OCT 2 i IS 10 EXTENSION BULLETIN NO. 37. BULLETIN OF THE UNIVERSITY OF NEBRASKA COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE EXTENSION SERVICE. SHORT COURSES OR EXTENSION SCHOOLS IN AGRICULTURE AND HOME ECONOMICS. Ir <* ILLIHQIS L mis Bv C. W. PUGSLEY AND P. L. GaDDIS. T (A Distributed June 15, 1916. JUDGING LIVE STOCK AT A SHORT COURSE AT HERSHEY. LINCOLN, NEBRASKA U. S. A. Distributed in Furtherance of the Purposes of the Cooperative Agricul- tural Extension Work Provided for in the Act of Congress of May 8, 1914. University of Nebraska Agricultural Extension Service and the United States Department of Agriculture Cooperating. C. W. PUGSLEY, Director of Extension Service. University of Nebraska College of Agriculture HIE EXTENSION SERVICE. Hon. William G. Valley. Hon. Philip L. Hall, Lincoln. Hon. Victor G. Lyford Samuel Avery, Ph E. A. Burnett, B. Station. J. S. Dales, M. Ph. BOARD. Lversity.) Frank L. Haller, Omaha. Edward P. I'.kown, Davey. THE GOVERNING (The Regents of t lie Univ Whitmore, Hon. Hon. Hon. John E. Miller, Lincoln President, Falls Cits'. THE UNIVERSITY OFFICERS. , D., LL. D., Chancellor. Sc., Dean, College of Agriculture; Director, Experiment , Financial Secretary. EXTENSION EXECUTIVE STAFF. C. W. Pugsley, B. Sc, Director. A. E. Anderson, A. B., County Agent Work. Maud Mathes Wilson, B. Sc, Home Economics. EXTENSION D. Wood, A. M., Agricultural En- gineering. L. Gaddis, A. B., Short Courses. T. Skinner, B. Junior Extension F. Warner, M. S bandrv. G. McMillan, B H. Propps, B. bandrv. Huldah Peterson, Junior Extension Work. Frank C. Dean, A. B., Agricultural Editor. R. E. Both well, Farmers' Institutes and Exhibits. SPECIALISTS. H. F. Williams, B. Sc, Farm Man- agement Demonstrations. R. R. Spafford, B. Sc, Assistant in Farm Management Demonstra- tions. Emma Reed Davisson, Women's Clubs. Mary A. Rokahr, A. B., Home Eco- Sc, Pig Clubs. uomics. Sc, Dairy Hus- Emma Ort, B. Sc, Home Econom- ics (Junior Work). E. H. Hoppert, B. Sc, Horticulture. AGRICULTURAL AGENTS. Agronomy ; Sc, Assistant, Work. , Animal Hus- COUNTY M. Seidell, Boxbutte County. H. Beckhoff, B. Sc, Dakota County. O. Unruh, B. Sc, Dawes County. H. Liebers, B. Sc, Gage County. E. Holland, B. Sc, Kimball County. THE E. Mead Wilcox, Ph. D., Agricultural Botany. F. W. Upson, Ph. D., Agricultural Chemistry. L. W. Chase, M. E., A. E., Agricultural Engineering. W. W. Burr, B. Sc, Agronomy. E. A. Burnett, B. Sc, Animal Husbandry. J. H. Gain, M. D. C, Animal Pathology. H. E. Bradford, A. A. G. George, B. County. C. E. Gunnels, B. County. A. C. North, B. Countv. R. H. Camp, B. County. EXTENSION COUNCIL. (Heads of Departments.) J. H. Frandsen, M. S. A., Dairy Husbandry. Lawrence Bruner, B. Sc, Entomology. H. C. Fillev, A. M., Farm Management. Alice M. Loomis. A. M., Home Economics. R. F. Howard. A. M. Horticulture. G. A. Loveland, A. M., Meteorology. Principal, School of Agriculture. Sc, Madison Sc , Seward Sc, Sheridan Sc, Thurston B. SHORT COURSES Or Extension Schools in Agriculture and Home Economics. BY C. W. PUGSLEY AND P. L. GADDIS. THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE SPECIALIZED SHORT COURSE. The special meeting, the farmers' institute, the general short course, the specialized short course — these have been the steps in the development of our agricultural extension meetings in Nebraska. When the Agricultural Experiment Station was first organized, the information obtained was sent out largely thru bulletins. These were useful in giving much information, but sometimes did not answer all the questions arising in the mind of the reader or speak of the local applications with which he was concerned. To meet the demand, men were sent out by the Agricultural College to dis- cuss subjects more fully and to answer any questions arising. These specially arranged meetings drifted into a regular yearly schedule and thus originated the farmers' institute, which is still being carried on in many communities. In some places the one-day institute was not considered suf- ficient. At such meetings subjects must of necessity be treated very briefly. There was not time for questions and discussions. As some expressed it, they hardly got started in one day. A demand arose for two- and three-day sessions. More work was then sched- uled for places where the conditions warranted. It was finally decided that the most economical use of time was to put on a four-day meeting, which would take up an entire week, allowing one day for the speakers to reach the place and arrange the work and one day to pack up and return. The first one of these "short courses," as the extended institute was called, was conducted at Pawnee City during the winter of 1907 and 1908. 