The Mountain People in Eastern Kentucky, — BY — REV. G. S. DICKERMAN, D. D. As life grows artificial a sigh rises for what is natural. From an atmosphere of pretense our refuge is to the woods and hills with a feeling that in coming close to nature, we are not likely to go far from experiences that are sound and healthy. Not all the advantages of life are with the man- sion ; in many points the cabin is better, and a child grow- ing up in simplicity may have a force and poise that do not come with conventional education. > Rich in Cabin Homes. The Appalachian region is rich in cabin homes. Not that other regions do not have them too. Probably half of the American people, or more, live in insolated country dwellings, often of great simplicity. But among the Appalachians the simplicity is more marked and general. Particular attention is here given to the Appalachian por- tion of Kentucky. Thirty-five counties may be classed as belonging to the mountains. These are shown on the map (p. 10) by the shading. The neighboring counties in other states are also indicated. A circle is drawn with a radius of 100 miles from Berea which will tell the distance of various localities from that center. Returns of the Census for these counties are presented in a number of tables which contain also the returns for the whole state of Kentucky and for seven other states, West Virginia, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Indiana, Illinois Massachusetts and Connecticut The combined area of these mountain counties is 12,954 square miles or nearly a third of the area of the whole state This is a little larger than the area of Massachusetts and Connecticut together which is 12,885 miles. The mountain population in 1900 was 476,085 while that of the whole state was 2,147,174. A third of the state contained less than a quarter of the people. If I 2 THE CENSUS IN THE MOUNTAINS however, the population of cities and towns of over 2,500 inhabitants is left out, the rural population of the mountains is found to be 457,909 and that of the state 1,474,525, which makes the proportion much more nearly equal ; that is, outside of the towns the mountains are almost as populous as the rest of Kentucky.* But, again, if we compare the mountains with Massachusetts and Con- necticut it appears that these states have a population together of 3,713,766, or over seven times as many people to the same area. Chiefly Native Americans. The Kentucky mountain people are chiefly native American. The number of foreign born is only 2,120, while for the rest of the state it is 48,126, and for Massa- chusetts and Connecticut 1,084,534. In the two New England states the foreign element is 29.2 per cent., in the mountains .4 per cent. — sixty-six times as great in the former as in the latter. There are few Negroes in the mountains, the number being 12,119, while for the rest of Kentucky it is 272,587, and for Massachusetts and Connecticut 47,200. The two New England states have nearly four times as many Negroes on an equal area. If we compare the sizes of population given decennially it will be seen that the native white population is steadily increasing, while the foreign and Negro elements are nearly stationary. The number of native white in 1850 was 131,027 ; in 1900 it was 463,590, almost four times as large. This increase comes principally from the natural growth of families. Old Fashioned Large Families. President Eliot tells us that the average number of chil- dren in the families of the married graduates of Harvard University is two. This is not the record of these moun- tain families. Much attention has been given of late to genealogical studies in the older parts of our country. One ♦This condition is not of long standing. It has just been reached by the rapid increase of children.