s STATE OF ILLINOIS DWIGHT H. GREEN. Governor DEPARTMENT OF REGISTRATION AND EDUCATION FRANK G. THOMPSON, Director DIVISION OF THE STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY M. M. LEIGHTON. Chief URBANA REPORT OF INVESTIGATIONS— NO. 127 ILLINOIS MINERAL INDUSTRY IN 1946 BY Walter H. Voskuil PRINTED BY AUTHORITY OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS URBANA, ILLINOIS 1947 ILLINOIS GEOLOGICAL SURVEY LIBRARY MAY 28 1948 ILLINOIS STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 3 3051 00005 7244 STATE OF ILLINOIS DWIGHT H. GREEN, Governor DEPARTMENT OF REGISTRATION AND EDUCATION FRANK G. THOMPSON, Director DIVISION OF THE STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY M. M. LEIGHTON, Chief URBANA REPORT OF INVESTIGATIONS— NO. 127 ILLINOIS MINERAL INDUSTRY IN 1946 Walter H. Voskuil PRINTED BY AUTHORITY OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS URBANA, ILLINOIS 1947 ORGANIZATION STATE OF ILLINOIS HON. DWIGHT H. GREEN, Governor DEPARTMENT OF REGISTRATION AND EDUCATION HON. FRANK G. THOMPSON, Director BOARD OF NATURAL RESOURCES AND CONSERVATION HON. FRANK G. THOMPSON, Chairman W. H. NEWHOUSE, Ph.D., Gedogy ROGER ADAMS, Ph.D., D.Sc, Chemistry LOUIS R. HOWSON. C.E., Engineering CARL G. HARTMAN, Ph.D., Biology LEWIS H. TIFFANY, Ph.D.. Forestry GEORGE D. STODDARD, Ph.D., Litt.D., LL.D., L.H.D. President of the University of Illinois GEOLOGICAL SURVEY DIVISION M. M. LEIGHTON, Chief (47308— 3M— 11-47) SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNICAL STAFF OF THE STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY DIVISION 100 Natural Resources Building, Urbana M. M. LEIGHTON, Ph.D.. Chief Enid Townley, M.S., Assistant to the Chief Velda a. Millard, Junior Asst. to the Chief GEOLOGICAL RESOURCES Arthur C. Bevan, Ph.D., Sc.D., Principal Geologisl in Charge Coal G. H, Cady, Ph.D., Senior Geologisl and Head R. J. Helfinstine, M.S., Mech. Engineer Rolf W. Roley, B.S., Assoc. Mining Engineer Robert M. Kosanke, M.A., Assoc. Geologisl John A. Harrison, B.S. , Assl. Geologist Jack A. Simon, M.S., Asst. Geologist Raymond Siever, M.S., Assl. Geologisl Mary E. Barnes, B.S., Asst. Geologist Margaret Parker, B.S., Asst. Geologist Florence Honea, B.F.A., Technical Assistant D. Robert Scherer, B.F.A., Technical Assistant Oil and Gas A. H. Bell, Ph.D., Geologist and Head Frederick Squires, B.S., Petroleum Engineer David H. Swann, Ph.D., Assoc. Geologist Virginia Kllne, Ph.D., Assoc. Geologist Paul G. Luckhardt, M.S., Asst. Geologist Wayne F. Meents, Asst. Geologist Richard J. Cassin, B.S., Research Assistant Nancy McDurmitt, B.S., Research Assistant Industrial Minerals J. E. Lamar, B.S., Geologist and Head Robert M. Grogan, Ph.D., Assoc. Geologist Raymond S. Shrode, B.S., Research Assistant Clay Resources and Clay Mineral Technology Ralph E. Grim, Ph.D., Petrographer and Head Henry M. Putman, B.A.Sc, Asst. Geologisl (on leave) William A. White, M.S., Asst. Geologist Groundwater Geology and Geophysical Exploration Carl A. Bays, Ph.D., Geologisl and Engineer, and Head Robert R. Storm, A.B., Assoc. Geologisl Merlyn B. Buhle, M.S., Assoc. Geologist M. W, Pullen, Jr.. M.S., Assl. Geologist Gordon W. Prescott, B.S., Assl. Geologist Robert N. M, Urash, B.S., Asst. Geologisl Margaret J. Castle, Assl. Geologic Draftsman Engineering Geology and Topographic Mapping George E, Ekblaw, Ph.D., Geologist and Head Richard F. Fisher. M.S., Assl. Geologisl (on leave) Areal Geology and Paleontology H. B. Willman, Ph.D., Geologist and Head Heinz A. Lowenstam, Ph.D., Assoc. Geologisl J. S. Templeton, Ph.D., Assoc. Geologist Subsurface Geology L. E. Workman, M.S., Geologisl and Head Elwood Atherton, Ph.D., Assoc. Geologisl Paul Herbert, Jr., B.S., Assl. Geologisl Marvin P. Meyer. M.S., Assl. Geologist Donald Saxby, M.S., Assl. Geologist Robert C. McDonald. B.S., Research Assistant Physics R. J. PiERSOL. Ph.D.. Physicist Emeritus Helen E. McMorris. Secretary to the Chief Shirley Sands. Geological Assistant Mineral Resource Records Vivian Gordon, Head Ruth R. Warden, B.S.. Research Assistant Dorothy F. Spencer. B.S., Technical Assistant Mary Burnett. Technical Assistant Harriet C. Daniels. B.A.. Technical Assistant GEOCHEMISTRY Frank H. Reed, Ph.D., Chief Chemist Gr.