mis, Applied to a monope- 
 talous corol, whose tube widens 
 above gradually, and is divided 
 into irregular or unequal parts. 
 "Willdenow. It is also applied 
 to any diilorted parts of a plant. 
 
 Diffracted. Twice bent. An- 
 tennae are diffracted, when bent 
 outwardly, then forward, at 
 short turns. 
 
 DiFFu'sED, dijfu'sus. Spreading., 
 
DOT 
 
 Expanded in an opea loose man- 
 ner. 
 
 Dic'iTiiTE. Fingered. When the 
 base of several leafets rest on 
 the end of one petiole ; as the 
 strawberry and fivefinger. 
 
 BIGYN'IA. (Dis, twice, gune, 
 female.) See p. 16. 
 
 Dilata'tus. Expanded, widened. 
 
 Dilu'te. Prefixed to a colour im- 
 plies, that it is reduced ; as di- 
 iute-purpureus, pale purple. 
 
 Dimidia'lus. See halved. 
 
 DICE'CIA. (Dis, twice ; oikos, 
 house.) See p. 15. 
 
 Dice'cious, dioi'ca. Belonging to, 
 or varying into, the class dia- 
 da. 
 
 Dipet'alous. Having two petals. 
 
 Diphtl'lous. Having two leaves. 
 
 Dipteryg'ia. See wings. Wing- 
 ed seeds. 
 
 Dis'coiD. Resembling a disk. A 
 tuft of leaves spread out so as 
 to resemble a disk. Having a 
 disk without rays. Such com- 
 pound flowers as are w'hoUy 
 made up of tubular florets ; that 
 is, though they may have mar- 
 ginal florets differing from those 
 in the disk in the essential or- 
 gans, yet the corols will be all 
 tubular, and not capitate. 
 
 Disintegration. The process of 
 destroying the integral charac- 
 ter of a body. Applied to geolo- 
 gy it signifies, the process of 
 crumbling down a rock, or re- 
 ducing it to grains, pebbles or 
 soil, by the two disintegrating 
 agents, the variations of tem- 
 perature and moisture. 
 
 Disk, dis'cus. The whole surface 
 of a leaf, or of the lop of a com- 
 pound flo^ver. as opposed to its 
 edge or pt^ripiiery. This tern) 
 is also afiplied to the aggregaU^ 
 florets of an umbel, and to tlj< 
 broad or thiekened top of a le- 
 ccptacle. It is applied to ilie 
 outer surface of each valve of a 
 fhell. 
 
 S>isper'mu3. Containing but two 
 sfcds. 
 
 Dissec'tus. Gashed in deeply. 
 
 DissEp'iME.NT, Di$$epimcn'lum, 
 See partition. 
 
 Dissii'ieiis. A pericarp is dissili- 
 ent, when it bursts open with a 
 spring ', as the touch-me-not, 
 (impatiens.) 
 
 Dis' tans. Standing off remotely. 
 
 Dis'tichally. See distichus. 
 This is a very odd adverb intro- 
 duced by Nuttall. 
 
 Di'stichus. (Dis, twice ; stichot, 
 row.) Two ranked. Wheu 
 branches, leaves, or flowers are 
 arranged along opposite sides of 
 the stem or spike, so as to point 
 two opposite ways ; as the 
 leaves of the hemlock tree, (pin- 
 us canadensis ) 
 
 DisTiNc'Tjrfis/irw'tMi. Separate, op- 
 posed to connate or confluent. 
 
 Djvar'ic ATE, rfirarjca'/uj. Branch- 
 es spreading out from the stem 
 so far, as to form more than a 
 right angle with it above. 
 
 Diver'ging, Diver'gens. Branch- 
 es spreading- out from the^em 
 so far, as to form almost a right 
 angle with it. 
 
 Diur'nus. Enduring but a day. 
 
 Divi'ded, divi'sus. Severed into 
 parts. 
 
 DODECAN'DRIA. (Dodeka, 
 
 twelve; nner, male.) See Re- 
 jected Classes. 
 
 Dodecan'drous. Belonging to, 
 or varying into, the class dodi- 
 candria. 
 
 Dodccaphyl'lus. Having twelve- 
 leafels. 
 
 Do'drans. Longspan. Distance 
 between the ends of the thumb 
 and little finger, both being ex- 
 t'^nded. 
 
 Dolabrifor'rm. See axe-form. 
 
 I3ok'sal, dorsn'li.t. Fixed to the 
 back. Back fins. Awns are 
 dorsal, when proceeding from 
 the 0Ht^idp of a glume and not 
 from the tip. 
 
 Dorsif'erous. Bearing the fruit 
 on the bark ; sis ferns. 
 
 Dot'ted^ Besprinkled with dots 
 See punctate and perforated. 
 
E M A 
 
 Doub'li. Two in the place where 
 most plants have but one ; as 
 the double calyx of the holly- 
 hock, (althea.) 
 
 Docb'le-klow'eked. See full- 
 flowered. 
 
 Doub'lt. See duplicate. In Eng- 
 lish it has its common appro- 
 priate meaning ; as doubly-cre- 
 nate, when the crenatures are 
 crenated, &c. 
 
 Doub'ly-pin'nate. See bipinnate. 
 
 Down or doww'y. See tomentose. 
 
 Droop'ing. See cernuus. 
 
 Drupe, drnp'a. That kind of pe- 
 ricar|) which consists of a thick, 
 fleshy, succulent, or cartilagin- 
 ous coat, enclosing a nut or 
 atone. It is berry-like (baccata) 
 as in the cherry, or dry (exsuc- 
 ca) as in the walnut (juglans.) 
 
 Drupa'ceous. Bearing drupes, or 
 fruit resembling them. 
 
 Druses. Any cavities in miner- 
 als, which are lined with crys- 
 tals. 
 
 Dub'ius. Doubtful. 
 
 Did'tis. Sweet. 
 
 Dumo'sui. Bushy, or resembling 
 bushes. 
 
 Duodecem'fidua. Cleft in 12 divis- 
 ions. 
 
 Du'plex. Double. 
 
 Duplica'lo, Doubly. This term 
 is often prefixed to others, in all 
 which cases it simply means 
 doubly. As duplico-ternatum, 
 doubly-ternate or biternate. 
 
 Ditplica'tut. Doubled. 
 
 Dora'tion. See ages. 
 
 Dtnamoub. Applied to plants 
 whose flowers contain two, or 
 four, stamens, longer than two 
 others in the same flower. 
 
 E. 
 
 Ear'ed. This term applies ; 1st, 
 to the round extended, or ap- 
 pendaged lobes of a heart-form 
 leaf: 2d, to the side lobes near 
 the base of some leaves : and 
 
 3d, to twisted parts, in some 
 ferns and some liverworts, 
 whicli are supposed to resemble 
 the conchus, or passage into the 
 ear. Applied to shells, it means 
 the flat processes near the hinge 
 in bivalves ; as the pecten (scol- 
 lop.) 
 
 Ebractea'tus. Without bracts. 
 
 Ebur'neus. Ivory white ; as the 
 whole plant monoiropa, called 
 beechdrops, or birdsnest. 
 
 Ecalcara'tus. Without a spur. 
 
 Echi'nate, echina'lus. Hedge- 
 hog-like, Beset with erect 
 prickles. 
 
 Ecos'tate. Nerveless or ribless. 
 
 Efflores'cence. The powdery 
 substance on some Lichens, 
 composed of minute deciduous 
 globules. 
 
 Efflorescen'lia. Flowering season 
 of diff'erent sorts of plants. 
 More simple flowers come out 
 in June than in any other monthj 
 in North America. Very few 
 compound flowers appear be- 
 fore August. 
 
 Effolia'tion. Unnatural falling 
 of leaves by means of improper 
 culture, worms, &lc. 
 
 Effuse. Open, or having- an 
 opening, so that seeds, liquids, 
 &,c. may be poured out. 
 
 Egg'-form. See ovate. 
 
 Eglandulo'sus. Glandless. 
 
 Egret. See aigrette. 
 
 Elas'tic. See dissiliens. Spring- 
 ing. 
 
 Elip'tic. Longer than wide, 
 rounded at or near both ends, 
 and [nearly equal in breadth to- 
 wards both base and apex. 
 
 Elon'gated. Lengthened out, as 
 if extended beyond what is usu- 
 al in similar parts. 
 
 Elytra. The outer, or upper, 
 shelly wings of some order of 
 insects. 
 
 Emar'cidus. See withering. 
 
 Emar'ginate. Notched in the 
 end at the termination of tho 
 midrib. See Retuse. 
 
E X S 
 
 Embra'cing. See clasping. 
 
 Em'sryow. See hilum. Eye of 
 a bear, &:,c. 
 
 Emersed. Out of water. 
 
 Empa'lembnt, See calyx. 
 
 End'-eitten. See praeniorsus. 
 
 Ener'vate. Nerveless. 
 
 ENNEAN'DRIA. (Ennea, nine ; 
 aner, male.) See p. 13. 
 
 Enkean'drous. Belonging to, or 
 varying into, the class ennean- 
 dria. 
 
 Enneapet'alus. Nine-pelalled. 
 
 Eno'dis, Eyo'DE. Knotless. Hav- 
 ing no joints; as the bulrush. 
 
 En'sate, ensa'lut. Having sword- 
 form leaves. 
 
 En'siform. Sword-form. Two- 
 edged, tapering from base to 
 apex mostly, and a little arch- 
 ing towards one edge ; as flag 
 and cat-tail, (Iris and Typha.) 
 
 Ekti're. Continued without in- 
 terruption. A margin of a leaf, 
 calyx, corol, he. is entire, when 
 it is neither serrate, toothed, 
 notched, nor in any manner in- 
 dented. 
 
 EKTOMOLOoy. The science of in- 
 sects. It embraces the whole 
 articulated division, excepting 
 Annelida. 
 
 Ephe'merus. Of very short dura- 
 tion. 
 
 Epicar'peus. On the germ. See 
 superior. 
 
 Epider'mis. See cuticle. 
 
 Epiphrag'na. A thin membrane 
 stretched over the mouth of the 
 moss, j>olytricliuin. 
 
 E'qual. Similar parts equal a- 
 mong themselves. The calyx, 
 corol, k.c. are equal, when the 
 leafets, petals, or subdivisions, 
 are similar in form, size and di- 
 rection. Opposed to unequal. 
 
 E^uinoc'tial flow'ers. Open- 
 ing at stated hours each day. 
 
 Eq'uitant. Opposite leaves em- 
 bracing each other, so that they 
 alternately enclose each other's 
 •dges ; as the leaves near the 
 roots of the Iris and yellow gar- 
 
 den lilies, (hemerocallis ;) aho 
 the position of the leaves in 
 some unopened buds. 
 
 Erec't, ^ec'tus. Upright. Not 
 so perfectly strait and unbend- 
 ing as strictus. When applied 
 to any thing laterally attached 
 to the stem, as leaves, &c. it 
 implies that it makes a very 
 acute angle with it. 
 
 Ertciius' cuius. Ereclisb. 
 
 Er'got. See spurred rye. 
 
 Erina'ceoiis. Hedge-hog- like. — 
 See echinalus. 
 
 Ero'se, ero'sus. Gnawed. Un- 
 equally sinuated, as if the sinu- 
 ses had been eaten by insects. 
 
 Es'culent. Eatable. 
 
 Escutcheon. A plate between 
 the bases of wings of insects. 
 
 Essen'tial character. See diag- 
 nosis. 
 
 Essek'tials. The stamens and 
 pistils. 
 
 Ev ERGREENs. Such plants as re- 
 tain their leaves throughout the 
 year; as while pine, laurel, &,c. 
 
 Ev'ergreen. Verdant through- 
 out the year. 
 
 Exan'nulate. Ferns whose cap- 
 sules are without rings. Thri 
 comprises one section of ferns. 
 Those which have an apparent 
 vestige of, but not in reality, a 
 ring, form another section. 
 Those witii a ring, another. See 
 annulatus. 
 
 Exara'tus. See sulcate. 
 
 Exaspera'lus. See roughened. 
 
 Excava'tus. Followed out. 
 
 Exot'ic, exot'icus. Plants not 
 growing spontaneously in a wild 
 state in that particular country, 
 or section of a country. 
 
 Expan'df.d, cxpan'sus. Spread. 
 
 Expansile. Capable of being 
 spread. 
 
 Explana'tus, Unfolded. Spread 
 out flat. 
 
 Exsert', cx5cr'/M5. Standing out. 
 Stamens are exsert when pro- 
 truded out of the corols. Pe- 
 duncles of spikes in culmiferous 
 
F 1 B 
 
 plants are exsert, when protrud- 
 ed out of the sheatbs; as carex 
 folliculataand pubescens. Te«th 
 may be exsert, 
 
 ExsTip'uLATE. Without stipules. 
 
 Exsic'cus. Juiceless. 
 
 Ex'timus. At the very top, or ex- 
 treme end. 
 
 Extrafolia'ceous. Outside of 
 the leaf. A stipule is extrafoli- 
 aceous when it comes out a lit- 
 tle lower than the leaf. 
 
 Extrors'um. Outwardly. 
 
 Eye. See hilum. 
 
 F. 
 
 Faci'ci. The general external ap- 
 pearance of a plant. 
 
 Factitious. Produced by art ; 
 not natural. 
 
 Factitious character. A charac- 
 ter, where the number of parts 
 or some other circumstance, not 
 of essential importance, are 
 taken into it. It admits of fewer 
 or more characteristic marks, 
 than are absolutely necessary. 
 
 Fal'cate. See aclnaciform. 
 
 Fam'ilies. See gentes, 
 
 Fan'form. Spread out, or taper- 
 ing towards the base like a fan. 
 
 Farc'tus. Stuffed, full. It is op- 
 posed to fistulous, hollow. 
 
 Fari'na. See pollen. Meal, flour. 
 
 Farino'sus. Mealy, powdery. 
 
 Fasci'atus. Having parallel bands, 
 or coloured stripes. 
 
 Fas'cicle, fascic'ulus. A bundle. 
 Flowers level-topped, umbel- 
 like in the general external ap- 
 pearance, with footstalks irre- 
 gular in their origin and subdi- 
 vision. The fascicle differs but 
 little from the corymb, except- 
 ing in having shorter footstalks, 
 which do not extend so far down 
 the main stem. Sweet-william 
 (dianthus) is a good example. 
 
 A bundle of tuberous roots is 
 ealled a fascicle ; as the aspara- 
 gus root. Also a bundle of 
 kaves; fts of the white pine. 
 
 Fascic'ulatk. An unnatural bun- 
 dle of branchlefs. 
 
 F AST ig' I A.TZ, fastigia'tus. Level- 
 topped. Applied to aggregate 
 flowers, which are elevated to 
 an equal height or nearly so ; 
 forming a level, convex or con- 
 cave top, differing but little 
 from a plane. It is also applied 
 to leaves ; as the hog-we«d (am- 
 b.fosia arteniiiifoiia.) 
 
 Favo'sus. See alveolate. Resem- 
 bling honey-comb. 
 
 Faux. Jaws. The throat or open- 
 ing into a corol. That precise 
 spot, where the tubular part of 
 a ringent corol begins to sepa- 
 rate or expand into lips or 
 mouth, is the faux. 
 ' Feat'her. See Aigrette. The 
 plumose crown of seeds. 
 
 Fe'male, femin'eus. See pistil- 
 late. 
 
 Fence. Involucre of Withering. 
 
 Fen'ced. Walled around, as the 
 stamens are by the scales in 
 brookweed (samolus.) 
 
 Fe'n. Almost. 
 ' Fer.vs. See Slices. 
 
 Ferriferous. Containing iron.- 
 
 Fi:KR'vGivov5,ferrugin'eus. The 
 colour of iron-rust. Applied to 
 masses of minute quartz crys- 
 tals. 
 
 Fer'tile. See pistillate. 
 
 Fertiliza'tio.v. The application 
 of the pollen, which is formed 
 in the cells of anthers, to the 
 I stigma ; which is essential to 
 the production of perfect seed. 
 See chorion. Richard is too 
 lengthy upon this subject for the 
 plan of this Dictionary ; which 
 Is intended for definitions and 
 illustrations, but not for physio- 
 logical discussions. 
 
 Fettered. Having entangling 
 
 feathers on or near the legs. 
 I Fi'bre, /'6ra. Any thread-form 
 ' part. The small flexible thread- 
 j form roots of grasses and raanjr 
 I other plants, are called fibres. 
 I Fi'brous. Composed of fibres. 
 
FLO 
 
 ITid'dli-fobm. See pandurifor- 
 mis. 
 
 Figu'ra. See Icones. Figures, 
 drawings. 
 
 Figura'tum. This term is applied 
 to the mouth of the capsule of 
 a moss, when it is set round with 
 membranaceous teeth. 
 
 Fil'ament, fdamen'tum. That 
 part of the stamen which is be- 
 tween and connects together 
 the anther and the recepta'cle, 
 calyx or pistil. When the fi- 
 lament is wanting, the anther is 
 sessile. In monopetalous corols, 
 the filaments are generally in- 
 serted into, or are attached to, 
 their bases. 
 
 FILl'CES, FERNS. See p. IS. 
 
 Fil'liform. Thread-like. Of 
 nearly equal thickness through- 
 out, round and cylindric. It is 
 applied to spikes which are very 
 long in proportion to their dia- 
 meters. But it is generally con- 
 fined to smaller parts. 
 
 Fimbria'tus. Fringed. Differs 
 from ciliate in being less regu- 
 lar and of coarser parts. 
 
 Fimeta'rius. Growing naturally 
 on manure heaps. 
 
 Fin'gered. See digitate. 
 
 Fissile. Easily split in the direc- 
 tion of the laminae. 
 
 Fis'suRE. A cleft or slitted apper- 
 ture. 
 
 Fis'sus. See cleft. 
 
 Fis'tulous. Hollow like a pipe, 
 flute or reed. 
 
 Flab'eliform. See fan-form. 
 
 Flac'id, flac'cidus. Too lax or 
 limber to support its own weight. 
 See lax. 
 
 Flagel'lum. See runner. 
 
 Flagdlifor'mis. Resembling a 
 whip-lash. 
 
 Flam'meiis. Flame-coloured. 
 
 Flat. See planus. 
 
 Fla'vus. Yellow. 
 
 Flesh't. Thick and filled with 
 pulp within. 
 
 Fl£x'ible, J?cx'i7«. Easily bent. 
 
 FfcBXo'osB. Bending and frequent- 
 
 ly changing direction. A stem 
 is flexuose, or zigzag, which uni- 
 formly bends at regular inter- 
 vals ; aS from joint to joint, 
 branch to branch, leaf to leaf, 
 
 &.C. 
 
 Flex'us. Bent. This relates to but 
 one bending. See geniculate. 
 
 Flo'ating. See natant. 
 
 Flocco'se. Woolly, or resem- 
 bling the flocks sheared from 
 cloth. 
 
 Flo'ral. Relating to a flower. 
 
 bud. Containing an unopen- 
 ed flower. 
 
 leaf. See bract. 
 
 Florescen'tia. See eflJorescentia. 
 
 Flo'ret. Little flower. Whether 
 the flower is large or small, it is 
 a floret, if it is one of a number 
 all of which constitute an ag- 
 gregate or compound. As the 
 little flowers which make up the 
 head of a thistle, a head of 
 wheat, the umbel of a carrot, 
 Lc. 
 
 Floribun' dut. Abounding in flow- 
 ers. 
 
 Florif'krous. Bearing flowers. 
 A leaf isfloriferous when a flow- 
 er grows out of its disk or mar- 
 gin. 
 
 Flo'rist. One whose employment 
 is that of creating monsters ; 
 that is, double and various co- 
 loured corols ; as carnations, 
 double roses, &.c. These meet 
 a more ready sale than the most 
 interesting plants in their native 
 state, among persons of a coarse 
 unscientific taste. Such persons, 
 to be consistent, should prefer 
 the high colouring daubings of a 
 sign painter, to the delicate 
 touches of a Savage, a Trumbull 
 or a Vanderlin. 
 
 Flos. See flower. 
 
 Flos'cular, Jlosculo'sus. See tu- 
 bulous. 
 
 Floscu'lut. Tubular floret. Nutt- 
 all applies it to the florets of 
 grasses ; but ought not to bi 
 followed. 
 
F R U 
 
 Flower. The stamens and pis- 
 tils with their covering. These 
 two organs, or rather their an- 
 thers and stigmas, are essential 
 to all plants. But the calyx, 
 corol, and even nectaries when 
 present, are parts of the flower. 
 
 Flow'erin'g se'ason. See efflo- 
 rescentia. 
 
 Flow'er-stalk. See peduncle. 
 
 Fliivia'tilis. Growing naturally in 
 rivers and brooks. 
 
 F(B'liclus. Smelling disagreeably. 
 
 Fold. Annexed to numerals de- 
 noting so often combined ; as 5- 
 fold leaves, growing in fives, &,c. 
 
 Folia'ceous. See leafy. 
 
 Folia'ris. a tendril on a leaf. 
 
 gamma. A bud containing 
 
 leaves only. 
 
 Foliation, folia'tio. The man- 
 ner in which unopened leaves 
 are situated within the bud. The 
 modes of foliation are : 1. Invo- 
 lute. 2, Revolute. 3. Obvolute. 
 4. Convolute. 5. Imbricate. 6. 
 Equitant. 7. Conduplicate. 8. 
 Plaited. 9. Reclinate. 10. Cir- 
 cinal. See each in its proper 
 place. 
 
 Folia'tus. Leafy. 
 
 Folif'erous. Particularly adapted 
 to bearing leaves. 
 
 Fol'icle, foliolum. See leafet. 
 One of a compound leaf. 
 
 Folio'sus. See leafy. 
 
 Folium. See leaf. 
 
 Fol'licle, Folicu'liis. A pericarp 
 with one valve, which opens 
 lengthwise on one side only ; 
 as railk-wecd (asclepias.) 
 
 Fontina'lis. Growing naturally 
 about springs. 
 
 Footstalk. See peduncle, and 
 fetiole, it is put for both. 
 
 Foramen. A hole. 
 
 Foraminulo'sus. Pierced with ma- 
 ny small hole?. 
 
 Forked. See dichotoraous. 
 
 Formation. A term used by ge- 
 ologists to express more or less 
 than a definite stratum ; as de- 
 tritus is called alluvial terma- 
 
 tion, iron formation may apply 
 to the ferriferous rocks and 
 their iron contents. 
 
 Foniica'tus. Arched. See vault- 
 ed. 
 
 Fov'ea. A nectariferous cavity 
 for the reception of honey. 
 Honey-comb like. 
 
 FovU'la. The fine substance con- 
 tained in the particles of pollen. 
 When the ripe pollen comes in 
 contact with the moist stigma, 
 it explodes and discharges the 
 fovilla. 
 
 Frag' ills. Breaking easily and not 
 bending. 
 
 Free. See libera. 
 
 Freq'uens. Very common, or fre- 
 quent. 
 
 Fri'gidus. Growing naturally ia 
 cold countries. 
 
 Frin'ged. See fimbriatus. 
 
 Frond. An herbaceous, a leath- 
 ery, a crustaceous, or gelatinous 
 leaf, or somewhat of a leaf-like 
 substance, from which or with- 
 in which the fruit is produced. 
 It is applied exclusively to the 
 class cryptogamia— Smith. But 
 formerly it was also applied to 
 palms. 
 
 Froniescen'tia. See leafing. 
 
 Frondo'se, Frondo'svj. Leafy, or 
 leaf-like. It is applied to mosses 
 to distinguish them from liver- 
 wortsby Wiildenow ; who retain.s 
 them in the same order. 
 
 Fro7is. See frond. 
 
 Frontlett. The part back of the 
 base of a bird's bill Generally 
 bristly. 
 
 Frulescen'tia. Applied to palms 
 and such others as have a s mple 
 stem, and leaves only ai top. 
 Wiildenow. 
 
 It is applied by Martyn to the 
 time when vegetables scatter 
 their ripe seeds. 
 
 Frcctif'erous. Bearing, or be- 
 coming, fruit. 
 
 Fructifica'tion, Fructijica'tio. — • 
 " The temporary part of vegeta- 
 bles, which is destined for the 
 
 8 
 
GAL 
 
 reproductions of the species, ter- 
 minating the old individual and 
 beginning the new." — Linneus. 
 It consists of seven parts — 1. 
 Calyx. 2. Corol. 3. Stamen. 
 4. Pistil. 5. Pericarp. 6. Seed. 
 7. Receptacle. See each in its 
 proper place. 
 
 Fruit, /ruc'/ws. The seed with its 
 enclosing pericarp. If the seed 
 grows naked, the seed alone is 
 the fruit ; as of the sage. 
 
