THE EFFECT OF GASES LIBERATED AT THE CRITICAL TEMPERATURE 
 ON THE COKING PROPERTIES OF A COAL 
 
 BY 
 
 ALDEN WILLIAMS COFFMAN 
 
 THESIS 
 
 SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS 
 FOR THE DEGREE OF BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN CHEMISTRY 
 IN THE COLLEGE OF LIBERAL ARTS AND SCIENCES 
 UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS 
 1922 
 
 URBANA, ILLINOIS 
 
Finley 
 
Digitized by the Internet Archive 
 
 in 2015 
 
 https://archive.org/details/effectofgaseslibOOcoff 
 
Talile of Contents. 
 
 pages . 
 
 I. Introduction 1 
 
 II. Oarbonizat ion 2 
 
 (a) Definition 2 
 
 (b) History 2 
 
 (g) Actual Pi'ocedure of 'Carbonization 
 
 in a Retort 3 
 
 (d) I'.Iethods of Attacking the Problem 
 
 of Carbonization 6 
 
 (1) Rractional Carbonization 6 
 
 (2) C?he Action of Solvents on Coal... 6 
 
 (e) Effect of Cases on Carbonization 10 
 
 (f) Resulting fheory 11 
 
 III. Experim.ental 12 
 
 (a) apparatus and Its Manipulation 13 
 
 (b) Discussion of results 15 
 
 lY. Conclusions 20 
 
 V. Data 21 
 
 YI, Bibliography 36 
 

 
 
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 liirHODUGTIOi:. 
 
 In these days, v/hen iron rules the world, and v/hen mn’s great- 
 est endeavor turns to the production of iron and yet more iron, v/ith 
 v;hich to manufacture the many necessities of life, it is only natur- 
 al that a keen interest should he aroused in coke, the factor which 
 makes iron and steel production possible. If coke is vital to the 
 v;elfare of man, as any one v/ill admit, why should we not turn our ef- 
 forts toward finding and perfecting a iriethod for the economic pro- 
 duction of coke? 7/e should. And it ought to he an EGOIIOL'IC produc- 
 tion, with the saving of h27 products and the obtaining of the best 
 possible coke. 
 
 fhe man of today has wasted coal in great c[uantities by promis- 
 cuous coking, vvithout selection, of coals. He has also made prreat 
 inroads on the worlds supply by burning coal, instead of coke or gas^ 
 for domestic purposes. This and similar extravagances must stop, 
 and v/ith this cessation we must look forward to the corni^lete gasifi- 
 cation of coals or at least an economic use of by-products, a com- 
 plete gasification program u/ould mean three things : (1) all coal 
 
 must be carbonized, (2) all valuable products saved, (3) all result- 
 ing solid fuel must be converted to liq^uid or gaseous fuel. 
 
 Are there, at the present time, any carbonization processes 
 which can accomplish this? If not, why not? fhere are no processes 
 at the present time capable of carrying out this acme of success, 
 and the reason is two-fold. In the first place, the world has not 
 come to a realization of the need. In the second place, we don’t 
 know enough about coal. Here is the basic reason for research. T.'e 
 must Imow more about coal. 
 

 
 
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 By research we hope to find facts which will help us to decide 
 why sorie coals coke, \/hile others do not; what the differences are 
 hetT/een such coals; and what the best methods are for the carbonisa- 
 tion of coal. Consequently v/e must turn to a theory of carbonization, 
 
 CAiiBONIZAflOlI. 
 
 Definition. 
 
 The importance of carbonizat ion is obvioi;S from the above state- 
 ments and needs no further discussion, but there are two items which 
 v/e should consider before we go to the theory of carbonization. Dirst 
 a definition of carboni zation is essential. V.'ebster says, "Carboniza- 
 tion is the process of converting into carbon by combustion, by the 
 action of fire or by acid." This, hov/ever, must be qualified consid- 
 erably for coal and we find Lev/es^^^ giving the following definition 
 of the carbonization of coal: "Carbonization is the process of de- 
 
 structive distillation of coal and other carbonaceous material, pro- 
 ducing a solid residue and the volatile products tar and gas, the na- 
 ture of these three final products depending on (a) the composition 
 of the original carbonaceous material, (bj the temperature and rapid- 
 ity of distillation, and (c) the type of apparatus used during the 
 operation. The solid residue, coke, charcoal, or smokeless fuel, con- 
 tains as its chief constituent carbon, together with the mineral mat- 
 ter or ash of the original body, such proportions of the residues as 
 the ter.perature employed has failed to drive out of the liass, and the 
 occluded gases." 
 
 Hi story. 
 
 Our second consideration is that of the history of carbonization. 
 Coke has long been used. In fact, we find that as far back as two 
 thousand years ago the Chinese listed coke as an article of trade. 
 
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However, it was not until the ei.fyhteenth century that it r.ade its de- 
 but in Europe, and only then because of the increasing need for a 
 fuel to replace charcoal, which was lacking due to the shortage of 
 charcoal timber. 
 
 The first steps taken were to coke coal in heaps or mounds. La- 
 ter the coal was piled on a prepared floor of coal dust and heaped so 
 that longitudinal, transverse, and vertical flues v/ere present. These 
 flues v/ere built of refuse coke and lump coal, covered v/ith v/ood and 
 were fired at the base of each flue, the fire spreading until the 
 whole mass was aflame, and finally at the end of the run, v/ater was 
 added through the flues. Because of the difficulty met with in con- 
 trolling the process, great losses were incured both in time and by- 
 products, so that the next step in the development v;as the Beehive 
 Oven, v/hich was introduced into England in 16E0. Then in 1700, J.Be- 
 cher, a German, patented a tar recovery process, v/hich marked a nev/ 
 era in the coking industry. Prom that time on, by-product coking has 
 taken great strides, and the present day Koppers oven is the result. 
 
 Actual Procedure of Carbonization In a Retort. 
 
 Several men have advanced theories on the procedure of carboni- 
 zation in a retort, but perhagis the two outstanding ones are those of 
 Lewes and Speer and Ramsburg^^K Lewes says: 
 
 "LIy own view, and one v/hich I think can be proved abundantly, is 
 
 that when a charge of coal is put into a red-hot retort or oven, the 
 
 layers in the immediate contact with the walls are heated up almost 
 imimediately 
 
 ^and decomposed v/ith the rush of steam and sm*oke that we knov/ so well 
 The lid of door is shut, and carbonization proceeds as the heat slov;- 
 ly penetrates into the mass, and even an inch away from the hot wall 
 the tem.perature rises only very gradually. The first action of the 
 
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 heat is to drive off 'pit v/ater', i.e. the moisture which the 
 coal has acquired from the rain or v/ashing at about 200C(38EP). 
 
 The 'hydroscopic water', i.e. that which is constitutional , comes 
 off, and the humus body begins to decompose and give as their first 
 product water .All the water vapor from these actions distills for- 
 v/ard into the first layer cool enough to condense it, so that even 
 with a charge that one v;ould consider dry coal, if the retort be 
 opened half an hour after charging, the center of the mass is 
 found soaked with water, whilst in a coke oven in which the charge 
 is wet freshly v/ashed coal, it will be streaming with v/ater." 
 
 "As the temperature rises to 200-500 G. , the coal becomes semi- 
 fluid, decom*position of all coal bodies commiences and rapidly in- 
 creases in vigor with each succession of heat, and the fluid tar 
 from the humus and slightly viscous tar from the resinoid bodies, 
 and the rich heavy tar from the hydrocarbon gases, go forv/ard as 
 vapor v/ith the gases, alv/ays away from, the heat and seeking the 
 cool zones. It must be remembered that, as the heat spreads to 
 the zone in which the v/ater has condensed, this again evaporates 
 and renders a large amount of heat latent, so cooling it dov/n and 
 leading to the condensation of the tar vapor, and v/hen in turn this 
 is reached by advancing temperature and is heated to 350-400'C., 
 it is' only the m.ore volatile portions that distil again, and a de- 
 posit of pitch is left which binds the half coked coal, v/hilstas 
 the temperature rises above 700 the residues in the semi-coke and 
 pitch further decompose until a hard coke is left, which consists 
 of little else than carbon, ash, and traces of hydrogen and oxygen, 
 either cor.:bined still or occluded by the coal." 
 
 In this theory we find several statem.ents apparently contrary to 
 
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 fact. If, as Lewes says, the i^ases travel inward then the central 
 portion of the coke should he the hest due to the deposition of pitch. 
 This, however, is not the case since the hest coke is found in the 
 outer layer. This theory also does not explain the fact that the cen- 
 ter of the coal mass remains at 100 'C until near the end of the cok- 
 in^j period. 
 
 The theory of Seer and Earnshurg does away with these inconsisten- 
 cies hy stating that the gases pass outward and consequently huild up 
 the surfaces of the outer layer, thus forming the highest quality of 
 coke. They also assume an inward tiovement of a non-conducting pasty 
 zone, which protects the inner coal mass from the high temperatures 
 of the retort walls. The theory is as follows: 
 
 ’’The layer of coal next to each wall is very rapidly heated, a 
 complicated process of destructive distillation "begins, and at a tem- 
 perature of about 375-400’C., the layer becomes soft and pasty. The 
 pasty m.ass is for a while in a state of violent ebullition, due to 
 the rapid expulsion of its volatile matter and then rapidly solidifiecj 
 the indurate residue retaining the vesicular form and structure of th< 
 pasty, foaming stage. 
 