4 Short Courses in Agriculture and Home Economics. For about six years, the short courses were conducted along gen- eral lines. Several men were engaged to talk at different times and upon a variety of subjects. There was a tendency for the regular extension men to handle so many subjects that they could not be well prepared on all of them. Altho this type of course was well received, the results were not as desired. The subjects were treated in a manner too general to admit of detail, which is often of im-. portance. The ideas dropped were too scattered to be of the great- est use. The course was so much the same from year to year that it was inclined to grow tiresome after two or three years. A decision was reached about two years ago to treat fewer sub- jects but to handle them in a more exhaustive manner. In the men's work, specialists were secured in the various departments, and have outlined courses in the different subjects covering four days' work. It has been the aim of the Extension Service in selecting these spe- cialists to get men having not only an agricultural education but actual farm experience as well. Really creditable work can be done when eight hours of lectures and demonstrations are given on one subject by a man who gives his time and attention almost entirely to that subject. In the women's work, there is much the same specializing. One instructor presents the topics included in the clothing and shelter problems, while another gives the work in food and dietetics. The specialized week's school, as it has been tried out in the State the past two years, is the most satisfactory meeting or course thus far devised. THE PURPOSE OF THE SHORT COURSE. When a short course is placed in a community, it is not with the idea that the people do not know how to farm nor to keep house. It is assumed that they know much about their work ; that the aver- age man is quite proficient in the management of his farm, but that his experience cannot be extensive enough to cover every phase of farming, stock raising, construction and arrangement of buildings, the u$e of machinery, and other related subjects. A conference with neighboring farmers and specialists in the different lines should be of much value. The purposes of the short course may be summed up as follows : Extension Bulletin No. 37, College of Agriculture. 5 1. To give systematic courses on subjects of general community interest. It is the aim of the instructors to make these courses as practical as possible. They are able to do this not only thru special preparation and experience but also thru constant association with farmers in all parts of the State. 2. To keep the farmer acquainted with the farm practices rec- ommended by agricultural experiment stations and the United States Department of Agriculture. Many results are obtained by the sta- tions which are applicable to the various parts of the State, often being supplemented by cooperative work with farmers. 3. To let the farmer and his wife know what is being done on successful farms in other parts of the State, and to give the instruc- tors ideas to carry to other points. The short courses serve as a connecting link between people in various parts of the State, some of whom are successful in one line of work and others in another. 4. To furnish an opportunity for the men and women of the community to meet and discuss their common problems. 5. To get the boys and the girls interested in their future work. Simply to know how work should be done is not sufficient. To know why, adds interest and pleasure to the task, and a little start along this line while young gives the boys and girls an idea of solv- ing their own problems. Many have been led to take up advanced work in agriculture and home economics thru interest aroused at the short courses. 6. To give the farmer who cannot leave his work to attend a longer course, a chance to attend a brief course close enough so that he will not have to leave home for more than a day at a time. THE PROGRAM. The short course opens on Monday evening and continues four days. The men's sessions are held from 9 to 12 a. m. and from 1 to 4 p. m. each day, and the women's sessions from 9 to 11:30 a. m. and from 1 :30 to 4 p. m. The Monday evening session is a get-acquainted meeting. The different instructors briefly outline the work of the week. An ad- dress is usually given and music by home talent completes the pro- 6 Short Courses in Agriculture and Home Economics. gram, Evening meetings later in the week are held when desired, but should not be so numerous as to draw attendance away from the day sessions where the most important work is done. The in- structors are prepared to give evening talks but special speakers are sometimes secured. COURSES OFFERED IN THE MEN'S SECTION. Department Course I Course II Course III Course 1 V Course V Agricultural Engineering Farm Equipment Motors and Automobiles Farm machinery Drainage and road building Agronomy Soils Grains Forage crops Animal Husbandry Horses Beef cattle Hogs Sheep Butchering and curing of meats Dairying Milk Production Milk and milk products Entomology Iasects in re- lation to agri- culture a n d health Mammals and birds in rela- tion to agricul- ture Farm Management Farm manage- ment problems Marketing Horticulture Farm orchard and garden Pomology Small fruit Vegetables Plant Diseases Diseases of field crops Diseases of or- chard and gar- den crops Poultry Farm poultry Rope Work 1 Knots and hitches Splices and halters Electrical Wiring 2 Simple elec- trical wiring " Rm-e work is given from 9 to 10 a. m. each day when called for and does not take the place of a regular course. 