— Ed. THE BEREA QUARTERLY 'jyss 3 bookseller in Albany advertises a list of 2,980 family histories. A study of these histories is suggestive. Almost invariably they tell a story of early colonial life marked with simplicity and the sturdy spirit that delights in overcoming hardship, when the tribe grew strong, multiplied fast, spread abroad and conquered the wilderness ; after which comes a tale of wealth, culture and magnificence in con- nection with which one may observe the rarity of children and how families dwindle till no prophetic finger is needed to write Mene mene at the end of the chapter. These people of the mountain cabins are still in their period of family virility. Of their native white population in 1900, 41.3 per cent, was between the ages of 5 and 20 years, while in Massachusetts the proportion was only 23.3 per cent. The occupation of this region dates from the beginning of the last century. In 1800 the mountain region is reported under the four names, Fleming, Floyd, Knox and Pulaski, and their population is given as 9,764, of which 9,111 was white; the population of the whole state being at that time 220,955, of which 179,873 was white, Since then the progress has been steady as may be seen by the reports of the Census at the end of each decade. Severity of Pioneer Conditions. The usual way of maintenance has been by tilling the ground and raising a few cattle and fowls. * In 1900 there were 67,631 farms of which the average size was 98 acres. The number of farms under 10 acres was 6,872 and the number over 500 acres was 1,343, so that about 60,000 were between these two limits. The number of farms conducted by their owners or part owners was 44,689, while 22,636 were in the hands of tenants. Of farm homes the number was 66,609, of which 37,487 were owned free of debt, 3,082 were under encumbrance and 23,961 were hired. Comparing these figures with those for the rest of the state and for the seven other states mentioned in the tables it will be seen that the differences are not very considerable. ♦Hunting was a distinct resource in the memory of the older men, and lumbering is important in the vicinity of streams. Ed. 4 THE CENSUS IN THE MOUNTAINS When we turn to the estimated values, however, it is quite otherwise. The average value of the mountain farms with their improvements, except buildings, is $482, while in the rest of the state it is $1,548; in West Vir- ginia it is $1,446 and in the other states varies from $2,305 in Massachusetts, to $5,732 in Illinois. The buildings are valued at $151 per farm in the mountains, in the rest of the state at $483, in West Virginia at $366, and reach the highest figure of $1,885 in Massachusetts. The implements used in the mountains have an average value of $25 per farm while in the rest of Kentucky it is $82, in West Virginia $54 and in Massachusetts $234, So too of the live stock and farm products, the figures show that they have a very much smaller estimated value here than elsewhere. Farmers everywhere are understood to follow a frugal life and to gain their livelihood by severe toil, but here in Eastern Kentucky the conditions have much greater severity. MOUNTAIN HOME— POORER TYPE. Manufactures in their Infancy. Manufacturing industries are in their infancy. In thirty- four of the counties, leaving out Leslie which is unreported, there are in all 1,274 establishments, with a total capital of $8,659,162, giving an average of $6,796 to each establish- ment. Two counties Bell and Boyd are exceptional in that they contain important manufacturing communities THE BEREA QUARTERLY 5 such as Middlesboro, Ashland and Catlettsburg. These two counties contain 172 establishments with an aggregate capital of $5,201,489 which shows an average of $30,241 for each, This accounts for considerably more than half of the capital for all the counties. If we exclude these counties the remaining thirty-two have an aggregate capital in manufactures of only $3,457,673, for 1,102 establish- ments, an average of $3,138. In seven counties the average is less than $1,000 per establishment. This indicates the soft of manufactories usually found, saw-mills, grist-mills, blacksmith’s shops, carpenter’s shops and the like, such as are required in the primitive community. The contrast with some of the other states is striking, especially so with Massachusetts and Connecticut, which for an equal territory have 38,308 establishments with an aggregate capital of $1,137,961,023 which is $29,705 for an average. The value of manufactured products in the 34 Kentucky counties is $15,675,619; in the 32 counties, _ without Bell and Boyd, $8,598,887, while in the two New England states it is $1,388,023,095. The number of wage -earners in manufactories in the 