> 1 THE UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS LIBRARY 630.7 II6b CO p A6RICULIURAL UIBABY UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS Agricultural Experiment Station BULLETIN No. 235 FEEDING PURE-BRED DRAFT FILLIES BY J. L. EDMONDS AND W. G. KAMMLADE URBANA, ILLINOIS, NOVEMBER, 1921 SUMMARY OF BULLETIN No. 235 These experiments have shown that the production of pure-bred draft fillies in Illinois, or where conditions are similar, will be most satisfactory when good pastures and legume roughages form the basis of their rations. Sound, good quality legume roughages, such as alfalfa, may constitute from one-half to two- thirds of the roughage fed; the remainder to consist of carbonaceous roughages such as oat hay, oat straw, or perhaps timothy hay or corn stover. Pasture is essential. In fact, too much emphasis cannot be placed upon the importance of good pasture in horse production. It is certain that much of the success in growing these fillies was due to the use of nutritious pasture. This pas- ture was mostly blue grass with some timothy, orchard grass, and clovers. Abundant pastures and legume hays reduce the grain requirement, but it is not possible to secure the most satisfactory and economical growth and develop- ment unless these are supplemented with grain feeds. From experience in the three trials which have been conducted at this Station, it has been found best to feed grain in comparatively small amounts during all seasons rather than to feed it in large quantities at one time and perhaps discontinue its use at other times. In the third trial the quantity of grain fed was small, but the results in the rate and quality of growth were satisfactory and economical. Lot I received an average of 6.36 pounds of crushed oats and bran per head daily, and Lot II received 5.40 pounds of corn and bran per head daily. These amounts were about the minimum that would produce good growth when fed with alfalfa hay and oat hay. Of the grain rations fed, the one composed of 75 percent crushed oats and 25 percent bran proved most satisfactory. While a grain ration composed largely of corn, fed with alfalfa hay and pasture, is adequate for the production of growth, it does not, so far as our experience shows, produce fillies of such desirable quality as a ration in which the corn is reduced or from which it is omitted. Feeding grain and roughage and using pasture in the manner here reported produced good weight and a good growth of frame before the fillies were two years old, and it did not hinder important later development. FEEDING PURE-BRED DRAFT FILLIES BY J. L. EDMONDS, PROFESSOR OF HORSE HUSBANDRY, AND W. G. KAMMLADE, ASSOCIATE IN ANIMAL HUSBANDRY INTRODUCTION Breeding and feeding are important factors in the successful pro- duction of good draft horses. The way in which the draft foal is grown to maturity determines, in no small degree, the animal's sell- ing value and its future utility for work and breeding purposes. Lib- eral feeding has been advocated more than practiced, yet it is essential if satisfactory growth and size are to be secured. Such feeding must be continued thruout the period of growth, particularly during the first and second years, the time when growth is most rapid. The ulti- mate results are more satisfactory if the feeding is done, in such a way as to produce a regular, even rate of gain. Furthermore, such feeding results in more economical gains than are possible when the animals arc heavily fed during one season and neglected during another. This has been the general experience of horse breeders and dealers. Vari- ous feeds and methods of feeding may be used with success, provided the feeds are palatable, contain the. necessary nutrients, and are fed in proper amounts. The experiments reported he.rein are a continuation of the experi- ment reported in Bulletin 192 of this Station. The former experi- ment, in which ten Percheron fillies were used, demonstrated that pure-bred draft fillies could be developed satisfactorily by the use of home-grown feeds. The object of the experiments discussed in the present bulletin was to find a ration which would be even more satis- factory for producing high-class fillies than the ration of corn, oats, and alfalfa used in the first experiment. Forty-two fillies have been used in the three trials. The experiments reported in this bulletin will be designated the second and third experiments. PLAN In each of the last two trials sixteen Percheron weanling fillies, divided into two lots of eight each, were used. Some of the fillies were bred at the University and others were purchased from various breed- ers in Illinois, Iowa, Ohio, and Virginia. The experiment reported as the second experiment was begun December 12, 1916, and continued until May 13, 1918, a total