2 Electrical wiring, if desired, is siven instead of rope work at any punt wliera a course in agricultural engineering is scheduled. It does not take the place of a regular course. Morning. Farm Equipment Tues. Arrangement of Farm Build- ings Wed. The Use of Concrete on the Farm Thur. Houses and Barns Fri. Water and Lighting Systems THE COURSES OUTLINED. AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING. Afternoon. Materials Used in Construction of Buildings Mixing and Using Concrete (Dem- onstration) Silos and Silage Equinment Hay Sheds and Hog Houses Extension Bulletin No. 37, College of Agriculture. Morning. Motors and Automobiles Tues. Engine Fuels and How Used Wed. Lubricating, Ignition, and Cooling Systems Thur. Tractors — Types and Cost Fri. Automobiles — Care and Cost Afternoon. Trouble in Starting and Developing Power Cylinder, Valve, and Other Troubles Valve Grinding, Babbitting, etc. Tire Repairing, Carburetor Adjust- ment, etc. Farm Machinery Tues. Draft of Wagons and Plows Wed. Corn Planters or Mowers Thur. Tillage Machinery (Illus- trated) Fri. Hay-handling Equipment Eveners, Pulleys, Block and Tackle Timing the Binder Knotter Plow-setting Demonstration Labor-saving Devices with Models) (Illustrated is. 1. Farm tractor demonstration. Drainage and Road Building Tues. Needs and Benefits of Tile Drainage Wed. The Business Aspects of Tile Drainage Thur. Factors Making Good Roads Essential Fri. Design and Construction of Roads Planning and Construction of Tile Drainage Systems Open Ditch Drainage and Drainage Districts Essentials, Advantages, Costs, and Locations of Roads County Road Organizations 8 Short Courses in Agriculture and Home Economics. Mo AGRONOMY. Soils Tues. Wed. Thtir. Fri. Grains Tues. Wed. Thur. Fri. ruing. Afternoon. What Our Soil Is Objects and Methods of Plowing Farm Manures Rotation of Crops Grain Production in Ne- braska Wheat (continued) — Judging Adaptation and Judging of Corn Corn Growing Forage Crops Tues. Forage Crops on the Nebras ka Farm Wed. Alfalfa — Seeding Thur. The Clovers Fri. Weedy and Depleted Pas tures ANIMAL HUSBANDRY How the Plant Makes Use of the Soil Cultivation Manures and Fertilizers Practical Soil Problems Wheat Growing Oats — Smut Treatment Demonstra- tion Selection of Seed Corn Corn Growing (Eastern Nebr.) or Sorghums (Western Nebr.) Annual Crops for Silage Alfalfa — Haying Perennial Grasses Hog Pastures Hay, Fodder, and Horses Tues. Wed. What Is a Horse Worth? The Feet and the Teeth Thur. Growing and Training the Colt Fri. Feeding the Work Horse Beef Cattle Tues. Beef Cattle and General Farming Beef-cutting Demonstration Care of the Breeding Cow Feeding the Calf Wed. Thur Fri. Hogs Tues. Wed. Thur Fri. Sheep Tues. Wed. Selection of the Brood Sow Pork Cutting and Curing The Sow and Her Litter Fattening Shoats Sheep on the Small Farm Shearing Demonstration Thur. The Breeding Ewe Fri. Feeding for Mutton Butchering and Curing Meat Tues. Butchering Tools. Care of Stock Before Slaughtering Wed. Pork Cutting Thur. Pork Cuftng Fri. Sausage Making and Stuff- ing Aote: Lamb slaughtering mav be Unsoundness Care of Brood Mare and Stallion Judging Contest Common Diseases of the Horse Judging Beef Cattle Buying at the Stockyards Judging Contest Feeding for Beef Farm Butchering Feeding the Dry Sow Judging Contest Hog Cholera Judging Sheep Lamb-slaughtering Demonstration The Ewe and Her Lamb Internal Parasites Hog Slaughtering Beef Slaughtering Beef Cutting Summer Handling of Meats included, if desired. Extension Bulletin No. 37, College of Agriculture. DAIRY HUSBANDRY. Morning. Afternoon. Milk Production Tues. Dairying as a Business Wed. Relation of Type to Produc- tion (Demonstration) Thur. Keeping Daily Records Fri. Care and Management Milk and Milk Products Tues. Milk as a Food Wed. Care of Milk and Cream on the Farm Thur. Herd Improvement Thru Testing Separators (Demonstration) Fri. The Dairy Type Building Up a Herd ; the Herd Bull Feeding Judging Demonstration and Contest Sanitary Milk Production Testing Milk and Cream (Demon- stration) Marketing Dairy Buildings ENTOMOLOGY. Insects in Relation to Agriculture and Health Tues. Facts the about Harm Wed. Fri. The Corn-ear Worm and Other Im- portant Corn Pests How to Fight Grasshoppers How to Destroy the Insect Parasites of Domestic Animals The Relation of Birds to Insect Control Rats, Their Some General Insects and Thev Do The Hessian Fly (Eastern Nebr.) or Webworms and Other Sugar Beet Insects (Western Nebr.) Thur. The Control of Cutworms and Armyworms Insects in Relation to the Spread