34 counties is 5,260, in the 32 counties 2,646, and in Massachusetts and Connecticut 674,142. The position and occupations of wage earners is very different in the mountains from what it is in New England manufacturing towns. Generally less skill is required and the cost of living is much less. This is sufficient to account for the less wages. In the mountains men receive during the year on an average $370, women $181, and children under 16 years of age $153. In Massachusetts they receive respectively $527, $319 and $195, and in Connecticut not far from the same. Most of the wage earners in the mountains are men. The number of women is 47 of which 28 are in Boyd county and 26 counties have none. The number of children is 86 of which Boyd county has 52 and 23 counties have none. Massachuseits has 143,109 women in her manufac- tories and 10,419 children. In the other 84 counties of 6 THE BEREA QUARTERLY “LOOK ON THIS PICTURE A STATISTICAL A FAIR OF The assessed property valuation in New York State is $2,661 for each person of school age. CARTOONS. 7 CARTOON. YOUNG AMERICANS. The assessed property valuation in the Kentucky Mountains is $248 for each person of school age. AND ON THIS!" 8 THE CENSUS IN THE MOUNTAINS Kentucky there are 9,127 women and 2,601 children. In the two Carolinas, which report 118,755 wage earners, 25,396 are women and 18,937 children. In this respect as in others the homes of this region are free from dangers to the family that are prevalent in more populous districts. Negro Population Small. The figures show that the number of Negroes is small, but in fact as an element of the mountain population it is much smaller than it seems to be. Most of them live in the few large towns. Four of these towns have a popula- lion of over 2,500; they are Ashland 6,800, Catlettsburg 3,081, Middlesboro 4,162 and Somerset 3,384. These con- tain 2,180 Negroes 17 per cent, of all. Ten other towns have over 1,000 inhabitants, Pineville 2,072, Corbin 1,544, Williamsburg 1,495, Flemingsburg 1,268, Vanceburg 1,161, London 1,147, Moorehead 1,100, Louisa 1,099, Clay City 1,065 and Barbourville 1,010. No other village has as many as 750 people. There are seven counties which con- tain 7,623 Negroes, leaving only 4,496 for the other 28. The seven are Boyd, Bell, Knox, Whitley, Fleming, Pulaski and Laurel, each containing one or more of these towns. Johnson county has only 1 Negro. Elliott only 2 and nine others each less than 100. The number of Negroes in 1800 was 594, of whom 579 were slaves. From this time on the increase was steady till 1860 when there were 10,273, of whom 1,267 were free and 9,006 slaves. In the next decade, which was that of the war, there was a decrease and the number in 1870 was 8.524. During the last thirty years there has been some increase, but not great. The record in this respect is quite in contrast with that of some northern states. In Pennsyl- vania the increase in 30 years was from 65,294 to 156,845, in Massachusetts from 13,947 to 31.974, in Indiana from 24,560 to 57,505, in Illinois from 28,762 to 85,078, while in these 35 counties of Kentucky it was from 8,524 to 12,119. The proportion of Negroes to whites is nearly the same in this part of Kentucky as in Ohio, or in Boston, Hartford and New Haven, but with the difference that their number is not increasing so fast. On this account the Negroes should THE BEREA QUARTERLY 9 hardly be considered apart from the general community any more than in the North. * The intelligence of the mountain people is in keeping with their history and manner of life It is not the sort of intelligence that comes from constant reading — whether of good literature or of yellow journals and unspeakable novels — it is not the intelligence that we see in cities and on the thoroughfares of commerce, but it is intelligence nevertheless, and often of a high order, not unlike that which prevailed generally among the scattered homes of the American colonists and which eventually founded the republic. Illiteracy not Fatal to Character. Nothing is easier than to misinterpret illiteracy. It is our modern way to identify intelligence with the ability to read and write and to regard the person who cannot do these as incapable of any high activities. It was not always