THE SWISS IN THE UNITED STATES "L I B RARY OF THE UN IVLR.SITY Of ILLINOIS 325.2494 5w6s llllnoli Historical Survcf Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2012 with funding from University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign http://www.archive.org/details/swissinunitedstaOOswis THE SWISS IN THE UNITED STATES A Compilation Prepared for the Swiss-American Historical Society as the Second Volume of its Publications By John Paul von Grueningen Editor SWISS-AMERICAN HISTORICAL SOCIETY MADISON, WISCONSIN 1940 Copyright 1940 Swiss-American Historical Society j 3 310. BOARD OF DIRECTORS Emil John Schaefer, President 3216 Thorpe St., Madison, Wis. Prof. J. P. von Grueningen, Vice-President 2025 Madison St., Madison, Wis. Robert M. Rieser, Recording-Secretary 1 W. Main St., Madison, Wis. Jacob Kruesi, Corresponding-Secretary 140 Kenilworth Ave., Villa Park, 111. Rev. Theodore P. Bolliger, Treasurer 1918 W. Lawn Ave., Madison, Wis. August Ruedy, Secretary Research Committee 9808 Harvard Ave., S. E., Cleveland, Ohio Franz X. Amrein New York, N. Y. Albert Bartholdi Passaic, N. J. Dr. R. C Buerki Madison, Wis. Paul O. Brandenberger Portland, Oregon Mrs. J. Holinger Chicago, 111. Prof. Ernest Howald Woodhaven, L. I., N. Y. John D. Hutter San Francisco, Cal. Prof. E. A. Kubler Charleston, S. C tCAPT. C. Theo. Schwegler Oakland, Cal. EDITORIAL COMMITTEE Emil J. Schaefer, Chairman Madison, Wis. Prof. J. P. von Grueningen, Editor Madison, Wis. Rev. Theodore P. Bolligeri Madison, Wis. August Ruedy Cleveland, Ohio Prof. Alfred Senn Bala-Cynwyd, Penna. 4 t Deceased. [3] I i 55383 A Swiss Evening Song Softly from mountain and vale Steal the last sunbeams so pale; Over the meadows entrancing Shadows are slowly advancing; Rosy the mountain tops grow. Oh, how the glaciers do glow! Silently yielding to night, Fades the last range from our sight ; Over the vapors endearing, Twinkles a starlet so cheering; Greetings bright starlet of love, Tell me how fares it above ? "Greetings from heavenly skies," Now the fair starlet replies, "Does not the Father sustain us, Lovingly watch and maintain us? I shall not fall from his light." Starlet, dear starlet, good night. — Translated by the Editor. [4] Sueget, t)o Serge ♦ ♦ ♦ Sueget, t>o 93erge unb £ctl gliefjt fd)o ber ©utmeftrc$t, Sueget uf ?tuen unb SWatte SBadjfe bte bunfele ©dfjatte, 3y©unn uf be 93erge erftof)t, O tote finb b' ©letter fo rot! ©till a be 93erge totrb'3 Sftadfjt, 2lber ber -gerrgott, bet toad)t; ©fefmber felb ©ternli bort ©d^ine? ©ternli, tote btfdfj bu fo frine! ©fefmber am 9?abel bort ftol)f 3? ©ternlt, ©ott griieft hi, tote govt's? Sofet, e3 fett t$: „@ar guet; §et mi nit ©ott t ber §uet? grtlt, ber S3ater t)on alle ?of)t mi gtoiift tocrtjrli nit falle, SSater im £>immel, ba toadfjt." ©ternli, liebS ©ternli, guet Sftadjt! — g, §uber [5] FOREWORD UNDER the auspices of the Swiss-American Historical Society there was published in 1932 a volume entitled Prominent Americans of Swiss Origin, containing seventy-two encyclopaedic biographies. 1 The compilation was announced as the first of a series to be devoted to "historical and biograph- ical information about Swiss settlers in the United States." Since then numerous additional biographies of Swiss settlers and their offspring have been prepared for publication. How- ever, it seems to be desirable, pending their appearance in print, to issue without further delay the present second volume of other material. With reference to its contents the following should be stated: The statistical survey based on government census reports was originally prepared by Mr. August Ruedy of Cleveland, Ohio, and later extended and checked by the editor. 1 The table of contents of the book, published by James T. White & Co., New York, reads as follows: Pioneers — The Ancestry of President Hoover, Jean Jacques Dufour, Christopher de Graff enried, Charles Gratiot Sr., Henry Gratiot, George H. Hermann, Jacob Nageli, Alexander Negley, Jacob Negley, James Scott Negley, Jean Pierre Purry, John August Sutter, Emanuel Zimmermann (Carpenter) ; Theologians — John Martin Henni, Martin Kuendig, Philip Schaff, Michael Schlatter, John Joachim Zubly; Soldiers — Henry Louis Bouquet, August Louis Chetlain, Edward Walter Eberle, Charles Gratiot Jr., Hermann Lieb, Felix Kirk Zollicoffer; Statesmen — Albert Gallatin, James William Good, Emanuel Lorenz Philipp, Henry Wisner, William Wirt; Physicians and Surgeons — Henry Banga, Henry Detwiller, Samuel Nickles, Albert J. Ochsner, Nicholas Senn, Martin Stamm, Adelrich Steinach; Industrialists, Merchants, Bankers — Gustav Baumann, Nicholas Gerber, Jacob Karlen, Gottlieb Beller, Leon de Montreux Chevalley, The Delmonicos, Henry Clay Frick, Jacques Huber, Adrian George Iselin, John Luchsinger, Jacob Manz, John B. Meyenberg, Henry Rosenberg, Robert J. F. Schwarzenbach, Peter Staub, Jacob Weidmann, Albert Charles Wittnauer; Scientists, Journalists, Engineers — Alexander Agassiz, Jean Louis Rodolphe Agassiz, Adolph Francis A. Bandelier, Jacob Boll, C. Hermann Boppe, Florian Cajori, John Friedrich, Albert Samuel Gatschet, Arnold Henri Guyot, William Nicholas Hailmann, Hermann Kruesi, Samuel Stehman Haldeman, Ferdinand Rudolph Hassler, Fridolin Joseph Heer, Julius Hurter, John Heinrich Kruesi, Leo Lesquereux, John Ulric Nef, Carl Gutherz. [7] An attempt is here made to set forth in accurate numerical and geographical perspective what may be called the entire spread of the Swiss element in the United States. The data includes numerous tables showing native Swiss population by states and counties after 1870, thus revealing an authentic picture of recent Swiss immigration and settlement. Interesting is the fact that California registered the largest native Swiss population by states in the census of 1930. This circumstance is due in part to a considerable emigration from Ticino (or Tessin) directly to the Pacific coast and in part to the westward movement of settlers from eastern states. It should be said, however, that although California leads in the enumeration by states, actually the largest geographical popula- tion center of native Swiss is the metropolitan area in and about New York City, which includes a contiguous but separately enumerated section of New Jersey. In view of these circumstances — together with the fact that both Califor- nia and New York at their expositions of last year and this have been and are commemorating significant historic events — the present volume in a number of its chapters takes special cognizance of these two now so prominent states. On the one hand, it is a century and a year ago since Johann August Sutter, on August 16, 1839, founded his fateful empire, New Helvetia, in the Sacramento valley; on the other, it is just fifty-one years ago that Adelrich Steinach set down a wealth of names and identifications reflecting considerable Swiss activity in New York and elsewhere. The selected passages from the hitherto untranslated diary of the young adventurer, Heinrich Lienhard, who so vividly recorded the thrilling details of that hazardous migration of a party of Swiss to Sutter's Fort in New Helvetia in 1846, were translated in part by Captain C. Theo. Schwegler of Oakland, California, author of the Kyburz biography, and in part by the editor. The substance of the chapter entitled "The Italian Swiss in California," was kindly furnished by Mr. Clay Pedrazzini, publisher of the Italian-Swiss journal La Colonia Svizzera of San Francisco. Of interest not only in Greater New [8] York but in many sections which have been the goal of migra- tions from there, should be the chapter devoted to Steinach's recordings of names for the states of New York and New Jersey. Despite all their typographical inaccuracies and other shortcomings, 2 they remain the source of information which no doubt many descendants in all parts of the country will read with gratification today. The closing chapter invites attention to the spiritual con- tributions made by some native Swiss, including both Catholic and Protestant missionaries to American Indian tribes. The editor herewith gratefully acknowledges the help and collaboration of his associates on the Editorial Committee, as well as the cooperation of numerous correspondents and those present and former directors who through their encouragement and support helped materially to lighten his work. He wishes to thank, moreover, his colleague at Wisconsin, the historian, Professor Chester V. Easom, who carefully read parts of the manuscript and offered constructive suggestions, and Professor Edwin Gudde of California for the Revere illustration of Sut- ter's Fort and the Street View of Coloma; furthermore, Fr. Andrew Kolbeck, O.S.B., of St. Anthony, North Dakota, who kindly checked the material concerning Bishop Marty and made available the illustrations from The Bulletin of the Dio- cese of Fargo; and lastly, Superintendent Benjamin Stucki of the Winnebago Indian School at Neillsville, Wisconsin, for his courtesy in granting the editor access to his files at the mis- sion school and for providing the illustrations for the last part of the sixth chapter. As this volume goes to press word is received of the death of our indefatigable and helpful collaborator and member of the Board of Directors, Capt. C. Theo. Schwegler. The map of The Hastings Cut-Off on page 73, submitted by Captain Schwegler shortly before his death, is his last contribution to this volume. Only the names of the states and the designa- tion of the Hastings' Cut-off were added by the editor. 2 See Introduction to the first volume published by the Society: Prominent Americans of Swiss Origin. [9] A brief account of the founding of the Swiss-American Historical Society appeared in the first volume. An invitation to communicate with the Editorial Committee or members of the Board of Directors, is extended to every one who may be in possession of records or authentic information which may lead to further studies of interest to the Society. J. P. v. G. [10] CONTENTS PAGE Foreword 1 CHAPTER I A Statistical Survey of Swiss Immigration Registration of native-born Swiss beginning in 1870 — As compared with total population by decades — Swiss enumerations in twelve dif- ferent states — Survey of all states in 20-year periods — Types of immi- gration — Decline of native Swiss population 15 CHAPTER II An Early Migration to New Helvetia The diary of Heinrich Lienhard — Its table of contents — The journey across the prairies — The "Hastings Cut-Off" — Crossing the Great Salt Desert — At the Sierras ahead of the Donner party — Arrival at Sutter's Fort — The portrayal of Sutter — Military service — Sutter's empire — Discovery of gold — The transformation of 1849 71 CHAPTER III Kyburz of Kyburz Eldorado today — The village of Kyburz — Samuel Kyburz in New Helvetia — The migration of 1846 — Kyburz as Sutter's right-hand man — Selecting the mill site at Coloma — The Kyburz family — The Swiss element in New Helvetia 88 CHAPTER IV The Italian Swiss in California First records — Arrivals via Panama — Immigration up to 1880 — Italian Swiss in San Francisco — Development of dairying — San Luis Obispo — Napa — Sonoma — Descendants in various parts of the state — The Swiss-American club of Monterey — Relief and benevolent societies 93 [ii] CHAPTER V PAGE Steinach's Lists of Swiss Settlers in New York and New Jersey The nature of Steinach's compilations — Records for New York and New Jersey — Swiss industry and social life reflected — Lists for New York City — Brooklyn — College Point — Rochester — Buffalo — Syracuse — Utica — Troy — Albany — Amsterdam — New Jersey 102 CHAPTER VI Swiss Spiritual Leadership Switzerland's less tangible gifts to America — The founding of con- gregations and denominational colleges — The Gospel in Menominee Indian — The ministry of Bishop Martin Marty and of Rev. Jacob Stucki among American Indians — The Gospel in Winnebago Indian — Some evidences of the transplanting of Swiss culture 129 Index 139 [12] ILLUSTRATIONS PAGE The Title Page of Lienhard's California 72 An Old Engraving of Sutter's Fort 78 Heinrich Lienhard . 82 Sutter's Fort — New Helvetia 88 Coloma — Street View 92 St. Michael's Indian Mission, Fort Totten, N. D. __ 124 Bishop Marty, Vicar Apostolic of the Dakotas 126 Indian Boys at the Sisters' School, Fort Totten, N. D 128 Rev. Jacob Stucki and His Assistant, John Stacy ___ 130 Winnebago Indian Camp Scenes 132 The Winnebago Indian School at Neillsville, Wis. 136 [13] MAPS PAGE Native Swiss Population in the United States in 1930 16 State Totals in 1930 18 State Maps Showing Swiss Belts and Centers Ohio 22 Illinois 25 New York 27 Missouri 29 Wisconsin 33 Pennsylvania 35 Indiana 38 Iowa 41 California 43 Minnesota 46 Michigan 48 New Jersey 50 Captain Schwegler's Map of the Hastings' Cut-Off 73 [14] CHAPTER I A STATISTICAL SURVEY OF SWISS IMMIGRATION I INDISPENSABLE for an adequate understanding of the history of the Swiss and their descendants in the United States, is authentic information concerning the extent and the goals of the various waves of immigration. Although Swiss colonization in America began in the second half of the seventeenth century, the scope of the present survey is restricted to the period after 1850, when the national origin of immi- grants was first taken into account in the census reports. Early enumerations offered little more than a "count of the population by sex and color." When census enumeration of foreign-born inhabitants began in 1850, the number of native Swiss in the United States was but 13,358. Classifications were at first indicated only by territories and states. Tabulations of joreign-born citizens by cities and counties did not appear before the census of 1870. Hence, the following tables for counties necessarily begin with that year. Figures showing the number of native Swiss in the United States as compared with the total population from 1850 to 1930. Native Swiss Continental United States 1850 13,358 1850 23,191,876 1860 53,327 I860 31,443,321 1870 75,145 1870 38,558,371 1880 88,621 1880 50,155,783 1890 104,069 1890 62,947,714 1900 115,593 1900 75,994,575 1910 124,848 1910 91,972,266 1920 118,659 1920 105,710,620 1930 113,010 1930 122,775,046 [15] [16] In I860, 53,327 residents of Swiss birth were recorded. The figure reveals the extent of the immigration in the fifties, when the central and far-western states were rapidly being settled. Subsequently, Swiss immigrants increased steadily until 1910. In 1920 a decrease had set in. The following is a tabulation showing the number of Swiss in the states in which at least 2,000 were settled in 1870, according to the census reports from 1870 to 1930. States 1870 1880 1890 1900 1910 1920 1930 Ohio 12,727 11,989 11,070 12,007 10,988 9,656 7,624 Illinois 8,980 8,881 8,115 9,033 8,660 7,837 7,315 New York 7,911 10,721 11,557 13,678 16,312 15,053 16,571 Missouri 6,597 6,064 6,765 6,819 6,141 4,934 3,578 Wisconsin 6,069 6,283 7,181 7,666 8,036 7,797 7,669 Pennsylvania 5,765 6,343 6,149 6,707 7,484 6,875 5,649 Indiana 4,287 3,695 3,478 3,472 2,765 2,334 1,624 Iowa 3,937 4,587 4,310 4,342 3,675 2,871 2,096 California 2,927 5,308 9,743 10,974 14,520 16,097 20,063 Minnesota 2,162 2,828 3,745 3,258 2,992 2,720 2,041 Michigan 2,116 2,474 2,562 2,617 2,780 2,755 2,834 New Jersey 2,061 3,040 4,158 6,570 7,548 8,165 8,765 States having more than 1,000 in representative years: In 1870: Kansas, 1,328; Kentucky, 1,147. In 1890: Kansas, 3,820; Nebraska, 2,542; Oregon, 2,083; Kentucky, 1,892; Utah, 1,336; Washington 1,324; Colorado, 1,225; Mas- sachusetts, 1,052; Tennessee, 1,027. In 1920: Oregon, 4,166; Washington, 3,671; Kansas, 2,238; Con- necticut, 1,863; Nebraska, 1,808; Texas, 1,590; Utah, 1,566; Colorado, 1,510; Massachusetts, 1,368; Idaho, 1,347; Kentucky, 1,315; Montana, 1,151. In 1930: Oregon, 4,034; Washington, 3,578; Connecticut, 1,774; Kansas, 1,594; Utah, 1,419; Texas, 1,410; Nebraska, 1,364; Massachusetts, 1,272; Colorado, 1,202; Idaho, 1,038. It is apparent that before 1870 many Swiss immigrants headed for the farms of Ohio, Illinois, New York, Missouri, Wisconsin, and Pennsylvania — the only states having more than 5,000. On the other hand the attraction of the cities was also considerable. In Ohio, for example, about 3,700 of the 12,000 Swiss were found in or near the cities of Cincinnati, Cleveland, Columbus, Toledo and Canton. In New York 4,600 of the 7,900 Swiss enumerated in 1870 were in or near [17] [18] Buffalo, Brooklyn, Rochester, New York, and Syracuse. In Missouri 3,200 of a total of 6,500 were in St. Louis. In Illinois 1,400 of 8,900 lived in Chicago; however, there were more Swiss in Madison County (Highland) in 1870 than in Cook County (Chicago) ; similarly, in Indiana there were almost twice as many Swiss in Tell City as in the city of In- dianapolis. In Wisconsin in 1870 only 440 of 6,000 Swiss were found in Milwaukee. In California 775 of 2,900 lived in San Francisco. It is not possible to determine the number of prospective farmers employed or detained temporarily in the larger cities. About 1870 the number may have been compara- tively large. In that year St. Louis, a hub town for land seekers, had attracted 3,200 native Swiss, whereas New York and Brooklyn together had but a total of 2,922. Early German and Swiss immigrants in St. Louis included large numbers of land seekers, many of whom came by way of New Orleans and the Mississippi, 1 later finding employment in the city. In Ohio Swiss dairy farmers and cheese makers settled in at least a dozen counties in the northern and central parts of the state. In the period from 1850 to 1900, the middle- western states of Ohio, Illinois, Missouri, Wisconsin, Indiana, Minne- sota, and Michigan continuously attracted Swiss farmers ; while New York, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, and the New England states even then gave employment to a moderately large number of mechanics, artisans, factory workers, and common laborers. 