 "The adjacent layer toward the interior has in the mean time 
 reached the pasty stage, the fusion being assisted by the penetration 
 of some of the soft material forced over from the outer layer. The 
 gases and vapors follov/ always the line of least resistance and pass 
 through the porous outer layer and up along the walls of the oven in- 
 stead of forcing their way through the viscous inner portion of the 
 fused layer, and then through the mass of coal. In passing through 
 the highly-heated porous layer, the hydrocarbons undergo a partial 
 secondary decomposition and deposit a part of their carbon on the cel- 
 
6 
 
 lular surfaces, just formed, thus building ux: and strengthening the 
 coke. The coking process is thus to be conceived as involving the 
 formation of a fused zone, and the gradual advance of this zone to- 
 ward the center of the oven, the evolved gases and vapors depositing 
 part of their carbon in the vesicular mass left as the zone progresses 
 ’’The actual thickness of the fused zone is probably not over 
 half an inch. The drop of the temperature across this narro'.v zone is 
 very great and the interior of the oven remains comparatively cool, 
 even at an advanced stage in the coking process. As the coking pro- 
 gresses, cracks or joints develop perpendicular to the walls of the 
 oven, thus determining the blocks of coke as they are eventually 
 formed when the oven is discharged. These cracks form avenues of es- 
 cape for a large percentage of the gases, hence the amount of deposi- 
 ted carbon is greater in proportion on surfaces of blocks than in the 
 interior. Eventually the two zones merge at the center of the oven, 
 and, with the practically complete exiDulsion of the last of the vola- 
 tile matter, the coking process is finished. There is always a dis- 
 tinct parting in the center of the oven so that the length of the 
 block is ecjuivalent to half the width of the oven." 
 
 Hethods of attacking the Problem, of Carbonization. 
 
 In order to form an acceptable theory of carbonization the pro- 
 blem has been developed along three distinct types of procedure': 
 
 (a) Ilicroscopical . 
 
 (B) Fractional Carbonization, 
 
 (C) The Action of Solvents on Coal. 
 
 Jpon the first of these three, the chief v/ork has been done by F.ein- 
 bardt Thiessen(3). Hov/ever, it is not necessary that we consider the 
 :niorosoopical examination of coal because from it results more the 
 theory of the formation rather than the carbonization of coal. It is 
 

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7 
 
 well that we remember that results obtained on coals vary from coal 
 to coal and from man to man, and that v;hile it is known that coal 
 is composed chiefly of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sul- 
 phur, and mineral matter, still practically nothing is definitely 
 knov/n concerning the method of combination of these constituents. 
 Consequently the great variance between men and between coals. 
 
 Fractional Carbonization of Coal. 
 
 fhe researches upon the thermal decomposition of coal have been 
 quite numerous and productive of a great deal of information, inval- 
 uable when used in the furtherance of the theory of carbonization. 
 Foremost among these researches are thos carried out by Burgess and 
 Y/heeler in England and Porter and faylor in iuiierica. 
 
 Burgess and V/heeler, working with four representative types of 
 British coals maintained 200 gram samples in a vacu-um (20mm) at tem.- 
 peratures of 100, 200, 300, 350, 400, and 450 degrees centigrade, 
 and drew off the decomposition products for analysis. The data ob- 
 tained in this manner established without a doubt the following 
 facts as summarised by Bone^'^^; 
 
 (a) "That with all coals, v;hether bituminous, semi -bituminous , 
 or anthracite, there is a well defined temperature betv/een 700’ and 
 800' v/hich corresponds with a narked and rapid increase in the quan- 
 tity of hydrogen evolved." 
 
 (b) "That with bituminous coals such increase in the quantity 
 of hydrogen falls off at temi)eratures above 900', but with anthracite 
 it is miaintained up to 1100'." 
 
 (c) "fhat the evolution of the paraffin series almost entirely 
 ceases at temperatures above 700'." 
 
 (d) "fhat ethane, propane, butane, and probably higher members 
 
8 . 
 
 of the paraffin series form a large percentage of the gases evolved 
 at temperatures helov; 450’.'' 
 
 [These fact led to the follov/ing conclusions^ - ^ : 
 
 (a) "[That coal contains two types of compounds of different 
 ease of decomposition; the one, the least stable, yielding the par- 
 affin hydrocarbons and no hydrogen; the other decomposing v/ith the 
 greatest difficulty and yielding hydrogen alone (or possibly hydro- 
 gen and the oxides of carbon) as its decomposition products." 
 
 (b) "[That very probably the difference between one coal and 
 another is determined mainly by the proportions in which these two 
 types of compounds exist, anthracite, for example, containing but 
 little of the more unstable constituents." 
 
 Later Burgess expressed his belief that the ’hydrogen yielding’ 
 (or more stable) constituent is the cellulosic, and the ’.noaraff in- 
 yielding’ (or least stable) constituent is resinic, 
 
 Bven though Vignon^S) Hollings and Cobb^^) also noted a 
 marked change in the evolution of hydrogen. Porter and Taylor fail 
 to agree and maintain that the platinum and iron retorts used acted 
 as catalysis causing a secondary decomposition of the volatile pro- 
 ducts. The results obtained with iur-erican coals are summarized in 
 the following statements'"^): 
 
 (a) "I.iore than two-thirds of the organic matter in coal is de- 
 composed below 500’ and that the older coals are less easily broken 
 do7/n than the nev/er ones (western coals)." 
 
 (b) "The first decomposition results in the breaking down of 
 certain oxygen-bearing derivatives of cellulose with the liberation 
 of water COp, and CO." 
 
 (c) "Other decompositions, producing paraffin hydrocarbons both 
 
========^ — fj- — 
 
 liquid and gaseous, begin at an early stage, V.'hether or not such 
 decompositions become the predominating type before 500’ depends on 
 the character of the coal, and, as a general rule, the higher the 
 ox^^gen in the coal the less will bo the proportion of hydrocarbons 
 and tar in the volatile matter. In the case of sub-bituiiiinous coal 
 the ’ water-COo ’ yielding reaction predominates up to 450’." 
 
 (d) "Secondary decompositions of the primary volatile products 
 occur quickly and easily at temperatures of 1550’]? (732’C) and above. 
 Ohe liquid hydrocarbons undergo such decomposition more easily than 
 the gaseous products and yield below 1350 ’F methane, hydrogen, ethy- 
 lene, hydrocarbons , and carbon." 
 
 Some other very good work on fractional carbonization has been 
 done in these laboratories by J .E .Ilansend^ ) and F. G. Straub^ ^ ; 
 Straub found the following facts to be true: 
 
 1, "fhe first point of marked reaction is at 310’-330’C, with the 
 evolution of methane and hydrogen, with smaller amounts of ethylene, 
 benzene, carbon dioxide, water, and a tar of high paraffin content. 
 
 2, "180 ’ -190 ’Q gases and water are liberated from the coal. 
 
 3, "^bove 400 ’C the hydrogen is evolved at a constant rate. — The gas 
 
 has a decreasing amount of methane, small amounts of carbon dioxide, 
 oxygen, and carbon monoxide. " 
 
 4, Oxygen appears in small amounts at all the temperatures under 
 consideration here. 
 
 It may well be asked at this point, can the resinic and cellu- 
 losic constituents indicated by these fractional carbonization re- 
 sults be isolated and exarsined as sepsarate individuals? The answer 
 to this question lies in the work which has been done v/ith solvents. 
 
IT Jin' 
 
10 
 
 Examination "by Use of Solvents, 
 liany attempts have been made to find a suital3le solvent for 
 coal and, until recently, hut little success has been met with. Ex- 
 tractions have been made with reagents such as sulphuric and nitric 
 acids, sodium and potassium hydroxides, pyridine, aniline, phenol, 
 etc. Such solvents have not yielded a true solvent action, and the 
 extract obtained has not been unchanged. Consequently any results 
 obtained from a study of such bodies can be of no value. 
 
 Orue solvent action is thought to be obtained by the use of 
 benzene, chloroform., alcohol, ether, petroleum ether, toluene, di- 
 phenyl ether, and xylene. According to J.ja,.Smythe ethyl ether 
 and petroleum ether have practically no effect on coal, while ben- 
 zene, chloroform, and alcohol extracted from 1.8 to 3.0‘p of the coal, 
 Eisher and Grluud^"^) working in Berlin, did considerable work 
 using benzene at a temperature of £70 'C and a pressure of 55 atmos- 
 pheres obtaining 6,7fj extract as compared to a previous yield of 
 O.lf^ without pressure at the boiling benzene. Quite exten- 
 
 sive work has been carried on in these laboratories on solvents, 
 fhe outstai'iding example of this is that of R. S.Eisher^ ^ ) , who has 
 used xylene at a tem.perature of 200 to 250'G under pressure, obtain- 
 ing extract yields as high as 30so with no observed decomposition of 
 
 \ 
 
 the coal. 
 
 Effect of Gases on Carbonization. 
 
 Som.e research has been carried out on the relation of gases to 
 carbonization. It has for some time been knov;n that a great miany 
 of the socalled non-coking coals delivered large quantities of car- 
 bon dioxide ux^on distillation, fhis naturally led to the sin^posi- 
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12 . 
 
 O2-y(10), He holds that there are tv/o consituents in coal, cellulos- 
 ic and resinic , the latter the bonding material and the former the 
 material to be bonded. As heating takes the resinic softens, 
 
 mingling closely with, and surrounding, each of the cellulosic par- 
 ticles. A continued rise in temperature causes the decomposition 
 of the resinic material giving off hydrocarbon gases and leaving be- 
 hind a pitch like bond for the cellulose which becomes hardened upon 
 further heating and, by action of the gases evolved, gives the por- 
 ous structure called coke.. Therefore to have a suitable coking coal 
 there are two necessities: 
 
 1 . The coal nmst contain sufficient, suitable bond form- 
 ing material which must decompose, but not distill. 
 
 2 . It must be possible for the bond forming material to 
 surround and cling to the cellulosic. 
 
 The resinic material must be able to stick to the surface of 
 the cellulosic portion, and if a gas is being delivered from the cel- 
 lulosic surface a niechanical separation is produced betvreen the bond- 
 ing and bonded materials. Dr. Layng believes that this explains the 
 non-coking of oxidised coal and that the distillation before decom- 
 position of the resinic portion explains the non-coking of lignites. 
 
 EXTEHILiSlIT^l. 
 
 The method of procedure used in this problemi has tv/o distinct 
 divisions; 
 
 A. Varying amounts of gas delivering substances were mixed 
 with coal and the resulting mixture v/as then carbonised. The coke 
 formed v/as then examined and photographed. 
 
 B. Goals were coked in the presence of nitrogen, carbon diox- 
 ide, and air by the use of the apparatus developed by V.' . S.Hathornedl 
 
o 
 
 
13 . 
 
 for the deterr'.ination of the range of temperature of softness of 
 Goals. 
 
 Apparatus and its Manipulation. 
 
