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 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE 
 
 BUREAU OF AGRICULTURAL ECONOMICS 
 
 Town labor 
 
 i IRE0U IIREME NTS 
 
 » 
 
 m the United Stotes 
 
 1939 AND II^44 
 
 MONTHLY DISTRIBUTION OF ESTIMATED MAN-HOURS OF 
 LABOR REOUIRED FOR LIVESTOCK. CROPS. AND FARM 
 MAINTENANCE. UNITED STATES. 1944 
 
 Reuben W. Hecht 
 
 WASHINGTON, D. C. 
 
 APRIL 1947 
 
ST. HDSF 
 
 PREFACE 
 
 This publication is a companion report to 
 F. M. 40, "Labor Requirements for Crops and Livestock," 
 published in May 1943. The basic labor requirements 
 per acre and per unit of livestock contained in F. M. 
 h-0, and additional data were used in making the follow¬ 
 ing estimates of total man-hours per month and per year 
 required by each enterprise and by all farms in each 
 State and in the United States. 
 
 The main purpose of this report is to make 
 available to research and extension workers, and to 
 some other groups, the large amount of data on labor 
 requirements that were computed in laying the foundation 
 for the development of a new series that will measure 
 farm labor in terms of man-hour requirements. These 
 data are basic to an understanding of the reasons for 
 the long-time shift from peak farm loads in midsummer 
 to peak loads in the late summer and early fall months, 
 and the reductions in labor requirements during the 
 war. They are necessary to an analysis of the effects 
 of technological developments on labor needed in agri¬ 
 culture. The State data make possible study and analysis 
 of geographic variations in labor productivity and the 
 effects of technological developments on amounts of 
 labor needed. 
 
1Z\.% 
 
 FARM LABOR REQUIREMENTS IN THE UNITED STATES, 1939 AND 1944 
 
 Reuben W. Hecht, Agricultural Economist l/ 
 
 CONTENTS 
 
 Page 
 
 Introduction .. 1 
 
 Labor requirements and farm employment . 2 
 
 Labor requirements per unit . 3 
 
 Crops . 3 
 
 Livestock . 4 
 
 Total labor requirements . 5 
 
 Requirements for geographic divisions . g 
 
 Requirements for groups of enterprises . 
 
 Changes in labor requirements for geographic divisions 
 
 Distribution of labor . 
 
 Labor distribution by months.,. 10 
 
 Applicability of labor distributions . H 
 
 Labor distribution by seasons . 13 
 
 Labor required each month and season... 17 
 
 Data for each State . 3.7 
 
 INTRODUCTION 
 
 Farm work is a combination of many jobs. Some of them, particularly those involving 
 livestock, take a relatively uniform quantity of labor throughout the year, but others are 
 highly seasonal. Consequently there are times during the year when farmers are extremely busy 
 and the daylight hours are insufficient to accomplish all the necessary work. During other 
 seasons and particularly in certain areas, there is considerable under-employment or not enough 
 work to keep the regular workers busy. During the last few years, these latter periods have 
 been more moderate and of shorter duration. On every side appeals were made for greater farm 
 production. A bigger Job had to be done with relatively little increase in machinery and with 
 fewer and less capable workers. 
 
 Hundreds of thousands of people who were farm workers in 1939 were in the armed forces, 
 war or other industries by 1944. And for the most part the ones who left the farms were those 
 most capable of doing hard work. Several things were done to bridge the gap and to get the farm 
 production Job done. Women, children, older, and other unusual farm workers were used to a 
 greater extent and there was a more orderly flow of seasonal workers. And, more important, 
 everybody on the farm worked harder and for more hours per day and per year. 
 
 From 1939 to 1944 the man-hours of labor required on farms in the United States increased 
 almost 270 million. The tremendous increase in production was the chief cause of this change. 
 
 On the other hand, several factors which tend to lower the labor requirements per unit of product 
 were operative. Farms were more mechanized. More labor-effioient and labor-saving methods and 
 practices were used. Yields, in most instances, were greater and farm enterprises were larger. 
 Consequently the relative change in labor requirements was less than the increase in production 
 of most products. 
 
 Although the percentage increase in labor requirements in the United States was compara¬ 
 tively small, there was greater proportional change in individual States and groups of States. 
 Farms in 22 or almost half of the States actually required fewer hours of labor in 1944 than in 
 1939. These States are mostly in the eastern part of the Com Belt, the northeastern dairy, and 
 the Cotton Belt. Combinations of causes were responsible but in the Northeast advanoes in 
 
 l/ Martin R. Cooper organized and developed the initial phases of the study and assisted through- 
 ^ out the preparation of the report. Glen T. Barton aided in developing the 1944 man-hours per acre 
 of crops and per head of livestock. Several other members of the Bureau of Agricultural Economics 
 assisted at various stages of the study. 
 
- 2 - 
 
 mechanization were important and in some instances decreases in acreages and production occurred. 
 The acreage of cotton was smaller, hence less preharvest labor was needed, but production was 
 more than maintained because of higher yields. The 2 6 States in which more labor was needed in 
 19UU are mostly in the middle and western parts of the country. Weather is often the limiting 
 factor in farm production in large parts of these areas and it was decidedly more favorable in 
 I9I4.I1., Greater acreages of most crops were harvested, higher yields were obtained and forage 
 production on pastures and range lands was increased. All of these, directly or indirectly, 
 called for additional hours of man-labor. 
 
 It has generally been considered that in the United States as a whole the period of 
 greatest farm activity and highest labor demand was in midsummer when, in'addition to other 
 work, thinning and cultivation of row crops, and harvest of small grain and hay were in full 
 swing. This is no longer true. This period occurs rather during the late summer and early fall 
 when harvest of com, cotton, and many other crops and seeding of fall grains are active. As 
 yields increased a greater proportion of the labor load came at harvest time. In many instances, 
 mechanization of harvest operations have not kept pace with that on preharvest jobB. Considerable 
 progress has been made in mechanizing the com harvest but cotton picking, harvesting of tobacco, 
 and many other crops is still largely hand work. At the same time the preharvest work on these 
 and practically all other crops is more completely mechanized. The notable exception is work 
 on small grains. For these crops, the decrease in man-hours of labor resulting from the use of 
 tractors and associated equipment on preharvest jobs is far less than that provided by the use 
 of the combine in harvest. This has the additional effect of reducing the midsummer labor load 
 as compared to other periods during the year. 
 
 LABOR REQUIREMENTS AND FARM EMPLOYMENT 
 
 Farm employment and labor requirements are the two commonly utilized measures of the man¬ 
 power used for farm production. The former is computed in number of persons who are actively 
 engaged in fanning in a given area, on a particular farm, or in performing a farm job. 2/ Labor 
 requirements, on the other hand, are usually expressed in hours or in some other fitting unit 
 of time required for an average adult male worker to perform a certain farm task, or to operate 
 an indicated farm or group of farms. jJ 
 
 2/ Two series of farm employment estimates in the United States are currently available. The 
 series developed and published monthly in Farm Labor by the Bureau of Agricultural Economics are 
 based on mail questionnaires from a group of farmers known as Crop Reporters and are available for 
 the United States as a whole since 1909 on an annual basis and for the nine geographic divisions 
 and other groups of States, based on type of farming, since 1925 on a monthly basis. The series 
 developed and published in the Monthly Report on the Labor Force by the Bureau of the Census are 
 based on returns from interviews of persons in a sample of households and are available for the 
 United States as a whole since March 19^0 on a monthly basis. The other principal differences 
 between the two series are: (l) the BAE series includes all persons working on farms the equivalent 
 of two or more days during the reporting week whereas the Census series excludes those working 
 primarily at nonfarm Jobs even though they do some farm work, (2) the BAE series includes children 
 under it whereas the Census series excludes them, and ( 3 ) the Census series includes persons work¬ 
 ing in certain agricultural processing and servicing establishments whereas the BAE series is 
 limited to farm work. Since January 19^5> the Bureau of Agricultural Economics has collected 
 additional data on farm employment through personal interview and has used a definition of farm 
 employment that differs from that previously used. These data are pointed toward the improvement 
 of the series based on questionnaires from Crop Reporters. 
 
 3 / This is the definition of labor requirements used in this report. The labor requirements 
 presented were computed from State average labor requirements per acre of crops and per head or 
 per unit of production of livestock. The State averages represent the average man-hours required 
 in accomplishing farm tasks for the usual practice or combination of practices used in crop and 
 livestock production under the weather conditions normally existing in the State. Many variations 
 from the State averages exist in different parts of a State and on different farms. Each area, 
 together with the equipment and practices used therein, influences the average in proportion to 
 its relative importance in the State. As many women, children, and older workers accomplish less 
 in an hour than an average adult male, actual hours of work exceed those shown. Even though labor 
 requirements are expressed in man-hours in this report, they are frequently referred to as labor 
 required, crop labor, livestock labor, or merely as labor. 
 
- 3 - 
 
 Certain advantages accrue to the use of each of these measures depending on the purpose 
 for which each is used. But they are fundamentally different and are not, as is sometimes 
 assumed, synonymous. The methods of approach are not similar. Labor requirements are built 
 up" by farm enterprises, usually without reference as to the kind of person who actually does 
 the work. The persons counted as employed on farms, on the other hand, are divided into various 
 categories, such as unpaid family workers and hired workers or male and female workers. 
 
 Even though total man-hours of labor required and farm employment move seasonally in the 
 same direction, the change is seldom anywhere near proportional. Labor requirements rise much 
 higher during rush seasons as compared with periods in whiqh farm activity is light than is true 
 in the case of number of workers employed. The operation of a farm may require only sufficient 
 work during slack seasons to permit the counting of one worker. During rush seasons the man¬ 
 hours of labor required may double or even triple but this one worker may still be able to 
 accomplish all the necessary work. During the summer vacation period, children and older workers 
 make up a larger proportion of farm emplo 5 Tnent but as they accomplish less than an average adult 
 male worker at most farm Jobs, the farm-employment data may not fully reflect the time spent at 
 farm work. With the information now available these differences in concept make difficult the 
 direct conversion of total man-hours of labor required for a farm or group of farms to employment 
 and vice versa. 
 
 Labor requirements are useful, however, as basic data in estimating the number of workers 
 required to perform a particular farm Job. It is known, for example, that an experienced adult 
 male worker can detassel an acre of hybrid seed com in a certain length of time. With this 
 information available, computing the number of experienced adult male workers needed to perform 
 this task in a field in a specified length of time is not difficult. The estimates of number of 
 workers must be tempered by the rates of performance of the available workers as compared to 
 experienced adult male workers. Labor requirements of this type were extensively used during the 
 recent war period to calculate number of workers needed by those responsible for recruiting and 
 placing farm workers. 
 
 As labor requirements are developed on an enterprise basis, they are highly adaptable and 
 are useful in indicating the effect on the labor needed of any fundamental change in agriculture. 
 They vary with changes in the degree of mechanization, yields per acre, and production per animal. 
 Knowledge of labor requirements is indispensable in computing and analyzing costs of production. 
 Such requirements must be considered, in peacetime as well as during periods of national emergency, 
 in developing and tempering individual farm plans and public agricultural and manpower programs. 
 
 LABOR REQUIREMENTS PER UNIT 
 
 The labor requirements that are presented in this report were developed from available 
 information. State and Federal agencies have collected considerable data as to labor requirements 
 and these were consulted in estimating the State averages. 4/ Several sets of related data were 
 also used, such as source of farm power as indicated by numbers of tractors and work stock on 
 farms, yield per acre and production per animal, harvesting methods for certain crops, and numbers 
 of milking machines and other pieces of equipment on farms. Changes in these and other factors 
 from 1939 to 1944 were carefully examined to assure comparability between the 1939 1944 require¬ 
 
 ments. The 1939 man-hours per unit were previously released. / Some adjustments in the published 
 figures were made, however, on the basis of more recent data; and estimates were developed for the 
 crops and kinds of livestock not included in the indicated report. In addition, the hours required 
 for harvest for certain crops were adjusted in accordance with the 1939 yields as the published 
 data were based on 10-year average yields. 
 
 Crops .- The man-hour requirements for crops include the time for hauling and spreading manure 
 and other fertilizer, seedbed preparation, planting, cultivating, insect and disease control, prun¬ 
 ing and other minor operations, and for harvesting and hauling the crop to storage, local market, 
 or processing plant. Man-labor requirements per acre for a majority of the crops were considerably 
 
 4/ For a list of a part of the publications containing data regarding iabor requirements that were 
 
 used see "A Partial List of Publications on Farm Labor Requirements by Commodities, by 
 
 and Robert Marx, U. S. Department of Agriculture, Bureau of Agricultural Economics, 1943. (Processed;. 
 
 2/ Labor Requirements for Crops and Livestock, by M. R. Cooper, and others. U. S. Department of 
 Agriculture, Bureau of Agricultural Economics, 1943. (F. M. 40, processed). 
 
- 4 - 
 
 lower in 1944 than in 1939 (table 1). Man-hours per acre for corn decreased 3.2 hours, over 
 half of which was for preharvest work. The decrease in hours for harvest resulted from a change 
 in method of harvesting as the yield per acre was about 4 bushels higher in 1944 than in 1939. 
 Increased use of the mechanical com picker, less hand husking and cutting and shocking were the 
 most pronounced changes in method of harvest. The shift of com acreage into the Com Belt 
 between 1939 and 1944 also lowered the average labor requirements per acre in the United States 
 because Com Belt farmers use greater amounts of machinery and are more labor-effioient in pro¬ 
 ducing com. Similar decreases occurred from 1939 to 1944 in the other feed-and food-grain 
 crops listed in both preharvest and harvest labor. The man-hours of labor for harvest were lest, 
 chiefly because of the use of the combine harvester on a greater proportion of the acreage even 
 though acre yields, in general, were higher. 
 
 The preharvest labor requirements per acre for cotton were about an hour and a half lower 
 in 1944 than in 1939 but the hours for harvest increased because of a significantly higher 
 yield. Tobacco, potatoes, and sweetpotatoes, like cotton, required fewer hours per acre for 
 preharvest work but as considerable hand work is involved in harvesting the crops, the man-hours 
 required for harvest increased in accordance with the greater yields in 1944. 
 
 Table 1.- Estimated man-hours of labor required per acre for selected crops, 
 
 United States, 1939 and 1944 
 
 Crops 
 
 1939 
 
 1944 
 
 Total 
 
 * Pre- 
 
 * harvest 
 
 : : 
 
 Harvest 
 
 Total 
 
 I Pre- 
 [ harvest 
 
 : 
 
 | Harvest 
 
 
 Hours 
 
 Hours 
 
 Hours 
 
 Hours 
 
 Hours 
 
 Hours 
 
 Com 
 
 27.5 
 
 17.4 
 
 10.1 
 
 24.3 
 
 15.3 
 
 9.0 
 
 Oats 
 
 9.3 
 
 3.5 
 
 5.8 
 
 8.9 
 
 3> 
 
 5.5 
 
 Sorghums, except sirup 
 
 13.2 
 
 5-9 
 
 7.3 
 
 13.0 
 
 5.7 
 
 7.3 
 
 Barley 
 
 9-7 
 
 M 
 
 5> 
 
 8.2 
 
 4.1 
 
 4.1 
 
 Wheat 
 
 7.5 
 
 3-7 
 
 3.8 
 
 6.7 
 
 3.6 
 
 3.1 
 
 Rice 
 
 31.9 
 
 18.2 
 
 13.7 
 
 28.2 
 
 17.6 
 
 10.6 
 
 Cotton 
 
 98.6 
 
 46.7 
 
 51.9 
 
 110.5 
 
 45.0 
 
 65.5 
 
 Alfalfa hay 
 
 20.2 
 
 3.7 
 
 16.5 
 
 20.7 
 
 3.8 
 
 16.9 
 
 Clover and timothy hay 
 
 8.3 
 
 .8 
 
 7.5 
 
 8.7 
 
 .9 
 
 7.8 
 
 Soybean hay 
 
 15.6 
 
 7.5 
 
 8.1 
 
 15.4 
 
 8.3 
 
 7.1 
 
 Soybeans for beans 
 
 11.6 
 
 7.5 
 
 4.1 
 
 11.7 
 
 7.6 
 
 4.1 
 
 Peanuts picked and threshed 
 
 63.2 
 
 30.0 
 
 33.2 
 
 59^ 
 
 28.1 
 
 31.3 
 
 Sugar beets 
 
 91.1 
 
 53.0 
 
 38.1 
 
 82.3 
 
 47.7 
 
 34.6 
 
 Maple sirup l/ 
 
 2.1 
 
 
 
 1.7 
 
 
 
 Tobacco 
 
 435.8 
 
 161.6 
 
 274.2 
 
 460.7 
 
 160.8 
 
 299.9 
 
 potatoes 
 
 68.4 
 
 37.0 
 
 31.4 
 
 68.7 
 
 36.0 
 
 32.7 
 
 Sweetpotatoes 
 
 114.9 
 
 68.0 
 
 46.9 
 
 117.3 
 
 65.9 
 
 5lA 
 
 Dry edible beans 
 
 25.1 
 
 14.5 
 
 10.6 
 
 22.9 
 
 13.8 
 
 9.1 
 
 l/ Hours per gallon. 
 
 Livestock .- The man-hours for livestock include the direct labor required for raising, 
 feeding, caring for, and marketing the animals and their products. Labor for upkeep of livestock 
 equipment and buildings is not included. Labor for procuring and hauling purchased feed is 
 included, but that required for raising home-grown feed is excluded as it is included under the 
 crop used for livestock feed. 
 
 • 
 
 Production of livestock and livestock products increased materially from 1939 to 1944. 
 Although there were some increases in production per animal most of the increase in production 
 resulted from raising or keeping more animals. It is generally considered that most of the 
 increase in numbers of animals came in existing herds and flocks rather than from new producers. 
 As a farmer can keep another cow, another sow, or a few more hens with less than a proportional 
 increase in the amount of labor, the average labor requirements per head decreased or in same 
 instances remained the same (table 2). 
 
- 5 - 
 
 Table 2.- Estimated man-hours of labor required for selected kinds of livestock, 
 
 United States, 1939 and. 1944 
 
 Kind of livestock 
 
 Per head 
 
 j Per 100 pounds production l/ 
 
 • 
 
 1939 : 
 
 • 
 
 1944 
 
 : 1939 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 1944 
 
 
 Hours 
 
 Hours 
 
 Hours 
 
 
 Hours 
 
 Horses and mules 
 
 67.2 
 
 68.4 
 
 — 
 
 
 — 
 
 Milk cows 
 
 140 
 
 125 
 
 2/ 3.23 
 
 2/ 
 
 2.91 
 
 Cattle and calves 
 
 14.9 
 
 13.6 
 
 4.09 
 
 
 3.91 
 
 Hogs 
 
 -- 
 
 — 
 
 3.19 
 
 
 2.91 
 
 Sheep and lambs 
 
 4.8 
 
 4.4 
 
 3/ 12.13 
 
 i/ 
 
 11.44 
 
 Hens and pullets 
 
 1.7 
 
 1.6 
 
 4/ 19.97 
 
 it/ 
 
 17.15 
 
 Chickens raised 
 
 • 3 
 
 .3 
 
 8.94 
 
 
 8.38 
 
 Broilers 
 
 .25 
 
 .25 
 
 8.43 
 
 
 8.22 
 
 1/ Computed on the basis of live weight for meat animals. 
 2/ Per 100 pounds of milk. 
 
 3 / Includes hours for wool production. 
 
 5/ Per 100 dozen eggs. 
 
 Milk cows require considerably more man-hours per head than any other class of livestock. 
 The estimated United States average is 140 and 125 hours in 1939 and 1944, respectively. In 
 addition to the labor economies which have resulted from having more cows per herd,the increased 
 use of milking machines and labor-saving feeding practices have served to lower the time re¬ 
 quired per cow. If quick milking 6 / a fairly recent innovation, is widely accepted it will make 
 possible additional savings in milking time. On the other hand, more rigid culling, improved 
 breeding, and better feeding have resulted in an upward trend in production of milk per cow. 
 Although this tends to increase the labor requirement per cow it has not been sufficient to over¬ 
 come the decline resulting from the other factors. The 1939 to 1944 reduction in hours required 
 per cow resulted in a 10 -percent decrease in requirements per unit of milk production. 
 
 The outstanding decrease, however, in hours required per unit of livestock production 
 occurred in chickens and eggs. It required about 3 hours less to produce 100 dozen eggs in 
 I 9 I +4 than in 1939. This constitutes a 14-percent decrease and resulted from a 10-percent in¬ 
 crease in eggs produced per hen and a 6 -percent reduction in hours required per hen. Fewer hours 
 were required per hen because of larger laying flocks and greater use of labor-saving practices. 
 Reductions in the labor required per unit of production for other kinds of livestock ranged from 
 9 percent for hogs to only 2.5 percent for broilers. It is believed that most of the big increase 
 in broiler production that occurred from 1939 to 1944 resulted from raising more batches of chicks 
 as it is an almost universal practice to fill the houses to capacity each time they are used. 
 
 Thus there is little opportunity to.save labor by increasing the size of the batch of broilers. 
 
 TOTAL LABOR REQUIREMENTS 
 
 Total man-hours of labor required in each State were derived by applying the man-hours per 
 unit to the number of acres of crops and the number of head or quantity of production of livestock 
 on farms in the State. The livestock numbers, crop acreage, and production data used were the 
 published estimates of the Bureau of Agricultural Economics. The man-hours of labor required per 
 acre for preharvest and harvest were applied to the planted and harvested acres, respectively, 
 for those crops for which an estimate of both planted and harvested acreage is available. The 
 total man-hours per acre were used for those crops for which an estimate of harvested acreage only 
 is available. 
 
 6 / Quick milking, also called fast or rapid milking, consists of limiting the time the milking 
 machine is attached to the cow to from 3 "to 5 minutes, instead of the longer interval commonly used. 
 It has been shown that, in addition to the time saved, milk production from most cows can be main¬ 
 tained or even increased by using this milking procedure. 
 
- 6 - 
 
 Over 20 billion man-hours are required annually in producing farm products and in 
 maintaining the agricultural plant (table 3). About half is needed for crop production, about 
 a third for livestock, and the other 15 percent is used for farm maintenance. 2/ The hours 
 required for all farm work increased 268 million hours from 1939 to 1944. The labor required 
 by livestock increased over 300 million hours because of a fifth greater production. There was 
 a reduction of 33 million in hours required by crops despite a substantial increase in produc¬ 
 tion. It is believed that the man-hours required for same of the items included in farm main¬ 
 tenance definitely increased from 1939 to 1944;. on the other hand, the time required for other 
 items decreased so the over-all estimate remained the same. The time required for farm business, 
 for example, was undoubtedly higher in 1944 than in 1939. Obtaining hired labor and completing 
 the necessary forms for income taxes, and gasoline and tire rationing all required more time 
 in 1944. But less time was spent in constructing and repairing buildings and in making other 
 permanent improvements. More of this type of work was needed but much of it was postponed until 
 the labor and material situations wore more favorable. There were more machines on farms to be 
 repaired during 1944, and they were larger and more complex machines. But as farm machinery 
 becomes more complicated, more of the repair work is done by nonfarm mechanics and craftsmen. 
 
 Table 3 ." Estimated man-hours of labor required for farm work. 
 
 United States, 1939 and 1944 l/ 
 
 Type of 
 work 
 
 1939 
 
 ; 1944 
 
 Number 
 
 of 
 
 hours 
 
 Percentage 
 
 of 
 
 total 
 
 : Number 
 : of 
 
 : hours 
 
 : Percentage 
 : of 
 
 : total 
 
 
 Millions 
 
 Percent 
 
 Millions 
 
 Percent 
 
 Crops 
 
 10,580 
 
 51.3 
 
 10,547 
 
 ' 50.5 
 
 Livestock 
 
 6,976 
 
 33-9 
 
 7,277 
 
 34.9 
 
 Farm maintenance 
 
 3,053 
 
 14.8 
 
 3,053 
 
 14.6 
 
 All farm work 
 
 20,609 
 
 100.0 
 
 20,877 
 
 100.0 
 
 l/ For the man-hours of labor required for individual and groups of crops, 
 kinds of livestock, and for farm maintenance in each State and- the United States, 
 see figure 1 and odd-numbered tables 9 through 105. Data for geographic divisions 
 are also shown on table 107. 
 
 Requirements for geographic divisions .- As is indicated later, crops, livestock, and 
 farm maintenance take about the same proportion of the farm work in several geographic divi¬ 
 sions, but the amount of work done as measured by the total man-hours of labor required 
 differs greatly among groups of States (table 4). Several factors exert an influence on the 
 man-hours of labor required in each division, chief among these is the size or the extent 
 of land in farms in the division. Thus, the West North Central States have more than a fourth 
 of all the land in farms in the United States—more than has any other division. It therefore 
 takes the largest amount of labor. The New England States, on the other hand, make up the 
 smallest division and require the fewest man-hours of labor. Other factors which have a bear¬ 
 ing include type of crops grown, degree of mechanization, intensity of operations, irrigation, 
 and number and kinds of livestock. The Mountain States, where extensive livestock production 
 is practiced, has almost a fifth of the total land in farms but takes only 5 percent of the 
 total man-hours of labor. The three southern divisions, where cotton and tobacco--both labor- 
 intensive crops--are important, have only 35 percent of the land in farms but take almost a 
 half of all farm labor. These comparisons would be even more striking by States or by areas 
 within a State. 
 
 2/ Farm maintenance includes the farm labor required for such work as construction and repair 
 of fences and buildings, machinery repair, work on permanent pasture and in farm forestry, con¬ 
 struction and upkeep of ditches and structures for irrigation, drainage and erosion control, 
 farm business, and other miscellaneous work. 
 
Table 4.- Estimated man-hours of labor required for farm work, by 
 geographic divisions, 1939 1944 
 
 Geographic 
 
 division 
 
 1 / 
 
 New England 
 Middle Atlantic 
 East North Central 
 West North Central 
 South Atlantic 
 East South Central 
 West South Central 
 Mountain 
 Pacific 
 
 United States 
 
 ! 1939 
 
 i 1944 
 
 : Number 
 
 : of 
 
 : hours 
 
 Percentage 
 of • 
 total 
 
 : Number 
 
 : of 
 
 : hours 
 
 Percentage 
 
 of 
 
 total 
 
 : Millions 
 
 Percent 
 
 Millions 
 
 Percent 
 
 ! 384 
 
 1.9 
 
 374 
 
 1.8 
 
 : 1,239 
 
 6.0 
 
 1,208 
 
 5-8 
 
 : 3,232 
 
 15.7 
 
 3,222 
 
 15.4 
 
 : 3,919 
 
 19.0 
 
 4,192 
 
 20.1 
 
 : 3,462 
 
 16.8 
 
 3,379 
 
 16.2 
 
 : 2,688 
 
 13.0 
 
 2,723 
 
 13.0 
 
 : 3,399 
 
 16.5 
 
 3,381 
 
 16.2 
 
 : 970 
 
 4.7 
 
 1,010 
 
 4.8 
 
 : 1,316 
 
 6.4 
 
 1,388 
 
 6.7 
 
 : 20,609 
 
 100.0 
 
 20,877 
 
 100.0 
 
 1/ New England includes Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and 
 Connecticut. Middle Atlantic includes New York, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania East 
 North Central includes Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, and Wisconsin. West North 
 Central includes Minnesota, Iowa, Missouri, North Dahota, South Dakota, Nebraska, and 
 Kansas. South Atlantic includes Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, West Virginia, North 
 Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, and Florida. East South Central includes Ken u icy, 
 Tennessee, Alabama, and Mississippi. West South Central includes Arkansas, Louisiana, 
 Oklahoma, and Texas. Mountain includes Montana, Idaho, Wyoming, Colorado, New Mexico, 
 Arizona, Utah, and Nevada. Pacific includes Washington, Oregon, and California. 
 
 Requirements for groups of enterprises .- By geographic divisions the percentage of 
 the man-hours of labor for all farm work that is required for crops ranges from a little over 
 a third in the New England States to about two-thirds in the South Atlantic States (table 5). 
 Conversely, about half of all labor is required for livestock in the New England division and 
 only a fifth in the South Atlantic States. These divisions rep re sent the extremes in the per¬ 
 centage of total farm labor, that is required by crops and livestock. Eight of the divisi 
 may bf placed into two groups: (l) The New England, Middle Atlantic, East and West N rth 
 Central, and Mountain divisions where livestock requires more of the labor and crops only a 
 little over a third: and (2) the South Atlantic, East and West South Central divisions where 
 crSs require frofthree-fifths to two-thirds of the labor. The Pacific States are between 
 
 these two general groups. 
 
 Changes from 1939 to 1944 in the proportion required by crops and livestock were 
 negligible in most divisions. The biggest change occurred in the South Atlantic States where 
 the proportion required by crops decreased from 68 to 65 percent and the percentage required y 
 livestock increased from 17 to 20 percent. 
 
 By States the proportion of the total labor that is required by crops in 1944 varies 
 from 73 percent in South Carolina to 22 percent in Vermont (fig. l). Two livestock range States, 
 Wyoming and Nevada, and three dairy States, Vermont, New Hampshire, and Wisconsin, constitute 
 the group of States having the greatest percentage of labor required by livestock. In the thr 
 dairy States, milk cows require more labor than all crops combined. In the Southern States a 
 high proportion of the labor is required by crops. In South Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, M ^sl s - 
 sippi, Arkansas, and Louisiana, the man hours required to grow, pick, and haul the cotton crop 
 to the gin exceeds the time required to care for all livestock. Also the tobacco crop in 
 North Carolina and fruits and vegetables in Florida and California require more labor than does 
 all livestock. Even though in the United States as a whole about 50 percent of the labor is 
 required by crops, it is less than this in two-thirds or in 32 of the 48 States. 
 
8 
 
 i 
 
 -P I m 
 IB 9) Pi | 
 
 t AO C 
 500 A ► 
 
 U O -H 
 
 «d o h 
 
 O <H 
 
 as 
 
 Xi -H 
 
- 9 - 
 
 Table 5 .- Proportion of estimated total man-hours of labor required for crops, livestock, 
 and farm maintenance, by geographic divisions, 1939 and 1944 
 
 Geographic 
 
 division 
 
 1 / 
 
 
 1939 
 
 
 
 1944 
 
 
 Crops 
 
 * Live- 
 ‘ stock 
 
 Farm 
 
 • 
 
 ' maintenance . 
 
 Crops 
 
 Live¬ 
 
 stock 
 
 Farm 
 
 * maintenance 
 
 
 Percent 
 
 Percent 
 
 Percent 
 
 Percent 
 
 Percent 
 
 Percent 
 
 New England 
 
 36 
 
 49 
 
 15 
 
 35 
 
 50 
 
 15 
 
 Middle Atlantic 
 
 39 
 
 46 
 
 15 
 
 40 
 
 45 
 
 15 
 
 East North Central 
 
 38 
 
 47 
 
 15 
 
 37 
 
 48 
 
 15 
 
 West North Central 
 
 38 
 
 47 
 
 15 
 
 39 
 
 47 
 
 14 
 
 South Atlantic 
 
 68 
 
 17 
 
 15 
 
 65 
 
 20 
 
 15 
 
 East South Central 
 
 63 
 
 22 
 
 15 
 
 62 
 
 23 
 
 15 
 
 West South Central 
 
 6 o 
 
 25 
 
 15 
 
 59 
 
 26 
 
 15 
 
 Mountain 
 
 41 
 
 44 
 
 15 
 
 41 
 
 45 
 
 14 
 
 Pacific 
 
 54 
 
 31 
 
 15 
 
 56 
 
 30 
 
 14 
 
 1 / See table 4, footnote 1. 
 
 Changes in labor requirements for geographic divisions .- As indicated previously, the 
 man-hours required for all farm work in the United States increased 268 million from 1939 4o 1944. 
 This constitutes an increase of 1.3 percent (table 6 ). By geographic divisions this change ranges 
 from a 7 . 0 -percent increase in the West North Central States to a 2.6-percent decrease in the New 
 Englend division. The man-hours required for crops decreased in six of the divisions but the 
 other three had increases and this held the United States to a very sma . 11 decrease, Die labor 
 requirements for livestock, on the other hand, increased from 1939 to 1944 in all but two divisions; 
 consequently, the United States as a whole had a sizable increase. The South Atlantic States had 
 the greatest variation in changes in labor requirements among groups of enterprises; the require¬ 
 ments for crops decreased about 7 percent and those for livestock increased approximately 13 percent, 
 a spread of almost 20 percent. The man-hours required in the Mountain division, however, indicated 
 a uniform change as the requirements increased 4.9 and 4.8 percent for crops and livestock, respec¬ 
 tively. 
 
 Table 6 .- Percentage change in the estimated man-hours of labor required for crops, livestock, 
 and all farm work from 1939 to 1944, by geographic divisions 
 
 Geographic division l/ 
 
 Crops 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 ; Livestock 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 : All farm work 
 
 • 
 
 ♦ 
 
 
 Percent 
 
 Percent 
 
 Percent 
 
 New England 
 
 - 6.6 
 
 - 0.4 
 
 - 2.6 
 
 Middle Atlantic 
 
 - 0.1 
 
 - 5.3 
 
 - 2.5 
 
 East North Central 
 
 - 3-3 
 
 2.1 
 
 - 0.3 
 
 West North Central 
 
 10.0 
 
 6.7 
 
 7.0 
 
 South Atlantic 
 
 - 6.8 
 
 12.8 
 
 - 2.4 
 
 East South Central 
 
 - 0.7 
 
 8.1 
 
 1.3 
 
 West South Central 
 
 - 2.1 
 
 3.0 
 
 - 0.5 
 
 Mountain 
 
 4.9 
 
 4.8 
 
 4.1 
 
 Pacific 
 
 9.1 
 
 1.7 
 
 5.5 
 
 United States 
 
 - 0.3 
 
 4.3 
 
 1.3 
 
 l/ See table 4, footnote 1. 
 
- 10 - 
 
 DISTRIBUTION OF LABOR 
 
 The labor distributions, similar to the man-hours per acre of crops and per head or per 
 unit of production of livestock, were developed on a State basis, and data by geographic divisions 
 or the United States are weighted averages of the States involved. These are for the calendar 
 year 1944, hence work on preparing and planting crops in the fall of 1943 for harvest in 1944 and 
 on harvesting and marketing 1944 crops in early 1945 was treated as though done in 1944 and work 
 on 1943 and 1945 crops done during the calendar year 1944 was not included. Abnormal variations 
 in seasons peculiar to the year 1944 were not allowed to affect the distributions. Thus they may 
 be considered as more nearly representing the usual labor distribution. 
 
 To be of maf-imiim usefulness for detailed purposes, such as planning the combination of 
 enterprises on individual farms, the distribution of labor required for each enterprise should be 
 analyzed by sizes and types of farms. That is not the purpose here. In many instances, however, 
 a particular crop may be grown commercially in only a relatively sma l l part of the State. In 
 these instances, the State average distribution of labor required for that crop applies to the 
 limited area. In Maine, for example, the distribution of labor on potatoes in the concentrated 
 Aroostook County area largely determines the distribution of labor on potatoes in the State. 
 Peanuts, in Virginia, are grown almost exclusively in a small area in the southeastern part. The 
 distribution of labor on peanuts in this area and in the State, for all practical purposes, are 
 identical. 
 
 Even though the labor distributions presented are on a State basis they indicate the 
 times during the year when farmers are available for off-farm work and other nonfarm activities. 
 In many instances farmers have successfully combined their occupation with regular nonfarm work. 
 This list of Jobs includes lumbering, hunting, fishing and trapping and, in addition, some of the 
 more professional work, such as school teaching. 
 
 Labor distribution by months .- There are two periods during the year that have peak 
 labor requirements for crop production in the United States (table 7 and- cover chart). These 
 peaks correspond roughly with the spring planting and cultivating season and the fall harvesting 
 season. There are many exceptions to this, such as winter wheat, which is planted mainly during 
 September and October, and vegetables, which are harvested during every month in the year. But 
 corn and cotton, which require almost as many hours of labor as all other crops combined, con¬ 
 tribute heavily to these peaks. Relatively little work on crops is done during the winter months. 
 In some areas, planting, cultivating, and harvesting of crops is continued throughout the winter, 
 but in the major portion of the United States, winter work on crops is confined largely to hauling 
 and spreading manure, pruning orchards, and similar tasks. 
 
 Table 7 .- Monthly percentage distribution of estimated man-hours of labor required 
 
 for farm work, United States, 1944 l/ 
 
 Type of work 
 
 Jan. 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 Feb.: 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 Mar.: 
 
 • 
 
 Apr. 
 
 May 
 
 June 
 
 • • 
 
 • • 
 
 :July: 
 
 • • 
 
 • 
 
 Aug. 
 
 Sept. 
 
 Oct. 
 
 Nov. 
 
 Dec. 
 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Crops 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 5 
 
 9 
 
 12 
 
 13 
 
 10 
 
 9 
 
 15 
 
 13 
 
 6 
 
 3 
 
 Livestock 
 
 10 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 9 
 
 8 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 Farm maintenance 
 
 7 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 9 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 All farm work 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 9 
 
 8 
 
 11 
 
 11 
 
 7 
 
 6 
 
 l/ For the distribution of the man-hours of labor required for individual and groups of crops 
 and kinds of livestock and for farm maintenance in each State and United States see even numbered 
 
 tables 10 through 106 . 
 
11 
 
 Much of the vork relating to livestock is considered as "chores" and is necessary 
 every day. Thus the work on livestock is rather uniformly distributed throughout the year. 
 
 Most kinds of lifestock, however, require less work during the summer months when a large 
 share of feed is obtained from pasture. Aside from the winter feeding period, the peak of 
 work on livestock is in the spring. Care of young animals, high production of milk and eggs, 
 sheen shearing, and maximum use of work stock all increase the work on livestock at this time 
 of the year. 
 
 Some kinds of work included in farm maintenance are "rainy day" jobs; that is, tasks 
 that can be done when it is impossible to do work on crops or livestock or when crop or live¬ 
 stock work is not pressing. There is considerable timeliness, however, in other tasks in¬ 
 cluded. Machinery must be maintained and serviced while it is being used, dead lines exist 
 in connection with certain farm-business jobs and irrigation ditches must be kept free of 
 weeds and trash during the irrigating season. But by and large, the whole gamut of farm main¬ 
 tenance tasks runs rather evenly throughout the year. 
 
 It should be noted that the days in the month affect the percentage of the annual work 
 done during the month. For example, just as much work on most classes of livestock is done per 
 day during February as during January or March but in most instances the percentage during 
 February is less than in the preceding or following month because it usually has three fewer 
 days. 
 
 The distribution of labor on livestock has the same general pattern in all geographic 
 divisions (fig. 2). The peak occurs during the winter feeding period, the low during the 
 summer grazing season; the changes between are, in most instances, gradual. 
 
 Slight differences, however, do exist among groups of States. The South Atlantic end 
 East South Central divisions have a more even distribution of labor on livestock than have other 
 groups of States. The length of the pasture season and the necessity of winter feeding, as 
 determined largely by the climate exert a big influence on the uniformity of th' j distribution 
 among the geographic divisions. In the mountain area, over 60 percent more labor is required 
 to care for livestock during January than during August, as compared to the South Atlantic 
 States where only about 10 percent more is required. 
 
 The relative importance of the different classes of livestock is probably an even greater 
 factor in determining differences in the distribution among groups of States. The New England 
 States where milk cows are important have a more even labor distribution than have the Mountain 
 States where production of beef is relatively more significant. 
 
 In most geographic divisions the pattern of labor distribution on crops consists of a 
 lull during the winter months then a sharp increase during March and April which continues 
 until June or July; crop work slackens during August, but picks up again in September, then 
 goes down gradually until December. In the New England and Miadle Atlantic divisions, a peak 
 on crop work is reached in July mainly because of the hay harvest. A. minor peak occurs in 
 September. Seeding winter wheat and rye and harvesting sorghums and com during September in 
 the West North Central States results in the year's peak labor demand by crops. In July the 
 small-grain harvest causes an almost equally important peak. In the southern areas, cotton 
 picking reaches its greatest height during September and October and is the big job of the year. 
 
 The Pacific division is the only one that does not have two peaks of labor demands by 
 crops. True, the two peaks in the other divisions vary in time and magnitude but the Pacific 
 States have but one. The labor requirements increase gradually from January to a high in 
 September then decrease until December. The great diversity of crops grown in this area on 
 both dry and irrigated land is one reason for the lack of a midsummer lull in labor demands. 
 
 Applicability of labor distributions .- As the data upon which each part of figure 2 
 is based are for a geographic division, including a minimum of three States, probably the 
 distribution of labor required for all crops, all livestock, or all farm work is not exactly^ 
 applicable to any one farm, community, or even State. The number of different crops and kinds 
 of livestock produced in a geographic division far exceed those on any farm. Even if a great 
 number of crops and kinds of livestock are produced on a farm the emphasis on each would vary 
 from that in the division as a whole. Latitude and altitude profoundly affect the seasons and 
 thus the seasonal distribution of farm labor. In the spring, the season moves northward from 
 15 to 20 miles per day and is a day later for each 100-feet increase in altitude. These are 
 additional reasons for differences in distribution of man-labor on a farm and for the division 
 as a whole because there is considerable range in latitude and altitude within a geographic 
 division. 
 
MONTHLY DISTRIBUTION OF ESTIMATED MAN-HOURS OF LABOR REQUIRED FOR LIVESTOCK, 
 CROPS, AND FARM MAINTENANCE, BY GEOGRAPHIC DIVISIONS, 1944 
 
 12 
 
 Figure 2.- Farmers in some sections are extremely "busy at certain times of the year and have little to 
 do during other periods. The man-labor load in some divisions more than doubles between consecutive 
 months while in other areas the month-to-month change in labor demand is relatively s m all. 
 
- 13 - 
 
 Farms on which most of the man-hours were required by crops would have a less uniform 
 monthly distribution as compared with the division, whereas livestock farms in general would 
 have a more even distribution (fig. 3 ). 
 
 No two farms probably have precisely the same man-hour labor requirements and there 
 is even less likelihood that the distribution of labor on the two would be exactly the same. 
 
 There is usually at least moderate variation on farms even in the same community. There is 
 considerable opportunity, then, for members of the regular farm labor force on one farm to 
 work on another farm either on an exchange or wage basis. For example, the dairy farm shown 
 in figure 3 has a high labor demand during September, largely for silo filling. It could draw 
 workers from the Com Belt cash-grain farm during thiB month as September is a slack month on 
 this farm. Obviously these farms are too far apart to exchange work but there are dairy farms 
 in the Com Belt and also cash-grain farms in southern Wisconsin. 
 
 Similarly, workers on the winter wheat-grain sorghum farms in the Southern Plains have 
 relatively little to do during the first 5 months of the year but those on winter wheat farms-- 
 which also have considerable livestock--have more to do. The chances are good that the opera¬ 
 tors of winter wheat-grain sorghum farms would welcome workers from the winter wheat farms 
 during this period. Considerable exchange work probably occurs even in July, the month of 
 highest labor demand, mainly because of the wheat harvest on both kinds of farms. Additional 
 workers from other sources, however, would probably be needed. 
 
 In the pre-combine-harvester era there was mere exchange work in wheat areas during 
 harvesting of small grains and threshing than during any other time of the year. With the 
 advent of the combine more custom harvesting was done. A good share of the custom combine 
 operators, however, were neighboring farmers but were paid in cash rather than in kind. 
 
 About a fifth of the farm workers are hired workers. The other four-fifths consist 
 of farm operators and unpaid family workers. A sizable share of the 20 percent who are hired 
 workers are members of the farm operators' family, other farm operators, and members of their 
 families. Assuming that the value of farm work and wages are proportional to the numbers of 
 different kinds of farm workers, less than 20 percent of the total value of labor leaves the 
 farm and an additional share goes to other farm families. Just as in the case of custom work 
 a cash expense for labor on one farm is an income on another farm. 
 
 Labor distribution by seasons .- When the monthly distributions are summated into four 
 seasons 8 / several facts become apparent. In two-thirds, or in all of the States except those 
 having important cotton enterprises, plus Kansas and Kentucky, the percentage of the required 
 work on crops is higher in the summer months than during any other season (fig. ^). It is 
 particularly high in States where hay is significant as hay making is chiefly concentrated in 
 these months. The proportion is low in the Southern States during this period because the 
 heavy land preparation and planting job is over and the harvest task is Just beginning. 
 
 In four States less than half of one percent of the work on crops occurs during the 
 winter and in more than half of the States 5 percent or less comes at this time. On the other 
 
 hand, in 8 States 10 percent or more, and in Florida and Arizona almost a fourth of the crop 
 
 work occurs during December, January, and February. 
 
 Spring field work is more advanced in the Southern States and a larger percentage is 
 done during this period as compared to most other States. The picking and marketing of cotton 
 during the fall means that this season has the highest labor requirements for crops in all States 
 in which cotton is important, except in North Carolina. Labor requirements are also highest 
 during this season in Kansas because of the winter wheat seeding and com and sorghum harvesting 
 jobs and in Kentucky because of the completion of tobacco harvesting and the preparation of 
 tobacco for market. 
 
 As the work on livestock and farm maintenance is rather evenly distributed through the 
 
 year, the rank in percentage of al 1 farm work that occurs in each season follows rather closely 
 
 the pattern of the work on crops (fig. 5)• The following data for two States will serve as an 
 example: 
 
 8/ Spring includes March, April, and May; summer includes June, July, and August; fall 
 includes September, October, and November; and winter includes December, January, and February. 
 
MONTHLY DISTRIBUTION OF ESTIMATED MAN-HOURS OF LABOR REQUIRED 
 FOR ALL FARM WORK ON TYPICAL FAMILY-OPERATED FAR MS, 1944* 
 
 14 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 O 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 O 
 
 _ o 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 X 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 O o 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 ' 
 
 in 
 
 
 co 
 
 CM 
 
 *— 
 
 ID 
 
 m 
 
 
 CO 
 
 CM 
 
 — 
 
 uj 
 
 Qa 
 
 to 
 
 to 
 
 o 
 
 z 
 
 o 
 
 ^ <D 5 © 
 
 ® jq +> 
 +3 © 
 
 w 
 
 o 
 
 X 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 O 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 _ o 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 
 K 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 O 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 O O 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 
 Q. 
 
 in 
 
 
 00 
 
 CM 
 
 ’ 
 
 co 
 
 in 
 
 ■M- 
 
 CO 
 
 CM 
 
 
 
 Ui 
 
 o 
 
 H -H 
 
15 
 
16 
 
 CG 
 
 ffi 
 
 •H fl 
 
 
 fi 
 
 E 
 
 © 
 
 
 £ 3 
 
 IT\ 
 
 © 
 
IT - 
 
 Percentage of requirements which occur during 
 
 
 
 Soring 
 
 New York 
 
 Work on crops 
 
 20 
 
 
 All farm work 
 
 2k 
 
 Arkansas 
 
 Work on crops 
 
 25 
 
 
 All f firm work 
 
 26 
 
 Summer 
 
 Fall 
 
 Winter 
 
 4? 
 
 32 
 
 30 
 
 3 
 
 26 
 
 18 
 
 23 
 
 47 
 
 5 
 
 24 
 
 39 
 
 11 
 
 The range of the percentage of all farm work occurring each season is less than for crop 
 work he cause of the influence of livestock and farm-maintenance requirements, hut the high and 
 low seasons, in practically all instances, are identical. 
 
 Labor required each month and season .- During three of the four seasons and 8 
 12 months crops demand" aliigher proportion of the man-hours required for all farm work than do 
 livestock or fam maintenance (table 8). In March, crops require about a third, livestock a 
 little under a half, and farm maintenance about a fifth of the man-hours of labor. But from 
 April through November crops demand the largest percentage. It is over one-half from May 
 through October and reaches a high of almost 70 percent in September. Livestock work becomes 
 more important in December and continues so through March. It reaches a peak of slightly more 
 than 60 percent during January. During the spring, summer, and fall months the percentage 
 required for farm maintenance is lower than that for either crops or livestock. But during the 
 winter months it is nearly as high as the percentage required for crops. 
 
 Table 8.- Proportion of total estimated man-hours of labor each month and season that is 
 required for crops, livestock, and farm maintenance, United States, 1944 
 
 Month and 
 season 
 
 : 
 
 Crops | 
 
 Live¬ 
 
 stock 
 
 Farm 
 
 main¬ 
 
 tenance 
 
 
 Percent 
 
 Percent 
 
 Percent 
 
 March 
 
 33 
 
 46 
 
 21 
 
 April 
 
 49 
 
 37 
 
 14 
 
 May 
 
 60 
 
 29 
 
 11 
 
 Spring 
 
 49 
 
 36 
 
 15 
 
 June 
 
 64 
 
 25 
 
 11 
 
 July 
 
 58 
 
 27 
 
 15 
 
 August 
 
 54 
 
 28 
 
 18 
 
 Summer 
 
 59 
 
 27 
 
 14 
 
 Month and 
 season 
 
 : 
 
 Crops l 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 Live¬ 
 
 stock 
 
 Farm 
 
 main¬ 
 
 tenance 
 
 
 Percent 
 
 Percent 
 
 Percent 
 
 September 
 
 69 
 
 22 
 
 9 
 
 October 
 
 64 
 
 26 
 
 10 
 
 November 
 
 43 
 
 40 
 
 17 
 
 Fall 
 
 61 
 
 28 
 
 11 
 
 December 
 
 22 
 
 58 
 
 20 
 
 January 
 
 21 
 
 60 
 
 19 
 
 February 
 
 24 
 
 54 
 
 22 
 
 Winter 
 
 22 
 
 58 
 
 20 
 
 DATA FOR EACH STATE 
 
 Following are the detailed data upon which the foregoing discussion is based. Two tables 
 for each State are included, along with a brief discussion. 
 
 One table presents for 1939 and 1944 the man-hours required and the percentage of total for 
 the major crops, groups of crops, kinds of livestock, and for farm maintenance and all farm work. 
 
 The other table shows for 1944 the monthly percentage distribution of labor for approximately the 
 same items indicated above. Two criteria were used in selecting the crop and livestock items shown 
 separately: (l) the relative importance of the crop or kind of livestock in the geographic division 
 
 as measured by the man-hours required and (2) the number of States in the division in which the crop 
 is important. 
 
 Similar tables for the United States are included. An additional table shows for 1939 and 
 1944 the man-hours of labor required for crops, livestock, and farm maintenance for each State and 
 geographic division. 
 
- 13 
 MAINE 
 
 Table 9.- Estimated man-hours of labor required for farm work 
 by enterprises, Maine, 1939 and 1944 
 
 Enterprise 
 
 
 1959 
 
 
 t 1944 
 
 
 
 
 Number 1 
 of * 
 hour's * 
 
 Per¬ 
 
 centage 
 
 of 
 
 total 
 
 * Number 1 
 
 1 of * 
 
 1 hours * 
 
 « » 
 
 Per¬ 
 
 centage 
 
 of 
 
 
 
 iThousands 
 
 Percent 
 
 Thousands Percent 
 
 
 Corn 
 
 
 1,273 
 
 1.5 
 
 1,060 
 
 1.2 
 
 
 Oats 
 
 
 3,203 
 
 5.7 
 
 2,584 
 
 2.9 
 
 
 Barley 
 
 
 104 
 
 .1 
 
 67 
 
 .1 
 
 
 Other feed and food grains 
 
 
 257 
 
 •5 
 
 227 
 
 .2 
 
 
 Alfalfa toy 
 
 
 106 
 
 •1 
 
 125 
 
 .1 
 
 
 Clover and timothy toy 
 
 
 5,870 
 
 4.5 
 
 3,5l9 
 
 
 
 Other hay 
 
 
 5,979 
 
 4.6 
 
 5,416 
 
 5*8 
 
 
 Maple sugar and sirup 
 
 
 72 
 
 .1 
 
 54 
 
 .i 
 
 
 Fruits, berries,& tree rntsi 
 
 5,901 
 
 4*5 
 
 5,511 
 
 4.0 
 
 
 Truck and market gardens 
 
 
 2,602 
 
 3.0 
 
 5,532 
 
 5«8 
 
 
 Farm gardens 
 
 
 6,014 
 
 7.0 
 
 5,415 
 
 6.1 
 
 
 Potatoes 
 
 
 12,956 
 
 15.0 
 
 17,688 
 
 20.0 
 
 
 Dry edible beans 
 
 
 350 
 
 .4 
 
 150 
 
 •2 
 
 
 
 
 IB 
 
 1/ 
 
 19 
 
 J L 
 
 
 All crops 
 
 
 58.687 
 
 44,8 
 
 40.965 
 
 46.2 
 
 
 Horses and mules 
 
 
 5,717 
 
 4.3 
 
 5,107 
 
 3.5 
 
 
 Milk cows 
 
 
 22,770 
 
 26.4 
 
 21,470 
 
 24.2 
 
 
 Other cattle 
 
 
 2,189 
 
 2.5 
 
 2,534 
 
 2.7 
 
 
 Hogs 
 
 
 70S 
 
 .8 
 
 901 
 
 1.0 
 
 
 Chickens 
 
 
 4,465 
 
 5.2 
 
 5,991 
 
 6.8 
 
 
 Oth**r livestock 
 
 
 871 
 
 1.0 
 
 845 
 
 
 
 All livestock 
 
 
 54.720 
 
 40.2 
 
 54.676 
 
 59.2 
 
 
 
 
 12.954 
 
 15.0 
 
 12.954 
 
 _ MsS.. 
 
 
 All farm work 
 
 
 86.361 
 
 100.0 
 
 88.595 
 
 100.0- 
 
 
 1/ Less than 0.05 percent. 
 
 The Importance of "Maine potatoes" is re¬ 
 flected in the farm labor requirements of 
 that State. They take more time than any 
 other crop or livestock enterprise except 
 milk cows. Other crops which require con¬ 
 siderable labor include oats, hay, fruits, 
 and vegetables. Milk cows require almost 
 two-thirds of the livestock labor and 
 Chickens more than a tenth. Sharp in¬ 
 creases in acreage and yield of potatoes 
 caused labor requirements for them to be 
 more than a third greater in 1944 than in 
 1939. Other crops, except truck crops, 
 decreased but not enough to overcome the 
 increases so all crop labor was about 5 
 percent higher in 1944. little change is 
 noted in the direct labor for all live¬ 
 stock but some increases occurred in line 
 with greater production. Time required 
 for milk cows decreased despite an in¬ 
 crease in milk production because of 
 slightly fewer cows, more milking machines 
 and other labor-saving practices. There 
 are two periods of high labor requirements 
 for crops—during haymaking in July and 
 potato harvest in September and October. 
 These peaks also occur in the distribution 
 of all farm work but are less pronounced 
 because of the Influence of the uniform 
 distribution of labor on livestock. 
 