2 Many of the farmers, dairymen, and laborers, espe- cially before 1890, preferred to settle in rural communities of their own; then, after the great industrial development and the expansion of large cities in all parts of the country, thou- sands of Swiss who had migrated from the rural sections, as well as new immigrants, formed colonies in the urban and industrial centers. 1 It was this route which was advocated by Dr. Casper Koepfli of Highland, who, in 1831, had found the overland journey from New York prohibitively expensive and tedious. 3 In the decade following 1880, for example, several thousand Swiss, mostly from Appenzell and St. Gall, settled in Hudson County, New Jersey, opposite New York, where they found employment in the silk and embroidery industries previously introduced there by Swiss manufacturers. [19] The flux of Swiss migration to the Pacific Coast states be- comes phenomenal after 1890. In California, for example, the native Swiss population rose from 2,927 in 1870 to 20,063 in 1930. In Washington and in Oregon also there are striking increases. The tables are given in descending numerical order by states as of 1870 and in alphabetical order by pertinent counties; exception is made in instances of geographical grouping, such as Massachusetts and Connecticut, Oregon and Washington, Georgia and Florida. In some few reports figures were not available for every county mentioned, owing either to incom- plete enumeration, or to the reorganization of old and the establishing of new counties. In such cases an asterisk is inserted. Ohio The following table gives the number of native Swiss in those twenty-four of the 88 counties of Ohio which have 100 or more in any of the reports before 1920. Ohio Counties 1870 1880 1890 1900 1910 1920 1930 Allen (Lima) 280 306 303 246 211 171 112 Columbiana 196 56 336 286 250 193 153 Cuyahoga (Cleve- land) 916 935 1,122 1,592 1,574 1,549 1,363 Erie (Sandusky) __ 238 250 106 153 117 90 42 Fairfield 180 114 59 53 40 23 15 Franklin (Co- lumbus) 282 284 299 417 380 389 331 Fulton 458 312 228 255 254 161 85 Hamilton (Cincin- nati) 1,300 1,029 726 827 856 735 574 Hardin 365 325 236 225 169 128 63 Holmes 333 350 285 251 155 94 74 Lucas (Toledo) ___ 608 923 834 936 927 881 645 Monroe 814 585 371 327 212 126 60 Montgomery (Day- ton) 159 215 168 194 172 180 143 Putnam 100 152 173 144 131 86 48 Richland (Mans- field) 151 153 97 156 136 115 94 Sandusky 211 205 69 110 83 73 45 Seneca 281 203 120 99 101 71 43 Shelby 135 39 21 18 17 13 4 Stark (Canton) ___ 793 881 1,253 1,167 1,174 1,070 896 Summit (Akron) __ 188 201 275 381 389 527 409 Tuscarawas 1,475 1,113 1,004 854 704 495 451 Wayne 761 758 647 682 569 454 338 [20] Ohio Counties 1870 1880 1890 1900 1910 1920 1930 Wood 176 181 234 203 135 91 78 Wyandot 197 157 142 118 89 64 44 All other 2,130 2,262 1,963 2,313 2,143 1,877 1,514 Totals 12,727 11,989 11,070 12,007 10,988 9,656 7,624 Counties which rose to 50 or more: In 1920: Adams, 171; Ashtabula, 57; Belmont, 61; Butler, 112; Clark, 62; Crawford, 69; Defiance, 51; Hancock, 82; Lorain, 180; Mahoning, 342; Medina, 57; Portage, 66. In 1930: Lorain, 177; Mahoning, 299. In 1870 Hamilton county (with the city of Cincinnati) was the most populous with 1,300 Swiss; however, the number in the almost entirely rural county of Tuscarawas exceeded Hamilton by 175. A Swiss belt extends through northern and central Ohio beginning with Columbiana, thirty miles northwest of Pitts- burgh, thence following the Tuscarawas and Cuyahoga river valleys over Tuscarawas, Stark, Summit, and Cuyahoga coun- ties, thence westward through Holmes, Wayne, Richland, Erie, Sandusky, Wood, Lucas, and Fulton; and south-westward through Seneca, Wyandot, Hardin, Allen, and Shelby. Roughly paralleling it in the south is a less pronounced secondary line extending westward from Monroe on the Ohio river (thirty miles below Wheeling) to Fairfield and Franklin (Columbus), and southwestward to Hamilton. The townships of Switzerland and Ohio in Monroe county were settled as early as 1819 by Bernese Mennonites; others of the same faith early settled in Wayne, Holmes, Allen and Put- nam counties. In 1930 only sixty Swiss were recorded in Monroe county. American-born descendants of the second, third, and fourth generations are, of course, to be found there in considerable numbers. With the turn of the century Tuscarawas county lost its preeminence to the adjacent Stark County on its north border. The cities of Canton, Alliance, and Massillon, with their com- paratively large Swiss populations, were evidently the goal of migrations from the farms or directly from Switzerland. At the same time a considerable number of Swiss farmers, dairy- [21] OHIO (Censu9 of 1930) i L_ -J • J* / ,OTT»W» \ A / I , • / VJ^ ym i cuuw i r • i-iT «.^H . (as— | • | •J | ;• r ^- ( • i (_ _J I 5 * 55 "! L * I J \ i J '-1 Explanation: - 500 native Swiss • — 50 " " (For treatment of frac- tional remainders eee New York.) [22] men, and cheese makers settled in the rural sections of Stark County. Perhaps it is safe to state that about two-thirds of the Swiss in Ohio in 1870 were farmers, dairymen, and country business men, while the remainder were settled in the cities; in 1920 the ratio is reversed. Of the numerous descendants, especially of the Swiss farmers who in 1840 settled in Tuscarawas, Stark, Holmes, and Wayne counties, there are today many who still remain partly Swiss in their language, customs, and habits. Up to 1880 Ohio had a larger Swiss population than any other state in the Union. Since then both New York and California have surpassed it. Notable is the uniform distribu- tion in Ohio. In the census of 1910, for instance, only two of its eighty-eight counties reported no Swiss. Illinois Census figures for thirty-five of 102 counties, in five different enumerations: Illinois Counties 1870 1880 1890 1920 1930 Adams (Quincy) 149 103 100 48 26 Bond 336 305 174 64 30 Bureau 57 65 35 18 9 Calhoun 86 80 50 13 9 Christian 40 63 45 27 13 Clinton 244 262 141 35 18 Cook (Chicago) 1,435 1,728 2,446 3,877 4,228 Du Page 118 49 56 76 122 Fayette (Vandalia) 107 112 78 38 25 Hancock 291 153 99 26 18 Iroquois 35 80 100 100 75 Jersey 66 56 45 15 5 Jo Daviess (Galena) 280 152 68 65 54 Kane (Elgin, Aurora) 115 119 260 305 299 Kankakee 88 57 65 70 59 Lake 13 17 22 91 115 La Salle 145 133 94 55 40 Lee 26 23 80 77 71 Livingston 175 328 282 202 137 Logan 17 16 8 6 McLean (Bloomington) 153 143 197 106 70 [23] Illinois Counties 1870 1880 1890 1920 1930 Macoupin 74 68 89 52 43 Madison (Highland) 1,502 1,405 955 372 187 Marion 54 59 48 24 8 Monroe 92 108 17 14 8 Montgomery 46 71 48 28 20 Peoria 306 301 262 387 305 Randolph 122 46 41 23 16 Rock Island 216 156 115 119 90 St. Clair 450 427 197 168 103 Sangamon (Springfield) 67 150 92 58 43 Stephenson (Freeport) 37 89 63 158 234 Tazewell 282 192 181 185 138 Will (Joliet) 256 212 172 124 76 Woodford 230 226 207 112 103 All other 1,270 1,343 1,175 697 512 Totals 8,980 8,881 8,115 7,837 7,315 In 1930 almost two-thirds of the 7,315 Swiss in Illinois lived in Chicago and adjacent areas. Of the 8,980 enumerated in 1870, however, only one in six lived in that metropolis. Here, as in Ohio, the shifting of the population centers from the agricultural to the urban sections is clear. A considerable Swiss element is consistently maintained in the rural counties of Peoria, Tazewell, and Woodford for which the city of Peoria is the metropolis. Particularly noticeable is the gradual decline in Madi- son county, where New Switzerland — later Highland — was founded by the Koepflis and Suppigers in 1831-32. In 1870, when Madison county exceeded Cook county in Swiss popula- tion, Highland was the largest rural Swiss colony in the United States. The general settlement pattern for the state was fixed in 1870 and suffered no essential change later. There are three clusters of counties that may be termed immigration centers: (l) Madison, Bond, Fayette, Marion, Clinton, St. Clair, Monroe, and Randolph, all within fifty miles of St. Louis, (2) Peoria, Tazewell, Woodford, McLean, and Livingston in the Peoria-Bloomington center of the state, (3) Cook, Lake, Kane, Du Page, and Will in the Chicago area. Then there are the scattered counties along the Mississippi: Hancock and [24] ILLINOIS (Census of 1930) i ,o(u.c n — i t i . Explanation: • — 1000 native • — 50 ■ " (For treatment of fractional remainders see New York,) [25] Adams in the west, Rock Island and Jo Daviess, opposite the Iowa settlements, in the northwest, and Grundy between Chi- cago and Peoria, where there was once a New Aargau, now known as Centerville. New York New York, as the main port of entry for European immi- grants, always received and held a comparatively large num- ber of newcomers from Switzerland. In fact, the Swiss in that city and its suburbs have as a rule constituted about one-half of the total Swiss population of New York state. The spread of Swiss immigration in twenty-one of the sixty- one New York counties is seen in the following table based on four representative enumerations. New York Counties 1870 1890 1920 1930 Albany (Albany) 116 87 110 120 Bronx (New York City) * * 1,255 1,561 Chautauqua 110 77 81 70 Dutchess 45 50 113 142 Erie (Buffalo) 798 646 787 678 Kings (Brooklyn) 744 1,492 1,765 1,492 Lewis 187 280 127 99 Monroe (Rochester) 655 643 584 537 Nassau (Long Island) * * 289 671 New York (New York City) 2,178 4,953 4,802 4,234 Oneida 397 483 552 542 Onondago (Syracuse) 318 347 408 441 Orange 77 123 124 151 Queens (Long Island) 256 421 1,172 2,328 Rensselaer 106 91 83 85 Richmond 68 139 239 280 Schenectady 24 44 162 158 Suffolk (Long Island) 28 130 299 398 Sullivan 388 154 81 70 Wayne 103 43 35 31 Westchester 318 303 583 1,005 All other 995 1,051 25 1,478 Totals 7,911 11,557 13,676 16,571 * No report. [26] U/L/V< lIj j—i li 00 00 OH O CH K ♦» a) g) o 4» T3 c a a a gajc*» a ♦» a c c J=> o -^ M O "S 45 ■ ■ ■j c u a ox: a 4* • 4> bOC o o V C -r-« ■1 u a a ♦» M ax: a** .■3 [27] It will be seen that Greater New York in 1930 claimed 68 per cent of the state's native Swiss. In New York state, it is noticeable, that the Swiss settled mainly in urban centers. Oneida in the central part of the state, where Swiss dairy farmers arrived in the fifties, is the only county which maintained appreciable numbers after 1870. Missouri Most of the native Swiss in Missouri were from the first concentrated in and about St. Louis. Its accessibility by way of New Orleans and the Mississippi attracted thousands of Ger- mans and Swiss in the thirties and forties before overland transportation was practicable. Immigration to Missouri was also stimulated by the founding in 1831 of the Swiss colony, New Switzerland — later Highland — thirty miles east of St. Louis, in southern Illinois. With the exception of a few agricultural colonies: Mont- rose in Henry county, the town of Swiss in Gasconade county, New Conception in Nodaway county, and later a few scattered settlements in Andrew, Barry, and Green counties, no larger Swiss settlements were established in the rural districts of Missouri. Kansas City and St. Joseph give evidence of Swiss colonies in 1870. The following tabulation includes figures for twenty-seven of Missouri's 115 counties in five different enumerations. Missouri Counties 1870 1880 1890 1920 1930 Andrew 180 168 280 146 120 Barry 1 7 131 18 10 Bates 21 84 53 35 24 Buchanan (St. Joseph) 303 295 418 297 220 Callaway 27 40 51 34 25 Cape Girardeau 67 46 37 13 5 Chariton 86 56 50 19 5 Cole 125 130 93 52 32 Cooper 53 58 100 35 33 Franklin 203 172 137 44 30 Gasconade 328 265 210 72 55 [28] 5.8 = Z4 ♦» « ♦» ■•-• o ° * a IS* 00 coo** n © a o o m «j * w g ♦* * g » m c 4 I » -«• g • « till OS si u «» ^ * •* C^-ito K *- l^r-il ! r l i_ 1 j — i i i MHTT T -rli » • y-j L_-J jl ,-. jlMtFPV O- till 1TTT +i J ir L JL _ i L JL JL lj _ 1. ILL J _ J.. J J [29] Missouri Counties 1870 1880 1890 1920 1930 Greene 17 28 165 82 51 Henry 59 71 86 46 33 Holt 43 51 57 33 23 Jackson (Kansas City) 197 142 365 382 330 Jefferson 141 118 131 61 41 Marion 47 53 43 19 9 Moniteau 103 176 417 187 129 Montgomery 72 51 27 13 Nodaway 32 74 97 61 44 Osage 103 105 35 23 16 Pettis 69 61 76 31 22 Phelps 37 37 155 69 45 Schuyler 50 36 12 4 1 St. Charles 65 72 31 29 20 St. Francois 72 52 53 27 16 St. Louis (St. Louis) 3,265 2,566 2,383 2,402 1,768 All Other 831 1,050 1,072 713 458 Totals 6,597 6,064 6,765 4,934 3,578 The peak for Missouri was 6,765, reached in the census of 1890. In 1930 the number had diminished to 3,578. The coun- ties of St. Charles, Montgomery, Gasconade, Franklin, Jeffer- son, and St. Francois are within a radius of about fifty miles from St. Louis. Phelps, Osage, Callaway, Cole, Moniteau, Cooper and Pettis are in the central part of the state. Nodaway, Holt, Andrew, Buchanan, and Jackson are in the northwest, the last named being on the Missouri River near St. Joseph and Kansas City. Greene and Barry are in the extreme south- west, near the Ozarks. It will be seen that in 1870 St. Louis had more native Swiss than New York City and Brooklyn combined; together with its neighboring counties St. Louis accounted for three-fifths of those reported for the state. In 1930, the larger Swiss centers of the state were St. Louis, St. Joseph, and Kansas City. Only Andrew and Moniteau counties registered more than 100. A comparison of the population in these three urban centers with that in the rural areas seems to indicate that but one-third had settled on Missouri farms. [30] Wisconsin Swiss settlement in Wisconsin really began in 1845, with the founding of New Glarus, in Green County; to be sure, individual Swiss pioneers had ventured into various parts of the state previously. A number of migrations quite independent of the one frdln Glarus soon followed. Thus in 1847 a group of farmers from the canton of St. Gall settled in Fond du Lac county, on the southwest shore of Lake Winnebago. The influx there continued up to 1865 when settlements are found to extend to the east and to the south into Washington county. Another early agricultural settlement was made in Sauk county, northwest of Madison, the state capital. Even today its townships of Troy, Honey Creek, and Prairie du Sac con- tain a considerable Swiss population. The first settlers were mainly from the cantons of the Grisons, Zurich, and Berne. An area stretching along the Mississippi river in Buffalo county, containing the towns of Tell, Alma, and Fountain City was settled by Swiss farmers in the fifties. With the exception of California, Wisconsin has a higher percentage of Swiss than any other state in the Union. The migration headed chiefly for farms and smaller towns. Although Milwaukee, the metropolis of the state, has had a rather sizable Swiss colony for the last fifty or sixty years, it has never held more than a small part of the total number of Swiss in the state. Even in 1930 when there were 1,400 native Swiss in Milwaukee, Green county alone recorded 1,700 of the 7,600 in Wisconsin. Figures for 1880, unfortunately, could not be obtained. The largest total number 7,797, was reached in 1920. In 1930 there is a slight decrease. Four enumerations in thirty-two of seventy-one counties follow: Wisconsin Counties 1870 1890 1920 1930 Barron 14 47 138 132 Buffalo 941 680 283 124 Chippewa 35 130 134 98 Clark 1 20 124 121 Columbia 67 82 55 49 Dane (Madison) 216 265 481 666 [31] Wisconsin Counties 1870 1890 1920 1930 Dodge 97 86 175 259 Dunn 44 68 103 72 Eau Claire 39 103 81 58 Fond du Lac 193 103 107 86 Grant 118 60 45 44 Green 1,246 1,866 1,724 1,703 Iowa 31 45 195 206 Jefferson 144 40 41 40 La Crosse 271 294 154 103 Lafayette 21 58 346 366 Manitowoc 153 64 32 28 Marathon 3 105 162 116 Milwaukee 447 764 1,122 1,414 Monroe 43 35 60 46 Outagamie 54 76 49 35 Pierce 76 103 46 35 Racine 67 60 60 41 Rock 59 74 214 244 Sauk 601 346 164 88 Sheboygan 99 64 79 72 Taylor * 129 112 85 Walworth 40 53 59 50 Washington 79 86 89 78 Waukesha 96 100 115 101 Winnebago 300 274 193 175 Wood 23 154 163 135 All other 551 747 892 799 Totals 6,069 7,181 7,797 7,669 * No report. All but Milwaukee are primarily farming counties, and even in the county of Milwaukee farms are to be found. Green county, with its towns of New Glarus and Monroe, claims the largest number. The four contiguous counties — Dane, Rock, Iowa, and Lafayette — have had a perceptible increase in the last two or three decades. These five counties represent an area in southwestern Wisconsin which may be designated as the largest center of Swiss agriculture and dairy farming in the United States; the region has been facetiously nicknamed "Swissconsin." [32] WI3C0H8IH (Census of 1930) Explanation: # — 1000 native Swiss • — 100 " - — (For treatment of frac- tional remainders see New York.) [33] Next in importance is the Swiss farming district in Buffalo county, which had little short of 1,000 Swiss in 1870. How- ever, for want of good opportunity for further expansion, there followed a steady decline in every subsequent census. In 1930 but 124 native Swiss were recorded in that county. Much the same may be said of the third important Swiss agricultural colony, Sauk county. In 1870 it had 601 native Swiss, but by 1930 the number had dwindled to less than 90. In Green county the decline has been relatively slight, owing to the con- tinued immigration occasioned largely by the specialized de- velopment of the cheese and dairy industry of that section of the state. Lincoln county had 81 in 1930. Six counties: Dane, Dodge, Iowa, Lafayette, Milwaukee, and Rock show an actual increase. The cities of Madison (in Dane county) and of Milwaukee have attracted a considerable proportion. The new wave of Swiss immigration to the south- ern part of the state during the last twenty-five years is responsible for the fact that Wisconsin a decade ago ranked fourth in native Swiss population among the states of the Union. Pennsylvania To Pennsylvania belongs the honor of being the first state actually to turn over its lands to Swiss settlement in America. It was in the fall of 1710, that the first Swiss settlers, a group of ten families of Mennonites, were granted lands for new homes there. True, some of the de Graffenried colonists had landed in North Carolina in the course of the preceding sum- mer; but they were bolters ahead of the officially stipulated date for opening that territory to the colonists. De Graffen- ried himself, who founded New Bern, did not officially take possession until 1711, the date agreed upon with the settlers. Once the first Swiss nucleus of Mennonites had been estab- lished in Pennsylvania, other emigrants of the same religious faith soon followed. Most of them were from the cantons of Zurich and Berne, where they had been persecuted. Many had settled first in Alsace along the Rhine, in the Palatinate, and in [34] [35] Holland, finally deciding to venture the long journey across the sea to Pennsylvania. Census figures for twenty-four of forty-nine Pennsylvania counties in four representative enumerations: Pennsylvania Counties 1870 1890 1920 1930 Allegheny (Pittsburgh) 1,588 1,454 1,523 1,229 Beaver 79 105 92 62 Berks (Reading) 95 55 72 81 Bucks 35 35 90 87 Butler 49 139 28 28 Clinton 189 154 73 40 Columbia 10 4 9 9 Delaware 6 59 160 172 Elk 16 243 230 161 Erie (Erie) 179 137 193 156 Fayette 13 68 64 31 Lackawanna (Scranton) * 440 369 288 Lancaster 248 68 142 147 Lehigh (Allentown) 96 47 180 156 Luzerne (Wilkes-Barre) 348 91 123 96 Montgomery 49 63 175 214 Northampton (Easton) 74 42 86 85 Philadelphia 1,791 1,710 1,889 1,487 Potter . 