\ce C. Johnson, B.S., Research Assistant Coal G. R. Yohe, Ph.D., Chemist and Head Ruth C. Bowman, M.S., Research Assistant Industrial Minerals J. S. Machin. Ph.D., Chemist and Head Tin Boo Yee. M.S.. Research Assistant Paulene Ekman, B.A., Research Assistant Fluorspar G. C. Finger, Ph.D., Chemist and Head Oren F. Williams, B.Engr., Special Research Assistant Chemist Lewis E. Moncrief, B.S., Research Assistant (on leave) Horst G. Schneider, B.S., Special Research Assl. Chemical Engineering H. W. Jackman, M.S.E., Chemical Engineer and Head P. W. Henline, M.S., Assoc. Chemical Engineer B. J. Greenwood, B.S., Mechanical Engineer James C. McCullough, Research Associate X-ray and Spectrography W. F. Bradley, Ph.D., Chemist and Head Analytical Chemistry O. W. Rees, Ph.D., Chemist and Head L. D. McVicker, B.S., Chemist Howard S. Clark, A.B., Assoc. Chemist Emile D. Pierron. B.S.. Research Assistant Elizabeth Bartz, A.B.. Research Assistant Gloria J. Gilkey. B.S.. Research Assistant Wm. F. Loranger, B.A., Research Assistant Ruth E. Koski, B.S., Research Assistant Annabelle G. Elliott, B.S., Technical Assistant MINERAL ECONOMICS W. H. Voskuil, Ph.D.. Mineral Economist Douglas F. Stevens, M.E., Research Associate (on leave) W. L. Busch, Research Associate Nina Hamrick, A.M., Research Assistant Ethel M. King, Research Assistant EDUCATIONAL EXTENSION Gilbert O. Raasch, Ph.D., Assoc. Geologist Dorothy R. Ranney, B.S., Technical Assistant LIBRARY Ruby D. Prison, Technical Assistant PUBLICATIONS Dorothy E. Rose, B.S., Technical Editor M. Elizabeth Staaks. B.S., Assistant Editor Meredith M. Calkins, Geologic Draftsman Wayne W. Nofftz, Technical Assistant Leslie D. Vaughan, Associate Photographer Beulah M. Unfer, Technical Assistant Consultants: Ceramics, Ralph K. Hursh, B.S., University of Illinois Mechanical Engineering, Seichi Konzo. M.S.. University of Illinois Topographic Mapping in Cooperation with the United States Geological Survey. This report is a contribution of the Mineral Economics Section. September 15. 1947 CONTENTS Page Introduction 9 Acknowledgments 9 Economic review of the mineral industries 10 General 10 Fluorspar 10 The long-term outlook 10 Depletion of reserves 14 A program of conservation 15 Coal 18 Coal in 1946 — the national picture 18 Production by districts 19 Cumulative coal production 22 Coal in the Eastern Interior Basin 23 Coal distribution in the Upper Mississippi Valley 23 Appalachian coal movement 27 Metropolitan markets 35 Coal prices in 1946 35 Degree-days 43 Petroleum and natural gas 60 Petroleum 60 United States production 60 Development in Illinois 60 Estimated reserves 60 Prices of crude oil in 1946 63 Stocks 63 Refineries 63 Pipe lines 67 Secondary recovery 67 Gasoline consumption 68 Natural gas 68 Joint report of A. G. A. and A. P. I 68 Reserves 69 F. P. C. staff report 69 Consumption 76 Natural gas in Illinois 77 Market for coke-oven gas 77 Carbon black 77 Stone, rock products 81 Limestone, dolomite, and marl , 81 Commercial and noncommercial operations 81 Agstone used in Illinois in 1946 81 Cement 87 Lime 87 Ganister 87 Clays, clay products 94 Clays, including fuller's earth 94 Clay products, including silica refractories 94 Refractories 94 Pag Structural chi}' products 94 Whiteware and pottery ' 98 Sand and gravel 99 Silica sand 99 Other sand and gravel 99 Silica and trlpoli 104 Ground silica 104 Muorspar 105 Production 105 Stocks 107 Imports 108 Consumption 108 Fluorine compounds 113 Fluorine 115 Peacetime products 116 Fluorspar in Illinois 116 Prices 118 Zinc, lead and silver 120 Miscellaneous minerals 121 Peat 121 Pyrites 121 Sulphur 121 Minerals processed, but mostly not mined, in Illinois 122 Coke and byproducts 122 Pig iron 122 Sulfuric acid 122 Slab zinc 122 Ground feldspar 122 Magnesium compounds 123 Mineral pigments 123 Mineral wool 123 Pig lead 123 Flxpanded vermiculite 123 Alumina, phosphates 123 ILLUSTRATIONS Figure Page 1. Value