\ 
 
 SPEECH 
 
 HON. JULIUS KAHN, 
 
 OF CALIFORNIA, 
 
 IN THE 
 
 HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES, 
 
 Monday, February i8, 1007. 
 
 7170 
 
 WASHINGTON. 
 
 1907 . 
 

 
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 ( 7 > 
 
 SPEECH 
 
 OP 
 
 HON. JULIUS KAHN. 
 
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 The House having under consideration the conference report on the 
 bill (S. 4403) to amend an act entitled “An act to regulate the immi¬ 
 gration of aliens into the United States,” approved March 3, 1903— 
 
 Mr. KAHN said: 
 
 Mr. Speaker : The proviso at the end of the first section of 
 this bill, while it does not go as far as Members upon this floor 
 from the State of California would desire, nevertheless meets 
 with their hearty approval. The conditions that require such a 
 provision are these: The Japanese Government itself, we are 
 informed, does not desire its cooly laborers to come to the 
 mainland of the United States; therefore it positively refuses 
 to issue passports to those coolies to come to the mainland of 
 this country; and no Japanese cooly can leave the home 
 country without a passport. But there are many and large 
 Japanese interests in Hawaii, and so the Japanese Government 
 readily grants its laborers passports to our island possessions. 
 So the cooly asks for a passport to Hawaii and lands there in 
 due season. As soon as he sets foot on American soil at Hono¬ 
 lulu he is no longer under the jurisdiction of his home Govern¬ 
 ment, and shortly thereafter he takes passage to the mainland 
 of the United States. Now, we believe that this provision, if 
 enacted into law, will absolutely prohibit the Japanese cooly 
 from coming to California and the mainland. 
 
 Mr. GILBERT. Mr. Speaker- 
 
 Mr. KAHN. I can not yield; I have only two minutes. 
 
 The SPEAKER. The gentleman declines to yield. 
 
 Mr. KAHN. As I said, we believe it will prohibit these 
 coolies from coming from the island possessions to the mainland, 
 and since the cooly can not procure a passport from the Japa¬ 
 nese Government to come to the mainland, we feel that it will 
 wipe out all cause of friction that now exists because these 
 coolies come. We accept it because we believe it to be a step in 
 the right direction. We have had great experience in exclusion 
 legislation. It took us four years to get the first Chinese-immi- 
 gration law. It took us ten years more to secure the first 
 Chinese-exclusion law. This present legislation comes to us 
 within one year after our people have asked for Japanese ex¬ 
 clusion. We hope it may prove effective. At any rate, we 
 from California are willing to give it a trial. We believe, as 
 I have already stated, that it is a step in the right direction, 
 and therefore we heartily indorse it. Mr. Speaker, I desire to 
 print, as a part of my remarks, an address I recently delivered 
 in the city of Boston, and which, I believe, expresses the views of 
 a large majority of the people of California: 
 
 Speech of Hon. Julius Kahn on '^Asiatie immigration ” "before the 
 Middlesex Club, Boston, Mass., February 12, 1907. 
 
 Because the people of California have taken a decided stand in favor 
 of the exclusion of Asiatic coolies they are too frequently charged with 
 being intolerant and provincial. They are neither. On the contrary, 
 
 7170 3 
 
4 
 
 they are among the most tolerant people in the whole world; while 
 San Francisco, the splendid metropolis of the Golden State, is one of 
 the most cosmopolitan communities on the face of the globe. Walking 
 along her busy thoroughfares one meets representatives of every race, 
 of every land, of every clime—and even the occasional immigrant from 
 the distant Indies, clothed in the strange, fantastic garb of his native 
 land, scarcely excites passing comment. It is not at all strange that 
 such should be the case. The very manner in which the State was set¬ 
 tled bred a spirit of tolerance from the very beginning. 
 