of 518 days. The last, or third, trial was begun December 31, 1918, and continued until May 3, 1920, a total of 490 days. 331 332 BULLETIN No. 235 [November, FEED The rations used in the two experiments described herein were as follows (by weight) : Second Experiment Lot I: Corn 40 percent Oats 40 percent Bran 20 percent Lot II: Corn 50 percent Oats 50 percent Both lots in this^trial received alfalfa hay and oat straw. The oat straw was cut and mixed with the grain ration during the winter feeding period. During the summer the fillies of each lot were on permanent pasture. Grain was fed three times a day during the first winter. When the fillies were on grass, and during the second winter, grain was fed twice a day. The corn and oats for both lots were ground from the beginning of the experiment until May 29, 1917. After that shelled corn and whole oats were used. Third Experiment Lot I: Crushed oats 75 percent Bran 25 percent Lot II: Ground corn 75 percent Bran 25 percent Alfalfa hay was the sole roughage fed to both lots during the first winter. All the fillies were on pasture during the summer. During the second winter oat hay, which was riper than it usually is when cut for such purposes, was fed as a carbonaceous supplement to the alfalfa hay. The regular practice was to feed grain twice each day. Hay was fed twice a day except when the fillies were on pasture, dur- ing a part of which time no hay was fed ; after the pasture became short and dry, hay was fed once a day. In both these experiments the alfalfa used was grown on the Uni- versity farm and was of good quality. The purpose in both experiments was to obtain good growth on a small amount of grain fed thruout the year, supplemented by an abundance of roughage or pasture. The feeding was done in such a way that all feeds given were thoroly cleaned up. This resulted in almost no waste of feed, and there were no refused feeds to be weighed and recorded. Each lot was fed as a group, from mangers built along 1921] FEEDING PURE-BRED DRAFT FILLIES 333 the sides of roomy box stalls which were used as shelter. Hence no record was kept of the .amount of feed eaten by individual animals. The pasture was heavy blue grass with a mixture of timothy, orchard grass, medium red and white clovers. Each lot had access to eight acres, or one acre per head. Some sweet-clover pasture was used for a few days in the second trial. Army worms damaged the permanent pasture in the summer of 1919. During a few weeks of that summer the fillies were turned on oat stubble, which contained a good growth of medium red clover and timothy. Salt was fed with the grain. Water was available at all times in the barn as well as in the pastures. SHELTER The shelter for the fillies consisted of two box stalls for each lot, one measuring 16 x 16 feet and one 16 x 20 feet. The entrances to the box stalls were equipped with two doors, an inner slat door and an outer solid door. During the winter if the weather was mild, only the slat doors were closed at night ; if it was stormy or very cold, the outer solid doors were partly or entirely closed as a protection against drafts but provision was always made for the free circulation of air thru the stalls. These doors were 8 feet wide and opened into cinder exercise lots, which connected the barn with the pasture. The fillies were in these lots every day during the winter and ran on pasture from spring until early winter. This method of stabling insured suf- ficient protection without any undue restriction of opportunity for exercise ; and exercise must accompany good feeding if the best all- around results are to be obtained. During the summer canvas "flap- pers" nailed to the over-head joists assisted in keeping the flies off the backs of the fillies. An application of coal-tar disinfectant to the lower part of the canvas prevented it from being chewed or torn down. BEDDING Shavings and wheat straw were generally used as bedding ; a small amount of the straw was eaten by the fillies. Some oat straw was used during the first winter of the last experiment. The manure was re- moved from the stalls each day. GROOMING During the winter the fillies were occasionally given a hurried grooming with a ' ' dandy brush. ' ' As often as necessary, about once a month, their feet were levelled with a hoof rasp. 334 BULLETIN No. 235 [November, DISCUSSION OF RESULTS The tables have been constructed to show as clearly as possible the results of the experiments, hence the discussion will be brief and will concern those features of the trials not sufficiently emphasized by the tables. FEED CONSUMED Grain was fed thruout each of the experiments and alfalfa hay was fed except during a very few periods of the pasture season. In the second trial when the fillies were not on pasture the alfalfa was fed