9 76 57 34 Schuylkill 84 53 29 19 Tioga 32 98 64 71 Warren 18 300 220 190 Washington 8 28 47 36 Westmoreland 32 85 124 106 All other 717 680 836 664 Totals 5,765 6,149 6,875 5,649 * No report. The table reflects to what extent Philadelphia and Pitts- burgh are Swiss population centers, as well as the attraction of the anthracite coal belt in Lackawanna (Scranton) and Luzerne (Wilkes-Barre) counties, and the purely rural counties of Elk and Warren in the northwest. Few of the later immigrants settled on farms, for the state had become industrialized, and good farm land could no longer be bought at a reasonable price. [36] Indiana In Indiana the Swiss population attained its maximum, 4,287, in 1870; each succeeding census shows a steady decline. In 1930 only 1,624 were recorded in the state. Twenty-three of the ninety-two counties in five enumerations report as follows: Indiana Counties 1870 1880 1890 1920 1930 Adams (Berne) 359 413 726 303 230 Allen (Ft. Wayne) 311 306 281 274 189 Clark 130 97 72 34 26 DeKalb 74 61 43 26 16 Elkhart 109 100 116 89 75 Floyd 139 82 54 57 42 Huntington 76 67 35 17 10 La Porte 78 62 57 45 49 Lake (Gary) 27 27 111 127 101 Marion (Indianapolis) 243 284 269 267 187 Marshall 97 77 55 52 30 Noble 67 52 72 20 12 Perry (Tell City) 474 245 229 62 28 Ripley 80 54 46 22 9 St. Joseph (South Bend) 79 70 70 95 87 Spencer 103 72 55 14 10 Switzerland (Vevay) 55 29 20 Tippecanoe 45 41 51 33 18 Vanderburg 157 238 122 105 54 Vigo 64 68 56 50 35 Wabash 42 61 47 35 20 Wells 151 142 131 76 50 Whitley 124 88 66 22 13 All other 1,203 959 694 509 333 Total 4,287 3,695 3,478 2,334 1,624 There were a number of cities containing a nucleus of Swiss settlers in Indiana in 1870, among them: Evansville, Fort Wayne, Terre Haute, South Bend, New Albany, and the state capital, Indianapolis. The state has two outstanding Swiss colonies: Tell City on the Ohio river some forty miles east of Evansville, and Berne in Adams county about thirty miles south of Fort Wayne, both founded in the fifties, the former by both Swiss and [37] INDIANA (Census -of 1930) Explanation: Each dot representi 50 native Swiss. (For treatment of fractional remainders see New York.) [38] Germans, the latter by Bernese Mennonites. Tell City has declined in a manner similar to that of Highland, Illinois. Until 1880 it had been the banner Swiss settlement in Indiana, but was then replaced by Berne. In 1930 Berne still had 230 native Swiss, whereas Tell City had less than 30. In Marshall county, not far from South Bend, Swiss farmers early settled in and about the town of Bremen, while in Switzerland county, Vevay, the first Swiss colony in the state, was founded as early as 1803. In Spencer and Du Bois counties there were a num- ber of early settlements at Mariah Hill, Ferdinand, Jasper, and the monastery of St. Meinrad, founded by the abbot of Einsiedeln. Iowa In the first census of 1850 Iowa had a total population of 192,214 inhabitants; in 1930 it had 2,470,939. The Swiss population, specified here in twenty-five of the state's ninety- nine counties in four enumerations, is only one-tenth of one per cent. Iowa Counties 1870 1890 1920 1930 Allamakee 150 48 30 18 Black Hawk 43 52 37 35 Clayton 354 218 110 74 Crawford 23 33 51 47 Davis 62 91 55 32 Delaware 67 88 68 Des Moines 144 108 87 65 Dubuque (Dubuque) 640 596 308 216 Fayette 196 258 144 105 Henry 24 50 57 38 Howard 17 66 57 40 Humboldt 15 62 48 41 Iowa 137 140 91 77 Johnson 126 77 41 38 Jones 163 242 177 100 Kossuth 10 69 40 32 Linn 43 82 88 75 Marshall 11 53 33 27 Muscatine 187 115 63 53 Plymouth 179 63 37 [39] Iowa Counties 1870 1890 1920 1930 Polk (Des Moines) 119 115 101 89 Pottawattomie 70 80 48 29 Scott (Davenport) 261 139 113 104 Webster 14 69 31 21 Woodbury 25 81 74 66 All other 1,103 1,220 936 569 Totals 3,937 4,310 2,871 2,096 It will be noticed that Dubuque county on the Mississippi river in the northeastern part of the state led in every census from 1870 to 1930, the adjacent and neighboring counties of Clayton, Jones, and Fayette also maintaining a lead over most of the others. Aside from the Swiss in the city of Dubuque, most of those in the counties listed are apparently farmers. Allamakee, Scott, Muscatine, and Des Moines counties are also on the Mississippi. Pottawattomie and Woodbury on the Missouri, and Plymouth on the Big Sioux are on the western edge of the state. Humboldt, Webster, Polk, Marshall, Iowa, Linn, Johnson, Washington, and Henry are in the central or southeastern part in the Iowa and the Des Moines river valleys. On the whole, the Swiss element is fairly evenly distributed throughout the state, which is y agriculturally, one of the richest in the country. There is hardly a county which does not contain some Swiss. In 1870 there were 11 counties with 100 or more. Dubuque, an early commercial point in the state, and its hinterland in Clayton, Fayette, Jones, and Delaware counties, represents the most compact section of Swiss settlement. Here many emigrants from St. Gall and the Grisons settled in the forties and early fifties. Similarly, in southwestern Des Moines county there are to be noted early settlements, including Des Moines, the state capital. As in many other western states — there are in Iowa a num- ber of settlements of Swiss Mennonites, such as Sharon Spring and Sharon Center. Some of the adherents of this faith came from southeastern Pennsylvania, others, directly from Switzerland. [40] [41] California Owing in part to the emigration of large numbers of Italian Swiss from the canton of Ticino and in part to other migrations, including those from eastern states, California today has a larger Swiss population than any other state in the Union. In 1920 it outstripped New York by 1,000; in 1930 it had in- creased its lead to 3,500. California then had 20,063 as compared with 16,571 in New York. For a century, California has steadily and increasingly at- tracted Swiss immigrants. It was in 1839 that John A. Sutter first settled near Sacramento to found his New Helvetia. The historic migration of other Swiss to Sutter's Fort in the decade before the discovery of gold is noted elsewhere in this volume. Almost three thousand settled in California between 1848 and 1870; the census of 1870 accounts for 2,927. Twenty years later there were 9,743; in 1910 there were 14,520; in 1920, 16,097; and in 1930, 20,063 or almost seven times the num- ber given in the census of 1870. In California the German, French, and Italian elements of Switzerland are all strongly represented. The Ticinese Swiss form a considerable colony, particularly in San Francisco and its neighboring territory. Many are settled in various agricul- tural, grape, and fruit growing areas. French-speaking Swiss have long been at San Francisco and Los Angeles. German- Swiss are distributed throughout the state. There are 58 coun- ties, 40 of which are tabulated below. It may be noted that San Mateo, Santa Clara, Alameda, Contra Costa, Solano, Napa, Sonoma, and Marin cluster about the San Francisco and San Pablo Bays. The counties of Santa Clara, Stanislaus, San Joaquin, and Sacramento are within a radius of 70 miles from the city of San Francisco. Together with that city, these twelve counties, in 1930, contained 9,710 Swiss, a little less than half of the total for the state. In the extreme north are the counties of Del Norte, Siskiyou, Lassen, and Humboldt. Somewhat farther south are the inland counties of Plumas, Butte, Sutter, Yuba, Nevada, Placer, and Mendocino on the coast. In the southern part of the state, where Los Angeles is the metropolis, [42] CALIFORNIA (Census of 1930) Explanation: 9 — 1000 native Swiss • — 100 ■ ■ (For treatment of fractional remainders eee New York.) [43] the counties of Los Angeles, Ventura, Santa Barbara, San Luis Obispo, Kern, San Bernardino, Orange, Riverside, San Diego, and Imperial, are the home of many Swiss. Figures for forty of fifty-eight counties: California Counties 1870 1890 1920 1930 Alameda (Oakland) 70 408 1,135 1,318 Amador 81 87 56 44 Calaveras 79 86 43 31 Contra Costa 15 71 256 229 Del Norte 3 81 75 72 El Dorado 188 245 125 80 Fresno 5 90 290 277 Humboldt 15 300 513 550 Imperial * * 245 431 Kern 10 80 188 191 Lassen 2 41 60 53 Los Angeles 44 439 2,001 3,747 Marin 361 662 471 544 Mendocino 21 77 155 115 Merced 40 37 149 151 Monterey 46 433 652 1,207 Napa 48 454 357 329 Nevada 66 95 54 36 Orange * 30 108 155 Placer 76 96 68 66 Plumas 56 150 89 119 Riverside * * 88 130 Sacramento 131 347 593 665 San Benito * 97 102 101 San Bernardino 3 78 153 282 San Diego 5 161 300 376 San Francisco 775 1,696 2,806 3,120 San Joaquin 70 172 419 602 San Luis Obispo 12 517 511 454 San Mateo 22 274 323 541 Santa Barbara 6 294 402 471 Santa Clara (San Jose) 133 412 641 671 Santa Cruz 84 216 142 161 Siskiyou 66 64 100 157 Solano 21 164 200 195 Sonoma . 125 779 879 843 Stanislaus 5 20 405 492 Sutter 11 9 90 109 [44] California Counties 1870 1890 1920 1930 Tulare 21 72 128 112 Yolo 52 44 122 184 All other 205 365 603 657 Totals 2,927 9,743 16,097 20,063 * No report. Contributing some 20,000 of its native sons and daughters to a single state in the American republic, is no mean distinction for so small a country as the republic of Switzerland. Minnesota In the first United States census Minnesota was shown to have a population of 6,077; twenty years later in 1870 the num- ber had increased to 493,706; in 1890 it was 1,301,826; and in 1930, 2,563,953. The Swiss population since 1870 has been between 2,000 and 3,000. 1870 1880 1890 1920 1930 2,162 2,828 3,745 2,720 2,041 In 1930 only two of the 86 counties of the state had as many as 100 native Swiss. Almost half the entire number for the state were living in the Twin Cities. Tables for eighteen counties: Minnesota Counties 1870 1890 1920 1930 Blue Earth 64 83 50 28 Brown 74 74 42 19 Carver 131 93 23 10 Dakota 44 77 52 51 Dodge 178 274 119 82 Goodhue 96 55 47 40 Hennepin (Minneapolis) 186 563 417 357 Houston 57 39 27 13 Isanti 10 355 9 5 Le Sueur 103 101 31 14 Olmsted 59 43 48 37 Ramsey (St. Paul) 100 614 597 526 Redwood 6 44 54 44 St. Louis (Duluth) 24 39 98 86 [45] Explanation: 0— 500 native S>7lee • — 50 (For treatment of frac- tional remainders see New York. ) I I. I L L [46] Minnesota Counties 1870 1890 1920 1930 Stearns 121 92 65 43 Wabasha 167 129 63 37 Washington 215 136 76 39 Winona 121 121 52 41 All other 397 813 850 569 Totals 2,162 3,745 2,720 2,041 St. Louis County is on the Canadian border; all the others are in the more fertile southern half of the state. Washington, Carver, and Dakota are near the cities of St. Paul and Min- neapolis. Isanti is some thirty miles north. Houston, Winona, Olmsted, Wabasha, Dodge, Goodhue and Le Sueur are in the southeast. Blue Earth, Brown, and Redwood are on the south banks of the Minnesota in the south central and southwestern part of the state. Inexplicable is the figure 355 in 1890 for Isanti county, which has practically no Swiss before and after that date. As no other record of Swiss settlement in the agricultural area so near to Minneapolis seems to exist, the possibility of an error in the census tabulation is suggested. It will be noted that in 1870 Minnesota had nine counties with 100 or more native Swiss. Michigan Michigan has not drawn as many Swiss immigrants as have its neighbors to the south and west. The largest settlement has always been in Detroit. Rural colonies, however, have been developed in numerous agricultural areas; to be noted are Berne, Huron county; Luzerne, Oscoda county; and Appenzell, Crawford county. In no other state have distribution figures maintained them- selves so uniformly as in Michigan. Since 1870 each census has shown a slight increase for the state, but the totals have always remained between two and three thousand: 1870 1880 1890 1900 1910 1920 1930 2,116 2,474 2,526 2,617 2,780 2,755 2,834 [47] Explanation: • — 1000 native Swiss. • — 50 " n (For treatment of fraotional remainders see New York.) [48] The total population of the state was 1,184,059 in 1870, and 4,842,325 in 1930; by way of comparison thus the Swiss element constitutes but a small and declining percentage. Reports from eighteen of Michigan's eighty-three counties: Michigan Counties 1870 1890 1920 1930 Allegan 74 63 35 23 Antrim 71 196 74 41 Bay (Bay City) 48 85 58 58 Berrien 54 52 61 71 Calhoun 44 38 46 46 Genesee (Flint) 26 15 38 77 Houghton 112 79 68 36 Isabella 18 51 33 19 Kent (Grand Rapids) 39 186 171 146 Lenawee 48 40 43 35 Monroe 99 41 34 31 Oakland 31 59 58 114 Saginaw 101 103 77 76 St. Clair 112 72 30 17 St. Joseph 54 40 30 22 Shiawassee 44 33 33 24 Washtenaw 52 35 30 26 Wayne (Detroit) 531 468 994 1,253 All other 549 871 842 719 Totals 2,116 2,526 2,755 2,834 New Jersey The most populous section of the predominantly industrial state of New Jersey, is a block of contiguous counties including Hudson, Essex, Bergen, Passaic, and Union, in the northeast, immediately west and north of New York City. This region is, so to speak, the workshop of the great metropolis and the residence of thousands of its businessmen and workers. The increase of the Swiss population in New Jersey is clearly the result of the industrial and commercial expansion within the state during the last sixty or seventy years. Before 1870 comparatively few Swiss had settled there. Then, however, hundreds migrated to several of its smaller towns: Guttenberg, Union Hill, West Hoboken, Weehawken — all in Hudson [49] NEW JERSEY (Census of 1930) Explanation: A — 100Q native Swiss 7 — 100 (For treatment of fractional remainders see New York.) [50] county, where (as well as in Pater son and Passaic) silk and em- broidery manufactories were inviting skilled workmen from Appenzell, St. Gall, and Zurich. The increase in the number of native Swiss has been from 2,061 in 1870 to 8,765 in 1930. The following tabulation indicates their distribution in fourteen of the twenty-one counties in which they are most numerous. New Jersey Counties 1870 1880 1890 1920 1930 Atlantic (Atlantic City) 33 89 125 157 160 Bergen (Hackensack) 92 124 134 784 1,486 Burlington (Mount Holly) ___ 21 32 31 65 67 Camden 37 73 87 165 215 Essex (Newark) 660 753 625 1,027 1,056 Hudson (Hoboken, Jersey City) 549 844 1,448 2,921 2,648 Mercer 41 48 53 103 115 Middlesex 57 68 124 204 237 Monmouth 29 29 93 104 138 Morris 22 32 58 175 250 Passaic (Paterson) 187 632 991 1,819 1,499 Somerset 23 52 43 67 109 Union (Elizabeth) 232 140 242 355 457 All other 78 124 104 219 328 Totals 2,061 3,040 4,158 8,165 8,765 Hudson county, as the figures show, has the largest Swiss settlement in the state. Its towns, Jersey City, Hoboken, and Union City were long reputed to be the Swiss embroidery center of the United States. The only other larger Swiss colony in New Jersey is in Passaic county, where many years ago Swiss introduced and developed the silk industry in the towns of Paterson and Pas- saic. In the census of 1920, it will be noted the county had 1,819 Swiss; a decade later, the number had dropped to 1,419. Although fifty or sixty years ago, the heart of Swiss life in New Jersey was to be found in Newark and Paterson, today it is to be sought rather in Hudson county. With Newark and Paterson still important rivals, though outnumbered, the state of New Jersey maintains its position as one of the foremost Swiss centers in the United States. [51] Massachusetts and Connecticut With the completion of the twelve most important states for our purposes, it may not be amiss to consider at this point, instead of proceeding in strict numerical order, those two New England states which absorbed most of that comparatively small part of Swiss immigration which pressed into this in- dustrial section. Obviously, there was no great incentive here for the farmers of the nineteenth century. The figures for the twentieth century correlate with the upward curve for industrial centers elsewhere. There are but fourteen counties in the former and eight in the latter state, all of which are given here. Massachusetts Counties 1870 1890 1920* 1930 Barnstable 