so. If anyone will take the trouble to look into the old colonial records in Boston or New Haven, in Ports- mouth, Virginia, or in Charleston, South Carolina, he will find, as the writer has done, many an honored name signed with a mark. This badge of illiteracy attaches to some who held responsible offices in the government and per- formed invaluable services to the commonwealth, and it often appears in important business transactions and in wills entailing extensive estates. It is said of the mother of Thomas Carlyle that she learned to write after her son had gone to the University at Edinburgh so that she might answer his letters, and not a few mothers of distinguished sons in our early history were no better educated than she. Even at the present day men are to be found here and there who have risen from poverty to wealth and command- ing social influence with no knowledge of letters. They have taken their training in handling land and timber, crops, cattle, building enterprises and men, and this has educated them to extraordinary business sagacity and general practical knowledge. ♦The small increase of Negroes is due to their migration toward the towns. The large number of free Negroes in I860 shows the survival of anti-slavery spirit in the mountains which came down from revolutionary times. — Ed. 12 THE CENSUS IN THE MOUNTAINS It seems like the baldest truism to say that the citizen of a republic like ours ought to know how to read and write, and that anyone who does not know how should not vote. Few will dissent from this position. Yet this is not the only requisite. One may be ever so voluminous a reader on many subjects and yet be an ignoramus about the political questions of the times. Worse, one may be ever so learned and intellectually able and be unfit to vote because he is morally unsound. There is no disqualification like badness of character. Illiteracy is not to be compared with it. By such a standard the people of some portions of these mountains are probably better fitted for citizenship than those of New York, Philadelphia or Chicago. To be sure there is an unusual amount of illiteracy. The proportion of the white population of voting age who can- not read and write is over 35 per cent, in Clay, Knott and Leslie counties, while for the 35 counties it is 23.5 per cent. For the rest of Kentucky it is 11.4 per cent., for Pennsyl- vania it is 7.4 per cent., for Massachusetts 6.2 percent, and for Ohio 4.4 per cent. The condition with regard to illiteracy in the mountains is therefore most serious. There are twenty contiguous counties near Berea, including some in the Virginias, which do not contain a printing press, and while there are mountain communities which stand high in morality and the enforcement of law, the record for crime for the whole region is unfavorable. To this must be added the empti- ness of life, in many localities, which is pitiful. But all these are conditions that have been corrected in other parts of the country, and by proper efforts they can be corrected here. In fact the results of such efforts are already apparent in the improved statistics of counties which Berea has reached most effectively. Preserve the Simple Life. More than this however is wanted. Something should be done to preserve and utilize the integrity of character and moral vigor belonging to simple ways of living. How can the people be led into a richer, larger experience of v THE BEREA QUARTERLY 13 knowledge and the world’s delights and still keep all that is soundest and best in their old life? Is this possible? It has been common for young men and women of promise to go from country places to the college and university and thence pass to stations of influence in the city. Families also of more than ordinary energy have forsaken the smaller communities and gone to the centers that they might enter fields of wider enterprise and secure opportunities of greater social enjoyment. So rural com- munities have lost the people on whom their prosperity depended and sad decline has followed, In the older states scores of places once famous for their high character have seen their glory pass away in this manner. Can we do no better than this? Is the best that can be done for these counties of the Eastern Kentucky to