of Disease Mammals and Birds in Relation to Agriculture Tues. Pocket Gophers and Their Ground Squirrels Control Wed. The Prairie Dog (Western Nebr.) or the Common Mole and Its Economic Status (Eastern Nebr.) Thur. The Economic Value of Birds Fri. Hawks and Owls as Related to the Farmer Note : Lectures on insects of temporary or local importance will be sub- stituted for any of the above lectures, if desired. FARM MANAGEMENT. Farm Management Problems Tues. Labor T and Rental Farm Records and Accounts Diversified and Specialized Farming Wed. Thur. Fri. Kangaroo Moles, and Field Mice, Tninries and Control Rabh : t Trtinrv and Its Prevention, or Wild Flesh-eating Animals, Their Value and Injuries What Som- of Our Common Ne- braska Birds Eat How to Attract Birds About the Home The Farm Layout (Illustrated) Size of Farms Figuring Cost of Production Factors Which Influence Labor In- come 10 Short Courses in Agriculture and Home Economics. Morning. Marketing Tues. Wastes in Distribution Wed. Grain Warehouses Thur. Parcel Post Fri. Limitations of Competition in Controlling- Prices. Afternoon. Cooperation Marketing Grain Marketing Live Stock and Live Stock Products Farm Profits and Production HORTICULTURE. The Farm Orchard and Garden Tues. Starting the Farm Orchard Wed. Spraying Thur. Pruning Demonstration Fri. The Vegetable Garden Pomology Tues. Setting Out an Orchard Wed. Care of the Bearing Orchard — Pruning and Cultivation Thur. Harvesting and Marketing the Crop Fri. Pruning Demonstration in the Orchard — Young and Old Trees Small Fruits Tues. Starting the Strawberry Bed — Varieties, Setting Plants, etc. Wed. Blackberry Growing Thur. Growing Currants and Gooseberries Fri. Care of the Bearing Vines Care of the Bearing Orchard Small Fruit Culture Hints for Beautifying the Home Potato Culture Care of the Young Orchard Care of the Bearing Orchard— The Spray Schedule Renovation of Neglected Orchards Pruning the Neglected Orchard (Demonstration) Treatment of the Bearing Straw- berry Bed Black Raspberry Growing Starting the Vineyard Grape Pruning Demonstration — Old and Young Vines Vegetables Tues. Planning the Home Veg- etable Garden Wed. Preparing the Vegetable Garden Thur. Cabbage, Cauliflower, Let- tuce, and Radishes Fri. Potato Growing PLANT DISEASES. Diseases of Field Crops Tues. The Healthy Plant w ed. The Diseased Plant Thur. Oat Smut Fri. Corn and Sorghum Smuts The Use of Frames Tomato Growing Hotbeds and Cold -Beets, Carrots, and Root Crops- Mangels Potato Growing (continued) The Healthy Plant (continued) Cereal Rusts Loose and Stinking Smut of Wheat Weeds Diseases of Orchard and Garden Crops Tues. Apple Diseases Apple Diseases (continued) Wed. Peach, Cherry, Plum, and Grape and Berry Diseases Pear Diseases Thur. Potato Diseases Potato Diseases (Demonstrations) Fri. Vegetable Diseases Vegetable Diseases (continued) Extension Bulletin No. 37, College of Agriculture. 11 POULTRY. Morning. Afternoon. Farm Poultry Tues. Farm Poultry on a Business Breeds and Breeding for Increased Basis Production Wed. Housing Winter Egg Production Thur. Judging Demonstration The Poultry Industry (Illustrated) Fri. Saving the Chicks Common Diseases ROPE WORK. Knots and Hitches — First Year Tues. Rope Materials and Handling Wed. Whipping the End. End Knots Thur. Tying Two Ropes Together Fri. Various Kinds of Hitches Splices and Halters — Second Year Tues. The End Splice. The Short Splice Wed. The Long Splice Thur. Temporary and Adjustable Halters Fri. Nonadjustable Permanent Halters ELECTRICAL WIRING FOR BOYS. Tues. Batteries, Electrical Currents, and Combusting Electricity Wed. Magnetism, Telegraph, and Telephone Thur. Induction Coils and Wireless Telegraphy Fri. The Motor and the Electric Light HOW TO CHOOSE MEN'S COURSES. Rope work or electrical wiring is given from 9 to 10 o'clock each day, if desired. The regular courses begin at 10 o'clock. Each course requires 40 minutes in the forenoon and one hour in the afternoon. Aside from rope work and electrical wiring, three courses should be selected. The committee in charge should choose courses that will be most interesting to the community as a whole. Two of these courses must be chosen from one depart- ment, since only two men are available for each point. As an illustration, if Courses I and II under Farm Management and Course II under Agricultural Engineering are selected, the daily program will be as follows : Rope Work or Electrical Wiring 9 :00 to 10 :00 a. m. Farm Management Prob- lems 10 :00 to 10 :40 a. m. and 1 to 2 p. m. Motors and Automobiles .. 