2 8 Berkshire 87 99 149 Bristol 10 33 75 Dukes 1 Essex 8 59 59 Franklin 10 29 23 Hampden (Springfield) 33 69 117 Hampshire 27 34 62 Middlesex (Boston) 67 160 234 Nantucket 2 Norfolk 27 64 126 Plymouth 2 22 25 Suffolk (Brookline) 203 444 317 Worcester 17 37 74 Totals 491 1,050 1,272 * No report. Connecticut Counties 1870 1890 1920 1930 Fairfield (Bridgeport) 84 231 393 454 Hartford (Hartford) 103 127 315 280 Litchfield 36 134 363 337 Middlesex 24 25 65 53 New Haven (New Haven) 140 315 485 400 New London 48 76 49 64 Tolland 44 74 162 165 Windham 13 16 31 21 Totals 492 998 1,863 1,774 [52] Kansas and Nebraska Kansas and Nebraska are in the main agricultural states with many features in common; however, the former has ab- sorbed more Swiss than the latter, owing perhaps to its earlier settlement. The census of I860 gave Kansas a total popula- tion of 107,206 over against 28,841 for Nebraska. The last census showed 1,880,999 for the former and 1,377,963 for the latter. Enumeration of Swiss by decades: 1870 1880 1890 1900 1910 1920 1930 Kansas 1,328 2,668 3,820 3,337 2,853 2,238 1,594 Nebraska 598 1,203 1,711 * * 1,690 1,410 Here too a gradual rise until 1890 is followed by a recession up to 1930. Five enumerations in twenty- five of the 105 counties of Kansas: Kansas Counties 1870 1880 1890 1920 1930 Atchison 106 94 50 38 34 Brown 52 98 111 75 73 Butler 3 20 135 87 45 Clay 44 125 101 62 34 Coffey 1 55 50 18 15 Dickinson 108 261 358 156 108 Doniphan 94 87 78 34 28 Douglas 67 58 55 21 15 Geary * * 93 55 49 Greenwood 5 43 102 53 35 Jefferson 72 34 53 16 9 Johnson 54 30 27 36 34 Leavenworth 136 114 135 59 41 Lyon 19 70 40 33 26 Marshall 12 49 189 77 58 Nemaha 83 165 276 164 101 Osborne 61 72 25 19 Pottawatomie 17 85 74 43 34 Riley 43 56 48 41 22 Saline 17 39 56 34 24 Sedgwick 5 39 90 74 51 Shawnee 31 28 52 65 59 Wabaunsee 32 27 68 18 11 [53] Kansas Counties 1870 1880 1890 1920 1930 Washington 19 47 142 56 51 Wyandotte 19 54 122 131 87 All other 289 829 1,242 767 533 Totals 1,328 2,668 3,820 2,238 1,594 * No report. In the earlier period of settlement Leavenworth, Dickinson, Atchison, Doniphan, Nemaha, Jefferson, Douglas, Johnson, and Brown led in Swiss population in the order given. With the exception of Dickinson a little to the west, these counties are located in the extreme northeast. Dickinson, Doniphan, and Nemaha are almost entirely agricultural with some small Swiss colonies of farmers, stock raisers, and dairymen. Other counties in the northeast into which there was later an appreciable immigration are: Washington and Marshall along the Nebraska border, Shawnee, Wabaunsee, Geary, and Saline mostly on the south banks of the Kansas river, and Pottawatomie, Riley, and Clay, contiguous counties north of the river. Greenwood, Coffey, Butler, and Sedgwick form a belt in the southeast. In the northwestern part of the state are Osborne and Rooks, in the latter of which is Zurich with its small colony of Swiss farmers. Kansas City, Kansas, a suburb of Kansas City, Missouri, is situated in Wyandotte county. Early Swiss agricultural colonies in Dickinson are: New Berne, New Basel, and Enterprise. Bernese farmers took up land in Marshall and Nemaha counties, naming their post- office Berne. In the latter county there were also immigrants from Zurich. Although Swiss may be found in every part of the state, they are more numerous in the fertile eastern half, where many of them have become prosperous. Four enumerations in eleven of Nebraska's ninety- three counties: Nebraska Counties 1870 1890 1920 1930 Buffalo 56 27 18 Cass 27 73 37 24 Dodge 16 56 39 16 Douglas (Omaha) 56 267 241 161 [54] Nebraska Counties 1870 1890 1920 1930 Lancaster (Lincoln) 12 75 89 71 Pawnee 40 75 47 35 Platte (Columbus) 156 397 231 206 Polk 52 35 28 Richardson 71 189 74 60 Sheridan * 105 68 57 Webster 90 31 17 All other 215 1,107 889 671 Totals 593 2,542 1,808 1,364 * No report. In Nebraska the Swiss population is largely confined to three counties: Douglas, Platte, and Richardson. The first two con- tain the cities of Omaha and Columbus, respectively, while the last is the extreme southeastern county of the state, opposite Holt county, Missouri, where Swiss settlements have been noted. Buffalo county is in the south central section of the state, on the Platte river. Cass and Dodge are some thirty miles from the city of Omaha. Webster county is in the south central part of the state. Polk is south of Platte, opposite Columbus. Sheridan is in the panhandle in the sandy northwest. (It may be noted that it was Jules Ami Sandoz, a French-Swiss from Neuchatel who was largely responsible for Swiss settle- ment in Sheridan county. He is the "old Jules" of the well- known prize biography written by his daughter, Marie.) Platte county was settled in the sixties and seventies by Swiss pioneers who founded the colony of Gruetli, near Columbus. The city of Omaha was the destination of many Swiss from the very beginning, while the town of Humboldt, in Richardson county has a colony of native Swiss farmers. A sharp decline is evident in the census of 1930. Kentucky and Tennessee Kentucky contains only two or three counties with a Swiss population exceeding 100. Louisville, in Jefferson county, has had a moderately large Swiss element for over eighty years. Campbell and Kenton counties, containing respectively the [55] cities of Newport and Covington, opposite Cincinnati, formerly had a considerable Swiss element. In the early eighties the flourishing towns of Bernstadt and East Bernstadt were founded in Laurel county. In Lincoln county, forty miles north- west of Laurel, Swiss colonists founded Gruenheim, Crab Orchard, Lutherheim, and Highland. Five enumerations in six of Kentucky's 120 counties: Kentucky Counties 1870 1880 1890 1920 1930 Campbell (Newport) 106 189 60 83 55 Daviess 32 61 46 19 10 Jefferson (Louisville) 697 581 768 798 581 Kenton 68 69 43 60 37 Laurel 563 103 56 Lincoln 10 3 118 52 41 All other 235 227 294 200 135 Totals 1,147 1,130 1,892 1,315 915 Tennessee, like Kentucky, has comparatively few Swiss settlers. They are to be found in several city counties and in one distinctly agricultural settlement: Gruetli, Grundy county, about thirty-five miles northwest of Chattanooga. Gruetli was founded in the early fifties and flourished for some thirty years. In 1880 it was the largest Swiss center in Tennessee, outnum- bering even those of Memphis, Knoxville, and Nashville. By 1920, however, there were less than 50 in Grundy county, and by 1930, only thirty-five. In Franklin county, Tennessee southwest of Grundy, Swiss settled at Belvidere, Dercherd, and at Winchester, the county seat. In Morgan county, Wartburg, which had been founded in the fifties by arrivals from Germany, attracted emigrants from the Grisons and St. Gall. It is about forty-five miles west of Knoxville and is now the county seat. Although no Swiss have been recorded there since the census of 1880, there are numerous descendants of the original settlers in this section. In Dyer county, on the Mississippi river, Bernese families founded Newbern. Swiss population in Tennessee in seven of eighty-one counties: [56] Tennessee Counties 1870 1880 1890 1920 1930 Davidson (Nashville) 151 203 225 135 100 Franklin 40 152 133 46 32 Grundy 142 227 140 55 35 Hamilton 16 38 58 44 38 Knox (Knoxville) 123 136 208 106 76 Lewis 53 26 Shelby (Memphis) 184 92 113 76 55 All others 144 178 150 101 81 Totals 800 1,026 1,027 616 443 In Hamblen county, forty miles northeast of Knoxville, fifty- five Swiss were recorded in 1920 but none in 1930. Georgia and Florida Georgia and Florida are perhaps typical for that part of the South which numbers comparatively few Swiss. Figures for Florida in the nineteenth century are not available. The rise in the last decade probably indicates little more than the fact that among the Swiss, too, there is a certain percentage of settled tourists. The number of individual adventurers, home seekers, and explorers who went directly to Georgia or Florida in the hope of finding a new land of promise is probably very small. Four enumerations in nine of the 148 counties of Georgia: Georgia Counties 1870 1890 1920 1930 Bibb 5 11 1 Chatham 23 12 22 18 Dade 7 Dekalb 9 10 7 Fulton (Atlanta) 13 49 50 38 Habersham 37 13 8 Muscogee 11 5 2 2 Richmond 3 12 10 8 Thomas 15 2 5 2 All other 30 34 48 31 Totals 103 178 161 114 [57] Three enumerations in eight of Florida's fifty counties: Florida Counties 1910 1920 1930 Dade (Miami) 7 38 76 Duval (Jacksonville) 11 37 49 Hillsboro 40 52 70 Orange 10 7 23 Palm Beach 6 40 30 Pinellas * 26 46 St. John 6 10 7 Volusia 9 13 24 All other 57 124 175 Totals 146 357 500 * No report. Texas In 1850, Texas had a population of 212,592; in 1880 it had 1,591,749; in 1930, 5,824,715. Compared with these totals, the numbers below must seem insignificant. It is interesting to note that there were Swiss settlers in Texas before its admission to the Union. A number of families including the Amslers and the Hermanns had settled there in the thirties, while others, such as the Hoeslys and Rosenbergs arrived in the forties. Totals for ten counties of 251 in Texas: Texas Counties 1870 1890 1920 1930 Austin 59 132 16 15 Bexar (San Antonio) 83 166 173 136 Dallas (Dallas) 0* 192 203 183 Galveston 78 61 58 52 Harris (Houston) 29 57 133 167 McLennan (Waco) 5 44 59 27 Tarrant 6 35 49 41 Travis (Austin) 32 69 67 54 Washington 27 56 14 7 Williamson 62 110 75 All other 279 837 808 653 Totals 598 1,711 1,690 1,410 During the late fifties many Swiss settled in the city of Dallas. Some of them had been members of Re-Union, the nearby French Socialist colony organized by Victor Considerant, * Error in classification? See Introduction to Prominent Americans, p. v. [58] which had experienced an early collapse. More came in 1868 and in 1872 when John Meisterhans brought forty persons. Seguin and New Braunfels, in Guadaloupe and Comal coun- ties respectively, had small Swiss settlements, as did the town of Brenham, in Washington, and the city of Austin, in Travis county. Fayette, which borders Washington in the west, had 109 in 1890; by 1920, however, the number had dwindled to seven. Utah First settled by Mormons in 1846, Utah, when organized as a territory in 1850, had a population of 11,380. This number rose, after the admission of the territory to statehood in 1896 to a total of 276,749 in 1900 and 507,847 in 1930. Its Swiss element numbered 1,500 in 1920. Nine counties of twenty-seven in six enumerations: Utah Counties 1870 1880 1890 1900 1920 1930 Box Elder 15 15 48 35 42 33 Cache 127 208 307 338 358 328 Salt Lake (Salt Lake City) 84 221 369 486 721 708 San Pete 41 68 85 80 45 27 Sevier 56 37 28 22 15 Utah 46 88 75 82 72 62 Wasatch 37 101 117 139 74 51 Washington 85 137 133 92 50 28 Weber 12 24 28 20 51 53 All other 52 122 137 609 151 114 Totals 509 1,040 1,336 1,469 1,586 1,419 With the exception of Washington in the extreme south- western corner of the state, all the above named counties are in the central or north central part of the state near Salt Lake City. This section is, on the whole, mountainous with rich fertile valleys, extending east and south of Great Salt Lake. Oregon and Washington These two coastal states north of California were not settled until the Pacific railroads were built. In 1850 Oregon had a population of only 13,294, while in I860 the population of [59} Washington was but 11,594. However, by 1930 that of Oregon had increased to 952,691 and that of Washington had reached 1,561,967. Undoubtedly, there were few Swiss in Oregon before 1850 when some prospectors for gold had strayed north of Cali- fornia; but when Portland was being settled in the early fifties, German and Swiss immigrants arrived in larger num- bers. In 1857 a number of Swiss, mainly Mennonites from Berne, founded colonies at Cedar Mills, Bethany, and West Union in Washington county. In 1885 Neu-Engelberg, a settlement of Benedictine monks, was built up under the leadership of Bishop Frowin Conrad. Later Mount Angel Col- lege was founded by Fr. Adelhelm Odermatt, native of Unter- walden. The brothers of the order came from the historic original cantons, Uri, Schwyz, and Unterwalden. Their success in agriculture induced many farmers from these cantons to settle in the neighborhood. In so far as proportion to total population is concerned, Swiss immigration in Oregon and Washington is comparable to that of Wisconsin. Census figures for Oregon, giving thirteen of thirty-four counties: Oregon Counties 1870 1880 1890 1920 1930 Clackamas (Oregon City) 16 83 188 367 341 Columbia 1 3 37 72 100 Coos 1 4 13 64 52 Lane 5 20 52 62 60 Linn 1 11 39 70 56 Marion 19 108 345 390 364 Multnomah (Portland) 23 152 788 1,756 1,725 Polk 3 12 25 39 63 Tillamook 4 31 255 273 Umatilla 7 36 49 38 Wasco 9 29 40 57 50 Washington 15 185 217 477 439 Yamhill 8 13 35 82 57 All other 59 99 237 426 416 Totals 160 730 2,083 4,166 4,034 [60] There is a steady growth in the years from 1870 to 1920 — particularly in Multnomah, Washington, Marion, Clackamas, and Tillamook; all show a drop in 1930. The largest body of Swiss immigrants are thus to be found in the counties of which the city of Portland is the geographical center. Dairying, gardening, and truck farming are the main occupations of the Swiss in the rural areas. Here as elsewhere the figures for the metropolis are conspicuously high. In Washington state there were no Swiss colonies before 1870. Enumerations for seventeen of thirty-nine counties: Washington Counties 1870 1890 1920 1930 Clarke 16 120 186 234 Cowlitz 19 42 59 Jefferson 1 34 18 20 King (Seattle) 1 190 815 913 Kitsap 9 78 52 Lewis 3 64 165 149 Pacific 8 42 133 113 Pierce (Tacoma) 232 619 678 Skagit * 26 80 70 Snohomish 2 12 181 145 Spokane (Spokane) * 161 325 251 Stevens 3 10 104 88 Thurston (Olympia) 4 18 57 57 Walla Walla 3 51 63 60 Whatcom 60 152 128 Whitman * 96 108 87 Yakima 1 18 86 85 Allother 8 180 459 389 Totals 50 1,324 3,671 3,578 * No report. The western parts of Oregon and Washington, because of their topography, climate, and fertility, have been found espe- cially desirable by Swiss farmers, dairymen, and fruit growers, while its larger cities have given employment to a correspond- ingly large number of skilled and other industrial laborers. Settlements in the central and eastern sections of these states are sparse. [61] Colorado Accurate statistics on Swiss immigration by counties in the Rocky Mountain states are not always available; in instances new counties were organized upon the comparatively recent admission of some of the western territories into statehood. In some of the early enumerations persons were not always properly classified according to nationality by counties. It is safe to assume that before 1870 Swiss settlers in the Rocky Mountain states were numerically negligible. In I860 Colorado territory had a population of 34,277; it was admitted to the Union in 1874 and in the census of 1880 registered a population of 194,327. In 1930 it reported 1,035,791. Figures for twelve Colorado counties having a noticeable Swiss element among the sixty-two of that state: Colorado Counties 1870 1880 1890 1900 1920 1930 Arapahoe (Denver) 39 152 516 523 41 54 Boulder 13 30 30 49 45 27 Clear Creek 6 32 20 23 14 4 Denver (Denver) * * * * 509 437 El Paso (Colorado Springs) 3 25 66 70 55 Gunnison * 26 27 42 32 27 Jefferson 18 20 38 37 54 63 Lake (Leadville) 6 73 47 73 28 14 Larimer 15 30 27 17 23 Pueblo 9 5 61 54 69 43 Teller (Cripple Creek) * * * 69 17 5 Weld (Greely) 4 8 22 34 47 29 All other 47 187 439 482 587 410 Totals 140 551 1,255 1,479 1,510 1,202 * No report. Before the census of 1930, the city of Denver was a part of Arapahoe county, then the present county of Denver was created from territory ceded by Adams and Arapahoe counties. In 1930, Adams county had 85 Swiss. More than one-third of the Swiss of Colorado are resident in Denver or its vicinity. With the exception of Lake and Gunnison to the southwest, [62] all counties listed above are within a radius of fifty miles from Denver. A few Swiss, however, found their way into every county, some no doubt from the adjacent panhandle of Nebraska. Montana The first census taken in Montana was that of 1870. There were 20,595 inhabitants. In 1920 the state reached a high of 548,889, which number in the course of a decade dropped slightly to 537,606, according to the census of 1930. This cir- cumstance reflects in part, the influx, check, and exodus of a portion of that mobile population which was attracted by the mining and smelting industries as well as by grants, farming, and sundry prospects of ready fortune. The enumeration of native Swiss by counties is fragmentary before 1920. In 1870, 97 persons are so entered. In 1900, 796, in 1920, 1,151, and ten years later only 901. Reports for thirteen of forty counties: Montana Counties 1870 1920 1930 Beaverhead * 43 21 Cascade (Great Falls) * 100 65 Custer * 30 28 Deer Lodge 17 39 45 Fergus (Lewiston) * 106 54 Flathead * 45 37 Gallatin 6 46 42 Jefferson __ 6 47 35 Lewis & Clarke 18 55 45 Missoula 15 63 57 Ravalli * 26 32 Silver Bow (Butte) * 171 128 Yellowstone * 56 44 All other 35 324 268 Totals 97 1,151 901 * No report. Beaverhead, Silver Bow, Gallatin, Deer Lodge, Jefferson, and Ravalli in the southwest are important mining counties. The same is true of Lewis and Clarke, Cascade, and Missoula [63] counties in the central west and of Flathead in the northwest. On the other hand, Custer, Fergus, and Yellowstone — in the eastern, central, and southern parts, respectively — are agricul- tural. The tabulation for Montana reveals the interesting fact that in recent decades the migration of Swiss to farms has continued despite the lure of the mining towns. Arizona, Idaho, Nevada, New Mexico and Wyoming These five mountain and desert states are sparsely settled and account for but few