at an average rate of about one pound per hundredweight per day. Oat straw was fed in amounts of two pounds per head per day. The feeding of alfalfa hay reduced the grain requirement. Second Experiment. There was no great difference in the feed consumption per head of the two lots in the second experiment. Lot I, fed corn 40 percent, oats 40 percent, and bran 20 percent, by weight, ate only 80.81 pounds of grain and 405 pounds of hay more per head than Lot II, fed corn 50 percent and oats 50 percent, and made 6.2 pounds greater average gain in weight. So far as these rations can be judged from this trial, there is no great difference in their efficiency for producing gain in weight. The results obtained with the corn and oats ration fed Lot II seem to agree with those of the first experi- ment, reported in Bulletin 192, and show that good gains may be made without using purchased mill feeds. It is believed, however, that even tho the fillies of Lot I ate a little more feed and required a slightly greater amount of feed per pound of gain, the grain ration of corn, oats, and bran which they received gave better results than the grain ration of 50 percent corn and 50 percent oats fed Lot II. The use of bran and a smaller percentage of corn in the ration of Lot I seemed to produce growth of better quality and cleaner legs than was obtained with corn and oats in Lot II. This statement is based on the observation of the men who conducted the experiment and upon the opinion of a number of horsemen who saw the fillies at the close of the experiments. Home-grown feeds of good quality carefully fed in proper amounts, without the addition of commercial mixed feeds or condiments of any kind, produced a satisfactory rate of growth in this experiment. A little less alfalfa and more straw probably would have been as satisfactory as the roughage ration given. Economy during the winter was secured by feeding roughage liberally and enough grain to maintain a thrifty, growing condition. A summary of the feed consumption per head, in terms of bushels and tons, follows. The detailed data will be found on pages 348 and 352. FEEDING PURE-BRED DRAFT FILLIES 335 First winter (155 days) Summer ( 160 days) LOT I Second winter (SOS days) 1 Year 1 Year 5 months Oats (bu.) .... Corn (bu.) .... Bran (Ibs.) . . . Alfalfa (tons) . Straw ('tons') . 16.58 9.47 265.25 .84 .14 11.95 6.83 191.13 .28 18.12 10.36 961.96 1.76 .09 33.67 19.24 538.69 1.41 .175 46.64 26.65 1418.34 2.88 .23 Oats (bu.) . . Corn (bu.) . . 'Bran (Ibs.) . , Alfalfa (tons) Straw (tons) , 20.38 11.64 LOT II 14.75 8.43 .73 .14 21.91 12.52 672.00 1.67 .09 41.56 23.75 1.30 .174 57.04 35.59 672.00 2.68 .23 *Bran was fed for several days when the fillies had influenza. Third Experiment. In the third experiment Lot I, during the 490 days, ate 468 pounds more of grain and 40.5 pounds less of alfalfa per head than Lot II. Both lots received an average, for the 490 days, of .54 pound of alfalfa per hundredweight per day. During the first winter (112 days) of this trial the alfalfa fed daily amounted to 1.3 pounds per hundredweight. However, during the second winter a much smaller quantity of alfalfa (.55 pound per hundredweight per day) was fed and Lot I received .871 pound and Lot II .857 pound of oat hay per hundredweight per day. The results during the second winter were very satisfactory. Attention is called to the low amount of grain fed per hundred- weight and to the small amount required per pound of gain in both lots. As an average for the entire experiment Lot I received only .533 pound and Lot II .445 pound of grain per hundredweight per day. Four and nine-tenths pounds of grain were required per pound of gain for Lot I and 4.16 pounds of grain per pound of gain for Lot II. It is doubtful if satisfactory size could have been secured on a smaller amount of feed than that given in this trial. The growth made was at the rate of 1.3 pounds per head per day for both lots. Of the two grain rations, the one consisting of 75 percent crushed oats and 25 percent bran fed Lot I was more satisfactory than the one made up of 75 percent ground corn and 25 percent bran, when fed with alfalfa hay and oat hay. During the first winter of this trial, the corn, bran, and alfalfa ration fed Lot II did not prove entirely satisfactory ; the fillies of this lot were usually somewhat too fat and there was a little trouble in keeping their legs in the best condition. The use of oat hay to replace part of the alfalfa during the second winter resulted in considerable improvement in this lot. 336 BULLETIN No. 235 [November, The detailed data concerning feed consumption will be found on pages 354 and 358. Converted to bushels and tons, the consumption per horse during the third experiment was as follows : ( First winter IIS days) Summer (175 days) { Second winter 'SOS days) LOT I Oats (bu.) Bran (Ibs.) Alfalfa (tons) . . Oat hay (tons) 13.33 142.14 .68 24.33 259.50 .13 .04 35.35 377.10 .78 1.21 Corn (bu.) 7.38 LOT n 12.74 15.33 Bran (Ibs.) .... Alfalfa (tons) .. Oat hay (tons) . . 