 When the news was heralded to the nations of the world that gold 
 had been found within the confines of the newly acquired territory of 
 the United States known as “ California,’’ a steady stream of sturdy, 
 hardy, adventurous pioneers set their faces toward the land of the set¬ 
 ting sun. Some braved all the dangers of a six months’ journey across 
 the plains, through lands infested by tribes of hostile and marauding 
 Indians ; others risked their lives in creaking hulks that made the long 
 and tedious voyage around the storm-swept seas of Cape Horn ; while 
 . others still defied the malignant fevers that lurked in the swamps of 
 the Isthmus of Panama ; all of them eager to seek fame and fortune 
 in this new Eldorado. The resolute and the brave alone reached the 
 goal. It was, in verity, a case of the survival of the fittest. The 
 weaklings and the cowards fell by the wayside or returned ignomin- 
 iously to their homes and friends. There were few in that great out¬ 
 pouring of Argonauts that had passed middle life. Most of them were 
 young men of good education and good breeding. In the mad quest 
 for the precious yellow metal religious and political lines were oblit¬ 
 erated and all men felt that they were kin. The proud planter from 
 the Southern States bunked in the same cabin with the humble farmer 
 from New England. Immigrants from all the nations of Europe, to 
 say nothing of Australia and South America, clasped hands ’neath 
 the azure skies of glorious California and forgot the antagonisms of 
 countless ages. Why, the very conditions that prevailed in the mining 
 camps and in the pueblos made these men tolerant of the rights of 
 others. 
 
 But they had not been in the Golden State more than two or three 
 years when the first Asiatic coolies made their appearance among them. 
 These were Chinese, who had been brought from their native land under 
 contract to work in the gold mines. From the very outset their pres¬ 
 ence was iooked upon as a menace. Their habits, their customs, their 
 method of living, and the low wages for which they worked at once 
 caused a strong antipathy to spring up against them. This feeling 
 gradually grew stronger and stronger as they came in increasing num¬ 
 bers during the succeeding years, until it finally culminated in the pas¬ 
 sage of the so-called “ Chinese-exclusion laws,” under the terms of 
 which their number has decreased materially during the past ten years. 
 
 But during these ten years a new invasion of Asiatic coolies has be¬ 
 gun to threaten the peace and the welfare of the people of California. 
 However, I deem it but proper to state at this time, and in this pres¬ 
 ence, that there is no antagonism on the Pacific coast to the .Japanese 
 of the better class, such as scholars, professional men, bankers, and 
 merchants. The opposition i.s entirely directed against the cooly. or 
 laboring, class. And I say frankly that the .Japanese cooly is much 
 more feared in California than is his meek, docile, childlike, and bland 
 counterpart from the vicinage of Canton. 
 
 As a matter of fact, the .Japanese cooly did not make his appearance 
 among us to any appreciable extent prior to the close of the China-.Japan 
 war. Since then, however, he has been coming in constantly increasing 
 numbers, and during the past year he has been landing at the port of 
 San Francisco at the rate of a thousand or more every month. He 
 comes by way of Hawaii, where his countrymen already outnumber the 
 representatives of all other races. His own Government refuses to give 
 him a passport to the mainland of the United States, and none of the 
 cooly class can leave .Japan without one of these passports. So he 
 takes his permit for Hawaii and in due season he arrives at Honolulu. 
 Once landed in the “ Paradise of the Pacific,” his home Government has 
 no further control over him, and he promptly takes the very next 
 steamer for San Francisco. He is not altogether an unskilled laborer, 
 and almost immediately after his arrival at the Golden Gate he enters 
 Into direct competition with white skilled mechanics. Our experience 
 with him has taught us that even where he begins work as an unskilled 
 laborer he does not stay at it very long. He soon branches out in busi¬ 
 ness for him.self as a contractor, a restaurant keeper, a florist, or some 
 other vocation of that kind. Now, that in itself is commendable enough ; 
 but the moment he has put up his sign he begins to cut the bottom out 
 of prices. As a general rule he has no family to support, for most of 
 the Japanese that come to the United States are males. They are not 
 7170 
 
accompanied by their wives and children to any great extent, as is the 
 case with European immigrants. In fact, most of the .Japanese women 
 that land upon our shores are brought here for immoral purposes. And 
 80 , since he has few mouths to feed, and since he can make a good 
 meal on a handful of rice, a piece of dried fish, and a cup of tea, he 
 can afford to, and, as a matter of fact, he does sell his commodities at 
 about one-half the price his Caucasian neighbor is compelled to charge. 
 Under such circumstances it is small wonder that there is an outcry 
 against him from our shopkeepers and our laboring classes. California, 
 by reason of her geographical location, has to bear the brunt of this 
 fight. Those who do not understand the conditions that prevail in that 
 State are too apt to condemn her people for their stand on the question 
 of Asiatic immigration. But it is a case of self-preservation with us, and 
 if conditions were reversed and the great hordes of Asiatic coolies were 
 to make their American debut on the shores of Massachusetts, yo\i 
 would probably have an outcry here compared to which the protest 
 that comes from California bears the same proportion that a balmy 
 summer zephyr bears to a genuine Nebraska blizzard. 
 