 A. 'The apparatus used in the first half of this problem was very 
 simple. Two furnaces were constructed, one for carbonization and 
 one for running blanks on the decomposition of the gas delivering 
 substances. The first was merely a 16" x 6" resistance furnace 
 v.'hich was kept at a constant temiperature of 500’0, and in which was 
 suspended, by means of a v/ire , the iron crucible containing the mix- 
 tures to be coked. 
 
 The second furnace was of the tube type about 18" in length 
 with a tube of 1" diameter. In this furnace v;as placed an ordinary 
 coribustion tube connected to a supply of nitrogen and containing a 
 small test tube holding the substance to be tested for decomposition. 
 In order to find the range of temperature of decomiposition of the 
 substances used, they were heated gradua,lly, a degree every 10 min- 
 utes, in the narrow furnace with a current of nitrogen sw'eeping out 
 the evolved gases. The temperature at which the gases first began 
 to com*e off was noted and heating was continued up to 500 'C, but no 
 higher, 
 
 B. In diagram 1 is shovm the apparatus for determining the soften- 
 ing and solidifying points. The electric resistance furnace (H), 
 Yith an Oldening of 1-1/8" in diameter and a heating coil 12" long, 
 v;as connected, through a rheostat (K) consisting of 64 feet of num- 
 ber 16 nichrom;e wire wound on a 2" asbestos covered pipe, to the 
 110 volt circuit. In the furnace was placed a short length of hard 
 glass combustion tubing (P) and a 550'C thermometer (O). The coal 
 (I) v/as held in place by a reduced copper spiral (J). The gases 
 
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14 
 
 used were led from the 12 liter bottle (D) past the r-anometer (E) 
 and into the bottom of the glass tube (F) in the furnace. A con- 
 stant supply of nitrogen was obtained by the use of the constant hecf 
 apparatus (A) which had a head of 910 cm. of v;ater. Stopcocks (B) 
 aiid (C) were used to regulate the flow to about 40cc. per minute. 
 
 In the use of this apparatus the copper' spiral is reduced in 
 methyl alcohol and placed in the glass tube so that the coal will 
 come in the center of the furnace, fhe coal is then ground through 
 the coffee m*ill and poured into the tube v/ith repeated tapping until 
 10 cm. of it is packed. Asbestos is then packed around the tube at 
 the bottom and top of the furnace and the thermom.eter inserted be- 
 tween the tube and the furnace v/all. The tube connecting the nitro- 
 gen is then attached to the combustion tube and the water for the 
 constant head apparatus is turned on. The shutoffs for the iiitrogen 
 bottle are then ox:jened and the electric current is then turned on. 
 The temperature is raised to about 330 'C at the rate of 8-12 ’C per 
 minute, but at 350’ the resistazice was increased untilrthe rate of 
 raise of raise was cut to 1.8v’-2' per minute. The temperature and 
 pressure were noted at five minute intervals till some slight varia- 
 tion in loressure was noted. As soon as an increase in pressure was 
 observed, readings were taken at 2 minute intervals. These readings 
 T/ere continued until the pressure reached the masimium and then re- 
 turned to the initial point. 
 
 It is easily seen that the pressure developed is the result of 
 three factors: 
 
 1. Softening of the resinic m.aterial v/hich impedes the 
 passage of a gas through the coal mass. 
 
 2. Back pressure of gases evolved from the coal. 
 
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15 
 
 5. Filling of the tube due to expansion of the coal ux^on 
 the apxjlication of heat. 
 
 The consequent dropping denotes a hardening of the coke mass, 
 a lessening of the evolution of gases, and the porous formation of 
 the resulting coke. 
 
 Discussion of Sesults. 
 
 A. Lead oxalate, magnesium carbonate, zinc carbonate, and sodium 
 bi smut hat 6 v;ere run in the tube furnace to determine the range of tem- 
 peratures over T/hich they docom.posed. fhe res^llts were as follov/s: 
 
 Substance 
 
 lias Svolved 
 
 Ran;{ e of T emoe r at ur e s 
 
 Lead Oxalate CO2 and CO 290-500^0 
 
 Llagnesium Carbonate CQ^ 385-500 'C 
 
 Zinc Carl^onate CQg 325-500 'C 
 
 Sodium Bismuthate Op 310-500 'C 
 
 An eastern high volatile coal was then obtained, ground to 100 
 mesh, and was used in four series of coking tests. The results of 
 the tests are shov/n in tables 1,2,3, and 4 and in the pictures of 
 the corresponding numbers in plates I and II. This coal was m.ixed 
 intimately in a mortar v;ith finely ground portions of the gas deli- 
 vering substances, varying the amounts of each substance, but alv/ays 
 having the resulting niixture of 20 gramiS. These san'iples v/ere then 
 coked. By looking at the plates, it is seen that in each series a 
 point v/as reached at which no coke was obtained; m.erely a powder. 
 
 This shov/ed that either the gas evolved or the mass of material added 
 caused a cessation in the coking. In order to deteri.iine which v/as 
 the case, an inert substance v/as prepared from each gas-delivering 
 material by driving off the gases of the carriers. Amounts of this 
 inert substance, erxuivalent to the inert material resulting from the 
 

16 
 
 decomposition of the gas-deliverin.!^ substance, were mined with the 
 coal and coked. In sor.e cases even larger amounts of inert material 
 were added, hut as is shown in the photographs, coke v/as formed hy 
 the inert plus coal vrhere no coke v;as formed hy the gas-liherating 
 substance plus coal. 
 
 This v;as true in all four series of tests and seemiS to substan- 
 tiate, at least for eastern high volatile coals. Dr.' T.E. Layng’s 
 theory of mechanical intervention of gases between the resinic and 
 cellulosic materials. 
 
 B. The above work shov/ed a necessity for a distinction between 
 the effect of a reacting or chemically active gas and the effect of 
 an inert gas. It seem.ed that by making a study of softening and 
 solidifying points under varying conditions something pertaining to 
 this difference could be ascertained. As a result the following 
 work was carried out. 
 
 Pour coals, ground to coffee mill size vrere started v/ith. 
 
 They v/ere: 
 
 1. Hickory Kill Coal 
 Gallatin Co. Ill, 
 
 2. United Hlectric Coal Co. #4 Lline, 
 
 Vermilion Co, 111. 
 
 3. O’Gara Coal 
 Saline Co. Ill, 
 
 4. Jellico Coal 
 
 Kentucky -Pastern High Volatile. 
 
 It is a well Imovm fact that nitrogen is an inert gas, that it 
 has no effect on the action of a coal, and that comparatively little 
 of the gas is adsorbed by the coal. Consequently the r.elting and 
 solidifying points were determined for all four coals, as above de- 
 scribed, using nitrogen. The Hickory Hill coal and the Jellico 
 
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17 . 
 
 coal were preheated (300' and 350') and cooled dov;n a-jain in nitro- 
 gen "before making the run. The Vermilion Co. coal and the Saline 
 Co. coal were treated at 350' and 250 'C in the same manner. The 
 work then narrov/ed down to the Saline Co. and the Jellico coals, 
 which were then treated with air at different temi^eratures in exact- 
 ly the same way. Finally the Jellico, eastern high volatile coal, 
 v/as run in this way with an 'atmosphere of car"bon' dioxide instead of 
 nitrogen. The total number of runs made was 22, and they are listed 
 with their corresponding graphs under the num.ber of each run in the 
 section on data. 
 
 For the sake of simplicity in discussion let us omit, at least 
 for the time being, the results obtained V7ith the Gallatin and Ver- 
 milion count27 coals, and turn our attention to Jellico coal and then 
 to the Saline Co. coal. 
 
 Run wl shov/s that the softening point of Jellico coal in nitro- 
 gen is about 375 'C with a solidifying point of 460 'C. How upon pre- 
 heating, two notable phenomena occur, (1) the m^elting and' solidify- 
 ing points are both increased, (2) the type of coke obtained is 
 changed. If we consider coal as a complex mixture of comjjounds 
 v/hich is fairly 'Homogeneous in composition for the same sample, v;e 
 may explain this shift of points in the follo'v/ing way. mixture 
 of compounds has a melting point which is constant although extend- 
 ing over a large range of temperature. Coal lias such a melting point 
 and a corresponding solidifying point, so that v^hen t'nis mixture of 
 compsounds is heated in a stream of nitrogen the gases liberated are 
 carried out by the nitrogen, and polymerization and interlocking of 
 compounds may occur. The consequent change in structure in this 
 particular type of coal causes the shifting of the melting and sol- 
 

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18 
 
 idifyin.^ points. (These facts n.ay be clearly deducted from runs 1, 
 
 2, and 3. The coke samples resulting show that preheating to 300 ’C 
 gives the best coke while 350' C gives a poor coke. These samples, 
 however, are not reliable because of 'the small size of the original 
 coal sample. 
 
 In runs 4, 5, and G the Jellico coal was preheated to 250 ' C , 200 ' G , 
 and 150 'C using air. Here, in runs 4 and 5 at 250' and 200', the 
 variances from the original points (Hun 1] v;ere indeed great and of 
 no consistent nature, sho\7ing that the oxygen was attacking the coal, 
 probably the resinic material, in proportion to the time of exposure 
 to the air and also in proportion to the temperature reached. How- 
 ever, at 150 'C not much effect had been made on the coal, and a good 
 coke v/as obtained. 
 
 The last results on Jellico coal are shown in runs 7, 8, and 9. 
 Here the coal was run in carbon dioxide and the same softening and 
 solidifying points were obtained as v;ith nitroi<en (for the original 
 coal.) Upon preheating to 350'C and 300'C these points were not 
 changed to any great extent. The change v/as in aii opposite direc- 
 tion to that in the case of nitrogen, but v/as so slight that no 
 great stress could be laid upon it. The fact of such little variance 
 upon preheating, may be attributed to the greater inertia of the 
 heavier gaiS in sweeping out the gaseous decomposition products. In 
 this case as in that of nitrogen the preheat to 300 'C yielded the 
 best coke. Since nitrogen and carbon dioxide gave practically the 
 same results we may say that the coking properties of coal are not 
 disturbed by the mere presence of carbon dioxide, but that the pres- 
 ence of oxygen is capable of destroying the coking properties of a 
 coal. 
 
} 
 
19 . 
 