of annual mineral production in Illinois, 1914-1945 11 2. Bituminous coal production districts east of the Mississippi River 19 3. Location of principal coal mining districts and coal beds mined in Illinois, Indiana and western Kentucky 24 4. Location of shipping coal mines and local mines in Illinois having annual production of 5,000 tons or more 25 5. Degree-day districts, with averages and ranges 45 6. Number of producing wells completed monthly with total Illinois production by months, 1937- 1946 61 7. Distribution of crude oil produced in Illinois, by states, 1946 63 8. Sources of oil in Illinois refineries, 1946 65 9. Pipe lines in Illinois, 1946 66 Figure Page 10. Oil fields in Illinois, January 1, 1947 68 11. Annual production of stone (limestone, dolomite, and marl) in Illinois, 1920-1946 84 12. Annual use of agstone in Illinois, 1927-1946 86 13. Agstone used in Illinois in 1946, showing county averages in pounds per acre of arable land and plowable pasture 90 14. Annual shipments of cement and lime by producers in Illinois, 1920-1946 91 15. Value of annual sales of clays and clay products, by producers, in Illinois, 1939-1946 95 16. Annual production and value of sand (including silica sand) and gravel in Illinois, 1920-1946. . . . 101 17. Average annual fluorspar consumption (of both domestic and foreign fluorspar) in the United States, 1935-1940, compared with 1945 and 1946, by sources and consuming industries 110 18. Fluorspar shipped from mines, by uses, United States and Illinois, 1939-1946 112 19. Percentage consumption of fluorspar (domestic and foreign), by industries, 1926-1946 113 20. Fluorspar, annual shipments and average value, from Illinois mines, 1913-1946 117 21. Annual value of metals recovered from ores mined in Illinois, 1913-1946 120 TABLES Table Page 1. Summary of mineral production of Illinois, sold or used by producers, 1944-1946 12 2. Value of Illinois mineral production. Summary of annual values, 1914-1946 14 3. National bituminous coal output since 1939 18 4. Bituminous coal and lignite, production by districts, 1944-1946 18 5. Bituminous coal and lignite production and average output per man, by methods of mining and loading in the United States, by districts, 1945 20 6. Production in districts with large all-rail shipments to the Upper Mississippi Valley, 1941-1946 . 21 7. Bituminous coal production in the United States, by states, 1941-1946 21 8. Total production of coal, by counties, from 1882-1946 22 9. Counties of more than 100 million tons output from 1882-1946 23 10. Production of bituminous coal in the Kastern Interior coal field, 1939-1946 23 11. Origin and destination of reserve railroad shipments of coal from Illinois, Indiana, western Ken- tucky, and the Appalachian fields, in 1945 and 1946 26 12. Origin of lake cargo coal from Appalachian fields, 1943-1946 28 13. Lake cargo shipments and receipts of coal at upper lake docks, 1934-1946 28 14. Lake shipments of coal from the F,astern Interior Basin, 1946 29 15. Coal produced and shipped from mines in Illinois, Indiana, and Iowa for specific markets, for year ending June 30, 1946 29 16. Sources of coal shipped to three important consumer groups in the Upper Mississippi Valley, for year ending June 30, 1946 30 17. Shipments of coal to principal types of consumers in the Illinois coal market area, via lake, for year ending June 30, 1946 33 18. Sources of all-rail coal destined for Chicago, 1943-1946 35 19. Sources of coal destined for St. Louis, 1943-1946 35 20. Coal production of all Illinois mines, by type of mines, and by counties, 1946 37 21. Illinois coal production, by quarters for the years 1942-1946 38 22. Production of bituminous coal in Illinois and the United States, by months, 1946 38 23. Amount and value of coal produced in Illinois, showing number and type of mines, 1936-1946. ... 