 Thble 10.- Monthly percentage distribution of labor required for farm work by enterprises, Maine, 1944 
 
 Enterprise 
 
 Corn 
 
 Oats 
 
 Barley 
 
 411 feed and food grains 
 Alfalfa hay 
 Clover and timothy hay 
 All toy 
 
 Maple sugar and sirup 
 Fruits, berries 4 tree nuts 
 Truck, market & farm gardens 
 Potatoes 
 
 Dry edible beans 
 
 All crops 
 
 Horses and mules 
 Milk cows 
 Other cattle 
 Hogs 
 
 Chickens 
 
 All livestock 
 Farm maintenance 
 
 Percentage distribution of labor 
 
 Jan. | 
 
 Feb. 
 
 1 March 
 
 I 
 
 ; * prii ; 
 
 ■WTOfcgl ■» 
 
 toy | 
 
 June | 
 
 July 
 
 I** 8 -! 
 
 Sept.j 
 
 Oct. 
 
 
 Deo. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pot. 
 
 Zst* 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Ess. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 21 
 
 20 
 
 6 
 
 4 
 
 25 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 11 
 
 19 
 
 21 
 
 S 
 
 
 10 
 
 25 
 
 11 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 8 
 
 IS 
 
 27 
 
 
 
 21 
 
 19 
 
 7 
 
 
 
 i/ 
 
 1/ 
 
 8 
 
 14 
 
 21 
 
 8 
 
 2 
 
 9 
 
 24 
 
 10 
 
 5 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 4 
 
 22 
 
 51 
 
 52 
 
 7 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 
 5 
 
 70 
 
 15 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 5 
 
 1 
 
 4 
 
 64 
 
 15 
 
 6 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 38 
 
 54 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 5 
 
 4 
 
 21 
 
 54 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 9 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 1/ 
 
 1/ 
 
 4 
 
 9 
 
 15 
 
 15 
 
 15 
 
 17 
 
 16 
 
 9 
 
 2 
 
 1/ 
 
 5 
 
 5 
 
 
 2 
 
 7 
 
 11 
 
 8 
 
 5 
 
 26 
 
 25 
 
 8 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 15 
 
 24 
 
 20 
 
 5 
 
 17 
 
 11 
 
 6 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 5 
 
 9 
 
 U 
 
 21 
 
 10 
 
 19 
 
 14 
 
 5 
 
 2 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 8 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 17 
 
 14 
 
 15 
 
 10 
 
 4 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 10 
 
 17 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 7 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 9 
 
 11 
 
 12 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 9 
 
 8 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 8 
 
 7 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 6 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 6 
 
 12 
 
 6 
 
 11 
 
 9 
 
 8 
 
 _ All farm work 
 
 1/ Less than 0.5 percent. 
 
 9 13 9 13 11 7 6 
 
- 19 - 
 
 NEW HAMPSHIRE 
 
 Table 11.- Estins ted man-hours of labor required for farm work 
 by enterprises. New Hampshire, 1959 and 1944 
 
 
 1939 
 
 t 1944 
 
 
 Enterprise 
 
 Number 
 
 of 
 
 hours 
 
 i Per- 
 teen tags 
 i of, 
 t total 
 
 * Number 
 
 * of 
 
 1 hours 
 t 
 
 t Per¬ 
 
 centage 
 s of 
 t total . 
 
 
 
 Thousands 
 
 Percent 
 
 Thousands Percent 
 
 
 Corn 
 
 1,077 
 
 5.0 
 
 1,085 
 
 3.1 
 
 
 Oats 
 
 150 
 
 .4 
 
 158 
 
 .4 
 
 
 Other feed and food grains 
 
 6 
 
 U 
 
 6 
 
 1/ 
 
 
 Alfalfa hay 
 
 56 
 
 .2 
 
 94 
 
 •5 
 
 
 Clover and timothy hay 
 
 1,440 
 
 4.0 
 
 1,578 
 
 4.0 
 
 
 Other hay 
 
 1,881 
 
 5.5 
 
 1,540 
 
 4.5 
 
 
 Maple sugar and sirup 
 
 145 
 
 .4 
 
 115 
 
 •5 
 
 
 Fruits, berries & tree nuts 
 
 1,549 
 
 5.8 
 
 1 
 
 5.5 
 
 
 Truck and market gardens 
 
 1,336 
 
 3.8 
 
 1,055 
 
 3.1 
 
 
 Farm gardens 
 
 2,052 
 
 5.8 
 
 2,052 
 
 6.0 
 
 
 Potatoes 
 
 597 
 
 1.7 
 
 648 
 
 1.9 
 
 
 Other crops 
 
 All crops 
 
 Horses and mules 
 
 15 
 
 1 / 
 
 15 
 
 1/ 
 
 
 10.104 
 
 28.4 
 
 9.279 
 
 26.9 
 
 
 1,350 
 
 3.8 
 
 1,252 
 
 3.6 
 
 
 Milk cows 
 
 12,870 
 
 56.1 
 
 11,387 
 
 53.0 
 
 
 Other cattle 
 
 1,068 
 
 5.0 
 
 1,143 
 
 3.3 
 
 
 Hogs 
 
 200 
 
 .6 
 
 299 
 
 0.9 
 
 
 Chickens 
 
 4,268 
 
 12.0 
 
 5,510 
 
 15.4 
 
 
 Other livestock 
 
 All livestock 
 
 400 
 
 1.1 
 
 465 
 
 1.4 . 
 
 
 20.156 
 
 56.6 
 
 19.836 
 
 57.6 
 
 
 Farm maintenance 
 
 All farm work 
 
 5.540 
 
 15.0 
 
 5.540 
 
 15.5 
 
 
 55.600 
 
 100.0 
 
 54.455 
 
 100.0 
 
 
 1/ Less than 0.05 percent. 
 
 Farm operations are based on production 
 of milk and poultry products, both eggs 
 and broilers for city markets. These two 
 enterprises take almost half of the man¬ 
 hours required for all farm work, and 
 nearly 80 percent of all livestock work. 
 Crops require slightly over a fourth of all 
 hours. The major ones include hay, fruits, 
 truck crops and gardens, and corn. Labor 
 required for practically every enterprise 
 went down from 1959 to 1944. The notable 
 exception is chickens, hours for which were 
 about a fourth greater as production of 
 eggs increased 58 percent and pounds of 
 chickens and broilers, 17 and 48 percent, 
 respectively. Production of fruit, vege¬ 
 tables, and hay decreased and therefore the 
 labor required, but the hours of labor for 
 corn went up because of greater production 
 from more acres. labor requirements for 
 crops increase gradually from the winter's 
 inactivity until June, then double during 
 July mainly because of haymaking, but go 
 down in August. Corn harvest in September 
 causes an increase, and after this they 
 drop sharply. The uniform demand for 
 labor by livestock makes the monthly changes 
 in labor for all farm work much less abrupt 
 than for crops. 
 
 Table 12.- Monthly percentage distribution of labor required for farm work by enterprises. New Hampshire, 1944 
 
 Enterprise 
 
 s 
 
 
 
 Percentage distribution of labor 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 Jan. 
 
 t 
 
 | Feb. 
 
 1 March 
 
 i 
 
 >pril 
 
 ) May 
 
 1 June 
 _l_ 
 
 ; July 
 
 ; Aug.; 
 
 Sept.j 
 
 Oct. 
 
 ’ Nov. ‘ 
 J _ L 
 
 Dee. 
 
 
 1 Pet. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 P£t. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pci. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 2«t. 
 
 £ct. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Corn 
 
 t 
 
 t 1 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 5 
 
 20 
 
 20 
 
 6 
 
 5 
 
 27 
 
 6 
 
 5 
 
 5 
 
 Oats 
 
 1 
 
 
 19 
 
 28 
 
 15 
 
 5 
 
 5 
 
 20 
 
 12 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 All feed and food grains 
 
 t 1 
 
 1 
 
 4 
 
 8 
 
 19 
 
 18 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 25 
 
 6 
 
 5 
 
 2 
 
 Alfalfa hay / 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 4 
 
 23 
 
 31 
 
 50 
 
 8 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 Clover and timothy hay 
 
 t 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 
 30 
 
 50 
 
 10 
 
 4 
 
 
 1/ 
 
 
 All hay 
 
 t 
 
 
 3 
 
 7 
 
 1 
 
 15 
 
 55 
 
 15 
 
 5 
 
 1 
 
 i/ 
 
 Maple sugar and sirup 
 
 1 
 
 4 
 
 38 
 
 54 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 l 
 
 Fruits, berries & tree nuts 
 
 t 5 
 
 2 
 
 4 
 
 9 
 
 6 
 
 10 
 
 14 
 
 12 
 
 18 
 
 16 
 
 4 
 
 2 
 
 Truck, market & farm gardens 
 
 t 1 
 
 1 
 
 5 
 
 3 
 
 17 
 
 12 
 
 14 
 
 19 
 
 22 
 
 7 
 
 1 
 
 i/ 
 
 Potatoes 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 16 
 
 7 
 
 10 
 
 6 
 
 19 
 
 28 
 
 12 
 
 
 All crops 
 
 t 1 
 
 1 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 10 
 
 13 
 
 26 
 
 14 
 
 16 
 
 7 
 
 2 
 
 i 
 
 Horses and mules 
 
 t 
 
 s 8 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 Milk cows 
 
 » 10 
 
 8 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 8 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 Other cattle 
 
 I 17 
 
 14 
 
 15 
 
 10 
 
 . 4 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 5 
 
 4 
 
 10 
 
 17 
 
 Hogs 
 
 I 9 
 
 9 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 7 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 9 
 
 11 
 
 12 
 
 Chickens 
 
 t 8 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 9 
 
 8 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 All livestock 
 
 t 9 
 
 8 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 8 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 Farm maintenance 
 
 1 
 
 l 7 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 10 
 
 8 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 32 
 
 7 
 
 11 
 
 9 
 
 8 
 
 All flam work 
 
 t 
 
 J!L 
 
 6 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 2 
 
 10 
 
 12 
 
 10 
 
 2 
 
 8 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 l/ Less than 0.5 percent. 
 
- 20 - 
 
 VERMONT 
 
 Table 13.- Estimated man-hours of labor required for farm work 
 by enterprises, Vermont, 1939 and 1944 
 
 Enterprise 
 
 Corn 
 
 Oats 
 
 Barley 
 
 Other feed and food grains 
 Alfalfa hay 
 Clover and timothy hay 
 Other hay 
 
 Maple sugar and sirup 
 Fruits, berries & tree nuts 
 Truck and market gardens 
 Farm gardens 
 Potatoes 
 
 Dry edible beans 
 Other crops 
 
 AH crops 
 
 Horses and mules 
 Milk cows 
 Other cattle 
 Hogs 
 
 Chickens 
 Other livestock 
 
 All livestock 
 
 Farm maintenance 
 
 _ _A H farm work 
 
 1/ I«ss than 0.06 percent. 
 
 s 
 
 1939 
 
 
 1944 
 
 
 ; 
 
 Number : 
 
 Per- 
 
 Number 8 
 
 Per- 
 
 s 
 
 of 5 
 
 centage 
 
 of 8 
 
 centage 
 
 : 
 
 hours : 
 
 of 
 
 hours 8 
 
 of 
 
 
 * 
 
 • 
 
 total 
 
 
 total 
 
 ousands 
 
 Percent 
 
 Thousands 
 
 Percents 
 
 5,114 
 
 5.3 
 
 4,679 
 
 5.1 ! 
 
 1,410 
 
 1.4 
 
 1,080 
 
 1.2 s 
 
 156 
 
 .2 
 
 85 
 
 .1 : 
 
 34 
 
 1/ 
 
 33 
 
 2/ 8 
 
 259 
 
 .3 
 
 338 
 
 A i 
 
 5,320 
 
 5.5 
 
 4,143 
 
 4.5 s 
 
 3,690 
 
 3.8 
 
 2,904 
 
 3.2 s 
 
 2,022 
 
 2.1 
 
 1,775 
 
 1.9 : 
 
 1,150 
 
 1.2 
 
 920 
 
 1.0 t 
 
 901 
 
 .9 
 
 667 
 
 .7 : 
 
 2,535 
 
 2.6 
 
 2,535 
 
 2.8 s 
 
 1,054 
 
 1.1 
 
 1,008 
 
 1.1 » 
 
 60 
 
 .1 
 
 29 
 
 1/ 8 
 
 54 
 
 .1 
 
 54 
 
 .3 t 
 
 23,759 24.6 20.250 22.1 • 
 
 3,834 
 
 4.0 
 
 3,574 
 
 3.9 
 
 47,360 
 
 49.0 
 
 44,976 
 
 49.2 
 
 3,286 
 
 3.4 
 
 3,516 
 
 3.8 
 
 388 
 
 .4 
 
 431 
 
 .5 
 
 1,929 
 
 2.0 
 
 2,547 
 
 2.8 s 
 
 1.587 
 
 1.6 
 
 1.636 
 
 1.8 s 
 
 58.384 
 
 60.4 
 
 56.680 
 
 62.0 
 
 14,496 
 
 15.0 
 
 14,496 
 
 15.9 
 
 96.639 
 
 100.C 
 
 91.426 
 
 100.0 
 
 Agriculture in Vermont is built 
 around the dairy enterprise. Most 
 farms have milk coivs and sell milk 
 or cream* Milk cows require a 
 higher proportion of the farm labor 
 in Vermont than they do in any 
 other State—almost 50 percent. 
 
 Other livestock takes an additional 
 10 percent. Crop production is 
 largely hay and corn to supplement 
 pasture as feed for the cattle, 
 large quantities of additional feed 
 are purchased. Hay takes almost two- 
 fifths and com a fifth of the crop 
 labor. Aside from these crops and 
 farm gardens, production of maple 
 sugar and sirup takes the most crop 
 labor, and requires it during the 
 late winter and early spring months 
 before much field work can be done. 
 Between 1939 and 1944, man-hours for 
 milk cows went down about 5 percent 
 even though production was 11 percent 
 greater. Requirements for other 
 livestock, except horses and nules, 
 rose because of greater numbers and 
 production. Crop production was 
 generally lower in 1944 than in 1939 
 as was the crop labor. The important 
 job of haymaking causes a labor peak 
 in July. Otherwise, the distribution 
 of farm, work is comparatively uniform 
 as most of it is for milk cow 3 and 
 other livestock. 
 
 Table 14.- Monthly percentage distribution of labor required for farm work by enterprises, Vermont, 1944 
 
 Enterprise 
 
 Horses and mules 
 Milk cows 
 Other cattle 
 Hogs 
 
 Chickens 
 
 All livestock 
 Farm maintaiance 
 
 All farm work 
 1/ less than 0.5 percent. 
 
 -Percentage distribution nf law 
 
 8 
 
 10 
 
 17 
 
 9 
 
 8 
 
 10 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 14 
 
 9 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 15 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 *9 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 8 
 
 10 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 4 
 
 7 
 
 10 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 2 
 
 6 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 2 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 8 
 
 12 
 
 8 
 
 7 
 
 Z 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 12 
 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pet 
 
 Com 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 5 
 
 20 
 
 20 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 30 
 
 Barley 
 
 All feed and food grains 
 Alfalfa hay 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 18 
 
 8 
 
 5 
 
 26 
 
 23 
 
 10 
 
 12 
 
 25 
 
 19 
 
 3 
 
 16 
 
 3 
 
 5 
 
 21 
 
 22 
 
 9 
 
 14 
 
 15 
 27 
 
 Clover and timothy hay 
 
 All hay 
 
 Maple sugar and sirup 
 
 
 4 
 
 3 
 
 38 
 
 2 
 
 6 
 
 8 
 
 54 
 
 4 
 
 1 
 
 23 
 
 20 
 
 13 
 
 T 
 
 31 
 
 60 
 
 56 
 
 T 
 
 30 
 
 H 
 
 14 
 
 8 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 Fruits, berries & tree nuts 
 
 3 
 
 2 
 
 4 
 
 Q 
 
 
 
 
 14 
 
 20 
 
 17 
 
 26 
 
 Truck, market & farm gardens 
 Potatoes 
 
 
 1/ 
 
 3 
 
 8 
 
 10 
 
 y 
 
 n 
 
 14 
 
 18 
 
 Dry edible beans 
 
 All crops 
 
 1/ 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 7 
 
 3 
 
 12 
 
 15 
 
 14 
 
 9 
 
 7 
 
 24 
 
 12 
 
 9 
 
 21 
 
 26 
 
 7 
 
 14 
 
 12 
 
 19 
 
 14 
 
 15 
 
 8 
 
 7 
 
 5 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 Pet . Pet . Pet . 
 
 5 2 2 
 
 3 
 7 
 
 4 12 
 Z 
 
 15 
 
 4 
 
 28 
 
 7 
 4 
 
 8 
 
 7 
 4 
 9 
 
 8 
 7 
 
 11 
 
 1 / 1 / 
 
 1 1 
 
 4 2 
 
 13 
 
 1 1 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 10 
 
 11 
 
 8 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 17 
 
 12 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
- 21 - 
 
 Massachusetts 
 
 Table IS.- Estimated man-hours of labor required for farm work 
 by enterprises, Massachusetts, 1939 and 1944 
 
 
 1939 
 
 1944 : 
 
 Enterprise 
 
 Number : ^ cr ~ 
 of scentage 
 
 hours 5 . 
 
 : total 
 
 Number : 
 of 
 
 hours : 
 
 Per- : 
 centape: 
 of : 
 
 total : 
 
 {Thousands 
 
 Percent 
 
 Thousands 
 
 Percent: 
 
 Corn * 
 
 2,931 
 
 3.3 
 
 2,335 
 
 3.3 : 
 
 Oats s 
 
 85 
 
 .1 
 
 85 
 
 .1 : 
 
 Other feed and food grains : 
 
 28 
 
 1/ 
 
 28 
 
 1/ : 
 
 Alfalfa hay s 
 
 214 
 
 .3 
 
 335 
 
 .4 : 
 
 Clover and timothy hay : 
 
 1,969 
 
 2.2 
 
 1,616 
 
 1*9 5 
 
 Other hay * 
 
 1,364 
 
 1.5 
 
 1,040 
 
 1.2 < 
 
 Maple sugar and sirup s 
 
 122 
 
 .1 
 
 102 
 
 .1 : 
 
 Tobacco ‘ 
 
 2,498 
 
 2.8 
 
 2,320 
 
 2.7 : 
 
 Fruits, berries & tree nuts: 
 
 8,239 
 
 9.3 
 
 6,921 
 
 8.0 : 
 
 Truck and market gardens : 
 
 14,412 
 
 16.2 
 
 13,259 
 
 IS *3 • 
 
 Farm gardens s 
 
 4,003 
 
 4.5 
 
 3,723 
 
 4.3 : 
 
 Potatoes * 
 
 1,336 
 
 1.5 
 
 1,872 
 
 2.2 : 
 
 
 12 
 
 1/ 
 
 12 
 
 1/. 5 
 
 All crops J 
 
 37.213 
 
 41.8 
 
 34,148 
 
 39.5 : 
 
 Horses and mules : 
 
 2,070 
 
 2.3 
 
 1,584 
 
 : 
 
 1.8 j 
 
 Milk c ows J 
 
 22,770 
 
 25.6 
 
 19,347 
 
 22.4 : 
 
 Other cattle * 
 
 1,367 
 
 1.5 
 
 1,586 
 
 1.8 : 
 
 Hogs * 
 
 1,231 
 
 1.4 
 
 1,176 
 
 1.4 : 
 
 Chickens J 
 
 9,119 
 
 10.3 
 
 13,451 
 
 15.6 : 
 
 Other livestock J 
 
 1.830 
 
 2.1 
 
 1,809 
 
 2.1 ; 
 
 All livestock J 
 
 Farm maintenance s 
 
 All farm work : 
 
 38.387 
 
 43.2 
 
 38.953 
 
 45.1 : 
 
 15.309 
 
 15.0 
 
 13.309 
 
 : 
 
 15.4 : 
 
 80.909 
 
 100.0 
 
 86.410 
 
 100.0 : 
 
 1 J Less than 0.05 percent. 
 
 There is much industrial employment close to 
 the farms in most parts of Massachusetts so 
 there are many part-time farms, and farming 
 on a commercial scale tends to be done only 
 by those most favorably situated with respect 
 to resources and markets. Farm work, other 
 than for farm maintenance, is rather evenly 
 divided between crops and livestock with the 
 latter slightly higher. About half of the 
 direct labor on livestock is for milk cows 
 and around 30 percent is for chickens. Al¬ 
 most two-fifths of the crop labor is required 
 for truck crops, including market gardens, of 
 which snap beans, onions, and sweet corn have 
 the largest acreages. Fruits, mainly apples 
 and cranberries, also require considerable 
 labor. The amount of labor for all live¬ 
 stock changed little fran 1939 to 1944 but 
 that for chickens increased over 4 million 
 hours, or nearly 50 percent. Increases of 
 79, 59, and 106 percent in production of 
 eggs, pounds of chickens ard broilers, 
 respectively, account for the greater 
 number of hours. Crop labor decreased 8 
 percent in line with lower production of 
 major crops. The peak of labor demands for 
 crops is during July and August when 
 harvesting of truck crops is in full swing. 
 
 Table 16.— Monthly percentage distribution of labor required for farm work by enterprises, Massachusetts, 1944 
 
 aiter prise ’ 
 
 Jan. : 
 
 Feb. 
 
 : March 
 
 Percentage 
 
 : April : May : 
 
 : : J 
 
 distribution 
 June : July 
 
 of labor 
 
 : Aug. : Sept. 5 
 : : : 
 
 Oct. j 
 
 Nov. 5 
 
 Dec,. 
 
 0 
 
 i 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pet-. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pst. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 • 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 6 
 
 21 
 
 20 
 
 6 
 
 5 
 
 26 
 
 6 
 
 3 
 
 2 
 
 Oats * 
 
 
 
 13 
 
 23 
 
 14 
 
 
 7 
 
 25 
 
 12 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 All feed and food grains : 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 6 
 
 20 
 
 20 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 26 
 
 6 
 
 3 
 
 2 
 
 Alfalfa hay ’ 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 4 
 
 23 
 
 31 
 
 30 
 
 8 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 Clover and timothy hay : 
 
 All hay » 
 Maple sugar and sirup t 
 Tobacco t 
 Fruits, berries & tree nuts : 
 
 9 
 
 2 
 
 4 
 
 8 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 38 
 
 5 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 54 
 
 4 
 
 7 
 
 1 
 
 5 
 
 8 
 
 40 
 
 26 
 
 1 
 
 9 
 
 18 
 
 40 
 
 46 
 
 1 
 
 5 
 
 10 
 
 12 
 
 15 
 
 21 
 
 7 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 32 
 
 y 
 
 10 
 
 21 
 
 y 
 
 i 
 
 ii 
 
 6 
 
 y 
 
 i 
 
 8 
 
 3 
 
 Truck, market & farm gardens : 
 Potatoes * 
 
 All crops : 
 
 1/ 
 
 1 
 
 1/ 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 7 
 
 3 
 
 6 
 
 12 
 
 15 
 
 11 
 
 10 
 
 25 
 
 15 
 
 18 
 
 13 
 
 17 
 
 24 
 
 4 
 
 17 
 
 18 
 
 1 
 
 14 
 
 6 
 
 27 
 
 10 
 
 2 
 
 11 
 
 4 
 
 y 
 
 i 
 
 i 
 
 • 
 
 Horses and mules : 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 Milk cows * 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 9 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 Other cattle * 
 
 17 
 
 14 
 
 15 
 
 10 
 
 4 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 10 
 
 17 
 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 7 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 9 
 
 n 
 
 12 
 
 Chickens I 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 11 
 
 10 
 
 9 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 All livestock : 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 9 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 f 
 
 Farm maintenance s 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 12 
 
 8 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 11 
 
 11 
 
 9 
 
 8 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 All farm work i 
 t 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 11 
 
 11 
 
 10 
 
 9 
 
 7 
 
 6 
 
 1/ less than 0.5 percent. 
 
RHOEE ISLAND 
 
 Table 17.— Estimated man-hours of labor required for farm work 
 by enterprises, Rhode Island, 1959 and 1944 
 
 aiterprise 
 
 
 — ■ ^.59 
 
 L 1944 
 
 
 Number 
 
 of 
 
 hours 
 
 : Per- 
 < centage 
 * of 
 total 
 
 * Number 
 ' of 
 
 * hours 
 
 i Per- 
 : centage 
 : of 
 
 f total 
 
 
 
 «Thousands Percent 
 
 Thousands Percent 
 
 
 Com 
 
 
 652 
 
 6.2 
 
 597 
 
 6.5 
 
 
 Oats 
 
 
 17 
 
 .2 
 
 23 
 
 .3 
 
 
 Other feed and food grains 
 
 
 8 
 
 .1 
 
 8 
 
 .1 
 
 
 Alfalfa hay 
 
 
 20 
 
 .2 
 
 19 
 
 .2 
 
 
 Clover and timothy hay 
 
 
 155 
 
 1.5 
 
 117 
 
 1.2 
 
 
 Other hay 
 
 
 186 
 
 1.7 
 
 326 
 
 1.3 
 
 
 Fruits, berries & tree nuts: 
 
 410 
 
 3.9 
 
 353 
 
 5.8 
 
 
 Truck and market gardens 
 
 
 1,392 
 
 35.2 
 
 682 
 
 7.2 
 
 
 Farm gardens 
 
 
 555 
 
 5.2 
 
 335 
 
 3.6 
 
 
 Potatoes 
 
 
 361 
 
 5.4 
 
 567 
 
 6.0 
 
 
 Other crops 
 
 
 1 
 
 1/ 
 
 1 
 
 1/ 
 
 
 All crops 
 
 
 5.557 
 
 53.6 
 
 2.828 
 
 30.0 
 
 
 Horses and mules 
 
 
 270 
 
 2.6 
 
 176 
 
 1.9 
 
 
 Milk cows 
 
 
 3,795 
 
 36.1 
 
 3,211 
 
 34.0 
 
 
 Other cattle 
 
 
 158 
 
 1.3 
 
 214 
 
 2.3 
 
 
 Hogs 
 
 
 89 
 
 .8 
 
 110 
 
 1.2 
 
 
 Chickens 
 
 
 973 
 
 9.3 
 
 1,142 
 
 32.1 
 
 
 Other livestock 
 
 
 140 
 
 1.3 
 
 172 
 
 1.8 
 
 
 All livestock 
 
 
 5.405 
 
 51.4 
 
 5.025 
 
 53.3 
 
 
 Farm maintenance 
 
 
 1.578 
 
 15.0 
 
 1.578 
 
 16.7 
 
 
 All -farm work 
 
 
 -10*520- 
 
 -1QQ.Q 
 
 9.431 
 
 loo.o 
 
 
 Less than 0.05 percent. 
 
 Industrial development in Rhode Island with 
 the coincident growth of residential territory 
 has had profound effect on the farming done. 
 Many of the smaller farms are worked on a part- 
 time basis, others are sites for intensive 
 dairy or poultry businesses. Over a third of 
 the labor for all farm work is for milk cows— 
 more than for all crops—and about 10 percent 
 is for chickens. Vegetables, fruits, and corn 
 use most of the crop labor. Greater produc¬ 
 tion of poultry products, especially broilers 
 which doubled from 1959 to 1944, caused labor 
 requirements for their products to go up 
 sharply. Milk production was lower and the 
 hours required to produce 100 pounds of milk 
 were also lower in 1944 than in 1959. Crop 
 labor decreased about a fifth as production of 
 most crops was less. Production of potatoes 
 and labor requirements for them increased sig¬ 
 nificantly. The importance of livestock, 
 particularly milk cows tends to smooth out the 
 variation in seasonal distribution of all farm 
 labor. The crop labor demands vary consider¬ 
 ably, however, going up from the winter season 
 until June, down through August, up again as 
 corn, fruits, and potatoes are harvested, then 
 down sharply again. 
 
 Table IB.- Monthly percentage distribution of labor required for farm work by enterprises, Rhode Island, 1944 
 
 Enterprise 
 
 Percentage distribution of labor" 
 
 Jan. ; Feb, jMarch ‘April ‘May « June * July « Aug. * Sept.' Oct. « Nov. * Dec 
 
 Corn 
 
 Oats 
 
 All feed and food grains 
 Alfalfa hay 
 Clover and timothy hay 
 All hay 
 
 Fruits, berries & tree nuts 
 Truck, market & farm gardens 
 Potatoes 
 
 All crops 
 
 Horses and mules 
 Milk cows 
 Other cattle 
 Hogs 
 
 Chickens 
 
 All livestock 
 Farm maintenance 
 
 All farm work 
 l/ Less than 0.5 percent. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pet, 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 8 
 
 21 
 
 
 
 38 
 
 31 
 
 17 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 9 
 
 21 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 6 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 6 
 
 9 
 
 8 
 
 1/ 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 7 
 
 13 
 
 1/ 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 13 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 7 
 
 13 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 9 
 
 17 
 
 14 
 
 15 
 
 10 
 
 4 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 11 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 9 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 32 
 
 8 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 _ 
 
 Pet. 
 
 -3_ 
 
 Pet. 
 
 19 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 26 
 
 6 
 
 
 4 
 
 17 
 
 13 
 
 
 38 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 25 
 
 6 
 
 28 
 
 27 
 
 29 
 
 8 
 
 2 
 
 45 
 
 35 
 
 12 
 
 3 
 
 
 27 
 
 45 
 
 14 
 
 4 
 
 1/ 
 
 9 
 
 4 
 
 8 
 
 17 
 
 29 
 
 32 
 
 15 
 
 18 
 
 18 
 
 10 
 
 24 
 
 10 
 
 4 
 
 1 
 
 32 
 
 17 
 
 13 
 
 11 
 
 15 
 
 15 
 
 Pet. Pet. Pet. Pet. 
 
 9 
 
 6 
 
 2 
 
 6 
 
 9 
 
 7 
 
 6 
 
 10 
 
 8 
 
 6 
 
 2 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 6 
 
 10 
 
 9 
 
 8 
 
 6 
 
 2 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 6 
 
 12 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 6 
 
 5 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 6 
 
 8 
 9 
 
 8 
 
 7 
 4 
 9 
 
 8 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 10 
 
 4 
 
 3 
 
 1 / 
 
 5 
 
 3 
 
 13 
 
 5 
 
 8 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 11 
 
 8 
 
 10 
 
 9 
 
 8 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 8 
 
 10 
 
 17 
 
 12 
 
 8 
 
 10 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
- 23 - 
 
 CONNECTICUT 
 
 Table 19.- Estimated, man-hours of labor required for farm work 
 by enterprises, Connecticut, 1939 and 1944 
 
 Enterprise 
 
 1939 
 
 • 1944 
 
 Number : 
 of ; 
 
 hours ' 
 
 Per¬ 
 
 centage 
 
 of 
 
 total 
 
 : Number : 
 
 ; ° f : 
 
 : hours : 
 
 Per¬ 
 
 centage 
 
 of 
 
 total 
 
 
 Thousands 
 
 Percent 
 
 Thousands 
 
 Percent 
 
 Com 
 
 3,496 
 
 5.3 
 
 3,499 
 
 5.5 
 
 Oats 
 
 69 
 
 .1 
 
 66 
 
 .1 
 
 Other feed and food grains 
 
 18 
 
 1/ 
 
 18 
 
 1/ 
 
 Alfalfa hay 
 
 378 
 
 .6 
 
 525 
 
 .8 
 
 Clover and timothy hay 
 
 1,315 
 
 2.0 
 
 987 
 
 1.5 
 
 Other hay 
 
 1,208 
 
 1.8 
 
 816 
 
 1.3 
 
 Tobacco 
 
 7,259 
 
 10.9 
 
 6,762 
 
 10.5 
 
 Fruits, berries & tree nuts 
 
 2,441 
 
 3.7 
 
 2,612 
 
 4.1 
 
 Truck and market gardens 
 
 5,021 
 
 7.6 
 
 2,310 
 
 3.6 
 
 Farm gardens 
 
 2,534 
 
 3.8 
 
 2,534 
 
 3.9 
 
 Potatoes 
 
 1,216 
 
 1.8 
 
 1,512 
 
 2.4 
 
 Other crops 
 
 8 
 
 1/ 
 
 . 9 
 
 1/ 
 
 All crops 
 
 24.963 “ 
 
 37.6 
 
 21,650 
 
 33-7 
 
 Horses and mules 
 
 1,800 
 
 2.7 
 
 1,408 
 
 2.2 
 
 Milk cows 
 
 20,790 
 
 31.3 
 
 19,622 
 
 30.8 
 
 Other cattle 
 
 1,160 
 
 1.8 
 
 1,357 
 
 2.1 
 
 Hogs 
 
 282 
 
 .4 
 
 362 
 
 .5 
 
 Chickens 
 
 6,781 
 
 10.2 
 
 9,073 
 
 14.1 
 
 Other livestock 
 
 693 
 
 1.1 
 
 806 
 
 1.2 
 
 All livestock 
 
 31,506 
 
 47.5 
 
 32,628 
 
 50.9 
 
 Farm maintenance 
 
 9,903 
 
 14.9 
 
 9,903 
 
 15.4 
 
 All farm work 
 
 66,372 
 
 100.0 
 
 64,181 
 
 100.0 
 
 17 Less than 0.05 percent. 
 
 Growing of cigar wrapper and binder 
 tobacco in the Connecticut River Valley 
 takes more labor than any other crop in 
 Connecticut. Milk cows take about three- 
 fifths of the livestock labor and chickens 
 more than a fifth. Aside from tobacco, 
 truck crops, and gardens, fruit and corn 
 are the main labor consuming crops. From 
 1939 to 194k, man-hours for all farm work 
 decreased about 2 million; those for 
 crops went down more than 3 million; and 
 those for livestock increased about a 
 million. Hours for each kind of livestock, 
 except milk cows and horses and mules, in¬ 
 creased; those for chickens going up the 
 most—34 percent. This was caused by an 
 increase of 50 percent in egg production, 
 and 117 and 8 percent in pounde of broilers 
 and chickens, respectively. Hours for milk 
 cows went down between 1939 and 1944 despite 
 a small increase in milk production. Less 
 tobacco was harvested from fewer acres, 
 hence less labor was required. Man-hours 
 for hay and truck crops also were down 
 whereas those for fruit and potatoes in¬ 
 creased. Work on tobacco is spread over 
 the entire year, and this crop and the live¬ 
 stock enterprises furnish large amounts of 
 work in the winter months. 
 
 Table 20.- Monthly percentage distribution of labor required for farm work by enterprises, Connecticut, 1944 
 
 Enterprise 
 
 
 
 
 
 Percentage distribution 
 
 of labor 
 
 
 
 
 Jan. 
 
 | Feb. 
 
 ) March 
 
 ’ April) May 
 
 ; June ; 
 
 July ; 
 
 Aug. 
 
 ; sept.; 
 
 Oct. 
 
 ; Nov. 
 
 ) Dec. 
 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pet 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Com 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 8 
 
 21 
 
 19 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 27 
 
 6 
 
 3 
 
 2 
 
 Oats 
 
 
 
 14 
 
 26 
 
 15 
 
 
 7 
 
 23 
 
 11 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 All feed and food grains 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 8 
 
 21 
 
 19 
 
 5 
 
 3 
 
 27 
 
 6 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 Alfalfa hay 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 29 
 
 27 
 
 29 
 
 8 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 Clover and timothy hay 
 
 
 
 
 '5 
 
 
 45 
 
 35 
 
 12 
 
 3 
 
 
 1/ 
 
 1/ 
 
 All hay 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 6 
 
 1 
 
 27 
 
 43 
 
 • 16 
 
 4 
 
 1 
 
 Tobacco 
 
 9 
 
 7 
 
 5 
 
 4 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 5 
 
 22 
 
 5 
 
 8 
 
 10 
 
 B 
 
 Fruits, berries & tree nuts 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 6 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 5 
 
 13 
 
 15 
 
 25 
 
 4 
 
 1 
 
 Truck, market & farm gardens 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 7 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 23 
 
 20 
 
 17 
 
 7 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 Potatoes 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 14 
 
 26 
 
 10 
 
 4 
 
 1 
 
 29 
 
 12 
 
 1 
 
 All crops 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 6 
 
 10 
 
 14 
 
 14 
 
 16 
 
 12 
 
 10 
 
 6 
 
 3 
 
 Horses and mules 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 Milk cows 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 9 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 Other cattle 
 
 17 
 
 14 
 
 15 
 
 10 
 
 4 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 10 
 
 17 
 
 Hogs 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 7 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 9 
 
 11 
 
 12 
 
 Chickens 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 9 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 All livestock 
 
 10 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 9 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 Farm maintenance 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 12 
 
 8 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 11 
 
 8 
 
 10 
 
 9 
 
 8 
 
 7 
 
 All farm work 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 9 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 7 
 
 l/ Less than 0.5 percent. 
 
- 24 - 
 
 NEW YORK 
 
 Table 21.- Estimated, man-hours of labor required for farm work 
 by enterprises, New York, 1939 and 1944 
 
 
 <1232 
 
 : 1944 
 
 Enterprise 
 
 Number 
 
 of : 
 
 hours j 
 
 Per¬ 
 
 centage 
 
 of 
 
 total 
 
 ] Number 
 
 ; of • 
 
 [ hours | 
 
 Per¬ 
 
 centage 
 
 of 
 
 total 
 
 
 Thousands 
 
 Percent 
 
 Thousands 
 
 Percent 
 
 Com 
 
 36,847 
 
 6.0 
 
 35,157 
 
 6.0 
 
 Oats 
 
 12,590 
 
 2.0 
 
 11,506 
 
 1.9 
 
 Barley 
 
 2,854 
 
 .5 
 
 1,548 
 
 .3 
 
 Wheat 
 
 5,008 
 
 .8 
 
 5,701 
 
 1.0 
 
 Other feed and food grains 
 
 3,389 
 
 .5 
 
 3,795 
 
 .6 
 
 Alfalfa hay 
 
 5,810 
 
 .9 
 
 8,296 
 
 1.4 
 
 Clover and timothy hay 
 
 23,725 
 
 3.8 
 
 28,601 
 
 4.8 
 
 Other hay 
 
 9,115 
 
 1.5 
 
 9,578 
 
 1.6 
 
 Tobacco 
 
 326 
 
 .1 
 
 207 
 
 1/ 
 
 Fruits, berries & tree nuts 
 
 32,813 
 
 5.3 
 
 31,829 
 
 5-4 
 
 Truck and market gardens 
 
 41,740 
 
 6.8 
 
 43,828 
 
 7.4 
 
 Farm gardens 
 
 23,^50 
 
 3.8 
 
 24,857 
 
 4.2 
 
 Potatoes 
 
 1^,527 
 
 2.4 
 
 14,040 
 
 2.4 
 
 Other crops 
 
 5 >775 
 
 • 9 
 
 4,861 
 
 .8 
 
 All crops 
 
 217,969 
 
 35.3 
 
 223,804 
 
 37.8 
 
 Horses and mules 
 
 26,118 
 
 4.2 
 
 23,238 
 
 3.9 
 
 Milk cows 
 
 221,920 
 
 36.0 
 
 191,745 
 
 32.4 
 
 Other cattle 
 
 13,896 
 
 2.3 
 
 13,201 
 
 2.2 
 
 Hogs 
 
 3,336 
 
 .6 
 
 3,523 
 
 .6 
 
 Chickens 
 
 30,470 
 
 M 
 
 34,367 
 
 5.8 
 
 Other livestock 
 
 10,^34 
 
 . 1.7 
 
 10,310 
 
 1.7 
 
 All livestock 
 
 306,174 
 
 49.7 
 
 276,384 
 
 46.6 
 
 Farm maintenance 
 
 92,495 
 
 15.0; 
 
 92,495 
 
 15.6 
 
 All farm work 
 
 616,638 
 
 100.0 
 
 - 592>683 
 
 100.0 
 
 17 Less than 0.05 percent. 
 
 A diversity of conditions and types of farm¬ 
 ing exists In New York, ranging all the way 
 from large dairy farms to small Intensively 
 cultivated truck farms. Crops require a 
 little more than a third, livestock slightly 
 under half, and farm maintenance about 15 
 percent of all farm work. Truck crops and 
 gardens take almost a third of the crop 
 hours, hay takes a fifth, and com and 
 fruits slightly less. Chickens take about 
 a tenth of the direct labor on livestock, 
 and is second in lnqportance to dairy cows 
 which take about 70 percent. Man-hour 
 requirements for milk cows decreased 14 per¬ 
 cent from 1939 to 1944 despite 6 percent 
 higher milk production. Use of milking 
 machines more than doubled during the period 
 with an estimated saving of 28 million hours. 
 Labor for chickens rose over a tenth in the 
 5 years because of more production, espe¬ 
 cially broilers and eggs. Man-hours for 
 feed grains were lower even though produc¬ 
 tion was about maintained. More acres and 
 a higher yield of wheat and hay resulted in 
 an increase in labor for these crops. About 
 twice as many man-hours for nl1 farm work are 
 required during July, the month of highest 
 labor demand, as during January, the low 
 month. Several Jobs, but mainly haymaking, 
 cause the July high. Other work, including 
 the harvesting of com for silage, result in 
 a lesser peak in September. 
 
 Table 22.- Monthly percentage distribution of labor required for farm work by enterprises, New York, 1944 
 
 Enterprise 
 
 Percentage distribution of labor 
 
 Jan. 
 
 Feb. 
 
 ; March 
 
 : April 2 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 May 
 
 | June 
 
 | July 
 
 Aug. 
 
 * Sept. : 
 
 • • 
 
 • • 
 
 Oct. 
 
 Nov. * 
 
 Dec. 
 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Com 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 5 
 
 20 
 
 19 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 24 
 
 6 
 
 5 
 
 3 
 
 Oats 
 
 
 
 11 
 
 19 
 
 11 
 
 
 5 
 
 31 
 
 15 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 Barley 
 
 
 
 13 
 
 24 
 
 10 
 
 
 .5 
 
 26 
 
 18 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 Wheat 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 20 
 
 35 
 
 32 
 
 5 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 All feed and food grains 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 5 
 
 8 
 
 15 
 
 12 
 
 7 
 
 14 
 
 24 
 
 7 
 
 4 
 
 2 
 
 Alfalfa hay 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 23 
 
 30 
 
 28 
 
 10 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 Clover and timothy hay 
 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 
 20 
 
 60 
 
 12 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 
 All hay 
 
 
 1/ 
 
 1 
 
 5 
 
 1 
 
 17 
 
 51 
 
 15 
 
 6 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 Tobacco 
 
 10 
 
 7 
 
 
 2 
 
 6 
 
 20 
 
 12 
 
 10 
 
 26 
 
 
 1 
 
 6 
 
 Fruits, berries & tree nuts 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 6 
 
 8 
 
 7 
 
 10 
 
 12 
 
 10 
 
 15 
 
 22 
 
 5 
 
 1 
 
 Truck, market & farm gardens 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 6 
 
 12 
 
 13 
 
 17 
 
 15 
 
 18 
 
 11 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 Potatoes 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 10 
 
 19 
 
 10 
 
 4 
 
 35 
 
 15 
 
 1 
 
 
 All crops 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 7 
 
 10 
 
 14 
 
 20 
 
 13 
 
 17 
 
 10 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 Horses and mules 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 Milk cows 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 9 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 Other cattle 
 
 17 
 
 14 
 
 15 
 
 10 
 
 4 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 10 
 
 17 
 
 Hogs 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 7 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 9 
 
 11 
 
 12 
 
 Chickens 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 7 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 8 
 
 All livestock 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 9 
 
 7 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 Farm maintenance 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 11 
 
 6 
 
 11 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 9 
 
 7 
 
 All farm work 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 L 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 12 
 
 10 
 
 11 
 
 8 
 
 7 
 
 6 
 
 17 Less than 0.5 percent. 
 
- 25 - 
 
 NEW JERSEY 
 
 Tbbla 23.- Estimated man-hours of labor required for farm work 
 by enterprises. Hew Jersey, 1939 and 19kk 
 
 Enterprise 
 
 Com 
 
 Oats 
 
 Barley 
 
 Wheat 
 
 Other feed and food grains 
 Alfalfa hay 
 Clover «nd timothy hay 
 Other hay 
 
 Fruits, berries & tree nuts 
 Truck and market gardens 
 Farm gardens 
 Potatoes 
 Sweetpotatoes 
 Other crops 
 
 All crops 
 
 Horses and mules 
 Milk cows 
 Other cattle 
 Hogs 
 Chickens 
 Other livestock 
 
 All livestock 
 
 Farm maintenance 
 
 An farm work 
 
 Humber ’ 
 
 Per- 
 
 : Humber ! 
 
 Per- : 
 
 of ! 
 
 centage 
 
 : of 1 
 
 centage : 
 
 hours ' 
 
 of 
 
 : hours ! 
 
 of : 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 total 
 
 e • 
 
 • • 
 
 total : 
 
 Thousands Percent 
 
 Thousands 
 
 Percent : 
 
 t 8,897 
 
 7.7 
 
 7,52k 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 6.5 : 
 
 6 k 8 
 
 .6 
 
 51 k 
 
 .k : 
 
 : 91 
 
 .1 
 
 122 
 
 .1 : 
 
 : 965 
 
 .8 
 
 778 
 
 .7 s 
 
 : 861 
 
 .7 
 
 690 
 
 .6 : 
 
 : l,0k5 
 
 • 9 
 
 1,069 
 
 .9 s 
 
 j 1,000 
 
 •9 
 
 837 
 
 .7 : 
 
 : 1,01k 
 
 •9 
 
 1,100 
 
 .9 : 
 
 : 8,81k 
 
 7.6 
 
 7,k91 
 
 6.k : 
 
 : 22,835 
 
 19.8 
 
 25,3k7 
 
 21.8 : 
 
 : 2,8k7 
 
 2.5 
 
 3,359 
 
 2.9 : 
 
 : 3,227 
 
 2.8 
 
 3,905 
 
 3.k : 
 
 : 2,k00 
 
 2.1 
 
 2 ,k 80 
 
 2.1 : 
 
 : 151 
 
 .1 
 
 308 
 
 -3L..8 
 
 : 5k.795 
 
 U7T5" 
 
 55,52k . 
 
 **7.7 ; 
 
 *: 3,150 
 
 2.7 
 
 2,k03 
 
 2.1 : 
 
 : 23,595 
 
 20.5 
 
 22,283 
 
 19.1 : 
 
 : 1,088 
 
 1.0 
 
 1,03k 
 
 .9 : 
 
 j 1,089 
 
 1.0 
 
 1,269 
 
 1.1 : 
 
 : 12,9kk 
 
 11.2 
 
 15,2k7 
 
 13.1 : 
 
 : 1,293 
 
 1.1 
 
 1.388 
 
 1.2 : 
 
 : WJ.59 
 
 37-5 
 
 k3.o2k 
 
 37.5 
 
 i 17.286 
 
 15.0 
 
 17.286 
 
 • 
 
 lk.8 t 
 
 e 
 
 : 115.2k0 
 
 100.0 
 
 116,k3k 
 
 e 
 
 100.0 : 
 
 Hew Jersey truok and vegetable crops require 
 more man-hours than any other single enter¬ 
 prise. They, including market and farm 
 gardens, take about half of the crop labor, 
 and almost a fourth of the requirements for 
 1 farm work. Feed and food grains, except 
 00 m, are little grown. Cows for milk, and 
 chickens, mainly for eggs, are the big 
 labor consuming livestock enterprises. They 
 take about 85 percent of the livestock 
 labor. Production of the labor-intensive 
 truok crops and gardens, potatoes and sweet- 
 potatoes were up in 19 kk as compared with 
 1939. Man-hours for these crops increased 
 more a tenth. Production of fruits 
 
 and the important grains were lower and 
 hay was about the same. Hours per unit of 
 milk production were about 13 percent lower 
 in 19 kk, largely because of more milking 
 machines and only a mnall increase in pro¬ 
 duction of milk. Increases of 33 end lk6 
 percent in production of eggs and broilers, 
 respectively, resulted in 18 percent higher 
 man-hour requirements for chickens. Chtok¬ 
 ens raised for flock replacement were down 
 slightly. A continuously heavy work load 
 on crops runs from April through October, 
 with May and June the highest months and 
 less in July and August than in either 
 the preceding or following month. 
 
 Table 2k.- Monthly percentage distribution of labor required for farm work by enterprises, Hew Jersey, 19*4 
 
 Percentage distribution of labor 
 
 Enterprise 
 
 Corn 
 
 Oats 
 
 Barley 
 
 Wheat 
 
 All feed and food grains 
 Alfalfa hay 
 Clover and timothy hay 
 All hay 
 
 Fruits, berries & tree nuts 
 Truck, market & farm gardens 
 Potatoes 
 Sweetpotatoes 
 
 All orops 
 
 Horses and mules 
 Milk cows 
 Other cattle 
 Hogs 
 
 Chickens 
 
 All livestock 
 Farm maintenance 
 
 All farm work 
 
 ! Jan. j 
 
 e e 
 
 Feb. j 
 
 Marchj 
 
 April* 
 
 May : 
 
 • 
 
 4 
 
 June ' 
 
 ; juiy ; 
 
 Aug. 
 
 ; Sept.; 
 
 Oct. 
 
 | Hot. 
 
 * Deo. 
 
 : Pot. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pot. 
 
 Pot. 
 
 Pot. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pot. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 • 
 
 : 1 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 12 
 
 22 
 
 12 
 
 k 
 
 k 
 
 lk 
 
 12 
 
 10 
 
 k 
 
 
 
 11 
 
 20 
 
 12 
 
 
 10 
 
 30 
 
 12 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 • 
 
 
 13 
 
 21 
 
 k 
 
 
 8 
 
 35 
 
 12 
 
 7 
 
 
 
 : 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 16 
 
 18 
 
 kk 
 
 lk 
 
 3 
 
 2 
 
 : 1 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 10 
 
 18 
 
 10 
 
 6 
 
 8 
 
 18 
 
 12 
 
 8 
 
 k 
 
 • 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 k 
 
 28 
 
 26 
 
 27 
 
 10 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 l 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 
 55 
 
 25 
 
 12 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 
 • 
 
 1 / 
 
 1 
 
 5 
 
 5 
 
 30 
 
 26 
 
 19 
 
 10 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 u 
 
 ! 3 
 
 3 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 12 
 
 25 
 
 9 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 lk 
 
 k 
 
 2 
 
 : 1/ 
 
 1 
 
 5 
 
 9 
 
 19 
 
 18 
 
 16 
 
 13 
 
 12 
 
 5 
 
 2 
 
 y 
 
 : 
 
 3 
 
 15 
 
 19 
 
 8 
 
 6 
 
 12 
 
 16 
 
 12 
 
 6 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 • 
 
 2 
 
 k 
 
 15 
 
 13 
 
 k 
 
 k 
 
 6 
 
 kO 
 
 12 
 
 
 
 t 1 
 
 2 
 
 5 
 
 10 
 
 16 
 
 16 
 
 12 
 
 12 
 
 lk 
 
 8 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 7 
 
 9 
 
 17 
 
 9 
 
 8 
 9 
 
 7 
 
 5 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 lk 
 
 9 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 15 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 12 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 8 
 
 10 
 
 8 
 
 10 
 
 9 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 8 
 
 k 
 
 7 
 
 9 
 
 8 
 
 12 
 
 9 
 
 8 
 
 2 
 
 6 
 
 9 
 
 8 
 
 12 
 
 9 
 
 8 
 
 2 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 8 
 
 10 
 
 9 
 
 8 
 
 2 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 11 
 
 10 
 
 9 
 
 8 
 
 3 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 10 
 
 9 
 
 8 
 
 k 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 8 
 
 10 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 11 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 7 
 9 
 
 17 
 
 12 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 1/ Less than 0.5 percent. 
 
- 26 - 
 
 PENNSYLVANIA 
 
 Table 25.- Estimated man-hours of labor required for farm work 
 by enterprises, Pennsylvania, I 939 and 1944 
 
 Enterprise 
 
 5 1222 
 
 : 1945 
 
 : Number 5 
 5 of : 
 : hours 5 
 
 • e 
 
 • • 
 
 Per¬ 
 
 centage 
 
 of 
 
 total 
 
 5 Number 5 
 
 S of 5 
 
 5 hours i 
 
 • • 
 
 • s 
 
 Per¬ 
 
 centage 
 
 of 
 
 total 
 
 
 : Thousands Percent 
 
 Thousands 
 
 Percent : 
 
 Com 
 
 64,122 
 
 12.7 
 
 56,088 
 
 11.2 
 
 Oats 
 
 13,601 
 
 2.7 
 
 12,669 
 
 2.5 
 
 Barley 
 
 2,159 
 
 .4 
 
 1,593 
 
 .3 
 
 Wheat 
 
 16,369 
 
 3.2 
 
 15,776 
 
 3.2 
 
 Other feed and food grains 
 
 3,695 
 
 .7 
 
 3,916 
 
 .8 
 
 Alfalfa hay 
 
 4,301 
 
 .8 
 
 4,552 
 
 .9 
 
 Clover and timothy hay 
 
 1 14,489 
 
 2.9 
 
 16,454 
 
 3-3 
 
 Other hay 
 
 : 5,173 
 
 1.0 
 
 6,214 
 
 1.3 
 
 Tobaooo 
 
 10,811 
 
 2.1 
 
 11,927 
 
 2.4 : 
 
 Fruits, berries & tree nuts 
 
 19,599 
 
 3.9 
 
 17,443 
 
 3.5 : 
 
 Truck and market gardens 
 
 14,881 
 
 2.9 
 
 18,006 
 
 3.6 s 
 
 Farm gardens 
 
 20,201 
 
 4.0 
 
 17,777 
 
 3.6 : 
 
 Potatoes 
 
 14,115 
 
 2.8 
 
 13,616 
 
 2.7 : 
 
 Other crops 
 
 l.°32 
 
 .2 
 
 1,456 
 
 .3 : 
 
 All crops 
 
 204.548 
 
 . 40.3 
 
 197.487 
 
 39.6 : 
 
 Horses and mules 
 
 28,179 
 
 5.6 
 
 22,974 
 
 4.6 .' 
 