Swiss. Census figures by counties are incomplete. The total Swiss population of these five states is indicated in the following tabulation according to the census years specified: 1870 1880 1890 1900 1920 1930 Arizona 23 117 144 199 293 279 Idaho 52 225 528 1,017 1,347 1,038 Nevada 247 709 429 344 378 387 New Mexico 42 54 122 123 148 117 Wyoming 60 49 106 199 302 250 Arizona The first census was taken in Arizona territory in 1870, when it had a population of 9,658; in 1930 the increase had reached 435,573, of which number only 279 were Swiss. Five of fourteen counties have the following distribution: Arizona Counties 1870 1890 1900 1920 1930 Cochise * 35 38 42 38 Gila * 3 15 22 14 Maricopa (Phoenix) * 18 35 101 116 Pima 9 18 15 16 17 Yavapai 12 36 50 58 51 All other 2 34 46 54 43 Totals 23 144 199 293 279 * No report. It is the city of Phoenix which evidently explains the one conspicuously larger number and the only one which shows an increase rather than a decline. [64] Idaho Distribution of Swiss in ten of the thirty-three counties of Idaho: Idaho Counties 1870 1890 1900 1920 1930 Ada 8 26 82 79 Bannock * * 78 75 45 Bear Lake * 249 362 265 167 Bingham * 88 23 20 Fremont * * 15 32 31 Idaho 3 3 61 46 Kootenai * 48 65 46 35 Madison * * 114 67 Oneida 9 23 45 36 20 Shoshone 2 25 61 59 58 All other 30 66 401 554 470 Totals 52 528 1,017 1,347 1,038 *-No report. In 1930 there were 42 Swiss reported in Canyon county, which in 1920 had 38. In 1920 Bonneville had 47; Franklin and Latah each had 49. Idaho itself had a population of but 14,999 in 1870. In 1930 the total had increased to 445,032. Notable is the enrollment of Swiss in Bear Lake county with its towns of Bern and Geneva. In 1890 it had more Swiss than the entire state had in 1880. Up to 1930 it led all other counties. Of interest also is the fact that in Lincoln county, Wyoming, which abuts Bear Lake in the east, there were 58 Swiss, indicating an apparent connection between these two counties in 1920. Nevada The Swiss in seven of sixteen Nevada counties: Nevada Counties 1870 1890 1900 1920 1930 Douglas 2 39 32 25 32 Elko 15 35 27 25 15 Lyon 27 11 11 40 45 Ormsby 24 64 34 18 12 Storey 82 53 34 12 3 [65] Nevada Counties 1870 1890 1900 1920 1930 Washoe (Reno) 22 55 88 107 142 White Pine 38 6 9 15 22 All other 37 166 109 136 116 Totals 247 429 344 378 387 Nevada territory had a population of but 6,857 in I860. The state of Nevada in 1870 recorded 42,491; following some fluctuations, its population rose to 91,508 in 1930, over half of which is in three counties: Washoe (Reno), in the northwest, White Pine and Elko in the northeast. The figures for the Swiss in Reno seem to correlate normally with the distribution trend of the rest of the population of the state. New Mexico Enumerations of native Swiss in six of New Mexico's fourteen counties: New Mexico Counties 1870 1890 1900 1920 1930 Bernalillo 25 17 24 23 Chaves * * 17 19 18 Eddy * * 27 21 10 Grant 6 14 12 16 4 Santa Fe 5 14 8 5 10 Socorro 8 23 10 7 3 All other 23 46 32 56 49 Totals 42 122 123 148 117 * No report. In 1850 the population of New Mexico territory was 61,547 including many persons who had been citizens of Old Mexico before the annexation of the territory by the United States. The population of the state of New Mexico, admitted to the Union in 1912, according to the census of 1930 was 423,317. The highest number of Swiss reported for any county in New Mexico is 27. Wyoming For Wyoming the census of 1870 recorded a population of 9,118; that of 1930, 225,565. In 1870 only sixty Swiss were resident in the territory; Laramie had 26; Albany, 16; Sweet- [66} water, 8; Carbon, 7; and Uintah, 3. Population figures indicat- ing Swiss settlement between 1870 and 1920 are not available. In 1920 and 1930 Swiss were resident in the following twelve counties of Wyoming's twenty- two: Wyoming Counties 1870 1920 1930 Albany 16 13 6 Big Horn * 29 21 Carbon 7 11 13 Fremont * 24 16 Goshen * 10 9 Laramie 26 24 19 Lincoln * 58 42 Natrona * 20 15 Niobrara * 24 14 Sheridan * 15 11 Sweetwater 8*9 Uintah 3*2 All other 74 73 Totals 60 302 250 * No report. A portion of the Swiss migrations to Wyoming is apparently an overflow of the stream to neighboring states. Big Horn and Sheridan counties are on the Montana state line, the latter touching corners with Custer County, Montana, where Swiss settlers are recorded. Niobrara, Goshen, and Laramie are not far from the Nebraska settlements along both the Niobrara and Platte river valleys. Albany and Carbon are but a little farther west on the Colorado state line. Possibly some moved from Sheridan and other counties of northwestern Nebraska to Wyoming. Lincoln county lies between Fremont county in the west central part of Wyoming and the state of Idaho with its Swiss settlements in the extreme southeastern corner. Omitted Tabulations The states for which no tabulations have been given are those in which the Swiss element is less pronounced or quite negligible; they are: Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, and [67] Rhode Island of the New England group; Delaware, Mary- land, Virginia, West Virginia, and the Carolinas of the Atlantic group; Alabama, Mississippi, and Louisiana at the Gulf; Arkansas and Oklahoma in the middle and southwest and the Dakotas in the north. In instances counties which were omitted above may be found to have more Swiss than some counties of the sparsely settled western states, which were included because their very remoteness seemed to invite the interest of the reader in the degree of Swiss penetration there. Every state at some time or other registered native born Swiss in- habitants, as the following table giving totals at thirty-year intervals proves. A survey of states and territories giving enumerations of native Swiss at thirty-year intervals: State 1870 1900 1930 Alabama 168 200 150 Arizona 23* 199 279 Arkansas 104 679 518 California 2,927 10,974 20,063 Colorado 140* 1,479 1,202 Connecticut 492 1,499 1,774 Delaware 33 59 75 Dist. of Columbia 175* 244 360 Florida 14 113 500 Georgia 103 180 114 Idaho 52* 1,017 1,038 Illinois 8,980 9,033 7,315 Indian Territory 63 Indiana 4,287 3,472 1,624 Iowa 3,937 4,342 2,096 Kansas 1,328 3,337 1,594 Kentucky 1,147 1,929 915 Louisiana 873 523 260 Maine 9 45 51 Maryland 297 320 497 Massachusetts 491 1,277 1,272 Michigan 2,116 2,617 2,834 Minnesota 2,162 3,258 2,041 Mississippi 266 83 53 Missouri 6,597 6,819 3,578 Montana 97* 796 901 Nebraska 593 2,340 1,364 [68] State m 1870 1900 1930 Nevada 247 344 387 New Hampshire 11 96 82 New Jersey 2,061 6,570 8,765 New Mexico 42* 123 117 New York 7,911 13,678 16,571 N. Carolina 80 77 87 N. Dakota 33" 374 369 Ohio 12,727 12,007 7,624 Oklahoma 361 493 Oregon 160 2,677 4,034 Pennsylvania 5,765 6,707 5,649 Rhode Island 74 166 204 S. Carolina 45 36 26 S. Dakota __" 585 618 Tennessee 800 1,004 443 Texas 598 1,709 1,410 Utah 509* 1,469 1,419 Vermont 19 98 158 Virginia 148 229 191 Washington 50* 1,825 3,578 West Virginia 325 696 398 Wisconsin 6,069 7,666 7,669 Wyoming 60* 199 250 Totals 75,145 115,593 113,010 * territory. " N. and S. Dakota computed together. In their entirety, beyond any doubt, the figures support the generally accepted assumption that successive waves of immi- gration brought two important groups of workers and builders: (1) chiefly in the nineteenth century, a large body of farmers and homemakers, who, in the main, took part in developing our rural communities, and (2) toward the close of the nine- teenth and in the twentieth century, a significant army of technicians, factory workers, and specialists, who were drawn to the centers of industry and business. The first group, to be sure, did not always "stay put"; in the main, however, the farmers and small tradesmen who came in the second half of the nineteenth century brought considerable stability to our rural communities, where they maintained their homesteads, [69] shops, or business ventures for several generations to the present day. During the formative periods of our communi- ties there was considerable settlement by homogeneous na- tionals who invited others of their group. To what extent this is true of the Swiss here enumerated is readily apparent. The census figures are everywhere significantly high for the years 1890-1920. With the death of the older immigrants and the omission from the Swiss columns in the census reports of their American born children, a phenomenal decline in the twentieth century was of course due, as it could be only in part offset by new im- migration. Thus the figures for 1930 show the greatest decline of native Swiss population in the rural communities of prac- tically all sections. On the other hand, there is in 1930, a pronounced high ratio of native born Swiss in practically every county listed in which there is a larger city. This circumstance reflects not only the general industrial trend of the twentieth century but also the more recent influx of specialists of superior training received in Switzerland. With the vanishing of avail- able lands, immigration to the farms has practically ceased. Even in the agricultural areas where occasional farm hands still arrive from Switzerland, there have been developed today highly specialized processes in the preparation and marketing of dairy and other farm products, calling for expertness and skill, which in instances only native Swiss possess. In southern Wisconsin, for instance, where there has been a new wave of Swiss immigration to the so-called "strictly" agricultural coun- ties, cheese makers, (and there is one for every 10 to 20 farmers) are practically without exception native Swiss. Thus rural and urban industries now draw types of workers includ- ing chemists, electro-technicians, engineers, makers of precision instruments and machinists possessing a high degree of talent, specialization, or managerial skill of the kind Switzerland has for some time been developing in its economic trend toward higher quality. [70] CHAPTER II AN EARLY MIGRATION TO NEW HELVETIA WHEN in 1846 at the age of twenty-four Heinrich Lien- hard set out on his adventurous journey to Sutter's Fort, he opened a diary into which he made entries with more or less regularity throughout that historic period in which he came to be the partner and trusted friend of John Augustus Sutter, founder of New Helvetia. 1 Unfortunately, a portion of this diary was later destroyed. However, in 1870 Lienhard completed an autobiography of some 1000 folios based in part on the remaining records and in part on his memory, excerpts from which were published in the German language in Zurich in 1898. They contain two vivid portrayals: one, a panorama of a band of sturdy pioneers westward bound in the spring of 1846; and the other, a close-up of the founder and "king" of 1 A brief biography of Sutter, in whose colorful career there has been so much interest of late, appears in Prominent Americans of Swiss Origin, pp. 36-42. An excellent survey of German Sutter literature up to 1935 was prepared for the Monatshefte fur Deutschen Unterricht (27: 121-129) by Director E. A. Kubler of the Swiss- American Historical Society. In 1925 the French-Swiss writer Blaise Cendrars published his more or less fictitious L'Or, Merveilleuse histoire du general J. A. Suter, known in English translation under the title Sutter's Gold. Stephan Zweig's essay Die Entdeckung Eldorados, which appeared in 1927, is largely based on Cendrars. Other popular Sutter literature includes Casar von Arx Die Geschichte vom General Johann August Sutter, Bruno Frank Der General und das Gold, and sundry items in newspapers and magazines. To correct many miitaken notions which had gained currency, investigators con- tributed a number of more exhaustive studies. Among them are Julian Dana's Sutter of California, Al'b pp., 1934, and Edwin Gudde's 244-page volume, Sutter's own Story, The Life of General John Augustus Sutter and the History of New Helvetia in the Sacramento Valley, 1936. Gudde rewrites the whole narrative on the basis of the reminiscences of Sutter, as depicted to H. H. Bancroft in 1876, and other sources, including the New Helvetia Diary kept at Fort Sutter in the forties, and the General's own notes of 1856. More re- cently the noted work of James Peter Zollinger, Johann August Sutter — der Konig von Neu Helvetien, Zurich, 1938, aroused considerable attention. It has now become popular in three languages including the English. Some readers may be familiar with the chapters recently reprinted in the Amerikanische Schweizer Zeitung. [71] New Helvetia, from the time it was a Mexican outpost under Governor Alvarado to the period when California was the center of world interest and the stage for that drama of world ruthlessness and greed known as the gold rush. It was Lienhard who in 1850 brought Sutter's wife and children from Switzerland to Sacramento. His career, especially in the years immediately preceding this date, is of considerable interest. Furthermore there is apparently no other existing record describing the line of travel followed by the intrepid emi- grants who left Independence, Missouri, for California in 1846, two years before the discovery of gold in Sutter's mill race. The route described by John C. Fremont is via Oregon. Lien- hard's party was one of the first to cross with wagons, taking the then unknown "Hastings' Cut-off", reaching Great Salt Lake where Ogden now stands, under the personal direction of Captain Hastings. Courageously traversing unexplored waste lands, mountain ranges, and the Great Salt desert, the small group, which included among other Swiss the Samuel Kyburz family, reached the High Sierras shortly before the arrival of the ill-fated Donner party. Immediately effecting the passage over the summit, Lienhard's unit escaped the doom of those who came later and were hopelessly trapped by that disastrous snowfall which brought death by exposure and starvation to forty-two emigrants, and unspeakable horrors to those who survived by practicing cannibalism. The recordings in Lienhard's 318 page volume invite interest moreover, because they deal with a time when important migra- tions were going on. A bit of evidence in this connection is reflected incidentally in a letter written by Mrs. George Don- ner, June 16, 1846, and published in the Springfield Journal, (Illinois) July 30. She says that a party from Oregon "going to the states" reported counting 478 emigrant wagons before meeting their own train of "over 40 wagons" at the South Fork of the Nebraska. 2 It was in the same year that the Mormon exodus from Nauvoo, Illinois, took place. The complete title of Lienhard's book in English translation reads: California immediately before and after the discovery of 2 McGlashan, C. F. History of the Donner Party, Sacramento, 1902. [72] |attfofitiett immtttcllmr unr unit nndj trrr WDrdiiing &fs®<>l&f<5. fllUrt bus Den fetal ks iicimidi Cienljoil von Siiten, Kanton (Slarus. in ^taut>oo, ^ord am evik a. ■fin i3eitrag sur 3ubildumsf LIBRARY RSITY Or ILLINOIS URBANA new mission had become firmly established. The service of Martin was recognized when on September 22, 1879, Pope Leo XIII appointed him Apostolic Vicar of Dakota and Titular Bishop of Tiberias. A decade later he became first bishop of Sioux Falls, South Dakota. Educational institutions, agricultural and convent schools for Indian boys and girls were established at Standing Rock, Fort Totten, and Devil's Lake. Impairing his health by arduous and absorbing work and privations, Bishop Martin died September 19, 1896. At a gen- eral congress of Catholic Indians at Standing Rock on July 4, 1892, Indians of the Crow Creek tribe sang chants in Latin and Indian school children recited English poetry. Bishop Marty is also remembered as the author of the works: St. Benedict and His Order, and The Catholic Church in the United States of America. The comparatively recent work of the Protestant Indian missionary, educator, and Bible translator, Jacob Stucki (1857- 1930), sent by the Reformed Church to the Winnebago Indians, affords a close-up picture of the life and work of a missionary and Bible translator in many respects not unlike some great prototypes, the details of whose trials and workaday achievements are forever lost to our view. Among them might be mentioned John Eliot, the Indian Apostle, who in 1663 translated the Bible into the primitive Algonquin tongue, the linguistic treasures of which w r ere thus preserved for the scholarship of our day, which collected them in a great Algonquin dictionary and grammar; 5 or Bishop Ulfilas, who in the fourth century devoted his life to missionary work among the Goths and about 375 A. D. translated the Greek Bible into the Gothic language, thus giving the world a priceless docu- mentation of a significant language. Beside these two imposing monuments Stucki's may well take an honorable place. The details of his life known to us so well by their proximity in time, must shed some light on parallel experiences of many great, more remote predecessors. For forty-six years a mis- sionary among the Wisconsin Winnebago Indians, who re- 6 Cf. Trumbull, J. H. Bulletin 25. Bur. of Am. Ethnol. Washington. [129] f erred to him as "Angel White Man", Stucki, with the help of his convert, John Stacy, translated into their primitive language, the four Gospels, the Acts of the Apostles, the Book of Genesis, and chapters of the Book of Exodus and of the Psalms. 