 Suppose, for the sake of argument, that Boston were the nearest port 
 to Japan and that your suburbs, even as they are at present, were the 
 seats of large manufacturing interests, especially in the production of 
 shoes and cotton goods. It is an admitted fact that during recent 
 years the Japanese have made marvelous progress in the manufacture 
 of cotton goods. In the mills now being operated in Japan the opera¬ 
 tive receives from 10 to 15 cents a day, with long hours of labor and 
 no Sunday rest. After he has learned how to handle the machinery 
 properly the Japanese operator feels that he can better his condition 
 by coming to Boston, where he can purchase the commodities he con¬ 
 sumes about as cheaply as he can in his own country, and where he 
 can well afford to work for 40 or 50 cents a day, which is three or four 
 hundred per cent more than he can earn on his native heath in the same 
 line of endeavor. A few of these laborers come over at first and excite 
 little attention. These find that the field is a productive one, and 
 shortly each incoming steamer brings them in in larger numbers. Grad¬ 
 ually they begin to displace your white laborers in the cotton mills. 
 Soon after they attack your woolen mills, then your shoe factories, and 
 almost at the same time they go into your fishing industry and drive 
 the fishermen of Gloucester and Cape Cod to the wall. Your white 
 laborers find that they can not—and, what is more, they will not—come 
 down to the standard of living of the Japanese. They soon realize that 
 it is a struggle for existence between Caucasian civilization and the 
 civilization of Asia. Which would your people espouse? Which ought 
 your people to espouse? Do you think the citizens of your Common¬ 
 wealth would allow the white man to be driven out of the factories and 
 workshops, or do you think they would take the attitude taken by the 
 people of California on this question? 
 
 I have repeatedly stated, since this question of the exclusion of Japa¬ 
 nese coolies has come to vex us, that there is no animosity toward the 
 .sons of Nippon, as such, in the Golden State. Her people have admired 
 and still admire the splendid progress the Japanese have made during 
 the comparatively brief period that has elapsM since the doors of Dai 
 Nippon were swung open to the commerce of occidental nations. Their 
 art has won plaudits from the aesthetic in every land. They have rqade 
 giant strides in science, in literature, in manufactures. Their patriot¬ 
 ism and love of country have challenged the admiration of mankind and 
 may well be emulated by other nationalities. And, finally, their prow¬ 
 ess as brave and courageous defenders of flag and country has been a 
 revelation to the ministries of the world. They have a right to feel 
 proud of their achievements, and we cheerfully accord to them all the 
 praise and all the honor those achievements merit. But we feel that 
 we can admire them just as well from the vantage ground of a respect¬ 
 ful distance. Nor need our hypersensitive Japanese friends feel that 
 we want to wound their feelings when we say that. 
 
 After all, commerce between nations is only an amplification of trade 
 between individuals. In our complex business life in these United 
 States there are millions of buyers and sellers who de^al with each 
 other year in and year out. They meet in the marts of trade, make 
 their purchases, pay their bills, and separate until another transaction 
 again brings them into personal contact. In the interim each goes his 
 particular way, as though the other had no existence. Because a large 
 storekeeper buys an extensive bill of voods from a leading manufacturer 
 it does not necessarily become incumbent upon the latter to introduce 
 the former into his household and take him into the bosom of his 
 family. Every man’s house is his castle, and because some gentleman 
 happens to be a good customer it does not necessarily follow that one 
 must open one’s home to him and invite him to become a guest of one’s 
 7170 
 
household. And It seems to me that the same general principle applies 
 with equal force to international commerce. Relatively speaking, the 
 citizens of these United States represent a great family, while the citi¬ 
 zens of Japan represent another. And they ought to be able to still 
 buy from each other, sell to each other, and transact business generally 
 with each other without the necessity, however, of either taking the 
 laborers of the other into the bosoms of their respective families. 
 