137.70 .71 237.88 .13 .04 286.16 .78 1.21 1 Year 43.27 461.55 1.07 .42 22.73 424.20 1.09 .42 1 Year months 73.01 778.74 1.59 1.25 35.45 661.73 1.61 1.25 It seems advisable, judging from the results of this experiment, not to feed a heavy alfalfa ration with corn to growing horses, par- ticularly to pure-breds when seeking the best possible development. Alfalfa is a very valuable roughage for growing horses, but experience at this Station indicates that more satisfactory results may be obtained when it is not fed as the sole roughage but is supplemented with such roughages as oat hay or oat straw. The use of these carbonaceous roughages also reduced the cost of feed. The ration fed Lot I in this trial, consisting of crushed oats 75 percent and bran 25 percent, fed with alfalfa hay supplemented with oat hay, was more satisfactory for the production of good, sound two-year-old Percheron fillies than any of the other rations used in these experiments. While the results of the experiments show this ration to be most satisfactory for pro- ducing the very highest class of pure-bred draft fillies, still it is pos- sible to secure good results from rations composed of home-grown feeds, as reported in Bulletin 192 and as used in Lot II of the second experiment. Altho the fillies of Lot II in this experiment were fatter, there were not so many high-class individuals in the lot at the close of the trial as there were in Lot I. This may have been due in part to the ration and in part to the lack of "outcome" in the fillies of Lot II. USE OF CARBONACEOUS ROUGHAGE The results of these two tests, particularly of the last one, show the possibility of limiting the alfalfa, preferably to one-half or two- thirds of the roughage fed, and of using some carbonaceous roughage, such as oat straw or oat hay, except during the pasture season. Such feeding resulted in lower feed costs and did not reduce the efficiency of the ration. When the fillies received a too liberal allowance of 1921] FEEDING PURE- BRED DRAFT FILLIES 337 alfalfa, they did not eat satisfactory amounts of the straw or oat hay. Altho not used in these experiments, it is probable that corn stover or similar roughages would be satisfactory supplements to alfalfa for producing growth and as a means of economy. VALUE OF PASTURE The pasture used in these experiments proved to be a very im- portant factor in the development of the fillies. In order to maintain a regular rate of growth on pasture, it was found necessary to feed some grain thruout the summer. In fact these trials showed it to be necessary, in order to obtain the best results, to feed some grain at all times during the year. Feeding grain in this way means real economy. It was also found advisable in these trials to feed some legume hay during part of the pasture season, when the grass had become dry, tough, and unpalatable. While the daily gain was less on pasture than during the first winter seasons, nevertheless the fillies in all lots made excellent growth in frame during the summer. This develop- ment of frame was very desirable and was greater and of more im- portance than the weights for the summer season indicate. In this work much of the success depended upon an abundance of palatable and nutritious grass. The pasture afforded abundant exercise, which helped to keep the joints clean and was conducive to good health. An acre of pasture per head is the minimum for yearlings, and more is necessary if the grass is not abundant. WEIGHTS AND HEIGHTS The fillies were weighed once each week and the height was meas- ured at the beginning of each 28-day period. The gains were as uni- form as could be expected because there was some variation in age, size, and condition of the fillies at the beginning of the experiment and also because of some variation in the size of the parents. The ma- jority of the fillies were not the progeny of extremely large sires and dams, and the purpose in feeding was not only to make good weight at a given age but to produce good, clean-jointed individuals. There were few blemishes in any of the lots. A few slightly filled hocks occurred in the lots that received the most corn. During the third trial one bone spavin developed as the result of an injury to one filly in Lot II. Attention is called to the fact that during the last period of each trial the average gain was nearly two pounds per day. This is significant because it shows that the fillies were not finished in growth and were capable of making further gains, and probably capable of attaining weights of 1,800 to 2,000 