 It is nov; necessary that we consider a coal, the Saline Go., 
 coal, of a different c oust itiit ion than the high volatile coal. This 
 coal is one of the types v/hich has not yet reached such a high state 
 of degradation in the cellulosic constituent as has the eastern high 
 volatile. Here the type and ai.iount of the resinic material is dif- 
 ferent from that of the Jellico coal. The resinic material of the 
 Jellico is sufficient to protect the cellulosic from oxidation and 
 is the only part affected to any extent, hut here, where the resinic 
 material is greatly different in character and amount, an oxidation 
 of the cellulosic material would he very easy. This very fact is 
 shov/n hy runs 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, and 16. Run 10 shov/s the soft- 
 ening point in niti'ogen'T.to he 35G'G2with ai solidifying point of 490 'C 
 Runs 11 and 12 also in nitrogen show that x-i'eliss,ting this particular 
 coal in an absence of air practically destroys the coking -povier of 
 the coal up to 250 ’0. 
 
 iJov; when we consider 15, 14, 15, 16 v/hich are preheated in air 
 (eq^uivalent to oxygen) we obtain a cessation of coking properties, 
 hut also changes in melting and solidifying points. These changes 
 are not, however, irregular in direction as in the case of the Jelli- 
 co coal, hut are very consistent in the change; the melting point 
 always being higher and the solidifying point al7;ays being lower 
 than the original in nitrogen. This would seem to indicate that the 
 cellulosic rather than the resinous material is attacked hy the pro- 
 cess of oxidation. Ho run was made 'with carbon dioxide on this coal, 
 
 The other two coals are shovm in runs 17 and following. Here 
 .only the original and preheats were Eiade. The only interesting phe- 
 nomena was that of the change in the coking power. The Gallatin Co. 
 coal cokes better if preheated to 300 ’C than does the original coal. 
 
9 ■ ■ 
 
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 *' ‘fc I aJ*’ ^ •■'*>/ ^i'’ ^ L"y- ^ 
 
 
 J 'ilf* • . . 
 
 . i^-v, ‘. • • ;. • .. . :„:■ Vi:< ^.\k3 *3 W 
 
 ’j^ziCBeajwa 
 
20 
 
 while the Vermilion cokes better if preheateii to 250 'C than does 
 the ori.^inal. 
 
 C0i:CLU3I0IIb. 
 
 From these results we may conclude: 
 
 1. That carbon dioxide has some effect, probably mechanical or me- 
 chanical and chemical combined, on the coking pov/er of a coal when 
 liberated inside a mass of coal over the critical range of tempera- 
 tures. However, when the gas is r.'.erely present or is merely sur- 
 rounding the coal mags during the coking period, it, as well as ni- 
 trogen, has no effect on the coking po"/er of a coal. 
 
 2. when liberated in the mass of coal and when merely pre- 
 sent during the time of coking, has a deleterious effect on the cok- 
 ing pov;er of a coal. This effect cannot be m^erely mechanical, but 
 must be at least in part chemncal. 
 
 3. Preheating some coals in the absence of air, to certain tempera- 
 tures, which vary from cjal to coal, betters the coking powers of 
 these coals. 
 
 4. Of the coals tried and at t?ie temperatures used, the highest 
 point to v/hich a coal may be heated in air without affecting the cok- 
 ing pov/er was 150 ’G. This v/ould indicate thatiin storage, coals, at 
 least these particular ones, should not be allov/ed to heat above 
 150’C. 
 
 5. The portion of the coal attacked by oxygen varies v/ith the coal. 
 

TT.ATE 2 
 
21 
 
 Table I. 
 Tubes 1 & 2. 
 
 I- Coke from High 
 Volatile Coal. 
 
 II- l part lead oxalate. 
 
 19 parts of H.V.Coal. 
 
 III- 2 x)arts lead oxalate. 
 
 18 parts of H.V.Coal. 
 
 IV- 3 parts lead oxalate. 
 
 17 parts of H.V.Coal. 
 
 Table II. 
 Tub e s 3 , 4 , 5 , 
 
 I- Coke from H.V. Coal. 
 
 II - 1 part magnesium, carbonate. 
 
 19 parts il.V. Coal. 
 
 III - 2 parts magnesium carbonate. 
 18 parts H.V. Coal. 
 
 IV- 3 parts magnesium carbonate. 
 
 17 parts H.V, Coal. 
 
 V- 4 parts magnesium, carbonate. 
 
 16 parts H.V. Coal. 
 
 VI- 5 parts mia^nesium carbonate. 
 15 parts H.V. Coal. 
 
 VII- 6 parts magnesium carbonate. 
 14 parts H.V. Coal. 
 
 VIII- 7 parts magnesium, carbonate. 
 13 parts H.V. Coal. 
 
 V- 4 parts lead oxalate. 
 
 16 i^arts of H.V. Coal. 
 
 VI- 5 part^ lead oxalate. 
 
 15 parts of H.V, Coal. 
 
 VII- 3 parts lead oxalate. 
 16 parts of H.V, Coal. 
 
 VII I- 4 parts lead oxide. 
 
 16 parts coal. 
 
 & 6 . 
 
 IX- 8 parts m.agnesium carbonale’ 
 12 parts H.V, Coal. 
 
 X- 9 parts magnesium carbonate 
 11 parts H.V. Goal. 
 
 XI- 10 parts magnesiu!. carbonate 
 10 parts H.V. Coal. 
 
 XII - 11 parts magnesium carbonalE 
 9 parts of H.V. -Coal. 
 
 ^kl I i— 11 part s magneaum cerb cnat e . I 
 9 parts H.V. Coal. 
 
 iiIV-12 parts magnesium, carbcnate 
 8 parts H.V. Coal. 
 
 XV- 13 parts miagnesium carbonate 
 7 parts H.V, Coal, 
 
 XVI - ]4 jart s nag ne siurn c ar b onat e 
 6 parts H.V. Goal, 
 
, ^ ^ ... 
 
 - ■ : / 
 
 •J 
 
 
 i 
 
 
 % 
 
 
 i . 
 
 1 
 
 
 * . ♦ ^ 
 
 ( 
 
 j 
 
 c, *' ’ 
 
 ■■V ' ^ 
 
 I 
 
 ¥ 
 
 
 Vi- 
 
 I -.'t 
 
 rrrr 
 
 .liii *1 M 
 
 <^. • 
 
22 
 
 Tables 3. 
 
 Tub e s 
 
 l-Coke from H.Y. Coal. 
 
 II- l part zinc carbonate 
 19 parts H.Y. Coal. 
 
 III- 2 parts zinc carbonate. 
 18 parts H.Y. Coal, 
 
 IY-5 parts zinc carbonate. 
 15 parts H.Y. Coal. 
 
 Tubes 
 
 I- Coke from H.Y. Coal. 
 
 II- 2 parts sodiuL'. bismuthate. 
 18 parts H.Y. Coal. 
 
 III- 4 parts sodium bismuthate. 
 16 parts H.Y. Coal, 
 
 IY-6 parts sodium bismuthate. 
 14 parts H.Y, Coal. 
 
 7 C; 8. 
 
 Y-3 parts zinc carbonate. 
 
 17 parts H.Y. Coal. 
 
 YI-4 parts zinc carbonate. 
 
 16 parts H.Y. Coal. 
 
 YII-2 parts zinc carbonate. 
 17 parts Coal. 
 
 YIIi-5 parts zinc carbonate. 
 15 parts H.Y. Coal. 
 
 9 C; 10. 
 
 Y.„- 8 parts sodium, bismiuthate. 
 
 12 parts H.Y. Coal, 
 
 YI..-10 parts sodium bismuthate, 
 10 parts H.Y. Coal, 
 
 YII-12 parts sodium, bismuthate. 
 
 8 ]?arts H.Y. Coal. 
 
 YIII-12 parts decom.posed or bro- 
 ken down sodium bismuthate. 
 8 parts H.Y. Coal. 
 

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23 
 
 Jellicoe Coal --Kentucky. 
 Run irl. 
 
 Eastern High Volatile. 
 
 Original Coal in Hitrogen. 
 
 Pirr.e . 
 
 Temp. 
 
 Press. 
 
 Time . 
 
 Temp. 
 
 Pres 
 
 2:00P. 
 
 11 330 
 
 4 
 
 2;59P. 
 
 11 421 
 
 750 
 
 05 
 
 344 
 
 4 
 
 3:01 
 
 422 
 
 740 
 
 10 
 
 360 
 
 4 
 
 03 
 
 425 
 
 728 
 
 15 
 
 372 
 
 7 
 
 05 
 
 427 
 
 702 
 
 17 
 
 375 
 
 13 
 
 07 
 
 429 
 
 674 
 
 19 
 
 377 
 
 36 
 
 09 
 
 434 
 
 628 
 
 21 
 
 379 
 
 80 
 
 13 
 
 437 
 
 530 
 
 23 
 
 381 
 
 182 
 
 15 
 
 439 
 
 456 
 
 25 
 
 383 
 
 262 
 
 19 
 
 442 
 
 324 
 
 27 
 
 385 
 
 330 
 
 21 
 
 444 
 
 260 
 
 29 
 
 387 
 
 386 
 
 23 
 
 446 
 
 210 
 
 31 
 
 389 
 
 444 
 
 25 
 
 448 
 
 162 
 
 rr r* 
 
 oo 
 
 391 
 
 490 
 
 27 
 
 450 
 
 122 
 
 35 
 
 593 
 
 532 
 
 29 
 
 453 
 
 88 
 
 37 
 
 396 
 
 587 
 
 31 
 
 455 
 
 60 
 
 39 
 
 398 
 
 600 
 
 33 
 
 456 
 
 46 
 
 n 
 
 399 
 
 624 
 
 35 
 
 458 
 
 36 
 
 43 
 
 402 
 
 661 
 
 37 
 
 459 
 
 28 
 
 45 
 
 406 
 
 690 
 
 39 
 
 464 
 
 27 
 
 47 
 
 407 
 
 700 
 
 41 
 
 466 
 
 23 
 
 49 
 
 410 
 
 714 
 
 43 
 
 474 
 
 18 
 
 51 
 
 412 
 
 730 
 
 45 
 
 482 
 
 17 
 
 53 
 
 415 
 
 744 
 
 47 
 
 491 
 
 14 
 
 55 
 
 419 
 
 754 
 
 49 
 
 501 
 
 14 
 
 57 
 
 420 
 
 754 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Good Coke 
 
 Pormed. 
 