 Fruit-dots. Assemblages of cap- 
 sules on the backs of ferns. Also 
 small assemblages of powdery 
 bodies on the fronds of lichens, 
 called soredia. 
 
 Fruit-stalk. See peduncle. 
 
 FRUSTRA'jYEA. (Frusira, in 
 vain,) polygatjiia. See p. 18. 
 
 FEUTZ5'cENT,/7*U^e5 66715. Woody, 
 
 or from herbaceous becoming 
 ■woody. 
 
 FruVex. Ashrub, which see. 
 
 Frutico'sus. See shrubby. 
 
 Fug'ax. Fugacious. Soon dis- 
 appearing. Flying oflf. See 
 ring. 
 
 Fulcra'tus. Having appendages. 
 
 Ful'crum. These are seven — 1. 
 Stipule. 2. Bract. 3. Thorn. 
 4. Prickle. 5. Sting. 6, Gland. 
 7. Tendril. See each in its pro- 
 per place. 
 
 FuLiGiNEUs. Sooty, dark dull co- 
 lour. 
 
 FuxL-FtowERED. When the pe- 
 tals of the corol are so multipli- 
 ed as to exclude the stamens ; 
 which is effected by the stamens 
 becoming petals ; as the peony, 
 rose, &ic. This rarely takes 
 place in monopetalous <:orols. 
 Double flowers are totally unfit 
 subjects for botanical exercises. 
 See florist. 
 
 Ful'vous, FuVvus. Yellowish 
 rust-colour. 
 
 FU.Y'GI, funguses. They are now 
 known to be organized bodies, 
 propagating their kind by seeds, 
 like other vegetables. Howev- 
 er unsightly a common toad- 
 
 stool, the mould on old scraps 
 of leather in damp places, or the 
 blight in grain, may appear to 
 the careless observer ; they are 
 all beautifully organized, and 
 highly interesting to the student 
 in Natural Historj'. But " their 
 sequestered and obscure habita- 
 tion, their short duration, their 
 mutability of form and sub- 
 stance, render them indeed more 
 difficult of investigation than 
 common plants." — Smith. See 
 p. 19 &i 25. 
 
 Fuxgo'se. Fleshy and spongy. 
 
 Fun'gus. This term is sometimes 
 put for pileus. 
 
 Fu NicuLE, Funic'ulns vmbilica'- 
 lis. The thread by which a seed 
 is fastened at the hilum, 
 
 Fun'nel-form. a corol with a 
 tubular base, and a border open- 
 ing gradually into the form of a 
 reversed cone. 
 
 Furca'tus. See dichotomous. 
 
 FuRFURACEUs. Bran-likc. 
 
 Fur'roW'Ed, See sulcate. 
 
 Fus'cus. Sooty-yellow, dark-yel- 
 low. 
 
 Fg'siform, fusifor'mis. Spindle- 
 form. A root thick at the top 
 and tapering downward to the 
 point is fusiform ; as the beet 
 and carrot. A worm, iarva, shell, 
 6:,c. may be fusiform. 
 
 G. 
 
 Gal'ea. See labiate. A helmet. 
 
 Ga'eeate, Galea tus. Resembling 
 a helmet. 
 
 Galls, Gal'lce. Excresences pro- 
 duced by the stings of insects. 
 The balls found on oaks which 
 are used in dyeing, the common 
 large green oak-balls, the singu- 
 lar green lumps found on the 
 wild honey-suckle, i^c. are ex- 
 amples. The irritation upon 
 the delicate sap-vessels, pro- 
 duced by the sting and egg of 
 the insect, causes a greater flow 
 of sap in that direction. This 
 
GEN 
 
 pressure of sap distends and dis- 
 torts the capillary tubes and 
 membranes, until those escres- 
 ences are formed around the 
 egg. In due time the eg^ be- 
 comes a larva, or maggot, ^vhich 
 after feeding a while upon the 
 gall, changes into the pupa, or 
 chrysalis, and at last escapes a 
 pcriect insect, or lly. Each fly 
 produces a gall of a peculiar 
 form. — Willdenow. 
 
 Gangue. The part of a rock uhich 
 lines a vein and embraces a min- 
 eral, ai.d is unlike the rest of 
 the rock. 
 
 Gape. The opening between two 
 lips of a labiate, or irregular, 
 coroi. Applied to mouths of 
 birds. 
 
 Gap'ing. See bians. 
 
 Gas'hed. See incisus. 
 
 Gein'i7Uis. See double. It is also 
 used for paired, in pairs or twins. 
 
 Gem' ma. See bud. 
 
 Gemma- lio. Budding. The gem- 
 mation of plants comprehends 
 the developement of a new plant 
 from the bud, as w^ell as the fo- 
 liation ; according to Richard. 
 See foliation. Buds are of four 
 kinds. 1. Bu(/, properly so call- 
 ed, which see. 2. Turion, the 
 radical bud, or tender shoot 
 which rises from the root in the 
 spring, before it expands its 
 leaves ; as the early asparagus 
 shoots. 3. Bulb, which see. 4. 
 Propago, a longish round body 
 proceeding from the luother 
 plant in mosses, which itself be- 
 comes a new plant. This is 
 placed among the buds by Bi- 
 chard ; but Linneus calls it the 
 seed ; and Gartner applies it to 
 the seed of //c/jctis also. 
 
 Gemmipakocs. Producing buds 
 in the axils of leaves. 
 
 Gex'erae. See partial. 
 Gen'eral vesce. Universal in- 
 volucre. 
 Gen'ep.'ic ciiAR'ACTEn. The defi- 
 nition of a genus. It is confiu- 
 
 ed entirely to the flower and 
 fruit. It is essential, fadilious, 
 or natural ; which see. 
 
 Gener'ic NAME. The name of a 
 genus. Milne enumerates 21 
 rules respecting the naming of 
 genera ; which with his exam- 
 ples, occupy 40 pages. The 
 principal names are founded 
 upon some supposed virtues of 
 plants, expressed in Latin or 
 
 Greek the habit, place of 
 
 growth, ice. expressed in the 
 same manner — given in honour 
 of some distinguished botanist — 
 or borrowed from the fables of 
 poets. 
 
 It seems to be an established 
 modern rule, that no genus shall 
 have the name of a politican, or 
 of any other character however 
 distinguished, unless libe.-al pa- 
 tronage, or skill in the science 
 of botany, will warrant it. 
 
 Genic'ulate. Kneed. Forming 
 a very obtuse angle, like a mod- 
 erate bending of the knee. 
 
 Gen'te^. Nations. Linneus divid- 
 ed plants into nine great natural 
 tribes or casts. 1. Palms (pal- 
 m£e ;) as the date and cocoa-nut. 
 2. Grasses (gramina;) as wheat, 
 Indian-corn, sugar-cane, rice, 
 timothy-grass, k,c. 3. Lilies 
 (lilia;) as lily, tulip, daffodil, 
 kc. 4. Herbs (herbaj ;) as this- 
 tles, nettles, peas, mint, pota- 
 toes, hemp, plantain, beets, and 
 all other herbaceous plants ex- 
 cept the above. 5. Trees (ar- 
 bores ;) as oak, chesnut, pine, 
 willow, dogwood, currants, li- 
 lac, whortleberry, cranberry, 
 and all otherplants with a woody 
 stem. 6. Fer.vs (Alices ;) as 
 brake, polypod, maidenhair, 
 ground pinejiand all otherplants 
 of this order, which see. 7. 
 Mosses (musci.) See the order 
 
 8. AlgjE. This tribe includes 
 the plants of (he orders, hepati- 
 ccc, algob and lichenes, which see. 
 
 9. Fungi. As mushroom, toad- 
 
G L A 
 
 stool, puff-ball, mould, blight. 
 he. 
 
 Ge'hits, (plural gen'cra.) A num- 
 ber of plants which agree with 
 one another in the structure of 
 the flower and fruit. — Willde- 
 now. The clauses are divided 
 into orders, and then the orders 
 are divided into genera, the gen- 
 era into species. Tljis is the ana- 
 lytic method. The species are 
 unitedinto their respective gen- 
 era by rejecting the specific dis- 
 tinctions ; genera are united in- 
 to their respective orders, by re- 
 jecting the generic distinctions ; 
 orders are united under their re- 
 spective classes by rejecting the 
 taxinal character. This is tiie 
 synthetic method. Thus it will 
 be readily perceived, that scien- 
 tific botany is practical logic. 
 
 Plants of the same genus pos- 
 sess similar medical powers, 
 though in very different de- 
 grees. — Milne. This rule is cer- 
 tainly liable to some excep- 
 tions. 
 
 (}eoT)Z. a cavity in a mineral 
 whose sides within are more or 
 less spherical. It may be empty, 
 or may contain minerals differ- 
 ent from the mineral containing 
 the geode. 
 
 Germ, germeji. That part of the 
 pistil, which, after the pollen is 
 received, soon contains the ru- 
 diment of one young plant, or 
 more. Its whole substance be- 
 comes the pericarp and seed, as 
 it enlarges itself. 
 
 When the calyx comes out be- 
 low the germ, the germ is supe- 
 rior, and the calyx inferior ; 
 when the calyx comes out of the 
 upper pail of the germ . the germ 
 is inferior, and the calyx supe- 
 rior. 
 
 The mirabilis and sanguisor- 
 ba, have the germ between the 
 calyx and corol. But Smith 
 says, the corol can be traced to 
 
 the base of the germ in the san- 
 guisorba ; and the mirabilis 
 (called the four-o-clock) may 
 be treated in the same man- 
 ner. It is therefore very doubt- 
 ful, whether there is a plant, 
 Avhose germ is between the ca- 
 lyx and corol. 
 
 Ger'minate. Appertaining to the 
 germ. 
 
 Gerjtina'tion. The swelling of 
 a seed, and the unfolding of its 
 embryo. 
 
 Gib Bous. Bunched out. When 
 one or both sides are swelled 
 out. 
 
 GiL-covERs. The bony or cartila- 
 ginous covering placed over, or 
 outside of the gill-membranes. 
 
 Gill-membranes. Themembranes 
 immediately covering the gills. 
 
 Gills. See lamella. Lungs of fish. 
 
 Gil'vus. Iron-grey, and brick-co- 
 lour. 
 
 Glabel'lus. Bald. Without hairs. 
 
 Gla'erous, glab'er. Sleek. Hav- 
 ing no pubescence. Glaber is 
 often translated smooth, which 
 in most cases conveys a correct 
 idea ; or at least does not lead 
 to error. But a leaf with soft 
 cottony pubescence is smooth, 
 though it is not glabrous. 
 
 Gladia'tus. A sword-form legume 
 is sometimes called gladiate. 
 See ensiform. 
 
 Gland, glan'dula. A round, or 
 roundish appendage Avhich 
 serves for transpiration and se- 
 cretion. They are situated on 
 leaves, stems, calyxes, and par- 
 ticularly at the base of stamens 
 in some cruciform flowers ; as 
 mustard. Glandular hairs, or 
 hairs with glandular heads, are 
 very abundant on the common 
 hazlenut calyx, of North Ameri- 
 ca, (corylus americana.) 
 
 Glan'dular, GLAK'nuLous, glan- 
 dulosus. Having glands. 
 
 Glandulif'erous. Bearing glands. 
 
 Glass'-form. See cyathiform. 
 
G R A 
 
 GLAs'ay. See hyaline. 
 
 Glao'cous. Clothed with a sea- 
 green rnealiness, which is easily 
 rubbed ofi'. It is sometimes put 
 for a greenish-grey colour. This 
 colour, ferruginous and hoary, 
 are so constant, that they are 
 used in specific descriptions. 
 All other colours are excluded 
 on account of their being too 
 variable to be relied on. 
 
 Globo'se, Globo'sus. Spherical, 
 round on all sides like a ball. 
 This term is often applied in 
 cases where the part is rather 
 roundish than perfectly globu- 
 lar. 
 
 Glob'ules. That kind of recep- 
 tacle of lichens, which is glo- 
 bose, solid and crustaceous, 
 formed of the substance of the 
 frond, and terminating its points 
 or branches ; from whence they 
 fall otf entire, leaving a pit or 
 cavity. They are supposed to 
 be covered all over with a co- 
 loured seed-bearing membrane. 
 Smith. 
 
 Glob'uli 
 
 Glo'chis. 
 
 Glome. 
 ers. 
 
 Glom'erate, glomera'tus, When 
 many branchlets are terminated 
 by little heads. — Richard. A 
 spike is glomerate when it con- 
 sists of a collection of spherical 
 heads. — Willdenow. 
 
 Glom'erule, glomer'ulus. The 
 small heads constituting aglome, 
 or a small glome. 
 
 Gluma'ceous. Glume-like, or 
 bearing glumes. 
 
 Glvme, glu'ma. Consists of the 
 scales of chafifs which surround 
 or enclose the stamens and pis- 
 tils in the flowers of grasses. 
 The lower ones are called the 
 calyx, all others the corol. 
 
 Each scale, chaflf", or husk, is 
 called a valve ; which gives the 
 name* bivalve^ with 2 husks or 
 
 6# 
 
 Globules. 
 See barb, 
 A roundish head of flow- 
 
 chaffs ; univalve, with one, kc. 
 When several flowers are ar- 
 ranged along a rachis in a spike- 
 let with a valve or two, or more, 
 below the lowest flower, these 
 are called the common or gen- 
 eral calyx (gluma communis ;) 
 and the glume to each floret on 
 the spikelet above is called par- 
 tial (gluma partialis.) 
 
 Richard says, glumes ought to 
 be called bracts ; as they are not 
 properly either calyx or corol. 
 
 Glumo'se. Having glumes. 
 
 Glu'tinous. Having on some 
 part more or leis of adhesive 
 moisture, 
 
 Gnaw'ed. Seeerose. 
 
 GojiGYLOvs, Gon'gulous. A knot. 
 It is applied to a round, hard 
 body, which falls off upon the 
 death of the mother plant or 
 animal, and becomes a new 
 one ; as in the fucus and some 
 radiated animals. 
 
 Goifop'TiRiDEs. Angle-fruit fern, 
 one of the new orders of ferns. 
 It is adopted by Pursh, Torrey 
 and a few oSier writers oa 
 American botany. The recep- 
 tacles of the fruit are polygons ; 
 as of the genus Equisetum. 
 
 Gram'ina. The family of grasses. 
 See gentes. But in a limited 
 sense, the sedges, rush-grasses, 
 &,c. are not included. See Na- 
 tural Orders. Culmiferous is 
 the most extensive term ; and 
 most of this vast family have 
 three stamens in each flower, 
 though many of them are mo- 
 noecious. The rice, star-grass 
 and rush-grass have six stamens 
 to the flower. 
 
 Graminifol'ius, Having leaves 
 resembling those of grasses. 
 
 Grandiflo'rus. Having large flow- 
 ers. 
 
 Granif'erus. Bearing grains or 
 kernels ; as those on the valves 
 of dock-flowers. 
 
 Grjliu' VLATK J granula'ius. In the 
 
HEM 
 
 form of grains. A granulate root 
 consists of several little knobs 
 strung together along the side 
 of a filiform radicle. It differs 
 from the knobbed tuberousroots 
 in this ; that the latter are 
 strung together by rootlets, 
 which proceed from near the 
 middle of one knob to another. 
 
 Granula'tions. Grain-like sub- 
 stances. 
 
 Grave' olens. Having a strong odour 
 or scent. 
 
 Gregarious. In flocks. Applied 
 to fungi and other plants grow- 
 ing together in groups; but not 
 so as to be caespitose, or to form 
 a turfy mass. 
 
 Gressoral. Birds' feet, which 
 are formed for running ; hav- 
 ing three toes forward and one 
 back; and the two onter toes 
 mostly joined towards the base. 
 
 Groov'ed. See sulcate. 
 
 Grossifica'tion. The enlarging 
 of the fruit after the florescence. 
 
 Goitar'-form, See panduriforrais. 
 
 Gymnocar' pi fun' gi. Such as bear 
 seeds in a naked hymenium, 
 which see. 
 
 Cymnosper'mvs. (Gumnos, nnked ; 
 spcrma, seed.) With seeds nak- 
 ed, or growing without peri- 
 carps. 
 
 Gynandrous. (Gune, woman ; 
 ancr, man.) Applied when sta- 
 mens grow on pistils, but not in 
 immediate connexion with the 
 calyx or corol. 
 
 H. 
 
 Habia'lio. The native residence 
 of plants ; or the situation 
 wherein they grow most natur- 
 ally. 
 
 Hab'it, hab'itus. The external 
 appearance of a plant by a ge- 
 neral view of which we know it 
 without attending to any of its 
 essential characters. 
 A knowledge of the habits of 
 
 plants is to be acquired ; by first 
 seeing them in a growing state, 
 and then by repeatedly review- 
 ing them» in an herbarium, 
 which see. 
 
 Hair. See pilus. 
 
 Hair'-likk. See capillary. 
 
 Hair'y. See pilose. 
 
 Hal'bert-form. See hastate. 
 
 Halters. Globules on slender 
 stems under the wings of some 
 two-winged insects, called poi- 
 sers. 
 
 Halv'ed. One-sided, as if one 
 half had, been taken off; as the 
 halved spathe of some Indian- 
 turnips, one-sided involucres, 
 &,c. 
 
 Ha'mvs. A hook, as the hooked 
 spines on burdock. 
 
 Hamo'siis. Hooked. 
 
 Havndo'sus. With very small 
 hooks. 
 
 Hand'-egrm. See palmate. 
 
 Hang'ing. See pendent. 
 
 Has'tate. Halbert-form, or shap- 
 ed like an espontoon. A leaf 
 with processes near the base 
 from each edge, which are acu- 
 tish ; as common sorrel leaves. 
 When these processes point con- 
 siderably backwards the leaf is 
 sagittate. 
 
 Hatch'et-form. See axe-form. 
 
 Head. Flowers heaped together 
 in a roundish form with no pe- 
 duncles or very short ones ; as 
 clover-heads. This term is ap- 
 plied to a globular stigma also. 
 
 Heap'ed. Compact, but hardly 
 as close as dense. 
 
 Heart. See corcle. 
 
 Heart'-for3i. See cordate. 
 
 Hedg'e-hogged. See ferinace* 
 ous. 
 
 Hel'met. See labiate. Upper- 
 
 Helmikthologt. The science of 
 worms, including molluscous 
 and radiated animals. 
 
 Hklvolus. Pale red. Peach* 
 bloom. 
 
 Hem'isphere, Half a sphere. 
 
HER 
 
 HEPAT ICiE. See cryptogamia. 
 Liverworts, p. 19 fc 26. 
 
 HEPTAGYN'IA. Seven-styled. 
 
 HEPTAN'DRIA. (Ilepta, seven ; 
 aner, male.) See p. 12 &i 17. 
 Seven stamened. 
 
 Heptan'drous. Belonging to, or 
 varying into, the class heptan- 
 dria. 
 
 Here, her'ba. Any plant which 
 has not a woody stem. But 
 when applied to the nine fami- 
 lies (see gentes) it includes nei- 
 ther grasses nor lilies. 
 
 Herba'ceous. Not woody. Also 
 applied to plants which perish 
 annually down to the root. 
 
 Herb'age. All that part of vege- 
 tables which is bounded by the 
 root below, and by the fructifi- 
 cation above. It comprises all 
 parts of every plant, except the 
 root and fructification, whether 
 herbaceous or woody. See 
 partes. 
 
 Herea'rium. A collection of dried 
 plants. No person can ever 
 become a good practical bota- 
 nist without an herbarium. 
 
 The uses of an herbarium are 
 principally these : 
 
 1. To revive hi the memory the 
 names and habits of plants. No 
 memory is sufficiently retentive 
 to permit nothing to slip, relat- 
 ing to several hundred species 
 of plants; unless they are fre- 
 quently presented to the eye. 
 
 2. JVhen plants are not in flow- 
 er, they often want some of their 
 most striking habits also. It is 
 therefore very convenient and 
 satisfactory to compare the 
 more minute parts, in order to 
 insure correctness in relation to 
 plants, which we have occasion 
 to examine at various seasons 
 of the year. 
 
 Directions for making an herba- 
 rium. 
 
 1, Provide yourself with a- 
 bout 100 old newspapers ; or , 
 
 other coarse paper about equal 
 to that in quantity and texture. 
 Let these papers be very thor- 
 oughly dried. This will be a 
 sufficient stock for the season. 
 
 2. Procure two smooth inch- 
 boards of the size of half of a 
 paper ', also a weight of lead, 
 stone, or other substance, of 
 twenty pounds. 
 
 3. Gather 3 or 4 specimens of 
 each plant, as it comes in flow- 
 er. If you collect but few spe- 
 cimens, and wish to preserve 
 them in the most beautiful form, 
 put them between the leaves of 
 a port folio in the field. Let the 
 specimens be so large as to in- 
 clude the various parts of the 
 plant. If it be a small plant, 
 take the root also. If large, take 
 it in two pieces ; one to include 
 the flower and parts adjoining, 
 the other the root-leaves, if any, 
 and those near the root. Place 
 these between the folds of the 
 papers, as nearly in their natu- 
 ral state as possible. If the plant 
 curved, let it curve in the pa- 
 pers ; if the flower drooped in 
 the field or woods, let it droop 
 in the papei's, k.c. Lay the pa- 
 pers betv/een the boards with 
 the weight upon them. If 20 or 
 80 filled papers lie upon each 
 otiier, it is all the same. 
 
 4. Twice or three times each 
 week lay your papers, contain- 
 ing plants, separately in the sun, 
 with small stones on the cor- 
 ners, for three or four hours. 
 When taken in, put the plants 
 in press again. This exposure 
 to the sun is not necessary, how- 
 ever with single specimens of 
 small plants. Or if several leaves 
 of paper be allowed to each spe- 
 cimen. 
 
 5. As fast as your plants be 
 comedrybyabsorption,putthem 
 up in books made of the same 
 paper, with about a dozen sheets 
 in each. Most plants will be 
 
H O L 
 
 fit to put up, after sunning the 
 papers five limes, and pressing 
 two weeks. "When the roots are 
 takenup,if bulbous, they should 
 be split and immersed in boiling 
 water, or they will be very long 
 in drying. Most ever-greens 
 and succulent plants, except 
 aquatics, should be immersed in 
 boiling water, or they will drop 
 their flowers, &ic. 
 
 6. After the season is past, 
 (which is about the end of No- 
 vember,) make a large book of 
 stiff printing paper ; and fasten 
 one or more of your best speci- 
 mens of each species to the first 
 page of each leaf. Put as many 
 specimens on a leaf as will fill it 
 up ; leaving room for names,&,c. 
 under each. Some glue them 
 on ; others cut through the pa- 
 pers and raise up slips, like loops, 
 and run the specimens under 
 these loops. The latter method 
 is best and cheapest. 
 
 It may be proper to observe, 
 that if a long season of wet wea- 
 ther occur, or if you have not 
 time or conrenience for drying 
 your papers in the sun, you may 
 effect the same object by drying 
 other papers thoroughly by a 
 fire, and then shifting yourplants 
 into them. 
 
 Plants should never be dried 
 so as to become brittle. The 
 object in drying them between 
 papers is ; to prevent their crisp- 
 ing, to make them tough, and to 
 retain their natural colour and 
 texture. But still many plants 
 cannot possibly be made to re- 
 tain their natural colours. 
 
 Simple and woods flowers 
 abound in the fore part of the 
 season ; compound and field 
 flowers come mostafter themid- 
 die of July. An industrious col- 
 lector will hare 400 species by 
 the first of July ; and 250 species 
 afterwards, before the season 
 closes. 
 
 Herba'rius. An herbist. One who 
 collects and sells plants. 
 
 Hermaph'rodite. See perfect 
 flower. * 
 
 Hexag'oxal, hexago'nui. Six- 
 cornered, 
 
 HEX^ G YA'IA. (Hex, six ; gune, 
 female.) See p. 16. 
 
 HEXAN'DRIA. (Hex, six ; OTier, 
 male.) Seep. 12. 
 
 Hexan'drocs. Belonging to, or 
 varying into, the class hexan- 
 dria. 
 
 Hexapet'alous. Six-petalled. 
 
 Hexapetaloi'des. A one-petalled 
 corol so deeply divided as to ap- 
 pear 6-petalled. 
 
 Hexaphyl'lus. Six-leaved. 
 
 Hi'ans. See gaping. 
 
 Hi'lum. The external scar or mark 
 on a seed, where the funicle, or 
 thread, is attached to it and con- 
 veys its nutriment till ripe. 
 
 Hinge. The part of a bivalve 
 shell, where the two valves are 
 united by a flexible cartilage. 
 
 Hirsd'tk, hirsu'tus. Rough-hair- 
 ed. Covered with stiflBsh hairs, 
 but hardly stiff enough to be 
 called bristles. 
 