draw away their most vigorous elements and leave what remains to decay? Need of Initiative From Without. No one will say that. A way must be found, not to take the life out of communities, but to replemish them with greater vigor, to build them up in enterprise and attractiveness so that their sons and daughters will love them and stay by them against all allurements to drift else- where. Who will find this way? We cannot expect these feeble communities themselves to do it. Others far stronger have not. They have tried hard and failed. Men of wealth and genius in many an old historic town have given the best thought of their manhood and age to keeping its life unimpaired only to see their exertions unavailing. Consider the resources of these counties. The assessed property valuation amounts to $248 for each child between the ages of 5 and 20. For the rest of Kentucky it is $874. For Wisconsin and Michigan it is $1,966. For New York it is $2,661. People with so little means are unable to make the needed improvements were they ever so anxious to do it. The improvements must come in some how from beyond their bordors if they are to be brought in at all. This survey has been limited to the mountains of Kentucky for the sake of convenience. A similar examination of the 14 THE CENSUS IN THE MOUNTAINS mountain parts of West Virginia, Virginia, Tennessee, North Carolina, Georgia and Alabama would afford similar results. A College with a Mission. The vast Appalachian region, with its rugged grandeur of mountains and valleys, forests and streams, is the home of a great people with an extraordinary history. Here is an element in our -national life whose peculiar significance has been overlooked. Here are latent possibilities that abide their time. This survey defines the special vocation of Berea College. The ordinary work of teaching boys and girls the elements of literary and scientific knowledge is shared in common by many institutions. But here is a field of unique condi- tions, offering a vast wealth of fresh material for original treatment, rare opportunities for character building and a penetrative power to reach some of the deepest sources of the nation’s life. The thought that comes uppermost is not so much of schooling individuals as educating com- munities, of putting into individuals kindling fires of richer experience, to bring up a whole people to sweeter, better ways of living. It is much for a college to have such a field. It is still more to understand the field and marshall every resource to meet its demands as Berea College has done. It is this original work of discovery and adaption which entitles this institution to its unique position. It has touched the public schools, and they are growing better. It has touched the meetings for worship, and the religion of the people is becoming more intelligent. It has touched the old domestic industries of the spinning-wheel and hand loom, and arts waning to extinction revive and unfold to a beauty hitherto unknown. Its messengers have gone into lowly homes with books, and the family circle from lounging listlessness has become intent upon profitable reading. Its lessons upon till- ing the soil, caring for cattle, protecting the trees of the forest, developing mines under the ground, are heeded far and near. And, so the quiet influences are moving on to con- quests which are far more significant to the republic than the annexation of any foreign soil. THE BEREA QUARTERLY 15 Table I. Population, Nativity and Illiteracy — 1900. VOTERS Mountain Counties of Kentucky Total Population Foreign Born White Negro Per cent. Illit. Total Voters Per cent. Illit. Bell 15,701 186 23 7 541 41 0 Boyd 18,834 400 15.6 241 38.6 Breathitt 14,322 7 32.4 74 43.2 Carter 20,228 75 23.8 47 61.7 Clay 15,364 3 35 2 116 47.4 Elliott 10.387 6 29.9 1 100.0 Estill 11.669 9 26.4 56 51.8 Fleming . . 17,074 99 12.2 384 54.7 Floyd. 15,552 10 30.5 31 54.9 Greenup. 