pounds at maturity. As already stated, a better kind of growth was produced in Lot I in both experi- ments than in Lot II. This apparently resulted from the smaller 338 BULLETIN No. 235 [November, proportion of corn in the ration of Lot I of the second experiment and its omission entirely from the ration of Lot I of the third experiment. The fillies received no severe setback in growth. The most marked interruptions in the rate of gains were due to influenza during the winter and to the annoyance by flies during the hot weather. The im- portance of securing good growth the first year is clearly shown when the comparatively small gain during the second year is compared with the weight at one year. It will be seen that the largest gains per day were made during the first winter and that less feed was required per pound gain at that time than at any other, when the pasture is figured with the roughage fed during the summer. Kapid, cheap gains are made on young animals; hence, the importance of liberal feeding at this time. For detailed data the reader is referred to Tables 2 to 5 of each experiment, which are to be found on pages 349-52 and 355-58. In considering the heights of the fillies by 28-day periods, it should be remembered that it is difficult to get young fillies to stand properly and to apply the standard in the same manner at the same point of the withers each time. In addition, the variation in wear of hoofs at different seasons of the year and the levelling of the feet at various times made an accurate record of changes in height impossible. ' ' Losses ' ' in height during certain periods are due to such conditions as mentioned. The pictures of the fillies were taken at the close of the trials. A good idea of the kind of development made may be obtained from these pictures. SUMMARY OF THE THREE EXPERIMENTS The last table (page 360) contains a summary of the three experi- ments which have been conducted. This table is given as a means of readily comparing the more important features of the three experi- ments. COST OF FEEDS The tables showing the cost of feeds (pages 353 and 359) are largely the result of using prices which prevailed before the war. Some additional cost figures are given in each of the tables to more nearly show the cost at the time the experiments were conducted. In both of these experiments the rations fed Lot II were cheaper than the rations fed Lot I. Of course, the extreme fluctuations in the prices of farm products make any cost table of more or less temporary value ; but if one knows, at least in approximate amounts, the quan- tity of feed required to grow a horse a year, the cost may be calcu- lated readily on the basis of current prices. Economical feeding should be the aim always, but poor feeding to lessen the cost of pro- duction is false economy. FEEDING PURE-BRED DRAFT FILLIES 339 The average cost per head per day for each lot of these two ex- periments, on the basis of the "A" prices given below each of the cost tables, was as follows : Second Experiment Third Experiment Lot I 21.1 cents Lot I 17.3 cents Lot II 20,0 cents Lot II '. . . . 15.1 cents While it is true that the fillies of Lot I of the third experiment were better fillies at the close of the trial than the fillies of Lot II of the same experiment, it may be that some will find it more de- sirable to use the ration fed Lot II on account of the lower cost of the ration. It is very probable that where one is not attempting to produce the very highest class of draft horses this ration will be very satisfactory. ' THE INDIVIDUALS OF THE VARIOUS LOTS AS THEY APPEAR IN THE FOLLOWING ILLUSTRATIONS LOT I, SECOND EXPERIMENT (Fics. 1, 3, and 4) 1. Garble, 130521. W. S. Corsa, Whitehall, 111. 2. Irene, 124523. University of Illinois 3. Norma, 137694. A. L. Eobison & Sons, Pekin, 111. 4. Hodgson's Choice, 123379. M. C. Hodgson & Sons, Ottawa, 111. 5. Hodgson's Belle, 123378. M. C. Hodgson & Sons, Ottawa, 111. 6. Carins, 130522. E. B. White, Leesburg, Va. 7. Sylvera, 129803. G. L. Francis, New Lenox, 111. 8. Carnona, III, 130523. W. S. Corsa, Whitehall, 111. LOT II, SECOND EXPERIMENT (Figs. 2, 5, and 6) 9. Keota Daisy, 129175. C. F. Singmaster, Keota, Iowa 10. Oaklawn's Selection, 129350. J. M. Gillmore, Forest City, 111. 11. Black Belle, 127468. Leslie Beland, Crescent City, 111. 12. Jane, 124525. University of Illinois 13. Maple Grove "Violet, 129149. J. O. Singmaster & Sons, Keota, Iowa 14. Blanlo, 130520. L. E, Wiley, Sr., Ellendale, Kan. 15. Modestine, 130141. Dunham 's, Wayne, 111. 16. Dunham's Choice Goods, 128656. J. H. Bereman, Aurora, 111. LOT I, THIRD EXPERIMENT (Fig. 7) 1. Hodgsons Quality, 148920. M. C. Hodgson & Sons, Ottawa, 111. 2. Mafalda, 148153. G. L. Francis, New Lenox, 111. 3. lonita, 148542. W. S. Corsa, Whitehall, 111. 