 Hir'tus. Covered with short stiff 
 hairs. Nearly the same as hir- 
 sute. 
 
 His'piD, His'pidns. Bristly. Beset 
 with stiff hairs, or rather with 
 bristles, which are very short. 
 Perhaps it differs from hirtus on- 
 ly in having the hairs shorter 
 and stiffer. It seems to be ap- 
 plied in some cases, however, 
 where the bristles are not very 
 short. 
 
 Hiulcus. Cracked open ; a gaping 
 chink. 
 
 Ho'art. Whitish coloured, aris- 
 ing from a scaly mealiness. Se« 
 glaucus. 
 
 Holera'cecs. Suitable for a pot- 
 herb. 
 
 Hol'lows, (thalamia.) That kind 
 of receptacle of lichem, which ia 
 spherical, nearly closed, lodged 
 in the substance of (he frondi 
 
1 M M 
 
 lined witli its proper coat, un- 
 der which are cells 2 or 4-seed- 
 ed. Each hoUon' finally opens 
 by an orifice in the surface of 
 the frond above- — Smith. 
 
 Hon'ev-cup. See nectary. 
 
 Hood'ed. See cowled. 
 
 Hook'-form. See ungulatus. 
 
 Hook. See hamus. 
 
 Hora'rius. Continuing but an 
 hour. 
 
 Horizon'tal. Parallel to the ho- 
 rizon. Leaves are horizontal, 
 when they form right angles 
 with erect stems. 
 
 Horn. See spur. 
 
 Horn'-form. Shaped like a horn, 
 or rather like a cock's spur. See 
 spur. 
 
 Horolog'ium, A botanist, who 
 watches the progi'ess of vegeta- 
 bles as they approach maturity, 
 particularly the developement 
 of flowers, through every hour 
 of the day. A table kept of such 
 progress is called,by the French, 
 horologue. 
 
 Hu'niidiis. Moist, humid. 
 
 Hu'mifuse, humifusus. Spread 
 over the ground. Richard de- 
 fines it ; spread on the ground 
 and not rooting. 
 
 Hiwi'ilis. Low, humble. 
 
 Husk. The larger kind of glume ; 
 as the husks of Indian corn. 
 
 Hv'alihe, hi/ali'nus. Colourless. 
 Transparent like glass or water; 
 as quartz in granite. 
 
 HYBER'NicLE,/ij/6tr«ac'u/M7n. See 
 bud. 
 
 Hybernalis. Growing in the win- 
 ter season. 
 
 Hy'brid, hy'brida. A mule. A 
 vegetable produced by the mix- 
 ture of two difl'erent species. 
 The seeds of hybrids will not 
 propagate. They are produced 
 by sprinkling the stigma with 
 the pollen of a different species. 
 Care must be taken in such 
 cases to prevent any pollen of 
 its own 8peci«s from falling on 
 it first. 
 
 Hydrop'terides. "Water fern. A 
 new order of ferns. It is adopt- 
 ed by Pursh, Torrey, &lc. Isoe- 
 tes, azolla and salvina are plac- 
 ed here. 
 
 Hyema'lis. Growing in the win- 
 ter season. 
 
 Hyme'nium. An exposed or nak- 
 ed, dilated, appropriate mem- 
 brane of gymnocarp fungi, in 
 which the seeds are imbedded. 
 
 Hyperdecandrous. Flowers con- 
 taining more than ten stamens. 
 
 Hypo crater if or 'mis. See salver- 
 form. 
 
 Hypodecandrous. Flowers con- 
 taining fewer than ten stamens. 
 
 Hypog'ynus. Under the style. 
 
 I. J. 
 
 Jag'ged. See laciniate. 
 
 Jaws. See faux. 
 
 Ichthyology. The department of 
 Zoology, which treats of fish. It 
 includes those aquatic animals 
 which have gills and fins. 
 
 I' cones planta'rum. Figures or 
 drawings of plants. 
 
 ICOSAN'DRIA. (Eikosi, twen- 
 ty ; aner, male.) See p. 13. 
 
 The calyx is always mono- 
 phyllous, and the claws of the 
 petals fixed into the inside of it 
 along with the stamens. 
 
 Icosan'drous. Belonging to, or 
 varying into, the class icosan- 
 dria. 
 
 Ic'terus. The change of colour in 
 leaves in autumn. 
 
 Imago. A perfect, full-formed in- 
 sect. It is applied to express 
 the state of an insect, after it has 
 passed from the crysalis to the 
 insect state. 
 
 Imber'bis. Beardless. See beard. 
 
 Im'bricate, imbrica'lut. Leaves, 
 scales, &iG. lying over each 
 other, or one covering the place 
 where two others meet, like the 
 shingles or tiles on a roof. 
 
 Immarginatk. Having no border 
 or peculiar margin. 
 
I N F 
 
 Immer'sed, See submersed. 
 
 Im'pari-pinna'tus. Unequally pin- 
 nate. When a pinnate leaf is 
 terminated by a single or odd 
 leafet. 
 
 Impzr'fect, imp er fee' I us. Want- 
 ing the stamen or pistil. No 
 flower is perfect without both 
 organs ; but with an anther and 
 stigma the flower is perfect, 
 though destitute of calyx and 
 corol. 
 
 Ijipunc'tate. See punctate. 
 
 Incequa'Hs. Unequal, which see. 
 
 IncBquivalva'lus. Valves of cap- 
 sule or glume unequal. 
 
 Ina'nis. Having a spongy pith. 
 
 Inciper'lus. Hollow, but without 
 any opening. 
 
 Inea'nus. See hoary. 
 
 Incarna'tus. Flesh-coloured. 
 
 Isc'JsKD, Inci'sns. Cut in like a 
 gash with a knife, but not deep 
 enough to be called a cleft. If 
 the crenatures or serratures of a 
 leaf are cut down, to appear- 
 ance, with a slit or gash, this 
 terra applies. 
 
 Incisor. Fore tooth. The flatfish 
 front cutting-teeth. 
 
 Ikcli'ned, inclina' lus. Bent to- 
 ■wards each other. Also bent to- 
 wards something different. 
 
 Ikclu'ding, inclu'dens. One thing 
 containing another within it ; as 
 the calyx shutting up the seed, 
 capsule or corol. 
 
 Jnclu'sus. Enclosing. Opposed to 
 exsert. 
 
 iNCOMrLE'TE. See complete. 
 
 Inconspic'uns. Not apparent with- 
 out the aid of a magnifier. 
 
 Ircras'sate. Thickening. When 
 a flower-stem grows thicker up- 
 wards towards the flower. 
 
 In'cremekt. The quantity of in- 
 crease. 
 
 Incum'bekt, incumbeiis. Leaning 
 upon or against. When an an- 
 ther lies, ns it were, somewhat 
 horizontally upon the top of the 
 filament. 
 
 In'cl'RVEd, inciirvaius. Bent in- 
 
 wards. As a leaf bent in at the 
 point towards the stem, a fila- 
 ment towards the pistil,a prickle 
 towards ^Jie stem, 
 
 Indig'enocs. Plants, growing na- 
 turally and originally in a coun- 
 try. It is often very difficult to 
 determine,whethera plant is ex- 
 otic or indigenous. Who can 
 say, whether the chess (bromus 
 secalinus) stone-seed (lithosper- 
 mum arvense)and cockle(agros- 
 temma githago) are native or 
 exotic .'' 
 
 Indistinct. Applied to insects, 
 whose heads and trunks are in 
 one niece. 
 
 Indivi'ius. Undivided. Not cleft 
 into parts. It may however be 
 serrate, crenate or toothed; it 
 is therefore "not the same as en- 
 tire. 
 
 In DURATED, in Jiire5'ce7i5. Becom- 
 ing hard, tough, or leathery. 
 
 Indu'sium. A shirt. It is used by 
 some authors for the thin mem- 
 branous covering on the fruit of 
 ferns. But Smith prefers retain- 
 ing the old name, involucre, 
 which see. 
 
 Iner'mis. See unarmed. 
 
 Infer' ne. Downwards. Towards 
 or near the baso or root. 
 
 Infe'rior, i72/eru5. Below. A ca- 
 lyx or corol is inferior when it 
 comes out below the germ. See 
 germ. 
 
 In'Jimns. At the very bottom or 
 base, lowest. 
 
 Inflated, infla'lus. Appearing 
 as if blown up with wind. A 
 very small degree of inflation is 
 sometimes noticed in descrip- 
 tions ; as the calyx in silene. 
 
 Infi.ex'ep, injiex'xis. The same 
 as incurved. — Smith. 
 
 Inflores'cence, inflorescen'tia. 
 The mode by which flowers are 
 connected to the plant by the 
 peduncle. It is of lU kinds. 1. 
 Whorl. 2. Raceme. 3. Panicle. 
 4. TbyrsB. 5. Spike. 6. Um- 
 bel. 7. Cyme. 8. Corymb. 9. 
 
I R I 
 
 Fascicle. 10. Head. See each ) 
 in i(s place. 
 
 Jnfrac'lns. Bent in with such an 
 acute angle as to appear as if 
 broken. 
 
 Jnfundibilifor'mis. See funnel- 
 form. 
 
 Inodo'rus. Ilavin* no smell. 
 
 Inguinans. Stained. Applied to 
 fungi, fcc. when the colour ap- 
 pears as if painted on artificial- 
 
 Jiiser'lus. Inserted, fixed to or 
 on. 
 
 Jnsi'dens. Sitting upon. 
 
 Jnsigiii'tus. Marked. 
 
 Jnstruc'tus. Furnished with. 
 
 Jn'teger. See entire. 
 
 Integer' rimus. Very entire, having 
 no dentation whatever. 
 
 Interfolia'ceous. Situated along 
 the stem between the origin of 
 the leaves, not opposite to them. 
 
 Litcrmed'ius. Between two ex- 
 tremes. 
 
 Interno'de, inferno' dius. The 
 space between joints or knots. 
 
 In'.er'nus. Within tbe inside. 
 
 Jnferpos'itus. Placed between. 
 
 Jnterrup'te. Interruptedly. 
 
 Interrup'ted, interrup'lus. A 
 spike is interrupted, when leaves 
 or smaller flowers are interpos- 
 ed at intervals. 
 
 Interruptedly pin'nate. When 
 smaller leafets are interposed 
 among the larger ; as the pota- 
 toe and agriraone leaves. 
 
 Ixterscapulars. Tlie back fea- 
 thers of a bird, between the 
 bases of the wings. 
 
 Inti'mus. Entirely Avithln. 
 
 Intor'siojt, intor'sio. Twisting, 
 twining, or banding from a strait 
 upright position. See twining, 
 contorted and twisted. 
 
 Intor'tui. Twisted inu'ards. 
 
 Iwtrafolia'ceous. Within the 1 
 leaf. A stipule is intrafoliaceous, 
 when it originates a little above 
 the origin of the petiole, which 
 brings it, as it were, within the 
 bodom of the leaf. \ 
 
 Introdu'ckd. Not originally na- 
 tive. Brought from some other 
 country. 
 
 Tntror'sum. Inwardly. 
 
 I.NVERSELY HKARx'-FORM. See ob- 
 
 cordate. 
 
 Inunda'tus. See submersus. 
 
 Involu'crate. See involucred. 
 
 IxvoLu'cRE, involu'crnm. Thai 
 kind of calyx which comes out 
 at a distance below the flower, 
 and never encloses it like the 
 spathe. It is further distinguish- 
 ed from the spathe in being of a 
 leafy texture and colour, where- 
 as the spathe is generally mem- 
 branaceous or coloured. It is ge- 
 nerally found at the origin of the 
 peduncles of umbels; and some- 
 times attached to other aggre- 
 gate flowers. AVhen it is all on 
 one side, it is called dimidiate, 
 halved. See partial. 
 
 Involucres of ferns generally 
 lie on the tops of the capsules, 
 like a piece of linen spread out 
 to dry; hence they are called 
 indusium,R shirt. They are de- 
 nominated corniculafum, when 
 eylindric, hollow and enclosing 
 the seed. 
 
 Involu'cred, involucra'tus. Hav- 
 ing involucres. 
 
 Involu'cel. a partial involucre, 
 or a little involucre. 
 
 Invol'vens. Arching over. 
 
 In VOLUTE, involu'tus. Rolled in- 
 wards. A term in foliation; ap- 
 plied to leaves whose opposite 
 margins are rolled in and con- 
 tinued rolling, till the two rolls 
 meet on the midrib and parallel 
 to it. Applied to shells, it sig- 
 nifies, that the spire is in whorKs 
 which are concealed within the 
 shell, as cypraea. 
 
 Joints. Swelling knots, rings, or 
 narrowed interstices, at regular 
 intervals along culms, pods, 
 spikes, leaves, k.c. 
 
 Joint'ed. Having joints. 
 
 Irid'eous, Irid£s'c£nt. Reflect- 
 
LAC 
 
 ing light somewhat like a rain- 
 bow. 
 
 Irreg'olar, irregida'ris. Differ- 
 ing in figure, size or proportion 
 of parts', among themselves. 
 
 Irritabil'ity. The power of be- 
 ing excited so as to produce con- 
 tractile motion. That there is 
 such a thing as vegetable irrita- 
 bility is evident to every one, 
 who examines the common bar- 
 berry flower. Touch the inside 
 of a stamen near its base with 
 "^ the end of a horse-hair, or any 
 thing about the same size, and 
 it will instantly strike its anther 
 against the pistil and shoot a 
 quantity of pollen upon the stig- 
 ma, or in that direction. 
 
 IsH. See acutiusculus. 
 
 Isthmus. Long narrow joints in 
 legumes or lomenls. 
 
 Jug'um. Yoke. In pairs. 
 
 Ju'lus. See ament. 
 
 K. 
 
 Keel. The lower petal of a pa- 
 pilionaceous corol. The sta- 
 mens and pistils lie enclosed in 
 it. 
 
 Keel'ed. Having a ridge resem- 
 bling the keel of a boat or ship. 
 A leaf, capsule, calyx, &c. is 
 keeled when it has the midrib, 
 angle, or peculiar process, run- 
 ning along the back of a com- 
 preesed form, and attached by 
 one edge. 
 
 Ker'nel. See nucleus. 
 
 Kio'NEy-FORM. Hollowed in at the 
 base with rounded lobes and 
 rounded end. Its breadth is gen- 
 erally as great as its length. 
 
 Kne'ed. See geniculate. 
 
 Knob'bed. In thick lumps ; as po- 
 tatoes. 
 
 Knobs. (Cephalo'dia.) That kind 
 of receptacle of lichens, which 
 is convex, more or less globular, 
 covered externally with a co- 
 loured seed-bearing crust| and 
 
 placed generally at the extremi- 
 ties of stalks, originating from 
 the froi^d, permanent ; rarely 
 sessile. Sometime they are at 
 first 5/?«no;te.5 on filamentous lich- 
 ens, and afterwards become 
 convex irregular knobs. They 
 are simple, compound or con- 
 glomerate. — Smith. 
 
 Knot. A swelling joint. See 
 joints. 
 
 Knot'ted. Having swelling joints. 
 
 Knot'less. Without swelling 
 joints. See enode. 
 
 L. 
 
 Li'biate. Having lips ; or a ca- 
 lyx or corol divided at top into 
 two general parts, somewhat re- 
 sembling the lips of a horse or 
 other animal. 
 
 Labiate corols are divided into 
 ringtnt and personate. 
 
 Ringent, such as have the lips 
 open or gaping. 
 
 Personate, such as have the 
 lips closed or muffled. 
 
 Labyrinthifor'mis. Winding and 
 turning by various involutions 
 and contortions like a labyrinth. 
 
 Lac'erated, /ac'er?«. Torn. Cut, 
 or apparently torn, into irregu- 
 lar seg-ments. 
 
 Lacin'ia. The divisions of a calyx, 
 corol, leaf, he. into which they 
 are cleft, torn or divided. 
 
 Lacin'iate, lacinia'tus. Jagged. 
 Irregularly divided and subdi- 
 vided, cut or torn. Hardly dif- 
 ferent from lacerated. 
 
 Lactzs'cence, lactescen'tia. Milk- 
 iness. The milky juice of some 
 plants ; as the milkweed (ascle- 
 pias.) It is also called by this 
 name, when the juice is red ; as 
 in the bloodroot (sanguinaria.) 
 
 Lac'teus. Milk-white. 
 
 Lacu'nose, Lacuno'sus. Pitted. 
 Hollow between the veins of a 
 leaf. When the blisters are un- 
 der side of the leaf instead of the 
 upper. See bullate. 
 
LEA 
 
 Lacu'stris. Growing most natur- 
 ally in or about lakes. 
 
 La'vit. Smooth, even, polished ; 
 not striate, or wrinkled. 
 
 Lamel'la. A thin plate. Applied 
 to the gills or vertical plates un- 
 der the hat or pileus of the aga- 
 ric fungus, or toadstool. 
 
 equa'lis. When all the gills 
 
 reach from the stem to the mar- 
 gin of the hat. 
 
 inequa'lis, or inierrup'tus. 
 
 When some reach but part of the 
 way. 
 
 biseria'lis. When a long and 
 
 short gill alternate. 
 
 ■ Iristria'lis. When 2 long and 
 2 short gills alternate in pairs. 
 
 ramo'sa. When several gills 
 
 unite in one, so as to appear 
 branched. 
 
 decur'rens. When they run 
 
 down the stem more or less. 
 
 veno'stc. When so narrow as 
 
 to have the appearance of veins. 
 
 Lamellate. In the form of thia 
 plates, or having tliin plates. 
 
 Lam'ina. The broad upper part 
 of the petal of a polypetalous 
 corol. See petal. 
 
 Laminated. Consisting of seve- 
 al thin flat portions. 
 
 li a' s.KTF.flana't us. Woolly. Cov- 
 ered with curly, crooked, close, 
 thick pubescence. Not so fine, 
 nor so closely matted together 
 as iomenlose. 
 
 Lance'olate, lanceola'tus. In the 
 form of the lance of the ancients. 
 When the length greatlyexceeds 
 the breadth; and it tapers gra- 
 dually from near the base to the 
 apex. 
 
 Laxce-o'vate, k,c. lajiceola'to- 
 ova'tus, kc. Pertaking of the 
 lanceolate form and of that with 
 which it is compounded. 
 
 Lami'go. Down, or wool. 
 
 Lappula'ccus. Burr-like. 
 
 Larva. The caterpillar state of 
 an insect. It is called maggot, 
 skipper and grub, while in this 
 state. 
 
 Laterifol'ius. Side-leaved. ?^^ 
 
 Lat'eral, latera'lls. On one side. 
 
 Lalifol'ius. Broad-leaved.* 
 
 Laieri'lius. Brick-coloured. 
 
 Latvians. Hidden, concealed. 
 
 Lat'ticei). Resembling net-work. 
 
 Lax, Lax'us. Limber. See jlac- 
 cid. 
 
 Leaf. That part of most vegeta- 
 bles, which presents more sur- 
 face to the atmosphere, than all 
 other parts ; and consists prin- 
 cipally of the cellular integu- 
 ment covered with the cuticle. 
 Leaves imbibe and give out mois- 
 ture ; generally more witli one 
 surface than the other. Aqua- 
 tic leaves perspire faster than 
 dry-land leaves ; which is the 
 reason for their drying so much 
 sooner. Some leaves imbibe 
 sufficient moislure from tbe at- 
 mosphere for their support for 
 a long time ; as the common 
 liveforever will grow if brcken 
 off and stuck up in a dry place. 
 Leaves are divided into sim- 
 ple, when one leaf grows on one 
 petiole ; and compound, ^\■l^len 
 several leafets grow on one pe- 
 tiole. 
 
 They are et'ergran, remain- 
 ing through the winter ; or de- 
 eid'uous, falling off at the close 
 of the year. 
 
 They are farther distinguish- 
 ed by their forms, surfaces and 
 positions. All of which are de- 
 scribed under their peculiar 
 names. 
 
 Le'afing season. That ti:ne ia 
 the year when most leaves 
 come out. In North America, 
 the proper leafing season is in 
 April. 
 
 Le'afet, or Le'aflet. One of 
 the lesser leaves which, with 
 others, constitute a compound 
 leaf. A simple leaf is never a 
 leafet, however small. 
 
 Le'afless. Destitute of leaves, 
 naturally. This term does not 
 
L I T 
 
 apply in cases of defoliation, 
 wbich see. 
 Le'af-stalk. See petiole. 
 L^'afy. Furnished \vitli leaves. 
 Abounding in leaves. Leaves 
 intermixed with flowers on a 
 spike. 
 Leat'hery. See coriaceous, 
 Legu'me, les;u'men. A pod, with- 
 out a longitudinal partition, 
 with its enclosed seeds attached 
 to one suture only ; as the pea. 
 Those with transverse partitions 
 are usually called laments, which 
 see. 
 Legu'minous. Bearing legumes. 
 Ln.iGTH and Breadth. When ap- 
 plied to bivalve shells, length is 
 measured tVom the beak or car- 
 tilage to the margin below, and 
 breadth, is taken in a transverse 
 direction to the length. 
 Lkntic'ular, lenticnla'ris. Lentil- 
 form. It is applied to a kind of 
 glandular roughness on the sur- 
 face of some plants. Form of a 
 convex lens. 
 Lepaii'lhium. Used as a substitute 
 for some kinds of nectary by 
 Nuttall, De Lamark, Lc. 
 Lev'el-top'ped. See fastigiate. 
 Li'ber. The innermost layer of 
 the bark, or the last year's de- 
 posit. Smith, p. 25. 
 Li'bera. Free, not adnata, or at- 
 tached. 
 LIC'HENES. See p. 19 h 26. 
 Lid of mosses. See operculum. 
 Ligament perforation. A per- 
 foration through the shell of the 
 anomia genus, by which it is at- 
 tached to rocks, &ic. 
 Light. Various motions and in- 
 clinations of plants prove the 
 effect of light upon them. Trees 
 present their leaves outward in 
 quest of light, because it is dark- 
 est in the centre. Plants in a 
 green-house all present the up- 
 per surfaces of their leaves to- 
 wards the enlightened side of it. 
 Wheat-heads hang towards the 
 
 sun. Most compound flowers 
 follow the sun through the day. 
 Plants deprived of the light lose 
 their green hue ; as potatoe tops 
 growing in a dark cellar. 
 LiGNo'sE, ligno'sus. Woody. 
 
 Lig'num. See wood. 
 Lig'ula. A strap or strap-form 
 organ. It is generally applied 
 to the membrane or stipule at 
 the top of the sheath of a grass- 
 leaf. 
 
 Lig'ulate, ligula'lus. That kind 
 ofiloret, in some compound flow- 
 ers, which consists of a single 
 strap-like petal which becomes 
 tubular at the base only ; as all 
 the florets in a dandelion, and 
 the ray florets in a sunflower. 
 
 Li'lia, lil'ies. The family of lilies. 
 See gentes. 
 
 Lilia'ceous. a corol with six pe- 
 tals spreading gradually from the 
 base, so as altogether to exhibit 
 a bell-form appearance. 
 
 Limb, lim'bus. The broad spread- 
 ing part of the petal of a mono- 
 petalons corol. When applied 
 to shells it means the whole cir- 
 cumference or outlines of them. 
 
 Line, li'nea. The breadth of the 
 crescent at the root of the fin- 
 ger nail. 
 
 Lin'ear, linea'ris. Continuing of 
 the same breadth throughout 
 most of the extent. Linear 
 leaves always, or with very few 
 exceptions, become narrowed or 
 pointed at one or both ends, 
 
 Lin'eate, linea'tus. Marked with 
 lines. 
 
 Lin'guiform. Tongue-like. Thick, 
 fleshy, linear, blunt at the end. 
 
 Li'on-tooth'ed. See runcinate. 
 
 Lip, or lip'ped. See labiate. 
 VVhen applied tounivalve shells, 
 it means the outer expanded 
 part of the opening. 
 
 Lird'lcc. See clefts. 
 
 Littora'lis. Growing on the sea- 
 coast ; also on the shores of riv- 
 ers. 
 
M E A 
 
 tii'vidus. Dark grey, inclining to 
 violet. 
 
 Lobe, lo'bus. Divisions, which are 
 rounded, or parted by rounded 
 or curved incisions. Sometimes 
 it seems to be applied to cases 
 where it has nothing to distin- 
 guisii it from a segment cut off 
 by a cleft incision, except by its 
 being larger. 
 
 Lo'bei), loba'tus. Divided into 
 lobes. Deeply parted with the 
 segments distant or spreading 
 and large. 
 
 L'jculamen'tnm. See cell. Cavi- 
 ties containing seeds. 
 
 Loc'ulus. The little cell of an an- 
 ther, which contains pollen. 
 
 Lo'ment, lomen'lnm. A legume 
 pod with transverse partitions. 
 This term is generally applied to 
 the legumes in the natural order 
 Lomentacai. 
 