 In this country of ours, with its divers and sometimes conflicting in¬ 
 terests it takes a long time to bring about a decided sentiment on such 
 an important question as the exclusion of any particular race. In the 
 matter of Chinese exclusion, although the residents of California were 
 practically a unit on the subject, it took four long years of constant and 
 aggressive agitation to bring about the enactment of the first Chinese 
 immigration laws. And although a quarter of a c«ntury has rolled 
 around since then I think the overwhelming sentiment of the people of 
 this country is in favor of the rigid enforcement of those laws, provided 
 always that no personal indignities are visited upon those Chinese who 
 are specially exempted from the provisions of those laws. 
 
 And therefore the people of California, with the experiences of the 
 past to gu’de them, had looked forward to a long and bitter struggle to 
 secure the extension of the exclusion laws to .Japanese and Korean 
 coolies. But the incident of the segregation of Japanese children from 
 white children in the primary and grammar schools of San Francisco 
 at once brought the question of the exclusion of Japanese laborers into 
 the foreground and made it a burning, vital issue. For some reason 
 or other in the discussion of the matter of the segregation of pupils an 
 effort has been made to create the impression throughout the country 
 that San Francisco had denied all Japanese children admission into 
 her public schools. No such step has even been contemplated. The 
 action of the school board simply contemplated the consolidation of all 
 Japanese school children under one roof, and it has been generally ad¬ 
 mitted that the school provided for these Japanese and other oriental 
 children was equally as good as were the schools attended by white chil¬ 
 dren. The corps of instructors were experienced in their work and 
 compared most favorably with the teachers in the other schools of the 
 city. It is not my purpose to discuss this school question this evening. 
 My individual opinion is, and always has been, that every State in the 
 Union has the absolute right to regulate her own schools in any man¬ 
 ner she sees fit and that no outsider, not even the President of the 
 United States, has the right to interfere. But the courts will probably 
 pass upon that subject, and anything that I may say upon it would be 
 purely academic. Unfortunately, however, the discussion of the school 
 (juestion has constantly carried more or less war talk in its train. 
 Personally, I have never taken any stock in such talk. I have always 
 felt that the good common sense of the two nations would assert itself 
 and that a solution would be found which would be creditable alike to 
 the people of our own Government and the Government of Japan. I 
 believe such a programme is now fairly under way and that there is 
 every prospect for an early settlement of the much-discussed question. 
 .\nd in its solution I hope the question of the exclusion of Japanese 
 coolies will likewise be determined. 
 
 It has been generally believed on the Pacific coast that the manu¬ 
 facturers of this country are the most pronounced opponents to the 
 enactment of exclusion laws. If that be true, let me say to those 
 manufacturers that the fear of the sale of a few bolts of cotton cloth 
 is not a sufficient argument with which to answer the cry of the Cau¬ 
 casian population of the Pacific coast against being overwhelmed by 
 the yellow and brown hordes from the shores of Asia. The experience 
 of many years has taught us that occidental and oriental civilizations 
 will not mix. The Chinese and Japanese may dwell among us for cen¬ 
 turies. but at the end they will still remain Chinese and Japanese. 
 The Chinatowns of our California communities have been in existence 
 for upward of fifty years, and in all that time there has been no ad¬ 
 mixture of the races. And so in the Orient “ East is east and West 
 is west.” The Caucasians who have settled in the Far East never in¬ 
 termingle and mix and intermarry with their Chinese or Japanese 
 neighbors, but occupy a settlement or compound separate and apart 
 from the brown or yellow races. As Henry Norman has so well put 
 it in his book. The Far East—and to my mind his description sums up 
 the entire situation in a few sentences—“ We may like Japan and ad¬ 
 mire her and trade with her. and for my part I do not think it possible 
 to know .Japan without both liking and admiring her greatly; and 
 Japan may like us and appropriate our knowledge and trade with us. 
 But Englishman, American, Frenchman, or German is one kind of hu¬ 
 man being and Japanese is another. Between them stands, and will 
 stand forever, the sacred and ineradicable distinction of race.” 
 