 Milk cows 
 
 129,450 
 
 25.5 
 
 123,686 
 
 24.8 : 
 
 Other Cattle 
 
 12,216 
 
 2.4 
 
 13,560 
 
 2.7 : 
 
 Hogs 
 
 8,241 
 
 1.6 
 
 8,829 
 
 1.8 : 
 
 Chickens 
 
 41,310 
 
 8.1 
 
 47,954 
 
 9.6 : 
 
 Other livestock : 
 
 - 7.fo 
 
 1.5 
 
 8.784 
 
 1.7 : 
 
 All livestock 1 
 
 226.941 
 
 44.7 
 
 225.787 
 
 3*5.2 s 
 
 Farm maintenance 
 
 75.982 
 
 15.0 
 
 75,982 
 
 15.2 : 
 
 All farm work 
 
 .107 ,>71 
 
 100.0 
 
 -499,256 
 
 100.0 1 
 
 About two-fifths of the labor required 
 for all farm work In Pennsylvania is for 
 orops, about 45 peroent for direct work 
 on livestock and the other 15 percent 
 for maintaining the agricultural plant. 
 Com requires the greatest amount of 
 crop labor. It uses about 30, truck 
 crops and gardens about 18 , hay about 12 , 
 fruits about 10 , and oats and wheat each 
 about 8 peroent of the crop labor. Milk 
 cows require more than half and chickens 
 about a fifth of the livestock labor. Hay 
 and truck crops,including market gardens, 
 are the only major crops for which the 
 labor requirements rose from 1939 to 1944 . 
 Production of hay increased about 16 per¬ 
 cent and production of truck crops 9 per¬ 
 oent. Requirements for ali other orops 
 went down approximately 8 percent. Labor 
 for milk cows went down almost 5 peroent 
 in the 5 years despite a 10 -percent in¬ 
 crease in milk produced. Production of 
 eggs was up 35 peroent, broilers up 102 
 percent, and pounds of chickens raised 
 23 percent. All chickens and their pro¬ 
 ducts required 16 percent more labor. 
 Grain, hay, vegetable, and fruit crop* 
 require large amounts of labor, and are 
 responsible for a high level of activity 
 during the 6 months, May through Octo¬ 
 ber. 
 
 Table 26.- Monthly percentage distribution of labor required for farm work by enterprises, Pennsylvania, 1944 
 
 Enterprise 
 
 Com 
 
 Oats 
 
 Barley 
 
 Wheat 
 
 All feed and food gr ains 
 Alfalfa hay 
 Clover and timothy hay 
 All hay 
 Tobacco 
 
 Fruits, berries & tree nuts 
 Truck, market & farm gardens 
 Potatoes 
 
 All crops 
 
 Horses and mules 
 Milk cows 
 Other cattle 
 Hogs 
 Chickens 
 
 All livestock 
 Farm maintenance 
 
 _ All f arm work 
 
 i/ Less than 0.5 percent. 
 
 Percentage distribution of labor 
 
 1 Jan. i Feb. 5 March" April 5 May 
 
 • 
 
 e 
 
 Pet. 
 
 “Pot. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 ■PcT- 
 
 ~TcT. 
 
 : 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 10 
 
 20 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 18 
 
 10 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 
 
 12 
 
 26 
 
 5 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 4 
 
 9 
 
 14 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 t 
 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 
 t 
 
 1 / 
 
 1 / 
 
 1 / 
 
 4 
 
 2 
 
 : 
 
 19 
 
 13 
 
 5 
 
 3 
 
 5 
 
 : 
 
 4 
 
 6 
 
 9 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 7 
 
 14 
 
 > 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 10 
 
 11 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 4 
 
 7 
 
 11 
 
 : 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 : 
 
 9 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 17 
 
 14 
 
 15 
 
 10 
 
 4 
 
 t 
 
 10 
 
 9 
 
 11 
 
 8 
 
 6 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 9 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 8 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 11 
 
 10 
 
 9 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 June 
 
 5 July 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 : Aug. 
 
 • 
 
 5 Sept . 5 
 • • 
 
 Oct. 
 
 5 Nov, 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 
 Pot. 
 
 Yet. 
 
 ■Scf; 
 
 11 
 
 6 
 
 3 
 
 13 
 
 17 
 
 11 
 
 
 13 
 
 36 
 
 8 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 31 
 
 13 
 
 7 
 
 
 
 33 
 
 21 
 
 28 
 
 10 
 
 5 
 
 7 
 
 12 
 
 12 
 
 16 
 
 14 
 
 8 
 
 28 
 
 26 
 
 27 
 
 10 
 
 2 
 
 
 50 
 
 30 
 
 12 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 37 
 
 28 
 
 15 
 
 7 
 
 4 
 
 2 
 
 10 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 13 
 
 2 
 
 
 11 
 
 9 
 
 7 
 
 15 
 
 14 
 
 8 
 
 13 
 
 18 
 
 16 
 
 12 
 
 9 
 
 5 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 12 
 
 27 
 
 8 
 
 13 
 
 14 
 
 12 
 
 14 
 
 12 
 
 6 
 
 9 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 10 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 8 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 3 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 10 
 
 7 
 
 9 
 
 8 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 8 
 
 : Dec. 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 13 
 
 5 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 17 
 
 11 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 7 
 
 6 
 
- 27 - 
 
 OHIO 
 
 Table 27.- Estimated man-hours of labor required for farm work 
 by enterprises, Ohio, 1939 and 1944 
 
 1939 : 1944 : 
 
 Enterprise 
 
 Humber : 
 of ; 
 hours : 
 
 e 
 
 e 
 
 Per¬ 
 
 centage 
 
 of 
 
 total 
 
 : Humber : 
 
 • of ; 
 
 J hours ! 
 
 : : 
 
 Per- : 
 
 centage : 
 
 Of ! 
 
 total s 
 
 
 Thousands Percent 
 
 Thousands Percent : 
 
 Cora 
 
 119,964 
 
 18.3 
 
 99,344 
 
 15.8 : 
 
 Oats 
 
 10,873 
 
 1.7 
 
 10,984 
 
 1.8 ! 
 
 Wheat 
 
 28,774 
 
 4.4 
 
 25,359 
 
 4.0 : 
 
 Other feed and food crops 
 
 1,930 
 
 .3 
 
 1,241 
 
 .2 : 
 
 Alfalfa hay 
 
 8,4l8 
 
 1.3 
 
 6,475 
 
 1.0 s 
 
 Clover and timothy hay : 11,704 
 
 1.8 
 
 13,568 
 
 2.2 i 
 
 Soybean hay 
 
 4,960 
 
 .7 
 
 1,702 
 
 .3 : 
 
 Other hay 
 
 3,882 
 
 .6 
 
 6,403 
 
 1.0 s 
 
 Soybeans for beans 
 
 7,000 
 
 l.l 
 
 18,494 
 
 2.9 
 
 Sugar beets 
 
 3,940 
 
 .6 
 
 1,100 
 
 .2 
 
 Fruits, berries & tree nuts 
 
 15,538 
 
 2.4 
 
 13,673 
 
 2.2 
 
 Truok and market gardens 
 
 18,054 
 
 2.7 
 
 12,999 
 
 2.1 
 
 Farm gardens 
 
 27,234 
 
 4.1 
 
 23,694 
 
 3.8 
 
 Potatoes 
 
 6,800 
 
 1.0 
 
 4,384 
 
 .7 
 
 Other crops 
 
 12,945 
 
 2.0 
 
 11.132 
 
 1.8 
 
 All crops 
 
 262,016 
 
 43.0 
 
 250,552. 
 
 40.0 : 
 
 Horses and mules 
 
 » 
 
 : 31,185 
 
 4.7 
 
 24,279 
 
 e 
 
 e 
 
 3-9 
 
 Milk cows 
 
 l 142,520 
 
 21.8 
 
 144,354 
 
 23.0 
 
 Other cattle 
 
 15,597 
 
 2.4 
 
 16,533 
 
 2.6 
 
 Hogs 
 
 25,922 
 
 4.0 
 
 29,918 
 
 4.8 
 
 Chickens 
 
 43,349 
 
 6.6 
 
 47,519 
 
 7.6 
 
 Other livestock 
 
 16.705 
 
 2.5 
 
 15.426 
 
 2.4 
 
 All livestock 
 
 275.278 
 
 42.0 
 
 278,029 
 
 44.3 
 
 Farm maintenance 
 
 98.276 
 
 15.0 
 
 98,276. 
 
 15-7 . 
 
 AH fam work 
 
 : 655,570 
 
 100.0 
 
 626.857 
 
 100.0 
 
 About equal amounts of labor are required 
 for crops and livestock In Ohio. The 
 western part of the State Is In the fringe 
 of the Com Belt and the northeastern part 
 is distinctly a dairy area. Milk cows 
 require about half of the direot livestock 
 labor, ohiokens about 15 percent, and 
 hogs about 10 percent. Com takes abou 
 two-fifths, truck crops and gardens about 
 15 percent, and vheat said hay each about 
 a tenth of the crop labor. About 10 per¬ 
 cent more acres of com were harvested in 
 194.4 than in 1939 with 17 percent fewer 
 hours of labor, largely because of a con¬ 
 siderable shift frcra cutting and shocking 
 com to picking frcm the standing stalk, 
 especially with mechanical pickers. Acres 
 of soybeans for beans and the hours re¬ 
 quired for them more than doubled. Man¬ 
 hours for all crops were lower in 1944. 
 primarily because of fewer aores. Hour's 
 for milk cows, meat animals, and chick¬ 
 ens were higher, in line with increased 
 production, but numbers of horses and 
 mules were off sharply. Considerable 
 labor is required the year round to care 
 for livestock. In the spring additional 
 labor is needed for preparation of land 
 and planting, followed in June and July 
 by cultivation «nd weeding and harvest 
 of hay and nmall grains. Seeding winter 
 wheat and rye and harvesting com and 
 soybeans and other work holds the labor 
 required in the fall well up to that needed 
 during the spring and simmer. 
 
 Table 28.- Monthly percentage distribution of labor required for farm work by enterprises, Ohio, 1944 
 
 Enterprise 
 
 
 
 
 Percentage distribution of labor 
 
 
 
 
 
 Jan. { 
 # 
 
 e 
 
 Feb. • 
 
 • 
 
 e 
 
 MArch: 
 
 : 
 
 April: 
 
 e 
 
 e 
 
 May 
 
 : June 
 
 e 
 
 e 
 
 : July 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 : Aug. 1 
 : : s 
 
 Sept.: 
 
 e 
 
 e 
 
 Oct. 
 
 s Hot. 
 
 e 
 
 • 
 
 • Dec* 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 
 Pot. 
 
 Pot. 
 
 Pot. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pot. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pot. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pot. 
 
 Com 
 
 3 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 8 
 
 15 
 
 17 
 
 6 
 
 2 
 
 8 
 
 16 
 
 16 
 
 4 
 
 Oats 
 
 
 
 14 
 
 22 
 
 4 
 
 
 39 
 
 14 
 
 4 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 Wheat 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 1 
 
 36 
 
 24 
 
 22 
 
 11 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 All feed and food grains 
 
 3 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 8 
 
 11 
 
 13 
 
 14 
 
 7 
 
 10 
 
 14 
 
 12 
 
 3 
 
 Alfalfa hay 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 5 
 
 38 
 
 18 
 
 18 
 
 15 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 Clover and timothy hay 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 18 
 
 50 
 
 16 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 
 Soybean hay 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 12 
 
 20 
 
 11 
 
 3 
 
 9 
 
 34 
 
 7 
 
 
 
 All hay 
 
 
 1/ 
 
 4 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 20 
 
 28 
 
 15 
 
 17 
 
 6 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 Soybeans for beans 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 13 
 
 29 
 
 14 
 
 5 
 
 
 3 
 
 30 
 
 3 
 
 
 Sugar beets 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 10 
 
 20 
 
 18 
 
 7 
 
 3 
 
 2 
 
 4 
 
 22 
 
 11 
 
 Fruits, berries & tree nuts 
 
 3, 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 8 
 
 14 
 
 11 
 
 8 
 
 17 
 
 15 
 
 5 
 
 2 
 
 51 t 
 
 Track, market & farm gardens 
 
 1/ 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 7 
 
 12 
 
 13 
 
 15 
 
 21 
 
 18 
 
 8 
 
 2 
 
 ±J 
 
 Potatoes 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 13 
 
 9 
 
 17 
 
 16 
 
 16 
 
 18 
 
 9 
 
 
 
 All crops 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 4 
 
 7 
 
 11 
 
 14 
 
 15 
 
 10 
 
 13 
 
 13 
 
 8 
 
 2 
 
 Horses and mules 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 Milk cows 
 
 10 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 9 
 
 8 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 Other cattle 
 
 17 
 
 14 
 
 14 
 
 12 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 I 
 
 10 
 
 16 
 
 Hogs 
 
 11 
 
 9 
 
 12 
 
 8 
 
 0 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 11 
 
 Chickens 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 9 
 
 8 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 All livestock 
 
 10 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 9 
 
 8 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 Farm maintenance 
 
 6 
 
 9 
 
 12 
 
 9 
 
 8 
 
 7 
 
 6 
 
 10 
 
 8 
 
 10 
 
 8 
 
 7 
 
 All farm work 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 8 
 
 2 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 .2 
 
 2— 
 
 10 
 
 8 
 
 6 
 
 17 Lees than 0.5 percent. 
 
- 28 - 
 
 INDIANA 
 
 Table 29.- Estimated main-hours of labor required for farm work by- 
 enterprises, Indiana, 19S9 and 1944 
 
 Enterprise 
 
 1959 : 
 
 Number : Per- : 
 of * centage: 
 
 hours 8 s 
 
 : total : 
 
 1944 
 
 Number 8 Per- * 
 0 f s centage. 
 hours 8 °T j 
 : total . 
 
 About two-fifths of all man-hours required 
 in Indiana are used for crop production, 
 about 45 percent for livestock, and the 
 rest for farm maintenance. Com, truck 
 crops and gardens, hay, wheat, soybeans 
 and oats are the important crops, listed 
 in descending'order of the amount of 
 
 Com 
 
 Thousands 
 
 Percent Thousands 
 
 Percent: 
 
 > 
 
 88,947 
 
 17.9 
 
 83,742 
 
 16.8 i 
 
 labor required. Together they use about 
 
 Oats 
 
 8,538 
 
 1.7 
 
 9,116 
 
 1.8 : 
 
 nine-tenths of the crop labor. Milk 
 
 Wheat 
 
 20,325 
 
 4.1 
 
 14,104 
 
 2.8 i 
 
 cows take a little less than half, hogs 
 
 Other feed and food grains 
 
 3,038 
 
 .6 
 
 2,343 
 
 .5 t 
 
 and chickens each a little less than a 
 
 Alfalfa hay 
 
 7,105 
 
 1.4 
 
 5,837 
 
 1.2 » 
 
 fifth, beef cattle 6 percent, and horses. 
 
 Clover and timothy hay 
 
 5,227 
 
 1.0 
 
 8,310 
 
 1.7 » 
 
 mules, and other livestock the rest of 
 
 Soybean hay 
 
 6,888 
 
 1.4 
 
 3,336 
 
 .7 J 
 
 the direct labor for all livestock. From 
 
 Other hay 
 
 3,895 
 
 .8 
 
 4,492 
 
 .9 * 
 
 1939 to 1944 no appreciable change occur- 
 
 Soybeans for beans 
 
 8,140 
 
 1.6 
 
 15,152 
 
 3.0 s 
 
 red in man-hcurs for all farm work; those 
 
 Sugar beets 
 
 695 
 
 .1 
 
 17 
 
 1/ 8 
 
 for crops, however, decreased about 2 per- 
 
 Fruits, berries & tree nuts 
 
 5,992 
 
 1.2 
 
 5,752 
 
 1.1 1 
 
 cent and those for livestock increased a 
 
 Truck, and market gardens 
 
 13,824 
 
 2.8 
 
 20,874 
 
 4.2 s 
 
 like amount. Production of hogs increased 
 
 Farm gardens 
 
 19,195 
 
 3.9 
 
 14,204 
 
 2.9 • 
 
 more than a fourth, beef cattle 15 percent. 
 
 Potatoes 
 
 2,880 
 
 .6 
 
 1,886 
 
 .4 : 
 
 eggs 35 percent, broilers 76 percent, and 
 
 Other crops 
 
 7.628 
 
 1.5 
 
 9.284 
 
 1.9 : 
 
 milk 10 percent—with less than proportion- 
 
 All crops 
 
 202.317 
 
 40.6 
 
 198.449 
 
 39.9 i 
 
 al increases in labor required. A large 
 increase in soybeans for beans and an in- 
 
 Horses and mules 
 
 27,923 
 
 5.6 
 
 19,125 
 
 3.8 : 
 
 crease of more than 50 percent in 
 
 Milk cows 
 
 103,880 
 
 20.8 
 
 104,200 
 
 20.9 s 
 
 production of truck crops resulted in 
 
 Other cattle 
 
 13,361 
 
 2.7 
 
 14,563 
 
 2.9 t 
 
 more hours for these crops in 1944. The 
 
 Hogs 
 
 36,307 
 
 7.3 
 
 42,269 
 
 8.5 : 
 
 busy time for crop work extends from 
 
 Chickens 
 
 32,693 
 
 6.6 
 
 37,147 
 
 7.5 « 
 
 April through October. Ritting up hay 
 
 Other livestock 
 
 6.924 
 
 1.4 
 
 7,212 
 
 1.5 : 
 
 along with cultivation of row crops and 
 
 All livestock 
 
 221.068 
 
 44.4 
 
 224.516 
 
 45.1 t 
 
 other work during June makes it the month 
 of greatest labor demands. A slight 
 
 Farm maintenance 
 
 74.675 
 
 15.0 
 
 74.675 
 
 15.0 
 
 breathing spell occurs in August but 
 harvesting several crops and seeding 
 
 All farm work 
 
 498.060 
 
 100.0 
 
 497.640 
 
 100.0 1 
 
 winter grains take,considerable labor dur- 
 
 1/ less than 0.05 percent. ing September and October. 
 
 Table 50.- Monthly percentage distribution of labor required for farm work by enterprise^, Indiana, 1944 
 
 Enterprise 
 
 « 
 
 • 
 
 
 
 
 Percentage distribution of labor 
 
 
 
 
 m 
 
 Jan. 
 
 5 Feb. 
 
 • 
 
 0 
 
 'March 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 *April 
 
 J «ay 
 
 * June 
 
 ! July 
 
 0 
 
 ; A ug. 
 
 \ Sept.j 
 
 Oct. 
 
 5 Nov.* 
 
 : : 
 
 Dec. 
 
 
 X 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Corn 
 
 
 3 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 12 
 
 19 
 
 18 
 
 6 
 
 1/ 
 
 6 
 
 12 
 
 15 
 
 6 
 
 Oats 
 
 t 
 
 
 
 12 
 
 19 
 
 3 
 
 
 43 
 
 16 
 
 4 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 Wheat 
 
 0 
 
 • 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 2 
 
 34 
 
 23 
 
 23 
 
 12 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 All feed and food grains 
 
 : 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 4 
 
 11 
 
 15 
 
 14 
 
 13 
 
 5 
 
 9 
 
 11 
 
 11 
 
 3 
 
 Alfalfa hay 
 
 t 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 10 
 
 32 
 
 22 
 
 15 
 
 15 
 
 3 
 
 
 Clover and timothy hay 
 
 : 
 
 
 
 6 ' 
 
 
 
 18 
 
 50 
 
 16 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 
 Soybean hay 
 
 * 
 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 11 
 
 18 
 
 5 
 
 11 
 
 38 
 
 7 
 
 
 
 All hay 
 
 < 
 
 
 1/ 
 
 2 
 
 4 
 
 6 
 
 19 
 
 22 
 
 15 
 
 21 
 
 8 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 Soybeans for beans 
 
 t 
 
 
 
 
 15 
 
 16 
 
 25 
 
 8 
 
 
 3 
 
 30 
 
 3 
 
 
 Sugar beets 
 
 0 
 
 * 
 
 
 
 12 
 
 29 
 
 24 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 
 18 
 
 11 
 
 
 Fruits, berries & tree nuts 
 
 0 
 
 0 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 11 
 
 20 
 
 10 
 
 6 
 
 14 
 
 15 
 
 4 
 
 2 
 
 Truck, market & farm gardens 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 4 
 
 7 
 
 15 
 
 13 
 
 17 
 
 22 
 
 15 
 
 5 
 
 1/ 
 
 y 
 
 Potatoes 
 
 0 
 
 0 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 13 
 
 7 
 
 17 
 
 16 
 
 16 
 
 18 
 
 12 
 
 
 All crops 
 
 0 
 
 0 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 5 
 
 10 
 
 13 
 
 16 
 
 14 
 
 9 
 
 12 
 
 11 
 
 7 
 
 2 
 
 Horses and mules 
 
 t 
 
 8 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 Milk cows 
 
 0 
 
 0 
 
 10 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 9 
 
 8 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 Other cattle 
 
 l 
 
 16 
 
 13 
 
 13 
 
 11 
 
 4 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 4 
 
 7 
 
 10 
 
 16 
 
 Hogs 
 
 t 
 
 10 
 
 9 
 
 12 
 
 10 
 
 8 
 
 7 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 Chickens 
 
 l 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 11 
 
 10 
 
 9 
 
 8 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 All livestock 
 
 8 
 
 10 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 8 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 Farm maintenance 
 
 
 6 
 
 9 
 
 12 
 
 8 
 
 7 
 
 6 
 
 8 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 9 
 
 8 
 
 7 
 
 All farm work 
 
 t 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 7 
 
 6 
 
 l/ Less than 0.5 percent. 
 
- 29 - 
 ILLINOIS 
 
 Table 51.- Estimated man-hours of labor required for farm work 
 by enterprises, Illinois, 1959 and 1944 
 
 Enterprise 
 
 1959 
 
 L 
 
 1944 
 
 
 Number ! Per- t 
 of icentage t 
 
 hours 1 1 
 
 t total L 
 
 Number * Per- i 
 
 0 f tcentage > 
 
 hours 1 °f * 
 
 « total : 
 
 
 Thousands 
 
 Percent 
 
 Thousands 
 
 Percents 
 
 Corn 
 
 155,115 
 
 18.5 
 
 151,150 
 
 18.1 s 
 
 Oats 
 
 25,764 
 
 5.2 
 
 22,100 
 
 5.0 t 
 
 Wheat 
 
 22,402 
 
 5.0 
 
 10,851 
 
 1.5 s 
 
 Other feed and food grains 
 
 5,515 
 
 .5 
 
 1,702 
 
 •2 t 
 
 Alfalfa hay 
 
 8,658 
 
 1.2 
 
 7,456 
 
 1.0 s 
 
 Clover and timothy hay 
 
 6,624 
 
 .9 
 
 9,205 
 
 1.5 t 
 
 Soybean hay 
 
 9,000 
 
 1.2 
 
 5,859 
 
 •5 t 
 
 Other hay 
 
 9,876 
 
 X#3 
 
 5,090 
 
 .7 s 
 
 Soybeans for beans 
 
 17,974 
 
 2.4 
 
 55,520 
 
 4*6 t 
 
 Sugar beets 
 
 210 
 
 i/ 
 
 77 
 
 i/ * 
 
 Fruits, berries & tree nuts 
 
 9,516 
 
 1.5 
 
 7,615 
 
 1*1 3 
 
 Truck and market gardens 
 
 8,574 
 
 1.1 
 
 17,085 
 
 2.4 s 
 
 Farm gardens 
 
 25,417 
 
 5.2 
 
 19,202 
 
 2.6 s 
 
 Potatoes 
 
 1,998 
 
 .5 
 
 1,434 
 
 •2 i 
 
 Other cropfl 
 
 9.678 
 
 1.5 
 
 8.292 
 
 1.1 s 
 
 All crops 
 
 290.121 
 
 59.5 
 
 278.594 
 
 38j£—s 
 
 Horses and mules 
 
 44,548 
 
 6.0 
 
 51,107 
 
 4.5 i 
 
 Milk cows 
 
 166,550 
 
 22.5 
 
 164,159 
 
 22.6 s 
 
 Other cattle 
 
 24,794 
 
 5.4 
 
 24,794 
 
 5 *4 * 
 
 Hogs 
 
 46,926 
 
 6.4 
 
 54,160 
 
 7#5 i 
 
 Chickens 
 
 45,726 
 
 6.2 
 
 55,669 
 
 7.4 t 
 
 Other livestock 
 
 8.682 
 
 1.2 
 
 9.724 
 
 
 All livestock 
 
 557.026 
 
 45.1 
 
 557.595 
 
 46.5 I 
 
 FttTT> main‘tpn®*iee 
 
 110.675 
 
 15.0 
 
 110.675... 
 
 15.2 s 
 
 All farm work 
 
 757.820 
 
 100.0 
 
 726.660 
 
 100.0 « 
 
 1/ Less than 0.05 percent. 
 
 Illinois traditionally produces more soybeans 
 than any other State and is second in produc¬ 
 tion of corn and hogs. During the war year 
 1944, soybeans were harvested from almost a 
 fifth of the harvested cropland acreage and 
 took about 12 percent of the crop labor. 
 
 These are almost double the comparable prewar 
 figures. Com takes slightly under half of 
 the crop labor and all crops take a little 
 under two-fifths of all farm work. Milk cows 
 require about as much labor as all other live¬ 
 stock, and hogs and chickens each take about 
 15 percent. Direct labor for livestock 
 remained almost unchanged from 1959 to 1944 
 as did the hours of work for milk cows, de¬ 
 spite a 9-percent increase in milk. Hours of 
 labor for care of horses and mules went down 
 50 percent because of drastically reduced 
 numbers. This slack was taken up by greater 
 requirements for hogs and chickens, labor 
 on corn was less in 1944 ever though the 
 acreage harvested increased 14 percent; the 
 yield per acre was some lower and a great 
 many more mechanical pickers were used. Con¬ 
 siderably more labor is required during the 
 crop season than in the winter months. Addi¬ 
 tional hours are required in the spring for 
 preparation of land and planting, in the 
 summer for cultivating and weeding and for 
 harvesting hay and small grains. About as 
 much is required in the fall months as during 
 April. 
 
 ■Bible 52.- Monthly percentage distribution of labor required for farm work by enterprises, Illinois, 1944 
 
 Enterprise 
 
 
 
 
 Percentage distribution of labor 
 
 
 
 
 
 ^ Jan* 
 
 Feb. 
 
 ‘March 
 
 < 
 
 ‘April ‘ 
 
 S 1 
 
 May * 
 t 
 
 June * 
 
 t 
 
 July | 
 
 Aug. j 
 
 Sept.‘ 
 
 Oct. ‘ 
 s 
 
 NOVe* 
 
 i 
 
 Dec. 
 
 
 * Pet. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Corn 
 
 s 5 
 
 2 
 
 5 
 
 10 
 
 17 
 
 19 
 
 8 
 
 1/ 
 
 4 
 
 10 
 
 17 
 
 7 
 
 Oats 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 12 
 
 5 
 
 5 
 
 45 
 
 22 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 
 Wheat 
 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 
 7 
 
 51 
 
 20 
 
 26 
 
 7 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 All feed and food grains 
 
 t 2 
 
 2 
 
 4 
 
 10 
 
 14 
 
 17 
 
 14 
 
 4 
 
 6 
 
 8 
 
 14 
 
 5 
 
 Alfalfa hay 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 17 
 
 29 
 
 24 
 
 11 
 
 15 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 Clover and timothy hay 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 20 
 
 50 
 
 14 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 
 Soybean hay 
 
 
 
 
 11 
 
 14 
 
 15 
 
 5 
 
 11 
 
 39 
 
 7 
 
 
 
 All hay 
 
 
 1/ 
 
 2 
 
 4 
 
 8 
 
 16 
 
 25 
 
 12 
 
 22 
 
 10 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 Soybeans for beans 
 
 
 
 
 15 
 
 16 
 
 26 
 
 6 
 
 
 5 
 
 30 
 
 4 
 
 
 Sugar beets 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 9 
 
 22 
 
 19 
 
 6 
 
 5 
 
 4 
 
 22 
 
 12 
 
 
 Fruits, berries & tree nuts 
 
 s 2 
 
 4 
 
 7 
 
 9 
 
 14 
 
 11 
 
 5 
 
 8 
 
 14 
 
 20 
 
 4 
 
 2 
 
 Truck, market & farm gardens 
 
 « 1/ 
 
 1 
 
 4 
 
 11 
 
 25 
 
 16 
 
 10 
 
 15 
 
 15 
 
 5 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 Potatoes 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 15 
 
 7 
 
 17 
 
 17 
 
 14 
 
 21 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 All crops 
 
 s 2 
 
 1 
 
 5 
 
 10 
 
 14 
 
 17 
 
 13 
 
 7 
 
 9 
 
 11 
 
 9 
 
 4 
 
 Horses and mules 
 
 t 8 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 Milk cows 
 
 I 11 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 8 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 9 
 
 11 
 
 Other cattle 
 
 t 16 
 
 14 
 
 15 
 
 11 
 
 4 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 4 
 
 7 
 
 10 
 
 16 
 
 Hogs 
 
 I 11 
 
 7 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 5 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 10 
 
 12 
 
 11 
 
 10 
 
 Chickens 
 
 l 8 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 9 
 
 8 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 All livestock 
 
 s 11 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 8 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 Farm maintenance 
 
 t 6 
 
 9 
 
 12 
 
 7 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 9 
 
 11 
 
 11 
 
 9 
 
 8 
 
 6 
 
 All farm woik 
 
 s 7 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 2 
 
 10 
 
 11 
 
 2 
 
 7 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 7 
 
 1/ Less than 0.5 percent. 
 
- 30 - 
 MICHIGAN 
 
 Table 33.- Estimated man-hours of labor required for farm work 
 by enterprises, Michigan, 1939 and 1944 
 
 Enterprise 
 
 : 1939 : 
 
 t Number * Per- t 
 s of s centages 
 
 • hours s of : 
 
 5 s total s 
 
 1944 
 
 Number ’• 
 of t 
 hours : 
 
 Per- s 
 centage : 
 of : 
 
 total : 
 
 A great variety of crops is grown in 
 Michigan. Fruit, truck crops, potatoes, 
 and sugar beets are extensively grown 
 but on an acreage basis com, oats, 
 clover and timothy hay, alfalfa hay, and 
 
 
 iThousands 
 
 Percent 
 
 Thousands 
 
 Percent : 
 
 wheat are the more important. Milk cows 
 
 
 X 
 
 
 
 
 take slightly more than three-fifths of 
 
 Corn 
 
 J 59,732 
 
 10.8 
 
 55,081 
 
 10.2 : 
 
 the direct labor on livestock, chickens 
 
 Oats 
 
 s 13,802 
 
 2.5 
 
 13,990 
 
 2.6 * 
 
 almost 15 percent, and horses and mules 
 
 Wheat 
 
 : 11,501 
 
 2.1 
 
 12,545 
 
 2.3 » 
 
 about 10 percent. Hogs are not raised 
 
 Other feed and food grains 
 
 t 5,948 
 
 1.1 
 
 4,062 
 
 .8 s 
 
 in large numbers because there is usual- 
 
 Alfalfa hay 
 
 s 20,944 
 
 3.8 
 
 17,500 
 
 3.2 s 
 
 ly no large surplus of grain. The 
 
 Clover and timothy hay 
 
 j 8,701 
 
 1.6 
 
 9,796 
 
 i.e » 
 
 quantity of labor required for crops and 
 
 Soybean hay 
 
 t 675 
 
 .1 
 
 185 
 
 i/ « 
 
 livestock both decreased from 1939 to 
 
 Other hay 
 
 J 3,742 
 
 .7 
 
 5,060 
 
 •9 : 
 
 1944. There were, however, some increases 
 
 Soybeans for beans 
 
 : 638 
 
 .1 
 
 1,342 
 
 .2 i 
 
 for individual enterprises because of in- 
 
 Sugar beets 
 
 t 10,450 
 
 1.9 
 
 5,180 
 
 1.0 i 
 
 creased production. Production of milk 
 
 Fruits, berries & tree nuts 
 
 « 28,853 
 
 5.2 
 
 29,142 
 
 5.4 • 
 
 was 13 percent higher, eggs 4C percent. 
 
 Truck and market gardens 
 
 l 19,327 
 
 3.5 
 
 23,386 
 
 4.3 s 
 
 and hogs 20 percent. Among the field 
 
 Farm gardens 
 
 s 26,460 
 
 4.8 
 
 26,989 
 
 5.0 s 
 
 crops, soybeans, wheat, and oats increased 
 
 Potatoes 
 
 : 15,810 
 
 2.9 
 
 12,392 
 
 2.3 : 
 
 as well as fruit and truck crops. In 1944, 
 
 Other crops 
 
 s 16.887 
 
 3.0 
 
 17.836 
 
 3.3 s 
 
 sugar-beet labor was down sharply from 1939 as 
 
 All crops 
 
 j 243.470 
 
 44.1 
 
 234.486 
 
 43.3 i 
 
 about 50 percent fewer acres and tons of 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 beets were harvested. Although some 
 
 Horses and mules 
 
 J 24,495 
 
 4.4 
 
 19,095 
 
 3.5 » 
 
 winter and early spring work is required 
 
 Milk ccws 
 
 J 138,450 
 
 25.1 
 
 137,460 
 
 25.4 t 
 
 by fruits the bulk of the crop work occurs 
 
 Other cattle 
 
 s 13,008 
 
 2.4 
 
 14,439 
 
 2.7 : 
 
 in the 6 months beginning in May. There 
 
 Hogs 
 
 s 10,110 
 
 1.8 
 
 11,120 
 
 2.0 : 
 
 is less of a let-down during August ti-an 
 
 Chickens 
 
 : 27,081 
 
 4.9 
 
 30,858 
 
 5.7 : 
 
 in several other States because of work 
 
 Other livestock 
 
 t 12.639 
 
 2.3 
 
 11.543 
 
 2.1 • 
 
 on fruits and truck crops and the fact 
 
 All livestock 
 
 s 225.781 
 
 40.9 
 
 224.515 
 
 41.4 » 
 
 that more harvesting of small grain is 
 
 
 s 
 
 • 
 
 
 
 
 done in August. Crop work drops sharply 
 
 Farm maintenance 
 
 : 82.809 
 
 15.0 
 
 82.809 
 
 - 3-5.3 i 
 
 from October to November and December. 
 
 All farm work 
 
 ; 552.060 
 
 100.0 
 
 541.810 
 
 100.0 s 
 
 
 1/ Less than 0.05 percent. 
 
 Table 34.- Monthly percentage distribution of labor required for farm work by enterprises, Michigan, 1944 
 
 Enterprise 
 
 
 
 
 Percentage distribution of labor 
 
 
 
 
 
 s Jan. 
 
 | Feb. 
 
 ! March 
 
 •April 
 
 • May 
 
 : June 
 
 0 
 
 • 
 
 5 July 5 
 
 Aug. '• 
 
 0 
 
 Sept. ! 
 
 Oct. 
 
 s Nov. 
 
 5 Dec, 
 
 
 : Pet. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Corn 
 
 : 3 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 6 
 
 20 
 
 18 
 
 4 
 
 2 
 
 17 
 
 14 
 
 8 
 
 3 
 
 Oats 
 
 t 
 
 
 12 
 
 20 
 
 5 
 
 
 21 
 
 29 
 
 8 
 
 7 
 
 
 
 Wheat 
 
 : 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 30 
 
 29 
 
 29 
 
 5 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 All feed and food grains 
 
 t 2 
 
 1 
 
 4 
 
 8 
 
 13 
 
 12 
 
 11 
 
 12 
 
 18 
 
 11 
 
 6 
 
 2 
 
 Alfalfa hay 
 
 X 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 5 
 
 37 
 
 18 
 
 24 
 
 10 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 Clover and timothy hay 
 
 X 
 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 
 25 
 
 40 
 
 20 
 
 9 
 
 
 
 
 Soybean hay 
 
 0 
 
 0 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 21 
 
 15 
 
 4 
 
 7 
 
 43 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 All hay 
 
 * u 
 
 1/ 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 4 
 
 29 
 
 24 
 
 22 
 
 12 
 
 5 
 
 1 
 
 1/ 
 
 Soybeans for beans 
 
 0 
 
 0 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 25 
 
 18 
 
 7 
 
 
 5 
 
 30 
 
 5 
 
 Sugar beets 
 
 0 
 
 0 
 
 
 3 
 
 10 
 
 20 
 
 18 
 
 6 
 
 2 
 
 6 
 
 23 
 
 12 
 
 
 Fruits, berries & tree nuts 
 
 : 3 
 
 4 
 
 6 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 10 
 
 24 
 
 13 
 
 14 
 
 12 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 Truck, market & farm gardens 
 
 f 1/ 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 7 
 
 13 
 
 24 
 
 20 
 
 14 
 
 12 
 
 6 
 
 3 
 
 1/ 
 
 Potatoes 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 4 
 
 15 
 
 19 
 
 12 
 
 13 
 
 27 
 
 6 
 
 3 
 
 All crops 
 
 s 1 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 6 
 
 11 
 
 18 
 
 16 
 
 14 
 
 16 
 
 9 
 
 5 
 
 2 
 
 Horses and mules 
 
 i 8 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 9 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 Milk cows 
 
 : 10 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 9 
 
 8 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 Other cattle 
 
 : 17 
 
 14 
 
 14 
 
 12 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 7 
 
 10 
 
 17 
 
 Hogs 
 
 : 8 
 
 9 
 
 13 
 
 8 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 8 
 
 12 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 Chickens 
 
 s 8 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 8 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 Ail livestock 
 
 s 10 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 9 
 
 8 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 Farm maintenance 
 
 s 6 
 
 9 
 
 11 
 
 12 
 
 11 
 
 5 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 6 
 
 10 
 
 8 
 
 7 
 
 All farm work 
 
 s 5 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 10 
 
 11 
 
 11 
 
 10 
 
 u 
 
 9 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 1/ less than 0.5 percent. 
 
- 31 - 
 
 V29C0BSIH 
 
 Tab la 35 .- Estimated man-hours of labor required for farm work 
 by enterprises, Wisocnain, 1939 *“>4 1944 
 
 • ,v» 
 
 f 
 
 
 
 : 1939 
 
 
 1 -19W 
 
 
 : 
 
 Enterprise 
 
 1 Humber • 
 
 » of •' 
 t hours 1 
 : : 
 
 Per¬ 
 
 centage 
 
 of 
 
 total 
 
 S Humber * 
 
 : of * 
 
 * hours 1 
 
 1 : 
 
 Per¬ 
 
 centage 
 
 of 
 
 total 
 
 • 
 
 e 
 
 • 
 
 e 
 
 e 
 
 e 
 
 .1 
 
 
 •Biousands Percent 
 
 Taousan&e Percent 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 Corn 
 
 I 
 
 : 70,838 
 
 9.0 
 
 82,265 
 
 9.9 
 
 e 
 
 e 
 
 e 
 
 e 
 
 Oats 
 
 1 27,958 
 
 3.6 
 
 39,011 
 
 4.7 
 
 • 
 
 e 
 
 Wheat 
 
 1 1,337 
 
 .2 
 
 1,078 
 
 .1 
 
 1 
 
 Other feed and food grains 
 
 : 16,876 
 
 2.1 
 
 4,849 
 
 .6 
 
 l 
 
 Alfalfa hay 
 
 1 21,603 
 
 2.7 
 
 17,634 
 
 2.1 
 
 e 
 
 • 
 
 Clover and timothy hay 
 
 1 18,866 
 
 2.4 
 
 26,263 
 
 3.2 
 
 t 
 
 Soybean hay 
 
 1 1,890 
 
 .2 
 
 696 
 
 .1 
 
 e 
 
 e 
 
 Other hay 
 
 : 6,11*3 
 
 .8 
 
 9,068 
 
 1.1 
 
 : 
 
 Soybeans for beans 
 
 s 138 
 
 U 
 
 622 
 
 .1 
 
 . 
 
 • 
 
 Sugar beets 
 
 : 1,448 
 
 .2 
 
 977 
 
 .1 
 
 e 
 
 • 
 
 Fruits, berries & tree nute: 6,625 
 
 .8 
 
 7,419 
 
 .9 
 
 • 
 
 * 
 
 Truck and market gardens 
 
 x 6,891 
 
 • 9 
 
 12,886 
 
 1.6 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 Farm gardens 
 
 s 23,195 
 
 3.0 
 
 19,716 
 
 2.4 
 
 s 
 
 Potatoes 
 
 : 12,922 
 
 1.6 
 
 9,849 
 
 1.2 
 
 • 
 
 e 
 
 Other orops 
 
 All orops 
 
 Horses and mules 
 
 : 9.336 
 
 1.2 
 
 8,668 
 
 1.0 
 
 e 
 
 . 
 
 t 226.066 
 
 28.7 
 
 241.001 
 
 29.1 , 
 
 e 
 
 e 
 
 : 
 
 : 29,058 
 
 3.7 
 
 26,025 
 
 3.2 
 
 e 
 
 • 
 
 : 
 
 Milk cows 
 
 : 326,850 
 
 41.5 
 
 338,416 
 
 40.8 
 
 e 
 
 e 
 
 Other oattle 
 
 : 19,848 
 
 2.5 
 
 23,222 
 
 2.8 
 
 • 
 
 Hogb 
 
 * 22,356 
 
 2.8 
 
 25,702 
 
 3.1 
 
 t 
 
 Chickens 
 
 : 32,549 
 
 4.1 
 
 41,758 
 
 5.0 
 
 • 
 
 e 
 
 Other livestock 
 
 : 13.274 
 
 1.7 
 
 14.266 
 
 1.7 
 
 e 
 
 • 
 
 All livestock 
 
 : 443.935 
 
 56.3 
 
 
 56.6 
 
 e 
 
 « 
 
 Farm maintenance 
 
 t 
 
 : 118.151 
 
 15.0 
 
 118.151 
 
 14,3 
 
 t 
 
 All farm work 
 
 : 
 
 : 788.152 
 
 100.0 
 
 828.541 
 
 100.0 
 
 e 
 
 • 
 
 Tf Laos than 0.05 parcont. 
 
 The agriculture of Wisconsin Is d ominant ly 
 dairying. Fluid milk for city oansuaptiaa 
 is most important in the southeastern part 
 whereas in other parts mnoh of the milk 
 is converted into cheese. Mi l k cows take 
 more than taro-fifths Of'the labor for aid 
 farm work almost three-fourths of the 
 labor for livestock. Feed grains and hay 
 for consumption by the dairy oattle are 
 the important crops, although In seme 
 areas considerable cash orops aio grocm. 
 
 All crops take only a little over t 
 fourth of all farm labor. Man-hours for 
 mil ir oovb increased 3*5 percent from 1939 
 to 1944 whereas the production of milk 
 rose 22 percent. More mlliring machines 
 were installed during this period than in 
 any other State. Time saved by these along 
 with other labor-saving practices resulted 
 in a 15 -percent decrease in hours required 
 per unit of production. Crop labor 
 rose in the 5 years because of signifi¬ 
 cantly greater production of feed gr ains 
 «nd hay, especially oats and clover and 
 timothy hay. Production of fruits and 
 truck orops also increased. Barley, 
 meiriiy far industrial uses, was drasti¬ 
 cally reduced. Because of the heavy 
 demand for year-round work by livestock, 
 primarily milk ocrws, the monthly propor¬ 
 tion of all farm work required varies less 
 in many States. Crops require addi¬ 
 tional labor during the warm months, par¬ 
 ticularly during the haymaking and eilo- 
 filllng seasons. 
 
 Table 36 .- Monthly percentage distribution of labor required for farm work by enterprises, Wisconsin, 194-4 
 
 t Percentage distribution of labor 
 
 Enterprise 
 
 \ Jan. 
 
 Corn 
 
 : Pet. 
 
 s " 
 
 : 2 
 
 Oats 
 
 Wheat 
 
 e 
 
 e 
 
 t 1 
 
 All feed and food grains 
 
 t 1 
 
 Alfalfa hay 
 
 Clover and timothy hay 
 
 Soybean hay 
 
 All hay 
 
 i 1/ 
 
 Soybeans for beans 
 
 Sugar beets 
 
 Fruits, berries & tree nuts 
 
 • 
 
 e 
 
 t 
 
 : 2 
 
 Truck, market & farm gardens 
 
 : 1 
 
 Potatoes 
 
 All orops 
 
 » 
 
 : 1 
 » 
 
 Horses and mules 
 
 t 8 
 
 Milk cows 
 
 : 10 
 
 Other oattle 
 
 : 17 
 
 Hogs 
 
 t 8 
 
 Chiokens 
 
 : 9 
 
 All livestock 
 
 : 10 
 
 Fan maintenance 
 
 t 6 
 
 All fan work 
 
 x 7 
 
 | Feb. jMarch jApril J May j June ; 
 
 Pet. . 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pot. 
 
 Pot. 
 
 Pot. 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 5 
 
 16 
 
 15 
 
 
 10 
 
 14 
 
 3 
 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 8 
 
 1 
 
 
 1 
 
 5 
 
 8 
 
 12 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 5 
 
 39 
 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 
 20 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 21 
 
 15 
 
 1/ 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 10 
 
 3 
 
 25 
 
 26 
 
 18 
 
 
 3 
 
 10 
 
 19 
 
 17 
 
 3 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 9 
 
 14 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 8 
 
 14 
 
 16 
 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 13 
 
 24 
 
 1 
 
 4 
 
 7 
 
 10 
 
 15 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 7 
 
 14 
 
 14 
 
 12 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 9 
 
 13 
 
 9 
 
 7 
 
 6 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 7 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 11 
 
 9 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 July : 
 
 e 
 
 Aug. 
 
 *Sept. 
 
 e 
 
 j Oot. 
 
 : Hot. 
 
 e 
 
 * Deo. 
 
 Pot. Pot. 
 
 Pot. 
 
 Pot. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 5 
 
 4 
 
 27 
 
 11 
 
 7 
 
 3 
 
 21 
 
 37 
 
 10 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 26 
 
 32 
 
 17 
 
 6 
 
 4 
 
 1 
 
 11 
 
 16 
 
 21 
 
 9 
 
 4 
 
 2 
 
 26 
 
 15 
 
 13 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 55 
 
 15 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 7 
 
 43 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 37 
 
 16 
 
 11 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 U 
 
 7 
 
 
 5 
 
 30 
 
 5 
 
 
 7 
 
 2 
 
 6 
 
 24 
 
 12 
 
 
 24 
 
 14 
 
 10 
 
 9 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 17 
 
 22 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 11 
 
 4 
 
 16 
 
 16 
 
 9 
 
 
 18 
 
 16 
 
 16 
 
 8 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 8* 
 
 8 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 0 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 7 
 
 10 
 
 17 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 11 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 0 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 J 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 5 
 
 11 
 
 9 
 
 7 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 8 
 
 7 
 
 -6 
 
 1/ Less than 0.5 percent, 
 
- 32 - 
 
 MnnrasoTA 
 
 Table 37.- Estimated man-hours of labor required for farm work 
 by enterprises, Minnesota, 1939 sod 19** 
 
 Enterprise 
 
 i W59 
 
 i lumber * 
 
 * ° f : 
 
 * hours 
 : : 
 
 Per¬ 
 
 centage 
 
 of 
 
 total 
 
 : 15*5 
 
 : Humber s per - 
 
 : -f : 0outage 
 
 : hours s 
 t : total 
 
 Milk cows require more labor than any other 
 farm enterprise In Minnesota. Milk cows 
 take more than a half and hogs and chickens 
 each In exoess of a tenth of the direct 
 labor requirements for all livestock. Live- 
 
 
 :Thousands 
 
 Percent 
 
 Thousands 
 
 Percent 
 
 stock requires almost half and crops more 
 
 
 : 
 
 
 
 
 than a third of the hours for all farm work. 
 
 Corn 
 
 : 11*,89* 
 
 13.3 
 
 12*,901 
 
 1*.8 
 
 Com requires about two-fifths of the crop 
 
 Oats 
 
 : 29,9*9 
 
 3.5 
 
 31,055 
 
 3.7 
 
 labor which Is nearly three times as much 
 
 Sorghms, except sirup 
 
 t 6l8 
 
 .1 
 
 197 
 
 1/ 
 
 as all hay, the next most Important crop. 
 
 Barley 
 
 * 22,259 
 
 2.6 
 
 6,555 
 
 .8 
 
 The hours required for most kinds of live- 
 
 Wheat 
 
 t 15,*52 
 
 1.8 
 
 11,869 
 
 1.* 
 
 stock increased from 1939 *0 19** because 
 
 Other feed and food grains 
 
 J 5,518 
 
 .6 
 
 1,969 
 
 .2 
 
 of significantly greater numbers and pro- 
 
 Alfalfa hay 
 
 i 20,60* 
 
 2.* 
 
 17,*02 
 
 2.1 
 
 &uction. Although numbers of milk ocws 
 
 Clorer and timothy hay 
 
 : 7,260 
 
 .8 
 
 9,7*2 
 
 1.1 
 
 and milk production were higher in 19**, the 
 
 Other hay 
 
 * 21,073 
 
 2-5 
 
 19,105 
 
 2.3 
 
 hours for them decreased because of the 
 
 Sugar beets 
 
 : 3,020 
 
 .* 
 
 2,011 
 
 .2 
 
 more extensive use of milking machines «mi 
 
 fruits, berries & tree nuts 
 
 : 3,761 
 
 .* 
 
 3, *23 
 
 .* 
 
 other labor eooncoles. There was a shift 
 
 Truck and market gardens 
 
 : 7,997 
 
 •9 
 
 7,517 
 
 .9 
 
 out of barley, rye, and most other crops 
 
 farm gardens 
 
 : 32,177 
 
 3.7 
 
 27,672 
 
 3.3 
 
 into corn and oats between 1939 and 19**, 
 
 Potatoes 
 
 : 11,919 
 
 1.* 
 
 9,892 
 
 1.2 
 
 and the labor requirements followed this 
 
 Other crops 
 
 : 1*,9*3 
 
 1.7 
 
 
 1,* 
 
 shift. But a general redact1cm In hours 
 
 All crops 
 
 : 311. U* 
 
 3^.1 
 
 26*.87* 
 
 -JM- 
 
 required per acre of crops occurred as the 
 
 
 ! 
 
 
 
 
 crop labor dropped almost 9 percent and 
 
 Horses and mules 
 
 » *0,260 
 
 *.7 
 
 33,5** 
 
 *.0 
 
 acrsB of croplaal harvested went down only 
 
 Milk cows 
 
 l 2**,760 
 
 28.* 
 
 228,821 
 
 27.2 
 
 about 3 percent. As livestock Is so lm- 
 
 Other cattle 
 
 t 27,568 
 
 3.2 
 
 31,979 
 
 3.8 
 
 port ant the distribution of all farm work 
 
 Hogs 
 
 1 **,565 
 
 5.1 
 
 **,8*7 
 
 5.3 
 
 is more uniform than In many States. 
 
 Chickens 
 
 : 1*4,808 
 
 5.2 
 
 67,167 
 
 8.0 
 
 Seasonal labor on crops varies widely. It 
 
 Other livestock 
 
 : 19,671 
 
 2.3 
 
 
 2,6 
 
 Is low during the winter months but higher 
 
 All livestock 
 
 : 421,632 
 
 *8.9 
 
 *28.591 
 
 50.9 
 
 during other seasons and haymaking, small- 
 
 
 : 
 
 
 
 
 grain harvest, end other work result In a 
 
 farm maintenance 
 
 
 
 129.365 
 
 17«1. 
 
 busy July. 
 
 All farm work 
 
 s 862.h*l 
 
 100.0 
 
 8*2.830 
 
 100.0 t 
 
 
 l/ Less than 0.05 percent. 
 
 Table 38** Monthly percental distribution of labor required for farm work by enterprises, Minnesota, 19*'' 
 
 t 
 
 Enterprise 
 
 : 
 
 
 
 
 Percentage distribution of labor 
 
 
 
 
 t 
 
 : 
 
 Jan. 
 
 : Feb. 
 
 a 
 
 • 
 
 : Maroh *Aprll 
 • • 
 
 e i 
 
 j May 
 
 1 June 
 J 
 
 : July : 
 t : 
 
 Aug. 
 
 jSept. 
 
 : Oct. 
 
 • 
 
 e 
 
 * Hov. 
 
 • 
 e 
 
 : Deo. 
 
 : 
 
 
 t 
 
 Pot. 
 
 Pot. 
 
 Pot. 
 
 Pot. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pot. 
 
 Pot. 
 
 Pot. 
 
 Pot. 
 
 Pot. 
 
 Pot. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Com 
 
 t 
 
 : 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 * 
 
 8 
 
 17 
 
 19 
 
 5 
 
 2 
 
 1* 
 
 1* 
 
 11 
 
 3 
 
 Oat a 
 
 • 
 
 e 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 11 
 
 3 
 
 
 29 
 
 39 
 
 9 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 Sargnas, except sirup 
 
 • 
 
 e 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 * 
 
 10 
 
 1* 
 
 5 
 
 3 
 
 36 
 
 22 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 Barley 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 2* 
 
 10 
 
 
 17 
 
 31 
 
 8 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 Wheat 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 11 
 
 7 
 
 2 
 
 20 
 
 29 
 
 17 
 
 12 
 
 
 
 All feed and food grains 
 
 : 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 * 
 
 9 
 
 13 
 
 1* 
 
 11 
 
 12 
 
 13 
 
 12 
 
 8 
 
 2 
 
 Alfalfa hay 
 
 • 
 
 e 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 6 
 
 38 
 
 19 
 
 20 
 
 12 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 Clover and timothy hay 
 
 t 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 
 20 
 
 55 
 
 15 
 
 * 
 
 
 
 
 All hay 
 
 t 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 * 
 
 21 
 
 32 
 
 2* 
 
 11 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 1/ 
 
 Sugar beets 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 10 
 
 2* 
 
 20 
 
 7 
 
 3 
 
 7 
 
 19 
 
 7 
 
 
 Fruits, berries & tree nuts 
 
 t 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 15 
 
 29 
 
 13 
 
 9 
 
 7 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 Truck, market & farm gardens 
 
 l 
 
 1/ 
 
 1/ 
 
 2 
 
 7 
 
 22 
 
 12 
 
 23 
 
 18 
 
 10 
 
 * 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 Potatoes 
 
 t 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 15 
 
 11 
 
 21 
 
 9 
 
 23 
 
 1* 
 
 * 
 
 
 All crops 
 
 t 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 8 
 
 13 
 
 1* 
 
 16 
 
 1* 
 
 12 
 
 10 
 
 6 
 
 2 
 
 Horses mules 
 
 t 
 
 : 
 
 7 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 11 
 
 11 
 
 10 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 Milk cows 
 
 1 
 
 10 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 Other oattle 
 
 t 
 
 17 
 
 1* 
 
 1* 
 
 12 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 7 
 
 10 
 
 17 
 
 Hogs 
 
 t 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 9 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 6 
 
 8 
 
 Chickens 
 
 1 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 9 
 
 8 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 All livestock 
 
 : 
 
 10 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 9 
 
 8 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 Farm maintenance 
 
 t 
 
 t 
 
 6 
 
 9 
 
 11 
 
 10 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 7 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 7 
 
 All farm vork 
 
 • 
 
 s 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 8 
 
 6 
 
 1/ Less than 0.5 percent. 
 