 Longifol'ius. Long-leaved. See 
 relative proportions. 
 
 Longis'simus. Very long. 
 
 ■Lon'gus. Rather long. See rela- 
 tive proportions. 
 
 Loose. Open, not compact. 
 
 Lores. The naked lines or spots 
 on a bird's head, between the 
 eyes and the base of the bill. 
 
 Lo'rula. The long threads of Us- 
 nea. This lichen, so common 
 on trees, is erroneously called 
 moss by most people. 
 
 Lu'cidus. Bright, shining. Nearly 
 the same as nitidus. 
 
 Lu'nulate, lunula'tus. Shaped 
 like a crescent, which see. 
 
 LuNULK. A half-moon-like depres- 
 sion just below the beak of a bi- 
 valve shell. It is anterior or pos- 
 terior according to the slope it is 
 on. See slope. 
 
 Lu'rid, Iwridus. Of a palish, dull, 
 deathly colour. Most plants 
 with lurid petals are more or 
 less poisonous ; as tobacco, hen- 
 bane, thorn-apple. 
 
 Lustre, The peculiar appear- 
 ance of reflected light, as pre- 
 sented by a mineral. 
 
 LuTEs'cENT, Inlea'cens. Approach- 
 ing to a yellow colour. 
 
 Lii'tens. Yellow. 
 
 Lvxv' RixnT, luxur'ians. See full- 
 flowered. 
 
 Ly'ratk, lyra'tus. Pinnatifid, with 
 the divisions at the apex largest. 
 
 Ly'rate-pin'nate. Finnato with 
 the odd terminal leafet largest. 
 
 M. 
 
 Macula'tus. Spotted. 
 
 Mailed. Covered with a hard sub- 
 stance resembling armour. 
 
 Male. See stamiiiate. 
 
 Mandibles. The upper jaws of 
 a bird's bill. It is also applied 
 to the horizontal pincers at- 
 tached to the moulh of some in- 
 sects. 
 
 Manifes'lus, Very apparent. 
 
 Ma'nt. Whenever there are more 
 than are usually numbered of 
 that kind ; as we say, 1-seeded, 
 2-seeded, 3-seeded, 4-seeded, 
 many-seeded. 
 
 Marces'cent, marcfii'cens, ormar'- 
 cidiis. See withering. 
 
 Mar'ginated, margina'tus. Hav- 
 ing a margin diftering in some 
 measure from the disk. 
 
 Mar'gin, 7nar'go. The circumfer- 
 ence or edge. See border. The 
 circumference of a shell. 
 
 MarU'iimis. Growing naturally 
 near the seaboard. It may be 
 extended several miles from the 
 water. 
 
 Mar'row. See pith. 
 
 Mat'culus. See staminate. 
 
 Mas'ked. Personate. See labi- 
 ate. 
 
 Matrix. Gangue. The mineral 
 immediately embracing an ore, 
 within a vein in a rock. 
 
 Matu're, malu'rus. Full-grown, 
 but not entered upon a state of 
 decay. 
 
 Meas'ures. Proportion between 
 parts is better than any measure. 
 But when measures are adopt- 
 
MET 
 
 ed, tliey sliould be laken from 
 parts of Ihe hand and arm ; be- 
 cause the parts of plants vary 
 about as much as the hand ; and 
 in adopting these measures the 
 same allowance should be made. 
 
 1. Li7ie, the crescent at the 
 root of the nail. About one- 
 twelfth of an inch. 2. jXnil (un- 
 guis.) Length of the nail. About 
 half an inch. 3. 77ic/j (pollex.) 
 Length of the first joint of the 
 thumb. 4. Palm. Breadth of 
 the four lingers. About three 
 inches. 5. Shori'-span (spitha- 
 ma.) Distance between ends of 
 thumb and fore-finger. About 
 seven inches. 
 
 Lcng'-span (dodrans.) Dis- 
 tance between ends of thumb 
 and little finger. About nine 
 inches. 
 
 Foot (pes.) Distance between 
 the point of the elbow^ and the 
 second joint of the thumb. 
 About twelve inches. 
 
 Cu'bit (cub'itus.) Distance 
 between the point of the elbow 
 and of the middle finger. About 
 IS inches. 
 
 Arm (brachium.) Distance 
 between armpit and the end of 
 middle finger. About 24 inch- 
 es 
 
 Fathom (orgya.) Distance be- 
 tween the ends of the middle 
 fingers, when the arms are ex- 
 tended. 
 Medic'inal, viedicina'lis. Plants 
 possessing principles sufficiently 
 active to entitle them to a place 
 in the materia medic.a. Many 
 physicians daily trample under 
 foot plants, which possess simi- 
 lar qualities with those vrhich 
 ther purchase from Europe, and 
 often the very same plants ; but 
 being ignorant of those botani- 
 cal principles by which the 
 names and properties of plants 
 are ascertained, they are conse- 
 quently ignorant of tho absurdi- 
 ty. See qualities. 
 
 Medio' cris. Averaging in dimen- 
 sions compared with other parts. 
 See relative proportions. 
 
 Med'ins. In the middle. This term 
 is used when one part is between 
 the other parts, though some- 
 times much nearer one than the 
 other ; as a bract is in the mid- 
 dle of the peduncle, when it is 
 much nearer the flower than to 
 the base of the peduncle. This 
 name is sometimes given to spe- 
 cies holding a middle place be- 
 tween extremities, expressed by 
 the names of other species of the 
 same genus. 
 
 Me.duVla. See pith. 
 
 iMellif'erous, mellif'era. Pro- 
 ducing or containing honey. 
 
 Melli'go. Honey-dew on leaves. 
 
 Membrana'ceous. Made up, ap- 
 parently, of the two plates of the 
 cuticle, without any cellular in- 
 tegument between them. Near- 
 ly transparent, very thin and 
 colourless. 
 
 Memirana'tus. Flattened and re- 
 sembling a membrane. 
 
 Mensu'ra. See measures. 
 
 Meth'od, mtthod'us. A mode of 
 arranging plants in classes, or- 
 ders, he. Richard has 14 pages 
 on this head ; in which he gives 
 the methods of Tournefort and 
 Linneus at length. But as we 
 have given the method of Lin- 
 neus under Grammar of Bota- 
 ny, and throughout the Dictio- 
 nary ; and as Tournefort's me- 
 thod is no where adopted in this 
 country ; this article is princi- 
 pally omitted. 
 It may be observed that : 
 Tourneford's method 
 Divides plants into herbs and 
 irus. The Herbaceous plants 
 are divided into 17 classes. Four- 
 teen of these are distinguished 
 by the /or/n of the corols ; as, 1. 
 Jnfundibiliformis. 2. Personalty 
 &.C. The other 3 classes are ape- 
 talous and distinguished by hav- 
 ing stainenSf but no apparent Jlois- 
 
 ,v.. 
 
 -AXi. 
 
M U L 
 
 ers nor apparent seed. The Tree 
 kinds are divided into 5 classes. 
 
 Mid'rib, The main or middle rib 
 of a leaf running from the stem 
 to the apex. 
 
 Milia'ris. In the form of millet 
 seed. 
 
 Minia'tus. Scarlet, verraiilion co- 
 lour. 
 
 Mi7iutis'si7niis. Extremely small 
 or minute. 
 
 RlissiLE-TONGUE. When the ani- 
 mal can thrust the tongue far out 
 of the mouth. 
 
 Mi'tre-form. Tcrnjinatingin two 
 divisions, in some measure re- 
 sembling a bishop's mitre. 
 
 MoL^REs. Grinders. Teeth far- 
 thest back — double teeth, 
 
 Molendina'cca. Alany winged. 
 
 Mol'lis. Soft. 
 
 J^IoLLuscoDs ANIMAL?. Thosc that 
 have the raedulary masses, in 
 which the sentient principle re- 
 sides, inveloped in a soft body ; 
 as the oyster. 
 
 MONADEL'PHIA. {Monos, one-, 
 adelphos, brother.) See p, 13. 
 
 MoNADELPHous. Belonging to, 
 or varying into, the class viona- 
 delphia. 
 
 MONAN'DRIA. (Moiws, one ; 
 aner, male) See p. 12. 
 
 Monil'iform. See granulate. Glo- 
 bular joints of antennae. 
 
 JVIonocotile'do:<s. See cotyle- 
 don. 
 
 MOjNCE'CIA. (Monos, one ; oikos, 
 house.) See p. 14. 
 
 Monce'cious, monoi'cus. Belong- 
 ing to, or varying into the class 
 nioncecia. 
 
 MOjYOGYK'IA. {Moms, one ; 
 gune, female.) See p. 16. 
 
 Mdnopet'alous. The whole co- 
 rol in one piece. Sometimes it 
 is so deeply parted, that it ap- 
 pears to be polypetalous until it 
 is pulled off and closely examin- 
 ed at the base. In most mono- 
 petalous corols, the stamens are 
 attached to the tube, They are 
 
 9* 
 
 divided into bell-form, funnel- 
 form, salver-form, wheel-form, 
 and labiate, which see. 
 
 Monophyl'lous. (Mon'os, one ; 
 phuUon, a leaf.) One-leafed. A 
 calyx all in one piece. All the 
 calyxes in the class icosandria 
 are of this kind. They are often 
 so deeply divided, that a student 
 may mistake them forpolyphyl- 
 lous, without particular atten- 
 tion. 
 
 Monopieryg'ia. See wings. One 
 winged. 
 
 Monopyrc'nus. Enclosing but one 
 nut or stone. 
 
 Monospcr'mus. One seed to a 
 flower. 
 
 MoTLOstac'hyos. (Monos, onc J sta- 
 chus, spike.) Single spiked. 
 
 Mon'strous. Plants producing 
 any part dilFerent from the same 
 part, when growing wild. As 
 the rose has but five petals in a 
 wild state ; but, by rich cultiva- 
 tion in gardens, the stamens are 
 mostly changed to petals. Car- 
 nations and peony are exam- 
 ples also, These are all mon- 
 sters. See florist and full-flow- 
 ered. 
 
 Monta'nus. Growing most natur- 
 ally on mountains. 
 
 Moon'form. See crescent-form. 
 
 Mos'ses. See musci. 
 
 3I0DTH. See faux. 
 
 Mu'cidus. Resembling moaldi- 
 ness, or mucor. 
 
 Mu'cROSATE, mucrona'tus. Hav- 
 ing a rounded end, tipped with 
 a prickle ; which often appears 
 rather an extension of the mid- 
 rib. 
 
 Mule. See hybrid. 
 
 Multnngula'ris. Many-angled, 
 
 Having several corners or ridg- 
 es. 
 
 MuKicapsula' ris. Many-capsuled, 
 Several capsules to each flower, 
 
 Multicau'lis. Producing many 
 stems. 
 
 MuUidenta'tus. Many-toothed. 
 
NAT 
 
 Mul'tifid, Mullif'idus. Many- 
 clett. 
 
 MuUiJlo'rus. Many-flowered. 
 
 Multil'obus. Many-lobed. 
 
 Multilocula'ris. Many-celled. 
 
 Multipar'tite. MuUiparti'tus. 
 Many-parted. 
 
 Mul'liplex. Many-fold. Having 
 petals lying over each other in 
 two rows, 
 
 Mtjl'tiplied, multiplica'tus. See 
 full-flowered. 
 
 Multisiliquo'siis. Many pods pro- 
 ceeding from the same point. 
 
 MuLtivALVE, multhal'vis. A 
 gldrae with many chaffs or 
 valves. Applied to shells it em- 
 bracQs thp order, which has 
 more than two shells to each 
 animal. 
 
 Multot'ies. Often times. 
 
 Mu'niens. Leaves drooping down 
 and hanging over the stem, kc. 
 at night. 
 
 JMuni'tus. See fenced. 
 
 Mu'ricate, murica'tus. Armed 
 with sharp spines. Covered with 
 su'bulate prickles. 
 
 J\fUS'CIf MOSSES. The second or- 
 der of the c]as9 crypfognmia. All 
 mosses have lids on the capsules. 
 Seep. 18 &27. 
 
 Mut'icus. Seeawnless. 
 
 Mv'rihATET), mutila'tus. Not pro- 
 ducing parts with their full com- 
 plete forms. 
 
 N. 
 
 Na'ked. Wanting a covering 
 analagous to that of most plants. 
 As stem without leaves, leaves 
 without pubescence, corol with- 
 out a calyx, seed without a jieri- 
 earp, receptacle without chaft\ 
 pubescence, fcc. 
 
 J>fa'nus„ Dwarfish, very small. 
 
 Nap. See lomentose. Downy or 
 like fur. 
 
 J^apifor'ynis. Resembling a tur- 
 nip. 
 
 J^a'tant, nat'aw. Floating. When 
 
 the plant is fixed by the root at 
 the bottom and its leaves float 
 on the toj^ of the water, as the 
 pond lily, (nymphsea.) Animals 
 with the faculty of swimming'. 
 
 Na'tions. See gentes. 
 
 Na'tive. Originally of that coun- 
 try. Not introduced. 
 
 Nat'cral char'acter. The de- 
 scription of the parts of fructifi- 
 cation at large ; without regard 
 to any method : or at least so 
 given as to be capable of being 
 used under any method. See 
 descriptions. 
 
 Nat'ural class. See natural or- 
 ders. 
 
 Nat'ural his'tory. That de- 
 partment of science, which 
 treats of the productions of na- 
 ture as they come from the hand 
 of the Creator ; without any de- 
 composition or chemical chang- 
 es. 
 
 It is generally divided into 
 three branches. 
 
 1. Zool'ogy. Which includes 
 all animals ; as Beasts, Birds, 
 Reptiles, Fishes, Insects, Snails, 
 Clams, Worms and Corals. 
 
 2. Bot'any. Which includes 
 all plants. As Palms, Grasses, 
 Lilies, Herbs, Trees, Ferns, 
 Mosses, Liverworts, Seaweeds 
 and Mushrooms. 
 
 3. Mineral'ogy. Which in- 
 cludes the unorganized mass of 
 our globe. As Pit-coal, Com- 
 mon Salt, Flint, Lime, Clay, 
 Iron-ore, Silver-ore, Lead-ore, 
 &>c. 
 
 Nat'ural or'ders. An arrange- 
 ment of plants according totheip 
 natural aflinities. Such an ar- 
 rangement is of great use both 
 in finding out a plant, and exam- 
 ining its relations and qualities. 
 See p. 22 &i2o. 
 
 Linneus supposed that plants 
 of the same natural order pos- 
 sessed similar medical qualities. 
 But the odour of plants must be 
 taken into consideration ; as aU 
 
O B L 
 
 nauseous'scented umbelliferous 
 plants are })oisonous, while the 
 sweet-scented are pleasant sto- 
 machics, &iC. 
 
 Na'velled. See umbilicatus, 
 
 Navic'ular, iiavicula'ris. See 
 boat-form. 
 
 Nayant. Floating. "When animals 
 float, without the eff'ort of swim- 
 ming, they are navant. 
 
 J\'ECESSA'RIA, polygamia. See 
 p. 18. 
 
 Neck. The upper part of the tube 
 of a corol. 
 
 Nectarif'erous. Bearing necta- 
 ries. Producing honey. 
 
 Nec'tary, necta'rium. The part 
 of a flower, which secretes hon- 
 ey. It is either a distinct horn, 
 gland, spur, scale, cup, &c. or 
 the claw or some other part of 
 the corol secreting honey. This 
 name is applied to any appen- 
 dage to the flower, which has no 
 other name. 
 
 JS'emorosus. Growing naturally in 
 groves, where the under brush 
 is cleared away. 
 
 PvKRVo'sE, ner'ved, ncrfo'siis. 
 Leaves are nerved, when they 
 have rib-like fibres running from 
 the base towards the apes. In 
 numbering nerves for a specific 
 character, the midrib is counted 
 with the lateral nerves. 
 
 Neu'tral. Having neither sta- 
 mens nor pistils, consequently 
 barren ; as the ray-florets of the 
 sun-flower. 
 
 Nick'ed. Seeemarginate. 
 
 NiCTXTANT MEMBRANE. A Semi- 
 
 transparent membrane, which 
 
 covers the eyes of some animals 
 
 at pleasure. 
 m'dulam. Nesting. When seeds 
 
 are placed in cotton, &.c. as in a 
 
 nest. 
 J\rig'er. Black. 
 Aig'ricans. Blackish, sooty. 
 JWgro-ccerul'eus. Dark-blue. 
 JS'i'nts formati'vus. That principle 
 
 of vital energy, which tends to 
 
 Restore lost or injured parts. 
 
 Nit'idus. Glossy, glittering. 
 
 JViv'eus. Snow-white. 
 
 Nod'ding. See nutans. 
 
 Node, J\'o'dus. See knot. Used 
 by Barton for internode. Fl. 
 Ph. p. 61. 
 
 Nodule. A spheroidal mass of any 
 mineral substance. 
 
 Ao'mcn, name. See generic name 
 and specific name. 
 
 Notch'ed. See crenate. 
 
 A'ti'dilus. Grey and white, cloudy. 
 Resembling cumulous clouds. 
 See cumulus. 
 
 JYucamen'twn. See ament. 
 
 Ntj'ciFORM. Resembling a nut. 
 
 Kuc'hus. Nut or kernel. The in- 
 ner seed or kernel is properly 
 the nucleus ; and its hard shell 
 is the putamen. But the whole 
 including both putamen and 
 nucleus, is the nut, nux. 
 
 JS'u'dus. See naked. 
 
 JVudius' cuius. Nakedish. 
 
 J\'ul'lus. None. 
 
 J\'u77iero'si. Many. An indefinite 
 number. 
 
 Nuni'erus. A determinate num- 
 ber. 
 
 Nut, nux. See nucleus. 
 
 Nu'tant, A'u'tans. Nodding. 
 AVhen above half of whatever it 
 is applied to, droops or hangs 
 down. See pendulus. 
 
 Kuta'tio. The various inclinations 
 of the parts arising from the ef- 
 fect of the sun's rays. 
 
 o. 
 
 Oh, ohvcr'se. Reversed or Invert- 
 ed. Often combined with ovate, 
 cordate, kc. as obcordate, in» 
 versely heart-form. 
 
 Obcon'ic. Conic with the point, 
 or apex, downwards. 
 
 Obcor'date. Heart-form, with 
 the apex next to the stem, or 
 place of insertion. 
 
 Oelance'olate. Lanceolate with 
 the base the narrowest. 
 
 Obli'que, obli'quus. A position 
 between horizontal and vertin 
 
ORB 
 
 cal ; or between perpendicular 
 and the plane of the base. It is 
 also applied to leaves, petals, 
 calyxes, &.c. which are, as it 
 were, cut obliquely ; or whose 
 bases are shorter on one side 
 than on the other. 
 
 Oblong, oblon'gus. Having the 
 length twice or more than that 
 of the breadth, with the opposite 
 sides somewhat parallel. 
 
 Oblongius' cuius. Somewhat ob- 
 long. 
 
 Obo'val, obova'lis. If it differs 
 at all from obovate, it must be 
 more nearly oval — having the 
 ends nearer equal in width. 
 
 Obo'vate. Ovate, with the nar- 
 rowest end towards the stem or 
 place of insertioji. 
 
 Obscure. Obscurely. 
 
 Obsolete, ob'soletely, obsole'- 
 tus,obsole'te. When teeth, notch- 
 es, serrature.s, ^c. are obscure 
 and appear as if worn out. 
 
 Obtu'se. Obtusely. 
 
 Obtu'se. See obtusus. 
 
 Obtu se-acumina lus. Blunt with 
 a small point. 
 
 Obtusius' cuius. Oblusish. 
 
 Obtu'sus, obtu'se. Ending blunt- 
 ly, or in an apex more or less 
 rounded. 
 
 Obver'sui obver'se. See ob. 
 
 Ob'voldte, obvolu'tus. A term in 
 foliation ; applied to leaves 
 where two opposite ones are 
 conduplicate, with one edge of 
 each leaf between the edges of 
 the other. 
 
 Occipital. Pertaining to the back 
 part of the head. 
 
 Ocellate. Eye-like spots, as on 
 the wings of some butterflies. 
 
 Occlu'sus. Closed. 
 
 Oc'hrea. A cylindric sheath or sti- 
 pule. It is applied to the mem- 
 branaceous stipules of most of 
 the species of Polygonum ; al- 
 so of some species of Cyperus. 
 
 OCTANDRIA. (Odo, eight ;aner, 
 male.) See p. 13. 
 
 Octan'drous, Belonging to, or 
 
 varying into, the class octan- 
 dria. 
 
 Octo'fidus, Eight-cleft. 
 
 OCTOGY^'IA. {Octo, eight ; 
 gune, female.) See p. 16. 
 
 Octolocula'ris. 8-celled. 
 
 Octopet'alus. 8-petalled. 
 
 Octophyl'lus. 8- leaved. 
 
 Odora'tus. Scented, odorous. 
 
 Officinalis. Such plants as are 
 sold in the shops for some use, 
 either in medicine or the arts. 
 
 OiD, Oi'des. When this terminates 
 a word it imports resemblance 
 to the part or plant to whose 
 name it is annexed. Petaloid, 
 resembling- a petal ; thalictroi- 
 des, resembling a Thalictrum, 
 kc. 
 
 Oligosper'mus. Few-seeded. 
 
 One-si' ded. Flowers, k.c. on one 
 side of a stem, k.c. 
 
 Opaque, opn'cus. Neither trans- 
 parent nor shining. 
 
 Oper'culate, opercula'tus. Hay- 
 ing a lid. 
 
 Oper'culum, The lid or covering 
 on the capsule of mosses. This 
 is generally covered by the ca- 
 lyptre when young. After the 
 calyptro is gone and the seeds 
 are ripe, the lid falls also. This 
 term is also applied to the cover- 
 ing of other capsules, resembling 
 the lids of mosses. When ap- 
 plied to Conchology, it means a 
 cartilaginous, crusty, or shelly 
 appendage to the animal by 
 which it closes its shell after 
 its body is drawn into a univalve 
 shell, 
 
 Op'posite, opposi'fus. Standing 
 at the same height with base 
 against base, on different sides 
 of a stem. 
 
 Oppos'ile. Oppositely. 
 
 Oppositifol'ius, Set opposite to the 
 base of a leaf; as some pedun- 
 cles and stipules are placed. 
 
 Oppos'ite-pinna'tus. Leafets of a 
 pinnate leaf set opposite to each 
 other, 
 
 Orbicula'ris, Nearly circular, 
 
PAP 
 
 Orhillcc. See orbs. Little orbs. 
 
 Orbs. That kind of receptacle of 
 lichens, which is flat, orbicular 
 and dilated, of the substance of 
 the frond, terminal, peltate, with- 
 out a border, but often surround- 
 ed with radiating shoots. The 
 membrane, or disk, under which 
 the seeds are lodged, is smooth, 
 nearly of the colour of the frond. 
 Spurious orbs, bordered like 
 shields or spangles when young, 
 are sometimes found in the ge- 
 nus cornicularia. — Smith. 
 
 Orchid'eous co'rol. Like the or- 
 chis ; having4 arched petals, and 
 the fifth longer. 
 
 Or'gya. Fathom. See measures. 
 
 Or'ifice. Any hole or opening 
 into a capsule, corol, &ic. 
 
 Orkithology. That department of 
 zoology, which treats of birds. 
 
 Os. See faux. Mouth, jaws. 
 
 Os'sEous. Bony, hard. 
 
 Oval, ova'lis. The length exceed- 
 ing the breadth in any propor- 
 tion, with the two ends of an 
 equal breadth, curvature and 
 form, or nearly so ; the sides 
 curving from end to end, 
 
 Ova'rium. Used by Nuttall for an 
 ovate germ. 
 
 0'vA.TE. Egg-form. The length 
 exceeding the breadth, in any 
 proportion, the end next to the 
 stem, exceeding the other in 
 breadth; the sides curving from 
 end to end. 
 
 Oviparous. Animals produced 
 from eggs, as birds, fish, &,c. 
 
 OvoiDAL. Somewhat egg-shaped. 
 
 Ovum. An egg. 
 
 P. 
 
 Pa'gina. The surface of a leaf. 
 The upper surface is pagina su- 
 perior ; the lower surface, pa- 
 gina inferior. 
 
 Pal'ate. a prominence, process 
 or elevation in the lower lip of 
 a labiate corol, which tends 
 more or less to close the throat. 
 
 Pal'ca. See chaff. 
 