 7170 
 
I 
 
 7 
 
 That tells the whole story. And the sooner our countrymen realize 
 It and recognize it the sooner this whole vexed question will be settled 
 and settled right. And in settling it right we need not fear that our 
 commerce will be made to suffer. We will have our good years and 
 our bad years of trade. There will be ups and downs, successes and re¬ 
 verses, all arising out of and influenced and regulated by purely local 
 conditions. For myself I have always felt that while for some years 
 to come we will get our fair share of the oriental trade, so far as that 
 trade relates to manufactured articles, the time would ultimately come 
 when all European countries as well as ourselves would lose all or 
 nearly all of that trade. It is only a question of years ere the native 
 populations of the Far East will have learned to produce the manu¬ 
 factured commodities we now sell them. The reports of American and « 
 English consular oflicers published within the past month or two are 
 indicative of what the future has in store. According to their state¬ 
 ments Japanese shirtings, drills, and other cloths made in Japan and 
 China is “ good cloth, well woven, and gives American cloth serious 
 competition,” The Japanese are great imitators. Give them a pat¬ 
 tern and in short order they can produce it to perfection. Some of 
 you may have read of the withdrawal of the Colt’s Patent Fire Arms 
 Manufacturing Company from Japan, an account of which was pub¬ 
 lished in the newspapers of this country two or three months ago. I 
 sent the accounts to the president of the company, asking him to kindly 
 let me know the true facts in regard to the matter. In due season I 
 received the following reply : 
 
 Hartford, Conn., January U, 1907. 
 
 lion, Julius Kahn, 
 
 House of Representatives, Washington, D. C. 
 
 Sir : I beg to acknowledge receipt of your favor of the 12th Instant; 
 also the newspaper clippings within referred to. The paragraph in the 
 clipping referring to the market for the product of the Colt’s Patent 
 Fire Arms Manufacturing Company in the Far East as having been 
 practically destroyed is true; also the report of the British army 
 officer, although he did not make the investigation at the request of 
 this company. He reported that he found in southern China a Chinese 
 arms factory, under the superintendence of Japanese, which was manu¬ 
 facturing the Colt automatic guns. It was also reported to us that 
 the Japanese, previous to their war with Russia, manufactured a large 
 number of Colt automatic and Gatling guns at the armories in Japan, 
 ind this we have every reason to ^believe is true, as during the past 
 eighteen months we have receivea no inquiry for machine guns from 
 the Far East. 
 
 It is well known that with very little teaching the Japanese make 
 very skillful mechanics, and the low rate of labor in China and Japan 
 makes it impossible for the American manufacturer to compete with 
 them. 
 
 Respectfully, Colt^s Patent Fire Arms Mfg, Co., 
 
 L. C. Grover, President. 
 
 Surely Mr. Grover can not be charged with having the so-called 
 “bigoted and intolerant” notions of the people of California; but, 
 like the latter, he has had actual experiences with the little brown 
 men. Mr. Grover hails from New England, and we from California 
 are glad to accept and welcome him as a friend and ally. 
 
 But the case of the Colt company is only a forerunner of what we 
 may expect to happen with our oriental trade. Japan is just as am¬ 
 bitious commercially as we are. She will exert every effort to build 
 up her markets at our expense. She has given evidence that she will 
 even subsidize her manufacturers, if it shall become necessary, for 
 them to control their markets. And I have always felt that if ever a 
 clash of arms shall occur between the two nations it will arise as a 
 result of our own commercial expansion interfering with the commer¬ 
 cial expansion of our powerful neighbor on the other side of the 
 Pacific. 
 
 In that connection it is well to bear in mind that both the Japanese 
 nation and the American nation are alike proud, sensitive, ambitious, 
 patriotic, aggressive. Just as we desire to be the dominant power on 
 the American Continent, so .Japan aspires to be the dominant power in 
 Asia. She is already stirring China out of her lethargy of ages, and 
 when that great, inert mass of humanity shall have been aroused into 
 action the whole world will have to sit up and take notice. There is a 
 strong antiforeign sentiment in both .Japan and China. True, the 
 argument is often made that the United States is the traditional friend 
 of both of these oriental countries. But in my study of world politics 
 1 have learned to believe that at the psychological moment this tradi- 
 
 7170 
 
tiorial-friendship business turns out to be a pure myth, lake the his¬ 
 tory of our own country, for instance. We certainly were indebted to 
 France for her unstinted support during the Revolutionary war, and 
 yet in 1798 we made actual preparation to go to war with our whilom 
 traditional friend. The immortal Washington himself was appointed 
 Lieutenant-General of the American forces in anticipation of the con¬ 
 flict which then seemed inevitable. 
 