- 53 - 
 
 IOWA 
 
 Table 39.- Estimated man-hours of labor required for farm work 
 by enterprises, Iowa, 1959 and 1944 
 
 Enterprise 
 
 3 
 
 1959 
 
 
 1 
 
 1944 
 
 
 1 t 
 
 t 
 
 : 
 
 Per- 
 
 t 
 
 : 
 
 Per- 
 
 t 
 
 3 
 
 Number } 
 
 centage 
 
 3 
 
 Number . 
 
 centage 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 of t 
 
 of 
 
 S 
 
 of , 
 
 of 
 
 t 
 
 
 hours . 
 
 total 
 
 S 
 
 hours , 
 
 total 
 
 1 
 
 Corn 
 
 Oats 
 
 Sorghums, except sirup 
 
 Barley 
 
 Wheat 
 
 Other feed and food grains 
 
 Alfalfa hay 
 
 Clover and timothy hay 
 
 Other hay 
 
 Sugar beets 
 
 Fruits, berries & tree nuts 
 Truck and market gardens 
 
 1/ Less than 0.05 percent. 
 
 Thousands Percent Thousands Percent t 
 
 155,072 
 
 36,577 
 
 1,460 
 
 6,127 
 
 3,877 
 
 1,131 
 
 14,654 
 
 12,038 
 
 15,248 
 
 473 
 
 3,576 
 
 2,841 
 
 17.6 
 
 4.1 
 
 .2 
 
 .7 
 
 .4 
 
 .1 
 
 1.7 
 
 1.4 
 
 1.7 
 
 .1 
 
 .4 
 
 .5 
 
 165,964 
 
 31,541 
 
 348 
 
 133 
 
 1,204 
 
 428 
 
 17,160 
 
 20,726 
 
 7,013 
 
 57 
 
 2,575 
 
 4,546 
 
 18.1 
 
 3.4 
 
 V 
 
 .1 
 
 1/ 
 
 1.9 
 
 2.5 
 
 .8 
 
 u 
 
 .3 
 
 .5 
 
 Farm gardens 
 
 I 23,139 
 
 2.6 
 
 24,296 
 
 2.7 : 
 
 saving practices resulted in fewer 
 
 Potatoes 
 
 : 2,856 
 
 .3 
 
 1,780 
 
 .2 t 
 
 hours for milk cows even though produo 
 
 Other crops 
 
 i 11.044 
 
 1*5 
 
 27.957 
 
 3.1 , 
 
 tion of milk increased. Seasonal dis- 
 
 All crops 
 
 : 290.101 
 
 32.9 
 
 305.728 
 
 33.4 , 
 
 tributlan of crop work is greatly in- 
 
 
 S 
 
 
 
 t 
 
 fluenced by corn but some differences 
 
 Horses and mules 
 
 i 45,084 
 
 5.1 
 
 36,010 
 
 3.9 1 
 
 occur, in July, because of email-grain 
 
 Milk cows 
 
 j 201,600 
 
 22.9 
 
 193,494 
 
 21.2 , 
 
 harvest and haymaking, and in November 
 
 Other cattle 
 
 , 42,500 
 
 4.8 
 
 48,450 
 
 5.3 « 
 
 because of the lack of work on other 
 
 Hogs 
 
 t 90,090 
 
 10.2 
 
 100,834 
 
 11.0 , 
 
 crops. The importance of livestock 
 
 Chickens 
 
 i 64,749 
 
 7.5 
 
 79,188 
 
 8.7 t 
 
 results in a rather uniform distrlbu- 
 
 Other livestock 
 
 « 16.030 
 
 l.g. 
 
 11,952. 
 
 2.0 j 
 
 tion of all farm work. 
 
 All livestock 
 
 i 460.053 
 
 52.1 
 
 475.906 
 
 52.1 , 
 
 
 Farm maintenance 
 
 t 
 
 i 132 P 380 
 
 
 132.380 
 
 
 
 All farm work 
 
 j 882.534 
 
 100.0 
 
 914.016 
 
 100.0 1 
 
 
 Iowa is usually thought of as "the" corn 
 State. Corn requires more hours of labor 
 than the total for all other crops grown 
 in the State, and more than any kind of 
 liveetook, except milk cows. Direct 
 labor on livestock makes up 52 percent of 
 all farm work and crops about a third. 
 
 The hours required for com increased 
 from 1939 to 1944 because of a greater 
 acreage. Those for all hay also rose 
 because of higher production, despite 
 fever acres. More acres of alfalfa and 
 clover and timothy were put up but sharp 
 decreases occurred in other hay crops. 
 Labor for orops and livestock each in¬ 
 creased about 15 million hours in the 
 period; the latter mainly because of 
 additional production of chickens and 
 eggs, hogs, and beef cattle. Time- 
 
 Table 40.- Monthly percentage distribution of labor required for farm work by enterprises, Iowa, 1944 
 
 Enterprise 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 Percentage distribution of 
 
 labor 
 
 
 
 
 
 * Jan* * 
 t 3 
 
 Feb. * 
 
 3 
 
 March* 
 
 L 
 
 April* 
 
 t 
 
 May * 
 i 
 
 June 
 
 * July * 
 
 : : 
 
 Aug. | 
 
 Sept • 
 
 J 
 
 Oct. 
 
 * Nov.’ 
 
 » : 
 
 Dec. 
 
 
 1 Pet. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Corn 
 
 t 
 
 1 5 
 
 2 
 
 5 
 
 11 
 
 16 
 
 15 
 
 10 
 
 1 
 
 5 
 
 12 
 
 14 
 
 6 
 
 Oats 
 
 t 
 
 
 8 
 
 17 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 46 
 
 22 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 
 Sorghums, except sirup 
 
 1 1 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 5 
 
 2 
 
 40 
 
 24 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 Barley 
 
 s 
 
 
 18 
 
 30 
 
 2 
 
 
 26 
 
 17 
 
 5 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 Wheat 
 
 < 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 35 
 
 29 
 
 25 
 
 4 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 All feed and food grains 
 
 < 3 
 
 2 
 
 5 
 
 12 
 
 14 
 
 12 
 
 15 
 
 5 
 
 5 
 
 10 
 
 12 
 
 5 
 
 Alfalfa hay 
 
 t 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 5 
 
 40 
 
 19 
 
 15 
 
 16 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 Clover and timothy hay 
 
 t 
 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 25 
 
 50 
 
 14 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 
 All hay 
 
 t 
 
 1/ 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 26 
 
 26 
 
 17 
 
 16 
 
 4 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 Sugar beets 
 
 i 
 
 
 5 
 
 12 
 
 28 
 
 23 
 
 8 
 
 4 
 
 2 
 
 12 
 
 6 
 
 
 Fruits, berries & tree nuts 
 
 t 2 
 
 4 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 10 
 
 16 
 
 14 
 
 8 
 
 13 
 
 14 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 Truck, market & farm gardens 
 
 « 1/ 
 
 < 
 
 1 
 
 4 
 
 10 
 
 17 
 
 10 
 
 16 
 
 15 
 
 21 
 
 5 
 
 1 
 
 1/ 
 
 Potatoes 
 
 
 5 
 
 13 
 
 8 
 
 16 
 
 17 
 
 10 
 
 13 
 
 17 
 
 3 
 
 
 All crops 
 
 t 2 
 
 1 
 
 4 
 
 10 
 
 15 
 
 15 
 
 16 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 10 
 
 9 
 
 4 
 
 Horses and mules 
 
 t 
 
 t 8 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 9 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 Milk cows 
 
 : 10 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 9 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 9 
 
 9 ' 
 
 Other cattle 
 
 J 16 
 
 13 
 
 13 
 
 11 
 
 4 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 7 
 
 10 
 
 15 
 
 Hogs 
 
 t 9 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 8 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 6 
 
 8 
 
 Chickens 
 
 1 8 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 8 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 9 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 All livestock 
 
 < 10 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 9 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 Farm maintenance 
 
 : 6 
 
 9 
 
 11 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 13 
 
 12 
 
 9 
 
 3 
 
 8 
 
 All farm work 
 
 l 
 
 3 6 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 8 
 
 7 
 
 1/ Less than 0.5 percent. 
 
- 3 * - 
 MISSOURI 
 
 Table kl. - Bstlmated non-hours of labor required for fam work 
 by enterprises, Missouri, 1939 and 19kk 
 
 
 * _ 1239 
 
 
 T 19kk' 
 
 1 
 
 Enterprise 
 
 : MaaboT * Per- 
 
 1 of X oentags 
 
 1 hours * of 
 
 1 1 total 
 
 > Ember < 
 
 1 <rf l 
 
 : hour* 1 
 
 1 » 
 
 Par- * 
 oamtage > 
 of * 
 
 total « 
 
 
 1 Thousands Perosnt 
 
 Thousands 
 
 Percent 
 
 
 Cera 
 
 * 88,k73 
 
 12.9 
 
 98,707 
 
 13.6 
 
 
 Oats 
 
 * 17,557 
 
 2.6 
 
 Ik,523 
 
 2.0 
 
 
 8arghnsa, exoept sirup 
 
 * 6,32k 
 
 • 9 
 
 k,31k 
 
 .6 
 
 
 Barley 
 
 « 3,168 
 
 • 5 
 
 1,199 
 
 .2 
 
 • 
 
 e 
 
 Wheat 
 
 i ar ,172 
 
 k.O 
 
 *7,553 
 
 2.k 
 
 
 Other feed and food grains 
 
 * 1,392 
 
 .2 
 
 1,500 
 
 .2 
 
 
 Alfalfa hay 
 
 t 3 , 56 k 
 
 .5 
 
 5,5k9 
 
 .8 
 
 
 Clovsr and timothy bay 
 
 : 6,600 
 
 1.0 
 
 7,000 
 
 1.0 
 
 
 Other hey 
 
 * I9,8ei 
 
 2.9 
 
 19,k2k 
 
 2.7 
 
 
 fruits, berries A tree nutst 8,709 
 
 1.3 
 
 6,793 
 
 .9 
 
 
 TTuok and marhst gardens 
 
 » k ,898 
 
 .7 
 
 6,123 
 
 .8 
 
 
 fam gardens 
 
 « 25,353 
 
 3.7 
 
 26,876 
 
 3.7 
 
 
 Potatoes 
 
 » 2,321 
 
 .3 
 
 1,755 
 
 .3 
 
 
 Other orops 
 
 l 80,722 
 
 11.8 
 
 _89,89k 
 
 12.k 
 
 
 All orops 
 
 : 296.67k 
 
 k3.3 
 
 
 kltS 
 
 
 Harass and males 
 
 t 
 
 t 53,26k 
 
 7.8 
 
 k9,79k* 
 
 6.9 
 
 
 Milk oenra 
 
 t 120,380 
 
 17.6 
 
 137,k65 
 
 19.0 
 
 
 Other cattle 
 
 « 2k,kk8 
 
 3.6 
 
 33,005 
 
 k.5 
 
 
 Hogs 
 
 * 28,789 
 
 k.2 
 
 33,952 
 
 k.7 
 
 
 Chickens 
 
 * k5,3&7 
 
 6.6 
 
 53»k20 
 
 7.k 
 
 e 
 
 e 
 
 Other livestock 
 
 * 15,565 
 
 2.3 
 
 15.690 
 
 2.2 
 
 
 All livestock 
 
 « 287,633 
 
 k2.1 
 
 323,33k 
 
 kt.7 
 
 
 fam maintenance 
 
 t 
 
 * 99,57k . 
 
 
 99.57k 
 
 13.7 
 
 
 All fam work 
 
 x 683.kai 
 
 iQQtQ 
 
 -T ^.*18 
 
 100.0 
 
 
 Labor requirements for orope and 11 ve- 
 stock are alsoat evenly divided between 
 the two In Mlesourl. Com la grown on 
 ■ore acres and requires sore labor then 
 does any other crop. Cotton (85 percent 
 of "other orops" in the table to the left 
 ooouplea fewer than 10 percent as many 
 acres as corn but takes about three- 
 fourths as much labor. Oats, wheat, and 
 hay also take large mashers of homre. 
 
 Milk oovs require about two-fifths of the 
 livestock labor, chickens about 15 per¬ 
 cent, and beef cattle and hogs each about 
 10 percent. Labor requirements changed 
 fron 1939 to 19 kk because of Increased 
 acres of oat ten and com, and a higher 
 yield of com. A decrease in production 
 of feed and food, grains, exoept corn, 
 resulting from fewer acres and. In same 
 Instances, a lower yield helped to keep 
 down the labor requirements. Hours re¬ 
 quired for most livestook enterprises 
 increased from 1939 to 19kk because of 
 significantly greater production. Culti¬ 
 vation of oara and cotton results In a 
 orop-labor-requlrenant peak In June, 
 which recedes during July sad August 
 but goes up sharply during September and 
 October, when cotton picking com 
 harvest am In full swing. These peaks, 
 though less pronounced, exist in the 
 distribution of all farm work. 
 
 ®bble k2.- Monthly percentage distribution of labor required for farm work by enterprises, Missouri, I 9 kk 
 
 Enterprise 
 
 Percentage distribution of labor 
 
 Jan. | feb. ^Maroh jAprll | May g June j July g Aug. gsept. | Oct. g Hoy. * Deo. 
 
 Pot. Pot. Pot. PBt. Pot. Pot. Pot. Pot 
 
 Cora 
 
 Oats 
 
 8orgnms, exoept sirup 
 
 Barley 
 
 Wheat 
 
 All feed and food grains 
 Alfalfa hay 
 Clover and timothy hay 
 All hay 
 
 fruits, berries A ties nuts 
 Truck, market A farm gardens 
 Potatoes 
 All orops 
 
 Horses and mubss 
 Milk cows 
 Other cattle 
 Hogs 
 Chiokans 
 All livestock 
 
 fam maintenance 
 
 All fam work _ 
 
 1 / Less than 0 .? percent. 
 
 3 1 2 13 
 
 18 20 
 
 1 1 1 10 
 
 7 33 27 
 
 111 
 
 2 1 k 12 
 
 2 
 
 6 
 
 1/ k 2 
 
 3 k 7 9 
 
 15 7 8 
 
 k 10 13 
 
 2 1 k 8 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 9 
 
 16 
 
 13 
 
 13 
 
 12 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 11 
 
 9 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 '9 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 8 
 
 10 
 
 12 
 
 6 
 
 6689 
 
 21 
 
 13 
 
 3 
 
 1/ 
 
 1 
 
 5 
 
 30 
 
 17 
 
 13 
 
 12 
 
 k 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 15 
 
 10 
 
 
 9 
 
 lk 
 
 22 
 
 15 
 
 12 
 
 7 
 
 5 
 
 20 
 
 31 
 
 15 
 
 20 
 
 
 35 
 
 kO 
 
 lk 
 
 5 
 
 17 
 
 18 
 
 17 
 
 12 
 
 13 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 10 
 
 18 
 
 21 
 
 13 
 
 15 
 
 8 
 
 19 
 
 7 
 
 11 
 
 13 
 
 10 
 
 6 
 
 10 
 
 9 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 6 
 
 k 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 6 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 8 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 10 
 
 lk 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 8 
 
 7 
 
 Pot. 
 
 Pot. 
 
 Pot. 
 
 Pot. 
 
 9 
 
 7 
 
 13 
 
 2 
 
 16 
 
 6 
 
 26 
 
 29 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 30 
 
 17 
 
 3 
 
 2 
 
 12 
 
 10 
 
 13 
 
 2 
 
 12 
 
 5 
 
 5 
 
 13 
 
 20 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 10 
 
 19 
 
 5 
 
 2 
 
 9 
 
 7 
 
 1 
 
 1/ 
 
 6 
 
 9 
 
 6 
 
 3 
 
 16 
 
 17 
 
 9 
 
 3 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 3 
 
 7 
 
 10 
 
 16 
 
 9 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 7 
 
 9 
 
 8 
 
 fl 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 10 
 
 6 
 
 5 
 
 9 
 
 8 
 
 11 
 
 11 
 
 9 
 
 7 
 
- 35 - 
 
 NORTH DAKOTA 
 
 Trble 4-3.- Estimated man-hours of labor required for farm work 
 by enterprises, North Dakota, 1939 aod 1944 
 
 Enterprise 
 
 1939 
 
 :^ 
 
 Number ' 
 of ; 
 
 hours * 
 
 Per¬ 
 
 centage 
 
 of 
 
 total 
 
 : Number : 
 
 ; of ; 
 
 : hours | 
 
 Per¬ 
 
 centage 
 
 of 
 
 total 
 
 
 Thousands 
 
 Percent 
 
 Thousands 
 
 Percent 
 
 Corn 
 
 14,675 
 
 4.9 
 
 16,107 
 
 4.6 
 
 Oats 
 
 9,552 
 
 3-2 
 
 16,571 
 
 4.7 
 
 Sorghums, except sirup 
 
 1,981 
 
 .7 
 
 649 
 
 .2 
 
 Barley 
 
 12,863 
 
 4.3 
 
 18,749 
 
 5-4 
 
 Wheat 
 
 48,297 
 
 16.1 
 
 63,155 
 
 18.0 
 
 Other feed and food grains 
 
 7,322 
 
 2.5 
 
 1,492 
 
 .4 
 
 Alfalfa hay 
 
 1,260 
 
 .4 
 
 3,111 
 
 .9 
 
 Clover and timothy hay 
 
 39 
 
 1/ 
 
 24 
 
 1/ 
 
 Other hay 
 
 17,510 
 
 5.8 
 
 18,341 
 
 5.2 
 
 Sugar beets 
 
 973 
 
 .3 
 
 1,031 
 
 .3 
 
 Fruits, berries & tree nuts 
 
 21 
 
 1/ 
 
 16 
 
 1/ 
 
 Truck and market gardens 
 
 4o6 
 
 .1 
 
 162 
 
 .1 
 
 Farm gardens 
 
 7,169 
 
 2.4 
 
 11,757 
 
 3A 
 
 Potatoes 
 
 7,086 
 
 2.4 
 
 9,510 
 
 2.7 
 
 Other crops 
 
 3.651 
 
 1.2 
 
 7,156 
 
 2.0 
 
 All crops 
 
 132,805 
 
 44.3 
 
 167^831 
 
 47.9 
 
 Horses and mules 
 
 21,716 
 
 7.2 
 
 19,522 
 
 5.6 
 
 Milk cows 
 
 64,480 
 
 21.5 
 
 70,057 
 
 20.0 
 
 Other cattle 
 
 10,346 
 
 3.5 
 
 15,312 
 
 4.4 
 
 Hogs 
 
 6,022 
 
 2.0 
 
 8,640 
 
 2.5 
 
 Chickens 
 
 8,307 
 
 2.8 
 
 13,844 
 
 3.9 
 
 Other livestock 
 
 11,097 
 
 ,3-7 
 
 10,242 
 
 2.9 
 
 All livestock 
 
 121,968 
 
 l+o! 7 
 
 137,617 
 
 39.3 
 
 Farm maintenance 
 
 44,960 
 
 15.0 
 
 44,960 
 
 12.8 
 
 All farm work 
 
 299,733 
 
 100.0 
 
 350,408 
 
 100.0 
 
 17 Lee8 than 0.05 percent. 
 
 Wheat constitutes almost half of the acre¬ 
 age of harvested cropland and requires 
 more than a third of the crop labor in 
 North Dakota. Other feed and food grains 
 require another third and the rest is 
 divided among hay, potatoes, and other 
 crops. Milk cove require about half of 
 the livestock labor and horses and mules 
 the next largest amount, followed by beef 
 cattle. Sizable increases in acres and 
 yield of the important grains from 1939 
 to 1944 resulted in higher labor require¬ 
 ments for these crops. Hours required 
 for all farm work increased about 50 
 million, of which 35 million were for 
 crops. Increases in hours occurred for 
 each kind of livestock except turkeys 
 and horses and mules. Very little work 
 on crops is done during the winter months 
 because of the severe climate but an 
 early peak occurs in April during the 
 seeding time for small grain, especially 
 spring wheat. Lees crop activity is 
 apparent during the next 3 months end the 
 big rush of crop work come6 in August 
 and September during small-grain, com, 
 and potato harvest along with fall plowing 
 and other farm work. The peak of livestock 
 work occurs during the early spring and the 
 winter feeding period. 
 
 Table 44.- Monthly percentage distribution of labor required for farm work by enterprises, North Dakota, 1944 
 
 Enterprise 
 
 
 
 
 Percentage 
 
 distribution of labor 
 
 
 
 
 Jan. 
 
 ; Feb. 
 
 •March 
 
 : April 
 
 • May * 
 
 • • 
 
 • • 
 
 June 
 
 : July : 
 • • 
 
 Aug. 
 
 •Sept. 
 
 : Oct. 
 
 : Nov. 
 
 • Dec. 
 
 -9 - 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Fct. 
 
 Pot. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Fct. 
 
 Com 
 
 1/ 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 8 
 
 21 
 
 17 
 
 6 
 
 1 
 
 23 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 3 
 
 Oats 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 16 
 
 7 
 
 
 7 
 
 28 
 
 26 
 
 11 
 
 
 
 Sorghums, except sirup 
 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 11 
 
 12 
 
 5 
 
 1 
 
 34 
 
 29 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 Barley 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 30 
 
 10 
 
 
 5 
 
 23 
 
 20 
 
 7 
 
 
 
 Wheat 
 
 
 
 
 15 
 
 9 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 33 
 
 26 
 
 10 
 
 3 
 
 
 All feed and food grains 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 16 
 
 10 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 26 
 
 25 
 
 10 
 
 3 
 
 
 Alfalfa hay 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 8 
 
 35 
 
 15 
 
 35 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 
 Clover and timothy hay 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 
 20 
 
 55 
 
 15 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 
 All hay 
 
 
 
 1/ 
 
 3 
 
 2 
 
 5 
 
 42 
 
 33 
 
 10 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 Sugar beets 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 8 
 
 20 
 
 19 
 
 7 
 
 3 
 
 9 
 
 23 
 
 8 
 
 
 Fruits, berries & tree nuts 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 7 
 
 6 
 
 8 
 
 6 
 
 18 
 
 11 
 
 22 
 
 9 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 Truck, market & farm gardens 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 5 
 
 16 
 
 11 
 
 11 
 
 21 
 
 22 
 
 8 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 Potatoes 
 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 18 
 
 13 
 
 7 
 
 3 
 
 34 
 
 14 
 
 5 
 
 1/ . 
 
 All crops 
 
 1/ 
 
 1/ 
 
 2 
 
 13 
 
 10 
 
 5 
 
 10 
 
 24 
 
 23 
 
 10 
 
 3 
 
 Horses and mules 
 
 7 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 n 
 
 11 
 
 10 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 Milk cows 
 
 10 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 9 
 
 8 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 Other cattle 
 
 17 
 
 14 
 
 14 
 
 12 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 7 
 
 10 
 
 17 
 
 Hogs 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 n 
 
 12 
 
 8 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 Chiclens 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 8 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 All livestock 
 
 10 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 9 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 Farm maintenance 
 
 6 
 
 8 
 
 10 
 
 6 
 
 10 
 
 13 
 
 10 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 10 
 
 8 
 
 7 
 
 All farm work 
 
 5 
 
 4 
 
 6 
 
 11 
 
 10 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 15 
 
 14 
 
 9 
 
 6 
 
 5 
 
 l/ Less than 0.5 percent 
 
- 36 - 
 
 SOUTH DAKOTA 
 
 Table 45.- Estimated man-hours of labor required for farm work 
 by enterprises. South Dakota, 1939 and 1944 
 
 1939 _:_ 1944 _ i Feed and food grains comprise the bulk of 
 
 
 1 Number 2 
 
 Per- s 
 
 Number * 
 
 Per- 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 crop production in South Dakota. Com 
 
 Biterprise 
 
 * of * 
 
 centages 
 
 of 2 
 
 centage 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 requires about a third and small grains 
 
 
 * hours * 
 
 of t 
 
 hours ‘ 
 
 of 
 
 t 
 
 between a third and two-fifths of the 
 
 
 t l 
 
 total : 
 
 
 total 
 
 * 
 
 crop labor. Milk cows require about two- 
 
 
 thousands 
 
 Percent Thousands 
 
 Percent 
 
 0 
 
 # 
 
 fifths, horses and mules approximately 
 
 Com 
 
 : 37,829 
 
 12.6 
 
 51,366 
 
 14.9 
 
 • 
 
 15 percent, and beef cattle and chickens 
 each about a tenth of the direct labor 
 
 Oats 
 
 : 10,062 
 
 3.4 
 
 17,587 
 
 5.1 
 
 t 
 
 on livestock. Labor requirements for 
 
 Sorghums, except sirup 
 
 « 14,457 
 
 4.8 
 
 8,053 
 
 2.3 
 
 * 
 
 crops and livestock both increased from 
 
 Barley 
 
 t 12,243 
 
 4.1 
 
 12,746 
 
 3.7 
 
 s 
 
 1939 to 1944, with the labor for crops 
 
 Wheat 
 
 t 14,541 
 
 4.8 
 
 18,811 
 
 5.5 
 
 • 
 
 * 
 
 increasing at a more rapid rate than for 
 
 Other feed and food grains 
 
 s 5,466 
 
 1.8 
 
 2,888 
 
 .8 
 
 t 
 
 livestock. Crop labor requirements in- 
 
 Alfalfa hay 
 
 t 1,969 
 
 .7 
 
 4,740 
 
 1.4 
 
 l 
 
 creased 32 million hcurs or more than 
 
 Clover and timothy hay 
 
 t 45 
 
 U 
 
 136 
 
 .1 
 
 t 
 
 25 percent, whereas labor for livestock 
 
 Other hay 
 
 S 12,492 
 
 4.2 
 
 22,138 
 
 6.4 
 
 0 
 
 0 
 
 rose less than 10 percent. Corn 
 
 Sugar beets 
 
 » 610 
 
 .2 
 
 557 
 
 .1 
 
 t 
 
 production, from more acres with a 
 
 Fruits, berries & tree nuts 
 
 1 64 
 
 1/ 
 
 51 
 
 1/ 
 
 t 
 
 greater yield, more than tripled, whereas 
 
 Truck and market- gardens 
 
 { 696 
 
 .2 
 
 411 
 
 .1 
 
 i 
 
 the labor required increased about 36 
 
 Farm gardens 
 
 i 2,870 
 
 1.0 
 
 5,252 
 
 1.5 
 
 1 
 
 percent. Hours for hay, oats, and wheat 
 
 Potatoes 
 
 t 1,206 
 
 .4 
 
 1,406 
 
 .4 
 
 0 
 
 increased also because of additional 
 
 Other crops 
 
 J 1.830 
 
 .6 
 
 2.585 
 
 .8 
 
 0 
 
 0 
 
 acres and higher yields. Greater 
 
 All crops 
 
 } 116.380 
 
 38.8 
 
 148.527 
 
 43.1 
 
 0 
 
 0 
 
 numbers and production of beef cattle 
 
 Horses and mules 
 
 j 22,864 
 
 7.6 
 
 21,372 
 
 6.2 
 
 0 
 
 0 
 
 i 
 
 and chickens caused most of the increase 
 in livestock labor. The crest of small 
 
 Milk ccwrs 
 
 t 62,660 
 
 20.9 
 
 62,702 
 
 18.2 
 
 0 
 
 0 
 
 grain harvest in August makes it a peak 
 
 Other cattle 
 
 t 13,612 
 
 4.5 
 
 20,010 
 
 5.8 
 
 t 
 
 labor month. Hay harvest in July and 
 
 Hogs 
 
 1 11,609 
 
 3.9 
 
 13,509 
 
 3.9 
 
 i 
 
 fall plowing and harvesting of 
 
 Chickens 
 
 « 14,631 
 
 4.9 
 
 22,180 
 
 6.4 
 
 : 
 
 potatoes, sugar beets, and several other 
 
 Other livestock 
 
 J 13.145 
 
 4.4 
 
 11.850 
 
 3.4 
 
 t 
 
 crops in September make July and 
 
 All livestock 
 
 : 138.519 
 
 46.2 
 
 151.623 
 
 43.9 
 
 s 
 
 September very busy months. 
 
 Farm maintenance 
 
 j 44.982 
 
 15.0 
 
 44.982 
 
 13.0 
 
 0 
 
 0 
 
 0 
 
 
 All farm work 
 
 t 299.881 
 
 100.0 
 
 345.132 
 
 100.0 
 
 t 
 
 0 
 
 0 
 
 
 1 J Less than 0.05 percent. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Table 46.- Monthly percentage distribution of labor required for farm work by enterprises, South Dakota, 1944 
 
 Enterprise 
 
 
 
 
 Percentage distribution of 
 
 labor 
 
 
 
 
 
 ! Jan. 
 
 | Feb. 
 
 : March 
 
 s 
 
 5 April 
 • 
 
 0 
 
 ; May 
 
 : June 
 
 s July s 
 • : 
 
 Aug. ; 
 
 Sept. : 
 
 Oct. 
 
 | Nov. 
 
 ! Dec. 
 
 
 : Pet. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pet 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Corn 
 
 t 2 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 8 
 
 18 
 
 1' 
 
 6 
 
 1 
 
 13 
 
 13 
 
 16 
 
 3 
 
 Oats 
 
 
 
 15 
 
 21 
 
 4 
 
 
 19 
 
 28 
 
 9 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 Sorghums, except sirup 
 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 5 
 
 8 
 
 10 
 
 5 
 
 
 53 
 
 53 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 Barley 
 
 
 
 8 
 
 37 
 
 8 
 
 
 14 
 
 21 
 
 7 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 Wheat 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 11 
 
 6 
 
 2 
 
 13 
 
 35 
 
 17 
 
 7 
 
 3 
 
 
 All feed and food grains 
 
 t 1 
 
 1 
 
 5 
 
 13 
 
 12 
 
 8 
 
 10 
 
 14 
 
 15 
 
 11 
 
 8 
 
 2 
 
 Alfalfa hay 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 8 
 
 25 
 
 30 
 
 28 
 
 7 
 
 
 
 
 Clover and timothy hay 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 
 20 
 
 55 
 
 15 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 
 All hay 
 
 
 
 u 
 
 1 
 
 6 
 
 17 
 
 37 
 
 31 
 
 7 
 
 1 
 
 1/ 
 
 1/ 
 
 Sugar beets 
 
 
 1 
 
 4 
 
 9 
 
 23 
 
 21 
 
 9 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 15 
 
 5 
 
 Fruits, berries & tree nuts 
 
 t 4 
 
 5 
 
 8 
 
 5 
 
 7 
 
 6 
 
 11 
 
 10 
 
 23 
 
 17 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 Truck, market & farm gardens 
 
 * 1/ 
 
 1 
 
 6 
 
 10 
 
 16 
 
 12 
 
 12 
 
 27 
 
 16 
 
 1 / 
 
 1/ 
 
 1/ 
 
 Potatoes 
 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 31 
 
 14 
 
 8 
 
 
 24 
 
 14 
 
 4 
 
 All crops 
 
 : 1 
 
 1 
 
 4 
 
 11 
 
 n 
 
 10 
 
 15 
 
 17 
 
 14 
 
 9 
 
 6 
 
 1 
 
 Horses and mules 
 
 t 8 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 11 
 
 10 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 Milk cows 
 
 : 11 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 Other cattle 
 
 t 17 
 
 14 
 
 14 
 
 11 
 
 4 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 7 
 
 10 
 
 16 
 
 Hogs 
 
 s 8 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 11 
 
 12 
 
 8 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 Chickens 
 
 s 8 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 8 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 All livestock 
 
 t 10 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 9 
 
 7 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 10 
 
 Farm maintenance 
 
 t 7 
 
 10 
 
 11 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 13 
 
 7 
 
 6 
 
 8 
 
 10 
 
 8 
 
 7 
 
 All farm work 
 
 s 6 
 
 5 
 
 7 
 
 10 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 11 
 
 10 
 
 9 
 
 8 
 
 6 
 
 1/ Less than 0.5 percent. 
 
37 - 
 
 NEBRASKA 
 
 Table 47 .- Estimated man-hours of labor required for farm work 
 by enterprises, Nebraska, 1939 and 1944 
 
 • 
 
 3 
 
 1939 : 
 
 1944 
 
 Enterprise 
 
 Number 5 
 of ; 
 
 hours 5 
 
 • 
 
 « 
 
 Per- s 
 
 centage s 
 of s 
 total s 
 
 Number 5 
 of 1 
 hours * 
 
 Per¬ 
 
 centage 
 
 of 
 
 total 
 
 
 Thousands 
 
 Percent Thousands 
 
 Percent 
 
 « 
 
 * 
 
 Com 
 
 80,372 
 
 17.7 
 
 117,926 
 
 22.9 
 
 l 
 
 Oats 
 
 7,789 
 
 1.7 
 
 10,987 
 
 2.1 
 
 > 
 
 Sorghums, except sirup 
 
 21,958 
 
 4.8 
 
 10,477 
 
 2.0 
 
 8 
 
 Barley 
 
 8,008 
 
 1.8 
 
 5 j 078 
 
 1*0 
 
 3 
 
 Wheat 
 
 16,098 
 
 3.5 
 
 13,035 
 
 2,5 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 Other feed and food grains 
 
 3,371 
 
 .8 
 
 2,241 
 
 • 5 
 
 • 
 
 Alfalfa hay 
 
 7,605 
 
 1.7 
 
 17,960 
 
 3.5 
 
 3 
 
 Clover and timothy hay 
 
 26 
 
 1 / 
 
 138 
 
 y 
 
 • 
 
 i 
 
 Other hay 
 
 14,668 
 
 3.2 
 
 21,783 
 
 4,2 
 
 3 
 
 Sugar beets 
 
 7,200 
 
 1.6 
 
 3,907 
 
 •8 
 
 3 
 
 Fruits, berries & tree nuts 
 
 950 
 
 .2 
 
 684 
 
 .1 
 
 3 
 
 Truck and market gardens 
 
 749 
 
 .2 
 
 771 
 
 .2 
 
 0 
 
 • 
 
 Farm gardens 
 
 7,002 
 
 1.5 
 
 10,503 
 
 2.1 
 
 3 
 
 Potatoes 
 
 4,709 
 
 1.0 
 
 3,680 
 
 .7 
 
 0 
 
 • 
 
 
 1.437 
 
 .3 
 
 2,667 
 
 • 5 
 
 3 
 
 All crops 
 
 181.942 
 
 40.0 
 
 221.837 
 
 43.1 
 
 0 
 
 0 
 
 Horses and mules 
 
 s 34,924 
 
 7.7 
 
 30,849 
 
 6.0 
 
 3 
 
 0 
 
 0 
 
 Milk cows 
 
 s 85,960 
 
 18.9 
 
 87,889 
 
 17.1 
 
 a 
 
 Other cattle 
 
 29,434 
 
 6.5 
 
 35,315 
 
 6.9 
 
 8 
 
 Hogs 
 
 20,763 
 
 4.6 
 
 24,454 
 
 4.7 
 
 i 
 
 Chickens 
 
 27,321 
 
 6.0 
 
 39,032 
 
 7.6 
 
 3 
 
 Other livestock 
 
 6.136 
 
 1.3 
 
 7,240 
 
 1.4 
 
 3 
 
 All livestock 
 
 204.538 
 
 45.0 
 
 225.079 
 
 43,7 
 
 i 
 
 Farm maintenance 
 
 68,202 
 
 15.0 
 
 68,202 
 
 13.2 
 
 0 
 
 0 
 
 i 
 
 All farm work 
 
 3 
 
 3 454,682 
 
 100.0 
 
 515.118 
 
 100.0 
 
 8 
 
 1/ Less than 0.05 percent 
 
 In Nebraska a little more labor is re¬ 
 quired for livestock than for crops. 
 
 Of the direct livestock labor, milk cows, 
 require about 40 percent, and horses and 
 mules, beef cattle, chickens, and hogs, 
 in descending order, require from 17 to 
 10 percent. Corn requires almost four 
 times as much labor as any other crop, with 
 hay, wheat, sorghums, and oats also 
 requiring considerable amounts. The acre¬ 
 age of corn and oats increased from 1939 
 to 1944 mainly at the expense of sorghums, 
 barley, and wheat. Labor requirements 
 followed these changes. Higher yields of 
 corn, however, exerted more influence on 
 increasing hours of labor than did the 
 greater acreage. Hours of labor required 
 for alfalfa were 10 million higher be¬ 
 cause of a greater yield on more acres. 
 Increases in labor occurred for each kind 
 of livestock, except horses and mules, 
 largest relative increase came in 
 chickens where eggs and pounds of 
 chickens produced rose 76 and 31 percent, 
 respectively. The requirements for crops 
 increase from the beginning of the year 
 until July when the high point is reached; 
 they go down during August following the 
 small-grain harvest but go up again in 
 September as seeding of winter wheat and 
 harvesting of corn and sorghums are 
 initiated. 
 
 Table 48.- Monthly percentage distribution of labor required for farm work by enterprises, Nebraska, 1944 
 
 Enterprise 
 
 Jan. 
 
 5 Feb. 
 
 ! March 
 
 Percentage distribution of labor 
 
 2 April : May 5 June s July ? Aug, : 
 
 : : 3 3 : • 
 
 Sept. ! 
 
 0 
 
 0 
 
 Oct. ; 
 
 Nov. 
 
 5 Dec. 
 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Com 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 6 
 
 17 
 
 14 
 
 6 
 
 1 
 
 13 
 
 14 
 
 16 
 
 7 
 
 Oat 3 
 
 
 
 16 
 
 16 
 
 
 8 
 
 31 
 
 23 
 
 6 
 
 28 
 
 12 
 
 14 
 
 
 
 Sorghums, except sirup 
 
 Barley 
 
 Wheat 
 
 All feed and food grains 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 19 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 42 
 
 3 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 13 
 
 9 
 
 4 
 
 7 
 
 12 
 
 4 
 
 16 
 
 27 
 
 10 
 
 12 
 
 25 
 
 5 
 
 42 
 
 4 
 
 21 
 
 15 
 
 1 
 
 12 
 
 1 
 
 5 
 
 alfalfa hay 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 8 
 
 30 
 
 18 
 
 25 
 
 10 
 
 7 
 
 
 
 Clover and timothy hay 
 
 All hay 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 y 
 
 y 
 
 3 
 
 25 
 
 12 
 
 50 
 
 42 
 
 15 
 
 31 
 
 4 
 
 6 
 
 5 
 
 1 
 
 y 
 
 Sugar beets 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 7 
 
 15 
 
 30 
 
 11 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 17 
 
 5 
 
 
 Fruits, berries & tree nuts 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 7 
 
 11 
 
 13 
 
 17 
 
 17 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 Truck, market & farm gardens 
 Potatoes 
 
 y 
 
 1 
 
 4 
 
 3 
 
 9 
 
 4 
 
 16 
 
 6 
 
 14 
 
 12 
 
 9 
 
 12 
 
 23 
 
 11 
 
 21 
 
 13 
 
 3 
 
 33 
 
 y 
 
 6 
 
 y 
 
 All crops 
 
 i 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 6 
 
 12 
 
 12 
 
 16 
 
 10 
 
 14 
 
 12 
 
 9 
 
 4 
 
 Horses and mules 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 9 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 Milk cows 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 y 
 
 Other cattle 
 
 16 
 
 14 
 
 14 
 
 11 
 
 4 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 7 
 
 9 
 
 16 
 
 Hogs 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 10 
 
 12 
 
 9 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 9 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 Chickens 
 
 8 8 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 11 
 
 10 
 
 9 
 
 8 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 All livestock 
 
 j 10 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 8 
 
 7 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 Farm maintenance 
 
 7 
 
 10 
 
 12 
 
 9 
 
 6 
 
 9 
 
 6 
 
 13 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 7 
 
 All farm work 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 9 
 
 7 
 
 1/ Less than 0.5 percent. 
 
 
- 36 - 
 KANSAS 
 
 Table 49.- Estimated man-hours of labor required for farm work 
 by enterprises, Kansas, 1939 and 1944 
 
 Enterprise 
 
 Number : 
 
 of ; 
 
 hours : 
 
 Per¬ 
 
 centage 
 
 of 
 
 total 
 
 : Number * 
 
 ; of | 
 
 : hours : 
 
 Per¬ 
 
 centage 
 
 of 
 
 total 
 
 
 Thousands 
 
 Percent 
 
 Thousands 
 
 Percent 
 
 Com 
 
 36,278 
 
 8.3 
 
 49,181 
 
 9.8 
 
 Oats 
 
 9,160 
 
 2.1 
 
 9,671 
 
 1.9 
 
 Sorghums, except simp 
 
 36,422 
 
 8.3 
 
 53,610 
 
 10.7 
 
 Barley 
 
 5,196 
 
 1.2 
 
 5,741 
 
 1.2 
 
 Wheat 
 
 44,909 
 
 10.3 
 
 45,923 
 
 9.2 
 
 Other feed and food grains 
 
 541 
 
 .1 
 
 751 
 
 .2 
 
 Alfalfa hay 
 
 5,700 
 
 1.3 
 
 14,512 
 
 2.9 
 
 Clover and timothy hay 
 
 99 
 
 1 / 
 
 251 
 
 .1 
 
 Other hay 
 
 8,008 
 
 1.8 
 
 8,736 
 
 1.7 
 
 Sugar beets 
 
 706 
 
 .2 
 
 393 
 
 .1 
 
 Fruits, berries & tree nuts 
 
 2,405 
 
 .6 
 
 1,804 
 
 .4 
 
 Truck and market gardens 
 
 1,566 
 
 .4 
 
 1,566 
 
 .3 
 
 Farm gardens 
 
 8,185 
 
 1.9 
 
 12,030 
 
 2.4 
 
 Potatoes 
 
 1,324 
 
 .3 
 
 1,071 
 
 .2 
 
 Other crops 
 
 3 ^ 363 . 
 
 .8 
 
 6,703 
 
 !.3 
 
 All crops 
 
 T 63 I 862 
 
 37.6 
 
 . 211,943 
 
 42.4 
 
 Horses and mules 
 
 26,316 
 
 6.0 
 
 23,539 
 
 4.7 
 
 Milk cows 
 
 99,260 
 
 22.8 
 
 103,636 
 
 20.7 
 
 Other cattle 
 
 28,720 
 
 6.6 
 
 34,177 
 
 6.8 
 
 Hogs 
 
 12,468 
 
 2.8 
 
 14,326 
 
 2.8 
 
 Chickens 
 
 32,168 
 
 7.4 
 
 38,902 
 
 7.8 
 
 Other livestock 
 
 7,871 
 
 1.8 
 
 8,341 
 
 1.7 
 
 All livestock 
 
 206.803 
 
 “WT - 
 
 222.921 
 
 44.5 
 
 Farm maintenance 
 
 65.412 
 
 15.0 
 
 65,412 
 
 13.1 
 
 All farm work 
 
 Jt3^on 
 
 100.0 
 
 500.276 
 
 100.0 
 
 l/ Less than 0.05 percent. 
 
 Wheat Is cut from about half of the har¬ 
 vested cropland acreage, but Kansas farmers 
 are so labor efficient In raising wheat 
 that It requires lees than a third of the 
 crop labor. Wheat, corn, and sorghums 
 require almost three-fourths of the crop 
 labor. Milk cows take about half of si 1 
 direct livestock labor and livestock re¬ 
 quire slightly more hours than all crops. 
 The production of wheat Increased about 
 two-thirds from I 939 to 1944 but most of 
 the Increase was from higher yields and 
 labor requirements were only about 2 per¬ 
 cent more. This resulted from the more 
 extensive use of the combine and other 
 large machines and from the fact that 
 with these machines a much greater yield 
 can be handled with little additional 
 labor. Acreage yields, and production 
 of com and sorghums (acres of forage 
 sor^ium decreased slightly) Increased 
 as did the labor requirements. Labor 
 requirements for livestock were about 8 
 percent greater In 1944 ohlefly because 
 of greater production of cattle, ohlckens, 
 and their products. The peak of crop 
 labor requirements comas during Septem¬ 
 ber and October when seeding of wheat and 
 harvesting of com and sorghum occur. 
 
 A lesser peak occurs during hay and small- 
 grain harvest In June and July. 
 
 Table 50.- Monthly percentage distribution of labor required for farm work by enterprises, Kansas, 1944 
 
 Percentage distribution of 
 
 Enterprise 
 
 Jan. 
 
 j Feb. 
 
 |March 
 • 
 
 [April 
 
 I May ; 
 
 June 
 
 ! July 
 
 jAug. 
 
 [Sept. 
 
 i oct. 
 
 ; Nov. 
 
 [Dec. 
 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pot. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pot. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pot. 
 
 Cora 
 
 4 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 11 
 
 19 
 
 12 
 
 
 1 
 
 12 
 
 16 
 
 17 
 
 6 
 
 Oats 
 
 
 3 
 
 29 
 
 26 
 
 
 17 
 
 15 
 
 6 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 
 Sorghums, except simp 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 6 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 3 
 
 2 
 
 31 
 
 31 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 Barley 
 
 
 5 
 
 28 
 
 18 
 
 
 10 
 
 27 
 
 7 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 
 Wheat 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 7 
 
 17 
 
 20 
 
 23 
 
 18 
 
 8 
 
 3 
 
 
 All feed and food grains 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 8 
 
 11 
 
 13 
 
 9 
 
 8 
 
 19 
 
 17 
 
 7 
 
 2 
 
 Alfalfa hay 
 
 
 
 
 8 
 
 12 
 
 20 
 
 25 
 
 23 
 
 10 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 Clover and timothy hay 
 
 
 1/ 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 35 
 
 40 
 
 15 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 
 All hay 
 
 
 1/ 
 
 4 
 
 6 
 
 11 
 
 31 
 
 26 
 
 12 
 
 7 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 Sugar beets 
 
 
 1 
 
 Z 
 
 10 
 
 22 
 
 10 
 
 11 
 
 2 
 
 5 
 
 22 
 
 11 
 
 
 Fruits, berries & tree nuts 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 7 
 
 9 
 
 12 
 
 14 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 12 
 
 19 
 
 4 
 
 1 
 
 Truck, market & farm gardens 
 
 1/ 
 
 3 
 
 6 
 
 12 
 
 18 
 
 10 
 
 16 
 
 14 
 
 13 
 
 7 
 
 1 
 
 1 / 
 
 Potatoes 
 
 
 1 
 
 13 
 
 11 
 
 15 
 
 13 
 
 24 
 
 10 
 
 6 
 
 4 
 
 3 
 
 
 All crops 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 8 
 
 11 
 
 12 
 
 12 
 
 11 
 
 18 
 
 15 
 
 6 
 
 2 
 
 Horses and mules 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 9 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 Milk cows 
 
 10 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 9 
 
 8 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 Other cattle 
 
 16 
 
 14 
 
 14 
 
 11 
 
 4 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 7 
 
 10 
 
 16 
 
 Hogs 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 11 
 
 10 
 
 8 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 9 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 Chickens 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 9 
 
 8 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 All livestock 
 
 10 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 8 
 
 7 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 Farm maintenance 
 
 8 
 
 10 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 12 
 
 5 
 
 5 
 
 9 
 
 7 
 
 All farm work 
 
 4 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 9 
 
 11 
 
 11 
 
 8 
 
 6 
 
 l/ Less than 0.5 percent. 
 
- 39 - 
 
 DELAWARE 
 
 Table 51.- Estimated man-hours of labor required for farm work 
 by enterprises, Delaware, 1939 and 1944 
 
 
 1939 
 
 1944 : 
 
 Enterprise 
 
 Humber 
 
 of 
 
 hours 
 
 Per¬ 
 
 centage 
 
 of 
 
 total 
 
 Humber 
 
 of 
 
 hours 
 
 Per- : 
 centage : 
 of : 
 
 total J 
 
 Thousands Percent Thousands Percent : 
 
 Corn 
 
 Oats 
 
 Wheat 
 
 Other feed and food grains 
 Clover and timothy hay 
 Other hay 
 
 Fruits, berries & tree nuts 
 
 Truok and market gardens 
 
 Farm gardens 
 
 Potatoes 
 
 Sweetpotatoes 
 
 Other crops 
 
 All crops 
 
 Horses and mules 
 
 Milk cows 
 
 Other cattle 
 
 Hogs 
 
 Chickens 
 
 Other livestock 
 
 All livestock 
 
 6,642 
 
 17.2 
 
 29 
 
 .1 
 
 1,091 
 
 2.8 
 
 306 
 
 .8 
 
 296 
 
 .8 
 
 598 
 
 1.5 
 
 2,366 
 
 6.1 
 
 3,441 
 
 8.9 
 
 815 
 
 2.1 
 
 240 
 
 .6 
 
 405 
 
 1.0 
 
 1.6 
 
 605 1.6 
 
 1,836 4.7 
 
 5,250 13.6 
 
 348 .9 
 
 348 .9 
 
 7,765 20.1 
 
 511 1.3 
 
 16.058 4175 
 
 Farm maintenance 
 
 5.804 15.0 
 
 5,498 
 
 11.9 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 54 
 
 .1 
 
 : 
 
 885 
 
 1.9 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 480 
 
 1.1 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 275 
 
 .6 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 803 
 
 1.7 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 1,656 
 
 3.6 
 
 : 
 
 5,471 
 
 11.8 
 
 • 
 
 611 
 
 1.3 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 428 
 
 .9 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 432 
 
 • 9 
 
 e 
 
 • 
 
 701 
 
 1.5 
 
 • 
 
 9 
 
 17,29** 
 
 37.3 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 1,548 
 
 3-3 
 
 : 
 
 : 
 
 5,124 
 
 11.0 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 501 
 
 1.1 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 408 
 
 .9 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 15,220 
 
 32.8 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 514 
 
 1.1 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 23.315 50.2 : 
 
 : 
 
 5.804 12.5 8 
 
 All farm work 
 
 38.696 100.0 46.413 100.0 : 
 
 Although it is one of the smallest States, 
 Delaware produces more commercial broilers 
 tbun any other State almost a fourth 
 as many as the whole country. Labor for 
 broilers, despite the small amount per 
 bird, constitutes about three-fourths the 
 requirement for all chickens, more than 
 half for all livestock, and from a fifth 
 to a third for all farm work in the State* 
 Com, fruits, and truok are the important 
 orops. Eie latter increased in Importance 
 from 1939 to 1944 when it took almost as 
 many hours as 00 m. Potatoes and sweet- 
 potatoes also increased in acreage or 
 production and in labor requirements dur¬ 
 ing this period. Beef oattle and hogs 
 were more important in 1944 than in 1939 
 but broilers provided the outstanding 
 increase of 140 percent which required 
 almost proportionately more labor since 
 the opportunities for labor efficiencies 
 with increased volume are limited. Broiler 
 production is nearly a year-round Job so 
 the labor distribution is rather uniform, 
 as it is for all livestock. Seasonal Jobs 
 on crops cause seme variations in the dis¬ 
 tribution of labor for all farm work.’May 
 ami June are the months of highest activity 
 with April and the other summer and fall 
 months not far behind. 
 
 Table 52.- Mnw+.My percentage distribution of labor required for farm work by enterprises, Delaware, 1944 
 
 Enterprise 
 
 * Jan. : 
 
 : : 
 
 Feb. 
 
 : March 
 : 
 
 5 April 
 
 | May 
 
 5 June 
 : 
 
 j July 
 
 | Aug. 
 
 ;sept. 
 
 • 
 
 * Oct. 
 
 : 
 
 : Hov. 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 ! Dec 
 : 
 
 
 : Pot. 
 
 Pot. 
 
 Pot. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pot. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pot. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pot 
 
 Corn 
 
 : 1 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 11 
 
 14 
 
 14 
 
 5 
 
 1 
 
 13 
 
 17 
 
 15 
 
 6 
 
 Oats 
 
 
 
 19 
 
 26 
 
 
 15 
 
 22 
 
 11 
 
 7 
 
 
 
 
 Wheat 
 
 : 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 12 
 
 31 
 
 36 
 
 12 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 All feed and food grains 
 
 : 1 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 9 
 
 11 
 
 14 
 
 9 
 
 7 
 
 14 
 
 15 
 
 12 
 
 5 
 
 Clover and timothy hay 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 
 55 
 
 20 
 
 15 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 
 All hay 
 
 ! U 
 
 1/ 
 
 3 
 
 6 
 
 8 
 
 28 
 
 14 
 
 16 
 
 14 
 
 9 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 Fruits, berries & tree nuts 
 
 : f 
 
 z 
 
 7 
 
 4 
 
 16 
 
 24 
 
 6 
 
 9 
 
 8 
 
 7 
 
 5 
 
 4 
 
 Truok, market & farm gardens 
 
 : 1/ 
 
 2 
 
 6 
 
 10 
 
 19 
 
 17 
 
 15 
 
 16 
 
 11 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 i 
 
 Potatoes 
 
 : 1/ 
 
 4 
 
 11 
 
 7 
 
 14 
 
 11 
 
 20 
 
 3 
 
 8 
 
 16 
 
 4 
 
 2 
 
 Sweetpotatoes 
 
 
 2 
 
 5 
 
 16 
 
 14 
 
 5 
 
 5 
 
 5 
 
 37 
 
 n 
 
 
 
 All crops 
 
 : 1 
 
 2 
 
 4 
 
 9 
 
 15 
 
 17 
 
 11 
 
 11 
 
 12 
 
 10 
 
 6 
 
 2 
 
 Horses and mules 
 Milk cows 
 Other oattle 
 Hogs 
 
 Chickens 
 
 All livestock 
 Farm maintenance 
 
 All farm work 
 
 7 
 9 
 
 17 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 14 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 8 
 
 7 
 
 6 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 15 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 9 
 
 8 
 
 10 
 
 7 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 8 
 
 4 
 
 7 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 11 
 
 9 
 
 8 
 
 2 
 
 6 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 11 
 
 9 
 
 8 
 
 2 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 8 
 
 12 
 
 10 
 
 9 
 
 8 
 
 2 
 
 9 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 11 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 8 
 
 3 
 
 10 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 8 
 
 4 
 
 10 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 9 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 7 
 9 
 
 17 
 
 11 
 
 8 
 8 
 
 l/ Less than 0.5 percent. 
 