10 :40 to 11:20 a. m. and 2 to 3 p. m. Marketing 1 1 :20 to 12 :00 a. m. and 3 to 4 p. m. 12 Short Courses in Agriculture and Home Economics. The number of courses now offered allows eight years' work with- out repetition. As a rule, no point is permitted to choose the same course two years in succession. The same instructor may be had by choosing another course given by him. WOMEN'S SECTION. The nature of the work given in the Home Economics section does not permit of such a wide choice of courses as is given in the men's work. The various phases of Home Economics are included in each year's work. The programs, however, are planned in such a way that there is no repetition of subject matter but rather a defi- nite sequence from year to year. The work is varied to suit condi- tions and the wishes of those attending. The following courses are offered : COURSES IN HOME ECONOMICS OUTLINED. FOOD AND DIETETICS. Lectures. First Year Classes and Functions of Foods Inexpensive Fuel for the Body Foods that Build the Body Value of Bread as Food Preservation of Foods Second Year Body Requirements for Food Cereal Foods The Emergency Shelf Food for Children Serving to Large Numbers Third Year What We Must Eat and Why The Cost of Food Food and the Weather Food for the Sick Serving a Company Dinner Demonstrations. Vegetables Starchy Foods Milk a Meats Breads Canning — Cold Pack Method Table Service Jellies, Relishes, etc. Variety in Use of Foods Produced on the Farm Breads — Coarse Flours Emergency Dinner Meat Substitutes Children's Dietaries Fruits Salads and Relishes Cookies and Sweet Breads Old Foods in New Ways Seasonable Dishes A Company Dinner Invalid Cookery TEXTILES AND CLOTHING. Lectures and Demonstrations. First Year The Clothing Problem — Conditions in Clothing Industries Use of Dress Form — Selection and Use of Patterns Textiles and Tests in Buying Extension Bulletin No. 37, College of Agriculture. 13 Secqnd (or Third) Year Choice of Materials Garment Making Clothing Accessories The Hygiene of Clothing Third (or Second) Year Economy in Buying Clothing Selection of Hats Repairs and Upkeep of Clothing Children's Clothing Fig # 2. — Food demonstration. THE HOME. Lectures and Demonstrations. First Year The Home and the Home Maker Building of the Home Furnishing the Home The Relation of the Home Maker to the Community Second (or Third) Year The Home as a Business Institution The Planning of Housework Shopping for the House The Child and the Home Third (or Second) Year The Care of the House— Dirt and Its Composition Economy in Cleaning What the Home Maker Should Know About Diseases Home Nursing While only three years' work is outlined in this bulletin, older points are furnished with specially prepared programs fitted to their 14 Short Courses in Agriculture and Home Economics. needs. The following program is made up from the above courses for the first year and shows how the daily schedule runs. FIRST-YEAR PROGRAM. Morning. Afternoon. Tuesday The Home and the Home Maker The Clothing Problem — Conditions Foods — Their Classes and Func- in the Clothing Industries tions Inexpensive Fuel for the Body Preparing Vegetables (Demonstra- Variety in the Use of Starchy Foods tion) (Demonstration) Wednesday Building the Home Textiles and Tests in Buying Bread, the Staff of Life Milk and Eggs as Valuable Foods Breads and Bread Making (Dem- (Demonstration) onstration) Thursday Furnishing the Home Use of the Dress Form. Selection The Cutting and the Buying of and Use of Patterns Meat (Demonstration) Foods that Build the Body The Cookery of Meats (Demonstra- tion) Friday Home Economics Literature Everyday Table Service The Care and Preservation of The Relation of the Home Maker to Foods the Community The Cold Pack Method in Canning Reception (Demonstration) REQUIREMENTS FOR SECURING A SHORT COURSE. COMMUNITY SPIRIT. It is not advisable to put a short course in a community where conditions are not favorable to its success. It costs just as much in time and money to conduct a course with twenty in attendance as it does if a hundred are present. The instructors feel that their time might have been better spent elsewhere and the local people feel that the cost per person attending is too much. Conditions favorable to a short course are indicated by the following: 1. A live interest in practical and profitable farming by the farmers in the community. 2. A spirit of cooperation on the part of the entire community. 3. Sufficient interest in the short course to be willing to meet local expenses and pledge attendance. 4. A willingness on the part of each one to put the short course first for one week and do his part to make it go. Enter- tainments that conflict with the short course should be laid aside Extension Bulletin No. 37, College of Agriculture. 