4. Avelita, 149380. E. D. Bridges & Son, Leesburg, Va. 5. Louise, 147554. L. F. Stubblefield & Sons, McLean, 111. 6. Blossom, 148587. University of Illinois 7. Columbia, 148583. University of Illinois 8. Amy, 148581. University of Illinois LOT II, THIRD EXPERIMENT (Fig. 8) 9. Hodgson's Gold Medal, 148919. M. C. Hodgson & Sons, Ottawa, 111. 10. Mayflower, 147963. Geo. Frerichs & Sons, Gilman, 111. 11. Jewel, 148579. University of Illinois 12. Alene C., 148379. C. F. Camp, Homerville, Ohio 13. Janet, 148582. University of Illinois 14. Clarissa, 147961. I. Argenbright, Blandinsville, 111. 15. Cavill, 148721. E. B. White, Leesburg, Va. 16. Ellen C., 148377. C. F. Camp, Homerville, Ohio 340 BULLETIN No. 235 [November, FIG. 1. THE FILLIES OF LOT I, SECOND EXPERIMENT, AT Two YEARS OF AGE This lot was fed a ration of corn, oats, and bran, supplemented with alfalfa hay, oat straw, and pasture. The ration appeared to produce slightly better devel- opment than the ration fed Lot II. FEEDING PURE-BRED DRAFT FILLIES 341 FIG. 2. THE FILLIES OP LOT II, SECOND EXPERIMENT, AT Two YEARS OF AGE A ration of corn and oats, with alfalfa hay, oat straw, and pasture was fed to this lot. The individuals were a little fatter than those of Lot I, but not so desirable in quality. The greater proportion of corn fed was probably the cause of the difference. 342 BULLETIN No. 23o [November, fq ^~ 1921] FEEDING PURE-BRED DRAFT FILLIES 343 344 BULLETIN No. 235 [November, I- 1* 02 ^o So -4-> H -i 3*H O 3 ^ ti 2 s _ I 10 d s FEEDING PURE-BRED DRAFT FILLIES 345 I-l *JT r-l 50*" i-t 10 ~ < BULLETIN No. 235 FIG. 7. THE FILLIES OF LOT I, THIRD EXPERIMENT, AT Two YEARS OF AGE The ration fed this lot was the most satisfactory of any of the rations of the three experiments. It consisted of crushed oats 75 percent and bran 25 percent, with alfalfa hay, oat hay, and pasture. These fillies had very clean legs and joints, and possessed the general quality so desirable in pure-bred fillies of this class. FEEDING PURE-BRED DRAFT FILLIES 347 FIG. 8. THE FILLIES OF LOT II, THIRD EXPERIMENT, AT Two YEARS OF AGE This lot was fed ground corn 75 percent and bran 25 percent, with alfalfa hay, oat straw, and pasture. This ration kept the fillies in higher condition than Lot I, but did not produce the same desirable quality. Better results were obtained where corn was reduced or omitted. 348 BULLETIN No. 235 [November, i i M ^ i-H a o 1 3 c 5 co ^ ij c 3 o -S ^ (N CM (M (M r-l Or-li-lT-l & "d ( "" 43 *5 c ~ 4-! 1 -t-i C a cot^co oo 10 co 10 co GO i> t^ r-i ^H iO O 00 * OS CO CO b- * O3 O CO O ^H (N CO O O O (M CO * O CO 00 o - * te CO l> 1 i J5 o . O CO CO * CO CO pN 00 * t^ I-H 00 co CO O O5 C*< b TJH CO CD * OO O> CO CO t-- (M > I ii jO O5 O i I (N i I CO (M id CO t>- O5 O i 1 CO -*f C CO o (N 1 1 fl O CO 15 "o 1 >> H ^rH^Hr^ . r-l rH ^H rH r-H ,-H 1 ^ CQ 49 i c c -H 5sSiISSiIliSSilll c co O o3 GO r 1 03 O Avera c O -H "o .CDCDOCOCOCOCDr^GOCOOai^COOCOGO^^-i co *-i o3 O J2 CJ o ~-> 2 -; Is _ *O ti i-H ^jj fe *^3 ,-fJ ^S 5 p^ .. _ .. o3 f^ t 5 -~ 3 *o OO OO O5 CO CO *O ' C*-! t^^ 00 CO CO CO ^^ t* Oi i^ CO o IM ^ " PQ rf 1 +^ O5>OIXN(N -* O O CO CO O CO Tt< OJ> C COCO(N'*rH OO O O i-l i-l O CD TfH t^ Tj< 1> (N I 1 - 5 * to f OQ h a 2 3 2 OH 3 c c 5 3 ~ OO 00 I-H C^ IM b- (M 1>OOO CO * ICO5 O CM -* 1-H I-H .s ^ "a E- H O e 1 1 ^COOCMOO-'tiOOt^OiOOOOOCOiOiO'OGOOOiO 1C CO ~ 3 oT-l-3 ta "* ^ _c -3 HH I 1 1-H I I .COCOCOOOi-HCOCOCOascOOcNOOOOOTfOSO ccCOO(Ni (O5O5OOOOOOOOCOIOIC1CI ICOIC 00 * 1 B "a q 1-H T 1 T ( 1 1 00 3 ,5 a. ^ ^ o -i^ ^3 tj GO" 1 ^ Ji| m o o . . . . U> - 1 : : i-S Oi I 1 t-H S3 & 42 <1> 03 *" O 1 CO GO" ** ' i ; i"* 1 1 1 i i > i *> -4-3 _c <2 ^f'pjfjlf^ppf " (3J2 oi ^ d 1 c? a^ ^"S,-* 3 nd>^ci h.h CO i-H CQ .. 1-H 03 ir H 1 Average for was fed. NOTE. Corr FEEDING PURE-BRED DRAFT FILLIES 00 349 CO i i ..Ol 00 .. 05 a a eo I-H coco co :O O3 OJ "a "a -oj C 5 illlfNir alllla&3 3^= " *" gj g C * 350 BULLETIN No. 235 [November, c a 'oj be ^C .S --o PL, eo?0 D IO glffl P i I i ( (N > I i I i i COOCOCOi i i ICOIOCOO- i U3 Tf 00 >> c3 ~ T3 C et ^ooQ . O 1921} FEEDING PURE-BRED DRAFT FILLIES 351 a x < 2 H . 03 oo . g 10 O 00 TJH CO * lO 1C ~^ * Tj< (N CO O O - f*^ E bli^cgTtiiococoo>oiOTfHo io^t | coicco>o-*c^ 1 8 B OS H -u 00 OQ O S "Sol .OOOOiOOOOOi OOiOOOiO>OiOi W-r n