 Palea'ceous. See chaflTy. 
 Palma'ris. Hand's breadth. 
 Pal'mati:, palrna'liis. Dividetl 
 deeply and spreading, so as lo 
 resemble the hand with spread 
 fingers. When the divisions are 
 very narrow and almost down 
 to the stem of a leaf, it is called 
 pedaie, from its supposed resem- 
 blance to a bird's foot. Some 
 pedaie leaves are hardly con- 
 nected at allatibe base, and al- 
 most run into the compound rft- 
 gitate leaf. 
 Palpi. Feelers. Processes or fi- 
 bres attached to the mouths of 
 insects. 
 Palustris. Growing naturally in 
 
 swamps and marshes. 
 Pandurifor'mii. Guitar-form, or 
 fiddle-form. Oblong, broadish 
 near the base and contracted 
 on the sides. 
 Pan'icle, panic'ula. When the 
 peduncles along the sides of the 
 main peduncle of a raceme, are 
 divided, it takes the name of pa- 
 nicle; as oats. But if it is still 
 in a close, compact form, it is 
 called a thyrse, as the lilac. 
 Pan'icled, panicula'tus. Dispos- 
 ed in the form of a panicle ; or 
 bearing panicles. 
 Papiliona'ceous. (Papilio,h but- 
 terfly.) Butterfly-form ; as the 
 pea-flower. ^Yhen complete, it 
 consists of the banner, the upper 
 petal which generally spreads 
 over or above the others ; the 
 wings, the two side petals, next 
 below the banner; the keel, the 
 lower boat-form petal, general- 
 ly enclosing the stamens and 
 pistil. It io sometimes called the 
 pea-bloom flower. 
 Papilla. Fleshy process or 
 
 point. 
 Papillo'se, papillo'siis. (Papilla, 
 a nipple.) Covered with fleshy 
 points or protuberances. See 
 verrucose. 
 Pappo'se, pappo'ms. Bearing pap- 
 pus or aigrette. 
 
PEL 
 
 Pap'pus. See aigrette. Seed 
 down. 
 
 Papulo'se, papulo'sus. (Papula, 
 a pimple.) Pimply, bladdery 
 or blistered. 
 
 Parabol'ic. Conic, with the top 
 rounded off, considerably below 
 where it would terminate in the 
 apex, if completed in the conic 
 form. 
 
 Par' ALL-EX., parallel' Ins. Two lines 
 or opposite sides, running near- 
 ly equal distances from each 
 other. The opposite edges of a 
 leaf are parallel when the leaf 
 is linear. 
 
 Parasit'ic. Drawingsupportfrom 
 another plant. Growing out of 
 another ; as the dodder. 
 
 Paren'chyma. A succulent vege- 
 table substance ; as the thick 
 part of leaves between the op- 
 posite cuticles, the substance 
 around the pith of herbs, the pul- 
 py part of apples, he. 
 
 Pari'etal, parieta'lis. Walled 
 around. Having an enclosing or 
 encircling ring. 
 
 Par'ted, parti'tus. Deeply divid- 
 ed, almost to the base. 
 
 Par'tes prima' ria. The three pri- 
 mary parts of a vegetable are : 
 
 1. The root, or descending part. 
 
 2. The herbage, or ascending 
 part, except ; 3. The fructijica- 
 /ton, comprising the flower and 
 fruit. 
 
 Par'tial, parlia'lis. Particular, 
 not general. Applying to an 
 entire part of a general whole. 
 The perianth, involucre, petiole, 
 &.C. of one floret, or of a sepa- 
 rate part of all the florets, which 
 with others constitute a com- 
 pound or aggregate. The pe- 
 rianth, involucre, Lc. to the 
 whole is called general or uni- 
 versal. 
 
 Par'tible, parli'bilis. Easily se- 
 parating into parts. Bipartible, 
 into 2 parts. Tripartible, into 3 
 part«, &.C. 
 
 JPartit'ion. The membrane, &,c. 
 
 which divides pericarps into 
 cells. It is parallel, when it 
 unites with the valves, where 
 they unite with each other. It 
 is contrary or transverse, when it 
 meets a valve in the middle, or 
 in any part not at its suture, or 
 juncture with another. 
 
 PateVlulcB. See spangles. 
 
 Pa'tens. Spreading so as to form 
 a moderately acute angle ; con- 
 siderably less than a right one, 
 or a square. 
 
 Pateniis'simus. Spreading almost 
 to a right angle. 
 
 Pat'ulus. Somewhat spreading. 
 Open, loose. 
 
 Pau'ci. Few in number, 
 
 Paucijio' rus dind paucifol'ius. Few- 
 flowered and few-leaved. 
 
 Pe'a-bloom. See papilionaceous, 
 
 Pec'tinate, pec'tinated, pecti- 
 na'tus. So finely pinnate orpin-, 
 natifid as to resemble the teeth 
 of a comb. 
 
 Pectoral kins. A pair growing 
 on each side of the thorax, or 
 breast. 
 
 Peda'lis. About afoot high. 
 
 Pie'vate, peda'lus. See palmate. 
 Bird-foot like. 
 
 P T.D XT 'it ID, pcdatif'idus. Nearly 
 the same as pedate ; perhaps 
 hardly so deep-cut. 
 
 Ped'icel, pedicellus. A partial pe- 
 duncle. 
 
 Pei)'icelled, Pedicel'latb, pe- 
 aifella'tus. Having a pedicel. 
 
 Pe'duncle. See pedunculus. — 
 Flower stem. 
 
 Pe'duncled, peduncula'tus. Har-i 
 ing apeduncle. 
 
 Peduncula'ris. Appertaining to, 
 or fixed on, a peduncle. 
 
 Pedunculus, pe'duncle. The stena 
 bearing the flower and fruit, 
 which does not spring naked 
 from the root. Those which 
 spring immediately from the root 
 without leaves, are called scape. 
 As the dandelion has a scape, the 
 apple a peduncle. 
 
 Fkll' I CLE, pellic'ula. Athinmemr 
 
PER 
 
 brane-like substance. The close 
 covering of some seeds ; some- 
 times it is a iiitle mucilaginous 
 or downy. 
 
 Pellucid. Transparent, translu- 
 cent, or limpid. 
 
 Pel'tce. See targets. 
 
 Pel'tate, pelta'lus. Having the 
 petiole attached to the under 
 side of the leaf. Tn all cases of 
 leaves and flat stigmas, when the 
 petiole or style is attached to the 
 disk instead of the margin, they 
 are peltate ; as the leaf of nas- 
 turtion and the stigmaof the yel- 
 low water-lily. 
 
 Pen'dant. Hanging down. 
 
 Pen'dulous. When the whole of 
 the part droops, or hangs down. 
 
 Pen'cil-form, pencil' lif or 'mis. 
 Shaped like a painter's pencil, 
 or little round paint-brush. 
 
 Pentacoc'cus. A 5-grained cap- 
 sule. 
 
 TzsTAGo'v &.L, pentago'nus. Five- 
 cornered. 
 
 PEjYTAGY.X'IA. (Pente, five; 
 irune, female.) See p. 16. 
 
 PENTANDRIA. (Penle, five; 
 aner, male.) See p. 17. 
 
 Pentan'drous. Belonging to, or 
 varying into, the class pentan- 
 dria. 
 
 Pentapdalus. 5-petalled. 
 
 Pentapteryg'ia. See wings. Five- 
 winged. 
 
 Ptntaphyl'lus. 5-leaved. 
 
 Perching. A bird having grasp- 
 ing feet. 
 
 Peregri'nus. Foreign, strange, 
 wandering. 
 
 Peren'nial, peren'nis. Continu- 
 ing more than two years. 
 
 PerexVlis.- Slender. 
 
 Per'fect flow'er. Having both 
 stamens and pistils. 
 
 Perfoliate, ;jer/b/ia7u5. Perfor- 
 ating a leaf. Having the stem 
 running through the leaf. But 
 the leaf is not formed by the 
 union of opposite bases, as in 
 the bonesd (eupatorium ;) for in 
 this case the leaves are connate. 
 
 It is npplied to antennae whtn 
 the muin thread passes through 
 the joints. 
 
 Perfoliate is sometimes the 
 specific name where the leaves 
 are nearly connate (as eupato- 
 rium perloiiatum ;) and even 
 where the leaves are merely 
 clasping (as campanula perfo- 
 liata.) 
 
 Per'forate, Per'forated, per- 
 fora'ius. Having holes as if 
 pricked through. Punctate may 
 differ in presenting spots like 
 points, wiiich are not holes. Per- 
 tuse perhaps is synonymous with 
 perforated. These dots may be 
 seen by holding St. John's wort 
 and many other leaves to the 
 light. This term is applied to 
 stignaas, drupes, &c. 
 
 Perianth, perian'tkum. (Peri, 
 about ; antlios, flower.) That kind 
 of calyx, which is immediately 
 adjoining the corol, stamens and 
 pistil, or to such of these organs 
 as are present. It is superior, 
 when it grows on the germ ; it 
 is inferior, when it grows out 
 from below the germ. See mo- 
 nophyllous and polyphyllous. 
 
 Pek'icarp, pericarpium. (Peri, 
 about ; karpos, fruit.) Seed- 
 case. Any bag, shell, pod, pulp, 
 berry, or other substance, ep- 
 closing the seed. 
 
 Per'icheth, pericha'tium. (Peri, 
 about; chaite, crest.) An invo- 
 lucre surrounding the base of 
 the peduncle of mosses, among 
 the leafets, but differing from 
 them in form. See calyptre. 
 
 Peri'dium. A round membrane- 
 ous dry case, enclosing the 
 seeds in some angiocarp fungus- 
 ses. 
 
 Per'igone. A periant calyx, or 
 corol. 
 
 Per'isperm. a substitute for peri- 
 carp. — Nuttall. 
 
 Perispor'ium. Capsule. Nuttall 
 uses it to express a chaffy cover- 
 ing to seed. 
 
P I s 
 
 Peristom'ium. The fringe, teeth, 
 or membrane, around the mouth 
 of the capsules of mosses, under 
 the lid. 
 
 Perithicium. A perianth-like or- 
 gan surrounding the seed-cases 
 of lichens, or capsules of mosses 
 and fungi. 
 
 Permanent. Any part of a plant 
 is permanent, which remains 
 longer compared with other 
 parts of the same plant, than is 
 usual for similar parts in most 
 plants. As the calyx of the 
 quince remains on the end of the 
 fruit, till it ripens. 
 
 Perpusil'lum. Very little. 
 
 Ptrsis'tens. See permanent and 
 ring. 
 
 Per'sonate, persona'tus. See la- 
 biate. Muffled, lipped flower. 
 
 Pertu'se, pertu'sus. Punched. — 
 See perforated. 
 
 Pes. See measures. One foot. 
 
 Pe'tal, pet'alum. The coloured 
 leaf or leaves of the corol. The 
 petal of a raonopelalous corol is 
 divided into the tube and limb; 
 which see. Each petal of a po- 
 lypetalous corol is divided into 
 the claw and lamina ; which see. 
 
 Pe'tal-form, petalifor'mis. Re- 
 sembling a petal in shape. 
 
 Pdali'nus. Attached to, or being 
 p^rt of, a petal. 
 
 Pe'taloid, petaloi'des. Having 
 petals, resembling petals. 
 
 PE'TioLE,;7ei;o'/us. The footstalk 
 nf a leaf. Leaves which have no 
 footstems are sessile. 
 
 Petiola'te, PETioLEn, peiiola'- 
 tus. Having a petiole. 
 
 Pttlol'uluu A partial petiole, 
 which connects the leafotto the 
 main petiole ; as the butternut. 
 
 PiiEifoo'AMOUs, (of phaino, to 
 shew.) Having the stamens and 
 pistil? sufficiently apparent for 
 classification. Applied to all 
 plants, not incluiled in the class 
 cryptogamia. 
 
 PImni'ceut. Purple, dark-red. 
 
 Phvtol'ogv. (Phule, a plants 
 
 lo;^os, a treatise or discourse.) 
 The science which treats of the 
 princiffles of vegetables. It is 
 nearly synonymous with ihephy- 
 siology of vegetables. 
 
 Pic'eus. Blueish-black, resembling 
 dark pitch. 
 
 Pi'leus. The hat of a fungus. The 
 top and most spreading part. It 
 may be without stype, and thus 
 constitute the whole ascending 
 part. It always contains the 
 seeds, though it requires the high- 
 est magnifiers to discover them 
 in most cases. See Lamella. 
 
 Pilid'ia. See puffs. 
 
 Pilif'erous. Bearing hairs. 
 
 Pillar. Columella. The column 
 of a univalve shell. 
 
 YiLO' si: ypilo'sui. Hairy, Having 
 distinct straitish hairs. Pappus 
 is pilose, or it is simple, when 
 each hair is without any lateral 
 branches. See aigrette. 
 
 Pil'us. A hair. An excretory duct 
 of a bristly form, leading off a 
 fluid. See sting. 
 
 Pim'pled. See papulose. 
 
 pin' na. A wing-feather. It is ap- 
 plied toleafets, which resemble 
 feathers by their positions. 
 
 Pin'nate, ;7J7i/2a'/u5. Winged, or 
 feathered. Leaves are pinnate, 
 when distinct leafets are arrang- 
 ed along opposite sides of a sim- 
 ple petiole. See bipinnate and 
 tripinnate. 
 
 Pinnat'ifid, pinnatif'idus. Cut- 
 winged. Leaves are pinnatifid, 
 when, instead of leafets as in 
 pinnate leaves, segments or di- 
 visions of a leaf are along oppo- 
 site sides of the midrib. Pinnate 
 are compound, but pinnatifid 
 are simple; because the divis- 
 ions never reach the midrib. 
 "When pinnatifid leafets are on 
 a pinnate leaf, it is called pin- 
 nate-pinnalijid. 
 
 Pis TiLLATE flow'er. Having 
 pistils only, without stamens ; 
 as the flower of the fertile cu- 
 cumber. 
 
POL 
 
 IPis'til, piitil'lum. The central 
 organ of most flowers. It 
 generally consists of the ger- 
 men, style and stigma. But the 
 style is frequently wanting; then 
 the stigma is seated on the germ, 
 or sessile. The stigma receives 
 pollen from the anther, and, in 
 some manner not yet discover- 
 ed, fertilizes the germ. With- 
 out this operation, no perfect 
 seeds are produced. See flower, 
 style and stigma. 
 
 Pistillif erom. See pistillate. 
 
 PiTCHER-FORM. See urceolate. 
 
 Pith. The spongy substance in 
 the centre of the stems and roots 
 of most plants. Most woody 
 stems have no appearance of a 
 pith after they become old. 
 
 PjTS, (syphella?.) That kind of re- 
 ceptacle of lichens, which con- 
 sists of open, cup-like, naked, 
 white or yellow little spots, on 
 the under side of the frond ; 
 which is generally downy. They 
 are at first immersed, globose, 
 minute dots, which at length 
 burst with irregular margins, 
 and discharge a powder. 
 
 Pit'ted. See lacunose. 
 
 Placen'la. Fleshy receptacle. 
 
 Placekta'tiox. The disposition 
 of the cotyledons in the germi- 
 nation of the seeds. 
 
 Pla'ited. Folded somewhat like 
 a fan, when nearly full spread. 
 In foliation it is more closely 
 folded. 
 
 Flake. Flat, with an even sur- 
 face. 
 
 Pla'no-con'vex. Convex or 
 roundish on one side and flat 
 the other. 
 
 Plant. Any substance growing 
 from seed. As tree, grass, puff- 
 ball, mould. See vegetable. 
 
 Ph'nus-Jios. See full-flowered. 
 
 Plica'lui. See plaited. Folded 
 Kke a fan. 
 
 Plumo'se. Feather-like. 
 
 Plcmo'sx, pap'pui. Feather-like 
 down. When a hair has other 
 
 hairs arranged on opposite sides 
 of it. Applied to a mineral hav- 
 ing fibres diverging from a line 
 or kind of midrib. 
 
 Plu'mula. The ascending part of 
 a plant at its first germination. 
 
 Plu'rimus. Very many. 
 
 Pod. Thatkind of pericarp which 
 is composed of two valves with 
 the seeds attached to one orbotix 
 sutures, or a longitudinal parti- 
 tion at the edges immediately 
 adjoining the sutures. The pod 
 is either a legume or sllique. 
 
 Po'Je'tia, The peduncles of lich- 
 ens, whether hollow or sol id. 
 
 Poin'tal. See pistil. Central or- 
 gans of a flower. 
 
 PoisERs. Globules on slender 
 stems under the wings of some 
 dipterous insects. 
 
 Poi'soNs. The definition of poi- 
 sons and the manner of their 
 operations has not yet been satis- 
 factorily explained. It will here 
 be no farther noticed, than as it 
 respects vegetables. See natur- 
 al orders, and p. 50. 
 
 Poi'soNous vzg'etables. Per- 
 sons of all descriptions have fre- 
 quent occasion to make some 
 use of plants, w'hen they are not 
 in a situation minutely to inves- 
 tigate their nature and qualities. 
 As many plants are narr,otic and 
 injurious to the human consti- 
 tution, it is very convenient to 
 have at hand, or in the memory, 
 a few concise rules on this sub- 
 ject. Such have been selected 
 with great care, and set dona 
 at p. 50. 
 
 PoLLEy. See p. 5. On bein*; 
 viewed through a magnifier, 
 they are found of various form?. 
 In the sunflower, it is a prickly 
 ball ; in geranium, perforated : 
 in comfrey, double ; in mallows, 
 a toothed wheel ; in violet, an- 
 gular ; in daffodil, kidney-form, 
 Lc. 
 
 Pollin'ia. Rolls or masses of pol- 
 len, not included in cells of an- 
 
 10 
 
PRO 
 
 thers of the common form and 
 texture ; as of the orchis, as- 
 clepias, Lc. — Nuttall. 
 
 Pollinif'erous. Bearing pollen. 
 
 POLYADEL'PHIA. {Polns, ma- 
 ny ; adtlphos, brother.) See Re- 
 jected classes. 
 
 Polyauel'i'Hods. Belonging to, 
 or varying into, the class poly- 
 adeljihia. 
 
 POLYAxN'DRIA. (Polus, many ; 
 aner, male.) Seep. 13. 
 
 Polyan'okous. Belonging to, or 
 varying into, the class polyan- 
 dria. 
 
 PoLYCOTyLED'oNous. Plants with 
 more than two cotyledons. See 
 coty-edon. 
 
 POLYGA'MIA. (Polus, many ; 
 o^amo5, marriage.) IMany unions. 
 The name of the twenty-third 
 class as established by Linneus. 
 It comprises all plants, which 
 have some perfect flowers, and 
 otiiers which are sfaminate and 
 pistillate, or both kinds. This 
 class is divided into three orders. 
 1. Monecia, having perfect flow- 
 ers and either staminale or pis- 
 tillate ones or both on the same 
 plants. 2. Dicecin, having per- 
 fect flowers on some plants, and 
 either sfaminate or pistillate 
 flowers on others, of the same 
 species. 3. Trioec/a, having per- 
 fect flowers on some plants, sta- 
 minate on others, and y)istillate 
 on others of the same species. 
 This class, like the 18th, is abo- 
 lished by Persoon and others, 
 and the plants under it distribut- 
 ed among the other classes. 
 President Smith thinks it ought 
 to be discarded. 
 Pot.yg'amous. Varying into, or 
 inclining to, the class po/^gamia. 
 Polygo'nus. Many cornered, or 
 
 many-angled. 
 POLYGYJV'IA. (Po/ua, many J 
 
 gune, female.) See p. 16. 
 Poltmor'phods. Presenting vari- 
 ous forms and appearances. 
 Polypjct'alods. Ma ny-pe tailed. 
 
 If the corol consists of more ! 
 than one petal, it is polypetal- ' 
 ous. ^ 
 Polyphyllous. Many-leaved. A 
 calyx of more than one distinct 
 piece is polyphyllous. i 
 
 Polypre'vus. Enclosing more than 
 one nut, or stone. 
 
 Poli/sper'yna. Many-seeded. 
 
 Polyslach'ius. Many-spiked. 
 
 Pome, po'mum. A pulpy pericarp 
 without valves, which contains 
 within it a capsule. See berry, 
 and note the diflTerence. Apples, 
 quinces, k.c. are pomes. 
 
 Pomif'erus. Bearing pomes, or 
 apple-like fruit. 
 
 Po' Rovt>, poro'sus. Full of holes, 
 cellules, or tubular openings. 
 
 Porrec'lus. Lengthened out, 
 
 stretched, straitened. 
 
 Posterior slope. See slope. 
 
 Prce'cox. Rare-ripe. Coming to 
 maturity early in the season. 
 Flowering before leafing. 
 
 Pr.'emor'se, Pramor'sus. Bitten 
 oflf. Terminating bluntly, as if 
 bitten off. As the root of the pe- 
 date or birdfoot violet. 
 
 Pras'inus. Green, like a leek. 
 
 Praten'sis. Growing naturally in 
 meadow land. 
 
 Prehensile. The tail of an ani- 
 mal, or other limb, formed for 
 coiling around other bodies for 
 the purpose of holding on by 
 them. 
 
 Preni ens. Pressing. 
 
 Prick'i.e, a sharp process fixed 
 to the bark only, not to the 
 wood : as on the raspberry, 
 rose, barberry. 
 
 Prismat'ic, prismal'icus. Linear, 
 with several flattish sides. A 
 cylinder with flat sides. 
 
 Probos'cides. Proboscis-like. Re- 
 sembling a projecting horn. 
 
 Proboscis. An elongated nose or 
 snout. It is a tubular process, 
 whether a tubular continuation 
 of the snout, as of the elephant, 
 or a tubular sucker, as of the 
 musquetoe, it is alWays adapted 
 
PUS 
 
 to the structure of the animal in I 
 furnishing itself with food. 
 
 Procerus. Tail, elevated. 
 
 Proc'ess. a projecting part. 
 
 Proccm'eent, procum'bens. Ly- 
 ing on the jjround. 
 
 Profun'de. Deeply. 
 
 pROLiF'EROus, pro'lifeT. Putting 
 forth branches or flowers from 
 the centre of the top of a pre- 
 ceding one. 
 
 Prom'jnent, pro'minens. Stand- 
 ing out more or less beyond 
 what is usual in other plants. 
 
 Pro7nin'ulus. A little prominent. 
 
 Pro'nus-dis'cus. Th« under side, 
 or back of a leaf, upwards. 
 
 Prop. See fulcrum. Tendrils and 
 other climbers. 
 
 Propaga'tiom. See flower. Ex- 
 tending plants by seeds, roots, 
 kc. 
 
 Propc'go. See gemmatio. 
 
 Propa'trula. See efflorescence. 
 
 Propen'dens. Apparently on the 
 point of falling. 
 
 Pkop'kr, prop'erus. See partial. 
 Part of a whole. 
 
 TR05'rRA.TK, prostra'tus. See pro- 
 cumbent and kumifuse. Lying 
 on the ground. 
 
 Protru'ded. See cxsert. Pro- 
 jecting out. 
 
 Protrusile. Capable of being 
 protruded. It is applied to the 
 heads of animals, which may be 
 thrust out or forward, as that of 
 the tortoise. 
 
 Prox'imus. Very near. 
 
 Prui'na. The mealiness or hoari- 
 Tiesson plums, peaches, &c, 
 
 Pruiitdse, Covered with a frost- 
 like meal. 
 
 Prn'riens. Hairs which excite 
 
 itching. 
 Psiu'do. When prefixed to a word, 
 
 it implies obsolete or false. 
 PsEUDO-MORPHOus. Falae faced. 
 It is applied to crystals which 
 are formed in, or upon, other 
 crystals and take their form. As 
 pseudo-morphous quartz crys- 
 tal!), are such as are formed in 
 
 tl)e inner castings of disintegrat- 
 ed cubic cryUals of iron pyrites, 
 or on the outside of calc spar, 
 fluor spar, k.c. 
 
 PuBEs'cE.N'T, pubes'cens. Hairy, 
 having hairs, wool, down, glan- 
 dular hairs, &ic. 
 
 PuFis, (pilidia.) That kind of re- 
 ceptacle of lichens, which con- 
 sists of little round bordered 
 knobs, whose disk finally turns 
 to powder. It is at first covered 
 with a membrane and often 
 clothed with a fine grey hoari- 
 ness. These receptacles are 
 elongated below into a stalk fix- 
 ed to tlie crust, but totally dif- 
 ferent from it. 
 
 Pul'lus. Dull brownish colour. 
 
 Pulp'y. pulpo'sus. Filled with a 
 tenacious kind of parenchyma. 
 Thick and succulent or spongy. 
 
 Pulver'ulent, pulvtrulen'lus. 
 Turning to dust. 
 
 PcLviNATus. Cushion-like. Ap- 
 plied to the pileus of a fungus, 
 which is thick and corky or 
 spongy. 
 
 pnki'nuli, (garden beds.) Cush- 
 ions. Excresences found on the 
 surface of the fronds of some 
 liciiens, sometimes clustered or 
 branched. Their use is un- 
 known. 
 