6 He was the director of the Winnebago Indian school opened in 1878 and now situated at Neillsville, Wisconsin. Born January 23, 1857, at Diemtigen, Canton Berne, Swit- zerland, Jacob Stucki spent his childhood in the Bernese high- lands, where he early learned to know the rigors of Alpine life and the pinch of poverty. On a duly signed official tran- script of baptismal record made for the twelve-year-old boy, presumably on the occasion of his entering a secondary school, Sept. 6, 1869, is the brief but telling comment: We gen Armuth ohne Stempel. A portrayal of some of his childhood experi- ences is to be found in the brief biographical sketch by Cassel- man. 7 Mention is there made of the child's early passion to emigrate to America for the purpose of fighting the Indians, and his subsequent vision of working with them. Little is known of his father. When Jacob was thirteen he was left quite alone upon the death of his grandmother, with whom he had been living while his mother was employed elsewhere. On Good Friday, 1872, he was confirmed. There were three men who at different stages in the young man's life helped to shape his career by their unbounded confi- dence in his ability and character. The first was his village school-master, who in 1873 advanced a sufficient sum of money to enable the sixteen-year-old boy to emigrate to America. The passport is dated April 19, 1873. Full American citizenship papers were granted the immigrant September 30, 1882. Soon after his arrival at Toledo, Ohio, May 22, 1873, he was given employment in a florist and nursery business owned and oper- ated by a Mr. and Mrs. E. Suder, who later stated in a letter that Jacob was the best helper they had ever had. The confi- dence of the school-master who had advanced his fare was vindicated when the young laborer made good his determina- 6 American Bible Society, New York, 1907. 7 Casselman, Arthur V. The Winnebago Finds a Friend. Heidelberg Press, Philadelphia, 1932. [130] LIBRARY UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS 3ANA tion to pay the debt out of his first savings. The second influ- ence was that of Rev. Christopher Schiller, pastor of the First Reformed church at Toledo, who recognized the talent and devotion of the earnest youth and encouraged him to prepare for the ministry. Accordingly, on September 4, 1877, Jacob was matriculated as divinity student at the Mission House, Ply- mouth, Wisconsin. The third influence was that of Rev. H. Kurtz, professor of theology at the Mission House, a former Roman Catholic priest and an excellently trained scholar and composer. On one occasion he is said to have been rescued by Wisconsin Indians in a blizzard, and in fulfillment of a vow later became instrumental in establishing the Winnebago Mission near Black River Falls, Wisconsin, under the auspices of the Sheboygan classis. 9 It was at this mission that Stucki later completed forty-six years of hard, faithful and fruitful life. The story of the Winnebagoes has been repeatedly told. The tragedy of the outrages they suffered at the hands of the unscrupulous Whites is as touching as that of the Incas or anything in imaginative literature. The shameful consequences of thirteen successive treaties, violated and broken at every turn by the Whites, and the exploitation and gradual degrada- tion of the tribe is briefly summarized by Bolliger. 10 Exten- sive ethnological researches have been conducted by the Win- nebago authority, Paul Radin. 11 The removal of the Winne- bagoes from the Rock River valley, 1832-1833, is briefly told by Louise P. Kellog. 12 Casselman denounces the treaty of 1837 as one of "force, fraud, faithlessness, and hypocrisy." 13 Under its terms the tribe lost all its possessions east of the 9 The term classis as employed in the Reformed church denotes a convocation or body having judicatory authority lower than the synod. 10 Bolliger, Theodore P. The Wisconsin Winnebago Indians and the Mission of The Reformed Church. Central Publishing House, Cleveland, 1922. 11 Radin, Paul. The Winnebago Tribe, 37th Annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology 1915-16, Washington, 1923; The Influence of the Whites on Winnebago Culture, in Wisconsin Historical Society Proceedings 1913; Crashing Thunder (the autobiography of a Winnebago Peyote convert) ; Apple- ton, 1926. Mr. Radin has also contributed numerous briefer articles on Winne- bago mythology and tales; see Journal of American Folklore, 39:18; 44:143. "Wisconsin Academy of Sciences, vol. 24, 1924. 18 Casselman, p. 21; Cf. P. V. Lawson, The Winnebago Tribe, Wisconsin Archeologist, 1907, pp. 77-160. [131] Mississippi river. The treaties were brutally enforced; the Winnebagoes were driven from Wisconsin and subsequently crowded from reservation to reservation, until they had become pitifully reduced by exposure, starvation, and disease. Many "strays" ventured back to their beloved Wisconsin, but the gov- ernment used cruel methods as late as 1873 to evict them. Finally recognizing the futility of its policy and as a result of considerable public indignation, the government in 1875 pro- vided some aid for these unfortunate and homeless Indians in a homestead law allowing them to take up land in units of forty acres in Wisconsin. In their utmost extremity, about 1875, the Winnebagoes called a council of their old and young warriors. It is reported that the former were ready to resort to war, but that the latter, strange as it may seem, opposed the suggestion. Among other things the question was naively raised: "What makes the Whiteman so strong?" upon which Indian wisdom answered: "It is what he knows that makes the Whiteman strong. If we want to help our children, we must give them the Whiteman' s learning. Only so can they stand side by side with the Whiteman' s children and no longer be dogs." 14 It was consequently decided by these Indians in council at the end of their trail to build, not a palisade, but a school house, and to employ a teacher. The building was duly erected of logs, and an offering of moccasins, bead work, and trinkets was raised and given as advance payment to a blacksmith's appren- tice in Black River Falls, who offered to teach this broken rem- nant of a great tribe the learning of the White man. One of the children who attended the first school was John Stacy, who later became Stucki's invaluable helper and today lives within gunshot of the all but vanished little mound on which the building stood. But the school was soon forced to close its doors, for the teacher, versed in the ways of the White man, had found it expedient to resign. Now it was to this abandoned school that the Sheboygan classis of the Reformed church in 1878, thanks to the interest Casselman, p. 60. [132] Winnebago Indian Matron and Girls at Their Wigwam Camp Near Black River Falls, Wisconsin. LIBRARY UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS URBANA of Professor Kurtz, sent as missionary Rev. Jacob Hauser, to whom Jacob Stucki came as an assistant in 1884. A year later Stucki became the successor to Hauser and sole missionary and teacher. In an undated brochure 15 Stucki succinctly describes the diffi- culties faced by any would-be student of the Winnebago tongue, and incidentally reveals his grasp of the problem of helping the Indians to help themselves. His profound understanding of Winnebago mentality and his knowledge of their habits and customs supported his faith in their latent talents and potential dependableness. But thirteen long years of trial elapsed before he could win a single convert. That he did not lose heart was owing to the fact that he was not so much con- cerned with forms and conventions as with deeper spiritual loyalties. To the carrying out of this hard and beautiful work, he consecrated his life and talents, and with untiring energy, he clung to his task. The study of the language that culminated in the translation of the Gospel proceeded systematically and intelligently. The vocabularies which he laboriously wrote down and the slowly evolved grammatical aids in his own hand are a testimony of the fact. The translation itself is not a servile or lifeless ren- dition of the original, but rather quite -unique in its appreciation of the instinctive linguistic sense of Winnebago Indian. A significant appraisal is voiced by the well-known linguist Professor Alfred Senn, who investigated the Stacy-Stucki text and the manuscripts available in Stucki' s personal library. He says, "The Bible is the most frequently translated book of all times. Not all of the 952 translations of one or more of its books, however, are of the same quality. In many instances the translators, regarding the text of the Holy Scriptures as sacred did not dare to give a real translation, instead present- ing a piece of writing that is generally called an 'interlinear version' i.e. a translation word by word without regard for the linguistic feeling. Jacob Stucki's translation certainly does not belong to this group. It is undoubtedly one of the rare 15 Stucki, J. Die Winnebago Indianer, Ihre Religion, Sitten und Gebrduche. Central Publishing House, Cleveland, O., n. d. (1895?) [133] examples where a translator succeeded in rendering the Word of God into the idiomatic expressions of a non-civilized tribe and at the same time preserving the sincere tone of the original. The few shortcomings that could not be avoided in a first attempt, such as this was, help only to recognize the almost insurmountable difficulties of the enterprise". A few telling paragraphs in Stucki's brochure make clear some of the obstacles the translator had to encounter as a be- ginner, and perhaps for many years. He says, "The language of the Winnebagoes is still quite undeveloped and therefore extremely hard to learn. It is, as I have been told by members of the Historical Society of Wisconsin, one of the most difficult of Indian languages, so that even the Jesuits are said to have given up learning it. "There are three principal reasons why the learning of this language is not easy. The first may be said to be an external and accidental one and exists in the circumstance that the Indians for the most part speak very softly, so that it requires rather long continued practice to accustom the ear to the sounds; then also in the circumstance that they slur many syllables, rarely pronouncing words completely. The second reason is that it is no written language, and that therefore there are no aids whatsoever for learning it. The third reason and at the same time the greatest is a grammatical one and exists in the imperfection of the language itself. This imperfection shows itself first of all in the paucity of vocabulary. For many abstract ideas they have no words ; therefore such ideas must be expressed by circumlocution. The personal pronoun in the form of an independent word is almost entirely lacking; on the other hand it is expressed by means of individual letters or syllables compounded or divided as verbal prefixes, suffixes, or infixes — all manner of circumstances in which the action is performed, whether sitting, standing, or lying, whether by means of falling, pushing, or striking etc., all this is expressed in the verb, by means of one word. It is owing to this practice that the words are so extremely long — for example, I shall give you (a single object) : Hornikunkjanena, (more than one) Wornikunkjanena. We shall give you several objects: Worni- [134} kunkjanihawina." 16 It is perhaps more than a meaningless accident that the first random example that so beautifully sug- gested itself to the good missionary should voice the promise, "I shall give you — we shall give you." During the trying years when there were no signs of con- verts, Stucki, who was an exceptionally gifted pulpit orator and in every respect gave promise of becoming a most desirable type of city pastor, repeatedly received invitations from churches at an attractive increase in salary. "The greatest inducement for accepting these calls to more favorable fields was the prospect of easing the lot of his wife, who had given herself almost to the limit of personal endurance to the service of the Winnebago women. 17 Once when he was on the point of accepting a tempting offer elsewhere, it was his devoted wife, nee Marie Reineck, who herself induced her husband not to forsake the Indians whose faith in the tried White teacher and his wife, the mission-mother, was just beginning to take root. The missionary together with his wife and two small boys remained at their post. With the birth of the third child the tragedy of Rachel once more reenacted itself, and it became the hard duty of the bereaved father to bury his faithful co-worker. He named the child Benjamin and resolved to continue his work. It is this Benjamin who is the subject of Casselman's book, The Winnebago Finds a Friend, the present super- intendent of the Winnebago Indian school at Neillsville. It was through this death that the depth of the love and respect of the Indians who had been so hesitant about becoming con- verts made itself unmistakably clear. Day after day as the sad tidings spread, there came from far and near silent Winne- bago women with shawls over their heads to sit for hours without uttering a word beside the body of the mission-mother in the house of "waxopini" or "Angel Whiteman", as the mis- sionary had come to be called. On the day of the funeral a long procession of Winnebagoes followed the body seven miles to Black River Falls for burial, where the villagers marvelled at the strange sight. This was in 1894. Finally, 16 Ibid., p. 14. " Casselman, p. 78. [135] in 1897, four souls: David Decorah, King-of-Thunder, John Stacy, and his wife asked to be baptized. After twenty years of service in 1917 Stucki opened a free boarding school for Indian children in connection with the Mission. Children from the wide territory between the preaching stations of Green- wood in the north, Mauston in the south, Wisconsin Rapids in the east, and Trempealeau in the west came to the school. In 1919 the Winnebago Mission and its property was trans- ferred to the Board of Home Missions of the three western German synods of the Reformed Church in the United States, this Board having assumed the entire responsibility of support- ing and directing the work among the Winnebagoes in Wisconsin. When Benjamin, the son of Missionary Jacob Stucki, re- turned from the World War, he was appointed as teacher of the school, with the father continuing in full charge of the religious activities in the school, the community, and the out-lying settlements. The requests for admission soon exceeded the capacity of the school, so that the Board decided to erect a new building at Neillsville. The first session at the new location opened in 1921. In 1928 it was necessary to enlarge the building. Upon the death of Jacob Stucki, May 10, 1930, the same Board elected his son, Benjamin, known as Mr. Ben in the Indian congregation, as successor to the beloved missionary who had served them so long. On July 27, 1930, the Sheboygan classis ordained Benjamin into the ministry of this congrega- tion, which now has a number of additional preaching stations served by a staff of evangelist assistants. Both the mission on the original site and the school at Neills- ville have preserved unmistakable traces of Swiss traditions and values. They are to be seen not only in such outward touches as woodpiles of a certain neat form reminiscent of the Bernese highlands; fence openings of the peculiar, zigzag, cattle-proof type, that are common in Switzerland; the tender cultivation in the fields about the mission of wild Alpine heather imported by the elder Stucki from the land of his childhood because of his sentiment for its flora ; or the pictures of Zwingli and Calvin [136] LIBRARY UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS URBANA on the walls; but also in such characteristics of deeper signifi- cance as the unfailing spirit of service and thrift, a matter-of- fact acceptance of the dignity of common labor in field and kitchen that is suggestive of the household of Attinghausen in Wilhelm Tell or of the world in which Ernst Zahn's Helden des Alltags live and move. According to a recent statement made by Superintendent Stucki, more than half of the teachers and employees who have served at the mission school have been of Swiss descent, although there has been no preference in selection on the score of national ancestry. It is simply an instance of natural gravitation on the part of men and women of common ideals born largely of common traditions. [137] INDEX ABC Club, Brooklyn, N. Y., 114. Aargau, canton of, 26, 89, 92, 116, 117, 121, 122. Abbuehl, Chris., 118. Abegg, 110, 112; — H., 104; — H. J., 104; — Henry, 104; — Henry (Mrs.), 104; —Jul., 120. Adams, 108. Aeschbach, J. J., 117; —Jakob, 120. Aeschmann (Dr.), 109; — (Capt.), 111. Agassiz, Alexander, 7; — Jean, L. R., 7. Ahrens, J. (Prof.), 109. Akron, Ohio, 20. Alabama, 68. Albany, N. Y., 26, 118. Alder, Anna, 107. Algonquin, 129. Allentown, Pa., 36. Alliance, Ohio, 21. Allisson, E., 104. "Alpenrosli" mixed chorus, Brooklyn, N. Y., 114. "Alpina" mixed chorus, New York, 108. Altheer, C, 104. Altorfer, Rud., 120. Alvarado, Juan B., 72, 79. American Indian tribes, 126. American river, 79. Amerikanische Schweizer Zeitung, 102, 106, 124. Ammann, Caspar, 118. Amsler family, Tex., 58. Amsterdam, N. Y., 118. Andre, John (Major), 110. Aner, M., 117. Angelo-California Nat. Bank, 100. Anthony, 108. Antognini, C. E., 98. Antoni, M., 122. Appenzell, canton of, 19, 112; — Michi- gan, 47. Architects, 112, 120. Arizona, 64. Arkansas, 68. Arlington, N. J., 123. Artificial eyes, maker of, 112. Arx, von, 104, 108; —A., Ill; — Casar, 71. Atlanta, Ga., 57. Atlantic City, N. J., 51. Attenhofer, C, 114. Aubin, A., 108. Aurora, 111., 23. Austin, Tex., 58. B Babi, Nikol, 121. Baccala, Louis, 96. Bach, 117. Bachmann, 111. Bachofen, Gottlieb, 123. Bader (Baumeister), 92. Baenziger, Eugen, 120. Baliere, H., de, 105. Ball, Edwin (Mrs.), 92. Bancroft, H. H., 71. Bandelier, Adolph F. A., 7. Banga, Henry, 7. Barben family, 75; — Rebecca Sophie, 89. Barca, 107. Barr, J., 120. Bartel, Ernst, 122. Basel, 92; canton of, 114, 121, 123. Bauer, 