39 24. Coal mine prices, per ton, December 1945 and December 1946 40 25. Coal consumed in the Illinois coal market area (exclusive of railroad fuel), 1945-1946 42 26. Shipments of bituminous coal by sizes, from Illinois, 1946 42 27. Source of bituminous coal, shipped to Illinois, by all-rail, river and ex-river (exclusive of railroad fuel), 1946 43 28. Types of heating equipment, by degree-day districts 44 29. Number of degree-days for representative cities and towns in Illinois by months, 1946-1947, com- pared with the average for the period in which records have been kept, to the close of 1945 46 30. Coke and byproducts, produced, sold, or used by producers in Illinois, 1943-1946 56 Table Pag 31. Crude oil production in the United States, by districts and states, 1939-1946 58 32. Crude oil and related products, produced, sold, or used by producers in Illinois, 1944-1946 59 33. Kstimates of proved oil reserves in the states serving the Illinois area, January 1, 1937 to January 1 , 1947 ; 60 34. Estimated proved reserves in the United States, December 31, 1946 62 35. Crude oil price changes for Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky, and Ohio, 1944-1946 64 36. Average value of crude oil in Illinois, 1937-1946 64 37. Stocks of crude oil and refined products in the United States, in Illinois, and in the central refining district, by months, 1945 and 1946 65 38. Refineries operating in Illinois, March, 1946 67 39. Gasoline sold in Illinois, by months, 1941-1946 69 40. Estimated proved recoverable reserves of natural gas in the United States, as of December 31, 1945 and 1946 70 41. Estimated proved reserves of liquid hydrocarbons in the United States as of December 31, 1946. . 71 42. Estimated proved recoverable reserves of natural gas licjuids in the United States as of December 31, 1946 71 43. Summary of committee's annual reports covering period 1937-1946 72 44. Additions to crude oil reserves vs. production, 1901-1946 73 45. The 12 largest gas producing fields listed in ranking order of volume of reserves, together with their approximate dates of discovery 73 46. Marketed production of natural gas in the United States, by regions, 1906-1944 74 47. Natural gas production in the United States, 1935-1946 75 48. Losses and waste compared with gross production, 1935 -1943 76 49. Natural gas produced in Illinois and marketed in 1946 76 50. Survey of natural gasoline plants in Illinois, 1946 77 51. Disposal of surplus coke-oven gas in Illinois, 1935-1946 79 52. Salient statistics of carbon black produced from natural gas in the United States, 1945-1946. ... 80 53. Limestone, dolomite, and marl, by uses, sold or used by producers in Illinois, 1945 and 1946. ... 82 54. Limestone, dolomite, and marl, by kinds and by uses, sold or used by producers in Illinois, 1946. . 83 55. Agstone used in Illinois, 1945-1946 85 56. Agstone used in Illinois annually, 1927-1946 87 57. Agstone used in Illinois, by counties, 1945 and 1946 88 58. Agstone produced in other states and used in Illinois, 1942-1946 92 59. Agstone produced in Illinois and marketed in other states, 1942-1946 92 60. Portland cement, sold or used by producers in Illinois, 1945 and 1946 92 61. Ganister and sandstone, sold or used by producers in Illinois, 1942-1946 92 62. Lime, sold or used by producers in Illinois, 1945 and 1946 93 63. Clays (including fuller's earth), sold and shipped by producers in Illinois, by kinds and by uses, 1945 and 1946 96 64. Clay products (including silica refractories), sold and shipped by producers in Illinois, 1945 and 1946 97 65. Silica sand, sold or used by producer's in Illinois, 1945 and 1946 100 66. Sand (other than silica sand) and gravel, sold or used by producers in Illinois, 1945 and 1946. . . . 