 Pu'milus. Small, low*. 
 
 PuNCH'ED. See perforated. 
 
 Punc'tate. Dotted or sprinkled 
 with coloured, generally diapha- 
 nous, specks. See perforated. 
 
 Pcnctic'ulate. Having minute 
 punctures. 
 
 Vv^'gkvt, pun' gens. Sharp, pierc- 
 ing, pricking. 
 
 Punic'cus. Scarlet-coloured. 
 
 Pi'PA. Chrysalis, nymph, amelia. 
 The quiescent state of an insect 
 after passing from the larva slate 
 and before it becomes a perfect 
 insect. 
 
 Purpuras cent. Inclining to a pur- 
 ple colour. 
 
 Purpur'eus. Purple. 
 
 Pusil'lus. Low, small, diminutive 
 
RAD 
 
 Puta'mf.n. Nut-sbell. See nucleus. 
 
 Pyramida'lis. Conic, pyramicJ- 
 forna. 
 
 Pyrifor'mis. Pear-shaped. 
 
 Pyritiferous. Bearino: iron py- 
 rites. Containing sulphuret of 
 iron. 
 
 Q. 
 
 Quadran'golar, quadrangula'ris. 
 Having four corners, or angles. 
 
 QuAPRiCAP'suLAR. Having fou r 
 capsules. 
 
 Quadridenta'tus. Four-toothed. 
 
 Q^uadrifa'rius. Facing 4 ways. 
 
 Quad'rifid, quadrijidus. Four- 
 cleft. 
 
 Quadriflo'rus. Four-flowered. 
 * ^uadrij'ugus. Four-paired. 
 
 Quadril'obus. Four-lobed. 
 
 Quadrilocula'ris. Four-celled. 
 
 Quadriner' vis. Four-nerved. 
 
 Quadriparti'tus. Four-parted. 
 
 Quadrival'vis. Four-valved, 
 
 Q^uadrivascula'ris. Four cup-form 
 cells. 
 
 Qual'ities of plants. Richard 
 says that plants of the same 
 taste and odour, are generally 
 possessed of similar qualities. 
 Also that the smell and taste are 
 always the same. He divides 
 the odours of plants into, 1. Fra- 
 grant. 2. Aromatic. 3. Ambro- 
 siac (resembling amber.) 4. Al- 
 liaceous (resembling garlic.) 5. 
 Fetid (as asafcetida, kc.) 6. .Xau- 
 seous (causing the stomach to 
 teave.) As the fragrant, the aro- 
 matic and anvbrosiac, are always 
 free from all hurtful qualities, 
 and as the fetid and nauseous 
 are generally poisonous ; it 
 seems that mankind have in 
 some measure an instinctive 
 principle by which their food is 
 to be selected. 
 
 Quater'nus. Four together in a 
 whorl. 
 
 Qut'nus. Five together in a whorl. 
 
 Qci'mate, quina'lus. Five leafets 
 on one petiole. 
 
 Quinqiinn§ulu' ris. Five-corner- 
 ed. When a leaf has five points J 
 as the cucumber. 
 
 Qui)igvecapsula'ris. Having five 
 capsules. 
 
 Quinqvecos'late. Five-nerved. 
 
 Qui7iqvef'idus. Five-cleft. 
 
 Quinquejlo'rus. Five-flowered. 
 
 Quinquej'ugus. Five-paired. 
 
 Quinqiiel'obns. Five-Iobed. 
 
 Quiiiquelocula^ris. Five-celled. 
 
 Quinquener'vis. Five-nerved. 
 
 Quinqneparti't-us. Five-parted. 
 
 Quinqueval'vis. Five-valved. 
 
 Quinquevascula'ris. Five cup? 
 form cells. 
 
 R. 
 
 Raceme, rac«'m?«. CJ?«x, abuncb 
 of grapes.) That kind of inflo- 
 rescence, wherein the florets 
 have undivided pedicels arrang- 
 ed along the sides of a general 
 peduncle. As currants. 
 
 Race'med, racemo'sus. Flowers 
 in racemes. 
 
 Rac'his, (Rachis, the back-bone.) 
 The filiforna receptacle connects 
 ing the florets in a spike. As in 
 wheat heads. It is sometimes 
 put for the midrib in ferns. 
 
 Ra'dial. Belonging to the ray. 
 
 Ra'diate, radia'tiis. The spread- 
 ing florets around the margin of 
 a compound flower. It is also 
 applied to a division of animals ; 
 as the animals inhabiting coral 
 rocks and sponges. 
 
 Radiated animals. Those whose 
 sentient principle resides in a 
 medulary globule, spheroid, or 
 ring, with radiating branches ; 
 as the polypus which inhabits 
 coral rocks, the tape-worm, &c. 
 
 Rad'ical, radica'lis. Proceeding 
 from the root without the in- 
 tervention of a stalk. As the 
 leaves of plantain. 
 
R E J 
 
 Ra'dicans. See rooting. Roots 
 proceeding from stems, leaves, 
 Jscc. 
 
 Radica'tus. Sending off roots. 
 
 Rad'icle, radic'ula. The little 
 fibrous branches proceeding 
 from the main root; which im- 
 bibe the moisture and other 
 nourishment for the plant. 
 
 Rad'ius. See ray. Edging florets. 
 
 Ra'dix. See root. 
 
 Rag'ged. See squarrose. 
 
 Ramen'turn. Applied to the loose 
 scales frequently in the angles 
 of petioles, &,c. called in Eng- 
 lish, raments. 
 
 Ra'meum fol'ium. See branch 
 leaves. 
 
 Rami'ferns. Producing branches. 
 
 Ramossis'simus. Very branching. 
 
 Ramo'sus, kamo'sk. Branching. 
 
 Ra'mulus. See brancblet. Little 
 branch. 
 
 Ramus. See branch. 
 
 Rarijio'rus, Flowers few and dis- 
 tant. 
 
 Rarifol'ius. Leaves few and dis- 
 tant. 
 
 Ray. The outer margin or cir- 
 cumferenceof a compound flow- 
 er. It is also applied to the pe- 
 duncles and outer florets of an 
 umbel ; particularly when they 
 differ in any respect from the 
 inner, or disk, florets. Also to 
 the bony spines of the fins and 
 gill-membranes offish. 
 
 Ra TED. Having rays. 
 
 Receptacle, recepta'culum. The 
 base by which the other parts of 
 the fructification are connected 
 and supported ; being the end, 
 or at the end, of the peduncle. 
 It is considerably used in the 
 generic characters of compound 
 flowers ; but very little noticed 
 in any others. Perhaps this part 
 may hereafter be noticed on ac- 
 count of the change, it in some 
 way produces on the vegetable 
 secretions. Dr. Smith mentions 
 the wholesomeness of some 
 fruits, while the other parts of I 
 
 the plant are poisonous. See 
 page 392. Every one has notic- 
 ed the delicate flavour of the 
 pond-lily, (Nympbea odorata,) 
 while all back of the receptacle 
 is extremely different. Numer- 
 ous similar instances may be 
 cited to prove the very great 
 change in some way effected by 
 the receptacle. When Persooa 
 applies receptacle (receptacu- 
 lum) to a capsule, ke intends 
 the columella. 
 
 Recli'ned, rcdini'ius. Bent down 
 so that the apex of a leaf, &.c. is 
 lower than the base. Applied 
 to the stem it implies that it is 
 bowed towards the earlh. 
 
 Recompos'itus. .Twice compound. 
 
 Recon' ditxis. Concealed. 
 
 Rectius' cuius. Straitish. 
 
 Rec'lus. Strait. 
 
 Recur'ved, recurva'lus. Curved 
 downwards. 
 
 Recuti'liis. Appears as if peeled. 
 
 Reflex'ed, rcjlex'us. Bent back, 
 nearly or quite to touch the stem 
 or peduncle. 
 
 Refkac'ted, refrac'tus. Bent 
 back in an angular form, so as 
 to appear as if broken. 
 
 Reg'nuni ve'^et'abilt. The legeta- 
 ble kingdom as taken into view 
 with the animal and mineral. 
 
 Reg'ular, regula'ris. See equal. 
 
 Rejected Classes. Linneus dis- 
 tributed all plants into 24 artifi- 
 cial classes ; but his eleventh, 
 eighteenth and twenty-third 
 classes, are considered by many- 
 botanists, as very inconstant in 
 their character. In the annex- 
 ed Grammarof Botany, they are 
 omitted, and the plants of each 
 are distributed among the other 
 classes. 
 
 The rejected classts being re- 
 tained by Muhlenberg, Bigelowr, 
 and some other distinguished 
 botanists, they are defined 
 here. 
 
 Dodecandria, the 11th class of 
 Linneus. 
 
 10* 
 
REV 
 
 It includes those plants whose 
 flowers are perfect, and contain 
 from twelve to nineteen sta- 
 mens to each ; as the wild gin- 
 ger, purslane, agrimony, and 
 houseleek. 
 
 Polyadelphia, the ISth class 
 of Linneus. 
 
 I( includes those plants whose 
 flowers are perfect, and contain 
 staraensunited by their filaments 
 in more than three parcels; as 
 the St. John's wort. 
 
 Polygarnia, the 23d class of 
 Linneus. 
 
 It includes those plants whose 
 flowers are perfect andstaminate 
 or pistillate on the same plant, 
 or on difterent individuals of the 
 same species ; as the ginseng, 
 itch-weed, maple tree, ash tree, 
 and peperidge tree. 
 JRejected Orders. Some of the 
 artificial orders of Linneus are 
 omitted in the annexed Gram- 
 mar of Botany, and their plants 
 distributed among other classes 
 and orders. They arc the fol- 
 lowing : 
 
 Monogamia, the 6th order of 
 Linneus in the class Syngenesia. 
 
 It includes those plants whose 
 flowers are perfect and not com- 
 pound, and contain stamens with 
 united anthers ; as the lobelia 
 and touch-me-not. 
 
 .Monoecia, Dioficia, and Trioe- 
 cta, are the three orders of the 
 rejected class Polygaraia. The 
 order movoecia includes those 
 plants, which comprise all that 
 is necessary for the character of 
 the class in one plant — dioecia, 
 in two plant*— /r/oec/a, in three 
 plants. 
 
 The orders between decagynia 
 and polygynia, also beyond mo- 
 nadelphia, are unnecessary. 
 Their definitions are implied un- 
 der their associate orders. 
 Rel'ative rROPO'RTioNS. When 
 dimensions are expressed inde- 
 linitely, as long, very ]ong,short, ' 
 
 large, &c. such expressions are 
 to be understood as long, he. 
 compared with the proportion 
 which siifiilar parts usually bear 
 to other parts, in plants general- 
 ly. But when such terms are 
 used for specific names, the pro- 
 portion between the parts of 
 species of the same genus, which 
 were known when the names 
 were given are compared. Thus 
 Kahnia lal 'folia has a broader 
 leaf than Kalmia angiistifolia ; 
 but it has a narrow leaf compar- 
 ed with any species oitrillium. 
 
 Remo'te, remo'lus. See relative 
 proportion. 
 
 Re'ni-form. See kidney-form. 
 
 Repand', repan'du.i. Having small 
 sinuses, separated by teeth in the 
 form of segments of small cir- 
 cles. Spread. 
 
 Re'pens. See creeping. 
 
 Replacement. Applied to a crys- 
 tal when its angles or edges are 
 wanting, and are supplied by a 
 plane face or other angles. 
 
 Rep' tans. See creeping and run- 
 ner. 
 
 Res'tans. See permanent. Re- 
 maining. 
 
 Resupina'his. Upside down. 
 
 Retic'ulate. Netted. Having 
 veins crossing each other like 
 net-work. 
 
 Re'ti-form. Net-form, net-like. 
 
 Retractile. When the head, or 
 other organ, may be drawn back, 
 as the drawing in of the head of 
 a tortoise. 
 
 Ret'roflex, retrojlez'us. Bending 
 in various directions. 
 
 Retrofrac'tus. See refracted. Bent 
 suddenly back. 
 
 Rdror'so-denla'tus. See runcinate. 
 Teeth bent back. 
 
 Retu'se, retu'sus. Ending in a 
 sinus generally hollowed out 
 but very little. See emarginate. 
 
 Rever'sed. Bent back towards the 
 base. 
 
 Rev'olute, revolu'tus. Rolled 
 outwards. A term in foliation ; 
 
RUT 
 
 applied to leaves whose oppo- 
 site margins are rolled outwards 
 and continued rolling, till the 
 two rolls meet on the back of 
 the midrib and parallel to it. It 
 is the reverse ot involute. 
 
 Rhisosper' ma. Fruit on the root 
 of some ferns. 
 
 Rhombic, rhom'beus. See deltoid. 
 Diamond-form. 
 
 Rhoinboi' deus. Diamond-spot like. 
 
 Rib. a nerve-like support to a 
 leaf. 
 
 Rib'bed. When the midrib senc^s 
 off lateral ribs nearly strait to 
 the margin. It is sometimes put 
 for ntrved. 
 
 Ric'lus. See gape. Opening of 
 the mouth. 
 
 Rig'id, rig'idus. Stiff, inflexible, 
 or not pliable ; or, if attempted 
 to be bent, will rather break. 
 
 RiMo'sE, rimo'sus. Chinked, a- 
 boundingin cracks, as the outer 
 surface of the pitch-pine tree. 
 
 RiHG. The band around the cap- 
 sules of ferns, which is elastic. 
 See exanulatus. 
 
 It is also the thin membrane 
 attached to the stem of a fun- 
 gus. When young it is attached 
 to the'pileus. It is erect when 
 the upper edg« is not fastened 
 — inverse, when the lower edge 
 is not fastened — sestile, when it 
 is attached by one side only — 
 mobile, when it may be pushed 
 up and dowD— persistent, when 
 it is as durable as the pileus — 
 fugacious, when it disappears at 
 the opening of the fungus. 
 
 Rin'gent, rin'gens. See labiate. 
 Grinning. 
 
 Ri'siNG. See assurgens. 
 
 Root. The descending part of a 
 vegetable, which enters the 
 earth, or other substance, in 
 search of nourishment for the 
 plant. Roots are annual, bien- 
 nial, or perennial. See ages. 
 They are branching, fibrous, 
 creeping, spindle-form, tuber- 
 
 ous, bulbous, or granulated. 
 See each term in its place. 
 
 Root'ing. Bending or extending 
 to the earih and striking root. 
 
 Root'-leaf. See radical. 
 
 Root'let. a fibre of a root. 
 
 Ro'ridus. Humid. Appearing as 
 if covered with dew. 
 
 Rosa'ckous. a corol formed of 
 roundish spreading petals, with- 
 out claws or with extremely 
 short ones. 
 
 Ros'eus. Rose-coloured. 
 
 Ros'tel, roitel'lum. That pointed 
 part, which tends downwards at 
 the first germination of the seed. 
 See corclc. 
 
 Rostra'lus. See beaked. Harinff 
 ill. 
 
 Rotate, roia'tus. See wheel- 
 form. 
 
 Rotun'dus. Round. Without an- 
 gles. 
 
 Rough. Covered with dots, which 
 are harsh to the touch, but not 
 apparent to the naked eye. See 
 rugged. 
 
 Round. See votuudus. Circu-- 
 lar. 
 
 Rubra. Red. 
 
 Rubigino'sus. Rust-coloured. 
 
 Rudira'lis. Growing among rub-^ 
 bish about buildings, &,c, 
 
 Ru'fous. Reddish yellow. 
 
 Rug'ged. Covered with invisible 
 dots, which are harsh to the 
 touch. See rough. 
 
 Rugose. Wrinkled. Veins more 
 contracted than the disk, so that 
 the intermediate pyrenchyma 
 rises up between them. 
 
 Run'cinate. Pinnatifid, with the 
 divisions poiiiting backwards ; 
 as the dandelion. 
 
 Run'ner. a shoot producing roots 
 and leaves at the end only, and 
 from that place giving rise to «n- 
 other plant. 
 
 Rupes'tris. Growing Batarally 
 among rocks. 
 
 Ruiilus. Shining, bright, glossy. 
 
S C A 
 
 s. 
 
 Sa'crjc-tokm. See acinaciform. 
 
 Sac'cate. Furnished with a little 
 bag. Bag-like. 
 
 Sag ITT ATE, taenia' tus. See ar- 
 row-form. 
 
 Salifxrous. Salt bearing. Ap- 
 plied to a secondary rock in 
 which salt springs are found. 
 
 Sal'sus. Salt-tasted. 
 
 Sal'ver-form. a monopetalous 
 corol with a flat spreading limb 
 proceeding from the lop of a 
 tube. 
 
 Sam'ara. a winged pericarp not 
 opening by valves ; as the ma- 
 ple. 
 
 Sam'aroid. Resembling a samara, 
 or winged capsule. 
 
 Sap. The watery fluid contained 
 in the tubes, and cellules of re- 
 getables, which furnishes the 
 means, or is itself, the support 
 of their growth and life, and 
 their preservation from decay. 
 That part of the eap which sup- 
 plies materials for the growth, 
 foilage and fructification, evi- 
 dently ascends by way of the 
 camb. See camb. But that, 
 which fills the interstices among 
 the woody fibres, and serves to 
 preserve them from decay, is 
 probably raised by capillary at- 
 traction. Freezing and thawing 
 in some way or other suspends 
 for a day or two the eflfect of 
 capillary attraction It then de- 
 scends by its natural gravity ; at 
 which season only can the sap 
 be obtained from the sugar ma- 
 ple. That it descendi is evident 
 from the fact, that no sap is ob- 
 tained from below the incision, 
 except a few drops at the first 
 moment after it is made. That 
 the sap descends from the woo- 
 dy fibres and not from the camb 
 appears from inspection. That 
 this lap serves only to preserve 
 
 ] the wood appears from the rapid 
 decay of the wood in the sugar 
 maple directly above the in- 
 cision fo the whole extent of the 
 bole ; while the incision pro- 
 duces but little effect below it. 
 And the herbage of the tree with 
 the outer layers of wood con- 
 tinue as flourishing after the tree 
 has been drained of its sap an- 
 nually for half a century, as its 
 neighbours, which have never 
 lost any sap. It maybe observ- 
 ed further ; that sap can never 
 be drawn from the same vessels 
 above the incision where it has 
 been drawn in any preceding 
 year; unless a new incision be 
 made several feet above the old 
 one. INor even then, if the pre- 
 ceding draining had been very 
 considerable, or, in other words, 
 if the sugar-making season had 
 been very favourable, and the 
 incision large. 
 
 Sapin'dus. Having some kind of 
 taste. 
 
 Sap'oT. Having a relish, pleasant, 
 any taste. Colour sometimes in- 
 dicates the taste. White berries 
 are generally sweet ; red, sour ; 
 blue, sweet and sour ; black, in- 
 sipid and poisonous — Willde- 
 now. But certainly our spicy 
 wintergreen (gaultheria.) par- 
 tridge-berry (mitchella,) and 
 whortleberries (vaccinium,) are 
 exceptions to Willdenow's 
 rules. 
 
 Sarmento'se, sarmcnio'sui. Arun>. 
 ning shoot, wliicb strikes root 
 at the knots or joints only. Ge- 
 nerally applied to shrubs. Sec 
 runner. 
 
 Sau'cer-torm. Shaped like it 
 common tea-saucer. 
 
 Scab'er, sca'brous. See rough. 
 
 Scabrit'ies. Roughness. 
 
 Scal'lopped. See repand. 
 
 Sca'lv. Covered more or less 
 with scaly appendages, as fern 
 roots ; or consisting of substan- 
 ces,in some measure resembling 
 
S E M 
 
 Aoarse iish-scales ; as the scales 
 of lily roots. 
 
 Scan'dent. See climbing. 
 
 ScAirsoRAL. Haring feet formed 
 for climbing — two toes forward 
 and two backward. 
 
 Scape, icap'us. See peduncle. 
 Flower stem from the root. 
 
 Scapulars. The feathers, which 
 descend down each side of the 
 back. 
 
 Sca'rious, scario'sus. Dry and 
 membranous, generally transpa- 
 rent. 
 
 Scat'tered. Standingwithoutany 
 regular order ; that is, neither 
 opposite, alternate, nor in any 
 definable series. 
 
 Schismatop'tirides. Dehiscent 
 ferns. One of the new orders of 
 ferns. It is adopted by Pursh, 
 Torrey, &c. Osmunda, lygo- 
 dium and schizaea are placed 
 here. 
 
 Sc'ioiT. Shoots proceeding later- 
 ally from the roots or bulb of a 
 root. 
 
 Sco'rec. See sulcate. Furrow- 
 ed. 
 
 ScRAe. Back of a bird's neck. 
 
 Scrobic'dlate, scrobicula'tus. 
 Deep round pits on the recepta- 
 cle gives it this name. 
 
 Scutel'lcc. See shields. 
 
 Scutellatus. See saucer-form. 
 
 ScTM'iTAR-roRM. See acluaciform. 
 Cutlass-form. 
 
 Scyph'ifer, Sryph'us. Cup-bearing. 
 See cyathiform. 
 
 Sbc'tion. The genera of some 
 orders and the species of some 
 genera are divided into sections. 
 Sections judiciously construct- 
 ed greatly facilitate the investi- 
 gation of plants. But they of- 
 ten mislead ; and must be some- 
 times disregarded, and the whole 
 order read over; especially un- 
 der those orders which are made 
 up of natural families. See the 
 orders siloquota in the class 
 tetradynamia of Linncus's sys- 
 tem. 
 
 Secun'dus. Turned to one side. 
 One-sided, one-ranked. 
 
 Seed. The matured part of fruc- 
 tification, destined for the repro- 
 duction of the species. It con- 
 tains the rudiment of a new 
 plant and is analogous to the egg 
 of animals. It consists of the 
 corcle, cotyledons, tegument 
 and hilura ; which see. 
 
 See'd-bud. See gerraen. 
 
 See'd-coat. See aril. Shelly cov-> 
 cring of seeds. 
 
 See'd-leaves. The cotyledons 
 expanded into leaves. 
 
 See'b-lobes. See cotyledons.. 
 Fleshy part of seeds. 
 
 See'd-vessels. See pjricarp. 
 Covering of seeds. 
 
 Seg'mekt. The parts into which 
 a calyx, corol, leaf, &,c.is divid- 
 ed or cut. 
 
 SEGRE GA' TA polygamii. See: 
 p. 18. 
 
 Se'jugus. Six-paired. 
 
 Se'men. The seed. 
 
 Semiamplexicau' lis. Half caspiag 
 the stem. 
 
 Semicolum'nar. See sem]^e^ete^ 
 Tapering half cylinder. 
 
 Srmicylindra'ceus. Half-cylndric, 
 In form of a round rulir split 
 lengthwise. 
 
 Lemiflos' cuius, semtflo'rk:, Se». 
 ligulate. Strap-like. 
 
 Semi-in'ferus. Half-inferior WheB- 
 the calyx grows on the iide of 
 the germ, so that it is leitber 
 superior nor inferior. 
 
 Semina'lis. See seed-leavis. Co°: 
 tyledonous leaves. 
 
 Semina'lio. The sowing of seeds. 
 
 Semiiiifera. Bearing the teed. 
 
 Semiorbic'ular, semiorbicila/tus^ 
 In form of a half circle. 
 
 Serniquinquef'idus. Half 6-cleft. 
 
 Semisagitla'tus. Half arro'V-forra. 
 That is, one side wanting; as ia 
 the ticia putilla. 
 
 Semisex'Jidus. Half 6-cle/t, 
 
 Semiter'ete, temittr'et. Half te- 
 rete. See terete. 
 
 Semper'vireru. Living through 
 
S H O 
 
 the winter and retaining the 
 leaves. 
 
 Senus. Six-fold. Growing in 
 sixes. 
 
 Sen'silis, bek'sitivk. Moving on 
 bein^ touched. See irritabili- 
 ty- 
 
 Semim. Gradually, by little and 
 
 liltle. Applied to a form, fcc. 
 which arises gradually from 
 some other form. 
 
 3s!<TiE.tT PR1NCIPI.E. The know- 
 ing principle. That faculty by 
 which animals are enabled to 
 take notice of external ahjects. 
 
 SEP'At.s. The diviiions of a calyx, 
 or corol. Raf. 
 
 SEPTir^tRous. Supporting parti- 
 tions. 
 
 Seria'tuim In a row, or in rowi. 
 
 S^ric'ens. Silky. Covered with soft 
 close-pressed hairs. 
 
 Stro'.Vnut. Coming to maturity 
 late in the season. Applied to 
 willovirs, and to some other 
 plants it implies, that the time j 
 of flor/ering is after the leaf- 
 ing. 
 
 Ser'tesicike mar'gik. Seerepand. 
 Waving edges. 
 