MARYLAND 
 
 Table 53.- Estimated man-hours of labor required for farm work 
 by enterprises, Maryland, 1939 and 1944 
 
 Enterprise 
 
 1939 
 
 : 1944 
 
 
 • 
 
 Number 
 of : 
 
 hours ' 
 
 Per¬ 
 
 centage 
 
 of 
 
 total 
 
 ’ Number 
 
 : of : 
 
 ) hours 
 
 Per¬ 
 
 centage 
 
 of 
 
 total 
 
 
 'thousands 
 
 Percent 
 
 Thousands 
 
 Percent 
 
 Corn 
 
 23,H5 
 
 15.2 
 
 20,786 
 
 13.1 
 
 Oats 
 
 550 
 
 .4 
 
 581 
 
 .4 
 
 Wheat 
 
 5,377 
 
 3.5 
 
 5,536 
 
 3.5 
 
 Other feed and food grains 
 
 1,811 
 
 1.2 
 
 1,861 
 
 1.2 
 
 Clover and timothy hay 
 
 2,453 
 
 1.6 
 
 2,023 
 
 1.3 
 
 Other hay 
 
 2,526 
 
 1.7 
 
 2,722 
 
 1.7 
 
 Tobacco 
 
 12,360 
 
 8.1 
 
 12,261 
 
 7.7 
 
 Fruits, berries & tree nuts 
 
 5,065 
 
 3.3 
 
 4,052 
 
 2.6 
 
 Truck and market gardens 
 
 13,107 
 
 8.6 
 
 19,136 
 
 12.1 
 
 Farm gardens 
 
 4,443 
 
 2.9 
 
 4,665 
 
 2.9 
 
 Potatoes 
 
 1,366 
 
 .9 
 
 2,520 
 
 1.6 
 
 Sweetpotatoes 
 
 1,120 
 
 .7 
 
 1,064 
 
 .7 
 
 Other crops 
 
 877 
 
 .6 
 
 944 
 
 .6 
 
 All crops 
 
 74,170 
 
 1+8.7 
 
 78.151 
 
 49 . 
 
 Horses and mules 
 
 9,162 
 
 6.0 
 
 7,848 
 
 4.9 
 
 Milk cows 
 
 29,100 
 
 19.1 
 
 27,981 
 
 17.7 
 
 Other cattle 
 
 2,6l6 
 
 1.7 
 
 2,851 
 
 1.8 
 
 Hogs 
 
 2,820 
 
 1.8 
 
 3,023 
 
 1.9 
 
 Chickens 
 
 9,603 
 
 6.3 
 
 13,486 
 
 8.5 
 
 Other livestock 
 
 2.254 
 
 1.5 . 
 
 2,176 
 
 1.4 
 
 All livestock 
 
 55,555 
 
 36.1+ 
 
 57.365 
 
 36.2 
 
 Farm maintenance 
 
 22.759 
 
 14.9 
 
 22,759 
 
 14.4 
 
 All farm work 
 
 152.484 
 
 100.0 
 
 1 ? 8,275 
 
 100.0 
 
 Slightly under a half of the man-hours 
 required for all farm work in Maryland 
 is for crops, a little over a third for 
 livestock, and about 15 percent for farm 
 maintenance. Corn, tobacco, and truok, 
 including market gardens are the most 
 important crops, and require approximately 
 two-thirds of the orop labor. Milk cows 
 take about a half and chickens approxi¬ 
 mately a fifth of the hours required for 
 livestock. Crops required about 4 million 
 more man-hours in 1944 than in 1939 . The 
 requirements for com decreased about 2 
 million hours even though the acres and 
 yield were about the same, and for fruit, 
 berries, and tree nuts about a million 
 because of a third lees production. But 
 the hours for truck crops and market 
 gardens increased 6 million since produc¬ 
 tion went up over 50 percent, and for 
 potatoes more than a million. The re¬ 
 quirements for potatoes, while compara¬ 
 tively small, almost doubled. Several 
 enterprises contribute, but the labor 
 peak in June is caused chiefly by fruits, 
 hay, corn, tobacco, and truck crops. 
 Requirements for the two latter orops 
 during August result in an almost equally 
 high peak. 
 
 Table 54.- Monthly percentage distribution of labor required for farm work by enterprises, Maryland, 1944 
 
 Percentage distribution of labor 
 
 Enterprise 
 
 T ~ : 
 
 Jan. # 
 
 Feb. 
 
 |March 
 
 )April 
 
 ! May 
 
 | June 
 
 ; July 
 
 ; Aug. 
 
 )3ept. 
 
 ; oct. 
 
 ; Nov. 
 
 1 Dec. 
 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Com 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 14 
 
 12 
 
 11 
 
 4 
 
 1 
 
 14 
 
 17 
 
 16 
 
 6 
 
 Oats 
 
 
 
 19 
 
 26 
 
 
 14 
 
 23 
 
 10 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 
 Wheat 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 12 
 
 25 
 
 30 
 
 15 
 
 13 
 
 3 
 
 
 All feed and food grains 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 10 
 
 9 
 
 12 
 
 9 
 
 8 
 
 15 
 
 16 
 
 12 
 
 4 
 
 Clover and timothy hay 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 
 55 
 
 20 
 
 15 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 
 All hay 
 
 1/ 
 
 1/ 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 34 
 
 17 
 
 17 
 
 11 
 
 7 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 Tobacco 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 16 
 
 4 
 
 20 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 3 
 
 2 
 
 Fruits, berries & tree nuts 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 7 
 
 5 
 
 21 
 
 28 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 6 
 
 4 
 
 3 
 
 Truck, market & farm gardens : 1/ 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 17 
 
 17 
 
 18 
 
 24 
 
 10 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1/ 
 
 Potatoes 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 12 
 
 8 
 
 12 
 
 10 
 
 26 
 
 4 
 
 7 
 
 12 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 Sweetpotatoes 
 
 
 2 
 
 5 
 
 18 
 
 15 
 
 5 
 
 5 
 
 5 
 
 35 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 All crops 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 4 
 
 8 
 
 12 
 
 16 
 
 12 
 
 15 
 
 12 
 
 9 
 
 6 
 
 2 
 
 Horses and mules 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 8 
 
 7 
 
 Milk cows 
 
 9 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 Other cattle 
 
 17 
 
 14 
 
 15 
 
 10 
 
 4 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 10 
 
 17 
 
 Hogs 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 11 
 
 Chickens 
 
 9 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 10 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 8 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 All livestock 
 
 9 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 Farm maintenance 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 10 
 
 12 
 
 6 
 
 9 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 12 
 
 10 
 
 7 
 
 All farm work 
 
 5 
 
 5 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 11 
 
 12 
 
 10 
 
 11 
 
 10 
 
 9 
 
 7 
 
 5 
 
 T7 Lees than 0.5 percent. 
 
- 41 - 
 
 VIRGINIA 
 
 Table 55.- Estimated man-hours of labor required for farm work 
 by enterprises, Virginia, 1939 and 1944 
 
 Enterprise 
 
 Com 
 
 Oats 
 
 Wheat 
 
 Other feed and food grains 
 Cotton 
 
 Clover and timothy hay 
 Other hay 
 
 Peanuts ploked and threshed 
 Tobaooo 
 
 Fruits, berries & tree nuts 
 
 Truck and market gardens 
 
 Farm gardens 
 
 Potatoes 
 
 Sweetpotatoes 
 
 Other crops 
 
 All crops 
 
 Horses and mules 
 Milk cows 
 Other cattle 
 Hogs 
 
 Chickens 
 Other livestock 
 
 All livestock 
 
 Farm maintenance 
 
 All farm work 
 
 1944 
 
 Number : 
 
 of [ 
 
 hours [ 
 
 Per¬ 
 
 centage 
 
 of 
 
 total 
 
 : Number ' 
 
 [ of | 
 
 : hours [ 
 
 Per¬ 
 
 centage 
 
 of 
 
 total 
 
 Thousands 
 
 Percent 
 
 Thousands 
 
 Percent 
 
 60,745 
 
 14.2 
 
 54,589 
 
 12.9 
 
 1,697 
 
 .4 
 
 2,476 
 
 .6 
 
 10,088 
 
 2.4 
 
 9,464 
 
 2.2 
 
 3,552 
 
 .8 
 
 3,166 
 
 .7 
 
 3,5^9 
 
 .3 
 
 5,472 
 
 1.3 
 
 3,692 
 
 .9 
 
 3,394 
 
 .8 
 
 8,902 
 
 2.1 
 
 10,775 
 
 2.5 
 
 10,952 
 
 2.6 
 
 11,250 
 
 2.7 
 
 74,820 
 
 17.5 
 
 65,778 
 
 15.5 
 
 18,531 
 
 4.3 
 
 18,346 
 
 4.3 
 
 9,665 
 
 2.3 
 
 9,085 
 
 2.1 
 
 19,935 
 
 4.7 
 
 17,144 
 
 4.1 
 
 4,988 
 
 1.2 
 
 4,429 
 
 1.1 
 
 4,160 
 
 1.0 
 
 4,092 
 
 1.0 
 
 3.480 
 
 .8 
 
 3,12^. 
 
 .7 
 
 : 235.756 
 
 56.0 
 
 222.584 
 
 
 s 21,996 
 : 56,700 
 : 8,105 
 : 8,397 
 : 21,585 
 : 7.696 
 
 5.1 
 
 13.3 
 
 1.9 
 
 2.0 
 
 5.1 
 
 1.8 
 
 21,204 
 
 62,716 
 
 9,645 
 
 9,627 
 
 27,070 
 
 7.7?8 
 
 : 
 
 5.0 : 
 14.8 s 
 2.3 : 
 
 2.3 : 
 
 6.4 : 
 1.8 : 
 
 s 124.479 
 
 29.2 
 
 138.060 
 
 32.6": 
 
 • 63.117 
 
 14.8 
 
 63,117 . 
 
 14.9 t 
 
 : 426.352 
 
 100.0 
 
 423.761 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 100.0 : 
 
 Virginia agriculture is very diverse, 
 ranging from cattle ranches to inten¬ 
 sively cultivated truok-crop areas. 
 
 Livestock takes a little less than a 
 third and crops more than half of the 
 labor for all farm work. Tobacco, al¬ 
 though it occupies less than 5 percent 
 of the harvested cropland acreage takes 
 almost a third of the crop labor. Com 
 requires the next largest amount of 
 labor and is followed by truck crops, 
 gardens and fruits. Cattle, mainly milk 
 cows, take more than a half, and chickens 
 and horses and mules each require a little 
 less than a fifth of all direct livestock 
 labor. Labor for crops decreased approx¬ 
 imately 7 percent from 1939 ho 1944; com 
 and tobacoo showed the bulk of the decrease 
 because of fewer aores and lower production. 
 Increases occurred in cotton, hay, and 
 peanuts. More hours were required to care 
 for each kind of livestock, except horses 
 and mules, in 1944. Because of relatively 
 greater production, milk cows and chickens 
 required 11.5 of the 13.6 million hours 
 increase for all livestock. Several Jobs 
 on crops in June result in the high labor 
 demand of which completion of planting and 
 cultivating com and tobacoo, and haying 
 are the most important. Harvesting com 
 and fruit cause an equally high peak in 
 October. 
 
 fable 56.- Monthly percentage distribution of labor required for fan work by enterprises, Virginia, 1944 
 
 Percentage distribution of labor 
 
 Enterprise 
 
 1 Jan. [ Feb. [March [ April [ May [ June [ July [ Aug. [ Sept.j Oct. [ Nov. [Dec. 
 
 Pet. Pet. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pet. Pet. Pet. Pet- Pet. Pet. Pot. 
 
 Com 1 1 
 
 Oats : 1 
 
 Wheat ! 1 
 
 All feed and food grains : 1 
 
 Cotton s 3 
 
 Clover and timothy hay : 
 
 All hay ! 1/ 
 
 Peanuts picked and threshed : 
 
 Tobacco S 2 
 
 Fruits, berries & tree nuts : 6 
 
 Truck, market & farm gardens : 2 
 
 Potatoes S 5 
 
 Sweetpotatoes t 
 
 All crops i 2 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 Horses and mules t 8 
 
 Milk cows : 9 
 
 Other cattle s 12 
 
 Hogs 5 7 
 
 Chickens ' 8 
 
 All livestock : 9 
 
 Farm maintenance t 7 
 
 All farm work : 5 
 
 1/ Lees than 0.5 percent” 
 
 2 
 
 4 
 
 12 
 
 13 
 
 12 
 
 6 
 
 15 
 
 10 
 
 1 
 
 23 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 2 
 
 4 
 
 10 
 
 11 - 
 
 11 
 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 6 
 
 19 
 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 55 
 
 1/ 
 
 5 
 
 4 
 
 3 
 
 24 
 
 V 
 
 3 
 
 5 
 
 16 
 
 17 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 10 
 
 13 
 
 7 
 
 9 
 
 6 
 
 13 
 
 7 
 
 2 
 
 6 
 
 8 
 
 12 
 
 19 
 
 16 
 
 14 
 
 11 
 
 13 
 
 18 
 
 
 4 
 
 6 
 
 11 
 
 27 
 
 2 
 
 4 
 
 6 
 
 11 
 
 14 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 11 
 
 12 
 
 9 
 
 6 
 
 5 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 9 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 10 
 
 11 
 
 10 
 
 8 
 
 5 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 10 
 
 n 
 
 7 
 
 1 / 
 
 17 
 
 18 
 
 8 
 
 6 
 
 18 
 
 11 
 
 8 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 25 
 
 43 
 
 13 
 
 8 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 10 
 
 7 
 
 17 
 
 16 
 
 6 
 
 5 
 
 5 
 
 
 10 
 
 28 
 
 20 
 
 6 
 
 20 
 
 15 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 
 14 
 
 13 
 
 13 
 
 20 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 5 
 
 3 
 
 7 
 
 27 
 
 16 
 
 1 
 
 20 
 
 21 
 
 14 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 3 
 
 5 
 
 5 
 
 15 
 
 13 
 
 9 
 
 5 
 
 11 
 
 7 
 
 6 
 
 18 
 
 6 
 
 3, 
 
 16 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 1/ 
 
 7 
 
 
 2 
 
 34 
 
 9 
 
 
 12 
 
 11 
 
 13 
 
 14 
 
 7 
 
 4 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 5 
 
 5 
 
 5 
 
 7 
 
 11 
 
 12 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 11 
 
 8 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 n 
 
 7 
 
 6 
 
WEST VIRGINIA 
 
 Table 57.- Estimated man-hours of labor required for farm work 
 by enterprises, West Virginia, 1939 and 1944 
 
 Ehterprise 
 
 1939 s 
 
 1944 
 
 
 Number 8 
 of 1 
 hours 8 
 
 Per- 8 
 centage 8 
 of 8 
 total s 
 
 Number s 
 of : 
 hours * 
 s 
 
 Per¬ 
 
 centage 
 
 of 
 
 total 
 
 « 
 
 # 
 
 
 Thousands 
 
 Percent Thousands 
 
 Percent 
 
 
 Com 
 
 21,848 
 
 14.3 
 
 18,211 
 
 12.5 
 
 • 
 
 # 
 
 Oats 
 
 1,374 
 
 .9 
 
 1,189 
 
 .8 
 
 
 Wheat 
 
 2,998 
 
 2.0 
 
 2,208 
 
 T75 
 
 
 Other feed and food grains 
 
 770 
 
 .5 
 
 570 
 
 •4 
 
 
 Clover and timothy hay 
 
 3,134 
 
 2.0 
 
 3,485 
 
 2 *4 
 
 
 Other hay 
 
 5,102 
 
 3.5 
 
 4,882 
 
 373 
 
 
 Tobacco 
 
 1,066 
 
 .7 
 
 984 
 
 .7 
 
 
 Fruits, berries & tree nuts 
 
 10,439 
 
 6.8 
 
 8,978 
 
 6.2 
 
 
 Truck and market gardens 
 
 3,924 
 
 2.6 
 
 2, 3b4 
 
 1.6 
 
 
 Farm gardens 
 
 10,025 
 
 6.5 
 
 8,020 
 
 5.5 
 
 
 Potatoes 
 
 2,592 
 
 1.7 
 
 2,44a 
 
 1.7 
 
 
 
 637 
 
 •4 
 
 738 
 
 .5 
 
 
 All crops 
 
 63.909 
 
 41.7 
 
 54.067 
 
 37.1 
 
 
 Horses and mules 
 
 9,180 
 
 6.0 
 
 9,180 
 
 6.5 
 
 
 Milk cows 
 
 33,040 
 
 21.6 
 
 33,255 
 
 22.8 
 
 
 Other cattle 
 
 6,948 
 
 4.5 
 
 7,434 
 
 5.1 
 
 
 Hogs 
 
 3,035 
 
 2.0 
 
 5,070 
 
 2.1 
 
 
 Chickens 
 
 8,661 
 
 5.6 
 
 10,768 
 
 7.4 
 
 
 
 5.441 
 
 3.6 
 
 5.064 
 
 373 
 
 
 All livestock 
 
 66.305 
 
 43.3 
 
 68.771 
 
 47.2 
 
 
 
 22.966 
 
 15.0 
 
 22.966 
 
 15.7 
 
 
 All farm work 
 
 153.180 
 
 100.0 
 
 145.804 
 
 100.0 
 
 
 As fanning in West Virginia is largely 
 animal husbandry based on pasture land, 
 a greater proportion of the farm labor is 
 required by livestock than any other 
 State in the South Atlantic Division, ex¬ 
 cept Delaware. From a labor-requirement 
 standpoint, milk cows are most important, 
 then chickens and horses and mules. Of 
 the crop labor, corn takes about a third, 
 truck and gardens about a fifth, and 
 fruit and hay slightly less than a fifth 
 each. Ths hours required for livestock 
 increased about 4 percent from 1939 to 
 1944 but those for crops went deem enough 
 to cause a 5-percent decrease in all fam 
 work. Decreased production of practicafl- 
 ly all crops but mainly of c om, fruits, 
 and vegetables caused the lower labor 
 demand. Volume of hay and some minor 
 crops was greater. Requirements for 
 chickens and beef cattle rose because of 
 greater numbers and production, but 
 remained relatively constant for other 
 kinds of livestock. Work on vegetables 
 is concentrated during the months from 
 May through August, on fruits during 
 July and September, on com during May, 
 June, September, and October, c*i oats 
 during April and July. April through 
 September are all busy months. 
 
 Table 58.- Monthly percentage distribution of labor required for farm work by enterprises, West Virginia, 
 
 Enterprise : jan. 
 
 : Pet. 
 
 Com 8 1 
 
 Oats * 1 
 
 Wheat * 1 
 
 All feed and food grains : 1 
 
 Clover and timothy hay s 
 
 All hay * V 
 
 Tobacco 8 ? 
 
 Fruits, berries & tree nuts s 6 
 
 Truck, market & farm gardens t 1/ 
 
 Potatoes 8 3 
 
 All crops 8 2 
 
 Horses and mules 8 7 
 
 Milk cows 8 8 
 
 Other cattle 8 17 
 
 Hogs 8 8 
 
 Chickens 8 8 
 
 All livestock s 9 
 
 Farm maintenance 
 
 Percentage distribu tion of labor. 
 
 Feb. 
 
 : March 
 
 2 
 
 *April 5 
 
 2 * 
 
 May 
 
 : June 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 3 
 
 5 
 
 9 
 
 15 
 
 14 
 
 3 
 
 12 
 
 24 
 
 3 
 
 5 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 5 
 
 9 
 
 13 
 
 12 
 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 
 30 
 
 1/ 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 4 
 
 21 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 5 
 
 4 
 
 17 
 
 8 
 
 10 
 
 5 
 
 5 
 
 8 
 
 1 
 
 5 
 
 9 
 
 12 
 
 21 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 20 
 
 15 
 
 15 
 
 3 
 
 6 
 
 8 
 
 10 
 
 14 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 14 
 
 15 
 
 10 
 
 4 
 
 2 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 6 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 9 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 11 
 
 7 
 
 July s Aug. s Sept.; Oct. * Nov. # 
 _ 2 t * * * 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 6 
 
 1 / 
 
 16 
 
 20 
 
 8 
 
 28 
 
 15 
 
 5 
 
 4 
 
 1 
 
 25 
 
 22 
 
 30 
 
 13 
 
 4 
 
 9 
 
 4 
 
 17 
 
 18 
 
 7 
 
 45 
 
 15 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 34 
 
 16 
 
 10 
 
 5 
 
 1 
 
 19 
 
 12 
 
 24 
 
 
 2 
 
 11 
 
 5 
 
 11 
 
 15 
 
 10 
 
 17 
 
 21 
 
 9 
 
 5 
 
 1/ 
 
 7 
 
 9 
 
 14 
 
 9 
 
 1 
 
 15 
 
 9 
 
 14 
 
 12 
 
 5 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 10 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 8 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 7 
 
 11 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 9 
 
 _ All farm work 
 
 1/ Less than 0.5 percent. 
 
 9 10 10_9 10 9 L 
 
 1944 
 
 Dec. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 y 
 
 9 
 
 6 
 
 1 / 
 
 2 
 
 7 
 9 
 
 17 
 
 11 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 8 
 7 
 
- 43 - 
 
 NORTH CAROLINA 
 
 Table 59.- Estimated man-hours of labor required for farm work 
 by enterprises, North Carolina, 1939 and 1944 
 
 1939 i_1944_t 
 
 Enterprise 
 
 ' Number 
 
 i t 
 
 hours 8 
 
 Per- s 
 centage: 
 of t 
 
 total * 
 
 Number \ 
 of . 
 hour 8 
 
 • 
 
 Per¬ 
 
 centage 
 
 of 
 
 total 
 
 
 iThousands 
 
 Percent Thousands 
 
 Percent 
 
 Com 
 
 I 105,006 
 
 10.2 
 
 100,696 
 
 9.9 
 
 Oats 
 
 : 5,910 
 
 .4 
 
 4,786 
 
 .5 
 
 Wheat 
 
 t 8,877 
 
 .9 
 
 10,047 
 
 1.0 
 
 Other feed and food grains 
 
 j 2,974 
 
 .5 
 
 3,624 
 
 .3 
 
 Cotton 
 
 j 99,109 
 
 9.6 
 
 126,349 
 
 12.4 
 
 Clover and timothy hay 
 
 t 617 
 
 .1 
 
 533 
 
 • 1 
 
 Other hay 
 
 i 15,459 
 
 1.5 
 
 16,692 
 
 1*6 
 
 Peanuts picked and threshed 
 
 j 18,865 
 
 1.8 
 
 21,064 
 
 2.1 
 
 Tobacco 
 
 t 432,076 
 
 41.8 
 
 370,404 
 
 56*4 
 
 Fruits, berries & tree nuts 
 
 i 12,527 
 
 1.2 
 
 12,652 
 
 1.2 
 
 Truck and market gardens 
 
 s 8,361 
 
 .8 
 
 7,525 
 
 .7 
 
 Farm gardens 
 
 s 26,191 
 
 2.5 
 
 24,358 
 
 2.4 
 
 Potatoes 
 
 : 5,993 
 
 .6 
 
 5,647 
 
 .6 
 
 Sweetpotatoes 
 
 t 9,240 
 
 .9 
 
 9,204 
 
 .9 
 
 Other crops 
 
 All crops 
 
 Horses and mules 
 
 : 14.716 
 
 1.4 
 
 15.464 
 
 1*5 
 
 » 763.921 
 
 74.0 
 
 729.065 
 
 71.6 
 
 j 33,444 
 
 5.2 
 
 34,488 
 
 3.4 
 
 Milk ccws 
 
 t 47,740 
 
 4.6 
 
 53,511 
 
 5.2 
 
 Other cattle 
 
 I 4,478 
 
 .4 
 
 6,314 
 
 .6 
 
 Hogs 
 
 l 10,345 
 
 1.0 
 
 11,865 
 
 1.2 
 
 Chickens 
 
 j 20,190 
 
 2.0 
 
 31,162 
 
 3.0 
 
 Other livestock 
 
 s 4.661 
 
 .5 
 
 4.919 
 
 .5 
 
 All livestock 
 
 Farm maintenance 
 
 All farm work 
 
 s 120.858 
 
 11.7 
 
 142.059 
 
 13.9 
 
 j 147.528 
 
 14.5 
 
 147.528 
 
 14.5 
 
 d.052.307 
 
 100.0 1.018.652 
 
 100.0 
 
 Fanners in North Carolina harvest almost 
 twice as many acres and pounds of tobacco 
 than those of any other State in the 
 Union. Because of the high requirement 
 per acre tobacco takes more than a half of 
 the total crop hours even though it is 
 exceeded in acreage by several crops. All 
 crops require almost three—fourths of all 
 farm work and farm maintenance takes slight¬ 
 ly more than livestock. Care of work 
 stock, milk cows, and chickens constitute 
 the big livestock Jobs. Requirements for 
 all farm work decreased slightly fran 1959 to 
 1944 —those for crops were 5 percent lower 
 but those for livestock were almost a fifth 
 higher. Numbers or production of each 
 kind of livestock was higher as was the 
 labor required. Of the major crop require¬ 
 ments, those for wheat and cotton increased 
 because of greater yields on additional 
 acres, but labor for com and tobacco 
 went down, due to sharply decreased acre¬ 
 age despite a higher yield. Although the 
 open climate makes some winter work 
 possible the real rush of crop work starts 
 in the spring and the peak is reached in 
 June when cultivation of row crops and 
 harvesting of small grains and hay is in 
 full swing. Work on tobacco, grain, hay, 
 and cotton keeps the demand high from 
 June through October after which it drops 
 rapidly. 
 
 Table 60.- Monthly percentage distribution of labor required for farm work by enterprises, North Carolina, 1944 
 
 Enterprise 
 
 : 
 
 r 
 
 Jan. 
 
 ^ Feb. 
 
 1 
 
 'March 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 Perc 
 
 jApril 
 
 pn-hage (Ust.rihuti nr of lahor 
 
 J May ! June 1 July J Aug. : 
 
 { t : 2 
 
 Sept. : 
 
 Oct. 
 
 : Nov. 
 s 
 
 ! Dec. 
 
 
 < 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Cora 
 
 • 
 
 i 
 
 1 
 
 5 
 
 11 
 
 14 
 
 18 
 
 16 
 
 5 
 
 y 
 
 15 
 
 4 
 
 7 
 
 4 
 
 Oats 
 
 t 
 
 7 
 
 6 
 
 11 
 
 1 
 
 17 
 
 25 
 
 8 
 
 4 
 
 3 
 
 
 7 
 
 4 
 
 Wheat 
 
 t 
 
 5 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 16 
 
 18 
 
 13 
 
 11 
 
 32 
 
 5 
 
 
 AH feed and food grains 
 Cotton 
 
 » 
 
 • 
 
 * 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 5 
 
 9 
 
 1 
 
 12 
 
 2 
 
 16 
 
 7 
 
 16 
 
 21 
 
 6 
 
 5 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 14 
 
 20 
 
 7 
 
 27 
 
 7 
 
 12 
 
 4 
 
 3 
 
 Clover and timothy hay 
 
 t 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 55 
 
 20 
 
 15 
 
 4 
 
 18 
 
 
 
 All hay 
 
 s 
 
 • 
 
 1/ 
 
 1/ 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 8 
 
 14 
 
 11 
 
 10 
 
 20 
 
 5 
 
 c 
 
 Peanuts picked and threshed 
 
 * 
 
 • 
 
 
 y 
 
 3 
 
 5 
 
 16 
 
 17 
 
 5 
 
 3 
 
 7 
 
 27 
 
 16 
 
 1 
 
 Tobacco 
 
 t 
 
 3 
 
 5 
 
 2 
 
 4 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 20 
 
 22 
 
 12 
 
 7 
 
 5 
 
 3 
 
 Fruits, berries & tree nuts 
 
 t 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 14 
 
 16 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 8 
 
 6 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 Truck, market & farm gardens 
 
 * 
 
 • 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 6 
 
 9 
 
 14 
 
 24 
 
 11 
 
 4 
 
 3 
 
 19 
 
 6 
 
 H 
 
 Potatoes 
 
 • 
 
 * 
 
 5 
 
 14 
 
 11 
 
 7 
 
 12 
 
 20 
 
 12 
 
 5 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 z 
 
 Sweetpotatoes 
 
 • 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 12 
 
 28 
 
 7 
 
 
 2 
 
 32 
 
 8 
 
 
 All crops 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 6 
 
 10 
 
 14 
 
 13 
 
 13 
 
 13 
 
 12 
 
 7 
 
 3 
 
 Horses and mules 
 
 > 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 Milk cows 
 
 2 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 8 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 Other cattle 
 
 i 
 
 12 
 
 11 
 
 12 
 
 9 
 
 6 
 
 5 
 
 5 
 
 5 
 
 5 
 
 7 
 
 11 
 
 12 
 
 Hogs 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 9 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 12 
 
 8 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 5 
 
 12 
 
 10 
 
 11 
 
 Chickens 
 
 t 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 12 
 
 11 
 
 9 
 
 8 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 All livestock 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 8 
 
 Farm maintenance 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 All farm work 
 
 2 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 7 
 
 10 
 
 12 
 
 12 
 
 11 
 
 12 
 
 11 
 
 7 
 
 5 
 
 1/ Less than 0.5 percent. 
 
- 44 - 
 
 SOUTH CAROLINA 
 
 Table 6l. Estimated, man-hours of labor required for farm work 
 by enterprises. South Carolina, 1939 and 1944 
 
 Enterprise 
 
 1939 
 
 : 1944 
 
 
 Number * 
 of ; 
 hour8 | 
 
 Per¬ 
 
 centage 
 
 of 
 
 total 
 
 | Number * 
 
 ! of * 
 
 ’ hours ’ 
 
 Per¬ 
 
 centage 
 
 of 
 
 total 
 
 
 Thousands 
 
 Percent 
 
 Thousands 
 
 Percent 
 
 Com 
 
 67,533 
 
 12.4 
 
 57,278 
 
 11.0 
 
 Oats 
 
 7,997 
 
 1.5 
 
 9,704 
 
 1.9 
 
 Wheat 
 
 4,527 
 
 .8 
 
 5,423 
 
 1.0 
 
 Other feed and food grains 
 
 1,426 
 
 .3 
 
 1,787 
 
 • 3 
 
 Cotton 
 
 188,464 
 
 34.7 
 
 172,427 
 
 33.2 
 
 All hay 
 
 11,673 
 
 2.2 
 
 10,510 
 
 2.0 
 
 Peanuts picked and threshed 
 
 1,156 
 
 .2 
 
 2,544 
 
 .5 
 
 Tobacco 
 
 71,994 
 
 13.3 
 
 63,728 
 
 12.2 
 
 Fruits, berries & tree nuts 
 
 4,422 
 
 .8 
 
 4,996 
 
 1.0 
 
 Truck and market gardens 
 
 8,762 
 
 1.6 
 
 8,762 
 
 1.7 
 
 Farm gardens 
 
 12,828 
 
 2.4 
 
 13,593 
 
 2.6 
 
 Potatoes 
 
 1,940 
 
 .3 
 
 1,905 
 
 .4 
 
 Sweetpotatoes 
 
 6,600 
 
 1.2 
 
 8,712 
 
 1.7 
 
 Other crops 
 
 18,011 
 
 3.3 
 
 18,171 
 
 . 3.5 
 
 All crops 
 
 407,353" 
 
 75.0 
 
 379,545 
 
 73.0 
 
 Horses and mules 
 
 18,558 
 
 3.4 
 
 17,892 
 
 3.4 
 
 Milk cows 
 
 22,100 
 
 4.1 
 
 23,553 
 
 4.5 
 
 Other cattle 
 
 2,246 
 
 .4 
 
 2,987 
 
 .6 
 
 Hogs 
 
 5,643 
 
 1.0 
 
 5,699 
 
 1.1 
 
 Chickens 
 
 8,666 
 
 1.6 
 
 11,487 
 
 2.2 
 
 Other livestock 
 
 1.827 
 
 .4 
 
 2,295 
 
 .-5 
 
 All livestock 
 
 59,040 
 
 10.9 
 
 63,913 
 
 12.3 
 
 Farm maintenance 
 
 76,649 
 
 14.1 
 
 76,649 
 
 14.7 
 
 All farm work 
 
 543,042 
 
 100.0 
 
 520.107 
 
 100.0 
 
 A variety of crops is grown in South 
 Carolina and requires a higher propor- 
 tion--about three-fourths--of the farm 
 labor than in any other State. The rest 
 is divided between livestock and farm 
 maintenance, with the latter taking the 
 larger amount. Cotton takes about 46 
 percent of the crop labor, tobacco a 
 little under a fifth, and com around 15 
 percent, and they occupy about 25 and 33 
 percent, respectively, of the harvested 
 cropland. Horses and mules, mainly work 
 mules, take almost as much time as m-iIk 
 cows and together they require about two- 
 thirds of the direct labor on livestock. 
 Chiokens take a little less than a fifth. 
 The harvested acreage of crops was 6 per¬ 
 cent lower in 1944 than in 1939 and the 
 man-hours required were down 7 percent. 
 Acres of cotton and tobacco were lower 
 but the labor required was down relatively 
 less as yields increased significantly. 
 Acreage and hours for com were also lower 
 but those for farm gardens, sweetpotatoes, 
 peanuts, wheat, and seme other minor crops 
 were higher. Labor for each of the im¬ 
 portant kinds of livestock, except horses 
 and mules, was higher because of greater 
 production. The distribution of all farm 
 'work parallels that on crops as they are 
 so important. September, October, and 
 June, in order of Importance, are the 
 months during which most labor is required. 
 
 Table 62. Monthly percentage distribution of labor required for farm work by enterprises. South Carolina, 1944 
 
 Enterprise 
 
 
 
 Percentage distribution 
 
 of labor 
 
 
 
 
 
 Jan. j 
 
 Feb. 
 
 'March 
 
 ]April 
 
 ; May 
 
 ; June ; 
 
 July 
 
 i Aug. 
 
 |Sept. 
 
 ; Oct. 
 
 1 Nov. 
 
 • 
 
 )Dec. 
 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pot. 
 
 Pot. 
 
 Com 
 
 6 
 
 9 
 
 13 
 
 11 
 
 16 
 
 13 
 
 3 
 
 1/ 
 
 16 
 
 4 
 
 7 
 
 2 
 
 Oats 
 
 
 5 
 
 5 
 
 
 15 
 
 21 
 
 8 
 
 k 
 
 5 
 
 23 
 
 11 
 
 3 
 
 Wheat 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 17 
 
 17 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 32 
 
 8 
 
 
 All feed and food grains 
 
 5 
 
 8 
 
 11 
 
 9 
 
 14 
 
 14 
 
 5 
 
 1 
 
 14 
 
 9 
 
 8 
 
 2 
 
 Cotton 
 
 1/ 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 6 
 
 9 
 
 13 
 
 10 
 
 4 
 
 28 
 
 21 
 
 4 
 
 2 
 
 All hay 
 
 1/ 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 10 
 
 13 
 
 13 
 
 11 
 
 7 
 
 21 
 
 15 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 Peanuts picked and threshed 
 
 \ 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 10 
 
 17 
 
 7 
 
 3 
 
 
 22 
 
 24 
 
 4 
 
 
 Tobacco 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 2 
 
 4 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 23 
 
 19 
 
 12 
 
 7 
 
 5 
 
 3 
 
 Fruits, berries & tree nuts 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 8 
 
 11 
 
 9 
 
 14 
 
 13 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 4 
 
 6 
 
 Truck, market & farm gardens 
 
 3 
 
 5 
 
 11 
 
 14 
 
 16 
 
 17 
 
 9 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 is 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 Potatoes 
 
 13 
 
 20 
 
 16 
 
 13 
 
 24 
 
 11 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 Sweetpotatoes 
 
 
 2 
 
 4 
 
 8 
 
 20 
 
 14 
 
 8 
 
 
 2 
 
 40 
 
 2 
 
 
 All crops 
 
 2 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 7 
 
 11 
 
 13 
 
 11 
 
 7 
 
 19 
 
 15 
 
 5 
 
 2 
 
 Horses and mules 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 Milk cows 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 8 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 Other cattle 
 
 12 
 
 11 
 
 12 
 
 9 
 
 6 
 
 5 
 
 5 
 
 5 
 
 5 
 
 7 
 
 11 
 
 12 
 
 Hogs 
 
 9 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 10 
 
 8 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 10 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 Chickens 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 12 
 
 11 
 
 9 
 
 8 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 All livestock 
 
 3 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 Farm maintenance 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 9 
 
 8 
 
 All farm work 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 8 
 
 10 
 
 11 
 
 10 
 
 8 
 
 15 
 
 il 
 
 6 
 
 4 
 
 1/ Lees than 0.5 percent. 
 
- 45 - 
 
 GEORGIA 
 
 Table 63 - Estimated man-hours of labor required for farm work 
 by enterprises, Georgia, 1939 and 1944 
 
 Enterprise 
 
 / 
 
 Corn 
 
 Oats 
 
 Wheat 
 
 Other feed and food grains 
 Cotton 
 
 Clover and timothy hay 
 Other hay 
 
 Peanuts picked and threshed 
 Tobacco 
 
 Fruits, berries & tree nuts 
 
 Truck and market gardens 
 
 Farm gardens 
 
 Potatoes 
 
 Sweetpotatoes 
 
 Other crops 
 
 All crops 
 
 Horses and mules 
 
 Milk cows 
 
 Other cattle 
 
 Hogs 
 
 Chickens 
 
 Other livestock 
 
 All livestock 
 
 Farm maintenance 
 
 _ All farm work 
 
 1 / Less than 0.05 percent. 
 
 1939 
 
 : 194^ 
 
 : 
 
 
 Per- 
 
 : , : 
 
 Per- 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 Number . 
 
 centage 
 
 . Number . 
 
 centage 
 
 • 
 
 of 
 
 of 
 
 j of : 
 
 of 
 
 : 
 
 hours . 
 
 total 
 
 hours . 
 
 1. 
 
 total 
 
 • 
 
 Thousands 
 
 Percent 
 
 Thousands 
 
 Percent 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 168,504 
 
 19.4 
 
 135, W 
 
 16.8 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 7,207 
 
 .8 
 
 9,222 
 
 1.2 
 
 « 
 
 • 
 
 3,443 
 
 .4 
 
 3,927 
 
 .5 
 
 • 
 
 1,913 
 
 .2 
 
 1,752 
 
 .2 
 
 : 
 
 227,484 
 
 26.2 
 
 174,560 
 
 21.7 
 
 t 
 
 39 
 
 1/ 
 
 30 
 
 1/ 
 
 : 
 
 13,809 
 
 1.3 
 
 11,939 
 
 1.5 
 
 * 
 
 42,210 
 
 4.8 
 
 65,175 
 
 8.1 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 55,576 
 
 6.4 
 
 48,941 
 
 6.1 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 13,635 
 
 1.5 
 
 15,5*+*+ 
 
 1.9 
 
 • 
 
 ■ 
 
 11,893 
 
 1.4 
 
 11,536 
 
 1.4 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 16,184 
 
 1.9 
 
 15,537 
 
 1.9 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 1,648 
 
 .2 
 
 1,930 
 
 .2 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 11,870 
 
 1.4 
 
 11,484 
 
 1.4 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 44.299 
 
 5.1 . 
 
 38,210 
 
 
 ; 
 
 "5^71r 
 
 71.1 
 
 545.26i: 
 
 .67 •<?- 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 : 
 
 s 32,472 
 
 3.7 
 
 30,420 
 
 3.8 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 J 45,625 
 
 5.3 
 
 44,954 
 
 5-6 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 : 8,552 
 
 1.0 
 
 13,854 
 
 1.7 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 : 12,322 
 
 1.4 
 
 12,194 
 
 1.5 
 
 • 
 
 : 16,443 
 
 1.9 
 
 a5,809 
 
 3.2 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 : 3.870 
 
 .4 
 
 4.107 
 
 _ 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 : 119.284 
 
 13.7 
 
 131.336 
 
 16.3 : 
 
 s 129.949 
 
 15.0 
 
 129,949 
 
 16.1 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 : 
 
 \ 868.947 
 
 100.0 
 
 806.552 
 
 100.0 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 t 
 
 Several crops are grown extensively In 
 Georgia, but only a few crops require 
 large numbers of man-hours. For example, 
 peaches are Important in the west-central 
 part of the State but from a farm-labor 
 standpoint they are relatively Insignifi¬ 
 cant as they take less than one percent 
 of all farm work. Cotton, corn, tobaoco, 
 and peanuts are the big labor-saving 
 crops. They take about four-fifths of 
 the crop labor. Milk cows, horses and 
 mules, and chickens taken together require 
 more than three-fourths of the man-hours 
 for all livestock. Although starting 
 from a low base in 1939 , production of 
 broilers increased tremendously and in 
 1944 Georgia was third among the States. 
 Broiler production was still secondary, 
 however, to egg production which in¬ 
 creased almost by half. Total hours for 
 nl 1 chickens increased 57 percent. Pro¬ 
 duction of beef also increased in the 5 
 years and the labor for it rose over 60 
 percent. However, the hours for all live¬ 
 stock went up only about 10 percent. Hours 
 for peanuts, alone among the four major 
 crops, increased because of a signifi¬ 
 cantly greater acreage and yield. Hours 
 for all crops went down about 12 percent. 
 During the early summer and fall months 
 farm work is from 2 to 3 times as large 
 as in December and January. 
 
 Table 64.- Montly percentage distribution of labor required for farm work by enterprises, Georgia, 1944 
 
 Percentage distribution of labor 
 
 Enterprise 
 
 ; Pci. 
 
 Corn 
 
 Oats 
 
 Wheat 
 
 All feed and food grains 
 COtton 
 
 Clover and timothy hay 
 All hay 
 
 Peanuts picked and threshed 
 Tobacco 
 
 Fruits, berries & tree nuts 
 Truck, market & farm gardens 
 Potatoes 
 Sweetpotatoes 
 
 All crops 
 
 Horse 8 and mules 
 Milk cows 
 Other cattle 
 Hogs 
 
 Chickens 
 
 All livestock 
 Fana maintenance 
 
 All farm work 
 
 2 
 
 5 
 
 5 
 
 V 
 
 1 
 
 5 
 1 
 
 6 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 11 
 
 9 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 8 
 
 TctT 
 
 Pot. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pct7 
 
 • 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pot. 
 
 Pot. 
 
 10 
 
 13 
 
 14 
 
 17 
 
 13 
 
 
 1/ 
 
 11 
 
 9 
 
 5 
 
 5 
 
 
 12 
 
 28 
 
 6 
 
 3 
 
 5 
 
 28 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 24 
 
 14 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 31 
 
 9 
 
 12 
 
 13 
 
 16 
 
 14 
 
 1 
 
 
 11 
 
 11 
 
 3 
 
 5 
 
 13 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 2 
 
 8 
 
 24 
 
 16 
 
 
 6 
 
 
 20 
 
 45 
 
 18 
 
 11 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 7 
 
 10 
 
 11 
 
 11 
 
 10 
 
 19 
 
 18 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 10 
 
 17 
 
 7 
 
 3 
 
 
 22 
 
 24 
 
 1 / 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 2 
 
 13 
 
 50 
 
 19 
 
 
 
 z 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 9 
 
 14 
 
 7 
 
 5 
 
 12 
 
 4 
 
 11 
 
 13 
 
 20 
 
 21 
 
 6 
 
 2 
 
 10 
 
 12 
 
 18 
 
 19 
 
 10 
 
 13 
 
 15 
 
 11 
 
 3 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 9 
 
 23 
 
 20 
 
 1 
 
 
 19 
 
 23 
 
 5 
 
 7 
 
 12 
 
 13 
 
 11 
 
 7 
 
 6 
 
 15 
 
 13 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 11 
 
 7 
 
 11 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 9 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 9 
 
 11 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 8 
 
 11 
 
 8 
 
 7 
 6 
 
 8 
 8 
 8 
 
 10 
 
 11 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 6 
 
 9 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 6 
 
 9 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 10 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 6 
 
 9 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 12 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 7 
 9 
 
 8 
 8 
 
 5 
 
 11 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 8 
 7 
 4 
 
 7 
 
 4 
 
 liK 
 
 1 / 
 
 1 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 10 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 8 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 4 
 
 10 
 
 1 / 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 11 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 l/ Less than 0.5 percent. 
 
- 46 - 
 
 FLORIDA 
 
 Table 65 .- Estimated man-houre of labor required for farm work 
 by enterprises, Florida, 1939 and 1944 
 
 Enterprise 
 
 1939 
 
 • ig44 s 
 
 Number : 
 
 of | 
 
 hours : 
 
 • 
 
 Per¬ 
 
 centage 
 
 of 
 
 total 
 
 ! Number 5 
 
 : ^ ! 
 
 • hours | 
 
 Per- : 
 centage 
 of 
 total 
 
 {Thousands 
 
 Percent Thousands 
 
 Percent 
 
 Com 
 
 32,001 
 
 12.9 
 
 30,373 
 
 11.7 
 
 Oats 
 
 187 
 
 .1 
 
 754 
 
 •3 
 
 Other feed and food grains 
 
 83 
 
 1 / 
 
 84 
 
 1 / 
 
 Cotton 
 
 5,886 
 
 2.4 
 
 3,432 
 
 1.3 
 
 All hay 
 
 730 
 
 .3 
 
 841 
 
 .3 
 
 Peanuts picked and threshed 
 
 5,950 
 
 2.4 
 
 8,131 
 
 3.1 
 
 Tobacco 
 
 14,158 
 
 5.7 
 
 10,762 
 
 4.2 
 
 Fruits, berries & tree nuts 
 
 50,919 
 
 20.6 
 
 50,919 
 
 19.6 
 
 Truck and market gardens 
 
 30,778 
 
 12.5 ' 
 
 29,547 
 
 11.4 
 
 Farm gardens 
 
 5,420 
 
 2.2 
 
 6,341 
 
 2.5 
 
 Potatoes t 2,168 
 
 .9 
 
 2,113 
 
 .8 
 
 Sweetpotatoes 
 
 1,870 
 
 .8 
 
 2,260 
 
 .9 
 
 Other crops 
 
 18.324 
 
 7-4 
 
 20,839 
 
 8.1 
 
 All crops 
 
 1^8 " 
 
 68.2 
 
 166.396 
 
 64.2 
 
 Horses and mules 
 
 5,058 
 
 2.0 
 
 4,806 
 
 1.9 
 
 Milk cows « 13,560 
 
 5.5 
 
 16,501 
 
 6.4 
 
 Other cattle 
 
 10,380 
 
 4.2 
 
 20,760 
 
 8.0 
 
 Hogs 
 
 4,094 
 
 1.7 
 
 4,640 
 
 1.8 
 
 Chickens 
 
 5,473 
 
 2.2 
 
 5,774 
 
 2.2 
 
 Other livestock 
 
 2,756 
 
 1.1 
 
 2,730 
 
 1.0 
 
 All livestock 
 
 41!321 
 
 16.7 
 
 55,211 
 
 21.3 . 
 
 Farm maintenance 
 
 37.425 
 
 15.1 
 
 37,425 ... 
 
 14.5 
 
 All farm work 
 
 247,220 
 
 100.0 
 
 259.032 
 
 100.0 
 
 17 Less than 0.05 percent.' 
 
 The agriculture of Florida is 
 diversified from the standpoint of 
 both type of produot and season of 
 production. Cattle ranches exist 
 as do intensively cultivated truck- 
 crop areas. Around two-thirds of the 
 farm labor is required for crops, 
 about a fifth for livestock, and the 
 other 15 percent is used for farm 
 maintenance. Fruits, mainly oranges 
 and other citrus, take 30 percent of 
 the orop labor, truck crops and market 
 gardens 18 percent, and com subtly 
 more. Cattle, for both milk and beef, 
 take 60 percent or more of the live¬ 
 stock labor with chickens next in 
 importance. Production of cattle for 
 beef more than doubled from 1939 to 
 1944 and hours for beef cattle and other 
 kinds of livestock, except horses and 
 mules, were also greater. Hours for 
 all crops decreased slightly between 
 1939 and 1944. Those for fruits re¬ 
 mained about the same despite a slight 
 inorease in production. Hours for truck 
 crops and com went down, whereas those 
 for peanuts were higher because of in¬ 
 creased production of peanuts. The work 
 on winter vegetables and citrus fruit 
 is responsible for a more even monthly 
 distribution of labor than in most 
 States. March, />pril and May are the 
 months of highest labor demands; the 
 slack season for the State as a whole 
 is during July and August. 
 
 Table 66 .- Monthly percentage distribution of labor required for farm work by enterprises, Florida, 1944 
 
 Percentage distribution of labor 
 
 Enterprise 
 
 Jan. j 
 
 Feb. 
 
 [March 
 
 • 
 
 jApril 
 
 ; May 
 
 s June 
 : 
 
 : July • 
 
 • • 
 
 • • 
 
 Aug. 
 
 jSept. 
 
 : Oct. 
 
 { 
 
 J Nov. : 
 • • 
 
 • • 
 
 Deo. 
 
 
 Pot. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pot. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Cora 
 
 7 
 
 10 
 
 22 
 
 19 
 
 14 
 
 4 
 
 
 1/ 
 
 12 
 
 10 
 
 38 
 
 2 
 
 Oats 
 
 4 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 13 
 
 7 
 
 3 
 
 I/ 
 
 
 23 
 
 4 
 
 All feed and food grains 
 
 7 
 
 10 
 
 21 
 
 19 
 
 14 
 
 4 
 
 
 16 
 
 12 
 
 10 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 Cotton 
 
 5 
 
 4 
 
 10 
 
 19 
 
 11 
 
 9 
 
 
 24 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 U 
 
 All hay 
 
 1 / 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 5 
 
 7 
 
 15 
 
 12 
 
 12 
 
 18 
 
 16 
 
 7 
 
 4 
 
 Peanuts picked and threshed 
 
 2 
 
 4 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 12 
 
 14 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 29 
 
 18 
 
 3 
 
 
 Tobacco 
 
 2 
 
 
 4 
 
 11 
 
 8 
 
 26 
 
 38 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 8 
 
 1 
 
 FruitB, berries & tree nuts 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 11 
 
 9 
 
 7 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 6 
 
 9 
 
 Truck, market & farm gardens 
 
 13 
 
 15 
 
 12 
 
 14 
 
 9 
 
 4 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 10 
 
 Potatoes 
 
 16 
 
 13 
 
 15 
 
 16 
 
 10 
 
 18 
 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 13 
 
 Sweetpotatoes 
 
 
 0 
 
 3 
 
 12 
 
 24 
 
 1 
 
 
 20 
 
 20 
 
 
 
 All crops 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 12 
 
 13 
 
 11 
 
 9 
 
 5 
 
 4 
 
 8 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 Horses and mules 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 Milk cows 
 
 9 
 
 Q 
 
 9 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 Other cattle 
 
 10 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 Hogs 
 
 9 
 
 8 
 
 7 
 
 9 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 Chickens 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 11 
 
 11 
 
 9 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 All livestock 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 Farm maintenance 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 11 
 
 12 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 8 
 
 All farm work 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 11 
 
 10 
 
 8 
 
 7 
 
 6 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 7 
 
 l/ Less than 0.5 percent 
 
- 47 - 
 
 KEHTOCKY 
 
 Table 67.- Estimated man-hours of labor required for farm vork 
 by enterprises, Kentucky, 1939 and 1944 
 
 Enterprise 
 
 1939 
 
 19** — 
 
 „ , : Per¬ 
 
 il umer . centa ^ 0 
 
 „ of : of 
 
 hours : total 
 
 Humber 
 
 of 
 
 hours 
 
 Per¬ 
 
 centage 
 
 of 
 
 total 
 
 Com 
 
 Oats 
 
 Wheat 
 
 Other feed and food grains 
 
 Cotton 
 
 Alfalfa hay 
 
 Soybean hay 
 
 Other hay 
 
 Tobacco 
 
 Fruits, berries & tree nuts 
 
 Truck and market gardens 
 
 Farm gardens 
 
 Potatoes 
 
 Sweetpotatoes 
 
 Other crops 
 
 All crops 
 
 Horses and mules 
 Milk cows 
 Other cattle 
 Hogs 
 
 Chickens 
 Other livestock 
 
 All livestock 
 
 Farm maintenance 
 
 All farm vork 
 
 107,776 
 
 946 
 
 6,077 
 
 1,876 
 
 2,707 
 
 3,362 
 
 2,120 
 
 14,628 
 
 124,340 
 
 8,704 
 
 5,5*5 
 
 25,163 
 
 2,636 
 
 1,5*0 
 
 19.3 
 
 .2 
 
 1.1 
 
 .3 
 
 .5 
 
 .6 
 
 .4 
 
 2.6 
 
 22.2 
 
 1.5 
 
 1.0 
 
 4.5 
 .5 
 .3 
 
 102,556 
 
 1,036 
 
 6,895 
 
 3,191 
 
 2,190 
 
 3,23** 
 
 2,37* 
 
 13,210 
 
 135,001 
 
 7,136 
 
 7,763 
 
 26,421 
 
 2,322 
 
 1,824 
 
 17.7 
 
 .2 
 
 1.2 
 
 .6 
 
 .4 
 
 .5 
 
 .4 
 
 2.3 
 23.4 
 
 1.2 
 
 1.3 
 4.6 
 
 .4 
 • 3 
 .8 
 
 311.066 
 
 55.7 
 
 319.732 
 
 -a-i- 
 
 3*,336 
 70,200 
 11,751 
 15,712 
 23,239 
 10.189 
 
 6.1 
 
 12.6 
 
 2.1 
 
 2.8 
 
 *.2 
 
 1.8 
 
 32,576 
 
 75,228 
 
 13,396 
 
 16,789 
 
 28,152 
 
 9,538 
 
 5.6 
 
 13.0 
 
 2.3 
 
 2.9 
 
 *.9 
 
 lz 
 
 l65.*27 
 
 29.6 
 
 175,679— 
 
 30.4 
 
 82.*39 
 
 1*.7 
 
 82, *39. 
 
 l*-3 
 
 558,932 , 
 
 100.0 
 
 577.850, 
 
 100.0 
 
 In several areas of Kentucky the type of 
 farming differs radically, ranging from 
 the °nwii part-time farms in the eastern 
 mountains to the large livestock farms 
 in the bluegrass country and the broad 
 flat cotton farms in the Purchase area. 
 Tobacco is the principal cash crop, 
 whereas corn accounts for the largest 
 acreage and is grown by almost every 
 farmer for food, if not for livestock 
 feed. Crops take 55 percent of all 
 labor and livestock 30 percent. To¬ 
 bacco takes about two-fifths of the crop 
 labor, corn a third, farm gardens 8 per¬ 
 cent, and hay about 6 percent. Care of 
 horses and mules takes moire time than 
 for any other livestock enterprise 
 except milk cows. Production of milk 
 increased 12 percent from 1939 to 1944 
 »nA 7 percent more labor was required. 
 Hours for beef cattle, hogs, and chick¬ 
 ens also were higher because of greater 
 production. Crop labor increased be¬ 
 cause of more crop acres and more pro¬ 
 duction of fruit and truck crops. A 
 significantly higher yield of tobacco 
 along with soma increase in acreage 
 resulted in 9 percent more hours. Strip¬ 
 ping and marketing tobacco continues in 
 the fall after much of the other crop 
 work is out of the way, so the winter 
 lull starts later than in most States. 
 The months having the greatest labor 
 demands are June and September. 
 