102 67. Ground silica, sold or used by producers in Illinois, 1945 and 1946 104 68. Tripoli ("amorphous" silica), sold or used by producers in Illinois, 1942-1946 104 69. Fluorspar shipped from mines in the United States, by states, 1945 and 1946 105 70. Fluorspar shipped from mines in the United States, by uses, 1945 and 1946 105 71. Fluorspar shipped from mines in the United States, by grades and industries, 1945 and 1946 106 72. Fluorspar (domestic and foreign), consumed and in stock in the United States, by industries, 1945 and 1946 106 73. Salient statistics of finished fluorspar in the United States, 1943-1945, and January-December 1946 107 74. Fluorspar imported for consumption in the United States, by countries, 1945 and 1946 108 75. Imported fluorspar delivered to consumers in the United States, by uses, 1945 and 1946 108 76. General imports (receipts) of fluorspar into the United States, 1943-1945 and January-December 1946 109 77. Consumption of fluorspar (domestic and foreign) in the United States, by industries, 1943-1945, and January-December 1946 109 78. Muorspar shipped from mines in Illinois and the United States, by uses, 1939-1946 Ill 79. Specifications of chief commercial grades of fluorspar 114 80. Fluorspar shipped from Illinois mines, by tonnage and value, 1939-1946 116 81. Principal mills in Illinois equipped to produce acid or ceramic grade fluorspar 118 82. Fluorspar shipped from mines in Illinois by kinds and by uses, 1944-1946 119 83. Zinc, lead, and silver recovered from ores mined in Illinois, 1945 and 1946 121 84. Miscellaneous minerals, sold or used by producers in Illinois, 1942-1946 121 85. Minerals processed, but mostly not mined in Illinois, sold or used bv processors in Illinois, 1944- 1946 .' 122 ILLINOIS MINERAL INDUSTRY IN 1946 BY Walter H. Voskuil INTRODUCTION THF: Illinois mineral industry is a key factor in creating and supporting the industrial activity in Illinois and, to con- siderable extent, in other states of the Upper Mississippi Valley. The primary materials of industrial production — fuels and iron ore, the latter from the Lake Superior district — are available in abundant quantities and are assembled for processing at a low cost on Lake Michigan near the large market of Chicago and of smaller cities in the industrial belt. There are abundant cheaply mined and good quality coals at points accessible to manufacturing centers. In addition to this, certain min- erals essential to the processing of primary steel, such as refractory materials and fluxes, are also present in the area, together with a variety of mineral products for foundry, chemical, construction, and other uses. This wide array of manufacturing indus- tries lies in the center of one of the most efficient and low-cost food producing areas in the United States, if not in the world. A fertile soil has provided an area of high food yields, a mechanized agriculture has brought production costs down to a low level, a flat topography has aided in the introduction of cost-saving farm machinery and the low cost of transporting farm prod- ucts to consuming centers, and the use of power on farms, by displacing animal power, has added millions of acres to the farm land available for the production of food. The unusual and excellent endowment of industrial, mineral, and agricultural resources offers opportunities for production and employment that are probably un- matched elsewhere. The wide variety of mineral production in the State and the high rank of Illinois among the states in the production of several of these minerals, as shown in table 1, indicates the State's important position as a mineral producer. Not only is Illinois an important pro- ducer of minerals, but it also ranks high as a center for the processing of mineral raw materials from the raw condition into primary raw materials for the use of indus- try. This is shown in tables 1 and 2 and figure 1. Acknowledgments This report is made possible through the cooperation of the Bureau of Mines of the United States Department of the Interior, the Illinois State Department of Mines and Minerals, and the cooperation of mineral producers throughout Illinois in furnishing information regarding their operation. Special acknowledgment is made to Doug- las F. Stevens and Miss Ethel M. King, who have assembled the statistics for the report on stone, sand, gravel, clay and clay products, silica and tripoli, and the metals ; to Mrs. Nina T. Hamrick for assisting in the preparation of the sections on petro- leum, natural gas, and fluorspar; and to W. L. Busch for aid in preparation of the sec- tion on coal. Each section of this report was prepared