15 for a week. Where farm sales are dated during short course week, the crowd is divided and neither sale nor short course is the suc- cess it should be. In some places the auctioneers have been noti- fied in advance when the short course was to be held and have cooperated by refusing to schedule sales in the patronizing terri- tory during short course week; other attractions may be handled likewise. School boards are often willing to allow the pupils from the high school, especially those taking work in agriculture and home eco- nomics, to attend the sessions thruout the week. It is usually good practice for them to be accompanied by one of the teachers and to be required to take notes. If pupils are allowed to at- tend only one or two days, the short course instructors should be consulted as to the best time for them to come. The more ma- ture pupils from rural districts can usually profit much from the work, and should be encouraged to attend. BUILDINGS AND FUNDS. The community considering a short course should know in advance the requirements in the way of buildings and funds. Suit- able rooms for demonstration work, as described elsewhere in this bulletin, should be available. The short courses are not carried on to make money, either for the State or for the community. The Extension Service pays salaries, railroad fare, and cost of permanent equipment of the instructors. The local people are expected to pay only local expenses, such as hall rent, entertainment for speakers, groceries, other supplies, and kitchen help for the women's section, advertis- ing, printing, and incidentals. There should be ample funds in sight for the payment of the expenses. It is not expected that any organization or society shall plan a short course for profit. It belongs to the community and at the close of the course, the committee in charge must furnish the Extension office with a complete statement of receipts and expen- ditures connected with the course, together with a report of daily attendance. The financial report should always be published in the local papers. 16 Short Courses in Agriculture and Home Economics. The exact cost of a short course cannot be given, as it varies greatly with conditions. To give some idea, however, the report of the Springfield short course, 1915, is given below: financial statement. Receipts. Balance on hand from last year's meetings $ 94.40 Sale of tickets and single admissions 134.85 Sale of domestic science exhibits and supplies. ..." 4.60 1±,JllfcJ ' $233.85 Expenditures. W. M. Kieck, use of opera house $ 15.00 W. M. Kieck, use of city hall 1-9° Ed. Hoyt, use of garage 2.o0 Stamps and supplies J-^ J. C. Miller, printing and advertising 25.50 T. J. Wright, hotel bill 16.50 J. P. Schaal, sawdust and hauling 1-50 Geo. Cragle, draying 1-90 B. L. Schobert, supplies and livery hire 5.50 G. A. Bates, supplies. 4 -42 Otto Joern, supplies 6.82 W. M. Kieck, supplies 5.94 Wm. Mueller & Son, coal 40 Herman Schmidt, supplies • 1-50 T. J. Wright, milk 45 Harberg Lumber Co., lumber. 4.21 Telephoning 6w Mrs. Frank McCamley, cream 60 Labor 3.25 Miss Laura Stacy, labor o./o Clarence Nicholson, janitor work 1-25 W. M. Kieck, supplies 3.25 Total $109.88 Balance on hand for next year's short course 123.97 $233.85 A pledge guaranteeing the payment of local expenses, with names of at least ten reliable men, is required before a short course is promised. Below is the form used : Extension Bulletin No. 37, College of Agriculture. 17 We, the undersigned, jointly and severally agree to make good any deficit which may occur in financing a Short Course in during the winter of 19 Name Address -.' ' PLEDGES OF SUPPORT AND ATTENDANCE. The major part of the expenses are met by selling tickets for the course. The usual price of season tickets is one dollar for men and fifty cents for women. Daily admission is usually twen- ty-five cents for men and fifteen cents for women. Ten to fif- teen cents is charged for evening programs except Monday. One hundred men and the same number of women must sign for season tickets and pledge attendance before a short course will be promised. Below is the form used: We, the undersigned, agree to take tickets for the short course at - if it is secured and agree to pay for same as soon as the course is promised, that bills may be promptly met. We pledge ourselves to at- tend the short course. Name Address ORGANIZATION. When the foregoing requirements for a short course are under- stood, the next step is to organize. A good live organization with plenty of committees is most essential to a successful short course. A president and secretary or any one or two men or women can- not make a good short course, but all must pull together. It is always advisable for the men and women to work together in arranging for and carrying on the course. This is best realized by having a single organization with separate committees in charge of the men's and women's work. Joint subcommittees should be appointed to look after the different parts of the work. It is sometimes best to appoint only the chairmen of the committees and to let them appoint their own assistants, as harmony in the committee is thereby secured. The money should be kept in a com- mon treasury from which all expenses are paid. ARRANGING FOR THE SHORT COURSE. There should be committees of from one to three members on each of the different lines of work except finance, which should 18 Short Courses in Agriculture and Home Economics. have a committee consisting of not less than five men and five women. The names of the members of the different