 Table 68.- Monthly percentage distribution of labor required for farm work by enterprises, Kentucky, 19*4 
 
 Enterprise 
 
 Corn 
 
 Oats 
 
 Wheat 
 
 All feed and food grains 
 Cotton 
 Alfalfa hay 
 Soybean hay 
 All hay 
 Tobacco 
 
 Fruits, berries & tree nuts 
 Truck, market & farm gardens 
 Potatoes 
 Sweetpotatoes 
 
 All crops 
 
 Horses and mules 
 Milk cows 
 Other cattle 
 Hogs 
 
 Chickens 
 
 All livestock 
 Farm maintenance 
 
 All farm work 
 
 Jan. 
 
 Pet. Pet. 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 / 
 
 3 
 
 6 
 
 1 / 
 
 4 
 
 8 
 
 10 
 
 12 
 
 9 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 8 
 
 7 
 
 2 
 
 V 
 
 7 
 
 1 
 
 11 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 11 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 8 
 
 torch 
 
 i^erce 
 
 |April 
 
 ! May 
 
 aiaonui 
 
 e 
 
 ‘June 
 
 ; July ; 
 
 Aug. 
 
 )Sept. 
 
 \ Oct. 
 
 • 
 
 ‘ Hov. 
 
 | Dec. 
 
 Pot. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pot. 
 
 Pot. 
 
 Pot. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 4 
 
 8 
 
 17 
 
 18 
 
 5 
 
 1/ 
 
 13 
 
 16 
 
 12 
 
 6 
 
 12 
 
 13 
 
 8 
 
 33 
 
 14 
 
 9 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 1/ 
 
 2 
 
 
 16 
 
 21 
 
 13 
 
 19 
 
 24 
 
 3 
 
 
 4 
 
 8 
 
 16 
 
 18 
 
 6 
 
 1 
 
 14 
 
 16 
 
 11 
 
 5 
 
 2 
 
 6 
 
 13 
 
 12 
 
 4 
 
 
 22 
 
 27 
 
 9 
 
 3 
 
 
 5 
 
 20 
 
 20 
 
 18 
 
 17 
 
 1* 
 
 4 
 
 2 
 
 
 8 
 
 13 
 
 17 
 
 10 
 
 2 
 
 9 
 
 3* 
 
 7 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 8 
 
 13 
 
 11 
 
 12 
 
 15 
 
 28 
 
 3 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 7 
 
 12 
 
 8 
 
 15 
 
 14 
 
 2 
 
 18 
 
 11 
 
 7 
 
 9 
 
 25 
 
 12 
 
 10 
 
 9 
 
 7 
 
 4 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 5 
 
 16 
 
 18 
 
 13 
 
 13 
 
 5 
 
 12 
 
 16 
 
 1 
 
 1/ 
 
 18 
 
 5 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 28 
 
 4 
 
 6 
 
 4 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 20 
 
 22 
 
 9 
 
 3 
 
 
 11 
 
 3* 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 6 
 
 12 
 
 1* 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 14 
 
 11 
 
 12 
 
 7 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 12 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 11 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 11 
 
 9 
 
 11 
 
 9 
 
 8 
 
 6 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 9 
 
 8 
 
 5 
 
 7 
 9 
 
 8 
 
 11 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 5 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 8 
 
 11 
 
 8 
 
 7 
 
 5 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 10 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 5 
 
 8 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 11 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 7 
 9 
 
 8 
 8 
 
 10 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 11 
 
 9 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 10 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 12 
 
 9 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 1/ Less than 0.5 percent. 
 
- 48 - 
 
 TENNESSEE 
 
 Table 69.- Estimated man-hours of labor required for farm work 
 by enterprises, Tennessee, 1939 and 1944 
 
 Enterprise 
 
 1939 
 
 : 1944 
 
 Number : 
 
 of j 
 
 hours * 
 
 • 
 
 Per¬ 
 
 centage 
 
 of 
 
 total 
 
 : Number : 
 
 : of : 
 
 • hours : 
 
 Per¬ 
 
 centage 
 
 of 
 
 total 
 
 
 Thousands Percent 
 
 Thousands 
 
 Percent 
 
 Com 
 
 108,609 
 
 18.6 
 
 91,456 
 
 15.4 
 
 Oats 
 
 1,314 
 
 .2 
 
 2,535 
 
 .4 
 
 Wheat 
 
 6,564 
 
 1.1 
 
 7,254 
 
 1.2 
 
 Other feed and food grains 
 
 3,538 
 
 .6 
 
 4,343 
 
 .7 
 
 Cotton 
 
 96,324 
 
 16.5 
 
 105,730 
 
 17.8 
 
 Alfalfa hay 
 
 1,353 
 
 .2 
 
 1,776 
 
 • 3 
 
 Soybean hay 
 
 2,280 
 
 .4 
 
 2,655 
 
 .4 
 
 Other hay 
 
 18,943 
 
 3.2 
 
 14,591 
 
 2.5 
 
 Tobacco 
 
 39,906 
 
 6.8 
 
 38,385 
 
 6.5 
 
 Fruits, berries A tree nuts 
 
 9,709 
 
 1.7 
 
 7,961 
 
 1.3 
 
 Truck and market gardens 
 
 4,714 
 
 .8 
 
 11,361 
 
 1.9 
 
 Farm gardens 
 
 27,587 
 
 4.7 
 
 24,001 
 
 4.0 
 
 Potatoes 
 
 2,589 
 
 .5 
 
 2,376 
 
 .4 
 
 Sweetpotatoes 
 
 4,256 
 
 .7 
 
 5,074 
 
 .9 
 
 Other crops 
 
 7,592 
 
 1.3 
 
 7,931 
 
 1.3 
 
 All crops 
 
 335,278 
 
 57.3 
 
 327,429 
 
 55.0 
 
 Horses and mules 
 
 38,538 
 
 6.6 
 
 38,556 
 
 6.5 
 
 Milk cows 
 
 71,760 
 
 12,3 
 
 81,113 
 
 13.6 
 
 Other cattle 
 
 10,902 
 
 1.9 
 
 13,846 
 
 2.3 
 
 Hogs 
 
 14,500 
 
 2.5 
 
 15,672 
 
 2.7 
 
 Chickens 
 
 21,677 
 
 3.7 
 
 25,643 
 
 4.3 
 
 Other livestock 
 
 6,3.67 . 
 
 1.0 
 
 6,546 
 
 1.1 
 
 All livestock 
 
 I63!544 
 
 28.0 
 
 161,376 
 
 3 0.5 
 
 Farm maintenance 
 
 86,055 
 
 14.7 
 
 86,055 
 
 14.5 
 
 All farm work 
 
 53^877— 
 
 100.0 
 
 594,860 
 
 100.0 
 
 Fifteen type-of-farmlng areas are recognized 
 In Tennessee. The western counties specialize 
 In cotton production and it Is dominant on 
 many farms In other parte. Tobacco Is a 
 main cash crop on many farms In the central 
 part of the State and In the Tennessee 
 Valley. Livestock Is raised and corn la 
 grown generally over the State. Milk cows 
 require about 45 percent of the direct labor 
 an livestock, horses and mules a little 
 over a fifth, chickens around 15 percent, 
 and hogs and beef cattle most of the balance. 
 In 1939, corn required more labor than 
 cotton, but In 1944 the opposite was true. 
 
 This resulted, despite an Increase In 00m 
 acreage and a decrease In cotton acreage, 
 because of a third higher cotton yield. 
 
 Hours for truck crops and market gardens 
 more than doubled as did the production. 
 Tobacco labor was lower even though a 
 greater yield on fewer acres resulted In a 
 little higher production. All livestock 
 labor was 11 percent higher in 1944. Hours 
 for milk cows rose 13 percent, beef cattle 
 27, hogs 8, and chickens 18 percent, all 
 because of Increased production. Piling 
 up of harvest work on crops, mainly com 
 and cotton In October, results In this month 
 having the highest labor demands. Hours 
 are high, though, from early spring until 
 late fall with a lull in July and August. 
 
 Table 70.- Monthly percentage distribution of labor required for farm work by enterprises, Tennessee, 1944 
 
 Percentage distribution of labor 
 
 Enterprise 
 
 : Jan. 
 
 ; Feb. 
 
 : March 
 
 : April 
 
 ; May 
 
 : June 
 
 | July 
 
 ' Aug. 
 
 : Sept. 
 
 : Oct. 
 
 ; Nov. 
 
 Deo. 
 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pot. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pot. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Com 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 4 
 
 15 
 
 13 
 
 18 
 
 5 
 
 1/ 
 
 14 
 
 16 
 
 11 
 
 1 
 
 Oats 
 
 2 
 
 6 
 
 9 
 
 2 
 
 1/ 
 
 21 
 
 18 
 
 17 
 
 16 
 
 5 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 Wheat 
 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 21 
 
 15 
 
 13 
 
 19 
 
 25 
 
 3 
 
 
 All feed and food grains 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 4 
 
 13 
 
 12 
 
 18 
 
 6 
 
 2 
 
 15 
 
 16 
 
 10 
 
 1 
 
 Cotton 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 6 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 7 
 
 1 
 
 20 
 
 28 
 
 9 
 
 3 
 
 Alfalfa hay 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 7 
 
 19 
 
 20 
 
 18 
 
 16 
 
 12 
 
 4 
 
 2 
 
 
 Soybean hay 
 
 1/ 
 
 
 10 
 
 15 
 
 15 
 
 10 
 
 3 
 
 7 
 
 30 
 
 10 
 
 
 
 All hay 
 
 1 
 
 5 
 
 3 
 
 5 
 
 10 
 
 7 
 
 10 
 
 22 
 
 30 
 
 5 
 
 2 
 
 Tobacco 
 
 5 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 3 
 
 10 
 
 11 
 
 9 
 
 15 
 
 18 
 
 2 
 
 11 
 
 9 
 
 Fruits, berries A tree nuts 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 18 
 
 24 
 
 7 
 
 11 
 
 9 
 
 6 
 
 4 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 Truck, market A farm gardens 
 
 1/ 
 
 2 
 
 5 
 
 7 
 
 16 
 
 23 
 
 17 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 24 
 
 2 
 
 1/ 
 
 Potatoes 
 
 5 
 
 11 
 
 21 
 
 5 
 
 7 
 
 26 
 
 12 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 Sweetpotatoes 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 5 
 
 13 
 
 22 
 
 9 
 
 
 
 44 
 
 2 
 
 
 All crops 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 4 
 
 8 
 
 11 
 
 15 
 
 8 
 
 4 
 
 15 
 
 20 
 
 8 
 
 3 
 
 Horses and mules 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 Milk cows 
 
 10 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 Other cattle 
 
 12 
 
 11 
 
 12 
 
 9 
 
 6 
 
 5 
 
 5 
 
 5 
 
 5 
 
 7 
 
 11 
 
 12 
 
 Hogs 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 9 
 
 7 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 8 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 Chickens 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 9 
 
 8 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 All livestock 
 
 10 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 Farm maintenance 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 11 
 
 11 
 
 10 
 
 7 
 
 10 
 
 12 
 
 6 
 
 4 
 
 7 
 
 6 
 
 All farm work 
 
 _ 
 
 L 
 
 7 
 
 2 
 
 10 
 
 11 
 
 8 
 
 6 
 
 12 
 
 14 
 
 8 
 
 5 
 
 T7 Less than 0.5 percent. 
 
- 49 - 
 
 ALABAMA 
 
 Table 71.- Estimated man-hours of labor required for farm work 
 by enterprises, Alabama, 1939 and 1944 
 
 Enterprise 
 
 T W 
 
 Humber 
 
 of 
 
 hours 
 
 Per¬ 
 
 centage 
 of 
 
 : total 
 
 1944 
 
 Number 
 
 of 
 
 hours 
 
 Per¬ 
 
 centage 
 
 of 
 
 ,totfiJ- 
 
 : Thousands Percent Thousands Percent 
 
 Com 
 
 Oats 
 
 Wheat 
 
 Other feed and food grains 
 
 Cotton 
 
 Alfalfa hay 
 
 Soybean hay 
 
 Other hay 
 
 Tobaoco 
 
 Fruits, berries & tree nuts 
 
 Truck and market gardens 
 
 Farm gardens 
 
 Potatoes 
 
 Sweetpotatoe s 
 
 Other orops 
 
 All crops 
 
 Horses and mules 
 Milk cows 
 Other cattle 
 Hogs 
 
 Chickens 
 Other livestock 
 
 All livestock 
 
 Farm maintenance 
 
 __ All farm work 
 
 YJ Less than 0.05 percent. 
 
 147,136 
 
 20.7 
 
 130,959 
 
 18.8 
 
 1,756 
 
 .3 
 
 3,146 
 
 •5 
 
 117 
 
 1/ 
 
 343 
 
 1/ 
 
 779 
 
 .1 
 
 1,310 
 
 .2 
 
 221,340 
 
 31.2 
 
 201,177 
 
 28.9 
 
 no 
 
 1/ 
 
 162 
 
 U 
 
 5,060 
 
 .7 
 
 4,628 
 
 .7 
 
 8,687 
 
 1.2 
 
 8,826 
 
 1.3 
 
 230 
 
 .1 
 
 174 
 
 1/ 
 
 8,283 
 
 1.2 
 
 7,206 
 
 1.0 
 
 2,990 
 
 .4 
 
 3,708 
 
 .6 
 
 20,813 
 
 2.9 
 
 19,356 
 
 2.8 
 
 3,596 
 
 .5 
 
 3,957 
 
 .6 
 
 9,120 
 
 1.3 
 
 9,163 
 
 1.3 
 
 53.501 
 
 7.6 
 
 64,871 
 
 ■ill 
 
 483,518 ■. 
 
 68.2 
 
 458.986 
 
 66/0 
 
 32,616 
 
 4.6 
 
 31,536 
 
 4.5 
 
 49,125 
 
 6.9 
 
 52,897 
 
 7.6 
 
 8,816 
 
 1.2 
 
 12,431 
 
 1.8 
 
 8,166 
 
 1.1 
 
 9,732 
 
 1.4 
 
 15,288 
 
 2.2 
 
 17,976 
 
 2.6 
 
 3.387 
 
 .5 
 
 3,510. 
 
 •5— 
 
 U7.398 
 
 16.5 
 
 128.082 
 
 18.4 
 
 108,540 
 
 15.3 
 
 108,540 
 
 15.6 
 
 709.456 
 
 100.0 
 
 695,608 
 
 100.0 
 
 Although Alabama is generally thought of 
 as a cotton State, many other crops and 
 several kinds of livestock and livestock 
 products are produced. Crops take about 
 two-thirds of the farm labor with the rest 
 divided between livestock and farm main¬ 
 tenance, the former taking slightly more. 
 Cotton and com are by far the most im¬ 
 portant crops. Cotton is picked from 
 about a fourth of the harvested cropland 
 and takes around 45 percent of the crop 
 labor. Com occupies almost half of the 
 cropland and requires a little over a 
 fourth of the man-hours for all orops. 
 
 Cows for milk take more labor than any 
 other kind of livestock. They are 
 followed by horses and mules, and chick¬ 
 ens. The time required for all crops 
 decreased about 5 percent from 1939 bo 
 1944. Acres of both cotton and com were 
 down and the hours for them decreased 
 despite significantly higher yields. 
 Livestock labor increased about 9 peroent. 
 Cattle accounted for almost 70 percent of 
 the increase as quantity of milk produoed 
 was 13 percent greater and beef 45 percent 
 higher. The mild winter climate permits 
 an even distribution of work on livestock 
 as there is a minimum of feeding. Seme 
 field work is done throughout the winter 
 but the important tasks of planting, 
 cultivating, and harvesting cotton and 
 com, along with other work when these Jobs 
 are done, cause high labor peaks in April, 
 May, September, and October. 
 
 Table 72.- Monthly percentage distribution of labor required for farm work by enterprises, Alabama, 1944 
 
 Enterprise 
 
 Feb. 
 
 1March 
 
 )April 
 
 : May : 
 
 • • 
 
 June 
 
 jjuly 
 
 • 
 
 ; Aug. 
 
 1 Sept.; 
 
 • • 
 
 Oct. 
 
 ; Nov. 
 
 • 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 4 
 
 10 
 
 22 
 
 24 
 
 7 
 
 
 1/ 
 
 n 
 
 14 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 1 
 
 
 23 
 
 17 
 
 7 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 13 
 
 23 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 
 18 
 
 20 
 
 10 
 
 9 
 
 25 
 
 9 
 
 4 
 
 10 
 
 21 
 
 24 
 
 7 
 
 1/ 
 
 1/ 
 
 n 
 
 14 
 
 7 
 
 2 
 
 4 
 
 10 
 
 13 
 
 13 
 
 2 
 
 TT 
 
 24 
 
 21 
 
 5 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 5 
 
 22 
 
 18 
 
 17 
 
 15 
 
 13 
 
 3 
 
 2 
 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 20 
 
 30 
 
 4 
 
 2 
 
 22 
 
 18 
 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 12 
 
 21 
 
 7 
 
 n 
 
 18 
 
 19 
 
 5 
 
 
 4 
 
 10 
 
 7 
 
 25 
 
 40 
 
 n 
 
 
 14 
 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 14 
 
 9 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 5 
 
 5 
 
 12 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 21 
 
 20 
 
 n 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 24 
 
 5 
 
 1/ 
 
 15 
 
 21 
 
 13 
 
 14 
 
 13 
 
 5 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 5 
 
 5 
 
 22 
 
 18 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 36 
 
 6 
 
 
 3 
 
 6 
 
 14 
 
 18 
 
 10 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 18 
 
 17 
 
 6 
 
 Deo. 
 
 Pc't” 
 
 Com 
 
 Oats 
 
 Wheat 
 
 All feed and food grains 
 Cotton 
 Alfalfa hay 
 Soybean hay 
 All hay 
 Tobacco 
 
 Fruits, berries & tree nuts 
 Truck, market & farm gardens 
 Potatoes 
 Sweetpotatoes 
 
 All crops 
 
 Horses and mules 
 Milk cows 
 Other cattle 
 Hogs 
 
 Chickens 
 
 All livestock 
 Farm maintenance 
 
 All farm work 
 
 Pet. 
 
 2 
 
 5 
 
 3 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 1 / 
 
 2 
 
 6 
 
 3 
 
 12 
 
 3 
 
 2 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 11 
 
 9 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 4 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 11 
 
 10 
 
 12 
 
 10 
 
 11 
 
 9 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 11 
 
 9 
 
 12 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 9 
 
 8 
 
 4 
 
 14 
 
 8 
 
 7 
 6 
 5 
 
 8 
 7 
 
 10 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 12 
 
 4 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 6 
 
 8 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 10 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 6 
 
 10 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 14 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 7 
 
 10 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 14 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 10 
 
 8 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 2 
 
 1 / 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 7 
 
 ¥ 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 11 
 
 8 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 17 Less than 0.5 percent. 
 
- 50 - 
 MISSISSIPPI 
 
 Table 73.- Estimated man-hours of labor required for farm work 
 by enterprises, Mississippi, 1939 and 1944 
 
 
 t 
 
 1939 
 
 
 : 1944 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 
 e 
 
 • 
 
 Number 5 
 
 Per- 
 
 : Number * 
 
 Per- 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 Enterprise 
 
 t 
 
 of : 
 
 centage 
 
 1 of s 
 
 centage 
 
 e 
 
 e 
 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 hours : 
 
 of 
 
 : hours : 
 
 of 
 
 e 
 
 • 
 
 
 : 
 
 # 
 
 e 
 
 total 
 
 : : 
 
 total s 
 
 
 : Thousands Percent 
 
 Thousands Percent 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 Corn 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 e 
 
 137,637 
 
 16.5 
 
 118,597 
 
 13.9 
 
 • 
 
 e 
 
 : 
 
 Oats 
 
 : 
 
 2,372 
 
 - .3 
 
 7,528 
 
 .9 
 
 t 
 
 Wheat 
 
 e 
 
 • 
 
 32 
 
 1/ 
 
 512 
 
 .1 
 
 e 
 
 • 
 
 Other feed and food grains 
 
 • 
 
 e 
 
 951 
 
 .1 
 
 1,860 
 
 .2 
 
 : 
 
 Cotton 
 
 • 
 
 e 
 
 342,722 
 
 41.1 
 
 369,953 
 
 43.3 
 
 t 
 
 Alfalfa hay 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 1,943 
 
 .2 
 
 2,132 
 
 .2 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 Soybean hay 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 5,681 
 
 .7 
 
 4,752 
 
 .6 
 
 e 
 
 e 
 
 Other hay 
 
 • 
 
 e 
 
 9,683 
 
 1.2 
 
 11,206 
 
 1.3 
 
 e 
 
 • 
 
 Fruits, berries & tree nuts 
 
 e 
 
 • 
 
 3,481 
 
 .4 
 
 3,203 
 
 .4 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 Truck and market gardens 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 6,258 
 
 .7 
 
 6,009 
 
 .7 
 
 • 
 
 e 
 
 Farm gardens 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 31,915 
 
 3.8 
 
 30,958 
 
 3.6 
 
 e 
 
 e 
 
 Potatoes 
 
 e 
 
 • 
 
 1,359 
 
 .2 
 
 2,108 
 
 .2 
 
 e 
 
 e 
 
 Sweetpotatoee 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 7,845 
 
 .9 
 
 8,446 
 
 1.0 
 
 e 
 
 e 
 
 Other crops 
 
 e 
 
 • 
 
 27,302 
 
 3.3 
 
 23,139. 
 
 2.7 
 
 s 
 
 All crops 
 
 e 
 
 • 
 
 579,l8l 
 
 69.4 
 
 590.403 
 
 69.1 
 
 • 
 
 e 
 
 Horses and mules 
 
 : 
 
 : 
 
 37,757 
 
 4.5 
 
 38,284 
 
 4.5 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 e 
 
 Milk cows 
 
 • 
 
 e 
 
 60,170 
 
 7.2 
 
 62,293 
 
 7.3 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 Other cattle 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 11,228 
 
 1.3 
 
 13,024 
 
 1.5 
 
 : 
 
 Hogs 
 
 : 
 
 7,967 
 
 1.0 
 
 7,980 
 
 .9 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 Chickens 
 
 : 
 
 16,093 
 
 1.9 
 
 20,155 
 
 2.4 
 
 e 
 
 • 
 
 Other livestock 
 
 • 
 
 2.147 
 
 .3 
 
 2 1 207. 
 
 .3 
 
 1 
 
 All livestock 
 
 e 
 
 • 
 
 135.362 
 
 CVi 
 
 3 * 
 
 143.943 
 
 1^.9 
 
 
 Farm maintenance 
 
 : 
 
 e 
 
 • 
 
 119.821 
 
 14.4 
 
 119,821 
 
 14.0 
 
 
 All farm work 
 
 e 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 e 
 
 834,374 
 
 100.0 
 
 854.167 
 
 100.0 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 17 Less than 0.05 percent. 
 
 Mississippi ocntaina some of the best 
 producing cotton land in the country, 
 especially in the Delta and Brown Loam 
 areas where cotton is the principal crop. 
 Cotton takes a higher proportion of the v 
 farm labor than in any other State-- 
 over two-fifths of all vork and three- 
 fifths of the orop work. Com is the 
 next most important crop but hay and farm 
 gardens also take considerable vork. Milk 
 cows take over two-fifthe of the direct 
 labor on livestock, horses and mules a 
 little over a fifth, followed by chickens, 
 beef oattle, and hogs. The hours for 
 cotton increased over 27 million, or 
 about 8 percent from 1939 to 1944 because 
 of a sizable increase in yield and produc¬ 
 tion on fewer acres. Numbers and produc¬ 
 tion of livestock were generally greater 
 and livestock labor was 6 percent higher. 
 September, October, and May, in order of 
 importance, are the months of greatest 
 farm activity. In the spring and early 
 sunnier a great part of the farm work is 
 devoted to the preparation of land, plant¬ 
 ing, and cultivation and hoeing of cotton, 
 corn, end other crops. September and 
 Ootober are the extremely busy harvest 
 months. More than half of the vork an 
 cotton comes at this time and many other 
 crops are being gathered. 
 
 Table 74.- Monthly percentage distribution of labor required for farm work by enterprises, Mississippi, 1944 
 
 Enterprise 
 
 • 
 
 
 
 
 Percentage distribution of 
 
 labor 
 
 
 
 
 
 t 
 
 e 
 
 Jan. * 
 
 • 
 
 Feb. 
 
 • 
 
 e 
 
 March 
 
 |April 
 • 
 
 ! May 
 • 
 
 : June 
 : 
 
 ;juiy ; 
 
 Aug. 
 
 *Sept. 
 
 • 
 
 | Oct. 
 
 5 Nov. 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 s Deo. 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 
 e 
 
 e 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pot. 
 
 Pot. 
 
 Pot. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pot. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pot. 
 
 Pot. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Corn 
 
 : 
 
 t 
 
 1 
 
 4 
 
 16 
 
 19 
 
 27 
 
 7 
 
 
 1/ 
 
 9 
 
 12 
 
 5 
 
 
 Oats 
 
 • 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 1 
 
 
 21 
 
 19 
 
 11 
 
 5 
 
 1 
 
 11 
 
 20 
 
 2 
 
 Wheat 
 
 • 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 
 19 
 
 20 
 
 11 
 
 9 
 
 24 
 
 8 
 
 3 
 
 All feed and food grains 
 
 : 
 
 1 
 
 4 
 
 15 
 
 17 
 
 27 
 
 8 
 
 1 
 
 1/ 
 
 9 
 
 12 
 
 6 
 
 1/ 
 
 Cotton 
 
 : 
 
 
 1/ 
 
 1 
 
 6 
 
 12 
 
 13 
 
 5 
 
 3 
 
 30 
 
 24 
 
 5 
 
 1/ 
 
 Alfalfa hay 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 5 
 
 22 
 
 18 
 
 17 
 
 15 
 
 13 
 
 3 
 
 2 
 
 
 Soybean hay 
 
 : 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 12 
 
 12 
 
 10 
 
 4 
 
 8 
 
 26 
 
 18 
 
 
 
 All hay 
 
 e 
 
 • 
 
 1/ 
 
 2 
 
 5 
 
 7 
 
 10 
 
 12 
 
 9 
 
 14 
 
 20 
 
 18 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 Fruits, berries & tree nuts 
 
 e 
 
 • 
 
 Z 
 
 9 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 6 
 
 9 
 
 12 
 
 8 
 
 6 
 
 11 
 
 n 
 
 6 
 
 , / 
 
 Truck, market & farm gardens 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 11 
 
 15 
 
 25 
 
 12 
 
 3 
 
 1/ 
 
 1 
 
 22 
 
 2 
 
 y 
 
 Potatoes 
 
 e 
 
 • 
 
 7 
 
 21 
 
 16 
 
 4 
 
 19 
 
 18 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 38 
 
 20 
 
 2 
 
 6 
 
 Sveetpotatoe8 
 
 All crops 
 
 e 
 
 e 
 
 t 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 2 
 
 9 
 
 5 
 
 14 
 
 9 
 
 23 
 
 16 
 
 6 
 
 11 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 3 
 
 2 
 
 22 
 
 2 
 
 6 
 
 1 
 
 Horses and mules 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 Milk cows 
 
 s 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 Other cattle 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 11 
 
 10 
 
 11 
 
 9 
 
 7 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 10 
 
 11 
 
 Hogs 
 
 e 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 9 
 
 7 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 8 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 Chickens 
 
 : 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 12 
 
 11 
 
 9 
 
 8 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 All livestock 
 
 : 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 9 
 
 8 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 Farm maintenance 
 
 e 
 
 e 
 
 e 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 11 
 
 8 
 
 4 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 11 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 All farm work 
 
 e 
 
 e 
 
 e 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 7 
 
 9 
 
 13 
 
 11 
 
 6 
 
 5 
 
 17 
 
 16 
 
 6 
 
 3 
 
 1/ Lees than 0.5 percent 
 
- 51 - 
 
 ARKANSAS 
 
 Table 75.- Estimated man-hours of labor required for farm work 
 by enterprises, Arkansas, 1939 and 194k 
 
 Enterprise 
 
 1939 
 
 • "ToTO 
 
 • 
 
 Humber * 
 
 or : 
 
 hours * 
 
 Per¬ 
 
 centage 
 
 of 
 
 total 
 
 • Numb ei* ’ 
 
 ; of ; 
 
 ) hours ] 
 
 Per¬ 
 
 centage 
 
 of 
 
 total 
 
 
 Thousands Percent 
 
 Thousands Percent 
 
 Com 
 
 87,929 
 
 12.6 
 
 73,574 
 
 10.8 
 
 Oats 
 
 3,665 
 
 .5 
 
 5,639 
 
 ♦8 
 
 Sorghums, except sirup 
 
 2,521 
 
 .4 
 
 2,110 
 
 .3 
 
 Rice 
 
 5,472 
 
 .8 
 
 8,270 
 
 1.2 
 
 Wheat 
 
 651 
 
 .1 
 
 816 
 
 .1 
 
 Other feed and food grains 
 
 206 
 
 1 / 
 
 187 
 
 yJ 
 
 Cotton 
 
 290,409 
 
 41.6 
 
 269,551 
 
 39-6 
 
 Alfalfa hay 
 
 2,619 
 
 .4 
 
 2,248 
 
 .3 
 
 Other hay 
 
 19,940 
 
 2.9 
 
 20,672 
 
 3.1 
 
 Fruits, berries & tree nuts 
 
 13,146 
 
 1.9 
 
 11,568 
 
 1.7 
 
 Truck market gardens 
 
 4,223 
 
 .6 
 
 12,416 
 
 1.8 
 
 Farm gardens 
 
 19,922 
 
 2.8 
 
 19,125 
 
 2.8 
 
 Potatoes 
 
 2,626 
 
 .4 
 
 3,039 
 
 .5 
 
 Sveetpotatoes 
 
 2,835 
 
 .4 
 
 2,645 
 
 .4 
 
 Other crops 
 
 15.049 
 
 2.2 
 
 15.404 
 
 
 All crops 
 
 471,213 
 
 67.6 
 
 447.26k 
 
 
 Horses and mules 
 
 31,310 
 
 4.5 
 
 30,483 
 
 4.5 
 
 Milk cows 
 
 55,920 
 
 8.0 
 
 57,937 
 
 8.5 
 
 Other cattle 
 
 9,190 
 
 1.3 
 
 12,498 
 
 1.8 
 
 Hogs 
 
 10,979 
 
 1.6 
 
 9,531 
 
 1.4 
 
 Chickens 
 
 19,098 
 
 2.7 
 
 22,103 
 
 3.3 
 
 Other livestock 
 
 3.042 
 
 .4 
 
 3,211 . 
 
 - *5. — 
 
 All livestock 
 
 129,539 
 
 18.5 
 
 135,763 
 
 20.0 
 
 Farm maintenance 
 
 97.390 
 
 13.9 
 
 97,390 
 
 14.3 . 
 
 All farm work 
 
 698.142 
 
 100.0 
 
 680.417 
 
 100.0 
 
 17 Less than 0.05 percent. 
 
 Cotton Is an Important labor user In 
 most parts of Arkansas, especially In 
 the Mississippi, Arkansas, and Red River 
 bottom lands. Cotton requires about 
 three-fifths of all crop labor, corn a 
 little under a fifth, and the remainder 
 Is divided among various crops, chief of 
 which are hay, fruit, and truck and 
 garden crops. Milk cows take a little 
 more than two-fifths of the livestock 
 labor, horses and mules a little over a 
 fifth, chickens about 15 percent, and 
 another 15 percent Is divided almost 
 equally between beef cattle and hogs. 
 
 Time required for all farm work decreased 
 3 percent from 1939 to 19 kk because of 
 less time for crops. Man-hours for 
 cotton were lower because of fewer acres. 
 Labor for com, hay, and fruits also 
 decreased. Arkansas was third among the 
 States In production of ohlokens for 
 broilers in 1939 and the production had 
 Increased almost a fifth by 194k. This 
 Increase, along with greater production 
 of other chickens and eggs, required 16 
 percent more labor. Labor for milk cows 
 and other cattle was also higher but that 
 for hogs and horses and mules was lower. 
 More than 5 times as much labor is re¬ 
 quired during September and October, and 
 almost k times as much during June, as 
 Is required during January. 
 
 Table 76 .- Monthly percentage distribution of labor required for farm work by enterprises, Arkansas, 194k 
 ” ; Percentage distribution of labor . 
 
 Enterprise : Jan< • Feb . * March'.April 
 
 
 Pet. 
 
 • 
 
 Pet. 
 
 » 
 
 Pot. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Com 
 
 1 
 
 4 
 
 7 
 
 22 
 
 08tS 
 
 6 
 
 20 
 
 3 
 
 
 Sorghums, except sirup 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 5 
 
 12 
 
 Wheat 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 Rice 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 6 
 
 All feed and food grains 
 
 1 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 19 
 
 Cotton 
 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 5 
 
 Alfalfa hay 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 All hay 
 
 i/ 
 
 2 
 
 5 
 
 5 
 
 Fruits, harries & tree nuts 
 
 4 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 12 
 
 Truck, market & farm gardens 
 
 2 
 
 6 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 Potatoes 
 
 5 
 
 16 
 
 26 
 
 5 
 
 Sweetpotatoes 
 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 All crops 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 5 
 
 8 
 
 Horses and mules 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 Milk cows 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 Other cattle 
 
 12 
 
 11 
 
 12 
 
 9 
 
 Hogs 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 9 
 
 Chickens 
 
 8 
 
 10 
 
 12 
 
 11 
 
 All livestock 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 9 
 
 Farm maintenance 
 
 7 
 
 9 
 
 14 
 
 10 
 
 All farm work 
 
 3 
 
 5 
 
 7 
 
 9 
 
 l/ Less than 0.5 percent. 
 
 ; May ; June * July ; Aug. '.Sept. ' Oct. ; Nov. ; Dec. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pot. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 27 
 
 11 
 
 
 1/ 
 
 2 
 
 18 
 
 8 
 
 
 3 
 
 31 
 
 7 
 
 5 
 
 10 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 1 
 
 14 
 
 13 
 
 
 
 31 
 
 20 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 18 
 
 22 
 
 15 
 
 16 
 
 22 
 
 3 
 
 
 7 
 
 11 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 9 
 
 22 
 
 15 
 
 3 
 
 24 
 
 12 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 k 
 
 18 
 
 8 
 
 
 7 
 
 15 
 
 5 
 
 3 
 
 27 
 
 25 
 
 8 
 
 1 
 
 16 
 
 25 
 
 18 
 
 17 
 
 12 
 
 3 
 
 2 
 
 
 7 
 
 13 
 
 12 
 
 16 
 
 18 
 
 15 
 
 5 
 
 2 
 
 2k 
 
 9 
 
 11 
 
 10 
 
 3 
 
 9 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 18 
 
 19 
 
 9 
 
 6 
 
 3 
 
 19 
 
 2 
 
 1/ 
 
 8 
 
 lk 
 
 12 
 
 9 
 
 1 
 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 18 
 
 21 
 
 5 
 
 
 2 
 
 kl 
 
 2 
 
 
 12 
 
 lk 
 
 5 
 
 k 
 
 18 
 
 22 
 
 7 
 
 1 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 8 
 
 6 
 
 5 
 
 5 
 
 5 
 
 5 
 
 7 
 
 11 
 
 12 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 9 
 
 8 
 
 7 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 8 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 11 
 
 10 
 
 5 
 
 5 
 
 9 
 
 8 
 
 10 
 
 12 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 lk 
 
 17 
 
 8 
 
 3 
 
 L, 
 
- 52 - 
 
 LOUISIANA 
 
 Table 77.- Estimated man-hours of labor required for farm work 
 by enterprises, Louisiana, 1939 and 1944 
 
 Enterprise 
 
 1939 
 
 s 1944 
 
 
 Number ‘ 
 
 of : 
 
 hours ! 
 
 . 
 
 « 
 
 Per¬ 
 
 centage 
 
 of 
 
 total 
 
 5 Number : 
 
 ; of \ 
 
 ‘ hours : 
 
 • 0 
 
 0 0 
 
 Per¬ 
 
 centage 
 
 of 
 
 total 
 
 
 
 Thousands 
 
 Percent 
 
 Thousands 
 
 Percent 
 
 t 
 
 Com 
 
 68,341 
 
 12.4 
 
 51,381 
 
 10.3 
 
 t 
 
 • 
 
 0 
 
 Oats 
 
 1,049 
 
 .2 
 
 3,122 
 
 .6 
 
 i 
 
 Sorghums, except sirup 
 
 310 
 
 .1 
 
 340 
 
 .1 
 
 t 
 
 Rice 
 
 16,005 
 
 2.9 
 
 16,734 
 
 3.4 
 
 t 
 
 Cotton 
 
 158,908 
 
 28.7 
 
 129,220 
 
 25.9 
 
 t 
 
 Alfalfa hay 
 
 812 
 
 .1 
 
 700 
 
 .1 
 
 t 
 
 Other hay 
 
 5,899 
 
 1.1 
 
 5,570 
 
 1.1 
 
 t 
 
 Fruits, berries & tree nuts 
 
 21,625 
 
 3.9 
 
 17,084 
 
 3.4 
 
 t 
 
 Truck and market gardens 
 
 12,369 
 
 2.2 
 
 8,535 
 
 1.7 
 
 t 
 
 Farm gardens 
 
 21,215 
 
 3.8 
 
 17,184 
 
 5.5 
 
 t 
 
 Potatoes 
 
 2,452 
 
 .4 
 
 3,972 
 
 .8 
 
 t 
 
 Sweetpotatoes 
 
 10,450 
 
 1.9 
 
 11,624 
 
 2.5 
 
 t 
 
 Other crops 
 
 64.081 
 
 11.6 
 
 61.361 
 
 12.3 
 
 t 
 
 All crops 
 
 383.516 
 
 69.3 
 
 326.827 
 
 65.5 
 
 
 Horses and mules 
 
 24,778 
 
 4.5 
 
 24,498 
 
 4.9 
 
 t 
 
 Milk cows 
 
 52,900 
 
 5.9 
 
 33,343 
 
 6.7 
 
 > 
 
 Other cattle 
 
 13,182 
 
 2.4 
 
 14,237 
 
 2.8 
 
 t 
 
 Hogs 
 
 6,791 
 
 1.2 
 
 6,755 
 
 1.4 
 
 2 
 
 Chickens 
 
 9,642 
 
 i.e 
 
 11,351 
 
 2.3 
 
 2 
 
 Other livestock 
 
 3.115 
 
 .6 
 
 2.587 
 
 .5 
 
 i 
 
 All livestock 
 
 90.408 
 
 16.4 
 
 92.771 
 
 18.6 
 
 : 
 
 Farm maintenance 
 
 79.093 
 
 14.3 
 
 79.095 
 
 15.9 
 
 2 
 
 All farm work 
 
 >.5,,R.03L7 
 
 100.0 
 
 498.691 
 
 100.0 
 
 t 
 
 Table 78.- Monthly percentage distribution of labor required for farm 
 
 In addition to most of the crops general¬ 
 ly grown in the Southern States, Louisiana 
 produces considerable quantities of sugar¬ 
 cane and rice. Cotton is still the 
 dominant crop as it is picked from around 
 a quarter of the harvested cropland and 
 takes two-fifths of the crop labor. Com, 
 the next most important crop, takes 
 around a sixth of the crop labor. AH 
 crops require about two-thirds of all 
 farm work, livestock a little under a 
 fifth, and the rest is for farm mainte¬ 
 nance. Milk cows take 36 percent of 
 the direct labor on livestock, horses 
 and mules a little over a fourth, beef 
 cattle 15 percent, and chickens a 
 little over a tenth. Chickens had a 
 larger relative increase in labor 
 requirements from 1939 to 1944 than had 
 any other kind of livestock. This 
 resulted because production of broilers 
 almost tripled and eggs Increased a 
 third. Man-hours for all crops 
 decreased about 15 percent chiefly be¬ 
 cause of fewer acres of com and cotton, 
 labor requirements for rice, potatoes, 
 and sweetpotatoes increased. Crop 
 work is most pressing during the two 
 periods April-May and SepterJaer- 
 October. The livestock work is evenly 
 distributed because of the length of 
 the pasture season and the open winter 
 which make heavy feeding unnecessary. 
 
 The proportion of all farm work varies 
 by months from 5 percent in January, 
 
 July, and December to 14 percent in 
 September. 
 
 work by enterprises, Louisiana, 1944 
 
 Enterprise 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 Percentage distribution of 
 
 labor 
 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 Jan . 
 
 * Feb. 
 
 2 
 
 ■ March! 
 
 9 0 
 
 0 0 
 
 April! 
 
 May 
 
 • Jane 
 $ 
 
 * July • 
 
 : : 
 
 Aug. s 
 
 0 
 
 0 
 
 Sept. 5 
 
 Oct. 
 
 5 Nov. 
 
 s Dec. 
 
 
 i 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Corn 
 
 2 
 
 7 
 
 9 
 
 21 
 
 27 
 
 7 
 
 3 
 
 
 1/ 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 7 
 
 
 Oats 
 
 t 
 
 5 
 
 4 
 
 1 
 
 
 19 
 
 18 
 
 6 
 
 4 
 
 8 
 
 15 
 
 15 
 
 5 
 
 Sorghums, except sirup 
 
 i 
 
 2 
 
 5 
 
 10 
 
 19 
 
 7 
 
 5 
 
 
 14 
 
 52 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 Rice 
 
 S 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 4 
 
 8 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 4 
 
 16 
 
 28 
 
 20 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 All feed and food grains 
 
 2 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 16 
 
 22 
 
 7 
 
 4 
 
 1 
 
 4 
 
 14 
 
 12 
 
 7 
 
 
 Cotton 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 7 
 
 15 
 
 10 
 
 2 
 
 7 
 
 32 
 
 16 
 
 2 
 
 
 Alfalfa hay 
 
 0 
 
 9 
 
 
 2 
 
 5 
 
 5 
 
 22 
 
 18 
 
 17 
 
 15 
 
 13 
 
 3 
 
 2 
 
 
 All hay 
 
 X 
 
 1/ 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 14 
 
 9 
 
 8 
 
 24 
 
 15 
 
 9 
 
 5 
 
 1 
 
 Fruits, berries & tree nuts 
 
 2 
 
 11 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 29 
 
 7 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 5 
 
 9 
 
 8 
 
 Truck, market & farm gardens 
 
 t 
 
 1 
 
 5 
 
 12 
 
 14 
 
 19 
 
 9 
 
 5 
 
 3 
 
 7 
 
 21 
 
 5 
 
 1 
 
 Potatoes 
 
 t 
 
 16 
 
 19 
 
 11 
 
 14 
 
 18 
 
 7 
 
 3 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 6 
 
 Sweetpotatoes 
 
 i 
 
 
 2 
 
 15 
 
 16 
 
 22 
 
 7 
 
 3 
 
 
 2 
 
 33 
 
 2 
 
 
 All crops 
 
 t 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 9 
 
 12 
 
 14 
 
 7 
 
 2 
 
 5 
 
 18 
 
 15 
 
 8 
 
 2 
 
 Horses and mules 
 
 2 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 Milk cows 
 
 X 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 0 
 
 8 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 Other cattle 
 
 t 
 
 11 
 
 10 
 
 11 
 
 9 
 
 7 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 10 
 
 11 
 
 Hogs 
 
 2 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 9 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 Chickens 
 
 t 
 
 8 
 
 10 
 
 12 
 
 11 
 
 9 
 
 8 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 All livestock 
 
 2 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 9 
 
 8 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 Farm maintenance 
 
 0 
 
 0 
 
 7 
 
 10 
 
 14 
 
 8 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 11 
 
 10 
 
 5 
 
 5 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 All farm work 
 
 2 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 10 
 
 I1 
 
 11 
 
 7 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 14 
 
 12 
 
 8 
 
 5 
 
 1/ Less than 0.5 percent. 
 
- 53 - 
 
 OKLAHOMA 
 
 Table 79.- Estimated man-hours of labor required for farm work 
 by enterprises, Oklahoma, 1939 and 1944 
 
 Enterprise 
 
 
 1939 1 
 
 1944 
 
 
 I 
 
 > 
 
 t 
 
 ! 
 
 Number s 
 of , 
 hours ( 
 
 Per- s 
 centage* 
 of * 
 total * 
 
 Number 
 
 t 
 
 hours . 
 
 Per¬ 
 
 centage 
 
 of 
 
 total 
 
 
 
 <Thousands 
 
 Percent 
 
 Thousands 
 
 Percent 
 
 
 Com 
 
 S 
 
 t 
 
 56,323 
 
 10.2 
 
 57,232 
 
 9.7 
 
 
 Oats 
 
 t 
 
 14,149 
 
 2.6 
 
 13,098 
 
 2.2 
 
 
 Sorghums, except sirup 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 24,190 
 
 4.4 
 
 32,210 
 
 5.4 
 
 
 Wheat 
 
 : 
 
 24,401 
 
 4.4 
 
 24,972 
 
 4,2 
 
 
 Other feed and food grains 
 
 • 
 
 5,756 
 
 1.0 
 
 3,228 
 
 •5 
 
 
 Cotton 
 
 t 
 
 107,315 
 
 19.4 
 
 108,868 
 
 18.4 
 
 
 Alfalfa hay 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 4,046 
 
 .7 
 
 6,600 
 
 1.1 
 
 
 Other hay 
 
 t 
 
 10,660 
 
 1.9 
 
 15,666 
 
 2.7 
 
 
 Fruits, berries & tree nuts 
 
 l 
 
 6,089 
 
 1.1 
 
 5,480 
 
 •9 
 
 
 Truck and market gardens 
 
 t 
 
 5,848 
 
 .7 
 
 9,507 
 
 1.6 
 
 
 Farm gardens 
 
 l 
 
 11,869 
 
 2.1 
 
 14,955 
 
 <£ .5 
 
 
 Potatoes 
 
 t 
 
 1,626 
 
 .3 
 
 1,739 
 
 .3 
 
 
 Sweetpotatoes 
 
 t 
 
 1,065 
 
 .2 
 
 1,469 
 
 .3 
 
 
 
 * 
 
 8.067 
 
 1.5 
 
 18.030 
 
 s.i 
 
 
 All crops 
 
 * 
 
 279.404 
 
 50.5 
 
 313,054 
 
 52.9 
 
 
 Horses and mules 
 
 0 
 
 0 
 
 i 
 
 31,356 
 
 5.7 
 
 27,045 
 
 4.6 
 
 
 Milk cows 
 
 t 
 
 95,420 
 
 17.3 
 
 98,576 
 
 16.5 
 
 
 Other cattle 
 
 : 
 
 20,328 
 
 3.7 
 
 24,190 
 
 4.1 
 
 
 Hogs 
 
 t 
 
 13,191 
 
 2.4 
 
 11,604 
 
 2.0 
 
 
 Chickens 
 
 t 
 
 21,914 
 
 4.0 
 
 29,240 
 
 4.9 
 
 
 Other livestock 
 
 t 
 
 7.976 
 
 1.4 
 
 5.974 
 
 1.0 
 
 
 All livestock 
 
 i 
 
 190.185 
 
 54.5 
 
 196.429 
 
 33.2 
 
 
 Farm maintenance 
 
 l 
 
 t 
 
 82.554 
 
 15.0 
 
 82.554 
 
 13.9 
 
 
 All farm work 
 
 0 
 
 • 
 
 1 
 
 552.143 
 
 100.0 
 
 592.037 
 
 100.0 
 
 
 Feed and food grains constitute about 
 three-fourths of the harvested cropland 
 acreage in Oklahoma but they take less 
 than half of the crop labor. Cotton, 
 although it required more than a third of 
 the crop work, occupies only about a 
 tenth of the cropland. All crops take a 
 little more than half of all farm work 
 and livestock about a third. Milk ccws 
 take half of the direct labor on live¬ 
 stock, whereas chickens, beef cattle, 
 and horses and mules require from 10 to 
 15 percent each. Time required for all 
 farm work increased about 7 percent from 
 1939 to 1944. Acreage of cropland 
 harvested was about 8 percent greater but 
 time required for crops rose about 12 per¬ 
 cent as yields of most crops were 
 significantly higher. Cattle and 
 chickens accounted for all the increase 
 in livestock labor. Production of beef 
 was almost 30 percent greater and milk 
 8 percent. The time required for all 
 farm work increases gradually from 
 January through June. It decreases in 
 July as com and sorghums are laid by, 
 and as small-grain harvest and cotton 
 cultivation are about completed. It is 
 also low during August but picks up in 
 September and October when most of the 
 cotton and com is harvested and winter 
 6mall grains are seeded. 
 
 Table 80.- Monthly percentage distribution of labor required for farm work by enterprises, Oklahoma, 1944 
 
 .Percentage distribution of labor 
 
 Enterprise * j an . 
 
 t Pet . 
 
 i 
 
 Corn * 1 
 
 Oats * 10 
 
 Sorghums, except sirup i 1 
 
 Wheat * 
 
 All feed and food grains t 2 
 
 Cotton * 2 
 
 Alfalfa hay I 
 
 All hay * 1/ 
 
 Fruits, berries & tree nuts t 5 
 
 Truck, market & farm gardens t 2 
 
 Potatoes » 5 
 
 Sweetpotatoes s 
 
 All crope t 2 
 
 t 
 
 Horses and mules * 8 
 
 Milk cows i 9 
 
 Other cattle i 16 
 
 Hogs » 9 
 
 Chickens ? 8 
 
 t 
 
 AH livestock t 9 
 
 t 
 
 Farm maintenance t 8 
 
 t 
 
 _ All farm work t 5 
 
 1/ Less than 0.5 percent. 
 
 Feb. : March 5 April * May * June 
 _ 1 • * * 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 4 
 
 7 
 
 22 
 
 23 
 
 15 
 
 13 
 
 2 
 
 
 22 
 
 20 
 
 2 
 
 5 
 
 11 
 
 15 
 
 13 
 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 15 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 12 
 
 17 
 
 15 
 
 6 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 4 
 
 14 
 
 
 1 
 
 5 
 
 30 
 
 10 
 
 1/ 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 12 
 
 15 
 
 5 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 7 
 
 11 
 
 12 
 
 19 
 
 14 
 
 20 
 
 23 
 
 6 
 
 5 
 
 33 
 
 3 
 
 5 
 
 4 
 
 18 
 
 21 
 
 5 
 
 5 
 
 8 
 
 12 
 
 14 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 13 
 
 14 
 
 10 
 
 5 
 
 3 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 9 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 9 
 
 11 
 
 11 
 
 9 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 11 
 
 9 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 
 n 
 
 Q 
 
 in 
 
 n 
 
 July 
 
 ; Aug. 
 
 ; Sept.* 
 
 Oct. 
 
 ' Nov. 
 
 . 
 
 • 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 
 1/ 
 
 7 
 
 15 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 6 
 
 5 
 
 3 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 32 
 
 20 
 
 1 
 
 21 
 
 24 
 
 24 
 
 12 
 
 
 5 
 
 5 
 
 16 
 
 14 
 
 4 
 
 8 
 
 1 
 
 18 
 
 24 
 
 12 
 
 21 
 
 18 
 
 10 
 
 5 
 
 
 23 
 
 21 
 
 11 
 
 9 
 
 4 
 
 9 
 
 7 
 
 5 
 
 13 
 
 20 
 
 11 
 
 10 
 
 4 
 
 9 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 
 2 
 
 41 
 
 2 
 
 8 
 
 5 
 
 15 
 
 17 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 9 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 11 
 
 12 
 
 5 
 
 5 
 
 9 
 
 8 
 
 7 
 
 11 
 
 12 
 
 8 
 
 Dec. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 6 
 
 1 
 
 4 
 
 1 
 
 9 
 
 2 / 
 
 5 
 
 2 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 16 
 
 10 
 
 8 
 
 10 
 
 9 
 
 5 
 
- 54 - 
 
 TEXAS 
 
 ■fable 81.- Estimated man-hours of labor required for farm work 
 by enterprises, Texas, 1939 and 1944 
 
 Enterprise 1 
 
 1939 
 
 Number * 
 of * 
 hours 8 
 
 Per¬ 
 
 centage 
 
 of 
 
 total 
 
 s 1944 
 
 8 Number 8 
 
 8 of 8 
 
 8 hours 8 
 
 i t 
 
 Per¬ 
 
 centage 
 
 of 
 
 total 
 
 The agriculture of Texas varies tremen¬ 
 dously from types in which desert grazing 
 predominates to those in which intensive 
 production of fruits and vegetables is the 
 main line. In some areas livestock is ira- 
 
 Corn 
 
 
 Thousands 
 
 127,811 
 
 Percent 
 
 8.0 
 
 Thousands 
 
 124,575 
 
 Percent 
 
 7.7 
 
 portant but in the State as a whole it 
 takes only a little more than a fourth of 
 the farm labor, crops take about 58 percent, 
 
 Oats 
 
 
 15,804 
 
 1.0 
 
 14,636 
 
 .9 
 
 and farm maintenance the other 15 percent. 
 
 Sorghums, except sirup : 
 
 85,401 
 
 5.4 
 
 95,102 
 
 5.9 
 
 Cotton takes about half of the crop labor. 
 
 Rice 
 
 
 8,339 
 
 .5 
 
 10,976 
 
 .7 
 
 with com, sorghums, and truck crops re- 
 
 Wheat 
 
 
 11,543 
 
 .7 
 
 14,400 
 
 .9 
 
 quiring the next largest amounts. Wheat, 
 
 Other feed and food grains ! 
 
 1,539 
 
 .1 
 
 2,243 
 
 .1 
 
 although grown on a large acreage, takes 
 
 Cotton 
 
 
 487,032 
 
 30.5 
 
 421,758 
 
 26.2 
 
 relatively little labor as it i3 mainly han- 
 
 Alfalfa hay 
 
 
 3,248 
 
 .2 
 
 4,976. 
 