  • > ;Sp --fOfM r-i o i-io o .-HOi-iOi-i ooo o p 1 e B o M H ^ * w ::::::::: ::::::::: g rt ^ a 73 . O 73 > I 1 s ^s -s: a) o - S ! -fl o> .' ! . .5 . "S n , -a . ja 02 co ; ;i-i i "3 w^3 2J" 2 s -o fl d - - C X.**!t r* S ft 9 ^ -g i-l 00 -g Oi O ^H (M CO TjH 1C CO 352 BULLETIN No. 235 [November, I ( OS^S 00 rH (N 1C CO rH O rH CO Tt< OS 49 rH rH CO COrH N t> rH IN CO rH t> r3 rH (N S CO rH OS 00 (M OS rH 00 ^ rH 00-* COCO -^ 1C TjH CO O 00 rH CO 1C rH i-H 00 rHIN IN l-H t>- 1^ 00 t 1 CO CO i-H (N t"^ I D ' cc. ' JJ, ''M ' ; J ' J I _;J O^J 4j ^Sj c. 5 rl^lj i,").| ![M.R ^""iij ^^'J ^"^ "^ s ^ *^~^' Q} * ' ' a) ^ ~ -^ ^ -e " ^ -4-3 .bC_g.b/D .S .y fi'S) 2^ c^ u 1 c^ fe's"! '' a fl fciC ^ .sl.s rn'S _, ." b) d d'* d flS w w o3 o3 o3 'llrl 353 ! bC73 M) bCT3 M tc bC-^j bC 1 5 S tn (4 tH CU CU Ci> ^ CU CU CU s3 T3 a3 cu a3 CO J*j ^ ^j O3 ^ \^ ^ ^ ^ ^ 00 i> i> r> m 2J2.2 K> ^3 ^ c 1C c3 CO o j. T * H HH HH rH OSOS -0 2 rH rH rH 00 (N o ^H ^w -^ rH ~ s 00 rH CO rH CO ^ S T-! ^ rH os rH ^ -CO OSCO O -*J P O l-H 1^ OS * 1C * IN rH rH OS i-H oooot^ 1C 1C I-H O I-H rH 1C <*! CO OO C t rH CO (N rH rH 1C hs: December l^O 1> CO OS (N rH OS 00 COrH h w CO 43 >o pq _G HH OO HH 1C 1C H^ O "o3 00 -S .d 03 E S o (N o rH 1C OS 1C OS CO CO OS IN OO 1C co K co (N 00 i-H CO O '"'OOO OOCOOSO .(M >C OO CO co i> os -H/I CO OS <*! TfH rH 1C ""t 1 OS 00-* l>00 C^l OO rH l> >C t> O -4J TJH Tfl C^J 3g42 GO >c> < oo ^f ~ IN co 1C 1C 1C s rH O 1> (M rH cooo 'co O 03 (H OOCQ J.d ~tr fl |f J.9 c3 3-0 cu-u Si s-rt 1 p, O ac a d S, d a d o 3 d .0.0 a a) V3 VJ3 .0.0 . g a o 22^ (2 g g oJ g "S g aj g g ~o3 fe *3&t l-tt^ : ri*l o O-< 73 ^ C ^ "a fc< SH H 5 cu aj cu "a; s5 3 a> Ill's &<< CU > > > fe^-<^ FEEDING PURE-BRED DRAFT FILLIES 353 ' Second Experiment TABLE 6. COST OP FEEDS (For feed prices, see bottom of page) Lot I = II ~T~ II T~ II Feed cost A A B B C C First Winter: Dec. 12, 1916 May 15, 1917155 days Grain $15 38 $14 67 $16. 24 $15 72 $13 99 $12.95 Hay. . 13 45 11 62 11. 77 10 17 9 25 7.99 Straw 56 56 56 56 56 .56 Total $29 39 $26 ,84 $28 57 $26 .44 $23 79 $21.50 Per day 19 ,173 184 .171 154 .139 Per pound gain . .102 .099 .099 .097 .083 .079 Summer: May 16, 1917 Oct. 22, 1917160 days Grain $11 08 44 00 $10 4 10 .62 44 .00 $11 3 10 .70 89 00 $11 3 10 .38 89 .00 $10.08 3.06 10.00 $9.38 3.06 10.00 Hay 4 Pasture 10 Total $25 53 16 .145 $25, ,07 157 .142 $25, 59 16 .146 $25 27 158 .143 $23. 13 .145 .132 $22.43 .14 .127 Per day Per pound gain . Second Winter: Oct. 23, 1917 May 13, 1918203 days Grain $25 55 $24 51 $26, 48 $25 64 $24, 02 $22.66 Hay 28 20 26 .80 24 68 23 45 19 39 18.42 Straw 36 .36 36 36 36 .36 Total $54 1? $51 .67 $51 52 $49 .45 $43 78 $41.45 Per day ?67 255 ?54 244 316 .204 Per pound gain . 201 ,186 .192 .178 .163 .149 One Year, 5 Months: Dec. 12, 1916 May 13, 1918518 days A A B B C Grain . .$52 02 $49 .81 $54.42 $52. 74 $48. 09 $45 00 Hay. . . . 46 10 42 .86 40.34 37. 50 31, 69 29 46 Straw 92 .92 .92 92 92 92 Pasture 10 00 10 00 10.00 10 00 10 00 10 00 Total . . Per day $109 .04 211 $103 .59 20 $105.68 .204 $101 .16 195 $90 .71 175 $85 .38 165 Per pound gain 149 143 .144 139 .124 .118 Additional Cost Figures Lot I II I II I II Total: (518 days). Aver, cost per day. Cost of feed per pound gain . . D .$173. 91 34 24 D $167. 29 32 23 E $250. 65 48 .34 E $241. 23 47 33 F $168, 83 33 .23 F $161.09 .31 .22 Feed Prices Corn per bu $ . 56 $ ,65 $ . 50 $ 1. I?, $ 1 68 $ 1.00 Oats per bu 40 ,40 .35 ,64 .60 Bran per ton 26. 00 26. 00 26, 00 40, 00 60 00 40.00 Alfalfa per ton 16 00 14 00 11 .00 25 .00 35. 00 25.00 Straw per ton 4 00 4 .00 4 .00 8 .00 12 .00 8.00 Pasture per acre . . . 10 00 10, 00 10 ,00 12 00 15. 00 12.00 354 BULLETIN No. 235 [November, 6 O a B a d K ^ O 03 1=1 a 03 ^ 01 O 3 -V -0 CO * OO O COTt i 'Ot^-CO iicr^oooooioot> CO Ol CC * (N CO O: 1-1 05 tO -(N O GO CO "O 1C * -* CO 1C CO TJ< 00 * l> IO lO 1C (N C *OJ < *t^'C>CiC(MiC rHt>O5i ICOCOCOIM'-H OO O O M ^ CO 1C >C "~J O CO CO O O O 1C 1C (M 00 C >C i-H 1*- I s - t>- Oi i i .OOlMfO OlOOOJOOfOO'CTtiiC'C 2S -* GO CO t^ (N t- -* GO CO * 1C O >o FEEDING PURE-BRED DRAFT FILLIES 355 1| 00 05 cDCMCMCDCOt^CM-OO O 00 CO Oi iO * >O "4 * 03 fl '3 co" 03 1 OOiOOOOOO^O O 1C O O O CM CM O t^> O iO CD CO CO CD oo oo o to CM CM 00 00 l~- co co to rH OS . . rH S o cu p 00 iOOOTt 1OO^-<*COJ>-<* I '* I> O CM O50300 rH CM >or^ > F FILLIES 00 rH . ..OS -fJ rH ' Q) CO & P 1 lOCMOJIMOJOOCOCO^- OOOOOOOOO3COOOOOQO CO t^ OS 00 OS >~l >o o o eo t^ 00 OOQO H O CM 1 X^^X^S^X^N^^,^ VdiN^ s^. ^-^x^^ i a o M w Ms. 1 CO CO CM rH CO ^i >OiO>OiOiOiOCOCOlC5 CMrHCO rH IO ^O >O CO CO CO CM CO SO IO >O iO IQ O fe < OS a s oi -s? rT B s K 00 rH .. OS 4-3 rH fH ^ 1 rH Si co CMCM" rH rH rH CM ^H CO ^t^ ^* ^^ ^* rH i 1 T*H -* TH "^ ti H" o - PH t> P s e ~c " CJ f CM 9 pq OS . . rH 0) - O O) p 00 >s t^OOOOrHrHOO3Tt<>-l TtHiO-^CDCMCOOOOlQ) rH CO CO CO OO-* CD CO O CO CO O CM CM CO CM CM CM rH CM rH O o TH o to CO_CM CO <^ C5 T 1 CM 'E c SJ o 49 9 r * > 0) -o 1 > ; fe 2 j : j : 09 98 &'.'.'.'.'.','. 9 03 ' ] * ! " J ! o Oh : : tn ^ . . . . : : : I ~ S-tf fl'S o-rj os : 8*S Illll 1 ^ | ^ : ' S) fa v; ^ "Sfe a ._; O 03 g^O fl N $ '0% g3c^ ^ >^J 356 BULLETIN No. 235 [November, Q O t-i K fi 53 Q ob o p R .