committees should be forwarded to the Extension office as soon as the organi- zation is effected. Committees should be appointed on the fol- lowing : EQUIPMENT. The committee on equipment should secure suitable rooms in which to conduct the meetings, and see that such rooms are pro- vided with comfortable seats and other necessary equipment. The room for the women's section should be of sufficient size to accommodate a maximum crowd. It must be well heated and Fig. 3. — Side view of support for raised seats in stock judging room. The dotted lines at the top represent banisters where the seats are not against a wall. This might prevent an accident. Drawing furnished thru courtesy of Agricultural Engineering Department. Extension Bulletin No. 37, College of Agriculture. 19 Fig. 4. — Back view of support for stock judging seats. The l"x6"s make the supports firm and safe. well lighted and provided with the proper tables and kitchen fix- tures, a list of which will be furnished by the Extension office upon request. Running water or a well near by is a great convenience. The basement of a church or a lodge kitchen with audience room are often well equipped for the work and are quite satisfactory, if they do not have to be used for other purposes during the week. When stock judging is a feature of the men's work, it is some- times difficult to get a suitable room. The aim should be to seat everyone comfortably where they can see the stock. This requires good light, proper means of heating, and good seats. In the winter months, the doors cannot be relied upon to furnish light, since for comfort they must usually be closed. A warm room is absolutely essential, as classes sometimes remain there for two or three hours at a time. A garage, sale pavilion, livery barn, 20 Short Courses in Agriculture and Home Economics. or vacant store may answer the purpose of a stock judging room if it possesses the above qualifications. Where the room is com- fortable, all the men's work can usually be given there. When stock work is not a part of the program, any good audience room is satisfactory. The bleacher style of seats, as shown in Figure 3, is very satisfac- tory and almost necessary for stock work. The lumber can be pur- chased and kept from year to year. It quite often comes in handy on other occasions. Sixteen-foot planks are generally used for * ••-' ■ Fii -Rope tying. seats. There should be three supports for each length of plank. If about ten persons are figured for each plank, the number may be suited to the size of the class expected. The evening sessions are joint sessions, and if the men's room is not suitable for them, a sufficiently large room should be pro- vided for the purpose. FINANCE. Since the work of selling tickets is a part of its duties, the finance committee should ordinarily be a large one, the different neighborhoods being represented in its membership. This com- Extension Bulletin No. 37, College of Agriculture. 21 mittee should confer and advise with the other committees that the expenses may be lightened as much as possible and handled in the easiest way. For instance, it is often possible in county seat towns to cut down hall rent materially by using the courthouse rooms for day sessions. It is sometimes possible, also, to meet the cost of printing the programs by getting a few advertisements to insert in them. " The main methods of raising funds are : (1) County appropriations, which are regulated by law. (2) Sale of tickets. (3) Donations. These are often available for prizes in contests and not infrequently for other purposes. STOCK. When judging work is to be a part of the program, there should be a committee to confer with the instructor and provide whatever animals are needed. About three animals of the same breed are best for the cattle and hog work. It is usually best to get them from the stockyards, if possible, rather than from some breeder, as the judge must have full freedom in criticizing. For horse judging, stallions are not as good as work animals. Men who furnish horses should expect reasonable criticism. EXHIBITS AND CONTESTS. A good exhibit of stock furnishes enthusiasm in a short course and has an educational value when shown in connection with a course along the same line. The premiums should be small, to avoid dissatisfaction with the awards and to place emphasis on the edu- cational value rather than on the prize. Exhibits along other lines should not be allowed to detract from the interest in the lectures and demonstrations. It is best to have a separate room for the exhibits and to have it locked during the class periods. In case of large ex- hibits along a line not included in the short course, the local com- mittee must arrange for a special judge. The Extension office will cooperate in locating a suitable judge. At some of the short courses, contests have been carried on dur- ing the week. Slips of paper are handed around at the end of a period, and the instructor