 
 
 JelliQoe Coal --Kentucky.. 
 Run #2 
 
 Rastern High Volatile. 
 
 Preheated to 550 and Cooled in nitrogen. 
 
 Time . 
 
 Temu. 
 
 Press. 
 
 Time . 
 
 Tern;:. 
 
 Press 
 
 8: SOP. 11 
 
 350 
 
 4 
 
 8:57 
 
 ’390 
 
 114 
 
 35 
 
 360 
 
 4 
 
 59 
 
 593 
 
 152 
 
 40 
 
 369 
 
 4 
 
 9:01 
 
 396 
 
 175 
 
 45 
 
 375 
 
 6 
 
 05 
 
 398 
 
 203 
 
 47 
 
 378 
 
 10 
 
 05 
 
 400 
 
 222 
 
 49 
 
 381 
 
 17’'- 
 
 07 
 
 402 
 
 244 
 
 51 
 
 382 
 
 31 
 
 09 
 
 404 
 
 260 
 
 53 
 
 585 
 
 60 
 
 11 
 
 407 
 
 284 
 
 55 
 
 388 
 
 91 
 
 13 
 
 409 
 
 308 
 

Hun ( Gont . ) 
 
 Time . 
 
 Pemp. 
 
 Press. 
 
 'Time . 
 
 Pemp. 
 
 Press . 
 
 9:15 
 
 411 
 
 ^20 
 
 9:57 
 
 449 
 
 476 
 
 17 
 
 415 
 
 340 
 
 39 
 
 452 
 
 480 
 
 19 
 
 418 
 
 358 
 
 41 
 
 455 
 
 480 
 
 SI 
 
 421 
 
 376 
 
 43 
 
 458 
 
 462 
 
 S3 
 
 424 
 
 390 
 
 49 
 
 469 
 
 276 
 
 S5 
 
 425 
 
 400 
 
 55 
 
 485 
 
 40 
 
 29 
 
 432 
 
 430 
 
 57 
 
 486 
 
 16 
 
 31 
 
 440 
 
 432 
 
 10:01 
 
 490 
 
 10 
 
 33 
 
 445 
 
 454 
 
 07 
 
 500 
 
 10 
 
 35 
 
 446 
 
 468 
 
 
 
 
 Coke not as good as Original. 
 
 Jellicoe Coal--Kentucky . 
 
 Coal Preheated to 300 C and Cooled in Nitrogen. 
 
 Run v3 
 
 P inie . 
 
 Pemp. 
 
 Press . 
 
 Pime . 
 
 Pernp. 
 
 Press 
 
 2:42P.!,I 
 
 .550 
 
 4 
 
 5:31 
 
 425 
 
 728 
 
 47 
 
 368 
 
 4 
 
 33 
 
 427 
 
 741 
 
 52 
 
 377 
 
 4 
 
 55 
 
 431 
 
 760 
 
 57 
 
 384 
 
 10 
 
 37 
 
 435 
 
 772 
 
 59 
 
 387 
 
 20 
 
 39 
 
 439 
 
 780 
 
 3:01 
 
 389 
 
 44 
 
 41 
 
 442 
 
 780 
 
 05 
 
 392 
 
 146 
 
 43 
 
 446 
 
 780 
 
 07 
 
 394 
 
 230 
 
 45 
 
 449 
 
 770 
 
 09 
 
 396 
 
 296 
 
 47 
 
 452 
 
 740 
 
 11 
 
 397 
 
 388 
 
 49 
 
 455 
 
 684 
 
 15 
 
 402 
 
 416 
 
 55 
 
 460 
 
 518 
 
 15 
 
 404 
 
 480 
 
 55 
 
 462 
 
 424 
 
 17 
 
 405 
 
 511 
 
 57 
 
 464 
 
 276 
 
 19 
 
 406 
 
 , 550 
 
 59 
 
 466 
 
 132 
 
 21 
 
 410 
 
 590 
 
 4:01 
 
 468 
 
 44 
 
 25 
 
 412 
 
 620 
 
 05 
 
 471 
 
 20 
 
 25 
 
 415 
 
 650 
 
 05 
 
 473 
 
 18 
 
 27 
 
 420 
 
 682 
 
 07 
 
 475 
 
 18 
 
 29 
 
 422 
 
 702 
 
 
 
 
 Coke good 
 

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 ''■^'rr''Wi ’ 
 
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 ir?7- v"aji:if . pa:rit9TSgT^ «yy r ’ 3 *'q u it LJ^^ 
 

 Jellicoe Coal 
 I\un 
 
 Preheated to 250 C and 
 
 -Kentucky 
 
 A4 
 
 II ^ 
 
 Cooled in 
 
 • 
 
 nir . 
 
 25. 
 
 C?ime . 
 
 Temp, 
 
 Press . 
 
 Time . 
 
 Pemu . 
 
 Press . 
 
 
 4 ; 17; 
 
 350 
 
 5 
 
 4:42 
 
 384 
 
 82 
 
 
 18 
 
 368 
 
 10 
 
 44 
 
 396 
 
 78 
 
 
 20 
 
 374 
 
 20 
 
 46 
 
 400 
 
 70 
 
 
 22 
 
 576 
 
 334 
 
 48 
 
 404 
 
 64 
 
 
 24 
 
 378 
 
 50 
 
 50 
 
 407 
 
 54 
 
 
 26 
 
 380 
 
 64 
 
 52 
 
 408 
 
 48 
 
 
 28 
 
 382 
 
 80 
 
 54 
 
 409 
 
 40 
 
 
 30 
 
 584 
 
 88 
 
 56 
 
 410 
 
 32 
 
 
 32 
 
 386 
 
 90 
 
 58 
 
 412 
 
 28 
 
 
 34 
 
 388 
 
 92 
 
 5:00 
 
 415 
 
 26 
 
 
 36 
 
 390 
 
 94 
 
 02 
 
 418 
 
 22 
 
 
 38 
 
 391 
 
 92 
 
 04 
 
 420 
 
 20 
 
 
 40 
 
 392 90 25 500 20 
 
 Very poor coke almost no 
 coking at all. 
 
 Jellicoe Goal--Kentucky . 
 
 Pun -} 5 , 
 
 Preheated to 200 G and Cooled in Air. 
 
 
 
 Pemp. 
 
 Press . 
 
 Pi D’.e . 
 
 Pemp. 
 
 Press . 
 
 
 7:29 
 
 350 
 
 3 
 
 8:04 
 
 407 
 
 90 
 
 
 34 
 
 360 
 
 6 
 
 06 
 
 410 
 
 104 
 
 
 36 
 
 361 
 
 7 
 
 08 
 
 414 
 
 89 
 
 
 38 
 
 363 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 418 
 
 65 
 
 
 40 
 
 364 
 
 10 
 
 12 
 
 421 
 
 54 
 
 
 42 
 
 368 
 
 10 
 
 14 
 
 425 
 
 50 
 
 
 44 
 
 371 
 
 12 
 
 16 
 
 428- 
 
 43 
 
 
 46 
 
 376 
 
 13 
 
 18 
 
 430 
 
 35 
 
 
 48 
 
 380 
 
 13 
 
 20 
 
 454 
 
 31 
 
 
 50 
 
 384 
 
 15 
 
 ■ 22 
 
 439 
 
 27 
 
 
 52 
 
 387 
 
 17 
 
 24 
 
 442 
 
 22 
 
 
 54 
 
 390 
 
 18 
 
 26 
 
 444 
 
 20 
 
 
 56 
 
 393 
 
 23 
 
 28 
 
 451 
 
 20 
 
 
 58 
 
 394 
 
 23 
 
 30 
 
 457 
 
 20 
 
 
 8:00 
 
 02 
 
 397 
 
 403 
 
 30 
 
 61 
 
 Poor 
 
 40 
 
 Coke . 
 
 475 
 
 20 
 
 
Jellicoe Coal — Kenoucky. 
 
 Run v6 
 
 Preheated to 150 C and Cooled in Air 
 
 26 
 
 Time . 
 
 ?eiTip 
 
 , Press. 
 
 Time . 
 
 Temp. 
 
 Press, 
 
 1:57 
 
 350 
 
 5 
 
 2:48 
 
 414 
 
 492 
 
 2:02 
 
 364 
 
 5 
 
 50 
 
 416 
 
 510 
 
 04 
 
 366 
 
 7 
 
 52 
 
 418 
 
 530 
 
 06 
 
 368 
 
 7 
 
 54 
 
 420 
 
 544 
 
 08 
 
 371 
 
 7 
 
 56 
 
 424 
 
 550 
 
 10 
 
 374 
 
 ^7 
 
 58 
 
 426 
 
 544 
 
 12 
 
 376 
 
 10 
 
 3:00 
 
 427 
 
 510 
 
 14 
 
 374 
 
 20 
 
 02 
 
 429 
 
 440 
 
 16 
 
 382 
 
 36 
 
 04 
 
 431 
 
 340 
 
 18 
 
 384 
 
 58 
 
 06 
 
 434 
 
 224 
 
 20 
 
 386 
 
 82 
 
 08 
 
 436 
 
 140 
 
 22 
 
 389 
 
 124 
 
 10 
 
 438 
 
 90 
 
 24 
 
 391 
 
 164 
 
 12 
 
 440 
 
 52 
 
 26 
 
 393 
 
 192 
 
 14 
 
 443 
 
 32 
 
 28 
 
 595 
 
 224 
 
 16 
 
 444 
 
 27 
 
 30 
 
 397 
 
 260 
 
 18 
 
 450 
 
 23 
 
 32 
 
 398 
 
 300 
 
 20 
 
 460 
 
 20 
 
 34 
 
 400 
 
 320 
 
 22 
 
 468 
 
 23 
 
 36 
 
 402 
 
 350 
 
 24 
 
 474 
 
 20 
 
 38 
 
 404 
 
 380 
 
 26 
 
 482 
 
 20 
 
 40 
 
 405 
 
 402 
 
 28 
 
 490 
 
 20 
 
 42 
 
 406 
 
 420 
 
 50 
 
 496 
 
 20 
 
 44 
 
 409 
 
 448 
 
 32 
 
 500 
 
 20 
 
 46 
 
 412 
 
 472 
 
 
 
 ' 
 
 
 
 Better Coke than 
 
 Original . 
 