in close collaboration with the heads of the several mineral research divisions of the Illinois State Geological Survey. Special assistance and advice were contributed by Ralph E. Grim, Petrographer and Princi- pal Geologist in charge of the Geological Resources Section; G. H. Cady, Senior Geologist and Head of the Coal Division ; A. H. Bell, Geologist and Head of the Oil and Gas Division ; J. E. Lamar, Geologist and Head, and Robert M. Grogan, Asso- ciate Geologist, both of the Industrial Minerals Division; F. H. Reed, Chief Chemist and Head, and G. C. Finger, Chemist and Head of the Fluorspar Divi- sion, both of the Geochemistry section. [9 ILLINOIS MINER/1 L INDUSTRY IN 1946 ECONOMIC REVIEW OF THE MINERAL INDUSTRIES General The most significant feature in the min- eral industries in the year 1946 has been a substantial rise in prices. Coal advanced from an average per ton value, f.o.b. mines from $2.34 to $2.57 in Illinois and $3.06 to $3.40 in the nation. Oil prices in Illinois rose from a pre-war level of $1.32 to $2.07. Higher prices are reported for sand, gravel, and stone. Production of coal fell from 578 million tons in 1945 to 532 million tons in 1946, a drop of 8 percent. Consumption fell from 560 million tons in 1945 to 500 million tons in 1946, a drop of 11 percent. Crude oil production and demand in the post-war period are being sustained at war levels. Production of petroleum in the United States in the year ending December 1946 was 1,733,424,000 barrels as compared with 1,713,655,000 barrels for the year ending December 1945. Illinois gained slightly in 1946 with a total of 75.297,000 barrels as compared with 75,094,000 barrels in the previous year. The sustained demand for oil products after the war was unexpected and contrary to forecasts by students of the oil industry. Difficulties in the coal industry in the past year have brouglit about some changes in the pattern of fuel consumption. One of the significant developments in fuel use is the trend toward Diesel-powered loco- motives. This trend has gained impetus since 1940 when Diesel installations rose from 797 in that year to 3,100 in 1945, and Diesel fuel consumption rose from 62,175,- 000 gallons to 522,681,000 gallons in 1946. This is calculated to be an equivalent of 22,000,000 tons of coal. Limestone and dolomite increased in amount from 11 million tons to 15 million tons and in value from 11 million dollars to nearly 17 million dollars. Silica sand showed a decrease in value from 3.7 million dollars in 1945 to 3.2 million dollars in 1946. Gravel practically doubled in value of output from 3 million to 5.7 million dol- lars. Lime output and value showed little change. Fluorspar Shipments of fluorspar from mines in the United States were 277,940 tons in 1946, valued at 5.4 million dollars; this may be compared with 323,961 tons in 1945 val- ued at 5 million dollars. Illinois maintained its rank as the chief producing state in 1946 by supplying 56 percent of total shipments. The Long-term Outlook Beyond the immediate economic condi- tions in the mineral industries is the long- term outlook for a continued flow of min- eral supplies. The heavy draft upon our mineral resources during the war and the necessity of imposing restrictions upon civilians in the free use of minerals has given rise to concern over the adequacy of mineral supply. The period encompassing World War II and the years immediately following may mark a turning point in mineral exploitation and utilization. The period in which the minerals were obtained from rich favorably placed deposits — the high-grade ores of the Mesabi range, the enormous low^-cost oil reservoir of East Texas, the choice coking coals of the stra- tegically located Connelsville coking coal — is giving way to an era in which it will be necessary to make use of lower grade materials or less easily accessible sources for coal, petroleum, iron ore, copper, lead, and zinc. Some of the more significant changes in the offing are as follows: In coal, a forseeable depletion of the elite type of coking coal deposits of low— ash