15,432 104 24 6 66 54.5 Harlan 9,838 3 30.0 38 47.4 Jackson 10,561 3 28.0 2 100 0 Johnson 13,730 1 21.3 1 100.0 Knott 8,704 3 35.7 40 50.0 Knox 17,372 2L 34.0 185 46.0 Laurel 17,592 485 14.3 157 37.6 Lawrence 19.612 27 23.0 49 51.0 Lee 7,988 19 24 3 70 32.8 Leslie 6,753 2 35.2 15 80.0 Letcher 9,172 27.8 9 66.7 Lewis 17,868 114 20.0 48 56.2 Magoffin 12,006 68 29.7 24 87.5 Martin 5,780 4 28.8 3 33.3 Menifee 6,818 13 20.4 11 81.8 Morgan 12,792 36 16 7 14 50.0 Owsley 6,874 1 27.7 15 73.3 Perry 8,276 1 31.4 35 51.4 Pike 22,686 6 32.1 53 66.0 Powell 6,443 13 18.3 97 46.4 Pulaski 31,293 120 17.7 338 59.7 Rockcastle 12,416 36 21.9 46 58 7 Rawan 8,277 19 22.1 18 33.3 Wayne 14,892 20 24.2 130 63.8 Whitley 25 015 202 19.6 236 33.9 Wolfe 8.764 4 19.9 20 60.0 Total 476,085 2120 23.5 3.211 47.5 84 Counties remaining 1,671,089 48,126 11.4 71,517 49.6 Kentucky (whole State) 2,147,174 50,249 13.9 74,728 49.5 West Virginia 958.800 22,451 11.4 14,786 37.8 Pennsylvania 6,302,115 985,250 7.4 51,668 17.4 Ohio 4,157,545 458,734 4.4 31,335 21.8 Indiana 2,516,462 142,121 5.1 18,186 27.7 Illinois 4,821,550 966,747 4.5 29,762 18.6 Massachusetts 2,805,346 846.324 6.2 10,456 10.5 Connecticut 908,420 238,210 6.6 4,576 13.1 16 TABLES Table II Areas. — Population, White and Negro. Mountain Counties of Kentucky Area in sq. Miles White Population Negro Population 1900 1860 1900 1860 Free Slaves Bell 369 13.947 1,754 Boyd 175 18,051 5,871 771 17 156 Breathitt 480 14,023 4,750 299 25 190 Carter 515 20.085 8,170 143 37 309 Clay 457 14,800 6,041 564 262 349 Elliott 255 10,385 2 Estill 255 11,446 6.363 223 16 507 Fleming 319 15,489 10,359 1,585 112 2,018 Floyd 387 15,416 6,168 136 73 147 Greenup 318 15,160 8,350 272 47 363 Harlan 470 9,612 5,352 226 15 127 Jackson 351 10,542 3,053 19 21 7 Johnson 266 13,729 5,260 1 19 27 Knott 341 8,535 169 Knox 352 16,618 7,034 754 184 489 Laurel 448 16,932 5,301 654 1 186 Lawrence 433 19,427 7,443 185 12 146 Lee 200 7,717 271 Leslie 397 6,678 75 Letcher 348 9,126 3,787 46 9 108 Lewis 476 17,693 8,114 175 17 230 Magoffin 300 11,785 3,338 136 76 71 Martin 224 5,765 15 Menifee 199 6,777 41 Morgan 375 12,739 8,986 53 81 170 Owsley 206 6,801 5,205 73 18 112 Perry 335 8,115 3,863 161 14 73 Pike 760 22,496 7,247 190 40 97 Powell 177 6,068 2 108 375 24 125 Pulaski 754 29,957 15,819 1,336 52 1,330 Rockcastle 308 12,259 4.946 157 40 357 Rowan 270 8,223 2,139 54 1 142 Wayne 617 14,281 9,244 608 28 987 Whitley.. 578 24,246 7,552 769 26 183 Wolfe 239 8.667 97 Total 12.954 463,590 171,863 12,119 1,267 9,006 84 Counties remaining.. 27.046 1,398,719 746,621 272,587 9,417 201,975 Kentucky (whole State) 40.000 1,862,309 919,484 284,706 10,684 210,981 West Virginia 24 645 915,233 355,526 43,499 2,773 18,371 Pennsylvania 44.985 6,141,664 2,849 259 156,845 Ohio 40.760 4,060,204 2,302,808 96,901 Indiana 35.910 2,458,502 1,338,710 57,505 Illinois 56.000 4 734,873 1,704,291 85,078 Massachusetts 8.040 2,769,764 1,221,432 31,974 Connecticut 4,845 892,424 451,504 15,226 THE BEREA QUARTERLY 17 Table III. Property. — Average Value per Farm. Mountain Counties of Kentucky Land Buildings Implem’ts Live Stock Bell $498 00 $165 00 $19 00 $172 00 Boyd 886 00 314 00 62 00 327 00 Breathitt 393 00 98 00 15 00 170 00 Carter 391 00 167 00 25 00 184 00 Clay 410 00 97 00 16 00 181 00 Elliott 347 00 131 00 19 00 194 00 Estill 451 00 139 00 26 00 202 00 Fleming 156 00 488 00 71 02 343 00 Floyd 399 00 107 00 16 00 177 00 Greenup 611 00 189 00 39 00 205 00 Harlan 499 00 108 00 21 00 173 00 Jackson 284 00 97 00 16 00 177 00 Johnson 391 00 125 00 14 00 164 00 Knott 385 00 73 00 14 <0 157 00 Knox 445 00 130 00 22 00 189 00 Laurel 396 00 171 00 30 00 188 00 Lawrence 405 00 '159 00 25 00 200 00 Lee 387 00 104 00 19 00 171 00 Leslie 441 00 101 00 22 00 207 00 Letcher 392 00 107 00 16 00 173 00 Lewis 584 00 238 00 44 00 198 00 Magoffin 413 00 99 00 15 00 198 00 Martin 412 00 116 00 9 00 143 00 Menifee 485 00 133 00 25 00 183 00 Morgan 413 00 144 00 25 00 206 00 Owsley 394 00 130 00 20 00 186 00 Perry 364 00 99 00 15 00 177 00 Pike 443 00 121 00 16 00 160 00 Powell 619 00 165 00 25 00 214 00 Pulaski 471 00 147 00 30 00 177 00 Rockcastle 521 00 183 00 30 00 182 00 Rowan 325 00 130 00 25 00 171 00 Wayne 459 00 157 00 26 00 223 00 Whitley 449 00 124 00 25 00 181 00 Wolfe 503 00 162 00 23 00 207 00 Total $482 00 $151 00 $25 00 $193 00 84 Counties remaining 1,548 00 483 00 82 00 363 00 Kentucky (whole State) 1.241 00 387 00 65 00 314 00 West Virginia 1.446 00 356 00 54 00 329 00 Pennsylvania 2,566 00 1,440 00 227 00 457 00 Ohio 2 953 00 793 00 131 00 455 00 Indiana 3,099 00 694 00 123 00 494 00 Illinois 5,732 00 952 00 170 00 734 00 Massachusetts. 