 .3 
 
 died with big machines. Milk cow3 take 
 
 Other hay 
 
 
 13,734 
 
 .9 
 
 17,546 
 
 1.1 
 
 more labor than any other livestock enter- 
 
 Fruits, berries & 
 
 tree nutsi 
 
 25,460 
 
 1.6 
 
 29,279 
 
 1.8 
 
 prise. In 1939, horses and mules took the 
 
 Truck and market 
 
 gardens : 
 
 56,137 
 
 3.5 
 
 90,381 
 
 5.6 
 
 next largest amount but in 1944 numbers of 
 
 Farm gardens 
 
 43,033 
 
 2.7 
 
 44,754 
 
 2.8 
 
 them were down and beef cattle required more 
 
 Potatoes 
 
 
 2,627 
 
 .2 
 
 4,060 
 
 .3 
 
 labor. The yield of cotton was higher in 
 
 Sweetpotatoes 
 
 
 6,430 
 
 .4 
 
 7,767 
 
 .5 
 
 1944 than in 1939 but the acreage was con- 
 
 Other crops 
 
 
 33.648 
 
 2*1 
 
 43.540 
 
 2.7 
 
 siderably reduced and fewer man-hours were 
 
 All 
 
 crops » 
 
 921.786 
 
 57.8 
 
 925.993 
 
 S.,7,5 
 
 required. Production of truck crops and 
 
 Horses and mules 
 
 71,976 
 
 4.5 
 
 54,388 
 
 3.4 
 
 market gardens increased about two-thirds 
 and the hour3 increased almost proportion- 
 
 Milk cows 
 
 
 173,280 
 
 10.9 
 
 174,940 
 
 10.9 
 
 ately. Although crop work continues through 
 
 Other cattle 
 
 
 67,185 
 
 4.2 
 
 70,544 
 
 4.4 
 
 the winter,especially on citrus fruit and 
 
 Hogs 
 
 
 20,998 
 
 1.3 
 
 22,678 
 
 1.4 
 
 and truck crops in the Lower Rio Grande 
 
 Chickens 
 
 
 47,652 
 
 3.0 
 
 62,041 
 
 3.8 
 
 Valley, considerably more is needed when 
 
 Other livestock 
 
 
 55.517 
 
 3.5 
 
 62.337 
 
 3.9 
 
 work on cotton and com starts in earnest. 
 
 All 
 
 livestock : 
 
 436.608 
 
 27.4 
 
 446.928 
 
 27.8 
 
 A breathing spell occurs in large areas 
 
 Farm maintenance 
 
 
 236.710 
 
 14.8 
 
 236.710 
 
 ;,4.7. 
 
 when cultivating and hoeing of corn and cot¬ 
 ton and the small-grain harvest are finished. 
 
 All 
 
 farm work : 
 
 1,595,104 
 
 100.0 
 
 1,609,631 
 
 100.0 
 
 but the year's greatest demand for labor 
 comes in the fall when cotton picking is in 
 
 full swing. 
 
 Table 82.- Monthly percentage distribution of labor required for farm work by enterprises, Texas, 1944 
 
 Enterprise 
 
 . 
 
 
 
 Percentage distribution of labor 
 
 
 
 
 
 : Jan. ; 
 
 Feb. 
 
 1 March* 
 s t 
 
 April! 
 
 I, 
 
 May j 
 
 June * 
 
 8 
 
 July j 
 
 Aug. j 
 
 Sept.j 
 
 Oct. 
 
 L 
 
 Nov. \ 
 
 Dec. 
 
 
 J Pet. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 £ct. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Ect. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Corn 
 
 t 1 
 
 8 
 
 14 
 
 18 
 
 25 
 
 11 
 
 
 1/ 
 
 8 
 
 11 
 
 4 
 
 
 Oats 
 
 * 10 
 
 7 
 
 
 1 
 
 28 
 
 18 
 
 7 
 
 3 
 
 5 
 
 14 
 
 4 
 
 3 
 
 Sorghums, except sirup 
 
 
 6 
 
 8 
 
 10 
 
 15 
 
 12 
 
 
 8 
 
 30 
 
 11 
 
 
 
 Wheat 
 
 
 
 
 
 10 
 
 24 
 
 18 
 
 17 
 
 19 
 
 12 
 
 
 
 Rice 
 
 t 2 
 
 2 
 
 4 
 
 8 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 4 
 
 16 
 
 28 
 
 20 
 
 5 
 
 1 
 
 All feed and food grains 
 
 1 1 
 
 6 
 
 9 
 
 12 
 
 20 
 
 13 
 
 2 
 
 5 
 
 17 
 
 12 
 
 3 
 
 1 / 
 
 Cotton 
 
 > 6 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 15 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 19 
 
 14 
 
 7 
 
 2 
 
 Alfalfa hay 
 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 5 
 
 20 
 
 15 
 
 15 
 
 14 
 
 15 
 
 12 
 
 . 1 
 
 
 All hay 
 
 8 1/ 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 11 
 
 16 
 
 16 
 
 20 
 
 12 
 
 10 
 
 5 
 
 2 
 
 Fruits, berries & tree nuts 
 
 » 23 
 
 12 
 
 9 
 
 7 
 
 4 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 5 
 
 3 
 
 5 
 
 11 
 
 8 
 
 Truck, market & farm gardens 
 
 : 10 
 
 11 
 
 11 
 
 12 
 
 16 
 
 7 
 
 4 
 
 3 
 
 5 
 
 8 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 Potatoes 
 
 « 10 
 
 10 
 
 12 
 
 14 
 
 14 
 
 13 
 
 9 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 5 
 
 5 
 
 5 
 
 Sweetpotatoes 
 
 
 6 
 
 8 
 
 S 
 
 22 
 
 11 
 
 3 
 
 
 2 
 
 41 
 
 2 
 
 
 All crops 
 
 t 5 
 
 5 
 
 7 
 
 10 
 
 13 
 
 12 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 15 
 
 12 
 
 6 
 
 5 
 
 Horses and mules 
 
 s 9 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 Milk ccrws 
 
 t 10 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 8 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 Other cattle 
 
 i 16 
 
 13 
 
 14 
 
 9 
 
 5 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 9 
 
 16 
 
 Hogs 
 
 t 9 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 9 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 Chickens 
 
 i 8 
 
 9 
 
 11 
 
 11 
 
 9 
 
 8 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 All livestock 
 
 » 10 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 9 
 
 8 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 10 
 
 Farm maintenance 
 
 t 9 
 
 n 
 
 10 
 
 8 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 11 
 
 10 
 
 4 
 
 6 
 
 10 
 
 9 
 
 All farm work 
 
 i 7 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 11 
 
 10 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 11 
 
 10 
 
 7 
 
 6 
 
 1 / Less than 0.5 percent. 
 
- 55 - 
 MONTANA 
 
 Table 85.- Es tins ted man-hours of labor required for farm work 
 by enterprises, Montana, 1959 and 1944 
 
 
 * 1959 
 
 J_1244 
 
 
 Enterprise 
 
 Number 
 
 of 
 
 hours 
 
 s Per¬ 
 centage 
 : of 
 < total 
 
 ' Number 
 
 s of 
 
 t hours 
 
 < Per¬ 
 
 centage 
 
 < of 
 
 < total 
 
 • 
 
 a 
 
 
 iThousands 
 
 Percent 
 
 Thousands 
 
 Percent 
 
 
 Corn 
 
 f 
 
 t 1,925 
 
 1.2 
 
 1,867 
 
 1.1 
 
 
 Oats 
 
 I 5,015 
 
 1.9 
 
 5,587 
 
 2.1 
 
 
 Sorghums, except sirup 
 
 I 142 
 
 .1 
 
 71 
 
 1/ 
 
 
 Barley 
 
 I 1,811 
 
 1.1 
 
 5,934 
 
 2.2 
 
 
 Wheat 
 
 t 21,955 
 
 15.7 
 
 20,391 
 
 11.7 
 
 
 Other feed and food grains 
 
 < 446 
 
 .5 
 
 181 
 
 .1 
 
 
 Alfalfa hay 
 
 » 11,210 
 
 7.0 
 
 12,344 
 
 7.1 
 
 
 Other hay 
 
 t 9,550 
 
 5.8 
 
 9,312 
 
 5.3 
 
 
 Sugar beets 
 
 < 7,195 
 
 4.5 
 
 5,584 
 
 3.2 
 
 
 Fruits, berries k tree nuts 
 
 t 786 
 
 .5 
 
 715 
 
 .4 
 
 
 Truck and market gardens 
 
 < 1,158 
 
 .7 
 
 961 
 
 •5 
 
 
 Farm gardens 
 
 < 2,295 
 
 1.4 
 
 2,915 
 
 1.7 
 
 
 Potatoes 
 
 t 854 
 
 .5 
 
 1,265 
 
 .7 
 
 
 Dry edible beans 
 
 » 627 
 
 .4 
 
 812 
 
 •5 
 
 
 Other crops 
 
 All crops 
 
 Horses and mules 
 
 I 1.470 
 
 .9 
 
 2.595 
 
 1.4 
 
 
 i 64.195 
 
 40.0 
 
 66.332 
 
 58.0 
 
 
 > 
 
 J 11,004 
 
 6.9 
 
 11,307 
 
 6.5 
 
 
 Milk cows 
 
 i 21,140 
 
 13.2 
 
 21,277 
 
 12.2 
 
 
 Other cattle 
 
 < 10,175 
 
 6.5 
 
 17,704 
 
 10.2 
 
 
 Sheep 
 
 i 21,688 
 
 13.5 
 
 22,556 
 
 12.9 
 
 
 Chickens 
 
 < 4,105 
 
 2.6 
 
 5,049 
 
 2.9 
 
 
 Other livestock 
 
 : 4.070 
 
 2.5 
 
 6.170 
 
 3.5 
 
 
 All livestock 
 
 j 72.182 
 
 45.0 
 
 84.063 
 
 48.2 
 
 
 Farm maintenance 
 
 < 
 
 « 24.067 
 
 15.0 
 
 24.067 
 
 13.8 
 
 
 All farm work 
 
 t 
 
 <160.444 
 
 100.0 
 
 174.462 
 
 100.0 
 
 
 i/ Less than 0.05 percent. 
 
 Wheat is the most Important crop In 
 Montana. It is cut—moetly combined— 
 from more than half of the harvested 
 cropland acreage and takes about a third 
 of the crop labor. Hay requires another 
 third of the crop labor. Sugar beets 
 require almost a tenth of the crop labor 
 even though the acreage Is relatively 
 small. Sheep take more labor than any 
 other livestock enterprise. They are 
 followed by milk cows, beef cattle, and 
 horses and mules. Man-hours of labor 
 required for all farm work increased 
 about 8 percent from 1939 to 1944. Hie 
 increase was caused chiefly by addi¬ 
 tional livestock numbers. Labor require¬ 
 ments for livestock rose 16 percent and 
 those for crops only 3 percent. Produc¬ 
 tion of beef rose substantially in the 
 period, and required about three-fourths 
 more labor. Fewer hours were required 
 for wheat in 1944 even though production 
 was about three-fifths greater chiefly 
 because of higher yields. Little work 
 an crops can be done before the latter 
 part of March but in April considerable 
 spring grain is seeded. Crop work Is 
 gradually heavier from then until 
 August when the crest is reached dinring 
 the small-grain harvest. After Septem¬ 
 ber the amount of crop vork drops 
 rapidly. 
 
 Table 84.- Monthly percentage distribution of labor required for farm work by enterprises, Montana, 1944 
 
 Percentage distribution of labor 
 
 Qiterprise 
 
 * Jan* 1 
 
 t t 
 
 Feb. * 
 * 
 
 March 
 
 jApril 
 
 * May 
 < ! 
 
 June : 
 
 July 
 
 Aug. ; 
 
 Sept.* 
 
 : 
 
 Oct. 
 
 * Nov. 1 
 t s 
 
 Dec. 
 
 
 t Pet. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Corn 
 
 t 1 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 8 
 
 21 
 
 18 
 
 6 
 
 3 
 
 19 
 
 9 
 
 8 
 
 2 
 
 Oats 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 18 
 
 13 
 
 4 
 
 11 
 
 27 
 
 16 
 
 7 
 
 
 
 Sorghums, except sirup 
 
 
 1 
 
 5 
 
 4 
 
 10 
 
 18 
 
 4 
 
 1 
 
 38 
 
 17 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 Barley 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 22 
 
 17 
 
 6 
 
 10 
 
 22 
 
 13 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 Wheat 
 
 
 
 
 15 
 
 9 
 
 5 
 
 11 
 
 28 
 
 24 
 
 8 
 
 2 
 
 
 All feed and food grains 
 
 a 
 
 a 
 
 
 1 
 
 16 
 
 12 
 
 4 
 
 11 
 
 25 
 
 22 
 
 7 
 
 2 
 
 
 Alfalfa hay 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 6 
 
 55 
 
 22 
 
 17 
 
 15 
 
 
 
 
 All hay 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 5 
 
 25 
 
 29 
 
 21 
 
 12 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 1/ 
 
 Sugar beets 
 
 s 1 
 
 1 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 26 
 
 11 
 
 8 
 
 5 
 
 10 
 
 23 
 
 5 
 
 
 Fruits, berries k tree nuts 
 
 < 1 
 
 4 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 6 
 
 24 
 
 18 
 
 6 
 
 12 
 
 15 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 Truck, market k farm gardens 
 
 
 1/ 
 
 3 
 
 7 
 
 11 
 
 18 
 
 13 
 
 19 
 
 17 
 
 12 
 
 1/ 
 
 u 
 
 Potatoes 
 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 14 
 
 8 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 22 
 
 38 
 
 
 
 Dry edible beans 
 
 
 3 
 
 8 
 
 19 
 
 18 
 
 13 
 
 6 
 
 11 
 
 18 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 All crops 
 
 « 1/ 
 
 U 
 
 2 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 13 
 
 17 
 
 21 
 
 17 
 
 8 
 
 2 
 
 1/ 
 
 Horses and mules 
 
 t 7 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 11 
 
 11 
 
 10 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 8 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 Milk cowb 
 
 < 10 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 Other cattle 
 
 t 15 
 
 14 
 
 14 
 
 10 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 5 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 6 
 
 10 
 
 14 
 
 Sheep 
 
 < 10 
 
 10 
 
 11 
 
 12 
 
 10 
 
 5 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 Chickens 
 
 t 8 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 9 
 
 8 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 All livestock < 10 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 8 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 11 
 
 Farm maintenance 
 
 t 6 
 
 8 
 
 10 
 
 5 
 
 9 
 
 12 
 
 10 
 
 6 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 8 
 
 7 
 
 All farm works 6 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 12 
 
 11 
 
 8 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 1/ Less than 0.5 percent. 
 
- 56 - 
 
 IDAHO 
 
 Table 85.- Estimated man-hours of labor required for farm work 
 by enterprises, Idaho, 1939 and 1944 
 
 Ihterprise 
 
 : 1939 
 
 t 1944 
 
 
 * Number * 
 
 : of i 
 
 t hairs : 
 
 • * 
 
 Per¬ 
 
 centage 
 
 of 
 
 total 
 
 t Number s 
 : of * 
 
 * hours s 
 
 < 3 
 
 Per¬ 
 
 centage 
 
 of 
 
 total 
 
 
 
 i Thousands 
 
 Percent 
 
 Thousands 
 
 Percent 
 
 
 Corn 
 
 i 1,310 
 
 .7 
 
 957 
 
 .5 
 
 
 Oats 
 
 J 2,175 
 
 1.2 
 
 1,781 
 
 1.0 
 
 
 Barley 
 
 1 2,532 
 
 1.4 
 
 2,684 
 
 1.5 
 
 
 Wheat 
 
 s 8,687 
 
 4.8 
 
 7,023 
 
 3.8 
 
 
 Other feed and food grains 
 
 « 111 
 
 .1 
 
 100 
 
 .1 
 
 
 Alfalfa hay 
 
 t 17,336 
 
 9.6 
 
 16,521 
 
 8.9 
 
 
 Other hay 
 
 1 5,659 
 
 2.0 
 
 4,141 
 
 2.2 
 
 
 Sugar beets 
 
 1 6,790 
 
 5.7 
 
 4,222 
 
 2.5 
 
 
 Fruits, berries & tree nuts 
 
 t 4,568 
 
 2.5 
 
 4,019 
 
 2.2 
 
 
 Truck and market gardens 
 
 t 3,281 
 
 1.8 
 
 5,084 
 
 1.7 
 
 
 Farm gardens 
 
 t 4,819 
 
 2.7 
 
 6,891 
 
 3.7 
 
 
 Potatoes 
 
 s 9,988 
 
 5.5 
 
 12,621 
 
 6.8 
 
 
 Dry edible beans 
 
 t 5,591 
 
 2.0 
 
 4,648 
 
 2.5 
 
 
 Other crops 
 
 1 1.740 
 
 1,0 
 
 2.575 
 
 1,4 
 
 
 All crops 
 
 t 70.587 
 
 59.0 
 
 71.267 
 
 38.6 
 
 
 Horses and mules 
 
 t 11,805 
 
 6.5 
 
 11,089 
 
 6.0 
 
 
 Milk cows 
 
 I 30,900 
 
 17.0 
 
 34,100 
 
 18.5 
 
 
 Other cattle 
 
 « 7,736 
 
 4.3 
 
 10,521 
 
 5.7 
 
 
 Sheep 
 
 i 18,610 
 
 10.3 
 
 15,652 
 
 8.5 
 
 
 Chickens 
 
 t 4,851 
 
 2.7 
 
 5,616 
 
 5.0 
 
 
 Other livestock 
 
 t 9.537 
 
 5.2 
 
 9.258 
 
 5.0 
 
 
 All livestock 
 
 « 83.419 
 
 46.0 
 
 86.196 
 
 46.7 
 
 
 Farm maintenance 
 
 1 27.178 
 
 15.0 
 
 27.178 
 
 14.7 
 
 
 AJ.1 farm work 
 
 L 183m I§4 
 
 100.0 
 
 184.641 
 
 100.0 
 
 
 Idaho is second among the States in 
 production of potatoes, and produces 
 more then All other Mountain States com¬ 
 bined. Potatoes take almost a fifth of 
 the crop labor even though they occupy 
 less than 5 percent of the harvested 
 cropland acreage. Other important 
 crops are sugar beets, wheat, and hay. 
 The latter is largely alfalfa. All 
 crops require slightly under two-fifths 
 of the farm labor, livestock about 45 
 percent, and the other 15 percent is 
 for farm maintenance. Milk cows take 
 about two-fifths of the direct labor 
 on livestock, sheep about a fifth, and 
 horses arid mules and beef cattle slight¬ 
 ly lees. Relatively little change 
 occurred from 1939 to 1944 in the labor 
 requirements for all crops, but there 
 was considerable variation for 
 individual crops. Die production of 
 potatoes more than tripled, because of 
 more than twice as many acres and a 
 50 -percent increase in yield, and the 
 crop required about 25 percent addition¬ 
 al man-hours. Hours for wheat and hay 
 went down despite increased production. 
 Labor for sheep and horses and mules 
 was lower but was higher for milk cows 
 and beef cattle. Crop-labor demands 
 are high from April through October 
 with the peak in August. Sugar beets 
 end potatoes require considerable labor 
 in Ootober. 
 
 Table 86.- Monthly percentage distribution of labor required for farm work by enterprises, Idaho, 1944 
 
 ftrterprise 
 
 Percentage distribution of labor 
 
 Jan. 1 Feb. ‘March ‘April * May ' June ' July * Aug. * Sept.) Oct. ) Bov. ) Dec. 
 
 t _ t _ » t : _ t s _I_I_ t _*_ 
 
 Pet. Pet. Pst. Pst. 
 
 Corn 
 
 Oats 
 
 Barley 
 
 Wheat 
 
 All feed and food grains 
 Alfalfa hay 
 All hay 
 Sugar beets 
 
 Fruits, berries 4 tree nuts 
 Truck, market & farm gardens 
 Potatoes 
 
 Dry edible beans 
 
 All crops 
 
 Horses and mules 
 Milk cows 
 Other cattle 
 Sheep 
 Chickens 
 
 All livestock 
 Farm maintenance 
 
 _ All farm work 
 
 1/ Less than 0.5 percent. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pet, 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 7 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 19 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 22 
 
 
 
 
 12 
 
 1/ 
 
 1/ 
 
 2 
 
 15 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 1/ 
 
 6 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 2 
 
 4 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 1/ 
 
 1 
 
 5 
 
 11 
 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 10 
 
 1/ 
 
 1/ 
 
 2 
 
 9 
 
 7 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 10 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 17 
 
 15 
 
 16 
 
 10 
 
 11 
 
 10 
 
 11 
 
 12 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 9 
 
 6 
 
 8 
 
 10 
 
 8 
 
 6 
 
 5 
 
 7 
 
 9 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Fct« 
 
 20 
 
 18 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 10 
 
 5 
 
 15 
 
 28 
 
 17 
 
 8 
 
 12 
 
 20 
 
 10 
 
 4 
 
 24 
 
 28 
 
 12 
 
 6 
 
 19 
 
 25 
 
 10 
 
 25 
 
 20 
 
 18 
 
 10 
 
 22 
 
 22 
 
 19 
 
 24 
 
 15 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 5 
 
 17 
 
 14 
 
 14 
 
 8 
 
 16 
 
 17 
 
 20 
 
 15 
 
 11 
 
 10 
 
 6 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 16 
 
 16 
 
 11 
 
 14 
 
 16 
 
 17 
 
 11 
 
 11 
 
 10 
 
 9 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 10 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 10 
 
 9 
 
 8 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 6 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 H 
 
 il 
 
 14 
 
 12 
 
 10 
 
 1 
 
 14 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 12 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 15 
 
 7 
 
 
 
 14 
 
 6 
 
 1 
 
 2/ 
 
 20 
 
 
 
 
 18 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 1/ 
 
 9 
 
 26 
 
 6 
 
 1 
 
 16 
 
 10 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 15 
 
 5 
 
 2 
 
 y 
 
 8 
 
 43 
 
 5 
 
 
 16 
 
 16 
 
 5 
 
 
 15 
 
 13 
 
 3 
 
 y 
 
 9 
 
 8 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 4 
 
 7 
 
 10 
 
 15 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 8 
 
 7 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
- 57 - 
 
 WYOMING 
 
 ■table 87.- Estimated man-hours of labor required for farm work 
 by enterprises, Wyoming, 1939 and 1944 
 
 Enterprise 
 
 Corn 
 
 Oats 
 
 Sorghums, except sirup 
 
 Barley 
 
 Wheat 
 
 Other feed and food grains 
 Alfalfa hay 
 Other hay 
 Sugar beets 
 
 Fruits, berries & tree nuts 
 Truck and market gardens 
 Farm ^.rdens 
 Potatoes 
 
 Dry edible beans 
 Other crops 
 
 All crops 
 
 Horses and mules 
 Milk cows 
 Other cattle 
 Sheep 
 Chickens 
 Other livestock 
 
 All livestock 
 
 Farm maintenance 
 
 All farm work 
 
 1959_1944_i 
 
 Number \ 
 ° f 
 
 hours t 
 
 Per¬ 
 
 centage 
 
 of 
 
 total 
 
 * Number * 
 
 ; of ; 
 hours 
 
 J_ L 
 
 Per- : 
 
 centage t 
 of ! 
 
 total * 
 
 Thousands 
 
 Percent 
 
 Thousands 
 
 Percent s 
 
 1,873 
 
 2.0 
 
 1,132 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 1.3 I 
 
 1,085 
 
 1.2 
 
 1,499 
 
 1.7 t 
 
 307 
 
 .3 
 
 156 
 
 .2 » 
 
 952 
 
 1.0 
 
 1,000 
 
 1.1 > 
 
 1,567 
 
 1.7 
 
 1,274 
 
 1.5 « 
 
 142 
 
 .2 
 
 143 
 
 .2 ! 
 
 5,550 
 
 6.0 
 
 5,797 
 
 6.5 s 
 
 4,752 
 
 5.2 
 
 5,095 
 
 5.7 t 
 
 4,985 
 
 5.4 
 
 2,418 
 
 2.7 i 
 
 92 
 
 .1 
 
 92 
 
 .1 J 
 
 127 
 
 .1 
 
 108 
 
 .1 J 
 
 852 
 
 .9 
 
 1,193 
 
 1.4 : 
 
 818 
 
 .9 
 
 826 
 
 .9 i 
 
 1,807 
 
 2.0 
 
 3,182 
 
 3.6 > 
 
 262 
 
 .3 
 
 198 
 
 .2 t 
 
 25.149 
 
 27.3 
 
 24.113 
 
 27.2 i 
 
 6,768 
 
 7.4 
 
 6,258 
 
 7.0 t 
 
 9,520 
 
 10.4 
 
 10,078 
 
 11.3 : 
 
 9,295 
 
 10.1 
 
 11,619 
 
 13.1 j 
 
 22,852 
 
 24.8 
 
 17,825 
 
 20.1 t 
 
 1,763 
 
 1.9 
 
 2,130 
 
 2.4 « 
 
 2.851 
 
 3.1 
 
 2.980 
 
 5.4 j 
 
 55.049 
 
 57.7 
 
 50.890 
 
 57.3 i 
 
 13,800 
 
 15.0 
 
 13,800 
 
 15.5 i 
 
 : 91,998 
 
 100.0 
 
 88,803 
 
 100.0 » 
 
 In Wyoming a greater proportion of the farm 
 labor is required for sheep than in any 
 other State. They require in excess of 35 
 percent of all direct labor on livestock 
 whereas milk cows and beef cattle each take 
 about a fifth. All livestock takes almost 
 three-fifths of the farm labor, crops a 
 little more than a fourth, and 15 percent is 
 for farm maintenace. Hay, which is chiefly 
 fed to the livestock on the same farm where 
 it is produced, is the main crop. It is put 
 up on almost three-fiftls of the cropland har¬ 
 vested and takes about two—fifths of the 
 crop labor. Considerable native hay is put 
 up but the most important on a tonnage basis 
 is alfalfa. Labor required for all farm 
 work increased about 4 percent from 1939 to 
 1944 with that for crops and for livestock 
 having almost the same relative changes. 
 
 The increase in livestock labor resulted from 
 greater production of cattle and their pro¬ 
 ducts. Crop labor is rather unevenly distri¬ 
 buted, ranging by months from less than 0.5 
 percent during the winter months to 22 per** 
 cent in July. But as livestock work is so 
 important it levels out the distribution of 
 all farm work, which varies by months only 
 from 7 to 10 percent. 
 
 table 88.- Monthly percentage distribution of labor required for farm work by enterprises, Wyoming, 1944 
 
 Enterprise 
 
 
 
 
 Percentage 
 
 distribution of 
 
 labor 
 
 
 
 
 
 Jan. : 
 
 j 
 
 Feb. 
 
 ’March 1 
 
 j t 
 
 April 1 May 
 
 3 
 
 * June * 
 1 L 
 
 July * 
 
 > 
 
 Aug. 8 
 i 
 
 Sept. 8 
 
 Oct. 8 
 L 
 
 Nov. 
 
 1 Dec. 
 
 3 
 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Corn 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 9 
 
 21 
 
 18 
 
 6 
 
 5 
 
 16 
 
 10 
 
 9 
 
 2 
 
 Oats 
 
 Sorghums, except sirup 
 
 Barley 
 
 Wheat 
 
 All feed and food grains 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 7 
 
 2 
 
 6 
 
 12 
 
 5 
 
 21 
 
 16 
 
 6 
 
 11 
 
 9 
 
 11 
 
 6 
 
 22 
 
 9 
 
 1 
 
 34 
 
 5 
 
 23 
 
 15 
 
 17 
 
 5 
 
 15 
 
 25 
 
 13 
 
 30 
 
 10 
 
 25 
 
 5 
 
 15 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 1 
 
 4 
 
 1 
 
 1/ 
 
 1 
 
 4 
 
 14 
 
 11 
 
 8 
 
 20 
 
 16 
 
 16 
 
 6 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 Alfalfa hay 
 
 All hay 
 
 1/ 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 12 
 
 10 
 
 30 
 
 21 
 
 25 
 
 31 
 
 17 
 
 23 
 
 10 
 
 7 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1/ 
 
 Sugar beets 
 
 Fruits, berries & tree nuts 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 8 
 
 16 
 
 10 
 
 18 
 
 19 
 
 12 
 
 14 
 
 2 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 12 
 
 25 
 
 14 
 
 7 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 Truck, market & farm gardens 
 Potatoes 
 
 
 1/ 
 
 1 
 
 4 
 
 6 
 
 4 
 
 9 
 
 14 
 
 12 
 
 9 
 
 11 
 
 7 
 
 17 
 
 6 
 
 28 
 
 18 
 
 16 
 
 55 
 
 3 
 
 
 Dry edible beans 
 
 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 IB 
 
 20 
 
 12 
 
 5 
 
 13 
 
 20 
 
 5 
 
 1/ 
 
 All crops 
 
 U 
 
 1/ 
 
 3 
 
 7 
 
 12 
 
 17 
 
 22 
 
 16 
 
 12 
 
 9 
 
 2 
 
 Horses and mules 
 
 Milk cows 
 
 7 
 
 10 
 
 6 
 
 9 
 
 7 
 
 9 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 11 
 
 7 
 
 11 
 
 7 
 
 10 
 
 7 
 
 9 
 
 7 
 
 9 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 7 
 
 10 
 
 7 
 
 10 
 
 Other cattle 
 
 15 
 
 15 
 
 15 
 
 10 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 8 
 
 10 
 
 12 
 
 Sheep 
 
 Chickens 
 
 10 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 8 
 
 10 
 
 9 
 
 13 
 
 10 
 
 11 
 
 10 
 
 5 
 
 9 
 
 5 
 
 8 
 
 5 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 10 
 
 8 
 
 All livestock 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 11 
 
 8 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 Farm maintenance 
 
 6 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 6 
 
 11 
 
 11 
 
 9 
 
 8 
 
 7 
 
 All farm work 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 9 
 
 8 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 1/ Less than 0.5 percent. 
 
- 68 - 
 
 COLORADO 
 
 Table 89.- Ss tine ted man-hours of labor required for flan work 
 by enterprises, Colorado, 1959 end 1944 
 
 
 _1S®9_ 
 
 t 1944 
 
 t 
 
 Colorado usually has a greater acreage 
 of sugar beets Ilian has any other State, 
 vith usually the greatest production. 
 
 In 1939 sugar beets required more 
 labor than any other crop except hay, 
 but in 1944 the acreage was lower and 
 
 Enterprise 
 
 Number 
 
 of 
 
 hours 
 
 t Per- 
 
 t can tag* 
 
 < of 
 
 I total 
 
 * Number * 
 
 * of ; 
 
 ‘ hours * 
 
 S 1 
 
 Per¬ 
 
 centage 
 
 of 
 
 total 
 
 t 
 
 * 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 t 
 
 
 Thousands 
 
 Percent 
 
 Thousands 
 
 Percent 
 
 i 
 
 Corn 
 
 12,557 
 
 5.4 
 
 15,150 
 
 5.4 
 
 1 
 
 S 
 
 the labor required was greater for 
 sane of the other crops. Hay, the most 
 
 Oats 
 
 1,785 
 
 .8 
 
 2,199 
 
 .9 
 
 X 
 
 important of which is alfalfa, is put 
 
 Sorghums, except sirup 
 
 8,499 
 
 5.7 
 
 9,807 
 
 4.1 
 
 i 
 
 up on about a fourth of the harvested 
 
 Barley 
 
 5,984 
 
 2.6 
 
 6,479 
 
 2.7 
 
 t 
 
 Cropland acreage and takes about a 
 
 ■®teat 
 
 9,408 
 
 4.1 
 
 8,720 
 
 5.6 
 
 i 
 
 fifth of the crop labor. Other crops 
 
 Other feed and food grains 
 
 487 
 
 .2 
 
 520 
 
 .2 
 
 i 
 
 which are extensively grown and which 
 
 Alfalfa hay 
 
 12,810 
 
 5.6 
 
 15,884 
 
 6.6 
 
 s 
 
 require considerable time include corn. 
 
 Other hay 
 
 6,571 
 
 2.8 
 
 8,505 
 
 5.4 
 
 t 
 
 wheat, sorghums, barley, dry beans, and 
 
 Sugar beets 
 
 14,985 
 
 6.5 
 
 10,744 
 
 4.5 
 
 t 
 
 truck crops. Man-hours required for all 
 
 Fruit3, berries & tree nuts 
 
 4,558 
 
 2.0 
 
 4,851 
 
 2.0 
 
 t 
 
 farm woifc increased about 5 percent 
 
 Truck and market gardens 
 
 10,485 
 
 4.6 
 
 11,741 
 
 4.9 
 
 t 
 
 from 1939 to 1944. Slightly mors than 
 
 Farm gardens 
 
 5,124 
 
 1.4 
 
 5,550 
 
 1.5 
 
 t 
 
 half of the Increase was for crops. 
 
 Potatoes 
 
 5,200 
 
 2.3 
 
 6,629 
 
 2.8 
 
 t 
 
 Hours required for hay rose a fourth 
 
 Dry edible beans 
 
 7,578 
 
 5.5 
 
 6,804 
 
 2.8 
 
 t 
 
 because of significantly more acres 
 
 Other crops 
 
 I.S65 
 
 .7 
 
 2.765 
 
 1.1 
 
 t 
 
 and a higher yield. Production of 
 
 All crops 
 
 105.192 
 
 46.0 
 
 112.064 
 
 46.5 
 
 t 
 
 beef was more than a third greater. 
 
 Horses and mules 
 
 15,416 
 
 5.9 
 
 12,229 
 
 5.1 
 
 > 
 
 t 
 
 eggs were up three-fifths, and pork 
 two-fifths. Little crop work is pos- 
 
 Milk ecus 
 
 5$,900 
 
 14.4 
 
 52,928 
 
 15.6 
 
 t 
 
 aible during the winter months but 
 
 Other Cattle 
 
 15,845 
 
 6.0 
 
 17,998 
 
 7.5 
 
 J 
 
 preparation of land starts in March 
 
 Sheep 
 
 11,928 
 
 5.2 
 
 11,095 
 
 4.6 
 
 t 
 
 and moat of the spring grains are 
 
 Chicken8 
 
 7,296 
 
 5.2 
 
 9,459 
 
 5.9 
 
 ■J 
 
 seeded In April. Sugar beets, corn. 
 
 Other livestock 
 
 9.894 
 
 . 4.5 
 
 10.855 
 
 4.5 
 
 t 
 
 and hay gradually increase the work 
 
 All livestock 
 
 89.279 
 
 39.0 
 
 94.522 
 
 59.2 
 
 t 
 
 load from May to July. There is ft lull 
 
 Farm maintenance 
 
 54.318 
 
 15.0 
 
 54.518 
 
 14.3 
 
 t 
 
 s 
 
 during August but corn and sorghum 
 harvest and winter grain seeding raises 
 
 All farm work 
 
 ..^SS>7Q9. 
 
 ■ 1Mag - 
 
 3*0.924 
 
 ■100.I.Q 
 
 < 
 
 t 
 
 it again during September. Most of the 
 sugar beets are dug in Ootober and 
 
 after this the crop work diminishes 
 rapidly. 
 
 Table 90.- Monthly percentage distribution of labor required far farm work by enterprises, Colorado, 1944 
 
 Enterprise 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Jan. * 
 
 t 
 
 Feb. 
 
 ‘March 
 
 I 
 
 (April 
 
 
 ’ June 
 
 t 
 
 ( Jttiy 
 
 
 Sept. ( 
 
 Oet. 
 
 * Hot. 
 
 t 
 
 * Dec. 
 
 < 
 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pot. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pot. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Corn 
 
 1/ 
 
 2 
 
 5 
 
 7 
 
 16 
 
 15 
 
 6 
 
 2 
 
 15 
 
 11 
 
 IS 
 
 10 
 
 Oats 
 
 
 2 
 
 16 
 
 16 
 
 5 
 
 5 
 
 18 
 
 21 
 
 IS 
 
 4 
 
 
 
 Sorghums, except sirup 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 5 
 
 11 
 
 16 
 
 7 
 
 1/ 
 
 29 
 
 25 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 Barley 
 
 
 5 
 
 17 
 
 27 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 11 
 
 19 
 
 5 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 Iheat 
 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 28 
 
 22 
 
 24 
 
 5 
 
 4 
 
 
 All feed and food grains 
 
 1/ 
 
 2 
 
 5 
 
 9 
 
 11 
 
 12 
 
 12 
 
 10 
 
 19 
 
 11 
 
 5 
 
 4 
 
 Alfalfa hay 
 
 
 2 
 
 5 
 
 15 
 
 25 
 
 25 
 
 15 
 
 10 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 
 All hay 
 
 
 V 
 
 2 
 
 5 
 
 12 
 
 20 
 
 27 
 
 20 
 
 9 
 
 4 
 
 1 
 
 u 
 
 Sugar beets 
 
 i 
 
 i 
 
 4 
 
 11 
 
 14 
 
 15 
 
 11 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 25 
 
 10 
 
 
 Fruits, berries & tree nuts 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 8 
 
 6 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 19 
 
 7 
 
 14 
 
 IS 
 
 5 
 
 2 
 
 Truck, market & farm gardens 
 
 3/ 
 
 l 
 
 5 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 11 
 
 IS 
 
 18 
 
 29 
 
 5 
 
 1 
 
 1/ 
 
 Potatoes 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 4 - 
 
 4 
 
 12 
 
 5 
 
 7 
 
 6 
 
 5 
 
 46 
 
 5 
 
 4 
 
 Dry edible beans 
 
 1 
 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 9 
 
 27 
 
 7 
 
 16 
 
 7 
 
 5 
 
 1 
 
 AH crops 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 4 
 
 8 
 
 11 
 
 15 
 
 16 
 
 12 
 
 16 
 
 12 
 
 4 
 
 2 
 
 Horses and males 
 
 7 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 n 
 
 n 
 
 10 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 8 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 Milk cows 
 
 10 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 Other cattle 
 
 16 
 
 15 
 
 14 
 
 9 
 
 4 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 5 
 
 8 
 
 11 
 
 16 
 
 Sheep 
 
 11 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 15 
 
 10 
 
 5 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 9 
 
 11 
 
 Chickens 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 8 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 9 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 All livestock 
 
 10 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 9 
 
 8 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 Farm maintenance 
 
 7 
 
 10 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 11 
 
 7 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 7 
 
 All farm work 
 
 5 
 
 5 
 
 7 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 io 
 
 n 
 
 12 
 
 11 
 
 10 
 
 7 
 
 6 
 
 1/ Less than 0.5 percent. 
 
- 59 - 
 
 NEK MEXICO 
 
 Table 91.- Estimated man-hours of labor required for farm work 
 by enterprises. New Mexico, 1959 and 1944 
 
 Snterprise 
 
 3 
 
 1939 
 
 
 t 1944 
 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 > 
 
 t 
 
 : 
 
 Number * 
 
 of 5 
 
 hours * 
 
 0 
 
 0 
 
 Per¬ 
 
 centage 
 
 of 
 
 total 
 
 { Number s 
 s of s 
 
 1 hours 1 
 
 J_L 
 
 Per¬ 
 
 centage 
 
 of 
 
 total 
 
 • 
 
 a 
 
 
 sThousands 
 
 Percent 
 
 Thousands 
 
 Percent 
 
 
 Com 
 
 0 
 
 0 
 
 3 
 
 2,742 
 
 2.7 
 
 2,778 
 
 2.8 
 
 
 Oats 
 
 t 
 
 383 
 
 .4 
 
 454 
 
 .4 
 
 
 Sorghums, except sirup 
 
 > 
 
 5,464 
 
 5.5 
 
 5,706 
 
 5.7 
 
 
 Barley 
 
 • 
 
 0 
 
 198 
 
 .2 
 
 576 
 
 .4 
 
 
 Wheat 
 
 1 
 
 1,961 
 
 2.0 
 
 1,516 
 
 1 o S 
 
 
 Other feed and food grains 
 
 > 
 
 37 
 
 y 
 
 65 
 
 • 1 
 
 
 Alfalfa hay 
 
 i 
 
 5,640 
 
 5.6 
 
 3,989 
 
 4.0 
 
 
 Other hay 
 
 t 
 
 1,147 
 
 1.2 
 
 1,799 
 
 lo8 
 
 • 
 
 Sugar beets 
 
 t 
 
 32 
 
 y 
 
 9 
 
 y 
 
 
 Fruits, berries & tree nuts 
 
 : 
 
 1,325 
 
 1.5 
 
 1,325 
 
 1*3 
 
 
 Truck and market gardens 
 
 t 
 
 2,152 
 
 2.2 
 
 2,668 
 
 2.6 
 
 
 Farm gardens 
 
 s 
 
 2,005 
 
 2.0 
 
 2,004 
 
 2.0 
 
 
 Potatoes 
 
 t 
 
 210 
 
 .2 
 
 365 
 
 .4 
 
 
 Dry edible beans 
 
 t 
 
 3,577 
 
 3.6 
 
 4,485 
 
 4.5 
 
 
 Other crops 
 
 0 
 
 0 
 
 15.953 
 
 16.0 
 
 17.956 
 
 17.9 
 
 
 All crops 
 
 3 
 
 40.826 
 
 40.9 
 
 45.455 
 
 45.4 
 
 
 Horses and mules 
 
 t 
 
 4,833 
 
 4.8 
 
 4,554 
 
 4.3 
 
 
 Milk cows 
 
 3 
 
 10,140 
 
 10.2 
 
 9,795 
 
 9.8 
 
 
 Other cattle 
 
 t 
 
 12,152 
 
 12.2 
 
 12,638 
 
 12.6 
 
 0 
 
 0 
 
 Sheep 
 
 3 
 
 12,785 
 
 12.8 
 
 8,055 
 
 8.1 
 
 
 Chickens 
 
 t 
 
 2,249 
 
 2.3 
 
 2,877 
 
 2.9 
 
 
 Other livestock 
 
 0 
 
 0 
 
 2.051 
 
 2.1 
 
 2.329 
 
 2.3 
 
 0 
 
 0 
 
 All livestock 
 
 3 
 
 44.210 
 
 44.4 
 
 40.046 
 
 40.0 
 
 
 Farm maintenance 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 14.695 
 
 14.7 
 
 14.695 
 
 14.6 
 
 
 All farm work 
 
 t 
 
 t 
 
 99.731 
 
 100.0 
 
 100.196 
 
 100.0 
 
 0 
 
 0 
 
 i 
 
 1/ Less than 0.05 percent. 
 
 Considerable land in Now Mexico is useful 
 only for livestock grazing bat dry-land 
 faming is also practiced. In the ir¬ 
 rigated valleys, the land ^Hinder ditch** is 
 intensively cultivated. From the stand¬ 
 point of labor required, cotton is the 
 chief crop (about 85 percent of other 
 crops in the following table). It does 
 not occupy a large acreage but the yield 
 is high and it takes about a third of the 
 crop labor. Hay, sorghums, dry beans, 
 and corn also take considerable labor. 
 
 In 1939, sheep took slightly more labor 
 than did beef cattle. In 1944, numbers 
 and production of sheep were dcwn, where¬ 
 as production of beef was a little higher, 
 and beef cattle took the most time. 
 
 These two enterprises require abort half 
 the direct labor on livestock, with milk 
 cows taking slightly less than either 
 followed by horses and mules and 
 chickens. Cotton picking and corn and 
 sorghum harvesting are done over a long 
 period in tte fall and winter. Thus 
 the hours of labor required during the 
 fall and early winter are well up to 
 those needed during the summer. A 
 period of higher labor demand occurs 
 during September and October. As con¬ 
 siderable winter grazing can be done 
 tte distribution of work on livestock 
 is ratter uniform. 
 
 I' 
 
 Table 92.- Monthly percentage distribution of labor required for farm work by enterprises. New Mexico, 1944 
 
 Enterprise 
 
 
 
 
 Percentage distribution of labor 
 
 
 
 
 
 Jan. | 
 
 Feb. 
 
 s March 
 s 
 
 ‘April * 
 
 i i 
 
 May 
 
 * June 
 { 
 
 5 July 5 
 : s 
 
 Aug. | 
 
 0 
 
 Sspt.‘ 
 
 Oct. 
 
 * Nov. 
 s 
 
 * B©c. 
 
 3 
 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Com 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 7 
 
 14 
 
 13 
 
 9 
 
 S 
 
 2 
 
 7 
 
 4 
 
 13 
 
 25 
 
 Oats 
 
 5 
 
 7 
 
 9 
 
 6 
 
 4 
 
 7 
 
 32 
 
 16 
 
 7 
 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 Sorghums, except sirup 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 6 
 
 8 
 
 14 
 
 15 
 
 1 
 
 5 
 
 23 
 
 33 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 Barley 
 
 6 
 
 8 
 
 14 
 
 10 
 
 5 
 
 7 
 
 23 
 
 16 
 
 5 
 
 2 
 
 
 4 
 
 Wheat 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 i 
 
 3 
 
 19 
 
 32 
 
 24 
 
 10 
 
 4 
 
 i 
 
 All feed and food grains 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 6 
 
 9 
 
 n 
 
 11 
 
 6 
 
 9 
 
 18 
 
 9 
 
 7 
 
 10 
 
 Alfalfa hay 
 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 5 
 
 15 
 
 20 
 
 15 
 
 15 
 
 14 
 
 9 
 
 2 
 
 
 All hay 
 
 y 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 32 
 
 18 
 
 18 
 
 15 
 
 13 
 
 10 
 
 4 
 
 1 
 
 Sugar beets 
 
 
 
 9 
 
 19 
 
 18 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 
 18 
 
 18 
 
 
 
 Fruits, berries & tree nuts 
 
 7 
 
 9 
 
 8 
 
 4 
 
 8 
 
 15 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 33 
 
 13 
 
 5 
 
 2 
 
 Truck, market & farm gardens 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 5 
 
 15 
 
 14 
 
 32 
 
 14 
 
 14 
 
 14 
 
 5 
 
 i 
 
 2 
 
 Potatoes 
 
 3 
 
 5 
 
 8 
 
 10 
 
 12 
 
 9 
 
 7 
 
 6 
 
 15 
 
 14 
 
 9 
 
 2 
 
 Dry edible beans 
 
 1 
 
 
 7 
 
 16 
 
 17 
 
 7 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 22 
 
 10 
 
 6 
 
 1 
 
 All crops 
 
 4 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 7 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 14 
 
 15 
 
 10 
 
 6 
 
 Horses and mules 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 Milk cows 
 
 10 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 8 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 Other cattle 
 
 16 
 
 15 
 
 14 
 
 9 
 
 5 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 9 
 
 17 
 
 Sheep 
 
 7 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 12 
 
 13 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 Chickens 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 n 
 
 10 
 
 9 
 
 8 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 All livestock 
 
 11 
 
 10 
 
 n 
 
 9 
 
 8 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 H 
 
 Farm maintenance 
 
 7 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 8 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 12 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 9 
 
 8 
 
 All farm work 
 
 3 
 
 i 7 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 8 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 9 
 
 8 
 
 \J Less than 0.5 percent. 
 
- 60 - 
 
 ARIZONA 
 
 Table 93.- Estimated man-hours of labor required for fanu work 
 by enterprises, Arizona, 1939 and 1944 
 
 
 
 1939 
 
 
 i 
 
 1944 
 
 
 : 
 
 A little more than half of the farm work in 
 
 
 3 
 
 
 S 
 
 Per- 
 
 i 
 
 
 Per- 
 
 ; 
 
 Arizona is devoted to the production of 
 
 Enterprise 
 
 : 
 
 of 
 
 t 
 
 centage 
 
 t 
 
 of * 
 
 centage 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 crops, about a third is for livestock, and 
 
 
 « 
 
 hours 
 
 1 
 
 of 
 
 t 
 
 hours * 
 
 of 
 
 s 
 
 the balance is required to maintain the agri 
 
 
 : 
 
 
 J 
 
 total 
 
 J 
 
 
 total 
 
 J 
 
 cultural plant. Hay, largely alfalfa. 
 
 
 iThousands 
 
 f 
 
 Percent 
 
 Thousands 
 
 Percent 
 
 3 
 
 s 
 
 cotton, truck, and fruit are the main crops. 
 Beef cattle take more labor than any other 
 
 Com 
 
 > 551 
 
 .6 
 
 526 
 
 .6 
 
 s 
 
 kind of livestock, with milk cows second. 
 
 Oats 
 
 : 99 
 
 .1 
 
 121 
 
 .1 
 
 s 
 
 All cattle take more than half of the live- 
 
 Sorghums, except sirup 
 
 i 548 
 
 .6 
 
 1,344 
 
 1.5 
 
 3 
 
 stock labor whereas sheep and horses and 
 
 Barley 
 
 : 455 
 
 .5 
 
 1,072 
 
 1.2 
 
 J 
 
 mules require in the vicinity of 15 percent 
 
 Wheat 
 
 : 397 
 
 .5 
 
 309 
 
 .3 
 
 3 
 
 each. Beef production increased almost a 
 
 Other feed and food grains 
 
 i 4 
 
 1/ 
 
 4 
 
 u 
 
 S 
 
 half from 1939 to 1944 whereas man-hours for 
 
 Alfalfa hay 
 
 : 5,540 
 
 6.1 
 
 7,300 
 
 7.8 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 beef cattle increased about two-fifths. 
 
 Other bey 
 
 : 1,177 
 
 1.3 
 
 2,311 
 
 2.5 
 
 • 
 
 Production of milk and chickens for broilers 
 
 Fruits, berries & tree nuts: 2,749 
 
 3.1 
 
 3,299 
 
 3.5 
 
 3 
 
 was a little higher also. Man-hours re- 
 
 Truck and market gardens 
 
 : 7,706 
 
 8.8 
 
 11,175 
 
 12.0 
 
 3 
 
 quired for all livestock rose about 8 per- 
 
 Farm gardens 
 
 : 640 
 
 .7 
 
 851 
 
 .9 
 
 : 
 
 cent from 1939 to 1944 whereas labor for 
 
 Potatoes 
 
 i 107 
 
 .1 
 
 486 
 
 .5 
 
 : 
 
 crops and for all farm work was about 6 per- 
 
 Dry edible beans 
 
 : 311 
 
 .4 
 
 310 
 
 .3 
 
 3 
 
 cent greater. The time required to produce 
 
 Other crops 
 
 i 26.718 
 
 30.4 
 
 20.383 
 
 21.9 
 
 J 
 
 and market vegetables from truck and market 
 
 All crops 
 
 t 46.802 
 
 > 
 
 53.2 
 
 49.491 
 
 53.1 
 
 3 
 
 t 
 
 gardens rose 45 percent; production was up 
 
 57 percent. Almost half again as much hay 
 
 Horses and mules 
 
 l 4,524 
 
 5.1 
 
 3,967 
 
 4.3 
 
 S 
 
 wa3 produced with an almost proportional 
 
 Milk cows 
 
 1 6,815 L, 
 
 7.8 
 
 6,830 
 
 7.3 
 
 3 
 
 increase in man-hours required. October 
 
 Other cattle 
 
 j 8,292 
 
 9.4 
 
 11,526 
 
 12.4 
 
 3 
 
 has the highest labor demands. Cotton pick- 
 
 Sheep 
 
 J 4,541 
 
 5.2 
 
 4,041 
 
 4.3 
 
 : 
 
 ing is the big job at this time but con- 
 
 Chickens 
 
 : 1,344 
 
 1.5 
 
 1,377 
 
 1.5 
 
 t 
 
 siderable work is done on other crops. 
 
 Other livestock 
 
 t 3.084 
 
 3.5 
 
 3.226 
 
 5.5 
 
 3 
 
 especially truck and fruit. Harvesting of 
 
 All livestock 
 
 : 28.600 
 
 * 
 
 32.5 
 
 30.967 
 
 33.3 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 several crops and the growing of vegetables 
 continue through the winter. 
 
 Farm maintenance : 
 
 12.610 
 
 14.5 
 
 12.610 
 
 13.6 
 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 All farm work : 
 
 88,012 
 
 100.0 
 
 93,068 
 
 100.0 
 
 
 1/ Less than 0.05 percent. 
 