124. Baumann, H., 119; — Gustav, 7. Baumert & Co., 118. Baumgartner, 107. Bay City, Mich., 49. BefTa, Angelo, 93. Beguelin, Henry, 104. Beller, Gottlieb, 7. Bellinzona, 97. Benedictine, 125; — monastery, 127. Benevolent society, Hoboken, N. J., 120. Benziger, Adelrich, 111; — Brothers, 104, 110, 111; —Jos., 115; —Louis, 105. [139] Beretta, Angelo, 97. Bereuter, C, 107; — C. (Mrs.), 107. Berge (Dirigent), 111. Bern, 114, 119, 122. Bernardasci, P., 99. Bernardi, 97; — David, de, 98. Berne, canton of, 31, 34, 56, 60, 116, 119, 121. Berne, Ind., 37; —Kan., 54; —Mich., 47. Berner, Jacob, 92. Bernese, 124; — highlands, 136. Bernhard Brothers, 117, 119. Bernstadt, Ky., 56. Berri, M., 95. Berta, F., 96. Bertschi, Sam, 112. Bertschmann (Consul), 107, 109; —]., 104; — H. J., 110. Besancon, Felix, 117. Biaggini, 99. Bible, 127, 129, 133. Bidwell, John, 91. Billon (Miss), 105. Billwiller, Jas., 105. Bilwyler, Galle & Co., 110. Birsfelden, 122. Black River Falls, Wis., 131, 132, 135. Blattner, A., 124. Blend, M., 116. Bleuler, Richard (Dr.), 115. Bloom, 94. Bloomington, 111., 23. Blueler, Richard (Dr.), 116. Blumer, Peter, 121. Bluntschli, Th., 105. Board of Home Missions, Reformed church, 136. Bodmer Brothers, 106. Bognuda, 97. Bohrer, Louis, 116. Boiceau, Samson, 104. Boll, Jacob, 7. Bolliger, T. P. (Rev.), 131. Bonaita, G., 97. Bonaventura (Fr.), Ill, 125. Bonnetti, A., 98. Bontempi, Giuseppi (Capt.), 97; — G. G., 98. Boppart, Hermann, 104. Boppe, C. Hermann, 7. Borner, Leo, 120. Bosshard, 108; —Carl, 118; —Dr., 126; — G., 106; —J. J., 126. Boston, Mass., 52. Bottinelli, L., 101. Bouquet, Henry L., 7. Bovey, J., 104. Brandenberger, Heinrich, 106; — J., 114. Branon, 85. Brauch, J., 122. Brewer, 117. Brez, J. D., 104; —Paul, de, 104. Bridgeport, Conn., 52. Brigham, Whitney & Co., 97. Brignoli, Lucia, 96. Briner, Rudolph, 113. Brodmann, Johann, 114. Brookline, Mass., 52. Brooklyn, N. Y., 19, 26, 113, 125. Bruck (Mrs.), 105. Brunner, 104; — Gottlieb, 112; — Gust., 112; —Heinrich, 108; —Henry, 100, 105; —Jos., 117. Bruns, Sim., von, 120. Brupacher (Maj.), 109. Brustlein, 114; —(Col.), 109. Brutsch, Sophie, 114. Bryner, 112; —A., 113; — Adolph, 114; — Conrad, 106; — Konrad, 106. Brynet, A., 108. Bub, 124. Buchmuller, Johann, 116. Buffalo, N. Y., 19, 26, 113, 116. Buhlemann, John, 117; — Jos., 117. Bulletti, 94, 97. Bulotti, 100; — & Perini, 98. Buol, Chr. Emil, 111; —Karl, 108. Biirgi (Mrs.), 105. Burkhard, 108; — E., 104. Burkhardt, 111; —Christ, 108. Biirki, Carl, 118. Buscher (Dr.), 111. Buss, 111. Bustelli, Gottardo, 100. Butte, Mont., 63. Buxdorf, B., 106; — F., 105. Buxtorf, F., 109. Buzzini, 107; — G., 98; —J., 105. Cajori, Florian, 7. Calame, Aug., 107; — W., 105. Calanchini, 97. California, 8, 17, 20, 23, 31, 42-45, 68, 71-87, 89, 99; —map of, 43. Calvin, 136. Cambria, 99- Campana, Angelo, 98. [140] Campi, 96. Canton, Ohio, 17, 20, 21. Capella, John, 100. Capuchin order, 111, 125, 129. Carolinas, 68. Carpet factory, 123. Casselman, A. V., 131, 135. Catholic church, 125. Cavalli, 95; —George F., 97, 98. Caveltti, Chr., 104; —Christ (Dr.), 111. Cavigliano, 98. Cayucos, Calif., 99. Celio, 94. Cendrars, Blaise, 71. Centerville, 111., 26; — N. J., 122. Cerentino, 97. Cevio, 97. Chadik-Groschel (Mrs.), 105. Chappuis, Gust., 107; — T., 107. Cheda, John, 94; — Rocco, 94. Cheese industry, 19, 70, 112. Chetlain, August L., 7. Chevalley, Leon de Montreux, 7. Chicago, 19, 23-26. Chiesa (Mrs.), 96. Christ, J., 113. Christen, J., 118; — Ulrich, 105. Churchyard & Co., 117. Cincinnati, Ohio, 17, 20, 21, 56. Civil-War veteran, 121, 123. Cleaveland, Charles, 83, 84. Clemens, 108. Clergymen, 111, 114, 125-137. Cleveland, Ohio, 17, 20. Clocks, importers of, 112. Club of Former Technicians of Zurich, 109. Coast Dairies & Land Co., 97. Colgates, head chemist, 113. Colin (Mrs.), 105. College Point, 113, 115. Coloma, Calif., 9, 91, 92. Colomb, 107. Colorado, 17, 62-63, 68. Columbus, Neb., 55; —Ohio, 17, 20. Composers, 114. Conception, Mo., 128. Condert, Fred. R., 110. Connecticut, 17, 52, 68. Conrad, Frowin (Bishop), 60, 125. Considerant, Victor, 58. Coppersmith, 114. Copper, Henry, de, 105. Cordier, Aug. (Mrs.), 105. Cordua, 84. Corrodi, Heinrich, 114; — R., 107. Coudert Brothers, 111. Cowdin, 122. Crab Orchard, Ky., 56. Crauzat, E., de, 104, 106, 111. Croci, 94. Crow Indians, 129. Cusa, 107; —Aug., 106. Custer, massacre of, 128. Cutlery, 121. D Daeniker, 110. Dairy products, 112; see also Swiss cheese making. Dakota, 68, 127; — Sioux Indians. 128. Dallas, Tex., 58. Dana, Julian, 71. Daniker (Mrs.), 105. Danini, William, 99. Datwiller, J., 123; — Jak., 124. Daulte, Frank, 105, 111. Davenport, la., 40. Dayton, Ohio, 20. Decarli, 97. Decoppet, L., 104. Decorah, David, 136. Defanti, 98. Delaware, 68. Delisle, 112; — Brothers, 110; — Johann L., 106; —Louis F., 105, 108. Delmonico Brothers, 7, 107, 112; — Chas. C, 105; —Cyrus, 93; — Law- renz, 104. Dennler, And., 120. Denver, Colo., 62. Deppeler, 104, 106; —J., 112; —J. (Capt.), 106; —Jos., 112. Des Moines, la., 40. Deschwanden, 106. Detroit, Mich., 49. Detwiler, 124. Detwiller, Henry, 7. Devil's Lake, N. D., 129. Diemtigen, Canton Berne, 130. Dietrich, 122. Director, tobacco company, 119. District of Columbia, 68. Dobbas, 94. Donati, Sam., 99. Donner, George (Mrs.), 72. Donner party, 72, 81, 90. Dreher, Ernest, 110. Dreyer, Louis, 112. Drevfuss, 108. [141] Droz, H. E., 105. Dubelbeis, Samuel, 116. Dubois, C. P., 105; —Geo. W., 105. Dubs, Joh, 116; —(Mrs.), 123. Dubuque, la., 39, 126. Du Four, Clarence J., 79. Dufour Gun club, 107 ; — Jean Jacques, 7. Duluth, Minn., 45. Dupuis, 108. Durr, 108; — Emil, 120; — Emile, 105. Diirr, 86, 92; —Gottlieb, 124; —Joh., 121. East Bernstadt, Ky., 56. Easton, Pa., 36. Eberhardt, Jacob, 117. Eberle, Edward W., 7. Ecaubert, Fr., 114. Eckert, E., 119. Edison, Thomas, 112. Egg Harbor, N. J., 123. Eggimann, E., 107. Egli, H., 108. Egloff, August, 106, 107; —Peter, 117. Ehrat, H. Georg, 112. Ehrsam, 109, 111. Eichhorn, Alois, 117. Eilhemius, H. G. (Mrs.), 105. Einsiedeln, 115, 127. Eisenring, Jos., 112. Electro-technicians, 112. Elgin, 111., 23. Eliot, John, 129. Elizabeth City, N. J., 51, 123. Elizabeth Port, N. J., 123. Elmer (Dr.), 124. Elmira, N. Y., 119. Elsinger, Fried., 106. Embroiderers, 107, 112. Embroidery designer, 111. Engel, 112. Engelhard, A., 104. Engelhardt, Henry, 105. Engineers, 112. Engler, David, 92. Enterprise, Kan., 54. Epplatinier, L., 107. Erie, Pa., 36. Escher, 112; —Henry, 104; —J. G. 104; —J. H., 105. Eschler, Andrew, 118; — Jacob, 118. Etcher, 120. Evangelical church, 125. Exchange brokers, 112. Fantina, 96. Farner, 111. Fatio, Henry, 105. Fatzer, Conrad, 106. Federlin, F., 116. Feierabend, Jacob, 108; — Jakob, 106, 108, 111; —John, 111; —Paul, 107. Feldmann, G., 106; — George, 106, 107; —J., 119. Fellmann (Capt), 111. Ferdinand, Ind., 39. Ferini, 96. Ferrini, J. C, 100. Fiesse, 93. Filippini, 97. Filipponi, Clemente, 99; — D., 99. Fillippini, A., 105. Fiori, James, 94. Fiscalini, G., 100. Fischer, F., 106; — Jakob, 106; —Jakob (Dr.), Ill; — R. (Mrs.), 107; — Robert, 105, 106; — S. (Dr.), 109. Flint, Mich., 49. Florida, 57-58, 68. Fluhbacher, Arnold, 122. Foffa, Chrysostom (Fr.), 128. Forni, 108. Fort Bridger, Wyo., 73, 90. Fort Hall Road, 73. Fort Laramie, Wyo., 73, 76. Fort Totten, N. D., 129. Fort Wayne, Ind., 37. Franciscan order, 126. Frank, Bruno, 71. Frankhauser, Karl, 115. Frapolli, 96; — B., 93. Frauenfelder, P. G., 105. Frechen, A. (Mrs.), 107. Freeport, 111., 24. Freiburg, 127; — canton of, 117; — mon- astery of, 127. Freitag, Peter, 120. Fremont, John C, 72, 89. French-Swiss, 120; —chorus, 108, 114; — church, 125. Fresno, Calif., 44. Frey (Fr.), Ill, 125, 127; —Gottlieb, 119; _j. ? n4; —John, 118, 119; — S., 119. Frick, Henry C, 7. Friederich, John, 105. Friedrich, John, 7; —J. J., Ill; — Joh., 109. [142] Fritschi, J. J., 123, 124. Frowin, see Conrad. Friih, 111. Funke, 115. Furniture manufacturers, 114. Furrer, Jak., 123, 124. Gachet, Antoine Marie (Fr.), 126. Gagnebin, Chas., 105. Galena, 111., 23. Galeppi, 98. Galgiani, 94. Gallatin, Albert, 7. Galle & Co., 110, 112. Galli, Christ, 116; —Giuseppe, 96. Gambetta, 95. Gamboni, D., 99. Garnjost, 108. Gary, Ind., 37. Garzoli, Basil, 94; —Clay, 94; — De- siderio, 95, 98; — Frank, 94; — Pete, 94; —William, 94. Gasser, 106; — Gustav, 112; — M., 104, 106, 112. Gassermann, H., 108. Gastlin, G. Washington, 110. Gatschet, Albert S., 7. Gaugler, 115; — H., 115; —Ph., 114. Geiger, 108; —Gottlieb, 118. Geiser, Gust., 118. Gendotti, 95; — Louis, 98. Genzoli, 97. Georgia, 57-58, 68. Gerber, 104, 110, 118; —August, 104; —Chas., 106; —J., 110, 112; — John, 105; —John G., 105; —Nicho- las, 7. German Presbyterian congregations, 126. German Reformed settlement, 126. German Swiss, 120. German synods of the Reformed church, 136. Gesangverein Helvetia, Buffalo, 116. Geugis, U., 124. Gfeller, Christ, 116. Giacomini, 94 ; — N., 96. Giamboni, 94 ; — Natale, 96. Giandoni, 94; — G., 96. Gianella, Giuseppe, 94. Gianettoni, M., 98. Giannettoni, G., 98. Giannini, 93; — G., 98; — Giocondo, 93; —P. A., 96; — H. G., 96. Gianoni, 97. Giebel, Jakob, 123. Gillet, Etienne, 104. Ginnel, H., 105. Giovanari, 95. Girard, A., 110. Girtanner (Rev.), 121. Gisling, J., 120. Giubbini, Gottardo, 97. Giudici, 98. Giumaglio, 94, 98. Glarus, canton of, 115, 116, 119, 120. Glaser, Rudolph, 122. Glass, Joh., 118. Glass-painting, 111. Glatz, Chas., 105. Gmiir, R., 108, 111, 120; —Rob., 108. Goldschmid, Otto, 105. Gonzales, Calif., 98. Good, James W., 7. Gordon, A., 105; —Alex, 107. Gospel, see Bible. Gouglemann, P., 112. Graber, H, 123; —(Mrs.), 123. Graf, 111. Graffenried, Christopher de, 7, 34. Graflin, Joh., 115. Grand Rapids, Mich., 49. Grandi, S., 95. Grandlienard, H. L., 105; —Pastor, 111, 125. Grape-growing, 98, 100, 123. . Gratiot, Charles, 7; — Henry, 7. Graubiinden, see Grisons. Greenville, N. J., 119, 124. Greenwood, Wis., 136. Gremli, 109. Greuter (Mrs.), 105. Grieber, J., 122. Grieder, Jak., 122. Grisch, Johann, 122; — Oskar, 111. Grisons, 31, 56, 126. Grob, 111; — Hermann, 106; —Robert, 111. Grocers, 122. Grosjean, F., 105. Gross, J., 122. Grossenbacher, 122; — Friedrich, 122. Gruber, Joseph, 108. Gruenheim, Ky., 56. Gruetli, Neb., 55. Griininger, J., 106; —Otto, 112. [143] Griitli Mannerchor, New York, 108; — verein, Buffalo, 116; — verein, Brook- lyn, 113; — verein, New York, 106; — verein, Newark, 121; — verein, Syracuse, 117. Gschwind, 107; — H. Florian, 108; — Florian, 108. Gubler, J., 124. Gubser, J., 111. Gudde, Edwin, 9, 71. Guedin (Mrs.), 105. Guglielmetti, Frank, 96. Gulf states, 102. Gurtler, 108. Gutherz, Carl, 7. Guttenberg, N. J., 49, 119. Guyot, Arnold, 123; —A. H., 7. Gysell, Jak., 123. H Haas, Gregory (Rev.), 127. Haberli, 122. Hackensack, N. J., 51. Hailmann, William N., 7. Haldeman, Samuel S., 7. Hammondsport, N. Y., 119. Handrich, J., 110. Handrichs, H. (Mrs.), 105. Hanhard, Jak., 108. Hanhart, Jakob, 106. Hanselmann, 124; — Heinrich, 114. Harlan party, 90. Hartmann, Anastase (Mgr.), 127. Hasler, Joh., 121. Hassler, Charles, 111 ; — Ferdinand R., 7. Hastings, L. W. (Capt.), 77. Hastings' Cut-off, 72, 77, 89. Hauenstein, H., 120; —St., 106; — W., 106. Hauser, 133; —Fried., 120; —J., 109; —Jacob (Rev.), 133; — Johann, 106, 108; —John, 106, 107; —Jos., 114. Haussener, Ed., 114; —Rob., 114. Heer, Eduard, 121; — Fridolin J., 7. Hefti, Jos., 117. Hegar, 116. Heidenrich, 112. Heim, J., 114; —(Mrs.), 123. Heinzen, S., 109. Helvetia Lodge, N. Y., No. 1, 106; —No. 2, 106; —No. 217, 107. Helvetia Mannerchor, N. Y., 108, 115; —Buffalo, 116; —Newark, 121. Helvetia mixed chorus, N. Y., 109. Helvetia Rifle club, N. Y., 107. Helvetienne, N. Y., 108. Helveto— American congregation, 128. Hemmy, 108. Hengeler (Dr.), 122. Henggeler (Dr.), 122. Henni, Jak., 123; — John Martin, 7, 125. Hermann family in Texas, 58 ; — George H., 7. Hertlein, Jakob, 114. Herzog, A. (Dr.), 121; Adrian, 105. Highland, 111., 19, 24, 28, 75; — Ky., 56. Hilfiker, 115. Hilsiker, 116. Hiltbrand, David, 118. Hindelang, 108, 112. Hintermann, Th., 107; — Theod., 112. Hippenmeier, J., 109. Hirt, Emil, 116. Hirzel, Chas., 105; —Rudolph (Dr.), 111. Hoboken, N. J., 51, 119, 120. Hochuli, H., 107. Hodgskin, J. B., 109. Hoe's & Co., 112. Hoesley family in Texas, 55. Hof, 115; —Basil, 114. Hofacker, 109; — H., 108; —Heinrich, 108, 109, 111; —Martha, 109. Hofer, Jac, 115; —Jakob, 113. Hohl, L., 108; —Lorenzo, 113. Hohmann, Karl, 106. Holer, F., 106; —Franz, 106; —Jos., 106; — Xaver, 108. Holliger, Rudolph, 115. Honesta, 109. Honriet, Aug., 105. Hoover, Herbert, ancestry of, 7. Horand, Jak., 121; — and Son, 122. Horstmann (Mrs.), 105. Horticulture, 79, 123. Hosli, C, 106. Hotels, managers of, 112. Houston, Tex., 58. Huber, 117, 120; —Andreas, 116; — F., 5; — Fred, 117; — Jacques, 7; —Joh., 119; —John, 112, 117. Hubler, A. C, 110; — C. A., 104, 109, 111; — O. C, 105. Hudson City, 119, 120. Huggenberger, 81, 92. Huggler, Ulrich, 118. [144] Huguenin (Miss), 105. Humbert, P. (Mrs.), 105. Hunziker, Jak., 121. Hurlimann, 112. Hurter, Julius, 7. Idaho, 17, 64, 65, 68. Illinois, 17, 19, 68; —map of, 25. Imobersteg, Arnold, 112. Importers of silk and textiles, 112. Independence, Mo., 89. Indermaur, U., 116; — Ulrich, 117. Indian boys, Ft. Tottem, N. D., 128. Indian Territory, 68. Indiana, 17, 37-39; — map of, 38. Indianapolis, Ind., 37. Intragna, 95, 97. Iowa, 17, 39-41; — map of, 41. Iselin's, 112; — A., 104; — Adrian, Jr., 105; — Adrian, Vice-consul, 7, 110; — C, 112; —J., 108, 110, 112; — Neeser & Co., 110. Isermann, M., 116. Italian Swiss, 8, 93-101. J Jackli, Jos., 121. Jacksonville, Fla., 58. Jaeggi, Felix, 115. Jaggi, F, 122. Jakard, Jak., 108. Jannot, G., 106. Jasper, Ind., 39. Jeanneret (Mrs.), 105. Jeannot, A., 105. Jeanout, 114. Jelmini, 93. Jenni, J. J., 116. Jersey City, N. J., 51, 119, 120. Jewelers, 112, 121, 122, 123. Johr, Fritz, 118. Johnson, Cowdin and Co., 122. Joliet, 111., 24. Jonngen, John, 118. Jordan, 108. Jost, Jos., 121. Journalists, 111. Jud, Peter, 118. Jura Mannerchor, 108. Juri, 94; — Brothers, 96; — Guglielmo, 96; — L. & Co., 98, 100; —Louis, 95. K Kaelin, Martin, 118. Kagi, George, 121. Kaiser, A., 108; —Gottlieb, 105. Kammerer, 112. Kansas, 17, 53-55, 68, 69. Kansas City, Mo., 30. Kanzig, Jakob, 124. Kappeler, Joh., 124; —Jos., 124. Karlen, Jacob, 7. Kaseburg (Mrs.), 81. Kaufmann, Elise, 122; — Jos., 116. Keel, Jos., 118. Keller, 108; —Ernst, 104; —Gottfried, 125; —Henry, 117; —J. J., 104; — J. Johann, 114; —Jos., 112. Kent (Mrs.), 92. Kentucky, 17, 55-57. Keshena reservation, Wis., 127. Kiburz, see Kyburz. Kienast, Fr., 120. Kiener, Johann, 116; — John, 117. Kilcher, Frank, 118. King-of -Thunder, 136. Klopfen, Christian, 118. Klossner, Christian, 119. Knobel, Fr., 117. Knoxville, Tenn., 56, 57. Knutti, Peter, 118. Koch, J., 122. Kocher, J., 117. Koenig, Jac, 110. Koepfli, Caspar, 19, 24. Kohl, Josephine, 114. Kohler, 120; —Fritz, 118; —Johann, 116. Kolbeck, Andrew, contributor, 9. Komli, 110. Koop, 114. Kopp, Jacob, 105. Korrodi (Consul), 110. Kramer, and — (Mrs.), 86, 92. Krebs, 106; — Chr. & Co., Ill; — Elis., 107; — M., 106; — Mathias, 112. Kruesi, Hermann, 7 ; — John Heinrich, 7. Krusi, 112; — B., 105, 111; — B. (Rev.), 109, 125. Kiibeli, Heinrich, 119. Kubler, E. A., 71. Kubli, 107, 111. Kuendig, Martin, 7, 125. Kuenzli, Emil, 111. Kuhn, E., 122; —Jac, 118. [145] Kiindig, Jak., 112. Kunz-Merian (Dr.), 124. Kiinzi, Samuel, 116. Kiinzli, 108, 122; —Jos., 122; — Nic, 118. Kupfer, Jules, 108. Kupper, G., 106. Kurtz, H., 131; —(Prof.), 133. Kyburz, 8, 75, 88-92; —Albert, 88; — Albert B., 91, 92; — as captain, 90; — Daniel, 89; — John Augustus, 91, 92; — John Daniel, 91, 92; — Maria, 89, 91, 92; —(Mrs.), 81; —Rebecca, 91; —Samuel, 72, 89, 91; —Sarah, 89, 92; — town of, 88. La Colonia Svizzera, 8, 98, 101. Lador, 114; —Prof., 109. Lafranchini, 98. Lambelet, L. C, 105. Landis, 120. Lang (Rev.), 108, 111, 125. Langetin, Eug., 108. Latin, 127. Laufenberg (Fahndrich von), 92. Leadville, Colo., 62. Leather industry, 121. Lecoultre (Mrs.), 105. Lemp (Prof.), 109. Lenzlinger, B., 118. Leoni, Giuseppe, 95. L'Eplattenier (Mrs.), 105. Les Amis reunis, 114. Lesquereux, Leo, 7. Leuch, 108. Leuthy, 108. Lewiston, Mont., 63. L'Huilier (Mrs.), 105. Lieb, Hermann, 7. Lieber, Fred., 120. Lienhard, Heinrich, 71-87, 89, 92. Lienherr, 104. Lincoln, Abraham, 109. Lincoln, Neb., 55. Linder, Louis, 105. Literati, 111. Locarno, 95. Locher, Sebastian, 120. Loetscher, Christian, 126. Lohbauer, Conrad, 106. Lombardi, Cherubino, 96. Long Island, N. Y., 26. Loop, A., 120. Lorengo, 93- Los Angele-,. Calif., 42, 44. Louisiana, 68. Louisville, Ky., 56. Loyal Elvezia Lodge, N. Y., 101; and Swiss Sharpshooters, 98. Luchsinger, Math., 111. Luce, Louis P., de, 110; — P., 104. Lucerne, canton of, 121. Ludwig (Prof.), 119. Lukmayer, 120. Lumber mill, 119. Luscher, Sam, 116. Lutz, J., 116; — Wm., 117. M Machinists, 121. Madison, Wis., 31. Maestretti, 95 ; — F., 97. Mager (Dr.), 121. Maggetti, Pietro, 95. Maggia, canton of Ticino, 98. Magistra, C, 96. Mahler, 120; —Jul., 120. Maine, 67, 68. Male chorus, Hoboken, N. J., 120. Malijia, B., 109. Mannerchor, Santis, New York, 108. Mansfield, Ohio, 20. Mantel, H., 121. Manufacturer of music boxes, 114; — of musical instruments, 112; — of watch cases, 114. Manz, 112; —J., 104; —Jacob, 7. Maps, Calif., 43; Hastings' Cut-off, 73; la., 41; 111., 25; Ind., 38; Mich., 48; Minn., 46; Mo., 29; N. J., 50; N. Y., 27; Ohio, 22; Pa., 35; U. S., 16, 18; Wis., 33. Mariah Hill, Ind., 39 Mariani, 95; — G. D., 96; Vittoria, 99. Marrer, Thos., 117. Marshall Brothers, 94; — James W., 91. Martella, 97. Martin, 94; — Charles, 95, 96; — Feu- sier & Co., 96; — Louis, 118. Martinelli, E. B., 98. Martini, de, 94. Martinoia, Charles, 94. Marty, Martin (Bishop), 126, 127. Maryland, 68. Massachusetts, 17, 52, 68. Massillon, Ohio, 21. Massminster, F., 122. [146] Massmiinster, 122. Matasci, B. C, 99. Mathey, 104, 106; — August, 