 
 
 
 Jellicoe 
 
 Coal --Kentucky. 
 
 
 
 
 
 Run #7 
 
 
 
 
 
 Original Coal 
 
 . in Carbon Dioxide. 
 
 ?irii0 . 
 
 
 . Press. 
 
 C?ime . 
 
 Temp. 
 
 Press 
 
 2:09 
 
 350 
 
 1 
 
 2:50 
 
 426 
 
 370 
 
 14 
 
 364 
 
 2 
 
 52 
 
 428 
 
 400 
 
 18 
 
 376 
 
 8 
 
 54 
 
 451 
 
 424 
 
 20 
 
 380 
 
 30 
 
 ■ : 58 
 
 434 
 
 460 
 
 22 
 
 382 
 
 70 
 
 3:00 
 
 436 
 
 466 
 
 26 
 
 384 
 
 120 
 
 02 
 
 439 
 
 484 
 
 28 
 
 386 
 
 144 
 
 04 
 
 440 
 
 484 
 
 30 
 
 390 
 
 170 
 
 07 
 
 444 
 
 480 
 
 32 
 
 394 
 
 192 
 
 09 
 
 448 
 
 468 
 
 34 
 
 397 
 
 210 
 
 11 
 
 450 
 
 440 
 
 36 
 
 400 
 
 226 
 
 16 
 
 457 
 
 310 
 
 38 
 
 401 
 
 240 
 
 18 
 
 460 
 
 220 
 
 40 
 
 402 
 
 260 
 
 20 
 
 463 
 
 90 
 
 42 
 
 404 
 
 270 
 
 22 
 
 465 
 
 40 
 
 44 
 
 46 
 
 407 
 
 410 
 
 P2 
 
 308 
 
 26 
 
 467 
 
 ■ ^0 
 
 15 
 
 48 
 
 414 
 
 334 
 
 
Time . 
 
 Terori. 
 
 Jellicoe Coal--Xentucky . 
 Run r, 8 
 
 Preheated to 550 C and 
 Cooled Down in Carhon 
 Dioxide . 
 
 Press. xime. Oenp. 
 
 Press. 
 
 27. 
 
 ! 5:08 
 
 550 
 
 5 
 
 3:39 
 
 423 
 
 530 
 
 
 15 
 
 570 
 
 4 
 
 41 
 
 427 
 
 342 
 
 
 15 
 
 572 
 
 8 
 
 43 
 
 432 
 
 350 
 
 
 17 
 
 574 
 
 24 
 
 45 
 
 440 
 
 362 
 
 
 i 19 
 
 576 
 
 60 
 
 47 
 
 444 
 
 374 
 
 
 21 
 
 578 
 
 120 
 
 49 
 
 446 
 
 480 
 
 
 L 25 
 
 583 
 
 170 
 
 53 
 
 448 
 
 344 
 
 
 ! 25 
 
 386 
 
 204 
 
 55 
 
 449 
 
 250 
 
 
 ! 27 
 
 388 
 
 222 
 
 57 
 
 455 
 
 100 
 
 
 29 
 
 393 
 
 250 
 
 4:00 
 
 460 
 
 .50 
 
 
 51 
 
 398 
 
 274 
 
 05 
 
 467 
 
 32 
 
 
 53 
 
 401 
 
 290 
 
 10 
 
 470 
 
 20 
 
 
 1 55 
 
 408 
 
 308 
 
 12 
 
 473 
 
 20 
 
 
 1 37 
 
 !2im6. 
 
 414 
 
 -erp. 
 
 318 
 
 Jellico Coal --Kentucky. 
 Run fr'9 
 
 Pi'eheated to 300 C and 
 Cooled in Carbon Di- 
 oxide . 
 
 Press. Time. Temp. 
 
 Press . 
 
 
 10:52 
 
 550 
 
 2 
 
 11:30 
 
 412 
 
 280 
 
 
 57 
 
 360 
 
 3 
 
 32 
 
 416 
 
 300 
 
 
 11:02 
 
 368 
 
 3 
 
 34 
 
 319 
 
 314 
 
 
 04 
 
 570 
 
 4 
 
 36 
 
 423 
 
 330 
 
 
 06 
 
 374 
 
 9 
 
 38 
 
 428 
 
 344 
 
 
 08 
 
 577 
 
 114 
 
 42 
 
 435 
 
 374 
 
 
 10 
 
 380 
 
 30 
 
 44 
 
 437 
 
 388 
 
 
 12 
 
 384 
 
 72 
 
 46 
 
 440 
 
 390 
 
 
 14 
 
 386 
 
 100 
 
 48 
 
 442 
 
 374 
 
 
 16 
 
 390 
 
 152 
 
 50 
 
 448 
 
 320 
 
 
 18 
 
 391 
 
 144 
 
 52 
 
 451 
 
 170 
 
 
 20 
 
 394 
 
 166 
 
 54 
 
 452 
 
 50 
 
 
 24 
 
 598 
 
 211 
 
 56 
 
 456 
 
 16 
 
 
 26 
 
 402 
 
 232 
 
 56 
 
 460 
 
 11 
 
 
 28 
 
 406 
 
 256 
 
 12:00 
 
 466 
 
 10 
 
 

 
 O'Gara Coal-3aline Co. Illinois. 
 Pun ti-10 
 
 Original Coal in Pitrogen. 
 
 CD 
 
 • 
 
 Time . 
 
 TemiD. 
 
 Press . 
 
 Time . 
 
 
 Press , 
 
 
 3:46 
 
 350 
 
 20 
 
 4:39 
 
 446 
 
 650 
 
 
 53 
 
 362 
 
 40 
 
 42 
 
 450 
 
 670 
 
 
 58 
 
 370 
 
 47 
 
 43 
 
 451 
 
 674 
 
 
 4:03 
 
 379 
 
 80 
 
 45 
 
 454 
 
 690 
 
 
 05 
 
 384 
 
 110 
 
 47 
 
 457 
 
 700 
 
 
 07 
 
 388 
 
 132 
 
 49 
 
 460 
 
 714 
 
 
 09 
 
 392 
 
 170 
 
 51 
 
 462 
 
 724 
 
 
 11 
 
 398 
 
 210 
 
 53 
 
 464 
 
 740 
 
 
 15 
 
 402 
 
 260 
 
 55 
 
 468 
 
 750 
 
 
 16 
 
 407 
 
 310 
 
 57 
 
 470 
 
 760 
 
 
 17 
 
 411 
 
 360 
 
 59 
 
 472 
 
 762 
 
 
 19 
 
 415 
 
 412 
 
 5:01 
 
 475 
 
 770 
 
 
 21 
 
 417 
 
 442 
 
 05 
 
 480 
 
 780 
 
 
 23 
 
 419 
 
 472 
 
 08 
 
 485 
 
 710 
 
 
 25 
 
 421 
 
 494 
 
 10 
 
 486 
 
 470 
 
 
 27 
 
 425 
 
 536 
 
 12 
 
 488 
 
 250 
 
 
 29 
 
 428 
 
 550 
 
 14 
 
 491 
 
 110 
 
 
 31 
 
 431 
 
 570 
 
 16 
 
 492 
 
 50 
 
 
 33 
 
 455 
 
 592 
 
 18 
 
 497 
 
 30 
 
 
 35 
 
 37 
 
 439 614 
 
 442 632 
 
 Coke 
 
 O'Gara Coal-- 
 Preheated to 
 
 22 
 
 Formed. 
 Saline Cc 
 Run # 11. 
 350 G and 
 IJitrogen, 
 
 500 30 
 
 . Illinois. 
 Cooled in 
 
 
 Time • 
 
 Temp, 
 
 Press . 
 
 Time . 
 
 Temp. 
 
 Press . 
 
 
 7:50 
 
 350 
 
 4 
 
 8:35 
 
 415 
 
 40 
 
 
 55 
 
 355 
 
 4 
 
 37 
 
 417 
 
 40 
 
 
 8:00 
 
 360 
 
 4 
 
 39 
 
 420 
 
 34 
 
 
 05 
 
 376 
 
 4 
 
 41 
 
 422 
 
 32 
 
 
 10 
 
 387 
 
 4 
 
 43 
 
 423 
 
 32 
 
 
 15 
 
 392 
 
 4 
 
 45 
 
 426 
 
 27 
 
 
 17 
 
 594 
 
 4 
 
 50 
 
 430 
 
 17 
 
 
 19 
 
 396 
 
 S 
 
 55 
 
 436 
 
 12 
 
 
 21 
 
 399 
 
 12 
 
 9 :00 
 
 444 
 
 10 
 
 
 23 
 
 400 
 
 17 
 
 05 
 
 453 
 
 10 
 
 
 25 
 
 402 
 
 23 
 
 10 
 
 458 
 
 7 
 
 
 27 
 
 404 
 
 30 
 
 15 
 
 472 
 
 7 
 
 
 29 
 
 407 
 
 32 
 
 20 
 
 486 
 
 7 
 
 
 31 
 
 410 
 
 34 
 
 25 
 
 494 
 
 7 
 
 
 33 
 
 413 
 
 36 
 
 ITo Coke 
 
 30 
 
 • 
 
 500 
 
 7 
 
 

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29 . 
 
 
 O’O 
 
 ara Coal-- 
 
 -Saline Co. 
 
 Illinois 
 
 • 
 
 
 
 
 Run # 12. 
 
 
 
 
 Preheated to 
 
 250 C and 
 
 Cooled in 
 
 
 
 
 
 nitrogen. 
 
 
 
 'ime . 
 
 Temp. 
 
 Press. 
 
 Time . 
 