 Table 94.- Monthly percentage distribution of labor required for farm work by enterprises, Arizona, 1944 
 
 Enterprise 
 
 Percentage distribution of labor 
 
 Corn 
 
 Oats 
 
 Sorghums, except 3irup 
 
 Barley 
 
 7/heat 
 
 All feed and food grains 
 Alfalfa hay 
 All hay 
 
 Fruits, berries & tree nuts 
 Truck, market & farm gardens 
 Potatoes 
 
 Dry edible beans 
 
 All crops 
 
 Horses and mules 
 Milk cow3 
 Other cattle 
 Sheep 
 Chickens 
 
 All livestock 
 Farm maintenance 
 
 All farm work 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 3 
 
 2 
 
 4 
 
 8 
 
 5 
 
 7 
 
 11 
 
 7 
 
 3 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 5 
 
 13 
 
 16 
 
 8 
 
 5 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 2 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 5 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 7 
 
 9 
 
 7 
 
 10 
 
 9 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 11 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 1 
 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 5 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 8 
 
 16 
 
 13 
 
 14 
 
 9 
 
 7 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 12 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 11 
 
 11 
 
 11 
 
 10 
 
 11 
 
 9 
 
 5 
 
 10 
 
 n 
 
 12 
 
 8 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pet, 
 
 15 
 
 12 
 
 7 
 
 2 
 
 7 
 
 17 
 
 20 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 14 
 
 8 
 
 5 
 
 5 
 
 11 
 
 20 
 
 10 
 
 2 
 
 6 
 
 11 
 
 17 
 
 8 
 
 12 
 
 12 
 
 8 
 
 15 
 
 20 
 
 15 
 
 15 
 
 13 
 
 20 
 
 17 
 
 13 
 
 11 
 
 9 
 
 7 
 
 4 
 
 6 
 
 9 
 
 6 
 
 3 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 7 
 
 9 
 
 8 
 
 7 
 
 21 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 10 
 
 9 
 
 7 
 
 10 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 • 7 
 
 7 
 
 5 
 
 3 
 
 5 
 
 3 
 
 13 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 9 
 
 8 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 9 
 
 7 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 7 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pet 
 
 12 
 
 4 
 
 10 
 
 21 
 
 7 
 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 30 
 
 9 
 
 4 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 2 
 
 
 5 
 
 28 
 
 18 
 
 3 
 
 2 
 
 19 
 
 6 
 
 4 
 
 8 
 
 14 
 
 9 
 
 2 
 
 
 13 
 
 8 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 5 
 
 12 
 
 12 
 
 7 
 
 2 
 
 12 
 
 9 
 
 19 
 
 15 
 
 15 
 
 10 
 
 4 
 
 24 
 
 11 
 
 7 
 
 1 
 
 8 
 
 14 
 
 12 
 
 12 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 9 
 
 16 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 7 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 11 
 
 10 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 8 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 11 
 
- 61 - 
 
 UTAH 
 
 Table 95.- Estimated man-hours of labor required for farm work 
 by enterprises, Utah, 1959 and 1944 
 
 
 1959 
 
 1944 
 
 Enterprise 
 
 Number ’ 
 
 of ’ 
 
 hours * 
 
 • 
 
 0 
 
 Per¬ 
 
 centage 
 
 of 
 
 total 
 
 Number ’ 
 of ’ 
 hours * 
 
 t 
 
 Per¬ 
 
 centage 
 
 of 
 
 total 
 
 
 Thousands 
 
 Percent 
 
 Thousands 
 
 Percent 
 
 Corn 
 
 769 
 
 .8 
 
 805 
 
 .8 
 
 Oats 
 
 552 
 
 .6 
 
 681 
 
 .7 
 
 Barley 
 
 1,347 
 
 1.4 
 
 1,719 
 
 1.7 
 
 Wheat 
 
 3,093 
 
 3.3 
 
 3,234 
 
 5.2 
 
 Other feed and food grains 
 
 35 
 
 1/ 
 
 139 
 
 .1 
 
 Alfalfa hay 
 
 9,594 
 
 10.0 
 
 10,848 
 
 10.5 
 
 Other hay 
 
 1,329 
 
 1.4 
 
 1,876 
 
 1.8 
 
 Sugar beets 
 
 5,420 
 
 5.8 
 
 3,006 
 
 2.9 
 
 Fruits, berries & tree nuts 
 
 2,952 
 
 3.2 
 
 3,720 
 
 3.6 
 
 Truck and market gardens 
 
 3,790 
 
 4.0 
 
 5,649 
 
 5.5 
 
 Farm gardens 
 
 3,204 
 
 5.5 
 
 3,941 
 
 3.8 
 
 Potatoes 
 
 1,034 
 
 1.1 
 
 1,368 
 
 1.3 
 
 Dry edible beans 
 
 175 
 
 .2 
 
 182 
 
 .2 
 
 Other crops 
 
 All crops 
 
 Horses and mules 
 
 469 
 
 .5 
 
 311 
 
 .3 
 
 33.643 
 
 35.8 
 
 37.479 
 
 36.4 
 
 5,265 
 
 5.6 
 
 5,390 
 
 5.2 
 
 Milk cows 
 
 14,935 
 
 15.9 
 
 17,675 
 
 17.2 
 
 Other cattle 
 
 3,785 
 
 4.0 
 
 4,466 
 
 4.3 
 
 Sheep 
 
 12,029 
 
 12.8 
 
 10,104 
 
 9.8 
 
 Chickens 
 
 4,609 
 
 4.9 
 
 5,614 
 
 5.4 
 
 Other livestock 
 
 5.599 
 
 6.0 
 
 8.202 
 
 8.0 
 
 All livestock 
 
 46.222 
 
 49.2 
 
 51.451 
 
 49.9 
 
 Farm maintenance 
 
 14.09* 
 
 15.0 
 
 14.094 
 
 IS .7 
 
 All farm work 
 
 1 93.959 
 
 100.0 
 
 103.024 
 
 100.0 
 
 2/ Leas than 0.05 percent. 
 
 About half of the man-houre required for 
 ferm work in Utah is for livestock and a 
 little over a third is for crops. Milk 
 cows require more time than any other 
 kind of livestock--about a third of the 
 direct labor on all livestock. Beef 
 cattle take an additional 10 percent and 
 sheep upward of a fifth. Hay is the chief 
 crop as it is put up on about half of the 
 harvested cropland acreage and takes about 
 a third of the crop labor. A large pro¬ 
 portion of the hay is alfalfa. Wheat 
 constitutes almost a fourth of the acre¬ 
 age but requires less than 10 percent of 
 the crop labor. Sugar beets, on the other 
 hand, are grown on relatively few acres 
 but take considerable labor. There are 
 also sizable fruit and truck-crop enter¬ 
 prises. From 1939 to 1911 the time re¬ 
 quired for crops and livestock increased 
 in about equal proportion. Production of 
 wheat increased chiefly because of greater 
 yields so little additional labor was 
 required. Hours required for fruit and 
 truck crops, including gardens, increased 
 because of significantly greater produc¬ 
 tion. Milk production increased almost 
 a third and milk cows required 18 percent 
 more labor. The rush of crop work starts 
 during the latter part of April and con- 
 tines high through Ootober. The heavy 
 first cutting of alfalfa is put up mostly 
 in June which along with other Jobs 
 makes uhis the high point of the year. 
 
 Table 96.- Monthly percentage distribution of labor required for farm work by enterprises, Utah, 1944 
 
 Biterprise 
 
 : 
 
 
 
 
 Percentsee distribution of labor 
 
 
 
 
 
 t 
 
 « 
 
 Jan. ‘ 
 
 0 
 
 • 
 
 Feb. 
 
 ’March 
 
 i 
 
 ’April 
 
 : 
 
 ’ May 
 
 : 
 
 * June 
 
 ’ July ’ 
 
 : : 
 
 Aug. j 
 
 Sept.j 
 
 Oct. 
 
 ’ Nov. ! 
 
 0 * 
 
 0 • 
 
 Dec. 
 
 
 : 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Corn 
 
 s 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 11 
 
 22 
 
 16 
 
 5 
 
 4 
 
 22 
 
 6 
 
 5 
 
 4 
 
 Oats 
 
 t 
 
 
 
 16 
 
 22 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 19 
 
 12 
 
 7 
 
 5 
 
 
 Barley 
 
 t 
 
 
 6 
 
 15 
 
 22 
 
 12 
 
 3 
 
 5 
 
 10 
 
 15 
 
 8 
 
 4 
 
 
 Wheat 
 
 t 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 9 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 19 
 
 26 
 
 24 
 
 6 
 
 4 
 
 
 All feed and food grains 
 
 3 
 
 
 2 
 
 8 
 
 14 
 
 9 
 
 5 
 
 12 
 
 19 
 
 21 
 
 6 
 
 4 
 
 
 Alfalfa hay 
 
 : 
 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 15 
 
 26 
 
 13 
 
 15 
 
 11 
 
 15 
 
 
 
 All hay 
 
 > 
 
 
 1/ 
 
 1/ 
 
 5 
 
 15 
 
 23 
 
 17 
 
 17 
 
 11 
 
 14 
 
 y 
 
 1/ 
 
 Sugar beets 
 
 : 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 4 
 
 14 
 
 21 
 
 15 
 
 14 
 
 3 
 
 9 
 
 14 
 
 3 
 
 
 Fruits, berries & tree nuts 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 6 
 
 18 
 
 16 
 
 9 
 
 15 
 
 11 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 Truck, market & farm gardens 
 
 • 
 
 0 
 
 1/ 
 
 1/ 
 
 3 
 
 6 
 
 10 
 
 16 
 
 14 
 
 16 
 
 20 
 
 12 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 Potatoes 
 
 s 
 
 
 4 
 
 10 
 
 8 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 5 
 
 5 
 
 21 
 
 21 
 
 8 
 
 4 
 
 Dry edible beans 
 
 : 
 
 1 
 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 8 
 
 25 
 
 7 
 
 20 
 
 9 
 
 5 
 
 1 
 
 All crops 
 
 3 
 
 1/ 
 
 1 
 
 4 
 
 8 
 
 11 
 
 16 
 
 14 
 
 14 
 
 16 
 
 13 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 Horses and mules 
 
 i 
 
 t 
 
 7 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 11 
 
 11 
 
 10 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 8 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 Milk cows 
 
 : 
 
 10 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 Other cattle 
 
 l 
 
 17 
 
 IS 
 
 16 
 
 10 
 
 5 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 7 
 
 10 
 
 17 
 
 Sheep 
 
 s 
 
 10 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 13 
 
 11 
 
 5 
 
 5 
 
 5 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 10 
 
 Chickens 
 
 : 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 9 
 
 8 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 9 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 All livestock: 
 
 9 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 9 
 
 8 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 Farm maintenance 
 
 3 
 
 6 
 
 8 
 
 10 
 
 9 
 
 8 
 
 7 
 
 10 
 
 11 
 
 7 
 
 9 
 
 8 
 
 7 
 
 All farm work: 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 11 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 2/ Less than 0.5 percent. 
 
- 62 - 
 
 NEVADA 
 
 Table 97.- Estimated man-hours of labor required for farm work 
 by enterprises, Nevada, 1939 and 1944* 
 
 Enterprise 
 
 193S 
 
 Number 1 
 of i 
 
 hours ‘ 
 
 • 
 
 Per¬ 
 
 centage 
 
 of 
 
 total 
 
 > 1944 
 
 1 Number 5 
 
 2 of * 
 
 • hours » 
 
 : j 
 
 Per¬ 
 
 centage 
 
 of 
 
 total 
 
 * 
 
 : 
 
 3 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 Cattle, sheep, and hay are the 
 important farm enterprises in Nevada. 
 Together they take almost two-thirds 
 of the farm labor. In 1944, hay 
 required more than three-fourths of 
 
 
 Thousands 
 
 Percent 
 
 Thousands 
 
 Percent 
 
 • 
 
 s 
 
 1 
 
 the crop labor and milk cows, beef 
 cattle, and sheep took 21, 35, and 19 
 
 Corn 
 
 117 
 
 .5 
 
 116 
 
 .4 
 
 1 
 
 percent, respectively, of the direct 
 
 Oats 
 
 77 
 
 .3 
 
 89 
 
 .4 
 
 3 
 
 labor on livestock. In 1939, sheep were 
 
 Barley 
 
 240 
 
 .9 
 
 549 
 
 1.4 
 
 t 
 
 relatively more important but from 1939 
 
 Wheat 
 
 159 
 
 .6 
 
 189 
 
 .8 
 
 t 
 
 to 1944 production dropped 30 percent. 
 
 Other feed and food grains 
 
 7 
 
 y 
 
 7 
 
 y 
 
 j 
 
 Although production of chickens almost 
 
 Alfalfa hay 
 
 2,860 
 
 n.i 
 
 3,062 
 
 12.4 
 
 s 
 
 quadrupled frcm 1959 to 1944 and egg 
 
 Other hay 
 
 2,173 
 
 8.5 
 
 2,418 
 
 9.8 
 
 t 
 
 production increased almost half they 
 
 Fruits, berries & tree nuts 
 
 69 
 
 .3 
 
 69 
 
 .2 
 
 s 
 
 still required less than 10 percent of 
 
 Truck and market gardens 
 
 201 
 
 .8 
 
 233 
 
 .9 
 
 1 
 
 the livestock labor. The acreage of 
 
 Farm gardens 
 
 286 
 
 1.1 
 
 286 
 
 1.2 
 
 i 
 
 hay was a little higher in 1944 and 
 
 Potatoes 
 
 156 
 
 .6 
 
 210 
 
 .8 
 
 2 
 
 the yield was significantly higher. 
 
 Other crops 
 
 1.150 
 
 4.5 
 
 14 
 
 - a 
 
 t 
 
 Consequently about 9 percent more man- 
 
 All crops 
 
 7.495 
 
 29.2 
 
 7.042 
 
 28.4 
 
 s 
 
 2 
 
 hours were required. As hay is so 
 important in the crop picture the 
 
 Horses and mules 
 
 1,670 
 
 6.5 
 
 1,628 
 
 6.6 
 
 2 
 
 seasonal distribution of labor on 
 
 Milk cows 
 
 3,045 
 
 11.9 
 
 2,865 
 
 11.6 
 
 3 
 
 crops follows closely that on hay. 
 
 Other cattle 
 
 4,260 
 
 16.6 
 
 4,856 
 
 19.6 
 
 t 
 
 The requirements gradually increase as 
 
 Sheep 
 
 4,012 
 
 15.6 
 
 2,688 
 
 10.8 
 
 i 
 
 spring opens until July when t he peak 
 
 Chickens 
 
 549 
 
 2.1 
 
 1,035 
 
 4.2 
 
 2 
 
 of haymaking is reached. They continue 
 
 Other livestock 
 
 792 
 
 3.1 
 
 785 
 
 3.2 
 
 2 
 
 high during August but after this 
 
 All livestock 
 
 14.328 
 
 55.8 
 
 13.855 
 
 56.0 
 
 f 
 
 s 
 
 recede rapidly. Although the July 
 peak still exists in the distribution 
 
 Farm maintenance 
 
 3.851 
 
 . -i&iP. 
 
 Sqg.51. 
 
 15.6 
 
 t 
 
 t 
 
 of all farm work, it is considerably 
 reduced because the work on livestock 
 
 All farm work 
 
 25.674 
 
 100.0 
 
 24.748 
 
 100.0 
 
 0 
 
 is such a large proportion of the 
 
 ■ ----— — -- t ~ ■ - y - ■ - — ^ - 
 
 2/ Less than 0.05 percent. whole. 
 
 Table 98.- Monthly percentage distribution of labor required for farm work by enterprises, Nevada, 1944 
 
 Enterprise 
 
 : 
 
 
 
 
 Percent.are di at-Hbu td on of labor 
 
 
 
 
 0 
 
 0 
 
 : 
 
 Jan. ) 
 
 Feb. 
 
 ‘March 
 
 0 
 
 | April 
 
 5 May 
 
 t 
 
 June 
 
 3 
 
 * July 
 
 2 
 
 Aug. j 
 
 Sept.j 
 
 Oct, ' 
 
 Nov. 
 
 Dec. 
 
 
 % 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pst. 
 
 Corn 
 
 i 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 5 
 
 11 
 
 21 
 
 16 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 18 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 5 
 
 Oats 
 
 2 
 
 
 5 
 
 7 
 
 13 
 
 8 
 
 13 
 
 17 
 
 12 
 
 11 
 
 8 
 
 6 
 
 
 Barley 
 
 S 
 
 
 8 
 
 n 
 
 17 
 
 12 
 
 7 
 
 17 
 
 16 
 
 9 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 Wheat 
 
 s 
 
 
 
 11 
 
 17 
 
 5 
 
 4 
 
 13 
 
 21 
 
 18 
 
 11 
 
 
 
 All feed and food grains 
 
 2 
 
 
 5 
 
 10 
 
 15 
 
 11 
 
 9 
 
 14 
 
 14 
 
 13 
 
 6 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 Alfalfa hay 
 
 f 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 15 
 
 26 
 
 13 
 
 15 
 
 11 
 
 15 
 
 
 
 
 All hay 
 
 1 
 
 
 y 
 
 y 
 
 4 
 
 12 
 
 19 
 
 26 
 
 22 
 
 10 
 
 7 
 
 y 
 
 y 
 
 Fruits, berries & tree nuts 
 
 X 
 
 6 
 
 8 
 
 5 
 
 5 
 
 9 
 
 12 
 
 10 
 
 9 
 
 15 
 
 14 
 
 5 
 
 2 
 
 Truck, market & farm gardens 
 
 i 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 8 
 
 10 
 
 13 
 
 10 
 
 16 
 
 8 
 
 17 
 
 14 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 Potatoes 
 
 2 
 
 
 4 
 
 10 
 
 8 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 23 
 
 23 
 
 8 
 
 4 
 
 All crops 
 
 X 
 
 y 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 6 
 
 12 
 
 17 
 
 25 
 
 19 
 
 11 
 
 8 
 
 1 
 
 y 
 
 Horses and mules 
 
 t 
 
 7 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 n 
 
 11 
 
 10 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 8 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 Milk cows 
 
 t 
 
 10 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 Other cattle 
 
 t 
 
 16 
 
 15 
 
 15 
 
 10 
 
 3 
 
 5 
 
 5 
 
 5 
 
 3 
 
 7 
 
 10 
 
 12 
 
 Sheep 
 
 i 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 13 
 
 11 
 
 5 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 8 
 
 7 
 
 e 
 
 9 
 
 Chickens 
 
 2 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 9 
 
 13 
 
 12 
 
 11 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 All livestock 
 
 t 
 
 11 
 
 10 
 
 H 
 
 10 
 
 8 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 Farm maintenance 
 
 t 
 
 t 
 
 6 
 
 8 
 
 10 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 8 
 
 6 
 
 8 
 
 10 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 7 
 
 All farm work 
 
 l 
 
 0 
 
 0 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 11 
 
 10 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 1/ Less than 0.5 percent. 
 
WASHINGTON 
 
 Table 99.- Estimated man-hours of labor required for farm work 
 by enterprises, Washington, 1939 and 1944 
 
 Enterprise 
 
 1939 
 
 1944 
 
 Number * 
 
 of 1 
 hours | 
 
 Per¬ 
 
 centage 
 
 of 
 
 total 
 
 * Number \ 
 
 : of : 
 
 * hours ' 
 
 * • 
 
 Per¬ 
 
 centage 
 
 of 
 
 total 
 
 
 Thousands Percent 
 
 Thousands 
 
 Percent 
 
 Com 
 
 1,080 
 
 .5 
 
 867 
 
 .3 
 
 Oats 
 
 1,718 
 
 .7 
 
 1,411 
 
 .5 
 
 Barley 
 
 864 
 
 .4 
 
 2,026 
 
 .8 
 
 Wheat 
 
 12,755 
 
 5.6 
 
 15,251 
 
 6.0 
 
 Other feed and food grains 
 
 187 
 
 .1 
 
 173 
 
 .1 
 
 Alfalfa hay 
 
 6,300 
 
 2.7 
 
 6,494 
 
 2.6 
 
 Clover and timothy hay 
 
 2,101 
 
 .9 
 
 2,049 
 
 .8 
 
 Other hay 
 
 6,606 
 
 2.9 
 
 8,361 
 
 3.3 
 
 Sugar beets 
 
 1,286 
 
 .6 
 
 1,224 
 
 .5 
 
 Fruits, berries & tree nuts 
 
 49,976 
 
 21.8 
 
 52,975 
 
 20.8 
 
 Truck and market gardens 
 
 7,317 
 
 3.2 
 
 12,658 
 
 5.0 
 
 Farm gardens > 10,278 
 
 4.5 
 
 14,184 
 
 5-6 
 
 Potatoes 
 
 3,071 
 
 1.3 
 
 4,132 
 
 1.6 
 
 'Dry edible beans 
 
 100 
 
 1/ 
 
 96 
 
 1/ 
 
 Other crons t 3,189 
 
 1.4 
 
 J,041 
 
 2.8 
 
 All crops 
 
 106.808 
 
 46.6 
 
 128.942 
 
 50.7 
 
 Horses and mules 
 
 4,456 
 
 1.9 
 
 3,334 
 
 1.3 
 
 Milk cows 
 
 51,300 
 
 22.4 
 
 50,358 
 
 19.8 
 
 Other cattle 
 
 7,941 
 
 3-4 
 
 10,562 
 
 4.2 
 
 Sheep 
 
 4,012 
 
 1.8 
 
 2,608 
 
 1.0 
 
 Chickens 
 
 12,757 
 
 5.6 
 
 14,082 
 
 5.5 
 
 Other livestock 
 
 7,575 
 
 3-3 
 
 10.043 
 
 4.0 
 
 All livestock 
 
 88,041 
 
 38.4 
 
 90.987 
 
 -O 
 
 oo 
 
 Farm maintenance 
 
 34.385 
 
 15.0 
 
 34,385 . 
 
 13.5 
 
 All farm work 
 
 229,234 
 
 100.0 
 
 254.314 
 
 100.0 
 
 17 Less than 0.05 percent. 
 
 Apples take more hours of labor than 
 any other crop In Washington. They take 
 about 30 percent of the crop labor and 
 other fruits take about another 15 per¬ 
 cent. Truck crops and gardens require 
 about a fifth of the crop hours and wheat 
 nnri hay each take between 10 and 15 per¬ 
 cent. Milk cows take more than half of 
 the direct labor on livestock, chickens 
 about 15 percent, and beef cattle about 
 10 percent. Man-hours of labor required 
 for farm work Increased about 11 per¬ 
 cent from 1939 to 1944. Most of this 
 was for crops. Time required for truck 
 crops and gardens rose more than 50 
 percent as the production was about 
 three-fifths greater. Wheat, with more 
 acres and a greater yield, took about a 
 fifth more time. Labor for milk cows 
 decreased about 2 percent despite a 15- 
 percent increase in production of milk. 
 Considerably fewer horses and mules and 
 lower production of sheep and lambs 
 resulted in lees labor for them. About 
 two and a half times as many total man¬ 
 hours are required during August as 
 during January, and crop hours are more 
 than 16 times greater in August than in 
 January. In addition to considerable 
 work on grains and hay, August is the 
 high month for fruits and truck crops, 
 including gardens and potatoes. 
 
 Table 100.- Monthly percentage distribution of labor required for farm work by enterprises, Washington 1944 
 
 Enterprise 
 
 
 
 
 Percentage distribution 
 
 of labor 
 
 
 
 
 Jan. 
 
 j Feb. 
 
 : March 
 
 |April 
 • 
 
 : May 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 : June 
 
 jjuly 
 
 j Aug. 
 
 •Sept. 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 Oct. 
 
 : Nov. 
 
 • Dec. 
 
 
 Pot. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pot. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Com 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 15 
 
 14 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 27 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 3 
 
 Oats 
 
 
 1 
 
 12 
 
 11 
 
 7 
 
 2 
 
 19 
 
 26 
 
 12 
 
 9 
 
 1 
 
 
 Barley 
 
 
 1 
 
 4 
 
 14 
 
 18 
 
 4 
 
 10 
 
 28 
 
 15 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 Wheat 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 11 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 28 
 
 15 
 
 14 
 
 13 
 
 5 
 
 1/ 
 
 All feed and food grains 
 
 1/ 
 
 1/ 
 
 4 
 
 11 
 
 8 
 
 5 
 
 24 
 
 17 
 
 15 
 
 12 
 
 4 
 
 Alfalfa hay 
 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 28 
 
 23 
 
 18 
 
 13 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 
 Clover and timothy hay 
 
 
 1/ 
 
 5 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 20 
 
 60 
 
 13 
 
 
 
 
 
 All hay 
 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 19 
 
 30 
 
 16 
 
 13 
 
 7 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 Sugar beets 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 30 
 
 12 
 
 10 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 16 
 
 12 
 
 2 
 
 Fruits, berries & tree nuts 
 
 2 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 3 
 
 7 
 
 16 
 
 13 
 
 16 
 
 14 
 
 11 
 
 4 
 
 2 
 
 Truck, market & farm gardens 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 5 
 
 8 
 
 15 
 
 15 
 
 12 
 
 19 
 
 16 
 
 4 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 Potatoes 
 
 
 2 
 
 5 
 
 3 
 
 11 
 
 14 
 
 20 
 
 33 
 
 11 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 Dry edible beans 
 
 
 
 2 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 6 
 
 12 
 
 12 
 
 24 
 
 23 
 
 7 
 
 
 All crops 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 8 
 
 14 
 
 17 
 
 18 
 
 15 
 
 9 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 Horses and mules 
 
 7 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 11 
 
 11 
 
 10 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 8 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 Milk oows 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 7 
 
 5 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 Other cattle 
 
 17 
 
 15 
 
 16 
 
 10 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 7 
 
 10 
 
 17 
 
 Sheep 
 
 11 
 
 10 
 
 11 
 
 12 
 
 10 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 6 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 11 
 
 Chickens 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 9 
 
 8 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 All livestock 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 7 
 
 6 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 Farm maintenance 
 
 6 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 8 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 9 
 
 6 
 
 All farm work 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 11 
 
 11 
 
 12 
 
 11 
 
 9 
 
 6 
 
 5 
 
 1/ Less than 0.5 percent. 
 
- 64 - 
 
 OBEGON 
 
 Table 101.- Estimated man-hours of labor required for farm work 
 by enterprises, Oregon, 1939 and 1944 
 
 Enterprise 
 
 . 1939 
 
 : 1944 
 
 Number * 
 
 o f : 
 
 hours [ 
 
 Per¬ 
 
 centage 
 
 of 
 
 total 
 
 * Number * 
 
 ; of 
 
 * hours ' 
 
 Per¬ 
 
 centage 
 
 of 
 
 total 
 
 
 If 
 
 g 
 
 II 
 
 CD , 
 
 Percent 
 
 Thousands 
 
 Peroent 
 
 Com 
 
 1,886 
 
 .9 
 
 1,259 
 
 .6 
 
 Oats 
 
 2,939 
 
 1.4 
 
 2,563 
 
 1.2 
 
 Barley 
 
 1,781 
 
 .9 
 
 1,852 
 
 • 9 
 
 Wheat 
 
 5,421 
 
 2.7 
 
 6,169 
 
 3.0 
 
 Other feed and food grains 
 
 472 
 
 .2 
 
 544 
 
 .3 
 
 Alfalfa hay 
 
 6,762 
 
 3.3 
 
 5,628 
 
 2.7 
 
 Clover and timothy hay 
 
 893 
 
 .4 
 
 1,078 
 
 .5 
 
 Other hay 
 
 9,234 
 
 4.5 
 
 9,416 
 
 4.5 
 
 Sugar beets 
 
 672 
 
 .3 
 
 1,187 
 
 .6 
 
 Fruits, berries & tree nuts 
 
 27,135 
 
 13.3 
 
 27,406 
 
 13.1 
 
 Truck and market gardens 
 
 6,275 
 
 3.1 
 
 10,605 
 
 5.1 
 
 Farm gardens 
 
 6,820 
 
 3-4 
 
 8,048 
 
 3.9 
 
 Potatoes 
 
 2,970 
 
 1.5 
 
 4,465 
 
 2.1 
 
 Dry edible beans 
 
 50 
 
 1 / 
 
 52 
 
 1 / 
 
 Other crops 
 
 10,512 
 
 ,5.2 
 
 11,391 
 
 ,5-5 
 
 All crops 
 
 OJ 
 
 OJ 
 
 GO 
 
 cr 
 
 00 
 
 41.1 
 
 91.663 
 
 44.0 
 
 Horses and mules 
 
 8,048 
 
 3.9 
 
 6,780 
 
 3.2 
 
 Milk cows 
 
 38,715 
 
 19.0 
 
 35,962 
 
 17.3 
 
 Other cattle 
 
 12,716 
 
 6.2 
 
 16,785 
 
 8.1 
 
 Sheep 
 
 11,351 
 
 5-6 
 
 6,811 
 
 3.3 
 
 Chickens 
 
 7,277 
 
 3-6 
 
 7,507 
 
 3.6 
 
 Other livestock 
 
 11,315 
 
 5.6 
 
 12,110 
 
 5.8 
 
 All livestock 
 
 89,422 
 
 43*9 
 
 85 !955 
 
 4l!l 
 
 Farm maintenance 
 
 30.572 
 
 15.0 
 
 30,572 
 
 14.7 
 
 All farm work 
 
 2,03.,816. 
 
 100.0 
 
 208,190 
 
 100.0 : 
 
 1/ Less than 0.05 percent. 
 
 Aside from the hours required for farm 
 maintenance, farm labor in Oregon is 
 almost equally divided between crops 
 and livestock. Fruits take almost a 
 third of the crop labor, hay and truck 
 crops, including gardens, about a fifth 
 each, and feed and food grains approxi¬ 
 mately 15 percent. Milk cows take more 
 than two-fifths of the livestock labor, 
 beef cattle slightly less than a fifth, 
 and sheep and ohickens a little lees 
 than 10 percent each. Man-hours of 
 labor required for crops increased 9 
 percent from 1939 to 1944 but those for 
 livestock were 4 percent lower. Man¬ 
 hours required for sheep were lower 
 because of fewer numbers and less pro¬ 
 duction; those for milk cows were also 
 lower even though production of milk 
 increased 7 percent. Truck crops and 
 gardens provided most of the additional 
 crop work. Labor for them rose more 
 than two-fifths because of significantly 
 greater production. Some work on crops, 
 especially fruits, is necessary during 
 the winter months. Additional time is 
 required on most crops, however, as 
 spring opens. Hie requirements increase 
 gradually and reach a peak in July. A 
 big demand is maintained through Sep¬ 
 tember but after October it drops 
 rapidly. 
 
 Table 102.- Monthly percentage distribution of labor required for farm work by enterprises, Oregon, 1944 
 
 Enterprise 
 
 
 
 
 Percentage distribution of 
 
 labor 
 
 
 
 
 
 Jan. ; 
 
 Feb. 
 
 ‘March 
 
 |April 
 
 1 May 
 
 | June 
 
 ! July 
 
 ; Aug. 
 
 ’Sept. 
 
 ; oct. 
 
 ) Nov. 
 
 [ Dec. 
 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pot. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Com 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 12 
 
 14 
 
 17 
 
 15 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 19 
 
 7 
 
 6 
 
 4 
 
 Oats 
 
 1/ 
 
 3 
 
 8 
 
 7 
 
 2 
 
 6 
 
 14 
 
 21 
 
 11 
 
 21 
 
 5 
 
 2 
 
 Barley 
 
 2 
 
 25 
 
 10 
 
 5 
 
 5 
 
 12 
 
 28 
 
 8 
 
 5 
 
 
 
 Wheat 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 9 
 
 6 
 
 2 
 
 19 
 
 20 
 
 18 
 
 18 
 
 7 
 
 
 All feed and food grains 
 
 1/ 
 
 1 
 
 7 
 
 9 
 
 6 
 
 5 
 
 15 
 
 19 
 
 16 
 
 16 
 
 5 
 
 1 
 
 Alfalfa hay 
 
 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 25 
 
 23 
 
 18 
 
 14 
 
 3 
 
 2 
 
 
 Clover and timothy hay 
 
 
 1/ 
 
 5 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 28 
 
 50 
 
 11 
 
 
 
 
 
 1 All hay 
 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 4 
 
 18 
 
 29 
 
 20 
 
 11 
 
 6 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 Sugar beets 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 7 
 
 17 
 
 29 
 
 5 
 
 3 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 21 
 
 12 
 
 
 Fruits, berries & tree nuts 
 
 2 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 5 
 
 7 
 
 19 
 
 16 
 
 12 
 
 12 
 
 10 
 
 5 
 
 1 
 
 Truck, market & farm gardens 
 
 1/ 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 6 
 
 13 
 
 14 
 
 17 
 
 21 
 
 10 
 
 8 
 
 4 
 
 3 
 
 Potatoes 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 18 
 
 7 
 
 10 
 
 8 
 
 39 
 
 13 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 Dry edible beans 
 
 
 
 7 
 
 4 
 
 8 
 
 27 
 
 8 
 
 4 
 
 11 
 
 25 
 
 6 
 
 
 All crops 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 8 
 
 13 
 
 19 
 
 17 
 
 14 
 
 9 
 
 4 
 
 1 
 
 Horses and mules 
 
 7 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 11 
 
 11 
 
 10 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 8 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 Milk cows 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 7 
 
 5 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 Other cattle 
 
 17 
 
 15 
 
 16 
 
 10 
 
 3 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 7 
 
 10 
 
 17 
 
 Sheep 
 
 11 
 
 10 
 
 11 
 
 12 
 
 10 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 6 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 11 
 
 Chickens 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 9 
 
 8 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 All livestock 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 7 
 
 6 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 11 
 
 Farm maintenance 
 
 6 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 8 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 10 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 7 
 
 All farm work 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 10 
 
 12 
 
 11 
 
 10 
 
 2 
 
 7 
 
 6 
 
 T7 Less than 0.5 percent. 
 
- 65 - 
 
 CALIFORNIA 
 
 Table 103.- Estimated man-hours of labor required for farm work 
 by enterprises, California, 1939 and 1944 
 
 Enterprise 
 
 1939 
 
 : 1944 
 
 Number : 
 
 of ; 
 
 hours [ 
 
 Per¬ 
 
 centage 
 
 of 
 
 total 
 
 ; Number : 
 
 of ; 
 
 : hours 
 
 Per¬ 
 
 centage 
 
 of 
 
 total 
 
 
 Thousands 
 
 Percent 
 
 Thousands 
 
 Percent 
 
 Corn 
 
 1,986 
 
 .2 
 
 1,801 
 
 .2 
 
 Oats 
 
 1,263 
 
 .1 
 
 1,186 
 
 .1 
 
 Barley 
 
 13,170 
 
 1.5 
 
 13,862 
 
 1.5 
 
 Wheat 
 
 4,260 
 
 .5 
 
 3,422 
 
 .4 
 
 Other feed and food grains 
 
 5,574 
 
 .6 
 
 7,278 
 
 .8 
 
 Alfalfa hay 
 
 31,512 
 
 3.6 
 
 35,335 
 
 3-8 
 
 Clover and timothy hay 
 
 378 
 
 1/ 
 
 382 
 
 .1 
 
 Other hay 
 
 14,658 
 
 1.7 
 
 17,632 
 
 1.9 
 
 Sugar beete 
 
 15,190 
 
 1.7 
 
 6,350 
 
 .7 
 
 Fruits, berries & tree nuts 
 
 286,408 
 
 32.4 
 
 315,049 
 
 34.0 
 
 Truck and market gardens 
 
 75,880 
 
 8.6 
 
 88,780 
 
 9.6 
 
 Farm gardens 
 
 4,820 
 
 .6 
 
 4,820 
 
 •5 
 
 Potatoes 
 
 8,257 
 
 • 9 
 
 12,360 
 
 1.3 
 
 Dry edible beans 
 
 10,200 
 
 1.2 
 
 9,598 
 
 1.0 
 
 Other crops 
 
 51,253 
 
 . 5.8 
 
 42,228 
 
 h.6 
 
 All crops 
 
 524,809 
 
 59.4 
 
 560,063 
 
 60.5 
 
 Horses and mules 
 
 15,734 
 
 1.8 
 
 13,152 
 
 1.4 
 
 Milk cows 
 
 108,500 
 
 12.3 
 
 108,930 
 
 11.8 
 
 Other cattle 
 
 31,040 
 
 3.5 
 
 35,696 
 
 3.8 
 
 Sheep 
 
 16,566 
 
 1.9 
 
 12,590 
 
 1.4 
 
 Chickens 
 
 29,758 
 
 3-3 
 
 35,180 
 
 3.8 
 
 Other livestock 
 
 25,418 . 
 
 2.9 
 
 28,851 
 
 3.1 
 
 All livestock 
 
 227,016 
 
 25.7 
 
 234,399 
 
 25.3 
 
 Farm maintenance 
 
 131,348 
 
 14.9 
 
 131,348 
 
 14.2 
 
 All farm work 
 
 883,173, 
 
 100.0 
 
 925,830 
 
 100.0 
 
 1/ Less than 0.05 percent. 
 
 The agriculture of California includes 
 practically every crop and kind of live¬ 
 stock produced elsewhere in the country-- 
 com, wheat, cotton, potatoes, flax, 
 rice, dairying, grazing, as well as large 
 numbers of specialty crops. Dairying 
 is Important in all sections of the State 
 and takes almost half of the direct 
 labor on livestock. Beef cattle and 
 chickens take an almost equal amount-- 
 15 percent each of the man-hours for 
 all livestock. More than half of the 
 crop labor is required by fruits, 
 berries and tree nuts, 2 percent of 
 which is for berries, 6 percent for nuts, 
 21 percent for citrus, and 71 percent 
 for all other fruits. Truck crops, 
 including market gardens, require about 
 15 percent and hay about 10 percent 
 of the crop work. Man hours required for 
 all farm work increased about 43 million 
 hours or 5 percent from 1939 to 1944. 
 Crops took more than 80 percent of the 
 additional hours. The great diversity 
 of agriculture with the planting and 
 harvesting of many crops occurring in 
 some sections of the State in all months 
 of the year gives a relatively even 
 State distribution of labor. Seasonal 
 peaks vary a lot in different areas. The 
 heaviest work load occurs from June to 
 October and August and September are the 
 months of greatest labor needs. 
 
 Table 104.- Monthly percentage distribution of labor required for farm work by enterprises, California, 1944 
 
 Enterprise 
 
 Percentage distribution of labor 
 
 Jan. 
 
 Feb. 
 
 'March 
 
 • 
 
 • 
 
 April 
 
 May 
 
 [June 
 
 July 
 
 Aug. 
 
 [Sept. 
 
 Oct. ; 
 
 Nov. [ 
 
 Dec. 
 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Pet. 
 
 Corn 
 
 1 
 
 5 
 
 7 
 
 10 
 
 12 
 
 9 
 
 6 
 
 5 
 
 28 
 
 7 
 
 6 
 
 4 
 
 Oats 
 
 5 
 
 10 
 
 6 
 
 8 
 
 11 
 
 21 
 
 12 
 
 4 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 6 
 
 4 
 
 Barley 
 
 9 
 
 14 
 
 9 
 
 5 
 
 8 
 
 16 
 
 15 
 
 8 
 
 5 
 
 5 
 
 4 
 
 2 
 
 Wheat 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 
 1 
 
 19 
 
 16 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 11 
 
 31 
 
 5 
 
 All feed and food grains 
 
 5 
 
 8 
 
 7 
 
 5 
 
 7 
 
 17 
 
 15 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 10 
 
 8 
 
 3 
 
 Alfalfa hay 
 
 1 
 
 3 
 
 5 
 
 12 
 
 18 
 
 17 
 
 15 
 
 10 
 
 8 
 
 6 
 
 4 
 
 1 
 
 Clover and timothy hay 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 4 
 
 4 
 
 30 
 
 45 
 
 12 
 
 
 
 
 
 All hay 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 4 
 
 9 
 
 17 
 
 20 
 
 14 
 
 n 
 
 8 
 
 6 
 
 5 
 
 1 
 
 Sugar beete 
 
 1 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 11 
 
 12 
 
 12 
 
 10 
 
 12 
 
 10 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 3 
 
 Fruits, berries & tree nuts 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 10 
 
 14 
 
 18 
 
 11 
 
 8 
 
 5 
 
 Truck, market & farm gardens 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 11 
 
 10 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 Potatoes 
 
 4 
 
 5 
 
 8 
 
 12 
 
 12 
 
 ll 
 
 8 
 
 10 
 
 7 
 
 13 
 
 4 
 
 6 
 
 Dry edible beans 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 4 
 
 17 
 
 17 
 
 13 
 
 9 
 
 13 
 
 13 
 
 6 
 
 3 
 
 All crops 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 5 
 
 6 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 12 
 
 14 
 
 11 
 
 9 
 
 5 
 
 Horses and mules 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 Milk cows 
 
 10 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 8 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 Other cattle 
 
 16 
 
 13 
 
 14 
 
 12 
 
 3 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 3 
 
 7 
 
 10 
 
 16 
 
 Sheep 
 
 6 
 
 9 
 
 11 
 
 13 
 
 14 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 Chickens 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 11 
 
 10 
 
 9 
 
 8 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 All livestock 
 
 9 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 9 
 
 8 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 Farm maintenance 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 10 
 
 8 
 
 6 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 8 
 
 All farm work 
 
 I 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 8 
 
 9 
 
 2 
 
 10 
 
 11 
 
 10 
 
 8 
 
 7 
 
- 66 - 
 
 Table 105.- Estimated man-hours of labor required for farm work, by enterprises 
 
 United States, 1939 and 1944 9 
 
 Enterprise 
 
 Corn 
 
 Oats 
 
 Sorghums, except sirup 
 
 Barley 
 
 Wheat 
 
 Rice 
 
 Other feed and food grains 
 
 Cotton 
 
 Alfalfa hay 
 
 Clover and timothy hay 
 
 Soybean hay 
 
 Other hay 
 
 Soybeans for beans 
 
 Peanuts picked and threshed 
 
 Sugar beets 
 
 Maple products 
 
 Tobacco 
 
 Fruits, berries and tree nuts 
 
 Truck and market gardens 
 
 Farm gardens 
 
 Potatoes 
 
 Sveetpotatoes 
 
 Dry edible beans 
 
 Other crops 
 
 All crops 
 
 Horses and mules 
 
 Milk cows 
 
 Other cattle 
 
 Hogs 
 
 Sheep 
 
 Chickens 
 
 Other livestock 
 
 All livestock 
 Farm maintenance 
 
 All farm work 
 l/ Less than 0.5 percent. 
 
 : 1939 
 
 
 : 1944 
 
 
 * Number 
 .* of 
 
 • 
 
 hours 
 
 : : 
 
 Per¬ 
 
 centage 
 
 of 
 
 total 
 
 * Number 
 
 of 
 
 * hours 
 
 * • 
 
 Per¬ 
 
 centage 
 
 of 
 
 total 
 
 Millions 
 
 Percent 
 
 Millions 
 
 Percent 
 
 2,480 
 
 12.0 
 
 2,387 
 
 11.4 
 
 316 
 
 1.5 
 
 351 
 
 1.7 
 
 218 
 
 1.1 
 
 233 
 
 1.1 
 
 134 
 
 .7 
 
 107 
 
 .5 
 
 433 
 
 2.1 
 
 418 
 
 2.0 
 
 33 
 
 .2 
 
 42 
 
 .2 
 
 59 
 
 • 3 
 
 42 
 
 .2 
 
 2,388 
 
 11.6 
 
 2,231 
 
 10.7 
 
 267 
 
 1.3 
 
 299 
 
 1.4 
 
 154 
 
 .8 
 
 186 
 
 .9 
 
 12 
 
 .4 
 
 42 
 
 .2 
 
 339 
 
 1.6 
 
 378 
 
 1.8 
 
 50 
 
 .2 
 
 124 
 
 .6 
 
 121 
 
 .6 
 
 190 
 
 .9 
 
 87 
 
 .4 
 
 50 
 
 .2 
 
 6 
 
 1/ 
 
 5 
 
 1/ 
 
 872 
 
 4.2 
 
 789 
 
 3.2 
 
 760 
 
 3.7 
 
 771 
 
 3.7 
 
 495 
 
 2.4 
 
 607 
 
 2.9 
 
 626 
 
 3.0 
 
 620 
 
 3.0 
 
 194 
 
 .9 
 
 204 
 
 1.0 
 
 85 
 
 .4 
 
 92 
 
 .5 
 
 46 
 
 .2 
 
 50 
 
 .2 
 
 345 
 
 1.7 
 
 329 
 
 1.6 
 
 10,580 
 
 51.3 
 
 10,547 
 
 50.5 
 
 994 
 
 4.8 
 
 878 
 
 4.2 
 
 3,^52 
 
 16.8 
 
 3,465 
 
 16.6 
 
 617 
 
 3.0 
 
 7^3 
 
 3.6 
 
 545 
 
 2.6 
 
 604 
 
 2.9 
 
 248 
 
 1.2 
 
 226 
 
 1.1 
 
 880 
 
 ^•3 
 
 1,107 
 
 5.3 
 
 240 
 
 1.2 
 
 254 
 
 1.2 
 
 6,976 
 
 33.9 
 
 7,277 
 
 34.9 
 
 3,053 
 
 14.8 
 
 3,053 
 
 14.6 
 
 20,609 
 
 100.0 
 
 20,877 
 
 100.0 
 
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- 68 - 
 
 Table 107.- Estimated man-hours of labor rr-juired for'crops, livestock, and farm maintenance, 
 
 by States end divisions, 1939 and 1944 1/ 
 
 State 
 
 
 
 1939 
 
 
 : 
 
 -19411- 
 
 
 and 
 
 division 
 
 All 
 
 crops 
 
 : All 
 
 : livestock 
 
 : Farm : All 
 
 :maintenance: farm work 
 
 : AH 
 
 : crops 
 
 : All 
 
 : livestock 
 
 : Farm : All 
 
 smaintenance: farm work 
 
 
 1,000 
 
 men hours 
 
 1,000 
 
 man hours 
 
 1,000 
 
 man hours 
 
 1,000 
 
 man hours 
 
 1,000 
 
 man hours 
 
 1,000 
 
 Tram hours 
 
 1,000 
 man hours 
 
 1,000 
 man hours 
 
 Maine 
 
 New Hampshire 
 Vermont 
 Massachusetts 
 Rhode Island 
 Connecticut 
 
 38,687 
 
 10,104 
 
 ' 23,759 
 37,213 
 
 3,537 
 
 - 
 
 34,720 
 
 20,156 
 
 58,384 
 
 38,387 
 
 5,405 
 
 — slgfij 
 
 12,954 
 
 5,340 
 
 14,496 
 
 13,309 
 
 1,578 
 
 2^03 
 
 86,361 
 35,600 
 96,639 
 88,909 
 10,520 
 — 66.372 
 
 40,965 
 9,279 
 20,250 
 34,148 
 ’ 2,828 
 
 21.650 
 
 34,676 
 
 19,836 
 
 56,680 
 
 38,953 
 
 5,025 
 
 32.628 
 
 12,954 
 
 5,340 
 
 14,496 
 
 13,309 
 
 1,578 
 
 9.903 
 
 88,595 
 
 34,455 
 
 91,426 
 
 86,410 
 
 9,431 
 
 64.181 
 
 New England 
 
 138.263 
 
 188.558 
 
 21 x2.80, 
 
 384.401 
 
 129.120 
 
 187 !798 
 
 57.580 
 
 374.498 
 
 New York 
 
 New Jersey 
 Pennsylvania 
 
 : 217,969 
 
 54,795 
 €04,548 
 
 306,174 
 
 43,159 
 
 22.6,941 
 
 92,495 
 
 17,286 
 
 75.982 
 
 616,638 
 
 115,240 
 
 507.471 
 
 223,804 
 
 55,524 
 
 197,407 
 
 276,384 
 
 43,624 
 
 225.787 
 
 92,495 
 
 17,286 
 
 75.982 
 
 592,683 
 
 116,434 
 
 499.256 
 
 Mid. Atlantic 
 
 **77,312 
 
 - ... 576,274 
 
 1 * 5,763 
 
 - 1,239,349 
 
 47o!815 
 
 545.795 
 
 185.763 
 
 1.208.373 
 
 Ohio 
 
 Indiana 
 
 Illinois 
 
 Michigan 
 
 Wisconsin 
 
 282,016 
 
 202,317 
 
 290,121 
 
 243,470 
 
 226.066 
 
 275,278 
 221,088 
 337,026 
 225,781 
 __443,935 
 
 98,276 
 
 74,675 
 
 110,673 
 
 82,809 
 
 P 8 .!? 1 
 
 655,570 
 
 498,080 
 
 737,820 
 
 552,060 
 
 788.152 
 
 250,552 
 
 198,449 
 
 278,394 
 
 234,486 
 
 241.001 
 
 278,029 
 
 224,516 
 
 337,593 
 
 224,515 
 
 469.389 
 
 98,276 
 
 74,675 
 
 110,673 
 
 82,809 
 
 118.151 
 
 626,857 
 
 497,640 
 
 726,660 
 
 541,810 
 
 828,541 
 
 E. N. Central 
 
 -.i.i,a**3»9?o 
 
 1.503,108 
 
 484.584 
 
 3.231.6&2 
 
 1 . 202.882 
 
 1,534.042 
 
 ~m!554 
 
 3.221.508 
 
 Minnesota 
 
 Iowa 
 
 Missouri 
 
 North Dakota 
 South Dakota 
 Nebraska 
 
 Kansas 
 
 311,444 
 290,101 
 296,074 
 132,805 
 116,*00 
 181,942 
 
 -r^#§- 
 
 421,632 
 
 460,053 
 
 287,833 
 
 121,968 
 
 138,519 
 
 204,538 
 
 206,803 
 
 129,365 
 
 132,380 
 
 99,574 
 
 44,960 
 
 44,982 
 
 68,202 
 
 65.412 
 
 862,441 
 
 882,534 
 
 683,481 
 
 299,733 
 
 299,881 
 
 454,682 
 
 436,077 
 
 284,874 
 
 305,728 
 
 301.210 
 
 167,831 
 
 148,527 
 
 221,837 
 
 211,943 
 
 428,591 
 
 475,908 
 
 323,334 
 
 137,617 
 
 151,623 
 
 225,079 
 
 222.921 
 
 129,365 
 
 132,380 
 
 99,574 
 
 44,960 
 
 44,982 
 
 68,202 
 
 65.412 
 
 842,830 
 
 914,016 
 
 724.118 
 350,408 
 345,132 
 
 515.118 
 500.276 
 
 W. N. Central 
 
 1,492,608 
 
 1.841.346 
 
 KRyH1 
 
 3,9181829 
 
 1.641.950 
 
 1.965.073 
 
 
 4,191.898 
 
 Delaware 
 
 Maryland 
 
 Virginia 
 
 West Virginia 
 North Carolina 
 South Carolina : 
 Georgia 
 
 Florida 
 
 16,834 
 
 74,170 
 
 238,756 
 
 63,909 
 
 763,921 
 
 407,353 
 
 619,714 
 
 168.474 
 
 16,058 
 
 55,555 
 
 124,479 
 
 66,305 
 
 120,858 
 
 59,040 
 
 119,284 
 
 41,321 
 
 5,804 
 
 22,759 
 
 63,117 
 
 22,966 
 
 147,528 
 
 76,649 
 
 129,949 
 
 37,-425 
 
 38,696 
 
 152,484 
 
 426,352 
 
 153,180 
 
 1,032,307 
 
 543,042 
 
 868,947 
 
 247.220 
 
 17,294 
 
 78,151 
 
 222,584 
 
 54,067 
 
 729,065 
 
 379,545 
 
 545,265 
 
 166.396 
 
 23,315 
 
 57,365 
 
 138,060 
 
 68,771 
 
 142,059 
 
 63,913 
 
 131,338 
 
 55.211 
 
 5,8o4 
 
 22,759 
 
 63,117 
 
 22,966 
 
 147,528 
 
 76,649 
 
 129,949 
 
 37.425 
 
 46,413 
 
 158,275 
 
 423,761 
 
 145,804 
 
 1,018,652 
 
 520,107 
 
 806,552 
 
 259.032 
 
 S. Atlantic 
 
 2,353.131 
 
 602.900 
 
 - 506,197 
 
 3.462.228 
 
 2.192.367 
 
 680.032 
 
 506.197 
 
 3.378.596 
 
 Kentucky 
 
 Tennessee 
 
 Alabama 
 
 Mississippi 
 
 311,066 
 
 335,278 
 
 483,518 
 
 g&lft 
 
 165,427 
 
 163,544 
 
 117,398 
 
 m.3.62 
 
 82,439 
 
 86,055 
 
 108,54o 
 
 119,821 
 
 558,932 
 
 584,877 
 
 709,456 
 
 834.364 
 
 319,732 
 
 327,429 
 
 458,986 
 
 590,403 
 
 175,679 
 
 181,376 
 
 128,082 
 
 143.943 
 
 82,439 
 86,055 
 108 , 54 o 
 
 119.821 
 
 577,850 
 
 594,860 
 
 695,608 
 
 854.167 
 
 E. S. Central 
 
 11,709,043 
 
 aLm. 
 
 396,855 
 
 2,687,629 
 
 1,696,550 
 
 629.080 
 
 396.855 
 
 2.722.485 
 
 : 
 
 Arkansas 
 
 Louisiana 
 
 Oklahoma 
 
 Texas 
 
 471,213 
 383,516 
 279,404 
 . 921,786 
 
 129,539 
 90,408 
 190,185 
 — 436,609 
 
 97,390 
 79,093 
 82,554 
 - 236,710 
 
 698.142 
 553,017 
 
 552.143 
 1,595.104 
 
 447,264 
 
 326,827 
 
 313,054 
 
 925,993 
 
 135,763 
 
 92,771 
 
 196,429 
 
 446.928 
 
 97,390 
 
 79,093 
 
 82,554 
 
 236.710 
 
 680,417 
 
 498,691 
 
 592,037 
 
 1,609.631 
 
 W. S. Central 
 
 
 846.740 
 
 ** 95.747 
 
 3.398.406 
 
 2.013.138 
 
 871.091 
 
 
 3.380.776 
 
 Montana 
 
 Idaho 
 
 Wyoming 
 
 Colorado 
 
 New Mexico : 
 
 Arizona : 
 
 Utah : 
 
 Nevada 
 
 64,195 
 70,587 
 25,149 
 105,192 
 40,826 
 46,802 
 33,643 
 7,495 
 
 72,182 
 
 83,419 
 
 53,049 
 
 89,279 
 
 44,210 
 
 28,600 
 
 46,222 
 
 1.4,328 
 
 24,067 
 
 27,178 
 
 13,800 
 
 34,318 
 
 14,695 
 
 12,610 
 
 14,094 
 
 3.851 
 
 160,444 
 181,184 
 91,998 
 228,789 
 99,731 
 88,012 
 93,959 
 . 25,674 
 
 66,332 
 
 71,267 
 
 24,113 
 
 112,084 
 
 45,455 
 
 49,491 
 
 37,479 
 
 7.042 
 
 84,063 
 
 86,196 
 
 50,890 
 
 94,522 
 
 40,046 
 
 30,967 
 
 51,451 
 
 13.855 
 
 24,067 
 
 27,178 
 
 13,800 
 
 34,318 
 
 14,695 
 
 12,610 
 
 14,094 
 
 3.851 
 
 174,462 
 
 184,641 
 
 88,803 
 
 240,924 
 
 100,196 
 
 93,068 
 
 103,024 
 
 24.748 
 
 Mountain : 
 
 222 ,,88? 
 
 - , ** 31 , 28 ? 
 
 -1-*»L<?13 
 
 969,791 
 
 413!263 
 
 451,990 
 
 'l«!gL3 
 
 1.009.866 
 
 s' 
 
 Washington : 
 Oregon : 
 California : 
 
 106.808 
 83,822 
 
 524.809 
 
 88,041 
 89,422 
 - 227,016 
 
 34,385 
 
 30,572 
 
 131,348 
 
 229,234 
 
 203,816 
 
 883,173 
 
 128,942 
 
 91,663 
 
 560.083 
 
 90,987 
 
 85,955 
 
 234.399 
 
 34,385 
 
 30,572 
 
 131.348 
 
 254,314 
 
 208,190 
 
 925.830 
 
 Pacific : 
 
 7.1^439 
 
 404.479 
 
 196.305 
 
 1.316,223 
 
 780.688 
 
 411.341 
 
 196.305 
 
 1.388.334 
 
 United States 
 T~rr 1 
 
 10,579,594 
 
 6,976,425 
 
 3,052,519 
 
 20 , 608,538 : 
 
 10,546,773 
 
 7,277,042 3,052,519 
 
 20 , 876,334 
 
 1/ The geographic division and United States totals reported In the text tables may not agree with those 
 
 presented In this table because of rounding. 
 

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