 Szr'ratk, serra'lus. (Serra, a 
 saw.) Having sharp notches, a[»- 
 pearing as if cut, about the edge 
 crmar|inj pointing towards the 
 apex. 
 
 Sjir'eulate, serrula'tus. When a 
 serrate leaf has the teeth serrate 
 again. It ii also applied to any 
 serratores, which are very fine. 
 
 Sisqui'al'l cr. When a 1 arge fe r t i 1 e 
 floret is accompanied by a small 
 abortiji'e one. 
 
 Sis'siLB. Sitting down. When a 
 leaf, tower, seed-down, pileus 
 of a fungus, receptacle of a lich- 
 en, Lc are destitute of a petiole, 
 peduncle, sfeipe, iic, 
 Sc'la, A bristle. 
 Seta'ceus. Bristle-form. Applied 
 
 to antennae. 
 Setig'crous. Bearing bristles. 
 Seto'sut, sKTo'sE. Bristly. Having 
 the surface set with bristles, or 
 I ti^ strait hairs. 
 
 Sexangula'ris. Six-angled. 
 Sex'Jidus. Six-cleft. 
 Stx'floTus. Sj^x-flowered. 
 Sex'jugus. Six-paired. 
 Sexlocula'ris. Six-celled. 
 Stx'us. Sex. When Linneus first 
 adopted the stamens and pistils 
 as the organs of classification, 
 be addressed his arguments to 
 physicians, lyho were conver- 
 sant with animal anatomy. He 
 therefore took advantage of the 
 analogy between animals and 
 vegetables in the reproduction 
 of their kind, in order to illus- 
 trate his theory. He called the 
 stamens males, and the pistils 
 females, &.c. But nothing can 
 be more ridiculous and disgust- 
 ing than to keep up these refer- 
 ences at this day. 
 Sexial'vus. Six-valved. 
 Shaft. See style. A name for the 
 
 central organ of a flower. 
 SHAc'cr, Sue hirsute. Bough 
 
 tangled hair. 
 Sharp. Tapering to a point. Acute 
 differs from sharp, as it may ap- 
 ply to the tip of a leaf, whick 
 becomes broad immediately 
 back of the point. 
 Shkath. The prolongation of a 
 leaf down the stem, which it en- 
 closes ; as in most culmiferous 
 plants. 
 Skz'athed, Having a sheath. 
 Shields, scw//e/'/«. That kind of 
 receptacle of lichens, which is 
 open, orbicular, saucer-like. The 
 under side and border are of the 
 substance and colour of the 
 frond. The disk is of a ditfcrent 
 colour and substance from the 
 border and frond, containing the 
 seeds in extremely minute ver- 
 tical cells. The shields are thick 
 and tumid, when they are ses» 
 sile ; and membranous, Avhen 
 stalked or elevated. Very rarely 
 they are perforated in the cen- 
 tre. — Smith. 
 Shi'mko. See lucidus. 
 Shoot. Each tree and shrub sends 
 forth annually a large shoot in 
 
S O M 
 
 the sprlno-, called the sprinz 
 shoot; and from the end of (hat 
 a smaller one about the 24th of 
 June, called St. John's sWoot. 
 There is always the appearance 
 of a joint where tlie lalier springs 
 out, very perceptible after the 
 whole shoot is matured. 
 
 Shriv'elling. Sec withering. 
 
 Shrub. A vegetable with a woody 
 stem. It is generally put for that 
 kind of woody plant, whose 
 stem divides into branches near 
 the ground, without being ele- 
 vated by a bole, like trees. See 
 tree and suffrutex. 
 
 Siirub'by. Having woody stems 
 or branches. 
 
 Sic'cus. Dry, neither humid nor 
 succulent. 
 
 Sick'le-form. a very mucli curv- 
 ed keel. 
 
 Sides. Applied to shells means 
 the right and left, when viewed 
 from the front, (opening side) 
 or back. 
 
 Sil'icle, silic'ula. A little silique, 
 whose length and breadth arc 
 nearlv equal. 
 
 SILICULO'SA. See p. 16. 
 
 Si'lique, sil'iqua. See p. 5. 
 
 Si'lique-form. Shaped like a si- 
 lique without its essential cha- 
 Fftctcr 
 
 SILiqUO'SA. See p. 17. 
 
 Sil'kv. See sericeus. 
 
 Sim'ple, sim'plex. Undivided. 
 Single, opposed to compound, 
 aggregate, or branched. 
 
 Sitnplicis'simus. Very simple. 
 
 Sin'glk. Only one. Also opposed 
 to full-flowered. 
 
 Sinisiror'sum. Twining from right 
 to left, that is, contrary to the 
 apparent motion of the sun ; as 
 the pole-bean. 
 
 Sin'uATB, sinua'tus. ^ (Sinus, a 
 bay.) Having rounded incisions. 
 The margin hollowed out, re- 
 sembling a bay; as the white 
 oak leaf. 
 
 Sir'date-seb'ratb. Having ser- 
 
 ratures hollowed out ; as the 
 chestnut. 
 
 Si'nds. A roundish incijion into 
 the edge of aleaf or other organ. 
 
 SirnuNcuLus. A canal, or succes- 
 sion of perforations, connecting 
 the chambers of some univalve 
 spiral shells. 
 
 Sit'ting. See sessile. 
 
 Si'tus. Situation ; as opposite, al- 
 ternate, k.c. 
 
 Sleek. See glabrous. 
 
 Sleep of plants. The effect of 
 night upon the external appear- 
 ance of some plants ; as the 
 leaves of peas closing over the 
 very young flowers. 
 
 Slen'der. See tenuis. 
 
 Slopes. The edges of an oblique 
 bivalve shell. AnlcrivT slope, is 
 the edge in which the ligamefit 
 is situated. Posterior slope, is 
 the edge in which the beaks of 
 the shell turn forward ; being 
 the edge oppojite to that in 
 which the ligament is situated, 
 
 Smarag'dinus. Grass-green. 
 
 Smooth. Sometimes put for gla- 
 brous, but not synonymous with 
 it. For glabrous means sleek or 
 slippery ; whereas smooth may 
 be applied to fine chamois lea- 
 ther. 
 
 Sobolif'erous. Bearing shoots. 
 
 Sol'id, sol'idits. Of an uniform 
 substance, not naturally parti- 
 ble ; as the turnip. See coated 
 and scaly. 
 
 Sol'itary, solita'rius. Standing 
 alone, or very distant from oth- 
 ers of the same kind. 
 
 Solu'tus. Disengaged. Not ad- 
 nata, or growing together. 
 
 Somewhat. Used as a diminu- 
 tive ; implying in some degree, 
 not fully. President Smith 
 translates sub, by someichal, 
 when combined with an adjec- 
 tive ; as subirifidus, somewhat 
 three-cleft. 
 Somnus planta'rum. See sleep of 
 plants. 
 
S P I 
 
 &or'dide al'bicans. Dirty white. 
 So'rus and Sore' dia. See fruit- 
 dots. Clusters of the fruit of 
 ferns. 
 Spadi'ceus. Chestnut brown. 
 Spa'dix. An elongated recepta- 
 cle proceeding from a spathe, or 
 resembling such in texture and 
 appearance. 
 Srxa' GLTS, pat cl'lulfc. Open and 
 orbicular, like shields, but ses- 
 sile and not formed of any part 
 of the crust, from which they 
 differ in colour, being most usu- 
 ally black. The seeds are lodg- 
 ed beneath the membrane that 
 covers their disk, as in the for- 
 mer, and the disk is surrounded 
 hy a jrroper border. Their seeds 
 are observed to be naked in the 
 cellular substance of the disk, 
 not enclosed in cases. Disk 
 sometimes concave or flat, of- 
 tener convex, and even globose 
 - without any apparent border 
 
 when in an advanced state. 
 Spatha'meus, A spaa high, or a 
 
 span long. 
 Spa'the. That kind of calyx, 
 Avhich first encloses the flower 
 and after it expands is left at a 
 distance below it. As daffodil, 
 onion, Indian turnip. 
 Spa'the-form. Resembing a 
 
 spathe. 
 Spat'ulate, spatula'lut, or spa- 
 thula'tus. Roundish and dimin- 
 ishing into a long, narrow, lin- 
 ear base. 
 Spe'cies. The lowest division of 
 vegetables. There have been 
 about forty-five thousand spe- 
 cies described. In North Ameri- 
 ca about four thousand pheno- 
 gamous species have been de- 
 scribed ; of these about twenty- 
 five hundred are found to the 
 north and northeast of Virginia. 
 De Lamark and De Candolle 
 make 4866 species of plants in 
 France, including the crypto- 
 garaia. In the year 1822, in the 
 third edition of the Manual of 
 
 Botany for the states north of 
 Virginia, 3065 species were des- 
 cribed. Qpmmon cultivated ex- 
 otics and some cryptogamoug 
 plants are included in this num- 
 ber. About one thousand phen- 
 ogaraous species have been ex- 
 amined by Professor Ives in a 
 wild state, within five miles of 
 Yale College. Very few places 
 of the same extent will afford 
 more than eight hundred, and 
 few less than six hundred, in the 
 Northern States. Phelps gives 
 a catalogue of thirteen hundred 
 and forty phenogamous species 
 as a complete Hst of ail the 
 British plants. 
 
 Specif'ic chir'acter. See di- 
 agnosis and descriptions. 
 
 Specif'ic name; In common use 
 we apply this to what Linneus 
 called the trhial name. The 
 specific name he calls all those 
 several descriptive words, which 
 express the essential difference, 
 or diagnosis. 
 
 The rage for changing specific 
 names has become a great nuis- 
 ance to the science. Richard 
 proposes the establishment of a 
 literary tribunal, having author- 
 ity to fix the names in every de- 
 partment of science for the whole 
 globe ; in order to check the 
 growth of this child of vanity 
 and ignorance. 
 
 Spha'celate. Withering, becom- 
 ing blackened. 
 
 Sphagno'se. Wet, mossy, swam- 
 py. 
 
 Spherule. Small globules of near- 
 ly a regular spherical form. 
 
 Spi'culus. See spikelet. 
 
 Spike, spi'ca. Having florets ar- 
 ranged along the sides of a gen- 
 eral elongated peduncle or re- 
 ceptacle, without partial pedun- 
 cles, or with extremely short 
 ones. As a wheat-bead, or mul- 
 lein. 
 
 Spi'kelet, tpi'cula. One of the 
 subdivisions of a spike. 
 
S T E 
 
 Si'iN'OLE-FORM. See fusiform. 
 
 Spine, spina. See thorn. 
 
 Spines'cent, spines'cens. Becom- 
 ing thorny. 
 
 Spino'se, spino'siis. Thorny. 
 
 Spi'ral, spira'lis. Twisted like a 
 screw. 
 
 6pirk. Is applied to all the whorls 
 of a univalve shell, which ex- 
 tend upwards above tiie first 
 whorl, called the body or belly 
 of the shell. 
 
 Spit-poin'ted. Barton substitutes 
 this for cuspidate; 
 
 Spitli'ama. Short span. See meas- 
 ures. 
 
 Spongio'sus. Spongy. 
 
 fSpor c£. The seeds of lichens. 
 
 Sporan'ginnm. A name given to 
 the pericarp by Hedwig. 
 
 Sporangid'ium. Willdenow's name 
 for the columella of mosses. See 
 columella. 
 
 Spot'ted. Having spots differing 
 in colour from the principal 
 part. 
 
 Spread'ing. See patens. 
 
 -Spur. An elongated process from 
 the base, or from near the base 
 of the calyx or corol or nectary, 
 somewhat resembling a horn or 
 cock's spur. As the Larkspur, 
 Orchis and Nasturtion. 
 
 Spur'red. Having a spur, or pro- 
 cess from the base. 
 
 Spur'red-ry'e, or spur'red- 
 GRA,'iN'. An enlarged, elongat- 
 ed seed, projecting out of a 
 glume, of a black or violet col- 
 our, brittle texture, somewhat 
 spur-form. It is that morbid 
 swelling of the seed, called er- 
 got by the French. The black 
 or dark coloured kind is cailled 
 the malignant ergot. " Large 
 doses of which cause head-ache 
 and febrile symptoms. Under 
 proper regulations it may be 
 considered a valuable addition 
 to the present stock of medicin- 
 al agents. The dose usually ad- 
 ministered is from ten grains lo 
 half a drachm, in decoction." 
 
 Bigelow. The pale violet kind, 
 called simple ergot, is harmless 
 and inactive. — Willdenow. 
 
 Grain growing in low moist 
 ground or new land, is most sub- 
 ject to it. Also spring grain more 
 than winter grain ; and rye more 
 than wheat, barley or oats. 
 
 When crops are so much ih- 
 fected with it as greatly to in- 
 jure them, the loss may be in a 
 great measure made up by col- 
 lecting the ergot, and selling it 
 to druggists. It should be thor- 
 oughly winnowed out of the 
 grain, as it is said to be very in- 
 jurious in bread. The ergot 
 mav then be collected from the 
 chaff. 
 
 Squami-form. Of the form of 
 scabs or scales. 
 
 S(iUAMCLo'sE, squavio'sus, or squa- 
 ma'lus. See scaly. 
 
 Sqcarro'se, squarro'sus. Ragged. . 
 When the points of scales, Lc. 
 bend outwards, so as to make a 
 ragged appearance. It is also 
 used for scurfy, or when cover- 
 ed with a bran-like scurf 
 
 Stachyop'terides. Spiked ferns. 
 One of the new orders of ferns. 
 It is adopted by Pursh and oth- 
 ers. Lycopodium, Botrychium, 
 Bernhardia and Ophioglossum 
 are placed here. 
 
 Stale. See stem. 
 
 Sta'men. See p. 3. 
 
 Stam'inate. Having stamens on- 
 ly, without a pistil. See p. 6. 
 
 Slamin'eus. Having no corol, the 
 stamens serving in its stead. — 
 Ray. 
 
 Slaminif'eroris. See staminate. 
 Bearing stamens only. 
 
 Stan'dard. See banner. Upper 
 petal of pea-flowers. 
 
 Stel'late, stella'tus. Spreading 
 out in a radiate manner. Leaves 
 are stellate, when three or more 
 surround the stem in a whorl. 
 Flowers and the volvaof a fun- 
 gus are stellate, when the petals 
 or segments spread out, so as icr 
 
 11 
 
SUB 
 
 resemble the vulgar representa- 
 tion of a star. 
 
 Stem. Tlie main base or support- 
 er of the fructification and her- 
 bage. It is either Tige, Culna, 
 Scape, Peduncle, Petiole, Frond 
 or Siipe ; which see. 
 
 Stem-clas'ping. See clasping. 
 
 Stem'-leaf. Inserted on the stem. 
 See cauline. 
 
 Stem'less. Having no stem. 
 
 Stemmata. Small globules, often 
 lucid, resembling eyes. They 
 are generally three in number 
 on the top of the head. 
 
 SxER'iLEjS/er'i/w. Barren flower. 
 Staminate flower. 
 
 Stiff. See rigid. 
 
 Stig'.ma. The top of the pistil. It 
 is generally moist when in full 
 perfection, for the better recep- 
 tion of the p(.llen. 
 
 Stisgs, slitn'uli. Hair-like pro- 
 cesses, which excite itching 
 punctures ; as on the Nettle. 
 They are generally hollow with 
 a sack at the base, containing 
 an acrid liquor. By pushing 
 against their points, the sacks 
 are compressed, and thrust out 
 the liquid. 
 
 Stipe, 5/i'/;ci. The lower part of 
 the midrib of a fern ; the stem 
 of a fungus ; or the stem of the 
 down on the seedsof Dandelion; 
 the stem of a germ elevating it 
 above the receptacle ; or any 
 other stem-like organ, not other- 
 wise particularly named. 
 
 Stip'itate, sti'ped, stipita'tus. 
 Having a stipe. 
 
 Stip'ule, stip'ula. A leafet or 
 scale at or near the base of a 
 petiole, which in some respect 
 differs from the leaves. 
 
 Stip'ular, slipulu'ris. Formed of, 
 
 or connected with, stipules. 
 Stip'uled, stipula'iuSf or stipula'- 
 eeous. Having stipules. 
 iol'o. See sucker. 
 Slolonif erus. Putting forth suck- 
 ers, or shoots, 
 t tRAD'DUNG. See diraricate. 
 
 Straight, or strait. In nearly 
 aright line. 
 
 Stra'itish. a little curving, but 
 not sufficiently to take the ap- 
 pellation of curved. 
 
 Slraviineus. Straw-coloured ; 
 St raw- 1 ike. 
 
 Strap'-form. See ligulate. 
 
 Stratum. A layer. It is applied 
 in a general or partial sense. A 
 general stratum of rock, or of 
 detritus, may include several 
 partial strata. These partial 
 strata, or sub-strata, should be 
 called layers, to avoid circumlo- 
 cution and confusion. 
 
 Stra'tum prolig'erum. The seed- 
 bearing disk of the receptacle of 
 lichens. 
 
 Striae. Marks or lines on miner- 
 als, on elytra of insects, he. 
 
 Stri'^ate, stre'aked, stria'tus. 
 Marked or grooved with slender 
 lines. 
 
 Slric'tus. Both stiff and strait, or 
 perfectly strait. See erect. 
 
 Slrictis'simus. Very stiff and strait. 
 
 Strigo' ST., strigo' sus. Armed with 
 small, close, rigid bristles, which 
 are thickest below. — Willde- 
 now. 
 
 Strobila'ceus. In form rasembling 
 a strobile. 
 
 Stro'bile, strob'ilus. An ament 
 with woody scales; as the fruit 
 of pine. 
 
 Slrobilifor'mis. See strobilacens. 
 
 Stroma. The layer or covering 
 of some fungi. 
 
 Style, stylus. (Slulos, a column.) 
 That part of a pistil, which ii 
 between the germ and stigma. 
 It is often wanting ; as in the 
 Tulip. 
 
 Sty'loid. Resembling a style. 
 
 Saa'vis. Sweet, agreeable. 
 
 Sub. Used in combination as a 
 diminutive. See somewhat. 
 
 SvBERo'sz, subero'sus. Corky, 
 
 Submkr'sed, luimer'iWJ. Growing 
 under water. 
 
 Sublcr'ra7ieiu. Growing and flow- 
 ering underground. Thismey 
 
SYS 
 
 be applied to the shoots of the 
 Polygala rubella. 
 
 Suh'tus. Beneath. 
 
 Sub'dlate, subula'lus. See awl- 
 form. 
 
 SubuviJJo'rus. Generally one-flow- 
 ered, but sometimes more. 
 
 SucculeJi'tus, suc'cuLENT. Juicy, 
 abounding in juice. It is also 
 applied to a pulpy leaf, whether 
 juicy or not. 
 
 Suc'cus. See sap. 
 
 Sdc'ker. a shoot from the root 
 by which the plant may be pro- 
 pagated. 
 
 Suffrl'ticose, suff'rutex. An un- 
 der-shrub. Aplantwhosebranch- 
 es annually die, but the lower 
 part of the stem is woody and 
 remains, as the Spirea alba, 
 white steeple-bush ; also Sage. 
 
 Suffrutico'sus. Undershrubby. 
 
 Sul'cate, sulca'tus. Furrowed. 
 Marked with deep lines. 
 
 Salphur'eus. Sulphur-coloured. 
 
 Sap'erans. Exceeding in height. 
 
 SuPERAx'iLLARY. Above the axil, 
 
 SdperdecojMpound'. See supra- 
 decompositus. 
 
 Superfic'ies. Seepagina. 
 
 SUPER' FLUA poli/ga'mia. See 
 p. 18. 
 
 Super'ne. Upwards, towards the 
 top. 
 
 Supe'rior, sup'cTUS. A calyx or 
 corol is superior when it pro- 
 ceeds from the upper part of the 
 germ. See germ. 
 
 Supi'nus. Face upwards. See re- 
 supinatus. Upside down. 
 
 Suppo'rt. See fulcrum. 
 
 SupTa-axilla'ris. See suprafolia- 
 ceus. 
 
 Supradecompos'itus. More than 
 decompound; which see. When 
 a petiole is divided and the di- 
 visions divided at least once 
 more, and the last divisions have 
 leafets. 
 
 Supiafolia'ceiis. Inserted above 
 tiie axil, or base, of the leaf. 
 
 Sur'culns. A little branch or twig. 
 Applied to the stem or shoo'^t 
 which bears the leaves of mos- 
 ses. 
 
 Su'ture, sutu'ra. A seam-like 
 appearance at the meeting of 
 two parts ; as the valves of pea- 
 pod, the parts of a skull, kc. 
 
 Swim'ming. See natant. 
 
 Sword'-form. See ensiform. 
 
 Stjivati'cus. Growing in woods. 
 
 Sijlves'tris. Altogether wild; grow- 
 ing in wild woods. 
 
 Syngenesious. (Sun, together ; 
 genesis, springing up.) Anthers 
 growing up together in an unit- 
 ed tubular set. It is applied to 
 all those plants, whose flowers 
 are compound, having the an- 
 thers in each floret with more 
 or less of their edges adnate; so 
 that the whole (which are al- 
 ways 5) form a tube. Sec p. 14, 
 
 Syno'nyms, synon'yina. Different 
 names for the same plant. 
 
 Synop'sis. A condensed syste- 
 matic view of a subject, or sci- 
 ence. 
 
 Sys'tem, sysie'ma. An arrange- 
 ment of natural bodies accord- 
 ing to assumed characters ; for 
 the purpose of aiding the mind 
 and memory in acquiring and 
 retaining a knowledge of them, 
 systems have been proposed ia 
 abundance. And we are still 
 infested with system-makers and 
 reformers, which are amon^ the 
 greatest evils incident to Natur- 
 al Science. Any man of ordi- 
 nary talents may make a toler- 
 able system in half a day j that 
 is, sixty systems per month. — 
 But why not adhere to that 
 which is universally known and 
 established? There may be im- 
 provements in the Linnean sys- 
 tem. But let them be adopted 
 with caution, and on the author- 
 ity of the oldest and most expe-. 
 rienced botanists. 
 
T E R 
 
 T. 
 
 Tania'nus. Ribbon-form. Tape- 
 form. 
 
 Tail. A filiform process terrai- 
 nafing a seed, he. As the Vir- 
 gin's bower. 
 
 Tail-coverts. A clump offealli- 
 ers above the tails of birds, ad- 
 joining the bases. 
 
 Tail-feathers. The large feath- 
 ers of the tails of birds — gener- 
 ally either 10, 18, 20, or 24— but 
 12 is the most common number. 
 
 Tale'a. Sucker. 
 
 Ta'pering, See attenuatus. 
 
 Tar'gets, pel'toe. That kind of 
 receptacle of lichens which is 
 flat, close-pressed, and attached 
 to the frond by its whole under- 
 side, as if glued ; sometimes at- 
 tached to the bark of the frond. 
 It is broad, kidney-form, or ob- 
 long, rarely irregular ; covered 
 with a thin coloured disk, with 
 no border except occasionally 
 a very minute accessory one, 
 which seems to circumscribe it. 
 In an early stage it is concave, 
 and concealed by a thin gela- 
 tinous fugacious membrane, or 
 veil.— Smith. 
 
 Tar'get-form. See peltate. 
 
 Tarsus. The ancle and foot of 
 an insect, excepting the book or 
 cla\T at the extremity. 
 
 Taste. See sapor. 
 
 Tectrics. Wing coverts. The 
 longest feathers of a bird's vving, 
 next above the quills. Minor 
 tectrics are sometimes found 
 above the larger. 
 
 Tec'tus. Covered. 
 
 Tf.eth of mosses. The outer 
 fringe of the peristomium is gen- 
 erally in 4, 8, 16, 32, or 64 divi- 
 sions, which are called teeth. 
 See peristomium. 
 
 Teg'ens. Covering. 
 
 Tbg'ument. The skin or bark of 
 seeds ; as appe&rs very distinct 
 oa a boiled pea or bean. 
 
 Tem'perature. The degree of 
 heat and cold to which anyplace 
 is subjecli This is not limited 
 to degrees of latitude; as high 
 mountains in Pennsylvania pro- 
 duce many plants, most na- 
 tural about Hudson's bay. In 
 cold regions white and blue pe- 
 - tals principally prevail; in warm 
 regions red and other bright 
 strong colours. 
 
 In the spring season white pe- 
 tals predominate ; towards au- 
 tumn the yellow are most pre- 
 valent. — Willdenow. 
 
 Ten'oril, That kind of appen- 
 dage, which is filiform and 
 reaches out to grasp bodies to 
 climb by. As the climbers of 
 grapes and peas. 
 
 Tenel'lus. Tender, delicate and 
 fragile. 
 
 Tentacula. The arms, or feelers, 
 of insects, and of other ani- 
 mals. 
 
 Tenuifol'ius. Slender-leaved. 
 