 During the civil war all the nations of Europe recognized the bellig¬ 
 erent rights of the Southern Confederacy with one exception—Russia, 
 Ever since that unfortunate period in our country’s history we have 
 loved to speak of our traditional friendship for the Empire of the Czar. 
 But in the late unpleasantness between the Russ and the Jap our 
 friendship for the former was suddenly chilled by the wintry blasts 
 that blew across the steppes of Siberia, while the cockles of our hearts 
 were aglow with the warmth of our sympathy for the little brown men 
 of Dai Nippon. 
 
 Surely the latter should have reciprocated our sentiments, but if 
 the history of the period immediately succeeding the signing of the 
 treaty of peace at Portsmouth has been correctly written, it will show 
 that the failure on the part of the Japanese peace envoys to re¬ 
 ceive a money indemnity from the hated Tartar did much to cool, among 
 the Japanese masses at least, the traditional friendship that has been 
 said to exist between Japan and this country, lo, these many years. 
 
 And then let us take the case of China. The powers of Europe had 
 been gazing with longing eyes upon th*c boundless domains of the Celes¬ 
 tial Empire. In due season “ spheres of influence ” were speedily se¬ 
 lected, and the final dismemberment of China seemed to become the 
 question of a few brief months. Suddenly the matchless diplomacy of 
 the late John Hay came to the relief of the Chinese Government, and 
 the policy of “ the open door,” with equal privileges to all, was hailed 
 as the true solution of the dismemberment problem. But our friendship 
 for China did not cease with that. In the settlements growing out of 
 the ” Boxer ” troubles we were able to render her material assistance in 
 reducing the amounts of indemnity demanded by the various powers. 
 At any rate, we exercised great moderation in presenting our own de¬ 
 mands. It was constantly asserted that China had always looked upon 
 us as her traditional friend, and when these latest acts of sympathy and 
 friendship were made manifest to her people we naturally believed 
 that the latter would never turn upon her traditional friend. But a 
 short while after a few Chinamen in California, aided and abetted, so 
 I have been informed, by a few white attorneys in that State, wrote to 
 their brethren in Canton that if the latter would only institute a boy¬ 
 cott on American products our people would immediately let down the 
 exclusion bars for fear of losing China’s trade. You all must remem¬ 
 ber how the cables were kept warm telling our people of the rapid 
 spread of the anti-American feeling in every portion of the Celestial 
 Empire. AVhere, oh, where was the traditional friendship that so many 
 people love to talk about? 
 
 And then there is the strange and wonderful case of England. She 
 had been looked upon as the traditional enemy of the Republic ever 
 since your own John Hancock inscribed his bold signature “ where all 
 nations should behold it, and all time should not efface it,” to the im¬ 
 mortal Declaration of Independence. For over a century our perfervid 
 campaign orators had been indulging in the luxurious pastime of 
 twisting the lion's tail until that noble beast was almost ready to roar 
 with anger and resentment. But in 1898 all Europe was ready to 
 interfere with our plans for the liberation of Cuba Libra. And then, 
 as is often the case, the unexpected happened. England, our tradi¬ 
 tional enemy, became our friend. Since then we have heard much 
 about “hands across the sea,” and “blood is thicker than water.” 
 Let us hope that the friendship of these two powerful nations, repre¬ 
 senting Anglo-Saxon civiK.:ation, will continue to make for the better¬ 
 ment and the uplifting of mankind in every section of the globe. 
 
 But what I wanted to emphasize was this fact: That in the develop¬ 
 ment of commerce, and the settlement of international questions, the 
 reliance upon traditional friendship is not one-half as potent or effective 
 as reliance on a fleet of good battle ships, augmented by cruisers and 
 submarines of the latest improved types, and adecpiate, modern coast- 
 defense fortifications. By continuing the construction of these we pre- 
 
 g are in time of peace to maintain peace. Forty years ago the brilliant 
 eward announced to his countrymen that the commerce of the future 
 world be carried on the waters of the Pacific Ocean. Both the United 
 States and Japan are now seeking to control that commerce. Each 
 country will make every effort to achieve its ambitions. It is the hope 
 of every patriotic American that the question may be settled without 
 resorting to the arbitrament of arms. 
 
 7170