2,305 00 1,885 00 234 00 418 00 Connecticut 1,946 00 1,669 00 183 00 406 00 18 TABLES Table IV. Manufactures — 1900. Mountain Counties of Kentucky Number of Establish ’s Capital Per Estab. Men 16 Years and Over Women 16 Years and Over Children under 16 Years Bell 42 $46,818 00 *765 6 Boyd 130 24,886 00 1,763 28 52 Breathitt 17 8,547 00 68 2 Carter 48 4,127 00 255 Clay 23 1,023 00 20 Elliott 36 682 00 26 Estill 36 5,464 00 91 Fleming 2,020 00 58 3 Floyd 23 1,489 00 23 1 Greenup 34 1,695 00 88 Harlan 27 857 (JO 7 Jackson 21 689 00 11 18 1,122 00 18 Knott 13 916 00 2 Knox 30 2,010 00 34 3 Laurel 42 4,329 00 147 4 3 Lawrence 57 1,997 00 75 2 2 Lee 16 4,344 00 41 Leslie. No report Letcher 21 847 00 16 Lewis. ... 60 3.189 00 247 1 Magoffin 12 9,204 00 134 1 Martin 4 7.255 00 27 Menifee . 18 8.281 00 38 Morgan. 17 1,111 00 61 Owsley 17 630 00 12 Perry 19 730 00 8 Pike 34 1,909 00 47 Powell. 24 12.348 00 96 3 Pulaski 102 5,183 00 381 3 10 Rockcastle 31 1 816 00 46 Rowan 35 4,161 00 161 3 Wayne 40 1,134 00 25 Whitley 110 2,971 00 261 5 1 Wolfe 31 3,750 00 75 Total 1,274 $6,796 00 4,927 47 86 84 Counties remaining 8,286 11,515 00 46,174 9,127 2,601 Kentucky (whole State) 9,560 10.886 00 51.101 9,174 2,687 West Virginia 4.418 12.653 00 29 083 3,349 840 Pennsylvania 52,185 29,731 00 574.606 126,093 33.135 Ohio 32,398 18.698 00 287,789 53,711 4,369 Indiana 5,429 18.263 00 133,009 19,266 3,681 Illinois 38,360 20,251 00 325,713 58,978 10,419 Massachusetts 29.180 28,213 00 341,783 143,109 12,556 Connecticut 9,128 34,476 00 130,610 42,605 3,479 Berea’s Comprehensive Plans for making these people sharers in the best elements of present day Christian civilization involve considerable outlay, yet no more than has been given to aid similar communities in the West in getting a start in pioneer times. We must help them establish the public school system, bring the aid of science to their agriculture and household life, protect them from Mormonism and other corrupting influences, elevate their religious standards- and bring them the elements of civilization in a form which they can grasp and comprehend. For these purposes Berea undertakes the following : (Over 900 students this year.) I. For those who cannot come to school, an Extension Service — traveling libra- ries, peoples’ institutes held several days in the remote counties, etc., a work that has touched five states. II. For those who can remain in school only a short time, Apprentice Courses— Carpentry, Domestic Work, Nursing — under such conditions the best training possible for self-support and good citizenship. III. For those who can remain longer, a Normal Course and Courses in Applied Science — Agricultural and Domestic. IV. For those of larger means and capacity for leadership, Academic and Collegiate courses. Gifts for Current Expenses are earnestly solicited. The school has no aid from any state or society, and the endowment provides for only a part of the work now in hand. Nearly every term we have been forced to turn students away. The demand is upon us to reach a larger number of young people. The smallest gift is appreciated. No where will one dollar or five dollars, do more good than in Berea. Effective Helpers. It “pays” for people who have means, and wish to help a good cause, to help it effectively. Berea’s recent growth has been due in large measure to a group of friends who have given annually a donation ex= pressed by three or four figures. We wish to enlarge this group. The Management is vested in a Board of Trustees, including such men as Hon. C F. Burnam, of Richmond, Ky. ; David B. Gamble, of Cincinnati ; Rev. Wm. E. Barton, D.D., of Chicago ; Herbert A. Wilder, of Boston ; J. Cleve- land Cady and Rev. Percy Grant, D. D. of New York. The school is under strong Christian influences, but by charter prohibited from sectarian control. See articles in New England Magazine , Mar. ’97; Outlook , Sept. ’98; Atlantic Monthly , Mar ’99 ; Review of Reviews , Mar. ’00 ; Missionary Review of the World , Jan. ’01 ; and Hero in Homespun , by Barton Bequests should be made to Trustees of Berea College, ) Berea, Cheques, etc , to Treasurer of Berea College, > Madison County, Inquiries, etc., to Pres. Wm. Goodell Frost, Ph. D., ) Kentucky.