asks a few questions that can be answered 22 Short Courses in Agriculture and Home Economics. in a word or two. This enables him to know if his work has been made clear. Stock- judging and rope-tying contests are also con- ducted in connection with the work in those lines. The papers are corrected and prizes given at the end of the week. Prizes are also sometimes given to those with the best record of attendance. The committee should decide on premiums and prizes and issue a list of the same. PROGRAM. The program committee should secure home talent to fill out the evening programs. An occasional song or reading is not out of place in the day sessions. Usually the community that takes inter- est in the program has a live short course. Sometimes a teacher in the high school is a good addition to this committee. One or two good evening programs are better than more, since the farmers can- not usually attend both day and evening sessions and are too likely to miss the important day work. ADVERTISING AND PRINTING. The short course should be thoroly advertised over the territory from which it is expected to draw. Handbills, posters, and news- paper advertising are all good. The place, date, and interesting features of the program should be announced. Programs should be printed and sent out to the patronizing territory. Banners an- nouncing the short course displayed in town for a period of several weeks are of value. Pennants attached to the automobiles of the community give effective advertising. ENTERTAINMENT. The speakers should be met at the train and shown to their places of entertainment. They usually prefer to stay at the hotel if it is reasonably good, as it is hard for them always to come regularly to their meals. At the hotel they can come and go at any time with- out inconveniencing anyone. RESULTS OF THE SHORT COU RSE— FOLLOW-UP WORK. Short course work should produce results of value to the com- munity. We are anxious that all who desire to put into practice work suggested at the short course, shall get in touch with the Extension Bulletin No. 37, College of Agriculture. 23 instructor and get any further information necessary for the under- taking. Where several cooperators can be secured in any activity of importance to the community, the instructor may be able to return later and assist in planning and carrying on the work. In this way the exact value of the idea to the community may be found out. SHORT COURSES IN HOME ECONOMICS. Short courses in Home Economics only may be arranged for by writing to the Extension office. The work given is the same as that outlined for women's work in this bulletin. The same require- ments hold as to demonstration rooms and expenses. Women's Fig. 6. — Junior short course at Norfolk. courses are usually held after March 1, as the instructors are busy with combined short courses during the winter months. JUNIOR SHORT COURSES. The junior short courses are conducted in counties at points centrally located. The pupils in attendance are representatives from the school districts in the county. Stock types and judging, rope tying and splicing, seed selection and testing, control of plant diseases, milk testing, and farm accounting are among the subjects handled in the boys' section. In the girls' section, instruction is given in food selection, preparation, and service ; choice of textiles and sewing; and care and decoration of the home. Those interested in securing a course of this kind should address the Extension Service. 3 0112 105878141 24 Short Courses in Agriculture and Home Economics. AVAILABLE EXTENSION BULLETINS. The following bulletins may be had free of cost by residents of Ne- braska upon application to the Agricultural Extension Service, University Farm, Lincoln. 1. Alfalfa Management. 1911. 2. Cost of Growing Crops in Ne- braska. 1911. 3. Testing Seed Corn. 1912. 4. Cooking and Sewing. 1912. 7. Smuts of Nebraska Cereals. 1912. 8. Care of Milk and Cream on the Farm. 1914. 12. Nebraska Boys' Potato Clubs. (Growing Potatoes.) 1913. 14. The Climate of Nebraska. 1913. 15. A Course of Study for Home Economics Clubs. 1913. 17. Twelve Lessons on Foods and Their Preparation. 1913. 18. Simple Water Systems for the Farm. 1913. 20. Saving the Corn Crop. 1913. 21. Filling the Silo. 1913. 22. Sweet Clover in Nebraska. 1914. 23. What is a Farm Demonstrator? 1914. 25. The Babcock Test and Its Use in Herd Improvement. 1914. 26. Directory of Nebraska Dairy Cattle Breeders and Dealers. 1915. 28. Feeding Alfalfa to Horses. 1914. 29. Pruning Trees, Vines, and Shrubs. 1915. 30. Neglected Orchards and Their Care. 1915. 31. Cooperation. 1915. 32. Lunches for the Rural School. 1915. 33. Use of Hog Cholera Serum. 1915. 34. Second Annual Report of County Cooperative Farm Demonstra- tion Work. 1914. 1915. 35. Woodworking Exercises for Home and School. 1915. 36. Rural Clubs for Women. 1915. 37. Short Courses or Extension Schools in Agriculture and Home Economics. 1916. (5-ll-'16— 10 M.)