 Temp. ; 
 
 Press. 
 
 ai 
 
 350 
 
 4 
 
 9:03 
 
 4 21 
 
 14 
 
 16 
 
 360 
 
 4 
 
 05 
 
 423 
 
 12 
 
 21 
 
 365 
 
 4 
 
 07 
 
 425 
 
 12 
 
 26 
 
 383 
 
 5 
 
 09 
 
 427 
 
 10 
 
 31 
 
 386 
 
 11 
 
 11 
 
 429 
 
 PQ 
 
 36 
 
 391 
 
 22 
 
 13 
 
 431 
 
 8 
 
 41 
 
 397 
 
 32 
 
 15 
 
 433 
 
 8 
 
 43 
 
 398 
 
 36 
 
 20 
 
 437 
 
 8 
 
 45 
 
 400 
 
 40 
 
 25 
 
 445 
 
 7 
 
 47 
 
 402 
 
 40 
 
 30 
 
 452 
 
 7 
 
 49 
 
 405 
 
 37 
 
 35 
 
 460 
 
 7 
 
 51 
 
 408 
 
 41 
 
 40 
 
 470 
 
 6 
 
 53 
 
 410 
 
 42 
 
 45 
 
 480 
 
 6 
 
 55 
 
 412 
 
 34 
 
 50 
 
 489 
 
 6 
 
 57 
 
 415 ■ 
 
 30 
 
 55 
 
 497 
 
 5 
 
 59 
 
 417 
 
 23 
 
 57 
 
 500 
 
 5 
 
 ':01 
 
 419 
 
 19 
 
 
 
 
 
 Go 
 
 ke as good as Original. 
 
 
 
 O' 
 
 Gara Coal' 
 
 -Saline Go. 
 
 Illinois 
 
 • 
 
 
 
 
 Rim # 13. 
 
 
 
 
 Pi'eheated to 350 C and 
 
 Cooled in 
 
 
 
 
 Air. 
 
 
 
 xirne. 
 
 Temp. 
 
 Press. 
 
 Time. 
 
 Temp. 
 
 Press. 
 
 2:43 
 
 350 
 
 4 
 
 3 :55 
 
 394 
 
 12 
 
 48 
 
 358 
 
 4 
 
 40 
 
 408 
 
 10 
 
 53 
 
 358 
 
 4 
 
 45 
 
 409 
 
 10 
 
 58 
 
 362 
 
 5 
 
 50 
 
 410 
 
 10 
 
 3:05 
 
 367 
 
 7 
 
 55 
 
 412 
 
 13 
 
 08 
 
 370 
 
 8 
 
 4:00 
 
 430 
 
 10 
 
 13 
 
 373 
 
 10 
 
 05 
 
 440 
 
 12 
 
 25 
 
 380 
 
 10 
 
 15 ■ 
 
 485 
 
 9 
 
 30 
 
 386 
 
 10 
 
 30 
 
 510 
 
 8 
 
 IJo Coke 
 
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31 
 
 0 ' Gara-Saliiie Co. Illinois. 
 
 Run # 16. 
 
 Coal Preheated to 150 C and 
 
 Cooled in Air. 
 
 Tine . Temp. Press. 
 
 9:19 
 
 350 
 
 10 
 
 24 
 
 368 
 
 10 
 
 29 
 
 380 
 
 334 
 
 31 
 
 383 
 
 662 
 
 33 
 
 385 
 
 100 
 
 35 
 
 387 
 
 140 
 
 37 
 
 589 
 
 180 
 
 39 
 
 391 
 
 241 
 
 41 
 
 393 
 
 284 
 
 43 
 
 395 
 
 528 
 
 45 
 
 397 
 
 370 
 
 47 
 
 399 
 
 410 
 
 49 
 
 400 
 
 450 
 
 51 
 
 406 
 
 480 
 
 53 
 
 412 
 
 511 
 
 Time . 
 
 Temp. 
 
 Pre; 
 
 Cl . f; r; 
 
 %/ # t-/ 
 
 416 
 
 542 
 
 57 
 
 420 
 
 560 
 
 59 
 
 423 
 
 550 
 
 .10:01 
 
 428 
 
 455 
 
 03 
 
 429 
 
 318 
 
 05 
 
 433 
 
 164 
 
 07 
 
 437 
 
 82 
 
 09 
 
 441 
 
 42 
 
 11 
 
 448 
 
 32 
 
 13 
 
 452 
 
 27 
 
 15 
 
 453 
 
 25 
 
 17 
 
 456 
 
 18 
 
 19 
 
 462 
 
 12 
 
 21 
 
 466 
 
 12 
 
 22 
 
 469 
 
 11 
 
52 
 
 United Electric Coal Co. Lline. 
 Vermilion Co. Illinois. 
 
 Run 7)^17. 
 
 Original Coal in iJitrogen. 
 
 C?ime. 
 
 Temp. 
 
 "Press . 
 
 Time . 
 
 Temp. 
 
 Press 
 
 1:47 
 
 530 
 
 . 4 
 
 2 :35 
 
 417 
 
 850 
 
 52 
 
 349 
 
 5 
 
 37 
 
 421 
 
 870 
 
 55 
 
 353 
 
 12 
 
 39 
 
 124 
 
 880 
 
 57 
 
 354 
 
 22 
 
 41 
 
 427 
 
 894 
 
 59 
 
 356 
 
 40 
 
 43 
 
 430 
 
 896 
 
 2:01 
 
 357 
 
 54 
 
 45 
 
 432 
 
 900 
 
 03 
 
 360 
 
 ^86 . 
 
 47 
 
 437 
 
 906 
 
 05 
 
 363 
 
 110 
 
 49 
 
 438 
 
 910 
 
 07 
 
 366 
 
 140 
 
 51 
 
 442 
 
 911 
 
 09 
 
 370 
 
 174 
 
 53 
 
 444 
 
 900 
 
 11 
 
 371 
 
 210 
 
 55 
 
 447 
 
 892 
 
 13 
 
 373 
 
 258 
 
 57 
 
 448 
 
 886 
 
 15 
 
 374 
 
 350 
 
 59 
 
 450 
 
 854 
 
 17 
 
 376 
 
 402 
 
 3:01 
 
 453 
 
 770 
 
 19 
 
 382 
 
 482 
 
 03 
 
 456 
 
 670 
 
 21 
 
 388 
 
 552 
 
 05 
 
 457 
 
 484 
 
 23 
 
 398 
 
 628 
 
 07 
 
 461 
 
 232 
 
 25 
 
 400 
 
 682 
 
 09 
 
 469 
 
 92 
 
 27 
 
 404 
 
 730 
 
 11 
 
 472 
 
 54 
 
 29 
 
 407 
 
 773 
 
 15 
 
 478 
 
 o30 
 
 31 
 
 410 
 
 821 
 
 19 
 
 483 
 
 26 ' 
 
 33 
 
 414 
 
 830 
 
 27 
 
 491 
 
 21 
 
 
 
 Coke 
 
 Good. 
 
 
 
 
 
 United Electric Coal Co. 
 
 #4 nine 
 
 
 
 Vermilion Co. 
 
 Illinois . 
 
 
 
 
 Run # 
 
 18. 
 
 
 
 
 Preheated 
 
 to 350 
 
 C in Eitrogen. 
 
 xime . 
 
 Temp. 
 
 Press . 
 
 Tim.e . 
 
 Tern.' 
 
 . Presi 
 
 3:15 
 
 330 
 
 3 
 
 4:22 
 
 398 
 
 _12 
 
 43 
 
 357 
 
 3 
 
 26 
 
 401 
 
 12 
 
 48 
 
 360 
 
 4 
 
 28 
 
 402 
 
 13 
 
 58 
 
 373 
 
 4 
 
 30 
 
 405 
 
 13 
 
 4:00 
 
 375 
 
 5 
 
 32 
 
 408 
 
 15 
 
 02 
 
 373 
 
 6 
 
 34 
 
 410 
 
 16 
 
 10 
 
 386 
 
 6 
 
 36 
 
 415 
 
 17 
 
 12 
 
 388 
 
 8 
 
 52 
 
 428 
 
 17 
 
 14 
 
 390 
 
 9 
 
 54 
 
 428 
 
 14 
 
 16 
 
 392 
 
 10 
 
 56 
 
 431 
 
 14 
 
 18 
 
 394 
 
 10 
 
 58 
 
 434 
 
 13 
 
 20 
 
 395 
 
 11 
 
 5:00 
 
 438 
 
 13 
 

 
 '‘r; 
 
 V I ^ .►/, 
 
 
 ■ ; „ ' ■* “'i 
 
 ■ . '■■ ■ :. ■ .f?^■ ' V? WM . ■ • viS 
 
 590 ,A :.x ,_ :??■,■ 
 
 
 
 .'6x; 
 
 ■r.!? 
 
 
 UiCi" •■';i 
 
 ;i:;r ’ 
 
 «>f>' |< 5^5 
 
 IwiV- ..'-'t'i^' ' K, '■ ' •: -V 
 
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 V^v '•'''V , 
 
 
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 >.Tl 
 
 >,YV 
 
 01-^ 
 
 
 ■'W^;.-‘ ‘Hn- 'V,-.^Aji 
 
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 n'.v 
 
 ■;e 
 
 yA « < 
 
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 V* * 
 
 ^ *rl 
 
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 -. VJlv 
 
 ■./' >•' 
 
 £0; 
 
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 :,71' '■"• 
 
 ‘If.' 
 
 ■®'-"-'' Jw VStVi '£V,„ 
 
 u if'W® '.'rT" ». *ej.';; 
 
 fii -T’f'! .;. nTOH't 
 
 ?f . *''4^:3' ' ' Iff '■■’ 
 
 t > 
 
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 4 
 
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 '’.*■■ *‘.t, A '■ .i.'W 
 
 
 t'*’ t I'. 
 
 S' - 
 
33 
 
 Run f 18 (cont.) 
 
 Time . 
 
 Terip . 
 
 Press . 
 
 Time . 
 
 Temp. 
 
 Pi’ess. 
 
 5:02 
 
 44£ 
 
 12 
 
 5:16 
 
 468 
 
 9 
 
 04 
 
 445 
 
 12 
 
 18 
 
 473 
 
 8 
 
 06 
 
 447 
 
 11 
 
 20 
 
 475 
 
 8 
 
 08 
 
 452 
 
 10 
 
 26 
 
 494 
 
 8 
 
 14 
 
 463 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 
 Time . 
 
 Temp 
 
 United Rleotric Coal Co. #4 Lline . 
 Vermilion Co. Illinois. 
 
 Run # 19 . 
 
 Preheated to 250 C and Cooled in 
 Nitrogen. 
 
 . Press. Time. Temp. Press. 
 