105; — Fritz, 105; —Louis, 105. Mattei, 97. Matter, 112; — Jac, 117. Matthey, 112. Mattinoni, Emilio, 98. Mattmann, 107. Mauston, Wis., 136. Mazzetti, 97. Mazzi, Frank, 98. Meier, A., 108, 113; —Andreas, 114; — Joh. A., 113; —John, 117; — Karl, 115; —Marie, 107. Meiringen, fire relief, 107. Meissner, M., 109. Melijia, Bernard, 108. Memphis, Tenn., 56, 57. Mennonites, in Indiana, 39; — in Iowa, 40; — in Ohio, 21; — in Oregon, 60; in Pennsylvania, 34. Menominee Indians, 127. Mercersburg, Pa., 126. Meriam, Alfred (Mrs.), 104. Merian, 112; —Alfred, 104, 105, 110; —J. J., 104, 105; —P. A., 105. Merle, Wilh., 104. Merz, 123. Messmer (Archbishop), 123, 126. Methfessel, E., 108. Mettauer, Conrad, 117. Meury, John (Rev.), 114, 125. Meyenberg, John B., 7. Meyer, 112; — Andreas, 115; — Bernh., 106; Conrad Ferdinand, 87; — J., 106; —J. O., 116; —J. W., 113; —Jakob, 106; —Jos., 122; — Xaver, 111. Meylan, C. H., 105. Meystre, Louis, 105. Miami, Fla., 58. Michel, Joh., 123. Michigan, 17, 47-49; map of, 48. Miesch, 122. Miller, J. L., 111. Milwaukee, Wis., 19, 32, 123. Minetta, 97. Minneapolis, Minn., 45. Minnesota, 19, 45-47; map of, 46. Miossi, B., 100. Misch, J., 122. Mission House college, Plymouth, Wis., 126, 131. Mississippi, 68, 69. Missouri, 17, 19, 28, 68, 102; — map of, 29. Mixed Chorus, Alpina, N. Y., 108. Moghegno, 98. Moire textiles, 122. Molo, W. C, 104; — W. P., 104, 105, 107. Mona, A., 98. Monaco, 95. Monotti, 94; — A., 98. Monquin, H., 105. Montana, 17, 63-64, 68, 128. Montandon, Fred, 107. Monti, 93. Moranda, 97. Morelli, 110. Moretti, 97; — G., 100; — Giacomo, 99; — Giuliano, 95, 97. Morganti, Battista, 96. Mormon exodus, 72. Morro Bay, Calif., 99. Mosch, J. A. (Col.), 104, 110. Moser, Johann, 111. Mount Angel, Ore., 125; —college, 60, 125. Mount Holly, N. J., 51. Mountain Democrat, Calif., 91. Mouquin, 104, 110, 112. Muhlebach, 117. Miihlemann, 109; — M. L., 110. Miiller, 120; — Adolph, 107, 111; — Chas., 108; —Christian, 118; — G., 106; —Gottlieb, 112; —J., 106, 107; —Joh., 114; —Rosa, 111; — Rud., 118. Munger, Johann, 116. Murbach, 115. Muscio, Abramo, 99; — J., 99. N Naesch, J., 110. Naf, J., 124;— Rob., 123. Nafels, anniversary of battle, 115. Nageli's Hotel, 120. Nageli, J., 106; —Jacob, 7; —Rud., 105, 121. Napa, 100. Nashville, Tenn., 56, 57. Nauvoo, 111., 72, 87. Nebraska, 17, 53-55, 68. Neeser, 110; — & Co., 112; —J. G., 105. Nef, John Ulric, 7. Negley, Alexander, 7; — Jacob, 7; — James Scott, 7. [147] Neillsville, Wis., 130, 135. Neuburger Braid Company, 122. Neuchatel, 55, 121. Neu-Engelberg, see Mt. Angel. Neukom, 112. Nevada, 64, 65, 68. New Aargau, 111., 26. New Basel, Kan., 54. New Bern, N. C, 34. New Berne, Kan., 54. New England States, 19, 52, 68, 102. New Glarus, Wis., 31, 32. New Hampshire, 67, 68. New Haven, Conn., 52. New Helvetia, Calif., 42, 78, 88, 89, 93 ; — Lienhard's migration to, 71-87; — commemoration, 8. New Jersey, 8, 9, 17, 19, 49, 69, 102, 103, 119; —map of, 50. New Mexico, 64, 66, 68. New Orleans, La., port of entry, 19, 28. New York, 9, 17, 19, 23, 26-28, 69, 102-104, 115; —map of, 27. New York City, 8, 19, 26. New Yorker Staats-Zeitung, 104. Newark, N. J., 51, 121. Newbern, Tenn., 56. Newport, Ky., 56. Nichelini, 95. Nickles, Samuel, 7. Niederer, 112. Niedermann, J., 106; — Jacob, 112; — Math., Ill; —Mrs., 112. Nordemann, Felix (Dr.), 111. North Carolina, 69. North Dakota, 69- Nothiger, 111. Nussbaum, A., 108. o Oakland, Calif., 44. Oberholzer (Rev.), 116. Ochsner, Albert J. (Dr.), 7. Odermatt, Adelhelm (Fr.), 60, 125. Oehninger, J., 109. Oeschger, Dominik, 116. Oettiker, J., 115. Officials of the Swiss consulate, 111. Ogden, Utah, 72. Ohio, 17, 19, 23, 69; —map of, 22; — tables, 20, 21. Oklahoma, 69. Olympia, Wash., 61. Omaha, Neb., 54. Opitz, Reinhard, 122. Order of St. Benedict, 127. Oregon, 17, 20, 59, 60, 69, 89; —route, 72; — tables, 60. Oregon City, Ore., 60. Oswald, Charles, 108. Ott, Adolf, 111;— J. M., 120. Otz, E., 120; —Rob., 120. Pacific Coast, Swiss migration to, 20. Paillard, Alf. C, 105; — & Co., 112. Pallenghi, A., 97. Papina, V., 98. Papine, 100. Passaic, N. J., 51. Paterson, N. J., 51, 121-123. Pedrazzini, Clay, 94; — as contributor, 8 ; — Louis, 95. Pedrini, 94, 98. Pellandini, 95. Pennsylvania, 17, 19, 34-36, 69; — map of, 35. Peri, 94. Perini, 96, 98, 100. Perinoni, D., 99. Perrelet, L., 105, 111; — L. (Prof.), 109. Perret, Chas., and — (Mrs.), 105. Pestalozzi, 125; —Dr., Ill; — H., 105. Peverada, Carlo Antonio, 96. Pezzoni, Battista, 99. Pfannenschmidt, 111. Pfenninger, August, 115. Pfister, Chr., 122. Pflugi, Edw., 112. Pharmacists, 114, 123. Philadelphia, Pa., 123. Philipp, Emanuel Lorenz, 7. Phoenix, Ariz., 64. Physicians, 7, 95, 109, 114, 117, 121, 124. Piezzi, Victor, 98. Piguet, Louis, 122. Pilet (Miss), 105. Pillichodc, Charles, 104. Pinkert, Paul, 108. Pioda (Dr.), 95; — L., 95. Piquet, Wm, 104. Pittsburgh, Pa., 36. Plastic and graphic artists, 111. Platz, Gottlieb, 115. Pletscher, 108. Pliiss, C, 126. Plymouth, Wis., 126. Polytechnic Institute, 114. [148] Portland, Ore., 60, 126. Portrait painter, 111. Princeton, N. J., 123. Prominent Americans of Swiss Origin, 7, 9, 71, 125. Public officials, N. Y., 1889, 110. Purry, Jean Pierre, 7. Q Queens, N. Y., 115. Quinche (Mrs.), 105. Quinq', 111., 23. R Racine, Jules, 105. Radin, Paul, 131. Raetzer, 108; — Rud., 104. Ragatz, Oswald (Rev.), 126. Rahm, August, 122; — Henry C, de, 104. Ramelli, 98. Railroad and bridge builder, 112. Rappard, A., 105, 110. Rappart, A., 104. Rauch, Fritz, 118. Rea, F. J., 98; —John, 100. Reading, Pa., 36. Rebhuhn, 116. Reformed church, 125, 126, 129. Reimann, Jakob, 117; — Stephan, 116, 117. Reineck, Maria, 135. Reinhart, A., 105. Reis, A., 108. Reiser, A., 109. Reno, Nev., 66. Renz, Arnold, 122. Respini, Ig. R., 97. Restaurants, managers of, 112. Re-Union, Tex., 58. Rey, S. (Mrs.), 105. Rheiner, Phill., 122, 123. Rhode Island, 68. Rianda, Victor, 98. Richard, August, 104, 105. Richfield Springs, N. Y., 119. Richiger, Ch., 121. Richtiger, Ch., 121. Rickenbach, 107. Rickli, Jos., 115. Ricklin, Jos., 106. Righetti, Candido, 97; — N., 99; —P., 98; — Pietro, 99; — Rinaldo, 100; — Roberto, 99. Rigi, 112. Rippstein, 75, 92. Riverside, Calif., 44. Robert, 106, 112; —Cesar A., 104; — Robert E., 104; —Eugene (Mrs.), 104; —J. C, 110; —J. Eug., 105. Roberts (Vice-consul), 109. Rochester, N. Y., 19, 26, 113, 115. Rocky Mountain States, 62. Rodel, Jak., 121. Roethlisberger, 110; — & Gerber, 112. Roggiwiller, H., 112. Rohner, Joh., 106. Roselli, Giovanni, 107. Rosenberg family in Texas, 58; — Henry, 7. Rosselli, J., 105. Rossire, Antoin, 104. Roth, Jean, 107. Rothlisberger, 107; — & Gerber, 104; —Rob. (Mrs.), 105. Rotschi, Peter, 111. Rottanzi, Anthony (Dr.), 95; — Giosue, 98, 100; — T. A., 95. Roulet, Jeanne, 105. Ruckstuhl, Rud., 113. Rudin, 106, 112. Riiegg, Anton, 116. Ruegg, Jos., 122. Ruesch & Co., 112. Runk, 108. Ruppaner, A. (Dr.), 110. Rusch, Ferdinand, 104. Ruschli, Jakob, 121. Ruschlin, Jak., 122. Rush, Adolph (Mrs.), 105. Rusterholz, 111; — Jean, 108. Ryle, John, 121. Saal, Michael, 122. Sacramento, Calif., 8, 44, 86; — river, 79. St. Gall, 19, 31, 56, 92, 114-116, 117, 123. Saint Gothard hotel, San Francisco, 96. St. Joseph, Mo., 28. St. Louis, Mo., 19, 28, 30. St. Meinrad, Ind., 39, 128. St. Michael's Indian Mission, illus., 124. St. Paul, Minn., 45. Salamanca, N. J., 113, 119. Salathe (Dr.), 109. Salinas valley, Calif., 97. Sallenbach, H., 105. [149] Salmina, 95; — B. & Co., 100. Salt Lake City, Utah, 59. Saltzmann, August (Mrs.), 105. San Antonio, Tex., 58. San Bernardino, Calif., 44. San Diego, Calif., 44. San Francisco, Calif., 19, 42, 44, 86, 93, 95, 96, 101. San Jose, Calif., 44, 100. San Luis Obispo, Calif., 44, 97, 99. San Simeon, Calif., 99. Sandoz, Jules Ami, 55. Sandusky, Ohio, 20. Santa Barbara, Calif., 44, 97, 99. Santa Cruz, Calif., 97. Santa Maria, Calif., 100. Sartori, 94, 96; —Henry J. (Dr.), 98. Sauer, 108. Sauk County, Wis., 126. Savory, Jos., 123. Scalmanini, 96; — C, 93. Scaroni, 97. Scaroni, John, 100. Schadegg, 124; —Jos., 122. Schadler, J., 124. Schafer, 120. Schaff, Philip, 7, 125, 126. ScharThausen, 117. Schaffner, Rud., 118. Scharr Brothers, 106. Schauble, 124. Scheggia, Carlo, 96, 100. Scheibler, 114, 122. Scheitlin, E., 105. Scheller, Emma, 122. Scherrer, Arnold, 123. Schiess, J., 106; —Jacob, 112; —Jakob, 104, 107; —(Mrs.), 112. SchifTerli, Xaver, 117. Schiller, Christopher (Rev.), 131. Schindler, Fr., 108. Schinz, 106; — L., 107; — M., 104, 112. Schlachter, J. C, 105. Schlaippi, John, 118. Schlatter, 108; — C, 114; — Heinrich, 107; — Joh., 112; Michael, 7, 125. Schlegel, 125; —(Rev.), 111. Schlupp, John, 117. Schmelz, R., 108. Schmid, Peter, 105. Schmidt, 81, 92; — Erh., 120; — W., 122. Schmied, Peter, 120. Schmiedhauser, J. B., 121. Schneider, Eugen, 114. Schnitzpahn (Miss), 105; — (Mrs.), 105. Schopper, B., 108; — E., 108. Schottlin, George, 123; —Marks, 123. Schropfer, 122. Schuerpf, Chas., 117. Schuhmacher, C, 105. Schuler, Max, 114. Schulthess, Eugene, 117. Schwarz, Fritz, 108; — G., 105, 107. Schwarzenbach, Huber & Co., 120; — Landis, 120; —Silk Co., 120. Schwarzenbach, Robert J. F., 7. Schwegler, C. Theo., 8, 9, 73. Schweigert, John, 117. Schweizer Club, N. Y., 109. Schweizer Mannerchor, Brooklyn, 113; —Rochester, 115. Schweizer (Mr.), 109; —(Mrs.), 109; — R., 108; —Rud., 111. Schweizer Unterstiitzungs Verein, Buf- falo, N. Y., 116. Schweizer-Verein, Rochester, N. Y., 115. Schweizerbund, Brooklyn, N. Y., 113. Schweizerische Hilfs-Gesellschaft, N. Y., 104. Schweizerischer Volksfestverein, Brook- lyn, N. Y., 114. Schwyz, canton of, 60, 127. Sciaroni, Carlo, 98; —Frank, 100. Scranton, Pa., 36. Seaton Hall Seminary, Newark, 123. Seattle, Wash., 61. Seeberger, Joh., 118. Seiler, George (Dr.), 117; —Jos., 121. Seitz, C, 105. Selan, Leon, 98. Seliner, Albert, 122. Sellmann, Alb., 107. Selma, 95, 97. Sempach, quincentenary celebration, 106. Senn, Alfred, 133; —J., 106; —Nicho- las, 7. Sharon Center, la., 40. Sharon Spring, la., 40. Sheboygan classis, Wis., 132, 136. Siebenmann (Mrs.), 105. Siegenthaler, David, 118. Siegfried, Rob., 120. Siegrist, Joh., 121. Sigrist, J., 122; —Jakob, 122; —Jos., 122; — Nikol., 118. Silk, industry, 121, 122, 124; —manu- facturers, 112; — weaver, 123. Simmen, 115. [150] Simon, 110. Simoni, J., 105; — Joh., 107. Singer sewing machine plant, 123. Sioux Falls, S. D., 129. Singenberger, J. B., 126. Sitting Bull, 128. Society for Establishing Useful Manu- factories, 121. Societa Patriotica Liber ale Ticinese, 109. Solari, 107; — E., 105. Soledad, Calif., 98. Solothurn, canton of, 92, 111, 116. Sommerville, N. J., 123. Sonoma, Calif., 97, 100; Sonoma-Marin Swiss club, Calif., 101. Sorbier restaurant, San Francisco, 96. South Bend, Ind., 37. South Carolina, 69. South Dakota, 69. Southern Inland states, 102. Spahn, Hermann, 105. Spaletta, 97. "Spanish grants", 99. Spaus, 112. Speich, Abraham, 109, 111. Spiegel, Mathias, 117. Spielmann, 116. Spiesz, Johann, 113. Spiritual Leadership, 125-137. Spoerry, Frank, 117. Spokane, Washington, 61. Sporry, Chas., 110; — Fr., 117; — S., 114. Sprenger, N., 114. Sprich (Miss), 122. Springfield, 111., 24. Springfield, Mass., 52. Stacy, John, 130, 132, 136. Staeger, L. A., 114. Staeheli, Dr., 104. Staempfli, 115. Stager, 111; —Professor, 109. Staheli, D. Francis, 104. Stahl, J., 109. Stamm, Martin, 7; — W., 108. Stampfli, 114. Standing Rock, Dakota, 128. Stapfer, J. J., 105. Statistical Survey of Swiss Immigration, 15-70. Staub, J. J. (Dr.), 126; —Peter, 7. Stefani, 94, 96; — Camillo, 96; —and Mariani, 96. Steg, Benj., 117. Stehli, A., 112. Steinach, Adelrich (Dr.), 7, 8, 102, 104, 106, 108, 109; — 's lists of Swiss settlers, 102-124. Steiner, Jakob, 122. Steinfeld, Albert, 115. Steinhausli, 112. Stierlin, 116. Stocker, Jos., 121. Stockton, Calif., 97, 100. Stoklin, Frank S., 105. Stoll, George, 117. Storni and Biaggini, 99. Stossel, Ferd., 112. Strasser, J., 120. Straub, Joh., 122; — Konrad, 123. Strebel, 106. Strehli, A., 122. Streiff, H., 122. Strieker, C. (Mrs.), 123; — Elias, 123; — R., 105; —Robert, 109, 110. Strucken, 116. Stucki, Benjamin, 9, 135; — Jacob (Rev.), 126, 129, 130. Studi, Jos., 120. Sturzenegger, factory of, 107 ; — J., 112. Stutzer, Dr., 109; — E. F., 105. Subiaco, Ark., 128. Suder, E., and — (Mrs.), 130. Sulzbach, Jac, 115. Suppiger, 24. Suter, Caspar, 116; — Nikol, 123. Sutter, Alphonse, 86; — August, Jr., 86, 87; —Christ, 116; —Eliza, 86; — Emil, 86; — 's Fort, 8, 73; — General Johann August, 7, 42, 68, 71, 89, 92; —John, 115, 123; —(Mrs.), 86, 123. Sutterville, 85. Swiss Aid Society, N. Y., 104, 106. Swiss- American Bank, Calif., 100. Swiss-American club of Monterey, Calif., 101. Swiss-American congregation, O. S. B., 127. Swiss-American social club, Santa Clara, Calif., 101. Swiss Athletic club, San Francisco, 101. Swiss baker's club, N. Y., 1871-1880, 107. Swiss Benevolent society, N. Y., 102; —Troy, 118. Swiss cheese making, 19, 70, 112. Swiss club, N. Y., 115; —Santa Cruz, Calif., 97, 101; —Stanislaus, Calif., 101. [151] Swiss Colonization in America, begin- ning of, 15. Swiss dramatic club, N. Y., 109. Swiss General Mutual and Benevolent society, N. Y., 105. Swiss Harmony club, Hoboken, N. J., 120. Swiss Ladies Aid, N. Y., 107. Swiss missionary activity, 125. Swiss mutual-aid society, Paterson, N. J., 121. Swiss Mutual Benevolent Society, Calif., 98. Swiss in U. S. compared with total pop- ulation, 15. Swiss Publishing Company, N. Y., Ill ; —Calif., 98. Swiss rifle club, Rochester, N. Y., 116; — Monterey, Calif., 101. Swiss Sharpshooters, San Francisco, 101. Swiss societies, N. J., 121, 123. Swiss Relief Society, San Francisco, 102. "Swissconsin", 32. Syracuse, N. Y., 19, 113, 117. Syz, John, 104. Tacoma, Wash., 61. Taller, Chas., 105, 108. Tanner, 121;— (Miss), 106;— Peter, 123. Tartaglia, Placido, 99. Technicians, 112. Tell City, Ind., 19. Tell, William, House, San Francisco, 96. Tell, Wilhelm Schutzenkorps, 114. Tennessee, 17, 55-57, 69. Teodor, B., 106, 108. Terre Haute, Ind., 37, 128. Tessin, see Ticino. Tessiners, see Ticinese Swiss. Texas, 17, 58-59, 69. Thalwyl, 120. Thiele, and —(Mrs.), 109. Thomann, 75, 92; —Alb., 112; —Her- mann, 113. Thurgau, canton of, 116, 117. Thurkauf, A., 106. Ticinese Swiss, 42, 93-101 ; — in New York, 107. Ticino, canton of, 8, 42, 93, 95 ; —club, 99, 101 ; —hotel, 96. Tiegel (Dr.), 109, 111. Tilden, 100. Tiscsot, Max (Dr.), 104, 121. Tobler, Franz, 118; —J. (Capt.), 120; — Johann, 120. Tognazzi, B. G., 99. Tognazzini, Antonio, 99, 100; — fam- ily, 100; —P. A., 99. Toledo, Ohio, 20, 130, 131. Tomasini, Alex, 99; — Louis, 100; — Luigi, 95; — Matteo, 95. Tonini, 97; — M., 100. Toroni, B., 96. Tradesmen, 122. Trepp, 104. Trosi, 98. Troy, 113, 118, Triimpi, Fridolin, 108, 119. Tschopp, Emil, 122. Tschumi, Nik., 118. Turri, B., 99. U Uebelmann, Emil, 121. Ulfilas (Bishop), 129. Ungerer, Jos., 113. Union City, N. J., 119. Union Hill, N. J., 119, 120. University of Dubuque, la., 126. Unterwalden, 60. Urfer, Christian, 118. Uri, 60. Uster, Kornel, 119. Utah, 17, 59. Utica, N. Y., 113, 118. Val Colla, 98. Val Leventina, 93-95, 97, 98. Val Onserone, 98. Val Verzasca, 97. Valle Maggia, 94, 95, 97-99. Vandalia, 111., 23. Vanoni, Marco, 96. Vaterlaus, H., 116. Vermont, 67, 68. Verscio, 95, 97. Vetter, Daniel, 121. Vetterli, Fr., 106; —Jacob, 106. Vevay, Ind., 37. Vicarino, C, 105; —(Dr.), Ill (Dr.), 108. Viojet, J. J., 92. Virginia, 68. Viticulture, see Grape-growing. Vogel, 106; — Jak., 122. Vogeli, 111. Vogorno, 95. Vogt, Jos. Alois, 117. Voigt, Joh. A., 113. [152] von Arx, see Arx. Vondermiihl, Alf., 104; —(Mrs.), 104. Vonfelten, A., 106; — C, 106. Vouga (Madam), 111. w Waco, Tex., 58. Wahrenberger, Jacob, 112. Walchli, Emil, 106. Walder, Jakob, 122. Wallier, Jos., 117. Walser, Theo. (Dr.), 110. Walte, A., 108. Walter, Jakob, 114. Wampfler, John, 117. Wanderer am Passaic, N. J., 122. Wartmann, J., 106. Washington, D. C, 68; — state of, 17, 20, 59-61, 69. Watches, importers of, 112. Watchmakers, 114, 121. Wattenwyl, (Dr.), von, 109. Wattewil, W. A., de, 105. Weber, 112; —A., 105, 108, 124; — Aug. C, 112; — Ch. Aug, 112; — G, 114; —J. J, 115; — Jak, 124; — O., 105. Weckherlin, H. (Mrs.), 105. Weehawken, N. J., 49. Weemer, see Weimer. Wegener, R. (Captain), 114. Wegmann, 114. Wehrli, J, 106. Weidmann, Jacob, 7; — Jakob, 122; — Silk Dyeing Co, 122. Weiler, Heinrich, 122; —J. H, 122. Weimer, 82 ; —Peter, 76, 90. Weise (Director), 122. Weiss, A, 108. Welti, Hermann, 124. Wenzinger, Tobias, 113. Werner, 104. Werren, J, 118. Werschinger, J, 108. West Hoboken, N. J, 49, 119, 120. West Virginia, 69. Wethli, Heinrich, 123. Wette, De, 126. Wetter, J, 114. Wettstein, 124. Wheaton and Luhrs, 97. White Mountain railroad, 112. Whitney, 97. Widmer, J, 121. Wietlisbach, Albin, 122 ; —Germain, 122. Wiggli, Amanz, 118. Wild, Kasp, 108. Wilkes-Barre, Pa, 36. Wimmer, see Weimer. Winnebago Camp, Wis, 132; — Indians, 129; —Indian school, 130, 136; — Mission, 136. "Winkelried Mannerchor", N. Y, 108. Winnistorfer, Louis, 115. Wirt, William, 7. Wirth, Alois, 115. Wirz, 104; — H, 105; —Jul, 113. Wisconsin, 17, 19, 31-34, 60, 69; — map of, 33. Wisconsin Rapids, 136. Wiskemann (Mrs.), 105. Wisner, Henry, 7. Wittmer, 82, 92. Wittnauer, Albert Charles, 7. Wolfermann (Dr.), 111. Wuthrich, 124. Wyler, E. (Dr.), 111. Wyoming, 64, 67, 68. Wyss & Sons, 121. Wyss, Xaver, 118. Yankton, South Dakota, 127. Zahner, Emil, 123. Zanoni, 96. Zeh, Charles (Dr.), 121. Zellweger, 108; — H, 120. Zeltner, Xaver (Col.), 111. Zimmer, 122. Zimmermann, Chas, 105; — (Carpen- ter), Emanuel, 7; — John, 105. Zocchi, 94. ZollicofTer, Felix Kirk, 7. Zollikofer, Oskar, 109. ZollikofTer, Oscar, 104, 105; —(Miss), 105; —(Mrs.), 105; —Oskar, 104, 110. Zollinger, J, 108; —James P, 71. Zubly, John Joachim, 7, 125. Zug, 122. Zullig, 108; —A. (Prof.), 109; —Ar- nold, 123. Zurfluh, 110. Zurich, 31, 34, 54, 71, 87, 112, 117, 120-123. Zwilchenbart, A. & Co, 112. Zwingli, 136. [153]