*- H ;2 K t H W g t age gain in during peri as & -3 GO T3 g 8co 3 gCO jg lO 00 >ot^a5cooocooo i-H i-H I 1 CO oo coo o cxjco or> o * 00 CO 00 (Nr-I CM T-H T-H CO M T-H ^D T-H CO 2 OS CM T 1 CO sO t-H COO OS 00 T-H O 'O O CM 'O O l-H T-H IO CO co 10 o l-H O T-H co co * O OO <~ l CM _ 71 CO T-H T 1 10 T-H CO " 2 33 (M s_ _ * * " . X \ . S3 ' * x-i. ' 5 ^, * co * ^ ^-s. o SS S S S-8 ^ 2 M a ^ < J : -S^gj J ^-e"6 g,-S-S Id ill CP C ; -^ > s ~ * i^ -^'s v ~' ^ |^r _2 ^ i> ~t- -c " r^ ^ "^ CO ! i C J- G bC i .* y a be M c ao o_ 113 1 g J I'i'j 13.1 o .S Ss.S c'bf) C s'i.s Cc3 , b CO ^. >. XH t^ rH ^. fl ^ fi CD cu oj o3 o3 ~ r. ~ c3 o3 o3 p ci'S c3 g M "d ** b-!3 bC bC-^j bfi 03 fcJC-O b ^ JH k* H C >H ki fc! fc (H ' c_i J_" ,* J_" CU CP CP cu o cu CO 0) 0> CU CP CP O "co > ^ 5 5 555 cs3 ^J f*J ^J OS Jj ^J ^J o3 ' *^ ^ *5< <,<,<. ^ *s ^ **; T ^ *i3 *. '"' ^ co bO rt i i CM co O CO ^= o O O iO O o CM os O 00 T-H T-H 'C l-H i i CO iS 1 o o T O OS 00 O OS O O ^t" Oi 5 o | s2 . 10 o IO T-H Tf O "O CC X OS 1~- CM i-H i-H i-H co' OS ^ T-H OS _ o ^ 1 1 CM K^> CM *d ,-t T-H ^ c3 ^ 1 1 CO co Ib -co (N -O CO o o t^oo O OS 00 00 ^ CO >O 00 CM CM CM O Tt< OS o D. ~o _- ~> . . . . I- co 03 IO T 1 T-H oo T-H -H 10 co . 03 i-5 O, 1 ^ 1 1 1 1 T-H OS T-H OS fc. CJ o OS CM CM S ^ r-H 00 as o co co o ^ CM CO CO CM o o U3 CD CM 00 (M * T-H 00 T-H OS T-H CM OCO0-H O CD >OO CO m co O OO ^t 1 CO iO >O O O S C.I CO W) I J: S T-H ~ TJH CM i-H 00 i I i 1 CM 1^ T-H CP *-O t^ OS 10 -Q cp iO CO kO CM CU " CO a T-H t-H i-H o co SO O-i i: rj o a -i t^ O i-H p S eM CJ d IH 1 ^KcMCOT-l ^ iO CO CM t^ CM ^ T-H OS O O CD CO CO O COOCO M O O TtH l-H % 'o 0) CP "o I-H 1 53 CJ & iS CO CM T-H 00 co T-H S s COi-H 10 CM -*J lOt- t- "S o O CO lO 00 co >> ** % & V.OTvP ^ ^ 00 ^S ^iHs r* T-H CM -H OS . 00 OS O T-H 02 O * CO CD S co 't 1 o Tti CD co TJH co ^ * O rt< CD CO 2 "^ G S Sjj 1 O o rfi CO 10 T-H IO CO OS O o 1 Tt^ O CD i-H i-H 1 CD 10 "* CD CM "c S G S ri _H S CP i ^gg s CO OO * 00 . iO O IOCO CO O CO~H co O OS >O OS OOCO'* CO co * o * l-H co rt< CD CO O os co 10 os il a 3 jj~; ,0 oo o co 00 O CO oot^ t^ o ^* CD ^^ T-H 3 co cp Jj i-H 1-1 co fc< 3 3 * co c3 , -tO f^ *' C -iJ C -^ c ert fe *^ H ^ "5 ^ '3 o3 61 w bi jy "O CU cp *O OJ "C CJ ^ rj T3 S *** OH fi a c a C- C co G C cu-2-J a ego _o.2 & ce c. c e o .2.2 & eg ^ 0> '-3 -g t, cu'-P'-P u p * "^ fc, c3 c3 J 2 2 | o ^^ ) ^- o ^ ** & o ^^=- i= -G o^lj ' [| 'jj* ill! c3'3'3 S < O ~Q ^ C *H *o ^ ^ 5r -a u ^ C "d ^ ^ -" OJ CD CU g ^ > > > fe<^< r cp > > > > > > 1021} FEEDING PURE-BRED DRAFT FILLIES 359 Third Experiment TABLE 6. COST OP FEEDS (For feed prices, see bottom of page) Lot I II I II I II Feed cost ... A A B B C C First Winter: Dec. 31, 1918 Apr. 21, 1919112 days Grain $ 7.18 $ 5.92 $ 7.18 $6.59 $ 6.51 $5.48 Alfalfa 10.88 11.36 9.52 9.94 7.48 7.81 Total $18.06 $17.28 $16.70 $16.53 $13.99 $13.29 Per day 161 .154 .149 .148 .125 .119 Per pound gain... .107 .100 .099 .096 .083 .077 Summer: Apr. 22 Oct. 13175 days Grain .$13.11 $10 23 $13 11 $11 38 $11 89 $ 9 47 Alfalfa 2 08 2 08 1 82 1 82 1 43 1 43 Oat Hay .32 .32 .28 .28 .24 .24 Pasture . 10.00 10.00 10.00 10 00 10 00 10 00 Total $25 51 $22 63 $25 21 $23 48 $23 56 $21 14 Per day .146 .129 .144 .134 .135 .121 Per pound gain . .096 .078 .095 .08 .089 .072 Second Winter: Oct. 14, 1919 May 3, 1920203 days Grain $19 04 $12 30 $19 04 $13 68 $17 27 $11 39 Alfalfa . 12.48 12.48 10 92 10 92 8 58 8 58 Oat Hay . 9.68 9 68 8 47 8 47 7 26 7 26 Total $41 20 $34 46 $38 43 $33 07 $33 11 $27 23 Per day .203 .17 189 163 163 . 134 Per pound gain . .203 .20 . 189 . 192 . 163 . 158 1 Year 4K Months: Dec. 31, 1918 May 3, 1920490 days A A B B C Grain $39 33 $28 45 $39 33 $31 64 $35 68 $26 33 Alfalfa 25 44 25 76 22 26 22 54 17 49 17 71 Oat Hay . 10.00 10.00 8.75 8.75 7 50 7 50 Pasture . 10.00 10 00 10 00 10 00 10 00 10 00 Total .$84 77 $74 21 $80 34 $72 93 $70 67 $61 54 Per day 173 151 164 149 144 126 Per pound gain . .133 .117 .126 .115 .111 .097 Additional Cost Figures Lot I~ II ~T~~ II ~T~ II T^ T^ T* 1 TJ 1 TI* Ji* Total: (490 days) .$129.05 $120.18 $186.60 $173.26 $128.62 $118.43 Aver, cost per day. . .26 .25 .38 .35 .26 .24 Cost of feed per pound gain 20 Jj) .29 .27 1 20 .19 Feed Prices A B C D E F Corn per bu , Oats per bu Bran per ton Alfalfa per ton Oat hay Pasture per acre $ .56 $ . 65 $ .50 $ 1.12 $ 1.68 $ 1.00 .40 .40 .35 .64 .96 .60 26.00 26.00 26.00 40.00 60.00 40.00 16.00 14.00 11.00 25.00 35.00 25.00 8.00 7.00 6.00 12.00 18.00 14.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 12.00 15.00 12.00 360 BULLETIN No. 235 [November, 1921 ,^ ^ eg H "cS g O co OGO-* 1C 1C C oooo O O TH CO O CD i-H 10 as co OO^CO t 00 coco UB O -^ CO T-H ^H CO i 1 if} ^* rj( 1C CO OS <*! Id rH lO O5 O3 CO CO O O Tt< O5 1> OOO CO 1C GO CO OCOCO l^ O 1C rH CO 1C CO CO OO 1 1 CO O5 C(Nr-i * Tf Tria X >> OOO'tf 1C (M co co o - 03 TH Ol 00 >C CO &&& 3 IsJ 73 a M v W QJ "a a .a M bC fl 03 'S'S'S !-' boo oooS'oooX '^g'ft3 sag sse-isssl* ^ UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS-URBANA