and low-sulphur content, and the need for ex- ploring the feasibility of obtaining metal- lurgical coke from hitherto non-coking coals. Of local significance is the imminent depletion of some of the choice sections of No. 6 coal in southern Illinois and the need for developing less favorable portions of this coal seam. In petroleum, the trend has been definitch toward deeper horizons in new drilling, more extended efforts in secondary recovery m old fields, the commercial development of synthetic processes for making liquid fuel out of natural gas, and a distinct possibility ECONOMIC REVlEpy 550 500 450 400 350 300 250 200 150 100 1914 '15 '20 '25 '30 '3 5 '40 '45 Fig. 1. — Value of annual mineral production in Illinois, 1914-1945. that this process may be applied to coal in the not too distant future. In iron ore, the life of the high-grade iron ore supplies in the Lake Superior dis- trict is now recognized as limited in dura- tion and, in anticipation of depletion, alternative sources of ore must be sought. Potentially these are obtainable from the vast tonnages of low-grade ore in the Su- perior district, or from high-grade ore de- posits in Canada, Cuba, Venezuela, Brazil, Sweden, Sierre Leone, Labrador, and Chile. Table 1.— Summary of Mineral Production of Material Detail table Unit 1944 Line No. Quantity Value at plants Rank among states Total Av. Amt. Value 1 Coal — bituminous 21,23 31,32 32 32 53,54 60 61 62 63 63 64 65 66 67 68 82 83 84 Tons Bbls. M cu. ft. M cu. ft. Gals. Tons Bbls. Tons Tons Eqv. tons Tons Tons Ions Tons Troy ozs. Tons 77,400,000 77,413,000 * 18,137,000 * 15,546,000 61,351,000 133,018,000 $172,602,000 * 107, 370, 000 * 1,128,000 * 855,000 3,870,000 4,130,000 $2.23 1.39 * .062 * .055 .063 .031 3 6 * 15 6 3 4 013 6 8 3 1 2 1 1 1 1 18 14 21 4 2 3 4 1 Petroleum Crude oil Natural gas — marketed Natural gas — used in fields . . Natural gasoline 6 *16 5 6 Liquefied petroleum gases. . . Stoney rock products Limestone, dolomite, marl. . . Cement 3 7 8 9 10,668,128 3,597,074 290,988 548 *117,353,000 10,689,477 5,592,703 2,266,539 4,774 1.00 1.55 7.78 8.71 3 ci4 10 Lime 5 11 Canister, sandstone ClaySy clay products Clays (except fuller's earth) . . Fuller's earth 12 13 14 188,604 42,277 200,021 737,587 * 18,553,493 500,113 390,346 4,053,387 4,258,517 6,764,620 2.65 9.23 20.26 5.77 14 4 15 16 Clay products— refractories. . Structural 3 17 Whiteware and pottery Sand and gravel Silica sand 18 19 3,331,185 2,956,570 6,057,765 15,966,983 4,642,979 1,450.369 2,968,300 1.39 .49 .49 1 ?,0 Other sand ?,1 Gravel 2 Silica and tripoli Ground silica 22 23 12,345,520 156,353 12,031 9,061,648 1,076,785 205,732 .73 6.88 17 02 1 24 Tripoli ("amorphous" silica). Fluorspar 1 25 76 168,384 176,259 7,262 1,971 2,437 1,282,517 5,954,991 1,655,736 315,360 1,733 7.62 33 79 228.00 160.00 0.711 1 1 27 Metals Zinc 18 28 Lead 14 29 Silver 21 Miscellaneous minerals . . . . 30 31 * 19,192 1,972,829 * 84,856 *4.43 Annual mineral production 32 — * 342,832,317 — 5 33 34 Minerals processed^ but mostly not mined in Illinois^ Coke and byproducts Packaged fuel 30,85 85 Tons 1,837 5,686,397 234,245 148,100 47,330,798 23,037 118,953,078 2,328,395 33,766,764 * 4,431,111 12.54 20.92 10.00 228.00 6 5 4 2 f 3 5 5 3S Pig iron 4 36 Sulfuric acid 2 37 38 Slab zinc (out-of-state ore). . Miscellaneous minerals processed^ f 3 Total minerals processed 39 — *206,833,183 — 40 Total minerals produced and processed *iS549,665.500 * Revised figures. •' Compiled from various sources ^ Subject to revision. <^ Rank among districts — U. S. Bureau of Mines staled in each table. See footnotes for each table. Illinois, Sold or Used by Producers, 1944-1946* 1945 1946 Quantity Value at plants Rank among states Quantity Value at plants Percent change in amount from 1945 Percent change in value from 1945 Rank among states Line No. Total Av. Total Av. Amt. Val. Amt. Val. 73,446,900 *$171,866,000 *$2.34 3 4 62,554,000 $163,881,000 $2.57 -14.8 - 4.7 1 * 75,094,000 * 16,663,000 * 15,544,000 55,233,000 120,683,000 * 105,130,000 * 1,016,000 838,000 3,330,000 3,980,000 * 1.40 * .061 * .054 .06 .033 6 14 6 3 6 15 5 3 75,297,000 («) 51,200,000 109,834,000 118,216,290 («) («) 3,070,000 4,173,692 1.57 0.06 0.038 + 0.3 - 7.3 - 8.9 + 12.4 - 7.8 + 4.8 2 3 4 5 6 — * 114,294,000 — — 125,459,982 — — + 9.7 7 * 11,122,679 * 4,382,000 287 , 607 8,573 * 11,340,341 * 7,089,000 2,228,909 10,791 1.02 * 1.62 7.75 1.26 4 6 3 5 15.242,858 ^ 6,270,000 273,616 8,336 16,609,721 b 11,600,000 2,243,438 10,900 1.09 1.85 8.20 1.30 +37,0 +43.0 - 4.9 - 2.8 +46.5 +64.0 + 0.7 + 1.0 8 9 10 11 — * 20,669,041 — — b 30,464,059 — — +47.4 12 169,429 43,664 227,755 1,123,775 510,979 403,085 4,170,977 7,486,053 6,920,883 3.02 9.23 18.31 6.66 8 3 14 4 172,894 33,134 208,802 1,752,428 568,384 296,637 5,170,788 14,752,254 12,274,324 3.29 8.95 24.81 8.42 + 2.0 -24.1 - 8.3 +55.9 + 11.2 -26.4 +24.0 +97.0 +77.4 13 14 15 16 17 — 19,491,977 _ — 33,062,387 — — +69.6 18 2,576,460 3,306,383 6,093,060 3,723,731 1,708,718 2,975,805 1.45 .49 .49 1 2 1 2 2,256,503 4,810,604 10,232,669 3,407,547 2,829,148 5,792,757 1.51 .59 .57 -12.8 +45.5 +67.9 - 8.4 +65.6 +94.7 19 20 21 11,975,903 8,408,254 .70 17,299,776 12,029,452 .70 +44.5 +43.1 22 140,376 11,144 935,389 184,189 6.66 16.53 1 1 1 1 1 1 138,023 1,002,836 7.27 - 1.7 + 7.2 23 24 151,520 1,119,578 7 45 138,023 1,002,836 — — — 25 147,251 5,014,807 34.06 1 1 154,525 5,493,642 35.55 + 4.9 + 9.5 26 8,310 * 3,005 * 2,198 * 1,911,300 * 516,860 * 1,563 230.00 172.00 0.711 18 *14 *20 18 *14 *20 8,771 3.931 2,532 2,175,208 794,062 2,046 248.00 202.00 .808 + 4.3 +30.8 + 15.2 + 13.8 +53.6 +30.9 27 28 29 — * 2,429,723 — — 2,971,316 — — +22.3 30 * 17,846 83,814 * 4.70 5 C^) («) — — — 31 — * 343,377,194 — — ^374,364,674 — — + 9.0 32 16,690 5,061,368 216,482 116,669 44,642,444 186,593 116,303,897 2,186,468 26,833,850 11.20 22.98 10.10 230.00 6 4 2 f 3 6 4 2 f 3 43,191,213 , I - 3.3 33 34 35 36 37 — * 3,505,218 — — 3,599,238 — — + 2.7 38 — * 193,658,470 — — 46,790,451 — — 39 *$537,035,664 b$421,155,125 40 •^ Other processed minerals produced in Illinois include pig lead, expanded vermiculite alumina, phospliates, etc., but data for them are not available. " Not available, * Rank among states for total slab zinc smelted. » Includes mineral wool. 14 ILLINOIS MINERAL INDUSTRY IN 1946 Table 2. — Value of Illinois Mineral Production Summary of Annual Values, 1914-1946''' (In thousands of dollars "^ 1914. 15. 1916, 17. 18. 19 20. 1921. 22. 23. 24. 25. 1926. 27. 28. 29. 30. 1931 . 32. 33. 34, 35 1936. 37. 38. 39. 40. 1941 . 42. 43 44. 45. 1946. Year Mineral production of Illinois (thousands) $117,166 114,446 146,360 234,736 271,244 213,701 373,926 254,019 244,618 282,761 235,796 231,658 237,242 180,394 188,099 182,791 148 311 108,066 71,693 74,837 89,212 96,484 117,916 133,437 130,155 215,157 287,327 333,225 341,835 *337,912 *342,832 *343,377 374,365 Minerals processed, but mostly not mined, in Illinois (thousands) % 44,843 82,871 130,082 144,754 149,740 95,077 137,228 54,136 85,820 142.131 95,506 118,702 119.642 105,099 110,622 125,516 89,303 52,014 24,385 34.786 41,405 57,038 78,693 104,359 50,482 86,324 114,814 168,338 199,281 *22 1,939 *206,833 *193,658 46,790 Total minerals produced and processed (thousands) $162,009 197.317 276,442 379,490 420,984 308,778 511,154 308,155 330,438 424,892 331,302 350.360 356,884 285,493 298,721 308,307 237.614 160,080 96,078 109,623 130,617 153,522 196,609 237,796 180,637 301,481 402,141 501,563 541,116 *559,851 *549,666 *537.036 421,155 Revised figures. Compiled from following sources: For years 1914-1922, Incl. — U. S. Geological Survey, Mineral Resources of United States. 1923-1931, " — U. S. Bur. Mines, Mineral Resources of United States. 1932-1938, " — U. S. Bur. Mines, Minerals Yearbooks. 1939-1946, " — Summary of canvass made by Illinois (Jeologiial Survey and U. S. and from Minerals Yearbooks. Bureau of Mines, Clearly, the steel industry and the nation are faced with the necessity of formulating a policy with respect to ore development — a policy which can have the effect of mak- ing far reaching changes in the geographical inittern of the American Steel industry. DEPLliTlON OF Ri:Sl