 1 : 58 
 
 550 
 
 6 
 
 2:50 
 
 406 
 
 510 
 
 2:03 
 
 344 
 
 6 
 
 52 
 
 409 
 
 484 
 
 08 
 
 349 
 
 9 
 
 54 
 
 411 
 
 452 
 
 13 
 
 355 
 
 27 
 
 56 
 
 414 
 
 386 
 
 18 
 
 362 
 
 72 
 
 58 
 
 415 
 
 348 
 
 20 
 
 365 
 
 110 
 
 3:00 
 
 417 
 
 224 
 
 22 
 
 367 
 
 150 
 
 04 
 
 422 
 
 194 
 
 24 
 
 368 
 
 184 
 
 06 
 
 423 
 
 156 
 
 26 
 
 371 
 
 214 
 
 08 
 
 426 
 
 90 
 
 28 
 
 375 
 
 260 
 
 10 
 
 429 
 
 62 
 
 30 
 
 383 
 
 304 
 
 12 
 
 432 
 
 48 
 
 32 
 
 385 
 
 360 
 
 14 
 
 454 
 
 38 
 
 34 
 
 386 
 
 392 
 
 16 
 
 437 
 
 30 
 
 36 
 
 389 
 
 420 
 
 18 
 
 440 
 
 23 
 
 38 
 
 392 
 
 460 
 
 20 
 
 443 
 
 17 
 
 40 
 
 394 
 
 484 
 
 22 
 
 446 
 
 15 
 
 42 
 
 397 
 
 506 
 
 24 
 
 448 
 
 12 
 
 44 
 
 399 
 
 520 
 
 26 
 
 451 
 
 11 
 
 46 
 
 401 
 
 526 
 
 30 
 
 456 
 
 11 
 
 48 
 
 404 
 
 530 
 
 
 
 
 Coke as good as Original. 
 
^2tme . 
 
 Hickory Hi 11 -Gra Hat in Co. Coal Illinois. 
 Hun # 20. 
 
 Original Coal in llitrogen. 
 
 2ernp. Press. Time. Temp. Press. 
 
 • 
 
 to 
 
 
 o 
 
 4 
 
 3:19 
 
 418 
 
 404 
 
 
 26 
 
 352 
 
 4 
 
 21 
 
 422 
 
 390 
 
 
 51 
 
 356 
 
 17 
 
 23 
 
 426 
 
 352 
 
 
 53 
 
 360 
 
 4S 
 
 25 
 
 431 
 
 326 
 
 
 35 
 
 364 
 
 84 
 
 27 
 
 434 
 
 292 
 
 
 37 
 
 369 
 
 132 
 
 29 
 
 426 
 
 272 
 
 
 39 
 
 374 
 
 170 
 
 33 
 
 439 
 
 220 
 
 
 41 
 
 375 
 
 210 
 
 35 
 
 441 
 
 196 
 
 
 43 
 
 376 
 
 242 
 
 37 
 
 446 
 
 168 
 
 
 45 
 
 378 
 
 268 
 
 39 
 
 450 
 
 150 
 
 
 47 
 
 380 
 
 298 
 
 41 
 
 454 
 
 126 
 
 
 49 
 
 381 
 
 320 
 
 43 
 
 458 
 
 115 
 
 
 51 
 
 383 
 
 342 
 
 45 
 
 461 
 
 102 
 
 
 53 
 
 387 
 
 368 
 
 47 
 
 464 
 
 88 
 
 
 55 
 
 589 
 
 386 
 
 51 
 
 469 
 
 66 
 
 
 57 
 
 391 
 
 406 
 
 53 
 
 472 
 
 58 
 
 
 59 
 
 393 
 
 428 
 
 55 
 
 474 
 
 54 
 
 
 3:01 
 
 396 
 
 448 
 
 57 
 
 475 
 
 36 
 
 
 03 
 
 397 
 
 462 
 
 59 
 
 476 
 
 50 
 
 
 05 
 
 399 
 
 474 
 
 4:01 
 
 478 
 
 25 
 
 
 07 
 
 401 
 
 490 
 
 03 
 
 479 
 
 37 
 
 
 09 
 
 404 
 
 504 
 
 05 
 
 481 
 
 43 
 
 
 11 
 
 406 
 
 504 
 
 07 
 
 487 
 
 27 
 
 
 13 
 
 409 
 
 484 
 
 09 
 
 491 
 
 20 
 
 
 15 
 
 410 
 
 470 
 
 11 
 
 496 
 
 20 
 
 
 17 
 
 Oime . 
 
 413 442 
 
 Fair 
 
 Hickory Hill 
 
 Preheated to 
 Temp. Press. 
 
 Coke Ohtai 
 
 Gallatin 
 Hun #21 
 Hun #21. 
 
 300 C and 
 
 Time . 
 
 ned. 
 
 Co. Coal Illinois. 
 
 Cooled in llitrogen. 
 Temp. Press. 
 
 
 7:35 
 
 326 
 
 24 
 
 8:07 
 
 398 
 
 406 
 
 
 40 
 
 350 
 
 26 
 
 09 
 
 402 
 
 430 
 
 
 45 
 
 359 
 
 37 
 
 11 
 
 407 
 
 454 
 
 
 47 
 
 363 
 
 58 
 
 13 
 
 410 
 
 454 
 
 
 49 
 
 366 
 
 82 
 
 15 
 
 412 
 
 434 
 
 
 51 
 
 368 
 
 124 
 
 17 
 
 414 
 
 390 
 
 
 53 
 
 372 
 
 170 
 
 19 
 
 416 
 
 322 
 
 
 55 
 
 377 
 
 220 
 
 21 
 
 418 
 
 248 
 
 
 57 
 
 380 
 
 262 
 
 23 
 
 420 
 
 210 
 
 
 59 
 
 382 
 
 300 
 
 27 
 
 422 
 
 110 
 
 
 8:01 
 
 386 
 
 340 
 
 29 
 
 424 
 
 380 
 
 
 03 
 
 390 
 
 360 
 
 31 
 
 425 
 
 66 
 
 
 05 
 
 395 
 
 382 
 
 33 
 
 427 
 
 56 
 
 

35 
 
 
 9 
 
 Run 7f21 
 
 ( 0 ont . ) 
 
 
 
 Time . 
 
 Temp. 
 
 Press. 
 
 Time . 
 
 Temp. 
 
 Pre 
 
 8:35 
 
 429 
 
 50 
 
 •8:43 
 
 440 
 
 55 
 
 37 
 
 432 
 
 45 
 
 45 
 
 434 
 
 33 
 
 39 
 
 434 
 
 42 
 
 47 
 
 446 
 
 33 
 
 41 
 
 437 
 
 37 
 
 
 
 
 Hickory Hill-Gallatin Co. Coal-Illinois . 
 
 Run #22. 
 
 Preheated to 350 C and Cooled in ITitrogen. 
 
 Time . 
 
 Temp. 
 
 Press . 
 
 Time . 
 
 Temp. 
 
 Press 
 
 3:04 
 
 330 
 
 6 
 
 3:49 
 
 401 
 
 290 
 
 09 
 
 338 
 
 6 
 
 51 
 
 402 
 
 266 
 
 14 
 
 345 
 
 8 
 
 53 
 
 403 
 
 234 
 
 19 
 
 352 
 
 26 
 
 55 
 
 407 
 
 192 
 
 21 
 
 355 
 
 43 
 
 57 
 
 410 
 
 158 
 
 23 
 
 358 
 
 70 
 
 59 
 
 413 
 
 124 
 
 27 
 
 362 
 
 146 
 
 4:01 
 
 415 
 
 104 
 
 29 
 
 366 
 
 170 
 
 03 
 
 418 
 
 . 76 
 
 31 
 
 371 
 
 202 
 
 05 
 
 420 
 
 62 
 
 33 
 
 377 
 
 234 
 
 07 
 
 421 
 
 55 
 
 35 
 
 380 
 
 260 
 
 09 
 
 424 
 
 30 
 
 37 
 
 383 
 
 290 
 
 13 
 
 429 
 
 27 
 
 39 
 
 386 
 
 312 
 
 15 
 
 431 
 
 21 
 
 41 
 
 389 
 
 324 
 
 17 
 
 432 
 
 18 
 
 43 
 
 392 
 
 326 
 
 21 
 
 436 
 
 17 
 
 45 
 
 396 
 
 314 
 
 23 
 
 442 
 
 17 
 
 47 
 
 399 
 
 310 
 
 
 
 
 Poor Coke. 
 
 
36 
 
 Bibliography . 
 
 I, V.B.Lev/es. ^he Carbonisation of Coal. 
 
 E. Journal of the Frankliii Institute. 1917, page 400. 
 
 3. Y.'hite and Ohiessen. fhe Origin of Coal. Bulletin 38 Bureau 
 
 of nines. 
 
 4. Vf'm. X.. Bone. Coal and its Scientific Uses. 
 
 5. Cornptes Rendus. 1912, page 1514. 
 
 6. Journal of the Chemical Society 1915, page 1114. 
 
 7. Porter and Uaylor. The Primary Volatile Products of Coal. 
 
 Uech. Paper, 140 Bureau of Hines. 
 
 8. P.B. Hobart. Phe Bffect of Ox^^gen and Carbon Dioxide on the 
 
 Carbonisation of Coal. Thesis. University of 
 Illinois, 1921. 
 
 9. R.S. Fisher A Study of the Extractive Action of Bensene and 
 
 Xylene on Coal at High Pressures. Thesis. Uni- 
 versity of Illinois, 1922. 
 
 10. T.E.Layng. Lecture on Theory of Carbonisation, 1922. 
 
 II. V/.S.Hathorne . The Determination of the llature of Coking and 
 
 I'Ton-coking coals. Thesis. University of Illi- 
 nois, 1922-3. 
 
 12. J.S. Hansen. Primary Decomposition Products of an Eastern Bi- 
 
 tum.inous Coal on Fractional Carbonisation. Thesis 
 University of Illinois, 1920. 
 
 15. F.Q. Straub. Primary Decomposition Products of Pocahontas Goal 
 
 on Fractional Carbonisation. Thesis. University 
 of Illinois, 1920. 
 
 14. A.Y.Uemmill. The ixction of a Carbon Llonoxide atmosphere on the 
 
 Coking Properties of Lignite and Pocahontas Coals. 
 
 Thesis. University of Illinois, 1921. 
 
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