 Ten'uis. Thin and slender. 
 
 Ter'es. See terete. Tapering cy- 
 linder. 
 
 Ter'ete. Round, columnar, and 
 tapering from the base to the 
 other end. 
 
 Teretius' cuius. Somewhat terete. 
 
 Ters;em'inuSf tergem'inatk. — 
 Thrice paired. The petiole is 
 forked, these branches forked, 
 and the last branches with pair- 
 ed leafets. 
 
 Terms. Technical terms should 
 be defined in a dictionary of 
 each science and art. But words 
 used in their common accepta- 
 tion, whether Greek, Latin, Eng- 
 lish, French, &,c. should not be 
 defined in such a dictionary, 
 however frequently applied ia 
 such science or art. 
 
 Ter'minal, termina'lis. Proceed- 
 ing from, or occupying, the end 
 of a stem, branch, style, he. 
 
 Termina'tions. In expressing re- 
 semblances it would greatly 
 
TOR 
 
 lengthen descriptions to intro- 
 duce words drawing full-length 
 comparisons. As a leaf resem- 
 bling the form of an arrow. To 
 avoid this, terminations united 
 to the substantive word by a 
 hyphen have been used ; as ar- 
 row-shape, or arrow-form. I 
 
 ; prefer the termination form, 
 making the whole a compound 
 adjective noun. There are cas- 
 es where like becomes a con- 
 venient termination ; as petal- 
 like stigma in the Iris. Here 
 fonn or shaped would be inade- 
 quate ; as its resemblance con- 
 sists rather in texture and gene- 
 ral appearance, than in shape. 
 
 Ter'nate. Three-fold. In threes. 
 This terra is also applied to com- 
 pound leaves, where 3 leafets 
 proceed from the end of one 
 petiole ; as in the Strawberry. 
 See biternate and triternate. 
 
 Terra' neus. Appertaining to the 
 earth. 
 
 Ter'reus. Earth-coloured. 
 
 Tes'selate, tessela'tus. Chequer- 
 ed. 
 
 Testaceous. Shelly, crusty. Ap- 
 plied to insects it generally 
 means light brick-colour, ap- 
 proaching the colour of tanned 
 sheepskin. 
 
 Tt'ler. Having a 
 smell. 
 
 TETRADYiNAMf. {Tessares, 
 
 four ; dunamis, power,) See 
 p. 13. 
 
 Tetradvn'amous. Belonging to 
 the class tetradynamia, or vary- 
 ing into it, 
 
 Tetrago'nus. Four-cornered, 
 
 TE TEA G YJV'M. ( Tessares, four ; 
 gune, female.) See p. 16. 
 
 TETRAN'DRIA. (Tessares, iouT ; 
 aner, male.) See p, 12, 
 
 Tetran'drous, Belonging to, or 
 varying into, the class Utran- 
 dria. 
 
 Tetrapet'alous. Four-petalled, 
 
 Telraphyl'lus, Calyx with four 
 leafets, 
 
 disagreeable 
 
 Tetrapleryg'ia. See wings. 
 
 Tetrasper'mus. Having 4 seeds to 
 a flower. 
 
 Telne'dra. A 4-sided pod. 
 
 Thalam'ia. See hollows. 
 
 Thallus. The frond of a lichen, 
 being the bed or general recep- 
 tacle whereon the proper recep- 
 tacles are reposed, or in which 
 ihey are imbedded. 
 
 Tht'ca. The capsules of mosses. 
 
 Tlie'cK. The frond, or whole her- 
 bage of lichens. The cases or 
 ceils containing the seeds in the 
 disk of scutellffi and some other 
 receptacles of lichens. 
 
 Thorn, or spine. A sharp pro- 
 cess from the woody part of a 
 plant. It is an indurated imper- 
 fect bud, which, when the plant 
 grows in a rich soil, changes to 
 a branch. Pears bear thorns ia 
 a poor soil, which disappear ia 
 richer. — Willdenow. 
 
 Thread'-forsi. See filiform. 
 
 Three'-fold. See ternate. 
 
 Thrice-pin'nate. See tripinnate, 
 
 Thrice-pinnat'ifid. See tripin- 
 natifid, 
 
 Throat. See faux. Jaws. 
 
 Thyrsioi'des. Flowers disposed in 
 the form of a nosegay. 
 
 Thyrse, t/iyr'sus. See panicle. 
 
 TiGE. See caulis. The most com- 
 mon stem. 
 
 Tinclo'rius. Plants suitable for 
 dying or pigments. 
 
 ToMENTo'sE, iomento'sm. Cover- 
 ed with fine downy or cottony 
 substance matted together. See 
 lanate, 
 
 Tqng'ue-form. See linguiform, 
 
 Tooth'ed. See dentate. 
 
 Tooth'letted. See denticulate, 
 
 Top'form. See turbinate. 
 
 Torn. See lacerated. 
 
 ToRo'sE, toro'sus. Protuberant. 
 Raised in bunches or vein-like 
 protubere^nces or ridges. Knobs 
 on a toad. 
 
 Tor'sio. See intorsion. Turning 
 inwards. 
 
 Tor'tilis, See coiled. 
 
 u* 
 
T R I 
 
 ToRULo'sB, torulo'sus. With swell- 
 ing ridges ; like the muskmel- 
 on. 
 Trac'hca. The air-vessels of 
 Grew. They are spiral channels 
 supposed by Grew to be design- 
 ed for receiving and distribut- 
 ing air in vegetables. 
 Trai'ling. See procumbent. Ly- 
 ing or hanging down. 
 Translu'cest. Transmitting light 
 
 faintly. 
 Trjlhs'verse, trans'versus. Cross- 
 wise. It is applied to a partition 
 when it meets the valves of a 
 pericarp in any other part than 
 at the sutures. 
 Trapezifor'mis. Having four un- 
 equal sides. 
 Tree, (arbor) A large woody 
 plant. The word large is very 
 indefinite ; but the distinction 
 between tree and shrub is very 
 difficult to express. Perhaps 
 large and small, interpreted ac- 
 cording to the rules relating to 
 parts under Relativt proportions, 
 will serve to distinguish trees 
 and shrubs as well as an elabo- 
 rate definition. These terms are 
 not used in specific descriptions. 
 See shrub and sufiFrutex. 
 TRIAN'DRIA. ( Tr is, thrice j aner, 
 
 male.) See p. 12. 
 Tria-h'drocs. Belonging to, or 
 varying into, the class Trian- 
 dria. 
 Trian'oulAlR, triangula'ris. Hav- 
 ing three angles or corners. It is 
 applied to a leaf with 3 points 
 or corners. 
 Tribes, tri'bw. See gentes and 
 
 cotyledon. 
 Tribrac'tbatk. Having three 
 
 bracts. 
 Trica. See buttons. Button-form. 
 Trichol'omus. Three-forked. See 
 
 forked. 
 Tricoc'cus. A 3-seeded capsule ; or 
 rather 3-grained. It is applied 
 to capsules, which appear as if 
 three of one cell, and one seed 
 ^»ch, were grown together. 
 
 Tricuspida'tus. Three pointed. See 
 cuspidate. 
 
 Triden'tate. Three-toothed. 
 
 Trid'uus. Enduring 3 days. 
 
 Trifa'rius. Facing 3 ways. 
 
 Trifidm. Three-cleft. See cleft. 
 
 Trifior'rus. Three-flowered. 
 
 Trifolia'tus. Three-leaved. 
 
 Triglo'chis. Three-barbed. See 
 barb. 
 
 Trigo'nus. Three-cornered. See 
 triangular. 
 
 TRIGYN'IA. ( Tris, thrice ; gum^ 
 female.) See p. 16. 
 
 Trij'ugus. Three-paired. Three- 
 yoked. 
 
 Triloba'ceous, tri'lobus. Three- 
 lobed. See lobed. 
 
 Triloc'dlar, trilocula'ris. Three- 
 celled. 
 
 Triner'vis. Three-nerved. See 
 nerved. 
 
 Tri'nus. Leaves in threes. 
 
 Triparti'tus. Deeply divided into 
 three parts. 
 
 Tripet'alus. 
 
 TriphyVlus. 
 lyx. 
 
 Tripin'kate, iripinnatus. Having 
 the petiole pinnated with other 
 petioles ; and this second range 
 of petioles supporting a third 
 range with leafets. 
 
 T^ripinnat'ifid, tripinnatifidus. 
 A pinnatifid leaf, with the divi- 
 sions pinnatifid, and those latter 
 divisions pinnatifid again. See 
 pinnatifid and bipinnatifid. 
 Triplinervis. See trinervis. Three- 
 nerved. 
 
 Triply-com'pound. See saprade* 
 
 compositus. 
 Trip'teris. Three-winged. 
 
 Trique'trous, iriqutter. Three-. 
 
 sided. 
 Trisper'Tna. Three-seeded. 
 Tris'tis. Dull-coloured, melan^ 
 
 choly. 
 Tritbr'wate, tritema'tus. Whea 
 a petiole is divided into three 
 
 i branches ; and the branches 
 again divided, each in three 
 
 I parts ; and on each of the lasi. 
 
 Three-petalled. 
 Three leafets to a ca- 
 
V A L 
 
 divisions three leafets. See bit- 
 " crnate. 
 
 Trival'vis. A pericarp with three 
 valves. 
 
 Trivascula'rU. Having three cup- 
 form cells. 
 
 Tfiiv'iAL NAME, trivia'lia no'mina. 
 The name of a species, not in- 
 cluding the descriptive terms. 
 President Smith says, trivial 
 name is now superfluous ; as spe- 
 cific name is no longer used for 
 the descriptive terms. See spe- 
 cific name. 
 
 Trun'cate, trunca'tus. The end 
 appearing as if cut off. Termi- 
 nating in a strait edge, either 
 perpendicularly or obliquely 
 transverse. 
 
 Trunk, trun'cus. The bole of a 
 tree. See bole. It is also ap- 
 plied to the stem of plants not 
 woody ; and sometimes to the 
 caudex of a root. 
 
 Tube. The lower hollow cylin- 
 der of a monopetalous corol. 
 
 Tu'bercles, tuber'cula. Tiiatkind 
 of receptacle of lichens, which 
 is spherical or slightly conic, 
 nearly closed, crustaceous, 
 black ; more or less immersed 
 in the surface of the crustaceous 
 frond, which it elevates ; or 
 sometimes it is exposed, being 
 merely sessiie. Each contains 
 a ball, or mass, of connected 
 seeds, destitute of cells, enve- 
 loped in a common membrane. 
 The whole mass of seeds is at 
 length discharged together by 
 an orifice at the top of the tu- 
 bercle. We often find these tu- 
 bercles after the seeds ere dis- 
 charged. 
 
 Tuber'culate, tubtr'culcL See, 
 tubercles. This word is some- 
 times applied to rough points on 
 leaves, k.c. 
 
 To'berocs, inbero'sits. Roots, 
 which are thick and fleshy, but 
 not of any regularly globular 
 form. They are knobbed, as po- 
 ^toe ; oval, as orchis, and some 
 
 anemones ; abrupt, as the bird"-, 
 foot violet ; fascicled, as the as- 
 paragus. 
 
 Tu'bular, tubula'tus. Having a, 
 tube, or being in the form of a 
 tube. 
 
 Tu'bulous, Tubulo'se, tubulo'nu. 
 That corol of a compound flow- 
 er, which forms a whole tube, 
 not a ligulate floret. It is also 
 applied to a perianth, if the 
 whole or the lower part is a hol- 
 low cylinder. 
 
 Tuft'ed.. See fascicle. In a 
 bunch or bundle. 
 
 Tunicate. See coated. Covered 
 as with a garment. 
 
 Tur'binate, iurbina'tus. Top- 
 form. A cone with the point 
 downwards. 
 
 Tur'gid, tur'gidus. Thickened, 
 swollen, but not inflated. 
 
 Tu'rion, tu'rio. See gemmation. 
 Buddins;. 
 
 Twin. Two connected or grow- 
 ing together. 
 
 Twi'NiNG. Ascending spirally. 
 See dextrorsum and sinifitror- 
 sum. 
 
 Twist'ed. See coiled; 
 
 Two-rank'ed, or two-row'bd. 
 See distichus. 
 
 v.. 
 
 Vagi'na. Sheath, That prolon- 
 gation of a leaf, which forms a 
 cylinder around the stem. See 
 sheath. 
 
 Fagi'nflTW. Sheathing. 
 
 Vacrina' tus. Sheathed. 
 
 Valva'tus. Resembling the valves 
 of a glume. 
 
 Valvb, val'va. Theseveral pieces 
 of a pericarp, which separate 
 naturally on ripening, are called 
 valves. Also the leaves, or 
 chanF^, of a glume. Each piece 
 is called a valve. This name is 
 sometimes applied to the scales, 
 which close the tube ia fOiB» 
 corols. 
 
V E R 
 
 ValVelet, val'vula. Little valve. 
 
 Variega'lus. Variously coloured. 
 
 Vari'etv, rarie/fli. The changes 
 produced among plants of the 
 same species by accidental 
 causes ; as by soil, situation , cul- 
 ture, climate, &cc. These changes 
 respect 7na[^nilude, fullness of 
 flowers, crisping of leaves, co- 
 lour, taste and smell. If the 
 same kind of plant can possibly 
 be produced from the seed of 
 other kinds, these are but varie- 
 ties of the same species. All ap- 
 ples are but rarie'.ies of the same 
 ipecies ; because if the seeds of 
 a sour apple be planted, they 
 ■uill produce trees bearing sour, 
 sweet, tart, red, green, large and 
 SEQall apples promiscuously. But 
 the quince is a different species ; 
 because it cannot possibly be 
 produced from apple seeds. 
 
 Va'sa, VEssKLs. The sap-vessels 
 of vegetables have formed the 
 subject of much inquiry and dis- 
 cussion. The best summary of 
 the various theories may be 
 found in Smith's Elements. See 
 sap and camb. By cutting very 
 thin transverse segments of a- 
 quatic plants, and holding (hem 
 to. the light, considerable prac- 
 tical knowledge may be obtain- 
 ed on this subject. 
 
 Vaul'ted. Arched over like the 
 roof of the moulh ; as the upper 
 Up of some labiate corols. 
 
 Vegetable. An organized sub- 
 stance, whose procreative or- 
 gans decay before the individual 
 dies. As in the pea ; the sta- 
 mens and pistils decay before 
 the rest of the plant. It is di- 
 vided into the fructification, 
 root and herbage. See natural 
 history. 
 
 Veg'etable kiwo'dom. This is 
 the name Linneus gives to all 
 the subjects of the science of bo- 
 tany. See Natural history. 
 
 Vi;§'iTABLs sub'starce. The«/e- 
 
 mentary principles of vegetables 
 are carbon, hydrogen and ox- 
 ygen; some contain nitrogen. 
 The pi%ximale principles are 
 very complicated, and belong 
 to the de[)artraent of chemistry. 
 
 Veil. See calyptra, and volva. 
 
 Vel'lus. Fleecy, or a fleece. This 
 term is also applied to that kind 
 o{ clouds which float swiftly a- 
 bout the sky, without any strait 
 side,andresembl^ an open fleece 
 of wool. See clouds. 
 
 Veis'ed, veno'se, rcnosus. A leaf 
 with the ribs or tendinous fibres 
 variously branched. 
 
 Vent. Aperture for the discharge 
 of both feces and urine. 
 
 Ventricles. The large cavities 
 of the heart. All animals of 
 tlie classes mammalia and aves 
 have two ventricles to the heart 
 — araphifcia and pisces but one. 
 
 Vektrico'se, vcnlrico'sus. SwelN 
 in^ out as if Mown up with wind. 
 Or rather bellied out. See in- 
 flated. 
 
 Ventrirulosus. A liitle ventricose. 
 
 Vermes, All averlebral animals, 
 excepting insects. — Linneus. , 
 
 Vema'lis. Coming forth early in 
 the spring. 
 
 Verna'tio.^, rerna'ho. See folia- 
 tion, 
 
 Verru'ccc, Variously formed pro- 
 tuberances, solid and usually 
 smooth, on the crust of some 
 lichens. Sometimes the recep- 
 tacles grow on them, 
 
 ViRRUco'sE, verucosm. Warty. 
 Having little warty knob-like 
 substances on the surface. 
 
 Ver'satile, vcrsa'tilis. Lying ho-^ 
 rizonlally and moving freely on 
 a point. Particularly applied to 
 anthers lying on the point of the 
 filaments, 
 
 Ver'lix. The summit. 
 
 Ver'tical, vcrticalis. Standing 
 or hanging up and down at right 
 angles with the horizon i or pa- 
 rallel to the steii^. 
 
U N D 
 
 Vertebral AJfiMALS. One of the 
 four grand divisions of animals, 
 characterised by having back 
 bones. Avertebral animals have 
 no back bones, as oysters, lob- 
 sters, &.C. 
 
 Verticilla'tus. See whorled. 
 
 Vesic'ular, vesicula'ris, Contain- 
 ing, or consisting of, a cellular 
 substance. 
 
 Ves'sels. See vasa. 
 
 V&xil'lum. See banner of pea- 
 flowers. 
 
 ViBRissAE. Smellers. Hairs of 
 a peculiar kind, generally very 
 stilfy, growing on or near the 
 nostrils. 
 
 Vigi'liaplanta'rum. The determin- 
 ed hoursof the day, when certain 
 plants expand and shut their 
 flowers. See sleep. 
 
 ViLLo'sB, villo'sus. Having a su- 
 perficial coverin.fi: of long soft 
 whitish hairs. The calyptra of 
 some mosses consist wholly of 
 a mat of hairs. 
 
 Vil'lus. Fine soft hairs. 
 
 Vi'men. A withe. A twig which 
 is slender and flexible. 
 
 Viola'ceous. Violet coloured. 
 
 Vires'cens. Inclining to green. 
 
 Vir'gate, virga'tus. Wand-like. 
 Slender rod. 
 
 Vir'idii. Green. 
 
 Virgui turn. Small twig. 
 
 Viro'sus. Nauseous disgusting 
 smell. 
 
 Vis'ciD, vis'cidus. Covered su- 
 perficially with a tenaceous 
 juice. 
 
 Viscid'ity, visco'sitas. Clammi- 
 ness. Possessing an adhesive 
 quality. 
 
 Vilel'linus. Yellow with a tinge 
 of red. 
 
 VUel'lus. A thin substance in the 
 seeds of some plants, closely 
 connected with the embryo, but 
 never rising out of the ground 
 with it in germination. It is 
 never in plants with genuine as- 1 
 cending cotyledons ; and per- 1 
 
 haps it may serve to perfofin the 
 functions of cotyledons. It is 
 between the albumen and em- 
 bryo, when albumen is present; 
 It composes the bulk of the 
 seeds of mosses and ferns. — 
 Smith. 
 Vii'rons. Glassy, colourless. See 
 hyaline. 
 
 Vivip'akous. Producing its oflf- 
 spring alive, either by bulbs in- 
 stead of seeds, or by seeds ger- 
 minating on the plant. It is ap- 
 plied to animals produced alive, 
 not from the egg. 
 
 Uligino'sut. Growing in damp 
 places. 
 
 Ul'na. Arm's length. 
 
 Umbel, umbel'la. That kind of 
 inflorescence, where several 
 flower-stems diverge from one 
 place, like the braces of an um- 
 brella; bearing florets on their 
 extremities. If these flower- 
 stems are subdivided, a partial 
 umbel is formed. 
 
 Umbelliferous. Bearing um- 
 bels ; as carrot, dill, fennel. 
 
 Um'bellet, umbel'lula. A partial 
 or lesser umbel. 
 
 Umbi'licus. A naval. Applied to 
 shells, it means the perforation 
 in the direction of the Spire, as 
 in the nerita, &ic. 
 
 Umbil'icate, umbilica'tus. Navel- 
 led. Having a kind of central 
 roundish hollow or protuber- 
 ance ; as on the end of an apple, 
 or of a pompion. 
 
 Umbona'tus. See bossed. 
 
 Umbrinus. Umber colour. SnufF- 
 brown, A brown shade. 
 
 Unangula'lus. One-angled. 
 
 Unarm'ed. Having no thorns nor 
 prickles. 
 
 Uncia'lis. As long as the thumb- 
 nail. 
 
 Un'cinate, uncina'tus. Hooked at 
 the end. See hamus. 
 
 Unctuo'siis. Greasy, unctuous. 
 
 U a' Dv LXTS, undula't us or iinda'tus. 
 Wavy. Rising and falling, or 
 
woo 
 
 extending and receding in 
 waves. 
 
 Vn'dbrshrub. See suffrutex. 
 
 Ujtditi'ded. See indivisus. 
 
 Une'qual. The parts not corres- 
 ponding in size, form and dura- 
 tion. 
 
 Uhouic'ulate, unguicula'tus. A 
 petal with a claw. 
 
 Unguis. A claw, which see. 
 
 Un'gulatic, xingula' tus. In the 
 fofm of a horse's hoof; as the 
 common touch-wood, (boleteus 
 igniarius.) 
 
 Unicapsula'ris. Having one cap- 
 sule to each flower. 
 
 U'nicus. Single. Only one. 
 
 Unijio'rus. One-flowered. 
 
 Uni/or'mis. All parts alike, or 
 corresponding. 
 
 Unilabia'liis. One-lipped. 
 
 Unilat'eral, unilattTo! Lis. See 
 one-sided. 
 
 Unilocula'ris. One-celled. 
 
 Uniner'vial. One-nerved. 
 
 Unisex'us. Either staminato or 
 pistillate, not perfect. 
 
 Unival'vis. One-valved. 
 
 Univaseula'Tis. Having one cup- 
 form cell. 
 
 Univir'sal, universa'lis. See par- 
 tial, to which it is applied. 
 
 Vol'va. The ring or wrapper of 
 some fungous plants, which con- 
 tracts in size as the plant grows 
 older; as the mushroom. VVill- 
 denow calls that the volva only 
 which encloses the fungus in the 
 young slate; and remains close 
 upon the ground ever after. The 
 ring around the stem above, he 
 C2\\%annulus. See ring. 
 
 Volu'bilis. See twining. 
 
 Upri'ght. See erect. 
 
 Urceola'te, urceolatus. Bellying 
 out like a pitcher, and not con- 
 tracting much at top. 
 
 U'rent. Stinging, armed with 
 stings. 
 
 Urn'-form. Swelling in the mid- 
 dle and contracting at the top ; 
 as the calyx of the rose. 
 
 Uroptgial. Several Ions feathers 
 
 above, on each side of the tailj 
 difiFering in form from the oth- 
 ers. 
 
 Usiila'go. Sfhut in grain. 
 
 Utricles. The little bag-like re- 
 servoirs for sap, air, &c. 
 
 Utric'nlus. A little bladder. 
 
 Utrin'que acu'tus. Sharpening at 
 both ends. 
 
 glab'er villo'sus, he, sleek, 
 
 downy, kc. both sides. 
 
 w. 
 
 Wakd-like. See virgatus. 
 
 Wattles. Pendant fleshy appen- 
 dages under the chin of some 
 swine and other animals. 
 
 Wa'ved, or -nx'vY. See undulate. 
 
 Wedg'e-form. Obovate with 
 straitish side*. 
 
 Wheel'-form. a monopetalous 
 eorol with a spreading border, 
 and an extremely short tube. 
 
 Whorl'ed. Surrounding the stem 
 in numbers at intervals; as the 
 leaves of bedstraw, and the flow- 
 ers of motherwort. It ig applied 
 to the spiral convolutions of uni- 
 valve shells. 
 
 WiKGs. The two side petals in a 
 papilionaceous corol. 
 
 it is also applied to the mem- 
 branes aflixed to seeds or peri- 
 carps. Monopterygia, 1-winged. 
 Dipterygia, 2-winged. Triptery- 
 gia, 3-winged. Tetrapterygia, 
 4-wiuged. Fentapterygia, 5- 
 winged. Polypterygia, many- 
 winged. 
 
 Withe. See Vimen. A flexible 
 wand. 
 
 With'ering. Having a shrivel- 
 led and decaying appearance 
 though not actually in a state of 
 decay ; as the flowers of elm, 
 (ulmus.) 
 
 Wood. The most solid part of 
 trunks and roots of trees and 
 shrubs. It is also applied to the 
 part of herbaceous plants be- 
 tween the bark and pith. 
 
zoo 
 
 Wood't. Not herbaceons. 
 Wool'ly. See lanale. 
 Wrink'led. See rugose. 
 Wri'thbd. See coiled. Twisted. 
 
 z. 
 
 Zigzag. See fleiuose. 
 
 Zoology. The science of ani- 
 mals. 
 
 ZooPHTTEs. Animal-plants. The 
 radiated animals, which resem- 
 ble plants in many respects/ 
 Such as the sea fan, kct 
 
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